TOWWHtfittftfiK
BSrf'IM.F
B 4 03fl fai^
Roma parentem,
Roma patrem patriae Cicerone/n libera dixit.
Juv. VIII. 243, 244.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
ORATIONES ET EPISTOL/E SELECT/E
SELECT-
ORATIONS AND LETTERS
OF
CICERO
Witty an EntroTmctfon, Ttfotes, anti Uacabulatjj
BY
FRANCIS W. KELSEY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
THIRTEENTH EDITION
ALLYN AND BACON
Boston and Chicago
^^W^ 3Js-Jz6~r
Copyright, 1892,
By Francis W. Kelsey.
Copyright, 1905,
By Francis W. Kelsey.
Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Mass., U.&A.
PREFACE.
The orations presented in this edition are arranged
in the order which seems most advantageous to the
student reading them for the first time ; in the In-
troduction, however, they have been treated in their
chronological sequence. Jn making the selection of
letters the political career of Cicero was not specially
kept in mind. Only a small proportion of the whole
number could find place in a volume of this compass
in any case; and so it was thought best to choose
letters of more general human interest, which would
reveal Cicero the man rather than the politician, at
different periods of his life and under different cir-
cumstances. The shorter letters in particular may
be found suitable for rapid reading, or for sight
translation.
The speeches should be interpreted as spoken rather
than as written language. In the study of them nothing
can take the place of practice in oral delivery, or of
the work of the classroom in the rhetorical analysis of
sentences, paragraphs, and orations as wholes. At the
same time, an oration becomes effective in the degree
that it is adapted to the audience and the occasion, —
in a word, to its environment ; and the interpretation
630284
iv PREFACE
of it will be sound and satisfactory only when the
matter, motive, method of presentation, occasion, and
k surroundings are all clearly understood. In view of
this fact it appears unnecessary to offer further jus-
tification for the brief discussion, given in the Intro-
duction, of the oration as distinguished from other
literary efforts, and of Cicero's life and character, as
affecting his oratory; or for the. attention paid, in both
Introduction and Notes, to the circumstances of deliv-
ery and to the subject-matter.
Besides obligation of a more general nature to
the critical editions of Cicero's complete works, and
to several other of the editions and works mentioned
on pp. 356-358, the editor takes pleasure in making
acknowledgment of special indebtedness to the edi-
tions of the orations by Richter and Eberhard, Halm
and Laubmann, and Reid's Pro Archia ; and to those
of the letters by Tyrrell, Boot, and Schutz. He is
also under obligations to Professor John C. Rolfe and
Dr. W. K. Clement for help on the proofs ; and to
Assistant Professor Carl W. Bels"er for assistance in
preparing the Vocabulary.
FRANCIS W. KELSEY.
Ann Arbor, Michigan,
August 15, 1892.
NOTE TO THIRD EDITION.
For the references to Professor Bennett's Latin
Grammar given in this edition the editor is indebted
to Mr. Anthony Pratt
F. W. K.
June 15, 1895.
PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION.
The editor desires to express his grateful apprecia-
tion of the many kind words spoken by teachers who
have used the earlier editions of this book.
In the twelve years since the volume was first pub-
lished the progress of investigation in the domain of
Roman oratory has made necessary no serious readjust-
ment of former conclusions. Meanwhile, however, in
both England and America, increasing attention has been
paid to the study of Roman institutions as furnishing a
background for the understanding of the political condi-
tions revealed in the speeches, and there are now several
excellent manuals of Roman political antiquities avail-
able for teachers and students (p. 355).
The wish has more than once been expressed that
this book might be provided with illustrations which
would reproduce the aspect of the Forum and its build-
ings in Cicero's time, and present portraits of other dis-
tinguished Romans of the period besides Cicero and
Caesar. The editor awaited with eager anticipation the
results of the exploration of the Forum below the level
of the Empire, hoping that there would be brought to
light remains which would not only furnish the solution
of perplexing topographical problems, but would also,
in some cases at least, make possible the reconstruction
of buildings. Interesting and important as the discov-
eries in the Forum since 1898 have been, it is safe to
v
vi PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION
say, nevertheless, that they have raised as many ques-
tions as they have answered. The location of that
ancient landmark of the Forum so familiar to all Ro-
mans, the temple of Janus, is still as uncertain as is
that of the temple of Jupiter Stator, munitissimus
habendi senatus locus, on the Palatine. The only tem-
ple of Concord that we know is still the splendid
structure of the Empire, replacing the far humbler
shrine of the Republic. Not one of the public build-
ings of Rome seen by Cicero can be reconstructed
with any degree of certainty ; and even the location of
the later Rostra of the Republic is just now the subject
of a heated controversy. All the evidence goes to
prove, however, that the Forum of Cicero's day was
architecturally much less imposing than has frequently
been imagined ; and to place before the young student,
engaged in the effort to realize for himself a period
of Roman life intellectually brilliant but artistically
undeveloped, restorations of the ornately embellished
Forum of the Empire, beautiful though these often are,
would be as unjustifiable from the pedagogical as from
the scientific point of view.
The situation is hardly more favorable in respect to
the portraits of distinguished Romans of the Republic.
In recent years sound and conservative criticism has
played havoc with the majority of the traditional identi-
fications of the earlier Roman portrait busts. Since the
paragraph on the portraits of Cicero was written (p. 24),
the editor has been able to verify for himself the state-
ment regarding the supposed bust of the orator at
Madrid, which was long accepted as the standard of
PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION vii
authentic likenesses ; and several alleged portraits of
Cicero and Caesar are still often reproduced which have
not the slightest claim to be considered authentic. The
doubtful portrait statue of Pompey, formerly shown in
this book, must now be finally rejected, its place being
taken by a head the identification of which should be
considered extremely probable rather than certain ; and
to cite an instance from another period, Professor Walter
Dennison has lately brought forward evidence to prove
that the familiar busts of Scipio Africanus, the identifi-
cation of which has generally been considered certain,
on account of the scar on the head, in reality may repre-
sent members of a priesthood of Isis.
Apart from these considerations, however, it is clear
that the danger of over-illustration — great, in these
days of inexpensive mechanical reproduction, for almost
all elementary texts — is especially great in the case of
Cicero, who in this respect stands on a different footing
from more objective writers, as Caesar and Virgil. True
appreciation of the orator must rest upon a close follow-
ing of his thought, upon a grasping of his argument as
a whole. The overloading of pages of text with illus-
trations inorganically related to the thought, and hence
not directly helpful in interpretation, cannot fail to be a
source of confusion to the student ; the more attractive
such pictures are, the more will they divert attention
from the essentials to non-essentials of the work in
hand. For purposes of instruction most teachers now
favor classical texts with few and pertinent illustrations,
supplementing these whenever necessary with material
which, drawn from other sources and presented in a
viii PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION
different relation, will be helpful to the student without
tending to distract him. In this connection, works such
as Schreiber's Atlas of Classical Antiquities, and Plat-
ner's Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome, have
been found to be especially valuable (p. 356); and in
Europe much use is made of large wall pictures, as
those by Ed. von der Launitz, Langl, and Cybulski, which
can be easily procured in this country also, and are com-
paratively inexpensive.
In the revision of this book, the editor was particularly
indebted to Professor John E. Granrud, of the Univer-
sity of Minnesota, for helpful suggestions in respect
to the points relating to political antiquities, and to
Mr. John G. Winter, of Holland, Michigan, for kind
assistance in correcting the proofs.
FRANCIS W. KELSEY.
Ann Arbor, Michigan,
January, 1905.
NOTE TO THE THIRTEENTH EDITION.
An interesting article on " The Roman Forum as
Cicero saw it," by Professor Walter Dennison, was
published in the Classical Journal for June, 1908 (Vol. 3,
pp. 318-326).
F. W. K.
Ann Arbor, Michigan,
April, 1909.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION :
I. Marcus Tullius Cicero : page
i. Life of Cicero , I
ii. Cicero as an Orator 12
iii. Cicero as a Writer 18
iv. Cicero as a Man 21
v. The Portraits of Cicero 24
II. The Orations of Cicero:
i. General View of the Orations . . 25
ii. The Speech on Pompey's Commission :
1. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery . . 27
2. Outline 34
iii. The Speeches against Catiline :
1. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery . . 36
2. Outline of the First Oration 42
3. Outline of the Second Oration 42
4. Outline of the Third Oration 43
5. Outline of the Fourth Oration 44
6. Chronology of the Speeches against Catiline . 45
iv. The Oration for Archias :
1. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery . . 45
2. Outline 48
v. The Oration for Marcellus :
1. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery . . 49
2, Outline . 50
vi. The Fourth Speech against Antony :
1. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery . . 51
2. Outline , . 53
x CONTENTS
III. The Letters of Cicero: p age
i. Private Correspondence among the Romans . . 54
ii. Cicero's Correspondence 56
IV. The Roman Government in Cicero's Time :
Citizens, Assemblies 58
Officers, State Priests 59
Legal Jurisdiction, Provincial Administration ... 60
TEXT :
I. Orationes Selectae:
i. In L. Catilinam Oratio Prima 61
ii. In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda 76
iii. In L. Catilinam Oratio Tertia 89
iv. In L. Catilinam Oratio Quarta 103
v. De Imperio Gnaei Pompei 116
vi. Pro A. Licinio Archia Poeta 145
vii. Pro M. Marcello 159
viii. In M. Antonium Oratio Quarta 171
II. Epistolae Selectae:
i. To Atticus (ad Att. I. vii.) . .
ii. To Pompey (ad Fam. V. vn.)
iii. To Atticus (ad Att. II. iv.) .
iv. To Atticus (ad Att. II. xin.) .
v. To Atticus (ad Att. II. x.) . .
vi. To Atticus (ad Att. II. xxm.)
vii. To Atticus (ad Att. III. m.) .
viii. To his Family (ad Fam. XIV. iv
ix. To his Family (ad Fam. XIV. I.]
x. To Atticus (ad Att. III. xxvi.)
xi. To Atticus (ad Att. III. xxvu.)
xii. To Atticus (ad Att. IV. x.) .
xiii. To Trebatius Testa (ad Fam. VI
xiv. To Curio (ad Fam. II. 11.) . .
xv. To Silius (ad Fam. XIII. xlvii.
xvi. To Atticus (ad Att. V. xiii.) .
xvii. To Titius Rufus (ad Fam. XIII.
xviii. To Marcus Caelius (ad Fam. II.
xix. To Atticus (ad Att. VI. VIII.) .
xx. To Tiro (ad Fam. XVI. vii.) .
I. VII
LVIII
XI.)
177
177
178
180
180
181
182
182
184
186
187
187
188
188
189
189
190
191
192
193
CONTENTS
XI
II. Epistolae Selectae. Continued. Page
xxi. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. xvii.) 193
xxii. To Terentia and Tullia (ad Fam. XIV. xviii.)
194
xxiii. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. xxi.) . .
195
xxiv. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. XI.) . . .
195
xxv. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. x.) . . .
195
xxvi. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. xxiv.)
196
xxvii. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. xxiii.)
196
xxviii. To Terentia (ad Fam. XIV. xxil.) . .
196
xxix. To Marcus Marius (ad Fam. VII. iv.)
197
xxx. To Paetus (ad Fam. IX. xxiii.) . . .
197
xxxi. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. x.)
198
xxxii. To Servius (ad Fam. XIII. xx.) . . .
. 198
xxxiii. To Gaius Cassius (ad Fam. XV. xviii.)
198
xxxiv. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. xv.) . . .
■ 199
xxxv. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. xvi.) . . .
199
xxxvi. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. xviii.). . . .
200
xxxvii. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. xxxvi.) . .
. 201
xxxviii. To Trebatius Testa (ad Fam. VII. xxii.)
202
xxxix. To Atticus (ad Att. XII. xlviii.) . .
. 203
xl. To Basilus (ad Fam. VI. xv.) . . .
. 203
xli. To Atticus (ad Att. XV. XXIII.) . . .
. 203
xlii. To Atticus (ad Att. XV. xxv.) . . .
. 204
xliii. To Atticus (ad Att. XV. xxviii.) . .
. 204
xliv. To Atticus (ad Att XVI. ix.) . . .
. 205
xlv. To Plancus (ad Fam. X. xiv.) . . .
. 205
xlvi. To Decimus. Brutus (ad Fam. XI. xxv.)
. 206
NOTES :
To the Orations 209
To the Letters 331
HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO 355
IDIOMS AND PHRASES ^Q
GREEK WORDS . - -
• 368
< 369
PRONOUNCING LIST OF PROPER NAMES .
VOCABULARY.
xii CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS.
Page
Marcus Tullius Cicero {see p. 24) Frontispiece.
Roman Orator. {Portrait Statue at Florence. From a pho-
tograph) facing 14
Asia Citerior following 26
Forum, Mons Capitolinus, Mons Palatinus, at the end of the
Republic {showing the results of the latest excavations) , facing 76
Mulvian Bridge (Ponte Molle) " 90
Mamertine Prison. {From Middletorfs " Remains of Ancient
Rome" vol. i., p. 152) 115
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. {Head recently identified, now in
the facobsen Museum, Copenhagen. Engraved after a photo-
graph kindly furnished by Carl facobsen) . . . facing 126
Gaius Julius Caesar. {Head of a statue at Rome. After Ber-
noulli's u R'dmische Ikonographie" vol. i., plate xiv.) facing 160
Sica 219
Curule Chair 254
INTRODUCTION.
I. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO,
i. Life of Cicero.
The Cicero family was of plebeian stock. From time
immemorial it had been settled near Arpinum, an ancient
town in the Volscian territory, about sixty miles southeast
of Rome. Arpinum had been conquered by the Romans
B - c - 3°5 > i ts inhabitants received the full rights of Roman
citizenship B.C. 188. The ancestral estate of the Ciceros
lay in the valley of the Liris, near, its junction with the
Fibrenus, just below the hill on which- the city'stood. Here
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born, January 3, B.C. 106. His
grandfather had been prominent in the local affairs of Arpi-
num ; his father was a member of the equestrian order,
and enjoyed the friendship of prominent men at Rome, —
being withal a man of literary tastes. So when Marcus and
his younger brother Quintus were old enough to profit by
the educational advantages of the metropolis, their father
bought a house in Rome and removed thither.
For a time at least, the brothers studied under teachers
recommended by the orator Crassus. 1 Among the intimate ad-
visers of Marcus was the gifted Archias, who aroused in him a
decided bent for poetry. In his sixteenth year, B.C. 91,
1 See Vocabulary, under Crassus (1).
2 INTRODUCTION
Marcus assumed the toga virilis, 1 and became a constant
attendant at the Forum; for at this time the Forum was
an important means of liberal education. Here were the
Rostra, from which orators addressed the people ; the courts,
where the most distinguished men of the time could be seen
and heard J f laces of business, also, where the financial inter-
ests of the Roman world centred. In the Forum, too, one
: mijgfit* hear tlie ' latest news from all quarters, and meet re-
presentatives of every nation ; and young Cicero was no idle
listener. Having been commended by his father to Q. Mu-
cius Scaevola, one of the most learned jurists of the time, he
accompanied Scaevola on all occasions, thus accumulating a
store of wisdom and experience of incalculable value. At the
same time he pursued regular studies with the greatest industry
In 89 b. c. these pursuits were interrupted for a time by
a campaign under the father of Pompey, who was successfully
prosecuting the Social War. But on his return to Rou;c
Cicero laid aside all hope of distinction in a military career,
and for six years devoted himself to the study of logic,
rhetoric, philosophy, and declamation, under the most emi-
nent instructors. One of them — Diodotus the Stoic —
afterwards lived in his house and died there. Every day,
Cicero informs us, he practised speaking, — sometimes in
Latin, oftenef in Greek. He also made translations from
Greek authors, wrote verses, and composed a treatise on
rhetoric. Absorbed in these studies, he passed unscathed
through the terrible period of strife between Sulla and the
party of Marius.
At the age of twenty-five Cicero entered the courts as a
pleader. The most noteworthy of his earlier efforts at the
bar is the speech in defence of Sextus Roscius, who had been
falsely accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, an influential
1 See Note to p. 77, 1. ^o^praetexta.
LIFE OF CICERO 3
freedman of Sulla. The older lawyers feared to undertake
the case ; and it required more than ordinary courage to
run the risk of incurring the enmity of Sulla, who was then
supreme. But the young orator maintained his side with
tact as well as vehemence, and came off victorious.
The strain of professional life soon began to wear upon
his health. Desirous of a change, in 79 B.C. he went to
Athens, where he attended lectures on rhetoric and philos-
ophy. Afterwards he travelled in Asia Minor, and spent
some time at Rhodes with Molo, the famous rhetorician,
under whom he had previously studied at Rome. After an
absence of two years he returned home, not only recovered
in health but greatly improved in his style of speaking.
His abilities as a pleader quickly gained for him a wide
reputation.
Having now reached the age at which Roman citizens
were permitted to enter upon the course of advancement
in the public offices, Cicero presented himself as a candi-
date for the quaestorship, and was elected with flattering
evidences of his popularity. The year of office (b. c. 75)
he spent" in Sicily, as quaestor to the praetor Sextus Pedu-
caeus. He discharged the duties assigned him with strict
justice and impartiality, — virtues most rare among Roman
provincial officers of that period.
Five years later he was called upon to plead the cause
of the Sicilians against Verres, who had been governor of the
island in the years 73-71, and had robbed, scourged, and in
other ways maltreated the inhabitants with unprecedented
brutality. Many of the most prominent men at Rome found
it for their interest to sustain Verres, who was defended by
Hortensius, at that time the most famous pleader in the law-
courts. Every obstacle that bribery or influence could raise
was thrown in the way of the prosecution. But with indomi-
4 INTRODUCTION
table persistency, Cicero surmounted every difficulty. He
collected evidence, and opened the case. Before the evi-
dence was all presented, Hortensius abandoned his client,
and Verres fled from Rome, preferring voluntary exile to
certain condemnation.
Cicero now rose rapidly to the zenith of his popularity
and influence. In 69 B.C. he was aedile. It was cus-
tomary for aediles to celebrate the public games with lavish
expenditure of their own money as a bid for popular favor.
Cicero, not possessing the means to rival the display of
wealthier predecessors, conducted the celebrations without
extravagance, but with so good taste that he lost nothing in
general estimation. Striking proof of his standing with the
people appeared at the time of his election to the office of
praetor, B.C. 67. 1
The year of his praetorship — 66— was marked by ex-
traordinary activity. His office required him to serve as
the highest magistrate for the administration of' justice in
civil matters, and also to preside at the trial of such crim-
inal cases as might be assigned him. Nevertheless, as the
Roman custom permitted, he kept up his practice at the bar,
and successfully conducted the defence of Cluentius, who had
been accused of poisoning, with one of the most adroit and
effective pleas ever made. This year, also, he mounted the
Rostra for the first time, and addressed the people in behalf
of the bill of Manilius. The significance of this event was
not limited to the fact that it was his first appearance as a
political speaker. His attitude regarding the measure pro-
posed sorely offended the aristocratic and senatorial party,
with whose principles he was really more in sympathy than
with those of the opposition ; but it secured for him the
friendship of Pompey, who might at any time prove to be
1 See p. 116, 11. 16-19, and Notes.
LIFE OF CICERO O
the successor of Sulla as master of Rome, and it won the
enthusiastic support of the populace, with whom Pompey was
then the hero of the hour.
On the expiration of his term as praetor, Cicero declined
the governorship of a province, which naturally fell to his
lot, and directed all his energies toward securing the consul-
ship, the last and highest of the offices in the order of civil
preferment. He had six competitors, among whom were
Gaius Antonius, 1 an uncle of Mark Antony, and Catiline.
These two united to secure the office. They received the
powerful support of Marcus Crassus, 2 who had great influence
on account of his wealth, and of Julius Caesar, who was com-
ing to the front as a political organizer. Nevertheless, Cicero
was elected by an overwhelming majority. Antonius was
chosen as his colleague, having received a few more votes
than Catiline. The new consuls entered upon their official
duties January i, B.C. 6$,
The consulship of Cicero and Antonius was one of the
most memorable in the annals of Rome. At the outset ah
important question of public policy demanded attention. In
the December of the preceding year, one of the tribunes bf
the people, P. Servilius Rullus, had proposed an extravagant
scheme for the purchase of lands in Italy for apportionment
among the poorer citizens. Cicero's attitude toward the
measure in any case could not fail to be one of extreme
delicacy. If he opposed it he would jeopardize his standing
with the popular party, to which in so great measure he owed
his elevation to power ; but if he favored it he would alienate
the party of the Senate, with whose leaders he appeared now
to have come to an understanding. Yet his position was such
that he must commit himself to one side or the other. He
1 See Note to p. 94, 1. 34, coltegae.
8 See Vocab. under Crassus (3).
6 INTRODUCTION
spoke against the bill, first in the Senate, afterwards before
the people, but with so great tact and persuasiveness that he
seems to have suffered no loss of influence. A short time
afterwards his power over the masses was shown by the ease
with which he quelled a popular movement against L. Roscius
Otho, who had incurred the displeasure of the populace by
means of a measure providing separate reserved seats at pub-
lic spectacles for members of the equestrian order.
While consul he defended Gaius Rabirius, one of the
few surviving senators who had been present at the mur-
der of Saturninus, thirty-seven years before, and who was
now, for political effect, charged with the crime. He also
spoke in opposition to a bill proposing the restoration of
political rights to the children of those proscribed by Sulla, on
the ground that the harmony of the commonwealth would
thereby be endangered. But during the latter part of the
year all other interests were lost sight of in the excitement
attending the discovery of the Catilinarian conspiracy, which
for a time threatened to overwhelm the existing order of
things in riot and bloodshed. The prompt and efficient ac-
tion of Cicero averted the catastrophe. He well deserved the
honors which were heaped upon him as savior of the State.
After his consulship Cicero again declined the government
of a province. Since the expiration of his term as quaestor
he had been entitled to a seat in the Senate, in which he now
became an active member, at the same time continuing his
practice as an advocate. Among other noteworthy cases, in
62 b. c. he defended P. Cornelius Sulla, who had been accused
of complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy, and made his
memorable plea for the poet Archias.
In the same year the mysteries of Bona Dea, 1 from which
men were rigorously excluded, were celebrated at the house
1 See Vocab.
LIFE OF CICERO 7
of Julius Caesar, then pontifex maximus. P. Clodius Pulcher,
a dissolute young patrician, disguised himself as a female
musician, and thus gained admission. He was discovered,
but made his escape. The offence, on account of its impiety,
was brought before the Senate. It was referred to the board
of pontifices, who decided .that sacrilege had been committed.
At the trial which followed, Clodius tried to prove that he
was away from the city on the day of the festival ; but Cicero
testified to having been with him in Rome only three hours
before the discovery at Caesar's house. By means of the
most shameful bribery and intimidation, Clodius secured an
acquittal, and was afterward bitterly attacked by Cicero in the
Senate. He thenceforth became an avowed enemy of the
orator, all the more dangerous because utterly lacking in prin-
ciple. Furthermore, Pompey, who had returned from the East
loaded with spoils, was led to give up in large measure the
advantage he had gained over the other public men, and was
drawn into the coalition known as the first triumvirate. As
the triumvirs proposed to keep the control of public affairs
in their own hands, it was clear that Cicero, through his
influence, might work mischief to their plans. Pompey was
well disposed toward him ; but Caesar, the ruling spirit of
the coalition, finally resolved to humiliate the orator, and
found in Clodius a suitable instrument.
With Caesar's help Clodius secured an adoption into a
plebeian family, that he might become eligible to the office
of tribune; and was chosen to this magistracy for the year
58. Early in the year he brought forward a bill to the effect
that any one who should be found to have put Roman citizens
to death without a trial should be interdicted from the use
of fire and water. 1 This was aimed at Cicero, and had refer-
1 That is, ut ei aqud et igni inter dicer etur, — the usual formula of
banishment.
8 INTRODUCTION
ence to the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators. If he
had ignored the attack, assuming his own innocence as a
matter of course, he might perhaps have gained the ad-
vantage. But instead, thoroughly frightened, he put on
mourning, and appeared in public as a suppliant. Many citi-
zens, particularly of the equestrian order, put on mourning also,
as a mark of their support. For a time the hostile move-
ment was checked ; but the persistency of the tribune availed
more than the passing sympathy of the populace. Foresee-
ing the success of Clodius, in the latter part of March Cicero
fled from Rome. He went first to Vibo, 1 then by way of
Tarentum to Brundisium, whence he proceeded through
Greece to Thessalonica, — a voluntary exile. Immediately
after his departure a formal decree of banishment was passed,
forbidding him to live within four hundred miles of the city.
It was enacted also that any person who should take meas-
ures to secure his recall should be pronounced a public enemy.
The spirit of the orator was completely broken. For a
time he lost all courage, all hope. 2 Yet within three months
after he had gone his friends began to agitate the subject
of his return. The consuls and tribunes of the year 5 7 were
well disposed toward him. The triumvirs had accomplished
their purposes, and viewed with disapprobation the increasing
turbulence of Clodius, whose armed band engaged in frequent
riots in the city. Caesar was now in Gaul ; but Pompey
joined the movement in Cicero's favor. At length the Senate
sanctioned a proposal that voters from all parts of Italy should
be invited to come to Rome, and unite in passing a bill for
his recall. The proposed measure was submitted to the
comitia centuriata on the 4th of August, and carried by a
large majority. Cicero had come back as far as Dyrrachium
1 See Vocab. 2 See Ep. vn , viii., IX.
LIFE OF CICERO 9
the previous November. On the very day of the assembly
he crossed over to Brundisium, where his daughter met him.
He proceeded with her slowly to Rome, being received with
congratulations and distinguished honors in the towns along
the way. At Rome he was welcomed with extravagant demon-
strations of joy. His house on the Palatine and his villas were
ordered rebuilt at public expense.
Yet the city was no longer to him what it had been. The
triumvirs were all-powerful. They did not deem it necessary
to take Cicero into their confidence, and he dared not offer
any opposition. In all outward appearances he was friendly
to them. He felt obliged to yield to their wishes on many
occasions. In their interest, as he himself informs us, 1
he even defended men to whom he had previously been
unfriendly. Intervals of leisure in his professional work he
devoted to writing. In 53 b. c. he was chosen augur.
On Jan. 20, b. c. 52, the collision between the armed bands
of Clodius and Milo occurred at Bovillae, resulting in the
death of the former. Cicero undertook the defence of Milo.
At the trial, in April, the adherents of Clodius created great
disturbance, and Pompey filled the Forum with soldiers.
Cicero was afraid to deliver his speech, but afterward wrote
it out and sent it to Milo, who had gone into exile at
Massilia. In the same year a law was passed that a consul
or praetor should not be eligible to the governorship of a
province until five years after the expiration of his term of
office. In the mean time provinces were to be assigned
to ex-consuls and ex-praetors who had not yet had such an
appointment. To Cicero was allotted the province of Cilicia,
with the surrounding region.
He entered upon his duties in Cilicia on the last day of July,
* Cf. Ep. ad Fam. VII. I., ad Att. IV., v., VI.
10 INTRODUCTION
B.C. 51. He administered the affairs of the province with
great uprightness, but found the position, as he had expected,
not at all to his liking. With the help of his brother Quintus,
an experienced officer, he subdued certain mountain tribes
along the Syrian frontier, and was weak enough to desire
a triumph. As soon as the year of his appointment had
expired he set out for Rome, reaching the city on the fourth
of January, B. C. 49.
In the beginning of the year 49 hostilities commenced
between Caesar and Pompey. Cicero, having vainly at-
tempted to bring about a reconciliation between them, hesi-
tated with which to cast in his lot. He finally decided to
join the side of Pompey. In June he passed over to Greece,
and appears to have been with Pompey till the battle of
Pharsalus, which was fought on the 9th of August, b. c. 48.
In November he returned to Brundisium. Here he remained
unmolested till the following August, when he received a
letter from Caesar which relieved him of all apprehensions
regarding his personal safety. He now devoted himself to the
composition of treatises on subjects connected with rhetoric
and philosophy, dividing his time between his different villas.
In 46 he divorced his wife Terentia, whom he had mar-
ried about the year 79. She appears to have been a high-
spirited woman, having withal a large property, regarding
the management of which she and her husband did not
agree. Being financially embarrassed, he married Publilia,
a wealthy young lady, for whom he had been acting as
guardian; but this marriage was soon dissolved. The most
crushing blow to his domestic happiness was the death, early
in B.C. 45, of his daughter Tullia, 1 to whom he had been
devotedly attached. For a time he retired to his secluded
1 See Vocab.
LIFE OF CICERO 11
villa at Astura, and gave himself up to grief. 1 Her death left
a deep impress upon his writings, which were now more than
ever undertaken as a means of consolation.
Cicero was fully in sympathy with the assassination of Caesar
(March 15, b. c. 44) . 2 In the reaction against the conspira-
tors he thought it unsafe for him to remain in Italy, and
started for Greece. As the ship touched at Regium he
learned that there was a prospect of reconciliation between
Antony and the party of the Senate, and returned to Rome.
All hope of a peaceful solution of the existing complications
was soon lost. Antony left the city, where Octavianus gradu-
ally acquired control. Cicero was once more in a position
of influence, the favorite of the people. He assailed Antony
before the Senate and from the Rostra, in the so-called
Philippic orations. 8 But the coalition of Antony with Lepidus,
and of these two later with Octavianus, was fatal to all hopes
of the supporters of constitutional liberty. In the latter part
of November, b. c. 43, the new triumvirs made out their
proscription list. On it were placed the names of seventeen
men who were to be put out of the way at once. That of
Cicero was among them. The news reached him at Tuscu-
lum. He fled to Antium and took ship. Adverse winds pre-
vented escape. He landed at Formiae and remained in his
villa there, resolved to meet his fate. When the soldiers of the
triumvirs came (Dec. 7), his slaves placed him in a litter and
started with him through the woods to the seashore, a mile
away. They were overtaken, and prepared for defence.
Cicero bade them be quiet, and put his head forth from
the litter. The executioners struck off both his head and his
hands, took them to Rome, and, by order of Antony, nailed
them to the Rostra, — the scene of so many of his triumphs.
* See Ep. xxxiv-xxxvii. 2 See Ep. XL. * See pp. 51, 52.
12 INTRODUCTION
ii. Cicero as an Orator.
No just view of Cicero as an orator can be obtained with-
out some knowledge of the nature of oratory, its place in
ancient life, and its history up to his time.
Oratory may be defined as the art of persuasion by means
of speech. It aims not simply to convince, but to lead to
a decision, — to move to action. It is thus distinguished, not
only from poetry, the purpose of which primarily is to please,
but also from ordinary prose, of which the main function
is to make clear to another the thought that one wishes to
convey. The oration forms a distinct literary species, with
its own traditions, its own laws of structure, and principles of
composition.
In the life of Greece and Rome oratory played a much
more important part than in that of modern times. In an-
tiquity those who possessed the rights of citizenship, the voters,
lived in cities. The land was tilled ordinarily by slaves or
subjects, and there was no large farming class, as there is in
our country, in possession of the elective franchise, and liable
to hold the balance of power between political parties. The
number of voters in ancient States formed a small minority of
the whole population. Civic life was concentrated. An ora-
tor, speaking in the central part of a city, might gather the
whole body of citizens within the sound of his voice. In those
States where a democratic form of government prevailed, ora-
tory naturally reached its highest perfection ; for in the ancient
democracies, unlike those of the modern era, questions were
submitted, not to representatives of the people, but directly to
the people themselves, with whom lay the decision of the most
important matters. The easiest way to reach and mould
opinion was through public address. This function of oratory
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 13
has now been almost wholly superseded by the newspaper and
the political pamphlet. Wide opportunity for public speaking
was afforded also by the larger governmental bodies, as the
Council at Athens and the Senate at Rome. Finally, the
constitution of the tribunals, referring the decision of cases
generally to a much greater number of individuals than the
modern courts, was favorable to the development of oratory.
The practice of oratory at an early date in Greece is clearly
indicated by the Homeric poems ; but to Athens belongs the
glory of having first produced great orators. Among the
leaders in the earlier period of her history at least two,
Themistocles and Pericles, were hardly less famous for their
eloquence than for their statesmanship. But the treatment of
oratory as an art, under the name of rhetoric, began in Sicily
in the first half of the fifth century b. c, when the expulsion of
the tyrants from Agrigentum and Syracuse, and the establish-
ment of democracies, created a demand for instruction in this
subject. Gorgias, the greatest of the Sicilian teachers of ora-
tory, gave instruction at Athens in the latter part of the same
century, emphasizing the poetic coloring of eloquence, while
the work of the sophists in the same period tended to point
out distinctions in the meanings of words, and directed atten-
tion to grammatical usage. The golden age of Athenian
oratory lasted from the end of the fifth to the latter part of the
fourth century b. c. Among the numerous orators of this
period later criticism reckoned ten as pre-eminent : Aeschines,
Andocides, Antiphon, Deinarchus, Demosthenes, Hyperides,
Isaeus, Isocrates, Lycurgus, and Lysias. Demosthenes was
recognized both by his own and by succeeding ages as the
greatest of them all. After his death, b. c. 322, with the
extinction of Greek liberties, Athenian eloquence rapidly
declined. A new type of oratory came into vogue soon after-
wards in the Greek cities of the western part of Asia Minor, —
14 INTRODUCTION
known as the Asiatic style. It was more ornate and artificial
than that of Athens, which by way of distinction was known as
the Attic style.
At Rome public speaking was extensively practised from
an early time. The flourishing period of Roman oratory lay
between the end of the second Punic war and the establish-
ment of the Empire. This period of almost two hundred
years may be conveniently viewed in three epochs. In the
first, the most prominent figure was that of Cato the Censor,
whose unpolished but effective oratory reflected his uncom-
promising sturdiness of character. Among the younger con-
temporaries of Cato was Gaius Laelius, whose speaking showed
more refinement. At this time Greek culture was exerting
more and more influence upon Roman life, but in oratory
apparently there was no study of Greek models. The second
epoch extends from the time of the Gracchi to that of the
eminent orators Marcus Antonius, grandfather of Mark Antony,
and L. Licinius Crassus, who died b. c. 91. The Greek ora-
tors were now studied, and Greek teachers of rhetoric were
freely employed j but there was as yet little open acknowledg-
ment of indebtedness to them. The two eminent names of
the third period are Cicero and Hortensius. In oratory, as
in other fields of literature and art, Greek models were now
supreme, being taken as standards of excellence. The ques-
tion was no longer whether Greece should be the instructor
of Rome in eloquence ; it was rather, which style of Greek
oratory should be followed, the Attic or the Asiatic. This
question each Roman settled for himself, some going so far as
to confine their study to a single Greek orator as model.
Greek teachers of rhetoric abounded everywhere. Hortensius
preferred the florid exuberance of the Asiatic style ; Cicero's
taste inclined rather to the compact simplicity of the Attic,
to which, however, influenced no doubt by Asiatic models,
A Roman Orator. From an ancient statue.
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 15
in his own speaking he added a richer and more rounded
expression.
In Cicero's time the theory of oratory had long since been
worked out with so great completeness that modern literary
criticism has added nothing of importance to it. The matter
of oratory was reckoned of three kinds : demonstrative, em-
ployed in praising or censuring some one ; deliberative, used
with reference to some measure, or proposal, either in the way
of advocacy or of opposition ; and juridical, employed in the
courts, in accusation or defence. Five qualities were con-
sidered essential to an orator. These were : invention, the
power to gather facts and arguments ; disposition, the ability
to arrange matter in the proper or most effective order;
expression, a choice of words suitable to the thought; memory,
a firm grasp of matter, words, and arrangement ; and delivery,
a perfect command of the voice, features, and gesticula-
tion. A typical oration was said to comprise six parts, as
follows : —
I. Introduction {exordium), designed to win the favorable
attention of the audience ; often considered of two
kinds: —
a. The Opening (principium) , preliminary remarks.
b. The Ingratiating (insinuatio), intended by a skil-
ful use of language to remove prejudices and
put the audience into a receptive mood.
II. Statement of the case (narratio), 2. summary of the
facts leading up to the point at issue.
III. Division (partitio, or divisio), indicating the treatment
of the theme proposed, or the point to be proved.
IV. Proof, or affirmative argument (confirm atid), setting forth
the arguments on the speaker's side of the case.
V. Rebuttal {refutatio, or reprehensid), refuting the argu-
ments of the opposite side.
VI. Peroration, or Conclusion (peroratio, or conclusid),
bringing the address to an impressive close ; fre-
quently divided into three Darts : —
16 INTRODUCTION
a. Summary {enumeration a brief recapitulation of
the speaker's points.
b. Outburst {indignatio), a burst of anger, designed
to excfte the indignation of the audience against
the opposite side.
c. Appeal {conquestio), an appeal to the sympathies
of the audience.
According to modern ideas of literary analysis, these six
divisions may generally be more conveniently grouped in
three, thus : —
I. Introduction : —
Exordium.
Narratio.
Parti tio.
II. Discussion: —
Confirmatio.
Refutatio.
III. Conclusion: —
Peroratio or conclusio.
This arrangement will be followed in presenting the outline
of the eight orations in this edition.
Careful rules were laid down by rhetoricians for the han-
dling of each of the divisions. We are not to suppose that
orators held rigidly to the outline given ; yet it was regarded
as the norm, or type, from which wide deviation was excep-
tional. The subjects most likely to lead away from it were
those which inspired invective. Thus, the orations against
Catiline show marked divergence from the typical structure.
On the other hand, speeches of a more quiet tone, like that
for Pompey's commission, and the majority of those made at
the bar, were in this respect more nearly regular.
Cicero possessed all the qualities characteristic of a true
orator. He was endowed with great activity and versatility
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 17
of mind, breadth of view, ready sympathy, and intense feel-
ings, — with a marvellous command of language, nice sense
of literary form, and excellent memory ; with attractive face
and figure, great vivacity of manner, and keen power of
repartee. From early youth he cultivated his natural gifts
with unflagging industry ; fired with the ambition to become
the leading public speaker of his day, he set before him-
self the highest ideals. He realized his ambition; and
the verdict of the ages has placed his name, with that of
Demosthenes, high above all other ancient orators. His
orations lack the conciseness and nervous force, the unabat-
ing earnestness of the Greek orator; but in richness and
fulness of expression, in beauty of language, he is superior.
His words gush forth like a torrent. He is broader in the
range of thought and feeling to which he appeals. He is
equally at home in the dignified tone suitable to the tragic,
and in the stinging jest ; in savage invective, and in the
graceful language of compliment. Yet no comparison be-
tween the two men would be fair which did not take into
account the difference in the character of the audiences
before which they spoke. The polished, critical, cool-headed
Athenian could best be influenced through the reason ; the
less critical Roman could be more easily swayed by an
appeal to the feelings. Cicero was a consummate master
of the art of putting things, of saying what he had to say
in a way to carry the greatest weight. His points follow one
another so naturally that one almost forgets that there is
another side of the case. What the other side was, in most
instances we do not clearly know ; but Cicero always makes
his own appear plausible.
On the whole, Demosthenes was stronger in thought,
Cicero in literary form. But here, where the greatest power
of the Roman orator lay, was also his greatest weakness ; foi
18 INTRODUCTION
now and then copiousness and charm of expression conceal
a paucity of ideas. We are also at times conscious of a lack
of sharpness in the statement of points. Yet the orations
to-day, though in an ancient and difficult tongue, though
read and not heard, continue to please and move us as they
have pleased and moved men for two thousand years. How
much more must they have stirred those to whom they were
addressed !
It has been the fashion in some quarters to style Cicero
a declaimer, — to assign the oration for the poet Archias,
for example, to the province of declamation rather than
of true oratory. All such disparagement rests upon a mis-
apprehension. If the aim of an oration is to persuade, it
should be judged according to the effect produced at the
time of delivery, as well as by the effect upon the reader.
No other Roman ever moved an audience as Cicero did.
Witness his speech for Roscius Otho, which transformed
a hostile mob, against their will, into an assemblage of well-
disposed citizens. He was equally successful as a pleader j
his contemporaries declared, says Quintilian, that he reigned
in the law courts. For these reasons alone, apart from the
overwhelming verdict of posterity regarding the power of
his speeches, he would worthily be ranked as the greatest
of Roman orators, one of the greatest of the world.
iii. Cicero as a Writer.
At Rome, both in his lifetime and afterward, Cicero was
noted hardly less as a writer than as an orator. In his youth
he devoted himself to the study of rhetoric and philosophy as
a means of training for public speaking ; and he retained an
interest in both branches, but more particularly in the latter,
which appeared to deepen as years passed by. Moments that
CICERO AS A WRITER 19
could be spared from his many engagements were given to
reading and to the society of the learned. When driven from
his customary pursuits by untoward circumstances, he found
diversion and consolation in literary composition. Most of
his works were written in the two seasons of enforced retire-
ment from political affairs, — the first after his return from
exile, b. c. 57, and the second between his reconciliation
with Caesar, b. c. 47, and the autumn after the dictator's
death, b. c. 44.
Not including orations, poems, or correspondence, Cicero
left not far from thirty different works. Some of them were
brief ; the rest were in two or more books. Fifteen of these
works are still extant, and others are known from consider-
able sections which have been preserved ; a few have entirely
perished. His extant writings on rhetorical and philosophical
subjects fill five octavo volumes. Those of the former class
comprise several treatises dealing with the theory of oratory,
and a sketch of the history of oratory down to Cicero's own
time. His philosophical works treat a great variety of topics
in morals, theology, and political philosophy. His poems con-
sisted in part of translations from the Greek, in part of verses
upon Roman themes. Two at least were autobiographical;
their titles were, ' On the Events of my Consulship,' and
' On my Times.' Only a few hundred lines of the poems
are extant, most of which are from his translation of Aratus.
His correspondence was collected and published after his
death. The portion extant fills two octavo volumes, and com-
prises eight hundred and sixty-four letters, of which ninety,
however, are addressed to Cicero.
As a poet Cicero was not successful. His verses were
metrically correct, but lacked poetic inspiration. His prose
writings, however, are characterized by a finish and charm
that have called forth universal admiration. His services
20 INTRODUCTION
to the Latin language and literature cannot be overestimated.
Previous to his time Latin prose had been crude, awkward,
and labored; he developed a flowing and graceful style,
which set before later writers a model of refined yet forceful
expression. Very little had been written in Latin on the
subject of philosophy ; so he formed the design of presenting
to his countrymen the gist of the Greek speculation in their
own tongue. He was admirably fitted for this task by his
extended intercourse with teachers of philosophy, his wide
reading in the subject, and his own philosophical position,
which was eclectic and negative, rather than dogmatic, so
that he was able to present the views of the different schools
on the whole fairly. He followed Greek models closely, and
made few original contributions to the matter which he
borrowed. But he coined new Latin terms, introduced illus-
trations of his own, and gave to the often dry and technical
discussions of the Greeks a living and attractive form. In a
word, he popularized philosophy, and his writings in this field
are of all the greater value now because in many cases the
Greek originals have perished. Most of his Works, after the
example of the Greeks, were cast in the form of a dialogue.
The philosophical vocabulary which he developed prepared
the way not only for later Pagan writers, but also for a Latin
literature of Christian theology. The orderly development
of thought, the graceful transitions, the happy perspective
observed in the elaboration of points, the balance, yet va-
riety, in the structure of sentences, the harmonious arrange-
ment of words, the faultless phrasing, — these are some of
the qualities that have caused several of his works to be
accepted as literary masterpieces of the first rank. As a
stylist Cicero has had no superior and few equals.
The tone of the correspondence is naturally less formal than
that of the treatises. When chatting with intimate friends, as
CICERO AS A MAN 21
Atticus, he is frank and artless, — too much so for his repu-
tation; he is more reserved when writing to others. His
letters reflect the mood of the moment, — now sparkling with
humor, or overflowing with pleasantries ; now burdened with
trouble, or altogether in despair. Nowhere else do we find so
vivid a picture of Roman life in his time ; nowhere else, per-
haps, except in the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, do
we have the inmost privacy of a strong mind so unreservedly
revealed. The style is matchless for simplicity, clearness, and
grace. If the world to-day were to be forced to choose'
whether it would more willingly part with Cicero's orations,
his prose works, or his correspondence, it is doubtful which
would be given up with the greatest regret.
iv. Cicero as a Man.
The character of Cicero presents a singular combination of
opposite qualities. Modern writers, who have studiously ex-
amined the facts of his career,' have held the most diverse
opinions concerning it. Middleton, for example, finds Cicero
almost faultless, and dwells upon his noble qualities in many
pages of undiscriminating praise ; Mommsen, being unable
to glorify Caesar and Cicero at the same time, loses no oppor-
tunity to belittle the orator as he lavishes unstinted commen-
dation upon the dictator. It is clear that views so extreme
cannot both be just. In all such matters men's opinions
are in large measure determined by their point of view.
Mommsen fastens his eye upon the constitutional develop-
ment of Rome, and sees in every change of the later re-
publican period a, nearer approach to the inevitable end, —
imperialism. With him Caesar is the incarnation of the im-
perialistic principle, and the upholders of the earlier constitu-
tional usages are short-sighted supporters of a hopeless cause.
22 INTRODUCTION
To a man holding this view, the orator's power as a speaker
and influence as a writer appear of little moment. On the
other hand, the biographers of Cicero have generally read into
his life the lofty ideals of his moral treatises, and have either
ignored or tried to explain away his many inconsistencies, A
fairer view may be gained by emphasizing neither aspect of
his character unduly, but by subjecting his political activities,
his moral ideals, and his daily life to the same impartial
scrutiny.
The sources of our knowledge of Cicero are threefold : first,
the references in contemporary writers, — chiefly Caesar and
Sallust, both of whom were more or less unfriendly to him on
political grounds; secondly, his own works; and thirdly, the
statements of later Greek and Roman writers, — mainly, Appian,
Dion Cassius, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Florus. By far the
greater number of facts about him are gleaned from his own
writings, particularly the letters. It is safe to say that if his
correspondence had not been preserved, his name would have
been spared most of the unfriendly criticism that has gathered
about it. He was indiscreet enough to think on paper ; his
passing fancies or suggestions, to most of which he may have
given no second thought, are to-day before us, subject to cool
critical analysis and comparison. It is said that no man is a
hero to his valet. What impulsive person, whose eventful life
had brought him into contact with many public men in a
trying period, would not shrink from having his most private
correspondence given to the world ? What man, whose in-
most heart should be so revealed, would not be convicted of
numberless foibles, weaknesses, inconsistencies? Such are the
frailties of human nature ; a most unhappy illustration may be
found in the Carlyle correspondence, recently published. The
letters of Cicero charm and enlighten us, yet show us many
things unworthy of a great man ; but, after all, deeds are
CICERO AS A MAN 28
greater than thoughts, more than words. Granted that a
high-minded man, whose prominent position brought him
many enemies and numberless trials, may have shown himself,
in the privacy of friendly intercourse, at times weak and in-
consistent with his professed ideals, — should that make us
blind to his nobler traits, or to the greatness of ' his life-work
for humanity?
The age of Cicero abounded in eminent men who from
childhood had had the advantages of wealth and family pres-
tige in their favor. Cicero entered the lists a 'new man,'
without great wealth, without a long line of distinguished
ancestry to bring him favorable recognition, apparently with-
out anything in his favor, excepting a limited acquaintance
with public men, a fair education, and an ambition to make the
most of himself. He practised law, and generally won his
cases. He came forward as a candidate, and received from
the people unprecedented favor, for a man without powerful
connections, in the rapid promotion to public offices. He
accomplished all these things by the sheer force of personal
effort, in that period of Roman history when the influence of
military leaders was rapidly becoming paramount. Surely this
betokens no ordinary power.
The natural gifts of Cicero fitted him to be an orator and
writer rather than a statesman. His nice sense of balance,
and his philosophical habit of looking at all sides of a case,
sometimes made it impossible for him to decide quickly where
a prompt decision was necessary. His mind was rather of the
contemplative than the executive type. His tastes drew him
toward the ideal ; but an irresistible impulse drove him into
practical affairs. He did not escape the contagious passion
for political power characteristic of his generation; yet he
lacked the steadiness of view, the singleness of aim, the per-
sistency — perhaps also the courage — needful for one who
24 INTRODUCTION
would be more than temporarily great as a political leader.
He was possessed also of a naive and thoroughly good-natured
egotism, which asserted itself on all occasions. Yet in an age
of bribery, he was never convicted of giving or receiving a
bribe. In a period of mad dissipation and debauchery, he
remained untainted with vice, and in his affection for his
daughter has left us one of the most beautiful pictures of
ancient home-life. At a time of broils and violence, he was
a man of peace, hating strife, — a man of honor in all the
relations of life. That was no unfitting tribute paid him by
the historian Livy : 2 ' Sixty-three years he lived, so that his
death, except that it was violent, cannot be considered un-
timely. . . . After both his faults and his virtues have been
taken into account, he remains a great, spirited, and dis-
tinguished man, to whose praises only the eloquence of a
Cicero could do justice.'
v. The Portraits of Cicero.
The name of Cicero has been given to many busts that
have come down from antiquity. The great majority of
them, however, have no claim to be considered genuine.
One famous bust, at Madrid, is marked with the name of
Cicero in an inscription undoubtedly ancient; but the head
is modern. Of the busts in Italian museums which prob-
ably give a true likeness of the orator, three are worthy of
mention. One is at Florence, in the Uffizi Gallery. The
other two are at Rome, one in the Vatican collection, the
other in the Capitoline Museum. The frontispiece of this vol-
ume is from the one last mentioned. The expansive forehead,
the sensitive mouth, and the open, thoughtful face not free
from lines of care, correspond closely with the characteristics
of Cicero revealed in his works.
1 Sen. Suas. vii.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE ORATIONS 25
II. THE ORATIONS OF CICERO.
i. General View of the Orations.
Cicero left more than a hundred speeches. Of these, fifty-
seven are still extant. Fragments of twenty others remain,
and the titles of thirty more are known. The themes and
general character of the extant orations may be learned from
the following summary : —
I. Speeches in Legal Cases.
a. In civil cases.
For Quinctius, delivered b. c. 8i ; in connection with a
suit for debt.
For Roscius the Comedian, j6y in a case concerning
payment of damages for the death of a slave.
For Tullius, 72 or 71 ; in a suit for damages on account
of the destruction of property.
For Caecina, 69; in a suit concerning an inheritance.
b. In criminal cases.
For Roscius of Ameria, b. c. 80. See pp. 2, 3.
Against Caecilius, 70 ; a prelude to the action against
Verres.
Against Verres, 70 ; six speeches in all. of which only the
first was actually delivered. See pp. 3, 4.
For Fonteius, 69; against a charge of provincial ex-
tortion.
For Cluentius, 66. See p. 4.
For Rabirius, 63. See p. 6.
For Murena, 63 ; against a charge of corrupt canvassing
for votes.
26 INTRODUCTION
For Cornelius Sulla, 62. See p. 6.
For Archias, 62. See p. 45.
For Valerius Flaccus, 59 ; against a charge of provin-
cial extortion.
For Sestius, 56 ; against a charge of violence.
Against Vatinius, 56 ; for the impeachment of a witness
for the prosecution of Sestius.
For Caelius, 56 ; in a suit arising from an intrigue.
For Cornelius Balbus, 56 ; against the charge of having
illegally assumed the rights of citizenship.
For Plancius, 54; against a charge of bribery.
For Rabirius Postumus, 54 ; against a charge of extortion.
For Milo, 52. See p. 9.
For Marcellus, 46. See p. 49.
For Ligarius, 46 ; in favor of a former partisan of Pom-
pey, then in exile.
For Deiotarus, King of Galatia, 45 ; against a charge of
complicity in a plot to murder Caesar.
2. Political Speeches.
On Pompey's Commission, 66. See p. 27.
On the Agrarian measure of Rullus, 63 ; three speeches,
the first addressed to the Senate, the second and third
to the people. There was a fourth speech, now lost.
See pp. 5, 6.
Against Catiline, 63 ; fow speeches. See p. 36.
After Return from Exile, four speeches : the first giving
thanks to the Senate, 57 ; the second thanking the
people, S7'i the third, 'On his House,' showing that
his house on the Palatine, destroyed by Clodius,
should be restored at public expense, 57; the fourth,
1 On the Answers of the Soothsayers/ against ob-
jections to the rebuilding of his house on a site that
had been consecrated, 56.
On the Consular Provinces, 56 ; urging the prolongation
of Caesar's command in Gaul ; before the Senate.
Against Piso, 55; an abusive attack upon a personal
enemy; before the Senate.
Against Antony, 44-43 » fourteen orations. See p. 51.
30 Longitude East
T ** MW^^w » H f •"
Greenwich 40
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 27
ii. The Speech on Pompey's Commission.
I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY.
The country of Pontus lay in the eastern part of Asia Minor,
south of the Black Sea. It was bounded on the west . by
Paphlagonia and Galatia, on the south by Cappadocia and
Lesser Armenia, and on the east by Greater Armenia and
Colchis. When Xenophon the Athenian passed through this
region, in 400 b. c, it was inhabited by a number of barbarous
tribes, which were in nominal subjection to Persia. In less
than a century afterwards it was the seat of an independent
monarchy, whose reigning house traced its descent back to a
former Persian governor. In the earlier part of the second
century b. c Pharnaces I. brought the adjoining portions of
Paphlagonia under his rule; and Sinope, a colony of the
Greek city Miletus, became the place of royal residence.
The last and greatest of the kings of Pontus was Mithridates
VI., who came to the throne about 120 b. c, and proved to
be a formidable antagonist of Rome. The reverses suffered
by the Romans at his hands led Manilius to bring forward a
bill granting Pompey extraordinary powers. This was the im-
mediate occasion of Cicero's famous speech ' For the Bill of
Manilius,' or ' On Pompey's Commission,' which, however,
cannot be understood without a more detailed examination
of the circumstances leading up to it.
Mithridates VI. is one of the most striking characters of
ancient history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he
was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness,
indomitable courage, and a consuming ambition. He could
converse in twenty-five languages, so that he needed no inter-
preter in dealing with the different peoples under his sway.
28 INTRODUCTION
He delighted to fill his palaces with statuary, pictures, and the
surroundings of culture, yet in his relations with rivals and
subjects he was a typical Oriental despot, — jealous, cruel, and
implacable. He would put to death even the members of his
own family for slight reasons j to protect himself against secret
enemies, it is said that he commenced early in life to take
poisons in small quantities, that his system might become
inured to them. As a general, if he may not be compared
with Alexander and Caesar, he may at any rate be mentioned
along with the great Oriental conquerors, — Tiglath-Pileser,
Cyrus, and Darius ; for with the troops at his command,
numerous indeed, but of poor fighting quality, he was able
to destroy several Roman armies, and to fight against Rome
for almost thirty years. As a hater of the Romans he was
second only to Hannibal.
Mithridates commenced to reign when very young. After
he had established himself firmly upon the throne, he entered
upon a career of conquest. He annexed Lesser Armenia and
Colchis, and crossed the Caucasus range. Having been re-
quested by the Greek cities of Olbia and Chersonesus to chas-
tise the marauding tribes north of the Euxine Sea, he sent his
generals over the country as far as the Tyras River (now
Dniester), and made the whole subject to himself. But on
the west side of his kingdom opportunity for extension was
checked by the bounds of the Roman province of Asia. This
at first comprised the portion of Asia Minor west of Bithynia,
Phrygia, and Lycia, which had been bequeathed to the Roman
people by Attalus III., the last king of Pergamus, in b. c. 133.
The states lying between Pontus and the province, particularly
Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia, were nominally inde-
pendent, but were on good terms with the Romans, and really
under a Roman protectorate.
A collision between the two aggressive powers — Rome, ever
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 29
impatient of rivals, and Mithridates, fired with the spirit of
conquest — was inevitable ; but the first provocation came
from the Romans. Early in the reign of Mithridates they took
from him Phrygia, which had been under the rule of his father.
Biding his time, he increased his resources as rapidly as pos-
sible, and formed an alliance with Tigranes, king of Armenia,
to whom he gave a daughter in marriage. He made various
attempts to get control of Cappadocia, and would have been
successful had not the Roman Senate — in 92 B.C. — placed
the Cappadocian Ariobarzanes on the throne. The Romans
also obliged him to evacuate Paphlagonia, which, he claimed,
belonged to him by inheritance. Not yet willing openly to
break with Rome, he instigated Tigranes to drive Ariobarzanes
out of Cappadocia. About the same time he was instrumental
in bringing about the expulsion of Nicomedes III. from Bithy-
nia, supporting against the lawful king a claimant of the throne
friendly to himself. Both the exiled princes appealed to Rome.
She reinstated them without a protest from Mithridates, who
had apparently supposed that the disturbances of the Social
War would make the Romans forgetful of their interests in
the East. Nicomedes, at the instigation of the Roman em-
bassador, now assumed the offensive, and invaded Pontus.
Mithridates sent to Rome to demand satisfaction, but re-
ceived none. He at once prepared for hostilities. Thus began
the first Mithridatic war, which lasted from 88 to 84 b. c. Mus-
tering an army of 250,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry, in one
season, b. c. 88, he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the
greater part of the Roman province of Asia. He defeated the
Romans at every point, and gained control of all the western
part of Asia Minor, with the exception of a few cities. He
poured molten gold down the throat of the Roman governor,
M'. Aquillius, in mockery of the man's avarice. He made Per-
gamus the place of royal residence. From Ephesus he sent
30 INTRODUCTION
forth a decree that on a given day all the Italians in the cities
of Asia Minor, without distinction of rank, sex, or age, should
be put to death. The command was carried out to the letter.
In one day 80,000 Italians, some say 150,000, perished. In
the rest of the war Mithridates was less fortunate. He sent
two armies to Greece, which were defeated by Sulla in 86
and in 85 b. c. In 85 also his forces were beaten on their
own ground by Fimbria, who had succeeded Flaccus as the
representative of the Marian party in the East. A peace was
concluded with Sulla in 84. According to the terms of it,
Mithridates was to pay an indemnity of three thousand talents
($3,500,000), furnish the Romans with eighty galleys, and
give up all the territory he had conquered west of Pontus.
In the second Mithridatic war (83-81 b. a), Murena, the
successor of Sulla in command, was the aggressor. He was
soon defeated by Mithridates, who again seized upon Cappa-
docia. Sulla, then supreme at Rome, commanded Murena
to cease from hostilities, whereupon Mithridates withdrew from
Cappadocia.
It was clear that no peace beween Mithridates and the
Romans could be more than a truce, to be broken whenever
either of the contracting parties might find it advantageous to
assume the offensive. In 75 Nicomedes died, leaving Bithy
nia by will to the Roman people, who immediately took
possession of it. Early in 74 Mithridates commenced war,
and prosecuted it vigorously. At the lowest estimate his
army comprised 120,000 infantry, of which at least a part
was armed and trained according to the Roman system;
16,000 cavalry, and a hundred scythe-bearing chariots. At
first successful, he defeated a Roman army under Cotta, and
besieged Chalcedon; but Lucullus soon forced him to raise
the siege. His powerful fleet was in part defeated by the
Romans, in part shattered by a storm in the Euxine Sea
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 31
His great army melted away in successive engagements. The
following year Lucullus advanced into Pontus, and in 72 en-
camped near the king at Cabira. Mithridates, being hard
pressed, gave orders to break camp and retreat. A panic
ensued ; the Romans took advantage of the situation and cut
his army to pieces. The king would himself have fallen into
their hands had his pursuers not stopped to plunder a mule
laden with gold. Thus escaping, he sent a eunuch to put
to death his wives and sisters, that they might not be captured,
and fled to Armenia.
Tigranes gave orders that his father-in-law be received with
becoming dignity ; yet for a year and a half, wishing to avoid
cause of rupture with Rome, he refused to admit the king
of Pontus to his presence. At length, offended by the
haughty demand of the Romans that he surrender Mithri-
dates, he made common cause with the deposed monarch.
The kings both raised armies ; but in 69 b. c, before their
forces had united, Tigranes engaged in battle with Lucullus
at Tigranocerta, and suffered a disastrous defeat. Lucullus
now pressed on into -the interior of Armenia, towards Artaxata ;
but mutiny among his troops prevented further advance, and
he led them into Mesopotamia. Mithridates quickly gathered
another army, and returned to Pontus. Here he gained a
victory over Fabius, the Roman lieutenant, and obtained pos-
session of the greater part of the country. In 67 he dealt
the Romans a crushing blow in the defeat of the forces
under Triarius. Seven thousand Romans fell, including
many officers; their camp was taken, and only the fact
that Mithridates was wounded saved the rest from destruc-
tion. Lucullus was almost powerless on account of the
disaffection of his troops. At the end of the year 67
Mithridates was once more in power over Pontus and the
adjoining regions; he was in alliance with Tigranes, and
32 INTRODUCTION
liable at any moment to make a descent on the province
of Asia.
But the war with Mithridates and Tigranes was not the only
cause of disturbance in Roman foreign relations at this time.
For some years pirates had gradually become more and more
numerous and powerful in all parts of the Mediterranean.
They rendered navigation perilous. They cut off the supplies
of grain which Rome was wont to receive by sea. They made
raids upon cities along the coast, and even carried men of
distinction away from Italy to be held for ransom. The evil
had grown to such intolerable proportions that in 67 b. c.
A. Gabinius proposed a bill giving Pompey absolute jurisdic-
tion for three years over all the Mediterranean coast for fifty
miles inland. The bill was passed, though contrary to prece-
dent both in the powers it conferred and in the manner of
conferring them ; for the people in passing the measure as-
sumed a function supposed to belong to the Senate. But Pom-
pey more than sustained the reputation he already enjoyed as
a commander. In three months he cleared the sea of pirates
from the Pillars of Hercules to the Hellespont. While
Mithridates was making fruitless the victories of Lucullus,
Pompey was capturing the strongholds of the pirates in
Cilicia, which was immediately organized into a Roman
province.
Under these circumstances, early in 66 b. a, Manilius pro-
posed to the people that the government of Bithynia, which
had been given to the incompetent Glabrio, as well as of
Cilicia and Asia, and the absolute command of the war
with Mithridates,' be intrusted to Pompey. The bill was
opposed by the leaders of the aristocratic party, particu-
larly Catulus and Hortensius. on constitutional grounds.
Cicero's speech was addressed to the people, and served
to intensify the popular feeling in favor of Pompey. It is
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 33
not difficult to see what motives probably influenced him
in thus breaking with the party whose principles he favored.
The aristocrats were indeed glad to have Cicero on their
side; but in the interest of patrician traditions they would
never countenance the election of a • new man ' to the con-
sulship, which was the goal of the orator's ambition. It
appeared necessary for him to win the favor of the people ;
in what way could he do this better than by praising the
people's hero? he might at the same time also assure himself
of that hero's favor.
The speech for the bill of Manilius, or * On Pompey's
Commission,' as it is more commonly called, shows rather
the adroitness of the special pleader than the depth of a
true statesman. It belongs to the deliberative class, though
the part referring to Pompey is properly demonstrative.
From whatever point it is viewed, it is a masterly effort.
The orderly and effective arrangement of the matter is
matched by the rich, yet forceful and pleasing, manner of
expression.
Whether the objections to Manilius' s proposal were valid
or not, it was carried. By the end of 66 Pompey had forced
Mithridates to take refuge in Dioscurias, a Greek city on the
northeast side of the Euxine Sea, and had made terms with
Tigranes. The king of Pontus raised another army; but
becoming involved in disaffection and treachery, he put an
end to his own life in the year 63. Part of his kingdom was
annexed to the province of Bithynia j the rest, left for over
a century under native princes, in 63 a. d. became a Roman
province under the name of Pontus Polemoniacus.
34 INTRODUCTION
2. OUTLINE OF THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION,
Introduction.
Exordium. Reasons for not having come forward previously
as a public speaker. Your favor, my practice in speaking, and
the happy nature of the theme, the singular merit of Gnaeus
Pompey, make it a duty and a pleasure to speak on this occa-
sion. chap. I.
Narratio. A war, destructive to our revenues, fraught with
danger to our allies, is being waged against us by two very power-
ful kings. The voice of all demands the appointment of a certain
commander, n., first paragraph.
Partitio. What ought to be done? Three points are to be
considered: the character of the war, the greatness of the war,
and the choice of a commander, n., second paragraph.
Discussion.
Confirmatio. A. The character of the war. H., last paragraph.
The war is of a kind that involves: —
1. The reputation of the Roman people, who have suffered
at the hands of Mithridates more flagrant causes of grievance
than those for which our ancestors inflicted summary vengeance.
hi., iv., v., first paragraph.
2. The safety of our allies, who are threatened by the enemy,
and are pleading for the appointment of Pompey. v., last part.
3. Our most important revenues, which are imperilled, not
simply by war, but by the mere rumor of war. vi.
4. The property of many Roman citizens engaged in business
in Asia, whom expediency and humanity alike require us to pro-
tect. VII.
B. The greatness of the war: so urgent as to demand active
measures, yet not so formidable that there need be apprehension
regarding the final issue, vni., first paragraph.
1. The efforts of Lucullus against the enemy were at first suc-
cessful, vni., second paragraph.
2. But reverses followed, and the war is now more urgent than
ever. ix.
.
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 35
C. The choice of a commander.
A. Affirmative argument: Pompey the best man.
1. He possesses all the requisite qualifications, namely: —
a. Mastery of the art of war. x.
b. Traits characteristic of a great general and of a great
man: —
On the one hand, power of persistent effort, bravery, activity,
rapidity of movement, forethought. XL, XII.
On the other, incorruptibility, self-restraint, good-faith, cour-
tesy, talent, humaneness, xm., xiv.
c. Standing, witnessed by the general demand for his services,
the influence of his name, the confidence reposed in him
by our enemies, xv., xvi., first paragraph.
d. Good luck, xvi., latter part.
2. He is more favorably situated than any one else for prose-
cuting the war. xvu., first paragraph.
Refutatio. B . Refutation. Objections to the choice of Pom-
pey considered.
1. Answer to particular objections:
a. To that of Hortensius, that absolute authority ought not
to be vested in one person ; met by reference to the success
of the war against the pirates. Brief answer also to an ob-
jection raised against the lieutenancy of Gabinius. xvu.,
last part; xvin., xix.
b. To those of Catulus, based upon the risk of placing all hope
in one person, and upon respect for precedent; shown to be
without just grounds, by the citation of examples from the
cases of others and of Pompey himself. XX., xxi.
2. Answer to the objections in general:
a. The influence of opponents of high standing ought not to
outweigh the true, interests of the Roman people, xxn.,
first paragraph.
b. This war demands a peculiar combination of military power
and irreproachable character, such as only Pompey pos-
sesses, xxii., last part; xxiii., first part.
c. The standing of the opponents of this measure is offset
by that of the eminent men who favor it. xxiii., last
paragraph.
INTRODUCTION
Conclusion.
Peroratio. The orator urges Manilius to stand firm, relying upon
the support of the people ; calls the gods to witness to the purity
of his motives in advocating the measure; assures the people
of his loyalty to the interests of the State and to their own
wishes, xxiv.
iii. The Speeches against Catiline.
I. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery.
Lucius Sergius Catilina was born about 108 b. c He was
descended from an old patrician family which had lost its
prestige and was in straitened circumstances. From early
youth he indulged in all forms of vice with seeming reckless-
ness; yet he was a man of great courage, strong personal
magnetism, and unusual abilities as a leader. During the
reign of terror under Sulla he distinguished himself, as a
partisan of the dictator, by the number of his victims and his
remorseless cruelty. Nevertheless he gained the office of
praetor for the year 68 b. c, and served as governor of Africa
in 67. The following year he returned to Rome to present
himself as a candidate for the consulship for 65 ; but he had
scarcely entered the city when he was charged with provincial
extortion, and thus disqualified for the proposed candidacy.
The consuls-elect for 65, P. Autronius Paetus and P. Corne-
lius Sulla, soon after their election (July, 66) were impeached
for bribery, their office being conferred on L. Aurelius Cotta
and L. Manlius Torquatus. Autronius, Catiline, and Cn. Cal-
purnius Piso now formed a plot to murder the new consuls on
the day of their entry into office (Jan. 1, B.C. 65), and seize
the authority. As the arrangements were then not complete,
the execution of the project was deferred till the 5th of the
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 37
following February, and it was extended to compass the de-
struction of many of the leading men of the State. On the
appointed day, however, Catiline gave the signal for attack
before the armed helpers had assembled in sufficient numbers,
and the plot miscarried. This is known as the first conspiracy
of Catiline ; the details of it are obscure and uncertain.
Nothing daunted, Catiline presented himself as a candidate
for the consulship for the year 63, having meanwhile freed
himself from the charges against him by wholesale bribery.
He set before his associates a program which included the
division of the offices of State among themselves, the cancel-
lation of alj debts, and the murdering of the wealthiest citizens,
with the confiscation of their property. As he failed to re-
ceive an election, 1 he now rapidly furthered his preparations
for a revolution by force of arms. He borrowed great sums of
money on his own credit and that of his friends, collected
military stores, and gave to C. Manlius, who had been an
officer under Sulla, a commission to enroll and train an army.
The centre of operations was the neighborhood of Faesulae
(now Fiesole) , a. few miles north of the city of Florence. As
Pompey was in the East, Italy contained no Roman army and
no great general, and the time seemed favorable for a sudden
stroke. •
In the midst of these preparations, early in 63, Catiline
offered himself as a candidate for the consulship for 62. His
plan was, if elected, to put Cicero out of the way ; then, as
consul-elect, to enter into coalition with the consul Antonius,
who to some extent at least was committed to his plans, and
thus gain the supreme power. It happened that one of the
conspirators, Q. Curius, had made a confidant of Fulvia, a
high-born but dissolute woman, in regard to the projects of
Catiline ; she, becoming disturbed at the prospect of a revo-
1 See p. 5.
38 INTRODUCTION
lution which threatened the security of all, had allowed in-
formation regarding the matter 'to reach the ears of Cicero,
and afterwards entered into communication with him. Through
her influence, and the offer of large rewards, Cicero succeeded
in inducing Curius to act as a secret agent, or detective, and to
report every movement of the conspirators at once to himself.
As the time for the consular election (July) drew near, he
threw out hints about the danger to be apprehended from Cat-
iline, and secured a postponement that there might be oppor-
tunity for investigation. He detached his colleague, Antonius,
from the revolutionary party by the promise of the governor-
ship of the rich province of Macedonia, after the expiration
of the consular term. When the election was finally held (the
date is uncertain), Catiline was again rejected, and a plot
he had formed for the murder of several magistrates was ren-
dered incapable of execution by the elaborate preparations of
Cicero.
Driven now to desperation, Catiline fixed upon Oct. 27
(b. c. 63) as the date for raising the standard of open rebel-
lion, and the following day for the massacre of his opponents
and the pillaging of Rome. But on Oct. 21 Cicero attacked
him openly in the Senate, which, immediately afterwards passed
a decree vesting supreme authority in the consuls for the pro-
tection of the State. Some days later word came that Man-
lius had actually taken up arms on the 27th, as expected, and
that slaves were arming in Capua and in Apulia. Thereupon
the Senate authorized the drafting of troops, and ordered all
precautions for the defence of the city. Catiline was charged
with sedition by a young patrician, L. Aemilius Paulus j pro-
testing his innocence, he offered to place himself in free
custody. 1
On the night of Nov. 6 he met his followers at the house
1 See n. to p. 69, 1. 5.
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 39
of Marcus Laeca, where arrangements were perfected for
the firing and plundering of Rome. He said that Cicero
stood in the way of accomplishing his designs ; whereupon L.
Vargunteius, a senator, and C. Cornelius, a knight, volunteered
to murder the consul at daybreak in his own house. A report
of the meeting was brought to Cicero in the night ; when the
would-be assassins went to call on him in the morning, they
found the house closed against them. On the 8th of Novem-
ber Cicero called a meeting of the Senate in the temple of
Jupiter Stator; finding Catiline present, he assailed the arch-
conspirator in the bitter invective known as the First Ora-
tion against Catiline. Catiline attempted to justify himself,
emphasizing the public services and respectability of his fam-
ily ; but being greeted with cries of " enemy " and " traitor "
he left the Senate. The same night he set out for Etruria,
causing the report to be circulated that he was gcing to live
in exile at Marseilles.
On the following day (Nov. 9) Cicero addressed the peo-
ple from the Rostra in the Second Oration, congratulat-
ing them on the departure of Catiline, and endeavoring to
frighten the remaining conspirators into leaving the city.
But though Lentulus, Cethegus, and their associates kept
actively at work in Rome, three weeks passed before the
consul could secure evidence against them sufficient to war-
rant making any arrests. The 19th of December was the
date finally set for murdering the officers of State and plun-
dering the city. Meanwhile news came that Catiline had
assumed command of the insurgent forces at Faesulae. The
Senate promptly pronounced both him and Manlius public
enemies, and sent the consul Antonius against them with an
army.
A delegation from the Allobroges happened to be in Rome
at this time, seeking relief from certain abuses. Having re-
40 INTRODUCTION
ceived no satisfaction from the Senate, they readily listened
to a proposal to interest their people in the conspiracy. Im-
pressed with the seriousness of the matter, however, they laid
it before their patron, Q. Fabius Sanga, who immediately
reported the facts to Cicero. The consul saw here a golden
opportunity for obtaining the evidence he so much needed.
Acting in accordance with his instructions, the deputies of the
Allobroges professed the warmest interest in the conspiracy,
and asked for written pledges to take to their people. These
were freely given. They promised furthermore that on their
way back to Gaul they would turn aside to confer with Cati-
line in Etruria; and Lentulus designated a certain T. Vol-
turcius to accompany them, with a letter and messages for
Catiline. Late in the night of December 2 the deputies,
accompanied by Volturcius, set out from Rome. At the
Mulvian bridge, two miles north of the city, they were stopped
by two praetors and a company of soldiers sent to intercept
them in accordance with a previous understanding with Cicero.
After a show of resistance, they yielded up the documents
which they had received from the conspirators, and returned
to Rome. Early in the morning (Dec. 3), before news of the
affair had spread, Cicero sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius,
and Gabinius, and brought them before the Senate, which
met in the temple of Concord, in the Forum. Here Voltur-
cius, having turned State's evidence, gave important testi-
mony ; the letters delivered to the deputies of the Allobroges,
after the seals had been acknowledged by the writers, were
read, and the guilt of the conspirators was conclusively estab-
lished. The meeting of the Senate lasted till late in the day.
At the close Cicero appeared before the people and delivered
the Third Oration, which gave an account of the day's pro-
ceedings and, like the second, answered the purpose of an
official bulletin of information.
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 41
The day after the arrest of the conspirators, the report was
spread abroad that an attempt would be made to rescue them
by force; but stringent measures prevented any outbreak.
The next day (Dec. 5) the Senate met to decide what should
be done with the prisoners. Silanus, the consul-elect, de-
clared himself in favor of putting them to death, and was
supported in this by the other senators present till the ques-
tion came to Julius Caesar. He proposed that the conspira-
tors in custody be distributed under life-sentence among the
municipal towns. As the Senate now wavered in opinion,
Cicero arose and delivered the Fourth Oration, in which,
after reviewing the propositions of both Silanus and Caesar,
he clearly revealed his own feeling in favor of the extreme
penalty. The decisive turn to the debate, however, was given
by Marcus Cato, who spoke so earnestly in favor of the imme-
diate execution of the prisoners that he carried the great
majority of the Senate with him. That evening Lentulus,
Cethegus, Gabinius, Statilius, and Ceparius, who had been
captured just outside the city, were strangled 1 in the Tullia-
num, a loathsome subterranean dungeon on the slope of the
Capitoline Hill, northwest of the Forum. Early in January
(62) the forces of Catiline, comprising not far from 5,000
men, were annihilated near Pistoria (modern Pistqfa), about
twenty miles northwest of Florence, and he himself, while
fighting with the courage of despair, was slain.
The Catilinarian orations were written out after their deliv-
ery, and no doubt carefully revised before publication. The
genuineness of the speeches as they stand has been questioned,
but without good reason. As might be expected from the
nature of the theme and the occasion, their structure is less
symmetrical than that of Cicero's more carefully prepared
addresses. The following outlines may be of assistance in
following the thought.
1 On the constitutionality of this act, see N. to p. 108, 1. 3.
42 INTRODUCTION
2. Outline of the First Oration against Catiline.
Introduction.
Exordium. Abrupt outburst against Catiline's effrontery, and the
degeneracy of the time. chap, l, 11. 1-18.
Narratio. Precedent and authority warrant putting Catiline to
death. The danger is great, but he is foiled. I., 1. 19
to end ; 11.
Discussion.
Confirmatio. A. Addressed to Catiline.
1. Your plans are clearly revealed to us. in., iv.
2. It is best for you to leave Rome and take your followers with
you; for
a. Your plots against my life have failed, v.
b. Here you are hated and feared on account of your crimes, as
shown to-day in the Senate. VI., vn.
c. No good man will be security for you. VIII., to 1.. 22.
d. The Senate wants you to go. vm., 1. 22 to end.
e. You are altogether hopeless; the life of a freebooter will suit
you. ix., x.
B. Addressed to the Senate.
1. Why do I not have Catiline put to death, as precedent and
public interest demand ? Because it is better for him to leave
Rome and so lure forth his associates. XL, xn.
2. We are at a climax of wickedness ; but I pledge the victory
of the good, xiii., to 1. 27.
Conclusion.
tonclusio. Final exhortation to Catiline to depart. Prayer to
Jupiter Stator for protection, xiil, end.
3. Outline of the Second Oration.
Introduction.
Exordium. Congratulations on Catiline's departure. CHAP. 1.,
11. 1-8.
Narratio. He is conquered and undone. 1., 1. 9 to end.
Partitio- . It was better to drive him forth than to put him to
death, on account of his associates. 11.
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 43
Discussion.
Confirmatio. |, Catiline's associates, hopelessly depraved, should
leave the city. III., iv., v.
2. Catiline himself, reprobate that he is, has not been driven
into exile, but has joined Manlius. VI., vu.
3. Catiline's forces are recruited from six classes, each of which
needs a special warning:
a. Rich but extravagant men, in financial embarrassment, vin.
b. Bankrupts, desirous of power, ix., to 1. 21.
c. Veterans of Sulla, who long for a renewal of the seasons of
violence, ix., 1. 22 to end.
d. Hopeless but restless debtors, x., to 1. 20.
e. Professional criminals, x., 11. 21-25.
f. Profligates, x., 1. 26 to end.
4. Such forces bear no comparison with ours. XI.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. The orator reminds the citizens of their duty, and
assures them of safety, warns the conspirators (xn.); promises a
complete but bloodless victory, with the help of the gods. xni.
4. Outline of the Third Oration.
Introduction.
Exordium et The State, your lives, this city have narrowly es-
Narratio. , , / «
caped destruction, chap, l, 11. 1-20.
Partitio. I shall explain how the conspiracy has been traced
out and checked. 1., 1. 21 to end of paragraph.
Discussion.
Confirmatio. i. My efforts to secure evidence for conviction were
crowned with success through the interception of the deputies of
the Allobroges and the arrest of leading conspirators. 1., end;
n., in.
2. This evidence was to-day presented to the Senate :
a. The testimony of Volturcius, and of the Gauls, iv.
b. Reading of the letters, — their seals acknowledged by the
prisoners. V.
C. Action of the Senate after hearing the evidence ; rewards to
officers, decrees against nine conspirators, appointment of
special thanksgiving. VI.
44 INTRODUCTION
3. The conspiracy is now checked once for all. vir.
4. This result has been achieved through the immediate help oi
the gods, viii., ix.
5. The present disturbance differs from all preceding disturb-
ances in this State in its deadly character, and in the fact that it
has been put down without bloodshed, x.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. For my services I ask only the undying recollection
of this day, and your protection, present and future. Guard your
homes; I will guard the city. XI., xn.
5. Outline of the Fourth Oration.
Introduction.
Exordium. My own safety ; its relation to the safety of all.
chap. 1.; 11., to 1. 31
Narratio. The present state of the conspiracy. 11., end; III.
to 1. 26.
Partitio. The question of penalty before the Senate, in., 1. 27
to end.
Discussion.
Confirmatio. i. The two proposals regarding punishment, the one
of Silanus, that the conspirators be put to death ; the other of
Caesar, that they be guarded under life-sentence in the municipali-
ties. IV.
2. The character of Caesar's proposal, v., to 1. 34.
Refutatio. g # Caesar's objections to the proposal of Silanus
met : —
a. The conspirators should be treated as enemies, not as citi-
zens, v., end.
b. Apparent cruelty may in reality be kindness and mercy. VI.
4. Well-considered and decisive action demanded,
a. On account of the patriotic feeling of all classes, vti., viii.
b. On account of the magnitude and sacredness of the interests
at stake, ix.
5. Digression on the orator's peril, and services, x., XI., first
part.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. Vote as the importance of the case demands; at no
matter how great cost to myself, I will carry out your decision,
xi., last paragraph.
THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 45
6. Chronology of the Speeches against Catiline.
a. u. c. 691 = b. c. 63.
Assembly for the Election of Con-
suls for 62 Sept. ? Sept. ?
Cicero lays information about the
conspiracy before the Senate,
which confers extraordinary au-
thority on the consuls .... a. d. xii. Kal. Nov = Oct. 21.
Manlius takes up arms at Faesulae a. d. vi. Kal. Nov. = Oct. 27.
Day set by Catiline for the massacre
of the nobles a. d. v. Kal. Nov. = Oct. 28.
Unsuccessful attempt on Praeneste . . . Kal. Nov. = Nov. 1.
Meeting of the conspirators at Lae-
ca's, night of a. d. vin. Id. Nov. = Nov. 6.
Miscarrying of the plan to murder
Cicero, morning of a. d. vii. Id. Nov. = Nov. 7.
First Oration, before the Senate a. d. vi. Id. Nov. = Nov. 8.
The following night Catiline left Rome.
Second Oration, to the people . . a. d. v. Id. Nov. = Nov. 9.
Antonius sent north with an army . . . about the middle of Nov.
Interception of the deputies of the
Allobroges, night of a. d. iv. Non. Dec. = Dec. 2.
Arrest of conspirators ; laying of ev-
idence before the Senate ; Third
Oration, to the people . . . . a. d. in. Non. Dec. = Dec. 3.
Rumors of a proposed attempt to
rescue the conspirators pr. Non. Dec. = Dec. 4.
Trial of the conspirators before the
Senate ; Fourth Oration Non. Dec. = Dec. 5.
The following night the five conspir-
ators in custody were executed.
Catiline falls in battle, beginning
Of . . A. U. C. 692 = B. C 62.
iv. The Oration for Archias.
1. occasion and circumstances of delivery.
The poet Archias was a Greek by nationality, born at Anti-
och, then the chief city of Syria, about no b.c. He received
46 INTRODUCTION
what was considered a liberal education, and early developed
a remarkable facility in poetic composition. He was espe-
cially gifted as an improviser, being able to compose and
recite verses offhand with great skill. As the unsettled state
of affairs in his native city gave little encouragement to tha
arts, while yet a youth he started out to visit the Greek towns
in Asia Minor and Greece. Everywhere his talents received
enthusiastic recognition. After a time he crossed over to
Southern Italy, where public honors were conferred upon him
by the citizens of Tarentum, Regium, Neapolis, and perhaps
Locri.
In 102 B.C. Archias came to Rome. Here he was soon on
terms of intimacy with many prominent men; for the edu-
cated Romans of this period as a rule cultivated a taste for
Greek literature. But his chief patrons were the Luculli. 1
After he had been at Rome for some time he accompanied M.
Lucullus on a journey to Sicily ; on the way back he was hon-
ored with the citizenship of Heraclea. In 89 b. c. a law (Lex
Plautia Papiria) was passed which conferred Roman citizen-
ship on the citizens of such Italian towns as possessed formal
treaty relations with Rome. In order to become Roman citi-
zens under this act, the inhabitants of the favored cities must
be able to fulfil two conditions : they must possess a settled
place of residence in Italy, and within sixty days must give
their names to one of the Roman praetors holding orifice
at the time. Archias complied with these conditions, and
for twenty-seven years his standing as a Roman citizen was
unquestioned.
At this time a common way of annoying public men was
to attack their friends. Lucius Lucullus, who had taken Archias
with him on his Asiatic campaigns, was still a man of influence,
but had bitter enemies. It was apparently rather to vex him
1 See Vocab.
THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 47
than to disturb Archias that in 62 b. c. a man named Gratius
attempted to invalidate the poet's claim of Roman citizenship.
Cicero undertook the defence of the case partly no doubt to
accommodate Lucullus, partly to discharge an obligation he
felt under to Archias. At the trial Quintus Cicero, the orator's
brother, presided, being praetor. The case for the prosecu-
tion was extremely weak. It rested mainly on the assumption
that the poet's citizenship of Heraclea could not be estab-
lished, because the records of that city had perished ; and on
the fact that his name did not appear on the lists of the
Roman census, where it would naturally be registered. But
the orator brought forward witnesses whose testimony took the
place of the missing records of Heraclea, and easily explained
the omission of the poet's name from the census lists. The
argument for the defence was irrefutable.
As a piece of legal argument, the speech for Archias is less
to the point than would be tolerated in a plea before a mod-
ern court. Very likely when Cicero wrote it out for publica-
tion he cut down the technical portion, dealing with the facts,
eliminating such details as would detract from the interest of
the reader, but did not reduce the more attractive matter of
the latter part, concerning the relation of literary pursuits to
the public welfare, and the services of Archias in extending the
glory of Rome. A Roman court allowed the presentation of
a wider range of matter in sustaining a point than would now
be considered in place ; and certainly the orator strengthened
his case by showing that the interests of his client were in a
measure the interests of the State, whose duty it should always
be to favor those who promote literature. The singular charm
of this oration lies in its expression of universal sentiment
regarding literature, particularly poetry, in a well-nigh faultless
style, which at times approaches the manner of the essay. Its
genuineness has been attacked, but without success ; nothing
could be more Ciceronian.
48 INTRODUCTION
2. Outline of the Oration for Archias.
Introduction.
Exordium. Obligation of the orator to undertake the defence of
Archias. The character of the case, requiring treatment
out of the ordinary, chap. I. ; II., first part.
Partitio. It will be proved that Archias is a Roman citizen *,
that if he were not, he ought to be. n., end.
Narratio. Birth, fame, travels of Archias; his reception at
Rome ; his enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea, then at Rome.
Hi.; iv., first part.
Discussion.
A. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen.
Confirmatio. f. Proof of enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea by wit-
nesses, iv., middle.
2. Proof of residence and registration at Rome by the concen-
tration of his interests there, by the presence of hia name on a
praetor's register, and by the recognition of his standing as a citi-
zen in various transactions, iv., end ; v.
B. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citizen.
i. The promotion of literature a matter of general interest : —
a. Indebtedness of the orator to literature for both ideals and
inspiration, vi.
Refutatio. £. Refutation of the objection that there have been
great men who were not versed in letters, vn., first part.
c. Universal appreciation of literature, vn., latter part ; vni.,
first part.
2. The special claims of Archias as a poet : —
a. Veneration due to poetic genius, vni., latter part.
b. His treatment of national themes, ix., first part.
c. Precedents from the cases of Ennius and Theophanes. ix.,
end; x.
d. Fame an incentive and reward of deeds; future services of
Archias in magnifying the Roman name. xi. ; xii., first
part.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. a. Summary of evidence, xn., middle.
b. Appeal for a sympathetic consideration of the case, xii.,
latter part.
THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 49
v. The Address of Thanks for the Pardon of Marcellus.
i. occasion and circumstances of delivery.
Marcus Claudius Marcellus belonged to the most distin-
guished of the plebeian branches of the great Claudian gens.
Nothing is known of his early life except that from boyhood
he was a warm friend of Cicero. He was curule aedile in
56 B.C., and consul in 51. During his consulship, being an
ardent partisan of Pompey, he manifested the most bitter ha-
tred toward Caesar. The latter had recently settled a colony
at Comum, in Cisalpine Gaul, conferring special privileges
upon the inhabitants ; Marcellus caused a prominent native of
the place to be publicly flogged at Rome, simply in order to
bring Caesar's authority into contempt. As the relations be-
tween Pompey and Caesar became more and more strained,
Marcellus was less vehement, and tried to delay the inevitable
outbreak of hostilities ; failing in this attempt, he lent a half-
hearted support to the side of Pompey, whom he joined in
Epirus. After the battle of Pharsalus he retired to Mytilene
and devoted himself to his favorite studies, oratory and phi-
losophy, remaining there in voluntary exile.
After Caesar had gained the supreme power, his leniency
toward his former enemies was a matter of surprise to all. In
accordance with his usual policy he paid no attention to Mar-
cellus, who resisted the urgent advice of Cicero to ask the
dictator's pardon. Meanwhile Marcellus's friends were active
in his behalf. At length in the summer of 46, at a meeting of
the Senate, Gaius Marcellus, a brother of Marcus, threw himself
at Caesar's feet and implored the forgiveness of the exile,
being joined in his supplication by many of the senators.
Caesar, having commented on the hatred Marcellus had borne
him, and on the danger to himself in freely allowing his ene-
50 INTRODUCTION
mies to return, declared that he would leave the decision of
the matter to the Senate, which was apparently unanimous in
the desire to have Marcellus restored to civil rights. Cicero
was touched by the magnanimity of the dictator, and also
thought he saw in this deference to the opinion of the Senate
an entering wedge to the restoration of the authority of that
body, and promise of a return to the old constitutional forms.
Inspired by the occasion, he arose and expressed the feeling
of the moment in an impassioned address of thanks to Caesar,
the speech known by the inaccurate title of Pro Marcello.
Though Marcellus appeared indifferent regarding the opportu-
nity to return to Rome, he soon after set out for Italy. Stop-
ping at the Piraeus on the way, he was murdered there,*
doubtless in consequence of a private feud.
Since the time of F. A. Wolf, who in 1802 published an
elaborate argument against the Ciceronian authorship of the
Pro Marcello, the genuineness of this speech has been much
discussed. Recent criticism has restored it to Cicero, to
whom it undoubtedly belongs. It appears, however, to have
been published immediately after its delivery, perhaps from
short-hand notes, without the careful revision which Cicero
usually gave to his speeches. It possesses a peculiar interest
for the modern reader on account of the temporary reconcili-
ation of the orator with the dictator which it pictures, even
though the enthusiasm of the moment led to an overstatement
of Caesar's virtues. Yet such exaggeration, considering the
circumstances and the temperament of the speaker, is far from
unnatural ; and in fact lends a poetic coloring to the style.
2. Outline of the Marcellus.
Introduction.
Exordium. The unprecedented clemency of Caesar, shown by
the pardon of Marcellus, forces me to speak, chap. i.
THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY 51
Discussion.
A. The deeds of Caesar.
Confirmatio. i. Great beyond description are Caesar's deeds, espe-
cially in war. II.
2. But greater is his clemency, in., iv.
3. The pardon of Marcellus augurs well for the peace and wel-
fare of the State, v., VI.
B. Caesar's danger.
1. Danger to Caesar is peril to the State, vn.
2. His work is not finished so long as so much remains to be
done, not only for the present but also for the future, vni., ix.
5. Caesar's safety is our safety, x.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. For this gracious pardon we all return our heartfelt
thanks. XI.
vi. The Fourth Speech against Antony.
I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY.
In the year 44 b. c. Julius Caesar was consul for the fifth
time, with Marcus Antonius (known as Mark Antony, or An-
tony) as colleague. After the assassination of Caesar (15
March), Antony made a compact with Lepidus, Master of
the Horse, and with his help soon gained control of affairs.
Those who were prominently connected with the murder of
Caesar withdrew from the city. At this time Octavius (after-
' wards called s Octavianus), Caesar's heir, was in Epirus, com-
pleting his education by a season in the army. In May he
returned to Rome, where, by skilfully taking advantage of
every opportunity to advance his own interests, he soon be-
came exceedingly popular.
As soon as it became clear that the attempt to restore the
old constitution had failed, Cicero retired to his villas and
employed his time in writing works on philosophy. At the
52 INTRODUCTION
end of July, feeling insecure, he went to Sicily, whence on
Aug. 2 he set sail for Greece. Being driven back by adverse
winds to Leucopetra (south of Regium), he heard that there
was a possibility of an agreement between Antony and Brutus
and Cassius. Changing his plan he started for Rome, and
reached the city on Aug. 31, only to find that all hope of a
reconciliation was now gone, and that Antony had summoned
a meeting of the Senate for the following day. Cicero, mak-
ing a pretence of illness, did not attend this meeting, and in
his absence was violently attacked by Antony who, as consul,
presided. Now that Cicero was on the ground, a collision
with Antony was inevitable. The other consul, Dolabella,
who had been elected to fill out the unexpired term of Caesar,
was friendly to the party of Brutus. On Sept. 2 he presided
at a meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Concord, at
which Cicero appeared, and replied to Antony's attack in a
speech which, though moderate in tone, was nevertheless de-
cided. This was followed in the last weeks of 44 and the
earlier part of 43 by other speeches against Antony. Four-
teen of these are extant; they are called Philippics, from
tLeir similarity to the celebrated Philippics of Demosthenes,
directed against Philip of Macedon.
In the latter part of November (44) two legions, the Fourth
and the Martian, deserted Antony and went over to Octavia-
nus, whereupon Antony left Rome, to prevent further defec-
tions. On the 20th of December, though both consuls were
absent from the city, a meeting of the Senate was called to
transact important business ; Cicero arose and in a vehement
speech (the Third Philippic), advocated the passing of a vote
of thanks to the two legions that had left Antony, and propos-
ing to make void the recent changes Antony had made in the
assignment of the provinces. Both motions passed. At the
close of the meeting Cicero informed the people, in the Fourth
Philippic, of the action of the Senate and its significance.
THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY 53
The Fourth Philippic was probably given to the world with-
out revision. It is, however, full of interest as a specimen of
refined invective, and of considerable historical value as a
contemporary document for a period whose political move-
ments are complicated and obscure. Its genuineness has been
questioned, but without result.
2. Outline of the Fourth Speech against Antony.
Introduction.
Exordium. The presence of the citizens in so great numbers in-
spires the greatest activity and hope for our State.
chap. I., beginning.
Narratio et There is all the greater reason for hope in the fact
Partitio.
that Antony has been judged an enemy, and that the
citizens have warmly approved the decision. I., middle.'
Discussion.
Confirmatio. A. Antony has been judged an enemy.
1. The action of the Senate in honoring Octavianus, the oppo-
nent of Antony. I., latter part; n., first part.
2. The approved action of the legions in deserting Antony, ii.,
latter part ; hi., first part.
3. The action of D. Brutus in resisting him, and the general ap-
proval of that course, in., latter part ; iv., first part.
4. By reason of these things Antony is considered consul only
by the desperate, who have hope of booty ; and even the gods are
on our side, iv., latter part.
B The citizens should remain steadfast in their judgment of
Antony as an enemy.
1. No terms of peace with Antony are possible, v., first part.
2. The valor and military precedents of the Roman people ad*
mit no halfway measures, v., latter part ; vi., first part.
Conclusion.
Conclusio. The Roman people are engaged in a deadly struggle.
Antony must be put down as Catiline was. So far as in me lies, I
shall not be found wanting, vi., latter part
54 INTRODUCTION
III. THE LETTERS OF CICERO,
i. Private Correspondence among the Romans.
As the relations of Rome with the rest of the ancient world
became more and more intimate, and men passed easily from
the City to the provinces, while the provincials flocked to
Rome, letter-writing increased proportionately in extent and
importance. In Cicero's time the Roman of standing fre-
quently carried on a voluminous correspondence. There
was, however, no postal system like that of to-day; and let-
ters were carried to their destination, if not at too great dis-
tance, by special messengers. Letters to persons in distant
parts were sent by sea-captains, by the carriers of despatches
for certain classes of government officers (particularly the col-
lectors of revenue), and in general by any one going that way
who could be induced to take charge of them. Communica-
tions of a confidential nature were often written in cipher, of
which the correspondent had previously been furnished the
key, and were sometimes sent in duplicate by different con-
veyances. In good weather letters conveyed by land prob-
ably went at the rate of fifty miles a day ; but it took three
weeks to send from Rome to Athens.
The form of letters varied at different periods and accord-
ing to circumstances. In the earlier days writing- tablets
{tabulae, or pugillares) were exclusively employed. These
consisted of two or more thin slips of wood or ivory, usually
oblong, and fastened at the back with wires so that they
THE LETTERS OF CICERO 55
would open as our books. The average size was probably
not much smaller than this page. The inside pages or leaves
were provided with a slight raised rim about the margin, so
that the enclosed surfaces, which were coated with a thin layer
of wax, would not rub. On these surfaces the writing was
done with the pointed end of a stilus of metal or bone ; the
other end of the stilus was flattened, so that it could be used
to rub the wax back over a word or line in which there was an
error. The wax was usually black, and the writing showed
the color of the underlying wood or ivory, which was white,
or at least of a light tint. Tablets of two leaves (that is,
with two outside pages and two pages prepared for writing)
were called diptycha ; of three leaves, with four pages for
writing, triptycha ; there were even pentaptycha, of five leaves,
in which there were eight pages that could be written on.
When the letter was finished, strong thread was passed through
one or more perforations in the margin or even at the centre,
then wound closely around the tablets and tied. Over the
knot the seal of the sender was stamped in wax or in fine
clay. As the handwriting within was often that of an aman-
uensis, who in most cases was a slave, the seal was of very
great importance as a means of identification. For this rea-
son when a letter was opened the thread was cut in such a way
as to leave the seal undisturbed. These writing-tablets were
so convenient that they continued in use to modern times.
At Florence there is a waxen tablet of the year 1301.
In the time of Cicero writing-tablets were used for short
letters ; but longer communications were often written with a
reed pen and ink upon paper prepared from the papyrus.
Usually before they were written on, but sometimes afterwards,
the pages of paper were pasted together at the sides, forming
a long sheet, or roll. The writing was in columns, which were
56 INTRODUCTION
parallel to the ends of the sheet, so that the lines' ran in the
direction of the length. The letter thus prepared was care-
fully rolled up, in much the same manner as books (libri)
were at that time, and was then tied about the middle, a seal
being placed over the knot.
At the head of a letter stood the name of the sender in the
nominative case, with the name of the person to whom it was
addressed in the dative, usually accompanied also by the ab-
breviation S. d. (= salutem dicit, * sends greeting '), or S. p. d.,
S. plur. d. (= salutem plurimam dicit, < sends most cordial
greeting ') . In more formal correspondence pains was taken
to give forenames and titles. At the beginning of the letter,
S. v. b. e. v. (= si vales, bene est ; valeo), or a similar for-
mula was often placed. The close was frequently abrupt;
sometimes vale or a like expression was added, with the date ;
the place of writing was given in the ablative. The outside
address was of the simplest character, containing the name of
the person to whom the letter was sent, in the dative case.
ii. Cicero's Correspondence.
Cicero did not publish his letters. They were given to
the world probably by Tiro (see Vocab., and p. 19), arranged
in several collections. Those extant comprise only a portion
of the number once known. Mention is made of a collection
of the letters to Caesar, which must have contained at least
three books ; and there were similar collections of the .letters
to Pompey, in at least four books, to M. Brutus, in nine books,
and to Octavianus, in three ; there was also a collection of let-
ters to Hirtius. Of the letters which have been preserved, the
first was written in the year 68 b. c. ; the latest in 43, some
months before Cicero's death. They vary in length from a
few lines to several pages. They are grouped as follows : —
THE LETTERS OF CICERO 57
1 To his Friends ' {ad Familiares, abbreviated ad Fam.) ; xvi.
books. The title is inaccurate, because some of the letters
were written to persons not included within the orator's circle
of friends, and also because a number of them are not from
Cicero, but addressed to him.
'To his brother Quintus' {ad Quintum Fratretn, ad Q. Fr.)\
in. books. The first letter is a rather formal discussion of
the duties of a provincial magistrate, in sixteen chapters.
•To Atticus' {ad Atticum, ad Att.)\ xvi. books.
1 To Marcus Brutus ' (ad M. Brutum, ad Brut) ; II. books
At least two of the letters to Brutus appear to be forgeries.
The literary value of the letters, and their bearing on our
knowledge of Cicero, have been alluded to in another connec-
tion (see pp. 20-22). Among noteworthy characteristics of the
style are, the common yet delicate use of colloquial expressions,
and the employment of language akin to that of comedy;
the frequent introduction of Greek words and phrases, just as
we often give a turn to a sentence with French or German ;
the coining of new words on the spur of the moment to suit a
passing need ; and the free use of superlatives and diminutives.
As might be expected of a correspondent at once so sensitive,
sympathetic, and vivacious as Cicero, the letters are varied
with an ever-surprising richness of feeling and thought ; and
the variety of the matter is hardly greater than that of the man-
ner of expression. They are pervaded by a breezy freshness
that makes the surroundings and emotions of the writer as real
to us as our own experiences. Hence it must always be that
the more they are read the more they will be appreciated.
But they are not simply entertaining or qf general human in-
terest ; the light they throw on the inner political movements
and social life of the time gives them a value as historical
documents second to that of no other writings of the period.
58
INTRODUCTION
IV. THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S
TIME.
The speeches and letters of Cicero are full of references to
the organization and administration of the Roman state in his
time. The following outline may be found helpful in group-
ing the scattered information which the reader of them will
naturally acquire. It applies to the constitution after the time
of Sulla. For the literature of the subject see p. 355, and the
editor's "Fifty Topics in Roman Antiquities," pp. 35-37,
17, 18.
Who they were
' Free inhabitants of Rome.
Free inhabitants of Italy, who
must go to Rome if they
wished to vote.
Citizens \ Division : — 35 tribes, each tribe subdivided into 5
classes, each class into 2 centuries, =350 centuries.
Registration : — In the lists of the censors, by whom
a citizen was assigned to his tribe, class, and cen-
tury.
Assem-
blies
Of the People .
Comitia Centuriata, an assembly
by centuries, to elect consuls,
praetors, censors.
Comitia Tributa, an assembly
by tribes, to elect the lesser
magistrates and enact laws,
known as plebiscita.
Of Counsellors designated by appointment: — Sena-
tes, containing about 600 members ; charged with
legislation upon foreign affairs, and matters of
religion and finance.
ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S TIME 59
Officers
Ordinary
Magistrates-
2 Consuls
8 Praetors(i 6 under Caesar)
2 Censors
io Tribunes
4 Aediles (6 under Caesar)
20 Quaestors (40 undei
Caesar)
Subordinate
Officials
Extraor- P ictator
,. < M agister Equitum
^ [interrex
Secretaries — scribae
Criers — praecones
Lictors — lictores
Summoners — viatores
State
Priests
The Great
Collegia
Special
Priesthoods
The Lesser
Collegia
15 Pontifices (16 under Caesar), in-
cluding the Pontifex Maximus
15 Augurs (16 under Caesar)
15 Quindecimviri sacris faciundis; in
charge of the Sibylline books
7 Epulones (10 under Caesar); pro-
vided the banquets for the gods
15 Flamens; most important, those of
Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus
6 Vestal Virgins ; in charge of the
fire of Vesta
Rex Sacrorum ; charged with certain
rites and ceremonies
Fetiales; performed rites in connec-
tion with the making of treaties
and declaration of war
Salii ; guardians of the sacred shields
Luperci ; conducted the rites of the
Lupercalia
Fratres Arvales ; priests of Dea Dia
60
INTRODUCTION
Legal Ju-
risdiction'
In Civil
Procedure
In Criminal
Procedure
f For cases between citizens, Praetoi
Urbanus
For cases one or both parties to which
were foreigners, Praetor Peregrinus
For cases touching the treasury, the
Censors
For cases arising in the markets, the
Aediles
For certain crimes against religion,
Pontifex Maximus
For other crimes, permanent juries or
courts — quaestiones perfietuae —
at least eight in number ; of which
six were presided over by praetors,
the rest by foremen (iu dices quaes-
tionis)
Provin-
cial Ad-
ministra-
tion.
Provinces
(64-30 b. c.)
Provincial
Officers
1 Western : — Sicily, Sardinia (with Cor-
sica), Hither Spain, Further Spain,
Illyricum, Africa, Narbonese Gaul,
Cisalpine Gaul
Eastern : — Achaia, Macedonia, Asia,
Bithynia, Cyrene (with Crete), Cili-
cia, Syria
Governor — either an ex-consul or an
ex-praetor
Quaestor — in charge of finances
Subordinate officers — lieutenants
(legati), etc.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA
HABIT A IN SENATU
I. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia
nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet?
Quern ad f inem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ?
Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis
vigiliae, nihil timor popull, nihil concursus bonorum 5
omnium, nihil hie munltissimus habendl senatus locus,
nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua
consilia non sentls ? Constrlctam iam omnium horum
scientia tenerl coniuratiSnem tuam n5n vides ? Quid
proxima, quid superidre nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos 10
convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum
ignorare arbitraris ?
O tempora, O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit,
consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit? Immo vero
etiam in senatum venit, fit publicl cSnsill particeps, 15
notat et designat oculls ad caedem unum quemque
nostrum. Nos autem, fortes virl, satis facere rel
publicae videmur, si istlus furorem ac tela vltemus.
Ad mortem te, Catillna, duel iussu consulis iam
prldem oportebat, in te conferrT pestem, quam tu in 2 o
nos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. ScTpio,
pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labe-
61
62 M. TULLI CICERONIS
factantem statum rel publicae privatus interfecit;
Catillnam, orbem terrae caede atque incendils vastare
cupientem, nos consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis
antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servllius Ahala Sp. Mae-
5 Hum, novls rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit,
fuit jsta quondam in hac re publica virtus) ut virl
fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam
acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus__
cqnsultum in te, Catillna, vehemens et grave, non deest
10 rel publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis ;
-^ILQS, nos, dlc5 aperte, consules desumus.
II. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con-
sul videret, ne quid res publica detrlmentl caperet.
Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam
15 seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre,
avo, maioribus ; occlsus est cum llberls M. Fulvius
consularis. Simill senatus consults C. Mari5 et L.
Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica; num
unum diem postea L. Saturnlnum tribunum plebis et
20 C. Servllium praetorem mors ac re! publicae poena
remorata est? At nos vlcesimuni iam diem patimur
hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim
huiusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in
tabulls, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex sena-
25 tus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catillna,
^c^nj^enit„ Vivis, et vivis non ad dep5nendam, sed ad
conflrmandam audaciam. . /Y - *^ W^ $*^
Cupio, patres conscript!, me esse clemeritem, cupio
in tantis re! publicae perlcullsi me non/ dissolutum
30 viderT, sed iam me ipse inert^ae nequitiaeque con-
demno. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum R5ma-
num in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit in dies
singulos hostium numerus ; eorum autem castrorum
imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque
*•*
IN CATILINAM I. III. 63
acfeo in senatu videmus intestmam aliquam cotldie '
perniciem rel publicae molientem. W~^~s
^Si te iam, Catillna, comprehend!, si interficl iussero,
J^tWredo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes
bonl serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum 5
esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam prldem factum
esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut fa-
ciam. Turn denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn
improbus, tarn perditus, tarn tul similis invenlrl pote-
nt, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quam diQ 10
quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vlves ; sed
vlves ita, ut vlvis, multis mels et flrmls praesidiis
oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam
possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sen-
tientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque 15
custodient.
in. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius
exspectes, si neque nox tenebrfs obscurare coetus
nefarios nee prlvata domus parietibus continere v5ces
coniurationis tuae potest, si illustrantur, si erumpunt 20
omnia ? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede ; oblivl-
scere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique.
Luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae
iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministme me ante
diem xn Kalendas INovembres dlcere in senatu, fore 25
in armls certd die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem
vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satel-
litem atque administrum tuae ? Num me fe fellit,
Catillna, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox tamque
incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admi- 30
randum, dies ?
Dlxi ego Idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium
contulisse^in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, turn
cum multl prlncipes clvitatis R5ma non tarn sul
'
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS
cSnservandl quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendo-
rum causa profugerunt. Num Infitiarl potes te illo
i ipso die mels praesidils, mea diligentia circumclusum
i commovere te contra rem piiblicam non potuisse,
5 cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui reman-
sissemus, caede te contentum esse dlcebas ? Quid ?
cum tu te Praeneste Kalendls ipsls Novembribus
occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sen-
sistlne illam coloniam me5 iussu mels praesidils,
10 custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam ? Nihil agis, nihil
m5llris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo
audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.
IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam supe-
riorem ; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad
15 salutem quam te ad perniciem rel publicae. Dlco
te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios — non agam
obscure — in M. Laecae domum ; convenisse eodem
complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num
negare audes ? Quid taces ? Convincam, si negas ;
20 video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum
una. fuerunt.
O dl immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In
qua urbe vlvimus ? Quam rern^^p^liclLlnTmbemus ?
Hie, hie sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in
25 hoc orbis terrae sanctissim5 gravissimoque consilio,
qui de nostr5 omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis
atque ade5 de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent ! Hos
ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo et,
quos f erro trucldari oportebat, [| eos nondum voce
30-JKulnero ! , Mf^jLV uJ^-
FuistI igitur apud Laecam illa^ nocte, Catillna;
distribuistl partes Italiae ; statuisti, qu5 quemque
proficlscl placeret ; delegistl, quos Romae relinque-
res, qu5s tecum educeres ; discrlpsistl urbis partes
IN CATILINAM I. v. $5
ad incendia : conflrmastl te ipsum iam esse exiturum :
dlxistl paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, ( quocl
ego vlverern^ RepertI sunt duo equites Romanl, (gul '
" te "ista cura llberarent) et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo
ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse 5
pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum. etiam coetu
vestro dlmisso, comperl. Domum meam maioribus
i?rraesidils munlvl atque flrmavl; exclusl eos, quos tu
ad me salutatum mane mlseras, cum ill! ipsl venissent,
quos ego iam multls ac summls virls ad me id 10
temporis venturos esse praedlxejam.
V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge, quo coepistl.
Egredere aliquando ex urbe; patent portae, proficl-
scere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana
castra deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos ; si 15
minus, ^a^ni^plui^mos j * purga urbem. Magno me
metu llberaBTsi dum modo inter me atque te murus
intersit. Noblscum versari iam diutius non potes;
non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis im-
mortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsl Iovl Statorl, 20
antiquissim5 custodl huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc
tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque Infestam rei
publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est
saepius in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei
publicae. **^ 25
Quam diu mihi, c5nsuli deslgnato, Catilina, Insi- - f U"*'
diatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed prlvata
dlligentia defend!. Cum proximls comitils consulari-
bus me consulem in campo et competltores tuos
interficere voluistl, compressl conatus tuos nefarios 30
amlcorum praesidio et copils, niillo tumultu publice ^
concitato; denique, quotienscumque me petistl, per
me*ubi obsntf, quamquam vide^am perniciem meam
cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam.
QQ M. TULLI CICERON1S
Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis;
templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vltam om-
nium clvium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem 4
vocas. ^r^^C^x
5 Qua re, quoniam id, quod est prlmum/'et quod
huius imperi ^isclpllnaeque maiorum^proprium est,
facere. nondtim audedf faciam id, quod &§t ad severi-
tatem Tenius^etTad communem salutem utilius. Nam
si te interne! iussero, resjdebit in re publica reliqua
10 coniuratorum manus; *%/&$ tu, quod te iam dudum
hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum
magna et perniciosa sentina^fei publicae. Quid est,
Catilina ? Num dubitas id me imperafitej facere, quod
iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exlre ex urbe iubet consul
15 hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium? Non
iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.
VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac
urbe delectare possit ? in qua nemo est extra istam
coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non me-
20 tuat ; nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae
turpitudinis non iniista vltae tuae est ? Quod priva-
tarum rerum ^de3ec^ non haeret in f ama ? Quae
libido ab oculls, quod fa£m%,s ) a manibus umquam
V . tuis, quod flagitium a tot5 corpore af uit ? Cui tu
&/ 25 adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum illecebrls inretisses/
non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem ft> x (
% \ >. praetulisti ? v. — „ **
fr "" Quid vero ? nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris
yj novls nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio
30 incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulastl ? quod ego
praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac clvitate
tantl facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vin-
dicata esse videatur. .Praetermitto rulnas fortunarum
tuarum, quas omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus
IN CATILINAM I. vn. 67
senties ; ad ilia venio, quae non ad prlvatam igno-
miniam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem
publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vltam salutem-
que pertinent. 5
Potestne tibi haec lux, Catillna, aut huius caeli
splritus esse iucundus, cum scias esse horum ne-
minem, qui nesciat, te prldie Kalendas Ianuarias
Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum
telo, manum j:6nsulum et prlncjjDum civitatis intern- 10
ciendorum v ca usa, paravisse, scelerl ac furor! tuo non
mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam
popull Roman! obstitisse ?
Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura
aut non multa commissa postea ; quotiens tu me 15
designatum, quotiens consulem jnterficere conatus
es ! Quot ego tuas petltiSnes ita coniectas, ut v!tar!
posse non viderentur, parva quadam decllnatione et,
ut aiunt, corpore effugl! Nihil adsequeris, neque
tamen cSnar! ac velle desistis. Quotiens tibi iam 20
extorta est slca ista de manibus ! Quotiens excidit
casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae quidem quibus abs
te initiata sacrls ac devota sit, nescio, quod earn
necesse putas "esse in consulis corpore deflgere.
VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim 25
iam tecum loquar, non ut odio perm5tus esse videar,
quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debe-
tur. Venist! paulo ante in seriatum. Quis te ex hac
tanta frequentia, tot ex tuls. amlcls ac necessarils
salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit 30
neminl, vocis exspectas c6^u%renam, cum sis gra-
vissim5 iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus?
Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta
sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
68 M. TULLI CICERONIS
caedem constitute fuerunt, simul atque adsedistl,
partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanerh re-_
llque runt, fquo tandem animo tibi ferendum putas ? \
Servl me hercule mel si me isto pacto metuerent, ut
5 te metuunt omnes elves tul, domum meam relin-
quendam putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et,
si me mels clvibusiniuria suspectum tarn graviter
atque ofrensum viderem, carefe^me aspectu clvium,
quam Infestls omnium oculls conspicl mallem ; jtu, cum
10 conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium
iustuiw^ et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, -^quorum
'mentes sensusque vulneras, eorunv .aspectum prae-
'sentiamque ^vitafg ? Si te parentes/timerent atque
odissent tul neque e5s ulla ratione placare pos-
15 ses, tu, opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. jt>
Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium fa.- 1 "
nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam^ diu nihil te iudicat
nisi de parricldio suo ' cogftare^f^nuius tu neque
auctoritatem verebere, nee iudicium sequere, nee vim
20 pertimesces ? j /L/
Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit et quodam modo
tacita loquitur:
"Nullum iam aliquot annls facinus exstitit nisi per
te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi unl multorum clvium
25 neces, tibi vexatio dlreptioque sociorum impunlta fuit
1 . 'ac libera ; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et
®*^ quaestiones, verurn^ etiam ad evertendas perfringen-
dasque valuistl. ( Superi5ra ilia, quamquam ferenda
non fuerunt, tamen, uj potul, tull;^7nunc vero me
30 totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid
increpuerit, Catillnam timerl, nullum viderl contra
me consilium inlrl posse, quod a tuo scelere abhcfr-z/M
reat, Tnon est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede
atque * hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si est verus, ne
IN CATILINAM I. vm. 69
opprimar, sin falsus, ut tan^maKquando timere
de^inam.'i^v^
/i< VIII. Haec si tecum, ut dlxl, patria loquatur, nonne
r^impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit^
I. Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedistl, quod 5
vltandae susplcionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habi-
tare velle dlxisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me
venire ausus es atque, ut doml meae te adservarem,
rogastl. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses,
me nullo modo "^osSe^Isdem parietibus tuto esse 10
tecum, qui magno in perlculo essem, quod Isdem
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem
venistl. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum
optimum, M. Metellum, demigrastl; quern tu videlicet
et ad custotlienctu^ dlligentissimum r tL ad suspicsi£^ l isf
dum sagacissimum et ad vindfcanoum fortissimum,
fore putastl. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque
a vinculls abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dlgnum-
custodia iudicarit,! Quae cum ita sint, Catilina,
dubitas, si e rTTOrr ^^qud animo non potes, abire in 20
aliquas terras et vltam istarn,, multls supplicils iustls
debitlsque ereptam, fugae solitudinlque mandare ?
" Refer," inquis, " ad senatum ; " id enim postulas'
et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium,
obtemperaturum te esse dlcis. Non referam, id quod 25
abhorret a mels moribus ; et tamen faciam, ut intel-
legas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Cati-
lina, libera rem public am metu ; in exsilium, si hanc
vocem exspectas y proficlscere. Quid est, Catilina ?
ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis riorum silentium ? 30
Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem lo-
quentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis ?
At si hoc idem huic adulescentl optimo, P. Sestio,
si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dlxissem, iam mihi
*£>
^v
70 M. TULLI CICERONIS
consul! hoc ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim
et manus intulisset.
De te autem, Catillna, cum quiescunt, probant; cum
patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant ; neque hi
5 solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita
vllissima, sed etiam illl equites RomanI, honestissiml
atque optiml viri, ceterlque fortissimi elves, qui cir-,,
cumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre
et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudlre
10 potuistl. .Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac
tela conorieb, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec,
quae vastare iam prldem studes, relinquentem usque
ad portal pfosequantur. £\
IX. Quamquam quid loquor? -Te ut ulla res
15 frangat ? tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam
fugam meditere ? tu ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi
istam mentem dl immortales duint! TametsT video
si mea voce perterritus Ire in exsilium anirmim^jn^
duxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in
icTpraesens tempus, recentl memoria scelerum tuorum, , A
at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed^ est tantl, dum' v .|
f modo ista sit prlvata calamitas et a rel publicae
j^> perlculls ^eiungatur. Sed tu ut vitils tuls corarao-
f^ veare, ut legunT^yrienas pertimescas, ut temporibus rel
25 publicae^-'^aSs, non est postulandum. Neque enim
is es, Catillna, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine
aut metus a perlculo aut ratio a furore revocarit.
Quam ob rem, ut saepe iarif dlxi, proficlscere, ac,
si mihi inimlco, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invi-
30 diam, recta perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones
hominum, si id feceris ; vix molem istlus invidiae,
si in exsilium iussu cdnsulis ieris, susti nebo. Sin
autem servlre meae laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere
cum importuna sceleratorum manu, confer te ad
IN CATILINAM I. x. 71
Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a bonis,
infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio Iatr6cini5, ut a
me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invltatus ad tuos Isse
videaris.
Quamquam quid ego te invltem, a qu5 iam sciam 5
esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praesto-
larentur, armatl ? cui iam sciam pactam et constitu-
tam cum Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam
argenteam, quam tibi ac tuls omnibus confldo per-
niciosam ac ftinestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacra- 10
\f N rium scelerum tuorum consti^itum fuit, sciam esse
/*> praemissam ? Tu ut ilia Carere'diutius possls, quam_
venerarl ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius
altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram~ad necem
clvium transtulistl ? 15
X. Ibis tandem aliquand5, quo te iam prldem ista
tua cupidity eifrenata ac furi5sa rapiebat ; neque
enim tibi ftaec res adf ert ctolorem, sed quandam in-
credibilenv^voluptatem. Ad hanc te amen liam~-natura
peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Num- 20
quam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi
nefarium concUpistl. N actus_ es ex perditls atque a b^- c ^ c
omnl n5n modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelicus
r ^ con flatamL improborum maWum. \ \ Hie tu qui^.Jae±iti.a
*l perfruere ! quibus gaudils exsultabis ! quanta in volup- 25
}*\ Uate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tu5rum neque
audies virum bonum quemquam nequQ videbis !
Ad huius vltae studium rfieaixari jlli sunt, qui
feruntur, labores tul, iacere huml non solum ad:
obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinu&Tobe^o
undum, vigilare non solum Insidiantem somn5 marl- '
torum, verum etiam bonis 6tios5rum. Habes, ubi
ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis,
frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevl
72 M. TULLI C1CER0NIS
tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci
turn, cum te a c5nsulatu reppull, ut exsul potius
temptare s quam c5nsul vexare rem publicam posses,
atque ut id, quod esset a te scelerate susceptum,
5 latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
XL Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam
prope iustam patriae querimoniam detestej ac depre-
^cer, percipite, quaeso, dlligenter, quae dlcam, et ea
penitus animls vestrls mentibusque mandate. Ete-
10 nim, si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo
est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica
loquatur : ^\
" M. Tulll, quid agis ? Tqne eum, quern esse
hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides,
15 quem exspectarl imperatorem in castrls hostium sentls,
auctorem sceleris, prlncipem coniurationis, evocatorem
servorum et clvium perditorum, exlre patiere, ut abs
te n5n emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse
videatur ? Nonne hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem
20 rapl, n5n summo supplicio mactar Hmperab is ?
" Quid tandem te impedit ? M5sne ' maiorum ? At
persaepe etiam prlvatl in hac re publica perniciosos
elves morte multarimV. ^ An leges, quae de clvium
Roman5rum sii pplirio rogatae sunt? At numquam
25 in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, clvium iura
tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Prae-
claram ver5 populo Roman5 refers gratiam, qui te,
hominem per te cognitum, nulla^c7mimendationeTnaio-
rum tarn mature ad summum imperium per omnes
30 hon5rum gradus ex ^ulit si propter invidiae aut ali-
cuius perlcull metum^salutem clvium tuorum neglegis.
Sed, si quis est invidiae metus,«*num est vehementius
severitatis ac f ortitu dini s^n yi ma S quam inertiae ac
nequitiae pertimescenda(?> An, cum bello vastabitur
IN CATILINAM I. xn. 73
Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non
exlstimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? V
XII. His ego sanctissimis re! publicae vocibus et
e5rum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus
pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudi- 5
carem, patres conscript!, Catillnam morte multarl,
unlus usuram horae gladiatorl istl ad vlvendum non
dedissem. Etenim, si summl virl et clarissiml elves
Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et FlaccI et superiorum
complurium sanguine non modo se non contami- 10
narunt, sed etiam honestarunt, ' fcerte verendum mihi
non erat, ne qufll — hoc BatQffiu S rJj ahum — wterfecto
invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si
ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen/ hoc animo i^C^f^}
semper fui, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non 15
invidiam putarem.
Quamquam non null! sunt in h5c 5rdine. jg ui aut
- J> ea, quae^ imminent, non videa nt aut ea, quae vident,
fr dissimulent; qui spem Catillnae mollibus sententils
aluer unt coniurationemque nascentem non credendo 20
corroboraverunt ; qu5rum auctoritatem secuti mult!
non solum improbl, verum etiam imperlti, si in hunc
^(^animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse di-
Cerent. Nunc" intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in
Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum 25
fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam,
neminem tarn improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc
autem uno interfect5 intellego hanc rel publicae
pestem paulisper repriml, non in perp_etuum com-
priml posse. Quod si se eiecerit secumque suos 30
eduxeritRet eodem ceteros undique collectos naufra-
gos aggregarit, 'exstinguetur atque delebituX non
modo haec "tarn adulta/rel publicae pestis, verum
etiam stirps ac semen /Snalorum omnium.
74 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XIII. Etenim iam diu, patres conscript!, in his
perlculls coniurationis Insidiisque versamur, sed nescio
.^^^judpactp^ omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et *
audaciae maturitas in nostrl consulates tempus erupit.
5 Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste Onus tolletur, vide-
bimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et
metu esse relevatl, perlculum autem residebit et erit
inclusum penitus in venls atque in visceribus rel pu-
blicae. Ut saepe homines aegrl morbo gravl, cum
10 aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt,
primo relevarl videntur, deinde multo gravius vehe-
mentiusque adfllctantur, sic hie morbus, qui est in re
publica, j relevatus istlus poena, vehementius reliquis
vlvls ingravescet. ^
15 Qua re secedant imprpi>i, secernant se a bonis,
unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod
saepe iam dlxl, secernantur a nobis ; desinant Tnsidiari
doml suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris ur-
banl, obsidere cum gladils curiam, malleolos et faces
20 ad Inflammandam urbem comparare; sit denique Tn-
scrlptum in fronte unlus cuiusque, quid de re publica
sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobls, patres conscript!, tantam
in nobis consulibus fore d!ligentiam, tantam in vob!s
auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanls virtu tem,
25 tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catillnae
^profectione/omnia patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, vin-
/ dicata esse videatis\
Hlsce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rei publicae
salute, cUm tua peste ac pernicie Wumque eorum
30 exitio^ul se tecum omnl scelere parricldioque iunxe-
runtfproficlscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium.
Tu, Iuppiter, qui elsdem quibus haec urbs auspicils
a Romulo es-'^Hnstitutus, guein^.Stat5rem huius urbis
atque imperl vere nominamus^ nunc et huius socios
IN CATILINAM I. xm. r( P 75
a tuls ceterlsque templls, a tectls urbis ac moenibus,
a. vita fortunisque clvium arc ebisJ et homines bono-
rum inimicos, hostes 2, patriae, latrones^ Italiae, scele-
rum foedere inter se ac nefaria. societate coniunctos*,^*
aeternls supplicils viv5s mortuosque mactabis. &2 *H>uV\
z -
M. TULLI CICERONIS
IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA
HABIT A AD POPULUM.
I. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam, furen-
tem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie
molientem, vobls atque huic urbi ferro flammaque
minitantem, ex urbe vel JEiecimus vel emisimus vel
5 ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit,
excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a mon-
<yv^ v stro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsfs intra moenia
^cpmparabitur. A^ao^JcS^
Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici
10 ducem sine controversia ylcimus. Non enim iam inter
latera nostra slca ilia versabitur; non in campo, n5n
in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos
parietes pertimescemus. Loc5 ille motus est, cum est
ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste (hullo im-
15 pediente^ bellum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus
hominem magnificeque vlcimus, cum ilium ex occultls
Tnsidils in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod
ver5 non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extul it,
quod vlvls nobis egressus est, quod el ferrum e mani-
20 bus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem
urbem jrejlquit, . q^ajito tandem ilium maerore^ esse
adfllctum et profligatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc
y 7ff'"
IN CATILINAM II. II. 77
prostratus, Quirltes, et se perculsum atque abiectum
esse sentitHet retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad
hanc urbem, quam e suls faucibus ereptam esse
Si£. <,lug et ; quae quidem mihi laetarl videtur, quod tan-
^ tarn pestem evomuerit f orasque proiecerit. ci 5
II. Ac sl/^ulj) est talis,' quales esse omnes opor-
tebat, qui in lioc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat
oratio mea, me vehementer accuse^ quod tarn capi-
talem hostem non comprehender im * potius quam
emlserim, j non est ista mea culpa, Quirltes, sed 10
temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravis-
simo supplicio adfectum iam prldem oportebat, idque
a me et m^s maiorum et hums imperl severitas
et res publica postulabat Sed quam multos fuisse
putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, non creJerent ? 15
quam multos, qui etfam dfiffindfiEen* ? \<n^
Ac, si pllo 'sublaiolJfepelll a vobIs v omne perlculum
S^iudicarem, iam prldem ego L. Catilinam /T on mocT fr Jj
>rjnvidiae meae, verum etiam vltae ^p^ricul^sustulissem.^^
<Jy Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus Crg) etiam 20
sjj% turn pr6ba£a} si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte mul-
tassem, /lore ut ems socios [nvvidiarrrppressusj persequi
non possem, rem hue deduxT,— Tflf turn palam pugnare
possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. jl^-
Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirltes, quam vehe- 25
menter Jlorls esse timendum putem, licet hinc intel-
'/v^legatis,^quod etiam illud moleste v feroJAquod ex urbe
parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ilTe omnes secum
suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern
amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, 30
quorum aes alienum, contractum in poplna, nullum rel
publicae motum adf erre poterat ; rellquit quos viros i
quanto aere alieno ! quam valentes ! quam nobiles !
J-
78 M. TULLI CICERONIS
III. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanls
(legionibus et hoc dilectu,) quern in agro Piceno et
Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis
cotldie comparantur, magno--/6 y peife confemno, collec-
5 turn ex senibus desperatls, ex agrestl luxuria, ex ,..
rusticis decoctoribus,f ex els, qui vadimonia des^er&*T~*
quam ilium exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego 'non
modo si aciem exercitus nostrl, verum etiam si
edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos
10 video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos
etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentls, qui
fulgent purpura, mallem secum mllites eduxisset ;
o^^mW* qui si hie perman ent^ jnementote (ri5h ta m~ exerci tum ^>
sse jiobls /o^uamnosj (juI exercitum deserue-
irtimescendc^Sr— ^^
$ /V Atque hoc etiam sunt timendl magis, quod, quid
^ x 5 r
r / rH. 1 I5 run 1J pertimescendcter-
V cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permovefitur.
Video, cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam,
quis agrum Plcenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has
20 urbanas Insidias caedis atque incendiorum depopo-
scerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me
perlata esse sentiunt; patefecl in senatu hesterno
die ; Catillna ipse pertimuit, prof ugit ; hi quid ex-
spectant ? Ne illl vehementer errant, si illam meam
25 prlstinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram.
IV. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus/. ut vos
omnes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem r J
publicam videretis ; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catillnae r \
simills cum Catillna sentlre n5n putet. Non est fam
30 lenitatl locus ; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum
etiam nunc concedam : exeant, proficlscantur, ne pa- ^X
tiantur deslderio sul ^Catrnnarn mlserunt tabescere.
Demonstrabo iter, Aurenavia pr^fectusest ; si acce-
lerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur.
IN CATILINAM II. V. 79
O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentl-
nam urbis eiecerit! _Uno me hercule Catilina ex-
hausto, levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur.
(^uid) enim mall aut sevens fingl aut cpgitari potest,
quod non llle conceperit ?^ Q ui s LO ta^Ttalia veneficus, 5
quis gladiator, quis latro, quis slcarius, quis parri-
cida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscrip-
tor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier
Infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis
perditus invenirl potest, qui se cum Catilina non ia
familiarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per
hosce annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stu-
prum non per ilium ?
lam vero quae tanta umquam in ull5 homine
iuventutis illecebra fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios 15
ipse amabat turpissime, i aliorum. amorl flagitiosissime
serviebat, aliis fructum libldinum, alils mortem paren-
tum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando
pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex
urbe, verum etiam ex agrls ingentem numerum perdi- 2a
torum hominum collegerat ! Nemo non modo R5mae,
sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totlus Italiae oppressus
aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris
foedus asclverit. qM&*cAjioL
V. Atque ut eius dlversa studia in dissimill ratione 25
perspicere possltis, nem5 est in ludo gladiatorio paulo
ad facinus audacior, qui se n5n intimum Catilmae esse
fateatur; nemo est in scaena levior et nequior, qui
se non giu|dem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret.
W^ Atque ^Idenj> tamen, stupr5rum et scelerum exercita- 30
tione adsuefactus, frigore et fame et sitl et vigilils
perferendls foxtis ab istis praedic^batur, cum indu-
striae ^subsidia atque Instrumenta virtutis in libldine
audaciaque consumeret.
#
80 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Hunc vero si secuti erunt sul comites, si ex urbe
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosl greges, O
nos beatos, O rem publicam fortunatam, O praecla-
ram laudem consulatus mel! Non enim iam sunt
5 mediocres hominum libldines, non humanae ac tole-
randae audaciae ; nihil c5gitant nisi caedem, nisi
incendia, nisi raplnas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt,
ft j fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam prldem, fides
nuper deficere coepit; eadem tamen ilia, quae erat
io in abundantia, libido manet. Quod si in vino et
alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent
ilH quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent ferendl; hoc
vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimls virls
Insidiarl, stultissimos prudentissimls, e,bri6sos sobrils,
15 dormientes vigilantibus ? qui mihi acc > uban v te^ in convl-
vils/'-tfomptex! mulieres impudlcas, vino languidl, con-
fertl cibo, sertls^redimltl, unguentls obliti, debilitati
stuprls, eructant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum
atque urbis incendia.
20 Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et
poenam iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, scelerl, libl- ^
dinl debitam aut Instare iam plane ^aut") certe appro-*^
pinquare. Qu5s sT^rTTunT^onsulStus, cfuoniam sanare
non potest, sustulerit, n5n breve nescio quod tempus,
25 sed multa saecula propagarit rel pub^icae. Nulla est
enim natio, quam pertimescamus ; nullus rex, qui
bellum populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt
externa unlus virtuteJlerfarn^rTqtre^ p5cata ; domesti-
cum bellum manet, intus Insidiae sunt, intus inclusum
30 perlculum est, intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis,
cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est.
Huic ego me bell5,(iucem profiteor, Quirltes ; sus-
cipio inimlcitias hominum perditorum. Quae sanari
poterunt, quacumque ratione sanab5 : quae resecanda
IN CATILINAM II. vi. 81
erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Pro-
inde aut exeant aut quiescan t aut, sret in urbe et in
eadem mente permanent, e^fquae m^rentur; exspectent.
VI. At etiam sunt, qui Hicant, Quirites, a me in
exsilium eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo S
adsequl possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquun-
tur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permo-
destus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque
Ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit, Ivit.
Quid? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum doml meae ia
paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis
Statoris convocavl, rem omnem ad patres conscrlptos
detull : quo cum Catillna venisset, quis eum senator
appellavit? quis salutavit? quis denique ita aspexjt
ut perditum clvem, ac non potius ut importunissi- ls^odihue
mum hostem ? Quln etiam prlncipes eius ordinis
partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat,
nudam atque inanem reliquerunt.
Hie ego vehemens ille consul, jjul verbo elves in
exsilium eicio_, quaeslvl a Catillna, in nocturno con- 20
ventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. ' Cum ille,
homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus^ prlmo reti-
cuisset, patef eel cetera ; quid ea nocte egisset, quid
in proximam c5nstituisset, ^(quem ad moduri^l esset el
ratio totlus belli descrlpta, edocul. Cum haesitaret, 25
cum teneretur, quaeslvl, quid dubitaret proficlscl eo,
quo iam prldem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum
fasces, cum tubas, cum signa mllitaria, cum aquilam
illam argenteam, fcui ille etiam sacrarium doml suae /
fecerat, sclrem esse praemissam. In exsilium eicie- 30
bam, quern iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ?
Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro
Faesulan5 castra posuit, bellum populd Romano suo
nomine indlxit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam
82 M. TULLI CICERONIS
ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium.^se Massi-
liam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conf eret. *gj
VII. O condici5nem miseram non modo admini-
strandae, verum etiam conservandae rel publicae !
5 Nunc si L. Catillna consilils, laboribus, perlculls mels
circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, senten-
tiam miitaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl
abiecerhV ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam
atque in exsilium converterit^aon ille a me spoliatus
10 armls audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea
dlligentia, ! non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed indem-
natus, innocens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vl et mi-
nis esse jdlcetur ; et erunt, qui ilium, si hoc fecerity*f6n
improbum, sed miserum, me non dlligentissimum con-
15 sulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum exlstim^n velint !
Est mihi tantl, Quirltes, huius invidiae falsae atque
inlquae tempestatem sublre, dum modo a vobls huius
horribilis belli ac nefaril perlculum depellatur. Dlcatur
sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium.
10 Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego ab dls
immortalibus optabo, Quirltes, invidiae meae levandae
causa, ut L. Catillnam ducere exercitum hostium atque
in armls volitare aucliatis ; sed trlduo tamen audietis ;
multoque magis illud time5, ne mihi sit invidiosum
25 aliquando, quod ilium emlserim potius quam quod
eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines, qui ilium, cum pro-
fectus sit, eiectum esse dlcant, Idem, si interfectus
esset, quid dlcerent? JJ^^p^K^ J&U&
Quamquam istl, qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dicti-
30 tant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo
est istorum tarn misericors, qui ilium non ad Man-
Hum quam ad Massilienses Ire malit. Ille autem, si
me hercule hoc, quod agit, numquam antea cogk
tasset,' tamen latrocinantem se interne! mallet quam
r
IN CATILINAM II. vm. 83
exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc prae-
ter ipslus voluntatem cogitationemque acciderit, nisi
quod vivls nobis Roma profectus esj^fljrt&rrms jantjus,
ut eat in <€» silium, quam queramfe.^^A^
VIII. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et S
de hoste, qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern,
quia, quod semper volul, murus interest, non timeojl'
de els, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui
noblscum sunt, nihil- dlcimus ? Quos quidem .egOj^si Y ^^w€.
ullo modo fieri poss.it, non tarn ulclscl studeo guam 10
sanare sibi ipsos, placare rel publicae, nequa id qua
re fieri non possit, si me audlre volent, intellego.
Exponam enim v5bls, Quirltes, ex quibus generibus
hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde _ singulis
mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam 15
potero, adferam.
Unum genus est eorum. qui magno in aere a^ieno
(maiores etiam possessionesj habent, quarum amdre"" ad^
ductl dissolvl hullo modo possunt. Horum hominum
species est honestissima ; sunt enim locupletes ; volun- 20
tas vero et causa impuderu^sjmju Tu agrls, tu aedi-
ficils, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus
■ et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere,
adqulrere ad fidem ? \ Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ?
Quid ergo ? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones 25
sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas novas ? Er-
rant, _c[uX_ istas Ji Catillna exspectant ; meo beneficio
tabulae novae prof erentur, verum auctionariae ; neque
enim istl, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla
salvlesse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent 30
neque, ^id quod stultissimum est, x certare cum usurls
fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melio-
ribus clvibus u^?emur^>Sed hosce homines minime
puto pertimescend5s, quod aut deducl de sententia
U|. V . {lilt
JP*
;
84 M. TULLI CICERONIS
possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota
facturl contra rem publicam quam arma laturl. - • - , ni
IX. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre-
muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant,
5 rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica
desperant, perturbata) se consequl posse arbitrantur.
Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum. scilicet
et idem quod .reliquls omnib us, ut desperent se la, *)
quod conantur^ consequi^posgeTf prlmum onrnTum me
10 ipsum vfgilare, adesse, ; providere rel publicae ; deinde
magnos animos esse in bonis virls, magnam concor-
diam in maxima multitudine,^ magnas praeterea co-
pies mllitum ; \ deos denique immortales huic invicto
populo, clarissimo impeno, pulcherrimae urbl contra
15 tantam vim sceleris x praesentls auxilium' esse laturos.
Quod si iam sint id, quod summo furore cupiunt,
adeptl, num ill! in cinere urbis et in sanguine clvium,
quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concuplverunt, se
consules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futu-
2oros? N5n vident id, se cupere, quod si adeptl sint,
fugitlvo alicui aut gladiatorl concedl sit necesse ?
Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen
exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Man-
lius, cui nunc Catillna succedit.^' Hi sunt homines ex
25 els colonils, quas Sulla constituit; quas ego universas
clvium esse optimorum et fortissimoruni virorum sen-/:
tio, sed tamen el sunt colonl, qui seyn Insperatls ac
repentmls pecunils sumptuosms insolentiusque lacta-
runt. NHl dum aedificant tamquam beatl.idum praedils
30 lectls, tamilils magnls, convlvils apparatls delectantur,
in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvl esse
velint, Sulla sit els ab Inferls excitandus; qui etiam
non nullos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in ^
eandem illam sperh raplnarum veterum impulerunt. . ,■}
'A3** 5
IN CATILINAM II. 'x. 85
Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum
direptorumque pon5 ; sed eos hoc moneo, desinant
furere ac pr6scrlpti5nes et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus
enim illorum temporum dolcjr inustus est civitatl, ut V/» C#t«
iam ista non modo homike"s\ sed ne pecudes quidem 5
mihi passuraeesse videantu3^'^ > * t ^S^ / L^--
X. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur-
bulentum ; qui iam pridem .premuntur, qui numquam
emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo
negoti5, partim etiam s^mpubus in vetere aere alieno 10
vaemant; qui vadimonils, iudicils, proscripti5ne bono-
^^jC rum, defatlgatT', permulti et ex urbe et ex agrls se in
ilia castra conferre drcuntur. Hosce^ego non tarn
milites acres quam Infitiatores lentos^esse^ arbitror.
Qui homines prlmum, si stare non possuntjlcorruant f 15
sed itaV^Mt lion ^njoda^fvrtlk ^ sed xie/ylc\m\ quidem ^.vf-^v-Sv.
proximl sentianiT Nam^iTTuan5n inteilegoTquam ob
rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, f perire turpiter
velint, }aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multls,
y^^^u^m^ si soli pereant, arbitrentur. - ' 20
\ Qulntum genus est parricldarum, slcariorum, deni-
que omnium faciner5sorum. Quos ego a Catillna .{& fc>A-
non revoco;-nam neque ab e5 dlvellr rjossunt et -***>?
pereant sane in latrocini5, quoniam sunt ita multl,
ut eos ^c areer capere^saon possit? ,^_^^> 25
Postremum autem genus est ^hon solum numero, l^Jy
verum etiam genere ipso atque v!ta,||quod proprium ^ 4* /^
Catillnae esft de eius dllectu, imm5 vero dj co^nrpjexu
eius ac sinuj^ quos pexo. capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes
aut bene bar^ates videas, manicatls.e_t talafi^us tuni- 30
els,} veils ^ amicTosf'non togls ; qu5rum vomnis industria_ fill
vltae "!et vigilandfMabor in antelucanls cents expr5mi-^^*
tur. "In his gregibu^ornnes aleatores, omnes adulterl,
omnes impurl impudlclque versantur. Hi puerl tarn
86 M. TULLI CICERONIS v^ * *
Jepidl ac delicatl non.^olum amare et amarl, neque^t^
saltare et cantare, >eu etiam sicas vibrare et spargere P*' u
venena didice^ruM. Qui nisi exeunt,- nisi pereunt, j
etiam s! Catilina perierit,] scltote hoc in re pu-
5 blica seminarium Catillnarum futurum. Verum tamenf
quid sibi^^i^inisejX^yoJpnt ? Num suas secum muli-
erculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad modum
autem illis carere ^otferuntj his praesertim iam noc-
tibus ? Quo autem pacto ill! Appennlnum atque
10 lllas pruinas ac niyes perferent ? ' nisi ldcirco se
facilius hiemem toleratur5s putant, quod nudl in
convlvils saltare didicerunt£ SS5SS
XI. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum
hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem prae-
15 toriam ! Instruitl nunc, Quirltes, contra has tarn
praeclaras Catillnae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque
exercitus. l^ Jj loft^M*
Et prlmum gladiatorl illl confecto et saucio consules
imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde cpntra illam
20 naufragorum /-electam ac debilitatam marrdm, fl5rem
totlus Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes colo-
niarum ac municipiorum respondebuht Catilmae
tumuiis silvestribus. Neque ego cet^ras copias,
ornamenta, praesidia yestra cum illlus latronis inopia
25 atque egestate c5nferre debeo . x^ujD 1
Sed si omissls his rebus, quibus nds suppedatamur,
eget ille, senatu, equitibus R5manls, urbe, aerarid,
vectlgalibus, cuncta Italia, provincils omnibus, exterls
nati5nibus/sl his rebus pmissls causas ipsas, quae inter
30 se confllgunt, conte / naere' veiTrhn s, ex e5 ips5, quam
valde illl iaceant, intellege^^oss^mus. Ex hac enim
parte puJor^pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudlcitia,
illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc
pietas, illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc
IN CATILINAM II. xn. 87
honestas, illinc turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc li-
bfd5; denique\ aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, pru-
dentia, virtutes omnes c'ertant cum inlquitate, luxuria,
ignavia, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus ; / postremo
copia cum egestate, | bona ratio cum perdita, j mens 5
sana cum amentia, I bona denique spes .cum omnium
rerum desperatione confllgit. J (In eius^modl certamine /^y^
ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant,
di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtu-
tibus tot et tanta vitia superari? 10
XII. Quae cum ita sint, Quintes, vos, quem ad
modum iam antea dlxl, vestra tecta vigilils custo-
dilsque defendite ; mihi, ut urbl sine vestro motu ac
sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidl, consultum atque
provlsum est. ColonI omnes municipesque vestrl, 15
certiores a me fact! de hac nocturna excursione Cati-
llnae, facile urbes suas flnesque defendent. Gladia- .
tores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit,
( — quamquam anim5 meliore sunt quam pars patri-
ciorum — potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. 20
Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gal-
licum Picenumque praemlsl, aut opprimet hominem
aut eius omnes motus conatusque prohibebit. Reli-
quis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandls, agendls
iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocarl videtis. 25
Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo
qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe
a Catilma rellctl sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen,
quia sunt elves, monitos etiarn atque etiam volo.
Mea lenitas adhuc si cui somtior visa est, hoc ex- 30
spectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reli- ,cLvi ' )
quum est, ^iam n5n possum " obllvlscl, meam hanc f£?f-,
V^ esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi^aut cum ' j£' 4 &
U-„;rhls vlvendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus
88 IN CATILINAM II. xm.
est portls custos, nullus insidiator viae ; si qui exlre
volunt, conlvere possum ; cqiI vero se in urbe com- .
moverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum
ullum ~ conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sen-
5 tiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios
magistratus, I esse fortem senatum, ( esse arma, esse
carcerem-)quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifesto-
rum scelerum maiores nostrl est"e "voluerunp
XIII. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirltes, ut
10 maximae res minimo motu,7 perlcula summa nullo
tumultu,| bellum intestinum ac domesticum post homi-
num memoriam crudelissimum et maximum 1 me uno ;
togato duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic J
administrab5, Quirltes, ut, si Olio modo fieri poterit,/
15 ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam
sul sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae,
si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac
animl lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam^uod
in tanto et tarn Insidioso bello vix optandum ^vraetur^
20 ut neque bonus quisquam intereat foauCorumque poena
vos omnes salvl esse^possftis. " ,. - '
Quae quidem ego "neque mea prudentia neque
2^^**\ humanls consilils .foetus jjolliceor vobls, Quirltes, sed
multis et non dubils deorum lmmortalium slgnifica-
25 tionibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem senten-
tiamque sum ingf e*ssus ; qui iam non nrocur, ( ut
quondam solebani), ab extern5 hoste atque lbnginquo,
sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua
templa atque urbis tecta ^defendunt. Quos v5s,
30 Quirltes, precarl, venerarl, implorare debetis,1 jit.'y
quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse//
voluerunt, A *hanc . omnibus hostium c5pils terra
marlque simeraffij a -p^rditissimorum clvium nefario
scelere defendant, ^ ^
M
M. TULLI C1CERONIS
IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA
HABITA AD POPULUM.
I. Rem publicam, Quirltes, vltamque omnium
vestrum, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros
atque hoc domicilium clarissiml imperl, fortunatissi-
mam pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum
immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, con- 5
silils, perlculis mels e flamma atque ferro ac paene
ex faucibus fatl ereptam et vobls conservatam ac
restitutam videtis .
Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque illustres sunt el
dies, quibus conservamur, quam ill!, quibus nascimur, 10
quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendl incerta condicio,
et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur,
profecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad
deos immortales benevolentia famaque sustulim us, esse
apud vos posterosque vestr5s in hon5re debebit is, 15 ")
qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque
servavit. Nam totl urbl, templls, delubrls, tectls ac
moenibus subiectos prope iam Ignes circumdatosque
restlnximus, Idemque gladios in rem publicam destrlc-
tos rettudimus mucr5nesque eorum a iugulls vestrls 20
deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu illustrata, pate-
facta, comperta sunt per me, vobls iam exponam
90
M. TULLI CICERONIS
i
breviter, Quirltes, ut, et quanta et qua ratione inve-
stigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et ignoratis et
exspectatis, scire possltis.
Prlncipio, ut Catillna paucis ante diebus erupit ex
5 urbe, cum sceleris sul socios, huiusce nefaril belli acer-
rimos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et
provldi, Quirltes, quern ad modum in tantls et tarn
absconditls Tnsidils salvi esse possemus.
II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catillnam eicie bam —
10 non enim iam vereor huius verbl invidiam7'~cum ilia
magis sit timenda, quod vivus jjxieri£ — sed turn, cum
ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum
manum simul exituram aut eos. qui restitissent,, Inf Irmos
-sine illo ac debiles forl Tputabam. Atque e go, ut vl di,
15 ^qu ^ maximo furore et scelere ess^ -InfemT^ 1
l^os noblscum esse et Romae remansisset in eo omnes
dies noctesque consumpsl, ut, quid agerent, quid moli-
rentur) sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestrls
propter incredibilem magniradin^ia--^sceleris minorem
20 fidem faceret gratiom^af^em^ita comprehenderem, ut
turn demum animis C|aluti vestrag>provideretis, cum
J) oculls maleficium ipsum^yiderefisT
i.js Itaque, utj^oj&perl legatos AlTbbrogum belll-Trans-
alpTnl et tumultus Gallic! excitandT causa a P. Lentulo
25es^e^sxxllicil^os,^5sciue in Galliam ad suos elves eodem-
que itinere cum litterls man datlsqu e-ad-Xatillnam (esse
jmssos^ corptem^u^--jeIs^^iunctum_^sse T.\Volturcium,
\ atque huis v ad C atillnam esse "datas litterasTfacultatem
\^ -^^mhToblatam putayj, ut, quod erat afficiflimum, quod-
v 30 que ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tote
res non solum a me, 1 sed etiam^a senatu et a vdbls
"manifesto deprehenderetur. fcxk^^
Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptlnum
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rel publicae
v
■LpeJc&A
#* ^!n catilinam hi. in. 91
viros, ad rjie vocavl; rem exposul; quid fieri placeret,
ostendl. I 111 SlEemT^quI omnia de re publica j>raeclara
atque egregia sentlrent, sineTrecusatione ac sine Gila
mora negotium susceperunt f et, cum advesperasceret,
occulte ad pontem Mulvium' pervenerunt atque ibi in 5
proximls vlllls ita bipertlto fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter e5s "2-i*
et pons interesset Eoaemautem et jpsl /sine cuius-
quam suspicions multos fortes vir5s eduxerant , et ego
ex praefecturajleatlna complures delectos adulescentes-, —
quorum operji utor adsidue in re publica, praesidio cum 10
gladilsjnlsiram. t\^^ ^^J^^
Interim ftertia fere vigilia exactd, cum iam pontem
Mulvium ma£no_xo € mrTar.u jegati_ ^llob ro^um^ ingredl
inciperent (unaqTKT Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; edik
^cu ntur et ab illls gladil et a nostrjs. £es praetoribus 15
er at nqta soils, ignorabatur a ceteris.
III. Turn interventu Pomptlnl atque FlaccI pugna
sedatur./ Littera&f ^uaecumque* erant in eo comitatu,[. _ s .^b-f i
in tegrls sJgnj s^praetorj bas tTaduntu r; ipsl comprehensi
ad mey^/cum ..iam dllucfeslfel'eVdeducuntur. Atque 20
horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem, x*>
Cimbrum Gablnium, .s tatim a cLme,, nihil dum suspican- ^^ J
tern, vocjyvl; deinde item arce^Tm^est L. Statilius et
25
post eum CTCethegus ; tardissime autenTLentulus venit,
credo, qu^ofTrilitterls dandls praetfr" consuetudinem
proxima nocte vigilarat
Cum summis et clarissimls huius clvitatis virls, fqui
audita rejrequentes ad me mane convenerantl litteras a u
me -£nus apeflrl quam ad senatum def errl jDlacgrgt^ ne, $^
si nihil esset inventum, teYriereAa me tant us tumultus 30
\§j iniectus civitatl videretufeTnegavI meessVTactQrum,
v ^ ut de p erlcul5 public5 n^„ad__con^iliujDQ publicum
r rem integra^^defetiejn. Etenim, Quirltes, "si ea, quae
eranF~ad me dejata,
reperta non essent, tamen ego
92 M. TULLI CICERONIS
non arbitrabar in tantls rel publicae perlculis esse
mihi nimlSn^cnngentiam pertimescendam.
Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vldistis, coegl.
Atque intereai statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpi-
5 cium praetorem, fortem virum, m isi, qui ex aedibus
Cethegl, k,l quid telorum essM efferret ; y ex quibus ille
maximum slcarum numerum et gladiorum extujft:
IV. IntrDciuxI Volturcium sine Gallis;) fidem pu-
blicam iussu senatus dedl; hortatus sum, ut ea, quae
10 sclret, sine tim5re indicaret^ Turn ille dixit, \ cum vix
se ex magn5 tim5re recreasset, a P. Lentul5 se habere
ad Catillnam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio ^/s>
uteretur, ut ad urbem faua1r? l ^rTmum cum exercitu
atfcecteret ; id autem eo consilio, ! ut, cum^urbem ex
15 omnibus partibus, |/quem acT modum)- (de^crlptum dis-
tributumque erat, ( lnceridissent^ caedemque Inflnltam
civium f ecissent) praeSta esset ille, jcujl et f ugientes exci- r
peretj et se cum his urbfnls ducibus cpniungeret. v
Inrroductl autem Galll ius iurandum sibi et litteras
20 ab Lentulo, Cetheg5, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse^T
Ji*J<^ dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse jfra£-
scrlptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam prlmum mitte-
rent;j pedestres sibi copias non defuturas ;j Lentulum
autem sibi cjjnljrr ^sse ex fatis Sibyllinls harusplcfum-
25 que r%s^»onsIs, se esse tertnmi ilium Cornelium, I ad
quern regnum huius urbis atque imperium pervenlre
esset necesse ;| Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuissett eun-
demque ^dlxisse. fatalem hunc afrWum esse ad interi-
tum huius urbis atque imperi,jqul esset annus decimus
30 post virginum absolutionemi post Capitoll autem
incensionem vlcesimus. f|Hai)£ autem Cethego cum
\ ceteris contrdversiam. fuisse alxjEnankjl quod Lentulo
et alils |Ba^urna^ibusH§|*lej^
placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur.
IN CATILINAM III. v. 93
V. Ac ne longum sit,' Quirltes, tabellas proferrl
iussimus, quae a quoque dlcebantur datae. Primum
~osTendimus Cethego signum ; cognovit. Nos llnum
incldimus, leginrusu, Erat scrlptum ipslus manu Alio- ^ ^-eZjvJL
brogum senatul et populo,] Sgse, quae eorum legatls 5/^*2.
confirmasset, facturum esse -jjarare, ut item ill! facerent, j&e>'r****%
q{fae sibi eorum legatl recepisserS. Turn Cethegus,
;^>qul paulo ante aliquid tamen /fe^gladiTs ac sicls, quae
apud ipsum erant deprenensarTespondissetl dixissetque
se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, 10 ^
^recitatls litteris jdebilitatus atque abiectusvconsciehlia^ *^J
repente conticuit. &<^~*- jU£«J£> ?
Intr5ductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum et ma-
num suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere
sententiam ; confessus est. 15
Turn ostendl tabellas Lentulo et quaeslvl, cogno-
sceretne signum. Adnuit. Est verd, inquam, notum
quidem signutn, imdgd avl tin, cldrissimi viri> qui amdvit
unice patriam et cwiS-SMQS^Lquae quidem tia tanto scelere
etianfthuta *revocarz dedt0. Leguntur eadem ratione 20
ad senatum Allobrogum populumque nttefae. Si quid
de his rebus dlcere .vdllet, feci potesEatem. Atque ille
prlmo quidem negavit; post autem aliquanto,\toto iam
indicip exposito ( atq,ue editoU surrexit ; quaesiyitJjGallls,
quid sidi esset c^um eis^jquam^oo rem domum suam 25
venissent, itemque" a VoTturcio. Qui cum illl breviter^^^
constari^erque respondissent per quem ad eum quo-
N^tiensque venissent, quaesissemque ab eo, nihilne se- ^^^
' cum esset de_jatIS--Siby44inIs locutus? turn ille subito u *&**-
scelere demens,] quanta conscientiae vIJJTj esset, o sten- ,3
r jcjit. Nam, cunHid posset Infitiarl, Repente praeter opl-
^ /U) nionem omnium j confessus t est. Ita eum non modo
'f) in^eriiu^n. illud 'et dIcendj^TexercteyS5, j^ua semper: _
yal uit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque
94 fc titiP M. TULLI CICERONIS . L
deprehenslj mvpudentia, qua superabat omnes, ) impro
bitasque defeat.
~Volturcius vero subito litteras proferrl atque aperirl
iubet,*quas sibi a Lentul5 ad Catillnam datas esse di-
5 cebat. Atque IM vehementissime perfur&atus Lentu-
lus tamen et slgnum et manum suam cognovit.) Erant
autem sine nomine, sed ita : >/^^\
Quis sim, scjls, ex eo, quern aate mist. Curd, ut vir
sis, et cftgita, quem in locum sis progressus. Vide^ quid
10 tibi iam sit necesse, et curd, ut omnium tibi auxilia ad-
iungj&Sy etiam Infimorum. . |
"^Gablnius deinde introductus cum pnm5 impudenter
respondere coepisseri ad exlremum nihil ex els, quae
Gall! Insmutabant, negavit^^v) Uilv^
15 Ac mihi quidem, Quirltes, cum ilia certissima visa
sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris^tabellae, slgna, .
manus, denique unlus cuiusque c5nfessio, turn multoj* ma
■ fa\ certi6ra411a f color, ocull, vultus,*taciturnitas. Sic enim
l^ obstipuerant, sic terram intueoantur, sic furtim non
^ 20 rffimquam inter sese aspiciebant, | ut non iam ab^lils
indicarl, sed indicare se ipsl vi dere
VI. Indicils expositls atque editis,' Quirltes, senatum
consulul, de summa re publica quid fieri placereti
Dictae sunt a prlncipibus a^rxmia£--ac_jc£tis^imae
25 sententiae, quas^ senatus sine ulla varietate est ^ secu-
tus. Et quoniam nondum est perscrlptum senatus
consultumj ex memoria vobls, Quirltes, quid senatus
\ censuerit, exponim : ____^ . — ..-^ —-^^
Prlmumf rnihr ^ratiae verbis amplissimls' a^untur,
30 quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica
maximis perlculls sit llberata. Deinde L. Flaccus
et C. Pomptlnus praetores, quod eorunr opera, fortl
fidellque usus essem,^ merit6~~a^TuTe^ia^dantur.\ At-
que etiam vir5 fortl, collegae meo, laus impertltur,
IN CATILINAM III. vi. 95
quod eo§7 qui huius comunLtionis participes fuissent,
a suis et a rel publicae corisiliis j**y£6yisset.
Atque ita cen'sterunt, ut T. Lentulus, cum se prae-
tura abdicasset, in custodiam tradereturjj itemque utl
C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gablnius, qui omnes prae- 5
sentes erant, in custodiam traderentur; atque idem
hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qiri sibi procurati on
nem incendendae urbis ^depbposceratf; in M. Cepa-
rium, cui ad soflicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam
esse er a^ indicatumj in P. F urium, qui est ex els ia
colonls, quos Faesulay L. Sulla deduxit : in Q. An-
nium Chllonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat *
in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione versatus; in P. Um- J^^
bre^vum, llbertmum homihem, a quo, primum Gallos
ad Gabinium perductos esse ctmstaTJaf. Atque ea 15
lenitate senatus est usus, Quirltes, ut ex tanta
coniuratione jtantaque hac multitudine domesticorum </*£,
hostium \ novem^*hominum perditissimorum poena fre
^rjublica co nservata 7 ^ reliqudrurfT mentes sanarl posse
arbitraretur. ^ vu+$W J£~*Jl, y\ 20
Atque etiam sup plicati5 dls immortalibus pro singu- • : , .
lari eorum merited meo nomjn e , decreta ej atAquod mihi H*ij+<&*tA
primum post hanc urbem conditam togat.5 contigit, et ^iT/f^
his decreta verbis est^guod urbem incendiis, caedel^ *-'<■?'*' *--°
cives, Italiam be lid liberassem^QwdLZ supplicatio si cum 25^" v
ceteris supplicationibus .confeimur , ho^~rn terest, quod +*-~sk.
ceterae bene^esta, haec una conservata re pubhca
constirafa^est. v -— ~^
Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, (jfactum
atque transactum e^ Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam 30
senatus
>aml- L**^
clique iransactum g&za i\am r. juentmus, quamqi
j>atef ac tls ^lh dicils, co^fessionibus suis, iudlcjk sen;
non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam ^Ivis^
^sera^ tamen magistrate se abdjeavit, ut,/quae reKgio -iC-^f^
C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non, fuefeit, ^uo minus
JT*-W- (jr-
Lt^
96 M. TULLI CICERONIS
C. Glauciam, de quo nihil -nominatim erat decretum,
praetorem >qcclderet, ea nos reliffione in prlvato
P. Lentulo puniendo llberaremur.
VII. Nunc quoniamTQuintes, CDnsceleratissirnI perl-
5 culosissimlque belli nefanos duces captos_iam et com-
prehensos tenetis, exlstimare debetis omnes Catilmae
copias, omhes spTes atque opes] his" depulsls urbis pen-
culls/ concidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe
J^tSjUrpellebam. \ hoc provmebTm^animo, „ Quirltes, remoto
io Catilina non mihr- esse P. Lentulr- somnum nee L.
Cassr aai^es necr' C. Cethegi furio's^m temeritatem
pertimescendam^____ — ■ ^, xA^
Ille-erat unus umendus ex isns omnibus, sed tarn diu,
dum urbis moenibus continebatur. I Omnia norat, om-
15 nium aditus tenebat ;_j§tppellare, temptare, sollicitare
poterat, audebat. " EraJ^^ consilium ad facinus aptum,
consiiio^ufeni neque manus neque lim^uadeerat. lam
ad certas res conficiendas /sgf fcos homin es delectos ac
^73|scHpt5s habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid^mandarat, cV'
20 conf ecturrrputabat ; nihil erat, quod ndn ipse oblret, «"**»
jj- occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret; frlgus, sitim, famem
ferre poterat.
Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, tarn
paratum, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere" vigilan tern, j tarn
25 in perditis rebus dlligentenf nisi ex-ti^nesticls Insidils in
castrense latrocinium compulissem — dlcam id, quod
Vsentio, Quirltes, — n5n facile hanc ..tant^in^ole^njnall a
cervlcibus vestrls depulissem.' Non ille nobis Saturnalia
constituisset [ neque tant5 ^nre*" exit! ^ ,ac^fati_jUe.m rel
30 publicae den untiavisset^ neque commfsisset, utr slgnum, ( |
ut litterae suae testeSMna'nifestl sceleris dfprehenderen^
tur. Quae nunc*illo absente sic geWasunt, ut nullum
in privata domojurMm unftfifam sit tarn palam inven-iM^
turn, quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto
^ — - ^
IN CATILINAM III. vm. 97
mventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catillna in
urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, \quamquam, qupaa/
fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurn atque of>su9; ta-
rn en, utTevi|snn£3lcam, dimica^dum nobis cum olio
fuisset neque' nos umquam, cum ille in urbe ho stis 5
esset^ tantls perlculls— rem publicam^tanta pace, tanto
i^Mjotio, tanto silentio llteraSsemusT^Tl^ <*>< ^-^J-^tJi^L
VIII. Quamquam hae^ omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me
r ammnistrata, ut^deorum immortalium nutu atque co n^ tjL^tt
silio et gesta-et provTsa esse videa ntur^ I^que cum io
kxoniectura consequr possumps. quocT vix videtur humanl
^onsili tantarum rerurn^gijbernatio esse potmslfe^tum
vero ita praesentfe s his temporibus o pem et auxilium .
n5bis frulermi^u^^ vider£ possemus.
Nam ut ilia omittam, ^Isas nocturno tempore ab occi- 15
dente ^fa^s^ ^ioremq |ue~~cae] |7ut tu^mmum V iactu s,
J/^ J ut jterrae motus relirumani ; ut omittam ceteraA quae
^•^ tarn m^ulta ^obls^consulibu s facta sunt,,ut_ haec. quae
nunc fiun t, cafiere^l^di ^mrnortale viderentur, hoc
certe, quod surn^ dicturtis, neque praetermittendum 20
neque relinquendum est. '
Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato
co nsulibus |omplures>in Capitolio ^S) de caelo esse ^J?^^/
percus sas, cu m et simulacra deorum d^utsa^suju^et.
statuae veterum hominum deiectaej et leguma^ra^lique- 25
facta et Cactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, /
Romulus,] quern irikurafum in Capitolio, parvum/'alxjue jT
lactentem^ ubenlDusr mplnis inhiantem, fuisse meministis.'
Quo quidem tempore cum hafttlpicls ex tBta Etruria
convenissent, caedes__aitque incendia et legum interitum 30
et bellum civile ac domesticum__et^totIus ^urbis atque
imperl occasumap^c^inqSr^^ix^Iffi^ n ^ sl dl im-
mortales omni ratione placa_tl suo numine prope fata
ipsa flexissent^
98 M. TULLI CICERONIS -^ ^^ ^
Itaque lllorum responsis turn et ludl per decern dies
f actl sunt, neque res ulla, , q\y|£> ad placandos deos
pertineret, praeterh^sajest^^Tdemque iusserunt simu-
lacrum Iovls facere maius et in excelso collocare et
5 contraf^fqueantea fuerat, ad onentem convertere; ac
se sperare dlxerunt, si illud slgnum, quod videtis, solis
ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea coi>
silia, quae cfaWessent inita contra salutem urbis atque
imperl, illustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano
10 perspicl possent. Atque illud sigrfum JxSlIocandum
consules ill! loc^||inlt.; sed tanta fwitToperj^larditas,
ut neque superidribus consunbus neque nobis ante
hodiernum diem collocaretur.^^je^^e^f
IX. Hie quis potest: esse, Quintes, tarn aversus a
15 vero, tarn praeceps, tarn menfa captus, qui neget naec
omnia, quae videmus, Ipr^ectpulque banc urbem deorum
immortalium nutu ac potestate adrnmistrari ? Etenim,
cum esset ita responsum,_caedes, incendia, interitum rei
publicae com^rarY, et _ea_ per cives > ^pae_Jturn oropter
20 magmtudinem scelerum n5n nulll^iWedibjlia^deban:^
tur, ea^non modo c5gitata a nef arils civibus, verum
-"etiam susce^taT~esse~> ensistis 1 Illud vero nonne ita
praesens est, \ut Jiutu Iovis optiml maxim! factum esse
videaj^ir;^ut,^xum hodierno* dH mane per forum meo
2t mssiTet coniuratl et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ,
ducerentur, eo ipso tempore slgmrm^statueretur ? Qu5
collocatd atque aH^vos - senatumque _cbn verso jpmnia,
quae erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, ill u strata et
(patefacta vldistis. ^___-— » "3^ ^
30 Quo etiam maiorg^ sunt isti odio ^wppliciS^aeMlfgnl,
qui non solum vestrls domiciles atque tectis, sed etiam
"deorum templis atque deluDrislsunt /funestos ac nefariosj^/ 7
ignes£7toferre conatl. 'Quibus ego si me restitisse
dlcam, nimium mihi sumam et non sinuferendus; ille,
IN CATILINAM III. x. 99
ille Iuppiter restitit ; \ ille Capitolium, ille haec templa,
ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit.
Dls ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, Quirltes,
voluntatemque fcsilscepl, atque ad haec tanta indicia
perveni. ^«^~. ^p 5
lam vero ab Lentul5 ceterlsque domesticls hostibus
tarn dementer tantae~res creftitae et ignotls et barbarls
numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dls immortalibus huic
tantae audaciae consilium 'esset ereptum. Quid vero ?
ut homines Galll ex civitate male _pacata 1 _ quae gens 10
una restat^ ^uae b ellum popul5 Romanoja^ere et
posse^e tnon n5lle >idgatur^-^emClI^pSrX_ac rerum *
maximarum ultr5 siSF^ipamciIs hominibus oblata^r
neglegerenj^-jy^stramque salutem' 'su^s mnbus antepd-^ 2 *^/^
non divinitus esse factum putatis, prae- 15
sertirif am., nos^ri5n 'pugnando^ed tacendd su perare
p otuerinr ? v — _____ —• ^
X. Quam ob rem, Quirltes, jmjo niam a d omnia pul-
vlnaria supplica tio decre ta, est, ^Celebratote illos dies
cum conmgibus ac liberis .y@stHS»..l Nam multi saepe 20
honores dls immortalibus Tustl habiti suntTlic debit!,
se6T~profecto iustiores numquam. I Erepti enim estis
ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo intentu ;^ sine caede, sine
sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatiorie ; togati me
uno togato duce et imperatore ylcisti s. 25
Etenim recordamini, Quirltes, omnes clvlles dissen-
siones, n5n solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas
vas'n^^ipsi'' meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P.
Sulpicium oppressit ; 1C. Marium, custodem huius urbis,
multosque fortes viros partim ~eiicit^ex civitate, partim 3°
interemit. / (Jn. Octavius consul armjs expuli t ex urBe
'coIlegam^jTOnnis'Tjifc locus acervil^qorporum et clvium
sanguine redundaviB\ Superavit$- posted / tlinnq __ pun .
Mario ^ turn vero, Iclarissimls virls interfectlsf lumina
100 M. TULLI CICERONIS «tiS*
/ K^
civitatis exstlncta sunt llltus est huius victoriae cru-
delitater^posteT"5uila ; ne did qumem opus est, quanta
deminutipne clvium et quanta calamitate re! publicae.
Dissensit M. Lepjdtrs^ ar-vclarissimo et fortissimo viro,
5 Q. Catul^f^attuli^ nonjtam ipslus^interitus rel publicae
lucturn jcjuam ceterorurn^l^^
Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius ., J
modi}' quae n5n ad delendam^seoT^aar commutandam^^
rem publicam pertinerent. NonJllI nullamv ep se rem
10 publicam, sed in ^ea^quae esset^se esse prmcipes,
neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe
,, ^<r florere .vohierjmjt ' -^tgmje_JUae_Jainen_^mnes dissen-
siones,] quarum"nulla exitium rel publicae Truaesivit, • *V
eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, ...J^tl
15 sed interneci5ne clvium dliudicatae sint.- — -fffnoc ^
* autem un5 post hominum memoriam maxim5 crude-
lissim5que bell5, Jqiiale bellum nulla umquam barba
via. cum sua gente gessit, ) qu5 < Jn_hellp lex^haec^fuit
a Lentulo, Catillna, Cethego, . Cassio constituta, ut
20 omnes, qui salva .urbe salvl esse possent, in hostium
numero'^^cere^ftm*', ita me gessl, Quirltes, ut salvl
omnes conservareminl, | et, cum ho.&tea vestpfetantum
-^iidum superauturum putassent, quantum Inflnlfae cae-
dl j^esfrtK^^ quantum flamma
^^25 oblre^ non potuisset , et urbem et elves integros inco-
lumesque se rvavL ^^^*
XI. I Quibus pr5 tantls rebus] Quirltes^nullum ego a
vobis jDr^£rmum virtutis, nullum InsTgne Tionoris, nul-
lum ^lonumentum^ laudis postul^praeterquam huius
30 diel memoriam sempiternam. In^animls ego vestris .
omnes triumphos meJ5s T --Tirmlia'ornamenta hc^ris^^ (
monumenta gloria^ laudis insignia condT etT collocarl - «r"
wlo._^Nihil me mutfam potest delectare, nihil taciturn,
nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni y
A* C
Ll*jl-$&
,iL^ IN CATILINAM III. XII.
adseaul possmt. A
101
adsequl pbsslnt. Memoria. vestra, Quirites, nostrae
res alentur, sermonibus crescent, Htterarum ' monu-
mentis mveterascent et corrobcj:aaiintur ; eandemque
diem intellegg, quam sperdaeternarrr fore, propaga-
tam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam 5
consulates mel, unoquetempore in hac re publica
duos elves exstitisse, quorum\al?er fines vestrl imperl
non terrae, sed caell rjjgionlbus termmaret, alter
eiusdem imperl domicilium sedesqueNs ervaret^
XII. Sed quoniam earum rernm, quas_ego gessl, 10
(J nnn £affern ^sfl \fortfirm. atque Ticondiciol quae Mllorum. .
qur^ externa bella gessermit^quoa 6 mihi cum , eis_ L~t~^>f
vivendum est, quos vlci ac subegl, Jill hostes aut « J
interfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, yestrum, . est, SK 1 ^ v v
±* f Quirites, si ceteris iacta_sua_recte prosunt, ■ rami mea 15
**^ne quand5 o^ln^r^rovide re. v^^t& T^irrujy minum
a udac i ssim5rum scelerpae ac riefari ai ne voblsjjocere k.J+~
possent, ego <provItlft} ne^nihi noceant, vestrum' est
pro vider^ ---— -Qulmiquam, Quirites, -inihi quidem ipsl
, nihil ahistTs iam ^cM-j^gg^ Maflnumignim ej jb
in bonls^ praesidiun$T : 76uoor3mEin nerpetuum com-
e publica tldlgnitas,
_ com-
paratum est^^nsgmTiri r6 publica t_dlgnitas, quae
me semper t acita_ jxgfendet, magna vis conscientiae,
t, ctim'Tne . violare volent. se ipsl
L^n**-***
quam iquT\ leglegunt, ctim^rne-jViolare vplent, se
*^
indicabunt. *4eM>-r~ 25
Est enim in nobis is anjmu s, Quirites, ut non modo
\ nulllus audaciae cedar^sf^sed etiam omnes improbos
^ VN \\ultro semper laces^slrmus. Quod j si omnis impetus
domesticorum hostium, dej^isuV c 1r yopis, se in me
unumconvertit, vobls erit vid^r fairrr^ Quirites, qua 3°
condici one p osthac~eos^sse velltis, qui se, pro salQie
vestra obtulerint in vidia^ jgsj^cutisq^om^ us ; mihi
quidem ipsl quid est, quod iam ad vltae fructum
possit adqulrl, cum praesertim neque in honore
c
102 IN CATILINAM HI. xn,
vestro nequef in gloria virtutis quicquam videam
altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere ? .^Illud profecto
^t- perficiam, Quirltes, ut^ea7~^quae gessl in consulatu,
^^Tprlvatus tuear atque^rn|nf^ut, jl qua/tsjp invidia
5 in conservanda re publfaVsuscepta, laedat jnvido^
mihi valeat ad gloriam. ^*^h ±T^~'
Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim
semper, quae gesserim,| <Su^^q ueT~ut" £a_ virtute, non
^casu gesta esse videantui£ Vos, Quirltes, quoniam iam
10 est nox,rfenerat! IovenTTlRim, custodem huius urbis ac
vestrum, in vestra tec&~oMscedrfe et ea, quamquam iam
est perlculum depulsum f tamen ae^ue ac priore nocte
custodiis vigililsque defjndite. ^ ,ne-^5bls diutius
faciendum sit, atque lit in ^perpetuapp£ ce e^se^p^pssltis,
M. TULLI CICERONIS
IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA
HABIT A IN SENATU.
I. Video , patres c5nscripti, inrne omnium vestrum
5ra atque Q£ulos esse cojr iversos ; vide5 vjds non solum l^^^J^
de_ve^trq^ac rel publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsuin^*" 7
sit, de meo perlculo esse_SDlU^©Sr- Est_jmhi iucunda
in malisi et grata in Colore yest ra erga r&eV^lujitas, se d 5
earn, per deos immortales, deponiteftatque oblitl salutis
meaejde vobis ac de vestrls liberls cogitate. ^.J^Iihi. si
haec condici5 consulatus data est, Ut'omnes acerbi-
tates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem J feram non
solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo mels 10
laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque
j pariatur . 1^ c^otU^cuX
Ego sum ille consul, | patres conscript!,- cui non
forum, in quo omnis aequitas c'ontm&uly non cam-
pus, consularibus auspicmr cohsecfafus, non curia, 15
summum auMn^im^ A onmium gentium, non domus,
commune perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus,
non denique haec sedes honoris (umquam vacua mor-
tis periculS atque Tnsidiis fuit.
Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa- concessi, 20
mufta meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi.
Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mel di immortales
.<? ^JL.
103
104 M. TULLI CICERONIS
esse volueruntj ut vos populumque Romanum ex
caede, ntisefrima, coniuges llberosque vestros virgines-
que Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque
delubra, hanc pulchjerrimam patriam omnium nostrum
5 ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et
vastitate enperen/, qtfaecumque^ mini unl proponetur f^.
Mil- f ortuna, subeaW. Etenim. si P. Lentulus^uum no-
men indUctus a viilKM) iak^Se scd -ptrniciern re! publi-
caeC f ore ^ mtavit, cur ego non^Keter^ meum consulatum
10 ad salutempopuli Roman! pSfpe fatale m exstitisse?^.^*^
""II. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite v5b!s, pr5-
spicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, l!beros fortu-
nasque vestras, popul! Roman! nomen salutemque
defendite; mihi parcere ac de me cdgitare desinife
15 Nam p rlmum debeo sper^re, omnes deos, qu! huic urb!
praesident, pro eo mini, ac mereor, relaturos esse gra-
tiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequ5 animo paratoque
rnofiar. Nam neque turpis_mors fort! viro potest acci-
dere nequeirxuiLatursr^consularl nee miseralfapienti.
20 Nee tamen ego sum ille terreus, qui^ratris carissim!
atque amantissim! praesentis\ maerore^n op movea r\lho-
rumque omnium lacrirms, a quibus me circumsessum
videtis. | Neque, meam mentem non domum saepe re-^^
voca^W^rham uxor et abiecta^metu filia et parvulus
25 films, quern mihi videtur Simptect! resr^rjublica tam-
quam obsidem consulates meiJjneque ille, qui exspec-
_^e tans huius exiftuff" die! ijstat in conspectu meoj genera ^
MMoveor h!s rebus omnibusJ sed in earn partem, ut!
safvijmt vob!scunr omnes, etiam s! jne vis aliqua
30 oppresserit, potius q uarn^-eT lIli et nos_ una re! pub-
licae peste pereamus^— — _. -
Qua re, patres conscript!, incumqjfe ad salutem re!
publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impen-
dent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterun?
IN CATILINAM IV. ill. 105
tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod
agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturnmus, quod
C. Memmium occldit, in discrimen r anquod atque in
vestrae severitatisnOdicium adducitur ; tenentuT eiLqui
ad urbis incendiunwad Kestraia^Qgnyi caed€fn7 ad 5
Catillnam accipiendum Romae restTfenmt; tenentur
litterae, slgna, manus, denique unlus cuiusque confessio ;^
sollicitantuiK Allobroges, servitia-^excitantur, Catillna
arcessif ur ; id est initum consilium, ut interf ectls omni-
bus nemo ne ad deplorXriolunV quidem popull RomanI 10
nomen afcque ad lamentanHam tantl imperl calamita-
tem relinxmatur. . - ^
« a — ^~*& c**^?"^* _
III. Haec omn^a indices detuleruntyrel confessl sunt))
vos multls iam iuol^ilsiuaicavistis. jprimum quod mihi
gratias egistis singularibus verbl^ et mea virtute atque 15
dlligentia perditorum hominum eoniurationem patefac^^-^^^f
tarn esse decrevistjs ; fieinde quod P. Lentulum se
s Tabdicare praetura coegistis ; turn quod eum et ceteros,
de quibus iudicastis^ in custodiam dandos aEnsuistis A
maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationenV " decre^ 20
vistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est Gemini;
v postremo % hesterno die praemia legatls Allobrogum
Titoque Volturcio dedist^-'^mplissima. Quae sunt
omnia eius modi, ut /ei; qui ih custodiam nominatim
datl sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobls damnatl esse 25
yj deantur. -, • * J
Sed ego fnstitul referre ad vosApatres conscript!,
tamquam in tegrum^ e t de factd^quid i udicetis , et de
poena quid censeatls. Ilia praedlcam, quae sunt
consulis. s Ego magnurn ~_i» r| public^, versarl furo- 30
rem e t^-nova.quaejflgcnv miscprf et cofenarl mala iam
prldem videbagr; sed_ hanc tantarm tarn exmo^&anPha-
berl coniurationem a clvibus n ^fflirffianT putavL 3 Nunc
quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes incllnant
1 utJUA^ce^L
106 M. TULLI CICERONIS
id
. - — r 1^4 cU-Hyiv^-^jid
atque sententiae./ statuendum vobls -ante noctem est.
— _ ^ j' c r~*"*^ .
Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. . Huic
, si paucof^putatis^^adfines' esse, vehementer erratis. y j
, f Latius opinione disseminatum^TesT^oc"" malum ; ma- 1 /'
V/5 navit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit
j**fC Alpes et obscure serpens multas lam provincias occu-
pavit. Id oppnmi sustentando aut prolatando rnbllo
pactol potest ; quacumque ratione placet, celeriter
vobls - vindicandum est t~*W~ ' l*. ^^<^^CiCj?<x
io IV. Video duas adhuc esse sententias; unam D.
Silani, qui censePxos, qui haec delere ^conati sunt,
morte esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis
poenanr^removet, ceterorum suppliciorum -^rnnes acer- '
bitates ampt^muv Uterque et pro sua dignitate et^
15 pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate< ^rsat un^u^
Alter teds, quP nos omnes vita 6 privare cjifoati surjj^
.xjul • d|ler^imperium, qui popull .Roman! nomei^jex^
£tinguere, pums^um temporis fnyjvita et hoc com-
muni splritu jion - putat oportere^ ktque lipc genus
20 poenae sae#e in improbos elves in-4racT^re publica
esse usurpatum recordatur.^^-^^
<Alter £jntellegit ^nortem__ah dis immortalibus non
esse supplici causa^c onstitutam, sed aut necessitatem
naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum^quieiem. Itaque
/WV n 11^^25 earn sapientes^ ^numqiiam mvTtj, fo rtes, saepe etiam
^JU^jr^^ libenter oppetiverunt.^- Vincula vero, et ea sempi-
ternal certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris
inventa sunt. Municipils dispertlrl iubet. Habere
videtui£ ista res iniquitatemjcsi imperare^vells, diffi-
30 cultatem, is! rbgare. Decernatur tamen,«^sl placet
Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam, v ""qui_
quod salutis^omnium causa statueritis is ^««rri* r ^putent
esse^" suae dlgnitatis\ recusare.-^^Huingit gravem
poenam municipils, si quis eonrai vincula^rjiperit ;
IN CATILINAM IV. v. 107
horribiles custodias circumdat et dlgnas scelere homi-
nura perditorum ; sancit , ne quis eorum poenam, Z^* *-&r*-
quos condemn'at, aut per senatum aut per populum
levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae i sola homines
in miserils c6nsolar*^5ole£. (Bonz^ praeterea publican 5
iubet ; ^vltarn. solam relinquit , nef arils hominibus ;
quam si eripuisset,l multos una dol5res ( -animI 'atque
corporis! et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. Ita- f ^^ftf
que ut al^qua in vita <£ormido v imprnhTst^-^pspt- p^gtg/ A*\&_xkJL
apud Inferos eius, modl^quaedam> <jJll antiquQ suppli-' 10
cia impiTsP^onstitiita_._esse v^]i^iifa^--€(i3tr^viaelicet -H-cW
intellegebant |h is remotlsj non esse mortem ipsam
pertimescendam. ^r/L^i- ^ ~fo*
V. Nunc, patres conscrlptl, ego mea vjdeo quid m-
tersit. Si eritis secutf sententianrC. Caesaris, quoniam 15
hanc 4s) in re p ublica^ iam, quae popularis habetur,
secutus est irfoltasse minus erunt jhoc auctore et cogni-
tore huiusce sententiaelmihi populares impels, gerti^ 1 ""*""'
mescendl ; sin illam alteram, nescio an an^lm^sSpihi ^ ^h *cr<
ro^negotl contraMtur. SeoTTamen meorum perlculorum 20
rationes utilitas rel publicae vincat. s
Habemus enim a Caesare, slcut ipsluir, dlgnitas et
maiorum ems amplitudo postulabat , sententiarrr tam-
quam obsidem t p erpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis.
Intellectum est, V^uid interesset inter levitateni^tentio- 25 jttf&-{uui
natorum et \ animum vere popularem,\ salutl populi ' r
coft^ftfentem. . Video de istls, v qul> se populares haJasrl'^
vo-Lunt, abesse (flon^nemfnenv, ne dl«capite~ videlicet i ( 1
avium Romanorum csententiam ferat ; at is e t jiudms M^^
tertius in custodianf elves Romanos dedit et supplica- 3a
tionem mihi decrevit fet M ices > Iteft^So^die maximls
praemils a3tecit^ ,i ^lam h5c neminl^dubium estWuired /UCu^^(
custodiam, quaesitorl^gratulationem, indicl^praemium
de^reWJ je j uicp de tota re et causa iudicarit.
108 M. TULLI CICERONIS
At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse
de clvibus Romania. constitu tarn ; qui autem rel publicae
( Vw*^ §jj_ hosti.A'eum civem^esse nullo mod5 j^ossej denique
,? ^ ipsum* larorem Semproniae legis; mius^u p opulij poenas
5 re! publicae depenflisse^ JdemJLipsum JLentulum, lar- __
jAoif^y^ gitorem et pr6digum/i non prcrtat, cum de pernicie
*i£*rk f P°P U ^ Roman!, exitio hmus"" > Ti*bis Ctam^acerbe, tarn
J crudelite r) cogitariff< - etiam appellgr^^sse^^pularem.
Itaque homo^mltissimus atque lenissimus non dul5r£at
10 P. Lentulum aeternls tenebrls vincullsque mandare et
^sancit?_ IiT^osterum, ^ne quis huius 4&pJ)licio^levando
se iactare et in ^erlnciem popul^R5man! ^g5stha$/
^ vv Y^l f /popularis^es^eposs^^
bononjm^ ut v omnes> animrffiuciatuj> et corporis etiam
15 egesEas ac mehHi(fitat->eonsequatur.
VI." Quam ob rem, s!ve hoc statueritis , dederitis
mitti comitem ad c^nCionehi populo ^carum atque
&scjjip\*jufa iucundum, sive Silani sententiam^$eq^fc^ malueritis^
facile m^y atcme_yos a. crudelita£is vttuperatione po-
^u^t^*^- 20 pulus Romanus exsolvet, atque obtin€b5^am multo
leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscript!, quae
pot est esse in tant! sceleris immanitate punienda
crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu . judico . Nam
ita ytf THT) salva re publica voblscum ^peYfruI lie eat (ut
25 ego, yquod in hac_.causa vehementiofO sum, ^TptT/ atro-
citate animl^joveor) — qujs__enim est me^lftior? —
sed singular^ qTiSoanrhumanitate et misericordia. ^e^cty.
Video^enim^^ihi^fidlf^^Jiaiifi^ urbem, lu cem orbis »
terrarum jatque arcernVomriium gentium, \subito und
30 incendio concidentem ■Hotio' ammo ] sepulfe in patria
miseros atque Insepultos^ acertfos cwju'm'; £ersatur
^ tV2 _ ■ mjft T_aftfe" ocu losj/aspectus^ethegi^e^uror in vestra
caede baccrTantts^- — CunT ver5 mihi^jwposui re-
gnantem Lentulum, A slcut ipse se" ex fatls^-sjDerasse;..
1 IN CATILINAM IV. vi. 109
confes sus est, J purpuratum esse huic Gablnium,! cum
exercitu venisse Catillnam,/ turn lamentationem ma-
trum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum
ac vexationem . virginum Vestalium perhorresco^ et, ~~
quia mihi jtehementer ffaec j v identur m isera atque 5
"miser anda,iiac?f co in eos, qui ea^ pe^ffCSre voluerunt,
me^fceverum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, ~3^( &v j
si quis pater familias,J llberls suls a servo interf ectls,|
uxore occisa/lincensa domo, Isuppliciurr^ de servo non
quam ^cerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac io
misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus 'esse
vi deatur . Mihi veroNimportunus ac ferreusl qui n on
dolore et cruciatu hocentis [suum dol5rem cruciatum-
que j fiaifigL. r~-5— /
Sic .no's in his^hominibus, /Cjui/ nos, qui coniuges, 15
qui llberos nostros trucldare voluerunt, (c^ufr , singulas
unlus ciiiusque nostrum ^mos et hoc imiversum rel
publicae domiciliuniaeTere^'conatl sunt, ^qul id^ege-
,runt». -ut gentem Allobrogum jn vestigiis^huius urbis
atque in cinere dertagratf imperi Trollocareat. , si vehe- 20
mentissiml<; fiierinrms T misericordes ^rhabebimur ; . sin ; - <*>-»+***
^ ; r^ missi 5res esse - ^oluerimus, summae nobis , prudeli-
tatis jn patriae cIviumque Q^ernic ig Tifms^ su Se3nda_
esc. Nisi vero lv buipiamfL. Caesar, vir fortissimus et 'A^V*^:
amantissimus j rei publicaeT^ crudeli or (nudius tertius)25$H 0<
^jri sus est j^cum^ sor5ris ^Suae. f erninae plectissimae r y ir um ^°*
j2r^esp.r>teni ^ . ..audientem. vita litivan^rum esse^ dixit,
cum avum suum iussu consulis interf ecturn j flliumque
eius impuberelfe, legatum a patre missum\ in carcere J^S^A
necatum esse \dlxit. Quorum quod simile factum] 30 4***?**
quod mitum^elend.ae reljj ublicae consilium? . £ \ZU
Largltionis^^ojirrrtas^ turn in re publica versata est £^*
et partium^quaedam contention Atque eo tempore
huius kyu| LentullJvir clarissimus, ! armatus Gracchum
110 M. TULLI CICERONIS •
est persecutus. Ille etiam grave turn vulnus accepit,
ne quid de summa re publica de minueretur ; (jSc^
ad evertenda re! publicae fundamenta Gallos< arces- *~**? 6
sit, servitiatr concitat^ Catillnam£~ vocat, attnbuit ^ios
5 trucidandos CethegoCjet ceteros elves .interficiendos
GablnioJ urbem Inflammandam Cassio,J totam Jtaliam
vastandam dlripiendamque Catilmae.J ypreafjrnnT, ren-
seo,) Ine in hoc scelere tarn immanl ac nef andoj nimis
aliquid severe statuisse videfaminl,; multo magis est
10 verendum, ne remissione poenaej crOdeles in patriamj yyb
fl^L>i quam ne cseveritate animadversionis nimis vehementes.
in acerbissimos hostes f\jjgge_ v[de^ mur - ^^^
VII. Sed ea, quae exaudid, patres conscript!, dis-
simulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae
15 perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum, qui vereri videntur,
ut habeam satis praebidl ad ea, quae v5s statueritis
hodiernd die, transigunctar Omnia et pro visa et pa-
rata et constituta sunt, patres conscript!, cum mea
summa cura atque dlligentia, turn etiam multo maiore
20 popull Roman! ad summum imperium retinendum
et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate:
Omnes adsunt* omnium ordinum homines, omnium
denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena templa cir- -
cum forum, plenl omnes aditus huius tempi! ac loci.
25 Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa
sola, in qua omnes sentlrent unum atque idem, prae- 9^
ter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum
omnibus potius quam sol! perlre voluerunt. Hosce
ego homines exdipta et secerno libenter; nequfe in
30 improborum cIvium^seH irf/'acerbissimorum rroStium
numer5 habendos Q)utcV Ceterl vero, d! immortales !
qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad commu-
nem salutem dlgnitatemque consentiunt!
Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem? qui
IN CATILINAM IV. vm. HI
vobis ita summam ordinis consillque concedunt, ut
voblscum de amore rel publicae certent ; quos ex
multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis acUiSO-
cietatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies
v5blscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si con- 5
iunctionem, conflrmatam in consulate meo, perpetuam
in re publica Jsnuerimus^ conflrmo vobis nullum
posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rel
publicae partem esse venturum. uJdfo^
Pari studio defendundae rel publicae convenisJBe 10
r ideo/ tribunos aerarios,\ fortissimos viros~ scrlbas^
'LU
item universos,^ quos cunV c^suhif dies ad aerarium
yffr frequentasset,) video jib exspectatione^oftis ad salu-
tem communenvesse conversos. ^tshrP^h'
Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- 15
simorum. Quis^est enim, cui non haec templa,
aspectus urbis,f possessio llbertatis,,\ lux^denique haec r
ipsa jet hoc commune patriae solum cum sit carum,^^ 1 ^
' turn vero clulce #tque iucundumPt^o^^'
'VIII. Operae pretium est^ patres c5nscrlptl, liber- 20
tlnorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute
fortunam huius clvitatis consecutl, hanc suam esse
patriam iudicant, \ quam quldam hie natl, \et summo
natl loco, J non patriam suam, sed urbem hostium
esse iudicaverunt. 25 » x
Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque comme- \ ^slmJ^\
moro, quos prlvatae fortunae, quos communis res
publica, quos denique llbertas,/^a>quae dulcissima ^/^)
est, \ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? Ser-
vus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condieione sit 30
servitutis, qui non audaciam clvium perhorrescatj-qttf —
non haec stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et
quantum potest, conferat ad communem salutem,
fit- K
112 M. TULLI CICERONIS
y V JgycA^cJL*
Qua re si quern vcstrum forte commovet h5c,
quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentull concur-
sare circum tabernas, 'pretio sperare sollicitare posse
animos eg^htium atque imperltorum, est id quidem
5 coeptum atque ^temptatum] sed null! sunt invent! tarn
aut fortuna*- miserl aut voluntate*- perditl, qui non
ilium ipsum-sellae atque operis et quaestus cotldian!
locum, qui non cublle ac lectulum sUumAqui denique
n5n cursum hunc otiosum vltae suae salvum esse
io^velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in
tabernls sunt, \ imrrio ' vero — id enim potius est di-
cenduml — genus hoc universum amantissimum est
otl. Etenim omne InstrumentunO omnis opera atque
quaestus frequentia civium slistentatu r, alitur 6ti5 ;
15 quorum si quaestus /occlusis tabernisl minul solet,
quid tandem incensls futurum fuit ? . (
IX. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscript!, vobls
popul! RomanI praesidia non desunt* vos ne populo
Romano aeCsse videamin!,_proyidete<; Habetis con-
20 sulem ex plurimis periculls et Insidiis atque ex
media morte non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem
vestram reservatum. Omnes 5rdines ad conservan-
dam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studi5, virtute,
v5ce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tel!s impiae
25 coniurationis vobls supplex manus tendit patria com-
munis, vob!s se, vob!s v!tam omnium c!vium, vob!s
arcem et Capitolium, vob!s aras "Penatium, vob!s
ilium Ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobls omnium de-
5rum templa atque delubra, vob!s muros atque urbis
30 tecta commendat. .[A
Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum
atque l!ber5rum anima, de fortunls omnium, de se-
dibus, de focis vestris hodierno'die vob!s iudicandum
est. Habetis ducem memorem vestrl, obhtum sul,
\^\
IN CATILINAM IV. x. 113
quae n5n semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordi-
nes, omnes homines, universum populum Romanum,
fid c[uod in clvlll causa hodierno die prlmum vide-
mus, Junum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, quantls
laborious fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabili- 5
tarn llbertatem, quanta de6rum benlgnitate auctas
exaggeratasque fortunes una nox ^paene delerit. Id
ne umquam posthac non modo non contel, sed ne e
cogitarl quidem possit a clvibus, hodi ern5 die pro-
videndum est. Atque haec r . non ut vos, qui mihi 10
studi5 paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed
ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica prmcepsi
officio functa consularl videretui£ rfe c£<-J tko^JlQ
X. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo de me
pauca dlcam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, 15
quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimlco-
rum multitudinem suscepisse video; sed y earn esse
iudicS turpem et infirmam et abiectam. Quod si -jQ-^Jk^**
aliquandol alicuius furore et scelere concitatafcTmanus
ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rel publicae dlgni- 20
tas, ! me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum
numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. Etenim mors, N '
quam ill! fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata ; -<
yltae tantam laudem. quanta vos m,e v^fetrls decretls
fj^honestastis, nemo est ' adsecutus. ' Ceteris enim bene 25
gesta, mihi unl conservata re pflblica gratulationem
decrevistis . ^~~^ * V^
Sit Sclpio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute
Hannibal in Africam redlre atque Italia decedere
coactus est ; ornetur alter exirri&'^laude Africanus, 30
qui duas urbes^iuic imperio In£es{issimas,~"~Kartha-
ginem Numantiamque, jdelevit ; haofetur vir egregius
Paulus ille, J cuius -currum rex potentissimus quondam
et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria
KJ :0
114 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis
libera vit ; anteponattrr omnibus Pompeius, [cuius res
gestae atque virtutesxlsdem qujbus solis cursus re-
gionibus ac terminls continentur : erit profecto inter
5 horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriael nisi forte
maius est patefacere nobis provincias,\ quo exlre
possimus, i quam curare, ut etiam illl, qui absunt,
J* habeant, quo victores revertantur.
Quamquam esL uno loco condici5 melior externae
10 victoriae quam domesticae,) quod hostes alienigenae (fr^H
aut oppr^§iJIls^3annfautfreceptI in amlcitiam) bene-
ficio se^ obligat5s putanfc; qui autem ex numero
clvium, dementia aliqua depravatl, hostes patriae se-
mel esse coeperuntJ^ps cum a pernicie rel publicae
15 reppuleris, I nee vl coercere nee beneficio placare
possls. Qua re mihi cum perditls clvibus aeternum
bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bono-
rumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum perl-
culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus
20 est, sed in Omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus
rdftAJ^ semper haerebit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl
posse/- c6nfld5. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperie-'
tur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Roma-
norum et tantam consplrationem bonorum omnium
25 confringere et labefactare possit.
XI. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu,
pro provincia, quam neglexl, ; pr5 triumpho ceterlsque
laudis Inslgnibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis
, vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells
jjjjf^ /3° hospitilsque provirrcialibus, quae tamen urbanls ,. ; opi-
jtfji bus non minore labore tueor quam comparS, W°
his igitur omnibus rebus,\ pro mels in vos singu-
laribus studils \ proque hac. ,fquam perspicitis, ad
conservandam rem publicam Vnligentia, nihil a vobls
IN CATILINAM IV. XI. 115
nisi huius/ temporis totlusque mel consulates memo-
riam postulo; quae dum erit in vestrls fixa menti- S^oJt^
bus, tutissimo me mur5 saeptum esse arbitrabor. v ~~
Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque
superaverit, commendo— vobls parvum meum filium, 5.
cui profecto satis erit praesidlj n5n solum ad salu-
tem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, sT eius, qui haec
omnia suo sollus penculo conservarit, ilium filium
esse memineritis.
Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique 10
RomanI, de vestris coniugibus ac liberls, de arls ac
focis, de fanls atqu</ templls, de totius urbis tectls
ac sedibus, de imperio Jac libertate, de salute Italiae,
de universa re publica clecernite diligenter,_ ut Insti-
tuistis, ac fortite/ v Habetis eum consulem, qui et 15
parerd.. vestrls decretls non dubitejt-et ea, quae statu-
eritis, quoad vlvet, defendere^^L-pef se ipsum prae-
stare possit.
^ -#
Carcer — Mamertine Prison.
A. Upper Dungeon.
B. Lower Dungeon — Tullianum.
a a. Lower floor of present church
above.
b. Hole through which the condemned
were let down into the Tullianum.
c. Spring of clear water.
d d. Solid rock.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI ORATIO
AD QUI RITES.
I. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus
vester multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad
agendum amplissimus, I ad dlcendum ornatissimus est
vlsus, Quirltes, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper
5 optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas
adhuc, sed vltae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate
susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aeta-
tem nondum huius auctoritatem loci attingere aude-
rem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio,
10 elaboratum industria adferrl oportere, omne meum
tempus amlc5rum temporibus transmittendum putavi.
Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab els,
qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in
prlvatdrum perlculls caste integreque versatus, ex
15 vestro iudici5 fructum est amplissimum consecutus.
Nam cum propter dllationem comitiorum ter praetor
primus centurils cunctls renuntiatus sum, facile in-
tellexl, Quirltes, et quid de me iudicaretis et quid
alils praescrlberetis.
20 Nunc, cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quan-
tum vos honoribus mandandls esse voluistis, et ad
agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant!
116
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI n. 117
ex forensl usu prope cotldiana dicendl exercitatio
potuit adferre, certe et, si quid auctoritatis in me
est, apud eos utar, qui earn mihi dederunt, et, si
quid in dicendo consequl possum, els ostendam
potissimum, qui el quoque rei fructum suo iudicio 5
tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in prlmis
mihi laetandum iure esse video, quod in hac Inso-
lita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendl causa talis
oblata est, in qua oratio deesse neminl possit. Dl-
cendum est enim de Cn. Pompel singularl eximiaque 10
virtute ; huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum
quam prlncipium invenlre. Ita mihi non tam copia
quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est.
II. Atque ut inde oratio mea proficlscatur, unde
haec omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et perlcu- 15
x6sum vestrls vectlgalibus ac socils a duobus po-
tentissimls regibus Infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane,
quorum alter rellctus, alter lacessltus occasionem
sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur.
Equitibus Romanls, honestissimls virls, adferuntur ex 20
Asia cotldie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in
vestrls vectlgalibus exercendls occupatae ; qui ad me
pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine,
causam rei publicae perlculaque rerum suarum de-
tulerunt : Blthyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, 25
vlcos exustos esse complures; regnum Ariobarzanis,
quod flnitimum est vestrls vectlgalibus, t5tum esse
in hostium potestate ; L. Lucullum magnls rebus
gestls ab eo bello discedere ; huic qui successerit,
non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administran- 3°
dum ; unum ab omnibus socils et civibus ad id
bellum imperatorem deposcl atque expetl, eundem
hunc unum ab hostibus metul, praeterea neminem.
Causa quae sit, videtis ; nunc, quid agendum sit,
118 M. TULLI CICERONIS
considerate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli,
deinde de magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo
esse djcendum.
Genus est enim belli eius modi, quod maxime
5 vestros animos excitare atque Inflammare ad perse-
quendl studium debeat; in quo agitur populi Ro-
man! gloria, quae vobls a maioribus cum magna in
omnibus rebus, turn summa in re militarl tradita
est; agitur salus sociorum atque amlcorum, pro
10 qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia bella
gesserunt ; aguntur certissima populi Roman! vectl-
galia et maxima, quibus amissls et pads ornamenta
et subsidia bell! requlretis; aguntur bona multorum
clvium, quibus est a vobls et ipsorum et re! pu-
15 blicae causa consulendum.
III. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter
ceteras gentes atque avid! laudis fuistis, delenda
est vobls ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore
concepta, quae penitus iam Insedit ac nimis invete-
20 ravit in populi RomanI nomine, quod is, qui uno
die tota in Asia, tot in clvitatibus, uno nuntio
atque una slgnificati5ne litterarum elves R5manos
necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc
poenam' nullam suo dlgnam scelere suscepit, sed ab
25 illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum re-
gnat, et ita regnat, ut se non PontI neque Cappa-
dociae latebris occultare velit, sed emergere ex
• patrio regno atque in vestrls vectlgalibus, hoc est,
in Asiae luce, versarl.
30 Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contende-
runt imperatores, ut ab illo Insignia victoriae, non
victoriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, tri-
umphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, duo fortissiml
virl et summl imperatores, sed ita triumpharunt, ut
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI v. 119
ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum tamen
illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda, quod egerunt,
venia danda, quod rellquerunt, propterea quod ab
eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam
Sulla revocavit. 5
IV. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non
ad obllvionem veteris bellf, sed ad comparationem
novl contulit ; qui cum maximas aedificasset ornas-
setque classes exercitusque permagnos, quibuscumque
ex gentibus potuisset, comparasset et se Bospo- 10
ranis, finitimls suis, bellum Inferre simularet, usque
in Hispaniam legatos ac litteras mlsit ad eos duces,
quibuscum turn bellum gerebamus, ut, cum duo-
bus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque dlversis uno
consilio a binls hostium copils bellum terra marique 15
gereretur, vos ancipitl contentione distrlctl de imperi5
dimicaretis.
Sed tamen alterius partis perlculum, Sertorianae
atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus flrmamentl ac
roboris habebat, Cn. Pompel divlno consilio ac sin- 2c
gularl virtute depulsum est; in altera parte ita res
a L. Luculld, summo viro, est administrata, ut initia
ilia rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non
felicitatl eius, sed virtutl, haec autem extrema, quae
nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda 25
esse videantur. Sed de Lucull5 dlcam alio loco,
et ita dlcam, Quirltes, ut neque vera laus el de-
tracta oratione mea neque falsa adflcta esse videatur;
de vestri imperl dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is
est exorsus orationis meae, videte quern vobis ani- 3c
mum suscipiendum putetis.
V. Maiores nostrl saepe mercatoribus aut navi-
cularils nostrls iniiiriosius tractatls bella gesserunt ;
vos, tot mllibus clvium Romanorum uno niintio atque
120 M. TULLI CICERONIS
uno tempore necatls, quo tandem animo esse debe.
tis ? LegatI quod erant appellatl superbius, Corin-
thum patres vestrl, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum
esse voluerunt ; vos eum regem inultum esse patie-
5 mini, qui legatum populi Roman! consularem vinculls
ac verberibus atque omnl supplicio excruciatum
necavit ? I 111 llbertatem civium Romanorum immi-
nutam non tulerunt : vos vltam ereptam neglegetis ?
Ius legationis verbo violatum illl persecuti sunt;
10 vos legatum omnl supplicio interf ectum relinquetis ?
Videte, ne, ut illls pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis
imperl gloriam tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit id,
quod accepistis, tueri et conservare non posse.
Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in perlcu-
15 lum ac discrlmen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre
debetis ? Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex,
socius populi RomanI atque amicus ; imminent duo
reges toti Asiae non solum vobis inimlcissiml, sed
etiam vestrls socils atque amlcls; clvitates autem
20 omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium
exspectare propter perlcull magnitudinem coguntur ;
imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum prae-
sertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque se
id facere sine summo perlcul5 posse arbitrantur.
2 5 Vident et sentiunt hoc idem, quod vos, unum virum
esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum propter
esse, quo etiam carent aegrius; cuius adventu ipso
atque nomine, tametsl ille ad maritimum bellum
venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intel-
3° legunt ac retardatos.
Hi vos, quoniam llbere loqul non licet tacite
rogant, ut se quoque, slcut ceterarum provinciarum
socios, dlgnos exlstimetis, quorum salutem tall viro
commendetis, atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI VI. 121
in provinciam eius modi homines cum imperio mit-
timus, ut, etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen ip-
sorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum
ab hostili expugnatione differant; hunc audiebant
antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta temperantia, 5
tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut el bea-
tissiml esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime
commoratur.
VI. Qua re, si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria
lacessltl, maiores nostrl cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, 10
cum Aetolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto
vos studio convenit, iniurils provocatos, sociorum sa-
lutem una cum imperl vestrl dlgnitate defendere,
praesertim cum de maximis vestrls vectigalibus aga-
tur? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Qui- 15
rites, tanta sunt, ut els ad ipsas provincias tutandas
vix contentl esse posslmus ; Asia vero tarn oplma
est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate
fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine
earum rerum, quae exportentur, facile omnibus terns 20
antecellat.
Itaque haec vobls, provincia, Qujrltes, si et belli
utilitatem et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, non
modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis
est defendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus cum venit 25
calamitas, turn detrlmentum accipitur; at in vecti-
galibus non solum adventus mall, sed etiam metus
ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium cdpiae
non longe absunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est,
tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agrl cultura deseritur, 3c
mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex
portu neque ex decumls neque ex scrlptura vectlgal
conservarl potest; qua re saepe totlus annl fructus
iino rumore perlculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur.
122 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Qu5 tandem igitur animo esse exlstimatis aut e5s,
qui vectlgalia nobis pensitant, aut eos, qui exercent
atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximls copiis
propter adsint? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi
5 tempore totius annl vectlgal auferre possit? cum
publican! familias maximas, quas in saltibus habent,
quas in agris, quas in portubus atque custodils,
magn5 perlculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne
vos illls rebus frui posse, nisi eos, qui vobls fructul
10 sunt, conservaritis non solum, ut ante dlxl, calami-
tate, sed etiam calamitatis f ormidine llberatos ?
VII. Ac ne illud quidem vobls neglegendum est,
quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem
de belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona
15 civium Romanorum pertinet ; quorum vobls pr5
vestra sapientia, Quirltes, habenda est ratio dlligen-
ter. Nam et publican!, homines honestissim! atque
ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam pro-
vinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et
20 fortunae vobls ciirae esse debent. Etenim, si vec-
tlgalia nervos esse rei publicae semper duximus,
eum certe ordinsm, qui exercet ilia, flrmamentum
ceterorum ordinum recte esse dlcemus. Deinde ex
ceteris ordinibus homines gnavl atque industril par-
25 tim ipsl in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus
consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia
pecunias magnas collocatas habent.
Est igitur humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum
eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre
30 mult5rum civium calamitatem a re publica seiunc-
tam esse n5n posse. Etenim prlmum illud parvi
refert, nos publica his omissls vectlgalia postea victo-
ria recuperare ; neque enim Isdem redimendl f acultas
erit propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas propter
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI vm. 123
timorem. Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque
idem iste Mithridates initio belli AsiaticI docuit, id
quidem certe calamitate doctl memoria retinere de-
bemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res magnas per-
multi amiserant, sclmus Romae soluti5ne impedita 5
fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in clvitate
multl rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures se-
cum in eandem trahant calamitatem.
A quo perlculo prohibete rem publicam et mihi
credite, id quod ipsi videtis, haec fides atque haec 10
ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro ver-
satur, implicata est cum illls pecunils Asiaticis et
cohaeret; ruere ilia non possunt ut haec non
eodem labefacta motu concidant. Qua re videte,
num dubitandum vobls sit omni studio ad id bel- 15
lum incumbere, in quo gldria nominis vestrl, salus
soci5rum, vectlgalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum
civium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur.
VIII. Quoniam de genere belli dlxl, nunc de
magnitudine pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc did, 20
belli genus esse ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum,
non esse ita magnum, ut sit pertimescendum. In
quo maxime laborandum est, ne forte ea vobls,
quae dlligentissime providenda sunt, contemnenda
esse videantur. 25
Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tan-
tum impertlre laudis, quantum fortl viro et sapientl
hominl et magno imperatorl debeatur, dlco eius
adventu maximas MithridatI copias omnibus rebus
ornatas atque Instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae cla- 3°
rissimam noblsque amlcissimam, Cyzicenorum, ob-
sessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et
oppugnatam vehementissime ; quam L. Lucullus vir-
tute, adsiduitate, consilio, summls obsidionis perlculls
124 M. TULLI CICERONIS
llberavit; ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et
ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianls ad Italiam studio
atque odio Inflammata raperetur, superatam esse
atque depressam ; magnas hostium praeterea copias
5 multls proelils esse deletas patefactumque nostrls
legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano
ex omnl aditu clausus fuisset; Sinopen atque Ami-
sum, quibus in oppidls erant domicilia regis, omni-
bus rebus ornatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes PontI
10 et Cappadociae permultas uno aditu adventuque
esse captas ; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque
avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes sup-
plicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia salvls popull
Roman! sociis atque integrls vectlgalibus esse gesta.
15 Satis oplnor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirltes,
ut h5c vos intellegatis, a. nullo istorum, qui huic
obtrectant legl atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter
ex hoc loco esse laudatum.
IX. Requlretur fortasse nunc, quern ad modum,
20 cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse
bellum. CognSscite, Quirltes; non enim hoc sine
causa quaerl videtur.
Prlmum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit,
ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse
25 dlcitur, fluam praedicant in f uga f ratris sul membra
in els locls, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipa-
visse, ut eorum collectio dispersa maerorque patrius
celeritatem persequendl retardaret. Sic Mithridates
fugiens maximam vim aurl atque argentl pulcher-
30 rimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a maioribus
acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia dl-
reptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem
rellquit. Haec dum nostrl colligunt omnia dlligen-
tius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in
35 persequendl studio maeror, hos laetitia tardavit.
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI ix. 125
Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Arme-
nius, excepit diffldentemque rebus suls conflrmavit
et adfllctum erexit perditumque recreavit. Cuius in
regnum postea quam L. Liicullus cum exercitu venit,
plures etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum 5
concitatae sunt. Erat enim metus iniectus els na-
tionibus, quas numquam populus Romanus neque
lacessendas bello neque temptandas putavit; erat
etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae ani-
mos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fan! locupletis- 10
simi et religiosissiml diripiendl causa in eas oras
nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes
multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu
concitabantur.
Noster autem exercitus, tametsl urbem ex Tigra- 15
nis regno ceperat et proelils usus erat secundls,
tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac deslderio su-
orum commovebatur. Hie iam plura non dicam ;
fuit enim illud extremum, ut ex els locls a mlli-
tibus nostris reditus magis maturus quam processio 20
longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam
manum iam c5nflrmarat, et magnis adventiciis auxi-
liis multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam
hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum ad-
flictae fortunae facile multorum opes adliciant ad 25
misericordiam, maximeque eorum, qui aut reges sunt
aut vlvunt in regn5, ut els nomen regale magnum
et sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus
emcere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est
ausus optare. Nam, cum se in regnum suum 30
recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod el praeter
spem acciderat, ut illam, postea quam pulsus erat,
terram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum
clarum atque victorem impetum fecit.
126 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Sinite hoc loco, Quirltes, sicut poetae solent, qui
res Romanas scrlbunt, praeterire me nostram cala-
mitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad aures impe-
ratoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone
5 rumor adferret. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque
belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex
parte els incommodis mederl fortasse potuisset, ve-
stro iussu coactus, qui imperl diuturnitatl modum
statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem mlli-
10 turn, qui iam stlpendils confectl erant, dlmlsit, par-
tem M'. GlabrionI tradidit.
Multa praetereo consulto ; sed ea vos coniectura
perspicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis,
quod coniungant reges potentissiml, renovent agi-
15 tatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus
imperator noster accipiat vetere exercitu pulso.
X. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re
esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magni-
tudine perlcul5sum ; restat, ut de imperatore ad id
20 bellum deligendo ac tantls rebus praeficiendo dlcen-
dum esse videatur. Utinam, Quirltes, virorum for-
tium atque innocentium copiam tantam haberetis, ut
haec vobls dellberatio difficilis esset, quemnam po-
tissimum tantls rebus ac tanto bello praeficiendum
25 putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius,
qui non modo eorum hominum, qui nunc sunt,
gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute
superarit, quae res est, quae cuiusquam animum in
hac causa dubium facere possit ? Ego enim sic
30 exlstimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has res
inesse oportere, scientiam rel mllitaris, virtutem, auc-
toritatem, felicitatem.
Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit
aut esse debuit ? qui e ludo atque pueritiae discipllnls,
"'''*■;■■■«
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xi. 127
bello maximo atque acerrimis hostibus, ad patris ex-
ercitum atque in mllitiae discipllnam profectus est;
qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summl
imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximl ipse exerci-
tus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste confllxit, 5
quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella
gessit quam ceterl legerunt, plures provincias confe-
cit quam alii concuplverunt ; cuius adulescentia ad
scientiam rel mllitaris non alienls praeceptls, sed suls
imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victorils, non 10
stlpendils, sed triumphls est erudlta.
Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium
non exercuerit fortuna rel publicae ? Civile, Africa-
num, Transalplnum, Hispaniense, servile, navale bel-
lum, varia et dlversa genera et bellorum et hostium, 15
non solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta,
nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam mllitarl,
quae huius virl scientiam fugere possit.
XI. lam vero virtutl Cn. Pompel quae potest ora-
tio par invenlrl ? Quid est, quod quisquam aut illo 20
dignum aut vobls novum aut cuiquam inaudltum
possit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes
imperatoriae, quae vulg5 exlstimantur, labor in ne-
gotils, fortitudo in perlculls, industria in agendo,
celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo; 25
quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus re-
liquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audlvimus,
non fuerunt.
Testis est Italia, quam ilfe ipse victor L. Sulla
huius virtute et subsidio confessus est llberatam ; 30
testis est Sicilia, quam multls undique clnctam perl-
culls non terrore belli, sed consill celeritate expli-
cavit ; testis est Africa, quae magnls oppressa hos-
tium copils eorum ipsorum sanguine redundavit;
128 M. TULLI CICERONIS
testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostrls iter in
Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est;
testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes
ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit; testis est
5 iterum et saepius Italia, quae cum servlll bello
taetro perlculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium
absente expetlvit, quod bellum exspectatione eius
attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum
ac sepultum ; testes nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae
10 atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique
maria omnia cum universa, turn in singulis oris
omnes sinus atque portus.
Quis enim toto marl locus per hos annos aut tarn
flrmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset, aut tam
[5 fuit abditus, ut lateret ? Quis navigavit, qui non se
aut mortis aut servitutis perlculo committeret, cum
aut hieme aut refertd praedonum marl navigaret ?
Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late
dlvlsum atque dispersum quis umquam arbitraretur
20 aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno ann5 aut omni-
bus annls ab uno imperatore conficl posse ? Quam
pr5vinciam tenuistis a praedonibus llberam per hosce
annos ? Quod vectlgal vobls tutum fuit ? Quern
socium def endistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestrls
25 fuistis ? Quam multas exlstimatis Insulas esse deser-
tas, quam multas aut metu rellctas aut a praedoni-
bus captas urbes esse soci5rum ?
XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit
hoc quondam, fuit proprium popull RomanI, longe
30 a domo bellare et propugnaculls imperl sociorum
fortunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego no-
strls mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dlcam, cum
exercitus vestrl numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme
summa transmlserint ? Qui ad vos ab exterls nationi-
DE 1MPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xn. 129
bus venlrent, captos querar, cum legatl popull Ro-
manl redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non
fuisse dlcam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum
potestatem pervenerint ? Cnidum aut Colophonem
aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque 5
alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus
atque eos portus, quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis,
in praedonum fuisse potestate sciatis ?
An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum
ac plenissimum navium Inspectante praetore a prae- 10
donibus esse dlreptum, ex Miseno autem eius ipsTus
llberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum ges-
serat, a praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego
Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque
ignominiam re! publicae querar, cum prope Inspec- 15
tantibus vobls classis ea, cui consul popull Roman!
praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque op-
pressa est ? Pro dl immortales ! tantamne unlus
hominis incredibilis ac divlna virtus tarn brevl tem-
pore lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui 20
modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium vide-
batis, el nunc nullam intra OceanI ostium praedo-
num navem esse audiatis ?
Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint, quamquam
videtis, tamen a me in dlcend5 praetereunda non 25
sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut
c5nsequendl quaestus studio tarn brevl tempore tot
loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam
celeriter Cn. Pompei5 duce tanti belli impetus navi-
gavit ? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum 3a
marl Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardiniam
cum classe venit atque haec tria frumentaria sub-
sidia rei publicae firmissimls praesidiis classibusque
munlvit.
130 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hi
spanils et Gallia Transalpine praesidils ac navibus
conflrmata, missis item in oram IllyricI maris et
in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae
5 duo maria maximls classibus flrmissimlsque praesidils
adornavit, ipse autem, ut Brundisio profectus est,
undequlnquagesim5 die totam ad imperium popull
RomanI Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes, qui ublque prae-
dones fuerunt, partim captl interfectlque sunt, par-
10 tim uniiis huius se imperio ac potestatl dediderunt.
Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam
legatos deprecatoresque mlsissent, spem deditionis
non ademit obsidesque impe.ravit. Ita tantum bel-
lum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum,
15 quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur,
Cn. Pompeius extrema. hieme apparavit, ineunte vere
suscepit, media aestate confecit.
XIII. Est haec dlvlna atque incredibilis virtus
imperatoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante com-
20 memorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae
sunt! Non enim bellandl virtus solum in summo
ac perfecto imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae
sunt artes eximiae huius administrae comitesque vir-
tutis. Ac prlmum quanta innocentia debent esse
25 impera.t5res, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus tem-
perantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto in-
genio, quanta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia
sint in Cn. Pompei5 conslderemus. Summa enim
omnia sunt, Quirltes, sed ea magis ex aliorum con-
30 tentione quam ipsa per sese cognoscl atque intellegl
possunt.
Quern enim imperat5rem possumus ullo in numero
putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque
venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut am-
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xiv. 131
plum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex
aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum aut
propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus dlvlserit
aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit ?
Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirltes, ut agnoscere 5
videaminl, qui haec fecerint ; ego autem nomino
neminem ; qua re TrascI mihi nemo poterit, nisi
qui ante de se voluerit confiteri.
Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quan-
tas calamitates, quocumque ventum sit, nostrl exer- 10
citus ferant, quis ignorat? Itinera, quae per h5sce
annos in Italia per agros atque oppida clvium Ro-
manorum nostrl imperatores fecerint, recordamini ;
turn facilius statuetis, quid apud exteras nationes
fieri exlstimetis. Utrum plures arbitraminl per hosce 15
annos mllitum vestrorum armis hostium urbes an
hlbernls sociorum clvitates esse deletas ?
Neque enim potest exercitum is continere impe-
rator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse
in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices 20
non vult. Hie mlramur hunc hominem tantum ex-
cellere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervene-
rint, ut non modo manus tantl exercitus, sed ne
vestigium quidem cuiquam pacat5 nocuisse dlcatur ?
lam vero quern ad modum mllites hlbernent, cotldie 25
serm5nes ac litterae perferuntur ; non modo ut
sumptum faciat in mllitem, neminl vis adfertur, sed
ne cupientl quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis
enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostrl in so-
ciorum atque amlcorum tectls esse voluerunt. 30
XIV. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit tempe-
rantia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem
et tarn incredibilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non
enim ilium eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta
132 M. TULLI CICERONIS
qua'edam gubernandl aut ventl aliqul novl tarn cele-
riter in ultimas terras pertulerunt, sed eae res, quae
ceteros remorarl solent, non retardarunt ; non ava-
ritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit,
5 non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delec-
tationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cogniti5nem, n5n
denique labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et
tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum,
quae ceterl - tollenda arbitrantur, ea sibi rile ne vl-
10 senda quidem exlstimavit.
Itaque omnes nunc in els locls Cn. Pompeium
slcut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo
delapsum intuentur ; nunc denique incipiunt credere,
fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continentia,
15 quod iam nationibus exterls incredibile ac falso
memoriae proditum videbatur ; nunc imperl vestrl
splendor illfs gentibus lucem adferre coepit; nunc
intellegunt ndn sine causa maiores su5s turn, cum
ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servlre populo
20 Romano quam imperare alils maluisse. Iam ver5
ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita llberae
querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is,
qui dlgnitate prlncipibus excellit, facilitate Infimls par
esse videatur.
25 Iam quantum consilio, quantum dlcendl gravitate
et copia valeat, in qu5 ipso inest quaedam dlgnitas
imperatoria, v5s, Quirltes, hoc ipso ex loco saepe
cogn5vistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios
exlstimarl putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium ge-
30 nerum sanctissimam iudicarint ? Humanitate iam
tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes magis
virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem
victl dllexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit, quln huic
hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xv. 133
nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvlno quodam
consilio natus esse videatur?
XV. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellls ad-
ministrandls multum atque in imperio militarl valet,
certe neminl dubium est, quin ea re Idem ille 5
imperator plurimum possit. Vehementer autem per-
tinere ad bella administranda, quid hostes, quid socil
de imperatoribus nostris exlstiment, quis ignorat,
cum sciamus homines, in tantls rebus ut aut con-
temnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, oplni- 10
5ne non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa
commoverl ?
Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum cla-
rius fuit ? cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine
vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et 15
tarn praeclara indicia f ecistis ? An vero ullam us-
quam esse oram tarn desertam putatis, quo non illlus
diel fama pervaserit, cum universus populus Ro-
manus referto foro completisque omnibus templls,
ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad 20
commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium
imperatorem depoposcit ?
Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exem-
plls conflrmem, quantum auctoritas valeat in bello,
ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum 25
exempla sumantur ; qui quo die a vobis maritimo
bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas
annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae
consecuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam
vix ex summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax effi- 30
cere potuisset.
lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio,
de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socil
pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis
134 M. TULLI CICERONIS
. firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amlsissetis
Asiam, Quintes, nisi ad ipsum discrlmen eius tem-
poris dlvlnitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regi5nes for-
tuna popull Roman! attulisset. Huius adventus et
5 Mithridatem Insolita Inflammatum victoria continuit
et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retar-
davit. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfec-
turus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perf ecerit ? aut
quam facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vectl-
10 galia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore
defenderit ?
XVI. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem
hominis apud hostes popull Roman! auctoritatem,
quod ex locls tarn longinquis tamque d!vers!s tarn
15 brev! tempore omnes huic se un! dediderunt ! quod
Cretensium legatl, cum in eorum msula noster im-
perator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in
ultimas prope terras venerunt elque se omnes Cre-
tensium clvitates dedere velle dlxerunt ! Quid ?
20 Idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pom-
peium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit ? eum,
quern Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, el, qui-
bus erat molestum ad eum potissimum esse mis-
sum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicarl malue-
25 runt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirltes, hanc
auctoritatem, multls postea rebus gestls magnlsque
vestrls iudicils amplificatam, quantum apud illos
reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse
exlstimetis.
30 Reliquum est, ut de felicitate, quam praestare de
se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et c^mmemorare de
altero possumus, slcut aequum est homines de pote-
state deorum, timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim
sic existimo, Maximo, Marcello, Sclpioni, Mario et
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xvn. 135
ceteris magnls imperatoribus non solum propter vir-
tutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia
mandata atque exercitus esse commiss5s. Fuit enim
profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad am-
plitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene 5
gerendas dlvlnitus adiuncta fortuna. De hiiius au-
tem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac
iitar moderati5ne dlcendl, non ut in illlus potestate
fortunam positam esse dlcam, sed ut praeterita me-
minisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa 10
dls immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse
videatur.
Itaque n5n sum praedicaturus, quantas ille res
doml militiae, terra marlque, quantaque felicitate
gesserit; ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo 15
elves adsenserint, socil obtemperarint, hostes oboe-
dierint, sed etiam ventl tempestatesque obsecunda-
rint : hoc brevissime dlcam, neminem umquam tarn
impudentem fuisse, qui ab dls immortalibus tot et
tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di 20
immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt Quod ut
ill! proprium ac p'erpetuum sit, Quirltes, cum com-
munis salutis atque imperl, turn ipslus hominis causa,
slcutl facitis, velle et optare debetis.
Qua re cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut 25
neglegl n5n possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime
sit administrandum, et cum el imperatorem praeflcere
possltis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis
virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubita-
tis, Quirltes, quln hoc tantum bonl, quod vobls 30
ab dls immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in
rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam
conf eratis ?
XVII. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus
136 M. TULLI CICERONIS
esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat
deligendus atque mittendus ; nunc, cum ad ceteras
summas utilitates haec quoque opportunitas adiun-
gatur, ut in els ipsls locls adsit, ut habeat exerci-
5 turn, ut ab els, qui habent, accipere statim possit,
quid exspectamus? aut cur n5n ducibus dls immor-
talibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rel
publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium
committamus ?
10 At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rel publicae,
vestris beneficiTs amplissimls adfectus, Q. Catulus,
itemque summls ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtu-
tis, ingeni praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione
dissentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos
15 multls locls plurimum valuisse et valere oportere
confiteor; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscetis
auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissim5rum et cla-
rissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac
ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc
20 facilius, quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt,
eidem istl vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bel-
lum esse et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa
esse omnia.
Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si unl omnia tri-
25 buenda sint, dlgnissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad
unum tamen omnia deferrl non oportere. Obsolevit
iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam verbis refutata.
Nam tu Idem, Q. HortensT, multa pro tua summa
copia ac singularl facultate dicendi et in senatu con-
30 tra virum fortem, A. Gablnium, graviter ornateque
dixisti, cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones
constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso
- loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecistl.
Quid ? turn, per deos immortales ! si plus apud
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xvm. 137
populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipslus po-
pull R5manl salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie
hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium tene-
remus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur,
cum popull RomanI legatl, quaestores praetoresque S
capiebantur, cum ex omnibus provincils commeatu
et privato et publico prohibebamur, cum ita clausa
nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque prlvatam rem
transmarlnam neque publicam iam oblre possemus?
XVIII. Quae clvitas antea umquam fuit, non dlco 10
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenu-
isse dlcitur, non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum
classe ac maritimis rebus valuerunt, non Rhodio-
rum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam discipllna
navalis et gloria remansit; quae clvitas, inquam, 15
antea tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit, quae
non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regio-
nis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet?
At hercule aliquot annos continuos ante legem Ga-
blniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad nostram 20
memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis per-
manserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo
utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit; n5s,
quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque
superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Karthagini- 25
enses, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos
paratissimosque, vlcerunt, el nullo in loco iam prae-
donibus pares esse poteramus ; nos, qui antea non
modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnes socios
in ultimls oris auctoritate nostrl imperi salvos prae- 3a
stare poteramus, turn, cum Insula Delos, tarn procul
a n5bls in Aegae5 marl posita, quo omnes undique
cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta
dlvitils, parva, sine murd nihil timebat, eldem non
138 M. TULLI CICERONIS
modo pr5vincils atque oris Italiae maritimls ac por-
tubus nostrls, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus ;
et els temporibus non pudebat magistrates populi
Roman! in hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eum
5 nobis maiores nostrl exuvils nauticls et classium
spolils ornatum rellquissent !
XIX. Bono te animo turn, Q. HortensI, populus
Romanus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia,
dlcere exlstimavit ea, quae sentiehatis ; sed tamen
10 in salute communl Idem populus Romanus dolorl
suo maluit quam auctoritatl vestrae obtemperare.
Itaque una lex, Onus vir, Onus annus non modo
nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine llberavit, sed etiam
effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus genti-
15 bus ac nationibus terra marlque imperare.
Quo mihi etiam indlgnius videtur obtrectatum esse
adhuc, Gablnio dlcam anne Pompeio, an utrlque, id
quod est verius, ne legaretur A. Gablnius Cn. Pom-
peio expetentl ac postulantl. Utrum ille, qui postu-
20 lat ad tantum bellum legatum, quern velit, idoneus
non est, qui impetret, cum ceterl ad expllandos
socios dlripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, le-
gatos eduxerint, an ipse, cuius lege salus ac dlgnitas
populo R6man5 atque omnibus gentibus constituta
25 est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque
eius exercitus, qui consilio ipslus ac perlculo est
constitutus? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Cae-
lius Latlniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris
causa nomino, cum tribunl plebl fuissent, anno pro-
30 ximo legatl esse potuerunt ; in uno Gablnio sunt
tarn dlligentes, qui in hoc belJo, quod lege Gablnia
geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern
per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse
deberet ?
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xx. 139
De quo legando c5nsules spero ad senatum rela-
turos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me
profiteor relaturum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam
inimlcum edictum, quo minus vobls fretus vestrum
ius beneficiumque defendam, neque praeter interces- 5
sionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, istl
ipsl, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam, quid liceat,
conslderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirltes, Onus
A. Gablnius belli maritiml rerumque gestarum Cn.
Pompeio socius ascrlbitur, propterea quod alter uni 10
illud bellum suscipiendum vestrls suffragils detulit,
alter delatum susceptumque confecit.
XX. Reliquum est, ut de Q. Catull auctoritate et
sententia dlcendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobls
quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si 15
quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habiturl,
cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis,
cum omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem
habituros esse dlxistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla
res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et con- 20
silio regere et integritate tuerl et virtiite conficere
possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dis-
sentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus
diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos
immortales licet, frul debet summl viri vita atque 25
virtute.
At enim "ne quid novl flat contra exempla atque
Instituta maiorum." Non dlcam hoc locd, maiores
nostros semper in pace consuetudinl, in bello utilitatl
paruisse, semper ad novos casus temporum novorum 30
consili5rum rationes accommodasse ; non dlcam, duo
bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno
imperatore esse confecta duasque urbes potentissimas,
quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem
140 M. TULLI CICERONIS
atque Numantiam, ab eodem Sclpione esse deletas ;
non commemorabo, nuper ita vobls patribusque ve-
strls esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperl
poneretur, ut Idem cum Iugurtha, Idem cum Cim-
5 brls, Idem cum Teutonls bellum administraret ; in
ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novl constitul nihil vult
Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova sumraa Q. Catull
voluntate constitute, recordaminl.
XXI. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum prl-
10 vatum exercitum difficili rel publicae tempore confi-
cere? Confecit. Huic praeesse? Praefuit. Rem
optime ductu suo gerere ? Gessit.
Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam hominl
peradulescentl, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe
15 abesset, imperium atque exercitum darl, Siciliam
permittl atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia
administrandum ? Fuit in his provinces singular!
innocentia, gravitate, virtute, bellum in Africa maxi-
mum confecit, victorem exercitum deportavit.
20 Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Romanum
triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Romanus
non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam
et concelebrandam putavit.
Quid tarn iniisitatum, quam ut, cum duo consules
25 clarissimi fortissimlque essent, eques Romanus ad
bellum 'maximum formldolosissimumque pro consule
mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore cum
esset non nemo in senatu, qui dlceret non oportere
mitt! hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus
30 dlxisse dlcitur non se ilium sua sententia pro con-
sule, sed pro consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rel
publicae bene gerendae spes constituebatur., ut du-
orum consulum munus unlus adulescentis virtutl
committeretur.
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxn. 141
Quid tarn singulare, quam ut ex senatus consulto
legibus solutus c5nsul ante fieret, quam ullum alium
magistratum per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tarn
incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex sena-
tus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus homi- # 5
nibus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt,
ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc
uno homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta
ac tarn nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a
Q. Catull atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis am- 10
plissimorum hominum auctoritate.
XXII. Qua re videant, ne sit periniquum et non
ferendum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompel dl-
gnitate a vobls comprobatam semper esse, vestrum
ab illls de eodem homine iudicium populique Ro- 15
manl auctoritatem improbarl, praesertim cum iam
suo iure populus Romanus in hoc homine suam
auctoritatem vel contra omnes, qui dissentiunt, possit
defendere, propterea quod Isdem istls reclamantibus
vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, quern bell5 20
praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecistis
et rei publicae parum consuluistis, recte istl studia
vestra suls consilils regere conantur; sin autem vos
plus turn in re publica vldistis, vos els repugnan-
tibus per vosmet ips5s dignitatem huic imperio, 25
salutem orbl terrarum attulistis, aliquando istl prin-
cipes et sibi et ceteris popull RomanI universi
auctoritatl parendum esse fateantur.
Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum
mllitaris ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio sin- 3a
gularis, sed aliae quoque virtutes animi magnae et
multae requlruntur. Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia,
Syria, regnlsque interiorum "nationum ita versarl
nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste
142 M. TULLI CICERONIS
ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt
pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse
tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo
arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, Quirltes, quanto in
5.odio slmus apud exteras nationes propter eorum,
quos ad eas per h5s annos cum imperio mlsimus,
libldines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in
illls terrls nostrls magistratibus religiosum, quam
civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac
io munltam fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae
requlruntur, quibus causa belli propter dlripiendl
cupiditatem Inferatur.
Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catul5 et Q. Horten-
sio, summls et clarissimis virls, disputarem ; noverunt
15 enim sociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates,
querimonias audiunt. Pro socils vos contra hostes
exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium simulatione
contra socios atque amlcos? Quae clvitas est in
Asia, quae non modo imperatoris aut legatl, sed
20 unlus tribunl mllitum anim5s ac splritus capere
possit ?
XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis, qui col-
latls slgnis exercitus regios superare posse videatur,
tamen, nisi erit Idem, qui se a pecunils sociorum,
25 qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberls, qui ab orna-
mentls fanorum atque oppidorum, qui ab auro ga-
zaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit,
non erit idoneus, qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque
mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse,
30 quae locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem, quae
istls pacata esse videatur ?
Ora maritima, Quirltes, Cn. Pompeium non solum
propter rel mllitaris' gloriam, sed etiam propter
animl continentiam requlslvit. Videbat enim impe-
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxiv. 143
ratores locupletari quotannls pecunia publica praeter
pauc5s, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi classium
nomine, nisi ut detriments accipiendls maiore ad-
ficl turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate
homines in pr5vincias, quibus iacturls et quibus 5
condicionibus proficlscantur, ignorant videlicet istl,
qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur:
quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suls virtutibus,
turn etiam alienls vitils magnum esse videamus.
Qua re nollte dubitare, quin huic unl credatis omnia, 10
qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socil
in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant.
Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirltes, con-
flrmandam putatis, est vobls auctor vir bellorum
omnium maximarumque rerum perltissimus, P. Ser- 15
vllius, cuius tantae res gestae terra marlque exsti-
terunt, ut, cum de bello dellberetis, auctor vobls
gravior esse nemo debeat; est C. Curio, summls
vestris beneficils maximlsque rebus gestls, summo
ingenio et prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, 20
in qu5 omnes pro amplissimls vestris honoribus
summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse co-
gnovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constan-
tia singularl. Qua re videte, ut horum auctoritatibus
ill5rum orationl, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse 25
videamur.
XXIV. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manlll, prlmum
istam tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam
laudo vehementissimeque comprob5; deinde te hortor,
ut auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia neve 3a
cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Prlmum
in te satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror ;
deinde, cum tantam multitudinem cum tan to studio
adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem
144 DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxiv.
homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est, quod aut de
re aut de perficiendl f acultate dubitemus ?
Ego autem, quicquid est in me studl, consill,
laboris, ingenl, quicquid hoc beneficio popull Ro-
5 man! atque hac potestate praet5ria, quicquid aucto-
ritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc
rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor
ac defero; testorque omnes deos, et eos maxime,
qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium
10 mentes eorum, qui ad rem publicam adeunt, maxime
perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cuiusquam,
neque quo Cn. Pompel gratiam mihi per hanc cau-
sam conciliarl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam
amplitudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiumenta
15 honoribus quaeram, propterea quod perlcula facile,
ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tectl repel-
lemus, honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc
loc5, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione
vltae, si vestra voluntas feret, c5nsequemur.
20 Quam ob rem, quicquid in hac causa mihi sus-
ceptum est, Quirltes, id ego omne me rel publicae
causa suscepisse conflrmo, tantumque abest, ut ali-
quam mihi bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut mul-
tas me etiam simultates partim obscuras, partim
25 apertas intellegam, mihi non necessarias, vobls non
inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore prae-
ditum, tantls vestris beneficils affectum statul, Qui-
rltes, vestram voluntatem et rel publicae dignitatem
et salutem pr5vinciarum atque sociorum mels omni-
30 bus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA
ORATIO.
I. Si quid est in me ingenl, iu dices, quod sentio
quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendl,
in qua me non Infitior mediocriter esse versatum,
aut si huiusce rel ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium
studils ac discipllna profecta, a qua ego nullum 5
confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse, eariuri
rerum omnium vel in prlmls hie A. Licinius fruc-
tum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam,
quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spa-
tium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam re- 10
cordarl ultimam, inde usque repetens hunc video
mihi prmcipem et ad suscipiendam et ad ingredien-
dam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse.
N{ "Quod si haec vox huius hortatu praeceptlsque
conf5rmata non nullTs aliquando salutl fuit, a quo 15
id accepimus, qu5 ceteris opitularl et alios servare
possumus, huic profecto ipsl, quantum est situm in
nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne
quis a nobis hoc ita did forte mlretur, quod alia
quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenl iieque haec 20
dicendl ratio aut discipllna, ne n5s quidem huic
unl studio penitus umquam deditl fuimus. Etenim
omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent
145
146 M. TULLI CICERON1S
quoddam commune vinculum et quasi cognatione qua-
darn inter se continentur.
II. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, me
in quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res
5 agatur apud praetorem popull Roman!, rectissimum
virum, et apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu
hominum ac frequentia, hoc u£i, genere dicendi, quod
non modo a consuetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam
a. forensi sermone abhorreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in
10 hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam, accommodatam
huic reo, vobis, quern ad modum spero, non mo-
lestam, ut me pro summd poeta atque eruditissimo
homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum litteratissi-
morum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore
15 exercente iudicium, patiajninl, de studils humanitatis
ac litterarum paul5 loqul llberius et in eius modi
persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in
ludiciis perlculisque tractata est, utl prope novo
quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si mini
20 a vobis tribul concedique sentiam, perficiam pro-
fecto, ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segre-
gandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum
etiam, si non esset, putetis asclscendum fuisse.
III. Nam, ut prlmum ex puerls excessit Archias
25 atque ab els artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad hu-
manitatem Inf5rmari solet, se ad scribendi studium
contulit, primum Antiochiae — nam ibi natus est
loco nobili — celebrl quondam urbe et copiosa. atque ,
eruditissimis hominibus llberalissimisque studils adflu-
30 entl, celeriter ahte'cellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. 1 ^
Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaque Graecia sic
eius adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingeni exspec-
tatio hominis, exspectationem ipslus adventus admlra-
tioque superaret. _^n
PRO ARCHIA POETA'ORATIO iv. 147
Erat Italia turn , plena Graecarum artium ac di-
scipllnarum, st^djaque-teec et in Latio vehementius
turn colebantur quam nunc elsdem in oppidis, et
N hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae n5n
neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentlnl et Regini 5
et Neapolitan! civitate ceterlsque praemils donarunt,
et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare,
^ c c0gnmone atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac
tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus,
y Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 10
^ primum c5nsules eos, quorum alter res ad scrlbendum
maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium ^° V X
atque ^aiires adhibere posset.
Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Ar- ;
chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Et erat 15 t^
hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam
naturae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae huius adule- ,
scentiae prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima se-
nectuti. Erat temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello
ill! Numidico et. eius Pio filio, audiebatur a M. 20
Aemilio, vlvebat" cum" Q.V Catulo et patre et filio, a
L. Crassd colebatur; Lucullos vero et Drusum et
Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensi5rum do-
mum dev!nctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficieba-
tur summo hon5re, quod eum non s5lum colebant, 25
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum
etiam si qui forte simulabant.
IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum
M. Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea
provincia cum eodem Lucull5 decederet, venit He- 30
racliam. Quae cum esset civitas aequissimd iure
ac foedere, ascribi se in earn civitatem voluit,
idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, turn
auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im-
148 \ M. TULLI CICERONIS
petravit. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbonis :
Si qui foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuis-
SENT, SI TUM, CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA J^n
DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS ''
5 APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PROFESSI. Cum hlC do-
micilium Romae mult5s iam annos haberet, professus
est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum
suum. j^uj
ST nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus,
10 nihil died amplius ; causa dicta est. i Quid enim
horum Inflrmarl, Grati, potest ? Heracllaene esse
eum ascrlptum negabis ? Adest vir summa aucto-
ritate et religione et fide, M. Lucullus ; qui se non
opinarl, sed scire, non audlvisse, sed vidisse, non
15 interfuisse, sed egisse dlcit. Adsunt Heraclienses
legatl, nobilissiml homines, huius iudicl causa cum
mandatls et cum publico testimonio, qui hunc ascrlp-
tum Heracllensem dlcunt.
Hie tu tabulas deslderas Heracllensium publicas,
20 quas Italico bello incenso tabulario interlsse sclmus
omnes ? Est ridiculum ad ea, quae habemus, nihil
dicere, quaerere, ^ quae habere non possumus, et de
hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam fla- ^"
gitare ; et, cum habeas amplissiml virl religionem,
25 integerriml municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea,
quae depravarl nullo modo possunt, repudiare ; tabu-
las, quas Idem dlcis solere corrumpi, deslderare.
An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot
annls ante clvitatem datam sedem omnium rerum
30 ac fortunarum suarum Romae collocavit ? An non
est professus ? Immo vero els tabulls professus,
quae s5lae ex ilia professi5ne collegioque praetorum
obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem.
V. Nam, cum AppI tabulae neglegentius adser
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO v. 149
vatae dlcerentur, Gablnl, quam diu incolumis fuit,
levitas, post damnationem calamitas omnem tabu-
larum fidem restgnasset, Metellus, homo sanctissi-
mus modestissimusque omnium, tanta dlligentia. fuit,
ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad iudices venerit 5
et unlus nominis litura se commotum esse dlxerit.
His igitur in tabulis nullam lituram in nomine A.
LicinI videtis. Quae cum ita sint, quid est, quod
de eius clvitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quo-
que in civitatibus f uerit ascrlptus ? Etenim, cum 10
mediocribus multls et aut nulla aut humill aliqua
arte praeditis gratulto clvitatem in Graecia homines
impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrenses aut Nea- j*
politanos aut Tarentinos, quod scaenicis artificibus "-
larglrl solebant, id huic summa ingenl praedito 15
gloria npluisse !
Quid? cum ceterl non modo post clvitatem datam,
sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo mod5 in eorum
municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt; hie, qui ne utitur
quidem illls, in quibus est scrlptus, quod semper se 20
Heracllensem esse voluit, reicietur ? Census nostros
requiris. Scilicet; est enim obscurum proximls cen-
soribus hunc cum clarissimS imperatore, L. Lucull5,
apud exercitum fuisse, superioribus cum eodem
quaestore fuisse in Asia, prim Is, Iulio et Crasso, 25
nullam popull partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam
census non ius clvitatis conflrmat ac tantum modo
indicat eum, qui sit census, §e_ iam turn gessisse
pro clve, els temponbus is, quern tu ctiminans ne
ipslus quidem iudicio in clvium Romanorum iure 30
esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostrls
legibus et adiit hereditates clvium Romanorum et
in beneficils ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucull5
pro consule. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes;
/
150 M. TULLI CICERONIS
numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum
iudicio revincetur. -
VI. Quaeres a nobis, GratI, cur tanto opere hoc
homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et
5 animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures
convlcio defessae conquiescant. An tu exlstimas
aut suppetere nobis posse, quod cotldie dlcamus in
tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrlna
excolamus, aut ferre animds tantam posse contentio-
10 nem, nisi eos doctrlna eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero
fateor me his studils esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat,
si qui ita se litterls abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex
els neque ad communem adferre fructum neque in
aspectum lucemque proferre ; me autem quid pu-
15 deat, qui tot annos ita vlv5, iudices, ut a nulllus
umquam me . tempore aut commodo aut otium meum
abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique som-
nus retardarit?
Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis
20 mihi hire suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res
obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum cele-
brandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam
requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum,
quantum alii tribuunt tempestlvls convlvils, quantum
25 denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi egomet
ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero? Atque hoc
ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his
studils haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae
quantacumque in me est, numquam amicorum perl-
jo culls 'defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem
certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam,
sentio.
Nam, nisi mult5rum praeceptls multlsque litterls
mihi ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO vn. 151
magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque hone-
statem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus
corporis, omnia perlcula mortis atque exsill parvi
esse ducenda, numquam me pr5 salute vestra in tot
ac tantas dlmicationes atque in hos profllgat5rum 5
hominum cotldianos impetus obiecissem. Sed plenl
omnes sunt librl, plenae sapientium voces, plena ex-
emplorum vetustas ; quae iacerent in tenebrls omnia,
nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis
imagines non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 10
imitandum fortissimorum virorum expresses scripto-
res et Graecl et Latin! reliquerunt ! Quas ego
mihi semper in administranda re publica proponens
animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum
excellentium confSrmabam. 15
VII. Quaeret quispiam : "Quid? illl ipsi summi
virl, quorum virtutes litterls proditae sunt, istane
doctrlna, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditl fuerunt ? "
Difficile est hoc de omnibus conflrmare, sed ta-
men est certum, quid respondeam. Ego multos 20
homines excellent! animo ac virtute fuisse sine doc-
trlna, et naturae ipsius habitu prope divlno per se
ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor; etiam
illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem
naturam sine doctrlna quam sine natura valuisse 25
doctrmam. Atque idem ego contends, cum ad
naturam eximiam et illustrem accesserit ratio quae-
dam c5nf5rmatioque doctrinae, turn illud nescio quid
praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. Ex h5c
esse hunc numero, quern patres nostrl vlderunt, 30
divinum hominem, Africanum, ex h5c C. Laelium,
L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentis-
simos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illls temporibus
doctissimum, M. Catonem, ilium senem ; qui pro-
152 M. TULLI CICERONIS
fectd, si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem
litterls adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium
contulissent.
Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et
5 si ex his studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut
opinor, hanc animl remissionem humanissimam ac
llberalissimam iiidicaretis. Nam ceterae neque tem-
porum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum ;
at haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem ob-
10 lectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac
s5lacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt
forls, pernoctant noblscum, peregrlnantur, rusticantur.
VIII. Quod si ipsl haec neque attingere neque
sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirarl
15 deberemus, etiam cum in alils videremus. Quis
nostrum tarn animo agrestl ac duro fuit, ut R5scl
morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui cum esset
senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem ac
venustatem videbatur omn!n5 morl non debuisse.
20 Ergo ille corporis m5tu tantum amorem sibi conci-
liarat a n5bls omnibus ; nos animorum incredibiles
m5tus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? ,J
Quotiens ego hunc Archiam vldl, iudices, — utar
enim vestra benlgnitate, quoniam me in hoc novo
25 genere dlcendl tarn dlligenter attenditis, — quotiens
ego hunc vldl, cum litteram scrlpsisset nullam, ma-
gnum numerum optimorum versuum de els ipsls
rebus, quae turn agerentur, dlcere ex tempore !
quotiens revocatum eandem rem dlcere commutatls
pt verbis atque sententils ! Quae vero accurate cogi-
tateque scrlpsisset, ea sic vldl probarl, ut ad vete- .
rum scrip torum laudem pervenlret. Hunc ego non
dlligam, non admirer, non omnl ratione defendendum
putem? Atque sic a summls hominibus erudltis-
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO ix. 153
simlsque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doc-
trina et praeceptls et arte constare ; poetam natura
ipsa valere et mentis vlribus excitarl et quasi dlvln5
quodam splritu Inflarl. Qua re suo iure noster ille
Ennius " sanctos " appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum 5
aliquo don5 atque munere commendati nobis esse
videantur.
Sit igitur, indices, sanctum apud vos, humanissi-
mos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla um- .
quam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci 10
respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur
atque consistunt ; nos InstitutI rebus optimis non
poetarum voce moveamur? Homerum Colophonil
civem esse dicunt suum, Chn suum vindicant, Sala-
mlnil repctunt, Smyrnael vero suum esse conflrmant, 15
itaque etiam delubrum eius in oppido dedicave-
runt; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque
contendunt.
IX. Ergo ill! alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mor-
tem etiam expetunt; nos hunc vlvum, qui et volun- 20
tate et legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim
cum omne olim studium atque omne ingenium con-
tulerit Archias ad popull Roman! gloriam laudemque
celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens
attigit et ipsl ill! C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia 25
videbatur, iucundus fuit. Neque enim quisquam est
tarn aversus a Musis, qui non mandarl versibus
aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patia-
tur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenls virum,
dlxisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama 3a
aut cuius vocem libentissime audlret : Eius, a quo
sua virtus optime pra^dicaretur. Itaque ille Marius
item eximie L. Plotium dllexit, cuius ingenio puta-
bat ea, quae gesserat, posse celebrarl.
154 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Mithridaticum ver5 bellum, magnum atque difficile
et in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum
ab hoc expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lu-
cullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum
5 etiam popull Romanl nomen illustrant. Populus
enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum,
et regils quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione
vallatum; popull Romanl exercitus eodem duce non
maxima manu innumerabiles Armeniorum copias
io f udit ; popull Romanl laus est, urbem amicissimam
Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omnl impetu regio
atque e totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque
servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L.
Lucullo dlmicante, cum interfectls ducibus depressa
15 hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna
ilia navalis, nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta,
nostrl triumph!. Quae quorum ingenils efferuntur,
ab els popull Romanl fama celebratur.
Carus fuit Africano superiorl noster Ennius, itaque
20 etiam in sepulcro Sapionum putatur is esse con-
stitutus ex marmore ; at e!s laudibus certe non
solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam popull Romanl
nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato
tollitur; magnus honos popull R5manl rebus ad-
25 iungitur. Omnes denique ill! MaximI, Marcelll,
Fulvi! n5n sine communl omnium nostrum laude
^^ decorantur.
X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudlnum homi-
nem, maiores nostrl in clvitatem receperunt ; nos
30 hunc Heracliensem, multls clvitatibus expetltum, in
hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra clvitate
eiciemus ?
Nam, si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex
Graecis versibus percipl quam ex Latlnls, vehemen-
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO x. 155
ter errat, propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omni-
bus fere gentibus, Latina suis flnibus, exiguls sane,
continentur. Qua re, si res eae, quas gessimus,
orbis terrae regionibus deflniuntur, cupere debemus,
qu5 manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem 5
gloriam famamque penetrare, quod cum ipsis popu-
Ils, de quorum rebus scrlbitur, haec ampla sunt,
turn els certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dlmicant,
h5c maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et
laborum. 10
Quam multos scrlptores rerum suarum magnus ille
Alexander secum habuisse dlcitur! Atque is tamen,
cum in Slgeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset, " O
fortunate," inquit, " adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Ho-
merum praeconem inveneris ! " Et vere. Nam, nisi 15
Ilias ilia exstitisset, Idem tumulus, qui corpus eius
contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset.
Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute f ortu-
nam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum,
scrlptorem rerum suarum, in contione mllitum clvi- 20
tate donavit, et nostrl illl fortes virl, sed rusticl
ac mllites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commotl, quasi
participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore ap-
probaverunt? Itaque, credo, si clvis Romanus Ar-
chias legibus ndn esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore 25
civitate donaretur, perficere non potuit. Sulla cum
Hispanos et Gall5s donaret, cred5, hunc petentem
repudiasset ; quern nos in contione vidimus, cum el
libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod
epigramma in eum fecisset, tantum modo alternls 30
versibus longiusculls, statim ex els rebus, quas turn
vendebat, iubere el praemium tribul, sed ea condi-
cione, ne quid postea scrlberet Qui sedulitatem
mall poetae duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dlgnam,
156 M. TULLI CICERONIS
huius ingenium et virtutem in scrlbendo et copiam
non expetisset ? Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, famili-
arissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per
se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praeser-
5 tim usque eo de suls rebus scrlbl cuperet, ut etiam
Cordubae natis poetls, pingue quiddam ' sonantibus
atque peregrlnum, tamen aures suas dederet.
XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod ob-
scurarl non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahi-
10 mur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime
gloria ducitur. IpsI illl philosophl etiam in els
libellls, quos de contemnenda gloria scrlbunt, nomen
suum Inscrlbunt; in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem
nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicarl de s6 ac nomi-
15 narl volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir
et imperator, AccI, amicissiml sul, carminibus tem-
plorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum.
lam verd ille, qui cum Aetolls Ennio comite bella-
vit, Fulvius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis
20 consecrare. Qua re, in qua urbe imperatores prope
armatl poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra colue-
runt, in ea non debent togatl iudices a Musarum
honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere.
Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis,
25 iudices, indicabo et de meo quodam amdre gloriae
nimis acrl fortasse, verum tamen honesto, vobis
confitebor. Nam, quas res n5s in consulate nostro
voblscum simul pro salute huius imperl et pro vita
clvium proque universa re publica gessimus, attigit
30 hie versibus atque incohavit. Quibus audltls, quod
mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad per-
ficiendum adhortatus sum.
Niillam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum perl-
culorumque deslderat praeter hanc laudis et gloriae ;
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO xn. 157
qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est, quod in h5c
tam exiguo vltae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus
exerceamus ?
Certe, si nihil animus praesentlret in posterum, et
si, quibus regionibus vltae spatium circumscriptum 5
est, elsdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee
tantis se laboribus frangeret neque tot curls vigili-
Isque angeretur nee totiens de ipsa vita dlmicaret.
Nunc Insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus,
quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulls con- 10
citat atque admonet, non cum vltae tempore esse
dlmittendam commemorationem nominis nostrl, sed
cum omnl posteritate adaequandam.
XII. An vero tam parvl animl videamur esse
omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vltae perlcu- 15
lis laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extre-
mum spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum
splritum duxerimus, noblscum simul moritura omnia
arbitremur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum
simulacra, sed corporum, studiose multl summi ho- 20
mines rellquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum
nostrarum effigiem nonne mult5 malle debemus,
summls ingenils expressam et politam ? Ego verd
omnia, quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendS spargere
me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memo- 25
riam sempiternam. Haec vero slve a meo sensu
post mortem afutura est, slve, ut sapientissiml ho-
mines putaverunt, ad aliquam animl mel partem
pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam
speque delector. $0
Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pudore e5,
quern amlc5rum videtis comprobarl cum dlgnitate
turn etiam vetustate, ingenio autem tanto, quantum
id convenit exlstimarl, quod summorum hominum
158 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO xn.
ingenils expetltum esse videatis, causa ver5 eius
modi, quae benefici5 legis, auctoritate municipl, te-
stimonio LucullI, tabulis Metelll comprobetur. Quae
cum ita sint, petimus a vdbls, iudices, si qua non
5 modo humana, verum etiam dlvlna in tantls ingenils
commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui ve-
stros imperatores, qui popull RomanI res gestas
semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls
vestrlsque domesticls perlculls aeternum se testimo-
10 nium laudis daturum esse profitetur, estque ex e5
numer5, qui semper apud omnes sanctl sunt habitl
itaque dictl, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut
humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate
violatus esse videatur.
15 Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter
simpliciterque dlxl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse
omnibus ; quae autem remota a mea iudiciallque
consuetudine et de hominis ingeni5 et communiter
de ipslus studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobls
20 sper5 esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo, qui
iudicium exercet, certo scio.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO.
I. DiuturnI silentT, patres conscript!, quo eram his
temporibus usus, non timore aliquo, sed partim do-
lore, partim verecundia, flnem hodiernus dies attulit,
idemque initium, quae vellem quaeque sentlrem, meo
prlstino more dlcendl. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, 5
tarn inusitatam inaudltamque clementiam, tantum in
summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tarn deni-
que incredibilem sapientiam ac paene dlvlnam tacitus
praeterlre nullo modo possum. M. enim Marcelld
vobls, patres conscript!, relque publicae reddito, non 10
illlus solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem
et vobls et re! publicae conservatam ac restitutam
puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscript!, et vehemen-
ter angebar virum talem, cum in eadem causa, in qua
ego, fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna, nee mihi per- 15
suadere poteram nee fas esse ducebam versar! me in
nostr5 vetere curriculo illo aemul5 atque imitatore
studiorum ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio
a me et comite distracto.
Ergo et mihi meae prlstinae vltae consuetudinem, 20
C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti et his omnibus ad
bene de omn! re publica sperandum quasi slgnum
aliquod sustulistl. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem
in multls et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante in
159
160 M. TULLI CICERONIS
omnibus, .cum M. Marcellum senatul reique publicae
concessisti, commemoratls praesertim offensionibus, te
auctoritatem hums ordinis dlgnitatemque rel publicae
tuls vel dofdribus vel susplcionibus anteferre. Ille qui-
5 dem fructu'm omnis ante actae vltae hodierno die maxi-
mum cepit,.cum summo consensu senatus, turn iudicio
tuo gravissimd et maximo. Ex quo profecto intelle-
gis, quanta, in dato benefici5 sit laus, cum in accepto
sit tanta groria. Est vero fortunatus ille cuius ex
10 salute non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum
ventura sit, teetitia pervenerit ; quod quidem el merito
atque optimo' iure contigit. Quis enim est illo aut
nobilitate aut probitate aut optimarum artium studio
aut innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior ?
15 II. Nulllus tantum fliimen est ingeni, nullius dlcendl
aut scrlbendl tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dlcam
exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas
possit. Tamen adfirmo, et hoc pace dlcam tua, nul-
lam in his esse laudem ampliorem quam earn, quam
20 hodierno die consecutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos
ponere idque libenter crebrls usurpare sermonibus, om-
nes nostrorum imperatorum, omnes exterarum gentium
potentissimorumque populorum, omnes clarissimorum
regum res gestas cum tuls nee contentionum magni-
25 tudine nee numer5 proeliorum nee varietate regionum
nee celeritate conficiendl nee dissimilitudine bellorum
posse conferri, nee vero disiunctissimas terras citius
passibus cuiusquam potuisse peragrarl, quam tuls n5n
dlcam cursibus, sed victorils lustratae sunt.
30 Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea
vix cuiusquam mens aut c5gitatio capere possit, amens
sim ; sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas lau-
des solent quldam extenuare verbis easque detrahere
ducibus, communicare cum multls, ne propriae sint
Truly a wonderful man was Caius Julius Caesar I
Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village,
Than be second in Rome ; — and I think he was right when
he said it
Longfellow : The Courtship of Miles Standish.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO m. 161
imperatorum. Et certe in armls mllitum virtus, loco-
rum opportunities, auxilia sociorum, classes, coramea-
tus multum iuvant, maximam vero partem quasi suo
iure Fortuna sibi vindicat et, quicquid prospere ge-
stum est, id paene omne ducit suum. At vero huius 5
gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paul5 ante adeptus, so-
cium habes neminem ; totum hoc, quantumcumque
est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam,
tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil prae-
fectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit; quln etiam 10
ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius
societatem gloriae se non offert ; tibi cedit, tuam esse
totam et propriam fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas
cum sapientia commiscetur, neque ad consilium casus
admittitur. 15
III. Domuisti gentes immanitate barbaras, multitu-
dine innumerabiles, locls Inflnitas, omni copiarum ge-
nere abundantes ; sed tamen ea Vicistl, quae et naturam
et condicionem, ut vincI possent, habebant. Nulla est
enim tanta vis, quae non ferro et vlribus debilitari 20
frangique possit. Animum vincere, Iracundiam cohi-
bere, victoriam temperare, adversarium nobilitate, inge-
nio, virtute praestantem n5n modo extollere iacentem,
sed etiam amplificare eius prlstinam dignitatem, haec
qui facit, non ego eum cum summls virls compard, 25
sed simillimum de5 iiidico.
Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur
illae quidem non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium
gentium litterls atque linguls, nee ulla umquam aetas
de tuls laudibus conticescet ; sed tamen eius modi res 30
nescio quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepl cla-
more mllitum videntur et tubarum sono. At vero
cum aliquid clementer, mansuete, iuste, moderate,
sapienter factum, in Iracundia praesertim, quae est
162 M. TULLI CICERONIS
inimlca consilio, et in victoria, quae natura. insolens
et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo studia in-
cendimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in
flctls, ut eos saepe, quos numquam vidimus, dlliga-
5 mus ! Te vero, quern praesentem intuemur, cuius
mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid belli
fortuna reliquum rel publicae fecerit, id esse salvum
veils, quibus laudibus efferemus ? quibus studiis pro-
sequemur ? qua benevolentia complectemur ? Parietes
10 me dlus Fidius, ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gra-
tias agere gestiunt, quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia
auct5ritas in his maiorum suorum et suls sedibus.
IV. Equidem cum C. MarcellT, viri optimi et com-
memorabili pietate praeditl, lacrimas modo vobiscum
15 viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria
offudit, quibus tu etiam mortuls M. Marcello con-
served dignitatem suam reddidisti n5bilissimamque
familiam iam ad pauc5s redactam paene ab interitu
vindicastT. Hunc tu igitur diem tuls maximis et in-
20 numerabilibus gratulationibus iure antep5nes.
Haec enim res unius est propria C. Caesaris ; cete-
rae duce te gestae magnae illae quidem, sed tamen
multo magndque comitatu. Huius autem rei tu Idem
es et dux et comes; quae quidem tanta est, ut tro-
25 paels et monumentls tuls adlatura flnem sit aetas —
nihil est enim opere et manu factum, quod non ali-
quando conficiat et consumat vetustas — at haec tua
iustitia et lenitas animl florescit cotldie magis, ita ut,
quantum tuls operibus diuturnitas detrahet, tantum
30 adferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem omnes victores
bellorum clvllium iam ante aequitate et misericordia
vlceras : hodierno vero die te ipsum vlcistl. Vereor,
ut hoc, quod dlcam, perinde intellegl possit audltum,
atque ipse cogitans senti5; ipsam victoriam vlcisse
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO v. 163
videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta, victis remlsisti.
Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione omnes victl oc-
cidissemus, clementiae tuae iudicio conservatl sumus,
Recte igitur Onus invictus es, a quo etiam ipsius vic-
toriae conditio vlsque devicta est. 5
V. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres c5n-
scripti, quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim,
qui ad ilia arma fato sumus nesci5 qu5 rei publicae
miserd funest5que compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur
erroris human!, scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, 10
cum M. Marcellum deprecantibus vobis rei publicae
c5nservavit, me et mihi et item rei publicae nullo
deprecante, reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et
patriae reddidit, quorum et frequentiam et dignitatem
hoc ips5 in consessu videtis, non ille hostes induxit 15
in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius
et falso atque inanl metu quam cupiditate aut crudeli-
tate bellum esse susceptum.
Qu5 quidem in belld semper de pace audiendum
putavl semperque dolui non modo pacem, sed etiam 20
orationem civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Ne-
que enim ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum
arma civilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et togae
socia, non belli atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem
sum secutus privato consilio, non publico, tantumque 25
apud me gratl animi fidelis memoria valuit, ut nulla
n5n modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem prudens et
sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem voluntarium.
Quod quidem meum c5nsilium minime obscurum fuit.
Nam et in hoc ordine integra re multa de, pace dixi 30
et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mel periculo
sensi. Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn iniustus exlstimator
rerum, qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas
fuerit, cum pacis auct5res conservandos statim censue-
164 M. TULLI CICERONIS
rit, ceteris fuerit Iratior. Atque id minus mlrum for-
tasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna
.belli ; qui vero victor pads auctores dlligit, is pro-
fecto declarat se maluisse non dlmicare quam vincere.
5 VI. Atque huius quidem rel M. Marcello sum testis.
Nostrl enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam
in bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et quanto
cum dolore vldl, cum Insolentiam certorum hominum,
turn etiam ipslus victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem !
io Quo gratior tua llberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia
vidimus, debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter
se, sed victoriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victo-
riam proeliorum exitu terminatam ; gladium vagina
vacuum in urbe non vidimus. Quos amlsimus elves,
iS eos Martis vis perculit, non Ira victoriae, ut dubitare
debeat nemo, quln multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar
ab Inferls excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat,
quos potest.
Alterius verd partis nihil amplius dlcam quam, id
20 quod omnes verebamur, nimis Iracundam futuram
fuisse victoriam. Quldam enim non modo armatls,
sed interdum etiam otiosls minabantur nee, quid quis-
que sensisset, sed ubi fuisset, cogitandum esse dlce-
bant, ut mihi quidem videantur dl immortales, etiam
25 si poenas a populo Romano ob aliquod delictum ex-
petlverunt, qui civile bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum
excitaverunt, vel placatl iam vel satiatl aliquando
omnem spem salutis ad clementiam victSris et sapi-
entiam contulisse.
30 Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellent! bono, et
fruere cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et
m5ribus tuls ; ex quo quidem maximus est fructus
iucunditasque sapientl. Cetera cum tua recordabere,
etsl persaepe virtutl, tamen plerumque fellcitatl tuae
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO vn. 166
gratulabere ; de n5bis, quos in re publica tecum simul
esse voluistl quotiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis
tuis benefices, totiens de incredibill liberalitate, totiens
de singularl sapientia tua cogitabis ; quae non modo
summa bona, sed nlmlrum audebo vel sola dicere. 5
Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in
magnitudine animi et c5nsill dlgnitas, ut haec a Vir-
tute donata, cetera a Fortuna commodata esse videan-
tur. Noll igitur in conservandls bonis virls defatlgarl,
non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsis, 10
sed oplnione officl stulta fortasse, certe non improba,
et specie quadam rel publicae. Non enim tua ulla
culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa
laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt.
VII. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam et atr5- 15
cissimam susplcionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsl magis
quam cum omnibus civibus, turn maxime nobis, qui
a te conservatl sumus, providenda est ; quam etsi
spero falsam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis.
Tua enim cautio nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro 20
peccandum sit, malim viderl nimis timidus quam
parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens ?
de tulsne — tametsl qui magis sunt tul, quam qui-
bus tu salutem Insperantibus reddidisti ? ■*— an ex hoc
numerd, qui una tecum fuerunt? Non est credibilis 25
tantus in ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa sit
adeptus, huius vitam n5n anteponat suae. An, si
nihil tul cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid
inimlcl? Qui? omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per-
tinacia vitam amlserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 30
runt, ut aut nulll supersint de inimlcls aut, qui fuerunt,
sint amlcissiml.
Sed tamen cum in animls hominum tantae latebrae
sint et tantl recessus, augeamus sane susplcionem
166 M. TULLI CICERONIS
tuam; simul enim augebimus dlligentiam. Nam quis
est omnium tarn ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re pu-
blica, tarn nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communl
salute cogitans, qui non intellegat tua salute continerl
5 suam et ex unlus tua vita pendere omnium ? Equi-
dem de te dies noctesque, ut debe5, cogitans casus
dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus valetudinis et
naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco, doleoque,
cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn in unlus
10 mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad humanos casus
incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris etiam accedit
Insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si cupiat, posse
opitularl rei publicae credamus ?
VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni,
15 quae iacere sentis, belli ipslus impetu, quod necesse
fuit, perculsa atque prostrata; constituenda iudicia,
revocanda fides, comprimendae libidines, propaganda
suboles, omnia, quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt, sevens
legibus vincienda sunt. Non fuit recusandum in tanto
20 clvlll bello, tanto animorum ard5re et arm5rum, quin
quassata res publica, qulcumque belli eventus fuisset,
multa perderet et ornamenta dignitatis et praesidia
stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque dux faceret arma-
tus, quae Idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae qui-
25 dem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt,
quibus praeter te mederl nemo potest.
Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissi-
mam vocem invltus audlvl : *• Satis diu vel naturae
vlxl vel gloriae." Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae,
30 addo etiam, si placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum
est, patriae certe parum. Qua re omitte istam, quae-
so, doctorum hominum in contemnenda morte pru-
dentiam ; noli nostro perlculo esse sapiens. Saepe
enim venit ad aures meas, te idem istud nimis crebro
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO ix. 167
dicere, tibi satis te vlxisse. Credo; sed turn id audi-
rem, si tibi soli vlveres aut ' si tibi etiam soli natus
esses. Omnium salutem clvium cunctamque rem
publicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt ; tantum
abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut funda- 5
menta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris. Hie tu modum
vltae tuae non salute re! publicae, sed aequitate
animl deflnies ? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae qui-
dem satis est ? cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvls sis
sapiens, ndn negabis. 10
"Parumne igitur," inquies, "magna relinquemus ? "
Immo vero alils quamvls multls satis, tibi unl parum.
Quicquid est enim, quamvls amplum sit, id est parum
turn, cum est aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum
immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut 15
devictls adversarils rem publicam in eo statu relin-
queres, in quo nunc est, vide, quaes5, ne tua dlvlna
virtus admlrationis plus sit habitura quam gloriae, si
quidem gloria est illustris ac pervagata magnorum
vel in suos elves vel in .patriam vel in omne genus 20
hominum fama meritorum.
IX. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est ; hie restat
actus, in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam con-
stituas, eaque tu in prlmis summa tranquillitate et 5tio
perfruare; turn te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod de- 25
bes, solveris et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate
Vivendi, satis diu vlxisse dlcito. Quid enim est om-
nlno hoc ipsum diu, in qu5 est aliquid extremum ?
Quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo
est, quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste 30
tuus animus numquam his angustils, quas natura no-
bis ad vlvendum dedit, contentus fuit, semper immor-
talitatis amore flagravit.
Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore
168 M. TULLI CICERONIS
et splritu continetur ; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua,
quae vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam po-
sterity alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur.
Huic tu Inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae qui-
5 dem, quae mlretur, iam prldem multa habet ; nunc
etiam, quae laudet, exspectat. Obstipescent poster!
certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nllum,
pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles victorias, monu-
menta, munera, triumphos audientes* et legentes tuos.
10 Sed nisi haec urbs stabillta tuls consilils et Institutis
erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque late,
sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit.
Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, slcut inter nos
fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum
15 res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requlrent,
idque vel maximum, nisi belli clvllis incendium salute
patriae restlnxeris, ut illud fatl fuisse videatur, hoc
consill. Servi igitur els etiam iudicibus, qui multls
post saeculls de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio
20 an incorruptius quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine
cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia iudica-
bunt. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quldam falso
putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te
talem, ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla umquam sit
25 obllvio.
X. Dlversae voluntatis civium fuerunt distractaeque
sententiae. Non enim c5nsilils solum et studils, sed
armls etiam et castrls dissidebamus ; erat enim obscu-
ritas quaedam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces;
30 multl dubitabant, quid optimum esset, multl, quid
sibi expedlret, multl, quid deceret, n5n nulll etiam,
quid liceret. Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero
fatalique bello; vlcit is, qui non fortuna Inflammaret
odium suum, sed bonitate lenlret, neque omnes, quibus
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO XI, 169
Iratus esset, eosdem etiam exsilio aut morte dlgnos
iudicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta sunt.
Ingratus est iniustusque clvis, qui armorum perlculo
llberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam
ille melior sit, qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa ani- 5
mam pr5fudit. Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, ea-
dem aliis constantia videri potest.
Sed iam omnis fracta dissensi5 est armls, exstincta
aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes unum velint, qui
modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam 10
sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia,
qua cum antea, turn hodie vel maxime usus es, ma-
nente salvi esse ndn possumus. Qua re omnes te,
qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecra-
mus, ut vitae tuae et salutl consulas, omnesque tibi, — 15
ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod de me ipse sentio, —
quoniam subesse aliquid putas, quod cavendum sit,
non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum
nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur.
XI. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 2c
oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar,
maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt,
quod ex omnium precibus et lacrimls sentlre potuisti.
Sed quia non est omnibus stantibus necesse dlcere, a
me certe did volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo; 25
et, quod fieri decet M. Marcello a te huic ordinl
populoque Romano et rei piiblicae reddito, fieri id
intellego. Nam laetarl omnes non de iinlus solum,
sed de communl salute sentio.
Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 30
erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Mar-
cello, optimo et amantissimo fratrl, praeter eum qui-
dem cederem neminl, cum id sollicitudine, cura,
labore tarn diu praestiterim, quam diu est de illius
170 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO xi.
salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore magnls curls,
molestils, doloribus liberatus praestare debeo. Itaque,
C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus
a te non conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen
$ ad tua in me unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri
iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto
cumulus accesserit.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO PHILIPPICA
QUARTA.
I. Frequentia vestrum incredibilis, Quirites, conti5-
que tanta, quantam meminisse non videor, et alacrita-
tem mihi summam defendendae rel publicae adfert et
spem recuperandae. Quamquam animus mihi quidem
numquam defuit, tempora defuerunt, quae simul ac 5
prlmum aliquid lucis ostendere visa sunt, princeps
vestrae llbertatis defendendae fui. Quod si id ante
facere conatus essem, nunc facere non possem. Ho-
dierno enim die, Quirites, ne mediocrem rem actam
arbitreminl, fundamenta iacta sunt reliquarum actio- 10
num. Nam est hostis a senatu nondum verbo appel-
latus, sed re iam iudicatus Antonius. Nunc vero
multo sum erectior, quod vos quoque ilium hostem
esse tant5 consensu tantoque clamore approbavistis.
Neque enim, Quirites, fieri potest, ut non aut el sint 15
impil, qui contra consulem exercitus comparaverunt,
aut ille hostis, contra quern hire arma sumpta sunt.
Hanc igitur dubitationem, quamquam nulla erat,
tamen ne qua posset esse, senatus hodierno die sus-
tulit. C. Caesar, qui rem publicam Hbertatemque 20
vestram suo studio, consilio, patrimonio denique tuta-
tus est et tutatur, maximls senatus laudibus ornatus
est. Laudo, laud5 v5s, Quirites, quod gratissimls
animls prosequiminl n5men clarissiml adulescentis vel
171
172 M. TULLI CICERONIS
puerl potius — sunt enim facta eius immortalitatis,
nomen aetatis. Multa meminl, multa audlvi, multa
legl, Quirltes; nihil ex omnium saeculorum memoria
tale cognovl, — qui, cum servitute premeremur, in
5 dies malum cresceret, praesidl nihil haberemus, capi-
talem et pestiferum a Brundisio turn M. AntonI redi-
tum timeremus, hoc Insperatum omnibus consilium,
incognitum certe ceperit, ut exercitum invictum ex
paternis mllitibus conficeret Antonique furorem cru-
10 delissimls consilils incitatum a pernicie rel publicae
averteret.
II. Quis est enim, qui hoc non intellegat, nisi
Caesar exercitum paravisset, non sine exitio nostro
f uturum AntonI reditum f uisse ? Ita enim se recipi-
15 ebat ardens odio vestrl, cruentus sanguine clvium
Romanorum, quos Suessae, quos Brundisi occlderat,
ut nihil nisi de pernicie populi RomanI cogitaret.
Quod autem praesidium erat salutis libertatisque ve-
strae, si C. Caesaris fortissimorum sul patris militum
20 exercitus non f uisset ? Cuius de laudibus et honori-
bus, qui el pro divlnis et immortalibus meritls divlni
immortalesque debentur, mihi senatus adsensus paulo
ante decrevit, ut primo quoque tempore referretur.
Quo decreto quis non perspicit hostem esse Anto-
25 nium iiidicatum? Quern enim possumus appellare
eum, contra quern qui exercitus ducunt, els senatus
arbitratur singulares exquirendos honores ? Quid ?
legio Martia, quae mihi videtur divinitus ab eo deo
traxisse nomen, a quo populum Romanum generatum
30 accepimus, non ipsa suls decretis prius quam senatus
hostem iudicavit Antonium ? Nam si ille non hostis,
hos, qui consulem rellquerunt, hostes necesse est
iudicemus. Praeclare et loc5, Quirltes, reclamatione
vestra factum pulcherrimum Martialium comprobavi-
IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. m. 173
stis; qui se ad senatus auctoritatem, ad llbertatem ve-
stram, ad universam rem publicam contulerunt, hostem
ilium et latronem et parricidam patriae reliquerunt.
Nee solum id animose et fortiter, sed considerate eti-
am sapienterque fecerunt; Albae constiterunt, in urbe 5
opportuna, munlta, propinqua, fortissimorum virorum,
fidelissimorum civium atque optimorum. Huius Mar-
tiae legionis legio quarta imitata virtutem, duce L.
Egnatuleio, quern senatus merito paulo ante laudavit,
C. Caesaris exercitum persecuta est. 10
III. Quae exspectas, M. Antoni, iudicia graviora?
Caesar fertur in caelum, qui contra te exercitum
comparavit ; laudantur exqulsltissimis verbis legiones,
quae te reliquerunt, quae a te arcessltae sunt, quae
essent, si te consulem quam hostem maluisses, tuae; 15
quarum legionum fortissimum verissimumque iudicium
conflrmat senatus, comprobat universus populus Ro-
manus, nisi forte vos, Quirltes, consulem, non hostem
iudicatis Antonium.
Sic arbitrabar, Quirltes, vos iudicare, ut ostenditis. 20
Quid ? municipia, colonias, praefecturas num aliter
iudicare censetis ? Omnes mortales una mente con-
sentiunt, omnia arma eorum, qui haec salva velint,
contra illam pestem esse capienda. Quid ? D. BrutI
iudicium, Quirltes, quod ex hodiernS eius edicto per- 25
spicere potuistis, num cui tandem contemnendum
videtur? Recte et vere negatis, Quirltes. Est enim
quasi deorum immortalium beneficio et munere datum
rel publicae Brutorum genus et nomen ad llbertatem
popull Roman! vel constituendam vel recipiendam. 30
Quid igitur D. Brutus de* M. Antonia iudicavit? Ex-
cludit provincia, exercitu obsistit, Galliam totam hor- :
tatur ad bellum, ipsam sua sponte suoque iudicio
excitatam. Si consul Antonius, Brutus hostis ; si con-
174 M. TULLI CICERONIS
servator rel publicae Brutus, hostis Antonius. Num
igitur, utrum horum sit, dubitare possumus ?
IV. Atque ut vos una mente unaque voce dubitare
vos negatis, sic modo decrevit senatus, D. Brutum
5 optime de re publica merer!, cum senatus auctorita-
tem popullque Roman! libertatem imperiumque defen-
deret. A quo defenderet? Nempe ab hoste ; quae
est enim alia laudanda defensio ? Deinceps laudatur
provincia Gallia meritoque ornatur verb!s amplissirms
10 ab senatu, quod resistat Antonio. Quern s! consulem
ilia provincia putaret neque eum reciperet, magno
scelere se astringeret; omnes enim in consulis iure
et imperio debent esse provinciae. Negat hoc D.
Brutus imperator, consul des!gnatus, natus re! publi-
15 cae civis; negat Gallia, negat cuncta Italia, negat
senatus, negatis vos.
Quis ilium igitur consulem nisi latrones putant ?
Quamquam ne e! quidem ips!, quod loquuntur, id
sentiunt, nee ab iudicio omnium mortalium, quamv!s
20 impi! nefari!que sint, sicut sunt, dissent!re possunt.
Sed spes rapiend! atque praedand! occaecat animos
eorum, quos non bonorum donatio, non agrorum ad-
s!gnatio, n5n ilia !nf!n!ta hasta satiavit ; qu! sibi urbem,
qu! bona et fortunas avium ad praedam proposue-
25 runt; qu!, dum h!c sit, quod rapiant, quod auferant,
nihil sibi defuturum arbitrantur ; quibus M. Antonius
— 6 di immortales, avertite et detestamin!, quaeso,
hoc omen ! — urbem se d!v!surum esse promisit.
Ita vero, Quintes, ut precamin!, eveniat, atque huius
30 amentiae poena in ipsum f amiliamque eius recidat !
Quod ita futurum esse conf!do. lam enim non solum
homines, sed etiam deos immortales ad rem publicam
conservandam arbitror consensisse. Sive enim prodi-
gi!s atque portentis d! immortales nob!s futura prae-
IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. v. 175
dicunt, ita sunt aperte pronuntiata, ut et ill! poena
et nobis llbertas appropinquet, sive tantus consensus
omnium sine impulsu de5rum esse non potuit, quid
est, quod de voluntate caelestium dubitare posslmus ?
V. Reliquum est, Quirites, ut vos in ista sententia, 5
quam prae vobls fertis, perseveretis. Faciam igitur,
ut imperatores instructs acie solent, quamquam para-
tissimos mllites ad proeliandum videant, ut eos tamen
adhortentur, sic ego v5s ardentes et erectos ad liber-
tatem recuperandam cohortabor. 10
Non est vobls, Quirltes, cum e5 hoste certamen,
cum quo aliqua pads conditio esse possit. Neque
enim ille servitutem vestram ut antea, sed iam Iratus
sanguinem concupiscit. Nullus el ludus videtur esse
iucundior quam cruor, quam caedes, quam ante ocu- 15
los trucidatio civium. Non est vobis res, Quirltes,
cum scelerato homine atque nefari5, sed cum immanl
taetraque belua, quae quoniam in foveam incidit, ob-
ruatur. Si enim illim emerserit, niillius supplici cru-
delitas erit recusanda. Sed tenetur, premitur, urgetur 20
nunc els copiis, quas iam habemus, mox els, quas
paucis diebus novi consules comparabunt. Incumbite
in causam, Quirltes, ut facitis. Numquam maior c5n-
sensus vester in ulla causa fuit, numquam tarn vehe-
menter cum senatii consociatl fuistis. Nee mirum ; 25
agitur enim, non qua condicione victuri, sed victurlne
slmus an cum supplicid ignominiaque perituri.
Quamquam mortem quidem natura omnibus pro-
posuit, crudelitatem mortis et dedecus virtus propul-
sare solet, quae propria est Roman! generis et seminis. 3°
Hanc retinete, quaeso, quam vobls tamquam heredita-
tem maiores vestri rellquerunt. Nam cum alia omnia
falsa, incerta sint, caduca, mobilia, virtus est una
altissimls deflxa radicibus ; quae numquam vi ulla
labefactarl potest, numquam demoverl loco. Hac 35
176 IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. vi.
virtu te maiores vestrl primum universam Italiam devl-
cerunt, deinde Karthaginem exciderunt, Numantiam
everterunt, potentissimos reges, bellicosissimas gentes
in dicionem huius imperl redegerunt.
5 VI. Ac maioribus quidem vestrls, Quirltes, cum eo
hoste res erat, qui haberet rem publicam, curiam,
aerarium, c5nsensum et concordiam clvium, rati5nem
aliquam, si ita res tulisset, pads et foederis; hie ve-
ster hostis vestram rem publicam oppugnat, ipse habet
10 nullam ; senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere
gestit, ipse consilium publicum nullum habet; aera-
rium vestrum exhausit, suum non habet. Nam con-
cordiam clvium qui habere potest, nullam cum habet
civitatem ? pacis vero quae potest esse cum eo ratio,
15 in quo est incredibilis crudelitas, fides nulla?
Est igitur, Quirltes, populo Romano, victorl omnium
gentium, omne certamen cum percussore, cum latrone,
cum Spartaco. Nam quod se similem esse Catilinae
glorian solet, scelere par est ill!, industria inferior.
20 Hie cum exercitum nullum habuisset, repente confla-
vit; hie eum exercitum, quern accepit, amisit. Ut
igitur Catilinam dlligentia mea, senatus auctoritate,
vestro studio et virtute fregistis, sic Anton! nefarium
latr5cinium vestra cum senatu concordia tanta, quanta
25 numquam fuit, felicitate et virtute exercituum ducum-
que vestrorum brevi tempore oppressum audietis.
Equidem quantum cura, labore, vigilils, auctoritate,
consili5 enltl atque efTicere potero, nihil praetermit-
tam, quod ad libertatem vestram pertinere arbitrabor;
30 neque enim id pro vestrls amplissimls in me bene-
ficils sine scelere facere possum. Hodierno autem
die primum referente viro fortissim5 v5blsque amlcis-
simo, hoc M. Servili5, colleglsque eius, ornatissimis
virls, optimls clvibus, long5 intervallo me auctore et
35 prlncipe ad spem llbertatis exarsimus.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE.
I.
Scripta est epistola Romae a. u. c. 686.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
Apud matrem recte est, eaque nobis curae est.
L. Clncio HS. xxcd. constitul me curaturum Idibus
Febr. TO velim ea, quae nobis emisse te et parasse
scribis, des operam ut quam prlmum habeamus, et
velim cogites, id quod mihi pollicitus es, quern ad 5
modum bibliothecam nobis conficere possls ; omnem
spem delectationis nostrae, quam, cum in otium
venerimus, habere volumus, in tua humanitate posi-
tam habemus.
II.
Scr. Romae A. u. c. 692.
M. TULLTUS M. F. CICERO S. D. CN. POMPEIO
CN. F. MAG NO IMPERATORI.
S. t. e. Q. v. b. e. Ex litteris tuis, quas publice 10
mlsistl, cepi una cum omnibus incredibilem volupta-
tem; tantam enim spem oti ostendisti, quantam ego
semper omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc
sclto, tuos veteres hostes, novos amicos, vehementer lit-
teris perculsos atque ex magna spe deturbat5s iacere. 15
Ad me autem litteras, quas mlsistl, quamquam ex-
iguam slgnificationem tuae erga me voluntatis habe-
177
178 M. TULLI CICERONIS
bant, tamen mihi scito iucundas fuisse ; nulla enim re
tarn laetarl soleo quam meorum officiorum conscientia,
quibus si quando n5n mutue respondetur, apud me
plus officl residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito,
5 quln, si te mea summa erga te studia parum mihi
adiunxerint, res publica nos inter nos conciliatura
coniuncturaque sit.
Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis littens desiderarim,
scribam aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia
10 postulat. Res eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis lit-
tens et nostrae necessitudinis et rei publicae causa
gratulationem exspectavl; quam ego abs te praeter-
missam esse arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum
offenderes. Sed scito ea, quae nos pr5 salute patriae
15 gessimus, orbis terrae iudicio ac testimonio compro-
barl; quae, cum veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi
magnitudine a me gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi multo
maiorl, quam Africanus fuit, me n5n multo min5rem
quam Laelium facile et in re publica et in amicitia
20 adiunctum esse patiare.
III.
Scr. in Tusculano mense Martio a. u. C. 695.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
FecistI mihi pergratum, quod Serapionis librum ad
me misisti, ex quo quidem ego — quod inter nos
liceat dlcere — millesimam partem vix intellego. Pro
eo tibi praesentem pecuniam solvl imperavl, ne tu
25 expensum muneribus ferres. At, quoniam nummo-
rum menti5 facta est, amabo te, cura, ut cum Titinio,
quoquo modo poteris, transigas ; si in eo, quod osten-
derat, non stat, mihi maxime placet ea, quae male
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE III. 179
empta sunt, reddi, si voluntate Pomponiae fieri pote-
nt; si ne id quidem, nummi potius addantur, quam
ullus sit scrupulus. Valde hoc velim, ante, quam
proficlscare, amanter, ut soles, dlligenterque conficias.
Clodius ergo, ut ais, ad Tigranem ? velim Syrpiae 5
condicione, sed facile patior; accommodatius enim no-
bis erit ad llberam legationem tempus illud, cum et
Quintus noster iam, ut speramus, in otio consederit,
et, iste sacerdos Bonae Deae cuius modi futurus sit,
scierimus. Interea quidem cum Musis nos delectabimus 10
animo aequo, immo vero etiam gaudentl ac libentl;
neque mihi umquam veniet in mentem Crasso invidere
neque paenitere, quod a me ipse non desciverim.
De geographia, dabo operam, ut tibi satis f aciam ;
sed nihil certl polliceor. Magnum opus est, sed 15
tamen, ut iubes, curabo, ut huius peregrinationis ali-
quod tibi opus exstet. Tu quicquid indagaris de re
publica et maxime, quos consules futuros putes, facito
ut sciam. TametsI nimis sum curiosus; statu! enim
nihil iam de re publica cogitare. 20
Terentiae saltum perspeximus. Quid quaeris? prae-
ter quercum Dodonaeam nihil deslderamus, quo mi-
nus Eplrum ipsam possidere videamur.
Nos circiter Kal. aut in Formiano erimus aut in
Pompeiano. Tu, si in Formiano non erimus, si nos 25
amas, in Pompeianum venlt5 ; id et nobis erit periu-
cundum et tibi non sane devium.
De muro imperavl Philotimo, ne impedlret, quo
minus id fieret, quod tibi videretur; tu cense5 tamen
adhibeas Vettium. His temporibus, tarn dubia vita 3°
optimi ciiiusque, magnl aestimo unlus aestatis fructum
palaestrae Palatmae, sed ita tamen, ut nihil minus
velim, quam Pomponiam et puerum versarl in timore
rulnae. '
180 M. TULLI CICERONIS
IV.
Scr. in Formiano mense Aprili a. u. c. 695.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Facinus indignum ! epistolam avdcopel tibi a Tribus
Tabernls rescriptam ad tuas suavissimas epistolas ne-
minem reddidisse ! At scito eum fasciculum, quo
illam conieceram, domum eo ips5 die latum esse,
5 quo ego dederam, et ad me in Formianum relatum
esse; itaque tibi tuam epistolam iussi referri, ex qua
intellegeres, quam mihi turn illae gratae fuissent.
Romae quod scrlbis silerl, ita putabam ; at hercule
in agris non siletur, nee iam ipsl agri regnum ve-
IO strum ferre possunt. Si vero in hanc TrfKeiryXov
veneris AaLarpvyovirjv — Formias dico, — qui fremitus
hominum ! quam Irati animl ! quanto in odio noster
amicus Magnus ! cuius cognomen una cum Crass!
Dlvitis cognomine consenescit. Credas mihi velim :
J5 neminem adhuc offendi, qui haec tarn lente, quam
ego fero, ferret.
Qua re, mihi crede, faXoaocfrwfJLev : iuratus tibi pos-
sum dicere nihil esse tantl. Tu si ad Sicyonios litte-
ras habes, advola in Formianum, unde nos pridie
20 Nonas Maias cogitamus.
V.
Scr. ab Appi Foro mense Aprili a. u. c. 695.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Volo ames meam constantiam. Ludos Anti spec-
tare non placet. Est enim vttoo-oXolkov, cum velim
vitare omnium deliciarum suspicionem, repente ava-
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE VI. 181
(f>alveaOai non solum delicate, sed etiam inepte pere-
grlnantem. Qua re usque ad Nonas Maias te in
Formiano exspectabo. Nunc fac, ut sciam, quo die
te vlsurl slmus. Ab AppI Foro, hora quarta. Dede-
ram aliam paulo ante a Tribus Tabernis.
VI.
Scr. Romae mense Sextili a. u. c. 695.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Numquam ante arbitror te epistolam meam legisse,
nisi mea manu scrlptam. Ex eo colligere poteris,
quanta occupatione distinear; nam, cum vacul tempo-
ris nihil habere m et cum recreandae voculae causa
necesse esset mihi ambulare, haec dictavl ambulans. 10
Prlmum igitur illud te scire volo, Sampsiceramum,
nostrum amicum, vehementer sul status paenitere
restituique in eum locum cupere, ex quo decidit,
doloremque suum impertire nobis et mediclnam in-
terdum aperte quaerere, quam ego possum invenire 15
nullam ; deinde omnes illius partis auctores ac socios
nullo adversari5 c5nsenescere ; cdnsensionem univer-
sorum nee voluntatis nee sermonis maiorem umquam
fuisse.
Nos autem — nam id te scire cupere certo sci5 — 30
publicis consilils nullls intersumus totosque n5s ad
forensem operam laboremque contulimus ; ex qu5,
quod facile intellegi possit, in multa commemoratione
earum rerum, quas gessimus, desiderioque versamur.
Sed /3oco7riSo9 nostrae cSnsanguineus non mediocres 25
terrores iacit atque denuntiat, et Sampsiceramo negat,
ceteris prae se fert et ostentat. Quam ob rem, si
182 M. TULLI CICERONIS
me amas tantum, quantum profecto amas, si dormls,
experglscere ; si stas, ingredere ; si ingrederis, curre ;
si curris, advola. Credibile n5n est, quantum ego in
consilils et prudentia tua, quodque maximum est,
5 quantum in amore et fide ponam.
Magnitudo rei longam orationem fortasse desiderat,
coniunctio vero nostrorum animorum brevitate con-
tenta est. Permagnl nostra interest te, si comitils
non potueris, at declarato illo esse Romae. Cura, ut
io valeas.
VII.
Scr. in itinere mense Aprili a. u. c. 696.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Utinam ilium diem videam, cum tibi agam gratias,
quod me vlvere coegistl! Adhuc quidem valde me
paenitet. Sed te oro, ut ad me Vibdnem statim
venias, quo ego multls de causis convertl iter meum.
15 Sed e5 si veneris, de t5to itinere ac fuga mea con-
silium capere potero.^ Si id non feceris, mlrabor, sed
confldo te esse facturum.
VIII.
Scr. Brundisi prid. Kalendas Maias A. u. c. 696.
TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE ET TULLIAE ET CICE-
RONI SUIS.
Ego minus saepe do ad vos litteras, quam possum,
propterea quod cum omnia mihi tempora sunt misera,
20 turn vero, cum aut scrlbo ad v5s aut vestras lego,
conficior lacrimls sic, ut ferre non possim. Quod
utinam minus vltae cupidl fuissemus ! certe nihil aut
non multum in vita mall vldissemus.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE VIII. 183
Quod si nos ad aliquam alicuius commodl ali-
quando recuperandl spem fortuna reservavit, minus
est erratum a nobis ; sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego
vero te quam primum, mea vita, cupi5 videre et in
tu5 complexu emori, quoniam neque dl, quos tu ca- 5
stissime coluistl, neque homines, quibus ego semper
servivi, nobis gratiam rettulerunt.
Nos BrundisI apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies xm.
fuimus, virum optimum, qui periculum fortunarum et
capitis sul prae mea salute neglexit neque legis impro- 10
bissimae poena deductus est, quo minus hospitl et
amlcitiae ius officiumque praestaret. Huic utinam
aliquando gratiam referre posslmus ! habebimus qui-
dem semper. Brundisio profecti sumus prid. K.
Mai. ; per Macedoniam Cyzicum petebamus. 15
O me perditum ! O adflictum ! Quid nunc rogem
te, ut venias, mulierem aegram, et corpore et animo
confectam ? Non rogem ? Sine te igitur sim ? OpI-
nor, sic agam : si est spes nostri reditus, earn con-
firmes et rem adiuves; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum 20
est, quoquo modo potes ad me fac venias. Unum
h5c scito : si te habebo, n5n mihi videbor plane per-
Isse. Sed quid Tulliola mea flet? iam id vos videte;
mihi deest consilium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se
res habebit, illlus misellae et matrimonio et famae 25
serviendum est. Quid ? Cicero meus quid aget ? iste
vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo. N5n que5
plura iam scrlbere ; impedit maeror. Tu quid egeris,
nescio; utrum aliquid teneas an, quod metuo, plane
sis spoliata. Pisonem, ut scrlbis, sper5 fore semper 30
nostrum.
De familia llberata nihil est, quod te moveat : pri-
mum tuis ita promissum est, te facturam esse, ut
quisque esset meritus; est autem in officio adhuc
Orpheus, praeterea magno opere nemo. Ceterorum 35
184 M. TULLI CICERONIS
servorum ea causa est, ut, si res a nobis ablsset,
liberti nostri essent, si obtinere potuissent, sin ad nos
pertineret, servlrent, praeterquam oppido paucl.
Sed haec minora sunt. TO quod me hortaris, ut
5 animd sim magno et spem habeam recuperandae
salutis, id velim sit eius modi, ut recte sperare pos-
slmus. Nunc, miser quando tuas iam litteras acci-
piam ? quis ad me perferet ? quas ego exspectassem
BrundisI, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem
10 praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sus-
tenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes. Honestissime vlxi-
mus, floruimus. Non vitium nostrum, sed virtus
nostra nos adfUxit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod
non una animam cum ornamentls amlsimus. Sed, si
15 hoc fuit llberls nostrls gratius, nos vlvere, cetera,
quamquam ferenda non sunt, feramus. Atqui ego,
qui te conflrmo, ipse me non possum.
Clodium Philhetaerum, quod valetudine oculorum
impediebatur, hominem fidelem, remlsl. Sallustius
20 officio vincit omnes. Pescennius est perbenevolus no-
bis, quern semper spero tul fore observantem. Sicca
dlxerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit.
Cura, quoad potes, ut valeas et sic exlstimes, me
vehementius tua miseria quam mea commoveri. Mea
25 Terentia, fldissima atque optima uxor, et mea caris-
sima flliola, et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, valete.
Pr. K. Mai. Brundisio.
IX.
Scr. Dyrrhachi a. d. vi. Kal. Decembres a. u. c. 696.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE,
CICERONI SUO SALUTEM DICIT.
Et litterls multorum et sermone omnium perfertur
ad me, incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE IX. 185
esse teque nee animl neque corporis laboribus defatl-
garl. Me miserum ! te ista virtute, fide, probitate,
hiimanitate in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse!
Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre tantas voluptates
capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere luctus ! Nam quid 5
ego de Cicerone dicam ? qui cum primum sapere
coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit.
- Quae si, tu ut scribis, fato facta putarem, ferrem
paulo f acilius ; sed omnia sunt mea culpa commissa,
qui ab els me amarl putabam, qui invidebant, eos 10
non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod si nostrls c5nsilils
usl essemus neque apud nos tantum valuisset sermo
aut stultorum amlcorum aut improborum, beatissiml
vlveremus. Nunc, quoniam sperare nos amlci iubent,
dabo operam, ne mea valetudo tuo labor! desit. Res 15
quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius manere
doml quam redlre. Sed tamen, si omnes tribun5s
pi. habemus, si Lentulum tarn studidsum, quam vide-
tur, si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est
desperandum. 20
De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amlcls, facie-
mus. De loco, nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia,
sed, quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo
ornciosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet.
Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Eplro, quo 25
neque Hispo venlret nee mllites, sed adhuc Plancius
me retinet; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum in Italiam
decedat. Quern ego diem si vldero et si in vestrum
complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum recupe-
raro, satis magnum mihi fructum videbor percepisse 30
et vestrae pietatis et meae.
Plsonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnes nos tan-
tus est, ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res ei
voluptatl sit ! gloriae quidem video fore. De Q.
186 M. TULLI CICERONIS
fratre nihil ego te accusavl, sed vos, cum praesertim
tarn paucl sltis, volui esse quam coniunctissimos.
Quibus me voluistl agere gratias, egl et me a te cer-
tiorem factum esse scrips!.
5 Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scrlbis te vicum vendi-
turam, quid, obsecro te — me miserum ! — quid f utu-
rum est ? Et, si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid
puero misero flet ? Non queo reliqua scrlbere —
tanta vis lacrimarum est — neque te in eundem fle-
10 turn adducam. Tantum scrlb5 : si erunt in officio
amid, pecunia non deerit; si n5n erunt, tu efficere
tua pecunia non poteris. Per fortunas miseras no-
stras, vide, ne puerum perditum perdamus. Cui si
aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocrl virtute opus est et
15 mediocrl fortuna, ut cetera consequatur.
Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut sciam,
quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnlno iam
brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Ciceroni salutem
die. Valete. D. a. d. vi. K. Decemb. Dyrrhachi.
20 Dyrrhachium venl, quod et libera clvitas est et in
me officiosa et proxima Italiae ; sed, si offendet me
loci celebritas, alio me conferam ; ad te scrlbam.
Scr. Dyrrhachi mense Ianuario A. u. c. 697.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Litterae mihi a Q. fratre cum senatus consulto,
quod de me est factum, allatae sunt. Mihi in animo
25 est legum lationem exspectare ; et, si obtrectabitur,
utar auctoritate senatus et potius vita quam patria
carebo. Tu, quaeso, festlna ad nos venire.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XL, XII. 187
i
XI.
Scr. Dyrrhachi exeunte mense Ianuario A. u. c. 697.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Ex tuls litterls et ex re ipsa n5s funditus perisse
video. Te oro, ut, quibus in rebus tul mel indige-
bunt, nostrls miserils ne desls. Ego te, ut scrlbis,
cito videbo.
XII.
Scr. in Cumano x. Kalendas Maias A. u. c. 699.
CICERO ATTIC O SAL.
Puteolls magnus est rumor Ptolemaeum esse in 5
regno. Si quid habes certius, velim scire. Ego hie
pascor bibliotheca Fausti: fortasse tu putaras, his
rebus Puteolanis et Lucrlnensibus. Ne ista quidem
desunt Sed me hercule ut a ceteris oblectationi-
bus deseror voluptatum propter rem publicam, sic 10
litterls sustentor et recreor mal5que in ilia tua sede-
cula, quam habes sub imagine Aristotelis, sedere
quam in istorum sella curull, tecumque apud te am-
bulare quam cum ed, quocum video esse ambulan-
dum. Sed de ilia ambulatidne fors vlderit aut si qui 15
est, qui curet, deus.
Nostram ambulationem et Lacdnicum eaque, quae
Cyrea sint, velim, cum poteris, invlsas et urgeas
Philotlmum, ut properet, ut possim tibi aliquid in e5
genere respondere. Pompeius in Ciimanum Parllibus 20
venit. Mlsit ad me statim, qui salutem nuntiaret.
Ad eum postrldie mane vadebam, cum haec scrlpsl.
188 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XIII.
Scr Romae mense Maio a. u. c. 700.
CICERO TREBATIO.
Ego te commendare non desisto; sed, quid pro-
ficiam, ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in
Balb5, ad quern de te dlligentissime et saepissime
scribo. Illud soleo mlrarl, non me totiens accipere
5 tuas litteras, quotiens a Qulnto mihi fratre adferun-
tur.
In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque
argent!. Id si ita est, essedum aliquod capias, suadeo,
et ad nos quam prlmum recurras. Sin autem sine
10 Britannia tamen adsequl, quod volumus, possumus,
perfice, ut sis in <familiaribus Caesaris. Multum te in
eo frater adiuvabit meus, multum Balbus, sed, mihi
crede, tuus pudor et labor plurimum. Imperatorem
llberalissimum, aetatem opportunissimam, commenda-
15 tionem certe singularem habes, ut tibi unum timen-
dum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare.
XIV.
Scr. Romae a. u. C. 701.
M. CICERO S. D. C. CURIONI.
Gravi teste prlvatus sum amoris summi erga te
mel, patre tuo, clarissimS viro; qui cum suls laudi-
bus, turn vero te fllio superasset omnium fortunam,
20 si el contigisset, ut te ante videret, quam a vita dis-
cederet. Sed sper5 nostram amlcitiam non egere te-
stibus. Tibi patrimonium del fortunent ! Me certe
habebis, cui et carus aeque sis et hlcundus, ac fuistl
patrl.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XV., XVI. 189
XV.
Scr. anno incerto.
CICERO SILIO SAL.
Quid ego tibi commendem eum, quern tu ipse
dlligis ? Sed tamen, ut sclres eum a me non dlligl
solum, verum etiam amari, ob earn rem tibi haec
scrlbo. Omnium tuorum officiorum, quae et multa
et magna sunt, mihi gratissimum fuerit, si ita trac- 5
taris Egnatium, ut sentiat et se a me et me a te
amari; hoc te vehementer etiam atque etiam rogo.
Ilia nostra scilicet ceciderunt. Utamur igitur vulgarl
consolatione : " Quid, si hoc melius ? " Sed haec co-
ram; tu fac, quod facis, ut me ames teque amari a 10
me scias.
XVI.
Scr. Ephesi vn. Kal. Sextiles A. u. c. 703.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
Ephesum venimus a. d. XL Kal. Sextiles sexagesim5
et qulngentesimo post pugnam Bovlllanam. Navigavi-
mus sine timore et sine nausea, sed tardius propter
aphractorum Rhodiorum imbecillitatem. De concursu i^
legationum, prlvat5rum, et de incredibill multitudine,
quae mihi iam SamI, sed mlrabilem in modum Ephesi
praest5 fuit, aut audlsse te puto, aut " Quid ad me
attinet ? " Verum tamen.
Decuman!, quasi venissem cum imperio, Graecl 20
quasi Ephesio praetorl se alacres obtulerunt; ex quo
te intellegere cert5 scio multorum annorum ostenta-
tiones meas nunc in discrlmen esse adductas. Sed, ut
190 M. TULLI CICERONIS
spero, utemur ea palaestra, quam a te didicimus,
omnibusque satis faciemus, et eo facilius, quod in
nostra provincia confectae sunt pactiones. Sed haec
hactenus, praesertim cum cenantl mihi nuntiarit Ce-
5 stius se de nocte proficiscl.
Tua negotiola EphesI curae mihi fuerunt, Therm5-
que, tametsl ante adventum meum llberalissime erat
pollicitus tuls omnibus, tamen Philogenem et Seium
tradidl, Apollonidensem Xenonem commendavi ; om-
10 nino omnia se facturum recepit Ego praeterea ratio-
nem Philogenl permutationis eius, quam tecum feci,
edidl. Ergo haec quoque hactenus.
Redeo ad urbana. Per fortunas ! quoniam Romae
manes, prlmum illud praefulci atque praemunl, quae-
15 so, ut slmus annul, ne intercaletur quidem; deinde
exhaurl mea mandata, maximeque, si quid potest, de
illo domestic5 scrupul5, quern non ignoras, dein de
Caesare, cuius in cupiditatem te auctore incubul, nee
me piget ; et, si intellegis, quam meum sit scire et cu-
20 rare, quid in re publica fiat — flat autem ? immo vero
etiam quid futurum sit, perscrlbe ad me omnia, sed
diligentissime, in primisque, ecquid iudiciorum status
aut factorum aut futurorum etiam laboret. De aqua,
si curae est, si quid Philippus aget, animadvertes.
XVII.
Scr. in provincia mense Februario A. u. C. 704.
M. CICERO C. TITIO L. F. RUFO PR. URB. SAL.
2 5 L. Custidius est tribulis et municeps et familiaris
meus. . Is causam habet, quam causam ad te deferet.
Commendo tibi hominem, slcut tua fides et meus pu-
dor postulat, tantum, ut faciles ad te aditus habeat,
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XVIII. 191
quae aequa postulabit, ut libente te impetret sentiat-
que meam sibi amlcitiam, etiam cum longissime ab-
sim, prodesse, in primls apud te.
XVIII.
Scr. in provincia pridie Nonas Apriles A. u. C. 704.
M. CICERO IMP. S. D. M. CAELIO AEDILI CUR.
Putarasne umquam accidere posse, ut mihi verba
deessent, neque solum ista vestra oratoria, sed haec 5
etiam levia nostratia? Desunt autem propter hanc
causam, quod mirifice sum sollicitus, quidnam de
provinciis decernatur. Mlrum me desiderium tenet
urbis, incredibile meorum atque in primls tul, satietas
autem provinciae, vel quia videmur earn famam conse- 10
cut!, ut non tarn accessi5 quaerenda quam fortuna
metuenda sit, vel quia totum negotium non est dl-
gnum vlribus nostrls, qui maiora onera in re publica
sustinere et possimus et soleamus, vel quia belli
magnl timor impendet, quod videmur effugere, si ad 15
constitutam diem decedemus.
De pantherls, per eos, qui venari solent, agitur man-
datu meo dlligenter; sed mira paucitas est et eas,
quae sunt, valde aiunt queri, quod nihil cuiquam Insi-
diarum in mea pr5vincia nisi sibi flat ; itaque c5nstitu- 20
isse dicuntur in Cariam ex nostra provincia decedere.
Sed tamen sedulo fit, et in primls a Patisco. Quicquid
erit, tibi erit, sed, quid esset, plane nesciebamus.
Mihi me hercule magnae curae est aedllitas tua.
Ipse dies me admonebat; scrlpsi enim haec ipsis 25
Megalensibus. Tu velim ad me de omni rei publicae
statu quam dlligentissime perscrlbas; ea enim certis-
sima putabo, quae ex te cognoro.
192 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XIX.
Scr. Ephesi Kalendis Octobribus A. u. C. 704.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Cum Tnstituissem ad te scrlbere calamumque sump-
sissem, Batonius e tiavi recta ad me venit domum Ephe-
si et epistolam tuam reddidit pridie Kal. Octobres.
Laetatus sum felicitate navigationis tuae, opportuni-
5 tate Piliae, etiam hercule sermone eiusdem de coniu-
gio Tulliae meae. Batonius autem miros terrores ad
me attulit Caesarianos, cum Lepta etiam plura locutus
est, spero falsa, sed certe horribilia, Caesarem exerci-
tum nullo modo dimissurum, cum illo praetores de-
10 signatos, Cassium tribunum pi., Lentulum consulem
facere, Pompeio in anim5 esse urbem relinquere. Sed
heus tu, num quid moleste fers de illo, qui se solet
antef erre patruo sororis tuae fill ? at a quibus victus ?
Sed ad rem. Nos etesiae vehementissime tardarunt ;
15 detraxit xx. ipsos dies etiam aphractus Rhodiorum.
Kal. Octobr. Epheso conscendentes hanc epistolam
dedimus L. Tarquitio, simul e portu egredientl, sed
expedltius naviganti; nos Rhodiorum aphractls ceteris-
que longis navibus tranquillitates aucupaturl eramus.
20 Ita tamen properabamus, ut non posset magis.
De raudusculo Puteolano, gratum. Nunc velim
dispicias res Romanas, videas, quid nobis de trium-
pho c5gitandum putes, ad quern amid me vocant.
Ego, nisi Bibulus, qui, dum Onus hostis in Syria fuit,
25 pedem porta n5n plus extulit quam domo sua, adni-
teretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem; nunc vero
ala'xpov aiMirav. Sed explora rem t5tam, ut, quo die
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XX., XXI. 193
congressl erimus, consilium capere posslmus. Sat
multa, qui et properarem et el litteras darem, qui
aut mecum aut paulo ante venturus esset.
Cicero tibi plurimam salutem dlcit ; tu dices utrlus-
que nostrum verbis et Piliae tuae et filiae. 5
XX
Scr. Corcyrae xv. Kal. Decembres A. u. c. 704.
TULLIUS ET CICERO S. D. TIRONI SUO.
Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur; Qulntus
autem pater et fllius Buthroti. SollicitI eramus de
tua valetudine mirum in modum, nee mirabamur
nihil a te litterarum ; els enim ventls istim navigatur,
qui si essent, nos Corcyrae non. sederemus. Cura 10
igitur te et confirma et, cum commode et per valetu-
dinem et per annl tempus navigare poteris, ad nos
amantissim5s tul venl. Nemo nos amat, qui te non
diligat; carus omnibus exspectatusque venies. Cura
ut valeas. Etiam atque etiam, Tiro noster, vale. xv. 15
Kal. Corcyra.
XXI.
Scr. a. u. c. 704?
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D.
S. v. b. e. v. Si quid haberem, quod ad te
scrlberem, facerem id et pluribus verbis et saepius;
nunc, quae sint negotia, vides. Ego autem quo modo
sim adfectus, ex Lepta et Trebatio poteris cogno- 20
scere. Tu fac, ut tuam et Tulliae valetudinem cures.
Vale.
194 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XXII.
Scr. Formiis ix. Kal. Februarias a. u. c. 705.
TULLIUS TEREATT/AE SUAE ET PATER SUA-
V/SSfMAE FILIAE, CICERO MATRI ET S0R0R1
S. D. PLUR.
Conslderandum vobls etiam atque etiam, animae
meae, dlligenter puto, quid faciatis, Romaene sltis
an mecum in aliquo tuto loc5; id non solum meum
consilium est, sed etiam vestrum.
5 Mihi veniunt in mentem haec : R5mae vos esse
tuto posse per Dolabellam, eamque rem posse nobis
adiumento esse, si quae vis aut si quae raplnae fieri
coeperint; sed riirsus illud me movet, quod video
omnes bon5s abesse Roma et e5s mulieres suas
10 secum habere. Haec autem regio, in qua ego sum,
nostrSrum est cum oppidorum, turn etiam praediorum,
ut et multum esse mecum et, cum abieritis, commode
in nostrls praedils esse possltis.
Mihi plane non satis constat adhuc, utrum sit
15 melius. Vos videte, quid aliae faciant isto loco femi-
nae, et ne, cum velltis, exlre non liceat. Id velim
dlligenter etiam atque etiam voblscum et cum amlcls
conslderetis. Domus ut propugnacula et praesidium
habeat, Philotlmo dlcetis. Et velim tabellarios Insti-
20 tuatis certos, ut cotldie aliquas a vobls litteras acci-
piam ; maxime autem date operam, ut valeatis, si
nos vultis valere. vim. Kal. Formiis.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXIII.-XXV. 195
XXIII.
Scr. a. u. c. 706.
TULL1US TERENTIAE SUAE S. D.
S. v. b. e. v. Da operam, ut convalesces; quod
opus erit, ut res tempusque postulat, providers atque
administres et ad me de omnibus rebus quam saepis-
sime litteras mittas. Vale.
XXIV.
Scr. Brundisi xvn. Kal. Quinctil. A. u. c. 707.
TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE.
S. v. b. e. v. Tullia nostra venit ad me ]pr. Idus 5
Iun. ; cuius summa virtute et singularl hurnanitate
gravi5re etiam sum dolore adfectus nostra factum
esse neglegentia, ut longe alia in fortuna esset, atque
eius pietas ac dlgnitas postulabat. Nobis erat in
animo Ciceronem ad Caesarem mittere et cum eo 10
Cn. Sallustium ; si profectus erit, faciam te certiorem.
Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Vale. xvn. K.
Qulnctlles.
XXV.
Scr. Brundisi vn. Idus Quinctiles A. u. c. 707.
TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE.
Quid fieri placeret, scrlpsl ad Pomponium serius,
quam oportuit ; cum eo si locuta eris, intelleges, quid 15
fieri velim. Apertius scrlbl, quoniam ad ilium scrip-
196 M. TULLI CICERONIS
seram, necesse n5n fuit. De ea re et de ceteris rebus
quam primum velim nobis litteras mittas. Valetudinem
tuam cura dlligenter. Vale. vn. Idus Qulnctlles.
XXVI.
Scr. Brundisi in. Idus Sextiles A. u. c. 707.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D.
S. v. b. e. v. Nos neque de Caesaris adventu
5 neque de litterls, quas Philotlmus habere dicitur,
quicquam adhuc certl habemus. Si quid erit certl,
faciam te statfm certiorem. Valetudinem tuam fac ut
cures. Vale. in. Idus Sextiles.
XXVII.
Scr. Brundisi prid. Idus Sextiles A. u. c. 707.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D.
S. v. b. e. v. Redditae mihi tandem sunt a Cae-
10 sare litterae satis liberates, et ipse oplnione celerius
venturus esse dicitur; cui utrum obviam procedam,
an hie eum exspectem, cum c5nstituero, faciam te
certiorem. Tabellarios mihi velim quam primum re-
mittas. Valetudinem tuam cura dlligenter. Vale.
15 D. pr. Id. Sext.
XXVIII.
Scr. Brundisi Kalendis Septembribus A. u. c. 707.
TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE.
S. v. b. e. v. Nos cotldie tabellarios nostrSs ex-
spectamus, qui si venerint, fortasse erimus certiores,
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXIX., XXX. 197
quid nobis faciendum sit, faciemusque te statim cer-
tiorem. Valetudinem tuam cura dlligenter. Vale.
K. Septemb.
XXIX.
Scr. in Cumano A. u. c. 708.
M. CICERO S. D. M. MARIO.
A. d. vim. Kal. in Cumanum veni cum Llb5ne tuo
vel nostro potius; in Pompeianum statim cogito, sed 5
faciam ante te certiorem. Te cum semper valere
cupio, turn certe, dum hie sumus ; vides enim, quanta
post una futurl slmus. Qua re, si quod constitutum
cum podagra habes, fac, ut in alium diem differas.
Cura igitur, ut valeas, et me hoc biduo aut trlduo 10
exspecta.
XXX.
Scr. in Cumano A. u. c. 708.
CICERO PAETO.
Herl veni in Cumanum; eras ad te fortasse, sed,
cum certum sciam, faciam te pauld ante certi5rem.
EtsI M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Gallinaria ob-
viam venisset quaesissemque, quid ageres, dixit te in 15
lect5 esse, quod ex pedibus laborares. Tull scilicet
moleste, ut debul, sed tamen constitul ad te venire,
ut et viderem te et viserem et cenarem etiam ; non
enim arbitror coquum etiam te arthnticum habere.
Exspecta igitur hospitem cum minime edacem, turn 20
inimicum cenls sumptuosis.
198 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XXXI.
Scr. in Antiati mense Septembri a. u. c. 708.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Male, me hercule, de Athamante; tuus autem dolor
humanus is quidem, sed magno opere moderandus.
Cons6lati5num autem multae viae, sed ilia rectissima;
impetret ratio, quod dies impetratura est. Alexin
5 vero curemus, imaginem Tironis, quern aegrum, Ro-
mam remisT, et, si quid habet collis iirihrjfxiov, ad me
cum Tisameno transf eramus ; tota domus vacat supe-
rior, ut scis. Hoc puto valde ad rem pertinere.
XXXII.
Scr. Romae A. u. c. 708.
CICERO SERVIO SAL.
Asclapone Patrensi, medico, utor familiariter eius-
10 que cum consuetudo mihi iucunda fuit, turn ars eti-
am, quam sum expertus in valetudine meorum ; in
qua mihi cum ipsa scientia, turn etiam fidelitate bene-
volentiaque satis fecit. Hunc igitur tibi commendo et
a te peto, ut des operam, ut intellegat diligenter me
15 scripsisse de sese meamque commendationem usul
magno sibi fuisse; erit id mihi vehementer gratum.
XXXIII.
Scr. Romae ineunte anno a. u. c. 709.
M. CICERO S. D. C. CASSIO.
Longior epistola fuisset, nisi eo ipso tempore petlta
esset a me, cum iam Iretur ad te; longior autem, si
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXXIV., XXXV. 199
(f>\vapov aliquem habuissem ; nam airovhd^eiv sine
perlculo vix possumus. " Ridere igitur," inquies,
"possumus." Non, me hercule, facillime; verum ta-
men aliam aberrationem a molestils nullam habemus.
" Ubi igitur," inquies, " philosophia ? " Tua quidem 5
in cullna, mea in palaestra est. Pudet enim servlre ;.
itaque facio me alias res agere, ne convicium Platonis
audiam.
De Hispania nihil adhuc certl, nihil omnlno novl.
Te abesse mea causa moleste fero, tua gaudeo. Sed 10
flagitat tabellarius ; valebis igitur meque, ut a puero
fecistl, amabis.
XXXIV.
Scr. Asturae mense Martio A. u. c. 709.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Apud Appuleium, quoniam in perpetuum non pla-
cet, in dies ut excuser, videbis. In hac solitudine
ca^eo omnium colloquio, cumque mane me in silvam 15
abstrusi densam et asperam, non exeo inde ante ve-
sperum ; secundum te nihil est mihi amlcius solitu-
dine. In ea mihi omnis sermo est cum litteris ; eum
tamen interpellat fletus, cui repugn5, quoad possum,
sed adhuc pares ndn sumus. Bruto, ut suades, rescrl- 20
bam; eas litteras eras habebis. Cum erit cui des,
dabis.
XXXV.
Scr. Asturae mense Martio A. u. c. 709.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
Te tuls negotils rellctis nolo ad me venire. Ego
potius accedam, si diutius impediere ; etsl ne disces-
200 M. TULLI CICERONIS
sissem quidem e conspectu tuo, nisi me plane nihil
ulla res adiuvaret. Quod si esset aliquod levamen,
id esset in te uno, et, cum primum ab aliquo poterit
esse, a te erit; nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non
5 possum. Sed nee tuae doml probabatur nee meae
poteram, nee, si propius essem uspiam, tecum tamen
essem; idem enim te impedlret, quo minus mecum
esses, quod nunc etiam impedit. Mihi adhuc nihil
aptius fuit hac solitudine, quam vereor ne Philippus
10 tollat ; herl enim vesper! venerat. Me scrlptio et lit-
terae non leniunt, sed obturbant.
XXXVI.
Scr. Asturae mense Martio a. u. C. 709.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Dum recordati5nes fugio, quae quasi morsu quo-
dam dolorem efficiunt, refugio ad te admonendum;
quod velim mihi ignoscas, cuicuimodl est. Etenim
15 habeo non nullos ex els, quos nunc lectito, auctores,
qui dlcant fieri id oportere, quod saepe tecum egl et
quod a te approbari volo : de fan5 illo died, de quo
tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites. Equidem
neque de genere dubit5 — placet enim mihi CluatI, — -
20 neque de re — statutum est enim, — de loc5 non
numquam. Velim igitur c5gites.
Ego, quantum his temporibus tarn erudltls fieri
potuerit, profecto illam consecrabo omni genere monu-
mentorum ab omnium ingenils sumptorum et Grae-
25 corum et Latlnorum, quae res forsitan sit refricatura
vulnus meum ; sed iam quasi voto quodam et pro-
misso me tenerl puto, longumque illud tempus, cum
non ero, magis me movet quam hoc exiguum, quod
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXXVII. 201
mihi tamen nimium longum videtur; habeo enim
nihil, temptatls rebus omnibus, in quo adquiescam.
Nam, dum illud tractabam, de quo ad te ante scrips!,
quasi fovebam dolores meos ; nunc omnia respuo, nee
quicquam habeo tolerabilius quam s5litudinem, quam, 5
quod eram veritus, n5n obturbavit Philippus ; nam, ut
her! me salutavit, statim Romam profectus est.
Epistolam, quam ad Brutum, ut tibi placuerat,
scrips!, mis! ad te. Curabis cum tua perferendam ;
eius tamen mis! ad te exemplum, ut, si minus place- 10
ret, ne mitteres.
Domestica quod ais ordine administrarl, scribes,
quae sint ea; quaedam enim exspect.5. Cocceius
vide ne frustretur; nam, Llbo quod pollicetur, ut
Eros scrlbit, non incertum puto. De sorte mea Sul- 15
picio confldo et Egnatio scilicet. De Appuleio quid
est quod labores, cum sit excusatio facilis ?
Tibi ad me venire, ut ostendis, vide ne non sit
facile ; est enim longum iter, discedentemque te, quod
celeriter tibi erit fortasse faciendum, non sine magno 20
dol5re dimittam. Sed omnia, ut voles; ego enim,
quidquid feceris, id cum recte, turn etiam mea causa
factum putabo.
XXXVII.
Scr. Asturae exeunte mense Aprili a. u. c. 709.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Fanum fieri volo, neque hoc mihi eripl potest.
Sepulcr! similitudinem effugere non tarn propter poe- 25
nam legis studeo, quam ut maxime adsequar a7ro04co-
a-iv. Quod poteram, si in ipsa villa facerem, sed, ut
202 M. TULLI CICERONIS
saepe locutl sumus, commutationes dominorum refor-
mldo; in agro ubicumque fecero, mihi videor adsequl
posse, ut posteritas habeat religionem. Hae meae
tibi ineptiae — f ateor enim — f erendae sunt ; non habeo,
5 ne me quidem ipsum, qulcum tarn audacter commu-
nicem quam tecum. Sin tibi res, si locus, si Institu-
tum placet, lege, quaeso, legem mihique earn mitte ;
si quid in mentem veniet, quo modo earn effugere
posslmus, utemur.
10 Ad Brutum si quid scribes, nisi alienum putabis,
obiurgato eum, quod in Cumano esse noluerit prop-
ter earn causam, quam tibi dixit; cogitantl enim mihi
nihil tarn videtur potuisse facere rustice. Et, si tibi
placebit sic agere de fano, ut coepimus, velim cohor-
15 tere et exacuas Cluatium; nam, etiam si alio loc5
placebit, illlus nobis opera consilioque utendum puto.
Tu ad vlllam fortasse eras.
XXXVIII.
Scr. anno incerto.
CICERO TREBATIO SAL.
Illuseras herl inter scyphos, quod dlxeram contro-
versiam esse, possetne heres, quod furtum antea fac-
20 turn esset, furtl recte agere. Itaque, etsl domum
bene potus seroque redieram, tamen id caput, ubi
haec controversia est, notavl et descrlptum tibi mlsl,
ut sclres id, quod tu neminem sensisse dicebas, Sex.
Aelium, M'. Manllium, M. Brutum sensisse; ego
25 tamen Scaevolae et Testae adsentior.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXXIX.-XLI. 203
XXXIX.
Scr. in Tusculano mense Maio A. u. C. 709.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
DomI te libenter esse facile credo; sed velim scire,
quid tibi restet aut iamne confeceris. Ego te in Tu-
sculano exspecto, eoque magis, quod TironI statim te
venturum scripsistl et addidisti te putare opus esse.
Sentiebam omnlno, quantum mihi praesens prodesses, 5
sed multo magis post discessum tuum sentio; quam
ob rem, ut ante ad te scrips!, aut ego ad te t5tus
aut tu ad me, quod licebit.
XL.
Scr. a. u. c. 710.
CICERO BASILO SAL.
Tibi gratulor, mihi gaudeo. Te am5, tua tueor.
A te amari et, quid agas quidque agatur, certior 10
fieri volo.
XLI.
Scr. in Tusculano exeunte mense Iunio A. u. C 710.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
Mirince torqueor, sine dolore tamen ; sed permulta
mihi de nostro itinere in utramque partem occurrunt.
" Quo usque ? " inquies. Quoad erit integrum ; erit
autem usque, dum ad navem. Pansa si rescrlpserit, 15
et meam tibi et illlus epistolam mittam. Sllium ex-
spectabam, cui hypomnema compositum est. Si quid
novl. Ego litteras misl ad Brutum, cuius de itinere
etiam ex te velim, si quid scies, cognoscere.
204 M. TULLI CICERONIS
XLII.
Scr. in Tusculano a. d. III. Kalendas Quinctiles A. u. c. 710.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
De meo itinere variae sententiae, multl enim ad
me ; sed tu incumbe, quaeso, in earn curam : magna
res est. An probas, si ad Kal. Ian. cogitamus? meus
animus est aeqnus, ita tamen, si nihil offensionis
5 sit. Velim etiam scire, quo die olim piaculum, my-
steria scilicet. Utut est res, casus consilium nostrl
itineris iudicabit. Dubitemus igitur ; est enim hlberna
navigatio odiosa, eoque ex te quaesieram mysteriorum
diem. Brutum, ut scrlbis, visum Irl a. me puto. Ego
10 hinc volo pr. Kal.
XLIII.
Scr. in Arpinati a. d. v. Nonas Quinctiles A. u. C 710.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Ego, ut ad te prldie scrlpseram, Nonls constitu-
eram venire in Puteolanum ; ibi igitur cotldie tuas
litteras exspectabo, et maxime de ludls, de quibus
etiam ad Brutum tibi scrlbendum est, cuius epistolae,
15 quam interpretarl ipse vix poteram, exemplum prldie
tibi mlseram. Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut
omnem culpam in te transferas et el tamen conflrmes
me minime totum amorem eo mecum abstulisse.
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XLIV., XLV. 205
XLIV.
Scr. in Puteolano prid. Nonas Novembres A. u. c. 710.
CICERO ATT/CO SAL.
Binae uno die mihi litterae ab Octaviano; nunc
quidem, ut Romam statim veniam, velle se rem
agere per senatum. Cui ego non posse senatum
ante K. Ianuar., quod quidem ita credo. Ille autem
addit, "consilio tuo." Quid multa ? Ille urget, ego 5
autem cr/c^7rTo/xat. Non confido aetatl; ignoro, quo
animo; nihil sine Pansa tuo volo.
Vereor, ne valeat Antonius, nee a marl discedere
libet, et metuo, ne quae apiarela me absente. Var-
ronl quidem displicet consilium puerl, mihi non. Si 10
firmas copias habet, Brutum habere potest, et rem
gerit palam ; centuriat Capuae, dmumerat. lam iam-
que video bellum. Ad haec rescrlbe. Tabellarium
meum Kalend. Roma profectum sine tuls litterls
miror. 15
XLV.
Scr. Romae III. Nonas Maias a. u. c. 711.
CICERO PLANCO SAL.
O gratam famam blduo ante victoriam de subsidio
tuo, de studi5, de celeritate, de copils ! Atque etiam
hostibus fusis spes omnis est in te. Fugisse enim ex
proelio MutinensI dlcuntur notissim! latronum duces.
Est autem non minus gratum extrema delere quam 20
prima depellere.
Equidem exspectabam iam tuas litteras, idque cum
multis, sperabamque etiam Lepidum rei publicae tern-
206 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XLVI.
poribus admonitum tecum et rel publicae esse factu-
rum. In illam igitur curam incumbe, ml Plance,
ut ne quae scintilla taeterrimi belli relinquatur. Quod
si erit factum, et rem publicam dlvino beneficio ad-
5 feceris et ipse aeternam gloriam consequere. D. in.
Non. Mai.
XLVI.
Scr. Romae xiiii. Kal. Quinctiles A. u. c. 711.
' M. CICERO S. D. D. BRUTO.
Exspectanti mihi tuas cotidie litteras Lupus no-
ster subito denuntiavit, ut ad te scrlberem, si quid
vellem. Ego autem, etsi, quid scrlberem, non habe-
10 bam — acta enim ad te mitt! sciebam, inanem autem
sermonem litterarum tibi iniucundum esse audiebam
— brevitatem secutus sum te magistro.
Scito igitur in te et in collega spem omnem esse.
De Bruto autem nihil adhuc certl; quern ego, quern
15 ad modum praecipis, privatis litterls ad bellum com-
mune vocare non desin5. Qui utinam iam adesset !
Intestlnum urbis malum, quod est n5n mediocre,
minus timeremus. Sed quid ag5? Non imitor Xa-
KcoviafMov tuum; altera iam pagella procedit. Vince
.20 et vale, xiiii. K. Qumctll.
NOTES.
NOTES.
THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
Page 61. M. Tulli Ciceronis: see p. i. B. 373 ; A.
108 ; H. 354, and 354, 3. 1 For Tulli instead of Tullii, see B. 25, 1 ;
A. 49, b ; H. 83, 6.
In L. Catilinam: this title, though used of the four Cati-
linarian speeches, is, strictly speaking, applicable only to the
first; cf. 2 the outlines on pp. 42-44. Cicero himself, in naming
his ten ' consular ' orations, characterizes those against Catiline as
follows (ad Att. II. i. 3) : septima (or alio, the first Catilinarian),
qua Catilinam emisi ; octava, quam habui ad populum postri-
die quam Catilina profugit ; nona in contione, quo die Alio-
broges indicarunt ; decima in senatu, Nonis Decembribus.
Habita: 'delivered;' an idiomatic use of habere, like that
of the German halten in rede halten. in Senatu: for
the place and circumstances of delivery, see p. 39, and below,
11. 4-7.
Introduction.
Chapter I. 1. Quo usque : strengthened by tandem, * How
long, pray ; ' introduces an abrupt, indignant question, suggested
1 B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar; A. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin
Grammar; H. = Harkness's Complete Latin Grammar. References like this,
P- 65, 7 (page 65, line 7) are to the pages of this book. Translations of Latin
words or phrases are put in single quotation marks.
2 Cf. {confer) = " compare ;" sc. {scilicet) = " supply," or "understood;'
N. = " note ; " R. = " remark ; " Vocab. = " Vocabulary," at the end of the
book ; dir. disc. = " direct discourse ; " indir. disc. = " indirect discourse "
{oratio obliqua) ; constr. = *' construction ; " 1. = " line ; " lit. = " literally; "
dep. = " depends " or " dependent ; " trans. = " translate " or " translation ; "
pred. = " predicate."
For other abbreviations see the list preceding the vocabulary.
209
210 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 61.
by the . appearance of Catiline in* the Senate. Sallust (Cat.
xx. 9) puts a similar expression into the mouth of Catiline ; quae
(='and this state of affairs') quo usque tandem ftatiemini,
fortissumi viri? abutere : abater e, not abut ere. patientia :
B. 218, 1 ; A. 410; H.477. 2 - etiam: temporal, 'still. 1 furor
iste tuus : 'that frenzy of yours. 1 Why is iste used? Cf. B.
246,4; A. 297, c\ H. 507, 3. eludet: here in the sense of
'make sport of. 1 3. Quern ad finem : i. e. how far, how long.
effrenata : suggests what comparison ?
4. Nihil : adverbial ace, taking the place of an emphatic non.
B. 176, 3; A. 390, d, N. 2; H. 416, 2. The rhetorical force
is heightened by the repetition of nihil with each item men-
tioned, praesidium Palati : the situation, shape, and elevation
of the Palatine hill made it one of the strongest military posi-
tions in Rome. At a very early period it was surrounded by a
massive wall, extensive portions of which still remained in
Cicero^ time. Consequently in times of special danger it was
. occupied by a garrison. Cf. Middleton^ " Remains of Ancient
Rome, 11 Vol. I., Chap. IV. 5. vigiliae : the Senate had ordered
that watchmen be placed on guard throughout the city, under
the charge of the lesser magistrates (aediles, tribunes, and quaes-
tors). See Sail. Cat. xxx. 7, and xxxi. 1-3, w'here the 'terror'
of the Roman populace is vividly described. bonorum : i. e.
bonorum civium, = ' of the patriotic, 1 who had assembled in
great numbers before the temple where the Senate was in ses-
sion. 6. hie . . . locus : the temple of Jupiter Stator (cf.
p. 74, 32-34 and n.), on the Palatine, where the Senate had met,
for the sake of security, rather than in the Senate-house (see
Vocab. under curia, 1), or in one of the temples about the
Forum. Cicero had taken the precaution to protect the tem-
ple with a company of armed knights. See Plan facing p.
j6. 7. horum: the senators; spoken with a gesture. ora
vultusque : = * the expression on the faces 1 (see p. 81, 13-18,
particularly the sentence quis denique . . . kostem) ; hendi-
adys, for which see B. 374, 4; A. 640; H. 751, 3, n. i.
8. Constrictam — teneri : ' is held and bound fast, 1 as a
captive wild beast closely fettered. B. 336, 3 ; A. 496, N. 2 ;
H. 639. 10. proxima [nocte] : Nov. 7. superiore nocte :
Nov. 6; see p. 45, and cf. N. to p. 81, 10. quos : for a list
of the principal conspirators see Sail. Cat. xvil. 3-4. 11. quern :
Page 62.] NOTES 211
introduces a dir. question; the other interrogatives in this sentence
are indir.
13. tempora: B. 183; A. 397, d', H. 421. 14. consul:
sing, as referring to the office rather than to the consuls as
individuals; so in 1. 19 also. Vivit ? = iU Lives " did I say?'
the argument is strengthened by first questioning, then sup-
plementing, the previous statement, — a figure called by the
grammarians correctio. 15. publici consili particeps : in
accordance with the Roman custom, after his praetorship Cati-
line had been given a seat in the Senate. 16. notat et de-
signat : ' singles out and marks.' unum quemque nostrum :
i. e. 'us one by one,' individually. Why not nostrif B. 242, 2;
A. 295, b ; H. 500, 4. 17. fortes viri : ironical. satis
facere rei publicae videmur [nobis] : trans. ' we think we are
doing our duty by the state;' satis facere videmur is stronger
than satis faciamus, which would have been more in accord-
ance with the ordinary construction. 18. istius : i of that
(wretch).'
19. te duci — iam pridem oportebat: 'you ought long ago
to have been led.' iussu consulis : i. e. in accordance
with the authority vested in the consuls by the Senate's decree
of Oct. 21 ; see p. 38. Whether this authority was sufficient
to warrant putting a Roman citizen to death without a formal
trial is yet an open question ; see p. 108, 1. 3, and N. 20. con-
ferri : sc. iam pridem oportebat. 21. An : introduces a rhe-
torical double question, in which (see Quintil. VIII. iv. 13) not
only wholes but even parts are forcefully contrasted. In trans-
lating, the first "member may be made subordinate and intro-
duced by 'IP or 'While;' or the expression may be varied,
thus : i What ? did not Publius Scipio . . ., and shall we . . . ? '
P. Scipio : see Vocab. under Scipio, (3), and Mommsen's
"History of Rome," Vol. III. 22. pontifex maximus —
privatus : the office of supreme pontiff, although one of great
dignity and influence, was not reckoned among the magistracies;
cf. p. 59. mediocriter labefactantem : ? though only in
slight measure disturbing;' strongly contrasted with orbem . . .
cupientem.
Page 62. 3- consules: contrasted with privatus, 1. 1. ilia
nimis antiqua : ' those (precedents) as too remote ; ' only one is
given. B. 246, 2; A. 297, b\ H. 505, 1. 4. quod . . . occidit:
212 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 62.
in apposition with ilia. B. 299, 1, a ; A. 572, and n. ; H. 588, 3.
C. Servilius Ahala : master of the horse under the dictator
Cincinnatus. 5. Fuit, fuit : repetition for emphasis ; so in
1. 11, nos, nos. 6. ista: here almost = talis. 8. senatus
consultum: the decree (ultimu?n decretum) oi Oct. 21 ; see p. 38.
10. rei publicae : dat. with deest. The thought is : the Senate
has given the emergency due deliberation, and has conferred
the proper authority upon the consuls ; not the deliberative but
the executive branch of the government is at fault. By thus
complimenting the Senate and transferring the blame to his col-
league and himself, the orator clearly strengthens his case
with the senators. 11. desumus : i. e. rei publicae desumus.
II. 12. Decrevit, etc. : having alluded to remote precedents,
the orator passes to those nearer his own time. Those cited
present a sharp contrast with the dilatoriness of the consuls
in dealing with Catiline, and suggest immediate and decisive
action. The intent of the speaker here is evidently not so
much to convince the Senate as to frighten Catiline into leav-
ing the City. L. Opimius . . . caperet : the language of
the decree is of interest (see Cic. Phil. VIII. iv. 14): quod L.
Opimius consul verba fecit de re publica, de ea re censuerunt,
uti L. Opimius consul rem publicam defenderet. The other
consul, Q. Fabius Maximus, was in the southern part of
Transalpine Gaul at the time. 13. quid detrimenti : ' any
harm.' B. 201, 2; A. 346, a, 3 ; H. 441. 14. propter . . .
suspiciones : a form of expression purposely mild, to heighten the
contrast. 15. clarissimo, etc. : s= « though a son, grandson,
and descendant of very famous men.' B. 224; A. 415; H. 473, 2.
The mother of the Gracchi was the noble Cornelia, daughter
of the elder Scipio Africanus ; their father, Tiberius Sem-
pronius Gracchus, was twice consul, and twice honored with a
triumph ; and among their ancestors of the same name was that
Tiberius Gracchus who in 214 b. c. got together an army com-
posed largely of slaves and conquered t Hanno near Beneven-
tum. 16. liberis : two sons; cf. p. 109, 28-30, and N.
M. Fulvius : see Vocab. under Flaccus, (1).
17. L. Valerio : dat. See Vocab. under Flaccus, (2). 20. C.
Servilium : see Vocab. under Glaucia. ac : introduces an
explanation of mors, ■ and (that) as state's penalty.' 21. re-
morata est: the force of remorari here, as often, is 'to keep'
Page 63.] NOTES 213
one 'waiting.' The thought is simply, eodem die interfecti
sunt. vicesimum : in round numbers ; how many days
since Oct. 21? 22. horum: spoken with a gesture; but
the reference is not so much to the authority of the Senate as
to that which the Senate had vested in the consuls. 23. in
tabulis: 'in the archives,' among the records of the proceed-
ings of the Senate. 24. tamquam, etc. : carries out the com-
parison suggested by aciem, 1. 22. 26. convenit : milder than
oportuit; 'you might well have been put to death.' et: put
rhetorically for et quidem. ad . . . audaciam : in what ways
may purpose be expressed in Latin?
28. Cupio . . . cupio . . . videri : rhetorical expression for
cupio me esse clementem neque tamen dissolutum videri. B.
331, iv., a; H. 614. patres conscripti: the senators as in-
dividuals were called senatores j sitting as a body they were always
addressed as patres conscripti. The origin and primitive force
of the latter title are not clearly understood. The prevalent
view is, that patres, ' fathers,' or ' chiefs,' was the term of address
used in the beginning, when the Senate as a council of advisers
consisted exclusively of patricians; and that conscripti, 'elect,'
or ' chosen,' refers to the plebeian members admitted afterwards.
On the other hand, it has been maintained that the phrase con-
tains no reminiscence of an original social distinction, but means
simply 'assembled fathers.'
29. dissolutum: stronger than neglegens. 30. inertias
nequitiaeque : 'of inactivity and lack of energy.' B. 208, 2, a; A.
352 ; H. 456. 31. in Italia : not in the provinces, but near
home, where rebellion would least be expected. 32. in Etru-
riae faucibus : at Faesulae, a convenient centre for military
operations because it commanded one of the main routes into
Cisalpine Gaul. It was also a good rallying-point for the old
soldiers of Sulla, being one of Sulla's colonies; cf. p. 95, n.
in dies : see Idioms.
Page 63. 1. adeo : ' actually.' 2. rei publicae : not gen.
3. iam : ' at once.' 4. credo : ironical, ' I suppose,' or ' of
course.' ne non . . . hoc : i. e, ne non omnes boni hoc a me
serius factum esse dicant potius quam, etc. The force of erit
verendum is really made negative by the ironical turn, as if the
orator had said non verendum erit. From the influence of this
negation the subordinate negative clause ne non . . . {dicant)
214 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 64.
acquires an affirmative force ; * I shall not have to fear that
. . . will not say' = 'I shall have to fear that . . . will say.'
B. 296, 2, a\ A. 564; H. 567, 2. 5. boni: cf. p. 61, 5,
and N. serius, crudelius : B. 240, 1; A. 291, a; H. 498.
quisquam : usually found in negative sentences ; here = * any one
at all,' implying that there may be one or two such, but not more.
6. quod . . . oportuit: cf. p. 61, 19 and N. 8. interficiere :
the consul avoids the expression te interficiam, which might have
been expected from the preceding argument. 9. tui : why
not dat. ? B. 204, 3; A. 385, c, 2; H. 435, 4. 12. ita ut :
'just as.' 13. oppressus : 'overpowered.' 14. Multo-
rum: emphatic.
Discussion.
A. Addressed to Catiline, iii.-x.
III. 18. exspectes: B. 283, 2; A. 535, a\ H. 591, 1.
19. parietibus : how different from murus, moenia? conti-
nere: i. e. intus servare. 21. mini crede : see p. 363. 22. cae-
dis : B. 206, 2 ; A. 350 ; H. 454. Teneris : i. e. Deprehensus es.
24. licet recognoscas: ' you may recall;' concessive expression
instead of the imperative. ante diem xn, etc. : = ante diem duo-
decimum; trans, as if die duodecimo ante Kalendas Novembres,
i. e. Oct. 21. B. 371, 372; A. 424, g, and 631, a; H. 754, 1. 1,
Hi. 1, 2. 26. ante diem vi : cf. pp. 38, 45. 27. satellitem :
implies a lower kind of service than administrum. 28. fefel-
lit : see Idioms.
34. sui conservandi [causa] : ' in order to save themselves ; '
idiomatic use of the gerundive with sui. B. 339, 5 ; A. 504, b and
c; H.626, 3.
Page 64. 2. profugerunt: why not subj. ? B. 288, 1, A;
A. 545; H. 600, 1. 3. die: cf. p. 45. 5. nostra caede :
trans, as if caede nostri. B. 251, 2 ; A. 306, b, N. ; H. 440, 2, n. 2.
remansissemus : what form in dir. disc. ? 6. Quid : ace. ;
idiomatic use, originating in some such expression as Quid dicam
dehoc? Its force here is that of our 'again,' 'furthermore.' 7.
Praeneste : from its location, its situation upon an eminence, and
its strong fortifications, Praeneste was an advantageous centre for
military operations. In early times it had been an important mem-
ber of the Latin League. When it became a Roman colony is not
Page 65.] NOTES 215
known; probably in the time of Sulla. 10. Nihil . . . cogitas;
climax, with anaphora. B. 350, 11, b\ A. 598, f\ H. 752, 6.
IV. 13. noctem superior em — priore nocte (1. 16) : =
'night before last,' the night of Nov. 6. 14. ad: 'with a
view to,* ' with reference to.' 15. Dico : emphatic, directing
attention to the speaker's intimate knowledge of all the plans
and acts of the conspirators ; cf. p. 38. 16. inter falcarios :
' on Scythe-makers' Street,' or ' in the Scythe-makers' Quarter ; '
condensed expression to indicate the location of Laeca's house,
non agam obscure : i. e. aperte dicam, mentioning the name.
18. complures — socios : cf. Sail. Cat. xxvu. 3-4 : intempesta
nocte (' in the dead of night ') coniurationis principes convocat per
M. Porcium Laecam, etc. 19. Quid taces : spoken after a
brief pause, — doubtless a moment of singular impressiveness.
20. in senatu : defines and strengthens hie.
22. O di, etc. : outburst against the treason of Catiline's
sympathizers in the Senate, suggested by the thought of the pre-
ceding sentence. Ubinam gentium : see Idioms. B. 201, 3 ;
A. 346, a, 4; H. 443. 24. Hie, hie: cf. p. 62, 5, and N.
25. sanctissimo : sanctus, as often, 'worthy of reverence,'
'worthy of respect.' 26. qui: '(men) who.' nostro om-
nium: trans, as if nostri omnium. B. 243, 2, 3, a ; A. 348, a\
H. 440, 2, N. 2. 28. de re publica sententiam rogo : with hos,
in the phrase of our parliamentary law, = ' I put the question
to them on (matters affecting) the public welfare.' As consul
Cicero presided at meetings of the Senate appointed by him,
and called upon the senators in turn for their votes upon each
question. A senator might respond either with his vote simply
or with a speech explaining or defending his position (sententia).
29. voce vulnero : i. e. I do not call them by name.
31. Puisti igitur : the orator returns from his digression
(11. 22-30) to the topic in hand; igitur refers back to 1. 18,
Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? implying that Catiline's silence
indicates his assent. 32. quo : ' to which part,' ' to which
division. 1 statuisti : refers to the process of deliberation,
while placeret (tibi) suggests the decision.
Page 65. 1. ad incendia: modern anarchists have an ad-
vantage over the ancient in that they understand the use of
violent explosives. Had Catiline and his followers been familiar
with dynamite, — the last resort of the coward and the despe-
216 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 65.
rado, — the conspiracy might not so easily have been sup-
pressed, confirmasti : B. 1 16, I ; A. 181, a ; H. 238. 2. pau-
lum . . . morae : in dir. disc, est mihi etiam nunc ftaulum
morae (idiomatically, ' I am even now suffering a little delay ') ;
hence in the indir. form we find nunc instead of turn, which
might have been expected from the tense of dixisti. 3. vi-
verem : why not indie. ? duo equites : according to Sallust
(Cat. xxviii. 1), C. Cornelius, a knight, and L. Vargunteius, a
senator. 4. cura : B. 214, i,a; A. 401; H. 464. liberarent :
subj. of characteristic, with qui = tales, ut. ilia . . . lucem :
i. e. early in the morning of Nov. 7 ; see N. to p. 81, 10.
5. lectulo : the diminutive, suggestive of home-life and retire-
ment, heightens the impression of wickedness associated with the
intended crime. 9. salutatum : < in order to pay their re-
spects.' B. 340, 1 ; A. 509; H. 633. Roman gentlemen received
their clients and friends early in the morning; the earlier the visit,
the greater the respect implied. cum : i since.' 10. iam :
i already,' i. e. after the meeting at Laeca's and before the early
morning call of the would-be assassins. By means of his nu-
merous slaves and special guards (cf. p. 91, 8-1 1)$ Cicero was
able to keep in constant communication with his friends and
supporters, day and night. id temporis : see Idioms. B. 185,
2 ; A. 346, a, 3, and 397, a ; H. 416, 2.
V. 12. Quae . . . sint : see Idioms. B. 286, 2 ; 251,6; A.
308, f\ H. 510. For the outline of the following argument, see p.
42. 13. aliquando : for tandem aliquando. 14. Manliana
castra: the camp at Faesulae. B. 354, 4; A. 343, a\ H. 353,
1. 15. Educ, etc.: i. e. Educ etiam omnes tuos ('your as-
sociates') tecum, si fieri potest ; si minus (trans, as if si non), at
tamen educ quant filurwios. 16. quam plurimos : see Idioms.
18. intersit: B. 310, 11.; A. 528; H. 587. versari : here
'abide.' 19. non . . . sin am : cf. p. 64, 10 and N. Magna:
i. e. magna gratia habenda est dis immortalibus, etc. B. 348,
349; A. 598, <? ; H. 665, 1. 20. huic ipsi Iovi Statori: with
a gesture toward the statue of the divinity in whose temple
they were. 21. antiquissimo custodi: see N. to p. 74, 32.
23. pestem : abstract for concrete. 24. in uno nomine : i. e.
in te uno, as shown by what follows; the existence of the
state ought not too often to be endangered by the conduct of
one man.
Page 66.] NOTES 217
26. mihi, consuli designato : i. e. during the latter part of
the year 64. That Cicero was Catiline's main object of attack
is evident from the statement of Sallust, Cat. xxvi. 1. 27. pri-
vata diligentia : {Cicero) circum se praesidia amicorum atque
clientium occulte habebat. Sail. Cat. xxvi. 4. 28. proximis
comitiis : held for the election of consuls for the year 62 ; see
PP- 37> 38. 29. in campo •. i. e. in ca?npo Martio, where the
comitia centuriata (see. p. 59) were held. competitores tuos:
D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena, who received the
election, and Servius Sulpicius. 31. nullo tumultu publice
concitato : i. e. without calling out the troops, = ' without any
official summons to arms.' 32. me : for me unutn. per
me : i. e. meis copiis, instead of publicis copiis. 33. perni-
ciem meam . . . coniunctam : i. e. si perirem, etiam rem pub-
licam magna cala?nitate adfectum iri. 34. rei publicae : kind
of gen. ?
Page 66. 5- Qua re : ' And for this reason,' ±= ' Wherefore.'
id : the putting of Catiline to death. primum : ' the first
thing ' to be done, as we say. 6. huius imperi" : i. e. nostri
imperi, the power given to the consuls by the Senate's decree
of Oct. 21; see p. 62, 8-1 1. B. 204, 2 - T A. 349; H. 450. dis-
ciplinae maiorum proprium : shown by the precedents cited,
p. 62. 7. ad: ' with respect to.'
10. quod: for id (referring to the clause sin tu exieris)
quod; trans, quod . . . hortor idiomatically, i as I have long
been urging you.' B. 178, */; A. 390, c\ H. 409, 1. 12. sen-
tina rei publicae : treated as expressing one concept, hence
followed by the gen. (tuorum) comitum, — * consisting of your as-
sociates.' Cf. Sail. Cat. xxxvii. 5 : Omnes, quos flagitium aut
facifius domo expiderat ei Romam sicut in sentinam confiuxe-
rant, where sentina by metonymy is used of the receptacle
(= * cess-pool') rather than the l sewage.' Quid est: like
our 'How now?' ' How is that?' 13. me imperante : see
Idioms. 14. faciebas : ' you were trying to do.' B. 260, 3 ;
A. 471, c; H. 530. consul liostem : more dignified and
more forcible than ego te. 15. num : "still, not;' fuller, "you
don't mean into exile, do you?'
VI. 17. Quid est enim : rhetorical question, much more
effective than the simple form of statement, Nihil est enim.
The very thought of his career of crime, and the fear and
218 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 67.
hatred with which he is regarded, ought to make Catiline flee the
city, 19. coniurationem : concrete, ' sworn band.' 20. do-
mesticae : arising from his family relations (see 1. 28 et seq.),
while privatarum rerum (1. 21) refers to his private life in gen-
eral, as distinguished from his public career. 21. inusta:
'branded upon,' as on the forehead of a runaway slave.
23. facinus : ' wicked deed ' affecting others, while flagitium is
a 'burning shame 1 touching more directly the agent himself.
26. facem praetulisti : as slaves were wont to do for their
masters when going about the streets by night. The fascinating
but baneful influence which Catiline gained over the young is
described by Sallust, Cat. xiv. 5-7.
28. Quid vero : introduces still stronger evidence of Catiline's
wickedness. morte : for nece. This murder is mentioned
nowhere else. 29. alio scelere : i. e. the murder of a son by
the first marriage, from fear that he might become a source of
annoyance to the new wife, whose name was Aurelia Orestilla.
30. quod: 'but this.' B. 251,6; A. 308,/; H. 510. 32. non
vindicata esse : = ' to have been left unpunished ; ' sc. si exsti-
terit. B. 328, 2; A. 458; H. 612. According to Roman criminal
procedure (cf. p. 60) a court would take cognizance of a crime
only when some one formally directed attention to it by lodging
a complaint. In this instance the fact that no one could be found
who would bring so atrocious and well-known a crime to the notice
of the authorities — the orator implies — bore witness to the shame-
ful degeneracy of the times.
34. omnes : ace. with quas ; trans, as if omnium fortuna-
rum y * the complete downfall of all your fortunes, which.'' pro-
ximis Idibus : the Ides and Kalends (to a less extent the Nones
also) were the customary times for the computation of interest
and the payment of debts. Cicero hints that Catiline, hopelessly
in debt (cf. p. 37), is nearing a financial crisis, and will realize
the failure of all his schemes when the next day of settlement
comes, as his creditors are losing confidence in him.
Page 67. 3. difiicultatem : financial ' straits.' summam :
see Idioms.
7. cum: 'seeing that.' B. 286, 2; A. 549; H. 598. horum:
cf. p. 61, 7, and N. 8. pridie Kalendas Ianuarias : i. e. the
last day of Dec. b. c. 66 ; on the following day it was proposed to
murder the in-coming consuls, Cotta and Torquatus ; see p. 36.
Page 68.] NOTES 219
B. 144, I, 2; A. 432, a; H. 420, 5. 10. manum . . . para-
visse : in preparation for the attempt on Feb. 5, B.C. 65.
12. mentem aliquam: ' any reflection/ 'any (change of) pur-
pose. 1 fortunam: Catiline accidentally gave the signal pre-
maturely ; see p. 37.
14. ilia: ' those (earlier attempts).' neque . . . postea: =
nam et nota sunt et multa alia postea a te commissa sunt', the
negative force of neque affects the whole sentence, while that
of non is confined to multa, 17. petitiones ita coniectas :
* thrusts so directed:' this phrase, as that in the next line, is
borrowed from the speech of fencers or gladiators. ut . . .
viderentur : render idiomatically, ' that it did not seem possible
to avoid them.' How lit. ? In cases like this the Latin prefers
the personal construction, the English the impersonal. B. 332, b ;
A. 582; H. 611, 1. 18. declinatione et corpore: hendiadys;
'by a mere twist of the body.'
19. neque tamen : trans, as if et tamen . . . non. 20. tibi:
B. 188, 2, d ; A. 381 ; H. 427. 21. excidit: i. e. e manibus
tuis. 22. Quae . . . defigere : i. e. Et qui-
dem quibus sacris ea {ska) abs te initiata
ac devota sit, quod ('for the reason that 1 )
putas necesse esse earn in corpore consulis
defigere, nescio (' I'm sure I don't know,'
i.e. 'I don't care to say'). A weapon with
which a violent deed had been committed
was often consecrated to a divinity. SiCA.
VII. 26. odio : ' enmity.' permotus
esse: why not permoveri? 27. quae tibi nulla debetur:
idiomatically, 'which you do not at all deserve;' nulla is much
stronger here than non. Cf. B. 239; A. 290; H. 497. 30. con-
tigit : used generally of favorable occurrences. 31. vocis,
taciturnitatis : explanatory genitives.
33. Quid, quod: 'What of this, that;' cf. N. to p. 64, 6.
quod . . . sunt : explained by the following clause. 34. tibi :
trans, as if abs te, Cf. N. to p. 159, 23.. B. 189, 2; A. 375;
H. 43*> 2.
Page 68. 1. constituti fuerunt : more forcible than constituti
sunt, as implying that Catiline's attempts are all and altogether
in the past. 3. quo animo : see Idioms. 4. isto pacto,
ut: 'in such a way, as,' = 'as.' 5. omnes cives : Cicero does
220 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 69.
not regard the followers of Catiline as citizens. domum . . .
arbitraris : i. e. domum meam mihi relinquendam esse puta-
rem j tu tibi urbem relinquendam esse non arbitraris? Notice
the conditional statements in this paragraph, which lead up to a
climax (' slaves ' — ' citizens ' — ' parents '), and present the ora-
tor's thought far more effectively than the simple direct asser-
tion of the same points.
7. iniuria : ' undeservedly.' suspectum : here an adj., but
trans. • an object of suspicion.' 9. omnium : we should
say * by all.' cum : cf . p. 67, 7 and n. 10. odium : sc.
esse. 14. tui : B. 348, 349 ; A. 598, e ; H. 665, 4. 16. Nunc :
= vvv Be, ' But as it is.' 17. nihil . . . cogitare : te cogitare
nihil (for de nulla re) nisi de, etc. 18. parricidio : for exitio,
or interitu, carrying out the personification of patria as com-
munis parens. huius ; \ her.' 19. iudicium sequere : i. e.
iudicio, quod de te facit, obtemperabis.
21. Quae : \ Now she.' 22. tacita : ' (though) silent ; ' oxy-
moron in tacita loquitur, the force of which is somewhat les-
sened by quodam modo, 'in a way.' B. 375, 2; H. 752, 12.
23. annis : abl. as indicating the period in which (not through
which) the statement in exstitit was true. per te : why not
abs te f 25. neces : in connection with the proscriptions of
Sulla; see p. 36. The pi. of nex is rare. sociorum : i.e.
provincialium. Previous to 89 b. c. only the inhabitants of the
Italian cities in league with Rome were called socii; but as
these were then admitted to the Roman citizenship (p. 148, 1-5),
the term was afterwards extended to the natives of the prov-
inces. The reference here is to Catiline's governorship in
Africa, which was characterized by rapacity and brutality.
27. quaestiones : 'judicial investigations.' Catiline had been
accused of provincial extortion, but had purchased an acquittal.
28. ferenda : see Idioms. 30. totam : i. e. not now merely
in regard to individuals or provinces, but as a whole. quic-
quid increpuerit : = ' at every sound ; ' how lit. ? 31. vi-
deri : we should say ' apparently.' 32. quod a tuo scelere :
trans, as if a quo tuum scelus.
Page 69- VIII. 3. loquatur, debeat : the condition is in
fact impossible; but consistently with the personification of
patria it is conceived as possible, and hence put in the pres.
subj. 4. possit: concessive. B. 309, 2, a\ A. 527, c\ H. 585.
Page 70.] NOTES 221
5. Quid, quod : cf. p. 67, 33, and N. in custodiam : i. e.
in custodiam liber am. In cases where a Roman citizen was
charged with a crime against the state, if a person of rank he
was not imprisoned but put under surveillance, either in his own
house or in the house of some magistrate who became respon-
sible for his appearance when wanted for trial. In this in-
stance Catiline had been accused of inciting to riot (sedition)
by Lucius Paulus; see p. 38. Nothing better illustrates the au-
dacity of the man than the attempt to get Lepidus, Metellus,
and even Cicero, to take charge of him. Owing to the rapid
culmination of events the trial did not take place.
6. ad: in the sense of apud. 8. domi : B. 232, 2;
A. 427, a\ H. 484, 2. 10. nullo modo : 'by no means.'
parietibus : abl. of means, but trans, with 'within.'' 12. con-
tineremur : why not indie. ? 13. virum optimum : bitter
irony. 14. videlicet : sarcastic. 17. carcere, vincu-
lis : contrasted with custodia in the sense of custodia libera.
19. iudicarit: B. 283 ; A. 535 ; H. 591, 1. Full form ? Quae
. . . sint : see Idioms. 20. aequo animo : * with resig-
nation.' You deserve physical death, by your own hand or by
that of the executioner; if you cannot be brought to this, at
least favor us with your political death by going into exile.
23. Refer: sc. rem, 'the matter.' See Idioms. postulas :
perhaps referring to previous utterances of Catiline. 25. re-
feram : i. e. rem ad senatutn. id . . . moribus : = ' a
course inconsistent with my character* as a mild man opposed
to severe measures. As a matter of fact, however, the right to
pronounce a sentence of exile belonged to the courts alone,
and was outside the jurisdiction of the Senate.
27. hi: cf. horum, p. 61, 7, and n. Egredere . . . profi-
ciscere: probably spoken with deliberation and great distinct-
ness. 29. Quid est: spoken after a pause, giving opportunity
for dissent; cf. p. 66, 12, and N. There were friends of Catiline
present (see p. 73, 17 et seq.), but after the orator's vigorous
reference to them (p. 64, 20-30) they did not dare to come to
the rescue of their leader. 31. auctoritatem : 'the express
request.' 34. M. Marcello : see Vocab. under Marcellus (2),
and pp. 49, 50.
Page 70. 1. hoc' ipso in templo: heightens the rhetorical
effect ; a temple was considered a place of refuge, its sacredness
222 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 71.
being a protection against violence. vim et manus : =
* violent hands ; ' hendiadys.
3. cum quiescunt probant : = ' by their stillness, they ap-
prove ; ' coincident action, hence indie, with cum. Notice the
oxymoron and climax in the three cum-dauses. 4. neque hi
solum: trans, as if et non solum hi. 5. auctoritas, etc.:
refers back to p. 69, 24. 6. illi: with a gesture; the knights
were gathered in front of the temple, in view of the speaker.
Cf. N. to p. 61, 6. 7. ceteri cives : below the rank of sena-
tor and knight. 9. paulo ante: i. e. as Catiline was entering
the temple to meet with the Senate. exaudire : here i plainly
hear,' i hear distinctly.'
11. haec : i. e. the city Rome and the Roman power ; doubt-
less spoken with a wide gesture. 12. iam pridem : see Idioms.
13. ad portas : it was customary for the friends and relatives
of those who were going into exile to escort them as far as
the city gate ; Catiline will have a large escort of those eager
to see him depart, who will also protect him.
IX. 14. Quamquam : i And yet.' Te ut, etc. : idiomatic,
' You — anything break your resolution ? You — ever reform
yourself?' B. 277, a\ A. 462, a\ H. 559, 5. 17. duint : ==
dent; archaic form, apparently from stem du-, with subj. ending
same as in velint, possint; appropriate in prayers and wishes,
just as our so-called tt solemn " style, as in English, " Thy King-
dom come, Thy will be done." B. 1 16, 4, d, and 279 ; A. 183, 2, and
442; H. 244, 3, and 558, 2. 18. animum : see Idioms.
19. nobis : refers to Cicero alone, as shown by the use of mea in
1. 18. B. 187, II., a; A. 143, <z; H. 500, 2. 21. in posterita-
tem : = in posterum tempus. That Cicero's fear was not ground-
less, his subsequent persecution and sufferings plainly enough
showed. See pp. 7-9. est tanti : <it is worth while,' i.e.
invidiam islam mihi itnpendere. B. 203, 3; A. 417; H. 448, 1.
22. privata: ' personal,' not extending beyond the person of the
speaker. 24. temporibus : ' to the exigencies,' — that Catiline
subordinate his personal convenience to the good of the state.
26. is : < such a man.'
29. inimico, ut praedicas : Catiline interpreted the acts of
the consul as those of a * personal enemy.' Cf. N. to p. 65, 26.
30. Vix feram : see Idioms.
Page 71. 2. latrocinio: ' brigandage,' as against law and
Page 71.] NOTES 223
order; called impio because against the Fatherland — communis
parens. 3. ad alienos : sc. isse.
5. Quamquam : asp. 70, 14. quid: adverbial ace, = ' why.'
invitem: B. 277, and a ; A. 444; H. 557. 6. esse praemissos:
'(men) have been sent forward,' in the night of Nov. 7. qui
. . . praestolarentur : trans, by ' to ' with the infin. 8. aqui-
lam illam argenteam : in Marius's time a silver eagle with out-
stretched wings was adopted as the ensign of the legion ; later
eagles were sometimes of gold. The one mentioned here had
been carried in the army of Marius, in the campaign against
the Cimbri (Sail. Cat. lix. 3).
10. cui : refers to aquilam. sacrarium : the eagle of a
legion was considered sacred, and intimately associated with
the fortunes of the host. When in camp it was kept in a con-
secrated place near the commander's tent. So Catiline is here
represented as having the eagle in a * sanctuary' or * shrine' in
his house, and as making it an object of veneration. 11. sce-
lerum tuorum : characterizes sacrarium ; freely, * sacred to your
crimes.' 12. tu — possis ; cf. p. 70, 14, and N.
X. 18. haec res : departure to join Manlius in war against
the state. 20- voluntas: 'inclination.' fortuna servavit :
Catiline had thus far escaped punishment for his misdeeds.
21. non modo : trans, as if non modo non. In expressions
like this the Latin omits the negative after modo, because a
negative is understood with the verb (in this case concupisti)
from the following clause; but as English idiom requires the
verb in the first clause, the negative must be supplied in trans-
lating. B. 343, 2, a\ A. 217, e\ H. 656, 3. 22. nefarium:
i. e. civile. ex perditis : i. e. ex {hominibus) perditis atque
derelictis non modo ab omni fortuna verum etiaiti {ab omni) spe.
B. 216, 1 ; A. 405, n. 3 ; H. 468, 1.
28. huius vitae: the life of a bandit. meditati sunt:
here passive. 29. feruntur : here = praedicantur, * are (so
much) talked about,' ' are matter of current report.' labores :
• exertions.' iacere, vigilare : in apposition with labores.
30. obsidendum : here = speculandum. 32. otiosorum :
peaceably disposed citizens, who would go to bed with no
thought of danger from burglars or brigands. Habes*, ubi
ostentes : * You have an opportunity to display ; ' ubi with
the sense of {locum) in quo is used with the subj. of charac-
teristic.
224 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 72.
Page 72. 2. a consulatu reppuli: at the last consular
election ; cf. p. 6$, 28-30, and n. exsul, consul : play upon
words; so below (1. 18), emissus, immissus. 5. latrocinium :
cf. p. 71, 2, and N.
B. Addressed to the Senate, xi.-xiii., 1. 27.
XI. 7. detester ac deprecer : ' I may beg to avert and
plead against/ The following justification of the orator's course
is a kind of refutation it seems too elaborate to have been
altogether extempore, and was very likely inserted, or at least ex-
panded, when the speech was revised. 11. est : why not sit f
Cf. B. 324, 1 ; A. 593, a, N. i ; H. 652, 1. 12. loquatur : the
apodosis is omitted, on account of the length of the address which
follows; for the mood, cf. p. 69, 3, and n. Notice the climax in
patria — cuncta Italia — omnis res fiublica.
13. Tune . . . patiere : cf. B. 351, 5; A. 601, a, b\
H. 685. 16. evocatorem servorum : according to Sallust
(Cat. lvi. 5), Catiline refused the help of slaves, thinking that it
would be to his disadvantage if he should appear to have
made common cause with them; yet Lentulus urged their em-
ployment, and there were uprisings of slaves at Capua and in
Apulia at this time.
22. persaepe . . . multarunt : rhetorical exaggeration ; the
orator has cited only one case of the kind (p. 61, 21 et seq.).
23. leges : the laws guarding the right of appeal to the people
from the decision of a magistrate. The earliest was one of the
Valerian Laws (508 b. a), which enacted: ne quis magistrates
civem Romanum adversus provocationem (' against an appeal '
to the people assembled in comitia) necaret neve verberaret.
There was also a Lex Porcia (probably of 197 b. a), which
seems to have made it possible for a Roman citizen to save
himself from the death penalty, or from scourging, by volun-
tarily going into exile; and the right of appeal, in accordance
with which a Roman could not be put to death or flogged
without the assent of the people, was reaffirmed by one of the
laws proposed by Gaius Gracchus, B. c. 123. Cicero's position
is, that citizens who have taken up arms against the state have
forfeited their civil rights, and are no longer entitled to the
protection afforded by the laws. On this question, see N. to
p. 108, 3.
Page 74.] NOTES 225
27. refers : see Idioms. 28. hominem . . . maiorum :
Cicero was a novus homo. commendatione : B. 224; A. 415;
H. 473, 2. 29. tam mature — extulit : Cicero was elected to
each. office suo anno, i. e. in each case as soon as he had reached
the age required by law. Usually * new men ' were not able to se-
cure the consulship till some years after they had reached the legal
age. 30. honorum : = ' of public office.' 33. severi-
tatis : ' arising from strictness. 1 inertiae : cf. p. 62, 30, and N.
Page 73. XII. 3. vocibus: < utterances,' as contrasted with
the ' thoughts ' (mentibus) of those who keep their opinions to
themselves. 4. idem: B. 176, 2, a ; A. 390, c; H. 409, 1.
5. factu : B. 340, 2; A. 510; H. 635, 1. iudicarem : why
not plup. ? 6. Catilinam multari : in apposition with hoc.
8. summi viri : magistrates, as L. Opimius ; while clarissimi
cives refers to private citizens, as P. Scipio (p. 61, 1. 21 et seq.).
9. Flacci : M. Fulvius Flaccus ; see p. 62, 16. 12. quid
invidiae : here * any enmity.' 13. in posteritatem : cf. p.
70, 21, and N. redundaret: l should overwhelm me,' as a
flood which has burst over the banks of a stream. Quod:
1 But.' B. 185, 2 ; 251, 6 ; A. 397, a ; H. 510, 9.
17. Quamquam : i But ; ' introduces a more immediate reason
for apprehension than that mentioned above. non nulli : =
* some.' hoc ordine : = senatu. qui : why with subj., while
quae — quae (1. 18) are with the indie? 19. sententiis :
i expressions of opinion.' 21. multi: i. e. multi alii, extra
hunc ordinem. 22. improbi : i. e. ei qui ea, quae vident,
dis simulant ; while imperiti refers to those qui ea, quae im-
minent, non vident. 23. regie : = ru/oavviKcos, tyrannice, i. e.
more after the manner of a tyrant than of a Roman magistrate.
factum esse : ' (the deed) had been done.' dicerent : notice
the force of the impf., i would be saying.' 30. eiecerit : i. e.
ex urbe. 31. naufragos : implies financial wreck ; while per-
ditus usually refers to moral ruin.
Page 74. XIII. 2. nescio quo pacto : = nescio quo modo,
* somehow.' B. 253, 6; A. 575, d; H. 651, 2. 5. latro-
cinio: concrete, ' band of brigands.' 8. venis atque
visceribus : a parallel to our " flesh and blood." 9. Ut,
etc.: B. 351, 5; A. 601, b\ H. 685. 10. aestu febrique :
= ' in the burning heat of fever.' What figure ? 13. rele-
vatus: = sirelevatus erit. B. 305, 1 ; A. 521, a\ H. 575, 9.
226 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 75.
17. insidiari . . . consuli : see p. 65, 2-1 1. 18. circum-
stare tribunal: for the purpose of intimidation, thus interfering
with the administration of justice. The tribunal of the 'city
praetor' (cf. p. 60) was in the Comitium. 19. cum gladiis:
for armatu curiam : the curia Hostilia, where the Senate
usually met; see Vocab. under curia (1). malleolos : * fire-
darts,' used principally in siege operations. They were shaped
like a mallet, the head being filled with tow and pitch, which
were ignited before the missile was thrown. 25. omnibus
bonis: 'all patriotic citizens,' exclusive of the senators and
knights just mentioned. 27. videatis : * you shall see.' Why
is the pres. subj. in Latin often used with reference to future
time?
Conclusion.
28. Hisce ominibus : *With these prophetic words.' cum
. . . exitio : in our idiom, 4 to the highest welfare of the state,
to. the plague and destruction of yourself,' etc. 31. impium:
cf. p. 71, 1. 2, and N.
32. Tu, Iuppiter: the orator addresses the statue of Jupiter
Stator in the temple, and through it the divinity represented
by it. eisdem quibus auspiciis : = eisdem auspiciis quibus.
The statement is not literally true ; for though there was a tra-
dition that Romulus in a battle with the Sabines vowed a
temple to Jupiter Stator on this site, the temple was not actu-
ally built till 294 b. c. (Liv. I. xil. 5, X. xxxvu. 15). 33. Stato-
rem: here * Established * Protector;' in the vow as given by
Livy, the word means rather * stayer of flight.*
Page 75- 5. aeternis suppliciis : cf. p. 107, 8-13, and N.
Page 76.] NOTES 227
THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
Page 76. In L. Catilinam: see n. on p. 209. In
some of the oldest mss. the following argument o£ this oration
is found : Superiore libro (here = oratione) Catilina circumven-
tus eloqiientia Ciceranis spontaneum elegit exsilium, unde ora-
tori maxima venisse videbatur invidia. Sed postero die timore
dissimulate) processit ad populum fingens se timer e quod emiserit
Catilinam, ut minus sit invidiosum, quod eum in exsilium
expulerit. Prooetniwn sumptum ab exsultatione dicentis ver-
bis paene triumphantibus ■, qui sine damno rei publicae superare
bellum potuerit.
Habita ad Populum: speeches addressed ' to the
people ' were delivered from the Rostra, an elevated speaker's
platform, to the front of which were fastened the bronze beaks
of the ships captured in the famous sea-fight off Antium, in
338 b. c. ; hence the name. The original location of the Ros-
tra was in the Comitium, at the ed£e of the Forum ; see Plan
opposite p. 76. The speaker faced the people assembled in
the Forum ; directly behind them were the Old Shops {Tabernae
Veieres), low stores or booths along the southwestern side. If
he glanced to the left he saw the Temple of Castor and Pol-
lux and perhaps the round Temple of Vesta, behind which rose
the northern slope of the Palatine Hill; if he turned toward
the right, his eye fell on the Temple of Saturn, or the Temple
of Concord, or, high above these, the southern part of the Capi-
toline Hill crowned with the splendid and imposing Temple of
Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
From the old Rostra were delivered many of the greatest
speeches of ancient Rome ; among them that of Cicero for the Bill
of Manilius, and the Second and Third against Catiline. Here
probably Julius Caesar refused the crown offered him by Antony ;
here also his bleeding form was exposed to public gaze, and Antony's
funeral address stirred the populace to fury. Here Cicero delivered
several of the Philippics; and to the Rostra above the beaks his
228 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 76.
head and hands were nailed (Plut. Cic. xlix ; cf. p. n). Julius
Caesar planned to move the Rostra into the Forum, bringing
thither the beaks and many statues that had adorned the old Rostra,
but according to present evidence it is doubtful whether the project
was carried out in his lifetime. The foundations of the later struc-
ture have been discovered. It was about seventy feet long and
ten feet high. On the front apparently were thirty-nine beaks,
arranged in two tiers. For a description of the remains, with res-
torations, see Platner's "Topography and Monuments of Ancient
Rome," pp. 214-216, with references there cited.
Introduction, i., ii.
I. 1. Tandem aliquando : * Now at last.' For the circum-
stances of delivery, and an outline of the argument, see pp. 39,
42, 43. Quirites : not Romani, because addressed as voters
rather than as soldiers. 2. scelus anhelantem : cf. Acts ix. 1,
'breathing out threatenings and slaughter.' 4. vel . . . vel
. . . vel : gives the hearers a choice among three alternatives ;
apparently the orator did not dare to say outright that he had
driven Catiline forth (cf. p. 90, 9-14). This whole chapter, as
Halm justly remarks, appears to our modern taste somewhat
inflated, from the accumulation of synonyms and striking ex-
pressions ; but it must be remembered that the speech was
addressed to the people, with whom this style of speaking was
more effective, and more in place, than it would have been
in the Senate.
5. ipsum egredientem : trans, as if eum sua sponte egredien-
tem. verbis prosecuti sumus : just as we accompany
departing friends with " Bon voyage ! " " Good luck to you ! ' ?
and similar expressions ; ironical, but cf. p. 70, 13 and n.
Abiit . . . erupit : difference in meaning between these four
words ? 6. monstro : suggests something unnatural, a physical
or moral 'monstrosity;' while prodigio implies influence of* the
supernatural, something uncanny or of ill omen, a 'portent/
7. moenibus ipsis : i. e. urbi ipsi et eius aedificiis.
10. controversia : see Idioms. 11. latera : we should say
' breast ; ' cf. p. 67, 20-24. versabitur : ' will ply its task.'
in campo : cf. p. 65, 28-32 and N. 12. in curia . . . parie-
tes : cf. p. 74, 17-20, and 69, 9-12. 13. Loco motus est:
Page 77.J NOTES 229
* was forced from his vantage-ground,' an expression drawn from
the language of wrestlers and gladiators.
14. nullo : see Idioms. 16. hominem : ■ the fellow ; ' used
instead of ilium or eum, with implied contempt. cum : • in
that.' occultis : introduced in contrast with apertum (1. 1 7) ;
for insidiis itself involves the idea of concealment. 17. la-
trocinium: cf. p. 71, 2 and N. 18. extulit: i. e. ex urbe.
19. vivis nobis : ' while we were (yet) living.' Why abl. ?
22. Iacet: as a gladiator who has lost in his fight and been
struck down.
Page 77* 2. retorquet . . . faucibus : as some monstrous
and blood thirsty wild beast, cheated of its prey. 4. qui-
dem : adversative; with quae, 'but it'
II, 7. in hoc ipso : * in this very matter ; ' explained by quod
. . . emiserim. 9. comprehenderim : B. 286, 1 ; A. 592, 3; H.
588, 11. 10. non . . . culpa : in full, istius rei culpa non est
mea culpa. sed temporum : ' but (that) of circumstances.'
11. Interfectum esse: cf. p. 61, 19 and n. 13. huius im-
peri : cf. p. 66, 6, and n. 14. res publica : for salus rei
publicae, ' the welfare of the state.' fuisse : i. e. among the
senators; cf. p. 73, 17 et seq. 16, defenderent : 'tried to
justify (it).'
17. Ac : = ' And yet,' in spite of the scepticism and opposi-
tion in the Senate. illo sublato : ' by putting him out of the
way.' B. 227, 2 ; A. 420, 5, n. ; H. 489, 1 . 18. iudicarem . . .
sustulissem : cf. p. 73, 5-8, and N. 19. invidiae meae peri-
culo : i. e. periculo ut in invidiam venirem ; trans. ' at the risk
of personal enmity.' 20. ne . . . probata : = ' as the matter
had not yet been made clear to all even of your number,' not
to mention the senators who professed ignorance or openly
sympathized with Catiline (quam multos, 11. 14, 16). 22. fore
ut — possem : a round-about form of expression, made necessary
by the lack of a fut. infin. (participle) of posse ; in dir. disc,
si multavero, non potero. B. 319; 270, 3; A. 569, a\ H. 619, 2.
23. hue: 'to this point;' cf . % 76, 15-17.
25. Quern . . . putem : trans, as if Et quam vehementer
ilium quidem /tosiem, etc. The irony increases in intensity to
the end of the chapter. 26. nine, quod : ' from this, that.'
28. comitatus : here pass. ; with paru/n, = ' with too small a
retinue ; ' node intempesta (cf. n. to p. 64, 18) cu?n paucis in
230 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 7a
Manliana castra profectus est (Sail. Cat. xxxn. i). exjerit:
why not same mood as fero (1. 27)?
29. Tongilium, Publicium, Minucium : mentioned apparently
as typical reprobates of the Catilinarian contingent. mini :
ethical dat. ; * He has taken forth my Tongilius,' ' He has, I
see, taken Tongilius out' B. 188, 2, b\ A. 380; H. 432. 30. in
praetexta : =praetextatum, i. e. 'when a youth.' The toga of
the ordinary Roman citizen was white, retaining the color of
the undyed wool ; but sons of freeborn parents were allowed
to wear a toga with a red border (see Vocab. under purpura),
until they became of age. The plain garment (in this connec-
tion called toga virilis) was placed upon the youth, with appro-
priate ceremonies, at the Feast of the Liberalia (March 17), when
he was between fourteen and sixteen years old. 31. popina :
a low place where wines and articles of food were sold; fre-
quented largely by slaves. 33. aere : why abl. ?
Discussion, iii.-xi.
Page 78- III. 1- ilium exercitum : of Catiline ; explained
by collectum (1. 4) et seq. Gallicanis legionibus : the regular
troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul, which could easily be
brought down to Faesulae from the north ; cf. N. to p. 62, 32.
2. dilectu : a fresh ' levy ' of soldiers drafted in the coast
regions east of Faesulae ; also within easy reach. 3. Gallico
[agro]: 'the Gallic country,' so called because formerly settled
by the Senones, a Gallic tribe. It lay south of the, Rubicon
(hence in Italy, not in Cisalpine Gaul), and extended along the
coast as far south as Picenum, including the cities Ariminum,
Pisaurum, Fanum, and Sena Gallica. Q. Metellus : he had
been sent north to draft troops immediately after the senate
learned of the operations of Manlius at Faesulae. Cf. Vocab.,
Metellus, (4).
5. senibus desperatis : veterans from the army of Sulla ;
non nullos ex Sullanis coloniis, quibus lubido atque luxuria
ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat (Sail. Cat. xxviii. 4).
Cf. p. 84, 22, et seq. agresti luxuria : abstract for concrete.
6. decoctoribus : the Romans- viewed extravagance in living,
and resulting bankruptcy, with the sternest disapproval. va-
dimonia deserere : ' to forsake their legal obligations ; i. e.
Page 78.] NOTES 231
having given security to appear in court when summoned, they
preferred to run away and let judgment go against them by
default, which in this case would be satisfied by the confiscation
and sale of any property they might leave behind. 7. qui-
bus si : = hi, si eis.
9. edictum praetoris : particularly that part in which the
penalties for forsaking one's legal obligations were given. Each
praetor, on entering upon the duties of his office, issued a
' proclamation ' of the principles and penalties in accordance
with which — apart from the established rules of the Civil Law
— he purposed to administer justice during his term. Cf. p. 6o.
concident : ' they will fall powerless,' very like our colloquial
expression, " fall all in a heap." Hos : « these ' conspirators
who dare yet to remain in the city; in sharp contrast with the
wretches just characterized.
11. unguentis : fragrant oils, which were thoroughly rubbed
into the skin after a bath. 12. purpura : not on the toga,
but on the under-garment, the tunica, on which senators and
knights were allowed to have one or two perpendicular brilliant
red stripes. The stripe distinguishing the senator was broad
(latus clavus) ; those of the knight were narrow {angustus
clavus), a stripe -running down from each shoulder on the
front, and probably also on the baGk, of the tunic. milites :
* as soldiers ; ' most editions read suos milites, • his own force,'
i.e. 'his body-guard. ' eduxisset : B. 296, 1, a; A. 565;
H. 565, 2. 13. qui si : * but if they.'
17. neque tamen : trans, as if et tamen non ; their audacious
confidence implies that there must be behind them some secret
and dangerous force. 18. Apulia, et seq. : cf. p. 64, 32, et
seq., and Sail. Cat. xxvu. 1 : Septimium quendam Camertem in
agrum Picenum, C. lulium in Aftuliam (Catilina) dimisit, prae-
terea alium alio, quern ubique opportunum. sibi fore credebat.
19. Gallicum [agrum] : cf. 1. 2 above, and N. 20. urbanas :
= in urbe. caedis : trans, with 'for.' 21. superioris noc-
tis : cf. p. 64, 13, et seq. If the chronology given on p. 45 is
correct (cf. p. 81, 10, and n.), the expression here is inexact, as
two nights had passed since the meeting at Laeca's. 24. Ne :
here not negative.
IV. 28. nisi si: ' unless perhaps,' nisi having an adverbial
force. B\ 306, 5 ; A. 52J, 3 ; H. 575, 7. 29. similis : ace. ;
232 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 79.
* (men) like Catiline.' 32. miserum : i wretchedly,' ' in wretch-
edness.' B. 239; A. 290; H. 497. 33. via: B. 218, 9;
A. 429, a ; H. 476. The report was circulated that Catiline was
going to Marseilles, into exile. 34. volent : fut., where our
idiom requires the pres.
Page 79. 1. rem publicam : why ace. ? sentinam : cf.
p. 66, 10-12, and n. 2. exhausto : carries out the idea of
sentinam. 5. Italia: B. 228, 1, b\ A. 429, 2; H. 485, 2.
7. circumscriptor : ' confidence-man,' who makes it his business
to defraud the inexperienced, particularly the young. 10. per-
ditus : here a subst., ' reprobate.'
15. iuventutis illecebra : cf. p. 66, 26, and N., and Cic. pro
Caek'o,v. 12, et seq. 17. fructum : ' gratification.' 18. im-
pellendo, adiuvando : almost = impel/ens, adiuvans. 21. non
modo : i. e. non modo non fuit ; cf. p. 71, 21, and n.
V. 25. Atque . . . possitis : introductory purpose clause,
loosely connected with the main idea. B. 282, 4 ; A. 533, a ;
H. 568, 2. diversa . . . ratione : 'different pursuits in an
altogether different sphere ' (of life). 26. ludo gladiatorio :
in the gladiatorial schools, or barracks, captives, slaves, and
condemned malefactors forced to serve as gladiators, received
a merciless training. 27. audacior : i. e.- than his fellows.
intimum : ' bosom-friend,' while sodalis (1. 29) is a ' fraternity
friend,' or ' society brother,' as we say, — one bound by the same
vows to mutual obligations. 28. levior, nequior : i. e. than
the average. Actors in Rome were generally slaves or freedmen,
their occupation being considered degrading. 31. frigore . . .
perferendis : the gerundive construction used as abl. of specifica-
tion instead of dat. with adsuefactus ( = ' hardened ') . 32. cum :
* although.' 33. instrumenta virtutis : i.e. the mental quali-
ties and physical traits which render the practice of virtue
possible.
Page 80. 1. Hunc, et seq. : stands as a climax to p. 79, 1-3.
sui: instead of eius. Cf. B. 244, 11., 4; A. 301, a. 4. laudem
consulates mei : cf. p. 74, 1-4. 5. mediocres : i. e. quae
modum {* limit ') quendam habeant. libidines, audaciae : * lust
for pleasures,' \ deeds of boldness.' B. 55, 4, c ; A. 100, c ; H. 138, 2.
humanae : ' consistent with human nature.'
8. fortunas : refers particularly to landed property. res :
i. e. res familiaris, 'means,' 'property,' as contrasted with
fAGE 81.] NOTES 233
/ides, 'credit.' 9. nuper: after Catiline's last candidacy for
the consulship, the failure of which had frustrated their plans
and hopes, and caused their creditors to become impatient. Cf.
p. 66, 34, and N. 11. alea : gambling was one of the most
prevalent and pernicious vices of Roman life. comissa-
tiones : a Roman banquet was followed by a drinking-bout.
This was sometimes held in a different place from that in
which the dinner was served, and the merry revellers would
proceed thither through the streets with torches and music.
13. inertes : referring to their dislike of exertion. 15. dor-
mientes : with the force of an adjective, ' the sleepy. 1 mini :
cf. p. 77, 29, and n. 17. sertis : of ivy or myrtle, entwined
with roses or other flowers ; worn not only because agreeable,
but also because such 'garlands' were thought to ward off or
delay intoxication. unguentis : see N. to p. 78, 11. obliti :
not obliti.
20. Quibus: B. 251, 6; A. 308,/; H. 510. 24. breve
nescio quod: i.e. breve quoddam. B. 253, 6; A. 575, d\
H. 512, 7. 25. propagarit rei publicae : 'it will have se-
cured to the state the continuance of,' i. e. ' it will have pro-
longed the existence of the state for ; ' the ordinary form of
expression would have been, non in breve nescio quod tempus,
sed in multa saecula propagarit re?n publicam. 28. unius :
i. e. of Pompey, who was now at the zenith of his fame, having
finished the wars with Sertorius, with the Pirates, and with
Mithridates. Cf. p. 127, 13-15, and notes. 29. intus . . .
hostis : climax, anaphora, asyndeton, as also in Cum . . . est.
32. suscipio inimicitias: cf. p. 70, 21, and N. 34. qua-
cumque ratione : sc. potero, or sanari poterunt.
Page 81. 3. permanent- taken literally with urbe, figura-
tively with me?ite, as when we say, " He missed his train and
his opportunity ; " trans, by two verbs.
VI. 4. At: often used to introduce an objection which the
speaker wishes to meet. Chapters VI. and vn. are a kind of
refutatio (cf. p. 15). 5. Quod: cf. p. 73, 13, and N. verbo:
' by a word (merely) ' ' by a (single) word.' 7. Homo : cf.
p. 76, 16, and n. ; notice the irony of the sentence, which
sounds as if the orator were quoting or parodying a statement
of one of Catiline's defenders. 9. paruit, ivit : the rhetor-
ical effect is heightened by the asyndeton. B. 346; A. 601. c\
H. 657, 6.
234 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 81.
10. hesterno die: if the attempt on Cicero's life was made
on the morning of Nov. 7, and this speech was delivered on
Nov. 9, hesterno die can be taken only with the principal clause,
senatum . . . convocavi, not with cum . . . interfectus essem. To
many this interpretation has seemed somewhat forced; and it
has also been thought strange that the orator was able to get
word of the proposed murder to so many friends in the brief
interval between the midnight gathering at Laeca's and day-
break of the following morning (see p. 65, 10, and n.). On the
supposition that hesterno die is to be taken with cu?n . . . in-
terfectus essem, two explanations have been offered. The first
is, that the First Oration was delivered on the 7th of Novem-
ber, and the Second on the 8th. Much may be said in favor
of this view from other evidence, and until recently it has been
held by a good many scholars. The other explanation, pro-
posed by Mommsen (Hermes, Vol. I., p. 435), is, that while
Cornelius and Vargunteius offered and expected to kill the
consul on the morning after the meeting, it was so late when
the assembly at Laeca's broke up that they were obliged to
postpone their action for twenty-four hours. To this the reply
may be made, that Cicero's own words seem decisive for the
morning after the meeting, and that the two men assigned to
the deed, knowing Catiline's impatience (p. 65, 2, 3), would no
doubt have excused themselves, if the meeting continued too
long, in order to make the attempt as they had promised. On
the whole, — though there are many points of obscurity and
difficulty, — the chrdnology given on p. 45 seems best to repre-
sent the course of events, and is that accepted by the majority
of scholars; cf. Stern, " Catilina," pp. 166-174; but particularly
John in " Philologus " for 1888 (Vol. XLVL, p. 650, et seq.).
The clause cum . . . interfectus essem may be taken as paren-
thetical, and unemphatic.
11. aedem Iovis Statoris : see p. 6r, 6, and N. 13. quo
. . . reliquerunt: cf. p. 67, 28, et seq. 14. ita, ut : in our
idiom, ' as ; ' here = ' merely as.'
20. quaesivi, et seq. : see Or. I., chap. iv. 21o necne :
B. 300, 4, a; A. 335, a\ H. 650, 2. 22. conscientia : <by his
guilty knowledge,' ' by his sense of guilt.' 24. in proximam
[noctem] : the night of Nov. 7. We are not told what Cati-
line's plans for that night (cf. p. 61, 10) were; but probably if
Page 83.] NOTES 235
the attempt on Cicero's life had been successful, it would have
been immediately followed by similar deeds of violence already
planned and only awaiting a favorable opportunity. 25. ratio
totius belli: 'the plan of the entire campaign.'
26. quaesivi: cf. p. 6s, 12-25; p. 71, 5-15. 27. pararet :
i. e. firqficisci. secures, fasces : ensigns of magisterial author-
ity, the assumption of which by Catiline was unlawful, even though
he had been entitled to the use of them when a praetor; cum
fascibus atque aliis imperi insignibus in castra ad Manlium
contendit (Sail. Cat. xxxvi. 1). 28. aquilam, sacrarium : see
p. 71, 8-10, and notes. 30. eiciebam : why not eieci?
32. credo : cf. p. 63, 4, and n. in agro Faesulano : cf.
p. 62, 32, and N. 33. suo: with emphasis; 'on his own
account.'
Page 82. 2. haec castra : not ilia castra, as in the preced-
ing clause, because contrasted with the more distant Massilia.
VIL 3. condicionem : here ' lot,' ' task,' ' vocation,' refer-
ring to the peculiar difficulties surrounding the office of consul.
6. debilitatus : ' crippled.' 12. vi et minis : ' by threats of
violence ; ' hendiadys. 15. tyrannum : cf. p. 73, 23, and n.
16. Est mini: see Idioms, and n. to p. 70, 21. falsae:
'misdirected,' as based upon ungrounded charges. 18. de-
pellatur : cf. p. 70, 23. 20. non est iturus : ' he does not
intend to go ; ' more forcible than no7i ibit. 24. illud : in
our idiom 'this,' as referring to what follows. B. 246, 2; A.
297, b.
29. Quamquam: 'And yet.' 31. tam misericors : Cati-
line's true friends ought to rejoice to hear that he has gone to
Marseilles and avoided war with the state, thus to escape sure
destruction; but in fact those who are posing as his friends are
merely his associates in crime, who would be grievously disap-
pointed if he did not go to Faesulae ; for that would mean the
frustrating of all their evil plans and hopes. 33. me: B.
l8 3? A. 397, d\ H. 421, and p. 147, foot-note 4. 34. la-
trocinantem : i. e. ' in the midst of brigandage.'
Page 83. 1. Nunc: ' But as it is.' 2. nisi quod: intro-
duces an exception ; ' except that.' 3. vivis nobis : cf. p. 76,
19, and N. 4. quam queramur : we certainly have no reason
to complain that he has left us, no matter with what aim in view.
B. 284,4; A. 571,0; H. 570, 1.
236 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 83
VIII. 5- Sed : the orator passes from Catiline's case to that
of his associates. 7. quod: cf. p. 66, io, and N. murus :
why not paries? cf. p. 69, 9-13. 8. de eis : in contrast with
the absent Catiline. qui dissimulant : i. e. se hostes esse.
10. ulcisci : here =zpunire, persequi. 11. sanare sibi ipsos :
' to restore (them) to themselves,' i. e. * to restore them to their
right minds ; ' like our colloquial phrase, ' to bring him to his
senses.'
13. ex . . . comparentur : the following characterizations (cf.
p. 43) seem to have been introduced for two reasons : to dis-
abuse the people of any ungrounded apprehensions regarding
the extent and strength of the conspiracy, and to overawe the
conspirators themselves by revealing an intimate acquaintance
with the character and condition of their constituency.
17. in : ' (although) in.' 18. possessiones : particularly lands
and buildings. 19. dissolvi : = * to clear themselves,' by sell-
ing out and paying up their indebtedness. 20. species :
'outward appearance.' voluntas, causa: 'inclination' or
'intentions,' 'attitude' toward the government. 21. Tu, etc.:
addressed to an imaginary representative of this class, ' You —
to be abundantly supplied . . . and (yet) to hesitate . . .' Cf.
p. 70, 14, and n. 22. argento : ■ with silver ware,' ' with plate,'
chased and ornamented with artistic designs. Much beautiful sil-
ver ware of the Roman period has been discovered. familia:
'establishment,' comprising slaves and freedmen, particularly the
former.
24. adquirere ad fidem : i. e. by the cancellation of indebted-
ness, on the principle that a man's credit is better if he have
even a small property free from debt than if he have a great
estate mortgaged to nearly or quite its full value. 26. sacro-
sanctas : i. e. exempt from the general destruction. tabulas
novas : ' new accounts,' following the repudiation of all out-
standing debts. This was an important part of Catiline's pro-
gram : Turn Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem
locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae
bellum atque lubido victorum fert (Sail. Cat. xxi. 2).
27. meo beneficio : = ' thanks to me.' 28. auctionariae :
' (those) of the auctioneers ; ' the consul will interfere, and will
clear off these debts by confiscating the mortgaged property
and selling it at auction. It seems that Cicero when consul
Page 84.] NOTES 237
actually made an attempt to improve the general credit by drastic
measures of some sort; see Cic. de Off. II. xxiv. 84; cf. pro
Sulla, xx. 56. 30. salvi: financially 'sound.' 32. fructi-
bus praediorum : * by the income of their estates ; " as this was
less than the interest they had to pay, the contest between in-
come and outgo was a losing one. his — uteremur : ' we
should find them' (or 'in them'). 33. minime : as compared
with the following classes.
Page 84. IX. 3. premuntur aere alieno : i. e. are hope-
lessly in debt, not having property to offset their indebtedness,
and thus being worse off than those in the first class. 5. re-
rum : B. 212, 2; 218, I, a; A. 357, a; H. 458, 3. honores :
' the public offices.' 6. perturbata : sc. ea. 7. unum
et idem : much stronger than idem alone. scilicet : ' that is
to say,' ' as I hardly need say.' 8. quod reliquis omni-
bus : sc. praecipiendum videtur*
9. primum : adj. or adv. ? me . . . laturos : gives the
ground for ut desperent ; '(from the thought) that I,' etc.
11. animos : * spirit.' 15. praesentis : ' with immediate pres-
ence.' Cf. p. 88, 28. 16. Quod si — adepti sint : * But sup-
posing they have once obtained.' 21. fugitivo alicui : ' to
some runaway (slave) ; ' an allusion not only to the fact of
human experience that if free reign be given to violence the
most violent and lawless will prevail, but also to the terrible
experiences of the wars with Spartacus and the slaves. Cf. p.
72, 16, and n. concedi : see Idioms.
22. Tertium genus : cf. p. 43, and Sail. Cat. XVI. 4 : Plerique
Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris
viemores, civile bellum exoptabant. 25. eis coloniis : Sulla
rewarded 120,000 of his troops (so Appian, Bel. Civ. 1. 104) with
lands, dispossessing the previous owners. A large number of
these 'colonies' were planted in Etruria, the inhabitants of
which had been staunch supporters of the party of Marius.
universas : ' on the whole,' ' in general ; ' the orator softens
his sweeping statement in order not to give offence.
29. beati: 'well off,' 'well-to-do.' To a soldier who had been
serving for about six cents a day the possession of even a small
landed property naturally seemed great wealth. 30. appara-
tus : ' splendid,' in the decoration and furniture of the dining-
room, as well as in the table service and viands. 31. iD
tantum aes : see Idioms under aes. salvi: as p. 83, 30.
238 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 85.
33. agrestes : in many cases no doubt the previous posses-
sors of the farms taken by Sulla's soldiers; cf. Sail. Cat.
xxvin. 4: Inter ea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate
simid ac dolore iniuriae novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae
dominatione agros bonaque omnia amis er at.
Page 85. 1. Quos, etc. : \ Now I put both of these classes
in the same category.' 2. eos hoc: see p. 361. B. 178,
d\ A. 390, c\ H. 412. 4. illorum temporum : of the
dictatorship and proscriptions of Sulla. 5. non modo : cf.
p. 71, 21, and n. 6. videantur: for trans, cf. p. 67, 17,
and N.
X. 8. qui: i. e. eorum qui. premuntur: i. e. aere alieno ;
.cf. p. 84, 3, and n. 9. emergunt : 'get their heads above
water,' as we say. 11. iudiciis : by vadi?noniis (cf. p. 78, 6
and n.), iudiciis, and firoscriptione bonorum, the three steps
in an action for debt are indicated: (a) The summons, in re-
sponse to which the debtor must give ' bail ' to present himself
at the specified time for trial, (b) The ' trial,' followed by a sen-
tence, (c) The execution, which comprised a taking possession
of the property and the sale of it at auction, in case the judg-
ment was not satisfied in full within a certain fixed period.
16. non modo civitas : i. e. non sentiat. 20. soli : ' by
themselves.'
24. pereant: '(I pray) they may perish.' 25. career: see
n. to p. 88, 7.
26. est : sc. postremum, in the sense of both * last ' and
'lowest.' 27. proprium Catilinae . . . sinu : = ' Catiline's
own, of his special choice, — no, rather his dearest bosom
friends.' 29. imberbes : i. e. with smooth, womanish faces.
30. bene barbatos: a sign of dissolute life; for in this period
it was not customary to let the beard grow except in times of
mourning. manicatis . . . tunicis : at this time it was con-
sidered in good taste to wear the tunic sleeveless and extend-
ing just below the knees; sleeved tunics were looked upon as
a badge of effeminacy. 31. velis : t with sails,' spoken con-
temptuously of the breadth of the fop's toga. 33. gregibus:
scornfully, 'gangs.'
Page 86. 1- neque : ' and not (only).' 2. spargere venena :
i. e. in wine or other drinks. 6. mulierculas : dim. here to
express contempt.
Page 87.J NOTES 239
XL 16. praesidia: 'garrisons' of troops stationed in the
cities for defence, as distinguished from exercitus, the 'hosts''
under training in the field.
18. confecto et saucio : cf. p. 76, 22 et seq. 20. naufra-
gorum: see n. to p. 73, 31. eiectam : carrying out the idea
of naufragorum, ' stranded.' 21. coloniarum, municipiorum :
partitive gen., dividing the concept urdes, both of these classes
of towns possessing fortifications. 22. respondebunt : in
ordinary prose pares erunt. 23. tumulis silvestribus : the
natural resort of brigands. 24. inopia, egestate : Catiline
had two legions, but according to Sallust (Cat. lvi. 3) only
about one-fourth of his men were properly armed.
29. causas: the parties and the principles. 30. conten-
dere : here = conferre. 31. intellegere possumus : instead
of intellegamus. Ex hac parte: 'on this side.' 34. pie-
tas : i. e. erga patriam.
Page 87. 1. honestas : not ' honesty.' 2. aequitas . . .
prudentia: the four so-called cardinal virtues of Plato and the
Stoics were ' justice ' {biKaioa-vvrj, = iustitia, represented here by
aequitas), ' self-mastery ' (o-oxppoo-vvr], = temperantia), ' courage '
(dvbpeia, = fortitudd), and ' wisdom ' ((ppovrjaris, = prudentia).
3. omnes: in our idiom 'all (other).' 5. bona ratio: in a
political sense, ' an upright principle ; ' conservatism against an-
archy. 6. cum omnium rerum desperatione : = ' with utter
despair.'
Conclusion, xii., xiii.
XII. 12. dixi: omitted by some editors, because the speech
as it now stands contains no other passage corresponding with
this. 13. mihi — consultum atque provisum est : = * on
me rests the responsibility, which has been fully met, of seeing
to it that,' etc. urbi, etc.: see Idioms. 14. sine ullo
tumultu : cf. p. 6$, 31, and N. 16. hac nocturna excur-
sione : see N. to p. JJ, 28. 17. Gladiatores : a particular
source of fear to the Romans after the war with Spartacus.
In this instance the Senate had made special provision for
keeping the gladiators under control; see Sail. Cat. xxx. 7.
19. quamquam . . . patriciorum : a side-thrust at Catiline's
adherents among the aristocracy. 20. Q. Metellus, et seq. :
see p. 78, 1-4, and notes. 22. hominem : cf. p. 76, 16, and n.
240 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 88.
25. vocari : i. e. per praecones (cf. p. 59) ; apparently a meet-
ing of the Senate followed soon after the close of this speech.
28. hostes: see n. to p. 108, 3. 30. hoc exspectavit:
'it has held this in view.' 31. Quod reliquum: see Idioms.
Page 88. I- portis : in our idiom, « at the gates.' 2. qui :
' if any one.' 3. cuius : almost = si illius. 7. carcerem :
now known as the Mamertine Prison ; properly called ' an
avenger,' because never used as a place of confinement for life
sentences, but only for the detention of prisoners who gave no
bail pending trial, or for the execution of those condemned. In
the lower Dungeon, or Tullianum, many notable men perished;
among them Jugurtha, and the Gallic general Vercingetorix.
See illustration on p. 115, and n. to p. 115, 15.
XIII. 10. nullo tumultu : cf. p. 65, 31, and n. 13. to-
gato : i. e. as a civil magistrate ; in war the sagum for the
soldier and the paludamentum for the commander took the
place of the toga. Cicero prided himself on the fact that his
victory over Catiline was won without an appeal to the military.
20. neque — -que : rare for neque — etj ' on the one hand not
— and on the other hand.'
24. significationibus : explained p. 97, 15, et seq. 26. ut
quondam : as at the battle of Lake Regillus, the legend of
which is given, in a spirited form, in Macaulay's " Lays of An-
cient Rome." 28. suo numine : 'with their divine will.'
Page 90.] NOTES 241
THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
Page 89. In L. Catilinam: see n. on p. 209. Habita
ad Populum : see n. on p. 227.
Introduction, i. to p. 90, 3.
I. 1. Quirites : see n. to p. 76, 1 . For the date and cir-
cumstances of delivery, and an outline of the matter, see pp.
39, 40, 43, 45. 3. imperi: B. 25, 2; A. 49, b\ H. 83, 6.
6. flamma atque ferro : cf. p. 76, 3. Which did Cicero con-
sider worse, flamma or ferrum? B. 341, I, c\ A. 324, b\ H.
657, 1. 7. ex faucibus f ati : like our expression, i from
the jaws of death.' 8. restitutam videtis : sc. esse. The
news of the arrest at the Mulvian bridge had spread like wild-
fire, so that many already knew something at least of what the
orator was about to say to them.
II. nascendi condicio : ' (our) lot at birth, 1 the position or
surroundings into which we are born. 13. ilium : the belief
in the deification of Romulus, under the name Quirinus, was
kept alive by an annual festival, the Quirinalia. This was held
on the 17th of February, in commemoration of the day on which
he was said to have been taken up into heaven. 14. bene-
volentia famaque : e with affection and praise. 1 17. delu-
bris : the lesser sanctuaries. 20. rettudimus : i we have
struck back.' 21. Quae quoniam : = i And since all this. 1
22. per me: '(and that too) through my agency. 1 A. 405, £;
H. 468, 3.
Page 90. 1. quanta : = quantae res. 3. exspectatis :
the people had a right to look to the consul for an official
report.
Discussion, i. (p. 90, 4) -x.
4. ut : here ' ever since.' paucis ante diebus : iiu fact
almost four weeks before; for Catiline left Rome on the night
of Nov. 8 (cf. p. 45). The orator makes as little as possible of
the interval, in order not to direct attention to the fact that
16
242 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 91.
during so long a time nothing was accomplished in the way of
checking the conspiracy. erupit : cf. p. 76, 5-6. 5. sce-
leris sui socios : their nefarious plans for the destruction of
the city are given by Sallust, Cat. xliii.
11, 9. eiciebam \ why impf. ? 10. non . . . invidiam :
cf. p. 70, 17 et seq., and N. to p. 77, 19. 12. exterminari :
not . . . 4 exterminated/ 13* eos . . . putabam : cf. p. 87, 26,
et seq. 20. fidem faceret : see Idioms. rem ita compre-
henderem : ' I might get the matter so in my grasp ; ' the
consul bent all his energies toward securing tangible and con-
victing evidence.
23. ut comperi: through Quintus Fabius Sanga ; see pp.
39, 40. 24. tumultus: when applied to political matters,
used only of disturbances in Italy and Cisalpine Gaul ; cf.
Cicero's explanation (Phil. VIII. i. 3) : Q uid est enim aliud iu ~
multus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut maior timer oriatur ? . . .
Hague maiores nostri Utmultum Italicum, quod erat domes ti
cus (hence liable to cause a panic on account of its nearness),
tumuttum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae Jinitimus, praeterea nul-
lum nominabant.
25. eodem itinere : their road lay through Etruria. 26. ad :
'(addressed) to.' 28. facultatem oblatam : see Idioms.
33. hesterno die : Dec. 2. L. Flaccum: see Vocab. under
Flaccutn (3). 34. amantissimos j see Idioms.
Page 91. JL rem : • the plan ' for intercepting the deputies
of the Allobroges. placeret : see Idioms. 2. qui . . .
sentirent : in our idiom, ' being men of sound and excellent
political sentiments in all respects ; ' subj. on account of the
causal force of qui. 5. pontem Mulvium : the foundations
at least still remain in the Ponte Molle, two Roman miles north
of Rome; see Illustration facing p. 90. Across this bridge ran
the Via Flaminia, one of the most important of the roads lead-
ing to the north of Italy ; and here Constantine defeated Max-
entius in the memorable battle of 312 A. d.
9. ex praefectmra Reatina : Cicero was patron of Reate,
i. e. he was the legal representative of the inhabitants of Reate
at Rome; he could therefore count on their loyalty to him.
10. in re publica : i. e. ' for public business.'
12. tertia fere vigilia exacta i about 3 a.m.; the night was
divided up into four watches of equal length. See Idioms.
Page 91.] NOTES 243
13. magno comitatu : B. 222, 1; A. 413, a; H. 474, 2, N.
1. 15. Res praetoribus . . . solis : the soldiers with
the praetors did not know for what purpose they had been
sent out; and the deputies of the Allobroges, though they no
doubt understood in a general way that they would be asked to
give up the documents received from the conspirators, had ap-
parently not been informed when or how the demand would
be made upon them, so that the attack at first surprised them.
Cf. Sail. Cat. xlv.
III. 17. Turn interventu, et seq. : i. e. the praetors ex-
plained that they represented the consul, to whom the docu-
ments were to be delivered. Sallust says that the Gauls, as
soon as they understood matters, placed themselves in charge
of the praetors ; but that Volturcius made a valiant resistance
until he saw that he was deserted by the rest, whereupon he
surrendered, begging that his life be spared. 19. integris
signis : 'with the seals unbroken;' see p. 55. ipsi •. the
Gallic deputies and Volturcius. 20. cum iam dilucesceret :
early in the morning of Dec. 3.
23. vocavi: as chief executive the consul had the right to
summon citizens into his presence, and even to have them
brought by force if they offered resistance. In this case the
deputies and the conspirators were no doubt kept at the orator's
house, which stood on the northwest slope of the Palatine hill,
until they were taken before the Senate ; cf. Plan facing p. 76.
25. credo : scornful, alluding to the ' sleepiness ' of Lentulus (see
p. 96, to); the letter (see p. 94, 8-1 1), in the preparation of which
he is represented as having "burned the midnight oil," contains
less than forty words ! 26. vigilarat : • he had been up late.'
27. viris : many of them had no doubt been sent for by the
consul himself, to be his witnesses arid advisers. 28. fre-
quentes : * in great numbers.' 29. quam deferri : quam de-
ferrem or quam deferrentur might have been expected. Cf.
A. 583, c. 30. nihil : i. e. nothing incriminating. te-
mere: 'rashly,' without sufficient reason. 31. esse factu-
rum, ut — deferrem: periphrasis, more emphatic than the simple
delaturum esse; with negavi ' *(= dixi non), 'I said that in a
matter fraught with danger to the state I could not but lay
the facts unprejudiced before the state's council.' Cf. B. 297,
1; A. 568, n. 1 ; H. 566, 1. 33. si: = etiam si, * even if,'
244 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 92
Page 92. 3. frequentem : 'with full attendance.' The Senate
met in the Temple of Concord, in the Forum; see Plan facing
p. 76. coegi : the term regularly used of convening the
Senate. 6. quid ; see Idioms.
IV. 8. Introduxi : i. e. before the Senate. fidem publi-
cam dedi : ' I gave him a pledge in the name of the state,'
i. e. a pledge of pardon if he would turn state's evidence ; fol-
lowed by iussu senatus because the Senate alone had authority
to grant or promise amnesty. 12. ad : as p. 90, 26. ut :
*(to the effect) that.'
14. id : i. e. ut id faceret. ex : in our idiom, * in.'
15. omnibus partibus : according to Sallust (Cat. xliii. 2)
the city was to be fired in twelve places at once, under the di-
rection of Statilius and Gabinius ; but Plutarch (Cic. xvin.) says
in a hundred places. quern . . . erat: parenthetical explana-
tion of the speaker; hence with the indie. Cf. p. 64, 34.
16. caedem infinitam : cf. Plut. Cic. xvm. : ' There was noth-
ing small or mean about the designs of Lentulus; for he had
resolved to kill the entire Senate, and as many of the other citi-
zens as he could.' 17. ille : Catiline.
21. dixerunt : followed by indirect discourse in two degrees
of subordination, — as a wheel within a wheel, — thus: (1) by
esse praescriptum, which in turn is followed by pedestres . . .
defuturas in indir. disc, subordinate to itself; (2) by Lentulum
, . . confir masse, similarly followed by se . . . fuisse ; (3) by
eundem dixisse, to which annum . . . vicesimus is subordinate.
The reflexive in each case refers to the chief agent or subject
of the clause to which its own clause is subordinate; thus sibi
(1. 21) refers to Galli (1. 19), but sibi (1. 23) to his et L. Cassio
0. 21).
24. ex fatis Sibyllinis : = .« from the Sibylline prophecies.'
The original Sibylline Books, purchased by King Tarquin, per-
ished when the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill was
burned, in 83 B. C. After that a new collection of Sibylline
prophecies was made with great care at the different places
where oracles were given through sibyls, and placed in the new
Temple (cf. N. to 1. 30). Here they were guarded by a special
college of priests, the Quindecimviri, who consulted them, how-
ever, only upon request of the Senate. In addition to these,
there appear to have been smaller private collections, of a simi-
Page 93.] NOTES 245
lar character ; and to one of these latter, in the possession of
some family of the Cornelian gens, Lentulus probably referred.
27. necesse ; see Idioms. 28. fatalem annum : really no
more 'decreed by fate' than that year in the famous prophecy
of Mother Shipton, —
" The world unto an end shall come
In eighteen hundred and eighty-one."
30. virginum : for virginum Vestalium. The trial of a Vestal
on the charge of breaking her vows was considered in a high
degree portentous, even though her innocence might be proved
and the trial followed by acquittal. Capitoli incensionem :
in 83 b. c. ; immediately afterwards Sulla commenced to rebuild
the temple on a much grander scale, but the edifice was not
completed till some years later, by Quintus Lutatius Catulus.
According to Sallust, the soothsayers were quoted as affirming
that the twentieth year after the burning of the Capitol would
be one of bloody civil war.
33. Saturnalibus : Dec. 19, the chief day of the festival; a
favorable time for a bold stroke, on account of the cessation of
business and the merriment and freedom of restraint character-
istic of the festival of Saturn, during which the Romans "kept
open house " to friends and clients. 34. nimium longum :
'too far off,' 'too remote (a date).'
Page 93. V. 1. ne longum : see Idioms. tabellas : con-
taining the litter ae of p. 92, 19. 2. datae : sc. esse. Cf. B.
332, c; 328, 2; A. 458; H. 612. 3. cognovit: 'he ac-
knowledged (it) ' as his own. For the seal, the thread, and other
matters connected with the form of the letters, see pp. 54-57.
Cicero had done well to leave the letters untouched until they
could be opened in the presence of the Senate. 7. sibi —
recepissent : * had undertaken for him,' i. e. had promised him.
8. aliquid : see Idioms. Kind of ace. ? tamen : 'never-
theless,' though appearances were all against him. quae:
why neuter? B. 250, 2; A. 305, a; H. 398, 1. 10. bo-
norum f erramentorum studiosum : i a fancier of good tools ; '
avoiding the use of telorum and implying that he was a col-
lector, a connoisseur, of steel implements in general. 11. con-
scientia : as p. 81, 22.
14. in eandem sententiam : i. e. scriptae. See Idioms.
18. avitui: see Vocab. under Lentulus, (1). It was customary
246 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 94.
to place upon seals the likenesses of distinguished ancestors.
20. etiam muta : ' even though speechless ; ' with revocare, oxy-
moron, eadem ratione : ■ of the same tenor,' * to the same
effect.' 21. Si: 'In case.' 23. negavit: 'said, No,' i.e.
that he did not care to say anything.
24. exposito atque edito : in our court phrase, ' given and
taken down,' i. e. taken down in writing by the senators who
were keeping the record. 25. quid, etc. : see Idioms.
27. per quem: i. e. a. quo perducti, referring to Umbrenus.
30. scelere demens : i. e. conscientia sceleris demens f actus.
33. exercitatio : ' readiness.' Of the oratory of this Lentulus
Cicero elsewhere says (Brut. lxvi. 235) : ' His slowness of
thought and delivery was lost sight of by reason of the impres-
siveness of his person, his gesticulation alike skilful and full of
grace, and the sweetness and power of his voice.'
page 94. 1* superabat : ' endeavored to surpass.' B. 260, 3 j
A. 471, *'i H. 530.
7. sine nomine : without address or signature, we should say.
sed ita : * but as follows,' the contents indicating the person-
ality of sender and receiver. The same letter is thus given by
Sallust (Cat. xliv. 5; text of Eussner):
Qui sim, ex eo y quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac co~
gites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum
esse. Consideres, quid tuae ratione s postulent. Auxi-
lium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.
This version of the letter differs from that given by Cicero
only in greater refinement of expression. The latter shows traces
of the haste in which the letter was no doubt written, and may
be accepted as unquestionably the original form.
11. infimorum : = servorum j cf. p. 92, 12, and N. to p. 72, 16.
12. cum primo : 'although at first.' 13. ex eis : B. 201,
U.a\ A. 346, c\ H. 444.
15. certissima : force of the superlative? Cf. certiora in 1. 18.
VI. 22. expositis atque editis: cf. p. 93, 24, and N. Why
is Indiciis pi. ? 23. de summa re publica : i. e. de salute
rei publicae. 24. Dictae . . . sententiae : on the method
of procedure, see n. to p. 64, 28. a principibus : 'by the
leaders' of the Senate, comprising the consuls-elect, who voted
first; after them the ex-consuls voted.
Page 95.] NOTES 247
29. gratiae : see p. 362. verbis : see Idioms. 30. quod :
'because (as they said).' B. 285; 286, 1 ; A. 592, 3; H. 588, 11.
virtute : ' by my resolution.' 32. opera : we say ' services.'
34. collegae meo : in the consulship ; i. e. Gaius Antonius Hy-
brida, who had been a supporter of Catiline until Cicero won
him over; cf. p. 38.
Page 95. 1. eos . . . removisset: i. e. he had refused to
have anything more to do with them, either as a public officer
or as an individual.
3. cum . . . abdicasset: no action could be brought against
a Roman magistrate so long as he remained in office, his per-
son and office being considered inviolable {sacrosanctus). 4. in
custodiam : see N. to p. 69, 5. 7. L. Cassium : Cassius, Fu-
rius, Annius Chilo, and Umbrenus escaped; Ceparius had left
the city, but was arrested and brought back. 11. colonis :
see N. to p. 84, 25. 18. novem hominum : of these only
five actually suffered the penalty imposed ; see N. to p. 1 1 5, 1 5.
21. supplicatio : here refers to a period of public thanks-
giving, in this case probably of five days' duration. ' The chief
religious observance on such occasions was the banquet for the
gods (leclistemium). Couches, on which images of the gods re-
clined, were placed in front of the temples and shrines, and
offerings of food and wine were set before them.
22. meo nomine : = honoris mei causa, 'in my honor.'
quod : ' (an experience) which.' 23. primum : ' for the first
time.' togato : cf. p. 88, 13, and N. ; in previous cases a
thanksgiving had been appointed only in recognition of military
successes. 24. quod: cf. p. 94, 30, and N. 25. Italiam
bello : rhetorical exaggeration. Quae si : ' And if this.'
26. hoc interest: 'there is this difference;' more forcible than
hoc interesse videatur, the indie, implying that the difference
certainly exists, whether the comparison be made or not.
27. ceterae bene gesta : i. e. ceterae supplication.es bene gesta
re ftublica constitutae sunt.
29. factum atque transactum est : originally a legal formula.
33. magistratu se abdicavit : of course under compulsion ; but
the form of voluntary resignation must be kept up (cf. 1. 4,
above). Plutarch says (Cic. xix.): * Lentulus, having been con-
victed, resigned his office (for he happened to be praetor), and
laying aside his purple-bordered toga in the Senate, assumed a
248 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 9&
garb in ■ keeping with his misfortune.' The last clause may
mean that he put on the white toga of the ordinary citizen (see
N. to p. 77, 30), but more likely that he secured one of dark
color, as the Romans were wont to do, as a sign of mourning
in times of trouble. ut, et seq. : ' that we might be free from
religious scruple, . . . though such scruples had not prevented
Gaius Marius from,' etc. ; referring to the sacredness of the per-
son of a magistrate. Marius, however, was only indirectly re-
sponsible for the death of Glaucia, whp was pelted to death
by a mob.
Page 96. 1. nihil : see Idioms.
VfL 10- somnum, adipes : cf. n. to p. 91, 25. Shakespeare
(following a hint of Plutarch's) represents Caesar as saying:
" Let me have men about me that are fat;
Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights:
Yond' Cassius has a lean and hungry look;
He thinks too much : such men are dangerous."
11. C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem : according to Sallust
(Cat. xliii. 3), ' Cethegus kept making complaint about the inac-
tivity of his associates. He said that they were losing great
opportunities by their hesitation and procrastination ; that at
such a critical time they needed action, not deliberation ; and
that if he could get a few to help him, even if the rest should
hang back, he would make an attack on the Senate.'
13. tam diu, dum : * (only) so long as.' B. 293, 11. ; A. 556, a.
14. omnium aditus tenebat : <he understood how to get at
every one. 1 16. consilium, etc. : he could not only plan
crime, but also carry out his wicked plans. 18. certas,
certos : « particular,' ' special.' 19. descriptos : « assigned '
to the part they were to take, ' detailed.' 20. quod : prop-
erly with obiret only; 'which he did not undertake, did not
meet; on which he did not bestow watchfulness, effort.'
24. paratum : « ready (to strike).' 25. in perditis : see
Idioms. 28. Saturnalia : see p. 92, 33, and n. It yet lacked
more than two weeks to the Saturnalia j Catiline would have
set the day of destruction earlier. 30. neque commisisset :
'and would not have made the mistake of allowing his seal
... to be secured as,' etc. ; i. e. if he had remained in the
city.
Page 97.] NOTES 249
Page 97. 4. ut levissime: Idioms. B. 282,4; H. 568,4.
VIII. 8. Quamquam: * And yet. 1 10. cum: < not only. 1
11. vix videtur . . . esse potuisse : 'it seems hardly possi-
ble that human wisdom can have directed matters of so great
moment.' Cf. N. to p. 67, 17. B. 203, 5; A. 343, b\ H. 447.
13. praesentes : cf . p. 84, 1 5, and N. 15. ilia : those that
had been noticed some time previously; contrasted with haec
in 1. 18. How far Cicero himself believed in portents is doubt-
ful; but, as other Roman statesmen, he was ready to make the
most of them in dealing with a superstitious populace. These
unusual phenomena were treated at length in his poem ' On his
Consulship;' cf. his De Div., I., XL, XII., xiil, and Plin. Nat.
Hist., II., § 137. omittam — omittam : an example of prae-
teritio; cf. p. 135, 13, and N. ab occidente : a quarter of
ill omen. See Idioms.
16. faces, etc.: cf. Dio Cass., XXXVII., xxv., 2 (referring to
this time): 'Many thunderbolts fell from a cloudless sky, and
the earth shook violently; spectral forms also were seen in
many places, and torches shot up into the sky above the sun-
set.' For the portents preceding the murder of Caesar, see the
editor's "Selections from Ovid," pp. 156, 157, and notes.
17. quae tam multa : either ' so many of which,' or ' which in
so great number.' B. 201, I, b\ A. 346, e. 21. relinquen-
dum : ' left out of consideration ; ' how different from xpraeter-
mittendum f
22. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year 65 B. C.
23. de caelo : see Idioms. 24. depulsa : from their pedes-
tals. 25. veterum hominum : 'of men of the olden time;'
in and about the Capitol stood a host of statues. aera : ' the
bronzes,' i. e. bronze pillars or tablets; see Dio Cass., XXXVI I.,
ix. : 'The writing of the pillars, on which the laws were graven,
ran together and became illegible.' Such copies of laws were
set up in and around temples; but this passage does not refer
to the Laws of the Twelve Tables, which were placed in the
Forum, in the earlier period at least on the Rostra.
28. fuisse : i. e. it was at that time on the Capitoline hill,
but has since been removed. A bronze group similar to that
here described (the twins Romulus and Remus being modern)
is now in a museum on the Capitoline hill at Rome: The wolf,
undoubtedly of very ancient workmanship, is perhaps the same
250 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 98.
as that referred to here, for" it shows a fracture which may
possibly have been caused by lightning. 32. nisi: i. e. and
would be upon us 'unless. 1
Page 98. 1. responsis : why abl. ? ludi : all the Roman
public games (including the various spectacles of the circus, am-
phitheatre, and theatre) were religious in their origin. 4. fa-
cere : the subject-acc, referring to those seeking advice, is
omitted. in excels o : 'on a high (pedestal);' cf. Cic. de Div.,
I., XII., 20, 21. 5. contra, atque antea fuerat : 'opposite to
what it had previously been.' According to the ancient Roman
custom, the worshipper faced the east, so that statues of divini-
ties would naturally look toward the west, unless there were
some reason to the contrary.
6. illud signum, quod videtis : spoken with a gesture on
the right toward the height of the Capitoline hill, where the
new statue on its column was plainly visible from the Rostra
and the Forum ; see N. to Habita ad Populum, on p. 227, and
tlan facing p. 76. 10. collocandum locaverunt : 'let the
contract for erecting.' The charge of such contracts properly
belonged to the censors ; but the censors for b. c. 65, Quintus
Lutatius Catulus and Marcus Licinius Crassus, disagreed and
resigned, so that the function in this case devolved upon the
consuls. 12. superioribus consulibus : i. e. consuls for the
two preceding years. The consuls for 64 were Lucius Julius
Caesar and Gaius Figulus. nobis : sc. consulibus j see
Idioms.
IX. 14. aversus, mente captus : see Idioms. 15, qui
neget : ' as to say that — not.' haec omnia : the visible
universe ; spoken with a wide gesture. 19. et ea : ' and
that too.' B. 247, 4; A. 298, #; H. 508, 2. quae: ' (prophe-
cies) which.' 23. praesens: 'immediate,' 'evident.' 24. per
forum : as Cicero's house was on the Palatine hill and the
conspirators had come to him there (see p. 91, 23, and N.), he
was obliged to conduct them through the Forum in order to
reach the Temple of Concord, where the Senate met; see Plan
facing p. 76.
30. Quo : ' And on this account.' 34. ille : with a gesture
on the right toward the statue, the divinity being associated
with the image ; cf. p. 74, 32, and N. Notice the forceful anaph-
ora, with asyndeta and climax.
Page 100.] NOTES 251
9. 1. haec templa : about the Forum; spoken with a
gesture. 3. hanc mentem voluntatemque : * this purpose
and determination.'
9. audaciae : why dat. ? consilium esset ereptum : on
the theory of the proverb, quos deus perdere vult, dementat
10. homines Galli : 'men from Gaul;' more forcible than
.Galli alone, suggesting the bravery and fickleness of the Gal-
lic character. quae gens una: 'the only people which.'
12. non nolle : ' to be not indisposed ; ' in 66 B. c. Piso had
put down an uprising among the Allobroges: but in 6i they
rebelled again. 13. ultro : 'without their seeking (it).'
16. qui — potuerint : ' as they had it in their power.'
X. 18. ad omnia pulvinaria : i. e. omnibus dis quorum pul-
vinaria Romae erant, referring to the lectisterniwn j see N. to
p. 95, 21. 25. togato : cf. p. 88, 9-13, and N.
27. sed eas, et seq. : for the events referred to in this para-
graph (all of which had happened within the quarter of a cen-
tury preceding b. c. 63), consult the Vocab. under each name,
and the Roman histories. 29. custodem hums urbis : so
characterized from his victories over the Teutons and Cimbri.
32. collegam : Cornelius Cinna. hie locus: the Forum.
33. redundavit : construed by zeugma with acervis j trans,
with acervis, 'was choked;' with sanguine, 'overflowed.'
34. lumina civitatis : members of the aristocratic party, as
the consuls Gnaeus Octavius and Lucius Merula, Quintus Catu-
lus, the orator Marcus Antonius, the Pontifex Quintus Scaevola,
and others.
Page 100. 1. Ultus est . . . Sulla : in 82 B. C. 2. quanta
deminutione civium : according to Mommsen ("History of
Rome," Vol. III., p. 423), the proscription lists of Sulla con-
tained the names of at least 4,700 citizens, including 40 sena-
tors and 1,600 knights. 6. ceterorum : i. e. who perished
with him.
8. quae : = ut eae. 16. uno : strengthens the superlative.
post : see Idioms. 17. quale bellum, quo in bello : ' a war
such as,' 'a war in which.' barbaria : abstract for concrete,
= 'horde of savages.' 20. salvi : i. e. financially 'safe,' who
had property enough to make it worth while to murder them ;
different force in salva and in salvi of 1. 21. 22. tantum
civium: '(only) so many citizens.' B. 201,2; A. 346,^,3; H.
252 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 102.
442, 5. 23. quantum . . . restitisset :' as had remained
over from unlimited slaughter ; ' i. e. 'as had escaped unchecked
bloodshed.'
Conclusion, xi.
XI. 27. Quibus pro tantis rebus : * Now in return for these
so great services (of mine).* 33. Nihil mutum : as a statue.
Pa°*e 101. 2. res : ' achievements.' 4. diem : ' period ; ' in-
eandemque diem propagatam esse et salutem urbis et memo-
riam consulatus mei might have been expected. Cicero be-
lieved that the memory of his consulship would endure as long
as RoJhe's sovereignty, which would last forever. Cf. Bryce's
"Holy Roman Empire." 7. alter . . . terminaret : Pompey;
rhetorical exaggeration, yet not without some basis; for Pompey
had fought with Sertorius in the extreme west, and with Mithri-
dates in the extreme east.
XII. 11. condicio : ' lot.' quae illorum : * as of those.'
14. vestrum est : ' it is your (duty).' 15. recte : = merito,
'(and) deservedly.' 20. nihil: see Idioms. B. 187, 11., 3; A.
372 ; H. 426, 3. 23. tacita : 'though silent,' i. e. by silent influ-
ence, conscientiae : ' of inner knowledge ' that Cicero had
really saved the state. 24. quam . . . indicabunt : i. e. si
qui, ea (conscientid) neglecta, me violare volent, se ipsi indica-
bunt ('they will betray themselves' by their very appearance).
27. nullius : for the gen. of nemo. 28. Quod si, et seq. :
cf. p. 70, 19-21, and N. 33. fructum: 'gains.' 34. in
honore vestro : i. e. * in the honors you have it in your power
to bestow.'
Page 102. 1. virtutis : « won by valor.' Kind of gen. ?
quicquam altius : ■ any greater height.' 4. ornem : ' make
even more splendid.' ut: final.
7. me tractabo : = versabor, « I shall conduct myself.'
10. est nox: the meeting of the Senate preceding this address
lasted till late in the day. ilium : cf. p. 98, 34, and n.
12. aeque ac : * just the same as.' priore nocte : after the
second oration; cf. p. 87, 11-13. 15. providebo : a hint at
the fate of the conspirators in custody.
Page 103.] NOTES 253
THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE.
Page 103. In L. Catilinam: see n. on p. 209.
Habita in Senatu : Dec. 5, b. c. 63, the Senate being as-
sembled in the Temple of Concord; cf. Plan facing p. 76.
Introduction, i.-iii.
I. 1. Video — in me, etc. : for the circumstances of delivery,
and an outline of the thought, see pp. 41, 44. At what point
in the debate Cicero spoke is not clear; but evidently the dis-
cussion regarding the punishment of the conspirators was be-
coming involved with the question of his own safety. That the
debate should for the moment take this direction is not strange,
for the consul was yet the hope of all patriots in the contest
with the conspiracy, which had been shown to be so dangerous ;
while in view of the desperate character of the leaders, and his
efforts to bring them to justice, every one knew that he would
be the first object of attack. At this point, when the senators
were looking toward him to divine his feeling in the matter, the
orator took advantage of his position as presiding officer (see p.
113, 12-13) to ur g e them to make all personal considerations sec-
ondary to the true interests of the state, and presented clearly
the two views before the house regarding the disposition of the
conspirators, delicately but distinctly revealing his own prefer-
ence for the extreme penalty. The exordium, which under other
circumstances might have appeared unwarrantably egotistical, is
thus seen to be entirely in keeping with the occasion, whether
it was spoken as it stands, or the present form is a fuller state-
ment of what was said at the time.
5. in dolore : i. e. animi. voluntas : = * kindly regard ; • it
is not their good-will but their anxiety for his welfare that the
orator begs them to lay one side.
14. aequitas: for iustitia; cf. p. 87, 2, and N. continetur:
*is centred;' the law courts were about the Forum. 15. au-
spiciis : abl. ; an election of consuls was held only after certain
254 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 104.
auspices, taken in the Campus Martius, had been declared
favorable. curia: there is no record of any attempt on the
orator's life in the Senate-house; but cf. p. 74, 19. 16. aux-
ilium omnium gentium : refers to the Senate's adjustment of
foreign relations; cf. p. 58. 17. commune perfugium: sug-
gestive of that maxim of English law, " Every man's house is
his castle." datus : to be taken closely with lectus.
18. haec sedes honoris : the curule chair, the official seat of
the higher Roman magistrates. It had a square seat, with no
back or arms, and was so made that
it would fold up as a camp-stooL
This arrangement appears to have
been originally a matter of conven-
ience, that the chair might readily
be moved about, implying magiste-
rial jurisdiction wherever it was
placed ; possibly in the earliest
times it was carried in the chariot
with the magistrate (hence curulis, from currus, ■ carriage-chair ').
See Illustration.
20. multa tacui: a hint at the revelations he might have
made — had he thought it expedient — involving prominent
men in the conspiracy; such, perhaps, as Caesar and Crassus.
21. meo . . . timore : i. e. yours the fear merely, but mine the
pain ('with some pain to myself).
Page 104. 2. virgines Vestales : cf. n. to p. 92, 30. 4. delu-
bra: cf. p. 89, 17, and N. 5. totam Italiam : cf. p. 95, 25,
and n. 8. fatale, etc.: see p. 92, 23-31. 10. prope : 'I
might almost say,' ■ as it were ; * softens fatalem exstitisse,
which otherwise would have seemed arrogant. Notice the
chiasmus in fatale ad perniciem — ad salutem fatalem. B.
350, II, c, j A. 598, /. ; H. 666, 2.
II. 11. consulite: cf. Idioms. 16. praesident : in the
sense of tuentur. pro eo, ac: see Idioms. 17. si quid
obtigerit: euphemistic, as shown by mortar. 19. consulari:
'to him who has been consul,' because he has reached the
highest goal of human ambition, the highest honor men can
bestow. sapienti: 'to the philosopher;' cf. p. 106, 25. The
ancient systems of philosophy, but more particularly the Stoic
and the Epicurean, inculcated disregard of death.
Page 105] NOTES 255
20. ille ferreus : * a man so made of iron,' ' a man so devoid
of feeling.' fratris : now praetor-elect ; see Vocab. under
Cicero (2). 21. horum omnium : senators, the orator's special
friends, who were disturbed at the thought of danger to him.
The Greeks and the Romans gave vent to their feelings much
more freely than would be considered in good form among us.
24. exanimata: from anxiety. uxor, filia, filius: see Vocab.
under Terentia, Tullia, and Cicero (3) j Marcus, the son, was
now only two years old. 26. ille — gener : see Vocab.,
under Pisa. As Piso was not yet admitted to the Senate, he
stood with the throng before the open door of the tem-
ple. 28. in earn partem : = ■ (only) to this determination.'
30. quam: for quam ut. B. 284, 4; A. 571, a\ H. 570, 1.
una: =communi. 31. peste : instrumental abl., where we
should use ' in.'
32. incumbite : nautical term ; cf. procellas, 1. 33. 34. Non
Ti. Gracchus: 'Not a' Tiberius Gracchus,' or * No Tiberius
Gracchus.' iterum: in the time of the Gracchi it was not
lawful to hold the office of tribune of the people for two years
in succession.
Page 105. 2. agrarios : those who favored a more equable
division and management of the public lands. 5. vestram
omnium : trans, as if vestri omnium. Why ? 6. Romae
restiterunt : i. e. instead of going forth with Catiline. 7. lit
terae, signa, manus : i. e. the letters with each one's seal and
hand-writing; see p. 93, 1 et seq. 8. servitia: abstract for con-
crete, = servij see p. 94, 9- n. 9. id est: sums up ; 'in short,
the design was formed, that.' 10. nemo ne — quidem : B. 347,
2; A. 327, 1; H. 656, 2. 12. relinquatur: present because
consilmm (1. 9), summing up the preceding present tenses, looks
toward the future; our idiom here requires the impf.
III. 14. multis . . . iudicavistis : 'you have already, by
many (previous) decisions, settled;' a very clever turn, imply-
ing that the Senate had already committed itself regarding the
guilt of the conspirators and its own jurisdiction in the case.
15. gratias . . . decrevistis: see p. 94, 29-31. 17. P. Lentu-
lum . . . coegistis : see p. 95, 33, and n. 19. in custodiam :
see p. 95, 3-15. 20. meo nomine.- see p. 95, 21-25, and n.
22. praemia — amplissima : what these were is not known ;
probably they were gifts of money. Reason for the position of
256 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 106.
amplissima ? 24. nominatim dati sunt : i. e. each prisoner
was placed in charge of a different person ; see n. to p. 69, 5.
According to Sallust (Cat. xlvii. 4), Lentulus was turned over
to the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther, Cethegus to Quintus Corni-
ficius, Statilius to Gaius Caesar, Gabinius to Marcus Crassus,
and Ceparius, after he was caught, to the senator Gnaeus
Terentius.
27. institui : here = coepi. referre : object ? 28. tain-
quam integrum : ' as still an open question,' notwithstanding the
fact that you have virtually passed a sentence of condemnation
already. 30. consulis ; as chief executive of the state and
presiding officer of the Senate; cf. N. to p. 61, 14. 31. mis-
ceri: idiomatically, • were brewing.' 32 haberi : stronger than
factam esse; habere is used of holding meetings of political
bodies, as the Senate. 33. putavi : forcible ; so we some-
times say, ' I never thought it of him,' when we mean ' I never
should have thought it of him.'
Page 106. 1. statuendum ... est : ' you must reach a
decision before nightfall ; ' because a decree of the Senate
passed after sunset was not valid, and because the emergency
was such as to admit of no postponement of action. 3. vehe-
menter: see Idioms. 4. Latius : see Idioms. 6. multas
provincias occupavit : rhetorical exaggeration ; yet Catiline
had reckoned on receiving armies from Spain and Mauretania
(Sail. Cat. xxi. 3).
Discussion, iv.-xi., 1. 9.
IV. 10. duas sententias: cf. pp. 41, 44. D. Silani: as
consul-elect he was the first one called on to give his opinion
and vote. Cf. n. to p. 64, 28. 11. haec: cf. p. 70, II, and n.
12. C. Caesaris: he was now praetor-elect, and therefore one of
the first to be called on after the consuls-elect and ex-consuls.
His speech is given at length by Sallust, Cat. Li. 13. re
niovet : brief for removendum esse censet. 15. in — versatur :
'insists upon.*
24. laborum ac miseriarum : like our phrase, ' toils and
troubles.' Caesar's argument is, that life sentence is a severer
punishment than the death penalty ; he thinks that death ends
all. Sallust reports his words thus (Cat. li. 20) : De poena pos-
sum equidem dicer e — id quod res habet — in luctu atqui
Page 107] NOTES 257
miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse j earn
cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere j ultra neque curae neque gaU'
dio locum esse.
25. inviti : trans, by an adv. B. 239 ; A. 290 ; H. 497.
26. Vincula: in a general sense. et ea: cf. 98, 19, and N.
27. singularem poenam : as in the case of a certain Vettienus,
who had cut off the fingers of his left hand in order to make
himself unfit for military service ; he was condemned to im-
prisonment for life, with the confiscation of his property. Still,
sentence to perpetual imprisonment or death was much rarer in
Rome than with us, for the reason that citizens could escape
sentence by going into exile. Cf. N. to p. 72, 23.
28. dispertiri: sc. eos, the conspirators. 29. iniquitatem :
* unfairness,' because imposing a heavy and unnecessary burden
on the municipalities; * difficulty,' because if not obliged to re-
ceive the charge they would be disinclined voluntarily to accept
it. 30. placet: see Idioms. 33. Adiungit: sc. Caesar.
Page 107. 1. custodias: * prison regulations.' 7. quam si:
'but if — this.' 9. in vita; i.e. while yet on earth. 10. illi
antiqui: * those men of the olden time,' particularly the poets,
as Homer. 11. voluerunt : * wished ' to have it believed, s=
' made out ; ' the language implies that Cicero himself did not
believe in future punishment. The orator is now addressing
the Senate, the members of which in the main were sceptical
in regard to the teachings of the national religion; when talk-
ing to the people his attitude toward current beliefs is different.
See p. 75, 5 ; cf. n. to p. 97, 15.
V. 14- Nunc : = * Under these conditions.' intersit : cf.
p. 363. B. 210; 211, I, a, 3, c\ A. 355, a-, H. 449, 1. 18.
populares impetus : ' attacks of the people.' Caesar was allied
with the popular or democratic party, which was constantly mak-
ing efforts to break the power of the Senate and the aristocracy
19. illam alteram : of Silanus. nescio an : here = * probably.'
amplius negoti : ' a larger measure of difficulty.' 20. Sed
tamen: 'But (even if this be the case), nevertheless/
22. enim: 'then;' the orator enters upon a closer examina-
tion of Caesar's proposition. 23. maiorum : referring not
only to the prominence of the Caesar family for a century pre-
vious to this time, but also to the alleged descent of the Iulii
from lulus, Aeneas's son. 24. obsidem : ' pledge.' 25. In-
17
258 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 108.
tellectum est, quid interesset : * we understood (when Caesai
spoke) what a difference there is.'
28. non neminem : = ' more than one.' de capite : * re-
garding the life ; ' they absented themselves with the pretext
that only the people assembled in the comitia had the right to
pass a sentence of death upon a Roman citizen, and that the
Senate in dealing with the conspirators was going beyond its
jurisdiction. 29. is: refers to 7ion nemo j 'but those men.'
midius tertius : i. e. at the meeting of the Senate on Dec. 3 ;
there these pretended friends of the people joined with the rest
of the Senate in acts which virtually condemned the conspir-
ators (cf. p. 105, 25), thus tacitly admitting the jurisdiction of
the Senate in the case. To judge from this the decrees of the
Senate on Dec. 3 must have been carried unanimously.
32. adfecit : cf. p. 361. hoc, etc. : hoc, quid {Me), qui . . .
decrevit, de tota re et causa ( ' the whole matter of fact and
question at issue \ iudidarit, nemini dubium est. 33. quaesi-
tori: refers to Cicero as having conducted the investigation:
the term is technically applied to the presiding officer of a quaes-
tio, or court for criminal cases. gratulationem : here =
supplicationem.
Page 108. 1. At: introduces the orator's reply to Caesar's
argument. intellegit : as shown by Caesar's not refusing to
vote on the matters before the Senate, Dec. 3 ; by voting then,
as Cicero clearly enough indicates, he admitted the jurisdiction
of the Senate in dealing with the conspirators as * enemies,'
not as ■ citizens.' legem Semproniam : proposed by
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus b. c. 123, enacting ne de capite
civiu?n Romanorum iniussu fiopuli iudicaretur j see N. to p.
72, 23. Cicero cites this enactment particularly because he
wishes to point his argument with an allusion to the death of
Gracchus without a trial by the people or an appeal, as show-
ing that immediately after the passage of the law it was so
construed that those considered enemies of their country were
not protected by it.
3. hostis, eum civem nullo modo: i. e. granted that a
Roman citizen can only be tried before a regular court, and
cannot be put to death without an opportunity to appeal his
case to the Roman people gathered in assembly (see N. to p. 72,
23); yet if he makes an attempt against his country, by thai
Page 108.] NOTES 259
very act he becomes a * public enemy,' is no longer entitled to
the protection afforded by laws guarding the rights of citizens,
and as an enemy may properly be tried and sentenced by the
Senate. To us the argument here seems like begging the ques-
tion. For, first of all, the question whether a man is a * public
enemy* or not is one of fact, which can properly be determined
only after due deliberation by a judicial body having jurisdic-
tion in such matters ; and at Rome there were two courts for
two different kinds of crimes against the state, the quaestio
perpetua for cases of treason {de maiestate\ and that for cases
of violence or riot (de vi). But even in cases of treason the pre-
cedents at least of the earlier time guarded sacredly the right of
appeal to the people. Certainly according to the letter of the
Roman constitution, the Senate had not the jurisdiction to try
and condemn the conspirators, at any rate without an opportu-
nity to appeal from its decision.
Again, in the first oration Cicero had earnestly maintained
the position that the supreme power vested in the consuls by
the Senate (tiltimum decretum) was sufficient to warrant putting
a disturber of the peace to death at once, without the formal-
ity of a trial or appeal; but when the Catilinarian conspirators
were actually in his power, he shifted the responsibility by re-
ferring their fate to the Senate. As a matter of fact this right
of the consul, when invested with the supreme power, had been
conceded by the aristocracy, but never admitted by the popular
party ; only this year the aged Rabirius 4iad been called to ac-
count for his part in the killing of Saturninus (see p. 6).
But if there was no warrant on strictly constitutional grounds
for the attitude of the consul or of the Senate in this case, and
for the execution of the conspirators without a formal trial,
on other grounds there was justification most ample. Through-
out the speeches the orator is constantly reminding his hearers
of the peril which is threatening the state, the city Rome, their
own lives. Human society as an organism, as represented by
states and communities, has a right to protect itself to maintain
its own existence. At Rome the constitution had literally
broken down; it had shown itself incapable of adjustment to
the wide expansion of political boundaries and to the rapid de-
velopment of new conditions in the last centuries of the repub-
lic. This plot of Catiline was anarchistic, contemplating not
260 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 109.
merely a redistribution of political emoluments, but the over-
throw of existing institutions amid riot and bloodshed. Where
the orator urges the public safety as ground for decisive action
against the enemies of society, his argument must stand as long
as society itself shall endure ; it is just as applicable now as it
was then. If it is ever justifiable for a governmental body to vio-
late the letter of a constitution in obedience to the higher law
of the self-preservation of society itself, the Roman Senate was
fully justified in taking cognizance of the case of the Catilina-
nan conspirators, and dealing with them summarily.
8. popularem : * a friend of the people.' 13. publica-
tionem bonorum : confiscation of property usually accompa-
nied severe sentences; still Caesar's attitude in this matter is
difficult to understand. He probably believed that the Senate
had no right to condemn the conspirators; yet his motion itself
recognized the Senate's jurisdiction. It may be that he pro-
posed the life sentence simply to save the lives of the prisoners
temporarily, trusting to the future to restore either their free-
dom or their property, or both, if after sufficient time the sen-
tence seemed too severe.
VL 17. comitem : Caesar, who, if his motion prevailed,
would according to custom accompany the consul when formal
announcement of it should be made to the people. 20. earn :
i. e. Silani sententiam. 24. ita — ut : 'so may it be my lot
to enjoy . . . as.'
28. Videor, etc. : a striking example of vision, a figure
known to the Roman rhetoricians as subiectio in oculos.
30. sepulta in patria : we should say, « on the grave of my
country.' 31. miseros, insepultos : trans, as if with civium.
acervos : i. e. acervos corporum. 32. aspectus : * the (ferocious)
appearance.' 33. regnantem : more graphic than regnare.
Cf. B. 337, 3, a; A. 497, d\ H. 613, 4. 34. fatis : cf. p. 92,
24, and N.
Page 109. 1. purpuratum : suggesting oriental luxury and
despotism; for in the eastern monarchies the ministers and
courtiers nearest the king were dressed in royal purple. 3. fa-
milias : B. 21, % a\ A. 43, b ; H. 79, 2. 9. supplicium : see
Idioms. 11. an: for an potius. 12. qui : = si is. B.
312, 2; A. 519; H. 593, 1. Owing to the immense numbers
of slaves owned by the* Romans, recourse was had to the sever-
Page 110.] NOTES 261
est measures to keep them submissive. If a master was killed
by a slave, all the slaves under his roof at the time were put to
death, on the pretext that they ought to have prevented the
crime.
15. in: 'in the case of.' 19. vestigiis : * remains.'
23. fama : in the sense of infamia. 24. Nisi vero : intro-
duces an exception ironically. B. 306, 5 ; A. 525, b. L.
Caesar : see Vocab. under Caesar (2). He made these remarks
probably at the meeting of the Senate, Dec. 3, when called upon
to give his vote. 26. virum : ' husband ; ' the conspirator
Lentulus, who had married Lucius Caesar's sister Julia.
28. avum : M. Fulvius Flaccus, put to death by the consul
Opimius ; see p. 62, 16. Lucius Caesar introduced this prece-
dent from his family history in order to justify the severity of
his judgment on Lentulus. 29. legatum : the boy, eighteen
years of age, had been sent by his father to treat with Opimius,
who would listen to no offer of reconciliation. As he was sent
a second time, Opimius placed him in custody, and then sud-
denly directing a vigorous attack slew among others both the
father and the elder brother. Afterwards the younger son was
killed in prison. 30. Quorum : = Atque horum. simile :
i. e. to what the Catilinarian conspirators proposed ; sc. fuit.
32. versata est : ' prevailed,' ' was prevalent.' 34. avus :
see Vocab. under Lentulus (1); cf. p. 93, 18.
Page 110. 2. quid . . . deminueretur : = ' that the welfare
of the state might not suffer in any degree.' hie : i. e. hie
Lentulus ; but hie does not imply that Lentulus was now
present. Probably the conspirators were kept closely guarded
during this meeting of the Senate, in the various houses to
which they had been assigned. 4. servitia : cf. p. 105, 8,
and n., and n. to p. 72, 16. 7. Vereamini, censeo : 'Of course
you may well be afraid;' ironical; potential subj.
VII. 13. ea, quae exaudio : refers to whispered remarks
among the senators, as shown by what follows. 15. vereri —
ut: cf. est verendu?n, ne (1. 10); difference in force? 17. trans-
igunda: B. 116, 2; A. p. 89, foot-note 1 ; H. 243. Omnia . . .
sunt : strong guards had been placed about the Forum and the adja-
cent parts. 19. multo maiore — voluntate : why separated?
B. 350, 11, a\ A. 598, e; H. 665, 4. 20. summum imperium :
' (their) full sovereignty, 1 threatened by Catiline ; perhaps also a
262 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 111.
hint at the designs of Lentulus. 23. circum forum : attribu-
tive to templa. 24. huius templi ac loci : the temple of
Concord; redundant expression.
25. Causa — haec — sola : reason for position ? post :
see Idioms. 26. o nines : omnes cives, several classes of
whom are mentioned below. 28. soli : cf. p. 85, 20, and n.
34. Quid — commemorem : notice the difference between
this and quid — commemoro (p. Ill, 26).
Page 111. 1. ita — ut : = * only so far that.' summam
ordinis consilique : * the first place in rank and counsel.'
2. de : we should say * in.'
3. huius ordinis: = 'with this body,' the Senate. The strife
between the Senate and the body of knights arose over the
right to sit as jurors for criminal trials, in the quaestiones per-
petuae (cf. p. 60). Originally this right belonged exclusively to
members of the Senate ; but most of the greater trials arose
from the misgovernment of provinces, and as the governors in
all cases were senators, miscarriage of justice was alarmingly
frequent. To remedy this evil, Gaius Gracchus in 122 b. c. had
a law passed which took away from the senators the right to
serve in such trials, and conferred it upon the knights exclu-
sively. This arrangement proved to be hardly better than the
other; for the knights, as the capitalist body, controlled the
farming of revenues, having their financial agents (publicani) in
every province; and they were influenced in their judgment of
questions of misgovernment very largely by the consideration
whether the governor on trial had been favorable or unfavor-
able to the men of their class engaged in collecting the revenue
in the territory under his administration. Sulla restored the
earlier arrangement; but the feeling between the orders was
more bitter than ever. Finally in 70 b. c. the Lex Aurelia
brought about at least a surface reconciliation, by providing for
a division of judicial functions equally among the Senate, the
body of knights, and the paymasters {tribuni aerarii), a class
recognized now for the first time.
3. societatem concordiamque : ' harmonious fellowship ; '
hendiadys. 4. revocatos : by the Lex Aurelia, passed seven
years before ; but previous to this day no emergency had arisen
of such a character as to bring this harmony to the surface and
make it manifest to all.
Page 112.] NOTES 263
11. tribunos aerarios : the position and functions of these
officials are not clearly understood, apart from the fact that
they were plebeians, and that in earlier times at least they were
especially concerned with the collecting and disbursement of
moneys for military purposes. scribas : sc. publicos. As at
Rome the principal officers of government changed every year,
the permanent 'clerks' or 'secretaries' naturally came to be in-
dispensable by reason of their experience, and reached a degree
of importance entitling them to recognition as a distinct class.
The most prominent among them were those under the quaes-
tors {scribae quaestorii); for the management of the public
finances in large measure rested in their hands.
12. quos casu, etc. : on the nones of December the new
quaestors came to the Treasury (in the Temple of Saturn, near
the Temple of Concord ; see Plan facing p. 76), in order to settle
by lot in what provinces they would spend their year of office.
The clerks gathered at the same place to determine (probably
also by lot) under what quaestors they were to serve. 13. fre-
quentasset : ' had gathered in throngs ; ' plup. on account of
esse conversos.
15. ingenuorum : 'free-born citizens,' as contrasted with those
that had come up from slavery, the 'freedmen' (libertini) ;
cf. 1. 20.
VIII. 20. Operae : see Idioms. 21. sua virtute : i. e. by
their exertions they had obtained their liberty and secured the
boon of citizenship. Cf. p. 58, and Acts xxii. 27, 28.
26. commemoro ; why not commemorem? 29. Servus
est nemo : more emphatic than nullus servus est. 30. qui
modo — sit : ■ provided only he be,' or * none at least who is ; '
close limitation of servus nemo, while the following relative
clauses deal with broader characteristics. 32. haec : cf. p. 70,
11, and N. non quantum, etc.: i.e. non tantum voluntatis
conferat, quantum conferre audet ; referring to slaves of the
conspirators. Reason for the position of voluntatis?
Page 112. 2. lenonem : a term of contempt. 3. pretio :
'for money.' Whyabl.? 7. ilium — locum : referring par-
ticularly to the Forum, on two sides of which at this time there
were rows of shops (tabemae)', see Plan. 8. lectulum .° cf.
p. 6$, 5, and n. 9. otiosum : 'quiet,' 'peaceful,' as undis-
turbed by war's alarms. 13. instrumentum : 'appliance (of
264 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 113.
industry) .» 14. frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio :
what is this arrangement of words called? B. 350, 1 1, c\ A. 598,/;
H. 666, 2. 16. quid, etc. : more forcible than quid tandem fuis-
set, si incensae essent ? B. 305, 1 ; A. 521, a ; H. 580, 2.
IXo 20. ex media morte : see Idioms. 27. arcem: on
the northern summit of the Capitoline hill, while the Capitoliu?n
occupied the southern; these elevations were separated at the
middle of the hill by a depression. aras Penatium : i. e.
aras Penatium publicorum, in the Temple of Vesta. 28. il-
ium: with a gesture toward the small round Temple of Vesta,
over the centre of whose conical roof perhaps a thread of
smoke was seen curling upwards; cf. Plan facing p. 76. No-
tice the rhetorical effect of the anaphora and asyndeta.
32. omnium : sc. vestri. 33. hodierno die : see p. 106, I,
and n.
Page 113. 1. quae — faoultaa : ' an advantage which.'
habetis : » you have (on your side).' 3. in civili causa : ' in
a political issue.' 4. quantis . . . delerit : condensed for
quantis labor ibus fundatum sit imperium ('the sovereignty' of
our state), quanta virtute stabilita sit libertas, . . . quae una
nox paene delerit. Why subj. ?
7. una nox : the night of the arrest of the Aljobroges, as
indicated by a passage in the oration for Flaccus (xl. 102):
O nox ilia, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti,
cum Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum
et flammam vocabantur j some, however, think that the night of
the meeting at Laeca's, or that of the 19th of December, is
referred to. 8. non modo non : the second non is omitted
in some of the mss., and may possibly have been inserted by
some copyist. Cf. p. 71, 21, and N. 13. officio consulari:
cf. N. to p. 103, 1.
X. 14. ad sententiam: sc. rogandam j cf. N. to p. 64, 28.
20. dignitas : here = auctoritas. 22. paenitebit : cf . Vocab.
mors, quam — minitantur : so modern anarchists are constantly
threatening death to those who enforce the laws. 26. gratu-
lationem : = supplicationem. Cf. p. 95, 21-28, and N.
28. ille: force? B. 246, 3; A. 297, b\ H. 507, 4. 29. in
A-fricam redire, Italia decedere : hysteron proteron. B. 374, 7;
A. 640. 30. Africanus : see Vocab. under Scipio (2). 33
quondam : belongs with the superlatives.
Page 115.] NOTES 265
Page 114. 1. bis : by conquering the Teutones at Aquae
Sextiae in 102 b. C, the Cimbri at Vercellae in 101. 3. isdem
. . . continentur : cf. p. 101, 7-9, and N. 5. nisi forte: like
nisi vero "(cf. p. 109, 24), used to introduce an exception ironically.
B. 306, 5 ; A. 525, b\ H. 575, 8. 8. habeant, quo: i. e. habeant
locum, quo.
9. uno loco : ' in one respect.' 14. cum : = " although,'
* even though ; ' here, as not infrequently, with the indefinite
second person singular. 16. possis : ' you cannot hope to
be able.' Why subj. ? 23. coniunctionem . . . Romano-
rum: so soon as the common danger was past, the old strife
between the two orders broke out again; cf. N. to p. Ill, 3.
XL 26. pro : ' in place of.' imperio : the military com-
mand associated with the governorship of a province. exer-
citu : which he might have as provincial governor. 27. pro-
vincia : the provinces set aside for the consuls of 63 on the
expiration of their term of office were Cisalpine Gaul and
Macedonia, of which the latter fell by lot to Cicero, the former
to Antonius. But the orator made an exchange, in order to
give Macedonia, which of the two was far preferable, to his
colleague (see p. 38); and afterwards gave up Cisalpine Gaul
also, in order to remain at Rome. triumpho : which might
be secured by an aggressive governorship.
29. clientelis : provincial communities often retained a gov-
ernor after his term as their legal and business representative
at Rome, — a relation considered both honorable and lucrative
for the Roman. 30. quae : ' relations which.' urbanis
opibus : • by my influence in the city.' 31. tueor : refers to
the old, comparo to the new, relations. pro : here ' in return
for.'
Page 115. 1. memoriam : cf. p. 100, 27, et seq. 4. meam
. . . superaverit: Ms destined to frustrate my hopes and to
prevail.' 5. filium ■ see p. 104, 24, and N. 8. suo solius
periculo : 'with danger to himself alone.' B. 243, 3, a\ H. 446,3.
Conclusion.
15. qui . . . possit : Cicero was as good as his word. After
the speech of Marcus Cato (Sail. Cat., LII. ; cf. p. 41), the Senate
voted for the execution of the conspirators. The consul thought
it best to carry out the decree before nightfall, as the darkness
266 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 115.
might encourage an attempt at rescue (cf. Sail. Cat., lv.). Hav-
ing distributed an armed force about the central parts of the
city, he himself conducted Lentulus to the Mamertine Prison;
the other conspirators were brought thither by the praetors. • In
the prison,' says Sallust, 'there is a place called the Tullianum
(see Illustration on p. 115), about twelve feet below the sur-
face of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it
there is a room constructed with stone vaulting; but it is a dis-
gusting and horrible place, on account of the filth, the darkness,
and the stench. After Lentulus had been let down into this
dungeon, the executioners broke his neck with a noose ; so that
patrician, of the most noble line of the Cornelii, a man who had
exercised the consular authority at Rome, met an end suited to
his character and his deeds. ' Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and
Ceparius suffered the same penalty.' When they were all dead,
it is said that Cicero, who had waited at the door of the prison,
proclaimed the outcome to the silent and expectant crowd that
filled the Forum, with the single word Vixerunt, '* They are no
more.' (Plut. Cic. 22, "^E^o-ai/" efoev.)
Page 116.] NOTES 267
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION.
Page 116- Imperio : here referring to a military command
of a special character (see p. 32) ; = ' Commission.' In the best
mss. the title is given as de imperio Cn. Pompei j in some
others, as pro lege Manilla .
Introduction, l-ii. (p. 118, 1. 3).
Exordium (see p. 34).
I. 1. frequens conspectus vester : refers to the sea of
upturned faces over which the orator looked as he came forward
on the Rostra ; * your assembled presence/ * your thronging
presence.' For the occasion and circumstances of delivery, see
p. 27 et seq. 2. hie locus : see n. to Hablta ad Populum^
on p. 227. ad agendum: i. e. ad agendum cum populo, 'for
addressing the people,' an expression used only of a magistrate,
and applicable to Cicero, as praetor ; but ad dicendum (sc.
apud populu?n\ 'for public speaking,' has reference to any
one not a magistrate who may have been permitted to speak
from the Rostra. The same distinction is carried out in the
adjectives ; for what was ' most dignified ' for a magistrate
was 'most honorable,' 'most full of honor' for a private
citizen.
4. aditu laudis : ' pathway to fame.' Kind of gen. ? 5. op-
timo cuique : ' to all the best ' in a political sense ; outside
of the magistrates only the most eminent men of the state
were allowed to speak from the Rostra. B. 252, 5, c\ A. 313, 6;
H. 515, 2. mea me: cf. p. 159, 20, and N. 6. rationes :
= 'plan.' ab ineunte aetate:' refers to the beginning of
life as a citizen, when the boy put on the toga virills (see n. to
P- 77 > 3°) 5 =t fr° m m y entrance upon civil life,' ' when I became
of age.' 7. per aetatem : 'by reason of my years.' 8. huius
auctoritatem loci: = 'this place of dignity.' B. 350, 11, a.
268 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 117
9. perfectum ingenio : i. e. finished with maturity of intel-
lectual powers ; referring to the thought, while elaboratum has
reference to the form. 11. temporibus : ' demands.'
12. Ita: belongs with the clause mens labor . . . consecutus.
In trans, make the first clause subordinate ; 'So while this
place, . . . my efforts,' etc. The co-ordinate construction was
preferred by the orator for the sake of the rhetorical antithesis.
13. vestram causam : i. e. causam rei publicae. 14. peri-
jculis : often used of criminal trials ; here a synonym of tetn-
poribus above. caste integreque : ' irreproachably,' as not
having accepted presents contrary to the Cincian Law, passed
in 204 b. c, which made it unlawful for an advocate to receive
fees ; ' and incorruptibly,' as never having taken a bribe to
handle his side of the case poorly so as to allow an opponent
to win the suit over his client.
16. dilationem comitiorum : many circumstances were con-
sidered of enough significance to warrant the interruption and
postponement of an election. Such were the occurrence of
lightning, thunder, or rain, which were supposed to indicate the
disapproval of the gods ; the setting of the sun before the vot-
ing was all done ; and the outbreak of a disturbance in the
city. The reasons for a postponement in this case are not
known.
17. primus — renuntiatus sum : ' I had been the first to be
announced.' There were eight praetorships to be filled (cf.
p. 59). Cicero each time received the first choice of all the
centuries; but on the first two occasions the comitia were ad-
journed before the other seven praetors had all been elected,
and the election had to be held over again as if nothing
had been done. 18. quid aliis praescriberetis : i. e. ut ipsi
quoque caste integreque in aliorum periculis versarentur.
20. auctoritatis : ' personal influence.' 21. honoribus man-
dandis : ' by entrusting official positions ' to me. 22. vigilanti :
' energetic ; ' so we speak of a ' wide-awake " man.
Page 117. 1. forensi : = ' in the courts ; ' cf. p. 103, 14,
and n. 3. utar : * I shall make use (of it).' 4. in
dicendo : = * as an orator.' 5. ei rei : 'that accomplishment.'
fructum : in the way of a longer opportunity to speak, and
that too with the prestige of an official position. 6. Atque :
*And further.' 7. in . . . dicendi: = 'while I have not had
Page 117.] NOTES 269
practice in speaking from this place.' 9. oratio : ' speech,*
'language.' 10. Cn. : Why not Gti.f A. 1,0; H. 5, 3.
11. virtute : i. e. virtute imperatoria, ' military character,' the
combination of qualities found in a perfect general. orationis :
here * matter.'
Narratio.
II. 14. Atque : ' And so.' The narratio is brief, because the
people were already familiar with the facts. inde — unde . . .
ducitur : ' with that in which this entire state of affairs origi-
nates.' 16. vectigalibus : * payers of tribute,' 'tributaries,'
the inhabitants of the provinces Asia and Bithynia ; while
sociis includes not only the provincials (see N. to p. 68, 25), but
also the rulers and inhabitants of associated states, as Cappa-
docia and Galatia. 17. Mithridate: the original form of the
word was Mithradates. 18. relictus : ' let slip ' by Lucullus
before Cabira; see p. 31. lacessitus : 'provoked' by the
haughty demand of the Roman ambassador Appius Claudius
for the surrender of Mithridates ; for the excuse which Tigranes
made see Memnon, xlvi.
20. Equitibus: the capitalists; cf. N. to p. Ill, 3. 21. Asia:
the Roman province, comprising Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia,
and Phrygia; see Map. magnae . . . occupatae : 'great
fortunes are at stake, invested in farming your revenues ; ' see
n. to p. 122, 2. 23. necessitudine, etc. : Cicero's family
belonged to the order of knights; see p. 1.
25. Bithyniae . . . neminem : in indir. disc, as representing
the contents of the letters. nunc : Bithynia had been left
by will to the Roman people by Nicomedes III. in 75 b. c, and
organized as a province the following year. 26. regnum
Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia. 27. vestris vectigalibus: 'the
lands tributary to you,' 'your tithe-yielding lands,' the taxes
being put by metonymy for the regions in which they were
raised.
29. ab eo bello : we should say ■ from the seat of war.'
huic qui successerit: Glabrio. 30. non esse paratum;
sc. eum ; a hint at the notorious incompetency of Glabrio.
31. unum : i. e. Pompey. civibus : Roman citizens in Asia
Minor, as indicated by the position after sociis.
270 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page lia
Partitio.
34. Causa, et seq.: a short but clear and appropriate transi-
tion to the treatment of the subject. A statement of the
theme, as that in quid agendum sit, considerate^ was called by
the rhetoricians proposition
Discussion.
A. The Character of the War. n. (p. 118, 1. 4) -vn.
Page 118. 4. quod : grammatically refers back to genus,
logically to belli; in our idiom, ' The war is of such a character
(i. e. being defensive) that it ought' 5. ad persequendi
studium: = ad id {bellum) studiose persequendum. 6. agitur;
1 is at stake.' In the enumeration with agitur, aguntur (notice the
forceful anaphora), an outline of the subsequent argument of
this division is "given ; first come the considerations involv-
ing the national honor, then those based upon expediency.
9. amicorum: the title * friend of the Roman People' was
often conferred upon allied princes. 11. certissima : the wealth
and fertility of the province Asia were proverbial; cf. p. 121,
1 7 et seq. 12. pacis ornamenta, subsidia belli : chiastic
order. The former refers particularly to the sums lavished on
the erection of temples and public buildings, and on the main-
tenance, of public worship. 14. a vobis: not dat., to avoid
confusion with the dat. quibus ; 'for whose interests you must
make provision.'
IH. 16. Et: 'And (indeed),' 'And (to be sure).' praeter
ceteras : in our idiom, * above all other.' 18. bello supe-
riore : 88-84 B - C. ; no account is made of the second Mithri-
datic war, 83-81 ; cf. pp. 29, 30. 19. insedit : ' has sunk in.'
21. tota in Asia : used instead of tota Asia, so as to cor-
respond with tot in civitatibus. Cf. B. 228, 1, b\ A. 429, 2;
H. 485, 2. 22. una significatione litterarum : = 'by a single
written order,' explaining nuntio ; like our phrase, 'by a stroke
of the pen.' So Ahasuerus (Xerxes) sent forth an order to destroy
all the Jews (Esther iii. 12-15). 24 - suscepit : 'has suffered.'
26. et ita: = 'yes, and so. 1 28. patrio regno: cf. p. 27.
vectigalibus : cf. p. 117, 27, and N. 29. in Asiae luce: =
Page 119.] NOTES 271
1 in the front of Asia,' ' in the face of Asia,' the populous and
highly civilized regions along the Aegean Sea ; contrasted with
Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris.
31. insignia victoriae : for triumphos ; preferred for the sake
of contrast with victoriam. 32. L. Sulla : his triumph was in
8 1 and lasted two days, presenting a magnificent display of
spoils and captives ; that of Murena — more a mockery than a
triumph — was celebrated in the following year. 34. ita : i. e.
in such a limited way — after the manner of "the play of Ham-
let with Hamlet left out."
Page 119. 1. ille . . . regnaret : ' (though) routed and van-
quished, he (yet) remained king.' 2. quod egerunt : ' in that
they were energetic,' ' in that they did something ; ' implied re-
flection upon Glabrio, who is doing nothing. 3. reliquerunt:
1 left (something) undone.' 4. res publica : ' the (condition of)
public affairs,' 'the public interest.'
IV. 7. ad oblivionem veteris belli : i. e. ad oblivionem ve-
teris belli faciendam sibi ' et populo Romano. 10. Bospora-
nis : peoples along the Cimmerian Bosporus {Bosporus Cim-
mericus\ in the modern Crimea; see Map. 12. legatos ac
litteras: a kind of hendiadys; we should say, * envoys with
letters.' duces : Sertorius and his associates. This alliance
was brought about by two renegade Romans, Lucius Magius
and Lucius Fannius. Sertorius sent Roman officers to train the
forces of Mithridates ; the latter agreed to send ships and men
to Sertorius (see p. 124, 2-4). 14. disiunctissimis : 'very
widely separated, while maxime diversis means ' most unlike,' refer-
ring to the differences in climate and surroundings. 15. binis :
why not duo? Cf. B. 81, 4, b\ A. 137, b\ H. 164, 3. 16. an-
cipiti: 'on two sides.' de imperio : 'for empire, 1 'for sov-
ereignty.'
19. quae . . . habebat : spoken out of compliment to Pom-
pey. firraamenti : ' support,' referring to external resources,
as contrasted with roboris, 'strength,' internal power. 21. vir-
tute : cf. p. 117, 11, and n. res —est ad minis tr ata : for
bellum est administratum. 22. initia . . . videantur : = ' it
appears that those great and brilliant successes at the begin-
ning must have been due, not to good fortune, but to general-
ship,' etc. Cf. n. to p. 67, 17. 24. extrema . . . fortunae :
see p. 31 ; the defeat of Triarius took place in the absence of
272 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 120,
Lucullus. 27. ut — videatur : ' that it will be seen that.'
Why not fut. ? 30. exorsus : ' first part ; ' more general than
exordium. 31. putetis : Cicero often introduces a word
meaning 'think,' 'consider,' in cases like this, in order to soften
the expression. Trans, freely, 'in your view,' as if quern . . .
suscipiendum followed immediately after videte.
V. 33. nostris : ' of ours.' iniuriosius : ' (only) somewhat
unfairly;' perhaps the orator has in mind the wars against the
piratical peoples of Illyria. Cf. Cic. in Verr. V. lviii. 149
Quot bella maiores nostros et quanta suscepisse arbit?'amini
quod cives Romani iniuria adfecti, quod navicularii retenti
quod mercatores spoliati dicerentur?
Page 120. 2. appellati superbius : at a meeting of the
Achaean League, at Corinth. Cicero for obvious reasons adopts
the mildest form of the tradition regarding the treatment of the
ambassadors ; according to one account they were hooted out of
the meeting, and in another mention is made of violence.
3. totius Graeciae lumen : there is a similar expression in a
fugitive Greek verse, K6piv6os aa-rpov ovk acrrjpov 'EXXdbos, ' Co-
rinth, of Greece the undimmed star.' So Milton (Par. Regained,
IV. 240) speaks of
"Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts."
exstinctum : not exstinctam, on account of the influence of the
nearer appositive lumen. B. 254, 3, a ; A. 316, b\ H. 391.
5. legatum consularem : Manius Aquillius, who had been
consul in 101 B. c. with Marius ; see p. 29. 6. omni suppli-
cio: 'with every kind of torture. 1 excruciatum necavit :
trans, as if excruciavit et necavit. B. 336, 3; A. 496, N. 2; H.
639. 8. vitam ereptam : ' the taking of life, 1 i. e. civibus
Romanis. B. 337, 5; A. 497 ; H. 640, 1. 9. verbo : ' by a
word (merely). 1 10. relinquetis : for inultum esse patiemini.
Of the sacredness of the right of embassy Cicero elsewhere says
(de Har. Res. xvi. 34) : Sic enim sentio, ins legatorum, cum
hotninum praesidio munitum sit, turn etiam divino iure esse
vallatum.
14. Quid, quod: cf. p. 67, 33, and N. summum pericu-
lum ac discrimem : rhetorical amplification, as if we should
say 'the greatest and extreme danger. 1 15. animo: see
Idioms. 16. Ariobarzanes : see pp. 29, 30. 17. ami-
Page 121.] NOTES 273
cus : see N. top. 118, 9. duo reges : see p. 117, 15-19.
20. cuncta Asia : without m, after the analogy of tota Asiaj
cf. p. 118, 21, and N. 24. id facere, etc.: Glabrio or Lucul-
lus might make life a burden for them if they should present
such a request.
25. quod vos : i. e. videtis et sentitis. 26. summa sint
omnia : ' all qualities exist in the highest degree.' propter :
'close at hand,' in Cilicia, settling the affairs of that region
after the campaign against the pirates. 27. quo : ' wherefore.'
carent aegrius : we might say, ' feel all the worse ' not to have
his help. ipso : === ' merely.' 28. maritimum bellum :
see p. 32. 29. impetus hostium repressos : it was thought
that Mithridates refrained from following up his victory over
Triarius and pushing again to the west of Asia on account of
the nearness of Pompey, who might come up from the south
coast and attack him in the rear.
33. dignos, et seq. : * to consider them worthy of having
their welfare entrusted to such a man. 1 B. 282, 3; A. 535,/*;
H. 591, 7. 34. hoc: why abl. ? ceteros : here = 'in other
cases.'
Page 121. 2. defendant : sc. earn (i. e. provinciam). 3. ad-
ventus : pi. because more than one instance is thought of.
4. hostili expugnatione : almost = hostium expugnatione ; see
p. 131, 9, et seq. 5. praesentem : cf. p. 120, 26, and n.
8. commoratur : the indie, shows that here the orator is pre-
senting the thought as his own, rather than that of the pro-
vincials.
VI. 9. propter socios : unhappily in ancient as in modern
times, the rights of allies only too often have been made merely
a pretext to crush a weaker or rival power. 10. cum An-
tiocho: on behalf of the kings Attalus and Eumenes of Perga-
mus, and the Rhodians; 192-188 B. C. cum Philippo: at the
request of Athens ; 201-196 B. C. 11. cum Aetolis : they
had become involved in the war with Antiochus, 191. cum
Poenis: in the First Punic war, at the request of the Mamer-
tini, in Messana; in the Second, for Saguntum; and in the
Third, for Massinissa. The orator presents instances of wars
for allies first with two kings, then with two peoples, making
no account of the chronological order.
14. de . . . agatur : trans, as if maxima vestra vectigalia
18
274 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 122.
aguntur ; cf. p. 118, II. 16. tanta : tantula, i. e. '(only)
great enough.' ad — tutandas : i. e. to provide for the troops
stationed in those provinces. 17. Asia : Sicily and Asia were
the most fertile among all the Roman provinces. 18. uber-
tate, etc. : an enumeration of the three great sources of revenue,
— produce of the soil, pasturage, and exports and imports.
19. fructuum :' ' of products,' including not only the different
varieties of grain, but also vegetables, as peas and beans, and
olive-oil and wine. 20. quae exportentur : yielding portoriaj
cf. 11. 31-34 below, and Greenidge, " Roman Public Life," pp. 319-322.
22. et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem: rhetorical ex-
pression for eas res (i. e. vectigalia) quibus et belli utilitas et
pacis dignitas continentur ; cf. p. 1 18, 12, and N. 25. venit :
i. e. venit. 26. in : ' in the case of.' 31. ex portu : cor-
responds to mercatorum navigatio. Customs duties {portoria)
were collected at the harbors. 32. decumis : 'tithes,' i.e. a
tenth of all the produce of the soil. ex scrip tura : * from
(pasturage) registration.' The herdsmen and shepherds were
obliged to state in writing to the tax-collectors the number of
animals they purposed to keep in the pastures during the season ;
the lists thus obtained were made the basis of taxation for this
source of revenue.
Page 122. 2. qui — pensitant : the natives ; Roman citizens
at this time paid no taxes anywhere. qui exercent : 'who
farm (them).' The revenues of a province at this time were
sold to the highest bidder, that is to the corporation or indi-
vidual who would agree to collect and pay over the largest sum
to the state treasury each year for a specified term, keeping
all that might be collected over and above that sum for profit.
Revenue farmers were required to give ample security, and were ,
bound by rigorous contracts. In the case of Asia and the
other large provinces, the amounts involved were so enormous
that the revenues were farmed by great stock companies, which
kept their headquarters at Rome, where all payments were
made into the treasury, but had stockholders or other repre-
sentatives at every place in the territory in which they made
collections. Ordinarily each company undertook to handle but
one kind of revenue. So wealthy and powerful were these
revenue corporations, which were composed of members of the
equestrian order, the knights, that in a measure they took the
Page 122.] NOTES 275
place of government banking institutions. 3. exigunt : * (who)
collect (them) ; ' refers particularly to the members of the cor-
poration on the ground, who in the actual collecting were assisted
by paid agents and slaves.
6. familias: 'troops of helpers,' mainly slaves. in salti-
bus : ■ on the pasture lands,' collecting taxes on flocks and herds.
7. portubus: cf. B. 49, 3; A. 92, c\ H. 131, 2. custodiis :
'(at the) stations,' guarding frontiers and coasts to prevent
smuggling. 8. magno periculo : ' (only) at great risk.'
Putatisne : might Nicm putatis have been expected ? 9. vo-
bis fructui : = ' a source of income to you.'
VII. 12. Ac ne illud quidem : ' And that too — not.'
13. cum essem — dicturus : ' as I set out to speak.' 14. ad
— pertinet : ' it (i. e. bellum) affects.' 17. et : expects a cor-
responding <?/, the place of which is taken by deinde in 1. 23.
18. ornatissimi : from a financial point of view. rationes et
copias : ' enterprises and capital' 19. ipsorum per se : 'in
and of themselves' as a class, leaving other interests out of
consideration.
21. nervos rei publicae : like our * sinews of war.'
22. eum ordinem : i. e. publicanorum. firmamentum, etc. :
i. e. because holding the purse-strings; see N. to 1. 2, above.
23. ceterorum ordinum : comprising (a) the senatorial order ;
(b) those members of the equestrian order not members of the
revenue corporations, i. e. ordo equestris so far as this was not
included in the ordo {publicanorum) of 1. 22 ; and (c) the third
estate, or commons, — all those not belonging to the senatorial
or equestrian orders.
25. ipsi : ' in person,' referring to the men of the commons
who were in the provinces, especially as traders. absenti-
bus : 'in their absence' from Italy; cf. p. 58 under " citizens."
26. consulere : cf. p. 361. partim eorum : '(while) part of them '
(B. 201, 2; A. 346, a, 4; H. 443), i. e. ex ceteris ordinibus,
having especial reference to members of the Senate. It was
considered inconsistent with the standing of senators to engage
openly in commercial enterprises ; hence they often made invest-
ments as silent partners with those engaged in business in the
provinces. 27. pecunias : 'sums of money; 1 hence 7nagnas
instead of multas. collocatas habent : ' have placed ' in a
financial sense, 'have invested. 1 B. 337, 6; A. 497, b\ H. 431, 3.
276 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 123,
28. Est: subject? 30. a re publica : i. e. a calamitate rei
publicae. 31. parvi refert : in reply to a possible objection, =
'there is little in the consideration that.' B. 203, 3; A. 417;
H. 448, 1. 32. his: sc. vectigalibus. 33. isdem, etc.: the
present revenue farmers, ruined, will not have the 'means,'
others will not dare, to undertake the farming of revenues in
these regions hereafter. redimendi : sc. vectigalia ; the regu-
lar term used of bidding off the right to collect the revenues
of a particular province or district.
Page 123. 2. iste : the orator views Mithridates as if he
were an opponent present before them. 3. certe : with docti,
1 at any rate made wiser.' 4. res : ' property.' 5. solutione
impedita : ' by the stopping of payments ' from the province.
6. fidem : ' credit' 7. ut, etc. : trans, by ' without ' and a
participial construction. Is the economic principle stated a sound
one ?
10. haec ratio pecuniarum : ' this system of finance.' 11. in
foro : the shops of the money changers and money lenders
[tabernae argentariae) were about the Forum. 12. implicata
est cum — et cohaeret : ' is involved and intimately connected
with.' 13. ilia: 'those (interests).' 14. eodem motu : 'by
the same shock.' Qua re videte : introduces the summing up
of the first division of the speech. 15. studio : ' earnestness.'
17. fortunae — coniunctae cum re publica : ' interests involved
with those of the state.'
B. The Greatness of the War. viii.-ix.
VIII. 2a enim : ' Now really.' 22. ita magnum : used
instead of tantum, to correspond with ita necessarium. In
quo : ' And in this regard.'
26. L. Lucullo, et seq. : the laudation of Lucullus is intro-
duced opportunely at this point. The orator thereby forestalls
the possible charge of slighting the services of this general,
arouses the interest of his audience by suggesting the inquiry
how, if Lucullus accomplished so much, the war can now be
so urgent, and prepares the way for the commendation of Pom-
pey, who is to be made out so much greater.
28. dico : emphatic, ' I affirm.' eius adventu : ' at (the
time of) his arrival.' 29. Mithridati : B. 188, 1, N. ; A. 377;
H. 425, 4, N. copias : see p. 30. 30. instructas fuisse
Page 124.J NOTES 277
— obsessam esse: in dir. disc, instructae erant — obsidebatur.
Why ? urbem, et seq. : after withdrawing from Chalcedon
(see p. 30) Mithridates besieged Cyzicus, which held out against
him with great obstinacy. After a time Lucullus cut off his
supplies and fo'rced him to give up the siege and retreat.
Page 124. 1. liberavit : parenthetical statement, hence not
liberatam esse. classem : consisting of fifty ships and con-
veying ten thousand men ; it was defeated near the island of
Lemnos in the Aegean Sea. See N. to p. 154, 15. 2. stu-
dio : ' with party feeling.' 3. raperetur : ' was being hurried
along ; ' appropriately spoken of a fleet of war-ships driven by
oars. 6. Pontum : see p. 27 and Map. qui : concessive,
= cum is. 7. ex omni aditu : i. e. ex o?nni parte, ubi
aditus est. Cf. p. 154, 5, et seq. 8. domicilia regis: i. e.
fiao-iXcia, 'royal residences.' 10. permultas : 'in very great
number.' uno aditu : rhetorical exaggeration ; several of the
cities offered vigorous resistance, and were finally taken only
after a siege.
12. alios reges : Tigranes, king of Armenia ; M achates, a
son of Mithridates, who ruled the regions about the Cimmerian
Bosporus ; and Arsaces, king of the Parthians. 13. salvis :
in a financial sense, as often; freely, 'without taxing the allies
of the Roman people, and without drawing on your revenues,'
the booty amounting to more than enough to pay the expenses
of the war. 15. atque ita : 'and of such a degree.'
16. huic obtrectant legi : ' oppose this bill,' on the ground that
Lucullus is able to bring the war to a successful termination.
IX. 19. Requiretur fortasse : anticipating a possible objec-
tion ; having given Lucullus so high praise, the orator proceeds
to show why he is no longer able to cope with Mithridates.
24. Ponto : used in a broad sense, also with anachronism ;
for the myth of Medea was associated with Colchis, which was
east of Pontus proper, and could be reckoned with it only as
forming a part of the kingdom of Mithridates, — that, too, long
after the time to which the myth belonged. ilia : trans. ' the
famous.' B. 246, 3; A. 297, b\ H. 507,4. 25. quam, etc.:
as Medea was fleeing with Jason — the story ran — and wished
to impede the pursuit of her father Aeetes, she hacked to pieces
her small brother Absyrtus and scattered the fragments of his
body along the way. 27. eorum collectio dispersa : i. e.
278 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 125.
collectio eorum dispersoru?n ('in different places'). 31. bello
. . . congesserat : see p. 29. direptas : trans, as if diripueral
et. B. 336, 3; A. 496, n. 2; H. 639. 33. omnia: reason
for position ? diligentius : put mildly for avide. 34. il
lum : Aeetes. 35. hos : the soldiers of Lucullus.
Page 125. 2. excepit: not immediately ; see p. 31. rebus:
dat. after diffidentem. 3. recreavit : as we say, 'put new life
into him.' Cuius in regnum — venit : in 69 B.C.; see p. 31.
5. gentes : peoples along the Caspian Sea and southwards to
the Persian Gulf; cf. Plut. Lucullus, xxvi.
7. quas . . . putavit : implying criticism of Lucullus. Though
there had been no lack of pretexts for interference, the Roman
Senate had refrained from becoming involved in hostilities with
Tigranes and other rulers in the interior. 8. laeessendas
bello : = ' provoked by (active) hostilities,' while temptandas,
' exasperated,' refers to the taxing of patience with unreasonable
demands and petty meanness. 9. gravis atque vehemens
opinio : * a deep-seated and fanatical conviction.' 10. fani :
what temple is referred to is not known; according to Momm-
sen (Vol. IV., p. 89), probably "the temple of the Persian
Nanaea or Anaitis in Elymais or the modern Luristan, the most
celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the
Euphrates."
15. urbem : Tigranocerta ; see Map. ex regno : instead
of regni ; lends prominence to the fact that but one city was
taken, and indirectly detracts from the credit of Lucullus.
16. proeliis : see Idioms. 17. tamen . . . commovebatur :
a euphemistic way of alluding to the mutiny, which was the
real cause of the retreat. For the facts cf. p. 31. 18. Hie:
♦On this point.' 19. illud extremum : 'the final outcome.'
25. fortunae: pi. because referring to more than one instance.
multorum opes: i.e. 7tiultos potentes ; we should say 'many
men of resources.' 30. regnum suum : Pontus. 31. eo :
explained by the clause ut . . . attingeret.
Page 126. !• poetae : as perhaps Naevius, who wrote a his-
tory of the First Punic War in Saturnian metre ; or Ennius
(see Vocab.) in his Annales. 2. calamitatem: euphemistic
for cladem, referring to the defeat of Triarius in 67 B. C.
4. non ex proelio nuntius : i. e. Lucullus first learned of
the defeat from the natives, before messengers from Triarius
Page 126.] NOTES 279
reached him. Some understand the passage to imply that not
a Roman of that corps was left ajive to tell the tale ; this
would be rhetorical exaggeration, for Triarius escaped, as well
as a small portion of his troops.
5. in illo ipso malo : i. e. in that disaster as it stood, =
'immediately upon that disaster.' 6. tamen : 'nevertheless,'
in spite of the seriousness of the defeat. aliqua ex parte :
' in some measure.' 7. potuisset : i. e. if he had retained the
command. Why subj. ? vestro — qui : cf. nostra — qui,
p. 64, 5 and n. 9. vetere exemplo : ' in accordance with
ancient precedent.' Lucullus had held command in Asia since
74; but the limitation of the period of military commissions was
being observed now less strictly than ever before. The real
reason for the recall of Lucullus lay in the number and activity
of his personal enemies. 10. qui : ' (those) who.' Lucullus
remained in charge of a part of his troops till Pompey assumed
command of the war against Mithridates.
12. ea : i. e. quae praetereo / explained by quantum . . .
pulso. 13. quantum : i. e. quam magnum et quam pericu-
losum. putetis : 'you are to consider;' cf. N. to p. 119, 31.
14. coniungant : = * unite in waging.' Reason for the order of
words in this and the following clauses ? 15. integrae : with
which the Romans have not yet waged war. novus : hence
inexperienced ; a hint at Glabrio. 16. noster : * of ours,'
'sent by us.'
C. The Choice of a Commander, x.-xxiii.
A. Affirmative Argument (see p. 35).
X. 17. Satis . . . videor : ».I think I have said enough
(to show);' followed by a summary of the preceding parts.
18. esset: trans, as if present; why not sit? B. 268, 2; A.
485?/; H. 545, 11. 1. 19. restat ut— dicendum esse videatur :
= ' there remains only the apparent necessity of speaking,' « I
have yet to speak only of;' restat ut, like reliquum est ut, is
used to introduce the last point in a series; here, the last of
the three main divisions of the speech. 21. videatur :
used, like putetis (cf. p. 119, 31, and n.) to lend an air of
modesty to the expression and round out the sentence.
280 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 127.
22. innocentium : opposed to avaronnn; see p. 130, 24 et
seq. haberetis : why . not habeatis? B. 279, 2; A. 441,
442; H. 558, 2. 23. potissimum \ — <■ above all others.'
25. unus : ; (only) one. 1 26. sunt: why not sintt 21. an-
tiquitatis : abstract for concrete ; ' the men of the past cherished
in memory.' virtute : cf. p. 117, 11 and N. 30. summo :
'of the first rank.' res: 'qualities.' 31. scientiam rei
militaris : ' mastery of the art of war.' An enumeration such
as the following was called by the rhetoricians a thesis. vir-
tutem : here * power as a general.'
33. scientior: sc. rei militaris. 34. pueritiae discipli-
nis : ' the training of childhood.'
Page 127. 1- bello maximo : the Social War. In 89 b. c.
Pompey's father, then consul, took Asculum and conquered the
people of Picenum. The next year as proconsul he reduced
the Vestinians and Paelignians. In 87, at the request of the
Senate, he went to Rome to prevent Cinna from entering the
city ; and at this time young Pompey rendered him important
service in repressing mutiny and thwarting plots to take his
life. 4. ineunte : see Idioms. In 83 b. c, as Sulla came
back from the East, Pompey raised three legions in the Picene
country, where his father had great estates, and set out to join
that champion of the aristocracy. On the way he gained three
victories over detachments of the Marian party. When he
finally joined Sulla, greeting his commander with the salutation
"Imperator," the latter, pleased with his troops and his victo-
ries, hailed him "Imperator" in return.
5. hoste, inimico : distinction ? 7. confecit : *• has com-
pletely reduced.' 9. alienis . . . triumphis : an elaborate but
forceful climax of antitheses.
13. Civile [bellum] : between Marius and Sulla ; reference in
particular to Pompey's brief and victorious campaign in 82 b. c.
against Carbo in Sicily, and that in jj against M. Aemilius Lepi-
dus, who endeavored to overthrow the constitution as established
by Sulla, but was driven out of Italy, then out of Cisalpine Gaul.
Africanum : this campaign, also in 82 b. c, was against Gnaeus
Domitius Ahenobarbus, of the Marian party, and Hiarbas, king
of Numidia, who had entered into an alliance with him. With
six legions Pompey destroyed the forces of both commanders
at Utica, and captured their camp. Domitius was killed. Hiar-
Page 128.] NOTES 281
bas escaped to his own kingdom, where he was shortly
afterwards murdered, being succeeded by Hiempsal.
14. Transalpinum : a series of engagements with tribes of
Transalpine Gaul that had been induced by emissaries of Serto-
rius to oppose Pompey on his march to Spain, in 76 B. c.
Hispaniense : with Sertorius and the remnants of the Sertorian
party in Spain ; this war came to an end shortly after the death
of Sertorius in 72 b. c. Between Hispaniense and servile the
MSS. insert mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis na-
tionibus. The thought of the inserted clause is not inappro-
priate in the connection; yet it is not good Latin, and interrupts
the movement of the sentence, so that it may safely be rejected
as not Ciceronian, at least in its present form. servile: on
his way from Spain in 71, Pompey accidentally fell in with a
troop of five thousand slaves, from the army of Spartacus, and
easily defeated and slew them. They had escaped the fate of
their associates in the battle with Crassus in Lucania, and were
trying to cut their way through into Gaul. Elated with the vic-
tory, Pompey sent word to the Senate that Crassus had beaten
the slaves in battle, but that he had plucked up the war by the
roots. navale : with the pirates ; see p. 32, and chap. xn.
15. varia . . . hostium : i. e. ' different kinds of wars with
enemies in far different places.' 17. nullam . . . militari :
'that there is no point arising in military experience.'
XI. 19. virtuti: here 'character,' as the sum of the traits
mentioned below. 22, illae sunt, etc. : illae virtutes impera-
toriae ('qualities befitting a commander'), quae vulgo existi-
mantur (' are generally so regarded '), non sunt solae virtutes
imperatoriae. The 'other qualities' are not discussed till chap.
xiii. (p. 130, 19 et seq.).
23. labor in negotiis : i. e. ' power of application in matters
of routine.' 24. industria in agendo: 'energy in action.'
25. consilium in providendo : 'resource in calculation.'
26. quae : ' and these qualities.'
29. Italia, etc.: see n. to 1. 4, above. The orator touches
lightly on this point ; for Pompey's service under Sulla was
against the leaders of that party to representatives of which he
vas speaking. 31. Sicilia — Africa : see N. to 1. 13, above.
Page 128. 1. Gallia — Hispania — Italia: see N. to p. 127,
\. 7. absente : in Spain. Crassus requested the Senate to
282 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 12a
recall Pompey from Spain and Marcus Lucullus from Thrace to
help in putting down the war with Spartacus, then made haste
to finish the war himself in order to get the full credit.
9.« iam: 'further.' 11. universa : 'throughout their extent.'
13. Quis locus, etc.: the boldness and success of the pirates
at the time referred to almost transcend belief. In the words of
Mommsen (Vol. IV., p. 99) : " Almost under the eyes of the fleet
of Lucullus, the pirate Athenodorus surprised in 685 (= 69 b. c.)
the island of Delos, destroyed its far-famed shrines and temples,
and carried off the whole population into slavery. The island
Lipara, near Sicily, paid to the pirates a fixed tribute annually
to remain exempt from like attacks. Another pirate chief, Hera-
cleon, destroyed in 682 (72 B. C.) the squadron equipped in Sicily
against him, and ventured with no more than four open boats
to sail into the open harbor of Syracuse. . . . But even the
sacred soil of Italy was no longer respected by the shameless
transgressors : from Croton they carried off with them the tem-
ple treasures of the Lacinian Hera ; they landed in Brundisium,
Misenum, and Caieta, in the Etruscan ports, and even in Ostia
itself; they seized the most eminent Roman officers as captives,
among others the admiral of the Cilician army, and two praetors
with their whole retinue, with the dreaded fasces themselves and
all the insignia of their dignity; . . . they destroyed in the port
of Ostia the Roman war fleet equipped against them and com-
manded by a consul. The Latin husbandman, the traveller on
the Appian highway, the genteel visitor at the terrestrial para-
dise of Baiae, were no longer secure of their property or their
life for a single moment ; all traffic and all intercourse were sus-
pended ; the most dreadful scarcity prevailed in Italy, and espe-
cially in the capital, which subsisted on transmarine grain."
17. hieme : i. e. exposed to winter storms ; yet even these (cf.
Dio Cass., XXXVI., rv.) were not a protection against the
freebooters. Navigation on the Mediterranean ordinarily ceased
from about the middle of November to the earlier part of
March; cf. Acts xxvii. 9, 12. referto : followed by the gen.
after the analogy of ftlenus, Cf. B. 204, 1; A. 349, a\ H. 451, 2.
20. omnibus imperatoribus : i. e. living at that time. Notice
the chiastic order in ab omnibus uno anno — omnibus annis ab
uno imperatore. omnibus annis : i. e. of his life.
XII. 28. Fuit : not erat, as implying that what has been no
Page 129.] NOTES 283
longer is ; cf. p. 62, 5 and n. 29. proprium : ' characteristic. 1
30. propugnaculis : armies and fleets. 32. dicam : why
subj. ? 33. vestri: emphatic, 'your own.' According to Plu-
tarch (Pomp, xxiv.), the pirates had more than a thousand ships,
and had captured over four hundred towns. hieme : see
Idioms.
Page 129. 1. venirent: to Rome, as ambassadors. 2. re-
dempti sint : ' were ransomed.' There is a story that a certain
Roman ambassador was ransomed by his wife ; as no other
instance of the kind has come down to us, possibly the pi.
here is rhetorical. 3. duodecim secures : i. e. two praetors ;
for outside of Rome a praetor was allowed to have six lictors.
Cf. Plut. Pomp. xxiv. : ' On one occasion (the pirates) seized two
praetors, Sextilius and Bellinus, in their purple-bordered robes
of office, together with their attendants and lictors, and carried
them all off.'
4. Cnidum, etc. : all formerly great commercial centres. See
Map. 7. eos portus, quibus, etc. : Caieta, Misenum, Ostia.
Owing to the decline of Italian farming and the enormous
increase of population at Rome, the city depended for its sub-
sistence on the supplies of grain which were imported from
Sicily, Sardinia, Egypt, and Africa, through the harbors nearest
the city. If the importation of grain was interfered with, there
was immediate alarm ; if it was stopped, distress was soon felt.
9. An vero ignoratis: in ordinary prose, Nam profecto non
ignoratis. celeberrimum : * much frequented.' 10. inspec-
tante praetore : ' under the eyes of the praetor ' who, presum-
ably, had been sent to protect the harbor. 12. liberos:
rhetorical pi. ; the daughter of Marcus Antonius the orator was
taken, and was ' ransomed for a great sum of money ' (Plut.
Pomp. xxiv.). For the efforts of this Antonius against the
pirates in 102 B.C., see Mommsen, Vol. III., p. 171; for those
of his son, see n. to p. 143, 2.
15. cum : i. e. quae turn accepta est, cum. prope inspec-
tantibus vobis : Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was only
sixteen miles from Rome; yet there the pirates sailed into the
harbor ' and burned the ships and plundered everything ' (Dio
Cass. XXXVI. v.). 16. consul : his name, omitted by Cicero
no doubt to spare the disgrace, is not known. 20. lucem :
i. e. hope of safety. adferre : ' shed.' 22. ei : saves the
284 SPEECH ON POxMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 130.
repetition of vos ; in our idiom, = ' even you.' How lit?
Oceani ostium : i. e. /return Gaditanum, the Straits of Gibral-
tar ; contrasted — also with chiastic arrangement — with ostium
Tiberinum. The contrast was more forceful to the ancient than
to the modern mind, because of the primitive but current con-
ception of the ocean as a stream flowing about the earth.
24. Atque: 'And then.' 25. praetereunda non sunt: for
praetereundum non est ; attracted to agree with haec, which be-
longs with gesta sint. 27. tarn brevi tempore : repeated in
celeriter j for tarn brevi tempore- quam celeriter is simply a
fuller expression for tarn celeriter qttam, making prominent the
great rapidity of movement. 29. tanti belli impetus : i. e.
1 an attacking fleet of so great force ; ' a striking metaphor, per-
haps chosen to provide a subject parallel with quis j in simple
prose, quam Cn. Pompeius dux cum tanta classe tanto impetu
navigavit. 31. adiit, exploravit, venit : simultaneously,
through his lieutenants. 32. frumentaria subsidia : see N.
to 1. 7, above.
Page 130. 1. duabus Hispaniis: Citeriore et Ulteriore ; cf.
p. 6o. 2. Gallia Transalpina : i. e. Gallia A T arbonensis, along
the southern coast. 4. Achaiam : when coupled with Graecia
refers to the Peloponnesus only; the province of Achaia was
not organized till many years after the subjugation of Greece,
in 146 b. c. Italiae duo maria : the Tuscan and the Adriatic.
6. ut : ' after.' 8. Ciliciam : the stronghold of piracy.
10. imperio ac potestati : i. e. they not only surrendered, but
surrendered unconditionally. According to Strabo (XIV. HI. par.
66s), Pompey burned more than thirteen hundred ships of the
pirates (cf. N. to p. 128, 33), 'and utterly destroyed their settle-
ments. Of those who survived the battles he carried some off
to Soli (in Cilicia ; see Map), to which he gave the name Pom-
peiopolis, and others to Dyme (in Thrace), which was losing
its population, but is now a Roman colony.'
11. Cretensibus, etc.: the task of subduing the Cretans had
been assigned in 68 B. c. to Quintus Metellus, who was carrying it
out with the greatest cruelty. Nominally Crete came under the
provisions of the Gabinian bill ; and Pompey, in the face of all
requirements of military courtesy, encouraged the inhabitants to
make terms with him, from whom they would no doubt receive
better treatment than from Metellus. The latter, however,
Page 131.] NOTES 285
strenuously resisted this interference with his prerogatives, and
Pompey wisely let the matter drop. usque in Pamphyliam :
strong expression, appropriate for one going from Rome; but it
was only a short distance from Crete to Pamphylia. Cicero's
hearers were not well posted on nice points in the geography
of the Orient. 12. legatos deprecatoresque : i. e. legatos ad
deprecandum. 13. non ademit ; • he did not withhold.' -que :
= ' but.' 15. quo bello : ' a war in which.'
Xm 18. Est haec: 'Such is.' 19. Quid: = * But
further.' quas paulo ante, etc. : implied rather than men-
tioned, p. 127, 22-23. 21. bellandi virtus: not merely 'fighting
quality,' as shown by what follows; rather 'military character.'
23. artes : not ' arts ; ' used as a synonym of virtutes. huius
. . . virtutis : = ' which attend and wait upon this trait ; ' cf.
p. 35, b. 27. Quae : 'Now — these.' Why neut. ? 28.
3umma, etc.: cf. p. 120, 26, and N. 29. aliorum: 'with
others,' we should say.
32. ullo in numero : i. e. imperatorum ; = ' of any standing.'
34. Quid, etc. : sc. putare possumus ; ' What exalted or worthy
thought for the welfare of the state can we suppose that this
man has, who.' B. 176, 2; A. 390, c\ H. 409, 1. It is
not known to whom reference is made.
Page 131. 3. cupiditatem provinciae : i. e. cupiditatem
provinciae retinendae j the commander mentioned by way of
illustration was supposed to be already in charge. 4. in
quaestu : i. e. on interest. So Cicero charges Piso (in Pis.
xxxv. 86), among other dishonorable transactions, with having
placed 18,000,000 sesterces (more than $725,000) of govern-
ment money at interest in Rome. 5. facit : ' shows.' 7. nisi
qui : ' unless (some one) who ; ' on the principle expressed in
our proverb, " Whom the cap fits, let him put it on."
11. ferant : K bring ' with them. 12. civium Romanorum :
free inhabitants of Italy who had become Roman citizens after
89 b. c. ; cf. p. 148, 1-5 and N. 13. fecerint: why not
fecerunt? 15. plures, etc.: plures urbes hostium armis mili-
tum vestroriwi esse deletas. Reason for the order of words ?
17. hibernis : provincial cities (with the exception of the liberae
civitates) were required to furnish winter-quarters for the Ro-
man forces; but they frequently purchased exemption from the
intolerable burden with great sums of money.
286
SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 132.
18. Neque enim : « And (with good reason), for — not.'
19. qui . . . continet : perhaps a hint at the self-indulgence
of the luxury-loving Lucullus. 21. Hie : ' Under these con*
ditions.' 23. non modo : trans, as if non modo non ; cf. p. 71,
2 1 , and n. manus, vestigium : the former, as free from rob-
bery and extortion; the latter, as doing no damage to fields
and crops along the line of march. 24. cuiquam pacato :
freely, ' a single friendly native.' 26. sermones ac litterae :
we should say, ■ verbal and written reports.' 27. militem :
collective, 'soldiery.' 28. Hiemis : 'from the winter,' objec-
tive gen.; but avaritiae, 'for avarice,' is subjective.
XIV. 31. Age vero : ' But come,' like Age nunc, • Come
now,' a mark of vivid transition ; used in the singular even
when the following verb, as here, is a pi. imp. temperantia :
one of the four cardinal virtues ; see p. 87, 2, and n. 33. incre-
dibilem cursum : ' inconceivable (rapidity of) movement' in^
ventum : sc. esse, ' was acquired,' ' was made possible.'
Page 132. 5. amoenitas : i. e. amoenitas locorum, \ the
charm of natural scenery.' 6. ad cognitionem : = ' to make
its acquaintance,' ' to visit it.' 7. signa et tabulas : ' statues
and paintings,' which Roman generals systematically appropriated
and carried off, as Mummius at the sacking of Corinth.
13. delapsum : we should say, ' sent down,' as having a divinely
appointed mission. 14. fuisse . . . quod : i.e.' that there
really were men of Rome in the olden time who possessed such
self-mastery as this (which we see in Pompey), a fact which.'
15. falso memoriae proditum : we should say, * based upon
unfounded tradition.' 17. adferre : cf . p. 1 29, 20. 19. ea :
for tanla.
21. aditus ad : in our idiom, * audiences with.' The order in
which the remaining artes eximiae are treated is somewhat dif-
ferent from that given at the beginning (p. 130, 26-27), an d is as
follows : facilitas (11. 20-24) 5 ingenium (25-28) ; fides (28-30) ; hu-
manitas (30 et seq.). liberae : i. e. non impeditae. 23. par :
'on a level with.'
25. quantum — valeat : ' how great power he possesses.'
consilio : ' insight' 26. in quo ipso : • (a talent) in which
of itself.' 27. imperatoria : • befitting a commander.' hoc
ipso ex loco : put briefly for cum hoc ipso ex loco (i. e. the
Rostra) verba faceret. For Cicero's estimate of Pompey's ora-
Page 134.] NOTES 287
tory, see Brut. Lxviil. 239. 33. Et : * then ; ' Et quisquam in-
troduces the conclusion of the preceding line of argument.
Notwithstanding the orator's high praise, Pompey's career as a
whole shows that he was a cold-blooded and extremely selfish
man, with whom his own advancement was ever the ruling mo-
tive. His humaneness is praised also by Dio Cassius (XXXVI.
xx.); but the fact remains that he could be cruel, and even
treacherous, when his own interests seemed to demand it.
34. transmittendum : i. e. from the hands of Glabrio ; hence
not deferendum.
Page 133. 1. nostrae memoriae : i. e. nostri temporis ;
eius temporis cuius meminimus.
XV. 3. auctoritas : ' standing.' 4. multum, plurimum :
see Idioms. B. 176, 2, 3,0; A. 390, c\ H. 416, 2. 5. eare:
*in this regard.' 6. Vehementer pertinere ad: 'that it has
a very important bearing on.' 8. quis : cf. p. 61, 11, and n.
14. De : ' On.' 16. iudicia : in the offices and commands
conferred upon him by the people, as in the following instance.
17. illius diei: when the bill of Gabinius (see p. 32) was
passed. 19. templis : i. e. the steps of the temples about the
Forum.
23. ut plura non dicam neque : i. e. ' to leave more unsaid
and not to ; ' stronger than ne plura dicam. 26. qui quo
die : a nam eo die quo is, ' for on the day on which he.'
27. vilitas annonae : Plutarch says (Pomp, xxvi.) that 'the
immediate fall in the prices of market goods (tmv avicov) caused
the delighted people to remark that the very name of Pompey
had ended the war.' 28. ex summa inopia : temporal, while
ex summa ubertate is causal. 29. hominis : objective gen.
with spe (' in such a man ') and subjective with nomine (= ' his ').
31. potuisset : why subj. ?
33. invitus: trans, as if an adv. B. 239; A. 290; H. 497.
admonui : p. 126, 1 et seq.
Page 134. 2. ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis: c at the
decisive moment of that crisis.' 3. ad : not in, because Pom-
pey did not enter the regions mentioned; trans, 'into the vicin-
ity of.' 7. Et: as p. 132, 33. perfecturus sit: 'he is
going to accomplish;' stronger than perficiat. 10. rumore :
i. e. eius adventus.
XVI. 12. Age vero: cf. p. 131, 31, and N. 16. noster
288 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 135
imperator: <a commander of ours, 1 i. e. Quintus Metellus. The
orator makes the most of a proceeding not at all creditable to
Pompey; see n. to p. 130, 11. 17. esset : B. 309, 3; A. 546;
H. 600, 11. 1. in ultimas prope terras: rhetorical exaggera-
tion; cf. p. 130, n, and N.
19. Quid: cf. p. 64, 6, and N. 20. Mithridates, etc.:
Mithridates conducted negotiations with Sertorius in Spain (cf.
p. 119, 12, and N.); but of this incident nothing is known be-
yond what is said — or intimated — here. The construction of
eum . . . iudicavit is awkward and un-Ciceronian ; Eberhard
bracketed the words earn — Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit
as spurious, so that the sentence would read quern ei, quibus
erat moles turn, etc. 22. quibus erat molestum : ' who were
vexed ; ' the reference is probably to Metellus Pius, the other
commander in the war with Sertorius. 23. potissimum : i. e.
rather than to any one else. Cf. p. 126, 23, and n. 25. hanc
auctoritatem : why placed here rather than in the clause quan-
tum . . . valituram esse? 27. iudiciis : cf. p. 133, 16, and N.
30. Reliquum est, ut : * It only remains to ; ' introduces a
transition to the fourth and last consideration in the argument
concerning Pompey 's military character. Cf. p. 126, 19, and N.
praestare de : ' guarantee for.' 31. meminisse, etc. : asyn-
deton ; in our idiom, '(but which) we,' etc. 32. sicut . . .
deorum: sc. dicere ; 'as men ought to speak of (that which
lies within) the power of the gods.' 33. timide et pauca :
= 'reverently and (with only) a few words.' 34. sic exi-
stimo : = ' hold this opinion.'
Page 135. 3. Fuit enim profecto adiuncta : e= ' For there
has certainly been at the side of.' 4. ad . . . gloriam : i. e.
ad amplitudinem augendam et ad gloriam adipiscendam.
10. videamur : trans. ' that we (I) may be seen.' Why ? ih-
visa : ' offensive ' on account of arrogance and presumption, the
manifestation of which on the part of mortal man was thought
to call down the jealous vengeance and retribution of the gods.
The story of Niobe illustrates this belief; see the editor's
" Selections from Ovid," pp. 132-137. 11. ingrata: 'thank-
less,' as not recognizing in past blessings the hope and promise
of future gifts.
13. non sum praedicaturus : it would be difficult to present
the good luck of Pompey more strongly than in this paragraph,
Page 136.] NOTES 289
where the orator professes to refrain from treating the topic, —
a fine example of the rhetorical figure called by the ancient
grammarians praeteritio. 17. venti tempos tatesque : in our
phrase, * wind and weather.' 18. hoc : \ (only) this.'
20. tacitus : ' (even) in silence,' — the unuttered prayers of the
heart. quot et quantas : in our idiom simply ' as ; ' the
Latin expression is more forcible than the English. 21. Quod
. . . sit: 'And that this (favor of fortune) may be his sure and
lasting possession.' 24. facitis : \ you are (actually) doing.'
25. Qua re : introduces a summary of all the preceding argu-
ment as a preparation for that which is to follow. Cf. N. to p.
66, 5. 29. dubitatis : ' do you (still) hesitate ; ' followed by
quin . . . conferatis (' to,' etc.) instead of conferre, because the
interrogation gives the principal clause a negative force. B.
298, b; A. 558; H. 594, 11. 30. hoc tantum boni : 'this so
great blessing,' ' this so great advantage.'
XVII. 34. Quod si: B. 185, 2; A. 397, tf ; H. 510,9. pri-
vatus : ' a private citizen.'
Page 136. 1. is erat deligendus : 'he would be the one to
be chosen.' B. 304, 3, b; A. 517, c\ H. 583. 2. nunc: cf. p.
68, 16, and N. 3. haec opportunitas : explained by the follow-
ing ^/'-clauses. 5. qui habent: for qui exercitus habe7it; i. e.
Lucullus, who with the remnants of his forces was on the upper
Halys (see Map) near Pontus ; Glabrio, who was lingering in
the west of Asia ; and Marcius Rex, who had three legions in
Cilicia. 7. cetera summa cum salute : ' other (trusts) — to
the highest welfare ' Cf. p. 74, 28, and N.
B. Refutation.
10. At enim : ' But (not so) ; for,' ' But indeed ; ' introduces
an objection. Cf. p. 35. 11. adfectus : 'honored;' he had
been consul in 78 b. c. 12. honoris, fortunae, virtutis,
ingeni : i. e. as an ex-consul, as a man of wealth, as a man of
character (though his methods of acquiring wealth were said
not to be above reproach), and as a man of talent. Hortensius
was Cicero's chief rival in oratory ; cf. p. 14. 13. ratione :
' view.' 14. Quorum : ' Now of those men.' auctoritatem :
here ' weight of opinion.' 15. multis locis : ' on many occa-
sions.' plurimum valuisse : see Idioms. 17. virorum : the
supporters of Manilius; see p. 143, 13 et seq. 18. omissis
19
290 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 137.
auctoritatibus : ' if we lay aside (the weight of) opinions.'' ipsa
re ac ratione : = 'the actual state of the case. 1 21. isti : the
opponents of the bill. B. 246, 4 ; A. 297, c ; H. 507, 3. 22. summa,
etc. : cf. p. 1 20, 26, and n.
25. ad . . . oportere : we should say, ' that all powers ought
not to be vested in a single individual.' The concentration of
power authorized by the bill of Gabinius and contemplated by
that of Manilius was inconsistent with both the spirit and the
letter of the Roman constitution. A balance of authority be-
tween the departments of government, so that, except in the
emergencies provided for by the dictatorship, one person might
not become supreme, had been the aim of the republican or-
ganization from the beginning. For this principle the aristo-
cratic party had earnestly contended; and Cicero at heart was
thoroughly in sympathy with it. He could not return any answer
to the argument of Hortensius on constitutional grounds ; and
so he parried it skilfully by gliding off into a digression on the
horrors and disgrace of the supremacy of the pirates, and Pom-
pey's success in ridding the Mediterranean of this pest. His
sole counter-argument is, if Pompey rescued the state then, why
not now ? In fact neither Hortensius nor Cicero nor any of
their contemporaries, excepting possibly Caesar, understood that
the tendencies of the Roman government were no longer within
the channels of the constitution, or within the control of any
political party. These had long since set toward imperialism,
toward an absolute monarchy, which was sure to come sooner
or later. The bill of Manilius was passed, not so much because
it was supported by the eloquence of Cicero as for the reason
that it was directly in the line of governmental tendencies at
this time, another advance toward the permanent supremacy of
an individual.
27. ista oratio: 'that argument of yours.* 28. Hortensi :
B. 25, 1 ; A. 49, c\ H. 83, 5. 30. fortem: as sustaining his
position against the strenuous opposition of the aristocracy. Cf.
p. 138, 26, and n. 32. promulgasset : 'had given notice' in
accordance with the rule which required that a bill be announced
publicly at least seventeen days before it could be voted on.
The interval afforded opportunity for the discussion of a measure
in the Senate as well as among the people.
Page 137. 2. vera causa : ' the true interest.' 4. An :
Page 137.] NOTES 291
B. 162, 4, a\ A. 335, b\ H. 380, 3. 5. legati, etc.: see p. 129,
1 et seq. The quaestors were probably those in the retinue of
the captured praetors. 6. commeatu : see n. to p. 129, 7.
8. rem — obire : 'to transact business.' See N. to p. 128, 13.
XVIII. 10. Quae civitas, etc. : for the argument see N. to
p. 136, 25. non dico Atheniensium : = ' I do not mean that
of Athens.' The sovereignty of Athens as a maritime power in
the fourth century b. c. extended over the islands in the Aegean
Sea, the coast of Asia Minor as far as Pamphylia, and the
Thracian Bosporus as far north as the Euxine Sea. Cf. Map.
11. mare: i. e. imperium maris. 12. permultum: see Idioms.
13. Rhodiorum : after the time of Alexander Rhodes became
the most powerful among maritime states, and also a centre of
art and culture. Its power had now declined, but even in
Cicero's day men went to Rhodes to study oratory, as did
Caesar and Cicero himself.
16. quae non : = utea — non. 19. legem Gabiniam : see
p. 32. 20. cuius nomen: 'although its name.' B. 283, 3, £;
A. 535, e ; H. 593, 2. 21. invictum : true only in a rhetorical
sense. 22. ac : = * and in fact' 23. utilitatia : because of
inability to collect revenues and protect commerce. dignitatis
et imperi: because unable to protect its allies or even its own
officers.
24. Antiochum: after the battle at Thermopylae, in 191 b. c,
the Romans opened a way to Asia across the Aegean Sea by
defeating two fleets of Antiochus near the Ionian coast, and
also an allied fleet, commanded by Hannibal, off Aspendus.
Persem: after the battle of Pydna, B.C. 168, Perseus fled to
Samothrace, but there gave himself up without a struggle to the
Roman admiral Gnaeus Octavius. Octavius afterwards cele-
brated a triumph in honor of this event, a triumph, as Livy dryly
remarks (XLV. xlii.), 'without captives and without* spoils.'
25. omnibus navalibus pugnis : rhetorical overstatement ;
witness the crushing defeat of Marcus Claudius Pulcher off
Drepanum, in Sicily, in 249 b. c. 27. ei : saves the repetition
of nosy = 'even we.' Cf. p. 129, 22, and n. 28. pares: = 'a
match for.' 30. salvos praestare : = ' to guarantee the safety
of.' 32. quo . . . commeabant : Delos was a convenient
stopping-place for the route between Greece and Asia, and was
thought to be secure from all attack on account of the sacred-
292 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 138,
ness of its sanctuaries; cf. N. to p. 70, 1. After the destruction
of Corinth, b. c. 146, it increased rapidly in importance as a
centre of traffic. Already in the First Mithridatic War it had
suffered at the hands of a general of Mithridates, Menophanes
by name, who murdered the inhabitants, carried away the offer-
ings and treasures of the temples, and razed the city Delos to
the ground.
33. referta . . . muro : ■ although filled,' etc. 34. eidem :
as ei, in 1. 27.
Page 138. 2 Appia via, etc. : i. e. even the Appian Way
was unsafe; see n. to p. 128, 13. 4. hunc ipsum locum: the
Rostra, as adorned with the spoils of naval victories (exuviis
nanticis)', see n. on p. 227.
XIX. 7. Bono animo: here * with good intentions.' 10. in
salute communi : = ' in a matter affecting the public safety.'
dolori : ' hurt.'
16. Quo, et seq. : ' Wherefore I think it all the more a shame
that opposition has been raised,' etc. The rest of this chapter
is devoted to a digression regarding the question whether
Gabinius should be allowed to serve under Pompey as a lieu-
tenant. Provincial lieutenants were nominated by the Senate,
which ordinarily consulted the wishes of the governors. There
was a law that if any one proposed a bill granting extraordinary
powers to a magistracy, neither he nor his relatives should be
eligible to the position ; and this provision was construed to
apply also to the subordinate officer under a magistrate with
extraordinary authority. When Pompey undertook the command
of the war with the pirates, Gabinius was a tribune, and could
not leave the city. Though his term as tribune had expired,
he was still ineligible to a lieutenancy so long as Pompey was
holding the command proposed by him. Here again the orator
does not argue the case on legal grounds, and touches very
lightly on the point at issue.
20. idoneus . . . impetret : = * is not fit to have his request
granted.' Reason for the subjunctives? 26. periculo : in
the confusion and strife attending the passing of this bill Gabi-
nius nearly lost his life. See Mommsen, Vol. IV. p. 135 et seq.
27. An, et seq. : trans, the clause C. Falcidius . . . ftotuerunt
with ' while,' commencing the interrogation with in nno Gabinio.
The Latin often chooses the antithetical or co-ordinating form
Page 139.] NOTES 293
of statement where the English prefers the arrangement of
principal and subordinate clauses.
28. honoris causa nomino : ' I mention with all due
respect;' a kind of apology for bringing in the names of men
still living. 29. anno proximo: apparently there was a pro-
vision, or at least a custom, that tribunes of the - people should
not go out as lieutenants the next year after their term of
office. 31. diligentes : ' scrupulous.' 32. in : trans, by
1 under ' with hoc imperatore, ' in ' with exercitu. 33. prae-
cipuo iure : i. e. praeter alios ; with esse [legatus] deberet,
'ought above all others to be (a lieutenaftt).' Some, however,
think that legatus need not be supplied, and render 'ought to
have the first claim.'
Page 139. 2. dubitabunt : i. e. rem ad senatum referre.
ego . . . relaturum: taking advantage of the right he had as
praetor to bring business before the Senate. 4. inimicum
edictum : of a consul, who as presiding officer mighj endeavor
to head off the threatened proposal by issuing a ' decree ' con-
fining the Senate to the order of the day. vestrum ius
beneficiumque : as conferred upon Pompey and entitling him to
have whom he might choose as lieutenants. 5. neque, etc.:
= 'and I shall heed nothing short of a veto,' pronounced by a
consul or tribune. The orator could afford to threaten; for if
the bill of Manilius failed to pass, there would be no oppor-
tunity for Gabinius to go as lieutenant ; if it passed, so soon
as Pompey undertook the commission established by it the
main obstacle to Gabinius's lieutenancy ceased (see n. to p. 138,
16). In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new
commission, and took advantage of his position to amass a
fortune.
6. isti . . . considerabunt : i. e. it is very doubtful if they
will dare to interpose a veto. 10. socius ascribitur : ' is
enrolled as an associate.'
XX. 13. Reliquum est : cf. p. 126, 19^ and N. auctori-
tate : cf. p. 136, 14, and n. 15. quaereret : i.e. in an address
to the people on the bill of Gabinius. omnia poneretis : =
'you should vest all authority;' see n. to p. 136, 25. si . . .
factum esset : ' if anything should happen to him,' euphemistic ;
cf. p. 104, 17, and N. eo: B. 2)
18. cum : = eo, quod, ' in that.'
294 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 140.
19. talis est vir, etc. : this high tribute to the character of
Catulus is borne out by all that is known of him. 22. in
hoc ipso: 'on this very point,' the uncertainty of human life;
the orator very neatly turns the point on Catulus. vehemen-
tissime: see p. 359. 23. quo minus — hoc magis : 'the
less —the more.' B. 223; A. 414, a; H. 479, I. 25. viri vita
atque virtute : notice the alliteration.
27. At enim: cf. p. 136, 10, and N. ; the ellipsis may be sup-
plied thus, — At imperium Cn. Pompeio deferetidum non est; est
enim cavendum ne quid, etc. Our ancestors did not concen-
trate authority in the hands of one man ; therefore we ought
not to do so. Cf. N. to p. 136, 25. 28. Non dicam, etc. : cf.
p. 135, 13, and N. 30. ad . . . rationes : freely, 'the con-
siderations of new measures to the demands of new conditions.'
32. ab uno imperatore : Scipio was consul in 147 B. c, and
again in 134, in spite of the law that no one should be twice
consul ; and in both consulships he won glorious victories.
Marius was seven times consul.
Page 140. 2. nuper : forty years previously. 7. summa
Q. Catuli voluntate : ' with the fullest approval of Quintus
Catulus,' i. e. of the aristocratic party which Catulus repre-
sented; it is not necessary to suppose that Catulus himself
actually voted for each measure mentioned.
XXI. 9. Quid : sc. fuit. 10. difficili, etc. : see Idioms.
conficere : ' raise.' For the incident referred to, see N. to p.
127, 4. 11. Huic praeesse : sc. what? Hem — gerere :
see Idioms.
14. a senatorio gradu : when Pompey was sent to Sicily
(see n. to p. 127, 13) he was only twenty-four years old. In this
period a man was not admitted to the Senate till he had held
the office of quaestor, and one could not become quaestor be-
fore the end of his thirtieth year. 19. deportavit : the term
regularly used of bringing anything from the provinces to Rome.
20. equitem Romanum triumphare : ordinarily only consuls
and praetors were allowed to triumph ; the triumph of Pompey,
in celebration of his victory over Hiarbas (see n. to p. 127, 13;
triumphs were^not allowed for victories over Roman citizens in
the civil wars), was the first exception to this rule. 22. vidit:
\ has witnessed, 1 ' has lived to see ; ' while visere means ' to go
to see ' out of curiosity, and concelebrare ' to join in celebrating '
with festal attire and shouts of joy. studio: 'enthusiasm.'
Page 141.] NOTES 295
24. inusitatum : in the sense of contra niorem. duo con-
sules : of the year yy b. c, Mam'ercus Aemilius Lepidus and
Decimus Junius Brutus, both of whom had declined to assume
command of the war with Sertorius. 26. bellum : see n. to
Hispaniense, p. 127, 14. pro consule : i. e. with the rank and
authority of a proconsul in a province. 28. non nemo: we
should say, 'more than one.' 29. L. Philippus : famous for
his sharp wit. 31. rei . . . gerendae : ' of a successful han-
dling of the state's interest.'
Page 141. 1. ex senatus consulto : well introduced here,
as pointing out the favoring of Pompey by the Senate, the
party which was opposing this bill. The Senate settled mat-
ters pertaining to triumphs ; yet in setting aside the restrictions
referred to, it assumed a prerogative belonging to the people.
2. legibus solutus : ' released from the restrictions ' which
placed the earliest legal age for holding the' consulship at forty-
three, and made it necessary for a man to have been praetor
before consul, and quaestor before praetor. Pompey became
consul when he was thirty-five. ullum alium magistratum :
Cicero is thinking only of the consular offices; for the quaestor-
ship could have been held after the age of thirty. Mommsen,
however, thinks that the legal age for the quaestorship was
thirty-seven, though men were for various reasons admitted to it
earlier.
4. iterum eques : i. e. not yet admitted to the Senate and into
the senatorial order; cf. N. to p. 122, 23. This triumph was over
the Spanish tribes in alliance with Sertorius (n. to p. 127, 14),
and was celebrated Dec. 31, b. c. 71, the day before Pompey en-
tered upon the duties of the consulship. 5. Quae in — nova,
ea : = ' And the innovations which in the case of.' 8. Atque :
'And further;' the aristocracy through the Senate are respon-
sible for all these innovations.
XXII. 12. non ferendum : = intolerabile. 16. cum:
* now that.' 24. plus . . . vidistis : * have had a deeper
insight in regard to public interests.' 26. aliquando : for
tandem aliquando. isti principes : Catulus and Hortensius
as leaders of the aristocracy.
29. Atque, etc. : application of the more general statement
in chapters xiii. and xiv. to the case in hand. Asiatico et
regio : the epithets suggest the luxury of surroundings and
296 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 142.
wealth of plunder against the seductions of which few Roman
officers were proof. 33. interiorum : ' further inland.'
34. nostrum imperatorem : ' a general of ours.' nihil aliud :
i. e. de alia re. Kind of ace. ?
Page 142. 2. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores : =
'possessed of more than ordinary conscientiousness and self-
mastery.' 3. cupidorum : i. e. pecuniae ; for avarorum.
7. libidines : ' acts of lawlessness.' 11. quibus causa belli
. . . inferatur : ■ against which a pretext for war can be devised.'
13. coram : as we say, ■ between ourselves,' where we can
talk over men and deeds freely. 17. hostium simula-
tione : = ' making the enemy a pretext (merely).' 19. non
modo : may be translated as if non dicam, ' I will not say ' ; the
following sed is for sed etiam. 20. animos ac spiritus
capere : 'satisfy the arrogance and insolence.'
XXIII. 22. collatis signis : see Idioms. How lit. ? 24. erit
idem : l shall also be (one).' 26. gaza : Persian word, gen-
erally used of oriental treasure. 27. manus, oculos, ani-
mum : rhetorical amplification of se. 29. Ecquam : emphatic.
pacatam fuisse : 'has been considered tranquillized,' i.e. 'has
been left in peace.' 31. pacata esse : ' to be in a state of
tranquillity.' The only alleviating feature of the Roman pro-
vincial government of this period is, that it was in many cases
no more harsh or rapacious than the government which pre-
ceded it.
Page 143- 1. pecunia publica : see p. 131, 1-4, and n.
praeter paucos : a saving phrase, to avoid giving offence by a
sweeping statement. 2. neque . . . nomine : ' and that they
were gaining nothing else with their fleets existing only in name '
(how lit?); i. e. the fleets being in so deplorable a state because
the money appropriated for them had been embezzled. A noto-
rious instance was that of Marcus Antonius, named Creticus,
son of the orator, who in 74 b. c. held a command against the
pirates which he turned to his own advantage, finally losing what
fleet he had in a battle with the Cretans.
4. cupiditate: for money. Men ran heavily into debt with a
view to recouping themselves from the governorship of a prov-
ince. 5. iacturis : ' outlays,' expenditures incurred in buying
one's way to power. 6. condicionibus : ' terms ' with cred-
itors and political supporters. 7. qui . . . arbitrantur : cl
Page 144.] NOTES 297
p. 136, 25, and N. 10. nolite dubitare : 'do not hesitate.'
B. 276, c\ A. 450; H. 561, 1. For the constr. with quin, cf. p. 135,
29. and n. 11. unus : ' the (only) one.'
14. est vobis auctor : 'you have as a supporter' of the bill.
15. P. Servilius : see Vocab. under Vatia. 18. Curio : see
Vocab. under Curio (1). 20. ingenio : here, as often, refers
particularly to oratorical talent. 21. pro : « consistently with.'
22. gravitatem : when censor in 70 B. C. with Lucius Gellius,
this Lentulus (no. 4 in Vocab.) removed from the Senate no
fewer than sixty-four members, not far from an eighth of the
whole number. 24. ut: here 'how,' 'whether.'
Conclusion, xxiv.
XXIV. 27. Quae . . . sint : here used to introduce the con-
clusion of the entire speech; cf. p. 36. 28. voluntatem et
sententiam : ' feeling and expressed opinion,' amplifying legem.
30. auctore populo Romano : as we should say ' backed by
the Roman people,' ' with the Roman people behind you.'
31. vim aut minas : perhaps a hint at the unhappy experience
of Gabinius the year before; cf. p. 138, 26, and n. 33. studio:
as p. 140, 22. 34. iterum nunc : counting the passing of
Gabinius's bill as the first time.
Page 144. 1. quid est, quod: 'what reason is there, that.'
de re : i. e. de praeficiendo Pompeio.
4. quicquid : see Idioms. hoc beneficio : ' by reason of
this preferment,' the honor of the praetorship, as explained and
amplified by the following clause. 9. huic loco temploque :
'this place and consecrated spot.' The original idea of tern-
plum was a place set aside for worship ; after that either a
place or a building that had been consecrated by certain reli-
gious acts. The Rostra belonged to the latter category.
12. quo : = quia, 'because.' 13. quo : = ut eo, 'in order
that by this means.' 17. ab uno : for ab (' at the hands of ')
uno homine, referring to Pompey. 18. ratione : ' calling,'
'profession,' of advocate.
20. mihi : trans, as if a me ; see n. to p. 1 59, 23. 22. tan-
turn, etc.: see Vocab. under absu?n. B. 284, 1; A. 571, b\ H.
570, 2. 25. non inutiles : litotes. B. 375, 1; A. 326, c;
H. 752, 8. 27. beneficiis : praetorship, curule aedileship,
quaestorship. 30. rationibus : \ interests. 1
298 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 145.
THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS.
Page 145- A. Licinio Archia : the name Archias (Apxias]
was not an uncommon one, particularly among the Dorian
Greeks. The Latin no?nen and praenomen were assumed when
the poet became a Roman citizen, Licinius being the gens name
of his chief patrons, the Luculli ; but why he chose the forename
Aulus instead of one of those common in the family of the
Luculli is not clear.
Oratio: delivered before a court (quaestio), over which the
orator's brother, Quintus Cicero, presided, being then praetor.
Whether this was one of the regular courts (cf. p. 6o), as the
quaestio de maiestate, or a commission established by the statute
under which the poet was brought to trial, is not known ; it is
more likely to have been the latter. For an outline of the
thought, see p. 48.
Introduction.
Exordium — Partitio. L, II.
I. L Si quid, etc. : ' Whatever talent (i. e. for public speak-
ing ; see N. to p. 143, 20), . . . whatever readiness of speech, . . .
whatever (acquaintance with the) theory of this art (of public
speaking), . . . reside in me, jurors.' The orator mentions the
first two essentials to success in oratory (natural ability and
the readiness acquired by practice) as leading up to the third,
in which lay the basis of his obligation to Archias. ingeni :
why not ingenii? quod: subject of sit; trans, as if et id.
Self-depreciatory beginnings were common in speeches of this
kind, being intended to win the favorable attention of the
jurors. 2. aut — aut : for et — et, as more modest.
3. non infitior : litotes. B. 375, 1; A. 326, c\ H. 752, 8.
Note the increase in positiveness, sentio — non infitior — co?ifiteor.
4. optimarum . . . disciplina : — ' the pursuit and training of
the most liberal studies ' (cf. p. 146, 29), i. e. philology, or gram-
Page 146.]
NOTES 299
mar in the broad sense, rhetoric, music, and philosophy. Cicero
was a firm believer in general culture as a foundation for ora-
tory. 5. a qua . . . abhorruisse : ' to which . . . has been
inattentive,' or ' of which . . . has been neglectful ; ' the ante-
cedent of qua is ratio. Cicero, as a practical lawyer, in a way
apologizes to a jury of practical men for having given atten-
tion to the theory of oratory. 6. aetatis : = vitae. 7. vel :
' even.' hie : not necessarily spoken with a gesture ; why ?
A. Licinius : the orator cleverly assumes the citizenship of Ar-
chias by using his Latin name.
8. suo iure : ' by an indefeasible right ; ' stronger than iure
alone, as implying that the right is fully admitted by the
speaker. Cf. B. 244, 4; H. 503, 4. 9. quoad longissime :
= 'just as far as.' 10. memoriam ultimam : 'the earliest rec-
ollection.' 11. inde usque repetens : = ' going back even
to that time. 1 How lit.? 12. suscipiendam : 'choosing.'
13. rationem : 'course.'
14. Quod: 'Now.' B. 185,2; A. 397, a; H. 510, 9. prae-
ceptis : not institutione, ' instruction,' because Archias was only
an intimate adviser, not a teacher, of Cicero. 15. non nullis
aliquando : modest expression. a quo : the apodosis begins
here. 16. ceteris : ' the rest ' of my clients in general, who
have availed themselves of my services. alios : '(many)
others ' than Archias, who have been brought to trial before
a criminal court. Both ceteris and alios are proleptic, and
should be introduced in trans, after huic ipsi. 17. quantum,
etc. : see Idioms.
19. ita : ' so (strongly).' alia, etc. : strange that an orator
should confess obligation to a poet. 20. sit: what different
force would est have here? neque: 'and not.' 21. aut:
instead of ac, on account of the preceding negative. huic
uni studio : of oratory. 22. penitus : ' exclusively.' dediti
fuimus : 'have been devoted ; ' fuimus is often preferred to
sumus when the accompanying perfect pass, participle, as here,
has more of an adjective than a participial force.
Page 146- 2. inter se continentur: 'stand related to one
another.' Cf. Cic. de Orat. III. vi. 21 : Est etiam ilia Platonis
vera . . . vox ( ' saying ' ) omnem doctrinam harum ingenua-
rum et humanarum artium uno quodam societatis vinculo
contineri.
300
THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 146
II. 4. in . . . publico : in our phrase, ' before a statute
commission and state's court;' quaestio legitima, as established
under a statute (lex) and not as a special commission (quaestio
extraordinarid), such as were sometimes raised for criminal
cases ; indicium publicum, as a court for cases affecting the
state, not for the trial of contentions between individuals. res
agatur : ' the case is being tried.' 5. praetorem : see n
to oratio, on p. 298.
6. conventu hominum ac frequentia : in phrases like this
Cicero usually puts the gen. after the first noun. Cf. A. 598,^;
H. 668, 2. 9. ut — detis veniam, ut patiamini : forceful
pleonasm. 11. huic reo : 'to this (my) client.' 13. hoc :
'such.' 14. hoc praetore : the commentators interpret this
as a complimentary reference to the taste and achievements of
Quintus Cicero as a literary man and poet. His poems have all
perished with the exception of a few verses, among which are a
couple of cynical epigrams.
16. liberius : i. e. liberius quam patitur consuetudo iudiciorum
et fori, as Cicero himself says elsewhere .(Brut. xxxi. 120). in
eius modi persona: ' in (the case of) a character such as this'
of Archias. 17. otium ac studium : ' retirement and devotion
to study.' in — tractata est: we say 'has been drawn into.'
18. periculis : = ' legal actions,' referring to criminal cases.
19. Quod si : here = et si id. 20. tribui : implies that a
request is granted freely ; concedi, not without opposition.
21. segregandum : sc. esse. 23. asciscendum fuisse : sc.
in numerum civium ; why not esse?
Narratio. iii.-iv. (1. 8).
III. 24. ut primum : see Idioms. ex pueris : concrete foi
abstract ; = a pueritia. 25. ad : ' with a view to.' 27. An-
tiochiae : at this time second in importance only to Alexandria
among the cities of the East, notwithstanding the fact that it had
been greatly disturbed by the dynastic quarrels which had rent the
kingdom of Syria, and by the inroads of the Parthians.
28. loco: 'station, 1 'rank. 1 urbe : B. 169, 4; A. 282, d\
H. 483, 2. 29. studiis: see N. to p. 145, 4. adfluenti :
'= abundanti. 30. contigit : used with the infin. by Cicero
only here. 31. cuncta Graecia: cf. p. 120, 20, and N.
Page 147.] NOTES 301
33. ipsius : subjective with adventus, objective with admiratio;
'his coming (in each case) and the admiration for him.' It was
nothing uncommon for poets, particularly such as extemporized,
to wander from place to place. Cf. p. 46.
Page 147. 1. Italia: contrasted with Latio, but referring
particularly to Southern Italy, the region of the Greek cities.
2. Latio : in a broad sense, meaning all that part of Italy where
Latin was spoken; cf. p. 155, 2, and n. 3. turn: before the
Social War. 4. tranquillitatem : between the death of Gaius
Gracchus (121 b. c.) and the outbreak of the Social War (91)
only the disturbance caused by Saturninus and Glaucia (100 B. c.)
broke the ' calm ' of the city. 5. et Tarentini : the et is
correlative with et before omnes, 1. 7. A man might be a citi-
zen of several of these Greek cities at the same time; but the
citizenship of Rome was exclusive. 6. praemiis : garlands,
gifts, banquets, etc.
8. dignum : sc. esse, 9. absentibus : from our point of
view, absens might have been expected. 10. Mario consule et
Catulo : 102 b. c. ; perhaps instead of the usual order, Mario
et Catulo consulibus, because Marius was much the more promi-
nent of the two. 11. res maximas, res gestas : sc. suppedi-
tare from adhibere, which governs them loosely by zeugma.
12. studium atque aures : = ' literary interest and taste.'
Catulus was a man of unusual culture.
14. praetextatus : — adulescentulus j see n. to p. J?, 30. The
orator speaks of Archias as if he had always been a Roman.
It is not easy to understand how the Greek cities could have
granted their franchise so readily to a lad of sixteen or eighteen
years; perhaps Cicero's words are not to be taken literally in
regard to the age of the poet.
15. erat hoc : ' this was (an evidence).' 17. naturae atque
virtutis : ' of (his) disposition and character.' 19. tempori-
bus illis: following the year 102 b. c. 21. vivebat cum? 'he
was on intimate terms with.' 24. adficiebatur summo ho-
nore : ' he was the recipient of the highest honor,' not only at
the hands of those mentioned, but on the part of others also.
27. si qui : ■ whoever,' • any who,' A taste for Greek was con-
sidered the proper thing ; and many joined in lionizing Archias
merely because it was the fashion. simulabant : sc. se stu-
dere, etc.
, THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 148.
IV. 28. Interim : Rome being still his place of residence,
satis : ' tolerably.' intervallo : probably not far from ten
years. Why abl. ? 29. M. Lucullo : he appears to have
gone to Sicily on private business. ex ea provincia dece-
deret: the ordinary expression used of a provincial officer
leaving his province ; employed here apparently to lend an air
of dignity and formality to the journey of Archias. 30. Hera-
cliam : here probably the father of Marcus and Lucius Lucullus
was living in exile.
31. iure : ' standing ' in the eyes of Romans, coupled with
foedere, 'treaty relations' with Rome. Since 278 B. c. Heraclea
had been connected with Rome by a treaty, the terms of which
were unusually favorable. 33. per se : here 'for his own
sake,' ' on his own account.' 34. auctoritate : influence aris-
ing from high standing, as distinguished from gratia, influence
due to private acquaintance.
Page 148- 1 civitas : civitas Romana. Silvani lege et
Carbonis : known as the lex Plautia Papiria, passed 89 B. C. ;
see p. 46. 2. Si qui : trans, as if eis, qui. ascripti : as
citizens. 3. si — si : introduce the conditions subordinate to
the clause si qui . . . fuissent. ferebatur : B. 288, I ; A.
593, a\ H. 652, 1. 4. domicilium: 'a (legal) residence.'
sexaginta diebus : 'within sixty days. 1 Why abl. ?
5. praetorem ; in 89 B. C. there were six praetors (the num-
ber was raised to eight by Sulla; cf. p. 59), before any one of
whom the acknowledgment contemplated by the law could be
made ; cf. t 32. Three of the six are mentioned in this speech,
Metellus Pius (no. 2 in Vocab.), Appius Claudius Pulcher (1. 34,
below), and Lucius Lentulus. essent professi : sc. nomina.
6. haberet: not habtiisset, in order to emphasize the fact that
Archias continued to reside at Rome. 7. familiarissimum :
used as subst, = familiarissimum amicum.
Discussion.
A. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen. IV. (1. 9)-x.
9. de civitate ac lege : i. e. de civitate Romana lege Plautia
Papiria data. 10. causa dicta est: 'our case is stated,' in
that it has been shown that my client fulfilled the three condi-
tions, enrolment as a citizen in an allied state, a legal residence
in Italy, and proper acknowledgment before a praetor.
Page 149.] NOTES 303
11. Grati: curtly addressed without his forename; cf. Q. Hor-
tensi (p. 136, 28, and p. 138, 7) ; C. Manili (p. 143. 27) ; C. Caesar
(p. 159, 21, et al.); and even in an invective we find M. Antoni
(p. 173, 11). B. 25, 1 ; A. 49, C\ H. 83, 5. Heracliae: B.
232, 1 ; A. 427, 3 ; H. 483. 12. Adest : as witness and
supporter ; sc. nobis. auctoritate : here ' weight,' * reliability ; *
but religione, 'scrupulousness.' 14. opinari : i.e. hunc He-
racliae adscriptum esse. 15. egisse : • was instrumental ' in
bringing it about. 17. publico : on behalf of the corpora-
tion of Heraclea.
19. Hie: 'At this point.' tabulas : 'registers,' 'records'
containing the names of the citizens. 20. Italico bello :
probably some sacking of the city in the Social War caused the
conflagration referred to. 21. ad : 'in relation to,' ' in reply
to.' 22. quaerere : = requirere. 23. hominum memoria,
litterarum memoriam : repetition of memoria in order to
heighten the contrast between the depositions of the witnesses
and the missing documentary evidence. Cf. p. 118, 31, 32,
and n. tacere : ' to remain silent ; ' like our phrase ' to keep
still,' implying the suppression of that which might be spoken.
27. corrumpi : see 1. 34 et seq.
28^ Romae : consistent with 1. 6, above ; stronger than in
Italia, which might have been expected from the wording of
the statute (1. 3). 29. ante civitatem datam : i. e. to in-
habitants of allied cities. See Idioms. B. 337, 5; A. 497;
H. 640, I. 32. ilia professione collegioque praetorum :
= professione apud illud collegium praetorum facta, covering the
registration of the six praetors of 89 b. c. ; cf. n. to 1. 5.
V. 34- Appi : thought to have been the father of the disso-
lute Clodius, Cicero's enemy, for whom see pp. 7, 8.
Page 149. 1. Gabini: asyndeton; we should say 'and of
Gabinius.' 2. calamitas : mild expression for the loss of civil
rights ; Gabinius Capito had been condemned for provincial extor-
tion in his governorship of Achaia. omnem tabularum fidem
resignasset : ' had destroyed all confidence in his records.' For
the force of re-signare, lit. ' to break open the seal oL' cf. p. 55.
3. sanctissimus modestissimusque : ' the most conscientious
and law-observing.' 4. diligentia : 'painstaking.' 5. prae-
torem, iudices : Metellus was probably giving testimony in a
case concerning citizenship.
304 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 149.
7. His in tabulis : of Metellus. A. Licini : not A. Licini
Archiae, because the poet would be registered only by his
Latin name. 8. quid est, quod : ' what reason is there to.'
9. eius : instead of huius, because referring to Archias as reg-
istered, as A. Licinius, rather than as present. civitate : at
Heraclea. 10. fuerit : not sit, because the registration of
citizens in these places had ceased after 89 b. c, when the
inhabitants became Roman citizens. Etenira, etc.: a reductio
ad absurdum. 12. Graecia : = Magna Graecia. 13. credo :
cf. p. 63, 4, and N. Locrenses : the people of Locri Efiize-
phyrii, on the eastern side of the extreme southwestern part,
the toe, of Italy. 14. scaenicis artificibus ; cf. n. to
p. 79, 28.
17. Quid : cf. p. 64, 6, and n. post : cf. Idioms, and
p. 148, 29. 18. legem Papiam : passed in 65 B. c, enacting
that all persons not possessing a legal residence in Italy must
leave Rome. It was probably under this law that Archias was
brought to trial. 20. illis [tabulis]: the records of Regium,
Locri, Naples, Tarentum. 21. Census: including each census
^ken between 89 and 6$ B. c.
22. Scilicet : ' Certainly ; ' sarcastic. obscurum [tibi] : =
tibi non notu?n. proximis censoribus : = ' at the last taking
of the census,' in 70 B. c, by Lucius Gellius Publicola and
Gnaeus Lentulus Clodianus. Censors had been chosen for 65
and for 64 b. c, but they had resigned without taking the
census. 24. apud exercitum : not in exercitu, for Archias
went merely as a companion, or attache, of the commander.
superioribus [censoribus]: 'at the next to the last census,'
taken by Lucius Marcius Philippus and Marcus Perperna, in
86 B. c. eodem quaestore : ' the same ' Lucullus, who was
then * quaestor ' under Sulla. 25. primis [censoribus] : ■ the
first' after Archias had become a citizen, in 89; Julius Caesar
Strabo and Publicus Licinius Crassus, the censors for that year,
resigned without undertaking the work.
29. pro : ' as.' eis temporibus : the apodosis begins here.
ne ipsius Jquidem iudicio : because he did not have his name
placed on the census registers. 30. in — esse versatum : as
• had (any) share in.' 31. saepe : perhaps in times of special
danger, in his travels with Lucullus. The Roman law recog-
nized only the wills of Roman citizens as valid. 32. heredi-
Page 150.] NOTES 305
tates civium Romanorum : in general only Roman citizens
could inherit from Roman citizens. 33. delatus est : ; he
was reported,' instead of nomen delatum est. Proconsuls and
propraetors were obliged to deliver their accounts to the Trea-
sury within thirty days after they came back to Rome. In
connection with these it was customary to hand in a list of
those men on the staff or in the retinue of the provincial gov-
ernor whose services were deemed worthy of compensation
from the state.
Page 150. 1. hie . . . revincetur : i. e. Archias and his
friends have always acted on the assumption that he was a
citizen. With this point the orator closes the technical side
of his case. Cf. p. 48. neque — neque : * either — or.'
B. 347, 2 ; A. 327, 2 ; H. 656, 2.
B. Proof that Archias ought to be a citizen, vi.-xii. (1. 30).
VI. 3. Quaeres, etc. : introduces the remarks on literature
anticipated in chap. II. ; technically they are extra causam.
Cf. p. 47. 4. ubi : ' (that) with which ; ' with the subj. of
characteristic. 5. ex: 'after.' forensi: cf. p. 117, 1, and
6. convicio : i. e. convicio litigantium, ■ din ' of voices in the
court. 7. suppetere : = suppeditari. nobis : ' us ' advo-
cates and orators as a class. Quintilian (X. i. 27) recommends
to orators the reading of poetry, and alludes to this passage.
11. his studiis : cf. p. 145, 4, and n. esse deditum : cf.
p. 145, 22, and N. 12. litteris : perhaps originally written
in litteris ; if not, must be construed as an instrumental abl.
13. neque — neque : as in 1. 1 above ; ad . . . fructum (= utili-
tatem) refers to the public services of a man of literary culture,
in . . . proferre to authorship. 14. aspectum lucemque : =
'the light of publicity.' quid: as p. 71, 5. pudeat, etc.:
another apology to the Roman jury of practical men ; cf. N. to
p. 145, 5. 16. tempore: for periculo (cf. p. 146, 18, and N.);
contrasted with commodo, referring to civil cases.
19. Qua re : cf. p. 66, 5, and n. 20. quantum — tem-
porum : why so far separated ? 21. ludorum : celebrated in
connection with the religious festivals. 22. ipsam : = * sim-
ply,' ■ merely.' 23. temporum : pi. as referring to the
portions of time given to each kind of recreation. 24. tern-
pestivis : * early,' commencing before 3 p.m.; hence ■ protracted,'
ao
306 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS (Page 151.
25. alveolo: cf. p. 8o, ii, and n. pilae : why put after con-
viviis and alveolo is not clear ; for ball-playing was considered
an entirely respectable form of amusement.
28. oratio et facultas : hendiadys for facultas oratorio,,
'oratorical power.' 29. quantacumque in me est: 'so far
as it resides in me,' • so far as in me lies.' amicorum peri-
culis: cf. p. 1 1 6, II. 30. ilia: the moral principles set forth
in the following paragraph.
33. praeceptis : the teachings of the philosophers. multis
litteris: in our phrase, 'by wide reading/
Page 151. !• laudem atque honestatem : i. e. ' glory gained
by merit,' hendiadys; hence the sing, ea in 1. 2. 3. mortis
atque exsili: by using atque the orator indicates that he con-
siders exile worse than death. parvi: B. 203,3; A. 417; H.
448, 1. 5. profligatorum bominum : sympathizers with the
Catilinarian conspirators ; they finally brought about the exile of
Cicero.
6. pleni: i.e. talium ftraeceptoruw. 7. sapientium voces :
the utterances of the philosophers. 8. quae omnia: 'all of
which,' 'and (yet) they all.' B. 201, 1, b; A. 346, e\ H.
442, 2. 10. imagines — expressas : 'forms,' 'ideals' —
'finely portrayed;' exprimere is used to denote the sharp,
clear presentation of details by the art of the sculptor or
painter. 14. hominum excellentium : i. e. de hominibus
excellentibus.
VII. 16. Quaeret quispiam: introduces an objection, which
the orator wishes to meet; cf. p. 48.
20. est certum : sc. mihi ; ' I am decided what answer to
give.' 25. naturam sine doctrina — sine natura doctri-
nam : forceful chiasmus. 26. Atque idem ego contendo :
'And I maintain (this) also.' 27. ratio quaedam conforma-
tioque doctrinae : quidam is often inserted by Cicero to indi-
cate that he is using a word in an unusual sense, or is not
altogether satisfied with it ; ' what I may call the systematic
training and culture afforded by learning.' 28. illud . . .
singulare : c some noble and unique excellence.'
30. hunc — Africanum : the younger Scipio ; hie is used to
denote that which is nearer in time. 32. moderatissimos
et continentissimos : 'men of the greatest self-command and
even temper.' 34. qui; *and these men.'
Page 153.] NOTES 307
Page 152. 1. nihil: as p. 6 1, 4. 2. adiuvarentur : 'were
(continually) aided,' so long as they lived; more forcible than
the plup.
4. non — ostenderetur : * were not shown (clearly),' i. e.
'were not assured.' 7. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones.
8. omnium: with temporum, aetatum, locorum. 9. alunt:
' strengthen.' 10. adversis : i. e. eis qui in adversis rebus
sunt.
VIII. 15. etiam cum — videremus : i. e. etiam videntes.
16. Rosci : his chief characteristic as an actor was gracefulness.
17. commoveretur : ' was deeply moved.' 20. Ergo, etc. :
argument from less to greater. motu : * (simply) by the
movement.' 22. motus : the Latin often uses the pi. where
we prefer a sing, abstract noun ; motus animorum rss ' mental
activity,' developed by training, as distinguished from celeritatem
ingenuorum, ' natural quickness.'
23. utar : ■ I shall take advantage of.' 26. nullam :
emphatic, 'not a.' 28. agerentur: B. 324, 2; A. 593; H. 652.
29. revocatum : for an encore. eandem rem : for de
eade?n re.
31. veterum scriptorum : i. e. Graecorum. All the writings
of Archias have perished with the exception of eighteen epi-
grams (cf. Reinach, De Archia, p. 28, et seq.), which are assigned
to him with a strong probability that they are genuine. To
judge from these, his success as an extemporizer consisted
chiefly in the ability to patch together, on the spur of the
moment, phrases, lines, and passages from the older poets which
had previously been committed to memory. The same explana-
tion would account also for the resemblance of his more elab-
orate productions to the writings of the classic Greek writers.
By having a memory stored with original and selected passages
appropriate to many subjects and occasions, a good ear for
metres, and constant practice, a professional extemporizer was
able to perform feats that appeared little short of the marvel-
lous, — and that, too, without being a great poet.
Page 153. 1 ex — constare : ■ are based on.' 2. natura
ipsa valere : ' derives his power from nature herself.' 3. men-
tis viribus excitari : i. e. independently of outside influences,
or of education. 4. suo iure : see p. 145, 8, and n. ; cf. the
editor's "Selections from Ovid," pp. 62, 179. noster: 'of
308 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 154.
ours ' as a Latin poet, in contrast with the Greek poets just
referred to.
10. barbaria, etc. : there was never a people so sunk in sav-
agery that it did not respect the poet. Saxa . . . consistunt :
a reference to the mythical musicians, as Amphion, Arion, and
Orpheus; cf. "Selections from Ovid," p. 278, N. to 1. 40, and
p. 52. 12. rebus : for artibus. 13. Homerum : according
to the well-known Greek couplet, seven cities claimed to be the
birthplace of Homer: —
'EtttA irdXeis dieplfrovaiv irepl f>lfav x Op.i)pov,
"Z/xijpva, *P65os, Ko\o<pd)v t 2a\afiLs, X£os, "Apyos, *A0TJvai,
In a Latin hexameter line, ■—
Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae.
14. Salaminii : the inhabitants of Salamis in Cyprus.
16. delubrum : at Smyrna there was a square portico with a
temple and statue of Homer (Strabo, XIV. 1. 37). 17. pugnant :
over the same thing. For the nativity of the Homeric poems,
see Miss Clerke's " Familiar Studies in Homer," p. 10 et seq.
IX. 19. alienum: i.e. Homer was a * foreigner' to all the
cities excepting the one in which he was born. What would
they have said to the assertion that Homer never lived ?
21. praesertim cum olim : ■ and that although long ago.'
24. Cimbricas res : = • the war with the Cimbri,' of which
Marius was naturally the hero. 25. attigit: implies that
the poem was not completed. durior ad haec : ' too rough
for such.' 26. Neque enim quisquam est: -And (yet not
strange), for there is no one.' 27. aversus a : = ' unfriendly
to ; ' difference between the Latin and the English point of
view ? 28. aeternum — praeconium : i. e. praeconium quod
aeternum sit. 30. ex eo : see Idioms. 31. cuius
vocem : i. e. cuius cantantis vocem. 34. ea, quae gesserat :
res a se gestas.
Page 154. 1. Mithridaticum bellum : no doubt chiefly that
part of the war with Mithridates which reflected most credit
on the name of Lucullus, whom the poet accompanied in the
Asiatic campaigns. Reinach (De Archia, pp. 46-54) has made
it appear at least probable that this poem consisted of four
books, and that it was freely used by Plutarch in writing the
life of Lucullus.
Page 154.] NOTES 309
3. expressum est: 'has been treated.' 6. aperuit Pon-
tum : cf. p. 1 24, 5-7. 7. regiis opibus : including strong-
holds, troops, financial resources, etc. regione : * by its
situation.'
9. innumerabiles Armeniorum copias : at the battle near
Tigranocerta, in 69 b. c. (cf. p. 31 and Map). According to the
figures given by Plutarch (Luc. xxvi., xxvu.), the Armenians
outnumbered the Romans twenty to one, mustering more than
200,000 men, of whom 150,000 were infantry, against a Roman
force of only 11,000. 10. urbem Cyzicenorum . . . serva-
tam : in 73 B.C.; cf. p. 123, 30-34, and N. In enumerating the
victories of Lucullus Cicero does not confine himself to the
chronological order. 12. ore ac faucibus : we might say
1 the open jaws.' Cf. p. 89, 7, and N.
14. interfectis ducibus : trans, as if duces interfecti sunt et.
15. apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis : in 73 b. c. The Ro-
man fleet sunk a part of the enemy's ships between the Trojan
coast and Tenedos (see Map) ; but the main engagement took
place near the island of Lemnos. The two victories are here
spoken of as one. Cf. p. 124, 1-4.
19. noster : cf. p. 153, 4, and N. 20. in sepulcro Sci-
pionum : the disposition of the dead by burial was kept up in
the Scipio family long after cremation became the prevalent
method at Rome. The tomb of the Scipios was opened in
1780. It lies on the left side of the Appian Way, a short
distance outside of the Servian wall. It consists of a number
of narrow, winding passages excavated in the soft rock, in the
sides of which places were cut out for the bodies of the dead. At
the entrance in Cicero's time (see Liv. XXXVIII. lvi. 4), there
were three statues, of which one was thought to be that of Ennius.
Cf. Platner, u Topography of Ancient Rome," pp. 414-415.
21. eis laudibus : ' by such praises ' as those which Ennius
bestowed on Scipio. 23. huius : huius Catonis, 4 the present
Cato,' i. e. Cato Uticensis ; cf. hu?ic Africanum, p. 151, 30, and N.
Cato the Censor found Ennius in Sardinia, serving in the Roman
army, and brought him to Rome.
X. 28. haec fecerat : i. e. haec car?nina fecerat ( ■ had
composed ') ; original meaning of " poet," fioeta, ttovr\rr)s ? 29. in
civitatem receperunt : the Roman franchise was bestowed on
Ennius by the son of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (cf. p. 156,
310 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 155.
18-20), in 184 B. c. The poet says of himself (Cic. de Orat
III. xlii. 168): —
Nos sumus Romani, qui fuvimus ante Rudini.
30. Heracliensem : sharply contrasted with Rudinum, because
Heraclea was so much more important a place than Rudiae and
possessed special treaty relations with Rome. Cf. p. 147, 31-33,
and n.
33. Nam : introduces an answer to an assumed, or suppressed,
objection ; the ellipsis may be supplied thus, * (But Archias
writes in Greek. That is no objection), for ' . . . 34. vehe-
menter : see Idioms.
Page 155. 1. G-raeca : neut. pi. ; we say * Greek,' with a
sing. verb. 2. suis finibus : even in Cicero's time Latin
was spoken very little outside of Latium and the Roman and
Latin colonies. The Greek language had been carried by Greek
commerce and settlements — in the East also by the conquests
and colonies of Alexander — over the whole ancient world. Latin
made little progress in superseding the native dialects of western
Europe till the time of the Empire.
4. regionibus : = terminis. Cf. p. 101, 7, 8. 7. ampla: =
1 full of honor,' ' glorious.' It was an honor to any nation to be
conquered by Rome ! 8. de vita : \ at the risk of life.'
9. periculorum : i. e. ad pericula subeunda. Kind of gen.?
11. scriptores rerum suarum : among them are mentioned
Anaximenes, Aristobulus, Callisthenes, the poet Choerilus, One-
sicritus, and Ptolemaeus. 13. Achillis tumulum : in the
Troad, near the entrance of the Hellespont, there are several
great prehistoric mounds, or tumuli, to which the names of he-
roes of the Trojan war were given at a very early date. At the
mound said to mark the burial-place of Achilles there was a
temple erected in his honor (Strabo, XIII. i. 32). See Illus-
tration, p. 158. 15. Et vere : sc. dixit.
18. noster hie Magnus : Pompey was no doubt pleased at
this implied comparison of himself with Alexander. 20. civi-
tate donavit: after the war with Sertorius a special enactment
confirmed the grants of citizenship previously made by Pompey
(Cic. Pro Balbo, viii. 19). 23. eiusdem laudis : as that which
Theophanes had bestowed on Pompey. 24. credo : cf. p. 63,
4, and N.
Page 156.] NOTES 311
27. petentem : = si fietisset. 28. quern : ( and (yet) we
saw him, 1 Sulla. in contione : here in contione civium (cf.
I. 20), in the Forum, where he was superintending the sale of
the possessions of the proscribed at auction. ei subiecisset:
1 had thrust up to him (from below) ' as he sat on the tribunal.
29. libellum: we should say *a manuscript.' de populo :
i. e. common, vulgar. quod e pi gram ma : explains libellum,
'an epigram which/ B. 324, i ; A. 593 ; H. 652. 30. tan-
tum . . . longiusculis : i. e. it had no merit except that every
other line was longer than its mate, being written apparently in
elegiac stanzas, or distichs. Cf. B. 369, 1, 2 ; A. 616; H. 739, 1.
33. sedulitatem : ' persistency, 1 ' officiousness. 1
Page 156. 3. donavit : when proconsul in Spain, engaged
in the war with Sertorius. 4. per Lucullos : Lucius and
Marcus Lucullus were kinsmen of Metellus Pius, perhaps cousins,
impetravisset : sc. civitatem. qui : * since he,' Metellus
Pius. 6. Cordubae : a number of Roman veterans had been
settled about Corduba, which was one of the first provincial
cities to become Romanized. pingue : see Idioms.
XL 10. optimus quisque: here 'all the best,* in a moral
sense; the nobler a man, the more ardent his love of glory.
II. illi philosophi : the Stoics and Epicureans especially
claimed to be indifferent to fame. Cicero wrote a treatise De
Gloria, which is now lost. 13. in eo ipso: ■ in regard to
that very matter.' 14. nominari : for se nominari, in the
sense of nobilitaru
16. amicissimi sui : = * of his most intimate friend.' Cf.
p. 148, 7, and N. tempi orum, monumentorum : built with
the proceeds from the sale of booty secured in the conquest of
Further Spain. One of the temples was dedicated to Mars, and
contained a colossal statue of the god by Scopas (Plin. Nat
Hist., XXXVI. v. 26).
19. Fulviua : see Nobilior in Vocab. He was severely cen-
sured by Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him. Musis :
Fulvius built a temple in honor of Hercules and the Muses, and
adorned it richly with works of art taken from Ambracia in Epi-
rus; cf. N. to p. 132, 7. 20. prope armati: 'almost in military
attire; 1 i. e. before they had assumed the garb suitable to the
City and to civil life. 22. a — abhorrere: *be insensible
to, 1 *be inattentive to.'
312 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 157.
28. vobis : i. e. vobis iudicibus, taken as representatives of
your respective classes; for the jurors at this time were drawn
from the ranks of the senators, knights, and tribunes of the
treasury. These classes as a whole had supported Cicero heart-
ily in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Cf, p.
no, Chap, vii., and N. to p. in, 3.
30. incohavit : a year later the poem was not yet finished,
greatly to the disappointment of Cicero (cf. ad Att. I. xvi. 15);
probably it was never completed. Quibus auditis : De eis
{yersibus) cum audissem. 31. res : • the theme.'
34. hanc : hanc mercedem. laudis : explanatory gen.,
'which consists in praise.'
Page 157. 1. quid est, quod : cf. p. 149, 8, and n.
4. nihil — praesentiret : ' cherished no anticipation.' 5. re-
gionibus : as p. 155, 4. 8. angeretur : 'would torment itself.'
B. 256, 1; A. 156, a\ H. 407. de ipsa vita : = etiam de vita.
9. Nunc: 'But as it is.' quoque : i. e. quoque. virtus:
' noble impulse,' ' noble instinct.' 11. non, etc. : well ex-
pressed by Reid, ' that the story of our fame must not be given
up to oblivion when the term of life ends, but that it must be
made coextensive with all future time.'
XII. 14. videamur : ' are we to let ourselves appear. '
19. statuas : ' statues ; ' imagines, ' portraits ' moulded or
carved in any material; simulacra, 'likenesses' whether carved,
drawn, or painted ; contrasted with effigiem, ' representation,'
here used of the ideal. animorum, corporum : we say ' of
the soul,' 'of the body,' preferring to use the generic sing, in
many cases where the Latin has the pi. Cf. n. to p. 152, 22.
23. summis ingeniis : i. e. a viris summo ingenio. ex-
pressam : see N. to p. 151, 10. 27. sapientissimi homines:
philosophers who taught the immortality of the soul, as Pytha-
goras, Socrates. 28. ad . . . pertinebit: 'it shall continue
in relation to some part of my soul,' i. e. ' my soul shall remain
conscious of it.' 30. spe : i. e. of an immortality of fame.
Conclusion.
31. pudore eo : 'of so fine a sense of honor.'
Page 158. 1. eius modi : =r tali. 2. testimonio muni-
cipi: see p. 148, 15-18. 10. ex eo numero, qui: = ex ilia
Page 158.] NOTES 313
rum numero^ qui. 11. sancti : see p. 1 53, 5. 12. itaque :
= et ita.
15. de causa : * in regard to the case,' referring to the earlier,
technical portion of the speech. 20. qui iudicium exercet ;
cf. p. 146, u
314 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 159.
THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS.
Page 159. Pro M. Marcello Oratio : i. e. oratio in qua
Caesari gratias egit pro M. Marcelli restitutione (' restoration '
to standing as a citizen, 'pardon'); the title as it stands is in-
exact. The speech was delivered in the course of a meeting
of the Senate, in the Senate-house (cf. p. 162, 10); but it was
addressed to Caesar, who as consul presided. After Caesar,
yielding to the urgent request of Gaius Marcellus and indi-
vidual senators, declared that he would pardon Marcus Mar-
cellus if the Senate so desired (see pp. 49, 50), the senators
gave their votes in the usual order, nearly all expressing their
thanks also (cf. N. to p. 64, 28); when it came to Cicero's turn to
speak, he responded with this address (ad Fam. IV. IV. 4: plu-
ribus verbis egi Caesari). The speeches for Ligarius and Dei-
otarus, likewise addressed to Caesar, were grouped with this by
the early grammarians under the title orationes Caesarianae. In
view of the circumstances of delivery, as well as the character
of the subject-matter, the pro Marcello is seen to lie on the
border line between the political speeches and those in criminal
cases; but on the whole it may more appropriately be classed
— as also the other Caesarianae — with the latter. Rhetorically
it is an example of the demonstrative order (see p. 15).
Introduction, i. 1
I. 1. Diuturni silenti : lasting almost six years. In 51 B.C.
Cicero was in Cilicia. He returned to Rome in 49 only to find
the outbreak of hostilities between Caesar and Pompey inev-
itable : from that time to the present occasion he had had
neither opportunity nor inclination to exercise his oratorical
gifts, having firmly resolved never to let his voice be heard in
public again (ad Fam. IV. iv. 4 : Statuera?n, non me hercule
inertia, sed desiderio pristinae dignitatis, in perpetuum tacere).
patres conscripti : see n. to p. 62, 28. After the first para-
graph, the address changes to Caesar, but returns to the Senate
Page 159.]
NOTES 315
for a few sentences in Chap. v. eram usus : • I had (have)
maintained;' the Latin often uses the plup. of that which has
just occurred, where our idiom prefers the perfect his tem-
poribus : of civil war.
2. dolore : explained by Dolebam . . . for tuna, 11. 13-15.
3. verecundia : * fear ' of doing wrong, as indicated by nee fas
esse, et seq., 11. 16-19. hodiernus dies : Cicero gives no clue
by which the exact date can be determined; but he writes of
'this day' to Sulpicius (ad Fam. IV. IV. 3): Ita mihi pulcher
hie dies visus est, ut specie m aliquant viderer videre quasi re-
viviscentis rei publicae. 4. initium : notice the forceful order
in Diuturni silenti — finem, initium — dicendi.
6. in summa potestate : Caesar had been made dictator for
ten years, and censor under the title praefectus morum for
three; he was now also consul for the third time (cf. N. to p.
J 39> 3 2 )* Thus under the forms of the republican constitution
he was in reality an absolute monarch. Cf. N. to p. 136, 25.
7. rerum omnium raodum : = in rebus omnibus moderationem
(' self-command ').
10. vobis: Marcellus had been a member of the Senate.
11. illius: i.e. vocem et auctoritatem ('influence'); hendiadys?
14. in eadem causa: as having been a partisan of Pompey's.
in qua ego : sc. what ? 15. in eadem fortuna : as having
received pardon from Caesar. 17. aemulo : here a subst.
18. quasi . . . distracto : '(my) associate and travelling com-
panion, as it were, torn away from me.'
20. mihi meae: the Latins liked to put words of kindred
meaning, or different forms of the same word, in juxtaposition.
B. 350, 5, d; H. 667. 21. interclusam aperuisti: an expres-
sion appropriate -to the implied comparison of life to a journey in
the last sentence. 22. signum — sustulisti: 'you have put
up a flag, as it were, 1 in somewhat the same way that a flag
\vexillmn) was raised over the general's tent in camp as a sign
that the force must make ready for battle. Cf. Caes. de Bell.
Gall. 11. 20. 23. mihi : may be translated as if a me ; but
the dat. in such cases is by no means equivalent to an expression
of agency, indicating rather the person who is concerned in. the
action, on whom consequent results may rest. 24. in multis :
'in the case of many (others)' that Caesar had pardoned., in me
ipso : ' in my own case.'
316 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 160
Page 160. 2. commemoratis praesertim offensionlbus : =a
'that too although his acts of hostility have been brought to
mind ; ' Caesar had just mentioned the ' bitter hatred ' of Mar-
cellus for him {accusata acerbitate Marcelli, ad Fam. IV. IV. 3).
3. auctoritatem . . . anteferre : see p. 50, and N. on p. 314.
4. doloribus : personal feelings. suspicionibus : Caesar had
spoken to the effect that if his enemies were all allowed to
come back his life would not be safe ; cf. p. 165, 16, and N.
5. ante, etc.: see Idioms. 6. consensu: shown by the
unanimity with which the senators had urged the recall of Mar-
cellus. iudicio tuo : which was a recognition of Marcellus's
worth. 11. ventura sit: as Marcellus was at Mytilene, it
would take nearly a month for the news of his pardon to reach
him. 12. optimo iure : see Idioms. 13. optimarum
artium studio : cf. p. 145, 4, and n. ; a reference to Marcellus's
interest in philosophy and oratory. 14. innocentia: as op-
posed to avaritiaj cf. p. 130, 24, et seq.
Discussion.
A. The Deeds of Caesar, n.-vi.
II. 15. Nullius : for the gen. of nemo; not with ingeni*
16. non dicam: cf. p. 137, 10, and n. 17. sed: 'but (even).'
18. Tamen: we should have expected Et tamen. pace tua:
see Idioms. 19. quam earn, quam : it is surprising that the
orator did not avoid the disagreeable assonance by saying ea
quam.
25. numero proeliorum : Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist, VIL
xxv. § 92) says that Caesar fought in fifty pitched battles, being
the only commander that surpassed the number of Marcus Mar-
cellus (the conqueror of Syracuse), who fought in thirty-nine.
regionum : in Gaul, Italy, Epirus, Thessaly, Asia Minor, Egypt,
Africa.
26. celeritate conficiendi : cf. the editor's " Caesar's Gallic
War," pp. 10, 11. 27 disiunctissimas terras citius : in the
campaigns of the Civil War, 49-46 B. c.
30. ea — capere : in our phrase, 'take them in.' 32. bel-
licas laudes : introduced in contrast with the glory gained by
showing mercy to the conquered (p. 161, 5 et seq.). 34. mul-
tis: subordinate officers and soldiers.
Page 162.] NOTES 317
Page 161. 1. in armis : 'in the pursuit of arms,' = ■ in war.'
3. suo iure : cf. p. 145, 8, and n. 4. Fortuna: for the im-
portant part good luck was supposed to play in the victories
and reverses of war, see p. 134, 30 et seq. Caesar himself often
attributed his successes to the kindness of fortune ; cf. De Bell.
Gall. vi. 42 et al. 6. es paulo ante adeptus : by conquering
all personal feeling and granting pardon to a political enemy;
cf. p. 159, 23 et seq. Cicero's praise of Caesar's magnanimous
treatment of the partisans of Pompey is hardly too great. See
Mommsen's " History of Rome," Vol. IV., p. 550 et seq.
7. quantumcumque est: 'great as it is.' 9. ista laude :
i. e. ista tua laude.. 12. tuam esse totam : i. e. istam glo-
riam totatn esse tuam. 13. temeritas, casus: characteristic
of Fortune.
III. 16. gentes, etc. : referring to the Gallic campaigns.
17. copiarum : here ' of resources.' 19. condicionem : ' en-
vironment.' 21. Animum : asyndeton,, where an English
writer would use an adversative conj. vincere, etc.: the
infinitives have a loose dependence on iudico (1. 26), but are
gathered up by haec, the form of the sentence having been
changed after it was started; anacoluthon. B. 374, 6; A. 640.
iracundiam cohibere : " He that is slow to anger is better
than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit than he that
taketh a city" (Prov. xvi. 32). 26. deo : might dei have
been used?
27. bellicae, etc. : has this prophecy been realized ? 28. sed :
* but (also).' 31. nescio : see Idioms. obstrepi : as we say,
'to be drowned out.' clamore militum — tubarum sono :
suggesting scenes of battle, siege, sacking, and carnage. Notice
the chiastic order.
Page 162. I- insolens : especially in civil war. ' And in
one respect particularly,' Cicero wrote to Sulpicius shortly after
this speech was delivered (ad Fam. IV. iv. 2), 'your lot is bet-
ter than mine, because you can freely write what gives you
pain, but I cannot do even this with safety; and that too not
the fault of our conqueror, — whose self-command is simply won-
derful, — but because victory in a civil war is always arrogant.'
4. fictis [rebus] : in the drama and in epic poetry. Cicero
wrote later (Lael. VIII. 28): 'There is nothing more attractive
than a noble character, nothing which more draws out our affec«
318 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 163.
tion; we even in a way conceive an affection for those whom
we have never seen, on account of their lofty character and
uprightness/
5. Te . . . efferemus : B. 351, 5 ; A. 601 ; H. 685. 6. mentem
sensusque et os : i. e. ' thoughts and feelings expressed in his
countenance;' cf. p. 61, 7, and N. quicquid reliquum fece-
rit : = quicquid reliquerit. 9. Parietes, etc. : spirited hyper-
bole, 10. me dius Fidius : see Fidius in Vocab. 11. futura
sit: not futura est; Cicero repeats the reason which the walls
give. ilia auctoritas : for vir ilia auctoritate, or vir tanta
auctoritate, i. e. Marcellus.
IV. 13. C. Marcelli : the brother of Marcus (cf. p. 169,
31, 32). There was another Gaius Marcellus, consul B. c. 50, who
was probably a cousin of Gaius and Marcus; some have thought
that he was the one mentioned here. 14. lacrimis . . . vide-
rem : as he cast himself at Caesar's feet ; see p. 49, and cf. n.
to p. 104, 21. 16. .M. Marcello conservator trans, with 'by'
and a participial phrase. 17. nobilissimam familiam : sc.
quorum from quibus (1. 16). 18. ad paucos : only the three
Marcelli mentioned in n. to 1. 13 are spoken of as living at this
time. 19. Hunc diem : i. e. huius diei gratulationem.
23. multo magnoque : = * a very large.' comitatu : why
abl. ? 24. quae quidem : ' and (yet) in fact this.' tanta
est : followed by a consecutive clause, ut . . . sit aetas, where
a concessive clause (' although time,' etc.) might have been
expected; after the parenthesis the sentence is resumed not
with a parallel consecutive clause, but with a principal state-
ment co-ordinate with tanta est; anacoluthon. Cf. p. 161,
21 et seq.
26. opere et manu : hendiadys; * wrought by the work of
(men's) hands.' 28. magis : * more (and more).' 33. per-
inde atque : * exactly as ; ' the orator cannot find words ade-
quate to express his thought. 34. victoriam vicisse videris :
notice the alliteration; cf. p. 139, 25.
Page 163. 1. videris: 'you are seen.' ilia: ilia victoria.
victis : used as subst.
2. ipsius victoriae condicione, etc.: the meaning is made
clear by a passage in a letter to Marcellus (ad Fam. IV. ix. 3) :
• All the conditions of civil war are wretched ; . . . but nothing
is more wretched than victory itself. Even if this has come
Page 163.] NOTES 319
into the hands of the better sort of men, yet it makes them
savage and violent, that even though they may not be so by
nature, they are forced to become so by necessity. You see,
the conqueror is obliged, even against his will, to do many
things at the beck of those with the help of whom he has
conquered.*
V. 6. hoc . . . pateat : ' how wide a bearing this decision
of Gaius Caesar has.* 7. Omnes, qui: 'all (of us) who.'
8. ilia arma : the side of Pompey in the late war. 10. sce-
lere, etc.: in civil war each side considers the other an enemy
of the state ; Caesar's generous attitude relieves those who joined
Pompey from the position of men charged with the 'crime' of
taking up arms against their country.
12. me : sc. reddidit; for me mihi and sibi iftsos (for ipsis\
see N. to p. 159, 20. 14. quorum et frequentiam et
dignitatem : abstract for concrete, = quos et frequentes et
summa dignitate (praeditos). 15. ille induxit : first prin-
cipal clause; Caesar allowed his opponents to come back not
as enemies, but as those against whom the charge of having
been rebels, or traitors, would not be raised. After the battles
of Pharsalus and Thapsus, he caused the correspondence dis-
covered at the headquarters of the enemy to be burned.
16. ignoratione : i. e. of the facts or merits of the case.
17. metu : as in the case of Metellus, who had done so much
to offend Caesar that he feared Caesar's resentment.
19. Quo in bello, et seq. : Cicero improves this first oppor-
tunity to offer a public explanation of his reasons for having
gone over to Pompey, and of his real attitude in the late war.
He had previously made similar explanations to his friends, as
indicated by a letter to Marius (ad Fam. VII. in. 6), in which
he says : ' I should have preferred to talk this over with you
by ourselves ; but as it would be some time before I could
see you, I wanted to lay the matter before you in a letter, in
order that, if you should chance to fall in with any of my critics
you might know what to say to them. For there are some
people who, though my taking off would have brought no ad-
vantage to the state, yet think it a downright sin that I am
alive ; • i. e. not having laid down my life at Pharsalus or
Thapsus. de pace audiendum : we say ' that the voico
of peace should be heard.'
320 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS I^age 164.
21. civium pacem flagitantium : among them Cicero himself,
as the following sentence implies. Neque enim : ' And (with
consistency) for I did not,' etc. 22. ilia [arma] : as in 1. 8.
ulla : * any (other).' Cicero sympathized with the political affil-
iations of Sulla, but did not come forward as an active par-
tisan. 23. civilia : = * in civil war.' Cicero did not take
part in the battle of Pharsalus. 24. Hominem : Pompey.
25. privato consilio : i. e. as a matter of personal obligation.
The statements here are borne out by Cicero's letters to Atticus,
and to Pompey himself, in 49 b. c.
26. grati . . . memoria : « the faithful recollection of a thank-
ful heart,' remembering Pompey's kindnesses. 27. non modo :
see N. to p. 71, 21. prudens et sciens : a stereotyped phrase,
borrowed originally from the law ; like our expression, " with my
eyes wide open." 30. integra re: before the outbreak of
hostilities between Caesar and Pompey. 31. eadem . . .
sensi: 'I retained the same opinions, even at the risk of my
life.' After the battle of Pharsalus Cicero refused the com-
mand offered him by Cato and counselled peace, whereupon he
was assailed by Pompey's son Gnaeus, and would have lost his
life had not Cato interfered (Plut. Cic. xxxix.).
Page 164. 1. ceteris fuerit iratior: trans, as a subordinate
clause with * while.' Why ? id : i. e. Caesarem pads auctores
conservandos esse censere.
VI. 5. huius rei, etc. : Marcellus also was in favor of peace.
8. certorum hominum: the language implies that their names
were known to Caesar and the Senate. The leaders on the
side of Pompey had indulged in the most extravagant plans of
proscription and confiscation : Tanta erat in tilts crudelitas, tanta
cum barbaris gentibus coniunctio, ut non nominatim, sed gene-
rati7n ('by classes') proscriptio esset informata ; ut iam om-
nimn iudicio constitutum esset o?nnium vestru?n (' of you ' who
had not joined the party of Pompey, even though remaining
neutral) bona praedatn esse illius victoriae (ad Att. XI. vi. 2).
Cf. 11. 21-23 below.
13. proeliorum exitu terminatam : i. e. scenes of bloodshed
were not continued in proscriptions. vagina vacuum: for
e vagina eductum. 17. ex eadem acie : i. e. in eodem
exercitu.
19. Alterius partis : the side of Pompey. 23. ubi fuisset;
Page 166.] NOTES 321
plup. because the war was now wholly in the past. Only those
who had actually followed Pompey to Greece were to be
spared. 25. poenas : see Idioms. 26. qui : = eo, quod.
28. omnem spem ad — contulisse : ■ to have rested all hope
on,' 'to have placed all hope in/
32. ex quo: = */ ex eo {bond). 33. sapienti: Caesar was
a believer in the Epicurean philosophy. Cetera tua: 'your
other (deeds).'
Page 165. 1. de nobis: i. e. of your pardoning of us.
5. summa bona : among the philosophers summum bonum was
the term for ' the highest good.' 7. Virtute : personified.
9. Noli, etc. : the orator pleads for the others situated as Mar-
cellus was. B. 276, c\ A. 450; H. 561, 1. 11. opinione
stulta : as we say, ' by a wrong idea,' ' by a mistaken notion.*
12. tua ulla culpa: cf. p. 77, 10, and N. 13. -que: 'but.*
B. Caesar's Danger, vn.-x.
VII. 16. suspicionem : that there was danger of a plot
against his life. 18. providenda : milder word for prae-
cavenda. 20. cautio : 'safety.' As Drumann aptly remarks
(" Geschichte Roms," Vol. VI., p. 264), " So far as human calcu-
lations can determine, if Caesar had not been murdered in 44
Cicero would not have been killed in 43."
22. tam demens : i. e. tarn demens ut tibi insidietur.
23. quam quibus : quam (ei), quibus. 24. ex hoc numero,
qui : = ex horum numero, qui. 26. summa : ' in the highest
degree,' ' to the fullest extent' 28. nihil cogitant sceleris :
* are plotting no crime.' 29. inimici : sc. what ? fuerunt :
sc. inimici. pertinacia: as in the recent struggle in Africa.
31. de inimicis: B. 201, I, a; A. 346, c\ H. 444. qui
fuerunt : i. e. qui fuerunt inimici et supersunt.
33. in animis hominum: = 'in the heart of man;' cf. N. to
p. 157, 19. latebrae : = ' depths.'
Page 166. 3. nihil — cogitans : ' unreflecting,' ' thoughtless.'
nee — nee: cf. p. 150, 1, and n. 5. ex, etc.: (vitam) omnium
ex vita tui unius pendere. Reason for the order ? 7. dum-
taxat humanos : = ' yet only those common to humanity ; ' con-
trasted with sceleris . . . consensio. 9. debeat: 'is bound to
be;' cf. N. to p. 101, 4. 11. incertos motus : = ' the varia-
bility,' ' the uncertainty ; ' with the same underlying idea as thaf
322 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 166.
of our colloquial expression, " Oh, he has his ups and downs."
Cf. p. 152, 22, and n.
12. quern deum : owing to the association of each divinity
with a particular sphere of activity, and the subordination of
all to Fate, the gods of the ancient mythology were not looked
upon as omnipotent. The expression here, however, is highly
rhetorical. si cupiat: = etiam si rei publicae opitulari
cupiat.
VIII. 14- sunt excitanda : * must be lifted up,* * raised up ; '
in contrast with iacere, etc. Measures looking toward all the
reforms suggested — and many besides — had already been sanc-
tioned, or were under consideration. See Mommsen's " History
of Rome," Vol. IV., p. 586 et seq. 16. iudicia : regulated
by a lex Iulia iudiciaria, which took away from the tribunes of
the treasury the privilege of sitting on juries; cf. N. to p. 11 1, 3
and 11.
17. fides : the lex Iulia de fenore (passed B. c. 49) ordered
an assessment of mortgaged property at the valuation held
before the depreciation caused by the civil wars, and obliged
creditors to accept it at this valuation in satisfying their claims,
without the payment of any arrears of interest that might be
due. In this way burdensome debts were cancelled, with a loss
to creditors of only about one fourth their original investment
(Caes. de Bell. Civ. in. I ; Suet. Iul. Caes. xlii.). libidines :
here refers particularly to extravagance in living. Caesar car-
ried the enforcement of sumptuary laws so far as to place
guards about the market to confiscate forbidden luxuries ; in
some cases even dishes were taken from the table in private
houses (Suet Iul. Caes. xliil). 18. suboles : Caesar "pro-
posed extraordinary rewards for the fathers of numerous fami-
lies, while he at the same time as supreme judge of the nation
treated divorce and adultery with a rigor according to Roman
ideas unparalleled." Mommsen, Vol. IV., p. 623.
20. ardore: for the order cf. p. 146, 6, and n. 22. orna-
menta dignitatis : cf. p. 1 18, 12, and n. praesidia stabilitatis :
cf. p. 122, 20, 21. 23. armatus, togatus : cf. p. 156, 21-23.
28. vocem : * utterance.' Satis diu : = * long enough.'
According to Suetonius (Iul. Caes. lxxxvi.) Caesar declared
neque voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse, quod valetudine
minus prospera utereturj . . . non tarn sua quam rei publicae
Page 167.] NOTES 323
inter esse, uti salvus esset ; se {am pridem potentiae gloriaeque
abunde adeptum (esse) ; rem publicam, si quid sibi eveniret,
neque quietam fore et aliquanto deteriore condicione civilia
bella subituram.
29. naturae: i. e. for the space of life allotted by nature.
How old was Caesar at this time ? 31. parum : = ' not long
enough.' 32. doctorum hominum : the philosophers; cf.
p. 106, 22, et seq. 34. enim : i. e. And 1 have reason for
saying this; 'for' . . .
Page 167. 1- Credo : i. e. credo te ita sentire. turn —
si : = ' (only) in case.' id audirem : ' I would listen to it,'
in the sense of id probarem, 'I would approve of it.' 5. fun-
damenta, quae: i. e. fundamenta eorum (openwi), quae ; ref-
erence not only to the great plans Caesar had formed for the
reorganization of the state (see n. to p. 166, 14), but also to a
series of magnificent public buildings on which work had
already been commenced. 7. aequitate animi : ' by the even
balance of your mind,' the philosophic calm which even the
thought of death cannot disturb.
11. Parum — magna: ' (works) not great enough.' 12. satis:
i.e. satis magna. 15. futurus fuit: 'was destined to be.'
17. vide: 'see to it.' 18. virtus: here 'character.'
19. magnorum . . . meritorum : i. e. fama magnorum meri-
torum vel in suos cives ('towards one's fellow-citizens 1 ), etc.
Reason for the order ? Cicero gives also a similar definition
of gloria (Phil. I. xii. 29) : Est autem gloria laus recte fac-
torum magnorumque in rem publicam meritorum, quae cum
optimi cuiusque turn etiam multituditiis testitnonio co?nprobatur.
IX. 22. pars: 'part;' implied comparison of life to a
drama. hie actus : ' (only) this act,' the last act. 24. in
primis :=< above all others.' 26. solveris : 'you shall have
paid (the debt).' satietate vivendi : cf. Cic. Cato Mai. xx.
76: Satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis adfert. 28. hoc
ipsum : i. e. vivere diu or vixisse diu. extremum : in the
sense of finis ; 'And yet,' says Cicero (Cato Mai. xix. 69), 'ye
beneficent gods ! what is there long in the life of man ? '
29. pro nihilo: 'as nothing' at all. 30. Quamquam : as
p. 70, 14. 31. his angustiis : 'by these narrow bounds.'
32. fuit, semper: asyndeton, where we should say 'but.' im-
mortalitatis : cf. p. 156, 9-1 1, and N.
324 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 168.
34. Nee . . . est : ' And in truth this ought not to be con-
sidered your (real) life.'
Page 168. 1. spiritu: < breath,' as the necessary condition of
the body's existence. ilia, ilia : cf. p. 62, 5, and N. ; p. 98, 34
et seq. 4. inservias : B. 295, 6, 8 ; A. 565, with n. i ;
H. 564,11. 1. te ostentes : 'acquit yourself before;' ostentart
is used in the sense of our phrase, " to place one's self in the
right light" before another. 5. miretur : for admiretur.
7. provincias, etc. : i. e. the conquering of provinces, the cross-
ing of the Rhine, the advance to the ocean, the victory by the
Nile ; condensed and vivid statement. 8. pugnas : cf. p. 160,
25, and n. 9. triumphos : Caesar had just celebrated a four-
fold triumph for his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Asia Minor (veni,
vidi, vici), and over the allies of the Pompeian leaders in
Africa. 12. sedem . . . habebit : the orator avoids saying
outright that Rome will be destroyed; cf. p. 101, 4, and n.
14. magna dissensio : one has only to read the opinions
passed on Caesar in recent times by Arnold and Mommsen,
Froude and Trollope, to bear witness to the remarkable fore-
sight revealed in this passage. 16. idque vel maximum : =
* and this most of all.' salute : sc. restituta, ' by restoring
the safety.' 17. illud : the flames. hoc : the extinguishing
of the flames.
18. Servi : * look to.' 19. haud scio an : ' ' probably.'
22. ad te, etc.: cf. p. 157, 28-30, and n. quidam : the Epi-
cureans; cf. p. 106, 22-24, and n. falso: as Cicero knew that
Caesar was an Epicurean, and was not accustomed to express
his own belief in the immortality of the soul so unreservedly, it
seems hardly possible that he could have used the word falso
as it stands here. Very likely it was inserted by some pious
copyist of the Christian epoch. 23. nunc certe : while you
are still living.
X. 26. Diversae, etc. : referring again to the period of civil
war through which they had just passed. 28. obscuritas:
= • uncertainty,' ' wavering,' among those at Rome ; explained
by what follows. 30. quid optimum esset : whether to re-
main neutral, or to join Caesar or Pompey. 32. quid
liceret: i. e. how far they would be allowed to take advantage
of the undisturbed condition of affairs to their own interest.
34. neque omnes, etc. : in implied contrast with the position
Page 170.] NOTES 325
assumed by Pompey. who had declared that he would treat as
public enemies all who failed in their allegiance. Cf. N. to p.
164, 8.
Page 169. 2. posita [sunt]: after the battle at Pharsalus.
erepta sunt : as in the struggle in Africa. 5. ille : ante-
cedent to the following qui; he who gave up his life in battle
rather than yield is a better man than he who submits to be
pardoned and yet remains hostile. 6. Quae — eadem : \ the
same (trait) which.'
10. aliquid: 'any (measure).' 13. omnes : 'all (of us).'
14. haec : cf. p. 70, II, and n. 17. subesse : = latere.
18. excubias : ' watches ' stationed outside of a camp or build-
ing, as distinguished from custodiae, 'guards' set to protect a
given point or place, and vigiliae, 'patrol-men.' The following
year the Senate voted Caesar a select body-guard, but he
refused to accept it.
Conclusion, xi.
XI. 21. maximas gratias : see Idioms. With tnaximas —
maiores cf. certissima — certiora, p. 94, 15-18. 22. maiores
[gratias] : ' greater ' than can be expressed. idem sentiunt :
' have the same feeling.' 24. stantibus — dicere : trans, as
if stare et dicere. 25. cui necesse est [dicere]: i.e. as an
ex-consul (cf. n. to p. 106, 10-12) and prominent member of the
Senate, and as the most intimate friend of Marcellus.
30. Quod : refers as antecedent not only to id, 1. 33, but also
loosely to id understood as object of praestare, p. 1 70, 2 ; hav-
ing performed the duty imposed by my affection in pleading
for Marcellus, I ought now to perform the gracious duty of
returning thanks. mea : ' on my part.' 34. tarn diu —
quam diu : — ' so long as.'
Page 170. 3. omnibus rebus : c in all respects ; ' not in re-
gard to life merely, but also as regards property, civil rights,
and standing. me — conservato : trans, by a clause with
'although.' 6. maximus . . . accesserit : trans, as if hoc
tuo facto maximum cumulum accessisse confitear.
326 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 171.
THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY.
Page 171. Oratio Philippica Quarta: delivered
from the Rostra (see N. on p. 227), Dec. 20, b. c. 44; for the occa-
sion, and an outline of the matter, see pp. 51-53. Plutarch says
(Cic. xxiv.) that the orator himself called the speeches against
Antony < Philippics ; ' whether that be true or not, the term was
applied to them not long afterwards (cf. Juv. x. 123-126), and is
found in the oldest MS.
Introduction, i. (11. 1-19.)
I. 1. Frequentia vestrum: cf. p. 116, 1, and N. incredi-
bilis: great or numerous beyond the belief of any one who
had not actually seen it. 2. videor : sc. mihi. 5. tem-
pora : immediately preceding {he death of Caesar, but more
particularly since. quae simul ac : = et simul aique ea.
6. princeps — fui : 'I took the lead in.' 8. Hodierno enim
die : i. e. You will see that this is true ; ' for to-day (first).'
9. rem actam : sc. esse. 10. reliquarum: 'of all remaining;'
with actionum, ' of all that remains to be done.' 14. tanto
. . . approbavistis : indicates that the statement Nam . . .
Antonius had been vociferously applauded. 16. impii : cf.
p. 71, 2, and N. 17. ille hostis : sc. sit.
Discussion.
A. Antony has been judged an enemy. I. (I. 20) -IV.
20. C. Caesar: Octavianus; cf. p. 51. 23. Laudo, etc.:
the audience had again applauded, at the mention of Octavianus.
24. vel pueri potius : he was in his twentieth year.
Page 172. 1. sunt . . . aetatis : = « for his deeds are im-
mortal ; (only) his name (i. e. ' age ') is that of youth.' 4. tale
— qui: 'like (the deed of him) who.' 6. a Brundisio . . .
reditum : "Antony had, with the permission of the Senate, re-
called four legions from Macedonia, the Second, Fourth, and
Page 173.] NOTES 327
Thirty-fifth, and the Mars legion; on the 9th of October he
had gone to Brundisium to assume command of them. The
allegiance of the Fourth and Mars legions being doubtful (see
n. to 1. 16), he sent the other two north by detachments, with
the design of concentrating a powerful force at Ariminum in
Cisalpine Gaul. In the meantime, by the offer of a bounty of
500 denarii ( = about $80) to each of the veterans who would
enlist under him, Octavianus quickly raised an efficient corps,
which after no long time comprised five legions.
8. exercitum invictum, etc.: cf. Phil. III. 11. 3: C. Caesar
adulescens, fiaene potius puer, incredibili ac divina quadam
mente atque virtu te, cum maxime furor arderet Antoni cum>
que eius a Brundisio crudelis et pestifer reditus timeretur^ nee
postulantibus nee cogitantibus, ne optantibus quidem nobis, quia
non posse fieri videbatur, firmissimum exercitum ex inviclo
genere veteranoru?n militum comparavit patrimoniumque suum
effudit ; quamquam non sum usus eo verbo, quo debui — non
enim effudit; in rei publicae salute collocavit.
II. 16. Suessae : i. e. Suessa Aurunca, in the southern part
of Latium. On the way to or from Brundisium, probably on
the journey thither, Antony had put to death some soldiers at
Suessa (Phil. III. iv. 10, XIII. vni. 18). Brundisi: here
he had put to death chosen centurions of the Mars legion, and
other citizens (about 300 in all), on account of their lack of alle-
giance to him personally. 17. nihil — cogitaret: cf. p. 68,
17, and N. 18. erat : why not esset, or fuisset ? 19. mi-
litum : ' (composed) of soldiers.' 22. mini adsensus : in
our parliamentary phrase, * on my motion.' 23. ut — refer-
retur : i.e. ad senatum, for final action. primo, etc.: see
Idioms.
25. Quern : we say ' what.' 26. contra . . . eis : freely,
'for whose antagonists in war; 1 referring particularly to Octa-
vianus. 29. a , . . generatum: i. e. through Romulus.
30. suia decretis : in deciding to desert the side of Antony ;
see p. 173, 1-3. 32. consulem: Antony was still consul;
see p. 51. 33. loco: 'in place/ i.e. 'opportunely.' re-
clamatione : at the words hos . . . hostes . . . iudicemus the
audience had shouted 'No! No!'
Page 173. 3. parricidam patriae : cf. parricidio y p. 68, 18,
and n. 5. Albae • Alba (2) in Vocab.
328 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 174.
III. 11. M. Antoni: cf. N. to p. 148, II. As Antony was not
present, the direct address here is introduced simply to make
the arraignment more vivid. 14. arcessitae sunt : from
Macedonia: see n. to p. 172, 6. 18. nisi forte: used as nisi
vero ; cf. p. 109, 24, and N.
20. ut ostenditis : the irony of the preceding sentence had
stirred the audience to another demonstration of feeling. The
Roman populace were as wax in the hands of the orator.
23. haec: as p. 70, II. 25. hodierno eius edicto : Deci-
mus Brutus as governor of Cisalpine Gaul had issued a pro-
clamation that he would hold this province 'in the power of the
Senate and of the Roman people,' thus shutting Antony out
and thwarting his plan of making Ariminum a centre of mili-
tary operations. Cf. N. to p. 172, 6. 26. num . . . videtur :
followed by cries of 'No! No ! ' shown by Recte . . . negatis.
29. Brutorum genus : i. e. in the expulsion of the last of the
early Kings, Tarquin (ad libertatem constituendam), as well as
in the overthrow of these later rulers, Caesar and Antony (ad
libertatem recipiendam). 32. Galliam : Cisalpina7n.
Page 174. 1. Num . . , possumus : again shouts of 'No.
No ! ' see 1. 3, una mente, etc.
IV. 5. optime : see Idioms. 10. resistat : why not
resistit f 11. neque enm reciperet : = ' and should not
receive him as such.' 12. in consulis iure : only in a general
way, in showing the respect appropriate to the representative
of the highest authority of the nation, unless, as sometimes
happened, the consul received an extraordinary provincial com-
mission ; for each province had its own governor and staff of
administration independent of the consular office (cf. p. 60).
14. rei publicae : dat. 15. negat . . . vos : climax and
anaphora, heightened by the asyndeta.
17. latrones : i. e. Antony's followers. putant : why not
putat ? 22. quos, etc. : veterans of Caesar, who had been
rewarded with lands and other gifts, and had quickly wasted
all they had received. Cf. p. 84, 24-34, and notes. 23. hasta :
i. e. auction sale of confiscated property. The place of auction,
particularly of booty or of confiscated goods, was denoted by a
spear placed upright in the ground. 28. hoc omen : • this
prophetic word.'
29. Ita . . . precamini : the people had responded, with simi
Page 176.] NOTES 329
lar invocations, to the prayer just uttered (11. 27, 28). 33. pro-
digiis, portentis : referring perhaps to the unusual phenomena
noticed about the time of Caesar's death, and afterwards. Cf.
nn. to p. 97, 15 and 16.
B. Remain in your judgment of Antony as an enemy,
v., vi. (1. 15).
Page 175. V. 5. Reliquum est: cf. p. 126, 19, and N.
8. videant: B. 324; A. 593; H. 652. ut: i. e. solent (facere)
ut. B. 297, 1 ; A. 568, n. 1 ; H. 566, 1.
17. cum . . . belua : cf. p. 77, 2-4, and N. 20. erit recu-
sanda [nobis] : i. e. we may expect to suffer everything.
tenetur : = deprehenditur. 21. mox eis : sc. what ?
22. novi consulea : Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius,
who immediately upon their entry into office, eleven days after
this time, were to take measures to head off Antony; so the
Senate had decreed. 26. agitur : ' the matter at issue is.'
29. crudelitatem mortis et dedecus : we should say, ' a
cruel and shameful death.' Cf. n. to p. 146, 6. 33. virtus :
of virtus Cicero had written, early in this same year (Lael.
xxvii. 100) : In ea est enim convenientia rerum, in ea stabili-
fas, in ea constantia. 35. demoveri loco : cf. p. j6, 13,
and n.
Page 176. 3. reges: as Perseus and Antiochus; cf. p. 137,
24 et seq.
VI. 5. cum — res erat : = ' had to meet. 1 7. rationem :
= * basis.' 10. orbis ter*ae consilium : cf. p. 64, 25.
13. qui: 'how.*
Conclusion.
17. omne certamen : ■ a contest throughout.' 18. Spar
taco : Cicero elsewhere intimates (Phil. III. VIII. 21) that Antony
in his proclamations had alluded to Octavianus as ' a Spartacus.'
19. scelere, industria : see p. 79. 20. Ille . . . conflavit :
cf. N. to p. 86, 24. 21. quern acccpit : a senatu, referring to
the four legions from Macedonia, of which two had deserted
him.
30. id : i. e. ut quicquam praetermittam, understood from
the preceding sentence. pro . . . beneficiis : cf. p. 114,
330 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 176.
26 et seq. 32. referente : i. e. ad senatum. In the absence
of the consuls the meeting of the Senate had been called by
the tribunes, among whom Servilius took the lead. 33. hoc
M. Servilio : Servilius was probably on the Rostra, near the
orator; cf. p. 108, 17, and N. 34. longo interval! o : at the
time of Caesar's death, more than nine months before, it seemed
as if their liberties would be at once restored.
Page 177.] NOTES 331
NOTES TO THE LETTERS.
Page 177. Epistolae: a letter was called epistola ( = «ri-
otoAtJ, from C7rio-TeAA(o, ' send by a messenger'), as having the
nature of a message, sent by one person to another; litterae,
from the characters of the writing; or tabellae, from the sur-
faces on which the writing was placed ; with us, " despatch,"
" line," " card," etc. For the form and address of Roman letters,
see pp. 54-56.
I. TO ATTICUS, at Athens (ad Att. I. vn.).
Rome; b. c. 68.
Cicero Attico sal. : the usual heading of the letters to Atticus,
sal. being put briefly for salutem dicit. This heading is prob-
ably not genuine, at least for the earlier letters; for in the let-
ters themselves prior to 50 b. c. Atticus is addressed ordinarily
as mi Pomponi. He owed his last name to a residence of
twenty years at Athens ; so Cicero playfully says to him (Cato
Mai. 1. 1) : 'You brought back from Athens not only a surname,
but also culture and practical wisdom.'
1. Apud . . . est: 'All's well at your mother's,' or 'Every-
thing is all right at your mother's, and I am looking after her.'
2. HS. xxcd. : i 20,400 sesterces/ = about $840. This sum
would ordinarily be written xxcd ; cf. A. 635; H. 170, 4. But in
familiar correspondence, or in speaking of a sum previously men-
tioned, the denomination might be omitted; by a similar ellipsis
we say " I gave twenty-four hundred for a lot," meaning twenty-
four hundred dollars. Atticus had probably expended this money
in buying works of art in Athens for Cicero's villa at Tusculum ;
cf. ad Att. I. VI. 2. curaturum [esse] : 'that I would see to
the payment of.' Idibus : see N. to p. 66, 34. What date ?
B. 371, 372; A. 631, £; H. 754, 3-
3. Tu velim — des operam: 'I should like to have you see
' to it,' = « Will you please to see to it ; ' velim is often used
thus to soften a request. B. 280, 2, a\ A, 44 2 > b\ H. 565, 2.
6. conficere: either by purchase or by having copies made;
332 TO GNAEUS POMPEY [Page 178.
for among his slaves Atticus kept a number of copyists.
7. cum in otium venerimus : = ' when I shall take a vaca-
tion.' How lit.? 8. tpositam habemus : B. 337, 6; A. 497, b;
H. 43i> 3-
II. TO GNAEUS POMPEY, in Asia (ad Fam. V. vn.).
Rome; B.C. 62.
M. Tullius, etc.: i. e. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marci filius, sa-
lutem dicit Gnaeo Pompeio, Gnaei filio, Magno, Imperatori. In
less formal correspondence forenames and titles were usually
omitted.
10. S . . . E. : a stately greeting, appropriate to a commander
with his army ; not common. See Vocab. litteris tuis :
despatches to the Senate announcing the finishing of the
Mithridatic war. 12. oti : for pacts. 13. pollicebar: par-
ticularly in the speech 'On Pompey's Commission,' four years
before. 14. veteres hostes, novos amicos : a reference to
certain persons who were then wishing to be on good terms
with Pompey; perhaps Caesar and other members of the popu-
lar party are meant. 15. ex magna spe, etc. : because
Pompey's unparalleled successes would render him less disposed
to effect a reconciliation with former enemies, and because the
finishing of the war would make it possible for him to come
back to Rome in the near future.
16. Ad me litteras : in answer to a letter of Cicero giving a
full account of his consulship and of his services to the state
in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Pompey's
letter in reply was cold and formal, containing slight evidence
of any appreciation of the orator's achievements.
Page 178. 2. meorum officiorum : * of my services ' to
others, particularly to you. 3. quibus . . . patior : 'and if
no adequate return is made to these, I am entirely satisfied
to let the balance of service rendered remain on my side.'
5. mea . . . studia : ' my most enthusiastic efforts on your
behalf.' Cicero had not only urged the passing of the bill of
Manilius, giving Pompey the command under which he was
still exercising authority as imperator, but had also as consul
in the latter part of 63 b. c. proposed a ten days' supplicatio
(see n. to p. 95, 21 ; de Prov. cons. xi. 27) in recognition of his
Page 179] NOTES 333
public services in the Mithridatic war. 6. inter nos : here
' to each other. 1
10. Res eas, etc. : i. e. the crushing of the Catilinarian conspi-
racy ; Cicero had supposed that Pompey would make reference
to this in his despatches to the Senate. 13. cuius : some
of Pompey's supporters, who happened to be ill-disposed toward
Cicero at that time. 16. quae:=^ ea. consilio :
' discretion.' 18. Africanus : the intimacy of the younger
Scipio with Laelius was proverbial ; Cicero afterwards made it
the text of his treatise ' On Friendship.' It is not improbable
that the ex-consul had looked forward to a kind of copartner-
ship in public esteem and influence between himself and Pom-
pey; cf. p. ioi, 6-9.
III. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. iv.).
Tusculan Villa ; b. c. 59.
21. Fecisti . . . misisti : * You did me a very great favor in
sending,' etc. 24. praesentem : ' at once.' 25. ex-
pensum : sc. eum (i. e. librum) ; ' that you may (why not
1 might ' ?) not have to carry it (in your accounts) as an expen-
diture under the head of gifts.' 26. amabo te, cura ut —
transigas: 'will you be so kind as to make a settlement;'
amabo te, ' I shall be obliged to you,' a ' I request,' ' be so
kind.' 28. mini, etc.: 'I should be most pleased to have
those articles sent back.' male . = ' at too high a price,'
'too dear.'
Page 179. 1. Pomponiae: Quintus Cicero, or his wife, had
been interested in the purchase referred to. 2. nummi, etc. :
pay an exorbitant price rather than have any trouble. 3. velim :
cf. N. to p. 177, 3.
5. Clodius ad Tigranem : as an ambassador. Syrpiae :
from ms. readings syrpie, Sirpiae ; unintelligible as it stands.
The most probable explanation is that of Gronov, who reads
the passage velim Scepsii condicione, ' I hope with the fate of
the Scepsian;' for Metrodorus of Scepsis (see Map) went to
Tigranes as ambassador for Mithridates, and was put to death
by his king on account of his imprudent speech. Boot emends
334 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 180.
the passage to read thus : Clodius ergo, ut ais, ad Tigranem vel
in Cyprum : opimae condicionesj sed facile patior.
6. facile patior : * I am quite reconciled ' to it, having no
time for such a mission myself at present. % 7. liberam lega-
tionem : ' a free embassy ; ' sometimes a senator was allowed
to travel with the rights and privileges of an ambassador, but
' free ' from any responsibility as a government representative.
8. in otio : ' in private life ; ' Quintus Cicero was now governor
of Asia. 9. sacerdos Bonae Deae : playful irony ; see
pp. 6, 7. 12. mini . . . mentem : see Idioms. Crasso :
i. e. for his coalition with Pompey and Caesar in the so-called
first triumvirate. 13. quod . . . desciverim : ' that I have
not proved false to myself.'
14. De geographia, etc. : Cicero evidently thought of writing
a treatise on geography ; Attic us was anxious to have him
finish the work. dabo operam, ut : * I '11 try to.' 16. pere-
grinationis : in the southern part of Latium ; the outing will
do me so much good that I '11 get the book done all the sooner
in consequence. 18. facito, etc.: see Idioms. 20. nihil:
see Idioms.
21. saltum : no doubt a part of Terentia's dowry. 22. quer-
cum Dodonaeam : the famous oak at Dodona, at which oracles
were received. 23. Epirum: the appearance of Terentia's
* woodlands' was very like that of Epirus, where Atticus had
extensive estates.
28. muro : Marcus and Quintus Cicero had adjoining resi-
dences on the Palatine hill. A wall between the orator's gym-
nasium and his brother's premises seemed to be unsafe ; he
does not wish to have it taken down, but refers the whole mat-
ter to Atticus, who naturally looked after the affairs of Pomponia
in the absence of her husband.
30. adhibeas: * consult.' dubia vita: B. 227, 1 ; A. 419, a-
H. 489. 31. optimi cuiusque : cf. p. 116, 5, and N. magni
. . . fructum: <I consider a single summer's enjoyment — of
great account.' 32. ita ? ut : < (only) on condition that.'
IV. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. xiii.).
Formian Villa ; B. C. 59.
Page 180. 1. Facihus indignum : ' Too bad ! , epistolam
. . reddidisse : the infin. is sometimes used with the ace. in
Page 181.] NOTES 335
exclamations. B. 334 ; A. 462 ; H. 616, 3. av0wp«C: ' the very
hour' that yours was received. See p. 368. 2. ad: 'in answer
to.' 4. domum : to Cicero's house on the Palatine. 6. tuam :
'to you.' For tibi tuam cf. p. 159, 20, and N. referri: 'be
carried back' to Rome again.
8. sileri : = ' that nothing is said,' i. e. about the course
Caesar is taking. 9. regnum vestrum : 'your lordship,'
i. e. the lordship of the triumvirs, to which Atticus and men
like him submitted without remonstrance. 10. Tt]\€irv\ov
Acuo-Tpiryovdiv : ' Laestrygonian Telepylus,' a city of the fabulous
Laestrygonians (Od. x. 81) ; applied to Formiae, which was ^aid
to have been founded by a colony of Laestrygonians. 11. dico :
' I mean.' 13. cuius cognomen, etc. : i. e. Pompey is no
longer spoken of as 'Great,' nor Crassus Dives as 'Rich.'
The Crassus mentioned is probably not .the triumvir, but some
wealthy member of the family who had become poor. 14. Cre-
das mihi velim : 'I hope you'll believe me.' 15. offendi:
' I have come across.'
17. 4>i\o<ro<{>«|Mv : 'let us be philosophers, 1 'let us take refuge
in philosophy.' iuratus : 'on my oath.' 18. nihil esse
tanti : ' nothing is of so great value,' ' there is nothing like (phi-
losophy),' in these troubled times. Sicyonios: they were
in debt to Atticus, who seems to have hoped to get a letter
from the Senate or consuls advising them to pay him what
they owed. 19. unde nos : sc. what ?
V. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. x.).
Forum of Appius, b. c 59 ; written before Ep. iv.
21. Volo, etc. : 'I want you to admire my grit. I am resolved
not to attend the games at Antium. For it would be in bad
form (vtto<t6\oikov), when I wish to avoid all appearance of enjoy-
ing myself, suddenly to let myself be seen (a.va<f>OLLV€vdai) travelling
not merely for amusement but even for foolish amusement.' He
had previously written that he was going with Tullia to see the
games at Antium (ad Att. II. vm. 2). Antium was a resort of
pleasure-seekers; but attending the games there would be 'fool-
ish amusement' for one accustomed to the games at Rome.
Page 181. 3 « fac : see Idioms. 4. Dederam : B. 265 ; A. 479;
336 TO ATTICUS, IN EPIRUS [Page 182.
H. 539, i. 5. aliam [epistolam] : the letter which went wrong;
see Ep. iv.
VI. TO ATTICUS, in Epirus (ad Att. II. xxiii.).
Rome; B. c. 59.
6, meam: 'of mine.' 8. cum . . . haberem : 'as I have
no leisure.' B. 265 ; A. 479; H. 539, 1. 9. recreandae vocu-
lae : ' of strengthening my poor voice,' worn out with speaking
in the courts (1. 22).
11. Sampsiceramum : ' the Emir,' i. e. Pompey. Sampsi-
ceramus was an obscure Syrian prince, conquered by Pompey,
whose boastful references to eastern victories led to the appli-
cation of several sonorous oriental names to himself. Cicero
calls him also Arabarckes, 'the Sheikh' (ad Att. II. xvn. 3),
and Hierosoly mar ius, 'the Jerusalemite,' (ad Att. II. ix. 1).
12. sui status : his relation with Caesar and Crassus, and his
loss of popularity. 16. illius partis : the party of the trium-
virate, which Cicero represents as losing all influence, with no
one to come to the rescue. In this he did not read aright
the signs of the times, and was sadly mistaken. 18. maiorem :
'greater* against any party.
21. totos nos: 'myself wholly.' 22. forensem : see N.
to p. 117, 1. 23. in . . . versamur : freely, 'I live amid
frequent recounting of my former deeds, and am aware of a
sense of loss ' which others feel. 25. poumSos nostrae : ' of
our dear Cow-eyes ; ' ironical reference to Clodia, sister of Cicero's
bitter enemy Clodius. See p. 368. consanguineus : Clodius.
26. terrores : ' threats ' against me. Cf. pp. 6, 7. Samp-
siceramo . . . ostentat : ' he denies (all hostile intentions re-
garding me) to the Emir, (but) he makes open assertion of them
and displays them to others.'
Page 182. 3, in — ponam : ' I rely on.' 8. Permagni
nostra : see Idioms. B. 210 ; 211, 1, a, 3, a ; A. 355, a ; H. 449, 1.
comitiis : for the election of tribunes for 58. 9. potueris :
sc. esse Romae. illo declarato : 'when he (i.e. Clodius) is
declared elected ; ' for Cicero looks upon the election of Clodius
as settled. The tribunes were chosen in July, but did not qualify
till the following December.
Page 183.]
NOTES 337
VII. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. III. m.).
En route ; b. c. 58.'
11. TJtinam — vide am : * May I live to see ; ' Cicero had
fled from Rome, and was on his way into exile. He writes as if
only the exhortation of Atticus had kept him from making away
with himself. 14. multis de causis : his friend Sicca would
entertain him at Vibo, from which he thought of crossing over
into Sicily.
VIII. TO HIS FAMILY, at Rome (ad Fam. XIV. iv.).
Brindisi ; B. c. 58.
18. Ego, etc. : Terentia had asked why he did not write
oftener; he answers '(Yes), I send letters less often than I
might.' 19. cum : * while.' 22. fuissemus : ' that I had
been ; ' he regrets not having committed suicide. nihil : nihil
mali.
Page 183. 2. minus : see Idioms. 3. fixa sunt : ■ are
permanently fixed.' 5. di, quos tu, etc. : the implication is,
a woman may well busy herself with the worship of the gods;
a man's business is with men. Cf. notes to p. 97, 15, and 107, 11.
9. periculum : he who harbored an exile ran the risk of
losing his citizenship and one third of his property. 10. legis :
the enactment carried by Clodius, which forbade Cicero to live
within four hundred miles of Rome (ad Att. III. iv.). 13. ha-
bebimus : sc. gratiam. 14. profecti sumus, petebamus :
we say * I am on the point of leaving,' ' I am setting out for.' B. 265 ;
A. 479 ; H. 539, 1. prid. K. Mai. : B. 144, 2 ; A. 432, a ; H. 420, 5.
19. sic agam : ( I shall put (it) this way.' 20. transactum
est: * all is over (with me), 1 if there is no hope of a change.
X21. venias: sc. what ? 23. Tulliola mea : abl. ; 'what will
become of my dear Tullia?' B. 218, 6; A. 403, 2, c\ H.
468, 2. vos : Terentia and Piso. 25. res habebit : cf.
Idioms. matrimonio . . . est : ' we must look out for the
poor child's married estate and good name ; ' seemingly her
dowry had not been paid, though she had been married five
years. 27. sit, etc. : Tullia may remain with you and Piso,
but my son should be with me. 29. aliquid teneas : Cicero's
property is to be confiscated; he fears that the private fortune
22
X
*
338 TO HIS FAMILY, AT ROME [Page 184.
of Terentia may share the same fate. 31. nostrifm: * faith-
ful to my interests.' Piso made most earnest efforts for the
recall of Cicero; cf. p." 185, 32.
32. familia liberata : knowing that his property would be
confiscated, Cicero had given his own slaves their freedom sub-
ject to two conditions : first, that in case they should be able
to maintain their manumission as valid (i. e. against the claim
that his giving them their freedom under the circumstances was
not lawful), and his property should be permanently alienated,
they should be his freedmen (p. 184, 1, 2) ; secondly, that if his
property should again come into his hands, they should again
be his slaves, ' excepting a very few, 1 to whom freedom had been
given outright (p. 184, 2, 3). Terentia had heard that he had
promised freedom to her slaves also, but he assures her that he
had left their case entirely in her hands.
34. in officio: 'in (meritorious) service,' 'serviceable;' Or-
pheus was with Cicero. 35. magno opere : ' especially (ser-
viceable),' * especially (deserving).'
Page 184. 3L ea causa est: 'the case stands thus.' res:
res familiaris ; ' my property.' 2. essent : used after est as
applied to an agreement made in the past and still valid.
obtinere: 'to make (their manumission) good.' 3. perti-
neret : i. e. maneret nostra ; when his property should be put
up at auction, he would have his friends bid it in for him, if
possible, so that it should not go out of his hands. oppido :
adv.
4. quod hortaris: B. 299, 2; A. 572, a; H. 588, 3, N.
ut . . . magno : ' that I keep my courage up.' 9. tempesta-
tem: here 'favorable weather,' or 'favorable wind,' for sailing.
11. viximus: ' I have lived.' 14. ornamentis : ' (my) digni-
ties.' 17. ipse . . . possum: i. e. me ipsum confirmare
(' encourage ') non possum.
20. officio: 'in kindness.' 27. Brundisio : why abl.?
IX. TO HIS FAMILY, at Rome (ad Fam. XIV. 1.).
Dyrrachium ; B. c. 58.
28. perfertur ad me : ' report is brought to me,' = ' I learn.'
29. virtutem et fortitudinem : 'pluck and endurance.' Teren-
tia possessed much force of character.
Page 186.] NOTES 339
Page 185. 2. te . . . incidisse: cf. N. to p. 180, I. 4. ex
quo patre — exeo: = ^ eo fiatre, ex quo. B. 25 1, 4 ; A. 307, b ;
H. 399, 3. 6. cum . . . coepit: * ever since he began to
think for himself ; ■ Marcus was now seven years old.
7. acerbissimos . . . percepit : • has experienced (only) the bit-
terest pain and wretchedness.' For the pi. cf. n. to p. 152, 22.
11. nostris, etc : ' had followed my own judgment.' 14. Nunc :
n. to p. 68, 16, 15. ne . . . desit; 'that the state of my health
may not make your efforts of no avail ;' I shall try to keep well.
16. quanta: 'how important;* res refers to the matter of
health. 18. habemus : i. e. on our side, favoring my return
from exile. 19. si vero : * particularly if ; ' sc. habemus.
21. De familia : see N. to p. 183, 32. 22. loco : Thessalonica,
where Cicero had been staying. The letter may have been
written at Thessalonica, and brought on to Dyrrachium, whence
it was sent with a postscript (p. 186, 20-22). 25. loco magis
deserto : * a more out of the way place.' 26. Hispo : per-
haps sent to keep an eye on Cicero's movements. 28. Quern
diem : ' that day ' when I may go back to Italy. 31. vestrae
pietatia et meae : * of your loyalty (to me) and of mine (to
my country).'
33. supra possit : sc. esse. ei voluptati : * a source of
gratification to him,' in having me back.
Page 186. 1. te accusavi : ■ I have made no complaint of
you to my brother,' with whom Terentia seems not always to
have been on the best of terms. 3. egi : egi gratias eis.
Terentia had asked Cicero to thank several persons for efforts
in his behalf.
5. vicum : on one of her estates. 7. eadem fortuna : i. e.
of financial straits ; as Cicero's property had been confiscated, it
was all the more important that his wife's be kept in the
family. 8. puero : B. 218, 6; A. 403, 2, c\ H. 468, 2.
10. Tantum: '(only) this much.' erunt in officio: 'shall do
their duty.' 11. efficere : ' to bring about ' my return.
13. ne puerum perditum perdamus : ' that we do not ruin
the boy (by selling off property that ought to go to him),
already ruined (by my misfortunes).' Notice the alliteration.
Cui . . . est:= 'If he can but have enough to.be above
want, he needs (only),' etc.
16. Pac: see Idioms. 17. quid agatur: 'what is going
340 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 187.
on.' 18. exspectatio est: 'state of suspense must be.'
19. D. . . Decemb. : Data {est epistold) ante diem sextum
Kalendas Decembris.
20. libera civitas : 'free cities' possessed certain privileges
which made theni more desirable for residence than the ordi-
nary provincial towns. 22. celebritas : ■ bustle.'
X. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. III. xxvi.).
Dyrrachium ; b. c. 57.
23. senatus consulto : of Jan. 1, b. c. $7 ; intended to pre-
pare the way for the recall of Cicero. The Senate took the
position that Cicero had been unlawfully banished, and it was
proposed to request the people to unite in inviting him to re-
turn. No motion on the subject was passed, however, owing
to the obstruction of a tribune who had been bought up by
the orator's enemies; he did not actually interpose a veto, but
was able to postpone action indefinitely by demanding time for
deliberation; for particulars see Cic. pro Sest. xxxiii., xxxiv.
Cicero supposes that the motion prevailed the day after the
discussion mentioned in the letter of Quintus.
25. legum lationem : i. e. to the people, for the recall of
Cicero : legis lationem might have been expected ; but the pi.
is used as referring to other matters besides the bill in his
favor. si obtrectabitur : in the form of a tribune's veto.
26. utar: *I shall take advantage of.' auctoritate senatus:
an expression often applied to a decree of the Senate which
had been vetoed by a tribune; loosely used here, because the
motion referred to had not been formally vetoed.
XI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. III. xxvn.).
Dyrrachium, B. c. $7.
Page 187- 1. tuis litteris : containing the news that the bill
for Cicero's recall was brought before the people Jan. 25, and
failed to pass 5 a mob incited by Clodius broke up the assembly,
and Quintus Cicero came near being killed (pro Sest. xxxv.).
/ 2. mei : ■ my family ; ' he thinks of self-destruction. 4. cito
Nt videbo : seems to imply that Atticus was already on the way,
\ perhaps in Epirus; cf. N. to p, 179, 23.
Page 188.] NOTES 341
XII. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. IV. x.).
Cumaean Villa ; B. c. 55.
5. Puteolis : Cumae was only six miles from Puteoli. 7. bib-
\/ liotheca Fausti: Sulla Faustus had collected a number of books
/ Nin Athens and the eastern cities. his rebus : = ' the good
things,' sc. me pasci; i. e. the oysters, of which the waters of
this region yielded an exceptionally fine variety. 10. volup-
tatum : '(consisting) of pleasures.' 12. sub imagine Aristo-
telis : in Atticus's house, at Rome. 13. istorum : Pompey
and Crassus ; Caesar was in Gaul. sella curuli : see N. to
p. 103, 18. apud te : 'at your place.' 14. eo : Pompey,
who during Caesar's absence was all-powerful in Rome. 15. ilia
ambulatione : ' that (political) path.' si qui — deus : ' the
divinity, whichever it is.'
17. ambulationem : at his residence in Rome. Laconicum :
like the Turkish baths of our day. 19. tibi . . . respondere :
' to be in some degree a match for you in this department (of
architecture).' 20. in Cumanum : Pompey also had a villa
near Cumae. 22. vadebam : trans. ' I was intending to go. 1
Why?
XIII. TO TREBATIUS TESTA (ad Fam. VII. vn.).
Rome ; B. c. 54.
Page 188. 1- commendare : to Caesar, under whom in Gaul
Cicero's brother Quintus was serving as lieutenant. 4. Illud :
'(only) this.'
7. In Britannia : probably Trebatius was intending soon to go
to Britain with Caesar's army ; cf. Caes. de Bell. Gall. iv. 20-36.
auri : both gold and silver were found in Britain later ; cf. Tac.
Agr. xii. 8. essedum: as the only kind of plunder to be
obtained from the island. 14. aetatem : Trebatius was now
thirty-five years old.
XIV. TO GAIUS CURIO (ad Fam. II.' 11.).
Rome ; B. c. 53.
17. Gravi teste — patre tuo : written shortly after the death
of the elder Curio. 18. laudibus : 'honors.' 19. te
342 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 189.
filio : 'in having you as a son.' Why abl. ? 23. aeque ac:
'just as.'
XV. TO SILIUS (ad Fam. XIII. xlvii.).
Rome; date not known. To recommend Egnatius.
Page 189. 1« eum: Egnatius. 2. scires : why impf. ?
diligi: applied to an affection based upon respect, while amari
indicates a warm personal regard arising from intimate ac-
quaintance. 8. Ilia nostra: 'that scheme of ours has fallen
through, 1 referring probably to some mutual business interest.
9. si hoc melius : ' if it had been something better than this,'
that turned out badly. haec coram : ' (we'll talk) this over
between ourselves. 1
XVI. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. V. xm.).
Ephesus; B.C. 51. Cicero was on his way to his province;
Cilicia ; cf. p. 9.
13. post pugnam Bovillanam : half-humorous designation of
the skirmish at Bovillae (Jan. 20, b. c. 52), which, as it caused
the death of Clodius, the orator might well take as a starting-
point for reckoning his dates. 17. mihi — praesto fuit :
'waited upon me. 1 18. aut, etc.: aut puto te dicturum esse
"Quid ad me attinett" 'What is that to me? 1 19. Ve-
rum tamen : ' But (it is of interest to you) nevertheless ; ' taken
by Tyrrell, however, in close connection with the following sen-
tence, with a resumptive force.
20. imperio: as governor of the province Asia, to which
Ephesus belonged. venissem: B. 307; A. 524; H. 584.
21. Ephesio praetori: i. e. Thermus, propraetor of Asia; the
term praetor was sometimes applied to provincial governors.
22. ostentationes : probably 'boastings 1 that he would so con-
duct himself as to be just alike toward all and give offence to
none, and that he would show no special favor to the tithe-
collectors.
Page 190. !• palaestra: 'art 1 of keeping every one in good
humor. 3. pactiones : the * agreements ' between the tax-
collectors and the provincials for the year 51 ; those for the
next year were made during Cicero's term of office. Sed
Page 191.] NOTES 343
haec hactenus : in our phrase, * But enough on this point.'
5. se de nocte proficisci: 'that he starts to-night.' The Ro-
mans dined late in the afternoon ; and as Cestius was to carry
the letter to Atticus, there was no time to write at length.
6. curae mini fuerunt : ' 1 looked after.' 8. tuis : * your
(representatives).' 9. tradidi : = * I introduced.' 10. ratio-
nem permutationis, etc.: 'an account of that exchange which
I got on your credit.'
15. ut simus annui : ' that I may be (here only) for a year ; '
brief for ' that my term of office may be limited to a year.'
ne intercaletur quidem : ' that there be no intercalation even.'
Before Julius Caesar reformed the calendar (b. c. 46), there was
much confusion in the reckoning of the days of the month and
of the year. Until the pontifices made their announcement on
the first of February no one knew whether there would be an
intercalation in that month or not.
16. de : 'in regard to.' 17. scrupulo : ' difficulty,' ' misun-
derstanding,' perhaps about the betrothal of Tullia to Dola-
bella; she had now been left a widow for the second time.
18. te auctore : ' on your advice.' Cicero had owed Caesar
20,800 sesterces (= $850 ; ad Att. V. v. 2), which he had now
paid. 19. quam meum sit: = 'how natural it is for me.'
20. fiat, etc.: cf. p. 61. 14, and N. 22. iudiciorum : 'of the
trials.' 24. si, etc. : see Idioms. animadvertes : B.
261, 3; A. 449, b\ H. 560, 4, N.
XVII. TO TITIUS RUFUS (ad Fam. XIII. lviii.).
From Cilicia ; b. c. 50. To introduce Lucius Custidius.
M. Cicero, etc. : Marcus Cicero Gaia Tit to Rufo, Luci Jilio,
Praetori Urbano, salutem dicit.
25. tribulis, municeps : Custidius, like Cicero, was a member
of the Cornelian tribe, and a native of Arpinum. 28. tan-
tum: 'to this extent.' faciles aditus: cf. p. 132, 21, and n.
Page 191. 1. quae aequa postulabit: we should say, 'all
reasonable requests.'
XVIII. TO MARCUS CAELIUS (ad Fam. II. xi.>
From Cilicia; B.C. 50.
M. Cicero, etc. : Marcus Cicero Imperator salutem dicit
Marco Caelio Aedili Curuli. The governor of a province, pos-
344 TO ATTICUS [Page 192
sessing military authority (imperium), was permitted to use the
title imperator; cf. p. 189, 20.
5. haec levia nostratia: = * these humble (phrases) of
our mother tongue;' he compliments the oratory of Caelius.
7. quidnam . . . decernatur : he wishes to be relieved of his
governorship at the expiration of his term of office : cf. p. 190,
13-15. 11. fortuna: i.e. a change of fortune, ill-luck.
17. agitur: 'the matter is being attended to.* 19. cui-
quam : i. e. ■ for any (other animal).' 22. Quicquid erit :
sc. nobis; 'All we get shall be yours,' 4 You shall have all we
can secure.' 23. esset, nesciebamus : force of the impf. ?
25. dies me admonebat : the festival of Cybele was in
charge of the Curule Aediles. 26. velim: cf. p. 177, 3,
and N.
XIX. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. VI. vm.).
Ephesus ; B. C. 50. Cicero is now on his way back from Cilicia.
For the heading cf. N. to Ep. i.
Page 192. X. calamum: implies that this letter was written
on paper; see p. 55.
4. opportunitate Piliae : i. e. ' your opportune meeting with
Pilia,' who had somewhere joined her husband, bringing late
news from Rome. 5. coniugio : with Dolabella. 6. miros
terrores Caesarianos : ■ astonishing (and) dreadful news about
Caesar.' 9. cum illo . . . facere : = \ are on his side.'
designatos : with Cassium and Lentulum (no. 5 in Vocab.) as
well as praetores. 12. illo, qui: Marcus Calidius, who had
been an unsuccessful competitor for the consulship for the year
49. 13. patruo sororis tuae fili: humorous designation of
himself; Pomponia and Quintus Cicero had a son named Quin-
tals. Calidius had spoken slightingly of Cicero's oratory.
a quibus victus : as we might say, 'just think who beat him!'
Cicero had a poor opinion of the consuls for 49, Lentulus Crus
and Claudius Marcellus.
15. xx. ipsos dies: = 'just twenty days;' the slowness of
the Rhodian craft has caused a loss of twenty days beyond
that due to the trade-winds. 19. tranquillitates : 'calm
spells,' or 'calm days;' these Rhodian vessels were without
decks..
Page 194.] NOTES 345
21. raudusculo Puteolano : the payment of a debt to some
one at Puteoli. gratum : =s= ' thanks.' 22. de triumpho :
see p. io. 24. Bibulus : Caesar's colleague in the consul-
ship (b. c. 59), who had shut himself up in his house for eight
months; Cicero hints that his governorship of Syria had been
no more vigorous than his consulate, and yet he was bound to
secure a triumph. 27. ato-xpov <ria>irdv : = turfte est tacere ;
quoted from a fragment of Euripides. See p. '368.
Page 193. X. Sat, etc. : ' (I have written) quite enough, as I
am in a hurry.' Reason for mood and tense ? 2. ei : see
p. 192, 17.
4. Cicero : the orator's son, who was with him. For an in-
teresting account of this young man, see the " New Englander
and Yale Review" for 1891, pp. 236-248. dices: sc. salutem;
'please give the best regards of us both in my name' {verbis
= ?neis verbis). B. 261, 3 ; A. 449, b\ H. 560, 4, n.
XX. TO TIRO, at Patrae (ad Fam. XVI. vn.).
Corcyra ; b. c. 50.
6. tenebamur : i. e. my son and I ; they had left Tiro sick at
Patrae (ad Fam. XVI. vi.). 7. filius : the younger Quintus;
cf. n. to p. 192, 13. 9. istim : from Patrae; the same winds
favor or retard one sailing from Patras to Corfu as from Corfu
to Rome. See Map.
XXI. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xvn.).
End of B. c. 50, or early in 49.
17. S . . . v : see Vocab. 19. quo modo sim adfectus :
'how I am affected' by the condition of affairs.' 21. fac,
ut — cures : a parallel to our familiar exhortation, ' Do take
care of your health.'
XXII. TO TERENTIA AND TULLIA (ad Fam. XIV.xviii.).
Formiae ; B. c. 49. Young Marcus Cicero was with his father.
Page 194. 2. Romaene sitis, etc.: Cicero was becoming
more and more fully committed to the side of Pompey. But he
was not blind to the weakness of that leader, and was in the
gravest quandary what course to recommend to his wife and
346 TO TERENTIA [Page 195.
daughter. If they remained at Rome, they would be under the
protection of Dolabella, who had joined the party of Caesar.
5. Mihi . . . mentem : see Idioms. 9. bonos : ' the pa-
triotic ' from Pompey's point of view. 10. Haec regio : Cam-
pania, over which Pompey had placed him in command.
11. nostrorum oppidorum : i. e. towns of which Cicero was
the patron (cf. n. to p. 91, 9); praediorum, 'estates' of which
he was the owner. 12. mecum : in the towns.
15. isto loco : = ' in the same position as you.' 18. pro-
pugnacula, praesidium : against robbers, who would take
advantage of times of political disturbance to commit depreda-
tions. 20. certos : ' special.' 22. viiii. Kal. : probably
ix. Kaletidas lanuarias, for Terentia and Tullia joined Cicero
early in February; but the month is uncertain. There is much
doubt about the month and even the year in which a number
of Cicero's letters were written.
XXIII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxi.).
B. c. 48, or possibly 49 ; probably written from the camp of
Pompey.
Page 195. 1. quod opus erit : i. e. id, quod tibi opus erit %
'whatever you may need.'
XXIV. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xi.).
Brundisium ; b. c. 47. Cicero came back to Brundisium after
the battle of Pharsalus (see p. 10), and received permission
to remain in Italy from Antony, Caesar's representative.
8. alia in fortuna, etc. : a reference to her unhappy marriage
with Dolabella. 9. erat : trans, as if est. 10. Cicero-
nem : the son ; the orator wishes to make terms with Caesar.
XXV. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. x.).
Brundisium; b. c. 47.
14. Quid fieri placeret : about the divorce of Tullia from
Dolabella. Fomponium : Atticus had observed a strict
neutrality in the war, and had even kept on good terms with
both Pompey and Caesar; so he had been obliged neither to
flee from Rome nor to stay in Italy.
Page 197.] NOTES 347
XXVI. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxiv.).
Brundisium ; b. c. 47.
Page 196. *• adventu : Caesar did not return to Italy till
September, after he had finished the Alexandrian war and the
campaign against Pharnaces in Asia. 5. litteris, etc. : he is
specially anxious to hear from Caesar ; Philotimus was at
Ephesus. 7. fac, ut cures: cf. p. 193, 21, and n.
XXVII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxm.).
Brundisium ; b. c. 47.
10. litterae satis liberates : the letter unfortunately is lost.
Caesar treated those who had joined Pompey with unlooked-
for clemency; cf. p. 163, 6 et seq. 11. cui obviam procedam:
'I shall go to meet him;' Caesar landed at Tarentum.
XXVIII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxn.).
Brundisium ; b. c. 47.
16. tabellarios nostros : those whom he had asked Terentia
to send back at once (1. 13). It took more than two weeks to
send from Brundisium to Rome and back ; cf. p. 54.
XXIX. TO MARCUS MARIUS (ad. Fam. VII. iv.).
Cumaean Villa ; b. c. 46.
Page 197. 5- cogito : sc. me iturum esse. 8. quod con-
stitutum : = ' any appointment.' 9. fac, ut differas : * do put
it off,' 'please put it off.'
XXX. TO PAETUS (ad Fam. IX. xxm.).
Cumaean villa; b. c. 46.
14. Etsi : i (And I shall come) although.' 15. quid ageres :
'how you were.' 16. ex pedibus laborares : 'you were hav-
ing trouble with your feet, 1 i. e. had the gout.
348 TO GAIUS CASSIUS [Page 198.
XXXI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. x.).
Villa at Antium ; b. c. 46.
Page 198. 1- Male, etc. : as we say, * It is sad about Atha-
mas ; ' male factum, or simply male, is a common expression of
those mourning the death of any one. 4. impetret, etc. : * let
reason gain what time is sure to bring;' how unsatisfactory
Cicero himself found even this source of consolation may be
seen from Ep. xxxvi. (particularly p. 201, 1-4).
5. imaginem Tironis : Alexis was to Atticus what Tiro was
to Cicero. 6. remisi : Atticus had perhaps sent him to
Cicero's place at Antium, thinking that the sea air might restore
him to health. collis : i. e. collis Quirinalis at Rome, where
the city residence of Atticus was. cm6ij|uov : with quid, lit.
* anything contagious,' = 'any contagious disease.' Cf. p. 368.
ad me : ' to my house ' on the Palatine. 7. Tisameno :
whom Cicero had detailed to take care of Alexis. domus
superior : probably the part of the house nearer the top of the
Palatine ; for Cicero's house was built on the slope of the hill
(cf. Plan, p. 76).
XXXII. TO SERVIUS (ad Fam. XIII. xx.>
Rome ; b. c. 46. To recommend Dr. Asclapo.
9. utor familiariter : 'I am on intimate terms with.' 11. me
orum : Asclapo had probably taken care of Tiro at Patras ; cf. N.
to p. 193, 6.
XXXIII. TO GAIUS CASSIUS (ad Fam. XV. xvm.).
Rome ; B. c. 45.
17. epistola : i. e. * This letter.' 18. iretur : sc. a me.
Page 199. 1. 4>Xvapov : * trifle,' * foolery,' to write about.
cnrovSdj^iv : a de rebus seriis agere; cf. p. 368. 2. periculo :
the supremacy of Caesar made it necessary for his former op-
ponents to be careful about their expressions of opinion in
regard to public matters. 3. facillime : ' very readily.'
5. Ubi — philosophia : cf. p. 1 80, 17, and n, 6. in culina :
Cicero rallies Cassius for his belief in Epicureanism, which laid
Page 200.] NOTES 349
much stress upon the enjoyment of the physical life. in palae-
stra: where I not only exercise the body, but also freshen and
train the mind in oratorical practice. servire : ' to be a
slave,' under the absolute government of Caesar. 7. facio :
* I make out,' ' pretend.' convicium Platonis : in which the
philosopher reproaches those who do not maintain their freedom.
9. Hispania : where Caesar was conducting a campaign against
the sons of Pompey. 10. mea causa : ' on my own account.'
XXXIV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xv.>
Astura; B.C. 45.
13. Apud Appuleium . . . ut excuser : = * that excuse be
made for me to Appuleius,' who had been chosen augur. It
was customary to celebrate the admission of a new member
into the college of augurs (cf. p. 59) by a splendid banquet, con-
tinued for several days, at which all the members were expected
to be present unless suffering from illness. Cicero was stricken
with grief at the death of Tullia (see pp. 10, 11); not wishing
to seem ungracious by declining in advance to be present, he
wished to have his absence excused * each day ' that the ban-
quet lasted. placet i sc. excusari. 14. videbis ; for velim
(ut) videas. 21. Cum . . . des : =■ « when you find a man to
give it (the letter for Marcus Brutus) to.*
XXXV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xvi.).
Astura ; b. c. 45.
23. tuis negotiis relictis venire : trans, as if relinquere tua
negotia et venire. Why?
Page 200. 1. nihil : as p. 61, 4. 5. probabatur : i. e. tnihi
te convenire. Cicero could not stay at Atticus's because of the
bustle and publicity, which would be unendurable to him in the
midst of his grief; nor at his own home, because ot the num-
ber of those who would come to offer consolation which he
could not accept. 9. Philippus : he probably had a villa
near Cicero, at Astura.
350 TO ATTICUS [Page 201.
XXXVI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xvm.).
Astura; b. c. 45.
12. recordationes fugio : Tullia was dead, after having been
divorced from Dolabella ; he himself had divorced Terentia, mar-
ried Publilia, and now separated from her. He had had bitter
quarrels with his brother Quintus, and was without hope for
the future of the state.
16. quod, etc.: he proposes to build a chapel in honor of
Tullia. 19. genere : architectural ' style,' ■ plan.' 21. Ve-
lim cogites : 'will you kindly give the matter considera-
tion.'
23. monumentorum : monumentum includes not only com
memorative structures of every kind, but also memorial writings,
whether poetry or prose; here the word has reference particu-
larly to inscriptions and poems, the latter by both Greek and
Roman poets. 28. ero : = exsistatn. hoc exiguum [tem-
pus] : i. e. vitae.
Page 201. 2. nihil — in quo adquiescam : his philosophy
breaks down in the presence of death ; having no certain hope
of reunion with his dear Tullia in a future life, he finds no
consolation in anything. Cf. p. 157, 26-30, and N. temptatis :
render 'having tried. 1 3. illud : a treatise on consolation,
De Consolatione ; cf. ad Att. XII. xiv. 3. 6. ut: 'as
soon as. 1
9. Curabis cum tua perferendum: 'Kindly have it sent (to
him) along with your (letter). 1
12. Domestica : ' my household affairs. 1 quod : B. 299, 2 ;
A. 572, a, and N. ; H. 588, 3, n. scribes: ' please write. 1
13. quaedam enim exspecto : i. e. quaedam enim sunt, de
quibus scire cupiam. Cocceius, Libo : both seem to have
owed Cicero money, Sulpicius and Egnatius perhaps being se-
curity for the latter, or for both.
16. quid . . . labores : * What reason is there for you to give
yourself uneasiness; 1 cf. p. 199, 13, and n.
18. vide . . . facile : = ' do not give yourself too much
trouble. •
Page 202.] NOTES 351
XXXVII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xxxvi.).
Astura, b. c. 45.
24. Fanum: see p. 200, 12-21, and N. 26. legist cf. p.
202, 7. diro0cWiv : see p. 368. The deification of individuals
— so foreign to our ideas — was familiar and acceptable to the
Romans on account of their worship of ancestors (see Coulanges,
" The Ancient City "). The deification of Julius Caesar was un-
doubtedly talked about at this time (cf. the editor's " Selections
from Ovid," pp. 155-158); and later the Roman emperors were
worshipped even before they were dead. What Cicero's exact
idea was it is not easy to divine; probably he meant in some
way to attach to the shrine an association of worship, so that
it would always be kept in repair.
27. Quod poteram : * And I could attain this end.' in
ipsa villa: in one of the courts, which formed so attractive a
feature of the Roman country houses.
Page 202. 1. dominorum : i. e. of the villa ; future proprie-
tors would alter or rebuild the villa, and the shrine would
probably be neglected or destroyed. 3. habeat religionem :
i. e. treat the shrine with veneration ; this the superstitious
country folk were much more likely to do than the sceptical
people of the upper classes. 4. non habeo — quicum : =
' I have no one with whom.' 6. institutum : i. e. genus j cf.
p. 200, 19. 7. lege : imp. ; the law referred to {legem) was
probably some enactment of the college of pontifices regarding
rites in honor of the dead, and posted up where all could
read it. 8. in mentem veniet: sc. tibi.
11. Cumano: either Cicero's villa, or that of Marcus Brutus
at Cumae. 13. facere rustice: 'act rudely.'
XXXVIII. TO TREBATIUS TESTA (ad Fam. VII. xxn.).
18. Illuaeras : *You made fun (of me).' 20 furti
recte agere : * could properly bring an action for theft,' for
property filched or embezzled from an estate before the heir
took possession. Testa had maintained that there was no divis-
ion of opinion on the subject, and that the action would lie.
B. 208, 1; A. 352; H. 456. 22. misi: «I send' with this.
23. sensisse : used of the formal giving of a legal opinion.
352 TO ATTICUS [Page 203.
XXXIX. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xlviii.).
Tusculan Villa ; B. c. 45.
Page 203. la Domi, etc.: see Idioms. 2. iamne confe-
ceris : ' whether you have quite finished ' the business that took
you away from home. 6. post discessum tuum : he had
apparently met Atticus for a brief interview at some point away
from Tusculum. 7. totus : ' wholly,' i. e. for a long and sat-
isfactory visit; sc. vetiiam. 8. quod licebit : = quod facere
poteris (as Boot suggests); in our idiom, 'whatever shall best
suit your convenience.'
XL. TO BASILUS (ad Fam. VI. xv.).
b. c. 44-
9. Tibi gratulor: on the death of Caesar; see Vocab.,
Basilus.
XLI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxiii.).
Tusculan Villa ; b. c. 44.
13. nostro itinere : Antony had gained the upper hand at
Rome; the conspirators against Caesar, and their friends, were
fleeing. Cicero thought of going to Greece, having received a
free embassy (see n. to p. 179, 7). His son was at this time
studying at Athens. in utramque partem : whether to go or
not. 14. Quo usque : i. e. Quo usque delibcrabis, torqueris ?
erit [integrum]: '(the question) shall remain open' until I am
actually on shipboard. 17. Si quid novi : i. e. velim ad me
scribas si quid novi sit.
XLII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxv.>
Tusculan villa ; b. C. 44.
Page 204. 1- meo itinere : cf. p. 203, 13, and N. multi :
sc. veniunt. 3. cogitamus : i. e. ad urbent redire. meus
animus : I am content to go abroad or to return to Rome,
provided by either course I can avoid giving offence. 5. pia-
culum, mysteria : the 'mysteries* of Bona Dea, celebrated in
December; called fiiaculum, because of the desecration by Clo-
dius (see pp. 6, 7). 8. eo : 'on that account;' he thinks of
returning to Rome before bad weather (cf. N. to p. 128, 17), and
Page 206] NOTES 353
would like to know what Atticus thinks about his being there
by the time of the festival of Bona Dea.
XLIII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxvm.).
Villa at Arpinum ; B. c. 44.
13. ludis: given by Marcus Brutus. 15. poteram, mise-
ram : trans, as if possum, misi. 17. in te : Atticus had
either neglected to give Caecilia the greeting sent by Cicero, or
had not told her that he had come, so that she failed to meet
him.
XLIV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XVI. ix.>
Villa at Puteoli ; B. c. 44.
Page 205. 1. Binae : B. 81, 4, b\ A. 137, b\ H. 164, 3.
nunc quidem : sc. rogat. 2. velle : dep. on what ? 3. Cui
ego : sc. respondi. non posse : ' could not take action.'
5. consilio tuo : he declared that he would follow Cicero's
advice. Quid multa : = ' Why (say) more ? ' 6. o-KTJirrojicu :
= moras necto excusando j see p. 368. aetati: cf. p. 171, 24,
and N. quo animo : sc. sit.
10. pueri : Octavianus. 11. Brutum : Decimus Brutus,
who could hold Cisalpine Gaul against Antony. Cf. p. 173, 25,
and N. 12. centuriat : i. e. veteranos milites centuriat. See
p. 172, 6-1 1, and n. lam iamque : here = ' more and more
clearly.'
XLV. TO PLANCUS (ad Fam. X. xiv.).
Rome ; b. c. 43.
16. victoriam : over Antony, at Mutina, in April. Plancus
had declared against Antony and raised a force, with which he
afterwards joined Decimus Brutus.
22. exspectabam : * I am looking for.' 23. Lepidum • he
soon afterwards united with Antony.
XLVI. TO DECIMUS BRUTUS (ad Fam. XI. xxv.>
Rome ; B. C. 43.
Page 206. 8. quid vellem : sc. scribere. 10. acta : * pro-
ceedings ' of the Senate, and also of the popular assemblies,
354 TO DECIMUS BRUTUS [Page 206.
which at this time were published at the close of each session
or meeting.
13. collega : Plancus. 14. Bruto : Marcus Brutus.
17. Intestinum urbis malum : many were urging the choice
of Octavianus for the consulship, though he was far from the
legal age and had not held the earlier offices. 18. minus
timeremus : i. e. si adesset. Xaicamo-pov tuum : = • your
Spartan brevity.' 19. pagella : the letter was written on a
small tablet.
HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO.
For references on the writings of Cicero, his public life, and the
history of Rome in his time, see the editor's Topical Outline of
Latin Literature, p. 15 (revised ed., Boston, 1899).
For a concise account of Cicero's literary activity, with the manu-
scripts of his various works, and the more important editions,
special treatises, dictionaries, and articles, see Teuffel and
Schwabe's History of Roman Literature, English Translation
of the Fifth German Edition, by Warr, Vol. 1., §§ 177-189
(London, 1900) ; Schanz, Geschichte der r'omischen Litteratur,
1., 2d ed. (Munich, 1898), pp. 243-356.
For editions and literature prior to 1881, see Engelmann's Bibli-
otheca scriptorum classicorum, 8th ed., Part II. (Leipzig, 1882).
For ancient oratory, and Cicero as an orator, see J ebb's Attic Ora-
tors (2 vols. London, 1876) ; Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit
(2d ed., 4 vols. Leipzig, 1887-1898) ; Cucheval and Berger,
Histoire de V eloquence latine depuis Vorigine de Rome jusqu'a
Ciciron (2d ed., 2 vols. Paris, 1881) ; Westermann, Geschichte
der r'omischen Beredsamkeit (Leipzig, 1835) ; PQERET, Essai sur
I Eloquence judiciaire a Rome pendant la rtpublique (Paris,
1886) ; and the introductions to annotated editions of the De
Oratore, Brutus, and Orator.
Useful for the study of Cicero's Latin are Lebreton, Etudes sur la
langue et la grammaire de Ciciron (Paris, 1901), and the lexi-
cons by Merguet, Lexikon zu den Reden des Cicero (4 vols.
Jena, 1 877-1 884), and Lexikon zu den philosophischen Schriften
Cicero's (3 vols. Jena, 1 887-1 894).
For the Roman constitution and constitutional history, see Granrud,
Roman Constitutional History (Boston, 1902) ; Abbott, A
History ana Description of Roman Political Institutions (Bos-
ton, 1901) ; Greenidge, Roman Public Life, one of the ' Hand-
books 01 Archaeology and Antiquities ' (New York, 1901) ;
Greenidge, Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time (New York,
1901).
355
356 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO
For pictures illustrating almost every phase of ancient life capable of
pictorial illustration, and ancient Rome at various periods, see
Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, trans, by Anderson
(New York, 1895) ; Hill, Illustrations of School Classics (New
York, 1903) ; Platner, Topography and Monuments of Ancient
Rome (Boston, 1904). An admirable list of illustrative material
for class use (wall pictures, maps, models, photographs, and
stereopticon slides) is given in Classical Archaeology in Schools,
with an Appendix containing Lists of Archaeological Appara-
tus, by Gardner and Myres (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1902;
sold by Frowde, 91 Fifth Avenue, New York ; price, 30 cents).
Lives of Cicero : ancient, by Plutarch ; modern, among others, by
Middleton (2 vols. London, 1741. Newed., 1848) ; Forsyth
(2 vols. London, 1864) ; Trollope (2 vols. London and
New York, 1880) ; also, Boissier, Ciciron et ses amis (12th ed.
Paris, 1902) ; English trans, by Jones, Cicero and His Friends,
a Study of Roma?i Society in the Time of Caesar (New York,
1897) ; Aly, Cicero, sein Leben und seine Schriften (Berlin,
1 891) ; Collins, Cicero, in 'Ancient Classics for English Read-
ers'; and Strachan Davidson (London, 1894).
EDITIONS.
TEXT OF COMPLETE WORKS.
Baiter and Kayser : M. Tullii Ciceronis opera quae supersunt
omnia. Leipzig, 1 860-1 869. Memorabilia vitae Ciceronis in
Vol. 1. ; Index nominum in Vol. xi.
Klotz : M. Tullii Ciceronis scripta quae manserunt otnnia. 5 parts,
in 11 vols. Leipzig, 1 863-1 871. New revision by C. F. W.
Muller, 1 893- 1 898.
Orelli, Baiter, Halm : M. Tullii Ciceronis opera quae supersunt
omnia. 8 vols. Zurich, 1833-1862. Vol. 5 contains a collec-
tion of the scholiasts on Cicero ; Vols. 6-8, the valuable Ono-
masticon Tullianum, in which are included a chronological
view of Cicero's life, the Roman Calendar from 63 to 45 B.C.,
and a bibliography (Vol. 6) ; a full geographical and historical
index (Vol. 7) ; a lexicon of Greek words, collections of the
laws cited and of formulae, the Fasti consulares, and the Roman
triumphs to the reign of Tiberius (Vol. 8).
HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO 357
ORATIONS.
The following are among the annotated editions : —
Long : All the orations. 4 vols. London, 1855-1862.
Halm-: Die Reden gegen Catilina, und fur Archias. 14th ed.,
revised by Laubmann. Berlin, 1900. English version of
Halm's 7th ed., with some additions, by A. S. Wilkins. Lon-
don, 1870; latest reprint, 1891.
Halm : Die Reden fur Roscius aus Ameria und uber das Imperium
des Cn. Pompeius. nth ed., revised by Laubmann. Berlin,
1896. English version of the 8th ed., by Wilkins. Lon-
don, 1879; latest reprint, 1889.
Richter and Eberhard : Catilinarische Reden. 6th ed. Leip-
zig, 1897. Rede uber das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius. 5th
ed., 1 90 1. Rede fur den Dichter Archias. 4th ed., 1894.
Reden fur Marcellus, Ligarius, Deiotarus. 4th ed., 1904.
Hachtmann: Reden gegen Catilina. 7th ed. Gotha, 1902.
Upcott: Speeches against Catilina. Oxford, 1887.
Pasdera : Le orazioni Catilinarie. Turin, 1885.
Benecke : Orationes in L. Catilinam. Leipzig, 1828. De imperio
Cn. Pompei. Leipzig, 1834.
Deuerling : Rede uber das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius. 6th ed.
Gotha, 1 90 1.
Reid : Pro Archia. New ed. Cambridge, 1891.
Sturenburg: Pro Archia. Leipzig, 1839.
Thomas : Pro Archia, with French notes. Paris, 1900.
Wolf : M. Tulli Ciceronis quae vulgo fertur oratio pro M. Mar-
cello. Berlin, 1802. Cf. with this ed., Orationem pro M.
Mar cello, quant Frid. Aug. Wolfius a M. Tullio Cicerone abiu-
dicavit, denuo defendit . . . , Franciscus Hahne. Dis. inaug.
Braunschweig, 1876.
King : The Philippic Orations. 2d ed. Oxford, 1878.
Gast : Erste, vierte, und vierzehnte Philippische Rede. Leipzig,
1891.
Among special works bearing on the orations are :
Beesly: Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. London, 1878. Con-
tains an erratic but brilliant apology for Catiline.
Hagen : Untersuchungen uber romische Geschichte. Erster Theil.
Catilina. Konigsberg, 1854.
358 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO
Stern : Catilina und die Parteikampfe in Rom der Jahre 66-63.
Dorpat, 1883.
Reinach : De Archia Poet a. Paris, 1890.
LETTERS.
Tyrrell: The Correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero, arranged
according to its chronological order, with a revision of the text,
a commentary, and introductory essays. Dublin and London.
Vols. 1. -vii., 1879-1901.
Schutz : All the letters; Latin notes. 6 vols. Halle, 1809-1812.
Boot : Epistolarum ad Atticum libri xvi. Latin notes, critical and
explanatory. 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1 865-1 866.
Mendelssohn: Epistularum libri sedecim. Leipzig, 1893.
There are numerous annotated collections of selected letters of
Cicero. Among them may be mentioned those by Tyrrell
(London and New York, 1891) ; Supfle, 10th ed., revised by
Boeckel (Karlsruhe, 1893) ; Watson (4th ed. Oxford, 1892) ;
Parry (London, 1867) ; Muirhead (London, 1885) ; Pritch-
ard and Bernard (2d ed. London, 1888) ; Aly, Brief e Ciceros
und seine zeitgenossen, zur Einfuhrung in das Verstandniss
des Zeitalters Ciceros (5th ed. Berlin, 1897).
Books useful in connection with the letters are : —
Jeans : The Life and Letters of Cicero ; a translation of the Letters
in Watson's ed. London, 1880.
Merivale : Abeken's Cicero in his Letters. London, 1854.
Church : Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. London and New
York, 1884.
Interesting estimates of Cicero by literary men will be found in
the following works : —
De Quincey : Historical Essays and Researches. Edited by
D. Masson. Edinburgh, 1890. Pp. 179-221.
J. Q. Adams : Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory. Cambridge,
1810. Vol. 1., pp. 1 17-138.
Lamartine : Memoirs of Celebrated Characters. New York, 1854.
Vol. I., pp. 335-437.
J.H.Newman: Historical Sketches. London, 1872. Vol. II.,
pp. 245-300.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES.
a me ipse non descivi, I did not
prove false to myself.
ab eo vehementissime dissentio, I
disagree with him most emphati-
cally.
ab ineunte &et&te, from the begin-
ning 0f [civil) life.
ab inferis, from the Underworld,
from the dead.
ab occidente, in the west.
abest non nemo, more than one is
away, some are away.
abiectus metu, prostrated 'with fear.
accipere in vestram fidem, to take
into your confidence.
ad caelum efferre laudibus, to
laud to the skies.
ad expilandos socios diripiendas-
que provincias, to rob allies and
plunder provinces.
ad Lepidum nabitare, to live at the
house of Lepidus, to live at Lepi-
dus's.
ad rem publicam adire, to engage
in the administration of public
affairs, to take office.
adire hereditatem, to enter upon an
inheritance, take possession of an
inheritance.
adniti de triumpho, to make every
effort to secure a triumph.
adversae res, adversity, misfortune.
aeque cams aa,j'ust as dear as.
aequo animo, calmly, without anx-
iety ; with resignation.
aequum est, it is fair, it is right.
aere alieno premi, to be heavily
in debt.
aes alienum, debt, indebtedness.
in tantum aes alienum, so
deeply into debt.
agere cum aliquo, to treat with any
one, plead with any one.
agere gratias, to thank.
nihil agis, you accomplish nothing.
quid agis ? how do you do ? how
are you f also, what are you
about ? what do you mean ?
agitur populi Bomani gloria, the
glory of the Roman people is at
stake.
agitur de vectigalibus, the revenues
are imperilled.
alia omnia, all things else, every-
thing else.
aliqua ex parte, in some measure.
aliquid amplum cogitare, to enter-
tain some noble sentiment.
aliquid de ingeniis iudicare, to
form any judgment of [his)
abilities.
aliquid loci, some place, some
room.
aliquid respondit, he made some
answer or other.
aliquid sapientiae, any degree oj
prudence, any prudence.
amabo te, will you kindly, please.
amans rei publicae, devoted to his
country.
360
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
amantissimus rei publicae, very
devoted to his country, of the
loftiest patriotism.
amplius negoti, a larger measure
of difficulty, more trouble.
amplius negoti mini contrahitur,
lam more deeply involved in diffi-
culty.
anceps contentio, a contest on two
sides.
animo cernere, to see in fancy, see
in imagination.
quo animo esse debetis ? what
feeling ought you to have ? how
ought you to feel ?
quo animo ferre debetis? with
what spirit ought you to endure?
animos ac spiritus capere, to
endure the arrogance and inso-
lence. '
animose et f ortiter f acere aliquid,
to do something with spirit and
bravery.
animum armatum retinere, to re-
tain a spirit of hostility.
animum inducere, to make up one's
mind.
animum vincere, to conquer one's
spirit.
ante acta vita, past life.
ante civitatem datam, prior to the
granting of citizenship.
paucis ante diebus, a few days
ago.
p a u 1 o ante, a little while ago.
ante me, before me ; before my time.
apud inferos, in the Underworld.
apud Laecam, at Laeca's house, at
Laeca's.
apud Tenedum, off Tenedos.
aspicere inter sese, to look at one
another.
auctor gravior, an adviser of greater
weight.
audita re, having heard of the
matter.
aures dare, to give attention.
aversus a Musis, unfriendly to tht
Muses.
aversus a vero, hostile to truth.
bella legere, to read about wars.
bellum in multa varietate versa-
tum, a war waged with many
vicissitudes.
bellum apparare, to get ready for
war.
bellum conficere, to put an end to
a war, bring a war to a successful
termination.
bellum coniungere, to unite in
waging war.
bellum excitare, to stir up war.
bellum inf erre, to make war upon.
bellum suscipere. to commence
war.
bene barbatus, with full beard.
bene de re publica mereri, to do
good service for one's country, to
be useful to the state.
bene de re publica sperare, to have
great hope for the state.
bene potus, having drunk freely,
being quite mellow.
bono animo dicere, to say with good
intention.
bono animo esse, to be of good cheer ;
to be well disposed.
m e a causa, on my account, for my
sake.
honoris causa nomino, / men-
tion in the way of honor ; I men-
tion with due respect.
vitandae suspicionis causa,
in order to avoid suspicion.
d e certa causa,/<?r a certain reason.
causam dicere, to state a case, to
plead a case.
ce/tior factus, having been in
formed.
certior fieri, to be informed.
certiorem f acere, to inform.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
361
civitatem alicui dare, to grant
citizenship to any one, bestow the
franchise on any one.
in civitatem ascribere, to enroll as
a citizen.
eum civitate donare, to bestow the
franchise on him.
cogere senatum, to convene the
Senate.
collaiis signis, in the shock of battle,
in regular engagements.
colonias constituere, to found colo-
nies.
concedi alicui necesse est, it must
inevitably be given up to some one.
consilia inire, to form plans.
consulere alicui, to look out for the
interest of any one.
consulere aliquem, to consult any
one, to ask advice of any one.
consulere vobis, to look out for your
interest.
contra atque, opposite to what con-
trary to what,
dare operam, to take pains, to make
an effort.
de caelo percelli, to be struck by
lightning.
detrimentum accipere, to suffer loss.
dimcili rei publicae tempore, at a
time of peril for the state, at a
critical time for the state,
diffidens rebus suis, in a state of
despair regarding his own re-
sources.
dilectum habere, to raise a levy, to
draft.
domi libenter sum, / am glad to
be at home.
domi rneae, at my house.
e portu egredi, to set sail.
eadem fortuna quae illorum, the
same lot as that of those.
eo magis, all the more.
eos hoc moneo, / give them this
warning.
eos praemiis adfecit, he bestowed
gifts upon them.
erit verendum mini, I shall have
to be afraid, I shall have to
fear.
est mini tanti, it is well worth while
for me, it is well worth my while.
mihi est invidiosum, I find it a
source of unpopularity, it is a
source of unpopularity to me.
etiam atque etiam, again and
again.
ex belli ore ac fauGibus, from the
open jaws of war.
ex eo quaeritur, the question is put
to him, inquiry is made of him.
ex hac parte, on this side.
ex magna spe deturbari, to be de-
prived of great hopes.
ex marmore gqt&\!)X\xXx&, fashioned
in marble.
ex media vaorte, from the midst of
death.
ex pedibus laborare, to have trouble
with one's feet, to have the gout.
ex pueris,/;-0W childhood.
ex senatus consulto, in accordance
with a decree of the Senate, in ac-
cordance with the Senate's decree.
ex tempore, off-hand, on the spur
of the moment, without prepara-
tion.
ex vestro iudicio, in consequence of
you r judgment.
exercitum conficere, to raise an
army.
extrema hieme, at the end of
winter.
extrema pueritia, at the end of
boyhood.
fac ut sciam, let me know.
fac ut valeas, do keep well.
fac ut tuam valetudinem cures,
do take care of your health.
362
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
facere alicui pergratum, to do any
one a great favor.
facere potestatem dicendi, to offer
an opportunity to speak, to give an
opportunity for saying.
faciam te certiorem, / will inform
you.
f acultas oblata est, an opportunity
was presented.
falso memoriae proditum, based
upon unfounded tradition.
familiarissime vivere, to be on the
most intimate terms.
m e fefellit dies, / was mistaken
in the day.
n u m me fefellit dies ? / was not
mistaken in the day, was I ? was
I mistaken in regard to the date ?
v i x f eram, / shall find it hard to
endure, I shall hardly be able to
bear.
f erenda non fuerunt, they ought not
to have been endured.
ferenda mihi non fuerunt, / ought
not to have put up with them.
ferre moleste, to be annoyed, to
feel grieved.
ferro flammaque, with fire and
sword.
fidem facere, to convince, to com-
mand confidence.
minorem fidem facere, to fail
to convince, fail to command entire
confidence.
fidem publicam dare, to give a
pledge of safety in the name of the
state.
fingere sibi, to imagine.
fundamenta iacere, to lay the
foundations.
gratiam alicuius eonciliare, to win
the favor of some one.
gratiam habere, to feel thankful,
to be grateful.
bonam gratiam quaerere, to
%A,rt popularity.
gratiam ref erre, to return a favor ;
to requite, recompense.
gratias agere, to give thanks, to
thank.
maximas gratias agere, to thank
most heartily.
gratum facere, to do a favor.
hieme summa, in the dead of
winter, in the depth of winter.
hoc praecipiendum est, this advice
ought to be given.
eis hoc praecipiendum est, they
ought to be given this piece of
advice.
hodierno die mane, this morning.
in honore esse debebit is, he
will deserve to be in honor.
honorum gradus, the grades of
public office, the avenues of official
preferment.
iam diu teneo, / have long been
holding.
iam dudum hortor, I have long been
urging.
iam pridem studes, you have long
been eagerly desiring, this long
time you have been eager.
iam turn, even then, at that very
time.
id quod consequi conantur, what
they are trying to attain, their
ends.
id temporis, at that particular time,
at just that time.
idem qui, the same as.
idem sentire, to have the same feel-
ing, the same opinion.
imperare obsides, to levy hostages,
make a requisition for hostages.
imperare omnibus gentibus,tar#/<r
over all peoples.
in agendo, in action.
in armis, under arms, in arms ; in
the pursuit of arms, in war.
in caelum, to the skies.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
363
in custodiam dare, to place in cus-
tody ', to put under surveillance.
in dato beneficio, in the granting
of a favor.
in dies, day by day y every day.
in dies singulos,^^ successive day.
in earn partem, ut, to the end that.
in eandem fere sententiam, to
much the same effect, of about the
same import.
in malis, in the midst of evils.
in optimo quoque, in all the best.
in perditis rebus, in profligacy.
in perpetuum,/0r all time, for ever.
in posteritatem, for the future.
in posterum, for the future.
in posterum tempus, for future
time, for the future.
in praesens tempus, for the present.
in quaestu relinquere, to leave on
interest.
incumbite in causam, throw your-
selves into the cause.
ineunte adulescentia, at the begin-
ning of youth.
ineunte vere, at the opening of
spring.
inferre bellum, to make war upon.
inire consilium, to form a plan.
inspectante praetore, under the
eyes of the praetor.
integris signis, with the seals un-
broken.
inter se, with each other, with one
another.
ira victoriae, the fury of victory.
isto pacto ut, in such a way as,
as.
iudicium facere, to pass an opin-
ion, to pass judgment.
ius civitatis, the rights of citizen-
ship, citizenship.
latius opinione, more widely than
you think, than one would think.
laudibus in caelum ferre, to praise
to the skies.
loco motus est, he was forced from
his vantage-ground.
locorum opportunitas, advantages
of position.
magno in aere alieno, deeply in
debt.
male emere, to purchase at too high
a price, to buy too dear.
male gerere negotium, to manage
one's business badly.
maximas gratias agere, to return
most hearty thanks.
maxime elaborandum est, very
great effort must be made, all
pains must be taken.
me imperante, at my bidding.
me quid pudeat? why should 1
be ashamed?
mea interest, it is for my interest,
to my advantage; lam concerned.
Medea ilia, the famous Medea.
media aestate, at midsummer.
memoria tenere, to remember, to
keep in mind.
mente captus, beside himself.
meo nomine, in my name, on my
account; in my honor.
meorum factorum paenitebit, I
shall be sorry for what I did, 1
shall regret my action.
mini crede, credite, believe me,
upon my word.
mini in animo est, it is my inten-
tion, I intend.
mini in mentem venit, it occurs to
me,
mini placet, / think best, I re-
solve.
mini suadeo, / am persuaded.
minus est erratum, no mistake
has been made.
moleste ferre, to be annoyed, to
feel grieved.
multum valere, to be very power-
ful; to have great influence, be
very important.
364
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
mutue respondere, to make ade-
quate return, make a fair return.
ne longum sit, not to be tedious, not
to bore you.
necesse est pervenire, must inevi-
tably come, must inevitably fall
(to).
nescio an, perhaps I might better
say, probably.
nescio quid, something, some.
nescio quo modo, somehow.
nescio quo pacto, somehow.
nihil aliud nisi de hoste cogitare,
to think of nothing but the enemy,
to have no thought for anything
except the enemy.
n ihil de re publica cogitare, to give
no thought to political matters,
give no thought to public affairs.
nihil nisi de parricidio cogitare, to
think of nothing but murder.
nihil decretum est, no decree was
passed, no motion was carried.
nihil mihi noceri potest, no harm
can be done me.
nobis consulibus, in our consulship,
in my consulship.
noctes ac dies, day and night.
noli esse, be not.
noli defatigari, be not wearied, do
not allozu yourself to become weary.
nolite dubitare, do not hesitate.
m e o nomine, in my name, in my
honor.
s u o nomine, on his own account.
novis rebus studere, to be eager for
a revolution, be desirous of a revo-
lution.
nudius tertius, day before yesterday.
nullo impediente, with no one hin-
dering, with none to hinder.
nullo modo, in no way, by no
means.
occasio oblata est, an opportunity
presented itself.
omnes unum volunt, all are of one
opinion.
omnium rerum desperatio, utter
despair.
operae pretium est, it is worth
while.
operam dare, to take pains, to make
an effort.
opinione celerius, sooner than was
expected.
t e oportet duci, you ought to be led.
te iam pridem oportebat duci,
you ought long ago to have been
led.
optime de re publica mereri, to
render most important service to
one's country.
optimo iure, with the fairest possi-
ble reason.
optimus quisque, all the best.
opus est, there is need, it is neces-
sary.
orbis terrae, orbis terrarum, the
world, the whole world.
pace tua, with your permission.
parum comitatus, with too small a
retinue, with too small an escort.
parvi ref ert, it matters little.
pauca dicere, to say a few words.
paulum mihi est morae, / am suf-
fering a little delay.
pecunias c'ollocatas habere, to have
sums of money invested.
per causam, tinder the pretext.
per hanc causam, under this pre-
text, with this as a pretext.
per fortunas vide, for heaven's sake
see to it, take care.
perinae atque, just as, exactly
as.
permagni nostra interest, it is oj
very great importance to us ; or,
it is very important for me.
permultum valere, to be exceed-
ingly powerful, to possess very
great influence.
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
365
pingue quiddam sonantes atque
peregrinum, offering some stupid
and outlandish composition.
eis placet, they think best, they
resolve.
plurimum posse, to have the greatest
influence, to be most powerful, be
pre-eminent.
plurimum valere, to have very
great weight, exert very great in-
fluence.
poenam seeleris sufferre, to suffer
punishment for crime.
poenam suscipere, to receive
punishment, undergo punish-
ment.
poenas expetere ab aliquo, to in-
flict punishment on any one, to
visit any one with retribution.
post civitatem datam, after the
granting of citizenship, after the
franchise was granted.
post hominum memoriam, within
the memory of man.
post urbem conditam, since the
founding of the City, since the
City was founded.
post hanc urbem conditam, since
the founding of this City, since this
City was founded.
praeter opinionem omnium,
contrary to the expectation of
all.
praeter spem, contrary to expec-
tation, beyond one's expectation.
primo quoque tempore, at the ear-
liest possible moment.
priore nocte, night before last.
pro eo ac mereor, in such measure
as I deserve, in proportion to my
deserts.
proeliis secundis uti, to have suc-
cessful engagements, to come off
victorious in battle.
prope inspectantibus vobis, almost
under your eyes.
proxima nocte, last night.
qua re, wherefore.
quae cum ita sint, now since these
things are so, and since this is so.
quam ob rem, on what account?
wherefore.
quam plurimi, as many as possible.
quam primum, as soon as possible.
quantum est situm in nobis, so
far as in us lies, so far as in me
lies.
quern ad finem? to what limit?
how far ?
quern ad modum, in what way?
how ; as.
quem venisse gaudent, at the arri-
val of whom they rejoice.
quicquid increpuerit, at every
sound.
quicquid possum, whatever influ-
ence I possess, whatever I can
accomplish.
quicquid studi, whatever enthu-
siasm.
quid consili ? what scheme ? what
plan ?
quid illo fieri placet ? what does
he want to have done ?
quid interest? what difference is
there ?
quid mini cum vobis est? what
business have I with you ? what
have I to do with you ?
quid novi ? what news ?
quid novi, anything new, any-
thing without precedent.
quid telorum, any weapons.
s i quid telorum, whatez>er weapons.
quid Tullia fiet ? what will become
of Tullia ?
quieta re publica, when the state
is undisturbed, when the state is
free from agitation.
quoad erit integrum, so long as
it shall remain an open ques
tion.
quod reliquum est, for the rest,
for the future.
366
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
ratio totius belli, the plan of the
entire campaign, or of the entire
war.
referre ad senatum, to lay before
the Senate.
referre gratiam, to return a favor,
to requite, recompense.
reliquum est, it remains.
rem deferre ad patres conscrip-
tos, to report a matter to the Sen-
ate in session.
rem gerere, to manage business.
rem optime gerere, to manage
business exceedingly xvell.
remoto Catilina, with Catiline out
of the way.
rerum potiri, to get control of the
government.
res gestae, achievements, exploits,
deeds.
res se habet, the case stands.
salutem dicere, to send greeting.
salutem nuntiare, to carry one's
regards.
satis f acere rei publicae, to do one's
duty by the state.
satis laudis, sufficient praise, praise
enough.
scriptor rerum, writer of history,
historian.
scriptor rerum suarum, chronicler
of his achievements, biographer.
se praetura abdicare, to resign the
office of praetor.
se pro cive gerere, to conduct one's
self as a citizen.
secundae res, prosperity.
a senatorio gradu longe abesse,
to be far too young for member-
ship in the Senate.
senatui placuit, the Senate voted,
the Senate passed a resolution.
senatum consulere, to ask the opin-
ion of the Senate, to consult the
Senate.
senatum convocare, to convoke thi
Senate, call a meeting of the Senate.
sententiam f erre, to cast a vote.
sententiam rogare, to put the ques-
tion, to call for a vote.
si curae tibi est, if you care about
it, if you take interest in it.
si in eo stat, if he persists in that,
if he remains firm in that.
si vestra voluntas feret, if such
be your pleasure.
si vobis placet, if you think best.
simul ac, simul atque, as soon as.
sine controversia, beyond question,
indisputably.
sine dubio, beyond doubt.
sine ulla mora, at once.
sua sponte, of your o%vn accord.
sui conservandi causa, in order to
save themselves.
summa res publica, the highest in-
terest of the state.
summum supplicium, the severest
punishment.
summus imperator, a commander
of the first rank.
suo nomine, on his own account.
superiore nocte, night before last.
supplicium de aliquo sumere, to
inflict punishment upon any one.
tandem aliquando, now at length,
then at length.
tantum abest ut . . videar, ut
so far am I from appearing, . . .
that.
te auctore, on your advice.
te oportet, see oportet.
terra marique, on land and sea.
tertia fere vigilia exacta, at about
the end of the third watch.
si transactum est, if all is over.
tua sponte, of your own accord.
ubinam gentium sumus ? where
in the world are we ?
IDIOMS AND PHRASES
367
ullo modo, in any way, by any
means.
una significatione litterarum, by a
single written order.
urbi satis praesidi est, the city has
a sufficient garrison, the city is
amply garrisoned.
ut arbitror, in my judgment.
ut levissime dicam, to put the case
very mildly, to speak with extreme
moderation.
ut primum, as soon as.
uti aliquo f amiliariter, to be on in-
timate terms with any one.
vacui temporis nihil, no leisure
time, no leisure.
vadimonium deserere, to forsake
an obligation to appear in court,
to forfeit one's recognizance.
vehementer angi, to be greatly
troubled, be much disturbed.
vehementer cum senatu consoci-
ari, to be thoroughly in accord with
the Senate.
vehementer errare, to be very much
mistaken.
velim dispicias res Eomanas, will
you kindly think over matters at
Rome.
velim ei me excuses, / should like
to have you make excuse for me to
him, excuse me to him*
veniam dare, to pardon.
ventum est, they (or he) came, have
come.
verba facere, to speak.
verbis amplissimis, in most distin-
guished terms, in the handsomest
terms.
verendum erat mini, / ought to
have feared.
vereri ne, to fear that.
vereri ut, to fear that . . . not.
vestrum est providere, it is your
duty to make provision.
vi et minis, by threats of vio-
lence.
vir optimus, an exceedingly worthy
gentleman, a most excellent man.
vis et manus, violent hands.
vitae meae rationes, my plan of
life.
vix feram, / shall find it hard to
bear, I shall hardly be able to
endure.
voculae recreandae causa, in order
to strengthen (my) poor voice.
voluptatem capere, to receive pleas-
ure^ take delight.
GREEK WORDS.
al<rxp<fe, -d, -6v, adj., [alaxos,
shame], comp. ttUrxUur, sup. ctf-
<rx'o"Tos, shameful, base, contemp-
tible, disgraceful.
ava<f>cu'va>, -<pavw, -TretyayKa, aor.
dvecprjva, \_ava-\- cpaivcc], show forth,
display; mid. &va<palvo/jiai, ap-
pear, be seen, be thought.
diroOcuxris, -eoos, r], [atrodedco, cltt6 -f
8e6co from 6e6s], deifo 'cation, a form
of consecration which caused the
person receiving it to be con-
sidered as a divinity.
dpio-Teia, -ay, 7], [apio-revoo, be best,
from Apiaros], lit. deed of him
that is best; noble deed, heroic
action.
avflwpcC, adv., [atiOwpos, adj., from
air 6s, Spa], at the very hour, at
the selfsame hour,
Powiris, -iSos, fem. adj. and subst.
[Qovs, &\p], ox-eyed, cow-eyed, i. e.
having large, lustrous eyes ; in
Homer applied to Juno, suggest-
ing her majestic beauty.
4-iri8r|p.ios, -ov, adj., [eiri, dy/xos],
among the people, native ; preva-
lent among the people, as a disease,
epidemic.
Aeuorpvyovios, -a, -ov, Homeric
ace. sing. fem. Aaio-rpvyovirjv,
adj., [AaurrpvySves ], Laestrygo-
nian, of the Laestrygonians, a
mythical folk of gigantic stature,
said to have lived along the west
coast of Italy below Formiae, or
in Sicily.
XaKttvwrjio's, -ov, 6, [\aKQ>viC<», from
Aduwv, Lacedaemonian], aping of
that which is Lacedaemonian, imi-
tation of Spartan custom in any-
thing.
o-twirdco, criooirr)crofjiai, creaidyirrjKa,
tffi&TryiacL, [o-kottt), silence], be silent,
keep silence, remain silent.
o-k^ttto), an^eo, prop ; mid. cricf)-
irro/jLcu, prop one's self, lean on,
rely on, hence allege by way of
excuse, make excuses, excuse one's
self
o-7rov8d£co, -do"a>, [airovb'r), haste], lit.
make haste; hence be eager, be
earnest, speak seriously, be in
earnest.
TnXttrvXos, -ov, f), [t7)\€, far, vi\rj,
gate], lit. City of the widely sepa-
rated Gates, Telepylus, mythical
town of the Laestrygonians. Od.
XXiii. 318.
{nro<rd\oiKos, -ov, adj., \vtt6-\- o~6\oi-
kos, barbarous], of faulty speech ;
in bad taste, out of place.
<j>i\o<ro<f>((o or <j>iXo<ro<f><o, -Vjtrcw, [0t-
*.6o~o(pos], be a philosopher y love
wisdom.
<j>Xvapos, -ov, 6, [4>\ia>, bubble over,
talk foolishly], idle talk, foolery,
trifle.
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER
NAMES
The system used in the following list to indicate the English pro-
nunciation is intended to be lucid and consistent, and at the same time
to present as few points of divergence as possible from the systems
found in the best dictionaries. The so-called long vowels have above
them a macron or some mark indicative of quality ; the short stressed
vowels have no mark at all ; the obscure unstressed vowels have a dot
under them, thus : —
a as in 'fate.'
eas in 'hated.'*
o as in ' democrat.'
a " " 'fat.*
e " " 'her.'
S " " ' wse.'
a " " 'idea.'*
I " " 'pine.'
u " " 'wp.'
a " " 'arm.'
i " " 'pin.'
u " " 'singular.'*
a " " 'all.'
i " " 'unity.'*
u " " 'circws.'*
e " " 'me.'
5 " " 'no.'
ir" " 'rwde.'
e " " 'met.'
o " " 'not.'
u " " ' full.*
The chief stress or accent is indicated by ', the secondary by '' ;
but the secondary stress is not marked when separated from another
stress by a single intervening unstressed syllable, for in that case one
naturally puts it in the proper place.
Accius, ak'sh(y)us.
Achaia, a-ka'(y)a.
Achilles, a-kil'ez.
Aelius, e'li-us.
Aemilius, e-mil'i-us.
Africa, af'ri-ka.
Ahala, a-ha'la.
Alba, al'ba.
Alexander, al-eg-zan'der.
Alexis, a-lek'sis.
Allobroges, a-lob'ro-jez.
Amisus, a-mi'sus.
Annius Chilo, an'i-us krlo.
Antiochus, an-ti'o-kus.
Antium, an'sh(y)um.
Antonius, an-t5'ni-us.
Apollonidenses, ap"o-lon-i-den's€z.
Appi Forum, ap'i fo'rum.
Appius, ap'i-us.
Appuleius, ap-u-le'(y)us.
* The obscure unstressed vowels are in effect very much alike, but they differ
slightly according to the character of the adjoining consonants. They are most cor-
rectly sounded when one glides over them rapidly and naturally.
The editor is indebted to Professor George Hempl, of the chair of English Philology
and General Linguistics, University of Michigan, for kindly revising this list.
369
370
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
Apulia, a-pu'li-a.
Archias, ar'ki-as.
Ariobarzanes, a'ri-o-bar-za'nez.
Asclapo, as-kla/po.
Asia, a'sh(y)a or a'zh(y)a.
Astura, as'tu-ra.
Athamas, ath'a-mas.
Athenae, a-the'ne.
Attica, at'i-ka.
Atticus, at'i-kus.
Aulus, a'lus.
Balbus, bal'bus.
Basilus, bas'i-lus.
Batonius, ba-to'ni-us.
Bibulus, bib'u-lus.
Bithynia, bi-thin'i-a.
Bona Dea, bo'na de'a.
Britannia, bri-tan'i-a.
Brundisium, brun-dizh'(y)um.
Brutus, brQ'tus.
Buthrotum, bti-thro'tum.
Caelius, se'li-us.
Caeparius, se-pa/ri-us.
Caesar, se'zar.
Caieta, ka-ye'ta.
Cappadocia, kap-a-do sh(y)a.
Capua, kap'u-a.
Carbo, kar'bo.
Caria, ka'ri-a.
Cassius, kash'(y)us.
Cato, ka'to.
Catulus, kat'u-lus or kat'cho-lus.
Ceparius, se-pa'ri-us.
Cestius, ses'ti-us.
Cethegus, se-the'gus.
Cicero, sis'e-ro.
Cilicia, si-lish'(y)a.
Cimber, sim'ber.
Cimbri, sim'brl.
Cincius, sin'sh(y)us.
Cinna, sin'a.
Claudius, cla'di-us.
Clodius, clo'di-us.
Cluatius, clu-a'sh(y)us.
Cnidus, nl'dus.
Cocceius, kok-s6'(y)us.
Colophon, kol'o-phon.
Corcyra, kor-si'ra.
Corduba, kor'du-ba.
Cornelius, kor-ne'lyus.
Cotta, kot'a.
Crassus, kras'us.
Curio, ku'ri-6.
Custidius, kus-tid'i-us.
Cyziceni, siz-i-se'ni.
Cyzicus, siz'i-kus.
Decimus, des'i-mus.
Delos, de'los or de'los' f .
Dives, di'vez.
Dolabella, dol-a-bel'a.
Drusus, dru'sus.
Dyrracliium, di-rak'i-um.
Egnatius, eg-na'sh(y)us.
Egnatuleius, eg'nat-u-le'(y)us of
eg'na-chu-le'(y)us.
Ennius, en'i-us.
Ephesus, ef'e-sus.
Epirus, e-pi'rus.
Eros, e'ros or e'ros".
Etruria, e-tru'ri-a.
Fabius, fa'bi-us.
Faesulae, fesh'u-le.
Falcidius, fal-sid'i-us.
Faustus, fas'tus.
Flaccus, flak 'us.
Formiae, for'mi-e.
Forum Aurelium, fO'rum a-re'-
li-um or a-re'li-um.
Fulvius, ful'vi-us.
Furius, fur'i-us.
Gabinius, ga-bin'i-us.
Gaius, ga/(y)us.
Galli, gal'i.
Gallia Cisalpina, gal'i-a sis-al-
pl'na.
Gallia Transalpina, gal'i-a trans"-
al-pi'na or tranz-al-pi'na.
OF PROPER NAMES
371
Glabrio, gla'bri-o.
Glaucia, gla/sh(y)a.
Gnaeus, ne'(y)us.
Gracchus, grak'us.
Gratius, gra/sh(y)us.
Hannibal, han'i-bal.
Heraclia, her-a-kll'a.
Heraclienses, her"a-kli-en'sez.
Hispo, his'po.
Hortensius, hor-ten'sh(y)us.
Illyricum, i-lir'i-kum.
Iugurtha, ju-ger'tha or ju-ger'tha.
Iulius, jul'yus.
Iunius, jQn'yus.
Iuppiter, ju'pi-ter„
Laeca, le'ka.
Laelius, le'li-us.
Laenius, le'ni-us.
Latium, la'sh(y)um.
Lentulus, len'tu-lus or len'chu-lus.
Lepidus, lep'i-dus.
Lepta, lep'ta.
Libo, li'bo.
Licinius, li-sin'i-us.
Locrenses, lo-kren'sez.
Lucius, lu'sh(y)us.
Lucullus, lu-kul'us.
Lupus, lii'pus.
Macedonia, mas-e-do'ni-a.
Maelius, me'li-us.
Magna Graecia, mag'na gre'-
sh(y)a.
Magnus, mag'nus.
Manilius, ma-nil 'i-us.
Manius, ma'ni-us.
Manlius, man'li-us.
Marcellus, mar-sel'us.
Marcus, mar'kus.
Marius, ma'ri-us.
Mars, marz.
Massilia, ma-sil'i-a.
Maximus, mak'si-mus.
Medea, me-de'a.
Megalensia, meg-a-len'sh(y)a.
Memmius, mem'i-us.
Metellus, nie-tel'us.
Minucius, mi-nu'sh(y)us.
Misenum, mi-se'num.
Mithridates, mith-ri-da'tez.
Mulvius, mul'vi-us.
Murena, mure'na.
Nobilior, no-bil'i-or.
Numantia, nun)an'sh(y)a„
Octavianus, ok-ta-vi-a nus,
Octavius, ok-ta'vi-us.
Opimius, o-pim ; i-us.
Orpheus, or'phe-us.
Paetus, pe'tus.
Pamphylia, pam-fil'i-a.
Pansa, pan'sa or pan'za.
Patiscus, pa-tis'kus.
Paulus, pa'lus.
Penates, pe-na'tez.
Perses, per-sez.
Pescennius, pe-sen'i-us.
Philhetaerus, fil-e-te rus.
Philippus, fi-lip'us.
Philogenes, fi-loj'e-nez.
Philotimus, fil-o-ti'mus.
Picenum, pi-s6'num.
Pilia, pil'i-a.
Piso, pl'so.
Pius, pl'us.
Plancius, plan'sh(y)us.
Plancus, plang'kus.
Plotius, plo'sh(y)us.
Poeni, pe'ni.
Pompeius, pom-pe'(y)us.
Pomponia, pom-po'ni-a.
Pomponius, pom-po'ni-us.
Pomptinus, pom(p)-ti nus.
Pontus, pon'tus.
Praeneste, pre-nes'te.
Ptolemaeus, tol-e-me'us.
Publicius, pub-lish'(y)us.
372
Publius, pub'li-us.
Pulcher, pul'ker.
Puteoli, pu-te'o-11.
Quintus, kwin'tus.
Quirites, qui-ri'tez.
Romulus, rom'u-Ws.
Roscius, rosh'(y)us.
Rufus, rO'fus.
Samoa, sa/mos or sa/mos".
Sampsiceramus, sam(p)-si-ser'j
mus.
Sardinia, sar-din'i-a.
Saturnalia, sat-ur-na/li-a.
Saturninus, sat-ur-ni'nus.
Scaevola, sev'o-la.
Scipio, sip'i-5.
Seius, se'(y)us.
Sempronius, sem-pro'ni-us.
Serapio, se-ra/pi-5.
Servilius, ser-vil'i-us.
Servius, ser'vi-us.
Sestius, ses'ti-us.
Sextus, sex'tus.
Sicca, sik'a.
Sicilia, si-sil'i-a.
Sigeum, si-je'um.
Silanus, si-la/nus.
Silius, sil'i-us.
Silvanus, sil-va'nus.
Sinope, si-no'pe.
Spartacus, spar'ta-kus.
Spurius, spu'ri-us.
Statilius, sta-til'i-us.
Suessa, su-es'a.
Sulla, sul'la.
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
Sulpicius, sul-pish'(y)us.
Syria, sir'i-a.
Tarquitius, tar-kwish'(y)us.
Tenedos, ten'e-dos.
Terentia, te-ren'sh(y)a.
Testa, tes'ta.
Teutoni, tu'to-m.
Themistocles, the-mis'to-klez.
Theophanes, the-of'a-nez.
Thermus, ther'nius.
Tiberis, tib'e-ris.
Tiberius, ti-be'ri-us.
Tigranes, ti-gra'nez.
Tiro, ti'ro.
Tisamenus, ti-sam'e-nus.
Titinius, ti-tin'i-us.
Titius, tish'(y)us.
Titus, ti'tus.
Tongilius, ton-jil'i-us.
Torquatus, tor-kwa'tus.
Trebatius, tre-ba'sh(y)us.
Tres Tabernae, trez ta-ber'ne.
Tullia, tul'i-a.
Tulliola, tu-li'o-la.
Tullius, tul'i-us.
Tullus, tul'us.
Umbrenus, um-bre'nus.
Valerius, va-le'ri-us.
Varro, var'o.
Vatia, va'sh(y)a.
Vesta, ves'ta.
Vettius, vet'i-us.
Vibo, vi'bo.
Volturcius, vol-tur'sh(y)us.
Xeno, ze'no.
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a.
= active.
indie.
= indicative.
abl.
= ablative.
inf.
ss infinitive.
abs.
— absolute.
inter.
■= interrogative.
ace.
ss accusative.
inter j.
= interjection.
adj.
ss adjective.
intr.
ss intransitive.
adv.
ss adverb, adverbial.
irr.
s= irregular.
causat
. ss causative.
lit.
sz literally.
chap.
■=. chapter.
m.
= masculine.
comp.
s= comparative.
MSS.
= manuscripts.
conj.
ss conjunction.
n., neut.
— neuter.
dat.
rs dative.
nom.
ss nominative.
decl.
sr declension.
num.
= numeral.
def.
ss defective.
Or.
ss Ordtio.
dem.
— demonstrative.
p., pp.
— page, pages.
dep.
(in vocabulary) = deponent.
part.
ss participle.
dim.
sz diminutive.
pass.
ss passive.
e.g.
ss exempli, gratia =for exam-
patr.
=■ patronymic.
ple.
pers.
— person, personal.
Eng.
— English.
pf.
— perfect.
Ep.
s= Epistolae, or Epistola.
pi.
= plural.
et al.
ss et alibi ss fl«^ elsewhere.
plup.
ss pluperfect.
et seq.
=. et sequentia = a«*/ w /*atf /o/-
pos.
ss positive.
/(TtfJ.
pred.
^.predicate.
etc.
ss <tf <r£ter« = #»</ so forth.
prep.
=. preposition.
excl.
= exclamation.
pres.
= present.
f.
— feminine.
pron.
— pronoun, pronominal.
freq.
= frequentative.
reflex.
— reflexive.
fut.
ss future.
rel.
sc relative.
gen,.
— genitive.
semi-dej
). = semi-deponent.
ibid.
— ibidem ss fo M^ jaw place.
sing.
sr singular.
id.
— idem =■ the same.
subj.
= subjunctive.
i. e.
ss /<f <?.# = /^atf /j.
subst.
= substantive.
imp.
ss imperative.
sup.
ss superlative.
impers
.=. impersonal, impersonally.
trans.
s= transitive.
impf.
= imperfect.
v.
ss wr£.
inch.
ss inchoative.
voc.
= vocative.
indecl.
ss indeclinable.
h 2 > 3>
4 with verbs = 1st, 2d, 3d,
OT
in def.
=s indefinite.
4th conjugation.
Ant. IV. ss m .fl/. Antonium ordtio Philippica quarta.
Arch. =■ pro A. Licinio Archid ordtio.
Cat. I., II., III., IV. ss m Z. Catilinam ordtio prima, secunda, lertia, qudrta.
Imp. P. rr a?/ Imperio Gnaei Pompei ordtio.
Mar. ss /rt? .M. Mar cello ordtio.
VOCABULARY.
A., with proper names = Aulus, a
Roman praenomen, or forename.
a. d., = ante diem ; see ante.
a. u. c, = anno urbis conditae,
'in the year from the founding of
the city,' or ab urbe condita,
' after the founding of the city; '
used with dates reckoned from
the year in which Rome was
said to have been founded, 753
b. c.
a, ab, and abs, [cf. Jkiro, Eng. of,
off], prep, with abl., originally
implying separation,/?-*?//?, away
from, out of; of place or direc-
tion, from, out of at, especially
with adverbs of distance, as
longe a domo, procul a nobis ;
of time, from, since, after, as ab
ineunte aetate, ab adulescen-
tia, ab illo tempore, a sena-
torio gradii longe; of agency,
with passive verbs and gerun-
dives, by, on the part of ; of source,
from, through, especially with
verbs and adj. signifying fearing,
• hoping, expecting, defending,
liquidating; the prep, a with
the person is used with quaeso,
postulo, poenas expeto, and
dissentio.
abdico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab +
dico], 1, a., abdicate; reflex.,
with abl., resign, lay down, re-
nounce, used of withdrawal from
an office before the expiration of
the term of appointment, as se
praetura abdicavit, he resigned
his office of praetor.
abditus, -a, -urn, [part, of abdo],
adj., concealed, hidden ; secluded,
secret.
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ab +
do], 3, 2i.,put away, remove, con-
ceal ; reflex., abdere se, to betake
one's self to, to devote one's self to,
to hide one's self in.
abed, -ire, abivi or -ii, abitum,
fut. part, abiturus, [ab + eo],
irr., n., go away, depart, leave ;
pass away, be gone, disappear,
vanish.
aberratio, -onis, [aberro, from
ab + erro], f., relief, respite, as
from troubles.
abhorreo, -ere, -ui, , [ab +
horreo], 2, n. and a., shrink back
from, shudder at ; be at variance
with, be inconsistent with, be
averse to ; be not connected with ;
often construed with a and the
abl.
abicio, abicere, -ieci, -iectum,
[ab + iacio], 3, a., throw away,
cast away, throw down ; give up,
abandon; reflex., abicere se,
throw one's self down, prostrate
one's self, give up in despair.
ABIECTUS
ACCUSO
abiectus, -a, -um, [part, of abicio],
adj., cast down, overwhelmed,
despondent ; low, mean, worth-
less.
absconditus, -a, -um, [part, of
abscondo] , adj., hidden, concealed,
secret.
abscondo, -dere, -dl, -ditum, [abs
+ condo], 3, a., hide, conceal ;
make a secret of.
absens, -entis, [part, of absum],
adj., absent, away, not present.
absolutio, -onis, [absolvo, dis-
charge], f., as a legal term, ac-
quittal ; completeness.
abstrahd, -ere, abstraxi, abstra-
ctum, [abs -j- trahoj , 3, a., draw
aivay ; withdraw, remove ; divert,
cut off.
abstrudS, -ere, abstrusl, abs-
trusum, [abs + trudo], 3, a.,
thrust away, hide, conceal.
absum, abesse, afui, fut. part,
afuturus, [ab + sum], irr., n.,
be away from, be absent, be far,
be from. cuius aetas a
longe abesset, whose age was far
too young for . tantum
abest ut ut, so far from
that.
abundans, -antis, [part, of
abundo], adj., overflowing, rich,
abounding.
abundantia, -ae, [abundo], f.,
plenty, abundance.
abundS, -are, -avi, -atum, [abo-
unds, from unda, wave], 1, n.,
overflow, abound in, be rich
in.
abutor, -uti, -usus sum, [ab +
utor], 3, dep., use up ; abuse,
outrage.
ac, see atque.
accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum,
[ad-f-cedo], 3, n., come to, drazu
near to, draw near, approach ;
used often as synonymous with
the passive of addo, be added.
accelero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
celero, from celer], 1, a. and n.,
hasten, quicken ; hurry, make
haste.
accessio, -onis, [accedo], f., a
coming to, approach ; increase,
addition, enlargement.
accido, -cidere, -cidl, , [ad-f-
cado], 3, n., fall upon, fall to ;
reach, come to ; come to pass, hap-
pen, occur, take place.
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[ad + capio], 3, a., take to one's
self, receive, accept ; meet with, ex-
perience, suffer; take in, hear, learn,
understand ; undertake, assume.
Accius, -I, m, L. Accius, an early
Roman tragic poet, born 170 b. c.
He lived to a great age and wrote
many tragedies ; also an histori-
cal poem and three prose works.
Only a few fragments of his writ-
ings are extant, but these indi-
cate marked literary power.
accommodatus, -a, -um, [part,
of accommodo], adj., adapted \
suited, fit, suitable, appropriate,
accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad -f- commodS, from commo-
dus], 1, a., fit, adjust, adapt, ac-
commodate to.
accubo, -are, , , [ad +
cubo], 1, n., lie at, lie near ;
especially recline at table, in ac-
cordance with the Roman cus-
tom, the body reclining on a
couch, the left arm resting on a
cushion, the right arm being left
free to take food.
accurate, comp. accuratius, sup.
accuratissime, [accuratus, care-
fully wrought], adv., carefully,
with pains, with painstaking ; pre-
cisely, exactly.
accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad,
causa], I, a., reproach, accuse,
blame, find fault with; prosecute
indict.
ACER
ADFECTUS
5cer, acris, acre, comp. acrior,
sup. acerrimus, adj., sharp, pierc-
ing ; harsh, bitter ; keen, zealous,
spirited ; passionate, violent ;
fierce, severe.
acerbe, comp. acerbius, sup.
acerbissime, [acerbus], adv.,
harshly, cruelly, bitterly ; pain-
fully, grievously, severely.
acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus], f., bit-
terness ; harshness, severity ; pi.,
sorrows, anguish, affliction.
acerbus, -a, -um, [acer], adj.,
sharp to the taste, bitter ; harsh,
severe, cruel ; distressing, rigor-
ous, burdensome.
acervus, -I, m., heap, pile ; great
quantity, multitude, mass.
Achaia, -ae, ['Agota], f., Achdia,
a Roman province, comprising
all of Greece except Thessaly.
See n. to p. 130, 4.
Achilles, -is, ['Ax*AAeiis], m.,
Achilles, son of Peleus and The-'
tis, famous hero of the Greeks in
the Trojan war. Arch. x.
acies, -el, f., sharp point, sharp
edge ; of an army, line of battle,
battle-array ; battle, engagement ;
force, efficiency.
acriter, comp. acrius, sup. acer-
rime, [acer], adv., sharply, keen-
ly, cruelly; earnestly, zealously,
vigorously.
acroama, -atis, [aKpoct/xa, from
<xKpodo/xat, listen], n., lit. enter-
tainment for the ear ; reader,
story-teller, musician, applied
especially to those who furnished
entertainment at table with sto-
ries, jests, or songs.
actio, -onis, [ago], f., a driving or
doing, action ; action at law, law-
suit, prosecution, trial ; pi. often
public acts, measures.
acta, -arum, [ago], n., ^^proceed-
ings.
actus, -us, [ago], m., a driving or
doing ; act, achievement.
ad, prep, with ace. only, to; of
motion and direction, to, towards,
up to ; of place, in the vicinity of,
at, near to, at the house of, in the
presence of, among, according to ;
of time, //'//, to, up to, until ; of
purpose, especially with the ger-
und, for, in order to, for the pur-
pose of, in; of other relations,
with regard to, according to, in
respect to, in consequence of, as
to, in; about, almost, as many
as.
adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
aequo], I, a. and n., make equal
to, make equal with, match ; keep
up with ; in Cicero usually fol-
lowed by cum with an abl.
addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ad-f-
do], 3, a., put to, bring to ; add,
join to, increase, augment ; con-
sider also.
adduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum,
[ad + duco], 3, a., lead to, bring
to, conduct, lead ; prompt, induce •,
incite to, persuade, influence.
adeo, -ire, -ii or -Ivi, -itum, [ad +
eo], irr., n. and a.., go to, come to,
approach ; enter upon, undertake ;
encounter, incur ; undergo, submit
to. ad rem publicam adire,
to engage in the administration oj
public affairs. hereditatem
adire, to take possession of an
inheritance.
adeo [ad-f eo], adv., to this, thus
far, so far, so much ; so long, so.
usque adeo, even to such a de-
gree, even thus far, even so far.
atque adeo, and even, yet more,
still further.
adeps, -ipis, m. or f.. of animals,
fats lard; of men, corpulence,
fleshiness, obesity.
adfectus, -a, -um, [part, of ad-
ficio], adj., provided, endowed,
gifted ; affected, disposed ; weak-
ened, impaired.
ADFERO
6
ADMIROR
adfero, -ferre, attull, adlatum,
[ad 4- fero] , irr., a., bring to, carry
to; convey, bring, introduce; re-
port, announce ; produce, contrib-
ute, offer.
adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [ad
-f- facio], 3, a., do something to,
treat, use; affect, influence; visit
with, afflict ; weaken, impair,
break down.
adfingd, -fingere, -finxi, -fictum,
[ad + fingo], 3, a., attach ; bestow,
contribute.
adflnis, -e, [ad + finis], adj., ad-
joining, neighboring ; connected
with, implicated in, accessory to.
adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
flrmo], 1, a., strengthen; con-
firm by words, encourage ; main-
tain, assert.
adflicto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of adfligo], 1, a., break to pieces;
crush ; distress, torment, harass.
adflictus, -a, -um, comp. adfllc-
tior, [part, of adfligo], adj., cast
down, prostrate ; dejected, discour-
aged, wretched, distressed.
adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictum,
[ad + fllgo], 3, a., strike at, dash
at; shatter; overthrow, ruin,
damage, injure, distress.
adfluens, -entis, [pres. part, of
adfluo], adj., abounding, over-
flowing, abundant.
adfluo, -fluere, -fluxl, -fluxum,
[ad + fluo], 3, n., flora to, flow
by ; with abl., abound in, be over-
flowing, be full.
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad +
habeo], 2, a., hold to, bring,
apply ; furnish, offer, bestow ;
employ, use, exercise.
adhortor, -arl, -atus sum, [ad-f
hortor], I, dep., encourage, arouse ;
urge, urge on, exhort.
adhuc [ad + hue] , adv., hereto-
fore, hitherto, as yet, up to this
time ; still, yet
adimo, -ere, ademi, ademptum,
[ad + emo], 3, a., take away, re
move; deprive of, free from.
adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus sum,
[ad + apiscor], 3, dep., arrive
at; obtain, attain, reach; get,
gain, secure, win.
aditus, -us, [adeo], m., a going to,
approach, access; way of ap-
proach, entrance, avenue, passage ;
arrival.
adiumentum, -I, [for adiuva-
mentum, from adiuv5], n.,
help, assistance, aid, support.
adiungo, -ere, adiunxi, adiunc-
tum, [ad + iungo], 3, a., join to,
attach to ; join, add, annex, asso-
ciate, unite to ; win, secure ;
apply.
adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutum,
[ad + iuvo], 1, a., help, assist;
be of assistance to ; aid, support,
sustain.
adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum,
[ad + laeio], 3, a., entice to, al-
lure ; attract, persuade.
administer, -tri, [ad + minister],
m., attendant, assistant, helper;
tool, instrument.
administra, -ae, [administer], f.,
female assistant, [female) servant,
handmaid.
administro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad
-f ministro, from minister], 1,
a., manage, control, handle, ad-
minister, regulate ; direct, guide,
serve.
admirandus, -a, -um, [part, of
admiror], adj., worthy of admira-
tion, to be admired, wonderful, ad-
mirable, strange.
admiratio. -onis, [admiror], f.,
admiration, wonder; surprise,
astonishment.
admiror, -arl, -atus sum, [ad +
miror], 1, dep., admire, view
with wondering approval, wonder
at i wonder, be astonished.
ADMITTO
ADULTUS
admitto, -ere, admisi, admis-
sum, [ad + mitto], 3, a., send to,
let go; admit, receive ; give access,
allow access, grant admittance;
permit, allow to be done ; become
guilty of, commit, perpetrate.
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad -f
moneo], 2, a., remind, suggest ;
advise, urge, warn ; bid.
admonitus, -us, used only in the
abl., [admoneo], m., reminding,
request, suggestion, warning ; re-
monstrance.
admurmuratio, -onis, [admur-
muro], f., murmuring, murmur
of a crowd, expressing approval
or dissept.
adnitor, -niti, -nixus sum, [ad -f
nitor], 3, dep., lean upon ; exert
one's self, strive, make an effort.
adnuo, -nuere, -nui, , [ad-f-
nuo], 3, n., nod to, nod; nod as-
sent, give assent, signify approval,
assent.
adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
orno], 1, a., provide, furnish,
equip, prepare ; decorate, embel-
lish, adorn.
adquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi,
-quietum, [ad-f- quiesco], 3, n.,
become quiet, be at rest, have
peace, rest, repose ; be content, be
satisfied.
adquiro, -ere, adquisivl, adqui-
situm, [ad + quaero], 3, a., get
in addition, get besides, obtain be-
sides ; acquire, gain, add.
adsensus, -us, [adsentio], m.,
agreement, approval.
adsentio, -ire, adsensl, adsen-
sum, [ad + sentio], 4, n., also
dep., adsentior, -Iri, adsensus
sum, give assent, approve, agree
with, agree to.
adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
[ad + sequor], 3, dep., follow up,
come up to ; obtain, reach, gain ;
accomplish, effect.
adservo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad-f
servo], 1, a., watch over, keep,
preserve ; guard with care, keep
under guard.
adsido, -sidere, -sedi, , [ad +
sido, sit down], 3, n., sit down,
take a seat.
adsidue [adsiduus, continual],
adv., constantly, continually, un-
ceasingly.
adsiduitas, -atis, [adsiduus], f.,
constant attendance ; unremitting
service, devotion ; continuance,
constancy.
adslgnatio, -onis, [adsigno], f.,
a marking out, allotting, assign-
ing.
adsuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, [adsuetus-f facio], 3, a.,
accustom to, habituate ; pass., be-
come accustomed to, be used to.
adsum, -esse, -ful, [ad + sum],
irr., n., be near, be present, be at
hand ; stand by, assist, support,
help ; of motion, appear, attend ;
of time, have come, be at hand,
impend.
adulescens, -entis, [part, of
adolesco], adj., young, youthful.
As subst, m. or f., youth, young
man, young woman.
adulescentia, -ae, [adulescens],
f., youth, the period of life be-
yond pueritia, and reckon'ed
ordinarily between the ages of
15 and 25 or 30 years; by met-
onymy, = adulescentes, young
people, youth.
adulescentulus,-!, [adulescens],
m., dim., very young man, lad,
young fellow.
adulter, -tera, adj., adulterous,
unchaste. As subst., adulter,
-teri, m., adulterer, seducer, para-
mour.
adultus, -a, -um, [adolesco], adj.,
full grown, mature, fully devel'
oped, adult.
ADVENTICIUS
8
AERARIUM
adventicius, -a, -um, [advenio],
^.6]., foreign, imported ; strange.
adventus, -us, [advenio], m., a
coming, approach ; arrival ; pres-
ence.
adversarius, -a, -um, [adversor],
adj., opposed, opposite ; antagonis-
tic, hostile, contrary. As subst,
adversarius, -I, m., opponent,
antagonist, enemy, adversary.
adversio, -onis, [adverto], f.,
direction ; occupation, employment.
adversus, -a, -um, [adverto], adj.,
turned towards, facing, in front ;
unfavorable, unsuccessful, adverse ;
opposed, hostile. adversae res,
misfortune, calamity, ^adversity,
trouble, troubles.
ad vesper ascit, -ascere, -avit,
, [ad + vesperascit], 3,
n., impers., evening approaches,
it grows dusk, it is twilight.
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
volo], 1, n.,fiy to, hasten to.
aedes, see aedis.
aedificium, -i, [aedifico], n., build-
ing, edifice.
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, [aedis
-ffacio], 1, a., erect a building,
build, erect ; construct.
aedilis, -is, [aedes], m., aedile,
buildings commissioner, designa-
tion of certain magistrates in
Rome, who had charge of build-
ings and public works, had an
oversight of public exhibitions
and dramatic performances, and
were entrusted with the keeping
of the decrees of the Senate and
other public documents.
aedilitas, -atis, [aedilis], f., office
of aedile, aedile ship.
aedis or aedes, -is, f., of the gods,
temple, sanctuary ; of men, in pi.
only, house, habitation, dwelling.
Aegaeus, -a, -um, [Alya7os], adj.,
Aegean. Aegaeum mare, the
Aegean sea.
aeger, -gra, -gruni. adj., sick, ill,
suffering, feeble ; afflicted, dis-
tressed, troubled.
aegre, comp. aegrius, sup. aeger-
rime, [aeger], adv., painfully,
with distress ; with difficulty,
hardly, scarcely ; unwillingly,
reluctantly.
Aelius, -i, with Sex., Sextus Aelius
Paetus, an early Roman jurist.
He was curule aedile b. c. 200,
consul B.C. 198, and censor B.C.
193. He left an important work
on Roman law, which has
perished. Ep. xxxviii.
Aemilius, -i, with M., M&rcus
Aemilius Scaurus, a Roman
statesman of the time of the
Jugurthine war. He was born
B.C. 163; consul B.C. 115, with
M. Caecilius Metellus ; censor
B.C. 109. He was a warm sup-
porter of the aristocratic party.
He died b. c. 90. Arch. hi.
aemulus, -a, -um, adj., emulating,
vying with, emulous, rivalling ;
envious. As subst., aemulus,
-i, m., rival.
aeque [aequus], a.dv., equally ; in
like manner, just as, to the same
extent. aeque ac, just as, as
much as, as.
aequitas, -atis, [aequus], f., even-
ness ; fairness, equity; calmness,
repose, equanimity, contentment,
equability.
aequus, -a, -um, adj., even, plain,
level ; equal, equitable, reasonable,
fair, just, honorable ; cah n, patient,
resigned ; favorable, kind. ae-
quum est, it is fair, it is reason-
able.
aerarium, -I, [aerarius], n., trea-
sury ; the public treasure, finances.
The Roman treasury was a part
of the temple of Saturn in the
Forum, in which public funds
were kept,
AERARIUS
AGO
aerarius, -a, -um, [aes], adj., of
copper, of bronze ; of the public
treasury. tribuni aerarii, pay-
masters, who disbursed funds
among the soldiers.
aerumna, -ae, f., hardship, trouble,
tribulation.
aes, aeris, n., copper ; bronze, an
alloy of copper and tin ; by met-
onymy, applied to things made of
copper or bronze, as bronze tab-
let, money. aes alienum, debt.
aestas, -atis, f., summer, media
aestas, midsummer.
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
value, estimate, appraise, rate.
aestus, -us, m., lit. violent agita-
tion ; of fire or fever, heat, glow ;
also = aestas, summer ; of water,
surge, swell, tide ; of human emo-
tions and actions, fire, warmth,
ardor ; doubt, indecision.
aetas, -atis, [for ae vitas, from
aevum], f., period of life, age,
lifetime; time, period, genera-
tion; old age; an age, epoch.
ab ineunte aetate, from youth
up, from early manhood.
aeternitas, -atis, [aeternus], f.,
eternity, immortality ; undying
fame, enduring renaivn.
aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviter-
nus, from aevum], adj., lasting,
everlasting, eternal, endless ; un-
broken, perpetual, immortal^ im-
perishable.
Aetoli, -orum, [AtV«X6s], m., pi.,
Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia,
a district in Greece north of the
entrance of the Corinthian Gulf,
and east of Acarnania.
Africa, -ae, f., Africa, referring at
first only to that part of the con-
tinent under the dominion of the
Carthaginians ; then, the pro-
vince Africa, comprising terri-
tory formerly held by Carthage,
and organized after the destruc-
tion of the city, b. c. 146 ; in the
broadest sense, the African con*
tinent, Africa, as the term is un-
derstood to-day.
Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa], adj.,
of Africa, African. Used as a
surname for the two Scipios who
were victorious in Africa, P. Cor-
nelius Scipio Africanus, who de-
feated Hannibal at Zama, B. c.
202 ; and P. Cornelius Scipio
Aemilianus Africanus, adoptive
grandson of the elder Scipio, who
destroyed Carthage, B. c. 146.
ager, -gri, [cf. English acre], m.,
land, field, estate, referring to
improved or productive land ;
territory, district, domain ; pi.
agri, sometimes country, the open
co2intry, plain, as opposed to
cities or mountains.
aggrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad,
grex], 1, a., lit. add to a flock ;
attach, join ; collect, bring together
gather together.
agito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
ago], 1, a., drive, set in motion;
move to and fro, brandish, wave,
agitate ; stir up, vex, trouble, dis-
tress ; consider, deliberate, discuss.
agnosco, -noscere, -novl, -nitum,
[ad-f gnosco], 3, a., discern, recog-
nize, identify ; acknowledge ; per-
ceive, know by ; perceive the mean
ing of, understand.
ago, agere, egi, actum, 3, a. and
n., set in motion, drive, lead ;
direct, conduct, guide ; incite,
urge ; press forward, chase, pur-
sue ; drive off as plunder, rob ;
do, act, transact, perform ; man-
age, carry on, accomplish ; of
time, spend, pass, live ; also, treat,
deal with, confer, plead with ;
pass, sometimes, be at stake, be in
peril. Imp. age as an inter-
jection, come now! come! well!
gratias agere, to give thanks.
AGRARIUS
10
ALIQUIS
maximas gratias agere, to give
heartiest thanks. Quid agis ?
colloquially, how are you ? also,
what are you about ?
agrarius, -a, -um, [ager], adj., of
land, belonging to land. As
subst., agrarii, -orum, m., pi.,
supporters of agrarian laws, the
agrarians, the agrarian party.
agrestis, -e, [ager], adj., of fields,
rural, rustic ; rude, coarse, un-
cultivated, wild. As subst.,
agrestis, -is, m., usually in pi.,
countryman, peasant, boor.
Ahala, -ae, m., name of a patrician
family of the Servilian gens.
C. Servllius Ahala, cf. Maelius,
and N. to p. 62, 1. 4.
aio (pres. ind. aio, ai's, ait, ai'unt,
impf. aiebam), 3, def., n., say yes ;
assert, say, tell, affirm ; generally
used parenthetically.
alacer, -oris, -ere, adj., lively,
quick, active; eager, excited;
cheerful, happy.
alacritas, -atis, [alaeer], f., live-
liness, eagerness, alacrity ; cheer-
fulness, delight.
Alba, -ae, [albus, white], f., name
of two important towns in Italy :
(1) Alba, or Alba Longa, the
mother-city of Rome, situated
between Mons Albanus and the
Alban Lake, 15 miles southeast
of Rome ; said to have been built
by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, and
destroyed at an early period.
(2) Alba, or Alba Filcentia, a
city and fortress situated on the
borders of the Marsian country,
about sixty miles northeast of
Rome and a short distance north-
west of the Fucine Lake.
alea, -ae, I. , game of chance, gaming,
gambling ; by metonymy, chance,
risk, hazard.
aleator, -oris, [alea], m., player
with dice, gambler.
Alexander, -dri, ['A\6|a»>8pos]
m., Alexander, in this book re-
ferring only to Alexander III.,
surnamed the Great, king of
Macedonia. He was born B. c.
356, the son of Philip II. of
Macedonia and Olympias. He
broke the power of Persia, and
led an army beyond the Indus.
He died at Babylon, 323 b. c.
Alexis [*AA.e£is], m., Alexis, a
slave or freedman of Atticus, for
whom he acted as amanuensis.
alienigena, -ae, [alienus + root
gen in gigno], adj., m., foreign-
born, foreign, strange. As
subst., alienigena, -ae, m., for-
eigner, alien.
alienus, -a, -um, [alius], adj., of
another, another's ; strange, for-
eign ; unsuitable, out of place, ill-
adapted ; unfriendly, hostile. As
subst., alienus, -1, m., stranger,
foreigner.
alio [alius], adv., to another place,
elsewhere.
aliquando [alius +quando], adv.,
at some time or other, some time ;
at any time, ever ; at some time in
the past, once, formerly ; at some
time in the future, hereafter ; at
length, finally, at last.
aliquanto [aliquantus], adv., in
a degree, considerably, somewhat,
rather; usually with compara-
tives, post aliquanto, some
time aftenvards.
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, [alius,
qui], indef. pron. adj., some, any,
some one or other, some other.
in aliquas terras, into some other
countries.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, nom. and
ace. pi. n. aliqua, [alius, quis],
indef. pron., some one, any one,
anybody ; pi., some, any. Neut.
aliquid as subst., something, any-
thing.
ALIQUO
11
AMISUS
aliquo [aliqui], adv., to someplace,
somewhere ; to some other place,
elsewhere.
aliquot [alius, quot], num. adj.,
indecl., some, several, a num-
ber.
aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, dif-
ferently ; in any other way, in
another manner, in a contrary
way.
alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii,
adj., another, some other, other,
different, else, alius alius,
one another, the one the
other ; pi., alii alii, some
others ; often as subst., alius,
another, alii, others.
Allobroges, -um, ace, Allobro-
gas, m., pi., Allobroges, a people
of Transalpine Gaul, who lived
on the east side of the Rhone,
north of the Isara. Their chief
city was Geneva. They were
brought under the rule of Rome
by Q. Fabius Maximus, B.C. 121,
and in Cicero's time their terri-
tory formed a part of the Roman
province in Gaul.
alo, alere, alui, altum or alitum,
3, a., nourish, sustain, maintain,
support; cherish, promote, in-
crease ; in pass., with abl., be
nourished by (= vescor), feed
upon, live on.
Alpes, -ium, f., pi., the Alps.
altaria, -ium, [altus], n., pi., high
altar, altar. See ara.
alter, -tera, -terum, gen. ajterius
or alterius, dat. alteri, pron. adj.,
one of two, the one, the other,
another; second, next. alter
alter, the one the other,
the former the latter.
alternus, -a, -um, [alter], adj., one
after the other, by turns, alternate,
reciprocal; of verses, alternate
hexameter and pentameter, that
is, elegiac.
alteruter, -utra, -utrum, [alter +
uter], adj., one or the other, one
of two, either. in alterutro, in
either case, in the case of either.
altus, -a, -um, comp. altior, sup.
altissimus, [alo], adj., lit. nour-
ished, grown great; high, lofty,
elevated ; deep, profound.
alveolus, -1, [dim. of alveus, hol-
low], m., tray, basin ; dice-board,
a small board upon which dice
were thrown ; by metonymy,
gaming, gambling.
amans, -antis, comp. amantior,
sup. amantissimus, [part, of
arno], adj., fond, affectionate to-
wards, devoted to ; often followed
by the gen.
amanter, comp. amantius, sup.
amantissime, [amans], adv., af-
*fectionately, amiably.
ambulatio, -onis, [ambulo], f.,
walking about, walking ; walk,
promenade.
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n.,
walk, walk about, take a walk.
aniens, -entis, [ab + mens], adj.,
out of one's senses, distracted, fran-
tic, mad ; foolish, stupid.
amentia, -ae, [amens], f., mad-
ness ; folly, stupidity.
amicio, -ire, amixi or amicui,
ami c turn, [am-, for ambi-, +
iacio], 4, a., throw around, wrap
about, wrap around, used of outer
garments ; clothe, cover, surround,
enclose.
amlcitia, -ae, [amicus], {^friend-
ship ; alliance.
amicus, -a, -um, comp. amicior,
sup. amicissimus, [arno], adj.,
loving, friendly, dear; kind, well
disposed ; pleasing, agreeable.
amicus, -1, [adj. amicus], m.,
friend.
Amisus, -I, ['ApltrSs], {., Amisus,
an important city on the south-
ern shore of the Pontus Euxinus
AMITTO
12
ANIMUS
southeast of Sinope ; now Eski
Samsun. Imp. P. v.
amitto, -ere, amisi, amissum,
[ab + mitto], 3, a., send away,
dismiss, let go ; lose, part with.
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., love,
like ; be fond of, take pleasure
in ; in requests, I pray, please.
amoenitas, -atis, [amoenus,
pleasant], 1., pleasantness, charm.
amor, -oris, [amo], m., love, affec-
tion, devotion ; eager desire, pas-
sion.
ample, comp. amplius, sup. am-
plissime, [amplus], adv., largely,
amply, abundantly ; liberally,
magnificently. See amplius.
amplector, -ecti, -exus sum,
[ambi- + plecto] , 3, dep., twine
about, encircle, embrace ; embrace
with esteem, love, esteem, cling to.
amplified, -are, -avi, -atum, [am-
plificus, from amplus + facio] ,
I, a., broaden, enlarge, extend ;
increase, amplify.
amplitudd, -inis, [amplus], f.,
breadth, great extent, greatness,
size ; dignity, grandeur.
amplius [comp. of amplus and
ample], indecl. adj. and adv.,
further, besides, more.
amplus, -a, -um, comp. amplior,
sup. amplissimus, adj., large,
great, spacious, ample, consider-
able ; magnificent, splendid, glori-
ous ; renowned, distinguished,
honorable.
an, conj., introducing the second
member of a disjunctive ques-
tion, direct or indirect, or, or
rather, or indeed. The first mem-
ber ordinarily has utrum or -ne,
but it is sometimes omitted. In
direct questions an is often not
translated; in indirect questions,
whether. haud scio an = /
am inclined to think, perhaps,
probably.
anceps, -cipitis, [ambi-, capiS],
adj., hvo- headed, double, twofold ;
wavering, uncertain, doubtful, un-
decided.
ango, angere, anxi, , 3, a.,
draw tight, squeeze, choke; dis-
tress, torment, vex.
angulus, -1, m., angle, corner ; by
metonymy, nook, lurking-place.
angustiae, -arum, [angustus,
narrow], f., straitness, narrow-
ness ; narrow place, defile, strait ;
of time, shortness, brevity ; scar-
city, want ; difficulty, distress.
anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anhe-
lus], 1, n. and a., gasp, pant;
breathe forth.
anima, -ae, f., current of air ; air,
breeze ; breath, soul, life ; espe-
cially in pi., souls of the dead,
shades. See animus.
animadversio, -onis, [animad-
verto], f., observation, inquiry;
reproach, censure ; chastisement,
punishment.
animadverts, -vertere, -verti,
-versum, [animum -f adverto],
3, a., direct attention to, regard ;
notice, observe, consider, perceive,
see ; censure, punish, inflict pun-
ishment.
animose [animosus, from ani-
mus], adv., with spirit, coura-
geously, boldly.
animus, -i, m., soul, life ; intellect,
mind, reason ; imagination ;
heart, feeling, desire, affection,
passion; courage, spirit; temper,
arrogance, haughtiness ; design,
resolution. animus refers to
the spiritual and emotional part
of man's nature as distinguished
on the one hand from the body
(corpus) and on the other from
the life-principle, the physical
life (anima). animo aequo,
with resignation, calmly. ani-
mo bono esse, to be of good cheer.
ANNIUS
13
ANTONIUS
Annius, -I, with Chilo, -onis, m.,
Q. Annius Child, a Roman in-
volved in the conspiracy of Cati-
line. No particulars about his
life are known. Cat. III. vi.
annona, -ae, [annus], f., the year's
prodtice, crop; grain, provisions ;
by metonymy, price of grain,
market,
annus, -I, to,, year.
annuus, -a, -um, [annus], adj.,
for a year, lasting a year ; an-
nual, yearly.
ante, adv. and prep., before :
(i) As adv., of space, before,
in front, ahead ; of time, before,
previously, earlier, ago. paulo
ante, a little zvhile ago. ante
quam, sooner than, before.
(2) As prep., with ace. only,
of space and time, before, before
the time of previous to, antedat-
ing ; in comparisons, before, su-
perior to, in comparison with.
ante me, before my time. ante
clvitatem datam, prior to the
granting of citizenship. ante
diem, or (abbreviated) a. d.,
used in expressing dates, see N.
to p. 63, 1. 24.
ante a. [ante + ea], adv., before,
formerly, previously, hitherto.
antecello, -ere, , , [ante
+ unused cello, rise], 3, n., rise
beyond, excel, surpass.
antefero, -ferre, -tull, -latum,
[ante -f- fero], irr., a., carry be-
fore ; place before, esteem more
highly, prefer.
antelucanus, -a, -um, [ante +
lux], adj., before light, before day-
break., antelucanae cenae,
feasts conti?ttiing till morning, all-
night dinners.
antepono, -ponere, -posul, -posi-
tum, [ante + pono], 3, a., set
before ; esteem xbove, prefer.
ante quam, see ante.
Antias, -atis, adj., of Anthim. In
Cicero's letters Antiati is used
as a subst. in the abl. for Antiati
praedio, estate at Antium, a town
on the sea-coast of Latium, about
thirty miles south of Rome.
Cicero had a country-place in
the vicinity.
Antiochia, -ae, ['AvriSxeia], f.,
Antioch, name of several cities,
of which the most important was
that in Syria, on the Orontes
river. Arch. hi.
Autiochus, -1, ['Avrloxos], m.,
Antiochus, name of several kings
of Syria, of whom the most fa-
mous was Antiochus III., called
the Great. He came to the
throne of Syria b. c. 223 ; was
defeated by the Romans at Ther-
mopylae, in Greece, B. c. 191,
and again the following year in a
battle at the foot of Mt. Sipylus,
in Asia Minor. Two years later
he was forced to accept humiliat-
ing terms of peace, and was
murdered B. c. 187.
antiquitas, -atis, [antlquus], f.,
antiquity, age ; the past.
antiquus, -a, -um, comp. an-
tiquior, sup. antiquissimus,
[ante], adj., old, ancient, aged ;
primitive, former, old-fashioned ;
reverend, venerable. As subst.,
antiqui, -orum, m., pi., ancients,
the ancients, the men of old.
Antium, -1, n., Antium, a city in
Latium, on the sea-coast south
of Rome, where there was a fa-
mous temple of Fortune.
Antonius, -a, name of a Roman
gens of which there were several
distinguished members. The one
most frequently mentioned is
M. Antonius, -1, M&rcus An-
tonius, Mark Antony, whom
Cicero attacked in his Philippic
orations.
APERIO
14
ARA
aperio, -Ire, -ui, -turn, 4, a., un-
cover, unclose, discover, reveal,
open ; lay open, open up, render
accessible, expose; make known,
tin/old, explain.
aperte [apertus], adv., openly;
plainly, clearly, without reserve.
apertus, -a, -um, [part, of aperio],
adj., uncovered ; unclosed, open;
unobstructed, plain, clear, mani-
fest.
aphractus, -1, [&<ppa.KTos, uncov-
ered, sc. vavs], f., uncovered skip,
ship without a deck, open boat.
Apollonidenses, -ium, [ Apollo-
nis] ,m., pi., Apollonidensians,peo-
ple of Apolldnis, a city in Lydia.
Sing. Apollonidensis, -is, a man
of Apolldnis, an Apollonidensian.
apparatus, -a, -um, [part, of ap-
paro], adj., made ready, ready,
furnished ; sumptuous, magnifi-
cent.
appard, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad-f-
paro], 1, a., prepare, make ready,
provide ; make ready for.
appellS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +
pello], 1, a., address, speak to,
apply to; name, term, entitle,
call ; entreat, beg, call upon.
Appenninus, -1, m., the Appen-
nine mountains, the Appennines,
the high mountain-range in Cen-
tral Italy.
appetens, -entis, [part, of appe-
to], adj., eager for, desirous of;
greedy.
appeto, -petere, -petivi or -petii,
-petitum, [ad + peto], 3, a. and
n., strive for, reach after ; attack,
assault ; long for, desire, seek.
Appi Forum, -1, n., Appi Forum,
Forum of Appius, a small mar-
ket town on the Appian Way, 43
miles southeast of Rome.
Appius, -I, m., Appius, a Roman
forename, common in the Clau-
dian gens. See Pulcher.
Appius, -a, -um, adj., Appian, of
Appius. Via Appia, Appian
Way, the most famous of Roman
roads, built by the censor Appius
Claudius Caecus about 300 b. c,
and extending from Rome to
Capua.
approbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad -f-
probo], 1, a., give assent to, ap-
prove, favor, sanction.
appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad + propinquo, from propin-
quus], I, n., come near to, draw
nigh to, approach.
Appuleius, -1, m., M. Appuleius,
elected augur B. c. 45. Ep.
xxxiv., xxxvi.
Aprllis, -is, [perhaps from aperio],
adj., of April. As subst, Aprl-
lis, -is, m., April.
aptus, -a, -um, [cf. apiscor], adj.,
fitted, joined; suited, suitable,
proper, fit, appropriate, adapted.
apud, prep, with ace. only, with,
near, at, by; of persons, before,
in the presence of, to, among, in
the opinion of, in the power of, al
the house of, with, in the time of;
of place, at, near to, in, in the
vicinity of, off the coast of. apud
Laecam, at the house of Laeca,
at Laeca's.
Apulia, -ae, f., Apulia, a region
in the southeastern part of Italy,
north of Calabria, east of Lucania
and Samnium.
aqua, -ae, f., water.
aquila, -ae, f., eagle; by met-
onymy, eagle of a standard, the
metal eagle carried on a pole as
the standard of a Roman legion.
ara, -ae, f., altar. ara is the gen-
eral term for altar, while altaria
refers primarily to an elevation
on the altar to receive burnt-
offerings ; though the later term
by synecdoche is often used of
the altar as a whole.
ARBITROR
15
ARTHRITICUS
arbitror, -arT, -atus sum, [ar-
biter], I, dep., give one's judg-
ment, declare a decision ; be of the
opinion, believe, think, consider,
judge.
arceo, -ere, -cui, , 2, a., keep
away, ward off; hinder, prevent.
arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arces-
situm, [in tens, of accedo, ar- for
ad-], 3, a., send for, summon, in-
vite, fetch.
Archias, -ae, ['Apxias], m., A.
Licinius Archias, a Greek poet,
in whose defense Cicero deliv-
ered one of his most famous
orations. See pp. 45-48.
ardens, -entis, [part, of ardeo],
adj., glowing, hot; fiery, eager,
ardent.
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, 2, n., be
07i fire, burn, glow; flash, shine ;
be inflamed, be afire.
ardor, -oris, [ardeo], m., flame,
fire, heat ; eagerness, zeal, anima-
tion.
argenteus, -a, -um, [argentum],
adj., of silver, made of silver,
silver.
argentum, -1, n., silver ; by met-
onymy, silverware, silver money,
money.
argumentum, -I, [arguo], n., ar-
gument, evidence, proof ; sign,
mark, indication, token.
Ariobarzanes, -is, m., Ariobar-
zanes, name of three kings of
Cappadocia, in Asia Minor. The
most important was Ariobarzanes
Philorhomaeus, who came to the
throne by election under Roman
influence about B. c. 93. He
gained his surname (= <p(\os +
'Pcofjiaios) from his intimate re-
lations with the Romans, by
whom he was several times re-
stored to his kingdom after hav-
ing been driven out by Mithri-
dates. He resigned the throne
to his son, Ariobarzdnes Philo>
pator, probably in B.C. 63.
Aristoteles, -is, ['ApKTTOTe\T]s],
m., Aristotle, a famous Greek
philosopher, born at Stagira, in
Chalcidice, B.C. 384. He was a
pupil of Plato, and the tutor of
the Prince Alexander, afterwards
called the Great. He was the
founder of the so-called Peripa-
tetic school of philosophy. He
left numerous writings, some of
the most important of which
have been preserved. He died
B.C. 322. Ep. xii.
arma, -orum, n., pi., armor, outfit,
as coat of mail, helmet, shield,
greaves ; implements of war,
arms, weapons; by metonymy,
tools, implements,
armatus, -a, -um, [armo], adj.,
armed, equipped, furnished, under
arms. As subst, armati, -orum,
m., pi., armed men, soldiers.
Armenius, -a, -um, adj., Arme-
nian, of Armenia. As subst.,
Armenii, -orum, m., pi., Anne-
nians, inhabitants of Armenia, a
country in the northeastern part
of Asia Minor, north of Mesopo-
tamia.
Arpinas, -atis, adj., of Arplnum,
near Arpinum, a town in Latium,
about fifty miles southeast of
Rome, celebrated as the birth-
place of Gaius Marius and Cice-
ro. As subst., Arpinas, -atis,
n., estate near Arplnum, Cicero's
favorite country-place ; his villa
there was surrounded by the
waters of the little river Fibre-
nus.
ars, artis, f., skill, art; science \
knowledge, learning; trait, prac-
tice, virtue, quality.
arthrtticus, -a, -um, [dpOpTriKSs,
from &p0pov, Joint], adj., gouty,
having the gout.
ARTIFEX
16
ATTENDO
artifex, -icis, [ars, cf. facio], m.
and f., master of an art, per-
former, actor, professional ; con-
triver, trickster.
arx, arcis, f., citadel, castle, strong-
hold ; bulwark, refuge, protection.
ascendo, -ere, ascendl, ascen-
sum, [ad + scando], 3, n. and
a., mount, ascend, go up, rise.
ascisco, -ere, aseivi, ascitum,
[ad + scisc5], 3, a., receive, accept,
adopt; associate with one's self,
win over.
Asclapo, -onis, m., Asclapo, a
physician, native of Patrae in
Achaia (modern Patras), and
friend of Cicero. Ep. xxxii.
ascribo, -ere, ascripsi, ascrip-
tum, [ad+scrlbo], 3, a., write
in addition, write in a list, en-
roll, enter, add ; appoint, assign ;
ascribe, impute.
Asia, -ae, ['Acta], f., Asia, usually
referring to Asia Minor.
Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia], adj.,
of Asia, Asiatic.
aspectus, -us, [aspicio], m., sight,
look, glance ; view, appearance, as-
pect, countenance,
asper, -era, -erum, adj., adverse,
cruel, perilous ; harsh, rough,
wild, fierce.
aspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum, [ad
+ specio], 3, a. and n., look upon,
behold, look, glance ; observe, see,
consider. inter sese aspicie-
bant, they glanced at one another.
astd, -stare, -stiti, , [ad +
sto], I, n., stand by, stand near,
stand at; stand up, stand,
as trin go, -ere, astrinxi, astric-
tum, [ad + stringo], 3, a., bind
to; bind together, fasten, attach;
put under obligation, bind.
Astura, -ae, f., Astura, a small
island on the coast of Latium,
about forty miles south of Rome,
at the mouth of a small river also
called Astura (m.) There were
several fine country-places on the
island, among which was one be-
longing to Cicero. Ep. xxxv. et al.
at, conj., introducing
(ij A contrast, but, but on the
other hand, hit yet.
(2) A qualification after a neg-
ative and si, etsi, etc., but yet,
nevertheless, however, at least.
(3) A direct opposition, but,
but on the contrary.
Athamas, -antis, \*A$4fUui\, m.,
Athamds, a favorite slave of
Cicero's friend Atticus. Ep. xxxi.
Athenae, -arum, ['Adrjvai], f.,
pi., Athens.
Atheniensis, -e, [Athenae], adj.,
of Athens, Athenian. As subst.,
Atheniensis, -is, m., man of
Athens, Athenian.
atque, before consonants ac, [ad
-f- que], conj., copulative t and
comparative :
(1) Copulative, and also, and
even, as well as, and, and espe-
cially, and so, and too, and yet.
etiarh atque etiam, again and
again, repeatedly.
(2) Comparative, as, than, than
as. contra atque, contrary to
what. perinde atque, just as.
pro eo ac, according as.
at qui [at + qui], conj., and yet,
but yet, and nevertheless, however,
but somehow, but in any case.
atrocitas, -atis, [atrox], f., fierce-
ness, cruelty ; severity, harshness,
barbarity,
atrox, -ocis, [ater], adj., fierce,
cruel, savage ; severe, harsh ; hor-
rible, terrible, violent.
attendd, -ere, attend!, atten«
turn, [ad+ tendo], 3, a., direct
to, used either with or without
animum ; consider, give heed;
listen, pay attention to, listen
to.
ATTENUO
17
AUT
attenuo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad -f
tenuo], I, a., make thin; lessen,
diminish, reduce, weaken; make
less formidable.
Attica, -ae, [Atticus], f., Attica,
a pet name given by Cicero to
Caecilia, the little daughter of
his friend Atticus.
Atticus, -I, I'ArriKos], m., Atticus,
Titus Pomponius Atticus, an in-
timate friend of Cicero, to whom
he dedicated several of his works
and addressed many letters.
attineo, -ere, attinui, attentum,
[ad + teneo], 2, a. and n., hold
fast, detain; belong to, concern,
relate to, pertain to.
attingo, -ere, attigl, attactum,
[ad + tango], 3, a. and n., touch,
touch upon ; lay hands on, seize,
attack; approach, reach, attain
to; relate to, concern; mention,
refer to.
attribuo, -buere, -bul, -butum,
[ad + tribu5], 3, a., assign, allot,
bestow ; intrust, give in charge;
attribute, ascribe.
auctionarius, -a, -um, [auctio],
adj., of auction, for auction.
auctor, -oris, [augeo], m., pro-
ducer ; father, progenitor ; found-
er ; writer, authority ; counsellor,
adviser, promoter.
auctoritas, -atis, [auctor], f., au-
thority, supremacy; decision, re-
solve, will, opinion ; decree, war-
rant, assurance; influence, dignity,
reputation, weight, importance,
consequence.
aucupor, -ari, -atus sum, [au-
ceps, fowler], 1, dep., chase, hunt;
lie in wait for, strive after,
catch.
audacia, -ae, [audax], f., daring,
boldness, courage, bravery ; auda-
city, impudence, insolence, pre-
sumption ; deed of boldness, dar-
ing deed, effrontery.
audacter, comp. audacius, sup.
audacissime, [audax], adv.,
boldly, bravely, with courage;
rashly, audaciously, with despe*
ration.
audax, -acis, comp. audacior,
sup. audacissimus, [audeo], adj.,
daring, bold, courageous ; auda-
cious, rash, foolhardy, desperate.
audeo, audere, ausus sum, 2,
semi-dep., a. and n., dare, be bold,
venture, risk.
audio, -Ire, -lvi or -ii, -Itum, 4, a.,
hear, hear of; listen to, learn
from ; assent to, agree to, approve,
grant.
aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla-
tum, [ab -j- fero], irr., a., take
away, remove, withdraw ; carry
off, snatch away, rob, steal ; sweep
away, destroy.
augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, 2,
a. and n., increase, enlarge, aug-
ment ; ixtend, add to, enrich ;
praise, extol.
Aulus, -1, m.,Attlus, a common Ro-
man forename.
Aurelium, -1, see Forum Aure-
lium.
Aurelius, -a, -um, adj., of an
Aurelius, Aurelian, name of a
Roman gens. Aurelia via,
Aurelian Way, the great north
coast-road, leading from Rome
to Pisa.
auris, -is, [cf. audio], f., ear.
aures adhibere, aures dare, to
give attention, to listen.
aurum, -I, n.,gold.
auspicium, -1, [auspex, diviner],
n., augury from birds, auspices,
divination ; sign, omen ; guidance,
authority.
aut, conj., marking an important
difference, or'; corrective or
emphatic, or at least, or surely,
or rather, or else. aut — —
aut, either — — or.
AUTEM
18
BELLO
autem, conj., always postpositive
and generally in weak antitheses,
sometimes in contrasted condi-
tions, however, but, on the con-
trary, and now.
auxilium, -I, [cf. augeo], n., help,
aid, assistance, support; in pi.,
often auxiliary troops, auxiliaries.
avaritia, -ae, [avarus], L, greed,
avarice, covetousness.
aversus, -a, -um, [part, of averts],
adj., turned away, turned back;
withdrawn; unfavorable, averse,
hostile, opposed.
averto, -ere, avertl, aversum,
[a -f- verto], 3, a., turn away,
turn aside ; remove, carry off,
withdraw ; ward off, avert, es-
trange.
avidus, -a, -um, [aveo], adj.,
eager, desirous, coveting; covetous t
greedy, avaricious.
a Vitus, -a, -um, [avus], adj., of a
grandfather ; ancestral, heredi-
tary.
avocS, -are, -avi, -atum, [a -f
voco], I, a., call away, with-
draw; call off, divert, turn aside,
turn.
avus, -1, m., grandfather.
B.
bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, [Bac-
chus], 1, dep., celebrate the festival
of Bacchus ; revel, hold revelry,
rave, exult.
Balbus, -I, m., name of several
men mentioned in Roman his-
tory, of whom the most impor-
tant is Lucius Cornelius Balbus,
a native of Gades, in Spain. He
served under several Roman gen-
erals in the war with Sertorius,
and was rewarded by Pompey
with the Roman citizenship. He
afterwards moved to Rome,
where he came to possess great
influence, through his wealth
and his friendship with Caesar,
Pompey, and other prominent
men. His citizenship was called
in question, and defended by
Cicero in the oration Pro Balbo,
which is extant. He was consul
B. C. 40, but the time of his death
is not known. Ep. XIII.
barbaria, -ae, [barbarus], f., for-
eign country / = barbari, uncivil-
ized people ; savagery, barbarism.
barbarus, -a, -um, [pdp&apos],
adj., unintelligible ; strange, for-
eign ; of foreigners, barbarian ;
barbarous, cruel, savage, rude,
uncivilized.
barbatus, -a, -um, [barba], adj.,
bearded, with a beard.
Basilus, -1, m., name of a family of
the Minucian gens. Prominent
among those bearing the name
was L. Minucius Basilus, who
won distinction while serving
under Caesar in Gaul. After-
wards, however, he was one of
the assassins of Caesar, and his
share in the killing of the Dic-
tator drew from Cicero a cele-
brated letter of congratulation
(Ep. XL. p. 203). The year after
Caesar's death Basilus was him-
self murdered by his slaves, on
account of his inhuman treat-
ment of them.
Batonius, -1, m., Batonius, a friend
of Cicero and Atticus. Ep. xix.
beatus, -a, -um, [beo, make kappy\
adj., happy, fortunate, prosperous ;
wealthy, rich, opulent.
bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellicus],
adj., warlike, martial.
bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum], adj.,
of war, military ; warlike.
bello, -are, -avi, -atum, [bellum],
1, n., wage war, carry on war,
war ; fight, contend.
BELLUM
19
BRUTUS
bellum, -I, [for duellum, from
duo], n., war.
belua, -ae, f., great beast, beast,
wild beast, monster.
bene, comp. melius, sup. opti-
me, [bonus], adv., well, success-
fully, prosperously ; very, quite.
Comp., better. Sup., best.
beneficium, -I, [beneflcus], n.,
kindness, favor, service, benefit ;
honor, promotion.
benevolentia, -ae, [benevolens],
f., good-will, kindness, friendship.
benignitas, -atis, [benlgnus], f.,
kindness, courtesy; favor, liber-
ality, bounty.
bestia, -ae, f., beast, animal, brute.
bibliotheca, -ae, [pifi\iod-fiKrj], f.,
library t room for books ; collection
of books.
bibo, bibere, bibl, bibitum, 3, a.
and n., drink.
Bibulus, 4, m., name of a family
of the Calpurnian gens. The
best known member is L. Cal-
purnius Bibulus, who was consul
with Caesar in the year 59 B. c.
Being in sympathy with the aris-
tocratic party, he opposed Caesar
whenever possible, both during
the consulship and afterwards.
He had a commission under
Pompey in the Civil War, but
died b. c. 48, just before the bat-
tle of Dyrrhachium. Ep. XIX.
biduum, -1, [bis, cf. dies], n.,
period of two days, two days.
bini, -ae, -a, [cf. bis], dist. num.
adj., two each, two by two, two at
a time ; double.
bipertito [bipartltus, from bi for
bis, partior], adv., in two divi-
sions, hi two parts, in two parties.
BIthynia, -ae, [BWOpia], f., Btthy-
nia, a province in Asia Minor,
bounded on the west by the Pro-
pontis and on the north by the
Pontus Euxinus.
Bona Dea, -ae, f., Bona Deo,
the Good Goddess, an Italian di-
vinity, also called Fauna and
Mdia. She was supposed to
preside over the fructifying pow-
ers of the earth, as well as over
the chastity and faithfulness of
women. She was worshipped at
Rome as an austere virgin, men
being forbidden to enter her
temple. Her rites were cele-
brated by the Vestal Virgins
and by matrons. Ep. ill.
bonitas, -atis, [bonus], f., good-
ness, kindness, friendliness ; ex-
cellence.
bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior,
sup. optimus, adj., good, worthy,
excellent, kind. As subst.,
bonus, -I, m., good man ; pi.
boni, -orum, the good, bonum,
-1, n., good thing, advantage ; pi.
bona, -orum, goods, property,
possessions, blessings.
Bosporani, -orum, [Bosporus],
m., pi., people along the Bosporus,
dwellers by the Bosporus.
Bovlllanus, -a, -um, [Bovillae],
adj., of Bovillae, at Bovillae, an
ancient town in Latium on the
Appian Way, about 12 miles
southeast of Rome.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief little.
bre vitas, -atis, [brevis], f., short-
ness, brevity ; conciseness.
breviter [brevis], adv., shortly,
briefly, concisely, in a few words.
Britannia, -ae, f., Britain, includ
ing England and Scotland.
Brundisium, -1, n., Brundisium,
an important seaport on the
Adriatic, in Calabria. It was the
usual port of departure for Greece
and the East ; now B r i n d i s i.
Brutus, -I, m., cognomen of several
well-known Romans, of whom
four are mentioned in this
book:
BUTHROTUM
20
CAESAR
(i) Decimus Junius Brutus,
consul B. c. 138. As proconsul
of Further Spain he gained im-
portant victories, for which he
celebrated a splendid triumph,
b. c. 136. Arch. xi.
(2) Decimus Iunius Brutus Al-
binus, who served under Caesar
in Gaul, later in the Civil War.
Afterwards he joined the con-
spiracy against Caesar's life, and
conducted the Dictator to the
Senate-house on the day of the
assassination. After Caesar's
death he obtained Cisalpine
Gaul as a province, and refused
to give it up to Antonius. When
Octavianus prepared to wreak
vengeance on the murderers of
Caesar, Brutus attempted to
escape into Macedonia, but was
betrayed by a Gallic chief and
put to death by order of Anto-
nius, b. c. 43. Ant. IV. in., iv.,
Ep. xlvi.
(3) Marcus Iunius Brutus, the
friend of Cassius and Cicero,
born B.C. 85. In the Civil War
he joined the side of Pompey,
but was pardoned by Caesar, and
was one of the assassins that
took Caesar's life. He joined
with Cassius in gathering an
army against Antonius and Oc-
tavianus. In the first engage-
ment at Philippi, B.C. 42, Brutus
came off victorious. But three
weeks later he suffered a com-
plete defeat and put an end to
his life by falling on his sword.
Ep. xxxiv., xxxvi., xxxvn.
(4) Marcus Iunius Brutus, a
celebrated jurist, who lived in
the second century B. c. Ep.
XXXVIII.
Buthrotum, -I, [Bov6poiT6v], n.,
Buthrotum, a town on the coast
of Epirus, opposite Corcyra.
c.
C, in expressions of number, = 100.
C, see Gaius.
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, 3,
n., fall, fall down ; fall away, fall
dead, die, be slain, perish; fall
under, be subject to ; fall to the lot
of befall, happen.
caducus, -a, -um, [cado], adj.,
inclined to fall, falling ; perish-
able, transitory, frail, fleeting.
caedes, -is, [cf. caedo], f., slaugh-
ter, massacre, carnage, murder.
caelestis, -e, [caelum], adj., of
heaven, heavenly, celestial. As
subst., caelestes, -ium, m., pi.,
heaven-dwellers, the gods.
Caelius, -1, m., name of a Roman
gens, of which two members are
mentioned in this book :
( 1 ) Q. Caelius Latiniensis, trib-
une of the people and the next
year legatus, contrary to the
usual practice. Imp. P. xix.
(2) M. Caelius Rufus, aedile
B. c. 50. In the Civil War he
supported the cause of Caesar
for a time, but prepared to join
a movement against the Dictator
and soon met a violent death.
Ep. xviii.
caelum, -1, n., sky, heaven, heavens;
the skies ; air, atmosphere, climate,
weather.
Caeparius, -1, [caepe, onion], m.,
M. Caeparius, an acquaintance of
Cicero; nothing further is known
about him. Ep. xxx.
Caesar, -aris, m., name of a prom-
inent family in the Julian gens,
of which four members are men-
tioned in this book :
(1) Gdius Iulius Caesar, the
Dictator, born B.C. 100, assassi-
nated March 15, B. C. 44.
(2) L. Iulius Caesar, consul
B.C. 64, uncle of Mark Antony,
CAESARIANUS
21
CARBO
whose course after the death of
the Dictator he opposed. Cat.
IV. vi.
(3) Gdius Julius Caesar Octd-
vidnus, see Octavianus.
(4) L. Iiilius Caesar Strabo,
consul with P. Rutilius b. C. 90,
censor with P. Crassus the fol-
lowing year; killed by Cinna.
Arch. v.
Caesarianus, -a, -um, [Caesar],
adj., of Caesar, Caesar's.
Caieta, -ae, [Kcu^ttj], f., Caieta, a
sea-coast town, with a harbor, in
the southwestern part of Latium.
calamitas, -atis, f., loss, damage,
httrt ; calamity, misfortune, rum,
disaster ; adversity.
calamus, -1, [xdAafios], m., reed ;
by metonymy, pen made of reed,
reed pen ; reed pipe.
callidus, -a, -um, [calleo], adj.,
skilful, shrewd ; crafty, cunning,
artful.
campus, -1, m., plain, level field,
open field; often = Campus Mar-
tius, the Campus Martius, a
grassy open space in the north-
western part of Rome, along the
Tiber and outside the Servian
Wall, where the people met for
reviews and elections by cen-
turies.
cano, canere, cecini, cantum,
[for casno, from root CAS, sing],
3, n. and a., sing, make* music,
play ; sing of, celebrate ; as pro-
phecies were given in verse, fore-
tell, predict.
canto, -are, -avi, -a turn [freq. of
cano], 1, n. and a., sing, play.
cantus, -us, [cano], m., singing,
playing ; song, music.
capillus, -I, [cf. caput], m., hair
of the head, the hair.
capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3,
a., take, lay hold of, seize, grasp ;
get possession of, master, control ;
capture, storm, reduce ; captivate,
win ; deceive, betray, catch ; harm,
deprive of ; suffer, experience ; re-
ceive, entertain ; enter upon, un-
dertake ; accept, gain, enjoy, reap ;
take in, comprehend, grasp ; hold,
be large enough for.
capitalis, -e, [caput], adj., of the
head, foremost ; involving life,
capital; deadly, dangerous, baneful.
Capitolium, 1, [caput], n., (1) in
a narrower sense, the Capitol, a
temple on Mons Saturnius dedi-
cated by the Tarquinii to Jupiter,
Juno, and Minerva, afterwards
made the most splendid temple
at Rome; very often, (2) the
Capitoline Hill, the Capitoline,
the hill on which the Capitol
stood, which contained also the
citadel of Rome. See Map, p. 76.
Cappadocia, -ae, [KairiraSoKia], f.,
Cappadocia, an extensive country
of Asia Minor lying south of the
Euxine sea, north of Cilicia, and
west of the upper course of the
Euphrates.
Capua, -ae, f., Capua, an ancient
and luxurious city of Campania,
136 miles southeast of Rome.
caput, -itis, n., head ; by met-
onymy, person, being, life, soul ;
of elevation, top, summit ; of
streams, source, fountain-head;
of plants, tops, heads ; of civil
rights, citizenship ; of writings,
chapter, passage, point ; of things
in general, chief thing, principal
thing.
Carbo, -orris, m., Car bo, name of
a plebeian family of the Papirian
gens ; in this book, =5 C. Papirius
Carbo ArvTna, tribune B. C. 90 or
89. He joined with his colleague
M. Plautius Silvanus in propos-
ing a law on citizenship, which
was afterwards known as the Lex
Plautia Papiria. Arch IV.
CARCER
22
CATO
career, -eris, m., prison, dungeon,
place of confinement; by met-
onymy, of a race-course, usually
pi., carceres, -um, starling-
places, barriers.
careo, -ere, -ui, fut. part, caritu-
rus, 2, n., be without, not have ;
do without, abstain from, keep
from, hold aloof from ; want, lack,
be deprived of '; usually with abl.
Caria, -ae, [Kdpia], f., Cdria, a
province in the southwestern
part of Asia Minor, south of
Lydia.
caritas, -atis, [earus], f., dearness,
high price ; love, affection.
carmen, -inis, [for casmen, from
root CAS, sing, found in ca(s) n o],
n., song, strain of music ; poem,
verse, hymn ; as oracular re-
sponses and incantations were
in verse, response of an oracle,
prophecy, incantation, charm ;
also metrical inscription, inscrip-
tion in verse.
earus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious,
valued ; esteemed, beloved ; affec-
tionate ; costly.
Cassius, -a, name of a prominent
Roman gens. Four Cassii are
mentioned in this book :
(i) L. Cassius Longinus, a com-
petitor of Cicero for the consul-
ship for 63 B. C. ; afterwards
prominent in the conspiracy of
Catiline, in which he asked to be
assigned the burning of Rome as
his part. He also conducted ne-
gotiations with the Allobroges,
but escaped arrest. His fate is
unknown. Cat. III. iv. et sea.
(2) C. Cassius Longinus, orig-
inator of the conspiracy against
the life of Caesar ; defeated by
Antony in the first engagement
at Philippi, B.C. 42, and killed
by one of his freedmen at his
own request. Ep. xxxill.
(3) Q- Cassius Longinus, trib-
une of the people b. c. 49. He
commenced public life as a quaes-
tor of Pompey in Spain, but in
the Civil War he held a com-
mand under Caesar in the same
country. Ep. xix.
(4) C. Cassius Longinus Varus,
consul B. c. 73, proconsul in Cis-
alpine Gaul the following year.
Imp. P. xxiii.
caste [castus], adv., without spot,
purely, virtuously ; piously, relig-
iously.
castrensis, -e, [castra], adj., oj
camp, in camp ; of a military
movement, with a camp, i. e. open,
as opposed to treacherous or se-
cret operations.
cast rum, -1, n., fortress, castle.
PI. castra, -orum, camp, encamp-
ment.
casus, -us, [cad5], m., lit. a fall-
ing, fall ; a happening, accident,
event, occurrence ; chance, emer-
gency ; destruction ; mishap, mis-
fortune, calamity.
Catilina, -ae, m., L. Sergius Cati-
lina, Catiline, originator of a dan-
gerous conspiracy suppressed by
Cicero, who pronounced against
him the famous Catilinarian ora-
tions.
Cato, -onis, [catus, shrewd], m.,
Cato, name of a noted family of
the Porcian gens. Three Catos
are mentioned in this book:
(1) M. P orchis Cato, known as
Cato the Elder, or Cato the Cen-
sor ; born 234 B. c at Tusculum,
14 miles southeast of Rome; died
B.C. 149. He was eminent as a
general, statesman, orator, and
writer. He was considered by-
Romans of later times, as the
ideal of Roman character. His
treatise "On Farming "is extant;
only fragments of his other writ-
CATULUS
23
CENSOR
ings are preserved. Arch, vii.,
IX.
(2) Porcius Cato, a friend of
Archias. It is uncertain what
Cato this was ; but probably it
was M. Porcius Cato, father of
Cato Uticensis. Arch. hi.
(3) M. Porcius Cato Uticensis,
so named from Utica in Africa,
the place of his death ; born B. c.
95. In the midst of an active
public life he was a consistent
adherent of the stoic philosophy.
Accepting a commission from
Pompey in the war with Caesar,
he proved a failure as an officer.
Finding himself in straits he pre-
ferred suicide to surrender and
fell on his sword, B. c. 46.
Arch. ix.
Catulus, -1, m., name of a family
of the Lutatian gens, of which
two members are mentioned in
this book :
( 1 ) Q. Lutdtius Catulus, consul
with C. Marius 102 b. c, when
-the poet Archias came to Rome.
Arch. hi.
(2) Q. Lutdtius Catulus, son of
the preceding, consul 78 b. c.
He was prominent as a leader of
the aristocratic party, and was a
man*of fine character. He op-
posed the Gabinian and Manilian
laws, but supported Cicero warm
ly against the Catilinarian con
spirators. He died b. c. 60
Cat. III. x., Imp. P. xyn., xx.
Arch. in.
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; pre
text, excuse, motive ; condition
case, situation ; lawsuit, judicial
process ; side, faction. causa
with preceding gen., for the sake
of, on account of
cautio, -onis, [caveo], f., watch-
fulness, precaution ; safety, se-
curity.
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, 2,
n. and a., be on one's guard, be'
ware of; take precautions against,
guard against, take heed ; as a
legal term, provide, order, decree ;
with dat. of person, protect, take
care of
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3, n.
and a., go away, retire, retreat ;
yield, give place to ; submit, com-
ply ; be inferior to ; conform to,
concede.
celeber, -ebris, -ebre, adj., fre-
quented, crowded, thronged with ;
hence honored by the presence
of many, renowned, famous, cele-
brated, distinguished.
celebritas, -atis, [celeber], f.,
crowd, throng, multitude ; pub-
licity, fame, renown, celebrity.
celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cele-
ber], 1, a., crowd, fill, throng, fre-
quent ; practice, engage in, repeat;
celebrate, solemnize ; praise ; honor.
celeritas, -atis, [celer], f., swift-
ness, speed, quickness.
celeriter, comp. celerius, sup.
celerrime, [celer], adv., swiftly,
quickly, speedily ; in haste, imme-
diately.
cena, -ae, f., dinner, the principal
meal of the Romans, in early
times taken at noon, afterwards
later in the day.
ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cena], 1,
n. and a., dine, eat dinner.
censeo, censere, censui, censum,
2, a., assess, rate, estimate ; be of
the opinion, propose, vote, urge ;
suppose, imagine y think, believe;
decide, determine.
censor, -oris, [censeo], m., censor,
title of a Roman magistrate. At
Rome there were two censors,
who had charge of the registra-
tion lists, the valuation and as-
sessment of property, the farming
of certain revenues and the let-
CENSUS
24
CHILO
ting of contracts for public
works. They were chosen every
five years, and served eighteen
months.
census, -us, [censeo], m., registra-
tion of citizens and of property,
enrolment, appraisement, census ;
by metonymy, register of the cen-
sus, registration list.
centuria, -ae, [centum], f., divi-
sion of one hundred, century, a
division recognized in the civil
as well as in the military organi-
zation of the Romans. The as-
sembly of the people by centuries
was called comitia centuriata.
centuriatus, -us, [centurio], m.,
office of centurion, centurions hip.
centurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [cen-
turia], i, a., divide into centuries,
organize in companies, organize ;
used of the organization of in-
fantry.
centurio, -onis, [centuria], m.,
commander of a century, centu-
rion, captain, an officer ranking
next to the legionary tribune.
Ceparius, -I, m., M. Cepdrius, one
of the Catilinarian conspirators,
from Tarracina. He had just
left Rome in order to stir up an
insurrection among the shepherds
of Apulia when he was arrested
and placed in custody. He was
executed with the other conspira-
tors, b. c. 63. Cat. III. vi.
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum,
3, a., separate in observation,
distinguish, discern, make out ;
perceive, see, behold ; comprehend,
understand ; of judicial or legis-
lative acts, decide, decree, resolve.
certamen, -inis, [certo], n., con-
test to decide a matter, conflict,
struggle, battle, combat, strife;
dispute, dissension ; match, trial
of strength or skill ; rivalry, am-
bition to excel, competition.
certe, comp. certius, [certus],
adv., surely, certainly, really ; at
least, yet surely, yet certainly.
certo [certus], adv., with cer-
tainty, certainly, surely, really,
in fact, positively.
certo, -are, -avi, -atum, [certus],
I, n., vie with, either as an en-
emy or as a friend; fight, con-
tend, struggle, combat; strive;
rival, compete, emulate.
certus, -a, -um, [old part, of cer-
no], adj., certain, fixed, decided,
settled ; definite, special, particu-
lar ; confident, trustworthy, re-
liable, sure; unerring, conclusive.
ilium certiorem facere, to in-
form him. certior esse* to be
informed.
cervix, -icis, f., neck, throat.
Cestius, -1, m., Cestius, a friend
of Cicero. Nothing further is
known about him. Ep. xvi.
ceterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. not
in use, adj., other, the other, rest,
remainder ; pi., the rest, all other,
the other. As subst., pi., m.,
ceteri, -orum, the others, all the
rest, every ojie else ; n., cetera,
-orum, the rest, all else, every-
thing else.
Cethegus, -1, m., name of a patri-
cian family of the Cftrnelian
gens; in this book C. Cornelius
Cethegus, one of the boldest and
most dangerous of the Catilina-
rian conspirators. He joined the
conspiracy on account of debts
contracted in profligate living, and
was assigned the task of murder-
ing the principal senators. He
was arrested, convicted on the
evidence of weapons found at his
house and of his letter to the Al-
lobroges, and condemned along
with the other conspirators.
ChUo, -onis, [XlKoov], m., see
Annius.
CHIUS
25
CIRCUMSCRIPTOR
Chi us, -a, -um, [X?os], adj., Chian,
of Chios, an island off the west
coast of Asia Minor. As subst.,
Chii, -orum, m., pi., the people
of Chios, the Chians. Arch. VIII.
cibus, -I, m., food, victuals, nutri-
ment ; sustenance.
Cicero, -onis, [cicer, chickpea], m.,
name of a family in the Tullian
gens. Three Ciceros are men-
tioned in this book :
( i ) M. Tullius Cicero, the ora-
tor and writer. See Introduc-
tion.
(2) Q. Tullius Cicero, brother
of the orator; born about 102
b. C. He served with distinction
under Caesar in Gaul, and held
several offices. In the Civil War
he went over to the side of
Pompey, but after the battle of
Pharsalia he quarreled with his
brother and came to terms with
Caesar. A reconciliation was
soon effected, however, and
Quintus was put to death in the
proscription of the triumvirs,
43 b. c. Ep. xiii.
(3) M. Tullius Cicero, son of
the orator and Terentia ; born
b. c. 65. He was not a strong
character, but had an eventful
life, being finally admitted by
Octavianus as a colleague in the
consulship, b. c. 30. Ep. viii.,
IX.
Cilicia, -ae, [KtXucla], f., Cilicia, a
Roman province in the southern
part of Asia Minor.
Cimber, -bri, m., see Gabinius.
Cimbri, -orum, [= Kifxfipoi], m.,
pi., Cimbri, Cimbrians, a barbaric
people, apparently of Germanic
origin, which passed over the
Alps and invaded Cisalpine Gaul
b. c 102. They were finally de-
feated near Vercellae (west of
Milan) by Gaius Marius, 101 B. c.
Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbri],
adj., of the Cimbri, Cimbrian. '
Cincius, -1, m., L. Cincius, a stew-
ard of Cicero's friend Atticus.
Ep. 1.
cingo, -ere, cinxl, cinctum, 3, a.,
surround, enclose ; gird, wreathe,
gird on ; of places, surround, en-
circle , invest, beset, besiege.
cinis, -eris, [cf. k6vis, dust, ashes],
m., ashes, embers; of the dead,
ashes, the remains left after cre-
mation.
Cinna, -ae, m., in this book L.
Cornelius Cinna, an unprincipled
demagogue who became a leader
of the popular party during
Sulla's absence in the east, B. C.
87-84, and joined with Marius in
the massacre of the aristocracy.
He was slain in a mutiny of the
forces which he had collected in
order to meet Sulla, b. c. 84.
circiter [circus], adv., and prep,
with ace, about, not far from,
near.
circum [ace. of circus, circle\
adv. and prep. :
(1) As adv., about, around,
round about.
(2) As prep., with ace, around,
about, all around; among,
through ; in the neighborhood of
near, near by.
circumcludo, -cludere, -clusl,
-clusum, [circum + claud5], 3,
a., shut in, enclose ; hem in, sur-
round.
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum,
[circum -j- do], 1, a., put around,
place about ; surround, encircle,
besiege.
circumscrlbo, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scrip turn, [circum + scribo], 3,
a., encircle, limit, bound, circum-
scribe ; cheat; cancel, set aside.
circumscriptor, -oris, [circum-
scribo], m., defrauder, cheat.
CIRCUMSEDEO
26
COGITATIO
circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi, -ses-
sum, [circum -f sedeo], 2, a., sit
around ; surround, besiege, beset.
circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectum, [circum -f- specio], 3,
n. and a., look about ; survey, ob-
serve ; be cautious, exercise cau-
tion ; ponder, consider.
circumsto, -stare, -steti, ,
[circum + sto] , 1, n. and a.,
stand around ; surround ; be at
hand, threaten; as a military
term, surround, besiege, beset.
Cito, comp. citius, sup. citissime,
[citus], adv., quickly ', speedily,
soon.
Civilis, -e, [clvis], adj., of a citizen,
of citizens, civil, civic ; political,
public.
Civis, -is, m. or f., citizen, fellow-
citizen.
Civitas, -atis, [civis], f., citizen-
ship; community of citizens, state,
commonwealth.
clam, adv. and prep., secretly, in
secret.
clamo, -are, -avT, -atum, 1, n. and
a., cry out, shout, exclaim ; call
upon, invoke ; proclaim, declare.
clamor, -oris, [clamo], m., loud
cry, outcry, shout ; din, uproar ;
acclamation, applause ; war-
shout ; sound, noise.
clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright,
shining ; distinct, manifest ', plain ;
renowned, noble, illustrious, hon-
ored, famous.
classis, -is, f., fleet.
Claudius, -a, name of a Roman
gens with both patrician and
plebeian branches. See Mar-
cellus, Pulcher.
claudo, claudere, clausi, clau-
sula, 3, a., shut, shut up, close ;
bring to a close, finish, end ; shut
in, invest, besiege.
clemens, -entis, adj., mild, calm ;
gentle, kind, forbearing.
clementer [clemens] , adv., calmly^
mildly ; gently, kindly, with for-
bearance.
dementia, -ae, [clemens], f., mild-
ness, forbearance, clemency.
clientela, -ae, [cliens], {., relation
of client to patron, clientship ; pi.
often sb clientes, clients, retainers,
dependants.
Clodius, a form of the name Clau-
dius ; in this book = P. Clodius
Pulcher, a bitter enemy of Cicero.
He was killed in a skirmish be-
tween his followers and those of
Milo near Bovillae, Jan. 20, B. c.
52. Ep. hi. See also Philhe-
taerus.
Cluatius, -1, m., Cludtius, an archi.
tect employed by Cicero. Ep.
xxxvi., XXXVII.
Cn., see Gnaeus.
Cnidus or Cnidos, -1, [KvlSos],
f., Cnidus, a city in Caria, in the
extreme southwestern part of
Asia Minor. •
coactus, see cogo.
Cocceius, -a, name of a Roman
gens. Cicero in his letters men-
tions a Cocceius about whom
nothing is known. Ep. xxxvi.
coepio, -ere, coepi, coeptum
pres. not found in classical
Latin, def., a. and n., begin, com
mence. Part, coeptus, -a, -um
commenced, begun, undertaken.
coerceo, -cere, -cm, -citum, [com
+ arceo], 2, a., confine on all
sides, hold together, shut in, en
compass; restrain, repress, hold %
control, curb.
coetus, -us, [coeo], m., assembly
company ; crowd, meeting.
cogitate [cogitatus, from cogi
to], adv., with reflection, thought-
fully.
cogitatio, -onis, [cogito], f., re-
flection, meditation ; thought, rea'
soning, imagination.
COGITO
27
COLOR
cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- +
agito], I, a., consider thoroughly,
think over, ponder, reflect upon ;
meditate, design, plan, purpose,
plot.
cognatio, -onis, [cognatus], f.,
kinship, relationship ; connection,
affinity.
cognitio, -onis, [cognosco], f., a
becoming acquainted with, know-
ledge, acquaintance; as a legal
term, investigation, inquiry.
cognitor, -oris, [cognosco], m.,
attorney, advocate ; defender, pro-
tector, supporter.
cognitus, -a, -um, [part, of cog-
nosco], adj., known, acknow-
ledged, approved.
cognomen, -inis, [cf. cognosco],
n., family name, surname ;
name.
cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cog-
nitum, [com--f (g)nosco], 3, a.,
become acquainted with ; learn,
ascertain, know thoroughly ;
know ; examine, inquire into,
investigate ; recognize, identify,
acknowledge ; appreciate.
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum,
[com- + ago], 3, a., drive together ;
collect, gather together, assemble ;
urge, oblige, constrain, compel,
force.
cohaereo, -ere, cohaesl, cohae-
sum, [com- + haereo], 2, n., cling
together, be united ; be closPly con-
nected with.
cohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, [com- +
habeo], 2, a., hold together, con-
fine, contain ; hold in check, re-
strain, repress, subdue.
Conors, -hortis, f., enclosure, yard;
crowd, company, throng, multi-
tude ; as a military term, cohort,
battalion, the tenth part of a
legion ; also, staff of a general,
body-guard, retinue. cohors
praetoria, general's body-guard.
cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, [com
+ hortor], 1, dep., encourage, ad-
monish, exhort, urge on, address.
collectio, -onis, [collectus, from
colligo], f., bringing together, col-
lecting, gathering.
COllega, -ae, [cf. colligo, unite - ], m.,
associate in office, colleague.
collegium, -1, [cf. collega], n.,
association in office, colleagueship ;
association, corporation, society,
college.
colligo, -ere, collegi, collectum,
[com- + lego], 3, a., gather, bring
together, collect, assemble ; acquire,
incur ; deduce, infer.
collis, -is, m., hill, height, elevation.
colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
+ loco], 1, a., set right, place, set,
put, arrange ; set up, erect ; locate,
station ; of money, invest, lay out.
colloquium, -1, [colloquor], n.,
conversation, discourse, conference.
colo, colere, colui, cultum, 3, a.
and n., till, cultivate ; stay at,
abide in, dwell in, inhabit ; care
for, cherish, esteem, love, favor ;
of the gods, and the services of
religion, honor, worship, revere,
reverence ; of pursuits or virtues,
follow, seek, practice, devote one's
self to, adhere to, cherish.
colonia, -ae, [colonus], f., colony,
settlement.
colonus, -1, [colo], m., husband-
man, tiller of the soil ; by met-
onymy, colonist, settler.
Colophon, -onis, [Ko\o<fxay], m.,
Colophon, z. city in the western
part of Asia Minor, north of
Ephesus.
Colophonius, -a, -um, [Colo-
phon], adj., of Colophon. As
subst, Colophonii, -orum, m.,
pi., the people of Colophon, the
Colophonians.
color, -oris, m., color, tint, hue;
complexion ; appearance, coloring.
COM-
28
COMMUTATIO
com-, prep., old form of cum ;
found only in composition. See
cum.
comes, -itis, [com-, eo], m. or f.,
companion, associate, comrade,
mate ; intimate ; attendant, re-
tainer, dependant.
comissatio, -onis, [comissor,
revet], f., carousal, Bacchanalian
revel, revelry.
comitatus, -a, -um, [part, of
comitor], adj., attended, accom-
panied, escorted.
comitatus, -us, [comitor], m.,
escort, train, retinue ; company,
band, crowd.
comitia, -orum,.[pl. of comitium],
n., pi., assembly of the people, as-
sembly, election by the people in
assembly. comitia consula-
ria, assembly J or electing consuls,
consular election.
comitium, -I, [com-, eo], n., place
of meeting ; at Rome, the Comi-
tium, an open place north of the
Forum, where assemblies were
held. See Map, p. 76.
commeatus, -us, [commeo], m.,
a passing to and fro ; furlough ;
provisions, supplies.
commemorabilis, -e, [comme-
moro], adj., memorable, remark-
able.
commemoratio, -onis, [com-
memorS], f., a calling to mind,
reminding ; remembrance, re-
minder.
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- + memoro], 1, a., call to
mind, keep in mind, remember ;
bring to mind, recall ; relate, re-
count, mention.
commendatio, -onis, [commen-
do], f., a commending, recom-
mendation ; that which recom-
mends, excellence, worth.
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f man do], 1, a., commit
for safe keeping, intrust, confide ;
commend, recommend, ask favor
for.
commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
+ meo], I, n., pass to and fro, go
and come ; make frequent visits.
commisced, -miscere, -miscui,
-mixtum or -mistum, [com- -f
misceo], 2, a., mingle together,
mingle ; unite, join.
committd, committere, -misi,
-missum, [com- -f mitto], 3, a.,
bring together, combine, put to-
gether, unite ; of military engage-
ments, set together, engage in,
fight, carry on, wage ; intrust,
co?nmit ; expose ; commits, crime,
perpetrate, be guilty of, do, prac-
tice.
commode [commodus], adv.,
properly, skilfully ; conveniently ,
suitably, comfortably.
commodo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[commodus], r, a. and n., supply,
furnish, grant, lend.
commodum, -1, [commodus], n.,
convenience, opportune moment ;
advantage, interest, gain ; emolu-
ment.
commoror, -ari, -atus sum,
[com- 4- moror], 1, dep., linger,
stay, tarry, remain.
commoveo, -movere, -movi,
-motum, [com- -f moveo], 2, a.,
stir, shake, move, used especially
of Solent motion ; trouble, dis-
turb, disquiet ; affect, influence.
communicS, -are, -avi, -atum,
[communis], 1, a., divide with,
share ; join, add.
communis, -e, [com-, munus],
adj., common, in common ; gen-
eral, public ; of manners, affable,
courteous.
communiter [communis], adv.,
in common, generally, together.
commutatio, -onis, [commuto],
f., change, alteration.
COMMUTO
29
CONCUPISCO
commuto, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -+- muto], i, a., change
throughout, change entirely : ex-
change, substitute, change.
comparatio, -orris, [comparo], f.,
preparing, preparation.
comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
4- paro], i, a., make ready, pro-
vide, prepare; get together, get,
collect, obtain.
comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [corn-
par, equal to], I, a., match, join ;
count as equal ; compare.
compello, -ere, compuli, compul-
sum, [com- + pello], 3, a., drive
together ; drive, impel, jorce ; in-
cite, urge, constrain.
comperio, -ire, comperi, comper-
tum, 4, a., find out, learn, ascer-
tain.
competitor, -oris, [competo], m.,
competitor, rival, opponent.
complector, plecti, -plexus
sum, [com- + plecto, braid], 3,
dep., embrace, clasp ; encircle,
enclose, seize ; comprehend, un-
derstand ; explain, describe, sum
up.
compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [com
+ pleo, fill], 2, a., fill up, fill ;
complete, fulfil, accomplish, finish ;
live through, pass.
complexus, -us, [complector],
m., embracing, embrace.
complures, -a or -ia, gen. com-
plurium, [com- 4- piures], adj.,
pi., several, a number, many.
compono, -ere, composui, com-
positum, [com+pono], 3, a.,
put together, collect, unite ; com-
pare, contrast ; compose, write ;
construct, build ; set in order, ar-
range, prepare ; lay at rest, bury.
comprehends, -hendere, hendi,
-hensum, [com- 4- prehendo], 3,
a., take hold of, seize, catch ; lay
hold of, arrest, capture ; grasp,
comprehend ; recount, set forth.
comprimo, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum, [com- -fpremo], 3, a.,
press together, compress; check,
repress, restrain ; subdue, sup-
press, keep under.
comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f probo], 1, a., approve,
sanction, assent to ; attest, estab-
lish, prove.
conatus, -us, [conor], m., attempt,
endeavor, effort, undertaking.
concedo, -ere, concessi, conces-
sum, [com- 4- cedo], 3, n. and a.,
withdraw, depart ; yield, give
place to, submit ; grant, concede,
allow ; admit, acknowledge ; give
up, forgive, pardon.
concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- 4- celebro], 1, a., attend in
crowds, frequent ; solemnize, cele-
brate.
concerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
4- certo], 1, n., contend with,
strive with ; dispute, debate with.
concido, -cidere, -cidi, ,
[com- 4- cado], 3, n., fall down,
collapse ; fall dead, fall ; decline,
fail, be destroyed.
concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-
cilium], 1, a., obtain, procure,
win, gain ; wilt over, win the
favor of, conciliate.
concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[com- 4- capio], 3, a., take up, re-
ceive ; imagine, conceive of ; un-
derstand ; harbor, entertain, plan.
concito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of concio], 1, a., stir up, arouse,
excite ; urge, move, instigate.
Concordia, -ae, [concors], f., har-
mony, union, concord. Personi-
fied, Concordia, -ae, f., goddess
of Union, Concord, in whose
honor several temples were
erected at Rome.
concupisco, -iscere, -Tvi, -ftum,
[com-, cupio], 3, inch., greatly de-
sire, long for, eagerly desire, covet.
CONCURSO
30
CONGREDIOR
concursS, -are, , , [freq.
of concurro], I, n. and a , run to
and fro, rush about, run about.
concursus, -us, [concurro], m.,
running together ; concourse,
throng, assembly ; assault, attack ;
meeting, collision.
condemns, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- + damno] , I, a., sentence,
find guilty, convict, condemn.
condicio, -onis, [condico], {.,
agreement, condition, compact,
terms; position, rank, lot, cir-
cumstances.
condiscS, -discere, -didici, ,
[com- -f disco], 3, a., learn care-
fully, learn well.
conditus, -a, -um, see condo.
condo, condere, condidi, condi-
tum, [com- + do], 3, a., put to-
gether, found, build; compose,
write; lay aside, store up; pre-
serve; lay in the tomb, bury ;
hide, conceal.
conferd, -ferre, -tull, collatum,
[com- + fer5], irr., a., bring to-
gether, collect, gather, join ; match
against, oppose ; compare, con-
trast ; consult, confer, consider ;
.carry, bring ; employ, devote, ap-
ply ; bestow, lend, grant ; refer,
assign ; put off, postpone. se
conferre, to betake himself, to
turn, to go ; to devote himself.
confertus, -a, -um, [part, of con-
fer cio], adj., crowded, dense ;
compact, close; crammed, filled,
gorged.
cSnfessio, -onis, [confiteor], f.,
confession, acknoiuledgment.
confestim [com-, cf. festinus],
adv., immediately, speedily, forth-
with, suddenly.
conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[com- -(- facio], 3, a., accomplish,
execute, complete ; do, make, bring
about, draw up , bring together,
procure, provide, prepare ; wear
out, consume, subdue, overcome,
exhaust ; kill, destroy, despatch.
confidS, -fidere, -fisus sum,
[com- -f fido], 3, semi-dep., n.,
trust, rely on, cojifide, believe , be
confident, be assured.
confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com
+ firmo], 1, a., make firm, make
strong, strengthen, reinforce ; en-
courage, cheer ; confirm, establish ;
assert, affirm, assure, prove.
confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum,
[com- + fateor] , 2, dep., confess,
acknowledge, admit ; allow, grant,
concede ; disclose, shozv.
conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f- flagro], 1, n. and a.,
burn, be on fire, be consumed,
burn up ; be destroyed by fire.
cSnfligS, -ere, conflixi, conflic-
tum, [com- + fligo], 3, a. and n.,
dash together ; be in conflict, con-
tend, fight ; be at war, be at va-
riance.
cSnflS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- -f-
flo], 1, a., blow up, kindle, in-
flame ; get together, bring together,
raise, compose ; cause, produce,
bring about.
confSrmatiS, -onis, [conforms],
f., shaping, moulding, form, fash-
ion ; training, culture.
conformo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f formo], 1, a., shape,
mould, form, fashion ; train, edu-
cate, cultivate.
conf ringo, -ere, confregi, con-
fractum, [com- + frango] , 3, a.,
break in pieces, break up, shatter ;
crush, destroy.
congerS, -ere, congessi, conges-
tum, [com- + gero], 3, a., bring
together, collect, heap up, accumu-
late ; build, construct.
congredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, [com- -f gradior], 3, dep.,
come together, meet ; meet in
strife, contend, fight.
CONGREGO
31
CONSENTIO
congrego, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com-, grex], i, a., lit. gather
into a flock ; assemble, gather to-
gether, collect ; associate, unite.
congruo, -gruere, -grui, , 3,
n., agree, coincide ; harmonize,
correspond, accord.
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,
[com- + iacio], 3, a., cast to-
gether, unite ; drive, throw, cast,
hurl, direct, aim ; urge, force ;
place, put ; conjecture, guess ;
forecast, foretell.
coniectura, -ae, [conicio], f., con-
jecture, inference, guess.
coniugium, -I, [coniungo], n.,
marriage, wedlock.
coniunctio, -onis, [coniungo], f.,
union, agreement ; intimacy, close
friendship.
coniunctus, -a, -um, comp. con-
iunctior, sup. coniunctissimus,
[part, of coniungo], adj., united,
allied, connected ; intimate, ac-
cordant.
coniungo, -ere, coniunxi, con-
iunctum, [com- + iungo] , 3, a.,
unite, connect, join ; associate, com-
bine in, wage in common.
coniunx, -ugis, [cf. coniungo],
m. and f., married person, consort,
spouse, whether husband or wife.
coniurati, -orum, [coniuratus,
from coniurS], m., pi., conspira-
tors.
coniuratio, -onis, [coniuro], f.,
association tinder oath, conspiracy,
confederacy.
coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
+ iuro, swear], I, n. and a., swear
together; plot together, form a
conspiracy.
coniveo, -ere, conlvi or conixi,
, [com- + niveo], 2, n., shut
the eyes ; overlook, connive, wink at.
conor, -arl, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
undertake, endeavor, attempt, try ;
make an effort, seek, aim.
conquiesco, -iescere, -ievi, con-
quietum, [com- -|- quiesco], 3,
n., rest, repose ; stop, cease ; find
rest, be at rest, enjoy peace.
consanguineus, -a, -um, [com-
+ sanguineus], adj., related by
blood, kindred. As subst., con-
sanguineus, -1, m., kinsman,
relative.
consceleratus, -a, -um, [consce-
lero], adj., stained with guilt,
wicked, criminal, depraved, vil-
lanous.
conscendo, -scendere, -scendi s
-scensum, [com- + scando], 3,
a. and n., ascend, climb, mount ;
of a ship, go on board, embark.
conscientia, -ae, [conscio], f.,
knowledge shared by others, com-
mon knowledge ; of the individ-
ual, feeling, sense, consciousness,
knowledge ; sense of right, con-
science ; sense of guilt.
conscriptus, -1, [part, of con-
scribo], m., one enrolled ; used
especially in addressing the
Roman Senate in the designa-
tion patres conscript!, fathers
elect, chosen fathers, for patres
et conscriptl, fathers and elect.
consecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
-f sacro], 1, a., offer as sacred,
dedicate, consecrate ; devote, deify,
immortalize.
consenesco, -nSscere, -nui, ,
[com- + senesco, grow old], 3,
inch., grow old together, become
old,. grow gray.
consensio, -onis, [consentio], f.,
agreeing together, agreement, unan-
imity.
consensus, -us, [consentio], m.,
agreement, unanimity, concord.
c onsen ti5, -ire, consensi, consen-
sum, [com--f- sentio], 4, n., agree
together, agree, be in accord ; de-
termine in common, resolve to-
gether, decree ; conspire, plot.
CONSEQUOR
32
CONSUL
consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
[com-+ sequor], 3, dep., follow
after, follow up, press upon, pur-
sue ; overtake \ reach ; arrive at,
get, attain, secure ; copy after,
imitate, adopt ; result, ensue.
conservator, -oris, [conservS],
m., preserver, defender.
conservo, -are, -avi, -atum, [eom-
-f- servo], 1, a., preserve, keep
safe, keep, maintain, save; keep
intact, observe, guard.
consessus, -us, [consido], m., as-
sembly, convention.
considerate [consideratus, from
considers] , adv., considerately,
thoughtfully.
considero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1,
a., look at closely, examine ; re-
flect upon, consider, contemplate.
consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
[com- + sid5], 3, n., sit down, seat
one's self, be seated, sit; settle,
sink down.
consilium, -1, [cf. consuls], n.,
body of counsellors, deliberative
body, coimcil ; deliberation, con-
sultation; plan, design, measure,
purpose, determination, resolu-
tion ; advice, counsel ; understand-
ing, judgment, prudence.
consists, -ere, constiti, ,
[com- + sisto, place], 3, n., stand
still, stop ; stay, remain; stand,
be firm ; exist, stand forth ; con-
sist of, consist in, depend on.
consocio, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
+ socio], I, a., associate, ally one's
self, join, unite ; agree upon.
consolatio, -onis, [consolor], f.,
comforting, comfort, consolation.
consolor, -ari, -atus sum, [com-
+ solor, comfort], 1, dep., en-
courage, comfort, cheer, console.
conspectus, -us, [conspicio], m.,
sight, look, view ; presence.
conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, con-
spectum, [com- + specio], 3, a.
and n., observe, see, catch sight of,
perceive, gaze upon ; face towards ;
pass., be conspicuous, be distin-
guished.
conspiratio, -onis, [conspiro], f.,
unanimity, harmony, agreement ;
plot, conspiracy.
const anter [constans], adv., with
firmness, firmly, resolutely ; with
consistency, consistently, evenly.
constantia, -ae, [constans], f.,
firmness, steadiness, steadfastness ;
consistency, harmony; constancy,
self-possession.
constituo, -ere, constitui, c5n-
stitutum, [com- + statuo], 3, a.,
put, place, set, set up ; draw up,
station, cause to halt ; establish,
constitute, prepare, construct, erect,
found ; designate, appoint ; set in
order, regulate, administer ; ar-
range, decide, determine, decree,
resolve.
consto, -are, constiti, constatum,
[com- + sto], 1, n., be consistent,
agree, be correct; be established,
be settled, remain firm, stand
firm ; be certain, be known, be
clear; consist of; be dependent,
depend. Impers., constat, con-
stare, it is clear, it is agreed, it is
proved.
constringo, -ere, constrinxi, con-
strictum, [com- + stringo] , 3,
a,, bind, fetter ; curb, restrain,
hold firmly.
consuetiido, -inis, [consuetus],
f., custom, habit, usage, practice ;
intimacy, companionship, close
friendship.
cSnsul, -ulis, [cf. consulo], m.,
consul, title of the two chief
magistrates of Rome, who were
chosen annually. consul de-
signatus, consul elect, one who
has been elected consul, but has
not yet entered upon the dis-
charge of official duties. pr5
CONSULARIS
33
CONTRA
cSnsule, pi. pro cSnsulibus,
used as an indecl. noun, deputy
consul, proconsul.
consularis, -e, [consul], adj., of
a consul, consular ; of consular
rank, who has been consul. As
subst., consularis, -is, m., ex-
consul, man of consular rank.
consulatus, -us, [consul], m.,
office of consul, consulship, con-
sulate.
consulo, -ere, consulul, consul-
turn, 3, n. and a., deliberate, take
counsel ; decide, resolve ; with
ace, consult, refer to, ask advice
of, counsel with ; with dat, con-
sult for, look out for the interests
of, take thought for.
consults [cSnsultum], adv., on
purpose, designedly, intentionally .
consultum, -I, [cSnsultus, from
consulo], n., deliberation ; decree,
resolution, decision.
cSnsumS, -ere, consumpsi, con-
sumptum, [com- + sumo], 3,
a., use up, devour ; destroy, con-
sume ; waste, exhaust, weaken,
waste away, wear away ; of time
or divisions of time, spend, pass,
consume.
contaminS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1,
a., mingle, blend; pollute, stain,
defile.
contegS, -tegere, -texi, -tectum,
[com- + tego], 3, a., cover up,
cover ; bury ; conceal, hide.
contemnS, -ere, contempsi, con-
temptum, [com- + temnS], 3, a.,
esteem lightly, despise, disdain,
contemn; disparage, speak of with
contempt; disregard, defy.
contends, -ere, contend!, con-
tentum, [com- -f tendo], 3, a.
and n., stretch tight, strain ; aim,
hurl ; press, hasten ; contend, vie,
strive, fight ; dispute; compare,
contrast ; maintain, assert, affirm,
protest.
contentio, -Snis, [contends], f.,
straining, strain, struggle, effort,
exertion ; strife, contention, con-
test ; dispute, controversy ; com-
parison, contrast.
contentus, -a, -um, [cbntineS],
adj., satisfied, pleased, happy, con-
tented, content.
conticesco, -ere, conticui, ,
[cSm- -f taceS], 3, inch., become
silent, be still, cease speaking ; be
hushed, cease, stop.
continens, -entis, [contineo] ,
adj., bordering, adjacent ; con-
nected, consecutive, continual ; of
character, self restrained, of self-
control, temperate.
continentia, -ae, [continens], f.,
restraint, self-restraitit, self-con-
trol ; self-mastery, temperance.
contineS, -ere, continul, conten-
tum, [com- + teneo], 2, a. and
n., hold together, enclose, bound,
comprise, contain ; shut in t re-
strain, repress, hold, check, ^urb ;
include, comprehend, involve.
contingS, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum,
[com- + tangS], 3, a. and n.,
touch, take hold of; extend to,
reach to ; affect ; reach, arrive at,
come to ; happen, turn out, come
to pass, occur.
continuus, -a, -um, [cf. conti-
neS], adj., continuous, unbroken,
without interruption.
cSntio, -onis, [for conventiS,
from conveniS], f., gathering,
assembly, convocation ; address,
discourse, harangue.
contionator, -Sris, [cSntiSnor,
harangue], m., haranguer, agita-
tor, demagogue.
contra, adv. and prep. :
( 1 ) As adv., opposite, in front
of; face to face, in opposition, on
the other side; on the contrary,
in answer, in reply. contra
atque, contra ac, otherwise than,
CONTRAHO
34
CORNELIUS
different from what, contrary
to.
(2) As prep., with ace. only,
against, before, opposite to, facing,
over against, contrary to ; in re-
ply to; in hostility to, to the dis-
advantage of, in spite of quod
contra, whereas on the contrary,
while on the contrary.
contraho, -ere, contraxi, contra-
ctum, [com--f- traho], 3, a., draw
together, collect, assemble ; draw
in, contract, shorten, diminish,
lessen; accomplish, bring about,
execute ; of a debt, contract.
contrarius, -a, -um, [contra],
adj., opposite, lying over against ;
contrary, opposed, conflicting.
controversia, -ae, [controver-
sus], f., quarrel, dispute, contro-
versy, contention.
contumelia, -ae, [com-, cf.
tumeo], f., reproach, insult, in-
vective, abuse.
convalesco, -ere, convalui, ,
[com- + valeo], 3, inch., grow
strong, gain strength ; recover,
regain health.
convenio, -ire, conveni, conven-
tion, [com-f- venio], 4, n. and a.,
come together, meet together, meet,
assemble ; be agreed upon, be set-
tled ; be fit, be suitable to, be appro-
priate to. Impers. convenit,
-ire, convenit, it is agreed, it is
settled, it is fit, it is suitable, it is
appropriate, it is consistent.
conventus, -us, [convenio], m.,
assembly, meeting, throng ; cor-
poration ; court.
converts, -ere, convert!, con-
versum, [com- -f verto], 3, a.
and n., turn around, turn about,
reverse, invert, throw back ; turn,
direct ; change, alter, transform ;
undergo change, be changed.
convlcium, -1, [com-, cf. vox], n.,
outcry, cry, utterance; din, noise ;
wrangling, altercation, reproach^
insult, abuse.
convinco, -ere, convici, convic*
turn, [com- + vinco], 3, a., over*
come, convict, refute; prove be*
yond question, show clearly.
convlvium, -1, [com- + vivo], n.,
banquet, feasting together, social
meal, feast.
cbnvoco, -are, -avE, -atum, [com-
+ voco], 1, a., call together, sum-
mon together, convoke, summon.
copia, -ae, [co-opia, from com-
+ ops] , f ., abundance, ample sup-
ply, plenty ; tnultitude, number,
throng ; fulness, copiousness ;
ability, power, facility, fluency ;
mostly in pi., wealth, resources,
riches, prosperity ; forces, troops.
copiosus, -a, -um, [copia], adj.,
well supplied, rich, abounding in ;
copious, eloquent.
coquus, -1, [coquo], m., cook.
coram [com-, cf. os], adv. and
prep., before :
(1) As adv., before the eyes,
face to face ; present, in person.
(2) As prep., with abl. only,
before, in the face of, in the pres-
ence of.
Corcyra, -ae, [Kepicvpa], f., Cor-
cyra, an island in the Adriatic
Sea, off Epirus ; now Corfu.
Corduba, -ae, [KopSv&r]], f., Cor-
duba, a city on the Baetis river,
in the southern part of Spain ;
now Cordova.
Corinthus, -1, [K6pivdos], f., Cor-
inth, a city on the Isthmus of
Corinth. The name survives in
the village Cor into, which
stands near the ancient site.
Cornelius, -a, name of a Roman
gens which included a number
of prominent families, both pa-
trician and plebeian. The Cor-
nelii mentioned in this book are
described under their family
CORPUS
35
CREDO
names; see Balbus, Cethegus,
Cinna, Dolabella, Lentulus,
Sclpio, Sulla.
corpus, -oris, n., body ; living
body, flesh ; dead body, trunk,
corpse ; substance, reality ; per-
son, individual ; frame, structure,
system, mass.
corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum,
[com- -f- rego], 3, a., straighten
out, make straight; amend, cor-
rect, change for the better ; im-
prove, reform, make good.
corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f- roboro, from robur], 1,
a., strengthen, encourage ; fortify,
confirm.
corrumpo, -ere, corrupi, cor-
ruptum, [com- 4- rumpo], 3, a.,
destroy, spoil, ruin, waste ; bribe,
corrupt, buy over ; falsify, per-
vert, tamper with.
corruo, -ere, corrul, , [com-
-f ruo], 3, n. and a., fall together,
fall down, sink down.
corruptela, -ae, [corruptus], f.,
seduction, corruption.
corruptor, -oris, [corruptus], m.,
seducer, corruptor, briber.
corruptus, -a, -um, [part, of cor-
rumpo], adj., spoiled; bad, profli-
gate, corrupt. As subst, quis
corruptus, what reprobate, what
profligate.
cotidianus, -a, -um, [cotidie], adj.,
of every day, of each day, daily.
cotidie" [quot -f- dies] , adv., every
day, daily.
Cotta, -ae, m., in this book L.
Aurelius Cotta, praetor B. c. 70
and consul, with L. Manlius Tor-
quatus, B. c. 65. After the Cati-
linarian conspiracy was crushed
Cotta proposed a public thanks-
giving for Cicero, whose firm
friend he remained in the troubled
times that followed. Cat. III.
VIII.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -1, m., name of a promi-
nent family in the Licinian gens.
Three of the family are men-
tioned in this book :
(1) L. Licinius Crassus, born
140 b. c, consul b. c. 95. He
was the most distinguished ora-
tor of his time. He died B. c. 91 .
Arch. hi.
(2) P. Licinius Crassus Dives,
who was consul b. c. 97. After-
wards for several years he com-
manded in Spain, and was
awarded a triumph in b. c. 93.
He was censor with L. Julius
Caesar in 89 b. c. Being a par-
tisan of the aristocracy, he killed
himself to escape proscription
when Cinna and Marius gained
possession of Rome. Arch. v.
(3) M. Licinius Crassus Dives,
born about 105 B.C. He had an
inordinate desire, for wealth, and
amassed a large fortune. He
conquered Spartacus in the
Servile War, B. c. 71, and was
consul with Pompey in the fol-
lowing year. He united with
Pompey and Caesar in the first
triumvirate. He set out upon
an expedition against the Par-
thians, in which he was defeated
with great loss and slain, b. c. 53.
Cf. n. to p. 180, 1. 13.
creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick,
close, frequent, numerous ; crowd-
ed, abundant, abounding.
crebro, comp. crebrius, sup. cre-
berrime, [creber], adv., in quick
succession, frequently, repeatedly,
often.
credibilis, -e, [credo], adj., to be
believed, worthy of belief, likely,
credible.
credo, credere, credidi, credi-
tum, 3, a. and n., lend; intrust,
commit, consign; trust, confide in^
CRESCO
36
CUMULO
believe in ; believe, think, suppose,
imagine ; often used parentheti-
cally, as / dare say, likely enough,
perhaps, of course, mini crede,
believe me, upon my word.
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum,
3, inch., spring up ; grow, in-
crease, swell, enlarge ; grow
strong, be strengthened.
Cretensis, -e, [Creta], adj., of
Crete, Cretan. As subst, Cre-
tenses, -ium, m., pi., the inhabi-
tants of Crete, the Cretans.
criminor, -ari, -atus sum, [cri-
men], i, dep., accuse of crime ;
charge with, denounce, charge.
cruciatus, -us, [crucio, torture],
m., torture, torment ; anguish,
agony.
crudelis, -e, [crudus, unfeeling],
adj., unfeeling, cruel, merciless,
hard-hearted ; of things, pitiless,
harsh, bitter.
crudelitas, -atis, [crudelis], f.,
harshness, cruelty, severity.
crudeliter, comp. crudelius, sup.
crudelissime, [crudelis], adv.,
harshly, cruelly, with cruelty.
cruentus, -a, -um, [cf. cruor],
adj., blood-stained, bloody, smeared
with blood, gory ; delighting in
blood, bloodthirsty.
cruor, -oris, m., blood, stream of
blood, gore ; bloodshed, murder.
cublle, -is, [cf. cubo, lie down], n.,
couch, bed.
cuicuimodi [for cuiuscuius
modi, gen. of quisquis -f
modus], adv., of whatever kind,
of whatsoever sort.
culina, -ae, f., kitchen.
culpa, -ae, f., fault, error, ground
of reproach, blame ; crime, offence,
reproach.
cultura, -ae, [colo], f., tillage, cul-
tivation, care ; framing, educa-
tion, culture ; refinement, style ;
reverence, adoration.
cum, prep, with ablative only,
with ; of association, with, along
with, in the company of, together
with ; of comparison, with, as
over against, compared with ; of
time, at, at the time of, together
with, at the same time with ; of
manner and circumstance, with,
under, amid, to, at. With the
personal pronouns and with qui
cum is enclitic ; as, mecum, no-
biseum, quocum.
In composition the earlier form
com- is used, which remains un-
changed before b, p, m, but is
changed to col- or con- before 1,
cor- or con- before r, con- before
other consonants, and co- before
vowels and h.
cum, conj., when ;■ of definite
time, at the time when, when,
while, as long as, after ; of in-
definite time or repeated action,
whenever, as often as, at times
when ; of relative time, descrip-
tive or circumstantial, when,
while, after, on the occasion that,
under the circumstances that, at
the moment when ; of cause or
concession, with subj., since, in-
asmuch as, although, notwith-
standing, turn — cum, then
— when or while. cum —
turn, both — and, not only — but
also, while — especially. cum
primum, as soon as. cum prae-
sertim, especially since. cum
quippe, since of course.
Cumanus, -a, -um, [Cumae], adj.,
Ctimaean, of Cumae, an ancient
city on the coast of Campania,
west of Naples. As subst.,
Cumanum, -I, (properly sc.
praedium), n., estate near Cumae,
Cumaean estate, where Cicero
had a villa. Ep. xii, xxix, xxx.
CumulS, -are, avi, -atum, [cumu-
lus], i, a., heap up; pile up',
CUMULUS
37
CURRO
increase, augment, accumulate ;
overload, overwhelm, crown.
cumulus, -I, m., heap, pile, mass ;
increase, accession, addition.
cunctus, -a, -urn, [for co-iu ric-
tus, com- + iunctus], adj., all
together, all, whole, entire.
cupiditas, -atis, [cupidus], f.,
desire, eagerness, passion ; greed,
covetousness, cupidity, lust.
cupidus, -a, -um, [cupio], adj.,
eagerly desirous, desirous, eager;
fond, loving ; passionate, lustful ;
greedy, avaricious.
cupio, cupere, cupivl or -ii, cupi-
tum, 3, a., long for, wish, desire ;
be well disposed, wish well, favor;
be devoted to, be zealous for.
cur., see curulis.
cur [older quor, from early dat.
quoi -f rel], adv., why ? for what
purpose ? wherefore ? for what
reason ? rel., why, wherefore.
cura, -ae, f., care, attention, pains ;
pursuit, business, office; arising
from love, love, affection ; arising
from mental disturbances, anx-
iety, solicitude, concern, trouble,
sorrow, grief.
curia, -ae, f., curia, association,
one of the ten divisions into
which each of the three primi-
tive Roman tribes were divided ;
by metonymy, Senate-house, the
place where the Roman Senate
sat ; the Senate. In Cicero's
time there were at Rome two
Senate-houses :
(i) The Senate-house proper,
known as the Curia Hostilia,
named from Tullus Hostilius,
situated north of the Foi um
See Map, p. 76. It was enlarged,
destroyed by fire in 52 B. c., re-
built by Faustus Sulla, son of
the Dictator, and called Curia
Cornelia*, but Sulla's structure
was soon afterwards torn down
by Julius Caesar. Caesar com-
menced a new Senate - house,
which was finished in magnificent
style after his death by Augustus,
and called Curia I u I i a.
(2) The Senate-house of Pom-
pey, Pompey' s Senate • house,
Curia Pompeia, in the same
edifice with the Portico erected
by Pompey in the Campus Mar
tius. Here Caesar was assas-
sinated ; after that the Senate
house of Pompey was closed.
Curio, -onis, [curio, priest of a
curia], m., name of a family in the
Scriboniangens. Two of the name
are mentioned in this book :
(1) C. Scribonius Curio, who
was consul b. c. 76, and cele-
brated a triumph over the Dar-
danians in 71 B.C. He was an
intimate friend of Cicero, whom
he supported in the defence of
the Manilian bill and in the exe-
cution of the Catilinarian con-
spirators. He died b. c. 53.
Ep. xiv.
(2) C. Scribonius Curio, son of
the former, a man of fine talents,
but of profligate habits, which
Cicero tried in vain to reform.
He rendered important services
to Caesar in the Civil War, and
was killed in Africa B. c. 49.
Ep. xiv.
curiosus, -a, -um, [cura], adj.,
painstaking, careful, thoughtful,
attentive ; inquisitive, curious.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura], 1,
a., care for, look after, see to, at-
tend to ; preside over, govern ;
pay, settle.
curriculum, -1, [dim. of currus],
n., small chariot ; race, race-
course ; course, career.
curro, currere, cucurri, cursum,
3, n., run, hasten ; of motion
over water or through the air,
CURRUS
38
DECET
move quickly, sail, fly ; of water,
run, flow, roll, spread.
currus, -us, [cf. curro], m., chariot,
car, wagon ; triumphal chariot.
cursus, -us, [curro], m., a run-
ning; course, passage, way, march,
journey, voyage ; speed, race ;
career, progress.
curulis, -e, abbreviated cur.,
[currus], adj., of a chariot;
curule. sella curulis, curule
chair, official chair, in which
consuls, praetors, and curule
aediles were permitted to sit
when discharging their official
duties. See p. 254.
Custidius, -1, m., L. Custidius, a
fellow-townsman and friend of
CiceroV Ep. xvii.
custodia, -ae, [custos], f., a
guarding ; guard, watch, care,
protection ; confinement, custody ;
guard-house, prison.
custodio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [cTLs-
tos], 4, a., guard, watch, protect,
keep ; hold back, restrain ; keep
in custody, hold captive.
custos, -odis, m. and f., guard,
watch, keeper, overseer; guard-
ian, protector.
Cyrea,orum, [=Kupeio],adj.,n.,pl.,
of Cyrus, in the province of Cyrus,
designed by the architect Cyrus,
employed by Cicero. Ep. XII.
Cyziceni, -orum, m., pi., inhabit-
ants of Cyzicus.
Cyzicus, or Cyzicum, -1, [Kvfr-
kos], n., Cyzicus, Cyzicum, an im-
portant city of Asia Minor on
the south shore of the Propontis.
D, as a sign of number, rr 500.
D., see Decimus.
damnatio, -onis, [damno], f., con-
viction, condemnation.
damno, -are, -avi, -atum, [dam-
num], 1, a., lit. inflict loss upon ;
find guilty, convict, condemn.
de, prep, with abl., denoting sepa-
ration, from ; of place and mo- .
tion, from, away from, out of; of
time, away from, after, during,
in the course of, in ; of source,
of, from, out of, proceeding from,
sprung from ; of the whole, par-
titively, of, out of, from among ;
of materia], made of, out of, from ;
of cause, on account of, for,
through, by ; of relation, con-
cerning, about, in respect to, of,
in the matter of de impro-
viso, unexpectedly. de indus-
trial, intentionally.
dea, -ae, [deus], f., goddess.
debeo, debere, debul, debitum,
[for dehibeo, de -f- habe5], 2, a.,
withhold, keep back; owe, be in-
debted, be in debt to, be under ob-
ligations ; ought, must, should.
debilis, -e, [de -f- habilis, easily
handled} , adj ., weak, frail, feeble ;
crippled, disabled, helpless.
debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
bilis], 1, a., make weak, weaken,
cripple, disable ; dishearten, crush.
debitus, -a, -um, [part, of debeo],
adj., due, appropriate, fitting, be-
coming, meet ; doomed, fated.
decedo, -ere, decessl, decessum,
[de -f cedo], 3, n., go away, with-
draw, depart ; retreat, retire, leave.
December, -bris, -bre, [decern],
adj., of the tenth; of the tenth
month, of December, so named
because the tenth month count-
ing from March, which was rec-
koned by the early Romans the
beginning of the year.
decet, decere, decuit, 2, impers.,
n. and a., be becoming, be meet, be
fitting, be proper ; with ace. as
obj., befit, be seemly for, be becom-
ing to % be appropriate to.
DECERNO
39
DEFIGO
decerno, -ere, decrevl, decre-
tum, [de + cerno], 3, a. and n.,
decide, determine, resolve, vote,
decree ; decide by combat, fight,
contend.
decerpo, -ere, decerpsi, decerp-
tum, [de + carpo], 3, a., pluck
off, break off, pluck, gather ; take
away, tear away.
decidS, -ere, decidi, , [de +
cado], 3, n.,fall down, fall away ;
fall, perish.
decimus, -a, -um, [decern], adj.,
tenth.
Decimus, -1, abbreviated D., [de-
cimus], m., Decimus, a common
Roman forename.
decla.ro, -are, -avl, -atum, [de +
claro], 1, a., make clear, disclose ;
show, prove ; declare, proclaim,
amiounce.
declinatio, -orris, [declino], f., a
bending aside, movement to one
side ; slight deviation, avoidance.
decoctor, -oris, [decoquo, boil
away, ruin one's self], m., spend-
thrift, prodigal, bankrupt.
decoro, -are, -avl, -atum, [de-
cus], I, a.., adorn, embellish, beau-
tify ; honor, distinguish.
dgcretum, -1, [decerno], n., de-
cree, decision, resolution, vote.
decuma, -ae, [i. e. decima pars],
f., tenth part ; tithe, land-tax.
decumanus, -a, -um, [decimus],
adj., of the tenth part, of tithes.
As subst, decumanus, -I, m.,
tithe-gatherer, tax-farmer, tax-
collector
dedecus, -oris, [de-fdecus], n.,
disgrace, shame, infamy, dishonor ;
cause of shame, reproach.
dedicS, -are, -avl, -atum, [de -f-
dico], I, a., dedicate, consecrate,
set apart as sacred.
deditio, -onis, [dedo], f., giving
up, surrendering ; surrender,
capitulation.
deditus, -a, -um, [part, of dedo],
adj., given up, devoted to, adaicted
to.
dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [de +
do], 3, a., give up, surrender,
yield, deliver up ; devote, consign,
submit, abandon.
deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum,
[de -f- duco], 3, a., lead down,
bring down, draw out ; draw off,
take off, remove ; bring out, with-
draw, lead off or away ; derive,
deduce ; of colonists, lead forth,
conduct ; of a ship, draw out
from the dock, draw down,
launch.
defatigo, -are, -avl, -atum, [de +
fatigo, tire], I, a., tire out, ex-
haust ; wear out, make weary.
defendo, -ere, defend!, defen-
sum, [de + obsolete fendo], 3,
a., ward off, repel, keep off ; de-
fend, guard, protect ; maintain in
defence, allege.
defensio, -onis, [defendo], f., de-
fence.
deferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [de +
fero], irr., a., bear away, bring
down ; carry off, bear, carry ;
grant, allot, give ; take, transfer,
deliver ; report, give account of,
announce, state ; bring before,
lay before, refer to ; enter for
registration, register, return.
defessus, -a, -um, [part, of de-
fetiscor, become weary], adj.,
tired out, weary, worn out, ex-
hausted.
deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[de -f- facio], 3, n. and a., with-
draw, fall off, revolt ; fail, cease,
be wanting, run out ; faint, sink,
become exhausted ; forsake, aban-
don, desert, leave.
defigS, -figere, -fixl, -fixum, [de
-ffigo], 3, a., fasten, fix ; drive,
thrust; set up, plant; direct^
turn.
DEFINIO
40
DENIQUE
dgfinio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [de -f-
finio], 4, a., bound, limit; fix,
determine, establish.
deflagrd, -are, -avi, -atum, [de -f
flagro], I, n. and a., burn down,
be destroyed by fire, be consumed
by fire.
deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [de
-f- iacio], 3, a., throw down, hurl
down ; strike down, kill, slay,
destroy ; turn aside, avert ; de-
prive of, rob ; of the eyes or
face, cast down.
deinceps [dein, for deinde, +
capio], adv., one after another,
in order ; next, next in order.
deinde [de -j- inde], adv., from
that time, thereafter, thence ;
afterwards, then, next ; besides,
still.
delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [de
-f labor], 3, dep., glide down,
slip down, descend ; come down,
sink, fall.
delectatio, -onis, [delecto], f.,
delight, pleasure, gratification, en-
joyment.
delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.,
de, root lac in obsolete lacio,
entice], I, a., delight, please,
charm, entertain.
delectus, -a, -um, [part, of de-
ligo], adj., chosen, elect, choice,
select, picked.
dSleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2, a.,
erase, efface, obliterate ; blot out,
destroy utterly, oz>erthrow, extin-
guish.
deliberatio, -onis, [delibero],
{., deliberation, consideration ;
ground of deliberation.
delibero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de -f
libro, from libra, balance], 1, a.
and n., weigh well, consider, de-
liberate, take counsel ; consult ;
■ resolve.
delica.t§ [delicatus], adv., deli-
cately, luxuriously.
delicatus, -a, -um, [cf. deliciae],
adj., delightful, charming; given
to pleasure, voluptuous, effeminate.
deliciae, -arum, [delecto], f.,
pleasure, delight, charm ; luxury.
delictum, -1, [deliuquo], n., fault,
misdoing, offence ; crime, wrong.
deligo, -ligere, -legi, Iectum, [de
-flego], 3, a., choose, select, pick
out, designate.
Delos, -1, \Ati\qs], f., Delos, one
of the Cyclades; see Map.
delubrum, 1, [de, luo, cleanse],
n., lit. place of cleansing or expia-
tion ; shrine, sanctuary, temple.
demens, -entis, [de + mens], adj.,
out of one's mind, distracted, mad,
insane ; foolish, rash, blind.
dementer [demens], adv., reck-
lessly, foolishly, blindly.
dementia, -ae, [demens], f., in-
sanity, madness, folly.
demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de +
migro], 1, n, migrate, remove ;
go off, go away, depart.
deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, [de
+ minuo], 3, a., make smaller,
diminish ; take away, reduce, im-
pair, curtail
deminutio, -onis, [deminuS], f.,
lessening, diminution, decrease,loss.
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[de + monstro], I, a., point out,
show, indicate; prove, establish.
demoveo, -ere, demovi, demotum,
[de -f- moveo ] , 2 , a , move away, stir
from, remove, drive forth from.
demum [de], adv., at length, at
last, then, just, only. turn de-
mum, then at length, then indeed,
not till then.
denique, adv., at last, at length,
finally ; besides, and thereafter ;
in a word, in short, briefly.
nunc denique, now at length,
only now, not till noxv. turn
denique, then at last, not until
then, then only.
DENOTO
41
DESINO
denoto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de -f-
noto], I, a., mark out, point out,
specify, designate.
densus, -a, -um, adj., compact,
dense, crowded ; thick, close, full.
d§nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [de
-f- nuntio], I, a., announce, de-
clare, proclaim ; intimate, warn,
threaten, denounce ; order.
dSpello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum,
[de -|- pello], 3, a., drive out, drive
away, expel ; turn aside, ward off,
averts thwart ; dissuade, drive,
force.
dependo, -ere, depend!, depen-
suni, [de 4- pendo], 3, a, and n.,
pay, render.
deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de +
ploro], 1, ri. and a., weep bitterly,
wail, lament ; bewail, deplore ;
abandon, give up for lost.
deponS, -ere, deposul, deposi-
tum, [de + pono], 3, a., lay
down, set down, set, place ; lay
aside, put off, put away ; commit,
intrust; give up, resign.
deporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de 4-
porto], I, a., carry dotvn, take
away, ca>-ry off; of movement
from the provinces to Rome,
bring home, bring back, bring
azvay.
deposco, -poscere, -poposcl, ,
[de -f posco], 3, a., demand, re-
quest earnestly, call for ; request,
claim.
depravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de,
pravus], 1, a., distort, pervert ;
corrupt, seduce, spoil, deprave.
deprecator, -oris, [deprecor], m.,
averter ; advocate, intercessor.
deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, [de -f
precor], I, dep., pray to avert,
seek to avert by prayer, plead
against ; plead for, intercede for.
deprehendS, -hendere, -hendl,
-hensum, [de 4- prehendo], 3,
a., take away ; seize upon, seize,
catch, capture ; overtake, surprise,
discover, detect, find out , compre
hend, understand.
deprimS, -ere, depressl, depres-
sum, [de -j- premS], 3, a., press
down ; sink ; overwhelm.
deprSmo, -promere, -prompsl
-promptum, [de + pr5mo], 3, a.
draw out, bring forth, fetch; de
rive, obtain.
derelinquo, linquere, -liqui, -lie
turn, [de -\- relinquo], 3, a.., for
sake entirely, leave altogether
abandon.
desciscS, -ere, descivi, descl
turn, [de 4- scisco] , 3, n., with
draw, leave, desert ; be untrue, be
unfaithful.
describS, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scriptum, [de 4- scribo], 3, a.,
copy off, transcribe, write off;
draw, describe ; define, fix, assign,
designate.
deserS, -serere, -serul, -sertum,
[de 4- sero, join\, 3, a., leave, for-
sake, desert, abandon ; leave in
the lurch ; forfeit.
desertus, a, -um, [desero], adj.,
deserted, solitary ; lonely, waste.
deslderium, -I, [desldero], n.,
longing for, ardent desire, want,
wish ; regret, grief.
desldero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf.
consldero], I, a., long for, desire
ardently, want, wish for; call for,
demand, desire, expect; miss, lack,
feel the want of.
deslgnatus, -a, -um, [part, of
deslgno], adj., elect, chosen, ap-
plied to public officers elected
but not yet installed.
designs, -are, -avi, -atum, [de +
slgno], 1, a., mark out, point out,
designate ; choose, elect.
desino, -sinere, desil, desitum,
[de 4- sin5], 3, a. and n., leave off,
cease, quit, desist ; come to an end,
stop, close.
DESISTO
42
DIFFERO
desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum,
[de + sisto], 3, n., leave off, cease,
desist from.
desperatiS, -onis, [despero], f.,
losing of hope, hopelessness, de-
spair.
desperatus, -a, -urn, [part, of
despero], adj., beyond hope, des-
perate, abandoned.
despero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de +
spero], i, a. and n., lose all hope
of, despair of; be hopeless, give up
hope, give up.
despicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spec-
turn, [de + specio], 3, n. and a.,
look down upon ; despise, dis-
dain.
destringo, -stringere, -strinxl,
-strictum, [de -f stringo] , 3, a.,
strip off ; of a sword, unsheathe,
draw.
desum, -esse, -ful, [de -|- sum],
irr., n., be away, be absent; be
wanting, be lacking, be missing,
fail ; be neglectful, be not at hand,
be at fault ; be inadequate.
detestor, -ari, -atus sum, [de -f
testor], 1, dep., curse ; call down
upon, denounce ; ward off, avert.
detraho, -ere, detraxi, detra-
ctum, [de + traho], 3, a., draw
off, pull down, pull off ; take
from, take away ; remove, with-
draw, deprive, rob ; disparage.
detrimentum, -1, [detero, rub
away], n., loss, damage, hurt,
harm.
deturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de +
turbo], I, a., thrust down, strike
down, expel; dispossess, deprive
of
deus, -1, m., god, deity, divinity.
For declension see A. 40,/; G.
29, 5; H - 5 1 ' 6 -
devincio, -Ire, devinxl, devinc-
tum, [de -f vincio] , 4, a., bind
fast, fetter ; attach closely, lay
under obligation, oblige.
devinco, -ere, devlci, devictum,
[de -f vinco], 3, a., conquer com-
pletely, subdue ; overpower, super-
sede.
devius, -a, -um, [de -f via], adj.,
off the road, out of the way ; re-
tired ; inconsistent.
devoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-t-
voco], 1, a., call away, recall;
call off, draw away from.
devoveo, -vovere, -vovl, -votum,
[de + voveo], 2, a., vow, offer,
devote, consecrate.
dextera, or dextra, -ae, [properly
dextera manus] , f ., right hand.
di-, see dis-.
dicio, -onis, nom. sing, and pi. not
used, [dlco], f., dominion, rule,
sway, authority, jurisdiction.
dlco, dlcere, dlxl, dictum, 3, a.
and n., say, tell, utter, speak ; re-
late, declare, affirm, assert, main-
tain ; name, call ; appoint, fix
upon, settle, fix.
dictator, -oris, [dicto], m., dicta-
tor, a Roman magistrate of un-
limited power, at first appointed
only in great emergencies.
dictatura, -ae, [dictator], f., dic-
tatorship, office of dictator.
dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens.
of dicto], 1, a., say frequently,
keep saying ; declare, maintain,
assert ; allege, pretend.
dicto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of dlco], I, a., say for another,
suggest; of dictation to an aman-
uensis, dictate.
dies, -el, m. and f., f. usually of
a period of time, day ; daylight ;
set day, appointed time ; time,
space of time, interval, period.
in dies, day by day.
differ 0, -ferre, distull, dllatum,
[dis + fero], irr., a. and n., bear
apart, disperse ; put off, defer,
postpone ; be different from, differ,
vary.
DIFFICILIS
43
DISCEDO
difficilis, -e, comp. difflcilior,
sup. difficillimus, [dis- + f acilis] ,
adj., not easy, hard, difficult ;
troublesome, perilous; hard to
manage, obstinate.
difficultas, -atis, [difficilis], f.,
trouble, difficulty, embarrassment,
distress.
diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis-
+ fido], 3, semi-dep., distrust,
lack confidence in, be distrustful
of, despair of.
diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi, , [dis-
+ fluo], 3, n., flow in different
directions, flow away ; be dis-
solved, become lax, go to ruin.
dignitas, -atis, [dlgnus], f., worth,
desert, merit ; distinction, emi-
nence, reputation ; greatness,
majesty, dignity ; self-respect,
honor.
dlgnus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, de-
serving, suitable ; fit, becoming,
proper.
diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- +
iudico], i, a. and n., distinguish,
discern ; decide, determine, settle,
adjust.
dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [di-
+ labor], 3, dep., fall apart, fall
to pieces ; scatter, disperse, go to
ruin, perish.
dllatio, -onis, [di- + latio, bear-
ing^, f., putting off, postponement,
adjournment, delay.
dilectus, -us, [diligo], m.,a choos-
ing, selection, choice ; especially
as a military term, levy, recruit-
ing, draft, conscription.
diligens, -entis, comp. diligen-
tior, sup. diligentissimus, [part,
of diligo], adj., painstaking, care-
ful, attentive, diligent ; scrupu-
lous, faithful, watchful.
diligenter, comp. diligentius,
sup. diligentissime, [diligens],
adv., with painstaking, carefully,
diligently, attentively ; faithfully.
diligentia, -ae, [diligens], f., care*
fulness, attentweness, watchful*
ness, diligence, care ; faithfulness.
diligo, -ere, dilexl, dilectum, [di-
+ lego], 3, a., select out, single
out ; choose above all others,
esteem, prize, love, cherish ; be
content with, appreciate.
dilucesco, -ere, diluxl, ,
[diluceo, be clear], 3, inch., grow
light, dawn.
dimicatio, -onis, [dimieo], f,
combat, fight, struggle ; contest,
rivalry.
dimieo, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- +
mico, flash], 1, n., contend, fight,
struggle ; be in conflict, be in peril,
be in danger, run risk.
dlmitto, -ere, dimisi, dimissum,
[di- + mitto], 3, a., send in dif-
ferent directions, send out, send
away, send forth ; dismiss, break
up ; let go, discharge, release ;
forsake, leave, renounce, abandon.
dinumero, -are, -avi, -atum, [di-
+ numero], 1, a., count, number,
reckon, compute.
direptio, -onis, [diripio], f., a
plundering, pillaging.
direptor, -oris, [diripio], m., plun-
derer, pillager, marauder.
diripio, -ere, diripul, direptum,
[di- + rapio], 3, a., tear asunder,
tear in pieces ; lay waste, pillage,
plunder, rob, ravage.
dis- or di-, inseparable prep.,
used only as a prefix with other
words, adding the force of apart,
asunder, in different directions ;
between, among ; not,un-; utterly,
entirely. dis- is found before
c, p, q, s, and t, but becomes
dif- before f, and dir- before
vowels, di- is found before d,
g, 1, m, n, r, and v.
discedo, -ere, disccssi, disces-
sum, [dis- -|- cedo], 3, n., go
apart, withdraw ; go away, de
DISCESSUS
44
DISTRICTUS
part, leave, retire; come off, be
left, remain, as the result of a
battle or struggle.
discessus, -us, [discedo], m., a
parting, separation ; a going away,
departure, removal.
disciplina, -ae, [for discipulina,
from discipulus], f., training,
instruction, education ; learning,
science, discipline ; study, cul-
ture.
disco, discere, didici, , 3, a.
and n., learn, learn to know;
become acquainted with ; learn
how.
discribo, -ere, discripsi, discrip-
tum, [dis--f scribo], 3, a., assign
by parts, apportion, divide off.
discrlmen, -inis, [discerno], n.,
intervening space, interval ; sep-
aration, division ; distinction, dif-
ference ; turning point, decisive
moment, crisis ; peril, danger,
hazard.
disiunctus, -a, -urn, [part, of
disiungo], adj., separated, parted,
apart ; remote, distant.
dispergo, -ere, dlspersi, disper-
sum, [dis--f spargo], 3, a., scat-
ter, strew here and there, dis-
perse.
dispersus, -a, -urn, [part, of di-
spergo], adj., scattered, dispersed.
dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [dis-
-fpartio, from pars], 4, a., dis-
tribute, divide, apportion.
dispicio, -ere, dispexi, dispec-
tum, [dis-+ speciS], 3, n. and a.,
discern, make out, perceive ; re-
flect upon, think about, regard,
consider.
displiceq, -ere, -ui, -itum, [dis-
-fplaceo], 2, n., displease. mini
displicet, I dislike.
disputo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- +
puts], I, a. and n., investigate,
discuss, treat ; argue, maintain ;
dispute, controvert.
dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum,
[dis- -f semino, sow seed], 1, a.,
spread abroad, scatter abroad, dis-
seminate.
dissensio, -onis, [dissentio], f.,
difference of opinion, disagree-
ment ; strife, discord.
dissentio, -ire, dissensi, dissen-
sum, [dis- + sentio], 4, n., differ
in opinion, disagree, dissent.
dissideS, -ere, dissedi, disses-
sum, [dis- + sedeo], 2, n., sit
apart, be at variance, disagree ;
differ, be tinlike.
dissimilis, -e, [dis— r-similis], adj.,
unlike, different, dissimilar.
dissimilitudo, -inis, [dissimilis],
f., unlikeness, difference, dissimi-
larity.
dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis-
+ simulo], 1, a. and n., keep se-
cret, conceal ; dissemble, disguise.
dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- +
unused supo, throw], I, a., scat'
ler, strew, disperse, spread
abroad.
dissolutus, -a, -um, [part, of dis-
solve], adj., loose ; negligent, re-
miss, careless ; abandoned, disso-
lute.
dissolvo, -ere, dissolvi, dissolu-
tum, [dis- + solvo], 3, a., take
apart, unloose, separate ; dissolve,
destroy ; free from debt.
distineo, -ere, distinuT, disten-
tum, [dis- + tene5] , 2, a., hold
apart ; keep back, detain, occupy,
engage.
distraho, -ere, distraxl, distra-
ctum, [dis- + traho], 3, a., pull
asunder, pull to pieces ; part, sepa-
rate ; divide, distract.
distribuo, -ere, distribui, distri-
butum, [dis- + tribuo], 3, a.,
apportion, distribute, divide off.
districtus, -a, -um, [part, of di-
stringo], adj., hesitating, waver-
ing ; distracted, harassed.
DIU
45
DOLOR
diu, comp. diutius, sup diutissi-
me, [of. dies], adv., for a long
time, a long time, long, too long.
quam diu, how long ; as long as.
satis diu, long enough. tarn
diu, so long.
dius, -a, -um, [for divus], adj.,
divine, godlike. As subst,
dius, -I, m., god, divinity. me
dius Fidius, see Fidius.
diuturnitas, -atis, [diuturnus],
f ., length of time, long duration,
continuance.
diuturnus, -a, -um, [diu], adj.,
of long duration, long, lasting,
protracted, prolonged.
dlvello, -ere, divelli, divulsum
or -volsum, [di-+vello], 3, a.,
rend asunder, tear apart, tear
in pieces; separate, remove, de-
stroy.
diversus, -a, -um, [part, of di-
verts], adj., lit. turned different
ways ; opposite, contrary, conflict-
ing ; separate, apart, remote, far
distant; different, unlike, di-
verse.
dives, -itis, adj., rich, opulent,
wealthy ; costly, sumptuous.
Dives, -itis, [dives], m., a name
in the Crassus family ; see
Crassus.
divido, -ere, dlvisi, divisum, 3,
a., divide, part, separate ; divide
up, distribute, apportion, share ;
scatter, spread, extend ; separate.
divinitus [dlvinus], adv., di-
vinely, by inspiration ; marvel-
ously, admirably.
divinus, -a, -um, [divus], adj., of
a god, of a divinity, divine ; god-
like, superhuman ; religious, sa-
cred ; inspired by divine in-
fluence, prophetic.
divisus, -a, -um, [part, of divido],
adj., divided, separated, spread.
divitiae, -arum, [dives], f., pi.,
riches, wealth, treasures.
do, dare, dedi, datum, 1, a.,
give, deliver ; grant, present, con-
fer, bestow, offer ; afford, furnish;
surrender, give up, yield, con-
cede ; resign, abandon; spare,
forgive ; place, put, cause, produce,
inflict ; excite, awaken ; announce,
report. operam dare, to give
heed,- to make an effort, to take
pains, take care.
doceS, docere, docuT, doctum, 2,
a., teach, instruct, inform, train ;
explain, shozv, set forth, tell.
doctrlna, -ae, [doceo], i., teach-
ing, instruction ; learning, science.
doctus, -a, -um, [part, of doceo],
adj., trained, learned, taught, ex-
perienced ; skilled, cultured.
Dodonaeus, -a, -um, [Dodona],
adj., of Dodona, a city in Epirus,
famous as the seat of a very an-
cient oracle.
Dolabella, -ae, m., in this book
P. Cornelius Doldbella, a profli-
gate man, who nevertheless
gained the hand of Cicero's
daughter Tullia. They were
married b. c. 50, and divorced
four years later. Dolabella
joined the party of Caesar, after
whose death he secured the con-
sulship by unfair means. He
obtained Syria as a province,
where he conducted himself with
so great injustice and brutality
that he was declared a public
enemy. To escape capture he
ordered a soldier to kill him,
B. c. 43. Ep. xxii.
doleo, dolere, dolui, , 2, n.
and a., suffer, be in pain ; feel
pain, grieve, lament ; feel pained,
feel hurt, be sorry ; cause pain,
hurt.
dolor, -oris, [doleo], m., pain, suf-
fering, pang; grief, sorrow, afflic-
tion, trouble, tvoe, anguish ; an-
ger, resentment.
DOMESTICUS
46
DUX
domesticus, -a, -um, [domus],
adj., of the house; domestic, pri-
vate, personal ; as opposed to
that which is foreign, internal,
intestine, civil.
domicilium, -I, [domus], n., habi-
tation, dwelling, abode ; dwelling-
place, home.
domina, -ae, [dominus], f., mis-
tress, lady ; she that rules, ruler.
dominatio, -onis, [dominor, from
dominus], f., mastery, rule, do-
minion, supremacy.
dominus, -I, m., master, lord, pos-
sessor, owner ; ruler, chief.
domo, -are, -ui, -itum, i, a., tame,
break in, train ; master, subdue,
vanquish, conquer, reduce.
domus, -us, loc. domi, f., house,
dwelling, abode, home ; household,
family. domi, at home.
donatio, -onis, [dono], f., a giv-
ing, presenting, donation.
dono, -are, -avi, -atum, [donum],
I, a.., give, present, grant as a gift;
forgive, pardon.
donum, -I, [d5], n., gift, present ;
of an offering to a deity, offering,
sacrifice.
dormio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, n.,
sleep ; be at ease.
Drusus, -1, m., in this book M.
Livius Drusus, a Roman promi-
nent as a political leader at the
beginning of the first century B.C.
He at first sided with the aris-
tocracy, but afterwards won over
the people by carrying measures
in their interest. Having finally
organized a conspiracy, he was
murdered in his own house, B. c.
91. Arch. hi.
dubitatiS, -onis, [dubito], f.,
doubt, hesitation ; uncertainty,
perplexity.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, [du-
bius], 1, n. and a., doubt, call in
qttestion, question ; be uncertain,
waver ; deliberate, consider ; hesi-
tate, delay, be irresolute.
dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful,
wavering, uncertain, undecided,
dubious ; precarious, critical.
n5n dubium est quin, there is
no doubt that. sine dubio, be-
yond doubt, undoubtedly, certainly.
duco, ducere, diixi, ductum, 3,
a., lead, guide, conduct, direct ;
lead forth, draw forth ; derive,
deduce ; take in, inhale ; calcu-
late, consider, esteem, reckon, in
matrimonium ducere, to marry.
ductus, -us, [duco], m ., a leading,
conducting ; as military term,
generalship, command.
dudum [diu + dum], adv., a little
while ago, but now ; before, for-
merly. See iam.
dulcedo, -inis, [dulcis], f., sweet-
ness ; agreeableness, pleasantness,
charm.
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet ; agreeable,
pleasant, charming ; dear.
dum, conj., while, whilst, all the
time that, as long as, until, till, to
the time when ; provided that, if
only. dum modo, if so be that,
provided that, tfonly.
dumtaxat [dum 4- taxo, exam-
ine], adv., lit. while one ex-
amines; to this extent, so far ;
simply, merely, only.
duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two, the
two.
duodecim, or XII, [duo + de-
cern], num. adj., twelve.
duodecimus, -a, -um, [duode-
cim], num. adj., twelfth.
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard ; rough,
rude, uncultivated ; unfeeling,
pitiless, stern, cruel, inexorable ;
hard to bear, burdensome.
dux, ducis, [cf. duco], m. and f.,
leader, guide ; master, counsellor ;
commander, general; ruler, head,
chief, leading man.
DYRRACHIUM
47
EGOMET
Dyrrachium, -T, [Avppdxiov], n.,
Dyrrachium, formerly called
Epidamnus, a city on the sea-
coast of Ulyria, nearly opposite
Brundisium. Ep. ix.
E.
e, see ex.
ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebrius,
drunk], adj , given to drink, in-
toxicated, drunk, drunken.
ecqui, ecquae or ecqua, ecquod,
gen. wanting, [ec + qui], inter,
adj., in direct questions, is there
any? any? in indirect questions,
whether any.
ecquid [ecquis], inter, adv., in
direct questions, at all? giving
merely an emphatic turn to the
question, and often not trans-
lated in words ; in indirect ques-
tions, if at all, whether.
edax, -acis, [edo], adj., greedy,
voracious, gluttonous.
edictum, -I, [edico], n., proclama-
tion, edict, order.
edo, edere, edidi, editum, [e -f
do], 3, a., give out, put forth ;
bring forth, beget, produce ; relate,
tell, utter; publish, declare, dis-
close, give account of.
edoceo, -ere, edocul, edoctum,
[e + doceo], 2, a., teach thor-
oughly, show in detail ; instruct,
inform, show.
educo, -ere, edfixi, eductum, [e
+ duco], 3, a., lead forth, lead
out ; draw out, draw forth ; bring
up, rear ; of a sword, draw.
effero, efferre, extuli, elatum,
[ex + fer5], irr., a., carry forth,
bring out, remove ; carry out for
burial, bear to the grave ; bring
forth, bear, produce ; lift up, raise,
elevate, extol ; set forth, spread
abroad, publish, proclaim ; pass.,
of emotions, be carried away, be
puffed up, be inspired.
efficio, -ere, eflPeci, effectum, [ex
+ facio], 3, a., bring about, bring
to pass, cause, accomplish, make ;
produce, yield, bear ; make out,
show, prove.
effigies, -el, [cf. effingo], f., copy,
representation, image, likeness ;
ideal, symbol.
effrenatus, -a, -um, [ex + frena-
tus, bridled], adj., unbridled, un-
restrained, uncontrolled.
effugio, -ere, effugi, , [ex +
fugioj, 3, n. and a., flee away,
slip out of; flee from, avoid, shun;
escape, get away. •
egens, -entis, [part, of egeo], adj.,
needy, lacking; in want, desti-
tute.
egeo, egere, egui, , 2, n.,
be in zvant of, be lacking; need,
lack, want, be without, be desti-
tute of.
egestas, -atis, [egens], f., want,
need, poverty, , indigence.
Egnatius, -1, m., name of two
persons mentioned in this book .
(1) Z. Egnatius, a debtor of
Cicero's. Ep. xxxvi.
(2) L. Egnatius Rufus, a Ro-
man knight and friend of Cicero,
who appears to have had ex-
tensive investments in the prov-
inces. Cicero recommends him
by letters to several provincial
governors. Ep. xv.
Egnatuleius, -I, m., L. Egndtu-
leius, quaestor 44 b. c. He was
in command of the fourth legion,
which deserted from Antony to
Octavianus. Ant. IV. II.
ego, mel, pi. nos, gen. nostrum
and nostri, [cf. eyd], pers. pron.,
/, we.
egomet [ego -f -met, self],
strengthened form of ego, J
myself.
EGREDIOR
48
EPISTOLA
egredior, egredl, egressus sum,
[e + gradior], 3, dep., go out, go
forth, come forth ; depart, go out ;
go up, ascend ; of an army, march
out; from a ship, disembark,
land.
ggregius, -a, -um, [e, grex],
adj., extraordinary, remarkable,
distinguished ; excellent, fine,
noble.
eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum, [e +
iacio], 3, a., cast out, cast forth,
hurl forth ; thrust out, drive
away, expel ; banish, drive into
exile ; wreck. se eicere, to
rush out, to break forth.
elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, [e +
labor], 3, dep., slip away, slip off,
escape, drop.
elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e +
laboro], 1, n. and a., labor, strug-
gle, make an effort ; take pains,
work out, elaborate.
eludo, eludere, elusi, elusum,
[e + ludo], 3, n. and a., quit
playing; parry, avoid, evade,
elude, escape; delude, deceive;
trifle with, make sport of, mock.
emergo, ere, emersl, emersum,
[e-r-mergo], 3, a. and n., bring
to light, raise up ; come forth,
come up out of, emerge, rise up,
as from water , free one's self,
get clear, escape.
emissus, see emitto.
emitto, -ere, emisi, emissum, [e
-f mitto], 3, a., send forth, send
out, drive out, expel ; hurl, dis-
charge ; send out, publish ; set
free, let go, let slip ; utter, give
utterance to.
emo, emere, emi, emptum, 3, a.,
buy, purchase.
emorior, emori, , [e -f mo-
rior], 3, dep., die off, die.
Snarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e -f
narro], I, a., set forth in detail,
recount, describe.
enim, conj., postpositive, fir %
because ; for instance, now really %
in fact; indeed, of course, really \
certainly ; no doubt, to be sure,
enitor, eniti, enixus or enisus
sum, [e + nitor], 3, dep., strug-
gle upwards ; bring forth, bear ;
exert one's self, strive^ make an
effort.
Ennius, -I, m., Quintus Ennius,
the most eminent among the
early Roman poets ; born at
Rudiae, in Calabria, B. c. 239,
died at Rome, 169 B. c. He
wrote epic, dramatic, and mis-
cellaneous poetry, none of which
is now extant except in frag-
ments. His Annates, treating of
the history of Rome from the be-
ginning to his own times, was
the first Latin poem in hexam-
eter verse. Arch, ix., xi.
eo, Ire, Tvl or ii, itum, irr., n., go,
come ; go forth, depart ; move on,
sail, fly, march, advance, enter;
concur in ; pass, prosper, turn
out.
eo [cf. is], adv., there, in that
place ; for that reason, on that
account; to that place, thither;
to that degree, so far.
eodem [idem], adv., in the same
place ; to the same place, thither ;
to the same point, to the same pur-
pose ; thereto, besides.
Ephesius, -a, -um, [Ephesus],
adj., of Ephesus, Ephesian.
Ephesus, -I, [ v E<£e<ros], f., Ephesus,
a celebrated Greek city on the
west coast of Asia Minor.
epigramma, -atis, [iiriypanixa], n.,
inscription ; epigram.
Epirus, -1, ["KweLpos'], L, Epirus,
a country east of the Adriatic
Sea, north of Greece and west
of Thessaly.
epistola, -ae, [emaToA'fijt £> letter %
epistle-
EQUES
49
ETESIAE
eques, -itis, [equus], m., horse-
man , rider ; cavalry?nan, trooper ;
knight, member of the equestrian
order. In the early days of
Rome the poorer citizens served
in the army as infantry, the
wealthier as cavalry. As the
state grew the class of cavalry-
men increased in importance and
influence, and gained special
privileges. In Cicero's time the
Roman knights (equitos Ro-
man!) formed a distinct and
powerful order, between the
Senate and the plebs. They
were engaged especially in farm-
ing the revenues.
equidem [interj. e + quidem],
adv., indeed, truly, certainly, at
all events, at least, surely ; for my
part, in my case ; by all means,
of course, to be sure.
equitatus, -us, [equito, from
equus], m., cavalry ; equestrian
order.
erectus, -a, -um, comp. erectior,
[part, of erigo], adj., directed up-
wards, upright, high ; lofty, noble ;
arrogant, haughty , intent, eager,
on the alert.
erg a, prep, with ace, towards, to,
in respect to.
ergo, adv., therefore, then, accord-
ingly ; often used, like causa
and gratia, with preceding gen.,
on account of because of, for the
sake of.
erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum,
[e+ rego], 3, a., raise up, set up,
erect, elevate ; stir up, arouse, ani-
mate, cheer, encourage.
eripio, eripere, eripul, ereptum,
[e-f-r-apio], 3, a., snatch away,
tear away, take away ; rescue,
save, deliver, set free, free.
Eros, -5tis, ["Epa>s], m , Eros, a
steward of Cicero's friend Atti-
cus. Ep. xxxvi.
err 6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and
a., wander, go astray, roam about,
stray ; be in error, err, go wrong;
go astray, mistake.
error, -oris, [erro], m., a wander-
ing, straying, missing the way;
doubt, uncertainty, ambiguity ; a
going wrong, mistake, error, de-
lusion.
eructS, -are, , , [e +
ructo, belch], 1, a., belch forth,
throw up, vomit.
erudio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [e,
rudis] , 4, a., teach, instruct ; edu-
cate, polish.
eruditus, -a, -um, [part, of
erudiS], adj., learned, educated ;
skilled, accomplished, cultured.
erumpo, -ere, erupl, eruptum,
[e -f rumpo], 3, n. and a., break
out, burst forth, sally forth ; cause
to burst forth, hurl forth.
escendS, -ere, escendi, escen-,
sum, [e + scando], 3, n. and a.,
climb up, ascend ; come up, go
up, mount.
essedum, -1, n., two -wheeled
war-chariot, car, of the early
Britons.
et, adv. and conj. :
(1) As adv., also, too, besides,
moreover, even.
(2) As conj., ««£?; introducing
a contrasted thought or question,
and yet, but still, but. et —
et, both — and, as well — as,
on the one hanS — on the other,
et — neque, both — and not.
neque — et, both not — and.
etenim [et + enim], conj., for
truly, and really, and indeed, be-
cause, since.
etesiae, -arum, [<?T7;or£cu], m., pi.,
Etesianwinds, trade-winds ; used
especially of the northwest winds
which blow regularly in summer
in the eastern parts of the Medi-
terranean Sea.
ETIAM
50
EXCIDO
etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj.,
and also, and furthermore, now
too, even yet, also, even, likezuise ;
certainly, by all means. etiam
atque etiam, again and again,
repeatedly, persistently. etiam
nunc, yet still, even now, even
till now. etiam si, even if,
although.
Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun-
try in Italy, west of the Tiber
and south of the valley of the
Po.
etsi [et + si], conj., although,
though, even if, and yet.
evado, evadere, evasi, evasum,
[e-f vado], 3, n. and a.., go forth,
come forth, come out; get away,
escape; turn out, prove to be,
result.
evenio, ire, eveni, eventum, [e
-f-venio], 4, n., come out ; come
to pass, happen, turn out.
gventus, -us, [evenio], m., out-
come, issue, result; occurrence,
event.
everto, -ere, everti, eversum, [e
+ vertS], 3, a., overturn, over-
throw, upturn ; throw down, hurl
down, ruin, destroy.
evocator, -oris, [evoco], m., lit.
one who calls forth to arms ; re-
cruiter, summoned,
evomo, -ere, evomui, evomitum,
[e + vomo], 3, a., vomit forth ;
cast out, expel.
ex, often oefore consonants e,
prep, with abl. only, out of out
from ; of place, from, out of, down
from ; of time, from, since, after;
of. source and material, from,
of; of partition, of out of, from
among ; of transition, from, out
of; of cause, from, by reason of
by, in consequence of; of measure
and correspondence, according to,
with, in, by, on. aliqua ex
parte, in some measure.
exacuS, -ere, exacui, exacutum,
[ex -+- acuo, sharpen], 3, a..
sharpen; stimulate, stir up, in-
flame.
exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-f aggero, from agger], 1, a.,
heap up, pile up, accumulate ;
magnify, exaggerate.
exanimis, -e, [ex, anima], adj.,
breathless; lifeless, dead; dis-
mayed, terrified.
exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
animus], 1, a., put out of breath,
fatigue ; deprive of life, kill ;
wear out, prostrate, unnerve.
exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exar-
sum, [ex + ardesco], 3, inch.,
blaze out, blaze up ; take fire, be
inflamed, kindle, glow; become
aroused.
exaudid, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex +
audio], 4, a., hear from without ;
hear clearly ; perceive ; listen to,
obey.
excedo, -ere, excess!, excessum,
[ex + cedo], 3, n. and a., go forth,
depart, withdraw, leave ; go be-
yond, exceed, pass beyond ; pass,
tower above.
excellens, -entis, [part, of ex-
cello], adj., eminent, pre-eminent ;
superior, surpassing, distin-
guished.
excelld, -ere, excellul, excel-
sum, 3, a. and n., be eminent; be
superior, excel, surpass.
excelsus, -a, -um, [part, of ex-
cello], adj., elevated, high, lofty.
As subst., excelsum, -1, n., ele-
vation, height.
excido; -ere, excidi, , [ex +
cado], 3, n., fall from, fall away ;
slip away, escape; pass away y
perish.
excido, -ere, excidi, excisum,
[ex + caedo], 3, a., cut out, cut
down, hew down ; raze, demolish,
destroy utterly.
EXCIPIO
51
EXORNO
excipio, -ere, excepi, exceptum,
[ex + capio], 3, a., take out, with-
dratv ; except, make an exception
of; take up, receive, welcome;
catch, capture; intercept ; follow,
succeed.
excito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of excio], 1, a., call out, rouse,
summon ; call up, raise ; build,
construct ; stimulate, inspire,
awaken ; stir up, kindle, excite.
excludd, -ere, exclusi, exelusum,
[ex + claudo], 3, a., shut out, ex-
clude, cut off ; prevent, hinder.
excolo, -ere, excolui, excultum,
[ex+colo], 3, a., cultivate, im-
prove, refine.
excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
+ erucio], 1, a., torture, torment,
rack; harass, afflict, trouble.
excubiae, -arum, [cf. excubo,
watch~\, {., pi., a watching ; watch-
men, sentinels, guards.
excursio, -onis, [excurro], f., a
running forth ; sally, dash, at-
tack; inroad, invasion, expedition.
excusatiS, -onis, [excuso], f., ex-
cusing, excuse.
excuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex,
causa], 1,' a., excuse, make an
excuse for, apologize for ; plead as
excuse, allege as an excuse.
exemplum, -1, [eximo, lit. that
which is taken out], n., specimen,
sample; pattern, model ; prece-
dent, ivarning, example, lesson;
penalty ; way, manner; of writ-
ing, transcript, copy.
exeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ex + eo],
irr., n., go out, come forth ; go
away, depart, withdraw ; turn
out, result ; of time, run out, end,
expire.
exerceo, -cere, -cul, -citum, [ex
+ arceo], 2, a., keep busy, keep
active, keep at work ; train, disci-
pline ; employ, exercise, practice,
administer ; disturb, plague, vex.
exercitatio, -onis, [exercito, freq.
of exerceo], f., exercise, practice ;
training, experience.
exercitatus, -a, -urn, [part, of
exercito, freq. of exerceo], adj.,
practiced, trained, experienced,
versed.
exercitus, -us, [exerceo], m.,
army.
exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaus-
tum, [ex + haurio], 4, a., draw
off, as liquid from a vessel ; draw
out, take out ; take away, remove ;
empty, exhaust, bring to an end ;
fulfil.
exigo, -ere, exegi, exactum, [ex
+ ago], 3, a., drive out, thrust
out; thrust, drive ; exact, de-
mand, require, collect ; pass,
spend ; examine, consider.
exiguus, -a, -um, [cf. exigo], adj.,
small, little, scanty ; poor, mean,
paltry.
eximie [eximius], adv., exceed-
ingly, very much.
eximius, -a, -um, [eximo, take
out], adj., choice, fine, excellent ;
uncommon, extraordinary, re-
markable.
existimator, -oris, [existimo],
m., appraiser, judge.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-faestimo], 1, a. and n., reckon,
estimate; esteem, consider ; think,
suppose.
exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitium], adj.,
destructive, deadly, pernicious.
exitium, -1, [exeo], n, destruction,
ruin, mischief, death.
exitus, -us, [exeo], m., a going
forth, departure, exit; outlet, pas-
sage ; way out, end, conclusion ;
end of life, death ; outcome, result,
issue.
exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex +
orno], 1, a., equip, furnish, sup-
ply, provide ; deck out, embellish,
adorn.
EXORSUS
52
EXSTINGUO
exorsus, -us, [exordior], m., a
beginning, commencement.
expedio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ex,
pes], 4, a., lit. make the foot free ;
set free, let loose, liberate, extri-
cate ; bring out, make ready ;
arrange, settle ; be of advantage,
be expedient, be profitable.
expedite, comp. expeditius, sup.
expeditissime, [expeditus], adv.,
readily, quickly, without hin-
drance.
expello, -ere, expull, expulsum,
[ex + pello], 3, a., drive out,
thrust forth, cast forth, expel.
expensum, -I, [expensus], n.,
payment, disbursement, expense.
expergiscor, -giscl, experrectus
sum, [expergo, arouse], 3, dep.,
wake up, awake ; be alert.
experior, -Iri, expertus sum, 4,
dep., try, prove, test, find out by
a test ; make trial of, undertake ;
undergo, experience.
expers, -tis, [ex + pars], adj., lit.
having no part in; destitute of,
devoid of, without.
expeto, -ere, expetivi, expeti-
tum, [ex-f peto], 3, a., seek after,
strive for, aim at; ask, demand,
request ; desire, wish.
expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex +
pilo], 1, a., pillage, rob.
expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex +
-pleo], 2, a., fill up, fill full ;
complete, finish ; satisfy, appease ;
discharge, perform, do.
explico, -are, -avi and -ui, -atum
and -itum, [ex + plico], 1, a.,
unfold, unroll ; spread out, dis-
play ; set free, release ; set in or-
der, adjust, set forth, explain.
exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex +
plor5], 1, a., search out, investi-
gate ; spy out, examine.
expono, -ere, exposui, exposi-
tum, [ex + pono], 3, a., put
forth, exhibit ; put on shore, dis-
embark ; set forth, relate, ex-
plain.
exporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-(-
porto], 1, a., carry away, send
away, export.
exprimo, -ere, express!, expres-
sum, [ex + premo], 3, a., press
out, squeeze forth ; extort, wrest
from ; represent, copy, imitate ;
portray, express, describe.
expromo, -ere, exprompsi, ex-
promptum, [ex + promo], 3, a.,
show forth, exhibit, display; utter,
state.
expugnatio, -onis, [expugno], f.,
taking by storm, a storming.
exquiro, -ere, exquisivi, exqui-
situm, [ex -f- quaero], 3, a.,
search out, inquire into, inquire,
ask; seek out, devise.
exquisitus, -a, -um, [part, of ex-
quiro], adj., choice, select, exqui-
site.
exsilium, -1, [exsul], n., exile,
banishment ; place of exile, re-
treat.
exsistd, -ere, exstiti, exstitum,
[ex + sisto], 3, n., come forth,
come out, appear; spring up, arise,
become ; be manifest, be, exist.
exsolvo, -ere, exsolvi, exsolu-
tum, [ex+solvo], 3, a., unloose,
free, release, deliver ; discharge,
pay.
exspectatio, -onis, [exspecto],
{., awaiting for, expecting, expec-
tation ; longing for.
expectatus, -a, -um, [part, of ex-
specto], adj., longed for, welcome.
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-f specto], 1, a. and n., look out
for, zvait for, azuait ; long for, de-
sire, expect ; apprehend, dread.
exstinguo, -ere, exstinxi, ex-
stinctum, [ex+stinguo,^/^«^],
3, a., quench, put out, extinguish ;
deprive of life, kill ; blot out, de-
stroy utterly, annihilate.
EXSTO
53
FAESULANUS
exsto, -are, , , [ex + sto],
i, n., stand out, stand forth, pro-
ject ; appear, exist, be found.
exsul, -ulis, m. and f., exile, out-
law, wanderer.
exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of exsilio], I, n., leap up, bound
up ; revel, exult, delight in.
sxtenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex +
tenuo], I, a., make thin; lessen,
dim inish , detract from .
exter or exterus, -a, -um, adj.,
outward, outer ; foreign, strange.
Comp. exterior, -us, outer, ex-
terior. Sup. extremus, -a, -um,
outermost, utmost ; last, remotest,
extreme. As subst., extremum,
-I, n., end.
extermino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex,
terminus], I, a., drive out, expel,
banish, remove.
externa s, -a, -um, [exter], adj.,
outward, external ; foreign,
strange.
extimesco, -ere, extimui, ,
[ex+ timescS, from timeo], 3,
inch., fear greatly, dread.
extollo, -ere, , , [ex 4-
tollo], 3, a., lift up, raise, elevate ;
extol, praise highly.
extorqueo, -ere, extorsi, extor-
tum, [ex + torque5], 2, a.,
wrench from, wrest away ; obtain
by force, extort.
extra [exter ; for extera, sc.
parte], adv. and prep. :
(1) As adv., on the outside,
without.
(2) As prep., outside of, be-
yond, aside from, except.
extremus, -a, -um, see exter.
exuro, -ere, exussl, exustum, [ex
+ tiro], 3, a., burn up, con-
sume.
exuviae, -arum, [exuo], f., pi.,
equipments, arms, especially
those taken from an enemy;
spoils.
P.
F., see filius.
faber, -bri, m., workman, artisan^
smith.
Fabius, -a, name of an ancient
and distinguished patrician gens.
See Maximus.
facile, comp. facilius, sup. facil-
lime, [facilis], adv., easily, with-
out trouble; readily, willingly,
promptly.
facilis, -e, comp. facilior, sup.
facillimus, [facio], adj., easy, not
difficult; accessible, approachable,
affable, courteous, kindly.
facilitas, -atis, [facilis], f., ease,
readiness, facility ; affability, cour-
tesy.
facinerosus, -a, -um, [facinus],
adj., criminal, vicious. As subst.,
facinerosus, -1, m., criminal,
felon, malefactor.
facinus, -oris, [cf. facio], n., deed,
act, action ; evil deed, misdeed ;
outrage, crime, villainy.
facio, facere, feci, factum, 3, a.
and n., make, fashion, construct;
compose ; do, perform, execute ;
bring about, cause, produce ; con-
duct, represent; choose, appoint ;
render, grant; value, esteem.
satis facere, to give satisfaction,
to satisfy ; to make amends, to
excuse. See fio.
factum, -1, [factus, facio], n., deed,
act, exploit, achievement ; event.
facultas, -atis, [facilis], f., capa-
bility, ability, power ; possibility,
opportunity, means ; supply, stock,
property; especially in pi., re-
sources, goods, riches.
Faesulae, -arum, f., pi., Faesulae,
an ancient city in the northern
part of Etruria; now Fiesole,
near Florence^.
Faesulanus, -a, -um, adj., of
Faesulae. Faesulan.
FALCARIUS
54
FERO
falcarius, -I, [falx], m., scythe-
maker, sickle-maker.
Falcidius, -I, m., C. Falcidius, a.
Roman citizen who was tribune
of the people and in the follow-
ing year legatus. Imp. P. xix.
fallo, fallere, fefelll, falsum, 3, a.
and n., deceive, cheat, betray ; dis-
appoint ; escape the notice of, es-
cape notice, be unobserved '; pass,
often be mistaken, deceive one's
self, be wrong, be deceived.
falso [falsus], adv., falsely, un-
truly, erroneously.
falsus, -a, -urn, [part, of fallo],
adj., deceptive, false, delusive;
groundless, unfounded, misleading.
fama, -ae, [for, speak], f., report,
rumor, saying, tradition ; public
opinion, reptite, renown, fame,
reputation.
fames, -is, f., hunger, starvation;
want, famine.
familia, -ae, [famulus, servant],
(., body of servants, household,
domestics ; family, kindred; es-
tate, pater familias, master
of a house, head of a family.
mater familias, mistress of a
house, matron.
familiaris, -e, [familia], adj., be-
longing to a household, private ;
intimate, friendly, familiar. As
subst., familiaris, -is, m., inti-
mate friend, friend, companion.
familiariter, comp. familiarius,
sup. familiarissime, [familiaris],
adv., intimately, on intimate terms.
fanum, -1, [for], n., shrine, sanc-
tuary.
fas, only nom. and ace. in use,
[for, speak], n., right according
to divine law ; divine law, jus-
tice, fas est, it is right, it is
allowable, it is proper, it is per-
mitted.
fasciculus, -I, [dim. of fascis],
m., little packet, small package.
fascis, -is, m., bundle, packet ; in
pi., the fasces, the bundle of rods
tied about an axe, carried before
the highest magistrates of Rome
as a symbol of authority.
fat alls, -e, [fatum], adj., of fate ;
ordained by fate, destined ; fate-
ful, destructive, dangerous.
fateor, fateri, fassus sum, [for],
2, dep., confess, admit, own, ac-
knowledge ; show, indicate.
fatum, -I, [for], n., prophetic utter-
ance, prediction, oracle ; destiny,
fate ; ill fate, calamity, ruin, de-
struction ; death.
fauces, -ium, f., pi., pharynx,
thr oat, jaws ; entrance, defile, pass.
Faustus, -1, [faustus, lucky], m.,
Faustus, surname of L. Cornelius
Sulla, son of the dictator. See
Sulla (2).
faveS, favere, favi, fautum, 2,
n., be kind to, be well disposed
toward, favor ; befriend, protect,
promote.
fax, facis, [cf. faciS], f., torchere-
brand; by metonymy, fire-ball,
meteor, comet ; fire, flame.
febris, -is, I., fever.
Februarius, -a, -um, [februa, ex-
piatory rites], adj., of February,
originally the last month of the
Roman year, later the second.
fellcitas, -atis, [felix], f., good for-
tune, good luck, success.
femina, -ae, f., female, woman.
fere, adv., almost, nearly, about;
tisually, generally, for the most
part.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr., a.
and n., bear, carry, bring; lead,
conduct, drive; bring forth, pro-
duce ; yield ; endure, put up
with, suffer, tolerate ; report, tell,
celebrate ; allow, permit, require.
prae se ferre, to profess, to show,
to manifest. sententiam ferre,
to cast a vote.
FER0C1TAS
55
FLACCUS
ferocitas, -atis, [ferox], f., wild-
ness, fierceness ; savage ness, fury.
ferr amentum, -I, [ferrum], n.,
iron tool, tool ; axe, hatchet.
ferreus, -a, -urn, [ferrum], adj.,
of iron, iron ; hard-hearted, un-
feeling, cruel.
ferrum, -I, n., iron; by metonymy,
iron tool, sword. flamma
atque ferrum, fire and sword.
fertilis, -e, [fero], adj., fertile,
fruitful, productive.
festlno, -are, -avi, -atum, [festi-
nus, hasty], i, n. and a., hasten,
hurry ; do quickly, quicken.
festus, -a, -um, did)., festal.
fictum, -I, [fingo], n., falsehood,
fiction.
fidelis, -e, [fides], adj., faithful,
trustworthy, trusty ; safe, reliable.
fidelitas, -atis, [fidelis], f., faith-
fulness, trustworthiness, fidelity.
fides, -e or -el, [fid5], f., confidence,
trust, reliance, faith, credence ;
good-faith, trustworthiness, fidel-
ity, honor ; credibility ; assurance,
promise, pledge of safety ; in busi-
ness relations, credit.
Fidius, -I, [fides], m., All-faithful,
an epithet of Jupiter as protector
of oaths and defender of good
faith. me dius Fidius, = ita
me dius Fidius iuvet, so
help me the All-faithful 1 by the
god of Truth ! most certainly !
Mar. hi.
fidus, -a, -um, [fido], adj., trusty,
faithful; trustworthy, credible.
figo, figere, fixl, fixum, 3, a.,
fix, set, place, fasten, attach;
set up, post up.
fllia, -ae, [Alius], f., daughter.
flliola, -ae, [dim. of fllia], {., little
daughter.
fllius, -1, sometimes abbreviated,
F., f., m., son.
fingo, fingere, finxl, fictum, 3,
a., touch gently ; mould, fashion ;
compose ; instruct, teach ; imag
ine, think ; invent, contrive, feign.
finis, -is, [cf. findo], m., limit, bor-
der, boundary, end; in pi., borders,
hence territory, land, country.
finitimus, -a, -um, [finis], adj.,
bordering on, neighboring, adjoin-
ing.
fio, fieri, factus sum, irr., n.,
used as pass, of facio, be made,
be done; become, happen, come
to pass. fieri potest, it may
happen.
firmamentum, -1, [firmo], n.,
means of strengthening ; support,
stay, prop.
firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [firmus,
steadfast], \, a., make firm,
strengthen, fortify, secure ; en-
courage, animate ; confirm, estab-
lish, declare.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., steadfast,
strong, powerful ; firm, fast,
trusty, faithful.
flxus, -a, -um, [part, of figo], adj.,
fixed, fast ; established, settled.
Flaccus, -1, [fiaccus, flabby, flap-
eared], m., a Roman surname
especially common in the Ful-
vian and Valerian gentes. Four
of the name are mentioned in
this book ; ,
( 1 ) M. Fulvius Flaccus, a friend
of the Gracchi, and consul 125
b. c. In the disturbances attend-
ing the attempt of C. Gracchus
to carry out reforms, Flaccus or-
ganized an armed band. He
came into conflict with the forces
of the senatorial party, and was
routed and slain, B.C. 121. Cat.
I. II. XII.
(2) L. Valerius Flaccus, consul
with Marius, b. c. 100. In this
year the reckless measures and
violent deeds of Saturninus and
Glaucia led to a decree of the
Senate that the consuls should
FLAGITIOSE
56
FORMIAE
maintain the dignity of the state.
As Marius was in sympathy with
the revolutionary party, Valerius
Flaccus was instrumental in put-
ting Saturninus and Glaucia to
death. He was Master of the
Horse under Sulla, B.C. 82. He is
often confused with another Flac-
cus of the same name ; Mommsen,
Vol. III., n. on p. 394. Cat. I. 11
(3) L. Valerius Flaccus, son of
the preceding. He was praetor
B. c. 63, and assisted Cicero in
obtaining evidence of the Cati-
linarian conspiracy. The fol-
lowing year he had Asia as his
province. In 59 b. c. he was
accused of extortion in his ad-
ministration of the province, and
defended by Cicero in an oration
which is still extant. Though no
doubt guilty, he was acquitted.
Cat. III. 11., in., vi.
(4) M. Laenius Flaccus, a
friend of Atticus. When Cicero
was driven into exile by the edict
of Clodius, B. c. 58, Flaccus pro-
vided him with a place of refuge
at a country-seat near Brundi-
sium until he could take ship for
the East. Ep. VIII,
flagitiose,* sup. flagitiosissime,
[flagitiosus], adv., shamefully,
basely.
flagitiosus, -a, -um, [flagitium],
adj., shameful, base, disgraceful ;
profligate, dissolute.
flagitium, -1, [cf. flagito], n., lit.
importunity ; shameful act, out-
rage ; burning shame, shame, dis-
grace.
flagito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a.,
ask urgently, demand, require;
press earnestly, importune.
flagro, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, n.,
burn, blaze, flame, glow ; burn
with desire for anything, be on
Are, be stirred.
flamma, -ae, f., blaze, fame, fire ;
warmth, passion ; glow, rage,
wrath.
flecto, flectere, flexl, flexum, 3,
a. and n., bend, turn, direct; sway,
change; move, persuade, influence,
prevail upon, soften, appease.
fletus, -us, [fleo], m., weeping,
crying.
florens, -entis, [flSreo], adj.,
in bloom, flowering, blooming;
flourishing, prosperous.
floreS, -ere, -ul, , [flos], 2, n.,
bloom, blossom ; flourish, prosper ;
be eminent.
floresco,-ere, , , [floreo],
3, inch., begin to blossom ; begin to
flourish, bloom.
flos, floris, m., flower, blossom,
bloom ; period of bloom, prime,
promise ; ornament, best part.
flumen, -inis, [fluo], n., stream,
flood, river ; flow, fluency.
focus, -I, m., fire-place, hearth ;
home.
foederatus, -a, -um, [part, of
foedero], adj., leagued, allied,
confederate.
foedus, -a, -um, adj., foul, filthy,
ugly; vile, base, shameful.
foedus, -eris, [cf. fido], n., treaty,
compact, league, alliance; cove-
nant, agreement, contract.
fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain,
well ; source, origin, cause.
foras [cf. foris, door], adv., of di-
rection, out of doors, out, forth.
fore, see sum.
forensis, -e, [forum], adj., of the
market, of the forum; public,
forensic.
foris [foris], adv., of place, out of
doors, without, abroad.
Formiae, -arum, f., pi., Formiae,
a coast city in the southern part
of Latium, on the Appian Way.
Cicero had an estate and a fa-
vorite villa in the vicinity.
FORMIANUS
57
FRETUS
Formianus, -a, -um, [Formiae],
adj., of Formiae, Formian. As
subst., Formianum, -I, (prop-
erly sc. praedium), n., estate at
Formiae, Formian country-seat.
formido, -inis, f., dread, fear, ter-
ror ; of religious emotions, awe,
reverence.
formidolosus, -a, -um, [formido],
adj., dreadful, fearful, terrible.
fors, fortis, [cf. fero], f., chance,
luck, accident.
forsitan [=fors sit an], adv.,/<?r-
haps, perchance, it may be.
fortasse [for fortassis, = forte
an si vis], adv., perhaps, pos-
sibly, perchance.
forte [abl. of fors], adv., by
chance, by accident, accidentally ;
perhaps, percha?ice.
fortis, -e, adj., strong, mighty;
sturdy, brave, manly, bold, fear-
less ; spirited, impetuous.
fortiter, comp. fortius, sup. for-
tissime, [fortis], adv., strongly,
steadily; boldly, bravely, man-
fully.
fortitudo, -inis, #[fortis], f.,
strength ; firmness, courage,
bravery, fortitude.
fort una, -ae, [fors], f., chance,
luck, fate, fortune ; condition, lot,
circumstances ; prosperity, suc-
cess ; misfortune, adversity; by
metonymy, possessions, property ;
personified, Goddess of Fortune,
Fortune. per fortunas, for
heaven's sake!
fortunatus, -a, -um, [part, of for-
tun5], adj., prosperous, fortunate,
lucky, happy.
fortuno, -are, -avl, -atum, [for-
tuna], i, a., make prosperous,
prosper, bless.
Forum Appi, see AppI Forum.
Forum Aurelium, -I, n., Forum
Aurelium, or Forum Aur'elT, a
town on the coast of Etruria and
the Via Aurelia, about 75 miles
north of Rome.
forum, -I, n., public square, public
place ; market-place, exchange,
forum ; at Rome, often for
Forum Romanum, the Roman
Forum, the Forum, an open
space between the Palatine and
Capitoline hills, surrounded by
public buildings and shops,
where the political and commer-
cial life of the Roman world
centred. See Map, p. 76.
fovea, -ae, i.,pit ; especially a pit
dug as a trap for wild beasts,
pitfall.
foveo, fovere, fovl, fotum, 2, a.,
warm, keep warm ; cherish, fos-
ter ; encourage.
fragilitas, -atis, [fragilis], f.,
weakness, frailty.
frango, frangere, fregl, fractum,
3, a., break, shatter, dash to pieces,
crush ; break down, weaken, sub-
due, overcome.
frater, -tris, m., brother.
fraudatio, -onis, [fraudo], f.,
cheating, deceiving, deception.
fremitus, -us, [fremo], m., loud
noise, rushing, roaring, murmur-
ing.
frequens, -entis, adj., regular, re-
peated ; frequent, common, usual ;
in great numbers, crowded ;
thronged, in crowds.
frequentia, -ae, [frequens], f.,
assembling in great numbers,
thronging together, concourse ;
multitude, great numbers, crowd,
throng.
frequento, -are, -avl, -atum, [fre-
quens], 1, a., visit often ; visit in
great numbers, throng, frequent ;
gather in throngs, crowd together.
fretus, -a, -um, adj., sustained by,
relying on ; depending, trusting,
confident ; usually followed by an
abl.
FRIGUS
58
FUTURUS
frigus, -oris, n., cold, chilliness
frons, frontis, f., brow, fore-
head , countenance, face ; front,
forepart.
fructus, -us, [fruor], m., enjoy-
ment, delight, pleasure; fruit,
produce , income, yield, profit ;
teward, return, recompense.
frumentarius, -a, -um, [frumen-
tum], adj., of grain, of provisions,
grain-.
fruor, frui, fructus sum, 3, dep.,
enjoy, delight in, take pleasure in,
rejoice in.
frustror, -ari, -atus sum, [frus-
tra, in error, in vain], 1, dep.,
deceive, elude, disappoint.
fuga, -ae, [cf. fugio], f., flight,
escape, exile, banishment; avoid-
ance, shunning.
fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, 3, n.
and a., flee, fly, run away ; be-
come a fugitive, go into exile ;
vanish, disappear ; avoid, shun ;
escape the notice of, escape ; omit,
forbear.
fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugio], adj.,
that has run away, fugitive. As
subst., fugitivus, -1, m., run-
away, deserter.
fulgeo, fulgere, fulsT, , 2,
n., flash, lighten ; gleam, glisten,
shine, glitter.
fulmen, -inis, [fulgeo], n., flash
of lightning, stroke of lightning,
thunderbolt; destructive power.
Fulvius, -a, name of a prominent
plebeian gens, which removed to
Rome at an early date from Tus-
culum , pi. Fulvii, -orum, m.,
the Fulvii, meaning the eminent
men of the gens who had done
good service for the state. For
the Fulvii mentioned in this
book see the family names,
Flaccus, Nobilior.
fundamentum, -I, [fundo], n.,
foundation, basis, support.
funditus [fundus], adv., from the
bottom ; utterly, entirely.
fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, 3, a.,
pour, pour out, shed ; scatter, dif-
fuse ; bring forth, bear ; over-
throw, vanquish, rout.
fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fundus],
I, a., found, establish.
funestus, -a, -um, [funus], adj.,
deadly, fatal, destructive; as-
sociated with death, mournful,
sad.
fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3,
dep., be engaged in, perform ;
fulfil, discharge, execute, do.
furens, -entis, [part, of furo],
adj., raving, raging, mad, furi-
ous.
furiosus, -a, -um, [furia], adj.,
full of raging, mad, furious.
Furius, -a, name of an ancient
patrician gens. Two of the
name are mentioned in this
book :
(1) P. Furius, one of the Cati-
linarian conspirators, from Fae-
sulae. Cat. III. vr.
(2) L. fiurius Philus, consul
B c. 136. Receiving Spain as
his province he took thither two
of his bitterest enemies as quae-
stors, that they might be forced
to attest to the uprightness of
his administration. He was a
man of unusual culture for the
times. Arch. vir.
furo, -ere, furul, , 3, n., rave,
rage, be mad, be furious.
furor, -oris, [furo], m., frenzy,
rage, fury, madness ; prophetic
frenzy, inspiration.
furtim [furtum], adv., by stealth,
secretly, furtively.
furtum, -1, n., theft, robbery;
thing stolen ; artifice, craft.
futurus, -a, -um, see sum. As
subst., futurum, -T, n., the fu-
ture.
GABINIUS
5y
GERO
G.
Gabinius, -a, name of a plebeian
gens. In this book three of the
name are mentioned :
(i) A. Gabinius, tribune of the
people, b. c. 66. He proposed a
bill the result of which was to
put the entire command of the
war against the pirates into the
hands of Pompey, with almost
unlimited power. He was prae-
tor B.C. 61. In 58 B.C. he was
consul with Clodius, whom he
assisted in procuring the exile of
Cicero. As proconsul he gov-
erned the province of Syria so
unlawfully that on his return to
Rome he was sent into exile, his
property being confiscated. He
died b. c. 48. Imp. P. xvn., xix.
(2) P. Gabinius Capilo, praetor
b. c. 89. Arch. v.
(3) P. Gabinius Cimber, one
of the worst of the Catilinarian
conspirators. Cat. III. III. et al.
Gabinius, -a, -um, adj., of a Ga-
binius, Gabinian. lex Gabinia,
bill of Gabinius ; see p. 32.
Gaius, -1, abbreviated C, m.,
Gdius, a Roman forename.
Galli, -orum, m., pi., natives of
Gaul, Gauls.
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, including
(1) Gallia Cisalpina, or
Gallia citerior, Cisalpine
Gaul, south of the Alps and
north of the Apennines.
(2) Gallia Transalplna, or
Gallia ulterior, Transalpine
Gaul, Gaul, covering the regions
now included in France, Bel-
gium, Holland, the western parts
of Germany and Switzerland.
Gallicanus, -a, -um, adj., of Cis-
alpine Gaul, Galilean.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., of the
Gauls, of Gaul, Gallic.
gallinarius, -a, um, fgaliina],
adj., of hens, of poultry. silva
Gallinaria, Gallinanan Wood,
Hen Forest, an extensive forest
on the coast of Campania, north
of Cumae. It was on the road
to Cumae, and a favorite resort
of bandits. Ep. xxx.
ganeo, -onis, [ganea, eating-
house], m., glutton, debauchee.
gaudens, -entis, [part, of gaudeo],
adj., joyful, joyous, glad, cheerful.
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, 2,
semi-dep., n., rejoice, be glad, de-
light in.
gaudium, -1, [gaudeo], n., joy,
gladness, delight, enjoyment.
gaza, -ae, f., treasure, wealth,
riches,
gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu], adj., very
cold, ice-cold, cold.
gener, -erl, m., daughter's husband,
son-in-law.
genero, -are, -avi, -atum, [genus],
1, a., beget, produce ; pass., be be-
gotten, spring.
gens, gentis, [cf. geno, bear], f.,
clan, house, used of a group of
families tracing descent from a
common ancestor, having a com-
mon name, and participating in
the same religious rites ; hence,
species, breed, brood ; people, na-
tion, race.
genus, -eris, [cf. geno, bear], n.,
birth, descent, family ; sort, kind;
race, breed, stock ; class, order,
description.
geographia, -ae, [yecoypa^ia], f.,
geography.
gero, -ere, gessl, gestum, 3, a.,
bear, carry, have ; cherish, enter-
tain ; perform, do; manage, con-
duct, transact, accomplish ; of
war, carry on, wage. se ge-
rere, to conduct one's self to
behave, to act. res gestae,
exploits, deeds, achievements.
GESTIO
60
GRATULATIO
gestio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [gestus,
bearing}, 4, n., leap with joy,
skip , desire eagerly, earnestly de-
sire, long.
Glabrio, -onis, m., M' Acllius
Glabrio, consul with C. Calpur-
nius Piso, B. c. 67. The follow-
ing year he was proconsul of
Cilicia, and succeeded Lucullus
in the direction of the war
against Mithridates. He proved
a failure as a general and was
succeeded by Pompey. At the
trial of the Catilinarian conspira-
tors he spoke in favor of the
death penalty. Imp. P. ix.
gladiator, -oris, [gladius], m.,
swordsman, fighter in the public
games, gladiator.
gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator],
adj., oj gladiators, gladiatorial.
gladius, -I, m., sword.
Glaucia, -ae, m., C. Servilius
Glaucia, praetor B. c. 100. He
united with Saturninus in oppo-
sition to the Senatorial party,
was declared an outlaw, and
perished with Saturninus at the
hands of a mob. Cat. I. 11.,
III. VI.
gloria, -ae, f ., glory, fame, praise ;
pride, vanity, ambition.
glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria],
I, dep., boast, brag, vaunt, pride
one's self.
Gnaeus, -i, abbreviated Cn., m.,
Gnaeus, a Roman forename.
gnavus, -a, -um, adj., busy, active,
diligent.
Gracchus, -I, m., name of a fam-
ily of the Sempronian gens. The
two most distinguished members,
often together called Gracchi,
gen. -orum, the Gracchi, were :
(1) Tiberius Sempronius Grac-
chus, quaestor in Spain B. C 137,
where he distinguished himself.
He was tribune of the people
B. c. 133, and inaugurated salu-
tary reforms looking toward an
equable distribution of the public
lands. Standing for re-election
for the next year, he was slain
in a tumult stirred up by the
aristocracy. Cat. I. 1., IV. 11.
(2) C. Sempronius Gracchus,
brother of Tiberius. He entered
upon the tribuneship B.C. 123,
followed in the footsteps of his
brother as a reformer, and met
a violent death b c. 121. Cat.
I. 11., IV. 11.
gradus, -us, m., step, pace, walk ;
position, base ; stairs; approach,
advance ; degree, grade, rank, in-
terval.
Graecia, -ae, f., Greece , some-
times = Magna Graecia, Mag-
na Graecia, a name applied to
Lower Italy on account of the
number of Greek cities there.
Graecus, -a, -um, [Tpaiicos], adj.,
of the Greeks, Grecian, Greek.
As subst., Graeci, -orum, m.,
pi., the Greeks. Graeca, -orum,
n., pi., Greek writing, Greek.
gratia, -ae, [gratus], f., favor,
esteem, regard, love ; kindness,
courtesy ; gratitude ; grace ; re-
turn of courtesy, thanks, return,
recompense. gratia, with gen.,
for the sake of, on account of
gratias habere, to be grateful,
to feel grateful. gratiam re-
ferre, to make grateful return,
to recompense.
Gratius, -i, m., Grdtius, the op-
ponent of the poet Archias.
Arch, iv., vi.
gratuito [gratuitus, without pay],
adv., without pay, without recom-
pense, for nothing, gratuitously.
gratulatio, -onis, [gratulor], f.,
showing joy, rejoicing, congratu-
lation ; joyful festival, public
thanksgiving.
GRATULOR
61
HERACLIA
gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gra-
tus], i, dep., show joy, rejoice;
congratulate.
gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing,
agreeable, acceptable, dear ; thank-
ful, grateful, deserving.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, of weight ;
loaded, laden ; oppressive, offen-
sive, severe, difficult ; hard to
bear, burdensome ; weighty, im-
portant ; eminent, venerable ;
great, of authority.
gravitas, -atis, [gravis], f., zueight,
heaviness ; oppressiveness, sever-
ity ; importance, dignity, gravity,
influence.
graviter, comp. gravius, sup.
gravissime, [gravis], adv.,
weightily ; vehemently, violently,
severely, strongly ; deeply, sadly.
gravor, -ari, -atus sum, [pass, of
gravo, from gravis], t, dep., be
burdened ; be relucta?it, hesitate.
grex, gregis, m., flock, herd ; band,
company, clique, gang.
gubernatio, -onis, [guberno], f.,
piloting, guidance ; direction, man-
agement.
guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf.
Kv^epi/dw], I, a., steer, act as pilot ;
direct, guide, control.
gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, [gustus],
i, a., taste, partake of } enjoy.
H.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, a., have,
hold, possess ; carry, wear ; re-
tain, keep, detain, contain ; occupy,
inhabit ; be master of, own, rule ;
treat, use ; pronounce, utter ; have
in mind, entertain , purpose, in-
tend ; think, believe, esteem ; ex-
ercise, practice , receive, accept ;
reserve, conceal.
habito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of habeo], 1, a. and n., occupy
continually, inhabit; dwell, re-
side, live.
habitus, -us, [habeo], m., condi-
tion, appearance ; attire, dress ;
nature, character, quality.
hactenus [hac + tenus], adv., so
far, thus far, no farther.
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, 2,
n., stick, hang, cleave, cling ; hold
fast, be fixed ; be perplexed, hesi-
tate, be at a loss.
haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of haereo], 1, n., stick fast ; be at
a loss, hesitate.
Hannibal, -alis, m , Hannibal, the
famous general of the Carthagin-
ians in the second Punic War.
When only twenty-nine years of
age he led an army from Spain
and over the Alps into Italy,
where he sustained himself for
fifteen years. His campaigns
cost the Romans not less than
300,000 men. He was finally
forced to withdraw to Africa,
where he was defeated at Zama,
B.C. 202. He led the life of a
. fugitive for twenty years after-
wards, and perished, it is said
by poison, in Bithynia. Cat.
IV X.
haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer,
diviner.
hasta, -ae, f., staff, pole ; spear,
lance.
haud, adv , not at all, by no means.
haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, 4,
a., draw off, drain, empty ; pierce,
penetrate ; drink in, imbibe, take
in, receive.
hebescS, -ere, , , [hebeo,
be dull], 3, inch., grozu blunt, be-
come dull.
Heraclia, -ae, ['UpdnKcia], (.,
Heraclea, a Greek city in Luca-
nia, near the shore of the Gulf
of Tarentum, below Metapon-
tum.
HERACLIENSES
62
HORTENSIUS
Heraclienses, -ium, [Heraclia],
m., pi., people of Heraclea, Hera-
deans ; sing. Heracliensis, -is,
m., man of Heraclea, Her ac lean.
hercule [voc. of Hercules],
interj., by. Hercules ! assuredly I
me hercule, in Hercules' name !
most assuredly !
hereditas, -atis, [heres], f., heir-
ship, inheritance.
heres, -edis, m. and f., heir,
heiress ; successor.
heri, adv., yesterday.
hesternus, -a, -um, [heri], adj.,
of yesterday, yesterday's.
heus ! interj., ho ! holloa ! ho
there !
hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [hi-
bernus], I, n., pass the winter,
winter, be in winter quarters,
have winter quarters.
hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems], adj.,
of winter, in the winter, winter-.
As subst., hiberna, orum,
(properly sc. castra), n., pi.,
winter quarters.
hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem.
pron., this, this — here, used with
reference to the speaker ; the
present, the actual , the following,
the one, referring to that which
follows ; he, she, it. ille —
hie, the former — the latter.
hie [hie], adv., here, in this place ;
herein, in this, on this point;
now, at this time, then.
hice, haece, hoce, gen. hiiiusce,
emphatic form of hie, this.
hiems, -emis, f., winter, winter
time , zvintry iveather, storm, tem-
pest.
hinc [hie], adv., hence, from this
place, from this. hinc — il-
linc, on the one side — on the
other, 071 this side — on that,
here — there.
Hispani, -orum, m.,p\., Spaniards.
Hispania, -ae, f., Spain.
Hispaniensis, -e, adj., of Spain.
Spanish, in Spain.
Hispd, -onis, m., Hispo, apparently
a centurion, whom Cicero at tht
time of his exile was anxious tc
avoid. Ep. ix.
hodie [hoc, die], adv., to-day ; at
this time, now ; to this day.
hodiernus, -a, -um, [hodie], adj.,
of to-day, to-day's. hodiernus
dies, this day, to-day.
Homerus, -I, ["O/x-qpos], m., Homer.
Arch. viii.
homo, -mis, m. and f., human be-
ing, man ; race of man, mankind,
human race.
hones tas, -atis, [honos], f., honor
bestowed by others, reputation ;
uprightness, integrity.
honeste [honestus], adv., honor-
ably, creditably, virtuously.
honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ho-
nestus], i, a., cover with honor,
dignify, honor, adorn.
honestus, -a, -um, [honos], adj.,
honored, respected ; worthy of re-
spect, honorable ; noble, worthy.
honos, or honor, -oris, m ., honor,
esteem, repute ; praise, glory, re-
nown ; public honor, dignity, of-
fice.
hora, -ae, [cf. &pa], f., hour, which
among the Romans was properly
a twelfth part of the time from
sunrise to sunset.
horribilis, -e, [horre5], zd)., fear-
ful, dreadful, terrible, horrible.
hortatus, -us, found only in the
abl., [hortor], m., encouragement,
incitement.
Hortensius, -a, name of a ple-
beian gens. Three of the name,
the orator, his father, and his
brother, are spoken of by Cicero
together as Hortensii, gen.
-orum. Q Hortensius, the ora-
tor, was born B.C. 114. He be-
came eminent as an advocate at
HORTOR
63
IDONEUS
an early age. He was consul
B. C. 69. In 66 B. C. he spoke in
opposition to the Manilian bill,
which Cicero defended. After-
wards he was viewed by Cicero
with jealousy as a rival, though
sometimes they were both re-
tained upon the same side of a
case. He died b. c. 50. Imp.
P. XVII., XIX.
hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
urge, encourage, exhort, incite.
hospes, -itis, m., entertainer, host ;
one entertained, guest, visitor.
hospitium, -I, [hospes], n., enter-
tainment, reception as a guest ;
tie of hospitality, hospitality,
friendship ; guest-chamber, inn.
hostilis, -e, [hostis], adj., of an
enemy, enemy's ; hostile, inimical.
hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger, for-
eigner ; public enemy, enemy, foe.
HS., see sestertius.
hue [hie], adv., hither ; to this
place , to this point, so far.
humanitas, -atis, [humanus], f.,
human nature, humanity ; kind-
ness, good nature, politeness ; cul-
ture, refinement.
humanus. a, -urn, [homo], adj.,
of man, human ; humane, kind,
courteous, polite ; cultured, refined.
humilis, -e, [humus], adj., low ;
slight, small . base, mean, obscure,
insignificant.
humus, -I, f., ground, soil, earth ;
land, country ; locative humi, on
the ground, to the ground.
hypomnema, -atis, [dw6(tnn*a],
n., written remark, memorandum,
note.
iaceo, -ere, -ui, , [cf. iacio],
2, n., lie, lie prostrate, be prostrate;
lie dead, have fallen ; be level ; be
fast down, be dejected; be despised.
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, 3, a.,
throw, cast, hurl ; lay, establish ;
build, construct; throw up, charge;
throw out, mention, declare, utter.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
iacio], 1, a., throw, fling, hurl ;
toss, toss about ; shake, brandish ;
emit, utter, say. se iactare,
to boast, show off, make a display.
iactura, -ae, [iacio], f., throwing
away ; loss, damage ; outlay, ex-
pense, sacrifice.
iactus, -us, [iacio], m., throwing,
casting, throw, cast, stroke.
iam, adv., now, at this time, fust
now ; already, ere now, so soon ;
forthwith, straightway, immedi-
ately, presently ; then, then surely,
no doubt, precisely, indeed, even ;
besides, again, moreover ; with
comp., from time to time, grad-
ually, iam dudum, long be-
fore, for a long time, this long
time. iam prldem, long since,
long ago. iam turn, even then,
at that very time.
Ianuarius, -a, -um, [Ianus], adj.,
of January. As subst., Ianua-
rius, -i, m., January.
ibi or ibi, adv., there, in that
place ; then, thereupon ; in that
case, on that occasion.
Id., see Idus.
idcirco [id, circus], adv., there-
fore, on that account, for this rea-
son. .
idem, eadem, idem, gen. eius-
dem, [is], dem. pron., the same ;
often with the force of an adv.,
also, besides, too, likewise, further*
more ; followed by et, -que, or
atque, the same as, identical with.
ideo [id+eo], adv., for that rea-
son, on this account, therefore.
idonee [idoneus], adv., fitly, suit-
ably.
idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable,
proper ; capable, sufficient.
IDUS
64
IMMINUO
Idus, iduum, abbreviated Id., f.,
pi , the Ides, the middle of the
month, one of the three days to
which dates were reckoned in
the Roman Calendar. In March,
May, July, and October the
Ides came on the 15th; in other
months, on the 13th.
igitur, conj , then, therefore, accord-
ingly ; in summing up, / say
then, you see, in short.
ignarus, -a, -urn, [in- + gnarus],
adj., unfamiliar with, not know-
ing, unacquainted with, ignorant;
unskilled in, inexperienced.
ignavia, -ae, [ignavus], f., lazi-
ness, idleness, listlessness, coward-
ice.
Ignis, -is, m , fire.
ignominia, -ae, [in-, nomen], f,
disgrace, dishonor, infamy, ig-
nominy ; degradation.
ignoratio, onis, [ignoro], f , lack
of knowledge, ignorance.
ignoro, are, -avi, -atum, [cf.
ignarus], 1, a. and n., not know,
be unacquainted with, be igno-
rant.
ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum,
[in- -j- (g)nosco], 3, a., pardon,
forgive, excuse, overlook.
ignotus, -a, -um, [in-+ (g)n5tus],
adj., unknotvn, unrecognized, un-
familiar, strange ; without re-
pute, obscure, mean.
Ilias, -ados, ['lAids], f., the Iliad.
ille, ilia, illud, gen. illlus or illius,
dem. pron., that, referring to that
which is remote ; he, she, it ; re-
ferring to that which is familiar,
the well-known, the famous.
ille — hie, the former — the
latter.
illecebra, -ae, [in, lacio, entice"],
t, enticement, allurement, charm,
seduction.
illim [ille], adv., thence, from that
place.
illinc [illim], adv., from that place,
thence , on that side. See hinc.
illudo, -ere, illusi, illusum, [in +
lado], 3, n. and a., play at; make
sport; ridicule, jeer at, mock.
illustris, -e, [in, cf. lustro, make
bright], adj., bright, shining, bril-
liant ; clear, manifest, plain ; fa-
mous, distinguished, noble.
illustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-f
lustro, make bright], I, a., make
light ; make clear, clear up, dis-
close, explain; make famous, make
renowned.
Illyricum, -I, n., lllyria, a coun-
try on the east side of the Adri-
atic sea, north of Epirus.
Illyricus, -a, -um, adj., of the
Illyrians, of lllyria, Illyrian.
imago, -mis, [cf. imitor], f., copy,
likeness, form, image; statue,
bust ; phantom, ghost ; conception,
thought ; semblance, shadow.
imbecillitas, -atis, [imbecillus,
feeble], i., feebleness, weakness ;
helplessness, powerlessness.
imberbis, -e, [in-fbarba], adj.,
beardless, without a beard.
imitator, -oris, [imitor], m., imita-
tor, copyist.
imitor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
imitate, copy after ; copy, portray.
immanis, -e, adj., monstrous, huge;
fierce, cruel, wild, inhuman.
immanitas, -atis, [immanis], f.,
hugeness, enormity ; monstrosity,
heinousness, savageness, cruelty.
immaturus, -a, -um, [in- + matu-
rus], adj., unripe ; untimely , pre-
mature.
immineo, -ere, , , [in, cf.
minor], 2, n., overhang; be near,
be at hand, impend ; threaten,
menace ; be eager for, long for.
imminuo, -ere, -ul, -utum, [in +
minuo], 3, a., lessen, diminish;
encroach upon, infringe upon, re'
duce.
IMMITTO
65
IMPULSUS
immitto, -ere, immisi, immis-
sum, [in 4-mitto], 3, a., send in,
let in, admit, introduce ; send
against, set on ; discharge, hurl.
immo, adv., nay indeed, nay, on
the contrary, no indeed. immo
vero, nay rather, nay more.
immortalis, -e, [in- -f mortalis],
adj., undying, immortal ; endless,
eternal, imperishable
immortalitas, -atic, [immorta-
lis], f., immortality, endless life ;
undying renown, imperishable
fame.
impedio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in, cf.
pes, ped-is], 4, a., entangle; hin-
der, embarrass ; obstruct, impede,
check, prevent.
impello, -ere, impull, impulsum,
[in + pello], 3, a., strike against,
strike; move, impel; urge, incite,
persuade.
impendeo, -ere, -, , [in +
pendeS], 2, n. and a., overhang ;
be near, be at hand, be imminent ;
impend, threaten.
imperator, -orte, [impero], m.,
commander-in-chief, general ; com-
mander, leader, director.
imperatSrius, -a, -urn, [impera-
tor], adj., of a commander, of a
general.
imperitus, a, -um, [in-+peritus],
adj., inexperienced, unskilled, un-
acquainted with.
imperium, -I, [impero], n., com-
mand, order ; authority, control ;
sovereignty, dominion, empire, su-
premacy, sway.
impero, -are, -avi, -atum, [in +
paro], 1, a. and n., command,
order; control, be master of;
rule, govern ; make requisition
for, require, levy.
impertio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in +
partio, from pars], 4, a., share
with, bestow upon, bestow, impart;
assign, give.
impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in +
patro, perform'], 1, a., gain one's
end, accomplish, get, obtain, pro-
cure, by request or by means of
influence.
impetus, -us, [impeto], m., onset,
attack, assault ; impulse, rapid
motion, rush ; violence, fury.
impius, -a, -um, [in- + pius], adj.,
undutiful, irreverent, ungodly ;
wicked, impious, shameless. As
subst., impii, -orum, m., pi.,
the wicked.
implied, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum
or -itum, [in + plic5], 1, a., en-
tangle, involve, encircle, clasp;
connect intimately, unite, join.
imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-|-
ploro], 1, a. and n., beseech, en-
treat, implore.
importiinus, -a, -um, adj., unsuit-
able ; harsh, rude, hard, cruel,
savage.
improbitas, -atis, [improbus], f.,
wickedness, badness, depravity.
improbS, -are, -avi, -atum, [irf- -j-
probo],.i, a., disapprove of, cen-
sure, condemn, blame.
improbus, -a, -um, [in -+probus],
adj., wicked, bad, depraved, base ;
shameless, outrageous.
impubes, -eris, [in-+pubes],adj.,
under age, youthful, beardless.
impudens, -entis, [in- + pudens],
adj., without sense of shame,
shameless, indecent, impudent.
impudenter [impudens], adv.,
shamelessly, indecently, impu-
dently.
impudentia, -ae, [impudens], f..
shamelessness, impttdence.
impudicus, -a, -um, [in--f-pudi-
cus], adj., shameless, immodest,
unchaste. As subst., impudicl,
-orum, m., pi., the unchaste.
impulsus, -us, [impellS], m., strik-
ing against, shock ; impulse, in-
fluence.
IMPUNITUS
66
INCOMMODUM
impumtus, -a, -um, [in- + puni-
tus], adj., unpunished, without
restraint, unrestrained, secure.
impurus, -a, -um, [in- + purus],
adj., unclean, filthy ; defiled, aban-
doned, vile. As subst., impurl,
-orum, m., pi., the filthy.
in, prep, with ace. and abl. :
(i) With the ace.: of place,
after verbs implying motion,
into, to, up to, towards, against ;
of time, into, till, to, unto, for ;
of purpose, for, with a view to ;
of result, to, unto ; of other rela-
tions, to, in, respecting, concern-
ing, according to, after.
(2) With the abl. : of place,
in, within, on, upon, among, over,
under ; of time, hi, in the course
of, within, during, while ; of
other relations, involved in, un-
der the influence of, in case of, in
relation to, on the condition, re-
specting.
In composition in retains its
form before the vowels and
most of the consonants ; is often
changed to il- before 1, ir- be-
fore r ; usually becomes im-
before m, b, p.
in-, inseparable prefix, = un-, not,
as in inaudltus, unheard; in-
certus, uncertain.
inanis, -e, adj., empty, vacant, un-
occupied; useless, profitless, worth-
less, vain.
inaudltus, -a, -um, [in- + audi-
tus], adj., unheard-of, unusual,
strange.
inauratus, -a, -um, [part, of in-
auro, gild], adj., gilded, golden.
incendium, -I, [incendo], n.,fire,
conflagration ; of the feelings,
heat, flame, vehemence, passion.
incendS, -ere, incendi, incen-
sum, 3, a., set fire to, kindle,
burn ; of the feelings, inflame,
arouse, incite, irritate, enrage.
incensio, -onis, [incendo], f.,
burning.
inceptum, -1, [incipio], n., begin-
ning, undertaking; attempt.
incertus, -a, -um, [in- + eertus],
adj., unsettled, not determined,
uncertain, unascertained, doubt-
ful ; of persons or character,
wavering, irresolute, at a loss.
incidd, -ere, incidl, incasum, [in
-f- eado], 3, n., fall in, strike;
light upon, fall in with ; fall
into, become involved ; fall out,
happen, occur.
incidd, -ere, incidl, inclsum, [in
+ caedo], 3, a., cut into, cut open,
cut through ; carve, engrave ;
break off, interrupt.
incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[in -f- capio] , 3, a. and n., take
hold of ; begin, commence, begin
to speak; begin to be or to ap-
pear.
incitamentum, -I, [incito], n.,
incentive, inducement.
incito, -are, -avl, -atum, [in -f-
cito, hasten], 1, a., hasten, quick-
en ; urge on, spur on, rouse, stir.
inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.
and n., bend, turn; incline; be
inclined, be favorably disposed.
includo, -ere, inclusi, inclusum,
[in-f claudo], 3, a., shut in, en-
close, confine, shut up in ; obstruct,
hinder ; include, comprehend.
incognitus, -a, -um, [in- + cogni
tus], adj., not examined, untried,
unknown.
incohS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.
and n., begin, commence ; of a
subject, take in hand, begin to
discuss, undertake to treat.
incolumis, -e, [in- + columis] ,
adj., unharmed, uninjured, safe,
sound, whole.
incommodum, -1, [incommodus],
n., inconvenience, disadvantage,
trouble ; misfortune, loss, defeat.
1MCORRUPTE
67
1NFERO
incorrupte, comp. incorruptius,
[incorruptus], adv., uncorruptly,
fairly, justly.
incredibilis, -e, [in--f credibilis],
adj., beyond belief, incredible, ex-
traordinary, unparalleled.
increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, [in -f-
crepo], i, n. and a., make a noise,
resound, crash ; occur, be noised
abroad; cause to resound ; up-
braid, scold.
incumbd, -ere, incubui, incubi-
tum, [in -f obsolete cum bo,
lie], 3, n., lie upon, lean, rest,
recline ; press upon, oppress ;
exert one's self, make an effort,
apply one's self ; be inclined,
lean towards.
indago, -are, -avi, -atum, [indu,
old form of in, -f- ago], i, a., seek
out, investigate, trace, explore.
inde, adv., from that place, thence,
jrom that point; therefrom, from
that; from that time, thereafter,
after that ; in consequence, there-
fore.
indemnatus, -a, -um, [in- + dam-
natus], adj., uncondemned, with-
out being sentenced.
index, -icis, [cf. indico], m. and f.,
discloser, informer, witness ; sign,
mark; inscription, title; fore-
finger.
indicium, -I, [indico], n., disclos-
ure, information ; mark, sign,
proof ; testimony, evidence.
indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [index],
i, a., point out, make known,
disclose, reveal, designate ; accuse,
charge.
indico, -ere, indixl, indictum,
[in + dico], 3, a., announce, de-
clare publicly, declare, proclaim ;
convoke, order ; impose, enjoin.
indigeo, -ere, -ui, , [indu,
old form of in, -fegeo], 2, n.,
need, want, lack; stand in need
of, require.
indigne [indignus], adv., un-
worthily, undeservedly, shame-
fully.
indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus],
adj., unworthy, undeserving, un-
becoming, not fit ; shameful, out-
rageous. As subst, indignum,
-I, n., outrage, shame.
induco, -ere, induxl, inductum,
[in + duc5], 3, a., lead in, in-
troduce, bring forward, conduct ;
spread over, overspread, overlay;
move, persuade, induce. ani-
mum inducere, to make up one's
mind, to bring one's self to, to
resolve.
industria, -ae, [industrius], f.,
activity, diligence, zeal, indus-
try.
industrius, -a, -um, adj., active,
diligent, zealous, industrious.
ineo, -Tre, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, [in +
eo], irr., a. and n., go into, enter';
come in, come on, begin ; under-
take, engage in, adopt.
inepte [ineptus], adv., improperly,
unbecomingly, absurdly.
ineptia, -ae, [ineptus], f., folly,
absurdity, foolishness ; pi., trifles,
notions, absurdities.
iners, -ertis, [in--f ars], adj., un-
skilful, awkward ; idle, indolent,
inactive, sluggish, worthless.
inertia, -ae, [iners], f., unskilful-
ness, want of skill ; idleness, indo-
lence, inactivity.
infamis, -e, [in- + fama], adj , dis-
reputable, notorious, infamous.
inferior, -ius, [comp. of Inferus],
adj., lower, inferior.
infero, -ferre, intuli, illatum, [in
+ fero], irr., a., carry in, bring
in, introduce ; bring to, carry in-
to, convey, bring ; bring against,
wage, direct ; bring fonvard, pro-
duce ; excite, cause, inflict. sc
inferre, to present one's self, to
repair, to enter.
INFERUS
68
INIQUUS
inferus, -a, -um, comp. inferior,
sup. infimus or Imus, [cf. Infra],
adj., below, underneath, lower, un-
derground ; of the Underworld.
As subst, infer!, -orum, m., pi.,
folk of the Underworld, inhabit-
ants of the Lower World ; the
dead, the shades.
infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, dis-
turbed, molested ; hostile, trouble-
some, dangerous.
infimus, -a, -um, [sup. of inferus],
adj., lowest ', last; meanest, most
degraded, basest.
infinltus, -a, -um, [in- + f Initus] ,
adj., boundless, unlimited ; end-
less, infinite.
Infirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [Infir-
mus], i, a. and n., weaken; re-
fute, disprove.
Inf irmus, -a, -um, [in- -f firmus] ,
adj., not strong, weak, infirm,
feeble, unhealthy ; inconstant,
superstitious ; of no account,
trivial, invalid.
Infitiator, -oris, [infitior], m., de-
nier, repudiator. lentus in-
fitiator, bad debtor.
infitior, -ari, -atus sum, [in- -f-
fateor], I, dep., not acknowledge,
deny, disown ; repudiate. .
liiflammo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in
-f flammo], l, Si., set on fire, light
up, kindle ; inflame, excite, arouse,
stir.
liiflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + flo],
I, a., blow into, breathe upon; in-
spire ; puff up, elate.
informs, -are, -avi, -atum, [in +
formo], I, a., shape, mould ; in-
struct, educate ; describe.
ingenium, -I, [in, cf. gigno], n.,
innate quality, nature ; disposi-
tion, character, temper ; ability,
capacity, talent, genius.
ingens, -entis, adj., beyond natural
size, huge, enormous ; great, re-
markable.
ingenuus, -a, -um, [in, cf. gigno],
adj., native ; free-born, of free
parents; noble, upright, ingenu-
ous. As subst., ingenui, -orum,
m., pi., the free-born, meaning
the better classes of Roman
citizens.
ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus],
adj., unacceptable, unpleasant;
ungrateful, thankless.
ingravesco, -ere, , , [in-
gravo], 3, inch., grow burden-
some ; grow worse, be aggravated,
increase.
ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
[in + gradior], 3, dep., advance^
go forward, proceed ; go into, en-
ter ; enter upon, engage in, under'
take, begin.
inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, [in +
hio], 1, n. and a., gape, open the
mouth to; gape with amazement,
be amazed ; gaze eagerly.
inhumanus, -a, -um, [in- + huma-
nus], adj., rude, brutal, inhu-
man ; ill-bred, coarse, unculti-
vated.
inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [in+
iacio], 3, a., cast into, throw in;
hurl upon, cast upon; heap up,
build ; put on, throw around ; lay
hands upon, take possession of ;
inspire in, cause.
inimicitia, -ae, [inimicus], f., hos-
tility, enmity.
inimicus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus],
adj., unfriendly, hostile, mimical;
hurtful, injurious. As subst.,
inimicus, -1, personal enemy,
enemy.
iniquitas, -atis, [iniquus], f., in-
equality ; unfavorableness, diffi-
culty ; unfairness, injustice.
iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus],
adj., uneven, sloping, steep; ill-
matched, unequal ; unfavorable,
disadvantageous ; unfair, unjust ;
adverse, hostile
INITIO
69
INSOLENTIA
initio, -are, avl, -atum. [initium],
I, a., initiate, consecrate ; used
especially of initiation into the
sacred mysteries.
initium, -I, [ineo], n., entrance;
beginning, commencement.
iniucundus, -a, -um, [in- + iucun-
dus], adj., unpleasant, displeas-
ing, disagreeable.
iniuria, -ae, [iniurius, from in- -j-
ius], f., outrage, wrong, injury,
injustice; insult; abl. iniuria,
often with the force of an adv.,
unjustly, undeservedly, wrong-
fully.
iniiiriose, comp. iniuriosius, [in-
iuriosus], adv., unfairly, un-
justly, unlawfully.
iniussus, -us, found only in abl.,
[in -\- iussus], m., without com-
mand, without bidding or orders
iniustus, -a, -um, [in- + iustus],
adj., unfair, unjust, unreason-
able ; wrongful; excessive, bur-
densome.
innocens, -entis, [in- + nocens],
adj., harmless, inoffensive ; blame-
less, innocent, upright.
innocentia, -ae, [innocens], f.,
blamelessness, innocence ; upright-
ness, integrity.
innumerabilis, -e, [in- + numera-
bilis], adj., countless, innumera-
ble.
inopia, -ae, [mops], f., want, lack ;
need, scarcity, poverty.
in primls, see prior.
inquam, inquis, inquit, def., n.,
postpositive, say.
inrepo, -ere, inrepsi, inreptum,
[in+repo], 3, n., creep in, steal
in ; be stealthily inserted.
inretio, -Ire, -IvI, -ltum, [in, rete,
net], 4, a., catch in a net, ensnare ;
entangle, entrap, involve.
inrito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a., in-
cite, instigate ; irritate, exasperate,
provoke.
inruptio, -onis, [inrumpo], f.,
breaking in ; inroad, incursion,
invasion.
inscribo, -ere, InscrlpsI, Inscrlp-
tum, [in+scrlbo], 3, a., write
upon, inscribe; assign, appro-
priate ; mark.
Insepultus, -a, -um, [in- + se-
pultus], adj., unburied, without
burial.
Inservio, -Ire, , -ltum, [in -f-
servio], 4, n. and a., devote one's
self to, be devoted to; be submis-
sive to, serve.
insideo, -ere, Insedl, Insessum,
[in + sedeo], 2, n. and a., sit
upon ; settle, be inherent in, in-
here ; take possession of, hold.
Tnsidiae, -arum, [cf. insideo], f,
pi., ambush, ambuscade ; snare,
trap, plot, artifice, device.
insidiator, -oris, [Insidior], m.,
lurker, waylayer, highwayman.
insidior, -arl, -atus sum, [In-
sidiae], 1, dep., lie in wait far,
watch for, plot against.
insidiosus, -a, -um, [Insidiae],
adj., deceitful, treacherous, dan-
gerous.
Iiisido, -ere, Insedl, Insessum,
[in+sldo], 3, n. and a., settle
on, occupy ; be fixed in, remai?t,
adhere to.
insigne, -is, [Inslgnis], n., mark,
sign, token ; indication, proof ;
badge, decoration, distinction.
insimulo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in +
simulo], I, a., charge, bring as a
charge ; accuse, blame.
insolens, -entis, [in- -f- solens],
adj., unusual ; immoderate, arro-
gant, haughty, insolent.
insolenter, comp. Insolentius,
[Insolens], adv., unusually ; im-
moderately, haughtily, insolently.
Insolentia, -ae, [Insolens], f,
novelty, strangeness ; haughtiness^
arrogance, insolence.
INSOLITUS
70
INTEREA
Iiisolitus, -a, -um, [in--f solitus],
adj., unaccustomed, unwonted, un-
usual ; uncommon, strange.
Inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, only
pres. part, found in classical
Latin, [freq. of inspicio], i, a.
and n., look at, observe, view.
inspectante praetore, under the
eyes of the praetor.
Insperans, -antis, [in- + sperans,
spero], adj., not hoping, beyond
hope, not expecting.
Insperatus, -a, -um, [in- + spera-
tus, spero], adj., unhoped for,
unexpected, unforeseen.
Tnstitud, -ere, Institui, Institu-
tum, [in + status], 3, a. and n.,
put in place, plant ; found, estab-
lish ; arrange, draw up ; build,
construct ; provide, prepare ; un-
dertake, begin ; appoint, designate ;
purpose, resolve, decide, propose ;
teach, instruct, train up.
institutum, -1, [Instituo], n., pur-
pose, design, plan ; custom, usage,
practice, precedent ; institution,
regulation.
ins to, -stare, -stitl, -statum, [in -f-
sto], 1, h., stand upon, be near at
hand, approach, draw nigh , press
upon, pursue, harass ; menace,
threaten ; insist upon, urge.
instructus, -a, -um, [part, of In-
struo], adj., furnished, provided,.
equipped ; arranged ; versed.
Inst rumen turn, -T, [instruS], n.,
implement, tool, appliance ; set of
tools, stock, furniture ; supply,
store, means, furtherance.
instruo, -ere, Instruxi, Instruc-
tum, [in-f struo], 3, a., build in;
make ready, furnish, provide, pre-
pare, equip ; of troops, draw up,
set in array, array
insula, ae, f., island, isle.
Insum, inesse, Inful, [in + sum],
irr., n., be in, be on, exist in,
belong to.
integer, -gra, -grum, comp. in-
tegrior, sup. integen imus, [in,
cf. tango], adj., untouched, whole,
entire ; unimpaired, unhurt ,
sound, fresh, vigorous ; unde-
cided, undetermined ; impartial ;
blameless, spotless, pure, of a
seal, unbroken.
integre [integer], adv., faultlessly,
blamelessly, irreproachably, with-
out prejudice.
integritas, -atis, [integer], f., com-
pleteness, soundness ; blameless-
ness, integrity, uprightness.
intellego, -ere, intellexi, intel-
lectum, [inter -f lego], 3, a., see
into, perceive, gather ; understand,
discern, comprehend.
intendd, -ere, intend!, intentum
or -sum, [in + tendo], 3, a. and
n., stretch out, extend; stretch,
fasten ; direct, aim ; bend, strain,
turn ; urge ; purpose, intend.
inter, prep, with ace. only, among ;
of position and relation, between,
among, amid, surrounded by, into
the midst of ; of time, between,
during, in the course of, through,
while, in, within.
intercalo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
ter -fcalo], 1, a., insert in the
calendar, intercalate ; put off,
postpone.
intercedo, -ere, intercessi, inter-
cessum, [inter + cedo], 3, n.,
come between, intervene, pass ;
come to pass, occur ; interpose ;
oppose, withstand.
intercessid, -onis, [intercedo], f ,
intervention, protest, veto.
intercludo, -ere, interclusl, in-
terclusum, [inter + claudo], 3,
a., shut out, cut off, intercept,
hinder ; divide.
inter dum [inter + dum], adv.,
now and then, sometimes, at times.
interea [inter + ea], adv., mean-
while, in the meantime.
INTEREO
71
INVIDIA
intereo, -Ire, -ii, itum, [inter +
eo], irr., n., go among; be lost
among, hence go to ruin, decay,
perish, die.
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[inter -f facio], 3, a., destroy;
slay, kill, murder.
interim, adv., meanwhile, in the
meantime ; nevertheless.
interim 6, -ere, interemi, inter-
emptum, [inter -f emo], 3, a., do
away with, destroy ; slay, kill.
interior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup. in-
timus, adj., inner, interior ;
nearer, deeper; sup., inmost, in-
nermost, deepest; intimate, close.
interitus, -us, [intereo], m., over-
throw, ruin ; destruction, death.
internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nex],
f., massacre, slaughter , utter de-
struction, destruction.
interpello, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
ter -f- unused pello], 1, a., in-
terrupt; hinder, obstruct, prevent.
interpreter, -ari, -atus sum, [in-
terpres], 1, dep., explain, inter-
pret ; understand, comprehend,
make out ; conclude, decide.
interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
ter -I- rogo], 1, a., ask, inquire of,
question.
intersum, -esse, -fui, [mter +
sum], irr., n., be between, lie be-
tween ; intervene, elapse ; be dif-
ferent, differ ; be present, take
part in. Impers., interest, it
concerns, it is important, it makes
a difference.
intervallum, -I, [inter + vallum],
n., lit. room between {two) pali-
sades ; hence, intermediate dis-
tance, distance, interval ; intermis-
sion.
interventus, -us, [intervenio] ,
m., coming between, coming in;
intervention, appearance.
intestinus, -a, -um, [intus], adj.,
internal, intestine.
intimus, -a, -um, see interior.
intra [cf interior], prep, with
ace only, within, inside oj , into;
during, in the course of.
introduco, -ere, introduxi, in-
troductum, [intro -f- duco], 3,
a., lead in, bring in, introduce.
intueor, -eri, intuitus sum, [in -f
tueor], 2, dep., look upon, gaze
at; contemplate, consider; ad-
mire, wonder at.
intus [in], adv., within, on the in-
side.
iimltus, -a, -um, [in-+ultus],adj.,
unavenged ; unpunished, unchas-
tised ; safe, with impunity.
inuro, -ere, inussl, inustum, [in
+ ur5], 3, a., burn in ; brand
upon, brand, imprint.
inusitatus, -a, -um, [in- + usita-
tus], adj., unusual, uncommon,
rare.
inutilis, -e, [in-+utilis], adj., use-
less, unprofitable, unserviceable ;
inexpedient, unavailing, hurtful.
invenio, -ire, invenl, inventum,
[in + venio], 4, a., come upon,
find, meet; discover, invent, con-
trive, devise ; find out, learn.
investigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in
+ vestigo], 1, a., track; trace
out, search into, investigate, find
out.
inveterasco, -ere, inveteravl,
, [in + veterasco], 3, inch.,
grow old ; become fixed, be estab-
lished, become rooted.
invictus, -a, -um, sup. invictissi-
mus, [in- -f victus], adj., uncon-
quered , unconquerable, invinci-
ble.
invideo, -ere, invldi, invisum,
[in + video], 2, n. and a., look
askance at, be prejudiced, be jeal-
ous , envy, grudge.
invidia, -ae, [invidus], f., envy,
jealousy ; dislike, hatred, grudge ;
odium, unpopularity.
INVIDIOSUS
72
1UGURTHA
invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia],
adj., full of envy, invidious; ex
citing envy, enviable, envied ; caus-
ing hatred, hateful, hated, odious
invidus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj.,
envious, jealous. As subst, in-
vidus, -I, m., envious person, pi.,
the envious.
invlso, -ere, invisi, invisum, [in
-f vlso], 3, a., go to see, look after,
visit.
invlsus, -a, -um, [part, of in-
video], adj., hated, detested,
odious, hostile.
invito, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a., in-
vite, ask, urge ; attract, allure ;
entertain, feast.
invltus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling,
reluctant, against the will.
ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, dem.
pron., self, himself, herself, itself;
often emphatic, he ; often best
rendered freely, as very, pre-
cisely, likewise, in person.
Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath ; rage, pas-
sion, indignation, fury.
Iracundia, -ae, [Iracundus], f.,
pr oneness to anger , anger, rage,
passion, violence.
iracundus, -a, -um, [ira], adj.,
prone to anger, irritable ; passion-
ate, wrathful, angry.
irascor, -ascl, -atus sum, [Ira],
3, dep., be in anger, get angry ;
fly into a passion, rave, be furious.
Iratus, -a, -um, [part, of irascor],
adj., angered, angry, furious, vio-
lent.
is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron.,
he, she, it , that, this, the, the one ;
before ut, = talis, such; wjth
comparatives abl. eo = the, all
the, as e5 magis, all the more ;
after et, -que, atque, and that
too, and in fact. id temporis,
see Idioms.
iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem.
pron., referring to the person
addressed, sometimes ironically,
that, that of yours ; he, she, it;
this ; such.
istim, adv., thence, from thence.
ita, adv., thus, so, in this way, as
follows ; such, of this kind , to
such a degree, so far. quae
cum ita sint, and since this is
so, and accordingly.
Italia, -ae, [IraAds], f., Italy.
Italicus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy,
Italic, Italian.
itaque [ita-f -que], conj., and so,
and thus, accordingly ; conse-
quently, therefore.
item, adv., likewise, also, besides,
moreover, too.
iter, itineris, [cf. eo], n., a going ;
way, journey, march ; road, path,
passage, course.
iterum, adv., a second time, again ;
once more, in turn, iterum et
saepius, again and again.
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, 2, a.,
order, bid, give orders, command,
direct ; exhort, entreat ; decree,
ratify, approve.
iucunditas, -atis, [iucundus], f.,
pleasantness ; delight, enjoyment.
iucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant,
agreeable, pleasing, delightful.
iudex, -icis, [ius, cf. dico], m. and
f., judge ; juror ; decider, umpire
iudicialis, -e, [iudicium], adj., of
a court, of the courts, judicial.
iudicium, -1, [iudex], n., trial,
court ; judgment, sentence ; deci-
sion, opinion, conviction.
iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [iudex],
I, a., judge, pass judgment, de-
cide ; pronounce judgment upon,
judge of ; declare, proclaim.
iugulum, -1, [dim. of iugum], n.,
collar-bone ; throat, neck.
Iugurtha, -ae, vs\.,Jugurtha, king
of Numidia, who came to the
throne on the death of Micipsa,
B.C. 118. Through his treatment
IULIUS
73
LABORO
of the sons of Micipsa he became
involved in a war with Rome,
and was captured by Marius,
b c. 106. After adorning the
triumph of Marius, b. c. 104, he
was thrown into the lower cham-
ber of the Mamertine prison, and
there starved to death. Imp. P.
xx.
Iiilius, -a, name of a celebrated
patrician gens, of which the Cae-
sar family formed a part. See
Caesar.
iungo, iungere, iiinxi, iunctum,
[cf. iugum], 3, a., join, unite, con-
nect ; yoke, attach ; bring together,
associate, ally.
Iunius, -a, -um, adj., of June. As
subst, Iunius, -1, m.,/une.
Iunius, -a, name of prominent ple-
beian gens, to which the Brutus
family belonged. See Brutus.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupittr, son
of Saturn, chief of the gods ; by
metonymy, heaven, sky, air.
iuratus, -a, -um, [iuro], adj.,
sworn, oath-bound, under oath.
ius, iuris, n., right, law, duty ; jus-
tice, equity ; prerogative, author-
ity, power ; court of justice , abl.
iure often with adverbial force,
by right, rightfully, justly.
ius iurandum, iuris iurandl, n.,
oath.
iussum, -1, [iubeo], n., order, com-
mand, prescription, direction.
iussus, -us, only abl. in use,
[iubeo], m., order, command,
decree.
iuste [iustus], adv , rightly, justly;
fairly, uprightly.
iustitia, -ae, [iustus], f., justice,
equity, uprightness ; clemency,
compassion.
iustus, -a, -um, [ius], adj., just,
upright; fair, lawful, proper,
equitable; right, suitable , sufficient,
complete.
inventus, -utis, [iuvenis], f., age
of youth, youth, reckoned ordi-
narily from the twentieth to the
fortieth year ; by metonymy,
young people, young folk, youth.
iuvo, -are, iuvl, iutum, 1, a.
and n., help, aid, assist, support ,
gratify, please, delight.
K.
Kal., = Kalendae.
Kalendae, -arum, abbreviated
Kal., [cf. calo, convoke'], f., pi.,
the Calends, the first day of the
month. Kalendae Maiae, the
first of May.
Karthaginiensis,-e,[Karthag5],
adj., of Carthage, Carthaginian.
As subst., Karthaginienses,
-ium, m., pi., people of Carthage,
Ca rthaginia ns.
Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage.
L.
L. f — Lucius.
labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of labefacio], 1, a., cause to totter,
shake, disturb , weaken, under-
mine ; overthrow, ruin, destroy.
labes, -is, [labor], f., sinking in,
settling; spot, blemish, stain, dis-
grace.
labor, labi, lapsus sum, 3, dep.,
glide, slip, sink, fall ; go to ruin,
perish ; fall into error, err, go
astray.
labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, effort,
exertion, care ; hardship, trouble.
labSriosus, -a, -um, [labor], adj ,
laborious, toilsome, wearisome ;
troubled.
labor 6, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor],
1, n. and a., toil, labor ; be in dis-
tress, be in trouble, suffer pain, suf-
fer; totter, threaten to give xvay.
LACESSO
74
LATROCINOR
lacesso, -ere, lacesslvi, laeessi-
tum, [lacio, entice], 3, a., excite,
provoke ; irritate, harass, defy.
Laconicus, -a, -um, [AanoopticSs],
adj., of Laconia, Laconian. As
subst., Laconicum, -1, n., sweat-
ing-room, sweating-bath, of the
sort first used by the Lacedae-
monians.
lacrima, -ae, f., tear.
lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacri-
ma], 1, n. and a., shed tears,
weep ; bewail, lament.
lactens, -entis, [part, of unused
lacteo, from lac], adj., taking
milk, suckling.
Laeca, -ae, m., M. Porcius Laeca,
a senator who took a prominent
part in the conspiracy of Catiline.
Cat. I. iv., II. vi.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, 3, a.,
hurt, wound, injure ; offend,
grieve, pain, vex; betray, vio-
' late.
Laelius, -I, m., Gdius Laelius
Sapiens, whose friendship with
the younger Scipio Africanus
was proverbial, and is celebrated
in Cicero's De Amiatid. He
was born about 186 B. c, per-
formed heroic exploits in the
third Punic War, and was con-
sul B. c. 140. He is Cicero's
typical example of the best re-
sults of cultivation acting on a
character which exhibited in
their fullest extent the ideal Ro-
man virtues. Arch. vii.
Laenius, -1, m., see Flaccus, (4).
laetitia, -ae, [laetus], f., joy, re-
joicing ; delight, gladness, pleas-
ure.
laetor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. lae-
tus], 1, dep., rejoice, be joyful, be
glad.
lamentatio, -onis, [lamentor], f.,
wailing, moaning, weeping; la-
menting, lamentation.
lamentor, -an, -atus sum, [la-
mentum, wailing], 1, dep., wail,
moan ; lament, bewail, bemoan.
languidus, -a, -um, adj., weak,
sluggish, languid ; feeble, inac-
tive, listless.
largior, -iri, -Itus sum, [largus],
4, dep., lavish, dispense, distrib-
ute, bestow ; give largesses, bribe.
largitio, -onis, [largior], f., lavish
giving, dispensing, bestowing, dis-
tribution ; bribery.
largitor, -oris, [largior], m., lavish
giver, dispenser, spendthrift, prod-
igal ; giver of bribes, briber.
late [latus], adv., broadly, widely;
extensively, far and wide.
latebra, -ae, [lateo], f, hiding-
place, lurking-place, recess, re-
treat ; pretence, excuse.
lateo, -ere, -ui, , 2, n., lie hid,
be hidden, lurk ; be concealed,
escape notice.
Latiniensis, is, m., see Caelius,
(1).
Latmus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium,
Latin ; Roman.
latio, -onis, [cf. latus, tollo], f.,
bringing forward ; of a law,
proposal.
Latium, -I, n., Latium, the coun-
try in which Rome was situated,
on the west side of Italy, between
Etruria and Campania.
lator, -oris, [cf. latus, tollo], m.,
bnnger ; of a law, proposer,
mover.
latro, -onis, m., originally mer
cenary soldier; hence, highway-
man, bandit, brigand.
latrocinium, -I, [latrocinor], n.,
highway-robbery, brigandage, rob-
bery ; band of robbers.
latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [la-
tro], 1, dep., originally be a hired
soldier; hence practice highway
robbery, plunder, rob along the
highways.
LATUS
75
LENTULUS
latus, -eris, n., side, flank; by
metonymy, body, person, life.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [laus],
I, a., praise, commend, extol, eulo-
gize.
laus, laudis, f., praise, commenda-
tion', glory, fame, renown, credit,
merit.
lectito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of lego], I, a., read often, read
again and again, peruse.
lectulus, -I, [dim. of lectus], m.,
small couch, {little) bed.
lectus, -a, -um, [part, of lego],
adj., chosen, picked, selected ;
choice, excellent.
lectus, -I, m., couch, bed, lounge.
legatio, -onis, [lego], f., embassy,
legation.
legatus, -I, [lego], m., embassador,
envoy, legate ; lieutenant.
legio, -onis, [cf. lego], f., legion, a
body of soldiers containing ten
cohorts of infantry, and accom-
panied ordinarily by three hun-
dred cavalrymen.
legitimus, -a, -um, [lex], adj.,
legal, lawful, legitimate , just,
proper.
lego, -are, -avi, -atum, [lex], i, a.,
lit. appoint legally; hence, com-
mission, send as embassador ;
send as deputy, commission as
lieutenant ; leave by will, will.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, 3, a.,
bring together, collect ; select,
choose; coast along; elect, ap-
point ; read, peruse.
lenio, Tre, -IvT, -Hum, [lenis], 4,
a., soften, mollify, calm, soothe ;
appease, mitigate, pacify.
lenis, -e, adj., soft, gentle, mild,
smooth, calm ; kind, moderate.
lenitas, -atis, [lenis], f , soft-
ness, gentleness, mildness, tender-
ness.
lSno, -onis, m., panderer,. procurer,
seducer.
lente [lentus], adv., slowly, lei-
surely ; calmly, indifferently.
Lentulus, -I, [lens, lentil], m.,
name of one of the proudest,
families of the Cornelian gens.
Of the eighteen Lentuli men-
tioned by Cicero the following
are referred to in this book :
( 1 ) P. Cornelius Lentulus, con-
sul 162 B. c, afterwards princeps
senatus. He was wounded in
the riot in which C. Gracchus
was slain, B. c. 121, and died
soon afterwards. He was grand-
father of the Lentulus associated
with Catiline. Cat. IV. vi.
(2) L. Cornelius Lentulus, prae-
tor b. c. 89. Arch. v.
(3) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus,
tribune of the people and the
following year legatus. Imp. P.
XIX.
(4) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
Clodidnus, consul in 72, censor
70 B.C., and one of the lieuten-
ants of Pompey in the campaign
against the pirates. Imp. P.
XXIII.
(5) L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus,
consul B. C. 49. In the strife be-
tween Caesar and Pompey he
took sides with the latter. After
the battle of Pharsalia he fol-
lowed Pompey to Egypt, and
was there imprisoned and put
to death. Ep. xix.
(6) P Cornelius Lentulus Spin-
ther, consul B.C. 57. On the day
of his entering upon the duties
of his office he brought forward
a proposal for the recall of Cicero
from exile. In the Civil War he
joined the party of Pompey. Ep.
IX-
(7) P Cornelius Lentulus Siira,
an important member of the Cati-
linarian conspiracy. He was con-
sul b. c 71, but was expelled
LENTUS
76
LIBERALITER
from the senate the following
year on account of his infamous
morals. He expected, from his
high rank, to become a leader in
the conspiracy, but he lacked the
resolution requisite for success.
He was executed along with the
other conspirators, Dec. 5, B. c.
63. Cat. III. 11. et seq.
lentus, -a, -urn, [cf. lenis], adj.,
pliant, yielding, tough ; slow,
backward ; easy, unconcerned.
lepidus, -a, -um, [cf. lepos], adj.,
pleasant, agreeable, fine; nice,
pretty.
Lepidus, -I, [lepidus], m., name
of a distinguished family of the
Aemilian gens. The following
members are mentioned in this
book:
( 1 ) M. Aemilius Lepidus, con-
sul B.C. 78. He attempted to
overthrow the constitution es-
tablished by Sulla, was opposed
by Catulus, his colleague in the
consulship, and unsuccessful.
The following year he took up
arms against his opponents, was
defeated in a battle in the Cam-
pus M artius, fled from Italy, and
died shortly after. Cat. III. x.
(2) M\ Aemilius Lepidus, con-
sul b. c. 66. He was a member
of the aristocratic party, but
when the war broke out between
Caesar and Pompey he went into
retirement. Cat. I. vi., vin.
(3) M. Aemilius Lepidus, con-
sul with Julius Caesar, b. c. 46.
He rendered valuable assistance
to Caesar in the war with Pom-
pey, and afterwards was united
with Antony and Octavianus in
the second triumvirate. He died
B.C. 13. Ep. xlv.
Lepta, -ae, m., Q. Lepta, a native
of Cales, in Campania, and com-
mander of the engineering corps
(praefectus fabrum) under Cicero
in Cilicia, b. c. 51. He was a
debtor of Cicero, with whom he
remained on intimate terms. Ep.
xix., xxi.
lev amen, -inis, [levo], n., consola-
tion, solace.
levis, -e, adj., light ; airy , flitting,
swift, nimble; slight, trifling,
trivial, easy; capricious, incon-
stant, fickle.
le vitas, -atis, [levis], f., lightness ;
light-mindedness , fickleness , incon-
stancy.
leviter, comp. levius, sup. levis-
sime, [levis], adv., lightly;
slightly, somewhat ; easily.
levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levis], 1,
a., lift up, raise; lighten, make
lighter, relieve ; remove ; take
away, take down; console, re-
fresh; mitigate, alleviate, lessen;
release, discharge, free.
lex, legis, f., law, enactment, stat-
ute ; rule, regulation ; manner ;
agreement ; condition, stipulation,
terms.
libellus, -1, [dim. of liber], m.,
little book, pamphlet ; memorial,
notice, indictment.
libens, -entis, [libet], adj., willing,
with good will ; glad, with plea-
sure.
libenter [libens], adv., willingly,
cheerfully ; gladly, with pleasure.
liber, -era, -erum, [cf. libet], adj.,
free ; unrestrained, unrestricted;
unimpeded, loose.
liber, -bri, m., book.
liberalis, -e, [liber], adj., of free-
dom ; worthy of a freeman, noble,
honorable, . dignified, ingenuous ;
kind, gracious ; generous, liberal.
liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis], f.,
nobility, kindness, courtesy ; gen'
erosity, liberality.
liberaliter [liberalis], adv., nobly
kindly ; generously, liberally.
LIBERE
77
LONGINQUITAS
libere, comp. Hberius, [liber],
adv., freely ; frankly, openly,
boldly.
liberi, -orum or Uberum, [liber],
m., properly free persons ; hence,
children of a family, children.
libero, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber],
i, a., set free, make free, free, lib-
erate ; release, extricate, deliver ;
acquit, absolve.
libertas, -atis, [liber], i., freedom,
liberty, independence.
libertinus, -a, -um, plbertus],
adj., of a freedman. liberti-
nus homo, freedman. As
subst., libertinus, -I, m., freed-
man.
llbertus, -I, [liber], m., one made
free, freedman.
libet, -ere, libuit and libitum
est, 2, n., impers., it pleases, it
is pleasing, it is agreeable.
libido, -inis, [libet], f., desire,
longing, inclination ; passion, sen-
suality, wantonness, lust.
Lib 5, -onis, m., L. Scribonius Libd,
consul B. c. 34. His daughter
married one of the sons of Pom-
pey, to whom he rendered valu-
able assistance in the Civil War.
Ep. XXIX., XXXVI.
licet, -ere, licuit and licitum est,
2, n., impers., it is allowed, it is
lawful, it is permitted ; used to
introduce a concessive subj.,
passing over into a conjunction,
granted that, even if, conceding
that, notwithstanding.
Licinius, -a, name of a plebeian
gens, to which belonged several
prominent families and many
distinguished members. See
Archias, Crassus, Lucullus,
Murena.
lingua, -ae, f., tongue; by met-
onymy, language, utterance ;
speech, dialect; garrulity, boast-
ful speech.
linum, -1, [Kivov], n., flax ; by met-
onymy, flaxen thread, thread,
cord; rope, cable ; linen cloth;
net.
liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, pass, liquefio, -fieri, -fac-
tus sum, [liqueo + facio], 3, a.,
make liquid, dissolve, melt.
littera, -ae, f., letter, xuritten char-
acter ; writing, document, inscrip-
tion ; letter, epistle ; literature,
letters.
litteratus, -a, -um, [littera], adj.,
of letters ; learned, liberally edu-
cated.
litura, -ae, [lino, smear], f., smear-
ing, erasure, especially of wax on
a writing-tablet in order to make
an erasure ; hence, blotting out,
correction.
loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [locus],
1, a., put, place ; arrange, dis-
pose ; place by contract, let a con-
tract.
Locrenses, -ium, m., pi., Locrians,
inhabitants of Locri Epizephyrii,
in the southwestern part of Italy.
locuples, -etis, [locus, cf. -pleo],
adj., rich in lands, opulent,
wealthy ; richly stored, well sup-
plied ; trustxvorthy.
locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, [lo-
cuples], 1, a., enrich, make rich.
locus, -1, m., pi. loci, -orum, when
referring to single places, loca,
-orum, when referring to places
connected, as a region, place,
spot ; post, station, position ; loca-
tion, region, country; topic, subject
under discussion or cited ; oppor-
tunity ; room.
longg, comp. longius, sup. longis-
sime, [longus], adv., far, far off,
at a distance; for a long time,
long; greatly, much, by far.
longinquitas, -atis, pongln-
quus], f., distance, remoteness ;
of time, length, duration.
LONGINQUUS
78
LUXURIA
longinquus, -a, -um, [longus],
adj., far removed, remote, dis-
tant ; prolonged, lasting. As
subst, longinqua, -orum, n.,
pi., far-off events, remote events.
Imp. P. xn.
longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior],
adj ., rather long, quite long.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long, ex-
tended, far-reaching, expanded ;
of long duration, prolonged, te-
dious ; distant, remote. ne
longum sit, not to be tedious, to
speak briefly.
loquor, loqul, locutus sum, 3,
dep., speak, say, talk ; tell, men-
tion, declare ; show, indicate, tes-
tify.
Lucius, -I, abbreviated L., m.,
Lucius, a Roman forename.
Lucrinensis, -is, [Lucrlnus], adj.,
Lucrine, of the Lucrine Lake,
near Baiae, west of Naples. Ep.
xii.
luctuosus, -a, -um, [luctus], adj.,
full of sorrow, lamentable, sor-
rowful, mournful.
luctus, -us, [lugeo, mourn], m.,
mourning, grief, sorrow, lamenta-
tion ; distress, affliction.
Lucullus, -1, m., name of a family
in the Licinian gens. Three
members of it, L. Licinius Lu-
cullus and his sons Lucius and
Marcus, are mentioned together
by Cicero as LuculU, gen.
-orum, (Arch. hi. et al.) :
( 1 ) L. Licinius Lucullus, prae-
tor b. c. 103. He was sent the
following year to quell an in-
surrection of slaves in Sicily.
Though at first successful, he
soon lost ground to the enemy
and was recalled. On his return
to Rome he was convicted of
maladministration and exiled.
(2) L. Licinius Lucullus, son
of the preceding, consul B.C. 74.
He distinguished himself as
quaestor of Sulla in Greece and
Asia, and afterwards by his suc-
cesses in the war with Mithri-
dates. As he failed to bring this
to a successful termination, he
was recalled, and afterwards re-
signed himself to a life of luxury.
Imp. P. 11. et al.
(3) M. Licinius Lucullus,
brother of (2), consul B. c. 73.
Having obtained Macedonia as
his province, he defeated the
barbarous tribes along the north-
ern frontier in numerous engage-
ments and captured several sedi-
tious Greek cities on the Euxine
sea. He was honored with a
triumph, b. c. 71. Arch. iv.
ludus, -1, [cf. ludoj, in, flay,
game, sport, pastime ; joke, fun ;
pi. often public games, spectacles.
lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctum, 2, a.
and n., mourn, lament, bewail,
deplore.
lumen, -inis, [cf. luceo], n., light ;
by metonymy, source of light, as
lamp, torch ; light of the eye, eye ;
brightness, glory.
lupinus, -a, -um, [lupus], adj., of
a wolf, wolf's.
Lupus, -1, m., Lupus, a friend of
Cicero and of D. Brutus. Ep.
XLVI.
lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [lus-
trum], 1, a., make light, light
up ; wander over, traverse ; of
religious services, make pure by
expiatory offerings, purify, lus-
trate.
lux, lucis, [cf. luceo], f., light,
brightness; by metonymy, day-
light, day ; light of life, life ; eye-
sight, eye ; public view, the pub-
lic ; help, succor.
luxuria, -ae, [luxus], f., extrava-
gance, riotous living, excess, lux-
ury.
M
79
MANDATUS
M.
M., = Mdrcus, a common Roman
forename.
M'., = Mdnius, a Roman forename.
Macedonia, -ae, [Ma/ceSoWa], f.,
Macedonia, Macedon. Ep. vin.
machinator, -oris, [machinor],
m., contriver, designer, deviser,
inventor.
machinor, -ari, -atus sum, [ma-
china], i, dep., contrive, design,
devise, invent ; scheme, plot.
macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ma-
ctus, glorified], I, a., glorify, extol;
sacrifice, devote in honor of the
gods ; kill, put to death ; afflict,
visit with punishment, punish.
macula, -ae, f., spot, stain; blem-
ish, fault, disgrace.
Maelius, -I, m., with Sp., Spurius
Maelius, a wealthy plebeian who,
in a time of great famine at
Rome, 440 b. c, bought up grain
in Etruria and either distributed
it among the poor gratuitously or
sold it at a very low price. In
the following year he was ac-
cused of aiming at the supreme
power and slain by Servilius
Ahala, the master of the horse,
while attempting to escape ar-
rest. Cat. I. 1.
maeror, -oris, [maereo], m.,
mourning, sadness, grief, sorrow.
magis [root mag in magnus],
adv., more, in a greater measure ;
in a higher degree, far more,
rather, in preference.
magister, -tri, [cf. magnus], m.,
master, leader, director ; instruc-
tor, teacher ; guide, guardian.
magistrates, -us, [magister], m.,
office of magistrate, civil office,
magistracy ; by metonymy, ma-
gistrate, public officer.
magnifice, comp. magnificentius,
sup. magnificentissime, [mag-
nificus], adv., nobly, grandly \
gloriously ; splendidly, magnifi-
cently.
magnitudo, -inis, [magnus], f.,
greatness, size, magnitude ; quan-
tity, abundance, extent.
magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior,
sup. maximus, adj., great, vast,
wide, large, tall ; abundant, con-
siderable ; grand, noble, mighty ;
stately, lofty ; eminent, powerful ;
old, aged ; proud, boastful. As
subst., comp. maiores, -um, m.,
pi., fathers, ancestors.
Magnus, -1, m., surname of Pom-
pey. See Pompeius.
maior, see magnus.
Maius, -a, -um, adj., of May. As
subst., Maius, -1, m., May.
male [maius], comp. peius, sup.
pessime, adv., ///, badly, wretch-
edly, awkwardly ; maliciously,
evilly, wickedly ; unfortunately ;
unsuccessfully ; excessively, great-
ly; sometimes with adj., scarcely,
not at all.
maleficium, -1, [maleficus], n.,
evil deed, offense, wickedness ; mis-
chief, hurt, wrong.
malleolus, -1, [dim. of malleus,
hammer], m., small hammer ; by
metonymy, fire-dart, fire-brand.
maid, malle, malul, [magis -f
volo], irr., a., wish rather, choose
rather, prefer.
malum, -1, [maius], n., evil, mis-
fortune, calamity ; hurt, punish-
ment ; wrong-doing, crime.
maius, -a, -um, comp. peior, sup.
pessimus, adj., bad ; wicked, de-
praved, evil, impious ; pernicious,
hostile, injurious, destructive.
mandatum, -1, [mando], n.,
charge, commission ; command,
order, instruction.
mandatus, -us, used only in the
abl., [mando], m., order, com-
mand.
MANDO
80
MARCELLUS
mando, -are, -avi, -atum, [manus
+ do], I, a., put in hand, commit;
deliver over, confide, intrust ; en-
join, order, command.
mane, adv., in the morning, early
in the morning.
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 2,
n. and a., stay, remain, tarry ;
continue, last, persist, endure ;
await, wait for, expect; fall to
one's lot, be destined to.
manicatus, -a, -vim, [manica,
sleeve], adj., with long sleeves,
long-sleeved.
manifesto [manifestus], adv.,
clearly, plainly, manifestly.
manifestus, -a, -um, [manus, cf.
unused f e n d 6] , adj., clear, plain ;
evident, manifest, exposed ; con-
victed from direct evidence,
caught in the act.
Manilius, -a, name of a plebeian
gens. Two Manilii are men-
tioned in this book :
( 1 ) C. Manilius, tribune of the
people b. c. 66. He brought for-
ward the bill placing Pompey in
command of the war with Mithri-
dates. After the expiration of
his term of office he was brought
to trial and condemned. The
nature of his offence is not un-
derstood. Imp. P. xxiv.
(2) M\ Mdnllius, a celebrated
jurist, consul b. c. 149. Cicero
introduces him as one of the
speakers in his dialogue De Re
publicd, 'On the State.' Ep.
xxxviii.
Manius, -1, abbreviated M\,
[mane], m., Mdnius, a Roman
forename.
Manlianus, -a, -um, adj., of
Manlius, Manlian.
Manlius, -a, name of a patrician
gens. Two of the name are
mentioned in this book :
(1) C. Manlius, an important
member of the Catilinarian con«
spiracy. Having served with
distinction as a centurion under
Sulla, he was placed by Catiline
in charge of the troops at Fae-
sulae. In the final battle with
Antony, Manlius commanded the
right wing and was killed. Cat.
I. in. et al.
(2) L. Mdnlius Torqudtus,
consul with L. Aurelius Cotta,
B. C. 65. He was active in help-
ing to suppress the Catilinarian
conspiracy. Cat. III. vm.
mano, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and
a., drip, trickle, flow ; spread
abroad, be diffused.
mansuete [mansuetus], adv.,
gently, mildly, calmly.
mansuetudo, -inis, [mansue-
tus], {., gentleness, mildness,
clemency.
manubiae, -arum, [manus], f., pi.,
booty taken in war, spoils ; pro-
. ceeds from the sale of booty,
booty-money, prize-money.
manus, -us, f., hand ; handwrit-
ing, style ; band, force, company,
forces, troops.
Marcellus, -1, [Marcus], m.,
name of a plebeian family in the
Claudian gens. Prominent mem-
bers are together referred to as
Marcelli, gen. -orum (Arch,
ix., Mar. iv.). Three are men-
tioned in this book:
( 1 ) M. Claudius Marcellus, the
most illustrious of the family,
five times consul. When consul
the third time, B. C. 214, he went
to Sicily, and after a siege of two
years' duration took Syracuse,
though it was defended by the
engines of Archimedes. He also
rendered other important ser-
vices to the state. Imp. P. xvi.
(2) M. Claudius Marcellus,
consul B. c. 51 and subject of
MARCUS
81
MAXIMUS
the oration Pro Mdrcello ; see
pp. 159-170 and notes. Cat. I.
VIII.
(3) C. Claudius Mdrcellus,
brother of the preceding, consul
B. c. 49. He was an opponent of
Caesar, but did not follow Pom-
pey to Greece, and easily ob-
tained pardon from the dictator,
with whom he interceded for the
restoration of his brother to civil
rights. Mar. iv., xi.
Marcus, -I, abbreviated M., m.,
Marcus, a common Roman fore-
name ; our Mark.
mare, -is, abl. marl, sometimes
mare, n., sea.
maritimus, -a, -um, [mare], adj.,
of the sea, marine, maritime.
maritus, -I, [cf. mas, male], m.,
married man, husband.
Marius, -a, name of a plebeian
gens. Two of the name are
mentioned in this book :
(1) C. Marius, famous as the
conqueror of the Teutones and
Cimbri, and as a leader of the
popular party ;' born 157 b. c,
near Arpinum. He served with
distinction under Scipio in Spain,
being present at the siege of Nu-
mantia. He put an end to the
war with Jugurtha, B. c. 106. He
annihilated the Teutones near
Aix, in France, b. c. 102, and the
Cimbri the following year near
Vercelli, in Italy. His opposi-
tion to the aristocratic party led
to a merciless Civil War. He
was seven times consul, and died
b. c. 86. Cat. I. 11. et al.
(2) M. Marius, a congenial
friend of Cicero's. Ep. xxix.
marmor, -oris, [— fxdpfxapos], n.,
marble, block of marble ; by met-
onymy, marble monument, statue.
Mars, Martis, m., Mdrs, the Ro-
man god of war, identified with
the Greek Ares ; by metonymy,
war, battle ; conflict, contest.
Martialis, -e, adj., of Mars, Mar-
tial. As subst, Martiales, -ium,
m., pi., men of the Mars legion,
soldiers of the Mars legion.
Martius, -a, -um, [Mars], adj.,
of Mars, sacred to Mars ; of the
month of March, of March.
Martia legio, the Mars legion.
Massilia, -ae, [= MaaaiAia], f.,
Massilia, an important city of
Greek origin on the south coast
of Gaul; now Marseilles.
Massilienses, -ium, [Massilia],
m. , people of Massilia , Massilians.
mater, -tris, f, mother; parent,
nurse ; origin, source.
matrimonium, -1, [mater], n.,
marriage, wedlock, matrimony.
mature, comp. maturius, sup.
maturissime, [maturus], adv ,
seasonably, opportunely ; early,
soon, speedily.
maturitas, -atis, [maturus], f.,
ripeness, maturity.
maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ma-
turus], 1, a. and n., make ripe,
bring to maturity, ripen ; hasten,
accelerate.
maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma-
ture ; fit, proper; of mature
years ; early, speedy.
maxime [maximus], adv., in the
highest degree, especially, particu-
larly ; exceedingly, very.
Maximi, -orum, pi. of Maximus,
m., men like Maximus (referring
to Q. Fabius Maximus), Maximi.
Arch. ix.
maximus, see magnus.
Maximus, -1, Mdximus, m., name
of a family of the Fabian gens.
The most famous was Q. Fabius
Maximus, whose policy of avoid-
ing open battle wore out Hanni-
bal, and won for him the epithet
Cunctdtor. Imp. P. xvi.
MEDEA
82
METELLUS
Medea, -ae, [M^Seto], f., Medea, a
mythical sorceress, said to have
been a daughter of Aeetes, king
of Colchis, and to have been
married to Jason, leader of the
Argonauts, by whom she was
afterwards deserted. Imp. P. IX.
medeor, -eri, , 2, dep., heal,
cure ; relieve, remedy, correct,
restore.
medicina, -ae, [medicus], f., the
healing art, medicine; remedy,
antidote.
medicus, -1, m., physician, doctor.
mediocris, -e, [medius], adj.,
middling, moderate, ordinary ;
mean, poor, inferior, indifferent.
mediocriter [mediocris], adv.,
moderately, ordinarily ; some-
what, slightly.
meditor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
reflect upon, think of, consider ;
meditate, plan, devise ; study, ex-
ercise, practice, prepare.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, in
the middle, in the midst ; mid-
way, intervening, between, among.
media aestate, at midsummer.
ex media morte, from the midst
of death.
Megalensia, -ium, [Meyd\Tj /u-fiTTjp,
i. e. Magna Mater, a name for
Cybele], n., pi., festival of Cybele,
whose worship was introduced
at Rome from Pessinus, in Asia
Minor, b. c. 204. The festival
began on April 4th, and the
games, at least in later times,
lasted till, the 10th. Ep. xviii.
melior, see bonus.
membrum, -I, n., limb, member;
part, branch, portion, division.
memini, -isse, , def., n. and
a., remember, recollect ; be mind-
ful, bear in mind.
Memmius, -1, m., C. Memmius,
tribune of the people, b. c. in.
He exposed the bribery of in-
fluential nobles by Jugurtha,
thus arousing bitter hatred.
When a candidate for the con-
sulship, B. c. 100, he was slain
by a mob acting under the di-
rection of Saturninus and Glau-
cia. Cat. IV. 11.
memor, -oris, [cf. memini], adj.,
mindful, remembering, heedful.
memoria, -ae, [memor], f., mem-
ory, remembrance, recollection ;
narration, tradition.
mendicitas, -atis, [mendlcus,
beggarly], £., beggary, indigence,
extreme poverty.
mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect,
soul ; feeling, disposition, heart,
spirit ; plan, purpose, design, in-
tent ; boldness, courage. captus
mente, beside himself.
mensis, -is, m., month.
mentio, -onis, f., mention.
mercator, -oris, [mercor, trade],
m., trader, merchant, dealer.
merces, -edis, f., price, pay, wages ;
reward, recompense.
mereor, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep.,
deserve, be entitled to, merit ;
merit recompense, behave.
merito [meritum], adv., deserved-
ly, justly.
meritum, -1, [meritus], n., merit,
service, kindness, favor.
meritus, -a, -um, [part of mereo],
adj., deserving ; deserved, just,
due, proper.
merx, mercis, f., goods, merchan-
dise, commodities, wares.
-met, enclitic suffix used with
most of the personal pronouns,
adding an intensive force.
Metellus, -1, m., name of a promi-
nent plebeian family of the Cae-
cilian gens. The Metelli men-
tioned in this book are:
(1) Q. Caecilius Metellus Nu-
midicus, consul B. C. 109. For
two years, first as consul, then
METUO
83
MIRIFICE
as proconsul, he conducted the
war against Jugurtha, with such
success that, although super-
seded in command by Marius,
he was honored with a triumph
on his return to Rome B. c. 107,
and received the honorary sur-
name Numidicus. Having in-
curred the enmity of the leaders
of the popular party, he was
driven into exile, b. c. 100, but
was recalled the following year.
Arch. hi.
(2) Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius,
son of the preceding, praetor
B. c. 89, consul B. c. 80. He re-
ceived the surname Pius (= 'De-
voted') because of his activity in
procuring the recall of his father
from exile. He was a successful
general under Sulla in the war
against the Marian party. Like
his father he was a patron of lit-
erature and the arts. Arch. hi.
etal.
(3) Q- Caecilius Metellus Creti-
cus, tribune of the people B. c.
75 ; legatus the following year,
and consul b. c. 69. He gained
his honorary surname from his
conquest of Crete, which he com-
pleted in two years, returning to
Rome b. c. 66. Imp. P. xix.
(4) Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer,
praetor b. c. 63, consul B. c 60.
He rendered valuable assistance
to Cicero in suppressing the con-
spiracy of Catiline, and was an
ardent supporter of the aristo-
cratic party. He died B. c 59.
Cat. I. viii., II. in., xii.
(5) M. Metellus, an associate
of Catiline, about whom nothing
further is known. Cat. I. viii.
metud, -ere, -ui, -utum, [metus],
3, a. and n., fear, be afraid,
dread ; be apprehensive of,
avoid.
metus, -us, m., fear, dread, appre-
hension, anxiety.
meus, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron.,
adj., of me, mine, my, my own.
As subst., mel, -orum, m., my
kindred, my friends.
mi, voc. of meus.
miles, militis, m. and f., soldier,
common soldier ; foot-soldier, in-
fantry; by metonymy, soldiery,
army.
militaris, -e, [miles], adj., of a
soldier, of war, warlike, military.
res militaris, art of war. signa
militaria, military standards.
militia, -ae, [miles], f., military
service, warfare, service, war ; by
metonymy, soldiery.
millesimus, -a, -um, [mille], adj.,
the thousandth.
minae, -arum, f., pi., of a wall,
projecting points, pinnacles ;
threats, menaces.
minime, see parum.
minimus, -a, -um, see parvus.
minitor, -ari, -atus sum, [freq.
of minor], 1, dep , keep threaten-
ing, threaten, menace.
minor, -ari, -atus sum, [minae],
1, dep., project ; threaten, men-
ace.
minor, see parvus.
Minucius, -a, name of a Roman
gens, with both patrician and
plebeian branches. Minucius,
-1, Minucius, an associate of Cati-
line. Cat. II. 11. See also
Basilus, Thermus.
minuo, -ere, minui, minutum,
[cf. minor], 3, a. and n., make
small, lessen, diminish ; reduce,
lo7ver, weaken.
minus, see parvus and parum.
mirabilis, -e, [miror], adj., mar-
vellous, wonderful, admirable; ex-
traordinary, strange, singular.
mirifice [mirificus], adv., wonder
fully, exceedingly.
MIROR
84
MODUS
miror, -ari, -atus sum, [mirus], i,
dcp., wonder at, marvel ; be as-
tonished, be amazed ; admire, es-
teem, regard.
minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful,
marvellous, strange, amazing, ex-
traordinary. Nee mirum, and
no wonder, and it is not strange.
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtum,
2, a., mix, mingle, blend ; unite,
join, associate, assemble ; stir up,
disturb, embroil.
misellus, -a, -um, [miser], adj.,
poor, wretched. As subst., mi-
sella, -ae, f., unhappy one, poor
thing. Ep. viii.
Misenum, -I, [= Ml<rr]v6v], n.,
Misenum, a promontory and
town on the coast of Campania,
west of Neapolis (= Naples) ;
now Capo Miseno, Miseno.
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched,
miserable, unhappy, pitiable ; sad,
distressing ; poor, worthless, vile.
Me miserum ! ah, unhappy me !
wo me !
miserandus, -a, -um, [part, of
miser or], adj., to be pitied, pitia-
ble, deplorable; wretched, touch-
ing.
miseria, -ae, [miser], f., wretch-
edness, affliction, misery, distress.
misericordia, -ae, [misericors] ,
{., tender-heartedness, compassion,
mercy, pity.
misericors, -cordis, [misereor +
cor], adj., tender-hearted, compas-
sionate ; merciful, pitiful.
Mithridates, -is, [= MiepMrrjs,
name of Persian origin, = given
to Mithras, gift to the Sun], m.,
Mithridates, name of several
kings of Pontus, of whom the
best known is Mithridates Eupa-
tor, also called the Great. He
waged war with Rome for many
years. He committed suicide,
b. c. 63. Imp. P. viii. et al.
Mithridaticus, -a, -um, [Mi-
thridates], adj., of Mithridates.
Mithridaticum bellum, the war
with Mithridates. ARCH. IX.
mitis, -e, adj., mild, mellozu, ripe ;
soft, gentle, kind.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, 3, a.,
send, despatch ; announce, report,
suggest ; furnish, produce ; dis-
miss, let go ; forget, cease ; re-
lease; put forth, send forth; hurl,
cast, throw.
mixtus, -a, -um, [part, of misceo],
adj., mixed, confused.
mobilis, -e, [moveo], adj., easy to
be moved, movable ; pliant, flex-
ible ; nimble, quick; inconstant,
fickle, changeable.
moderate [moderatus], adv.,
with moderation, with self-control,
moderately.
moderatio, -onis, [moderor], f.,
keep i fig within bounds, regula-
tion ; self-restraint, self-control,
moderation, temperance.
moderatus, -a, -um, [part, of mo-
deror], adj., kept within bounds,
restrained ; self -restrained, mod-
erate.
moderor, -arl, -atus sum, [mo-
dus], I, dep., to keep within
bounds, limit, regulate ; control,
restrain, govern.
modestus, -a, -um, [modus], adj.,
keeping within bounds ; gentle,
forbearing, modest, discreet.
modo [modus], adv. and conj. :
(1) As adv., only, merely, sim-
ply, but ; just now, lately, a little
while ago, recently. non modo
. . . sed, not only . . . but.
See dum.
(2) As conj., if only, on condi-
tion that, provided that.
modus, -I, m., measure, extent;
rhythm, melody ; proper measure,
moderation; limit, bound; way,
manner, fashion, method. hvi
MOENIA
85
MULTUS
iusce modi, of this sort, of such a
kind.
moenia, -ium, n., pi., walls for
defence, city walls, fortifications ;
by metonymy, walled town, city.
moles, -is, f., mass, bulk ; massive
structure, dam, dyke, foundation ;
weight, greatness, strength, quan-
tity ; difficulty, labor.
moleste [molestus], adv., with
difficulty, with vexation. mo-
leste ferre, to bear with vexa-
tion, to be annoyed.
molestia, -ae, [molestus], f., trou-
ble, annoyance, vexation, distress.
molestus, -a, -um, [moles], adj.,
troublesome, annoying, irksome,
grievous. quibus erat moles-
turn, who were annoyed.
molior, -irl, -itus sum, [moles],
4, dep., endeavor, strive, toil ; set
in motion, labor upon ; direct,
continue ; undertake, attempt ;
build, construct.
mollis, -e, adj., supple, pliant;
tender, delicate, soft ; mild, easy,
agreeable ; effeminate, weak.
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, a., re-
mind, admonish, warn ; instruct,
teach ; foretell, announce.
monstrum, -1, [moneo], n., omen,
portent, miracle ; prodigy, mon-
ster, monstrosity, abomination.
nionumentum, -1, [moneo], n.,
lit. means of reminding ; memo-
rial, monument; chronicle, rec-
ord.
mora, -ae, f., delay, pause ; cause
of delay, hindrance, obstacle.
morbus, -1, [morior], m., sickness,
disease, ailment, disorder.
morior, mori and moriri, mor-
tuus sum, 3 and 4, dep., die,
expire ; wither, decay, pass away.
mors, mortis, f., death ; by met-
onymy, dead body, corpse.
morsus, -us, [mordeo], m., biting,
bite ; pain, sting.
mortalis, -e, [mors], adj., subject
to death, mortal ; of a mortal,
human, transitory. As subst.,
mortales, -ium, m., pi., mortals,
mortal men, men, mankind.
mortuus, -a, -um, [part, of mo-
rior], adj., dead ; decayed. As
subst., mortui, -orum, m., pi.,
the dead.
mos, moris, m., manner, habit,
custom, way, humor ; usage, prac-
tice, fashion ; pi., mores, -um,
manners, morals, often charac-
ter.
motus, -us, [moveo], m., motion,
movement ; graceful movement,
gesticulation ; emotion, affection,
impulse, agitation ; disturbance,
tumult, commotion. terrae mo-
tus, earthquake.
moveo, -ere, movi, motum, 2, a.
and n., move, set in motion, dis-
turb, remove; excite, affect, stir
up ; produce, promote ; change,
transform.
mox, adv., soon, presently ; after-
wards ; thereupon, then, in the
next place.
mucro, -onis, m., point, edge, es-
pecially of a sword ; by metony-
my, sword ; sharpness, edge.
mulier, -eris, f., woman, female ;
wife.
muliercula, -ae, [dim. of mulier],
f., little woman, girl.
multitudo, -inis, [multus], f.,
great number, multitude, crowd,
throng.
multo, -are, -avi, -atum, [multa,
fine'], 1, a., punish.
multo [abl. n. of multus], adv.,
by much, much ; far, by far, very,
greatly.
multum [multus], adv., much,
greatly, far ; often, frequently.
multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup.
plurimus, adj., much, pi. many,
in large numbers; abundant,
MULVIUS
86
NATURA
considerable ; often used as subst.
in m. and n., pos., comp., and sup.
Mulvius, adj., Mulvian. Mul-
vius pons, the Mulvian bridge,
which crossed the Tiber two
miles north of Rome ; now
Ponte Molle. It was built
by M. Aemilius Scaurus, the
censor, b. c. 109. Cat. III. 11.
municeps, -ipis, [munia, official
duties, capio], m. and f., inhabi-
tant of a free town, citizen, bur-
gher ; fellow citizen.
municipium, -1, [municeps], n.,
free city, free town, municipality,
a city which had lost its inde-
pendence and submitted to
Rome, but which was permitted
to retain self-government in local
affairs, its citizens becoming Ro-
man plebeians.
munio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [moenia],
4, a., defend with a wall, wall ;
fortify, defend, . protect ; secure,
guard, strengthen.
munitus, -a, -um, [part, of mu-
nio], adj., fortified, defeitded ;
secure, safe.
munus, -eris, n., service, office,
employment, function, duty ; fa-
vor, kindness ; present, gift.
Murena, -ae, m., L. Licinius Mu-
rena. He went with Sulla to
Asia Minor b. c. 84, and re-
mained there as propraetor two
years. He provoked Mithri-
dates, who had made a treaty
with the Romans, to hostilities,
and after some successes suf-
fered defeat. He returned to
Rome in 81 B. C. and celebrated
an ill-deserved triumph. Imp.
P. in.
murus, -1, m., wall, especially of a
city, city wall.
Musa, -ae, [Mov<ra], f., Muse, one
of the nine Muses, goddesses of
music, poetry, and the sciences.
Mutinensis, -e, [Mutina], adj.,
of Mutina, an important city of
Cisalpine Gaul, now Modena.
proelium Mutinense, the battle
at Mutina, April 27, B. c. 43, in
which Antony was defeated and
forced to leave the city.
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
moveo], 1, a. and n., move, re-
move ; change, alter, transform ;
interchange, exchange.
mutue [mutuus], adv., in return,
mutually.
mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb, with-
ottt speech, speechless, voiceless ;
silent, mute, still.
mysterium, -1, [fxva-T-fjpiov], n., se-
cret rite, divine mystery, a secret
service in honor of some divinity
which only the initiated were
permitted to witness.
Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, [Mytile-
ne], adj., of Mytilene, a city on
the island of Lesbos; now My-
tilini.
N.
nam, conj., explanatory and causal,
for, for instance ; for, seeing that,
because, inasmuch as.
nanciscor, -1, nactus and nanc-
tus sum, 3, dep., obtain, secure,
get, receive ; meet with, fall in
with, find, reach ; incur.
nascens, -entis, [part, of nascor],
adj., rising, young, newly fledged.
nascor, nasci, natus sum, 3, dep.,
be born, be produced ; spring up,
grow, start ; arise, begin.
natio. -onis, [nascor, natus], f.,
birth ; breed, stock, kind ; nation,
people.
natura, -ae, [nascor], f., birth ;
innate quality, disposition ; in-
clination, temper, character ; law
of nature, course of things, nature,
world.
NATUS
87
NEGLEGENTIA
natus, -a, -um, [part, of nascor],
adj., born, produced, sprung from ;
designed by nature, constituted by
nature. As subst., natus, -I,
m., son.
naufragus, -a, -um, [navis + fran-
go], adj., shipwrecked, wrecked ;
ruined. As subst., naufragi,
-orum, m., pi., castaways; ruined
men, bankrupts.
nausea, -ae, [vavala, t/avs], f., sea-
sickness.
nauta, -ae, [for navita, from
navis], m., sailor, seaman.
nauticus, -a, -um, [= vo,vtik6s],
adj., of ships, of sailors, naval,
nautical.
navalis, -e, [navis], adj., of ships,
ship-, naval, nautical.
navicularius, -a, -um, [navicula],
adj., of a boat. As subst., na-
vicularius, -I, m., ship-master,
boat-owner.
navigatio, -5nis, [navigo], f., sail-
ing, navigation.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [navis
-f ago], i, n. and a., sail, set sail,
cruise ; sail over, navigate.
navis, -is, f., ship. navis longa,
ship of war, war-ship.
ne, adverb and conj. :
( i ) As adv., not. ne — qui-
dem, not — even.
(2) As conj., in order that not,
that not, lest, for fear that.
ne, [=vai, vfi], interj., truly, indeed,
verily. Cat. II. III.
-ne, enclitic adv. and conj. :
(1) As adv., purely interroga-
tive and marking a direct ques-
tion, untranslatable except in the
inflection of the voice.
(2) As conj., introducing an
indirect question, whether. -ne
— an, -ne ne, whether— -or.
Neapolitan!, -orum, m., pi., Nea-
politans, inhabitants of Neapolis,
now Napoli, Naples.
nec, neque, [ne-f- -que], adv. and
conj., and not, also not, nor, nor
yet, nor however. nec — nec,
neither — nor. nec — et, nec
que, on the one hand not —
on the other, not only not — but
also. nec non, and certainly,
and indeed. neque enim, for
— not, and yet — not.
necessario, [necessarius], adv.,
unavoidably , inevitably.
necessarius, -a, -um, [necesse],
adj., unavoidable, inevitable, press-
ing, needful. As subst., neces-
sarius, -1, m., kinsman, relative,
friend, client.
necesse, adj., n., indecl., unavoid-
able, inevitable, necessary. ne-
cesse est, it is inevitable, it is
necessary, one must.
necessitas, -atis, [necesse], f.,
unavoidableness, necessity, exigen-
cy ; need, want ; connection, rela-
tion sh ip, fr lends h ip.
necessitudo, -inis, [necesse], f.,
inevitableness, necessity; intimate
relation, relationship, intimacy,
friendship.
necne [nec + -ne], conj., found in
the second part of a double ques-
tion, direct or indirect, or not.
neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nex], 1,
a., kill, slay, put to death, destroy.
nefandus, -a, -um, [ne + fandus,
from for], adj., not to be men-
tioned, unutterable ; wicked, im-
pious, heinous, abominable.
nefarie [nefarius], adv., impiously,
heinously, abominably.
nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas], adj.,
impious, heinous, abominable, ne-
farious ; wicked, dastardly.
neglegenter, comp. neglegen-
tius, [neglegens], adv., care-
lessly, negligently, heedlessly.
neglegentia, -ae, [neglegens], f.,
carelessness, negligence, heedless-
ness, neglect.
NEGLEGO
88
NOBILIOR
neglego, -ere, neglexi, negle-
ctum, [nee + lego], 3, a., disre-
gard, neglect, not attend to, not
heed, slight ; despise, contemn,
treat with indifference.
nego, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and
a., say no ; deny, refuse, decline.
negotiolum, -1, [dim. of nego-
tium], n., small matter of busi-
ness, small affair.
negotior, -ari, -atus sum, [nego-
tium], 1, dep., do business, carry
on business, trade, traffic.
negotium, -1, [nee + otium], n.,
business, employment, occupation ;
difficulty, trouble ; matter, affair.
n§mo, pi. and gen. and abl. sing,
not in use, being replaced by
forms from nullus, [ne + homo],
m. and f., no one, no body. non
nemo, many a one, somebody.
nempe [nam + -pe], conj., cer-
tainly, without doubt, obviously, in-
deed ; of course, forsooth, to be sure.
nepos, -otis, m., grandson ; spend-
thrift, prodigal.
nequam, pos. indecl., comp. ne-
quior, sup. nequissimus, adj.,
worthless, vile, bad.
neque, see nee.
nequior, see nequam.
nequitia, -ae, [nequam], {., worth-
lessness, inefficiency ; wickedness,
vileness.
nervus, -1, m., sinew, muscle, ten-
don ; by metonymy, string of a
bow, bow-string ; of a musical in-
strument, string, chord.
nescio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, [ne
+ scio], 4, a., not know, be igno-
rant; often used in parenthetical
phrases expressing uncertainty.
nescio an, / know not whether
= perhaps, probably. nescio
quid, nescio quod, / know not
what =■ something, some, certain.
nescio quo modo, I know not
how =■ somehow.
neu, see neve.
neve, or neu, [ne 4- -ve], conj.,
and not, nor ; and that not, and
lest, and in order that not.
nex, necis, f., death by violence,
murder, slaughter.
nihil, or nil, [ne + hilum, triffe],
n., indecl., nothing ; ace. often
with adverbial force, not at all,
in no respect, by no means.
Nilus, -1, [NelXos], m., Nile, the
great river of Egypt. Mar. ix.
nimirum [nl 4- mirum], adv.,
doubtless, without doubt, certainly;
to be sure, truly.
nimis, adv., too, too much, beyond
measure, excessively.
nimium [nimius], adv., too much,
too; very, greatly, exceedingly.
nimius, -a, -um, [nimis], adj., ex-
cessive, beyond measure, too great,
too much. As subst., nimium,
-1, n., too much, excess.
nisi [ne + si], conj., if not, unless,
except, save only. nisi vero,
ironical, unless perchance, unless
perhaps, nisi quod, except that.
niteo, -ere, -ui, , 2, n., shine,
glisten ; be sleek, look spruce ;
thrive.
nitidus, -a, -um, [cf. niteo], adj.,
shining, bright, glittering; sleek,
spruce, trim, blooming.
nix, nivis, f., snow.
Nobilior, -oris, [nobilis], m.,
name of a family of the Fulvian
gens. The most distinguished
member was M. Fulvius Nobi-
lior, who was curule aedile b. c.
195, and praetor two years later.
When consul, B. c. 189, he set
out against the Aetolians, taking
the poet Ennius with him. Hav-
ing been successful in his expe-
t dition, he returned to Rome B. C.
187, and celebrated the most
magnificent triumph and games
witnessed up to that time. He
NOBILIS
89
NOVUS
was a patron of the liberal arts,
and left many public works.
Arch. xi.
nobilis, -e, [cf. nosco], adj., well-
known, famous, renowned, il-
lustrious ; high-born, of noble
descent ; noble, excellent, fine.
nobilitas, -atis, [nobilis], f., ce-
lebrity, fame ; high birth, noble
origin ; aristocracy, nobles ; no-
bility, excellence, superiority.
nocens, -entis, [noceo], adj.,
harmful, hurtful ; guilty, crim-
inal. As subst, nocens, -entis,
m., culprit, criminal.
nooeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n. and
a., harm, hurt, injure; inflict
injury, do mischief.
nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox], adj.,
of night, by night, nocturnal.
nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne +
volo], irr., n., wish not, will not,
not wish, not will, be unwilling.
noli esse, be not.
nomen, -inis, [cf. nosco], n.,
name, appellation, designation ;
fame, renown, repute.
nominatim [nomino], adv., by
name ; expressly, in particular,
especially.
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum,
[nomen], 1, a., call by name,
name ; render famous, make re-
nowned : nominate, designate ;
mention, report ; accuse, charge.
11611, [old noenum, from ne +
oenum, = unum], adv., not, not
at all, by no means. non modo
— sed, not only — but. non
nisi, only. non tam, not par-
ticularly, not so very.
Nonae, -arum, abbreviated Non.,
[nonus], f., the Nones, one of the
days of the month to which dates
were reckoned in the Roman
calendar. It was the ninth day
before the Ides, and hence came
on the fifth day of the month,
except in March, May, July, and
October, when it fell on the
seventh. See Idus, Kalendae.
iioiidum [non-f-dum], adv., not
yet.
1161111 e [non -f -ne], inter, adv.
expecting an affirmative answer,
in a dir. question, not ; in an
indir. question, if not, whether
not.
nonus, -a, -um, [novem], num.
adj., ninth.
nos, nostrum, see ego.
nosco, -ere, novi, notum, 3, a.,
become acquainted with, get knowl-
edge of, learn ; in tenses from
pf. stem, have learned, hence
know, be familiar with, under-
stand.
noster, -tra, -trum, [nos], poss.
pron. adj., our, ours, our own,
of us. de nostro omnium in-
teritu, about the destruction of us
all. Cat. I. iv.
nostras, -atis, [noster], adj., of
our country, native. Ep. xvni.
nota, -ae, [cf. nosco], f., mark,
sign ; stamp, spot ; letter ; nod,
token ; mark of ignominy, dis-
grace.
noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota], 1,
a.., mark, stamp ; note, observe ;
single out, designate ; censure,
reprimand.
notus, -a, -um, [part, of nosco],
adj., known, familiar ; well-
known, famous, notorious ; of ill
repute, ill-reputed.
novem or Villi., IX., num. adj.,
nine.
November, -bris, -bre, [novem],
adj., lit. of the ninth ; of Novem-
ber, the ninth month reckoning
from March, which the early
Romans considered the first
month of the year.
novus, -a, -um, adj., new, re-
cent, fresh, young ; unfamiliar
NOX
90
OBEO
strange ; last, latest, extreme.
res novae, new things ; in a po-
litical sense, innervations, revolu-
tion, tabulae novae, new ac-
counts, a new account, meaning
the cancelling or abolition of
debts.
nox, noctis, f., night; by meto-
nymy, darkness, obscurity.
nudius [for nunc dies, sc. est],
adv., used only with an ordinal
number in phrases expressing
time, it is nozu the . . . day
since, nudius tertius, it is now
the third day, day before yester-
day.
nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare,
uncovered ; often, without an
ottter garment or without a shield,
lightly clad, exposed ; vacant, des-
titute, without ; mere, only.
nullus, -a, -um, gen. nuUius, [ne
-f- ullus], adj., not any, none,
no. As subst, nullus, -lus, m.,
nobody, no one, ?to man. non
nullus, some one, pi. some. nul-
lus non, every, all.
num, inter, adv., usually expecting
a negative answer, in a direct
question, now, theft, or, following
a negative translation of the
question, . . . not so, . . . is it?
in an indirect question, whether,
if-
Numantia, -ae, f., Numantia, an
important city in Spain near the
upper course of the river Durius.
It was besieged and destroyed by
Scipio Africanus B.C. 134.
nunien, -inis, [nuo], n., nod ; will,
command; divine will, divhie
power, divinity, deity ; divine fa-
vor, favor of the gods.
numerus, -1, m., number; large
number, multitude, quantity,
body; rank, position, place;
measure of music or poetry,
rhythm, time, numbers.
Numidicus, -a, -um, [Numidia],
adj., Numidian, of Numidia, a
country in northern Africa be-
tween Mauritania and the terri-
tory of Carthage ; modern A 1-
giers. See Metellus (1).
iiummus, -I, m., coin, money ; re-
ferring to the Roman silver coin
. of account, sestertius, sesterce;
penny, farthing, trifle.
numquam [ne + umquam] , adv.,
never, at no time ; by no means.
nunc [num + -ee], adv., now, at
this time, at present, at the pres-
ent time ; under these circum-
stances, as it is, as matters are.
nuntio, -ares -avl, -atum, [nun-
tius], 1, a., announce, declare;
report, communicate.
nuntius, -a, -um, adj., that brings
tidings, announcing, informing.
As subst., nuntius, -1, m., news-
carrier, messenger, reporter ;
nezvs, message, tidings.
nuper, sup. nuperrime, [novus +
per], adv., lately, recently, not
long since.
nuptiae, -arum, [nupta, bride], f.,
pi., jnarriage, wedding, nuptials.
nutus, abl. -u, found only in nom.j
ace, and abl. sing., ace. and abl.
pi., [nuo], m., nod ; compliance,
assent ; will, command.
O, interj., Of oh!
ob, prep, with ace, to, towards,
for, on account of, by reason of.
quam ob rem, wherefore, hence.
In composition ob is usually
assimilated before c, f, g, p, but
remains unchanged before other
letters. It adds the meaning to*
wards, at, before, against*
obeo, -ire, -IvI, -itum, [ob + eo],
irr., n. and a., go to meet ; come
OBICIO
91
OBSTO
up to, reach ; go over, traverse,
visit; engage in, undertake, enter
upon ; perform, discharge, ex-
ecute, accomplish ; of a crime,
commit.
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [ob
+ iacio], 3, a., throw before;
offer, present, expose ; upbraid,
reproach with, taint.
obiurgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
iurgo], i, a., chide, rebuke, re-
prove ; urge, adjure.
oblectatio, -onis, [oblecto], f.,
delight, charm.
oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob
+ lacto, allure], I, a., delight,
amuse, entertain,, divert, inter-
est.
obligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
ligo], I, a., bind up; bind, ob-
lige, put under obligation ; pledge,
mortgage.
oblino, -ere, oblevi, oblitum,
[ob + lino], 3, a., besmear, smear,
stain, daub ; cover with, defile.
oblitus, see oblino.
oblitus, -a, -um, [part, of obli-
viscor], adj., forgetful, unmind-
ful, regardless.
oblivio, -onis, [obliviscor], f.,
forgetfulness, oblivion.
obliviscor, -vlsci, oblitus sum,
3, dtp., forget, be forgetful ; dis-
regard, neglect, omit.
oboedio, ire, -ivi, -itum, [ob +
audio], 4, n., hearken, listen;
give heed to, obey, yield obedience,
be subject.
obruo, -ere, obrui, obrutum, [ob
+ ruo], 3, a., overwhelm, cover,
bury ; overthrotv, destroy.
obscure [obscurus], adv., darkly,
indistinctly, obscurely, covertly.
obscuritas, -atis, [obscurus], f.,
obscurity, indistinctness, uncer-
tainty.
obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob-
scurus], I, a., make dark, darken,
obscure ; hide, conceal ; keep hid-
den, suppress.
obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark,
dusky, dim, obscure ; not known,
unfamiliar ; indistinct, unintel-
ligible, hard to understand ; ig-
noble, mean, low.
obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob -f-
sacro], I, a., beseech, implore, en-
treat.
obsecundd, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ob+ secundo], I, n., be favor-
able, comply with, humor, accom~
modate.
observans, -antis, [part, of ob-
servo], adj., watchful, attentive,
respectful.
observo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
servo], i, a., watch, heed, observe,
take notice of ; guard, keep ; treat
with respect, pay attention to, re-
gard, honor.
obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sedeo], m.
and f., hostage; security, pledge,
surety, assurance.
obsideo, -ere, obsedi, obsessum,
[ob + sedeo], 2, n. and a., stay,
remain; beset, invest, besiege ; lie
in wait for, look out for.
obsidio, -onis, [obsideo], f., siege,
blockade.
obsisto, -ere, obstiti, obstitum,
[ob -f- sisto], 3, n., take one's
stand before, stand in the way ;
withstand, oppose, resist.
obsolesco, -lescere, -levi, -le-
tum, [obs, old form of ob, +
unused olescS, grozv], 3, inch.,
grow old, become antiquated ; lose
force, become obsolete.
obstipesco, -ere, obstipui, ,
3, inch., be astounded, stand
amazed, be amazed ; become sense-
less, be stupefied.
obsto, -are, obstiti, obstatum,
[ob + st5], 1, n., stand before;
be in the way ; withstand, oppose^
hinder, thwart, restrain.
OBSTREPO
92
OCTAVIANUS
obstrepo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ob +
strepo], 3, n. and a., roar at,
resound, make a noise; outbawl,
drown out by cries.
obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, pass, obstupefio, -fieri,
-f actus sum, [ob + stupefacio],
3, a., astonish, amaze, astound,
benumb.
obsum, -esse, -fui, [ob + sum],
irr., n., be against; injure, hurt,
be prejudicial to.
obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ob + tempero], i, n., comply,
conform, submit, obey.
obtined, -ere, obtinui, obten-
tum, [ob + teneo], 2, a. and n.,
hold fast, keep, maintain ; assert,
prove, show.
obtingo, -ere, obtigi, , [ob +
tango], 3, a. and n., fall to one's
lot, befall ; happen, occur.
obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
tracto], I, a. and n., disparage,
underrate, decry ; raise objections
to, be opposed to, thwart.
obturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
turbo], i, a., stir up, trouble;
confuse, disturb, distract.
obviam [ob + viam], adv., in the
way, against, in face of, to meet.
mihi obviam venit, he came to
meet me.
occaeco, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob +
caeco, from caecus], i, a., make
blind, blind, darken ; delude.
occasio, -onis, [ob, cf. casus,
cado], {., opportunity, suitable
time, favorable moment, occasion ;
pretext, excuse.
occasus, -us, [ob + casus, from
cado], m., of the heavenly bod-
ies, going down, setting; by met-
onymy, sunset, west; downfall,
destruction, ruin, death.
occidens, -entis, pi. wanting,
[part, of occido], m., sunset, west.
ab occidente, in the west.
occido, -ere, occidi, occisum,
[ob + caedo], 3, a., strike down ;
cut down, kill, slay, murder.
occidS, -ere, occidi, occasum,
[ob + cado], 3, n., fall down,
fall ; die, perish, be slain ; of
heavenly bodies, go down, set.
occludo, -ere, occlusi, occlusum,
[ob -f claudo], 3, a., shut up,
close.
occulte [occultus], adv., secretly,
privately ; in concealment, in
secret.
occulto, are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of occulo, cover], I, a., conceal,
hide, secrete.
occultus, -a, -um, [part, of oc-
culo, cover], adj., concealed, cov-
ered up ; hidden, secret.
occupatio, -onis, [occupo], f.,
taking possession, seizure; busi-
ness, employment.
occupatus, -a, -um, [part, of
occupo], adj., absorbed, busy, en-
gaged, employed.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob,
cf. capio], 1, a., take possession of,
seize, gain ; fall upon, surprise,
attack; anticipate, outstrip ; take
up, e?nploy.
occurro, -ere, occurri, occur-
sum, [ob + curro], 3, n., run to,
run to meet, meet, fall in with ;
rush upon, attack ; oppose, resist ;
present itself or one's self, occur,
suggest itself, be thought of.
Sceanus, -i, ['fi/ceaj/os], m., the
great sea that encompasses the
land, outer sea, ocean.
Octavianus, -i, [Octavius], m.,
Octavian, usually called Augus-
tus ; born b. c. 63, son of C.
Octavius and Atia, daughter of
Julia, sister of Julius Caesar.
His name was at first the same
as that of his father, C. Octdvius.
He was adopted by Julius Cae-
sar, and his name became, ac-
OCTAVIUS
93
OPIMIUS
cording to the rule in such cases,
C. Iulius Caesar Octdvidnus.
The title Augustus was added
B. c. 27, when the supremacy of
Octavian as emperor was for-
mally recognized. His reign
lasted till his death, a. d. 14.
Ant. IV. 1. et seq., Ep. xliv.
Octavius, -a, [octavus], name of
a plebeian gens, raised to patri-
cian standing by Julius Caesar.
Cn. Octavius, consul B. C. 76, L.
Octavius, consul 75, and perhaps
other members of the family are
mentioned together by Cicero as
Octavii,gen. -orum (Arch. hi.).
The father of L. Octavius was
Cn. Octdvius, a partisan of Sulla,
consul with Cinna B. c. 87. As
Cinna endeavored to bring back
the party of Marius to power,
Octavius opposed him with force.
In the violent conflict that en-
sued he was murdered. Cat.
III. x.
octavus, -a, -urn, or VIII., [octo],
num. adj., eighth.
October, -bris, -bre, [octo], adj.,
lit. of the eighth ; of October.
oculus, -1, m., eye.
6dT, odisse, fut. part, ostums, def.,
a., hate ; dislike, be displeased with.
odiosus, -a, -una, [odium], adj.,
hateful, offensive ; unpleasant,
disagreeable.
odium, -1, [cf. odi], n., hatred,
grudge, ill-will, enmity ; offence,
aversion, abomination, nuisance;
disgust, dissatisfaction.
offendd, -ere, offendl, offensum,
[ob + unused fendo], 3, a. and
n., strike against, stumble ; hit
upon, find ; commit a fault, of-
fend, be offensive ; vex, displease.
offensio, -orris, [offendo], f., stum-
bling ; aversion, dislike, disgust,
hatred ; mishap, misfortune, de-
feat.
offensus, -a, -um, [part, of of-
fendo], adj., offended, vexed,
imbittered ; offensive, odious.
ofifero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum,
[ob + fero], irr., a.., present, offer,
exhibit; bring forward, adduce ;
bestow, confer.
officiosus, -a, -um, [officium],
adj., courteous, obliging, servicea-
ble.
officium, -1, [for opificium, opus
+ facio], n., service, kindness, fa-
vor, courtesy; duty, obligation;
office, function, employment.
offundo, -ere, offudi, offusum,
[ob + fundo], 3, a., pour out,
pour down; fill to overflowing,
flood, fill.
olini [cf. ollus, old form of ille],
adv., at that time, formerly, once,
long since ; ever ; some time, some
day, hereafter.
omen, -irris, n., omen, sign, token,
harbinger.
omitto, -ere, omlsl, omissum,
[ob + mitto], 3, a., let go, let
loose ; lay aside, give up, dis-
miss, neglect ; pass by, pass over,
omit.
omnino [omnis], adv., altogether,
wholly, at all, by all means, cer-
tainly ; with numerals, in all,
just.
omnis, -e, adj., all, every, entire ;
all sorts of. As subst., pi.,
omnes, -ium, m. and f., all men,
all ; omnia, -ium, n., everything,
all things.
onus, -eris, n., load, bur den, freight,
cargo ; weight, trouble, difficulty.
opera, -ae, [opus], f., effort, exer-
tion, work, labor ; service.
Opimius, -1, m., L. Opimius, con-
sul-B. c. 121. He was an ardent
and unscrupulous adherent of the
aristocratic party, and was re-
sponsible for the death of C.
Gracchus. Cat. 1. 11.
OPLMUS
94
ORIENS
opimus, -a, -um, adj., fat ; fertile,
fruitful, rich ; abundant, sump-
tuous, noble.
opinio, -onis, [opinor], f., opinion,
supposition, conjecture, expectation.
praeter opinionem, contrary to
expectation, opmione celerius,
sooner than was expected.
opinor, -arl, -atus sum, I, dep.,
be of the opinion, suppose ; conjec-
ture, imagine, think, judge.
opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, [ops,
cf. tuli], i, dep., bear aid, aid,
help, assist, succor,
oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2, impers.,
it is necessary, it behooves. me
oportet, J ought, I must.
oppeto, -ere, -IvI, -Itum, [ob +
peto], 3, a,, go to meet, encounter.
oppido [abl. of oppidum], adv.,
very, exceedingly, very much.
oppidum, -1, n., town, city.
oppono, -ere, opposui, opposi-
tum, [ob + pono], 3, a., place
opposite, set before, oppose ; bring
forward, present, adduce.
opportunities, -atis, [opportu-
nus], I., suitableness, fitness , ad-
vantage.
opportunus, -a, -um, [ob, porto],
adj., suitable, fit, convenient ;
meet, advantageous, useful.
oppositus, -us, used only in abl.
sing, and ace. pi., [oppono], m.,
placing against, opposition, inter-
position.
oppressus, see opprimo.
opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppres-
sum, [ob + premo], 3, a., press
against, press upon ; oppress,
weigh down, overwhelm, cover ;
put down, suppress ; overthrow,
crush, subdue; of a fleet, sink.
oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob
+ pugno], 1, a., attack, assail;
assault, storm, besiege.
ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not
in use, f., aid, assistance, help,
support ; power, ability ; often in
pi., property, riches, means, re-
sources, treasure, wealth.
optimas, -atis, [optimus], adj., of
the best, aristocratic. As subst,
optimas, -atrs, m., adherent of
the nobility, aristocrat.
optime, see bene.
optimus, see bonus.
opto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
choose, select, prefer ; wish, desire,
wish for, long for.
opus, -eris, n., work, task, labor,
toil ; structure, building ; work
of art, book; deed, action, effect;
in phrases with esse, necessity ;
as opus est, it is necessary, there
is need of, often followed by the
abl. magno opere, very much,
exceedingly, greatly ; earnestly,
vehemently, urgently. tanto
opere, so much, so very, in so
great a measure.
6r a, -ae, f., edge, border ; boundary,
limit; coast, sea-coast; by met-
onymy, territory, region, coun-
try.
6rati5, -onis, [oro], f., speaking,
speech, discourse ; diction, style ;
set speech, harangue, oration; sub-
ject, theme ; oratorical power, elo-
quence.
oratSrius, -a, -um, [orator], adj.,
of an orator, of oratory, oratori-
cal.
orbis, -is, m., ring, circle; orb,
disk; by metonymy, wheel ; re-
gion, country, territory ; round,
circuit. orbis terrae or terra-
rum, earth, world, universe.
ordior, -ire, orsus sum, 4, dep.,
begin, commence ; set about, un-
dertake.
ordo, -inis, m., row, line ; order,
rank ; series, array.
oriens, -ientis, [part, of orior],
m., rising sun, morning sun ; by
metonymy, east, Orient.
ORIOR
95 .
PAETUS
orior, oriri, ortus sum, 4, dep.,
arise, rise, become visible ; spring,
descend, begin, originate ; be born,
be descended.
ornamentum, -1, [orno], n., out-
fit, equipment, apparatus ; mark
of honor, decoration ; distinction,
ornament.
5rnate [ornatus], adv., elegantly,
ornately.
ornatus, -a, -um, [part, of orno],
adj., fitted out, equipped, provided ;
furnished, decorated, adorned;
eminent, illustrious.
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., fit
out, equip, prepare ; adorn, em-
bellish, decorate; honor, distin-
guish.
6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, [os, mouth],
1, n. and a., speak ; argue, plead,
entreat, implore, beseech,
Orpheus, -el or -eos, ace. -eum,
-eaor-ea, ['Op(£ei5s],m., Orpheus:
(1) A mythical singer of Thrace,
son of Apollo and Calliope.
(2) A slave or freedman of
Cicero. Ep. viii.
Ortus, -us, [orior], m., a rising,
rise ; beginning, origin, source.
ortus solis, sunrise ; by metony-
my, east.
os, oris, n., mouth ; by metonymy,
face, look, countenance, features ;
orifice, aperture.
ostendo, -ere, ostendi, osten-
tum, [obs, old form of ob, +
tendo], 3, a., stretch out, spread
before; show, disclose, manifest,
point out ; make known, tell, de-
clare.
ostentatio, -onis, [ostento], f.,
exhibition, display ; vain display,
pomp, ostentation, boasting.
ostento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of ostendo], 1, a., show, exhibit ;
show off, display, parade, boast.
Ostieilsis, -e, [ostium], adj., of
Ostia, the seaport of Rome at
the mouth of the Tiber. 6s-
tiense incommodum, the disas-
ter at Ostia. Imp. P. xii.
ostium, -1, [os], n., door; by
metonymy, mouth, entrance.
Ocean! ostium, the mouth of
the Ocean, i. e. the Straits of
Gibraltar.
otiosus, -a, -um, [otium], adj., ai
leisure, unoccupied, disengaged ;
indifferent, neutral ; calm, quiet,
peaceful. As subst., otiosi,
-orum, m., pi , the idle, the neu-
tral, the peaceable.
otium, -I, n., leisure, ease, idleness;
repose, rest ; quiet, peace.
P.
P., see Publius.
paciscor, paciscl, pactus sum,
3, dep., agree, agree upon ; con-
tract, covenant, stipulate.
paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pax], 1,
a., make peaceful, pacify, subdue.
pactid, -onis, [paciscor], f., agree-
ment, covenant, contract, stipula-
tion.
pactum, -i, [pactus], n., agree-
ment, compact, manner, way,
means. nullo pacto, by no
means.
pactus, -a, -um, [part, of paci-
scor], adj., agreed, settled, stipu-
lated.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
paeniteo, -ere, -ui, , 2, a.,
make sorry ; be sorry, repent.
Impers., paenitet, -ere, paeni-
tuit, it makes sorry, it repents,
it grieves, it displeases, it offends.
me numquam paenitebit, 1
shall never regret. Cat. IV. X.
Paetus, -1, m., L. Papirius Paetus,
a friend of Cicero, who had a
residence near Naples. Ep. xxx.
See also Aelius.
PAGELLA
96
PARUM
pagella, -ae, [dim., cf. pagina], f.,
small page, little page, sheet of
writing-material.
palaestra, -ae, [iraKalarpa], £.,
wrestling-place, wrestling-school,
gymnasium ; by metonymy,
wrestling, wrestling-match ; school
of rhetoric, school ; practice, skill,
art.
palam, adv., openly, plainly, pub-
licly.
Palatums, -a, -urn, [Palatium],
adj., of the Palatine hill, Palatine.
Palatina palaestra, Cicero's
gymnasium on the Palatine. Ep.
III.
Palatium, -I, [Pales, an ancient
divinity of shepherds], n.,
Palatine, one of the seven hills
of Rome, southeast of the Fo-
rum. See Map, p. 76.
Pamphylia, -ae, [Ua/x(pv\ta], f.,
Pamphylia, a narrow country on
the south coast of Asia Minor,
bounded on the east by Cilicia,
on the north by Pisidia, and on
the west by Lycia.
Pansa, -ae, m., C. Vibius Pdnsa,
consul with A. Hirtius B.C. 43.
He was a partisan of Caesar.
Both Pansa and Hirtius set out
against Antony, and fell before
Mutina. Ep. xli., xliv.
panthera, -ae, [irdvdiip], f, pan-
ther.
Papius, -a, -um, adj., of a Papius.
lex Papia, the law of Papius, a
law proposed by C. Papius con-
cerning the expulsion of foreign-
ers from Rome. Arch. v.
par, paris, adj., equal ; as large as,
like; well-matched ; suitable.
paratus, -a, -um, [part, of paro],
adj., prepared, ready ; furnished,
provided ; versed, skilled.
par co, -ere, peperci and parsi,
parsum, 3, n., spare ; treat with
forbearance, use carefully, be in-
dulgent ; abstain, cease, refrain,
stop ; let alone, omit.
parens, -entis, [pario], m. and f.,
parent, father, mother ; ancestor,
progenitor.
pared, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n., ap-
pear, be visible ; obey, submit,
comply ; gratify, yield.
paries, -etis, m., wall, house wall.
Parilis, -e, [Pales], adj., of Pales,
an ancient Italian divinity of
flocks and shepherds. As subst.,
Parilia, -ium, n., pi., Parilia,
festival of Pales, celebrated an-
nually on April 21.
pario, parere, peperi, partum,
fut. part, pariturus, 3, a., bring
forth, give birth to, produce ; ac-
quire, obtain, secure ; procure, get,
gain.
paro, -are, -avT, -atum, 1, a. and
n., make ready, prepare, provide,
furnish, arrange ; intend, pur-
pose, design ; procure, acquire,
get.
parricida, -ae, [pater, caedo], m.,
murderer of a parent, parricide ;
murderer, assassin ; murderous
criminal, outlaw.
parricidium, -I, [parricida], n.,
murder of a parent, parricide ;
murder, assassination ; horrible
crime, treason.
pars, partis, f., part, portion, share,
division ; several, some ; pa7'ty,
side ; office, function ; rdle, char-
acter ; region, country ; direction,
end.
particeps, -cipis, [pars + capio],
adj., sharing, partaking. As
subst., particeps, -cipis, m.,
sharer, partner, comrade, col-
league.
partim [pars], adv., partly, in
part.
parum, comp. minus, sup. mini-
me, [cf. parvus], adv., too little,
not enough, insufficiently ; comp.,
PARVULUS
97
PAULUS
less, too little ; sup., least, in the
smallest degree, very little, not at
all, not in the least.
parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of par-
vus], adj., very small, little ;
young.
parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor,
sup. minimus, adj., little, small ;
inconsiderable, insignificant. As
subst, parvum, -I, n., a little.
parvi, of little value, of slight
moment, of small account. par-
vi refert, it matters little, it
makes little difference.
pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, 3, a.
and n., feed, nourish, support,
sustain ; pasture, attend ; feed
upon, feast ; pass., pascor, -1,
pastus sum, often with reflex,
sense, be fed, feed, feast upon.
passus, -us, [cf. pando], m., step,
pace, footstep ; track, trace.
pastio, -onis, [pasco], f., grazing,
pasturage, pasture.
pastor, -oris, [pasco], m., shep-
herd, herdsman.
patefacio, -facere, -feci, patefac-
tum, [pateo + facio], 3, a., open
up, lay open, throw open ; disclose,
bring to light.
pateo, -ere, -ui, , 2, n., lie
open, be open, stand open ; be
accessible, be exposed ; extend ; be
evident, be clear, be well known.
pater, -tris, m., father ; pi., fathers,
forefathers, ancestors ; elders, sen-
ators. See conscriptus.
paternus, -a, -um, [pater], adj.,
of a father, father's, paternal ;
of one's native country, of the
fatherland.
patientia, -ae, [pattens], f., long-
suffering, endurance, submission,
patience ; forbearance, indulgence,
lenity.
patior, pati, passus sum, 3, dep.,
suffer, bear, endure, undergo, meet
with ; allow, permit, let.
Patiscus, -I, m., Patiscus, an ac-
quaintance of Cicero, who, while
Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia,
obtained panthers for the shows
of the aediles at Rome. In B. c.
43 he was pro-quaestor in Asia.
Ep. xviii.
Patrensis, -e, [Patrae], adj., of
Patrae, a city on the south shore
of the entrance of the Gulf of
Corinth; now Patras. Ep.
xxxii.
patria, -ae, [patrius], f., father-
land, native country, native place ;
dwelling-place, home.
patricius, -a, -um, [pater], adj.,
of fatherly dignity ; patrician, no-
ble. As subst., patricii, -orum,
m., pi.) patricians, nobility.
patrimonium, -1, [pater], n., in-
heritance from a father, inherit-
ance, patrimony.
patrius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., of
a father, father's, fatherly ; of
one's fathers, ancestral.
patruus, -1, [pater], m., father's
brother, uncle on the father's side.
paucitas, -atis, [paucus], f., few-
ness, scarcity.
paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, small,
little. As subst., pi., pauci,
-orum, m., few, a few ; pauca,
-orum, n., a few things, little, a
few words, few words.
paulisper [paulum -f per], adv.,
for a little while, for a short time.
paulo [abl. of paulum], adv., by a
little, a little, somewhat. paulo
ante, a little while ago, shortly
before.
paulus, -a, -um, adj., little, small,
slight. As subst., paulum, -I,
n., a little, trifle.
Paulus, -I, [paulus], m., L. Aemi-
lius Paulus, named also Macedoni-
cus after his victory over Perseus,
born b. c. 230 or 229 ; consul 182
and 168 B. c. When consul the
PAX
98
PERCULSUS
first time he subdued the Ingauni,
a piratic people of Liguria, and
was honored with a triumph. In
168 b. c. he took command of the
war with Perseus, king of Mace-
donia, whom he completely de-
feated at the battle of Pydna.
He celebrated a splendid triumph
the following year, and died b. c.
160. Cat. IV. x.
pax, pacis, f., peace ; treaty, agree-
ment, reconciliation ; concord, har-
mony ; tranquillity, rest, quiet.
pace tua, by your leave, with
your permission. Mar. II.
peccatum, -I, [pecco], n., fault,
transgression, sin.
pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, I, n. and
a., make a mistake, transgress, of-
fend ; commit a fault, sin, do
wrong.
pecto, -ere, pexi, pezum, 3, a.,
comb, comb out.
pectus, -oris, n., breast, breast-
bone ; by metonymy, heart, soul,
feeling ; mind, understanding.
pecuarius, -a, -urn, [pecu, cattle'],
adj., of cattle. As subst, pecu-
aria, -ae, (properly sc. res), f.,
stock- raising, cattle-breeding.
pecunia, -ae, [pecus], f., lit.
wealth in cattle ; hence property,
wealth ; money.
pecus, -udis, f., a head of cattle,
meaning one of a number ; brute,
animal, beast ; especially, a sheep.
pedester, -tris, -tre, [pes], adj.,
on foot, pedestrian ; on land.
pedestres copiae, forces of in-
fantry.
peior, see malus.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3, a.,
strike, push ; drive away, force
back, banish, rout; remove, dis-
pel; of a musical instrument,
strike, touch, play.
Penates, -ium, [penus, provision],
m., pi., household gods, guardian
deities of the house, Penates ; by
metonymy, hearth, home.
pendeo, -ere, pependi, ,
[pendo], 2, n., hang, hang down ;
be suspended, overhang, float;
rest, be dependent ; be in sus-
pense, be undecided, hesitate.
penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.
and n., enter, penetrate ; make
way to, reach.
penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply,
far within ; thoroughly, utterly,
through and through.
pensito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of penso], 1, a., weigh out,
pay.
per, prep, with ace. only, through ;
of space, through, across, along,
over, among ; of time, through,
during, in the course of, at the
time of ; of agency, means, and
manner, through, by, by the hands
of, by means of, under pretence of,
for the sake of ; in oaths, in the
name of by.
In composition per adds the
force of through, thoroughly , per-
fectly, completely, very much,
very.
peradulescens, -entis, [per +
adulescens], adj., very young.
peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per,
ager], 1, a., wander through, pass
over, traverse.
perbenevolus, -a, -um, [per +
benevolus], adj., very friendly,
exceedingly kind.
perbrevis, -e, [per-f-brevis], adj.,
very short, very brief.
percello, -ere, perculi, percul-
sum, 3, a., beat down, strike
denvn, smite ; overthrow, destroy ;
deject, dishearten.
percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[per + capio], 3, a., take wholly,
seize ; perceive, observe ; learn,
know, understand.
perculsus, see percello.
PERCUSSOR
99
PERINDE
percussor, -oris, [percutio], m.,
striker, smiter ; murderer, assas-
sin.
percutio, -cutere, percussl, per-
cussum, [per+quatio, shake], 3,
a., strike through, thrust through,
pierce, transfix ; strike hard,
smite, hit, kill, slay. de caelo
percussus, struck by lightning.
perditus, -a, -um, [part, of perdo],
adj., lost, hopeless, rtiined, desper-
ate ; corrupt, profligate, incorri-
gible.
perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum,
[per + do], 3, a., make way with,
waste, destroy, ruin ; squander,
dissipate, lose utterly.
perduco, -ere, perduxl, perduc-
tum, [per + duco], 3, a., lead
through, conduct, guide; lengthen,
prolong ; win over, gain over, in-
duce.
peregrinatio, -onis, [peregrinor],
f., sojourning abroad, travelling,
wandering, travel.
peregrinor, -arc, -atus sum, [per-
egrinus], I, dep., sojourn abroad,
travel, wander, roam.
peregrinus, -a, -um, [per+ ager],
adj., strange, foreign, alien. As
subst., peregrinus, -1, m., for-
eigner, stranger.
pereo, -ire, -ii or -Ivi, -itum, [per
+ eo], irr., n., pass away, vanish,
disappear ; perish, be destroyed,
die ; be wasted, fail, be lost.
perfectio, -onis, [perficio], f., fin-
ishing, completion, perfecting, ac-
complishment.
perfectus, -a, -um, [part, of per-
ficio], adj., finished, complete, per-
fect, excellent.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [per
-f- fero], irr., a., bear through ;
bring, convey ; carry news, an-
nounce, report; carry through,
accomplish, bring about ; fut up
with y bear, suffer, endure.
perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
fut. part, perfecturus, [per +
facio], 3, a., carry through, com-
plete, accomplish ; bring about,
cause, effect.
perfringo, -ere, perfregi, per-
fractum, [per + frango], 3, a.,
break through, break in pieces,
shatter, fracture ; of laws, violate,
break.
perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum,
[per + fruor], 3, dep., enjoy fully,
be greatly delighted.
perfugium, -1, [perfugio], n.,
refuge, shelter, asylum.
perfungor, -fungi, -functus sum,
[per -{- fungor], 3, dep., perform,
discharge ; go through with, un-
dergo, get rid of, pass throtcgh.
pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum,
[per + reg5], 3, a. and n., go on,
proceed, advance, march ; hasten,
make haste.
pergratus, -a, -um, [per -f gra-
tus], adj., very agreeable, exceed-
ingly pleasant. As subst., per-
gratum, -1, n., a great favor, as
fecisti mihi pergratum, you
have do7ie me a great favor.
perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui,
, [per + horresco], 3, inch.,
become rough, bristle up ; quake
with terror, tremble greatly ;
shudder at, shudder to think of,
have a great horror of.
periclitor, -ari, -atus sum, [peri-
culum], 1, dep., try, test, make
trial of; imperil, risk, endanger.
periculosus, -a, -um, [pericu-
lum], adj., full of danger, dan-
gerous, perilous.
periculum, -1, n., trial, attempt ;
risk, hazard, danger, peril ; legal
action, lawsuit, suit.
perinde [per -f inde], adv., in
the same manner, just so, equally,
in like manner. perinde ac,
or &tque, just as.
PERINIQUUS
100
PERSPICIO
periniquus, -a, -um, [per -f inl-
quus], adj., very unfair, exceed-
ingly unjust.
peritus, -a, -um, adj., experienced,
practised ', trained ; skilled, skilful,
expert.
periucundus, -a, -um, [per + iu-
cundus], adj., very agreeable,
very acceptable.
permagnus, -a, -um, [per -f mag-
nus], adj., very great, very exten-
sive, exceedingly important. As
subst., permagnum, -I, n.,
a very great thing. permagni
interest, it is of very great im-
portance.
permaned, -ere, permansl, per-
mansum, [per + maneo], 2, n.,
remain, stay; hold out, continue,
persist.
permitto, -ere, permlsi, permis-
sum, [per + mitto], 3, a , let go;
commit, surrender, intrust, put in
charge of ; allow, suffer, permit,
grant.
permodestus, -a, -um, [per +
modestus], ad]., exceedingly mod-
est, very shy.
permoveo, -ere, permovi, per-
motum, [per + moveo], 2, a.,
move deeply ; arouse, agitate, in-
fluence, prevail upon.
permultum [permultus], adv.,
very much, very far.
permultus, -a, -um, [per 4- mul-
tus], adj., very much ; pi., very
many, in great numbers. As
subst., permultum, -1, n., a great
deal, very much.
permutatio, -onis, [permuto], f.,
complete change, revolution ; ex-
change, interchange, barter.
perniciSs, -el, [per + nex], f.,
destruction, ruin, overthrow, dis-
aster.
pernicidsus, -a, -um, [pernicies],
adj., destructive, ruinous, baleful,
pernicious.
pernocto, -are, -avi, fut. part, per-
noctattirus, [per -f nocto], 1, n.
remain all night, stay all night,
pass the night.
perpetuus, -a, -um, [per, cf. peto],
adj., continuous, uninterrupted,
constant, perpetual ; whole, entire.
As subst., n., in the phrase in
perpetuum, for all time, forever.
persaepe [per + saepe], adv.,
very often, very frequently.
perscribo, -ere, perscripsi, per-
scriptum, [per -f- scribo], 3, a.,
write in full, write out ; describe
fully in writing, recount, detail ;
of public documents, put on
record, record.
persequor, -sequl, -secutus sum,
[per + sequor], 3, dep., follow
persistently , follow after, pursue ;
prosecute, avenge; perform, ac-
complish ; set forth, relate.
Perses, -ae, [Ileptrrjs], m., Perses
or Perseus, last king of Macedo-
nia. He came to the throne B. c.
179. He entered into a war with
Rome B.C. 171, and was totally
defeated by L. Aemilius Paulus
at Pydna, b. c. 168. He adorned
the triumph of Paulus, B. c. 167
and passed the remainder of his
life in captivity. Cat. IV". x.
Imp. P. xviii.
perseverantia, -ae, [persevero]
f., steadfastness, persistency, per-
severance.
persevero, -are, -avi, -atum
[per, severus], 1, n. and a., con-
tinue steadfastly, persist, perse-
vere.
persona, -ae, [per, cf. sonus], f.
mask, part, character, role ; per
sonage, person.
perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, per
spectum, [per + specio], 3, a.
look through, look into; inspect
examine; perceive clearly, see
plainly, observe, discern, note.
PERSUADEO
101
PHILIPPUS
persuaded, -ere, persuasi, per-
suasum, [per + suadeo], 2, n.
and a., convince, persuade ; induce,
prevail upon.
perterreo, -ere, perterrul, per-
territum, [per + terreo], 2, a.,
frighten greatly, terrify.
pertimesco, -ere, pertimui, ,
[per -+- timesco], 3, inch., be
greatly alarmed, be much fright-
ened ; fear greatly, be much afraid
of
pertinacia, -ae, [pertinax], f.,
persistency, obstinacy, stubborn-
ness.
pertineo, -ere, -ui, , [per +
teneo], 2, n., reach, extend ; be-
long, pertain, concern, refer ; tend,
lead, be conducive, conduce.
perturbatus, -a, -um, [part, of
perturbo], adj., disturbed, agi-
tated, embarrassed, unsettled.
perturbo, -are, -avl, -atum, [per
-j- turbo], 1, a., greatly disturb,
throw into disorder ; disturb, con-
fuse, unsettle.
pervado, -ere, pervasi, perva-
sum, [per 4- vado], 3, n. and a.,
go through, spread through, pre-
vail ; penetrate, pervade, extend,
reach.
pervagatus, -a, -um, [part, of
pervagor], adj , wide-spread,
well-known. •
pervenio, -ire, pervenl, perven-
tum, [per + venio], 4, n., come
through, come up, arrive, reach ;
attain, come to ; come, fall.
Pescennius, -I, m., Pescennius, a
friend of Cicero who befriended
him during his exile, especially
during his stay at Brundisium.
Ep. viii.
pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis,
fero], adj., destructive, pernicious,
noxious, baleful.
pestilentia, -ae, [pestilens] , f.,
infectious disease, epidemic, pesti-
lence ; unhealthful climate, un~
wholesome atmosphere.
pestis, -is, f., plague, pest, pesti-
lence ; bane, curse ; ruin, destruc-
tion, death.
petitio, -onis, [peto], f., in fen-
cing or fighting, thrust, blow,
aim, attack ; canvass for votes,
candidacy ; claim, suit.
peto, -ere, petlvx and -il, peti-
tum, 3, a., strive for, aim at,
seek ; rush at, attack, assail ; de-
mand, require; beg, beseech, en-
treat; woo, court ; pursue ; wrest,
draw from.
petulantia, -ae, [petulans, pert],
f ., pertness, sauciness, impudence.
pexus, -a, -um, see pecto.
Philhetaerus, -1, [(f>i\4raipos, true
to comrades], m., Clodius Philhe-
taerus, a freedman of Cicero's.
Ep. viii.
Philippus, -1, [*iAi7T9ros], m.,
Philip, name of three persons
mentioned in this book :
(1) Philippus V., Philip V.,
king of Macedonia B. c. 220-
179. He was an active and able
ruler, and for a time greatly in-
creased the power of his state.
He entered into an alliance with
Hannibal, but rendered little
assistance against the Romans,
who, after the close of the second
Punic War, engaged in active
hostilities against him. He was
conquered in B. C. 196 and ob-
liged to submit to humiliating
terms. Imp. P. vr.
(2) L. Mdrcius Philippus, con-
sul B.C. 91. He was prominent
as an orator and as a political
leader. Imp. P. xxi.
(3) L. Mdrcius Philippus, pro-
praetor in Syria b. C. 59, consul
b. c. 56. He was the stepfather
of C. Octavius. During the civil
wars, however, he remained neu-
PHILOGENES
102
PLEBS
tral, and lived to see his step-
son the emperor Augustus. Ep.
xvi., xxxv,
Philogenes, -is, [<f>i\os, cf. ydvos],
m., Philogenes, a freedman of At-
ticus. Ep. xvi.
philosophia, -ae, [<piXo<ro<pia\, f.,
philosophy.
philosophus,-a, -um, [<pi\6<ro<po<f\,
adj., philosophical. As subst.,
philosophus, -I, m., philosopher.
Philotimus, -I, [QiKSrifios], m.,
Philotimus, a freedman of Cicero
or of Terentia. Ep. hi. et al.
piaculum, -I, [pio], n., propitia-
tory sacrifice, expiatory offering ;
victim offered in sacrifice, offering ;
atonement, sacrifice.
Picenum, -I, n., Picenum, z dis-
trict on the east coast of Italy,
lying northeast from Rome and
east of Umbria.
Picenus, -a, -um, adj., of Pice-
num, Picene.
pietas, -atis, [pius], f., dutiful
conduct, dutifulness, sense of
duty ; religiousness ; faithfulness
in discharge of duty, particularly
toward kindred ; duty, fealty, af-
fection, gratitude, loyalty, devotion ;
towards one's country , patriotism.
piget, -ere, piguit and pigitum
est, 2, a., impers., it annoys, it
troubles, it disgusts ; it causes to
repent, it makes sorry. nee
me piget, and I am not sorry.
pila, -ae, f., ball; by metonymy,
ball-playing, game of ball.
Pilia, -ae, f., Pilia, wife of Cicero's
friend Atticus, to whom she was
married B. c. 56. Ep. xix.
plnguis, -e, adj., fat, rich, fertile ;
dull, stupid.
Piso, -onis, m., C. Calpurnius Piso
Frugt, son-in-law of Cicero. He
was betrothed to Cicero's daugh-
ter Tullia B. C. 67, married B. c.
63. He was quaestor, b. c. 58,
and made every effort to secure
the recall of Cicero from banish-
ment. He died the following
year. Ep. viii., ix.
pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, con-
scientious, devout, religious ; de-
voted, especially to kindred ;
faithful, loving, filial.
Pius, -1, [pius], m., Pius, honorary
surname of Q. Caecilius Metellus.
See Metellus, (2).
pi., see plebs.
placeo, -ere, -ui or -itus sum, 2,
n., please, be pleasing ; give pleas-
ure, meet with approval, suit,
satisfy; often impers., placet,
-ere, -itum est, it pleases, it is
agreed, it seems right, it is re-
solved, it is decided.
placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. pla-
ced], 1, a., quiet, soothe, calm;
appease, conciliate, reconcile.
Plancius, -1, m., Cn. Plancius,
quaestor in Macedonia B. c. 58,
where he showed great kindness
to Cicero, then in exile. Some
years later Plancius was charged
with bribery at an election and
defended by Cicero, who secured
his acquittal. Ep. ix.
Plancus, -I, m., L. Mundtius Plan-
cus, consul b. c. 42. He was a
lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul
(Caes. Bel. Gal. v. 24, 25), and
afterwards a partisan of the Dic-
tator. After the death of Caesar
he was active in political affairs
until .the establishment of the
Empire. Ep. xlv.
plane [planus], adv., plainly, clear-
ly, distinctly ; wholly, quite.
Plato, -onis, SJ1\6,twv\, m., Plato,
a Greek philosopher.
plebs, plebis, and plebes, -ei or
-1, often abbreviated pi., plural
wanting, f., common people, com-
mons, common folk, populace;
mass, throng, multitude.
PLENUS
103
POPINA
plgnus, -a, -um, [cf. -pleo], adj.,
full, filled; complete, whole;
abounding, rich.
plerumque [plerusque], adv., for
the most part, generally, common-
ly, very often.
plerusque, -raque, -rumque,
[plerus], adj., a very great part,
the majority, most. As subst.,
plerlque, -orumque, m., pi., the
greater part, the majority, about
all.
Plotius, -I, m., L. Plotius Gallus,
a native of Cisalpine Gaul, and
a rhetorician. He opened a
school for the study of Latin and
rhetoric at Rome about 88 b. c.
Arch. ix.
plurimum [plurimus], adv., very
much, very greatly ; for the most
part, commonly.
plurimus, -a, -um, see multus.
plus, pluris, see multus.
podagra, -ae, [iroddypa], f., gout.
Ep. xxix.
poena, -ae, [iroivij], f., compensa-
tion, recompense ; penalty, pun-
ishment, retribution, vengeance.
Poem, -orum, m., pi., Phoeni-
cians ; Carthaginians.
poeta, -ae, [TroirjT-fis], m., poet.
polio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, a., smooth,
polish ; adorn, decorate, embel-
lish.
polliceor, -erl, -itus sum, [por,
for pro, + liceor], 2, dep., offer,
promise.
Pompeianus, -a, -um, [Pompeii],
adj., Pompeian, of Pompeii, a city
in the southern part of Campa-
nia, near Neapolis (Naples), bu-
ried by an eruption of Vesuvius,
A. D. 79. As subst., Pompeia-
num, -1, n., estate near Pompeii,
Pompeian villa, belonging to
Cicero. Ep. hi., xxix.
Pompeius, -a, name of a plebeian
gens. The most distinguished
person bearing the name was
Cn. Pompeius Magnus, born
Sept. 30, b. c. 106. He was
victorious over the pirates and
over Mithridates, was a member
of the first triumvirate, and was
killed in Egypt, whither he had
fled for refuge, after the battle of
Pharsalia, Sept. 29, b. c. 48.
Pomponia, -ae, f., Pomponia, sis-
ter of Cicero's friend Atticus, and
wife of Q. Cicero, the orator's
brother. Ep. hi.
Pomponius, -a, name of a ple-
beian gens. The best known
member is T. Pomponius Atticus.
See Atticus.
Pomptlnus, -1, m., C. Pomptinus,
praetor when Cicero was consul,
b. c. 63. He rendered important
service in crushing the Catilina-
rian conspiracy. In B. c. 51 he
was legatus to Cicero in Cilicia.
Cat. III. 11., in., vi.
pond, -ere, posui, positum, 3, a.,
set down, place, set, put ; lay, fix,
station ; lay aside, take off ; allay,
quiet ; spend, employ ; count,
reckon, consider ; assert, allege,
maintain ; propose, offer ; put
away, dismiss ; of arms, lay
down.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
pontifex, -icis, [pons, cf. facio],
m., high-priest, pontiff, pontifex.
Pontifex Maximus, supreme
pontiff, chief of the priests, the
chief of the guild of pontifices, or
pontiffs, who had the supervision
of all sacred observances at
Rome.
Pontus, -T, [u6vros], m., Pontus,
a large country in the northeast-
ern part of Asia Miaor, south of
the Pontus Euxinus, from which
it received its name.
popina, -ae, f., eating-house, cook*
shot).
POPULARIS
104
POTIS
popularis, -e, [populus], adj., of
the people ; devoted to the people,
democratic ; acceptable to the peo-
ple, popular.
populus, -X, m., people, nation ;
multitude; host, throng. po-
pulus Eomanus, the Roman peo-
ple, meaning the whole body of
citizens taken together, as distin-
guished from foreign peoples or
from the classes and factions at
Rome.
porta, -ae, f., gate of a city, city-
gate, gate ; passage, outlet.
portentum, -I, [portendo], n.,
omen, sign, portent; monster,
monstrosity.
portuosus, -a, -urn, [portus], adj.,
rich in harbors, supplied with
harbors.
portus, -us, m., harbor, port ; ha-
ven, refuge. ex portu vecti-
gal, revenue from customs. '
positus, -a, -um, [part, of pono],
adj., placed, situated, lying.
possessio, -onis, [por, for pro, +
sedeo], f., taking possession, seiz-
ure ; occupation, possession ; es-
pecially in pi., property, estates,
possessions.
possideo, -sidere, -sedl, -sessum,
[por, for pr5, -f sedeo], 2, a.,
possess, be master of, own ; hold
possession of, occupy.
possido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
[por, for pro, + sido], 3, a., take
possession of, possess one's self of,
occupy, seize.
possum, posse, potui, [potis +
sum], irr., n., be able, can, have
power ; have influence, avail.
post, adv., of place, behind, back,
backwards ; of time, afterwards,
after, later, next.
post, prep, with ace, after ; of
place, behind; of time, after,
since ; of other relations, after,
inferior to, beneath, next to.
postea [post + ea], adv., after
that, thereafter, later ; then, after-
wards, postea quam, fol-
lowed by a clause, after, after
that.
posteritas, -atis, [posterus], f.,
future time, the future ; future
generations, posterity. in pos-
teritatem,/<?r the future.
posterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m.
not found, comp. posterior, sup.
postremus, [post], adj., follow-
ing, coming after, subsequent, fu-
ture. Comp., posterior, -us,
later, inferior, less important.
Sup., postremus, -a, -um, last,
hindmost ; lowest, worst. As
subst, posteri, -orum, m., pi.,
men of the future, descendants,
posterity; also, n. sing, in the
phrase in posterum, = in pos-
terum tempus, for the future.
posthac [post + hac], adv., after
this, henceforth, hereafter, in the
future.
postremo [postremus], adv., at
last, finally, lastly.
postremus, see posterus.
postridie [posterX -f- die], adv.,
the next day, the day after.
postulo, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a.,
ask, request ; demand, require,
claim, desire.
potSns, -entis, [part, of possum],
adj., able, strong, powerful,
mighty ; potent, influential.
potestas, -atis, [potis], f., ability,
power, capacity ; authority, sover-
eignty ; magistracy, office ; oppor-
tunity, privilege.
potior, -Xrl, -Xtus sum, [potis], 4,
dep., become master of, take pos-
session of, obtain, acquire; be
master of, hold, possess.
potis or pote, comp. potior, sup.
potissimus, pos. indecl., adj.,
able, capable. Comp., better,
preferable, superior, more impor-
POTISSIMUM
105
PRAEFERO
tant. Sup., chief, principal,
most prominent.
potissimum [potissimus] , adv.,
chiefly, principally ; especially,
above all, most of all.
potius [potis], adv., comp., rather,
more.
potus, -a, -um, adj., that has drunk,
drunken. bene potus, having
drunk freely. Er. xxxvm.
pr., see pridie.
PR., see praetor.
prae, prep, with abl., before, in
front of ; in comparison with,
compared with, in view of; by
reason of on account of, because
of. In composition, before, very.
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae +
habeo], 2, a., hold forth, offer;
give, furnish, supply, grant ; pre-
sent, show.
praeceps, -cipitis, [prae + caput] ,
adj., headlong, head foremost, in
haste ; steep, precipitous, abrupt ;
rash, hasty, inconsiderate.
praeceptum, -I, [praecipio], n.,
maxim, precept, teaching; injunc-
tion, direction, order.
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, prae-
ceptum, [prae + capio], 3, a.
take beforehand, anticipate; ad-
vise, admonish, instruct, enjoin,
bid.
praecipue [praecipuus], adv.,
especially, chiefly, eminently.
praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae, cf.
capiS], adj., lit. taken before
others ; hence, special, particular,
peculiar ; eminent ; distinguished;
extraordinary .
praeclare [praeclarus], adv., very
clearly, very plainly ; excellently,
admirably.
praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae +
clarus], adj., very bright; splen-
did, admirable, excellent ; distin-
guished, famous, illustrious, re-
nowned.
praeco, -onis, [prae-1- voco], m.,
crier, herald ; auctioneer ; eulogist.
praeconium,.-!, [praeconius, from
praeco], n., proclaiming, herald-
ing ; commendation, eulogy.
praecurro, -ere, praecucurri,
, [prae + curro], 1, n. and a.,
run before, hasten on before ; out-
strip, surpass, excel.
prae da, -ae, f., booty, plunder,
spoil ; by metonymy, gain, profit.
praedator, -oris, [praedor], m.,
plunderer, pillager.
praedicatio, -onis, [praedico], f.,
proclaiming, proclamation ; com-
mendation, praise.
praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae
-f dico], 1, a. and n., proclaim,
announce ; relate, declare openly,
assert ; praise, boast. ut prae-
dicas, as you assert.
praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum,
[prae -f- dico], 3, a., tell before-
hand, foretell, predict; advise,
warn, admonish.
praeditus, -a, -um, [prae +
datus], adj., gifted, endowed,
provided.
praedium, -1, n.,farm, estate.
praedd, -onis, [praeda], m., plun-
derer, robber.
praedor, -ari, -atus sum, [prae-
da], I, dep., take booty, plunder,
rob, spoil.
praefectiira, -ae, [praefectus], f.,
overseership, office of prefect, pre-
fectship ; prefecture, a subject
community governed by a pre-
fect sent from Rome.
praefectus, -1, [praeficio], m.,
overseer, director, prefect; gov-
ernor, commander ; cavalry cap-
tain.
praeferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[prae + fero], irr., a., carry in
front of, bear before, bear for-
ward ; place before, set before,
prefer ; manifest, reveal.
PRAEFICIO
106
PRAETEXTATUS
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, praefec-
tum, [prae + facio], 3, a., set
over, put in charge ; appoint to
command, place at the head.
praefulciS, -ire, praefulsi, prae-
fultum, [prae -f fulcio], 4, a.,
prop up, support ; make sure.
praemitto, -ere, praemisi, prae-
missum, [prae + mitto], 3, a.,
send forward, despatch in ad-
vance.
praemium, -1, [prae, cf. emo], n.,
advantage, favor ; reward, recom-
pense, prize, booty.
praemunio, -ire, -IvT, -itum, [prae
+ munio], 4, a., fortify in front,
protect ; set forth as a defence ;
secure beforehand.
Praeneste, -is, n., Praeneste, an
ancient city of Latium, 23 miles
east of Rome ; now Palestrina.
Cat. I. in.
praepono, -ere, praeposul, prae-
positum, [prae + pono], 3, a.,
place before ; set over, put in
charge, place in command, ap-
point ; set before, prefer.
praescribo, -ere, praescripsi,
praescriptum, [prae + scrlbo],
3, a., write before ; determine be-
forehand, order, prescribe, give
directions.
praesens, -entis, [part, of prae-
sum], adj., at hand, present, in
person ; prompt, instant, impend-
ing ; powerful, influential ; fa-
voring, propitious.
praesentia, -ae, [praesens], f.,
presence ; present time.
praesentio, -ire, praesens!, prae-
' sensum, [prae + sentio], 4, a.,
perceive in advance, presage, di-
vine.
praesertim [prae, cf. sero], adv.,
especially, chiefly ; particularly,
principally.
praesided, -ere, praesedi, ,
[prae 4-sedeol, 2, n and a., lit.
sit before ; hence watch over,
guard, protect ; preside over, di-
rect, manage.
praesidium, -1, [praeses], n., de-
fence, protection ; guard, garri-
son ; post, intrenchment, fortifi'
cation; aid, help, assistance.
praestans, -antis, [part, of prae-
sto], adj., pre-eminent, excellent,
superior, distinguished.
praesto, adv., at hand, present,
here.
praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum or
-stitum, [prae + sto], 1, n. and
a., stand before ; stand out, excel,
be pre-eminent, be excellent ; vouch
for, be responsible for, answer for ;
fulfil, perform, discharge ; main-
tain, keep, preserve.
praestolor, -arl, -atus sum, 1,
dep., stand ready for, wait for.
praesum, -esse, -fui, [prae +
sum], irr., n., be set over, have
charge of, rule, command.
praeter [prae], prep, with ace,
past, by, before, in front of, along ;
contrary to, against; except, be-
sides, apart from. In composi-
tion, past, by, beyond, besides.
praeterea [praeter + ea], adv.,
besides, moreover, further.
praetereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum,
[praeter + eo], irr., a. and n., go
by, go past, pass by ; pass over,
disregard, omit.
praeteritus, -a, -um, [part, of
praetereo], adj., gone by, past.
As subst., praeterita, -orum, n.,
pi., the past, bygones.
praetermitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missum, [praeter + mitto], 3,
a., let pass ; omit, leave undone,
neglect ; pass over, overlook.
praeter quam [praeter + quam],
adv., except, besides, save.
praetextatus, -a, -um, [prae-
texta], adj., wearing the toga
praetexta ; juvenile.
PRAETEXTUS
107
PRO
praetextus, -a, -um, [part, of
praetexo, border], adj , bordered,
edged. toga praetexta, or, as
subst., praetexta, -ae, f., bor-
dered toga, toga praetexta, the
praetexta, a toga having a pur-
ple border, worn as the official
robe of the higher magistrates,
and by the children of Roman
citizens until they became of age.
praetor, -oris, sometimes abbre-
viated PR., [for unused prae-
itor, from praeeo], m., chief
magistrate, commander ; as an
officer of Rome, praetor, a magis-
trate intrusted with the adminis-
tration of justice.
praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor],
adj., of a praetor, of praetors,
praetorian ; of a general, of a
commander.
praettira, -ae, [praeeo], f., office
of praetor, praetorship.
pravitas, -atis, [pravus], f., crook-
edness, irregularity ; perverse-
ness, viciousness.
precor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. prex],
i, dep., entreat, pray, supplicate,
beg, beseech ; call upon, invoke.
premo, -ere, press!, pressum, 3,
a., press ; press hard, pursue
closely, crowd ; cover, crown,
adorn ; press down, cause to sink ;
load, burden, oppress; overwhelm,
crush, restrain, check ; urge.
pretium, -1, n., price, value, worth ;
reward, recompense, return.
operae pretium est, it is worth
the effort, it is worth while.
prex, precis, nom. and gen. sing,
not found, [cf. precor], i., prayer,
petition, entreaty ; imprecation,
curse.
prid., see pridie.
pridem, adv., long ago, long since.
iam pridem, this long time.
pridie, in dates often abbreviated
pr., prid., [root pri in prior, +
die], adv., on the day before, thi
previous day.
primo [primus], adv., at first, first,
in the first place.
primum [primus], adv., at first,
in the first place, first ; for the
first time. ut primum, as soon
as. cjuam primum, as soon as
possible.
primus, see prior.
princeps, -ipis, [primus, cf.
capio], did]., first, foremost, chiej.
As subst., princeps, -ipis, m.,
chief, leader, head ; founder, ori-
ginator, contriver.
prlneipium, -i, [princeps], n.,
beginning, commencement, origin,
principle. principio, abl., in
the beginning, at first, in the first
place.
prior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in the
com p. degree, sup. primus, for-
mer, previous, prior, first. Sup.
primus, -a, -um, first, fore?nost ;
chief ; first in excellence, noble,
eminent, distinguished. As subst.,
n., pi., in the phrase in primis,
among the first, especially, chiefly,
principally.
pristinus, -a, -um, [prius], adj.,
former, early, original.
prius [prior], adv., in the comp.
degree, sooner, before ; previously.
prius quam, sooner than, earlier
than, before, before that.
privatus, -a, -um, [part, of privo],
adj., personal, individual, private,
retired. As subst., privatus, -i,
m., private citizen, private per-
son, as opposed to one holding
office.
privo, -are, -avi, -atum, [privus,
one's own], I, a., deprive t strip,
rob ; free, release, deliver.
pro, prep, with abl., before, in front
of, in the presence of ; for, in be-
half of; instead of, in place of,
in return for, for ; in comparison
PRO
108
PROHIBEO
with, according to, because of, on
account of. pro eo atque, just
the same as, just as, even as.
In composition, before, forwards,
for.
pr5, interj., Of ah! alas!
proavus, -I, [pro + avus], m.,
great-grandfather ; forefather, an-
cestor.
pr obit as, -atis, [probus, good],
f., goodness, uprightness, worth.
probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus,
good], I, a., approve, commend,
esteem, recommend ; make credi-
ble, show, prove, demonstrate.
procedo, -ere, process!, ptoces-
sum, [pro -f- cedo], 3, n., go be-
fore, go forward,proceed, advance ;
appear, arise.
procella, -ae, f., violent wind,
storm, tempest ; by metonymy,
violence, commotion.
processid, -onis, [procedo], f.,
a marching forward, advance.
procul, adv., afar off, at a distance,
far away ; from afar.
procuratio, -onis, [procuro], f.,
charge, management, administra-
tion.
prodigium, -1, n., omen, sign, por-
tent ; prodigy, monster.
prodigus, -a, -urn, adj., lavish,
wasteful, prodigal. As subst.,
prodigus, -1, m., spendthrift,
prodigal.
prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditum,
[pro + do], 3, a., put forth, ex-
hibit ; relate, report, hand down,
transmit; make known, disclose,
betray.
proelior, -ari, -atus sum, [proe-
lium], 1, dep., join battle, engage
in battle, fight.
proelium, -I, n., battle, strife, con-
test, combat.
profectio, -onis, [profectus, from
proficiscor], i., setting out, de-
parture.
profecto [pro + facto], adv., act
ually, indeed, in fact, really, by
all means*
profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [pro
-f fero], irr., a., carry out, bring
out, bring forth, produce ; put
forth, stretch out, extend ; make
known, reveal, show.
professio, -onis, [profiteor], (.,
acknowledgment, declaration, pro-
fession, promise.
proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[pro -f facio], 3, n. and a., make
progress, advance, succeed; ac-
complish, effect, bring about, gain ;
help, avail, be serviceable.
proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum,
[proiicio], 3, dep., set out, go
forward, start, go, depart, pro-
ceed ; begin, commence.
profiteor, -fiterl, -fessus sum,
[pro -f fateor], 2, dep., declare
publicly, make a declaration ; ac-
knowledge, own, profess ; avow
one's self, profess to be ; promise.
profligatus, -a, -urn, [part, of
profligo], adj., abandoned, vile,
dissolute, profligate.
profligo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
strike to the ground, overthrow,
overcome ; destroy, crush, ruin.
profugio, -fugere, -fugl, ,
[pro + fugio], 3, n. and a., flee,
run away, escape ; flee for refuge,
take refuge.
profundo, -ere, profudi, pro-
fusum, [pr5 -f- fundo], 3, a.,
pour out, pour forth ; spend free-
ly, lavish ; squander, dissipate.,
waste.
progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
[pro -I- gradior], 3, dep., go forth,
go forward, proceed, advance.
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro
-|- habeo], 2, a., hold before; hold
back, hold, restrain, check, re-
press ; hinder, prevent ; keep,
protect, defend, preserve.
PROICIO
109
PROSPICIO
proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,
[pro + iacio], 3, a., throw forth,
cast out, expel, banish ; hold forth,
extend ; throw away, give up,
resign.
proinde [pro + inde], adv., hence,
accordingly, then ; just so, in like
manner, equally, even.
prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, [prola-
tus, from profero], 1, a., extend,
enlarge ; put off, postpone, defer,
delay.
promissum, -1, [promitto], n.,
thing promised, promise.
promitto, -ere, promisi, promis-
sum, [pro + mitto], 3, a., put
forth ; foretell ; promise, assure ;
hold out, give hope of, cause to
expect.
promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1,
a.., propose openly, bring fonvard,
publish.
pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro
4-nuntio], I, n. and 3.., proclaim,
announce, publish ; decide, pro-
nounce ; promise, offer.
propago, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
extend, enlarge, increase; gener-
ate, propagate ; prolong, continue,
preserve.
orope, comp. propius, sup. proxi-
me, adv., near, near by, nigh ;
nearly, almost ; often having the
force of a preposition and fol-
lowed by the ace., near, near
to, almost to, in the vicinity of.
Comp., propius, nearer. Sup.,
proxime, next, most nearly, very
near, nearest.
propero, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro-
perus, quick"], 1, n. and a., make
haste, hasten, hurry ; quicken, ac-
celerate, do quickly.
propinquus, -a, -um, [prope],
adj., near, neighboring, near at
hand ; kindred, related. As
subst., propinquus, -I, m., rela-
tive, kinsman.
propior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in
comp. degree, sup. proximus,
nearer, closer, nigher ; later, more
recent; of more concern, of greater
importance. Sup. proximus, -a,
-um, nearest, next, closest ; latest,
last, most recent ; most important.
propius, see prope.
propono, -ere, proposul, proposi-
tum, [pro + pono] , 3, a., put
forth, set before, display ; propose,
resolve, intend; point out, declare;
determine upon, settle, determine.
proprius, a, -um, adj., own, indi*
vidual, peculiar ; personal, char-
acteristic ; exact, appropriate ,-
lasting, enduring.
propter [prope], adv. and prep.,
nsar :
(1) As adv., near, at hana,
hard by, near by.
(2) As prep., with ace, near,
next to, close to; on account of,
by reason of, for, because of, for
the sake of
propterca. [propter -f ea], adv.,
therefore, for this reason, on that
account. propterea quod, be-
cause.
propugnaculum, -i, [propugno],
n., bulwark, rampart, place of de-
fence ; defence, protection.
propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of propello], 1, a., ward off, repel,
repulse, avert.
proscrlptio, -onis, [proscribo],
f o, public notice of sale ; confisca-
tion, proscription.
prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
[pro-f sequor], 3, dep., follow,
attend, accompany, escort ; follow
up, pursue ; honor, distinguish.
prospere [prosperus], adv., favor-
ably, fortunately, luckily, prosper-
ously.
prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, pro-
spectum, [pro -f specio], 3, n.
and a ., look forward, look out,
PROSTERNO
110
PUERILIS
behold ; look out for, provide for,
take care of.
prosterno, -ere, prostravl, pro-
stratum, [pro + sterno], 3, a.,
spread out ; cast down, overthrow,
prostrate; throw to the ground,
ruin, destroy.
prostratus, see prosterno.
prosum, prodesse, profui, [pro +
sum], irr., n., be of use, profit,
serve, help.
providentia, -ae, [providens], f.,
foresight ; forethought, precau-
tion.
provideo, -ere, provldi, provi-
sum, [pro -f- video], 2, a. and n.,
see beforehand, see in advance,
foresee, discern ; see to, take care,
look after, provide, be careful.
provincia, -ae, f., office, duty;
public office, command ; province,
territory governed by a magis-
trate sent out from Rome ; ad-
ministration of a province, pro-
vincial government.
provincialis, -e, [provincia],
adj., of a province, provincial.
provoco, -are, -avl, -atum, [pro
+ voco], 1, a. and n., call out,
summon, challenge ; arouse, pro-
voke, exasperate.
proxime, see prope.
proximus, -a, -um, see propior.
prudens, -entis, [for providens],
adj., foreseeing ; knmving, experi-
enced, versed ; with kno?vledge,
deliberate ; discreet, wise, prudent,
circumspect.
prudentia, -ae, [prudens], {^fore-
sight ; knowledge, acquaintance,
skill ; sagacity, discretion, practi-
cal wisdom, good sense.
pruina, -ae, f., hoarfrost, frost,
rime.
Ptolemaeus, -T, m., Ptolemy, name
of a line of Egyptian kings ; in
this book Ptolemy XL, surnamed
Auletes. He came to the throne
of Egypt B. c. 80, was driven out
of the country on account of his
vices and extortionate govern-
ment b. c. 58, but was restored
with the help of Gabinius three
years later. He died b. c. 51.
Ep. xii.
publicanus, -a, -um, [publicus],
adj., of the public revenue. As
subst., publicanus, -1, m., farmer
of the public revenue, revenue
farmer, publican.
publicatio, -onis, [publico], f.,
seizure for the state, confiscation.
publice [publicus], adv., for the
state, in the name of the state, pub-
licly, officially.
Publicius, -1, m., Publicius, an in-
timate of Catiline's. Cat. II. 11.
publico, -are, -avl, -atum, [pub-
licus], 1, a., seize for the state,
confiscate.
publicus, -a, -um, [for populi-
cus, from populus], adj., of the
people, public ; common, general ;
usual, ordinary. res publica,
commonwealth, state, republic.
Publius, -1, abbreviated P., m.,
Publius, a Roman forename.
pudeo, -ere, -ul, and puditum est,
2, n. and a., be ashamed, make
ashamed, put to shame. Com-
monly impers., pudet, -ere, pu-
ditum est, /'/ makes ashamed.
me pudet, I am ashamed.
pudicitia, -ae, [pudicus], f., mod-
esty, virtue, chastity.
pudor, -oris, [pudeo], m., shame,
sense of shame ; sense of right,
conscientiousness ; feeling of de-
cency, modesty, propriety ; cause
for shame, ignominy, disgrace.
puer, -eri, m., boy, lad, youth,
properly used of boys and young
men till they reached the seven-
teenth year.
puerilis, -e, [puer], adj., boyish,
childish, youthful ; puerile, triv-
PUERITIA
111
QUAESTOR
idt. aetas puerilis, the age of
childhood.
pueritia, -ae, [puer], f., boyhood,
childhood, youth.
pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle, engage-
ment, contest.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna],
i, n. and a., fight, give battle ;
contend, engage in strife, dispute ;
struggle, strive, endeavor.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, comp.
pulchrior, sup. pulcherrimus,
adj., beautiful, handsome, lovely,
fair ; fine, excellent ; noble, hon-
orable ; illustrious, glorious.
Pulcher, -chri, n»., a surname in
the Claudian gens. Appius
Claudius Pulcher, praetor B. c.
•89. Arch. v.
pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus, bol-
ster], n., couch of the gods, placed
before a statue of a deity at the
time of a religious festival ; by
metonymy, shrine, temple.
punctum, -1, [pungo], n., punc-
ture ; point. punctum tem-
poris, moment, instant.
Punicus, -a, -urn, [Poeni], adj.,
Punic, Carthaginian.
punio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [poena],
4, a., punish, chastise.
purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [for
purigo. purus + ago], 1, a.,
make clean, cleanse, purify ; jus-
tify, vindicate.
purpura, -ae, [irop<pvpa,purple-fish,
purple], f., purple color, purple ;
purple cloth, purple garment. The
color meant is not our purple,
but more like our crimson or
scarlet.
purpuratus, -a, -um, [purpura],
adj., clad in purple. As subst.,
purpuratus, -1, m., purple-clad
attendant, as those about a king,
courtier.
Puteolanus, -a, -um, [Puteoli],
adj., of Puteoli, Puteolan. As
subst., Puteolanum, -1, n., estate
at Puteoli, Puteolan villa, belong-
ing to Cicero.
Puteoli, -orum, m., pi., Puteoli, a
city of Campania, situated on the
coast seven miles west of Nea-
polis (Naples); now Pozzuoli.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
cleanse; reckon, estimate, esteem,
value, deem, regard ; think, judge,
consider, suspect, believe, suppose.
Q.
Q., see Qulntus.
qua. [abl. fern, of qui], adv., on
which side, at what place, by what
way, where.
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi-
tum, 3, a., seek, look for, strive to
obtain ; save, acquire, get, gain ;
miss, lack ; demand, require ;
make inquiry, investigate ; aim
at, plan.
quaesitor, -oris, [quaero], m.,
investigator, prosecuting officer.
quaeso, -ere, , , [cf.
quaero], def., a. and n., beg, pray,
beseech, entreat ; often parenthet-
ical, quaeso, I pray, please.
quaestio, -onis, [quaero], f., ex-
amination, inquiry, investigation ;
judicial investigation, trial, court ;
subject of investigation, question,
case.
quaestor, oris, [for quaesitor,
from quaero], m., quaestor, an
officer charged with public du-
ties which varied according to
the period and circumstances.
At first there were but two
quaestors, but the number was
increased from time to time until
it reached forty under Caesar's
administration, B. C. 45. At that
time the quaestors were engaged
in the care of public moneys and
QUAESTUS
112
QUERELLA
of military stores, partly at Rome
and partly in the provinces,
which were assigned by lot.
They were chosen annually, at
the comitia tributa.
quaestus, -us, [quaero], m.,gain,
acquisition ; profit, advantage, in-
terest ; business, employment, occu-
pation.
qualis, -e, [cf. qui], pron. adj.,
inter, and rel., of what sort ? what
kind of? of stick a kind, such.
talis — qualis, such — as.
quam [qui], adv., in what man-
ner ? how, how much, as, just as,
even as; after comparatives, than.
quam diu, as long as, how long ?
quam primum, as soon as possi-
ble, tarn — quam, so — as.
quam ob rem, see ob.
quamquam [quam f quam],
conj., though, although, notwith-
standing that / and yet, how-
ever.
quam vis [quam + vis, from volo],
adv. and conj. :
(i) As adv., as you will, as
much as you will, however much.
(2) As conj., hotvever much, al-
though, albeit, no matter how much
or many.
quando [quam], adv. and conj.,
when :
(1) As adv., when, at what
time ; inter., when ? at what
time ? after ne, nisi, num, or si,
some ti?ne, at any time, ever.
(2) As conj., when, at the time
that ; since, because, seeing that,
inasmuch as.
quantum [quantus], adv., rel at.,
so much as, so far as, as far as ;
inter., how much ? how far ?
quantumcumque [quantuseum-
que], adv., as much soever, how-
ever much.
quantus, -a, -um, adj., inter., how
great ? how much ? rel., as great
as, as much as. tantus — quan-
tus, as great as, as much as.
quantuscumque, -tacumque,
-tumcumque, [quantus +-cum-
que], rel. adj., of whatsoever size,
however great, no matter how
great ; hcnvever small, hotvever
trifling.
quapropter [qua + propter],
adv., inter., wherefore ? for what
reason ? why ? rel., zvherefore t
and oit this account.
qua. re, adverbial phrase, inter.,
by what means ? whereby ? how ?
on what account ? wherefore ?
why? rel., wherefore, and for
that reason, therefore ; by reason
of which, so that.
quartus, -a, -um, or IV., [quat-
tuor], num. adj., fourth.
quasi [qua + si], adv. and conj.,
as if, just as if, as though, as it
were, as one might say.
quasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of quatio], 1, a. and n., shake
violently, brandish ; dash to
pieces, shatter; shake, impair,
weaken.
quattuor, or IIIL, IV., num. adj.,
indecl.,/f//r.
quattuordecim, XIIIL, or
XIV., [quattuor -f decern],
num. adj., mdecl., fourteen.
-que, enclitic conj., and, and so;
adversatively, usually after a neg-
ative, but. -que que, -que
— et or atque, both — and, as
well — as.
quern ad modum, adverbial
phrase, inter., in what way ?
how ? rel., in what way, how,
just as, as.
queo, quire, quivi or quii, qui-
tum, irr., n., be able, can.
quercus, -us, f., oak-tree, oak.
querella, -ae, [queror], f., com-
plaining, coinplaint, lament, lam-
entation, plaint.
QUERIMONIA
113
QUIS
querimSnia, -ae, [queror], f.,
complaining, lamentation ; com-
plaint, accusation, charge, re-
proach.
queror, queri, questus sum, 3,
dep., complain, lament ; bewail,
bemoan ; make complaint.
qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter,
adj. pron., which ? what? what
sort of a ?
qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel.
pron., who, which, what, that ; at
the beginning of a clause often
best rendered by a personal or
demonstrative pron., with or
without and or but.
qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, indef.
adj. pron., used after si, nisi, ne,
and num, any.
qui [old- abl. of rel. qui], adv., in-
ter., how ? in what way ? by what
means ? rel., whereby, wherewith.
quia, conj., because, since.
quicum [old abl. of rel. and inter.
qui + cum J, = cum qu5 or cum
qua, with whom, together with
whom.
quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque, [qui+-cumque], indef.
rel. pron., whoever, whatever,
whichever ; whosoever, whatsoever;
any whatever, every, all that.
quid, see quis.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam,
and, as adj., quoddam, [qui],
indef. pron., a certain one, a cer-
tain ; a certain man, one, some-
body, something; pi., some, cer-
tain, certain ones.
quidem [qui], adv., indeed, in fact,
certainly ; at least, yet. ne —
quidem, setting off an emphatic
word, not — even.
quies, -etis, f ., rest, repose, quiet ;
sleep.
quiescS, -ere, quievi, quietum,
[quies], 3, n., rest, repose, be at
rest, keep quiet ; sleep, be silent.
quietus, -a, -um, [part, of qui-
esco], adj., at rest, undisturbed,
quiet, at peace.
quin [qui -f- -ne], adv. and conj.,
why not ? wherefore not ? but in-
deed, in fact, nay indeed ; in de-
pendent clauses, so that not, but
that, but, without ; after words of
doubting, that; after words of
hindering translate by from with
a participle, quin etiam, more-
over, nay more.
quinam, quaenam, quodnam,
[qui + nam], inter, adj. pron.,
which then ? what, pray ?
Qumctilis, -e, [quintus], adj., of
the fifth month, i. e. of July. The
name of the month was changed
to Julius (July) in honor of Julius
Caesar.
quindecim, or XV., [quinque -f
decem], num. adj., indecl., fif-
teen.
quingentesimus, -a, -um, [quin-
genti], num. adj., five hundredth.
quinque, or V., num. adj., indecl.,
five.
quintus, -a, -um, or V., [quin-
que], num. did)., fifth.
Quintus, -i, abbreviated Q. t
[quintus], m., Quintus, a common
Roman forename. See especially
Cicero (2).
Quirites, -ium, [Cures, an an-
cient town of the Sabines] , m. , pi.,
originally people of Cures ; after
the union of the Sabines with the
Romans, Roman citizens, Quiri-
tes ; sometimes in sing., Quiris,
-itis, a Roman citizen, Quirite.
quis, quae, quid, inter, pron.,
who ? which ? what ? ace. n.
quid, often with an adverbial
force, why?
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.,
often found after si, nisi, ne,
and num, any one t any, any-
thing.
•3
QUISNAM
114
RATIO
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam,
[quis + nam], inter, pron., who
then ? which, what, pray ? who
in the world ?
quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam,
and, as adj., quodpiam, indef.
pron., any one, anybody, any-
thing; some one, something, some,
any.
quisquam, quaequam, quic-
quam, indef. adj. pron., any;
often as subst., any one, anybody,
anything. neque quisquam,
and no one, and none.
quisque, quaeque, quidque,
and, as adj., quodque, indef.
pron., each, every, every one,
everything, all.
quisquis, , quicquid, and,
as adj., quodquod, indef. rel.
pron., whoever, whatever, what-
soever, every one who, everything
which.
quivis, quae vis, quid vis, and, as
adj., quodvls, [qui -f- vis, from
volo], indef. pron., whom you
please, what you please, any you
please; any at all, any one, any-
quo [old dat. and abl. of qui],
adv. and conj. :
(i) As adv., inter., whither?
to what place ? to what end ?
wherefore ? why ? rel., whither,
where, at what time, when; of
degree of difference, by what, by
as much as ; of result, by reason
of which, wherefore, whereby,
and so. '
(2) As conj., that, in order
that, that thereby. quo mi-
nus, that not, usually best trans-
lated by from with a participle.
quoad [quo + ad], adv., as far as,
till, until ; as long as, while.
quocumque [quo + -eumque],
adv., whithersoever, to whatever
place.
quod [ace. neut. of qui], conj.,
that, in that, the fact that ; be-
cause, since, inasmuch as ; in
view of the fact that, as regards
the fact that, wherein ; so far as,
to the extent that.
quondam [quom, old form of
cum, + -dam], adv., once on a
time, at one time, once, formerly ;
at times, sometimes, once in a
while.
quoniam [quom, old form of
cum, -f iam], conj., since, seeing
that, whereas, because.
quoque, conj., placed after the
emphatic word, also, too, even.
quot, indecl. adj., how many ?
quotannis [quot + annis, from
annus], adv., annually, every
year, year by year.
quotiens [quot], adv., how often ?
as often as, as many as, as.
quotienscumque [quotiens +
-eumque], adv., Just as often as,
as often as.
quo usque, adverbial phrase, till
what time? how long?
R.
radix, -icis, f., root ; by metonymy,
foot, foundation, base, source.
rapina, -ae, [rapid], f., robbery,
plundering ; pillage, plunder.
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 3,
a., seize, snatch, tear away, carry
off ; snatch away, hurry along,
impel ; rob, ravage, plunder, lay
waste.
ratio, -onis, [reor], f., reckoning,
calculation, account ; transaction,
business, matter, affair; respect,
regard, consideration ; relation,
condition ; manner, way, mode,
plan, kind, style ; judgment, rea-
son, understanding ; propriety,
order, rule ; theory, doctrine,
science, knowledge.
RAUDUSCULUM
115
REDIMIO
raudusciilum, i, [raudus, bit of
bronze], n., small bronze coin ; by
metonymy, small debt, tri/ling
debt.
re- or red-, inseparable prefix,
again, back, aneiu, against.
Reatinus, -a, -urn, [Reate], adj.,
of Reate, an important town in
the Sabine country, 48 miles
northeast of Rome. In Cicero's
time it was governed as a pre-
fecture. Cf. praefectura.
recens, -entis, adj., fresh, young,
recent, new ; vigorous.
receptus, see recipio.
recessus, -us, [recedo], m., re-
treat, withdrawal, departure ; by
metonymy, retired spot, recess,
nook, corner, retired place.
recido, -ere, reccidi, recasum,
[re- + cado], 3, n.,fall back; fall,
sink, be reduced ; fall to, be
handed over ; of evil, recoil, re-
turn, be visited.
recipio, -ere, recepi, receptum,
[re- + capio], 3, a., take back,
receive back, regain, recover ; ad-
mit, receive, welcome; acquire,
gain ; promise. se recipere,
to withdraw, to retire.
recito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
cito], 1, a., read aloud, declaim,
rehearse.
reclamatio, -onis, [reclamo], f.,
shout of disapproval.
reclamS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
+ clamo], 1, n. and a., cry out
against, exclaim against, pro-
test.
recognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi,
-gnitum, [re- + cognosc5], 3, a.,
recall to mind, recollect, recall ;
review, examine, look over.
recolo, -ere, recolui, recultum,
[re- + colo] , 3, a., cultivate again ;
practice again, resume, renew.
reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilio],
f., restoration, renewal.
recondo, -ere, recondidl, recoa
ditum, [re- + condo], 3, a
put back ; put away, shut up,
hide, conceal, cover.
recordatio, -onis, [recordor], f.,
recollection, remembrance.
recordor, -ari, -atus sum, [re-,
cor], 1, dep., call to mind, recall,
remember, recollect.
recreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
creo], 1, a., recreate; renew, re-
store, revive, invigorate.
recta [abl. of rectus, sc. via], adv.,
straightway, directly, straight.
recte [rectus], adv., in a straight
line ; rightly, correctly, properly ;
suitably, well, duly, appropriately.
rectus, -a, -um, [part, of rego],
adj., straight; upright; correct,
proper, befitting; just, virtuous.
recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
get back, regain, recover.
recurro, -ere, recurri, , [re-
+ curro], 3, n., run back, hasten
back; return, revert, recur.
recusatio, -onis, [recuso], f., de-
clining, refusal, protest.
recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-,
causa], 1, a. and n., raise objec-
tions to, decline, refuse, reject ;
protest.
red-, see re-.
redactus, see redigo.
reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum,
[red- + do], 3, a., give back, re-
turn, restore ; pay back, requite ;
render, make ; give, grant ; sur-
render, resign ; report, declare.
redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [red- + eo],
irr., n., go back, return, come back ;
be brought back, be restored.
redigo, -ere, redegi, redactum,
[red- + ago], 3, a., drive back,
lead back, bring back ; bring un-
der, reduce, subdue.
redimio, -Ire, -ii, -itum, 4, a.,
wreathe around, encircle, crown %
deck.
REDIMO
116
RELIGIOSUS
redimo, ere, redfimi, redemp-
tum, [red- + emo], 3, a., buy
back, redeem, ransom; buy up,
take by contract, farm ; gain, ac-
quire, secure.
reditus, -us, [redeo], m., going
back, returning, return ; income,
revenue.
redundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [red-
+ undo, from unda], I, n., run
over, overflow ; swim, reek; re-
main, be left, be in excess,
abound.
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum,
[re- + fero], irr., a., bring back,
lead back, carry back ; give back,
restore, repay ; reply, answer ;
repeat ; report, announce, relate ;
consider, refer. ad senatum
referre, lay before the senate, sub-
mit to the senate for consideration.
se referre, to go back, to return.
Cf. gratia.
refert, referre, retulit, [re, from
res, + fero], impers., /'/ is of ad-
vantage, it profits ; it is of impor-
tance, it matters.
refertus, -a, -um, [part, of refer-
cio], adj., crowded full, stuffed,
filled ; thronged, replete.
reficio, -ficere, refeci, refectum,
[re- + facio], 3, a., make over,
reconstruct, restore; renew, re-
fresh, reinvigorate, recruit.
reformido, -are, , -atum, [re-
+ formldo], 1, a., dread greatly,
shrink from, shudder at, be afraid
of
refrico, -are, -ui, -atum, [re- +
frico], i, a. and n., rub again,
irritate ; of a wound, reopen.
refugio, -fugere, refugl, , [re-
-f- fugio], 3, n. and a., flee back,
take refuge, flee; turn away,
avoid, shun.
refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
repel, resist, oppose ; disprove, re-
but, refute.
regie [regius], adv ., after the man*
ner of a king, despotically, impe-
riously.
Reginus, -a, -um, [Begium], adj.,
of Regium, a city in the south-
western part of Italy, on the
Sicilian strait: now Reggio.
As subst, Kegini, -orum, m.,
pi., people of Regium.
regio, -onis, [rego], f., direction,
line ; by metonymy, boundary
line, limit ; region, territory,
country; tract, quarter.
regius, -a, -um, [rex], adj., of a
king, like a king, kingly, royal,
regal. bellum regium, war
with the king.
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, [reg-
num], 1, n. and a., be king, rule,
. reign ; hold sway, prevail.
regnum, -1, [rego], n., kingship;
dominion, rule, government, power,
authority ; realm, kingdom.
rego, regere, rexi, rectum, 3, a.,
keep straight, lead straight ; direct,
lead, guide ; control, regulate ;
rule, govern, be master of.
reicio, -icere, reieci, reiectum,
[re- + iacio], 3, a., throw back,
force back ; cast off, repel, reject ;
refuse, disdain.
relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
laxo], 1, a., make wide, loosen,
open ; relieve, ease, cheer, lighten.
relevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
levo, lift up], l, a., lift up ; make
light, lighten ; relieve, free, ease ;
soothe, alleviate, mitigate, con-
sole.
religio, -onis, f., conscientiousness,
sense of right ; devoutness, piety,
reveretice, devotion ; religious scru-
ple, fear of the gods, religious ob-
ligation ; worship of the gods,
religion, faith, cult ; sacredness,
holiness.
religiosus, -a, -um, [religio], adj.,
conscientious, scrupulous, devout*
RELINQUO
117
REQUIES
pious; sacred, consecrated, holy,
venerable.
relinquS, -ere, rellqu!, rellctum,
[re- + linquo], 3, a., leave behind,
leave, abandon ; forsake, desert ;
relinquish, dismiss, give up ; be-
queath, transmit.
reliquus, -a, -um, \ci. relinquo],
adj., left, remaining ; future, sub-
sequent; other, rest. As subst.,
reliquum, -1, n., the rest, the
future ; also, reliqua, -orum, n.,
pi., the balance, the future. re-
liquum est ut, it remains that,
it only remains to.
remaned, -ere, remans!, ,
[re- ■+■ maneo], 2, n., stay behind,
remain, be left ; continue, last,
abide, endure.
remex, -igis, [remus + ago], m.,
rower, oarsman.
remissio, -onis, [remitto], {^send-
ing back ; easing, relaxing, abate-
ment ; relaxation, recreation.
remissus, -a, -um, [part, of
remitto], adj., relaxed; mild,
gentle, indulgent; negligent, slack,
remiss ; light, merry.
remitto, -ere, renrisl, remissum,
[re- + mitto], 3, a. and n., send
back, cause to return ; loosen,
slacken, relax ; give back, return,
restore ; give up, grant, pardon.
remoror, -arl, -atus sum, [re- +
moror], 1, dep., hold back, delay,
detain, hinder.
removeo, -ere, removi, remo-
tum, [re- -f- moveo], 2, a., move
back ; remove, take away ; with-
draw, set aside ; abolish, deprive
of. remoto Catillna, with
Catiline out of the way.
renovo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- +
novo], I, a., renew, restore,
revive.
renuntio, -are, -avl, -atum, [re-
+ nuntio], I, a., bring back word,
report ; give notice, announce,
declare, proclaim ; with two
ace, declare elected, proclaim as
chosen.
repello, -ere, reppull, repulsum,
[re- + pello], 3, a., drive back t
thrust back, repel ; keep back,
ward off, repulse, reject.
repente [repens], adv., suddenly,
unexpectedly.
repentinus, -a, -um, [repens],
adj., sudden, unexpected, unlooked
for, hasty.
reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum,
4, 2i.,find again, find, meet with ;
find out, discover, learn ; invent,
devise.
repeto, -ere, repetivi, repetltum,
[re- + pet5], 3, a., seek again; at-
tack anew, fall upon again ; de-
mand anew, demand back, claim ;
repeat, undertake again, renew ;
recall, recollect.
reporto, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- +
porto], I, a., carry back; carry
off, obtain, get, gain.
reprehends, -ere, reprehend!,
reprehensum, [re-+prehendo],
3, a., hold back, hold fast, seize ;
restrain, check; blame, censure,
rebuke, reprove.
reprimo, -ere, repress!, repres-
sum, [re- + premo] , 3, a., press
back ; check, restrain, confine,
curb, repress.
repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, [repu-
dium, casting off], I, a., cast off,
put away ; reject, refuse, repu-
diate, scorn, disdain:
repugnans, -antis, [part, of re-
pugno], adj., inconsistent, contra-
dictory.
repugnS, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- -f
pugno], 1, n., oppose, resist, strug-
gle, contend against.
requies, -etis, ace. requietem or
requiem, [re-+quies], f., rest,
pause ; repose, recreation ; respite,
relief.
REQUIRO
118
REVOCO
requiro, -ere, requisivl or -il,
requisitum, [re- -f quaero], 3,
a., seek again, search fori as k,
inquire, demand ; miss, lack, feel
the want of.
res, rei, f., thing, object, matter,
affair ; occurrence, event, case ;
condition, circumstance ; reality,
fact ; effects, property, possessions,
estate ; profit, advantage, interest ;
cause, reason, ground, account ;
business, suit, action ; battle, cam-
paign ; state, commonwealth, gov-
ernment, res gestae, exploits.
res secundae, prosperity. re-
rum potiri, to obtain the sove-
reignty.
rescrlbS, -ere, reseripsi, rescrip-
tum, [re- -f scribo], 3, a., write
back, reply in writing.
reseco, -are, resecul, resectum,
[re- + seco], I, a., cut off, cut
loose ; check, restrain, stop.
reservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
servo], 1, a., keep back, save up,
reserve, retain.
resided, -ere, resedl, , [re- +
sedeo], 2, n. and a., remain sit-
ting; remain, stay, reside; remain
behind, be left, stay.
resignS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
slgno], I, a., unseal, open; an-
nul, cancel, destroy.
resists, -ere, restiti, , [re- +
sisto], 3, n., stand back ; remain
behind, stay, be left) withstand,
oppose, resist.
respicio, -ere, respexi, respec-
tum, [re- -+- specio, look], 3, n.
and a., look back, look behind ;
look back npon, gaze upon ; look
out for, have a care for, be mind-
ful of, consider.
respondeo, -ere, respond!, re-
sponsum, [re-+ spondeo], 2, a.
and n., answer, reply ; give an-
swer, respond ; be a match for ;
accord, agree.
responsum, -I, [respondeo], n.,
answer, reply, response.
res publica, rei publicae, f., see
publicus.
respuo, -ere, respui, , [re- +
spuo], 3, a., spit back, spit out;
reject, repel, spurn.
restinguo, -ere, restlnxl, restin-
ctum, [re--f stinguo], 3, a., put
out, extinguish, quench ; annihi-
late, destroy.
restituo, -ere, restitui, restittU
turn, [re-+ statuo], 3, a., replace,
restore ; revive, renew, reinstate.
resto, restare, restiti, , [re-
+ sto], 1, 11., withstand, resist,
oppose ; be left, remain. Impers.,
restat, it remains.
retards, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
tar do, impede], \, a. and n., keep
back, hinder, impede; delay, tarry.
reticeo, -ere, reticui, , [re- +
taceo], 2, n. and a., be silent,
keep silent ; keep secret, conceal.
retineo, -ere, retinui, retentum s
[re- -f teneo], 2, a., hold back,
hold fast ; detain, restrain, check,
repress ; keep, , preserve, main-
tain.
retorqueS, -ere, retorsi, retor-
tum, [re- + torqueo], 2, a., turn
back, throw back.
retundS, -ere, rettudi, retusum
or retunsum, [re- + tundo], 3,
a., beat back, blunt, dull ; check,
" restrain.
reus, -1, [res], m., defendant in a
legal action, the accused, prisoner.
revertor, reverti, reversus sum,
[re--f vertor], 3, dep., turn back,
return, go back.
revincS, -ere, revici, revictum,
[re- + vinco], 3, a., conquer; con-
vict, refute.
revocS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
voco], I, a., call back, call again,
recall, bring back ; withdraw*
turn aside, divert.
REX
119
S. D. PLUR.
res:, regis, [cf. rego], m., king,
chief, ruler, monarch, despot.
Rhenus, -I, m., the Rhine. Mar.
IX.
Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhodus,
l P65os], adj., Rhodian, of Rhodes,
an important island near the
southwestern coast of Asia Mi-
nor. As subst, Rhodii, -orum,
m., pi., people of Rhodes, Rho-
dians.
ride 6, -ere, rial, rlsum, 2, n. and
a., laugh ; laugh at, ridicule, de-
ride.
ridiculus, -a, -um, [rideo], adj.,
laughable, amusing; absurd, ri-
diculous, contemptible.
robur, -oris, n., hard wood ; oak-
tree, oak ; strength, power, vigor,
force ; best part, pith, kernel.
robustus, -a, -um, [robur], adj.,
of oak-wood ; strong, hardy, firm,
robust.
rogatus, -us, found only in the
abl., [rogo], m., request, en-
treaty.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., ask,
question, inquire ; request, im-
plore, beg for ; of a bill or reso-
lution, bring forward for ap-
proval, propose, introduce. aen-
tentiam rogo, ask an opinion,
call upon to vote.
Roma, -ae, f., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma], adj.,
of Rome, Roman, Latin. As
subst., Romanus, -1, m., Roman.
Romulus, -1, m., Romulus, mythi-
cal founder and first king of
Rome; said to have been the
son of Mars and Rhea Silvia.
Roscius, -1, m., Q. Roscius, the
most famous comic actor at
Rome. He was an intimate
friend of Cicero. He died B. c.
62. Arch. viii.
Rudimis, -a, -um, [Rudiae], adj.,
of Rudiae, a town in Calabria,
celebrated as the birth-place oi
Ennius. Arch. x.
rudis, -e, adj., unwrought, wild,
coarse; rude, uncultivated, rough,
unpolished ; unskilled, ignorant.
Rufus, -1, [rufus, red, red-haired\,
m., a family name common to
several gentes. See Caelius,
Sulpicius, Titius.
ruina, -ae, [ruo], f., a tumbling
down, falling down ; downfall,
fall, ruin, destruction, overthrow,
calamity ; pi., ruins.
rumor, -oris, m., report, rumor,
common talk; current opinion,
reputation.
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, 3, a.,
break, tear, split; break open,
burst, break through ; interrupt,
cut short ; violate, annul.
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, 3, n. and
a., fall with violence, tumble
down, fall in ruins, go to ruin ;
hasten, hurry, dash along, run.
rursus or rursum, [for rever-
sus, reversum, from reverto],
adv., on the contrary, on the other
hand, in turn ; again, once more,
anezv.
rustice [rusticus], adv., like a rus-
tic ; boorishly, awkwardly, rudely.
rusticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rusti-
cus], 1, dep., sojourn in the coun-
try, stay in the country, rusticate.
rusticus, -a, -um, [rus, country],
adj., of the country, rural, rustic;
rough, coarse, plain, simple. As
subst., rusticus, -I, m., rustic,
peasant, countryman.
s.
S. D. = salutem dicit, sends greet-
ing.
S. D. PLUR. = salutem dicit
plurimam, sends heartiest greet-
ing.
S. T. E. Q. V. B. E.
120
SAPIENTIA
S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. = si tu ex-
ercitusque v'aletis, bene est.
S. V. B. E. V. = si vales, bene
est; valeo.
sacerdos, -otis, [sacer, cf. do],
m. and f., priest, priestess.
sacrarium, -I, [sacrum], n., shrine,
sanctuary, chapel.
sacrosanctus, -a, -um, [sacer -f
sanctus], adj., revered as sacred,
inviolable.
sacrum, -1, [sacer], n., sacred
thing, sacred place, sanctuary ;
act of worship, sacred rite, rite,
sacrifice, worship.
saeculum, or, by syncope, sae-
clum, -I, n., race, breed ; gener-
ation, lifetime, age ; century, hun-
dred years.
saepe, comp. saepius, sup. sae-
pissime, adv., often, frequently,
many times. iterum et sae-
pius, over and over again.
saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum,
[saepes, hedge], 4, a., hedge in,
enclose, surround ; fortify, pro-
tect, guard.
sagax, -acis, adj., of acute senses,
keen • scented ; sagacious^ keen,
quick, shrewd.
SAL., see salus.
Salaminius, -a, -um, [Salamls],
adj , of Salamis, an island
southwest of Attica ; also, of
the city Salamis on the island
of Cyprus. As subst., Salaminii,
-orum, m., pi., people of Sala-
mis.
Sallustius, -1, m., Cn. Sallustius,
a client or friend of Cicero's,
and a man of some literary taste.
Ep. viii., XXIV.
salto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
salio], 1, n. and a., dance.
saltus, -us, m., woodland, forest ;
wooded mountain land, forest pas-
ture ; mountain valley, glen, thick-
et ; pass, defile.
salus, -utis, in addresses of letters
abbreviated Sal., S., f., health,
vigor ; welfare, prosperity, safety,
deliverance ; greeting, salutation.
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salus],
1, a., greet, salute, hail ; wish
health to, visit, call upon.
salvus, -a, -um, adj., well, sound,
safe; unharmed, uninjured, in
good condition, in good health.
Samos or Samus, -1, [Zdnos], f.,
Samos, an island in the Aegean
sea, near Ephesus.
Sampsiceramus, -I, m., Sampsi-
ceramus, a nickname of Pompey.
See n. to p. 181, 1. 11.
sancio, -ire, sanxl, sanctum, 4,
a., make sacred, consecrate ; estab-
lish, decree, ordain, enact; ap-
prove, ratify.
sanctus, -a, -um, [part, of sancio],
adj., consecrated, inviolable, sa-
cred ; venerable, holy, divine ;
pure, upright, conscientious, just.
sane [sanus], adv., sensibly, rea-
sonably, discreetly ; indeed, by all
means, truly, very.
sanguis, -inis, m., blood ; by met-
onymy, bloodshed, slaughter ;
stock, family ; vigor, force.
sanitas, -atis, [sanus], f., sound-
ness, health ; right reason, discre-
tion, sanity.
sand, -are, -avi, -atum, [sanus],
1, a., make sound, heal, cure ; re-
store, repair, allay.
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, whole,
healthy, well ; sensible, discreet,
sober, sane.
sapiens, -entis, [part, of sapio],
adj., wise, discreet, sensible, pru-
dent.
sapient er [sapiens], adv., wisely,
discreetly, prudently.
sapientia, -ae, [sapiens], f., good
sense, discernment, discretion,
prudence ; wisdom, philosophy;
SAPIO
121
SCIPIO
sapid, sapere, sapivi, , 3, n.
and a., taste; have taste, have
discernment, discern ; be wise, be
discreet.
Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, an
island west of Italy.
sat, see satis.
satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant,
follower; assistant in crime, ac-
complice, abettor, tool.
satietas, -atis, [satis], f., suffi-
ciency, fulness, satiety ; weari-
ness, loathing, disgust.
satio, -are D -avi, -atum, [satis], 1,
a., satisfy, sate, satiate ; appease,
glut, fill; cloy, disgust
satis, or sat, ad£, indecl. subst.,
and adv. :
(1) As adj., enough, sufficient,
ample.
(2) As subst., enough, suffi-
ciency, plenty.
(3) As adv., sufficiently, enough,
adequately, amply.
satis facio, facere, feci, factum,
3, n., satisfy, give satisfaction ; do
enough for, do one's duty by.
Saturnalia, -orum, abl. -ibus,
[Saturnus,] n., festival of Saturn,
the Saturnalia, which commenced
on the 17th of December, and at
different periods lasted three,
four, five, or seven days.
Saturninus, -I, m., L. Appuleius
Sdturninus, a leader of the demo-
cratic party, tribune for the sec-
ond time b. c. 100. Resorting to
violent measures in order to
carry out his plans, he was de-
clared a public enemy by the
Senate, and was slain by a mob
in the Curia Hostilia. Cat. I.
II., XII. ; IV. II.
saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded,
hurt ; injured, weakened, smitten.
saxum, -I, n., large stone, rock*
scaena, -ae, [otctji/#|, f., stage,
scene. in scaena, on the stage.
scaenicus, -a, -um, [scaena],
adj., scenic, dramatic, theatrical.
scaenici artifices, actors.
Scaevola, -ae, [scaeva, left-
handed], m., P. Mucins Scaevola,
one of the most eminent of the
early Roman jurists, consul B. C.
133. Ep. XXXVIII.
scelerate [sceleratus], adv., im-
piously, wickedly, scandalously.
sceleratus, -a, -um, [part, of sce-
lero, pollute], adj., polluted, de-
filed, profaned ; wicked, impious,
accursed ; sacrilegious, infamous,
scandalous. As subst., scelera-
tus, -I, m., scoundrel, rogue.
scelus, -eris, n., wicked deed,
crime; sin, wickedness.
sciens, -entis, [part, of scio], adj.,
knowing, intelligent, skilled, ex-
pert, versed ; often used where
the English idiom prefers an
adv., knowingly, intentionally.
scientia, -ae, [sciens], f., knowl-
edge, acquaintance, science, skill,
art.
scilicet [= scire licet], adv., you
may know, certainly, obvious-
ly, of course ; no doubt, forsooth,
likely.
scintilla, -ae, f., spark ; glimmer,
trace.
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, 4, a.,
know, understand ; perceive, have
knowledge of, be assured.
Scipio, -onis, [scipio, staff], m.,
Scipio, name of a celebrated fam-
ily of the Cornelian gens ; pi.,
Scipiones, -um, the Scipios, the
Scipio family . Three Scipios are
mentioned in this book:
( 1 ) P. Cornelius Scipio Africd-
nus, also called Maior to distin-
guish him from (2), born about
B.C. 234. After several years of
successful generalship in Spain,
he was consul B.C. 205. In the
following year he conveyed an
SCORTUM
122
SEDES
army to Africa, where he was
uniformly successful against the
Carthaginians, finally defeating
Hannibal near Zama, B.C. 202.
He was honored with a triumph,
B. c. 201. The year of his death
is uncertain. Cat. IV. x., Arch.
IX.
(2) P. Cornelius Scipio A emili-.
dnus Africdnus, often called
Minor to distinguish him from
(1), born about B.C. 185. He
was the son of L. Aemilius
Paulus, the conqueror of Mace-
donia (see Paulus), and was
adopted by Scipio Africanus
Maior. He was elected consul
for B.C. 147, and took charge of
the war against Carthage then in
progress, capturing and destroy-
ing the city the following year.
In 134 B. c. he was again made
consul, and took command of
the war in Spain. He captured
and razed Numantia in 133 B. c.
Returning to Rome, he violently
opposed the measures of Ti.
Gracchus. He died B. c. 129.
Cat. IV. x., Arch, vii., Imp. P.
xx.
(3) P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Serdpio, consul B. c. 138, and
pontifex maximus. He also op-
posed Ti. Gracchus, and was the
leader of the mob which slew
Gracchus. Cat. 1. 1.
scortum, -1, n., hide ; harlot,
prostitute.
scr. = scripta, i. e. scripta est
epistola.
scriba, -ae, [scribo], m., scribe,
clerk, secretary.
scribo, -ere, scripsT, scriptum,
3, a., scratch, engrave ; write, write
out ; compose.
scriptio, -onis, [scrlb5], f., a writ-
ing ; composing in writing, com-
position.
scriptor, -oris, [scribo], m., writ-
er, scribe ; author, composer, re-
porter, narrator. rerum scrip-
tor, writer of history, historian.
scriptura, -ae, [scribo], f., writ-
ing ; composing, composition ; tax
on public pastures, pasture tax.
scrupulus, -1, [dim. of scrupus,
sharp stone], m., difficulty, trouble;
doubt, scruple.
scyphus, -1, [o-Ktyos], m., cup, gob-
let, wine-cup. inter scyphos,
over the wine. .
se, see sui.
se or sed, old prep, with abl.,
apart from, without; used espe-
cially in comp'osition.
secedo, -ere, secessi, secessum,
[se + cedo], 3, n., go apart, sep-
arate ; withdraw, go away.
secemo, -ere, seerevi, secretum,
[se + cerno], 3, a., separate, part,
sever, divide ; set apart.
secundum [secundus], prep,
with ace, follcnving, after, next
to ; according to, in accordance
with.
secundus, -a, -urn, [sequor], adj.,
following, next, second ; second-
ary, inferior ; favorable, fair,
prosperous ; fortunate, propi-
tious.
securis, -is, abl., securi, [seco],
f., axe, battle-axe.
sed, see se.
sed, conj., but, but also, on the con-
trary ; however, yet. non so-
lum — sed etiam, not only —
but also. sed iam, now how-
ever, sed vero, but actually.
sedecula, -ae, [dim. of sedes], f.,
little seat, low seat.
sedeo, -ere, sedl, sessum, 2, n.,
sit ; sit idle, be inactive ; be set-
tled, remain fast.
sedes, -is, [cf. sedeo], f., seat,
chair ; abode, dwelling-place, habi'
tation ; place, site, foundation.
SEDITIO
123
SEQUOR
seditid, -onis, [sed -f itio, from
eo], f., dissension, discord ; in-
surrection, mutiny, sedition.
sedo, -are, -avl, -atum, [cf. se-
deo], i, a. and n., bring to rest ;
calm, quiet, check, stop ; allay,
appease.
sgdulitas, -atis, [sedulus], f., as-
siduity, persistency, earnestness.
sedulo [sedulus], adv., busily,
diligently ; eagerly, zealously, as-
siduously.
segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [se,
grex], i, a., lit. separate from the
flock ; separate, set apart, remove.
seiungo, -ere, seiunxl, seiunc-
tum, [se + iungo], 3, a., disjoin,
disunite, part, separate ; keep
apart, disconnect.
Seius, -1, m., M. Seius, a friend of
Atticus and of Cicero. He was
aedile b. c. 74, died b. c. 45.
Ep. xvi.
selectus, -a, -um, [part, of seligo],
adj., chosen, selected, select.
sella, -ae, f., seat, chair; work-
stool ; official chair.
semel, adv., once, a single time ;
once for all, but once ; finally.
semen, -mis, [cf. sero, sow], n.,
seed; by metonymy, race ; source,
origin, essence, principle.
seminarium, -I, [semen], n., nur-
sery, school ; hot-bed.
semper, adv., always, ever ; at all
times, perpetually , forever.
sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper],
adj., everlasting, eternal, perpet-
ual, imperishable.
Sempronius, -a, name of a Ro-
man gens with both patrician
and plebeian branches. See
Gracchus. As adj., of a Sem-
pronius, Sempronian.
senator, -oris, [cf. senex], m., sen-
ator, member of the Senate.
eenatorius, -a, -um, [senator],
adj., of a senator \ senatorial.
senatus, -us, [senex], m., council
of elders, Senate. senatus con-
sultum, decree of the senate.
senectus, -utis, [senex], f., old
age, advanced years.
senex, senis, comp. senior, adj.,
old, aged. As subst, senex, -is,
m., old man ; senior, -oris, m.,
elder, older person.
senior, -oris, see senex.
sensus, -us, [sentio], m., percep-
tion, sense, consciousness ; sensa-
tion, emotion, feeling, sentiment.
sententia, -ae, [sentio], f., opinion,
judgment, notion ; decision, will;
resolution, determination, sen-
tence.
sentina, -ae, f., bilge-water ; off-
scourings, dregs, refuse.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, 4, a.,
feel, hear, see, perceive ; experi-
ence, discern, observe ; think, be-
lieve, suppose, judge ; decide, de-
clare.
sepelio, -Ire, sepelivl or -ii, se-
pultum, 4, a., bury, inter ; over-
whelm, ruin, destroy.
septem or VII., num. adj., indecl.,
seven.
September, -bris, [septem], adj.,
of the seventh ; of the seventh
month, reckoning March as the
first month of the year, of Sep-
tember.
septemdecim, or XVII., [sep-
tem -f decern], num. adj., indecl.,
seventeen.
Septimus, -a, -um, or VII., [sep-
tem], adj., seventh.
sepulchrum, -1, [cf. sepelio], n. f
grave, tomb, sepulchre.
sepultus, see sepelio.
sequor, sequi, seeutus sum, 3,
dep., follow, attend, accompany ;
come after, come next ; seek, be
destined for ; chase, pursue; re-
sult, ensue ; conform to, comply
with; strive after, aim at.
SERAPIO
124
SEXAGINTA
Serapio, -onis, m., Serapio, a na-
tive of Antioch and writer on
geography. Cicero found his
work unintelligible. Ep. hi.
serius, see sero.
sermo, -onis, [sero, weave, com-
pose], m., conversation, talk, dis-
course, speech ; report, rumor,
common talk.
sero, comp. serius, sup. serissime,
[serus], adv., late, at a late hour,
at a late period. Comp., serius,
later, often too late.
serpo, -ere, serpsl, serptum, 3,
n., creep, crawl, glide; come
imperceptibly, extend gradually ,
spread abroad stealthily, increase.
serta, -orum, [sero, entwine], n.,
pi., garlands, wreaths.
Sertorianus, -a, -urn, adj., of Ser-
torius, Sertorian, from Sertorius,
referring to Q. Sertorius, a Ro-
man general of the party of
Marius. He carried on war in
Spain for ten years against the
party of Sulla until he was mur-
dered, B. c. 72.
servllis, -e, [servus], adj., slavish,
servile, of a slave.
Servilius, -a, name of a Roman
gens, at first patrician, afterwards
including plebeian families also.
The following Servilil are men-
tioned in this book:
( 1 ) M. Servilius, tribune of the
people b. c. 43. Ant. IV. vi.
(2) C. Servilius Ah&la, cf.
Maelius, and n. to p. 62, 1. 4.
(3) C. Servilius Glaucia, see
Glaucia.
(4) P. Servilius Vatia, see
Vatia.
servio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [servus],
4, n., be a servant, serve ; be de-
voted to, aim at, labor for, have
regard to ; gratify, court.
servitium, -I, [servus], n., servi-
tude, slavery ; body of slaves.
servitus, -utis, [servus], f., sla*
very, service, serfdom.
Servius, -1, m., Servius, a friend
of Cicero's, to whom he wrote a
letter introducing the physician
Asclapo. Ep. xxxii.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., save,
preserve, keep, protect, guard;
store away, maintain ; give heed,
watch, observe.
servus, -i, m., slave t servant.
sese, see sui.
sestertius, -a, -um, [for semis
tertius, three less one half], or
H S [for Il-f- semis], num. adj.,
two and a half. As subst., ses-
tertius, -I, gen. pi. sestertium,
(originally sc. nummus), m.,
sesterce, a small silver coin, origi-
nally 2\ asses, = about 4 ^ cents.
Sestius, -I, m., P. Sestius, quaes-
tor of C. Antonius, Cicero's col-
league in the consulship B. C. 63.
He was tribune B. C. 57, and was
active in procuring Cicero's re-
call from banishment. The fol-
lowing year he was brought to
trial for the use of violence, and
was defended by Cicero in an
oration which is still extant. In
the Civil War he at first joined
the side of Pompey, but after-
wards went over to Caesar.
Cat. I. viii.
seu, see sive.
severe [severus], adv., gravely,
seriously ; with severity, severely.
se Veritas, -atis, [severus], f.,
gravity, seriousness ; sternness,
severity.
severus, -a, -um, adj., grave, se-
rious ; stern, strict, severe, rigid.
Sex., see Sextus.
sex, or VI., num. adj., indecl., six.
sexagesimus, -a, -um, [sexagin-
ta], num., adj., sixtieth.
sexaginta, or LX., num. adj.,
indecl., sixty.
SEXT.
125
SIMPLICITER
Sext., see Sextllis.
Sextllis, -e, in dates often ab-
breviated Sext., [sextus], adj.,
sixth ; of the sixth motith, reckon-
ing from March, of August. The
name of the month Sextilis was
changed to Augustus in honor of
the emperor, B. c. 8.
sextus, -a, -um, or VI., [sex],
num. adj., sixth.
Sextus, -I, abbreviated Sex.,
[sextus], m., Sextus, a Roman
forename. See Aelius.
si, conj., if; if indeed, inasmuch
as, since ; when ; even if, though,
although ; in indir. questions,
whether ; in purpose clauses, to
see if, to try whether. si qui-
dem, if only, if indeed.
Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla],
adj., of a Sibyl, Sibylline. Cf. N.
to p. 92, 1. 24.
sic [si + -ce], adv., thus, in this
way ; so, in such a manner ; just
so, in the same zvay. sic — ut,
thus — so, just as — so. ut —
sic, while — yet, though —
still.
sic a, -ae, f., dagger, poniard.
sicarius, -1, [slca], m., assassin,
murderer.
Sicca, -ae, m., Sicca, an intimate
friend of Cicero. He had an
estate at Vibo, in the southwest-
ern part of Italy, where Cicero
took refuge from his enemies for
a time in b. c. 58, and again in 44
B. c. Ep. VIII.
Sicilia, -ae, [2iKe\ta], £., Sicily.
sicut, or sicuti, [sic + ut], adv.,
just as, so as, as ; as indeed, as it
were, as if.
Sicyonius, -a, -um, [Sicyon],
adj., Sicyonian, of Sicyon, a city
on the Asopus river near the
south shore of the Corinthian
Gulf, northwest of Corinth. As
>ubst., SicySnil, -orum, m., pi.,
people of Sicyon, Sicyonians. Ep.
IV.
Sigeum, -I, [Siyetov], n., Sigeum,
a promontory of Troas, at the
entrance of the Hellespont.
Near it there was a town of the
same name.
significatio, -onis, [signifies], £,
expression, indication, sign, token.
signum, -I, n., sign, mark, token,
indication ; ensign, standard ;
omen, prognostication ; image, fig-
ure, statue; of a letter, seal,
signet.
Silaiius, -I, m., D. Junius Sildnus.
He distinguished himself by the
magnificent games which he gave
in his aedileship, about 70 B. c.
He was consul B. c. 62. Cat.
IV. iv., vi.
silentium, -I, [silens], n., silence,
quiet, stillness.
siled, -ere, -ul, , 2, n. and a.,
be silent, keep silence, be still ;
pass over in silence, suppress.
SHius, -I, m., P. Silius Nerva, a
friend of Atticus, propraetor of
Bithynia and Pontus B. C. 51.
Ep. xv., xli.
silva, -ae, f., forest, wood, grove.
Silvanus, -I, [silva], m., M. Plau-
tius Silvdnus, tribune of the peo-
ple b. c. 89, at the same time
with C. Papirius Carbo. Arch,
iv.
silvestris, -e, [silva], adj., of a
forest, wooded, woody.
similis, -e, comp. similior, sup.
simillimus, adj., like, similar,
resembling. Sup., very like,
closely resembling.
similiter, comp. similius, sup.
simillime, [similis], adv., in like
manner, likewise, similarly.
similitudo, -inis, [similis], f.,
likeness, similarity, resemblance.
simpliciter [simplex], adv., rim
j>ly* plainly ; frankly, artlessly.
SIMUL
126
SOLLICITUS
simul, adv., at the same time, at
once, simultaneously, together ;
and also. simul — simul,
partly — partly, not only — but
at the same time. simul ac, or
simul atque, as soon as.
simulacrum, -I, [simulo], n., like-
ness, image, form, figure ; appear-
ance, semblance, pretence.
simulatio, -onis, [simulo], f.,
feigning, pretence, simulation,
deceit.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [simi-
lis], i, a., make like, imitate, copy,
reproduce, represent; feign, simu-
late, pretend.
simul t as, -atis, [simul], f., hostile
encounter ; grudge, jealousy, en-
mity, hatred, animosity.
sin [si + ne], conj., if however,
but if
sine, prep, with abl., without.
singularis, -e, [singuli], adj., one
by one, alone, single, solitary ;
singular, matchless, extraordi-
nary, unique, remarkable.
singuli, -ae, -a, adj., pi., one at a
time, single, individual ; one to
each, separate. in dies singu-
los, each successive day, day by day.
sino, -ere, sivi, situm, 3, a., let
down, place, situate , give leave,
permit, allow, suffer, lei.
Sinope, -es, [2,ivd>irrj], f., Sinope,
a prosperous commercial Greek
city on the southern shore of the
Pontus Euxinus, about half way
between Trapezus and Heraclea ;
originally a colony from Miletus.
sinus, -us, m., fold, curve, hollow,
coil ; fold of a garment ; by met-
onymy, bosom, lap ; bay, gulf;
hollow, valley.
sitis, -is, ace. -im, pi. wanting, f.,
thirst ; eager desire, eagerness.
situs, -a, -um, [part, of sino], adj.,
placed, situated, lying; buried,
laid at rest.
sive, or seu, [si + -ve], conj., or
if, or. sive — sive, whether —
or, be it that — or that, either
— or.
Smyrnaei, -orum, [Smyrna], m.,
pi., people of Smyrna.
sobrius, -a, -um, [se -f ebrius],
adj., not intoxicated, sober ; tem-
perate, self-possessed, moderate.
societas, -atis, [socius], {^fellow-
ship, association, union, society ;
league, alliance.
socius, -a, -um, [cf. sequor], adj.,
sharing, partaking, associated, al-
lied. As subst., socius, -I,
m., fellow, partner, sharer ; com-
panion, associate, friend ; ally,
helper.
sodalis, -is, adj., companionable,
sociable, friendly. As subst., m.
and f., companion, associate, inti-
mate friend, comrade.
sol, solis, m., sun ; by metonymy,
sunshine, sun's heat.
solacium, -1, n., comfort, solace,
consolation.
soleo, -ere, solitus sum, 2, semi-
dep., be accustomed, be wont, be
used.
solitudo, -inis, [solus], f, being
alone, loneliness ; lonely place,
solitude, wilderness.
sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicito], f.,
vexing, harassing, vexation ; in-
citing, instigation, solicitation.
sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, [solli-
citus], I, a., stir, agitate, move ;
trouble, harass; urge, incite, in-
stigate, tempt, solicit.
sollicitudo, -inis, [sollicitus],
f., apprehension, anxiety, solici-
tude.
sollicitus, -a, -um, [unused sol-
lus, = tot us, + citus], adj.,
agitated, disturbed ; troubled, wor-
ried, anxious, alarmed ; causing
anxiety, alarming, distressing ;
uneasy, restless.
SOLUM
127
STABILIS
solum, -I, n., bottom, base, founda-
tion ; ground, soil, floor ; by met-
onymy, country, region, place.
solum [solus], adv., only, merely.
non solum, not only, not merely.
solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat.
soli, adj., alone, only, single ;
lonely, solitary, deserted, unfre-
quented.
solutio, -onis, [solvo], f., loosing,
relaxation ; payment.
solutus, -a, -um, [part, of solv5],
adj., unbound, free, loose ; lax,
negligent, careless, remiss.
solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, [se +
luo], 3, a., loose, unbind, release,
disengage, free ; break up, dis-
miss ; relax, overcome ; annul,
make void, end ; perform, keep,
fulfil ; pay, pay off.
somnus, -1, m., sleep, slumber.
sono, -are, -ui, -itum, [sonus], 1,
n. and a., sound, resound ; sing,
celebrate ; speak, utter, express.
sonus, -I, m., sound, noise.
soror, -oris, f., sister.
sors, sortis, f., lot ; casting of lots,
drawing of lots ; destiny, fortune,
condition; oracular response, pro-
phetic utterance, prophecy.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, 3,
a., strew, scatter ; cast, hurl ;
spread abroad, disperse, dissemi-
nate.
Spartacus, -I, m., Spartacus. He
was a Thracian by birth, but ta-
ken prisoner and trained as a
gladiator in the school at Capua.
Making his escape with about 70
followers in 73 B. c, he became
the leader of the Servile War,
which taxed the energies of Rome
for two years. He fell bravely
fighting B. c. 71. Mark Antony is
called a Spartacus, Ant. IV. VI.
spatium, -1, n., space, distance, in-
terval ; room, extent ; path, track ;
period, time.
species, -el, [specio], f., aspect,
sight, appearance ; vision, appari-
tion ; beauty, splendor, show.
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of specio, look], 1, a., look on, be-
hold, observe; gaze at, inspect ;
face, lie, be situated ; try, test,
prove ; of games, attend.
speculator, -oris, [speculor], m.,
spy, scout, explorer.
speculor, -ari, -atus sum, [spe-
cula, watch-tower], I, dep., spy
out, watch, examine, explore.
spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spes], 1,
a., hope, hope for, look for, expect ;
believe, trust.
spes, spei, f., hope, expectation ;
trust, promise ; anticipation,
prospect.
spiritus, -us, [splro, breathe], m.,
breath, breathing ; by metonymy,
breeze, air ; breath of a god, inspi-
ration ; breath of life, life, spirit ;
courage, haughtiness, pride.
splendor, -oris, [cf. splendeo],m.,
brightness, brilliancy ; splendor,
dignity, eminence, honor.
spolid, -are, -avi, -atum, [spo-
lium], 1, a., strip, uncover ; rob t
plunder, despoil, deprive.
spolium, -1, n., skin, hide; by
metonymy, arms stripped from
an enemy, spoils, booty, prey.
spons, found only in the abl.
sponte, [cf. spondeo], f., free
will, accord. sua sponte, of
one's own accord, of their own
accord, freely, voluntarily.
Sp., see Spurius.
Spurius, -I, abbreviated Sp.,
[spurius, illegitimate], m., Spu-
rius, a Roman forename.
stabilio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [stabi-
lis], 4, a., make firm, stay, sup-
port ; fix, establish, secure.
stabilis, -e, [sto], adj., firm, stead-
fast, stable, fixed ; lasting, endur-
ing, secure.
STABILITAS
128
SUBEO
stabilitas, -atis, [stabilis], t,
steadfastness, stability, durability,
security.
Statilius, -I, m., L. Slatilius, a
man of equestrian rank who
joined the conspiracy of Cati-
line. He was arrested and ex-
ecuted along with the other con-
spirators in December, B.C. 63.
Cat. III. III. et sea.
statim [sto], adv., steadily, regu-
larly ; forthwith, straightway, in-
stantly, immediately, at once.
Stat or, -oris, [cf. sisto, sto], m.,
stay, supporter, protector ; used
as an epithet of Jupiter, Iuppiter
Stator. Cf. N. to p. 74, 32.
statua, -ae, [sto], f., image, statue.
statuo, -ere, statu!, statutum,
[status], 3, a., set up, erect, con-
struct, make ; establish, fix ; re-
solve, determine, decide, settle.
status, -us, [sto], m., standing,
posture ; position, attitude ; state,
situation, condition, constitu-
tion.
stimulus, -I, m., goad, prick ; spur,
incentive, encouragement ; tor-
ment, pain.
stlpendium, -1, [stips, gift, cf.
pendo], n., tax, tribute ; income,
pay, bounty; military service,
campaigning.
stirps, stirpis, f., trunk, stem,
stalk ; race, family ; offspring,
descendant; source, origin, be-
ginning.
sto, stare, steti, statum, 1, n.,
stand ; stand up, be upright ;
stand firm, abide, endure, con-
tinue ; stand still, delay, lin-
ger; remain, be fixed, be deter-
mined.
strepitus, -us, [strepo], m., noise,
din, clash, crash, murmur.
studeo, -ere, -ui, , 2, a. and
n., be eager, be zealous, be devoted;
strive after, desire, wish.
studiose [studiosus], adv., eagfr
ly, zealously, devotedly -. studiously^
carefully.
studiosus, -a, -um, [studium],
adj., eager, zealous, assiduotcs, de-
voted, studious ; friendly, favor-
able.
studium, -1, [studeo], n., zeal,
desire, inclination, enthusiasm,
endeavor ; pursuit, inquiry, study,
research; good-will, devotion, at-
tachment.
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, sim-
ple ; stupid, dull, silly.
stuprum, -1, n., defilement, dis-
grace, outrage ; debauchery, lewd-
ness.
suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, 2,
n. and a., advise, recommend ;
exhort, urge, impel, persuade.
sua vis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable,
grateful, pleasant.
sub, prep, with ace. and abl.,
under :
(1) With ace, after verbs of
motion, under, below, near to, to,
up to, towards, down into ; until,
about, just before; following, after,
just after.
(2) With abl., of place, under,
beneath, below, behind, at the foot
of, by, near ; of time, during, in,
within, at, by, in the time of ; of
other relations, under, in the
power of, subject to ; by reason of,
in consequence of.
In composition, sub is often
assimilated before m, r, Wid
usually before c, f, g, p. It
adds the force of under, beneath ;
somewhat, a little ; secretly, by
stealth.
subed, -Ire, -Ivi or -if, -itum, [sub
+ eo], irr., n. and a., go under,
enter ; advance, draw near ; come
after, succeed ; come up, occur,
suggest itself ; undergo, submit to,
be subject to, endure, suffer.
SUBICIO
129
SUM
subicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectum,
[sub + iacio], 3, a., throw under,
place under ; submit, present, give ;
subordinate ; subjoin^ append ;
forge, counterfeit.
subiector, -oris, [subicio], m.,
forger.
subigo, -ere, subegl, subaetum,
[sub -f ago], 3, a., bring under;
subdue, conquer, subjugate, reduce.
subitd [subitus], adv., suddenly,
unexpectedly.
suboles, -is, f., sprout, shoot ; off-
spring, posterity, stock, race.
subsellium, -I, [sub, sella], n.,
low bench, seat, form ; court, tri-
bunal.
subsidium, -1, [sub, sedeo], n.,
reserve force ; aid, help, assist-
ance, support, protection.
subsum, -esse, , , [sub
-fsum], irr., n., be under; be
near at hand, be near ; impend,
approach; be concealed, lurk in,
be in reserve.
succedo, -ere, successl, succes-
sion, [sub + cedo], 3, n. and a.,
come under, enter; approach,
draw near, come to ; follow, suc-
ceed, take the place of; be success-
ful, prosper. \
Suessa, -ae, f., Suessa, a town in
the southern part of Latium,
near the border of Campania;
sometimes reckoned a city of
Campania. Ant. IV. 11.
sufifero, -ferre, sustull, sublatum,
[sub + fero], irr., a., undergo, en-
dure, suffer.
suffragium, -1, [sub, cf. frango],
n., lit. fragment ; voting-tablet,
vote, ballot, suffrage; right of
suffrage, elective franchise.
sui, sibi, se or sese, nom. wanting,
reflex, pron., himself, herself, it-
self, themselves ; him, her, it, etc.
inter se, mutually, reciprocally,
one another, each other.
Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, name of a
patrician family of the Cornelian
gens. Two members of it are
mentioned in this book:
(1) L. Cornelius Sulla, the dic-
tator, born B. c. 138. He served
with distinction under Marius.
first in the Jugurthine War, af-
terwards, b. c. 104-101, in the
campaigns against the Teutones
and Cimbri. He became a leader
of the aristocratic party, defeated
his enemies, and in b. c. 82 was
made dictator. After two years
of absolute government, in which
he introduced many reforms, he
retired from the dictatorship, and
died the following year, B.C. 78.
Cat. II. ix. et at.
(2) L. Cornelius Sulla Faustus,
son of the dictator, born about
b. c. 89. In the war between
Caesar and Pompey he took
sides with the latter, but was
captured by Caesar B.C. 46, and
lost his life at the hands of Cae-
sar's soldiers in a tumult. Ep.
xii.
Sulpicius, -a, name of a Roman
gens, at first patrician, afterwards
including plebeian families also.
Three of the name are mentioned
in this book :
(1) Sulpicius, with whom Ci-
cero had some financial transac-
tion. Ep. xxxvi.
(2) C. Sulpicius, praetor B.C.
63. Cat. III. in.
(3) P. Sulpicius Riifus, born
124 B.C., tribune of the people
B.C. 88. At first he supported
the aristocratic party. After-
wards he joined Marius, with
whom he fled on the approach
of Sulla, but was captured and
murdered. Cat. III. X.
sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futurus,
irr., n., be, exist ; stay ; fall', with
SUMMA
130
SUSPICIO
gen., belong to, be the part or duty
of, be possessed of, be valued at,
cost ; with dative, be for, serve
for, belong to, possess, have.
summa, -ae, [properly f. of sum-
mus, sc. res], f.,- chief place,
highest rank, leadership ; sum,
aggregate, whole ; main thing,
chief reason.
summus, a, -um, see superus.
sumo, -ere, siimpsi, sumptum,
[sub -f- emo], 3, a., take, lay hold
of V assume, take on ; consume,
spend ; enter upon, begin ; exact ;
obtain, acquire ; select, choose.
sumptuose [sumptuosus], adv.,
expensively, sumptuously.
sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptus],
adj ., expensive, costly, sumptuous ;
wasteful, extravagant.
sumptus, -us, [sumo], m., ex-
penditure, expense, cost, outlay
sumptum facere, to be at an ex-
pense, to make an expenditure.
superbe [superbus], adv., haugh-
tily, proudly.
superbus, -a, -um, [super], adj.,
haughty, proud, arrogant, domi-
neering.
superior, see superus.
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, [supe-
rus],!, n. and a., rise above, over-
top, surmount, transcend ; exceed,
be abundant ; surpass, outstrip ;
overcome, subdue, defeat, suppress,
conquer.
supersum, -esse, fui, [super -f
sum], irr., n., be left, remain over
or from, remain ; live after, sur-
vive, outlive, be still alive.
superus, -a, -um, comp. superior,
sup. supremus or summus, [su-
per], adj., above, upper, higher.
Sup supremus, -a, -um, high-
est, loftiest, topmost ; last, final ;
extreme, utmost, outermost ;
sup. summus, highest, topmost;
greatest, best, utmost, extreme ;
often used of a part, as sum
mus mons, the top of the moun-
tain. Comp. as subst., supe-
riores, -um, m., pi., men of the
older time, elders.
suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum,
[sub, pes], 1, a. and n., furnish,
provide, supply freely ; abound, be
in store, be at hand.
suppeto, -ere, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum,
[sub + peto], 3, n., be at hand,
be in store, be available ; be suffi-
cient for, be equal to.
supplex, -icis, [sub, cf. plico],
adj., bending the knee, begging,
entreating; submissive, suppliant.
As subst., m., suppliant, peti-
tioner.
supplicatio, -onis, [supplied], f.,
public supplication, public thanks-
giving, day of prayer.
supplicium, -1, [supplex], n., en-
treaty, supplication ; kneeling for
punishment, punishment, penalty,
torture, torment.
supra [for supera, abl. f of supe-
rus, properly sc. parte], adv.
and prep. ■
(1 ) As adv., above, on top, over.
(2) As prep., with ace., over,
above, beyond, more than.
supremus, see superus.
surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum,
[sub -f- rego], 3, a. and n., rise,
get up, stand up.
suscenseo, -ere, -uT, , [suc-
census, from succendo], 2, n.,
be angry, be provoked.
suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, suscep-
tum, [subs, old form of sub, +
capio], 3, a., take up ; undertake,
begin, enter upon ; incur, un-
dergo, submit to, suffer, bear.
suspectus, -a, -um, [part, of
suspieio], adj., mistrusted, sus-
pected, subject to suspicion.
suspieio, -5nis, [suspieio], f., mis-
trust, suspicion, distrust.
SUSPICOR
131
TANGO
suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, [sub,
cf. speeioj, I, dep., mistrust, dis-
trust, suspect ; surmise, suppose.
sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of sustineo], i, a., hold up, sus-
tain ; hold out, endure, suffer,
bear ; ptit off, defer, delay.
sustineo, -ere, sustinui, susten-
tum, [subs, old form of sub, +
teneo], 2, a., hold up, bear up,
support, sustain ; hold in, control,
check ; bear, undergo, endure,
hold out.
suus, -a, -um, [cf. sui], poss.
pron. adj., his, her, its, their, his
own, their own ; own, peculiar,
just, suitable, favorable; dear,
beloved ; self-possessed, composed.
As subst., sui, -orum, m., pi.,
one's people, friends, relatives,
party. sua, -orum, n., pi., one's
possessions, one's property.
Syria, -ae, [Svpia], (., Syria, a
country lying east of the Mediter-
ranean Sea, between Cilicia and
Palestine ; organized into a Ro-
man province B. c. 64. Ep. XIX.
Syrpiae, see n. to p. 179, 1. 5.
T., see Titus.
tabella, -ae, [dim of tabula], f.,
tablet ; writing-tablet, juror's tab-
let, vote ; pi. often writing, letter,
despatch.
tabellarius, -a, -um, [tabella],
adj., of a tablet. As subst.,
tabellarius, -1, m., letter-carrier,
messenger, courier.
Tabernae, see Tres.
taberna, -ae, f., hut, cabin ; booth,
stall, shop, office ; inn, tavern.
tabesco, -ere, tabul, , [tabeo,
waste away], 3, inch., melt, decay,
decompose ; pine away, languish,
waste away.
tabula, -ae, f., board, plank ; tablet^
writing-tablet ; writing, record,
memorandum, account; picture,
painting. tabulae publicae,
public records.
tabularium, -I, [tabula], n., depos-
itory of records, archives.
taceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2, n. and
a., be silent, keep silence ; pass
over in silence, leave unsaid.
tacite [tacitus], adv., silently, in
silence.
taciturnitas, -atis, [taciturnus],
f., keeping silent, silence.
tacitus, -a, -um, [part, of taceo],
adj., silent, passed in silence ; con-
cealed, hidden, secret ; still, mute,
noiseless.
taeter, -tra, -trum, comp. tae-
trior, sup. taeterrimus, adj.,
offensive, loathsome, foul ; repul-
sive, shameful, abominable, base.
talaris, -e, [talus, ankle], adj.,
of the ankles, reaching to the
ankles.
talis, -e, pron. adj., such, of such a
kind ; such as this, as follows ;
of so especial a kind, so distin-
guished, tabs — qualis, such
— as.
tain, adv., so much, to such a de-
gree, so, so very. tarn — quam,
so — as, as much — as.
tamen, adv., nohvithstanding, nev-
ertheless, for all that ; hozvever,
yet, still. qui tamen, although
he.
tametsi [for tamen etsi], conj.,
although, though, notwithstand-
ing that ; and yet.
tamquam [tarn -f- quam], adv.,
just as, as if; as it were, just as
if, as much as.
tandem [tarn -f -dem], adv., at
length, at last, finally ; in ques-
tions, pray now, now, I pray.
tango, -ere, tetigl, tactum, 3, a.,
touch ; border on, adjoin ; arrive
TANTO OPERE
132
TENEO
at, come to ; move, affect, impress ;
of lightning, strike.
tanto opere, see opus.
taiitum [tantus], adv., so much,
so greatly, to such a degree ; only
so much, only, merely.
taiitum modo, adv., only, merely.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size,
so great, such ; so very great, so
important ; only so much, so triv-
ial, so small. As subst, tan-
tum, -I, n., so much. tanti,
gen. of price, of such a price, of
so great value ; of so little account,
of so slight importance. tanto,
abl. of degree of difference, by
so much, so much. tantus —
quantus, so much — as, so great
— as.
tarde, comp. tardius, sup. tardis-
sime, [tardus], adv., slowly, late.
Sup., latest, very late.
tarditas, -atis, [tardus], f., slow-
ness, tardiness.
tar do, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardus],
I, a. and n., make slow, hinder,
delay, retard ; linger, tarry.
Tarentlnus, -a, -um, [Tarentum],
adj., Tarentine, of Tarentum, an
important Greek city on the Gulf
of Tarentum. As subst., Ta-
rentini, -orum, m, pi., people of
Tarentum.
Tarquitius, -I, m., L. Tarquitius,
an acquaintance of Cicero's. Ep.
xix.
tectum, -I, [tego], n., covered
place, shelter ; house, dwelling ;
covering, roof.
tego, -ere, text, tectum, 3, a.,
cover ; hide, conceal, shelter ;
cloak, veil ; protect, guard.
telum, -I, n., missile, spear, dart,
javelin, arrow ; by metonymy,
sword, axe, dagger, weapon.
temere, adv., by chance, at ran-
dom, without design ; rashly, heed-
lessly, thoughtlessly, recklessly.
te merit as, -atis, [temere], f. f
chance, accident ; rashness, reck-
lessness, indiscretion, foolhardi-
ness.
temperantia, -ae, [temperans],
f., moderation, discretion, self-con-
trol, temperance.
tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, [tem-
pus], 1, n. and a., be moderate,
control one's self, forbear, be tem-
perate ; control, rule, govern, reg-
ulate, restrain.
tempest as, -atis, [tempus], f.,
period, time, season ; weather, bad
weather, stor?n, tempest ; calam-
ity, misfortune.
tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempes-
tas], adj., seasonable, opportune,
timely ; appropriate, fitting, suita-
ble ; in good season, early.
templum, -1, n., consecrated place,
sacred enclosure, sanctuary ; tem-
ple, shrine, fane.
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, [inten-
sive of tendo], 1, a., handle,
touch, feel ; try, attempt, essay ;
attack, assail.
tempus, -oris, n., period of time,
time, season, point of time ; right
time, opportunity, occasion ; condi-
tion, times, circumstances ; time '
of need, exigency, emergency.
id temporis, at that time.
ex tempore, off hand, without
preparation.
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum and
tensum, 3, a. and n., stretch out^
stretch, extend; hold a course,
direct one's course, go, proceed ;
aim at, strive, endeavor.
tenebrae, -arum, f., pi., darkness,
gloom; darkness of night, night.
Tenedos or Tenedus, -1, [TtW
80s], f., Tenedos, an island in the
Aegean Sea, near the coast of
Troas. Arch. ix.
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, 2, a.
and n., hold, have, keep ; possess.
TENUIS
133
TIGRANES
be master of, occupy; grasp
firmly, hold fast, fetter, bind ;
restrain, check, guard, preserve,
defend.
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine ; nar-
row, slight, insignificant ; mean,
poor, weak.
ter [cf. tres], num. adv., thrice,
three limes.
Terentia, -ae, f., Terentia, wife of
Cicero, to whom she was mar-
ried about b. c. 80. She was a
woman of strong character, and
had a large property. Cicero
divorced her B. c. 46. She is
said to have married again and
to have lived to be over a hun-
dred years old. Ep. vin., ix.,
xxi.-xxvnr.
termino, -are, -avl, -atum, [ter-
minus], 1, a., bound, limit; set
limits to, circumscribe ; close, end,
finish, terminate.
terminus, -I, m., boundary, limit,
end.
terra, -ae, f., land, as opposed to
the water ; soil, ground, region,
country ; earth. orbis terrae
or ter r arum, the world, the
whole world. terra marique,
by land and sea.
terror, -oris, [cf. terreo], m., fright,
alarm, terror, overwhelming fear ;
by metonymy, cause of fright,
dread ; terrible news.
tertius, -a, -um, or III., [ter],
num. adj., third.
Testa, -ae, m., C. Trebdtius Testa,
an eminent jurist, a friend of
Cicero and of Caesar. He wrote
on legal subjects, but his writings
have perished. Ep. xiii., xxi.,
xxxviii.
testamentum, -I, [testor], n., will,
testament.
testimonium, -I, [testis], n., evi-
dence, attestation, testimony, proof.
testis, -is, m. and f., witness.
testor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis], i,
cause to serve as a witness, call It
witness, appeal to, invoke.
Teuton!, -drum, or Teutones,
-um, m., pi., Teutones, Teutons,
a people of Germanic origin, that
appeared in Gaul about 113 B. c,
and were well-nigh annihilated
by Gaius Marius at Aquae Sex-
tiae (Aix), B.C. 102. Imp. P.
xx.
Themistocles, -I or -is, [©e/iioro-
k\t)s], m., Themistocles, the great
leader of the Athenians and of
Greece in the wars with Persia.
Arch. ix.
Theophanes, -is, [0eo<f>d j/t?s], m.,
Cn. Pompeius Theophajies, a
learned Greek, native of Myti-
lene. He became an intimate
friend of Pompey, whose name
he took. He accompanied Pom-
pey, who considered his advice
of much weight, in a number of
campaigns. After the battle of
Pharsalia he returned to Italy,
and was pardoned by Caesar.
He appears to have outlived both
Caesar and Cicero. Arch. x.
Thermus, -I, m., Q. Minucius
Thermits, propraetor of the prov-
ince of Asia 51-50 B.C. His
administration was praised by
Cicero. In the Civil War he
joined the party of Pompey.
Ep. xvi.
Ti., see Tiberius.
Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberis], adj.
of the Tiber.
Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber, the great
river of western Italy, on which
Rome is situated; now Tevere.
Tiberius, -1, abbreviated Ti., m.,
Tiberius, a Roman forename.
Tigranes, -is, [Tiypdvys], m., 77-
grdnes, king of Armenia and
neighboring regions, and son-in-
law of Mithridates, whom he as-
TIMEO
134
TRANS
sisted in the wars with Rome.
He surrendered to Pompey b. c.
66, who left him the government
of Armenia proper and the title
of king. Imp. P. n. et al.
timed, -ere, -ul, , 2, a. and n.,
be afraid, be fearful ; be apprehen-
sive, be anxious ; dread, fear.
timide [timidus], adv., fearfully,
timidly.
timidus, -a, -um, [timeo], adj.,
afraid, fearful, timid, cowardly.
timor, -oris, [cf. timeo], m., fear,
dread, apprehension, alarm, tim-
idity ; awe, reverence.
Tiro, -onis, [tiro, recruit], m.,
Tiro, at first a slave of Cicero,
then set free and given the name
M. Tullius Tiro. Being a man
of ability and culture, he became
the confidential secretary and
literary assistant of the orator.
He also wrote works of his own.
He is said to have collected and
published Cicero's letters. A
system of short-hand was credited
to him as inventor. Ep. xx. etal.
TTsamenus, -1, [riadfievos, from
riv<a, requite], m., Tisamenus, a
slave of Cicero's. Ep. xxxi.
Titinius, -I, m., Q. Titinius, a
money-lender. Ep. hi.
Titius, -1, m., C. Titius Rufus, city
praetor b. c. 50. Ep. xvii.
Titus, -1, abbreviated T.,m., Titus,
a Roman forename, said to be of
Sabine origin.
toga, -ae, [tego], f., toga, gown,
an outer robe of white woolen
stuff, worn by Roman citizens
when not engaged in military
pursuits; hence, peace.
togatus, -a, -um, [toga], adj.,
wearing the toga, clad in the toga ;
in the garb of peace, in civil life,
as a civilian.
tolerabilis, -e, [tolero], adj.,
bearable, endurable, tolerable.
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf.
tollo], 1, a., bear, endure, sustain,
suffer.
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, 3,
a., lift, lift up, raise, elevate;
bring up, educate ; make away
with, remove, dispose of; ruin,
destroy.
Tongilius, -1, m., Tongilius, a dis-
reputable youth, a favorite of
Catiline. Cat. II. 11.
Torquatus, -1, [torquatus, from
torquis, necklace], m., T. Mdnlius
Torquatus ; see Manlius (2).
torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, 2,
a., turn, turn about, bend, wind,
twist ; rack, torture, torment.
tot, num. adj., indecl., so many, in
such numbers.
totiens [tot], num. adv., so often,
as often, so many times.
totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj.,
all, the whole, total, entire, all ;
used where the English idiom
prefers an adv., altogether, wholly,
entirely, fully.
tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. ot
traho], 1, a., draw, pull ; touch,
handle ; manage, practice, conduct,
control ; treat.
trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum,
[trans + do], 3, a., deliver, sur-
render, hand over ; commit, in-
trust, confide ; give over, betray ;
transmit, relate.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, 3, a.,
draw, drag ; draw in, take on,
assume; lead on, attract, influ-
ence ; get, obtain, derive; pro-
tract, extend.
tranquillitas, -atis, [tranquillus],
{., quietness, stillness, calmness;
tranquillity, serenity.
tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., quiet,
still, calm, tranquil ; peaceful,
tmdisturbed, serene.
trans, prep, with ace, across, over,
beyond. In composition trans
TRANSALPINUS
135
TULLIA
stands as tran-, rarely trans-,
before s ; trans-, or tra-, before
i, d, 1, m, n ; trans-, rarely
tra-, before f, v; and remains
unchanged before the other let-
ters.
Transalpmus, -a, -um, [trans +
Alpinus], adj., beyond the Alps,
Transalpine. Cf. Gallia.
transceiido, -ere, transcendl,
transcensum, [trans -f- scando],
3, a. and n., climb over, pass over,
surmount ; overstep, transgress.
transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[trans + fero], irr., a., bear across,
convey over, transport, transfer,
turn.
transigS, -ere, transegi, transac-
tum, [trans -|- ago], 3, a., pierce
through ; carry through, bring to
an end, conclude, perfor?n, accom-
plish, transact ; settle, agree, make
a settlement.
transmarinus, -a, -um, [trans +
marlnus], adj., beyond the sea,
transmarine.
transmittS, -ere, transmisi,
transmissum, [trans + mitto],
3, a. and n., send across, carry
over, bring across, transmit ; pass
over, cross over, traverse ; hand
over, intrust, commit, devote.
Trebatius, -I, see Testa.
tredecim, or XIII., [tres + de-
cern], num. adj., indecl., thirteen.
tres, tria, gen. trium, num. adj.,
three.
Tres Tabernae, abl. Tribus
Tabernis, f., pi., the Three Tav-
erns, a station on the Appian
Way, 31 miles from Rome. Ep.
iv., v.
tribulis, -is, [tribus], m., man of
the same tribe, fellow tribesman.
tribunal, -alis, [tribunus], n.,
judgment-seat, tribunal, a raised
platform on which were the seats
of magistrates.
tribunus, -I, [tribus], m., repre-
sentative of a tribe, tribune. tri-
bunus plebis or plebei, or sim-
ply tribunus, tribune of the
people, i. e. of the common peo-
ple or commons, a magistrate
whose duty it was to protect the
plebeians against the patricians.
tribuS, -ere, tribui, tributum,
[tribus], 3, a., assign, bestow,
confer, grant, give ; concede, al-
low; spend, devote.
triduum, -1, [tres + dies], n., three
days' time, space of three days,
three days.
triumphs, -are, -avi, -atum, [tri-
umphus], 1, n. and a., celebrate a
triumph, triumph; exult, greatly
rejoice.
triumphus, -1, m., triumphal pro-
cession, triumph, the ceremonial
entrance of a commander into
Rome in celebration of an im-
portant victory ; celebration of
victory.
tropaeum, -I, [rpSTratov], n., me-
morial of victory, trophy.
trucldatio, -onis, [trucido], f.,
slaughter, massacre, butchery.
trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum, [trux,
caedo], I, a., slaughter, massacre,
butcher.
tu, tui, pi., vos, pers. pron., thou,
you.
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet, war-trumpet.
tueor, -erl, tuitus sum, 2, dep.,
look at, gaze upon, consider ; care
for, preserve, guard, uphold, de-
fend, keep, maintain.
Tullia, -ae, f., Tullia, daughter of
Cicero and Terentia, born prob-
ably 79 or 78 B. c. She was
married in 63 B.C. to C. Calpur-
nius Piso, but was left a widow
B. c. 57. The following year she
became the wife of Furius Cras-
sipes, a young man of wealth
and high position, but was soon
TULLIOLA
136
UBICUMQUE
divorced. In B. c. 50 she was
married to P. Cornelius Dola-
bella. She died 45 b c. Though
her life was far from fortunate,
she appears to have possessed
a lofty nature, and was the idol
of her father, who was broken-
hearted over her death. See
Dolabella, PIso. Ep. VIII., XIX.,
xxr., xxiv.
Tulliola, -ae, [dim. of Tullia], f.,
Tulliola, Cicero's pet name for
his daughter Tullia. Ep. viii., ix.
Tullius, -a, name of a Roman
gens, to which the Cicero family
belonged. See Cicero.
Tullus, -1, m., L. Volcdtius Tullns,
consul b. c. 66 with M'. Aemilius
Lepidus. Cat. I. vi.
turn, adv., then, at that time; there-
upon, moreover. cum — turn,
often both — and, not only — but
also. turn vero, then indeed,
just then.
tumultus, -us, [tumeo], m., com-
motion, disturbance, tumult, up-
roar ; insurrection, mutiny.
tumulus, 1, [tumeo], m., mound,
hillock, hill ; grave, sepulchral
mound.
tunc, adv., then, at that time, just
then, thereupon.
tunica, -ae, f., under-garment, tu-
nic, shirt.
turbulentus, -a, -urn, [turba],
adj., disturbed, boisterous, stormy ;
restless, disordered, troublesome.
turma, -ae, f., throng, crowd, band,
body ; of calvary, squadron, com-
pany, troop.
turpis, -e, adj., ugly, unsightly, re-
pulsive , shameful, base, disgrace-
ful, dishonorable.
turpiter, comp. turpius, sup
turpissime, [turpis], adv., in
an unsightly manner, repulsively ;
shamefully, basely, disgracefully,
dishonorably .
turpitudo, -inis, [turpis], f., an-
sightliness, repulsiveness ; shame-
fulness, baseness, disgrace, dis-
honor.
Tusculanus, -a, -um, [Tuscu-
lum], adj., Tusculan, of Tuscu-
lum, a town on a spur of the
Alban mountains, 15 miles south-
east of Rome. As subst., Tus-
culanum, -1, n., estate at Tuscu-
lum, Tusculan villa, a favorite
villa of Cicero's.
tuto, sup. tutissimo, [tutus],
adv., safely, securely, in safety
Sup., in the greatest safety, most
safe.
tutor, -ari, -atus sum, [tueor], 1,
dep., watch, guard, defend, pro-
tect.
tutus, -a, -um, [part, of tueor],
adj., guarded, safe, secure, out of
danger ; watchful, cautious.
tuus, -a, -um, [tu], poss. pron.
adj , thy, thine, your, yours , your
own. As subst., pi., tui, -orum,
m., your kinsmen, your friends ,
tua, -orum, n., your property,
your possessions.
tyrannus, -I, [rvpawos], m., ruler,
monarch, sovereign, king; despot,
tyrant.
u.
uber, -eris, n., udder, breast.
iibertas, -atis, [uber], f., richness,
fertility, fruitfulness, productive-
ness
ubi or ubl, adv., of place, where,
wheresoever, in what place ; of
time, when, whenever, as soon
as ; used in place of a relative
pron., wherewith, by which, with
whom, by whom.
ubicumque or ubicumque, [ubi
-f -cumque], adv., wherever,
"wheresoever.
UBINAM
137
UT
ubinam, [ubi + nam], adv., inter.,
where ? where on earth ?
ubique [ubl-f-que], adv., any-
where, in any place; in every
place, everywhere.
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, 3,
dep., take vengeance on , punish ;
avenge, requite.
ullus, -a, -um, gen. iillius, adj.,
any. As subst., iillus, ullius,
m., any one, anybody.
ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup.
ultimus, [cf. ultra], adj. in the
comp. degree, farther, beyond,
more distant, more remote. Neut.
ulterius, often as adv., beyond,
farther on, further, more, longer,
to a greater degree. Sup. ulti-
mus, -a, -um, farthest, most dis-
tant, uttermost, extreme, last.
ultimus, -a, -um, see ulterior.
ultro [cf. ultra], adv., beyond,
on the other side ; besides, more-
over , of one's own accord, volun-
tarily.
Umbrenus, -I, m., P. Umbrenus,
a freedman, one of the Catilina-
rian conspirators. Having been
engaged in the business of money-
lending in Gaul, he was employed
to try to win the support of the
Allobroges to the conspiracy.
Cat. III. vr.
umquam, adv., at any time, ever.
una [unus], adv., together, at once,
at the same time.
unde, adv., whence, from which
place ; from which, from whom.
undecim, or XL, [unus -f decern],
num. adj., indecl., eleven.
undecimus, -a, -um, or XL, [un-
decim], num. adj., eleventh.
undequinquagesimus, -a, -um,
[undequinquaginta], num. adj.,
forty-ninth.
undique [unde + -que], adv., from
all sides, on all sides, all around,
everywhere.
unguentum, -1, [unguo], n., oint-
ment, perfume.
unice [unicus], adv., singularly,
uniquely, above all others.
iiniversus, -a, -um, [unus + ver-
sus], adj., all together, whole, en-
tire ; general, universal. As
subst., universi, -orum, m.,
pi., the whole body of men, all
men.
unus, -a, -um, gen. unlus, some-
times in poetry, unius, num. adj.,
one, one only, a single one ; alone,
sole, single ; one and the same.
URB, see urbanus.
urbanus, -a, -um, in titles some-
times abbreviated urb., [urbs],
adj., of the city; in city fashion,
polite, refined, courteous. As
subst., urbana, -orum, n., pi.,
the affairs of the city.
urbs, urbis, f., city ; especially
the city, Rome.
urgueo, -ere, ursi, , 2, a. and
n., press, press on, push, impel,
urge; press hard, weigh down,
oppress; urge on, drive.
uspiam, adv., at any place, any-
where, somewhere.
usquam, adv., anywhere, at any
place, in any place, to any place.
usque, adv., even to, even, as far
as ; all the way, continuously, as
long as.
xisura, -ae, [utor], f., use, enjoy-
ment: interest on money, usury.
usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [usus,
cf. rapio], 1, a., lit. seize for use ;
make use of, use, employ ; practice,
adopt; speak of, talk of; resort to.
usus, -us, [utor], m., use, employ-
ment, enjoyment ; practice, expe-
rience, skill ; intercourse, familia-
rity ; benefit, profit, advantage,
service, need.
ut or utl, adv., of place, where ;
of time, as, as soon as, just as;
of manner, interrogative, how?
UT
138
VARIUS
in what way ? in what manner ?
relative, as, as for instance, see-
ing that, as if, on the supposition
that. ut primum, as soon as.
ut — ita, so — as, while — still.
ut or uti, conj. with subj., of re-
sult, that, so that ; of purpose, in
order that, that ; of concession,
though, although.
uter, -tra, -trum, gen. utrius,
pron. adj., which of two, which-
ever, either of two.
uterque, utraque, utrumque,
gen. utriusque, [uter + -que],
adj., each, either ; one and the
other, both; pi. as subst., each
party, each side, both.
utilis, -e, [utor], adj., useful,
serviceable ; profitable, expedient,
advantageous ; fit, suitable.
utilitas, -atis, [utilis], f., utility,
use ; profit, benefit, advantage, ex-
pediency.
utinam [uti + nam], adv., oh
that ! if only ! would that !
utor, uti, usus sum, 3, dep., use,
employ, make use of; exercise,
practice, perform ; serve one's self
with, enjoy, indulge in ; find to
be, find.
utrum [uter], adv., in direct ques-
tions indicated only by the inflec-
tion of the voice in translating ;
in indirect questions, whether.
utrum — an, whether — or.
Utut, adv., however, in whatever
manner.
uxor, -oris, f., wife.
V.
vacillS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n.,
sway to and fro, stagger, totter ;
waver, hesitate, vacillate.
vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n., be
empty, be vacant ; be without ; be
idle, be at leisure, have time.
vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac*
turn, [vacuus + facio], 3, a.,
make empty, make vacant, clear,
free.
vacuus, -a, -um, [vaco], adj.,
empty, void, vacant, free, without;
idle, unemployed, unengaged, at
leisure.
vadimonium, -1, [vas, bail], n.,
guarantee of an appearance be-
fore a tribunal at a given time
by bail ; bail-bond, bail, security.
vadimonium deserere, to for-
feit one's bail.
vado, -ere, , , 3, n., go,
especially go in haste, rush, pro-
ceed rapidly.
vagina, -ae, f., scabbard, sheath.
vagor, -ari, -atus sum, [vagus],
1, dep., stroll about, wander,
roam, rove ; be spread, extend,
spread abroad, diffuse itself
valde, com p. valdius, [for valide
from validus], adv., strongly, ex-
ceedingly ; very much, very.
valens, -entis, [part, of valeo],
adj., strong, vigorous, powerful,
mighty.
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n., be
strong, be vigorous, be healthy ;
have power, avail, prevail, suc-
ceed; be able, be capable. Imp.
vale, as a greeting, farewell,
good-bye.
Valerius, see Flaccus, (2), (3).
valetudo, -inis, [valeo], f., health,
state of health ; til health, sick-
ness, feebleness, weakness.
vallo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vallum]
I, a., fortify with a rampart ; for-
tify, protect, defend.
varietas, -atis, [varius], f., diver-
sity, variety ; difference, disagree-
ment, dissension ; change, vicis-
situde.
varius, -a, -um, adj., diversified,
varying, changeable, various, man-
ifold ; diverse, different.
VARRO
139
VERBER
Varro, -onis, ra., M. Terentius
Varro, " the most learned of the
Romans," born 116 B.C. In the
Civil War he held a command
under Pompey, but was pardoned
by Caesar, and afterwards de-
voted himself exclusively to
literary pursuits. He wrote
voluminously, on a great variety
of subjects. He was an intimate
friend of Cicero. He died b. c.
28. Ep. xliv.
vastatio, -onis, [vasto], f., laying
waste, devastating, devastation.
vastitas, -atis, [vastus], f., waste,
desert , desolation, ruin, destruc-
tion.
vasto, -are, -avl, -atum, [vastus],
1, a., make desert, lay waste, make
desolate, devastate, destroy.
vates, -is, m. and f., seer, prophet,
diviner, soothsayer.
Vatia, -ae, m., [vatius, bow-legged],
m., name of a family of the Ser-
vilian gens. The most prominent
member was P. Servilius Vatia,
grandson of Q. Metellus Mace-
donicus, consul b. c. 79. In
B. c. 78 he was proconsul of Cili-
cia, and went against the pirates
that infested the southern roast
of Asia Minor. He was success-
ful, receiving the honorary sur-
name Isauricus for the reduction
of Jhe Isauri. He was honored
with a triumph, b. c. 74. He
died b. c. 44. Imp. P. xxm.
-ve, enclitic conj., [vel], or, or if
you please, or also ; after a nega-
tive, and.
vectigal, -alis, [veh5], n., revenue
of the state, tax, impost, duty,
tribute.
vectigalis, -is, [vecfigal], m.,
payer of tribute, tributary.
vehemens, -entis, adj., eager, ar~
dent, impetuous, vehement; strong,
forcible, vigorous, effective.
vehementer, comp. vehemeu-
tius, sup. vehementissime,
[vehemens], adv., eagerly, im-
petuously, vehemently ; strongly,
exceedingly, very much, extremely.
vel [old imp. of volo], conj., or, or
if you will, or even. vel — vel,
either — or, whether — or.
vel [volo], adv., or even, or indeed,
assuredly, certainly ; perhaps, it
may be; very, utmost. vel
maxime, in the very highest de-
gree, most of all.
velum, -1, n., sail ; by metonymy,
awning, curtain, veil.
vena, -ae, f., blood-vessel, vein, ar-
tery ; pi. veins, heart.
vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum,
[venum, sale, do], 3, a., sell;
sell for a bribe, give for pay,
betray.
veneficus, -I, [venenum, cf. fa-
cio], m., poisoner.
venenum, -I, n., poison, venom ;
by metonymy, magical potion,
charm.
veneo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -ltum,
[venum, sale, -f eo], irr., n., go
to sale, be sold.
veneror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
reverence, worship, adore ; vene-
rate, do homage to; beseech.
venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor,
kindness ; permission , pardon,
forgiveness.
venio, -ire, venl, ventum, 4, n.,
come; come into, enter ; approach;
spring; result, occur.
venor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep.,
hunt, chase.
ventus, -I, m., wind.
venustas, -atis, [venus, charm], f,
comeliness, attractiveness, beauty 7
artistic grace, taste, art.
ver, veris, n., spring, spring-time.
verber, -eris, n., lash, whip,
scourge ; by metonymy, blow,
stroke, scourging, flogging.
VERBUM
140
VICINUS
verbum, -I, n., word. verba
facere, to speak.
vere [verus], adv., really, truly,
in fact ; properly, rightly.
verecundia, -ae, [verecundus] ,
£., coyness, shyness, modesty, sense
of shame, bashfidness.
vereor, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep.,
reverence, stand in awe of, revere ;
fear, be afraid, dread, apprehend.
Veritas, -atis, [verus], f., truth,
truthfidness ; sincerity, straight-
forwardness ; reality, fact.
vero [verus], adv., truly, certainly,
tn truth ; but in fact, however,
but. immo vero, no indeed,
nay rather.
verso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
verto], 1, a., turn often, keep
turning, turn over, turn ; man-
age, direct; revolve, consider.
Pass., versor, -ari, -atus sum,
move about, dwell, remain, stay ;
be situated, be associated, be; be
engaged in, be busy, be employed.
versus, -us, [verto], m., line, verse.
verum, -1, [verus], n., truth, fact,
reality.
verum [verus], adv., truly ; but in
truth, but notwithstanding, but,
however, still. non modo —
verum, not only — but. non
modo — verum etiam, not only
— but also.
verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real,
genuine, well founded ; proper,
reasonable, just ; truthful, vera-
cious.
vesper, -eri or -eris, m., evening-
star , by metonymy, evening, eve.
Loc. vesperi, in the evening.
vespera, -ae, f., evening.
Vesta, -ae, [cf. 'Eorfa], f., Vesta,
a Roman divinity, daughter of
Saturn and Ops; in her service
were the Vestal Virgins, who
kept a fire always burning on
her altar.
Vestalis, -e, [Vesta], adj., of
Vesta, Vestal. virgo Vestalis,
Vestal virgin.
vester, -tra, -trum, [vos], poss.
pron. adj , your, yours.
vgstlgium, -1, n., sole of the foot ;
by metonymy, foot, step, foot-print,
track ; trace, sign, vestige.
Vettius, -I, m., Vettius Chrysippus,
an architect, freedman of the
architect Cyrus. This is prob-
ably the Vettius referred to in
Ep. hi.
vetus, -eris, sup. veterrimus, adj.,
old, aged ; of long standing ; of a
former time, former, earlier, an-
cient.
vetustas, -atis, [vetus], f., old age,
age ; long duration, long stand-
ing; great age, antiquity, ancient
times.
vexatio, -onis, [vexo], f., disturb-
ing, troubling, harassing ; dis-
tress, hardship, trouble.
vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
veho] , 1 , a., shake, jolt ; disturb,
harass, trouble, waste.
via, -ae, f., way, road, street ; by
metonymy, passage, march, jour-
ney ; mode, manner.
Vibo, -onis, f., Vibo, a city in the
southwestern part of Italy, on the
west coast of Bruttium. It was
originally a Greek settlement
with the name Hipponium ('lirirco-
vlov), but it received a Roman
colony B.C. 192. In Cicero's
time it was a flourishing munici-
pal town. Ep. vn.
vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, I, a. and
n., brandish, shake, hurl, throw ;
quiver, gleam, flash.
vicesimus, -a, -um, [viginta],
num. adj., twentieth.
vicinus, -a, -um, [vicus, street,
quarter}, adj., of the neighborhood,
neighboring, near, adjacent. As
subst., vicinus, -i, m., neighbor.
VICTOR
141
VITO
victor, -oris, [vinco], m., con-
queror, victor ; often in apposi-
tion with the force of an adj.,
victorious, conquering.
victoria, -ae, [victor], f., victory ;
success, triumph.
vicus, -I, m., properly abode;
hence, street, quarter ; of a city ;
village, hamlet ; country - seat,
villa.
videlicet [for videre licet], adv.,
it is evident, clearly, plainly, ob-
viously, evidently , of course, you
see, forsooth, to wit, namely ; often
used ironically.
video, -ere, vidl, visum, 2, a.,
see, discern, perceive ; look at, ob-
serve ; understand, comprehend;
see to, care for, provide. Pass,
videor, viderl, visus sum, be
seen, appear, seem, be regarded ,
impers., videtur, **/ seems right,
it seems best.
vigeo, -ere, -ul, , 2, n., be vig-
orous, be strong, thrive, flourish,
bloom.
vigilans, -antis, [part, of vigilo],
adj., watchful, vigilant, anxious,
careful.
vigilia, -ae, [vigil], f., watching,
wakefulness ; watch, guard ;
watchfulness, vigilance ; pi.,
watchmen, sentinels.
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vigil],
1, n. and a., keep awake, be wake-
ful ; be watchful, keep watch, be
vigilant, watch.
viginti, or XX., num. adj., indecl.,
twenty.
vilis, -e, adj., of small price, of
little value, cheap ; poor, mean,
worthless, base, vile.
vilitas, -atis, [vilis], f., cheapness.
villa, -ae, f., country-seat, farm-
dwelling, villa, farm.
vincio, -Ire, vinxi, vinctum, 4,
a., bind, fetter, tie; fasten, re-
strain, confine.
vinco, -ere, vlcl, victum, 3, a
and n., conquer, overcome, defeat,
subdue ; be superior, excel, sur-
pass ; convince, get the better of;
demonstrate.
vinculum, or in shorter form vin-
clum, -I, [vincio], n., band, fet-
ter, rope, cord ; bond, tie, rela-
tion.
vindex, -icis, m. and i., defender,
protector ; avenger, punisher.
vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, [vin-
dex], 1, a., lay claim to, claim,
assume ; protect, defend, liberate,
deliver ; avenge, punish, take ven-
geance-
vinum, -1, n., wine.
violo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. vis],
1, a., treat with violence, injure,
outrage ; profane, desecrate.
vir, viri, m., man , husband ; man
of courage, hero.
virgo, -inis, [cf. vireo], f., maid,
maiden, girl, virgin.
virtus, -utis, [vir], f., manliness ;
courage, fortitude, bravery ; moral
worth, goodness, virtue, merit.
Personified, Virtus, -utis, god-
dess of Valor, Virtus.
vis, ace. vim, abl. vl, pi. vires,
-ium, f., force, strength, energy,
power ; violence, compulsion ;
quantity, number ; pi. often mil-
itary forces, forces, troops.
viscus, -eris, often in pi., viscera,
-um, n., internal organs, vitals,
inwards, viscera; inmost part,
bowels, centre, heart.
viso, visere, vlsl, visum, [freq. of
video], 3, a., look at attentively,
view, behold ; go to see, visit.
vita, -ae, [vivo], f., life, existence ;
mode of life, course of life;
career.
vitium, -I, n., fault, blemish, de-
fect; failing, offence, vice, crime.
vit6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. and
n., shun, avoid, evade.
VITUPERATIO
142
XENO
vituperatio, onis, [vitupero], f.,
blaming, blame, censure, reproach,
charge.
vivo, vivere, vlxi, victum, 3, n.,
live, be alive; pass the time, reside,
dwell ; support life, sustain life ;
live at ease ; last, endure.
vlvus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo], adj.,
alive, living, having life ; green,
vigorous. As subst, vivi,
-orum, m., pi., the living, those
who are alive.
vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty,
scarcely, barely.
vixdum [vix + dum], adv., scarce-
ly yet, hardly, but just.
voc5, -are, -avi, -atum, [vox], 1,
a. and n., call, summon, invoke ;
call together, convoke; call by
name, name, designate.
vocula, -ae, [dim. of vox], f., weak
voice, small voice.
volito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
volo], 1, n., flit about, fly about,
flutter ; hover about, wander.
volo, velle, volul, irr., a., will,
wish, desire; intend, purpose,
meatt ; claim, assume, assert.
Volturcius, -I, m., T. Volturcius,
a native of Croton, one of the
Catilinarian conspirators. After
his arrest at the Mulvian Bridge
he turned state's evidence, was
pardoned, and was rewarded for
the information he gave. Cat.
III. 11. et seq.
voluntarius, -a, -um, [voluntas],
adj., of one's free will, willing ;
wilful, intentional, voluntary.
voluntas, -atis, [volo, wish], f.,
will, wish, inclination, desire ;
purpose, aim ; good-will, favor.
voluptas, -atis, [cf. volo], {^plea-
sure, delight, enjoyment ; gratifi-
cation, satisfaction.
vos, see tu.
vosmet [vos + -met], strengthened
form of vos.
votum, -1, [voveo], n., vow, pledge;
wish, desire, prayer.
vox, vocis, [cf. voco], f., voice,
sound ; call, cry, speech, word, ut-
terance, saying.
vulgaris, -e, [vulgus], adj., of the
multitude, common; commonplace,
low, mean, vulgar.
vulgo [vulgus], adv., generally,
commonly, publicly, everywhere.
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, [vul-
nus], 1, a., wound, hurt, injure,
harm, pain.
vulnus, -eris, n., wound, injury;
blow, stroke ; disaster, misfortune,
calamity.
vultus, -us, m., look, expression ;
features, face, countenance \ visage.
Xeno, -onis, m., Xeno, a. native of
Apollonis; in Lydia,. Ep. xvi.
LATIN
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the nineteenth. There are questions in English, reviewing the
important points of each lesson, and questions in Latin on the
text. The necessary principles of English grammar are given
in the body of the book.
27
58
2S^y
9 6(
This volume preserved
with funding from the
National Endowment for
the Humanities, 1990.
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES
I
CDEMMa^aDE