UC-NRLF 
 
 B E ABO Mfl^ 
 
 A MAN UAL 
 
 ob' Tilt 
 
 HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE, 
 
 \ s spo i\ i 
 IN SOUTHERN INDIA. 
 
 C r FICERS STUDYING FOR THE LOWER STANDARD: 
 WITH A VOCABl I.AKV QF USEFUL WORDS, 
 OM1 > >'J ORIES 
 
 251 Sentences that have been given as Questions at L. S. Examinations, 
 
 Col. A. CPU 
 
 'IRSIAN LND HIS VKRNMENT. 
 
 
 MADRAS: 
 
 
 
 H I G G I N B T H A M AND 
 
 CO. 
 
 
 B^ otppcmtmrnt in 
 
 Untiia to $is Uogal HigJywsa tfje $rmrt of C 
 
 ..In. 
 
 
 1887. 
 
 
 
 K 
 
'berkeiey/\ 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 university ot J 
 
 ^ CAUfOtHIA^/ 
 
 } 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
'& 
 
CtJU* 
 
 A MAN UAL 
 
 ' OF THE 
 
 HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE, 
 
 AS SPOKEN 
 
 IN SOUTHERN INDIA, 
 
 FOR TIIE USE OF 
 
 OFFICERS STUDYINC FOR THE LOWER STANDARD; 
 
 WITH A VOCABULARY OF USEFUL WORDS, 
 
 SOME EASY STORIES 
 
 AND 
 
 251 Sentences that have been given as Questions at L. S, Examinations, 
 
 BY 
 
 Lieut. -Col. A. CURTOIS, 
 
 Madras Cavalry, 
 
 EXAMINER IN HINDUSTANI, 
 
 PERSIAN AND HINDUSTANI TRANSLATOR TO GOVERNMENT. 
 
 MADRAS: 
 HIGGINBOTHAM AND CO. 
 
 Sp. Appointment in Enoia to f^tg ftogal ^ififjnega tfje ISrince of E3aUa. 
 
 1887. 
 
LOAN STACK 
 
 MADRAS: 
 
 PRINTED BY HIOGINBOTHAM & CO. 
 1 2 
 
 164* 164 * 165 ' M0UNT R0AI) ' 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 ftflff 
 
 The compiler of this work has noticed in tho 
 course of his duty, that candidates frequently 
 come to examination quite uninstructed in the 
 simplest rules of grammar and syntax ; they 
 use inappropriate words, make their sentences 
 far too long and involved, and their pro- 
 nunciation is very bad. Several causes may be 
 assigned for these shortcomings ; munshis 
 are difficult to get; for the number of candi- 
 dates at a station being small in these days, 
 there is not much encouragement for educated 
 men to devote themselves to teaching candi- 
 dates ; and even when an educated man is ob- 
 tainable, he often does not know how to teach. 
 
 The grammars are mostly old, and difficult 
 to obtain, and are, also, too deep and intricate 
 for a beginner, who, consequently, will not face 
 the toil, requisite to master their contents. 
 
 The grammar in this book is written for the 
 assistance of such beginners ; it is not intended 
 to be a comprehensive grammar, or to compete 
 with the works of learned grammarians, it only 
 sets forth the simple rules (to which there are 
 many exceptions) and gives, in a small space, 
 
 r* r-*-» 
 
11 PREFACE. 
 
 the alphabet, rules for declension of nouns, 
 conjugation of verbs, and for the formation of 
 simple sentences. A vocabulary of useful 
 words, and some sentences, such as have 
 usually been given at examinations by the 
 Lower Standard, are appended. 
 
 The idioms, etc., are such as are in use, 
 amongst sepoys, in the Madras Presidency ; 
 and the book is primarily intended for the use 
 of Officers of the Madras Army studying for 
 the Lower Standard. 
 
 Most of the rules of grammar, here given, 
 are to be found in "Forbes' Grammar" and 
 are taken therefrom. 
 
 The compiler wishes to record the assistance 
 he has received from his old friend Munshi 
 Syed Ghulam Dastgir Sahib, the " College 
 Munshi." 
 
 Madras, 
 June, 1887. 
 
 } 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ♦— 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface i 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Alphabet 4 
 
 Numerals 12 
 
 Declension of Nouns 14 
 
 Genders of Nouns 16 
 
 Adjectives 17 
 
 Pronouns 18 
 
 Verbs, conjugation of 20 
 
 Passive voice - ... 28 
 
 Causal verbs ib. 
 
 Compound verbs 29 
 
 Adverbs 30 
 
 Prepositions 31 
 
 Conjunctions ib. 
 
 Derivatives 32 
 
 Syntax . . . , 34 
 
 Miscellaneous 47 
 
 Sentences 50 
 
 Easy Stories in English and Hin- 
 dustani 75 
 
 Vocabulary 97 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Students are advised to study, from the very 
 beginning, with a munshi ; in order to learn the 
 proper pronunciation of letters and words. A 
 bad style of pronunciation is easily contracted, 
 and is most difficult to correct. 
 
 They should learn to write, a point in which 
 Europeans, as a rule, are very deficient. 
 
 They should learn first, the Alphabet, next 
 the names of common objects in every-day life, 
 and the common verbs and adjectives in daily 
 use, also the numerals and pronouns. 
 
 They should then, at once, begin to learn a lit- 
 tle grammar, how to decline nouns, and conju- 
 gate verbs ; and then they may begin to read 
 the " Char Darwesh" which is mostly written 
 in a most simple style (learning the unknown 
 words). They will find they will, very soon, 
 be able to put words together, so as to form 
 intelligible sentences, and they should, then, 
 devote much time to conversing with a Musal- 
 mdn (a Hindoo in Madras seldom pronounces 
 well enough to afford useful practice, and in- 
 
deed often does more harm than good). Pro- 
 gress will now be rapid and the student is 
 advised to translate, daily, some of the sen- 
 tences at the end of this book, and to commit to 
 memory all the words that may occur in them. 
 
 He will find it good practice to translate 
 into Hindustani, viva voce, simple things from 
 a newspaper, etc., and he should instruct his 
 munshi never to pass over errors of pronuncia- 
 tion or grammar. 
 
 When the student wishes to commence read- 
 ing for the Higher Standard, he is advised to 
 obtain and study a more comprehensive gram- 
 mar, and to commence writing translations, 
 learning by heart all the useful words and 
 phrases, that may occur. A good munshi should 
 correct these translations and shew the style 
 required, which should be simple, and in short 
 sentences ; for long sentences are apt to become 
 involved. The student must recollect that a too 
 literal translation will often fail to convey the 
 idea of the original, in another language, and he 
 should aim at being, at once, intelligible and 
 faithful, without being too literal. 
 
 The use of the Dakhani "^ is, to the com- 
 piler's mind inelegant, in writing, and can easily 
 be avoided by using the relative ">■*#" or by 
 
substituting a sentence commencing with the 
 Persian "<tf." : Some munshis however, are 
 very much addicted to the use of the Dakhani 
 style, but the student must remember that it is 
 never used out of the Deccan. He must also 
 learn the use of the " case of the agent" or 
 " instrumental case" so as to be able to under- 
 stand and use it, when necessary. 
 
 Candidates for H. S. should continually prac- 
 tice the translation, viva voce, of proceedings of 
 Courts Martial ; there can be no better way of 
 learning to converse fluently, and many candi- 
 dates fail in this part of the Examination. 
 They should also devote a good deal of time to 
 reading native letters, such as have actually 
 been written by sepoys and their friends and 
 which can always be got from the " lines.'* 
 
 They should also learn the idioms, used in 
 conversation, of which most munshis Lave a 
 good store. 
 
 Lastly, they must bear in mind that no 
 language can be learnt without study, and 
 though Hindustani is an easy language, it 
 forms no exception to this rule. 
 
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8 
 
 It will be seen that the letters I t) S J j jj 
 i and j are never joined to a following letter. 
 
 VOWEL MARKS 
 Are three in number, called zabar, wj — $ 
 
 above 
 
 z6v > ^»~' 
 
 beneath 
 
 pesh, jU* JL, 
 
 in front 
 and when written with an initial 'alif* or 
 1 'am' or with any consonant in a word give 
 the resulting syllable, the sound of u in run, 
 i in tin, and u in put as 
 
 I (written in English an) ^ badan 
 
 Ji ( » » in) &z min 
 
 J ( * » » UD ) J tun 
 
 In practice if no vowel mark is given, zabar 
 is understood. The letter ^ g9 ye, receives the 
 following sounds from the vowel marks : 
 
 ^j is sounded as i in file written ai, 
 
 i£ ,, ee in feel „ f, 
 
 ^ without mark as ai in fail „ 6, 
 
9 
 
 j ' (wau) is affected as follows — 
 3 alone is sounded as o in roll, written o, 
 J is sounded as o in fowl ,, au, 
 
 j „ oo in fool ,, u, 
 
 In Madras the munsliis use _*_ instead of Cl- 
 over the letters . and ^, and J^ is placed over 
 them to signify the unmarked letter — the latter 
 symbol is also placed over a to show it has 
 the nasal sound. 
 
 The sign <, mad, placed over an ' alif ' gives 
 it its proper sound of a in mark ( T). 
 
 ♦ 
 
 OTHER MARKS. 
 o, jazm, or amputation, over a consonant signi- 
 fies that no vowel follows as yjJi % abrak, 
 talc. 
 
 -, tashdid, or doubling, doubles the consonant 
 it is placed over as cu^ mudo^at — a length 
 of time. 
 
 *, hamza, corresponds somewhat to our hy- 
 phen, and is placed between two syllables 
 of a word, when the one ends and the next 
 begins with a vowel. 
 
 The above system of transliteration is that 
 generally used, and is given in a shorter form 
 below : 
 
10 
 ( " ) a is pronounced as u in gun. 
 
 1 a 
 
 55 
 
 as a in hard. 
 
 a: e 
 
 55 
 
 as e in men. 
 
 ^ 6 
 
 55 
 
 as a in name. 
 
 C.) i 
 
 55 
 
 as i in lick. 
 
 ^ t 
 
 55 
 
 as eein meek. 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 as o in home. 
 
 f U 
 
 5; 
 
 as u in butcher. 
 
 J ^ 
 
 55 
 
 as oo in moon- 
 
 u> ai 
 
 55 
 
 as i in file. 
 
 j au 
 
 55 
 
 as ow in fowl. 
 
 Note. — The final & (h) is usually pronounced 
 by Indians as "ah" and is so transliterated 
 throughout this book — the "word *£ 9 ke is an 
 exception, and the a: has here its proper Persian 
 sound of e in men. 
 
 The student should learn the alphabet and 
 the various signs and sounds by heart. 
 
 It will be seen that some of the letters are 
 dotted, giving them a hard sound, very difficult 
 for an Englishman's ear to distinguish, though 
 most of the undotted letters are pronounced 
 somewhat more softly than we sound them. 
 
 There are three t s ... cl>, t u ; t L, t 
 
 55 55 ?*... U ^, S Lij, S fjC, s 
 
 „ four z s ...j 9 z j, z ^, z t z 
 
11 
 
 The letters +. kh, c 'ain, c ghain, and q kaf, 
 present peculiar difficulties to English people 
 and must be practiced with the munshi, as well 
 as the nasal n ^ at the end of a word. 
 
 The more advanced student will often know 
 from what language a word is taken by its 
 spelling. 
 
12 
 
 
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 oo 
 
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13 
 
 40 ?. ^U. 
 
 chdlis 
 
 80 
 
 a. ^1 assi 
 
 50 *. ^ts; 
 
 pacha3 
 
 90 
 
 i. i)jJ nauwad 
 
 60 i. d+JLs 
 
 sath 
 
 100 
 
 i • • $»> sau 
 
 m 
 
 70 *. JL, 
 
 sattar 
 
 1,000 
 
 i • . . j\j* bazar 
 
 It will be sufficient for tbe beginner to learn 
 the above numbers by heart, for although there 
 is a separate word for each number up to 100, 
 he can make himself understood above 20 by 
 using ji par, above — as 3 1 = <_Jo! ^ ^^jJ tis par 
 yek, 45 mV^ j> \j»$j*- chdlis par pdnch,etc., etc. 
 
 It will be observed the numerals are written 
 from left to right, as in English. 
 
 The following fractional numbers must also 
 be learnt : — 
 
 i 
 
 /j pdo. 
 
 \\ *2>j>3 derh. 
 
 i 
 
 ^l^ tihai. 
 
 2$ ,J[j\ arhae. 
 
 i 
 
 [«>T ddhd. 
 
 | more ^JL sarhe.t 
 
 4 
 
 U^j pduna. 
 
 10J ^d lA'^ s ^ rne das. 
 
 1} \y» sawd. 
 
 • Pauna means a quarter Zess, as If .i) JL> 
 
 paune do= quarter less two : — L* eawa = £ more. 
 t Not to be confused with KL* eara, a whole. 
 
14 
 
 The ordinals are as follows : — 
 
 1st ttf pahila. 5th ^ff\j panchwdh. 
 2nd l^j diisara. 6th J\yi* chat wan. 
 3rd ]j*j£ tisara\ 9th J\p nauwan. 
 
 4th Igl^ chautha. 
 All the remainder are formed by adding J\, 
 w&ii, to the cardinal numbers ; ^ is inflected to 
 
 ^ in the oblique cases and ^ in the feminine. 
 
 ♦ — 
 
 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 Nouns are declined by affixing the following 
 post-positions to the inflected form of the noun. 
 Gen. mas £ ka, fern. ^J ki, — or if following 
 
 word is plural ,J, of 
 Dat. — £ ku to 
 
 Ace. — £ — 
 Ablative ^ se/rora or with 
 Locative ^jl* men in j* par on 
 Agent — ^J ne by 
 
 Nouns ending in I, * 9 inflect the termination 
 to ^ in the oblique cases, singular. 
 
 Nouns ending in U ya of Persian and Arabic 
 origin are not inflected in the oblique cases. 
 
 Nouns ending in consonants and in ^ form 
 the plural by adding ^T to masculine and ^ 
 to feminine nouns. 
 
 Nouns ending in I and x form the plural by 
 changing the termination to ^ 
 
15 
 
 In the oblique cases plural, these termina- 
 
 tions become ^ 
 
 The vocative is formed by prefixing ^T ai to 
 the inflected form of singular or plural ; in the 
 plural however, the final ^ is omitted : U and I 
 may also be used to form vocative. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 \j]$> ghora, a horse. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 N. a horse \j£> ghora horses \J}ft& ghore* 
 
 G. of a horse £-^J-& *JJ& °f horses A-^J^ v)5j& 
 
 glioro ka ghoron ka 
 
 D. to „ <fi *_jyv ghoyo ku to ,, £ ^j^ etc. 
 
 Ace. horse £ *jy& or \jy& horses £ &£y& or cjjy? 
 ghora 
 
 Yoc. oh horse ^jyp ^T oh horses mjy£ \J) 
 
 ai ghorc 
 
 Ab. from a horse & +jy$ from horses ^ &)])£ 
 ghore se 
 
 cy* mard, a man. 
 
 N- Ay inard ^j+ (or dj+) mardaa 
 
 G. A-^J.^dy mard ka d-^J-% &)*j+ mardon ka 
 
 D. y dj+ mard ku £ &3^r+ 
 
 Ace. / * r or tj* mard ku / ^fy or J^ (m . ^j 
 
16 
 
 Voc. 
 
 &y* ±$\ al mard 
 
 3 d f° ^ 
 
 Ab. 
 
 e*** dye mard se 
 
 d*&y*j+ 
 
 Agent 
 (by a i 
 
 <J &y* mard ne 
 man) 
 
 i u^V 
 
 Note.— In Hindustan the nominative plural of nouns end- 
 ing in a consonant is the same as the nominative singular. 
 
 GENDERS OP NOUNS. 
 There are only two genders. 
 
 As a rule, all nouns referring to males are 
 masculine, and those referring to females are 
 feminine. 
 
 Nouns ending in ^, cl>, and ^ are usually 
 feminine, and in any other letter, masculine. 
 
 Nouns ending in ^ often form the feminine in 
 ^ as ^y^ dhobi, a ivasherman = ^ytt> dhobin. 
 Nouns ending in a consonant form the feminine 
 by adding ^J ni or ,^'T ani — as^i shir, lion 
 ^jjj^—y^o mihtar, siveeper — ^Li^ mihtarani. 
 
 Names of animate beings ending in I form the 
 feminine in ^ (sometimes ^) as \jy£ ghora, a 
 horse, ^j^ ghori, a mare. Diminutives are 
 similarly formed as, ^gold, a cannon ball 3 ^J^ 
 goli, a bullet. 
 
17 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 Adjectives terminating in a consonant and 
 most of those ending in s are indeclinable, 
 except when used as substantives. 
 
 Those ending in \ are inflected to ^ before 
 
 the oblique cases singular and plural of the 
 
 masculine noun qualified, and to c* before all 
 cases in the feminine. 
 
 There are no regular degrees of comparison, 
 the Persian forms J tar, more, and ^ J tarfn 
 most, are sometimes used as «— 9^. khub, good— 
 1 u->^ khiibtar, better ; ^ Jo ^ khubtarin, best ; 
 but the usual form, is to make use of the post- 
 position 4*1 s6,from or than, ^ JoL <*»*.«? <j-Uf*yj 
 yih ghar us ghar s& buland hai = this house is 
 high (er) than that— ^ jJlL ^ ^uf c^^^f ayj 
 yih ghar sab gharon se buland hai, this house 
 is high (est) from (of) all houses. 
 
 Most adjectives can be converted into ab- 
 stract nouns, by affixing ^ as, L-^ft* khiib, good 
 e= .«**». khubi, goodness and vice versa when the 
 substantive refers to place, tribe, etc., etc., as 
 yj^jS^o Madras = ^yJ,*** Madrasi, of or belong- 
 ing to Madras. 
 
18 
 
 PRO- 
 
 The following are the 
 
 Singular. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Acc. 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 Ab. 
 
 -H 
 
 main 
 
 I 
 
 !^» 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 eH* *>$?* 
 
 ^ 
 
 tu 
 
 thou 
 
 w 
 
 fort? 
 
 
 y 
 
 gMi S^fSf 
 
 V 
 
 woh 
 
 Vie, that 
 
 IL1 
 
 
 |jC1 
 
 ... 
 
 di* \J^ 
 
 *vi 
 
 yih 
 
 this 
 
 M 
 
 1*1 
 
 j/4 
 
 
 eZ? \J"\ 
 
 *f 
 
 kon 
 
 who 
 
 
 £■»? 
 
 jCJ 
 
 ... 
 
 dt> {J~> 
 
 # 
 
 koe 
 
 1 
 
 someone 
 
 K^fJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 y iS^ 
 
 
 d*> ^j^ 
 
 *«** 
 
 kuch 
 
 i 
 
 something 
 
 D »>*0 
 
 /r^ 
 
 •f r^ 
 
 
 di* ***><* 
 
 ¥ 
 
 kya 
 
 what 
 
 *** 
 
 ^* 
 
 fs# 
 
 
 <* ^ 
 
 «■ 
 
 i° 
 
 ("he, who,") 
 •J that, V 
 i, which ) 
 
 On**>_^. 
 
 *£*wJ^- 
 
 
 
 dt* \^*^- 
 
 
 ap 
 
 Self 
 
 V 
 
 AT 
 
 J V 
 
 
 & ujT 
 
19 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 most Common Pronouns : 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1 
 
 Agent. 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Acc. 
 
 •J 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. P. 
 
 ft 
 
 ham 
 
 we 
 
 !A> 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 ... 
 
 <* n 
 
 icnKrift 
 
 f 
 
 turn 
 
 you 
 
 !;'•*** 
 
 A' 
 
 A' 
 
 f 
 
 e* ^ 
 
 iy--i p* 
 
 •o 
 
 wo 
 
 ( thoy, ) 
 (. those J 
 
 £l 
 
 /it 
 
 lj 
 
 ... 
 
 d» d 
 
 i ^r ' - <± d ' 
 
 «r> 
 
 ye 
 
 these 
 
 &i 
 
 £1 
 
 P- 
 
 ... 
 
 <2> (jl 
 
 ci ^rl-i. ull 
 
 ^ 
 
 kon 
 
 who 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ** 
 
 ... 
 
 d» uf 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 koe 
 
 some 
 
 . * • 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 not 
 
 used 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 as singular 
 
 • • * 
 
 • • • 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 J* 
 
 jo 
 
 ( tbey, •) 
 J who, f 
 J those, T 
 Which J 
 
 &- 
 
 *■ 
 
 A* 
 
 /v 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <& fcjf- 
 
 du^'^u^ 
 
 as singular 
 
 • t • 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 i«. 
 
 
20 
 
 The genitive9 of all pronouns are used ad- 
 jectively as possessives and the termination 
 follows the rule for adjectives ending in 1: ap 
 wf is also commonly used as a substitute for 
 the second person, in a respectful sense, " Sir" 
 11 your Honor" the genitive is then c-jT ap ka. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are usually said to form their tenses 
 
 from the infinitive, it will be more convenient 
 
 to shew how to form them from the root, which 
 
 is found by dropping the U n& of the infinitive. 
 
 The following example will shew the method 
 of conjugating all verbs : 
 
 Infinitive to beat marnd, U i* 
 
 Imperative and root m£r i* 
 
 Present Part, beating md,rtd, u.U 
 
 add (5 to root. 
 Past ... beat mara KU 
 
 add I to root. 
 Aorist ... I may beat martin ^[^ 
 
 add ^ etc., to root. 
 Future .„ I shall beat martinga 
 
 ifcj.U add if to aorist. 
 
 • 1* 
 
 M 
 
21 
 
 Aoeist. I may beat. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I may beat main meruit ^ ; U ^^ 
 
 You „ tu mare <^to y 
 
 He „ woli mare ^U *j 
 
 PZwaZ. 
 
 We may beat ham mareh ^j-* ^ 
 
 Ye „ turn mdro ^ f 
 
 They „ we* m&rdn ^^ «-j 
 Fotuee. I shall beat. 
 Singular. 
 
 I shall beat main mdrunga" ifiyU ^ 
 
 You „ tumarega ^.;W 
 
 He „ WO marega *tj* H 
 
 PZuraZ. 
 
 We shall beat ham inarenge <&> ft 
 
 Ye „ tum marogo <^V 
 
 Th e y „ W< marengo <A^'-» *j 
 
 Imperative. Beat. 
 Singular. f w - 
 
 Beat thou mar ^U Beat ye inaro ^U 
 
 Indefinite or conditional or habitual. 
 . i beat— if I beat— or had beaten— I used to 
 beat, etc. 
 
22 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 If I beat 
 
 main marta 
 
 U ; U 
 
 <a** 
 
 If you „ 
 If he beats 
 
 tu „ 
 woh „ 
 
 Plural 
 
 53 
 
 
 If we beat 
 
 ham m&rte 
 
 ±h n 
 
 if ye „ 
 
 turn „ 
 
 j> 
 
 r ; 
 
 If they „ 
 
 we „ 
 
 3) 
 
 *o 
 
 Past tense. I beat. 
 
 
 I beat 
 You „ 
 He „ 
 
 Singular. 
 main mdra 
 tu „ 
 woh „ 
 
 Plural. 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 3? 
 
 *> 
 
 We beat 
 
 ham mard 
 
 <4+ 
 
 n 
 
 Ye „ 
 
 They „ 
 
 turn „ 
 we „ 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 
 
 Note. — When the nominative is feminine, 
 the singular masculine termination | becomes 
 <_£ and the plural ^ becomes ^. — In Madras 
 however the u is seldom added to the plural — 
 the termination *- being used for all persons 
 plural, without distinction. 
 
 The remaining tenses are formed from the 
 present and past-participles by adding the 
 
23 
 
 following fragmentary tenses of an auxiliary 
 
 yerb, to be — as 
 
 Pjjksknt. I am. 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 I am 
 
 maid bun 
 
 
 VlX &±* 
 
 Thou art 
 
 tu bai 
 
 
 ot i» 
 
 He is 
 
 woh hai 
 
 riural. 
 
 
 " *: 
 
 We are 
 
 bam bain 
 
 
 ^ n 
 
 Ye „ 
 
 turn ho 
 
 
 xl? 
 
 They „ 
 
 we* hain 
 Past. I was. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 w*t--; 
 
 I was 
 
 maiii^ 
 
 
 ( !>• 
 
 Thou wast 
 
 tu C tbd 
 
 !#• 
 
 t 
 
 He was 
 
 woh J 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 I 9 
 
 We were 
 
 bam \ 
 
 turn y the 
 we / 
 
 
 ( rt 
 
 Ye „ 
 
 <=i>- 
 
 ' 
 
 They „ 
 
 
 \ *.> 
 
 The following are the tenses from the pre- 
 sent-participle : 
 
U" 
 
 24 
 
 Present tense. I am beating. 
 Singular, 
 
 I am beating main m&rtd, hiiri etft ^J* nr^ 
 Thou art „ tu mdrtd hai ^ l^U y 
 
 He is „ woh m&rtd hai " *j 
 
 PZwaZ. 
 We are beating ham marte* hstin 
 Ye are „ turn mdrte ho 
 They are ,, we martd h^iri 
 
 Imperfect. I was beating. 
 Singular. 
 I was beating main marta th& 
 
 Thou wast beating tu mdrta tha If ^U<{ J 
 He has „ woh marU thd ( %^ 
 
 Plural. 
 We were beating ham marte th^ 
 Ye were „ turn marte th<$*rP J^U 
 
 They were „ w£ mart£ the 
 
 The following are from the past-participle, 
 (for case of the agent, see below.) 
 Pebfect. I have beaten. 
 Singular, 
 I have beaten main mara hun 
 Thou hast „ tu mdra hai 
 
 He has „ woh m&rd, hai 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 »j 
 
M 
 
 I 
 
 vy- 
 
 25 
 
 liam mare haih ^ ^U »# 
 turn mare ho ^ c^U *> 
 we mare haiii u^t <~/^* -? 
 Pluperfect. I had beaten. 
 Singular. 
 main mara tha 
 
 tu 
 woh 
 
 PZtjraJ. 
 ham mare* the 
 
 turn 
 we 
 
 Past-dubious. I shall have beaten. 
 
 ^t y* &**> e ^ c *' e ^ c * 
 
 Case of the Agent. 
 
 Every where out of the Madras Presidency 
 the case of the agent is used with the past 
 tenses of active transitive verbs, but not with 
 neuter or intransitive — this case of the agent, 
 formed by the postposition <J , is used with four 
 tenses only, viz., the past — perfect — pluperfect 
 and past-dubious. 
 
 The nominative assumes this case, and the 
 verb agrees with the object in gender and num- 
 
 3 
 
 We have beaten 
 Ye have ,, 
 They have „ 
 
 I had beaten 
 
 You 
 
 He 
 
 We had beaten 
 
 Ye 
 
 They „ 
 
 5J 
 
 53 
 
 ^ 
 
 -V C-J 
 
26 
 
 
 ber, unless the object is in an inflected form, 
 
 when the verb is used impersonally in the 3rd 
 person masculine singular. 
 
 Past tense. I beat (it was 
 
 beaten by me.) 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 I beat main ne m&ra" 
 
 J/l* d ^* 
 
 You ,, tu „ 
 
 y 
 
 He „ us „ 
 
 19 \j~\ 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 We beat ham n6 mara 
 
 ft 
 
 Ye „ turn „ 
 
 j/Uij* 
 
 They „ un 
 
 J 
 
 Perfect. I have beaten (it 
 
 has been beaten 
 
 by me.) 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 I have beaten 
 
 
 You have ,, 
 He has ,, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 We have beaten 
 
 l S n 
 
 Ye have „ 
 They have „ 
 
 rn :; 
 
27 
 
 
 Pluperfect. I had beaten (it had been 
 beaten by me.) 
 
 Singular, 
 I had beaten 
 
 You had „ 
 He had „ 
 
 ) lu-f 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 We had beaten 
 
 ) ( rt 
 
 Ye had „ 
 They had „ 
 
 W^ij fi 
 
 Past-dubious. — I shall have beaten (it will 
 
 have been beaten by me.) 
 
 
 
 The following parts of the verb are also 
 much used : — 
 
 Past-part., having beaten = mdrkar (or mar^U 
 
 Verbal noun, the beating = mjirnd l^U 
 
 (or infin.) 
 Noun of agency, a beater = ma>n£ wala* ty ^U 
 
 „ ha>a \j[ J^U 
 Adverbial partici- 
 ple, on beating = marte hi ^ J.^U 
 
28 
 
 There is also a respectful form of imperative, 
 which need not be noticed here ; the student 
 will learn it from practice. It may be observed 
 that in addressing any one, it is proper to use 
 the 2nd person plural, i.e., J turn, noty tu. 
 
 ♦ — 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The passive voice is formed by adding the verb 
 UU. jink (p.p. Uf) to the past-participle of a 
 verb, as UU. KU, m£r£ jana, to be beaten, this 
 compound verb is then conjugated regularly as 
 a neuter verb, the final I of the past-participle 
 being changed to ^in the plurals, as ^ ^^U »f 
 we were beaten. The passive voice is not 
 much used in Hindustani. 
 
 A good many verbs form their past-participles 
 irregularly — as UU. = Uf_ 15^ = 1^, etc., etc. 
 
 CAUSAL VERBS. 
 Verbs are converted into causal verbs by 
 adding UT &n& to the root — as UU- jalna, to burn 
 root Ja. causal U2L- jalana, to kindle ; this may 
 be further extended by adding a ^ before the 
 £na L>T — as Ul^la. jalwd-na, to cause to kindle. 
 
 (b). When the root is a monosyllable with a 
 long vowel, the vowel is usually shortened in 
 forming the causal, as, UfU- jdgna=Ul^ jagana. 
 
29 
 
 (c). When there is a short vowel in the root, 
 the causal is often formed by substituting a long 
 vowel, as, UL palna^UJ'o palna, Ul«f khulna = 
 UJ^f kholna. 
 
 (d). Some verbs add Ufl land to the root, 
 changed as in (6), as, lil^ khaoa=UV khalana. 
 
 (e). There are many irregular causals which 
 can only be learnt by practice as, uu bikua, 
 to sell N =Us# bechna, Jo se/Z A, UtfjJ tutna, 
 £0 JraiA; N = Ujy torna, etc., etc., — though some 
 munshis deny that these are causals. 
 
 COMPOUND VERBS. 
 The verbs U,j dena, \Ji)S ***«**, UU j*n<, ^ 
 
 parna, are frequently added to the roots of verbs 
 as intensives — as UbJ ^ rakh ddnd; 11)15,1* mdr- 
 dalna; UUwl^ khajana ; Bji ;/ girpurna, etc. — 
 
 the root remains unaltered and the auxiliary is 
 conjugated regularly, through all its tenses. 
 
 9 
 
 The verbs U£* saknri, 'o£^ chukna, added to 
 roots express ability and termination as UCy 
 karsakna, to be able to do. ^»-J karchukna, 
 to finish doing. 
 
 The verbs UU*. jana or Ua, rahnd, added to 
 the present-participle of another verb signify 
 
30 
 
 continuance — as UU. IS £ kartajana, to keep doing 
 
 U&, \3lj> bolta rahna, to keep on speaking. 
 
 The verb U&, UU. jata rahnd,, however has 
 
 another idiomatic meaning, i.e., to die — or to be 
 
 lost, as property, etc., as [j UU» ^ ^ woh mard 
 
 jktk raha = that man died, [fl^ <*—~» JU )jX+ 
 meri mal sab jata rahd, all my property went. 
 
 Ujf karna affixed to the past-participle signi- 
 fies habit, as \*J\A+- bT aia jaia karna, to make 
 a habit of coming and going. 
 
 U^ chahna, to wish, may be used with the 
 past-participle or infinitive — as U,U- ^ bola 
 chahna or l^U- UI^j bolna ch&hna, to ivish to 
 speak. 
 
 U^ karnd, to make or do, may be used with 
 almost any adjective, in its proper sense, as — 
 iy vlj*» kharab karnd, to make bad, or fo do 
 evil. \JJ ^ kdla karnd, to make black. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 Most adjectives may be used adverbially, in 
 the masculine singular nominative. 
 
 Some adverbs are rendered more emphatic 
 by adding ^ hi, as, S-^' ab, now = ^1* abhi, 
 just now. 
 
31 
 
 The pluperfect (or conjunctive) participle is 
 frequently used as an adverb — as^-^' hanskar, 
 having laughed = laughingly. 
 
 Many adverbs are Arabic, formed by add- 
 ing I an, to an Arabic noun as, L? r ai khusiisan, 
 
 'particularly. 
 
 + 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 Prepositions, so called, (sometimes styled 
 compound postpositions) are many of them 
 merely nouns, and are used after, and occasion- 
 ally before, the noun they govern, which must be 
 in the genitive, with the sign ^> ke, unless the 
 " preposition'' is a feminine noun, when the sign 
 
 will be ^J, as £],£ d^ mard kd age, (or J.dj+Jj) 
 in front of the man, ±Jja ^J h^* shahar ki 
 taraf, towards the city. 
 
 The Arabic and Persian prepositions jl az, 
 from; b> b&, with; ^ bd, without, etc., etc., 
 
 are sometimes used with words from those 
 languages. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 These do not require much notice and are 
 further referred to in syntax. The student 
 frequently uses S>\ agar, if in the sense of 
 
32 
 
 whether, this should be guarded against; &S. 
 ke, is correct. 
 
 COMPOUND OR DERIVATIVE WORDS. 
 
 These are very numerous, and can only be 
 briefly noticed here. 
 
 Various nouns of agency are formed by add- 
 ing Stj wala, or )j[, hara to nouns (not to adjec- 
 tives) and the inflected infinitive of verbs — or 
 by adding the terminations ^U ban — Jo baz — 
 j> bar— -j\dj> bardar — *xb band — j\d ddr — ^ i — 
 etc., etc., to their appropriate nouns — these 
 terminations are, many of them, merely the 
 roots of Persian words. 
 
 Nouns denoting an instrument are often 
 formed from nouns and verbal roots by affixing 
 a letter or syllable, as, 
 
 t^^ghari, an hour = J^j4? ghari&l, a clock 
 
 (lib. hour bell.) 
 c^^J dast, a hand = *l*j dastah, a handle, 
 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Nouns denoting place, are formed by the 
 junction of two nouns, or by adding certain 
 terminations, as, 
 
33 
 
 4>L>! abad, a city. ^ju^. Haidar— MjS**- Haidara- 
 
 'bad. 
 JJ^ sit£n, a place. j<* kabar, a grave. J^j^ 
 
 kabarist&n, a graveyard. 
 
 riU. khanab, a place. »-jy top, a gun *l£» c-jy top- 
 
 khanab, an arsenal 
 — battery y etc., etc. 
 
 Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives, 
 
 by adding some termination, as ^ - ^ ~ ^ 
 etc., as, 
 
 *£ garm, warm, = ^j* garmi, heat. 
 
 J kam, little = JJ4 kamti, deficiency. 
 
 tp t&za,, fresh - yjfi tdzagf, freshness, 
 
 etc., etc., 
 
 ^j pan — Uu pand — ^, n — ^, i — c^ bat — and 
 with Arabic nouns cu, are common termina- 
 tions forming tbe above. 
 
 Verbal nouns are of two classes, the one 
 expressing the action, tbe other the abstract 
 idea. 
 
 The action is generally expressed by the 
 infinitive. 
 
 The abstract is often merely the root of a 
 
 verb as Jy, bol = speech — »U. chdh = desire. 
 
34 
 
 Some few are formed by adding certain ter- 
 minations to the root, as, 
 
 .£ pi, root of pind, to drink=^jAj& pfds, thirst 
 
 J^. j al . . . j aln a , to burn = J^. j alan , burning, 
 etc., etc. 
 There are many compound nouns and adjec- 
 tives in common use in Hindustani, which are 
 pure Persian or Arabic, which the student will 
 become familiar with in time : it is obviously 
 impossible to enter on an explanation of them 
 here. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 A sentence must consist of three (or more) 
 parts expressed or understood, viz. 9 the nomina- 
 tive (agent or subject), the object or attribute, 
 and a verb ; which, in Hindustani, are placed 
 in the order given. 
 
 When a verb expresses action and the sen- 
 tence requires that the object should be ex- 
 pressed, the verb is said to be active or transi- 
 tive, as, the man made a table. 
 
 When the verb includes the attribute, it is 
 said to be neuter or intransitive — as, the man 
 sleeps, etc. 
 
 (In composition, the object is sometimes put 
 before the nominative, and sometimes after the 
 
35 
 
 verb, for the sake of contrast or emphasis, 
 as/ Jt£ Jfle^l / JU ^ I*/ VsiL L^U-, tt« 
 /ooZ seelcs for ivealth, the wise man for ex- 
 cellence.) 
 
 The arrangement of a sentence is the same, 
 whether it be affirmative or interrogative — but 
 the word U£, kid, is sometimes used either 
 
 before or after the sentence, to denote inter- 
 rogation. 
 
 Concord of Adjectives with Substantives. 
 This has been partly explained at p. 17. If 
 an adjective qualify two or more nouns, of 
 which one is masculine, it will be masculine; 
 (this rule applies to verbs also), if, however, 
 the nouns refer to inanimate things, the adjec- 
 tive generally agrees with that to which it 
 stands nearest. 
 
 GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 It has been shewn (p. 20) that the genitive 
 case, marked by the postpositions t> ^ ^J, is 
 used as an adjective and is usually placed before 
 the governing word ; this position is sometimes 
 reversed, particularly when Persian words are 
 used. 
 
 Sometimes the sign of the genitive is omitted, 
 as ^JjS \>j J - daryd kindre - for ^ ^Itf £ U^a 
 
36 
 
 daryake kin are par, on the bank of the river 
 
 (or sea) — l^^ jJ^ iS>) ek sfr gosht, a seer of 
 
 meat, etc., etc. 
 
 — «• — 
 
 DATIVE CASE. 
 
 The postposition £ ku, means to, for, on, 
 at, etc., when used as the sign of the dative — 
 it is occasionally omitted, as ; ^ IjW- j4 <j^« 
 main ghar jdta hun — I am going home. £ ^ 
 dinku means " by day," but should it be pre- 
 ceded by an adjective or pronoun capable of 
 inflection, the £ is omitted, as ^d ^jJ\ us din, on 
 that day, c^ (j~£$ kis wakt, at ivhat time ? etc. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE CASE. 
 
 It is difficult to lay down a rule to shew when 
 the sign £ should be used with the accusative, 
 and when it should be omitted — it appears to 
 be used when it is desired to make the object 
 very definite. 
 
 "When the verb governs a dative as well as 
 an accusative, the latter does not take y— as 
 £d\jy£ £ dyo, mard ku ghord. d£o — give the horse 
 to the man. When the dative is a pronoun, the 
 difficulty is avoided by using the dative termin- 
 ating in ^ 5 as, 
 
37 
 
 yj ^r^ £ tit&iy Jl un rupaiyon ku mujhe 
 deo, give those rupees to me. 
 
 With the verb UL^ kahna, to tell or say, & se 
 is sometimes used as the sign of the dative as 
 y£ & lt^ — us S( ^ kaho, tell hit** 
 
 -♦- 
 
 ABLATIVE AND LOCATIVE CASE. 
 
 ^ g(^ mm from or wiiA, and is applied to the 
 instrument, with which a thing is done, a3 
 IjL 4* j\fi £j\ J_ ^^ main ne usku talwar se 
 rnani, I struck him with a sword. 
 
 It is not usually applied to the agent. 
 ^* men = in or into 
 j* par = on 
 
 The sign ^ se may be used after either of 
 
 these as \>t & ^* j£ £~*\ usku ghar men sd lay a, 
 
 he brought it out of (lit. "from in") the house. 
 
 }j>j? ^ jj *j]£ ghore par se gir para, he fell 
 
 off (from on) the horse. 
 
 CASE OF TEE AGENT. 
 
 As has been stated, this case is only used 
 with transitive verbs, and with those tenses 
 which are formed from the past-participle ; the 
 verb agrees with the object in gender and 
 
38 
 
 number, unless the object has £ affixed, when 
 the verb remains in the 3rd person, masculine 
 singular, ^j *_j}/ && 1 \j*\ us ne tin ghore 
 dekhe, he saw three horses. \£>d £ &nj& *i ft 
 ham ne ghorori ku dekha, ive saw the horses. 
 
 <J is never used before U!^ bolnd, to say or Itf 
 lana, to bring, though they seem to be transi- 
 tive — but should be used before U^ kahna, to 
 say. 
 
 This case, in a general way, is not used in 
 Madras. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 When the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns are 
 accompanied by a qualifying word, the genitive 
 must be a$s^ mujh, ii^S tujh instead of in era and 
 tera, as £ Jsu &%s?< mujh fakir ka, of me wretched; 
 
 for " mere fakir ka" would mean " of my 
 wretched one." The same rule applies when 
 U sa, Wee, is used — as, L lib^^S tujh sa dana, 
 a wise man like you. 
 
 In addressing any one, the 2nd person plural 
 should be used — or l->Tj ap, to an equal or 
 superior. 
 
 In speaking of one'self, the first person sin- 
 gular, not ^ ham. 
 
39 
 
 In saying " you and I will go" it will be pro- 
 per to say £h£*- J* H ham turn jawenge, put- 
 ting oneself first, and in the plural, and the 
 verb will agree with the first person mentioned. 
 
 The plural is used for the sake of respect 
 when speaking of superiors. 
 
 In relating what another person has said, his 
 exact words should be used — as, " he said he 
 
 would come to-morrow" ifij J£ a? l^ <J ,^J ( ^ ^) 
 us no kaha ke kal aiinga, lit. — he said that fo- 
 morrow I will come. 
 
 It may here be well to caution the student 
 against the use of the vulgarism £ £ karkar, 
 so common amongst sepoys, who would say 
 \fi <> I&5T J£ kal aiinga karkar bolii — (lit. " to- 
 morrow I will come, having said, he said") — 
 karkar here being supposed to be a corruption 
 of S^S kahkar having said, or saying, a form 
 of speech adapted from the Dravidian dialects, 
 and to be carefully avoided, at all events, in 
 writing — Some munshis say that £ £ is merely 
 d put after, instead of before, the sentence it 
 governs, but, in any case, it is a vulgarism. 
 
40 
 
 Possessives ujT and Uul 
 ty apna, properly means own — as, 
 
 r . • \ ( I ivent to my house. 
 
 rj ' («, Woh j ku ga ^ a ' ( A otMfl . 
 
 (l-jT is used for the 2nd person in addressing a 
 superior or an equal). 
 When used after a personal pronoun, it means 
 self as — US' l-?T ^* main ap gaia, I went 
 myself, 
 
 U£ L-/f *j woh ap kia, he did it himself. 
 Woh us Jce ghar ku gaia, means "he went to 
 his (i.e., some one else 9 s) house." 
 
 RELATIVE AND CORRELATIVE. 
 
 These are commonly expressed in Hindustani 
 by the use of — 
 
 Eel. Cor. 
 
 j** jo, he who, that ^ so, that 
 
 which, which 
 ^l^ jahau, what place J^ taban, there. 
 ^rw jab, when U^o tab, then. 
 
 etc., etc. 
 
 The first clause generally begins with the 
 
 relative and the second with the correlative, as, 
 
 ^ ^ L-~* y» I** l^ J. J ^ jo turn n£ kaha 
 
41 
 
 hai so sab sach hai, that which you have said 
 that is all true. 
 
 In Dakhani, i.e. in Madras, the relative is 
 often omitted as, ^ -^ L--^ ^^ J turn bote 
 
 so sab sach bai, (what) you said, that is all 
 true, but the use of ^ in this way, is carried 
 to an extent that destroys all elegance of ex- 
 pression, and its use is better avoided. 
 
 The conjunction tS ke is often used with the 
 relative, when the correlative is not required, 
 as, ^ U£ **r>y+- ^ ^ A f *$ J£ ^ jo kam k6 
 
 turn ne kia hai, khub kia hai, that icorlc which 
 you have done, you have done well. 
 
 Even here the ^ may be omitted and the 
 meaning will be the same. 
 
 This conjunction x£ is often elegantly used 
 in the Persian style, so as to avoid using the 
 relative, etc., altogether — as 
 
 c-e ^jljd *J ^ <jj &$ \4j±j4 ghar dekha ke 
 us m£ri do darwaz£ the, I saw a house in 
 ivhich (lit. that in it) ivere two doors, instead of 
 i*H w*- ]is men. 
 
42 
 
 CONCOBD OF VEEB WITH NOMINATIVE. 
 
 As a general rule the verb agrees with the 
 nominative in gender, number and person — 
 exceptions, 
 
 (a) to mark respect, a singular nominative 
 
 may take a plural verb. 
 
 (b) If the nominative consist of different 
 
 irrational objects, they may have a 
 singular verb. 
 
 (c) If the nominative be of various genders, 
 
 the verb is masculine or agrees with 
 that nearest it. 
 
 (d) If the verb be transitive, in the past 
 
 tenses, it follows the rule for the case 
 of the agent, p. 37. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 
 See page 36 — (Dat. and Ace.) 
 
 The form J^^ chahiye, it is fit, from l^U- 
 to wish, governs the dative XU. UU. £ ^ ham 
 ku jana chahiyd, ive must go — the verb may 
 also be in the past-participle, as J^ UU* ^ 
 ham jaya chahiy£ or with t& and the aorist, as 
 ^U- p, <xf ^U- chahfyd ke ham jawen, it is 
 fit (or necessary) that ive go. 
 
43 
 
 TENSES OF THE ROOT. 
 
 The aorist should, as a rule, be used after the 
 conjunctions *?-*&_/!_ &*./! _ lSS ^^ etc., 
 
 as > a&V- ^ iV ls ^H ma ia chaha ke jaiiri, I wished 
 to go. 
 
 ^ (& ^j <tfU bT Xj woh ay a take yih kam kard, 
 
 he came to do this. 
 
 «_jT »j S\ agar woh awe, if he come. 
 
 «_jT*j <— £ L^s-jab tak woh awe, imfti he come. 
 
 The future is occasionally used instead of the 
 aorist after some of the above. 
 
 When the imperative is used negatively, it 
 requires e^~« mat (or sometimes & nah) as, 
 )j> e^v* mat karo, do not do. 
 
 TENSES OF THE PRESENT-PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The indefinite tense is used in various ways, 
 its chief use however is as a past conditional, 
 preceded by J\ agar, if and followed by y to, 
 then; as, 
 
 tf~ <o ^UaaS a^j y is! ^ £\ agar woh ata to yih 
 nuks&n nah hota, if he had come then this loss 
 would not have arisen. It is also said to imply 
 habit, as> ^^ Jftc S-^ ^s^- *j V*^- jab woh 
 
44 
 
 jitta tab ghafil hojata, ivlien he used to win, he 
 would become careless — also, from Bagh oBahar, 
 
 i.^ aj dJu ^J &ij£ LSjhj* ^b <-$}*" s ^ r ^ ^ ar " 
 waze gharon ke band nah hote, all night the 
 doors of the houses used not to be shut ; it may 
 be however, that it is here used as the imper- 
 fect with the e-p omitted. 
 
 It is also used for the present, as, iy Uf *$ — 
 woh kia karta, what is he doing, but this too 
 may possibly be the real present tense with the 
 auxiliary omitted. 
 
 The present tense is used exactly as in Eng- 
 lish, and sometimes for the future, as ^ iy 
 karta hun, I ivill do it. 
 
 In describing events that have taken place, 
 the present is used where, in English, the im- 
 perfect would be employed — as, 
 
 dekha ke nadi ka pani 3 an gal ki taraf chala jata 
 hai, he saw that the water of the river ivas flow- 
 ing toivards the jungle. 
 
 The student should observe this particularly. 
 
 TENSES FROM THE PAST-PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The use of the case of the agent with these 
 tenses need not be further alluded to. 
 
45 
 
 The past tense is used much as in English. 
 It is also used instead of the pluperfect in de- 
 scriptions, as, ^ tj 3$; *£ 1^j.J dekha ke woh aya 
 hai, I found he had come (i.e., and was still 
 present — if the pluperfect were used it would 
 imply, that, he had come but had gone away.) 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 The infinitive is used (1) as infinitive proper 
 (2) as imperative, or as indicating that a thing 
 must be done and (3) as a verbal noun, as, 
 UW jana, to go. 
 
 v/t ^ «jta f ^ um waa ^ J ana hai, y° u mus t 
 
 go there. 
 
 UU. jana, the going. 
 
 When used as an imperative negative it takes 
 e^* or <*j - UU. u^^o mat jana, do not go. 
 
 There are various rules showing when the 
 infinitive should be inflected to ^ or .J which 
 
 the more advanced student will have to master. 
 
 There is another grammatical use of the in- 
 finitive much employed by sepoys in conversa- 
 tion, with the addition of K, as, & J, S ^^y ^^ 
 main nahiri karne ka, I will not do it. 
 tf i^ ^^ & *i>[ c-^< {$ *tf. y m kam mere hath 
 
46 
 
 se nahin hone ka, I cannot do it — lit. this thing 
 is one which is not to be from my hand. 
 
 The verbs Uxl „ UbJ - 1>L> used after the inflect- 
 ed infinitive mean respectively to begin, to 
 allow and to be allowed as, 
 
 $ ±S karne laga, he began to do. 
 
 U> ^y karne dia, he allowed (him etc.) to do. 
 
 U5'j J.J karne paya, he got permission (or op- 
 portunity) to do. 
 
 The verbs U^ or U# after the infinitive imply 
 obligation — l^ ^JU. ^ tumku jane hoga, you 
 must go — or will have to go. In Madras the 
 infinitive is not inflected, as I&jj liU- £ ^ turn ku 
 jana parega — probably for ^jij^ zarur pa- 
 rega, it will become necessary for you to go. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 The present and past-participles, with the addi- 
 tion of 1^ are used adjectively — as i^k^ 1^ UU- 
 jata hua shakhs, the departing person — 
 l# )ji )y^ye { jaac^ 1 iS>) ek shakhs nma hud payatha, 
 a man was lying dead. 
 
 The inflected present-participle is used ad- 
 verbially to express the time of a thing being 
 
47 
 
 done as JL- ^o subh bote, w7*e?z 27 was morn- 
 
 ing — if ^ is added it means ' immediately. ' 
 
 When doubled, the present-participle signi- 
 fies the continuance of an action, as .JU. J>^ 
 jate j&te, ivhilst he was going. 
 
 The conjunctive or pluperfect participle 
 ending in .f ( or J )> or sometimes merely the 
 
 root, is frequently used to obviate the necessity 
 of using conjunctions, it should be governed 
 by the same nominative which completes the 
 sentence (though there are instances to the 
 
 contrary) as — fy A** iy£+ main jakar bola, / 
 went and said (lit. having gone' — v i^ Sj S\^ ^j^ 
 main jakar woh bola, " I went and he said" 
 would be incorrect. Students frequently misuse 
 this form of speech. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 The verb U^ bona, to he, in some of its 
 tenses means become, the infinitive may mean 
 either to be, or to become — the fragmentary 
 parts ^ bun, I am, 1^1 tha, I was, do not be- 
 long to the verb l^ though ^ may easily be 
 mistaken for, and may have come from the 
 
48 
 
 aorist ^ houn, contracted to ^ liori, of U^ 
 It will be seen that l^ tba means ivas, whilst, 
 )jl means became, 
 
 U^ is conjugated regularly like any other 
 verb. 
 
 2. The 3rd person plural of a verb is often 
 used without a nominative — as ^^ <1^ kahte 
 hairi, they say. 
 
 3. Numerals govern the nominative singular 
 of nouns ending in a consonant, as *j*j!}\ 
 bazar mard, a thousand men; but in the oblique 
 cases the noun is generally inflected in the ordi- 
 nary way — as £ ^*r« j)}\ bazar mardon ka, of a 
 thousand men. 
 
 4. The ) of the present and past-participle 
 and future of all verbs becomes ^ in the femi- 
 nine and ^ in the plural feminine of all tenses 
 and is often the only means of shewing whether 
 a man or woman is referred to — as 
 
 ^ \jjf *j woh karta bai, he is doing. 
 
 ^ ^JJ % 3 woh karti bai, she is doing. 
 
 ^f ±£ t j we karte hairi, they are doing, mas. 
 
 *e;^C &**/ «-J w ^ Martin hairi ... ... fern. 
 
 * The fern-plural form however is not used in Madras. 
 
49 
 
 5. Verbs having T or ^ before the U of the 
 infinitive insert ^ before the final i of the 
 past-participle, as, 1>T = l/l , U^ = bj • > etc. , ex- 
 
 cept U^ * which becomes 1^. 
 
 A very brief outline has now been given of 
 the common rules ; the question of idioms, and 
 the peculiarities of speech of the Musalmans of 
 Southern India have hardly been noticed, as 
 it was thought better not to confuse the 
 student's mind; for by following the rules given, 
 he will be able to make himself intelligible in 
 any part of India. Idioms, frequently provin- 
 cialisms, will be rapidly acquired in the course 
 of conversation and in the reading of " chits," 
 but let the student beware of introducing them 
 in writing, or in conversation out of his own 
 Presidency. There are very few Hindi words 
 used in Madras, nearly all the words employed 
 being those derived from Persian, a language, 
 in which, many Mussalmans in Madras are pro- 
 ficient, though their style is high-flown, and 
 their pronunciation is very different from that 
 of the natives of Persia. There is no doubt, but 
 that to understand " Urdu" thoroughly, the stu- 
 dent should know some Persian, but, in the 
 same way, to know Persian thoroughly, he must 
 know Arabic ! It is hoped, however, that this 
 little book will remove many of the obstacles 
 found in the way of beginners in Hindustani. 
 
SENTENCES. 
 
 (The translation of these sentences is given in 
 the style current amongst Madras officers and 
 their sepoys.) 
 
 1. What is your Tumhara nam kya hai. 
 
 name? 
 
 2. Are you married? Turn shadi wale hain 
 
 kya. 
 
 3. Have you any Tumku bachche hain. 
 
 children ? 
 
 4. Where do you Turn kahan rahte ho. 
 
 live? 
 
 5. Where were you Turn kahan paida hue. 
 
 born ? 
 
 6. Is your father Tumhara bap jita hai. 
 
 alive ? 
 
 7. What did he die Kis bimari se mar- 
 
 of ? gaia. 
 
 8. Does this climate Yahan ki ab o hawa 
 
 suit you ? tumku muafikat kar- 
 
 ti hai. 
 
 9. Is rice cheap Chanwal yahan saste 
 
 here? hain. 
 
51 
 
 10. What vegetables Yahan kya kya tarkari 
 
 can you get milti hai. 
 here ? 
 
 11. What Regiment Turn konsf paltan wale 
 
 do you belong hairi. 
 to? 
 
 12. How long has it Yahan akar, kitne roz 
 
 been here ? hue. 
 
 13. Where did it Paltan kahiin se ayi. 
 
 come from ? 
 
 14. Did you come by Turn chalkar ayeya re'l 
 
 road or rail ? par. 
 
 15. Have you ever Turn kabhi ghair (par) 
 
 been abroad ? mulk ku gaie. 
 
 16. How old were you Dakhilhotd wakt, turn- 
 
 when enlisted ? hfiri 'umr kya thi\ 
 
 /"Tumku pension kab 
 
 17. When can you get j mil sakta haf. 
 
 pension ? / Turn kab pension ke 
 ^ hakdar how^nge. 
 
 18. Have you ever Turn kabhi jang ku 
 
 been on service ? gaie kya. 
 
 19. Were you in Larai dekhe' kya. 
 
 battle ? 
 
 20. Were you wound- Turn zakhm khaye. 
 
 ed? 
 
52 
 
 21. How long did it Durust hone ke liye 
 
 take to get well? kitne roz lage\ 
 
 22. Was it a sword Talwar ka mar tha ya 
 
 cut or a bullet goli ka. 
 wound ? 
 
 23. Take this letter Yib khat Adjutant Sa- 
 
 to the Adjutant hib ke pas lejakar 
 
 and bring an uska jawab lao. 
 answer. 
 
 24. What time is Sabari parade kab ho- 
 
 parade to-mor- wegi. 
 row ? 
 
 25. Eat your food and Khana kha-lekar jald 
 
 return soon. ao. 
 
 26. Why were you Turn kyuri ghair hazir 
 
 absent without hue. 
 leave ? 
 
 27. How far is your Tumhara ghar yahan 
 house from here ? se kitna diir hoga. 
 
 28. Tell him to go Us ku jao bolo. 
 
 away. 
 
 29. Have you been Turn kabhi jahaz par 
 
 on boardship ? sawar hue the. 
 
 30. Wake me at 5 to- Kal ? u bh mujhe 
 
 morrow morn- panch ghantoii ku 
 
 ing. hushiar karo. 
 
53 
 
 31. Was the sentry Jab ke turn pahre wale 
 
 asleep when you ku dekhe wok sota 
 
 saw him ? tha kya. 
 
 32. What is that Us ki chal chalan kaisi 
 
 man's charac- hai. 
 ter? 
 
 33. Bring me a che- Mere waste* ek chutta, 
 
 root and some aur ag lao. 
 fire. 
 
 34. What is the price TJs bandok ki kimafc 
 
 of that gun ? kya hai. 
 
 35. You will be Agar turn hukm nahiri 
 
 punished, if you mano (mandii) to 
 
 do not obey or- saza milegf. 
 
 ders. 
 
 36. I am hungry, Main bhiikhii hun, jald 
 
 bring dinner khana lao. 
 soon. 
 
 37. How much will Woh kitab, kitnd ku 
 
 you sell that dewenge. 
 book for ? 
 
 38. I am tired, may I Main thak gaia hun, 
 
 sit down ? baithneka hukm 
 hai? 
 
 39. Have you ever Turn kabhi amtihan 
 
 been examined ? diye hairi. 
 
54 
 
 40. Who examined 
 
 you? 
 
 41. Do you think 
 
 Hindustani easy 
 or difficult ? 
 
 Kon aintihan h'ya. 
 
 Tumhari samajh men, 
 Hindustani zaban 
 salis hai ya mushkil. 
 
 42. How much do you Turn apne munshi ku 
 
 pay your mun- kya darmahah dete 
 
 shi ? ho. 
 
 43. When didyou join Turn Eegiment men 
 
 your Regiment ? kab dakhil hue. 
 
 44. Did the horse fall, Ghora girgaia yd turn 
 
 or did you fall uske upar se gire. 
 off ? 
 
 45. What did you 
 give for that 
 
 horse ? 
 46. Why did 
 
 he 
 horse 
 
 let the 
 loose ? 
 
 47. What reward do 
 
 you get for 
 passing ? 
 
 48. How was this 
 
 rifle damaged ? 
 
 49. Did you hurt 
 
 yourself ? 
 
 Us ghoe ke liye kya 
 dam diye. 
 
 Woh ghoreku kdhiku 
 chhor diyd. 
 
 Amtihan den£ ke liye 
 kya 'inam milega. 
 
 Is rifle kii mar kaisd 
 laga. 
 
 Tumkii mar laga kya. 
 
55 
 
 50. Did you call me ? MujluS bulaye kya— 
 
 (yad kiyd.) 
 
 51. Is your country Ap ka watan garm 
 
 hot or cold ? hai ya than da. 
 
 52. You may go (take Tumku ruksat hai. 
 
 leave). 
 
 53. Is there any fruit Bazar mdii mewah 
 
 in the bazar ? milta hai. 
 
 54. Where do you get Machhi kahan se miltl. 
 
 fish? 
 
 55. He was not in his Woh ghar men nah tha. 
 
 house. 
 
 56. Are there any Ndringi ya moz hai. 
 
 oranges or plan- 
 tains ? 
 
 57. Do you eat fish Turn machhi ka s&lnd 
 
 curry ? khiite hain. 
 
 58. Where do you get Khayi kahan se milte. 
 
 pipeclay ? 
 
 59. Isyourrifleclean? Tumhari rifle Self hai ? 
 
 60. Rub it with an Tel ki chindi se malo. 
 
 oiled rag ? 
 
 61. When did you Saf kar-kar kitne roz 
 
 clean it last ? hue. 
 
 l^. 
 
56 
 
 62. My Regiment 
 
 went to Ran- 
 goon in a stea- 
 mer. 
 
 63. The road is not 
 
 made or bridg- 
 ed. 
 
 64. When the river 
 
 is full, how do 
 you cross ? 
 
 65. Where do you 
 
 keep your bay- 
 onet ? 
 
 66 
 
 Mere Regiment Ran- 
 goon kii ag boat par 
 sawar hokar gaii. 
 
 Rasta paka" nahin hai 
 aur nalon ke upar 
 pulan nahin kairi. 
 
 Nadi charhao par ho to 
 kaisa par hote. 
 
 Sanin kahari rakhte. 
 
 Dabe men kitne tohte 
 rakhte. 
 
 How many cart- 
 ridges do you 
 carry in your 
 pouch ? 
 
 67. How do you clean 
 
 your belts ? 
 
 68. Are your houses Tumhare gharan dhab£ 
 
 flat-roofed or ke hain, ya kaprel 
 
 Dawdle ku kaisa saf 
 karte. 
 
 tiled? 
 
 69. Which is cooler, 
 tiled, or a 
 thatched house? 
 
 ke. 
 
 Konsa ghar t h a n d & 
 rahta" hai dhabe ka 
 ghar ya ghans k&. 
 
57 
 
 70. There is plenty Dhupkale men yah£n 
 
 of fruit here in mewah bahut hotii 
 
 the hot wea- hai. 
 
 ther. 
 
 71. Are there any Rasteke bazu jbar 
 
 trees beside the Lain. (jU^ JU) 
 road ? 
 
 72. How many times Dinku kitne bdr ginti 
 
 a day do you koti. 
 have roll call ? 
 
 73. Send the grass- Ghaiis wale ku, ghaiis 
 
 cutter to bring lane ke waste bhejo. 
 grass. 
 
 74. There is little Baurion men pani kara 
 
 water in the hai. 
 wells. 
 
 75. The tanks are all Tiilabon ka pani sab 
 
 dry. suk gaia hai. 
 
 76. Isthe river sandy Nadi men balu hai, ya 
 
 or muddy ? chikar. 
 
 77. Did you get good Raste men rasad bara- 
 
 supplies on the bar ruila. 
 road ? 
 
 78. Some of the carts Thoye bandean tut 
 
 were broken. gaie. 
 
 79. The tents were Dere shabnam se gile 
 
 wet with dew, the. 
 
58 
 
 80. How long have Turn akar, kitne roz 
 
 you been here ? hue. 
 
 81. We came here 5 Akar panch baras hue. 
 
 years ago. 
 
 82. He speaks Eng- Angrezi zaban in e ii 
 
 lish very well. khiib b&t karta. 
 
 83. What do you call Hindustani zaban men 
 
 this in Hindus- iskii kya bolte. 
 tani ? 
 
 84. Bring the book, Madras se ayi so kitab 
 
 which came lao. 
 from Madras. 
 
 85. Shut the door, Darwaza* nrticho (band- 
 
 there is a great karo) bara pukara 
 
 noise. hai. 
 
 86. They all remain- Sab khamosh rahgaie. 
 
 ed silent. 
 
 87. This pen is too Yih kalam bahut 
 
 soft. naram hai. 
 
 88. This paper is Yih kaghaz bahut 
 
 very coarse. mota hai. 
 
 89. How many men Tumhari kampani men 
 
 are in your kitne jawan hairi. 
 company ? 
 
 90. Are there more Musalman ziadah hairi 
 
 Hindus or Mus- ya Hindii. 
 
 salmans ? 
 
 
59 
 
 91. 
 
 They came back 
 
 Aksar ate so us se chhe 
 
 
 6 weeks earlier 
 
 hufte jald wiipus 
 
 
 than usual. 
 
 aye. 
 
 92. 
 
 How much leave 
 
 Maharam ke dinon men, 
 
 
 do Musalmans 
 
 Musalmanon ku 
 
 
 get at the Mo- 
 
 kitni raza milti. 
 
 
 hurram ? 
 
 
 93. 
 
 How is the duty 
 
 Us wakt naukari kaisa 
 
 
 carried on 
 
 lete. 
 
 
 then ? 
 
 
 94. 
 
 If you wish to 
 
 Agar turn farydd karna 
 
 
 make a com- 
 
 chahe to k i s k u 
 
 
 plaint, to whom 
 
 karinge. 
 
 
 do you make it ? 
 
 
 95. 
 
 Do you know that 
 
 Turn us shakhs ku jan- 
 
 
 man ? 
 
 te hairi kya. 
 
 96. 
 
 I just know him? 
 
 Fakt salam karte, apas 
 men. 
 
 97. 
 
 What is your na- 
 
 Tumlulra watan konsa 
 
 
 tive country ? 
 
 hat 
 
 98. 
 
 Do you think you 
 
 Yih kam tumhdre hath 
 
 
 can do this ? 
 
 se ho saktd kya. 
 
 99. 
 
 What crime has 
 
 Woh kya taksir kia 
 
 
 he committed ? 
 
 hai. 
 
 100. 
 
 He denies that he 
 
 Main nahin kia karkar 
 
 
 did so. 
 
 wo inkdr kartd, hai. 
 
60 
 
 101. He is in jail. Woh jail men kaid hai. 
 
 102. There are 10 Rs. Is mublagh men dus 
 
 short in this rupf ye* kam hairi. 
 sum. 
 
 103. Put the money in Ye paisa thaili men 
 
 a bag. bandkaro. 
 
 104. Do you think it Barsat aye sarika m'a- 
 
 will rain ? lum hota hai kya. 
 
 105. When it rains Barsat ziddah awe to 
 
 much the tanks talaban bhar jate 
 
 become full. hain. 
 
 106. Where did your Tumhare paltan kahaii 
 
 
 Regiment come 
 from ? 
 
 se &ji. 
 
 107. 
 
 Did you like that 
 place better 
 than this ? 
 
 Us jaf ku, is jai se 
 bihtar samajhte 
 kya. 
 
 108. 
 
 When a Regi- 
 ment goes to 
 B urmah what 
 becomes of the 
 
 families ? 
 
 Paltan Barme ku jawe 
 to bach kach ku kya 
 karte. 
 
 109. 
 
 How do they 
 live ? 
 
 Kaisa guzran karte 
 haiii ? 
 
 110. 
 
 Are you a good 
 shot? 
 
 Turn achhe shist marne 
 wale haiii kya. 
 
61 
 
 111. What Regiment Tumhare 'awaz meu 
 
 is coming in konsi paltan awegi. 
 your place ? 
 
 112. Is rice cheaper Is sal, gaie sal se, 
 
 this year than chanwal saste hain 
 
 last ? kya. 
 
 113. How many mea- Rupfye ku kitne pari 
 
 snres a rupee ? milte. 
 
 114. When you are Turn naukarf par 
 
 not on duty, nahfii hain so wakt 
 
 where do you rifle kahan rakhte 
 
 keep your rifle? hain. 
 
 115. How often do Darmahah kab kab 
 
 you get pay ? milta hai. 
 
 116. What stoppages Darmahe sckitnawaz'a 
 
 are made from hota hai. 
 your pay ? 
 
 117. How long does it Sipahi 'ohde wala hone 
 
 take a private ke liye kitne roz 
 
 to become a lagte. 
 K-C. 0. ? 
 
 118. Who pays for the Gharori ka dam kon 
 
 huts, Govern- deta Sarkar ya 
 
 ment or the sipahyan. 
 men? 
 
 G 
 
62 
 
 119. How long is a Sipahi drill se m'uaf 
 sepoy learning hona kitnd roz lagte. 
 
 his drill ? 
 
 120. Do the recruits 
 
 feed alone or 
 together ? 
 
 121. He fell off his 
 
 horse and broke 
 his arm. 
 
 122. His horse ran 
 
 away with him. 
 
 123. His horse is lame. 
 
 Sipahiyan akele khate 
 ham ya bissi kh&te. 
 
 Wo ghore par se girkar 
 hath tut gaia. 
 
 Ghora usku khainch 
 lekar gaia. 
 
 Uska ghora langrata 
 hai. 
 
 124. What is the price Hawaldar ke ghar ki 
 
 of a Havildar's kya maliyat hai. 
 
 house ? 
 
 125. Are there many 
 
 sick in Hospi- 
 tal % 
 
 126. What are they 
 
 sick from ? 
 
 127. Is the duty heavy 
 
 here ? 
 
 128. How often does 
 
 your turn for 
 guard come. 
 
 iipitri men bimaran 
 bahut haih kya. 
 
 Kis bimdri se kahile 
 hain. 
 
 Yahdn ki naukari 
 sakht hai kya. 
 
 Tumhari guard ki 
 (misil) ban kab kab 
 ati hai. 
 
63 
 
 129. On the march, 
 
 how are the 
 tents carried ? 
 
 130. In what war did 
 
 yon get your 
 medal. 
 
 131. Which are best 
 
 for baggage, 
 mnles or ca- 
 mels ? 
 
 132. Have you under- 
 
 stood all I have 
 said ? 
 
 133. Is there much 
 
 fever here ? 
 
 134. It is very cold? 
 
 135. Is there any small- 
 
 pox about ? 
 
 136. Show me your 
 
 tongue. 
 
 137. The doctor felt 
 
 his pulse. 
 
 138. You must take 
 
 this medicine 
 regularly. 
 
 Kiich par, d^ron kii 
 kaisa lejate\ 
 
 Tumkii konsi laraf ke 
 waste billa mila. 
 
 Saman le jane ke liye 
 khachar bihtar hai 
 ya unth. 
 
 Turn mere sab baton 
 ku samajh liye kyii. 
 
 Yahau tap bahut hoti 
 hai kya. 
 
 Bari thand bajti hai. 
 
 Is nawahi (chau hadi) 
 men sitla hai kya. 
 
 Tumhari jfbh biitlao. 
 
 Doctor sahib (tabib) 
 uski (nari) nabz 
 dekhe. 
 
 Turn yih dawd, wakt 
 par khatejana. 
 
64 
 
 139. Is this a healthy Yahan ke bashande 
 
 place for na- tandarust rahte kya. 
 tives ? 
 
 140. Send for the Doli kii jald manga 
 
 dooly quickly. bhejo. 
 
 141. He has liver corn- Uskii kallje ki bimari 
 
 plaint. hai. 
 
 142. Have you a bottle Dawa* ke waste shi- 
 
 for the medi- shah hai. 
 cine? 
 
 143. His arm is bro- Uska hdth tutgaia hai 
 
 ken, get splints (bade) pattian taiyar 
 
 ready. karo. 
 
 144. What is the mat- Tumkii kya shikayat 
 
 ter with you ? hai. 
 
 145. How long have Kitne' roz se bimar 
 
 you been ill ? hairi. 
 
 146. Is your appetite Khana khub khate 
 
 good ? kya. 
 
 147. Does that hurt Is se dard m'aliim hota 
 
 you ? kya. 
 
 148. He lanced the Woh dumbal ku nash- 
 
 boil. tar klya\ 
 
 149. The water is Yih pani khara hai. 
 
 brackish. 
 
 T 
 
65 
 
 150. The man has dy- Us shakhs ku pechish 
 
 sentery. ki biraari hai. 
 
 151. When you saw Turn usku dekhe so 
 
 him was he wakt woh margdia 
 
 dead. 
 
 152. He was so weak 
 
 he could not 
 walk. 
 
 153. Draw a deep 
 
 breath. 
 
 154. Do not drink Shanib mat piyo, pani 
 
 tha kya. 
 Woh yahan tak kam- 
 
 zor tha ke nahiii 
 
 chalsaka. 
 Yek lamba clam sendo. 
 
 wine, water is 
 better. 
 
 bihtar hai. 
 
 155. Who treated that Us maraz ka kon 'ilaj 
 
 kiya. 
 
 Turn fakt kh&mi aur 
 rot(j khami aur kuchh 
 nahin khana. 
 
 complaint ? 
 
 156. You must only 
 
 eat rice and 
 bread. 
 
 157. What is the mar- 
 
 ket price of 
 
 this? 
 
 158. He says his wife Merf 'aurat rat ku 
 
 Bazar mdn yih kaisa 
 biktd, hai. 
 
 was confined 
 last night. 
 
 bachchah jannf kar 
 kar woh bolta hai. 
 
66 
 
 159. How many horses 
 
 are there in a 
 Regiment ? 
 
 160. Are they entires 
 
 or geldings ? 
 
 161. There are a few- 
 
 mares also. 
 
 162. This mare foaled 
 
 2 days ago. 
 
 163. Where do the 
 
 horses come 
 from? 
 
 164. Is there any 
 
 mange amongst 
 them ? 
 
 165. A horse has colic. 
 
 166. Are the horses 
 
 kept under 
 cover ? 
 
 167. Have this stall 
 
 repaired. 
 
 168. Do they get 
 
 coughs from 
 being out at 
 nieht ? 
 
 Yek Regiment (risal^) 
 men kitne ghore 
 rahte. 
 
 Ghore nar hain ya 
 akhte. 
 
 Thore madian bhi 
 hairi. 
 
 Yih m&dw&n do roz 
 age bachchah dali. 
 
 Ghore kah&n se ate. 
 
 Kissi ghore' ku garhai? 
 
 Yek ghora kurkuri 
 
 kiya hai. 
 Ghoron ku tab^le 
 
 menbandhkar rakhte 
 
 kya. 
 
 Is than ku maramat 
 
 karao. 
 Eat ku Mhir rahne se 
 
 ghoron ku kb a u si 
 
 hotf kya. 
 
67 
 
 169. Who cleans the Ghoron ku kon malish 
 
 horses ? kartd. 
 
 170. Do you shoe all Charon paon ku n'al 
 
 four feet or bandhteya fakt agle 
 
 only the fores ? paon ku. 
 
 171. What gram do Eoz ku kya ratib dete. 
 
 you give daily ? 
 
 172. What weight of Ghora kitna wazn ghas 
 
 grass does a khawegii. 
 horse eat ? 
 
 173. When are the Ghoron ku kab kab 
 
 horses watered? pdni pilatt'. 
 
 174. This bedding is Yih suj maila hai hiza 
 
 dirty, put fresh. bichhiio. 
 
 175. This horse trips Yih ghonibahutthokar 
 
 badly. khatii hai. 
 
 176. The bay horse is Kumct ghora sharir 
 
 vicious, but the hailukin sabza ghora 
 
 grey is quiet. gharib hai. 
 
 177. He fell and broke Ghora girkar, donori 
 
 his knees. gurgon ku mar laga 
 
 178. Are you running Shart men* ghoron 
 
 any horses in ku dauraenge kya. 
 the races ? 
 
 <$<■ 
 
68 
 
 179. In the rains, we 
 
 give the horses 
 dry grass. 
 
 180. Tie this horse in 
 
 the shade. 
 
 181. The horse ran 
 
 back and broke 
 his headrope. 
 
 182. Your horse is 
 
 girth galled. 
 
 183. Do you give boil- 
 
 ed gram or raw? 
 
 184. Have all the gram- 
 
 bags washed. 
 
 185. There is no eye 
 
 shade on this 
 headstall. 
 
 186. The horse reared 
 
 and threw his 
 rider. 
 
 187. Let the colts out 
 
 to graze. 
 
 188. Many horses get 
 
 worm in the 
 eye here. 
 
 Barsat ke mosim men 
 
 ghoron ku sukha 
 
 gh&ns dete. 
 Is ghore ku chhaori 
 
 men band karo. 
 Ghora sitali khakar 
 
 agari ku tordala. 
 
 Tumhare ghore k u 
 tang laga hai. 
 
 Kulthi ku ubalkar 
 khalat£ ya kachhi. 
 
 Sab tobaron ku 
 dhula'o. 
 
 Is piizi ku jhalar 
 nahin hai. 
 
 Ghora sdiha h o k a r 
 sawar ku giradiya. 
 
 Bachhere charne ku 
 chhordeo. 
 
 Is jai men b ah u t 
 ghoron ku a n k h 
 men kfrd hota hai. 
 
69 
 
 189. This horse has Yih gkora murih ka 
 
 a very hard bara sakht hai. 
 mouth. 
 
 190. Have you got a Tumhare pas bandok 
 
 gun ? hai kya. 
 
 191. Is there any Yahan kuchh skikar 
 
 shooting here ? niilta kya. 
 
 192. How many bro- Tumhare kitndbhaiyan 
 
 thers have you ? hain . 
 
 193. Have you shot Turn larai men kissi 
 
 any one in bat- ku golf se mare kya. 
 tie? 
 
 .194. When you are on Turn guard par haiii so 
 
 guard, how do wakt tumku kbana 
 
 you get food ? kaisa milta. 
 
 195. Howmuchmoney Tumapndbachkach kii 
 
 do you send kitne paise bhejte. 
 your family ? 
 
 196. My house caught Kal r&t meVe ghar ku 
 
 fire last night. ag lagi. 
 
 197. We put the fire Ham ag kii ushi dam 
 
 out at once. bujha dale. 
 
 198. All my clothes Mere* sab kaprd jal 
 
 were burnt up. gaie\ 
 
70 
 
 199. After how many 
 
 years service 
 are you allowed 
 to marry ? 
 
 200. The Colonel or- 
 
 dered him 7 days 
 cells. 
 
 201. Is there a school 
 
 in your Begi- 
 ment ? 
 
 202. How far is it from 
 
 the lines ? 
 
 203. He went home to 
 
 get his dinner. 
 
 204. How long does 
 
 it take to march 
 to Bangalore ? 
 
 205. Do sepoys eat 
 
 meat everyday? 
 
 206. Can you ride? 
 
 207. How far can you 
 
 walk in a day ? 
 
 208. Put out the light. 
 
 209. What relation is 
 
 he to you ? 
 
 Kitne baras ki naukari 
 ke b ad shadi karne 
 ka hukm hai. 
 
 Colonel Sahib uskti sat 
 roz ganji house ka 
 hukm diye. 
 
 Tumhari paltan men 
 maktab hai. 
 
 Line se kitni diir hai. 
 
 Woh khana khaneke 
 w&ste ghar ku gaia\ 
 
 Banglur kii kitne roz 
 ka rasta hai. 
 
 Sipahian roz roz gosht 
 khd,te hain. 
 
 Turn ghore ki sawari 
 
 kar sakte kya. 
 Turn yek roz ke dar- 
 
 mian kitni dur chal 
 
 sakte hain. 
 Batti ku bujh^ dalo. 
 Woh tumku kya bona. 
 
71 
 
 2 1 0. How do you cross 
 
 the river ? 
 
 211. Why did you go 
 
 to this gentle- 
 man's house ? 
 
 212. Wait for an an- 
 
 swer. 
 
 213. I will not give 
 
 more than a 
 rupee. 
 
 214. Are you sure ? 
 
 215. Do not let any 
 
 one touch it. 
 
 216. Do not go your- 
 
 self, send some 
 one. 
 
 217. A rag stuck in 
 
 the barrel of 
 his rifle. 
 
 218. Leave the book 
 
 on the table. 
 
 219. What is the day 
 
 of the month ? 
 
 220. What is the color 
 
 of that horse ? 
 
 Nadi se kaisa par hote. 
 
 Turn Sahib ke ghar ku 
 kahi ku gaie. 
 
 Jawab ke waste taharo. 
 
 Yek rupiye ke upar 
 nahiri deiinga. 
 
 Turn ku yakin hai. 
 Kissi ka hath lagne 
 mat duo. 
 
 Turn ap mut ]£6 aur 
 kissi ku bhejo. 
 
 Chindl uski bandok ki 
 nalli men atak gayi. 
 
 Kitab mez par rakh 
 chhoro. 
 
 Konsi tarfkh hai. 
 
 Us ghore ka konsa 
 rang hai. 
 
221. Do they sell rice 
 
 by weight or 
 measure ? 
 
 222. Why did you en- 
 
 list ? 
 
 223. Who enlisted 
 
 you? 
 
 224. He has saved 
 
 some money. 
 
 225. He was lying 
 
 asleep on the 
 ground. 
 
 226. He has gone fish- 
 
 ing. 
 
 227. Are your rela- 
 
 tions allowed 
 to live in the 
 lines ? 
 
 228. What do you 
 
 want? 
 
 229. Is your house 
 
 your own, or do 
 you pay rent ? 
 
 230. What did you 
 
 pay for it ? 
 
 231. Who lends money 
 
 to the men ? 
 
 72 
 
 Chanwal mapkar 
 bechte hain ya 
 tolkar bechte. 
 
 Turn kahi ku ddkhil 
 hue. 
 
 Kon turn ku dakhil 
 kiya\ 
 
 Woh thore paise jam'a 
 kar rakha" hai. 
 
 Woh zamin par para 
 hiia sota" tha\ 
 
 Woh machhi ka shikar 
 khelne gala hai. 
 
 Tumhare sagge line 
 m£n rahne ka hukm 
 hai. 
 
 Tumku kya bona. 
 
 Tumhara ghar turn- 
 hard kh£s mal hai 
 ya kiraye ka. 
 
 Us ka kya dam diye. 
 
 Sipahion ku karaz kon 
 deta\ 
 
73 
 
 232. They pawn their 
 
 property and 
 borrow. 
 
 233. Have you to pass 
 
 an examination 
 to become a 
 naigue ? 
 
 234. Is goats milk 
 
 good to drink ? 
 
 235. I saw a drunken 
 
 man on the 
 road. 
 
 236. He said a scor- 
 
 pion had stung 
 him but it was 
 not true. 
 
 237. Let him come iu. 
 
 238. He comes every 
 
 day. 
 
 239. Tell him to come 
 
 every other day. 
 
 240. Send for a car- 
 
 penter. 
 
 241. Can you swim? 
 
 242. We bathe in the 
 
 sea once a 
 week. 
 
 Mdl girwi rakhkar 
 karaz lete hain, 
 
 Niiik hone ke age 
 amtihan dena. zarur 
 hai. 
 
 Chhelf ka diidh khiine 
 
 ku achha hai. 
 Haste men yek shakhs 
 ku m a t w a 1 a h li a 
 dekha. 
 
 Woh bichu inarii kar- 
 kar bola l^kin jhiith 
 bola. 
 
 Usku andar anu deo. 
 Woh roz roz ata hai — 
 (aya karta.) 
 
 Usku yek roz ar ao 
 
 karkar bolo. 
 Yek barai ku bula 
 
 bhejo. 
 
 Tumku tirna ata kya. 
 Ham hafte ku yek bar 
 darya men nahate 
 
 haih. 
 
 7 
 
74 
 
 243. What kit must a 
 
 sepoy keep ? 
 
 244. What do the peo- 
 
 ple here eat ? 
 
 245. Have you heard 
 
 any news from 
 your brother 
 lately ? 
 
 246. Have you any 
 
 friends in the 
 10 th "Regiment? 
 
 247. Does it often rain 
 
 as it did last 
 night ? 
 
 248. How deep is the 
 
 river ? 
 
 249. It is knee deep. 
 
 250. If it rains any 
 
 more, we shall 
 have to cross in 
 boats. 
 
 251. I have not seen 
 
 him for a long 
 time. 
 
 Sipahi kya kya sam£n 
 
 rakhna hai. 
 Yahan ke log kya kya 
 
 khate hain. 
 
 In dinoh men (h&l men) 
 tumhdre bhai ke 
 pas se kuchh khabar 
 ayt 
 
 Dasweri paltan m£n 
 
 tumhara kol dost 
 
 hai. 
 Pani kal rat pard 
 
 sarika aksar partd, 
 
 hai. 
 
 Nadi men kitna pani 
 hai. 
 
 Gurge khas pani hai. 
 
 Agar is par barsat dwe 
 to ham kishteon meii 
 baithkar par hona 
 paregd. 
 
 Usku dekhkar bahut 
 roz hue (bahut roz 
 hue ke main uskii 
 nahfri dekha.) 
 
75 
 
 Easy Stories translated into the Hindustani, 
 used in Southern India. 
 
 I. 
 
 A man was riding along the road, when he 
 saw a traveller lying wounded beside the road. 
 He said to himself, if I go to his help and any 
 people see me, they will think me a robber and 
 I shall get into trouble. So he pretended not 
 to see the wounded man and went on. In a 
 little while, he met the robbers, who were going 
 away from the place where the wounded man 
 was, and they wounded him also and stole his 
 horse. He wept bitterly and said if I had had 
 mercy on the traveller, I should not be in 
 this plight. 
 
 I I. 
 The sepoy said, " I had been to my house to 
 eat my food. "When I was returning, I saw a 
 house on fire, and I ran to help in putting out 
 the fire. When I returned to the guard, the 
 Havildar confined me for being absent. I did 
 not commit any fault intentionally, and I hope 
 the gentlemen of the Court will take my cir- 
 cumstances into consideration and will par- 
 
76 
 
 don me. There are five persons living in my 
 house, and if I am imprisoned, they will die of 
 starvation." 
 
 III. 
 
 When a sepoy enlists, his first work is to 
 learn his drill. A sepoy must be respectful to 
 his superiors, and obey their lawful commands, 
 and keep his arms and clothing, etc., clean. 
 When he is dismissed from drill and school, if 
 his behaviour is good, and he appears to be in- 
 telligent, there is no doubt that in a short time 
 he will get advancement, and perhaps after a 
 few years may even become an officer. 
 
 IV. 
 
 In December 1886, there was a fair in the 
 Park at Madras, and thousands of people 
 collected to see the fun. Somehow or other, 
 some of the shops caught fire, and people got 
 alarmed and all tried to get out of two of the 
 gates. They fell one on the top of another, and 
 many were burnt to death, and many others 
 were hurt. They say that thieves set the shops 
 on fire, in order to be able to steal, but there is 
 no proof of this ; still there is no doubt that 
 
there were thieves present, as many people's 
 jewels were stolen. 
 
 Some years ago, a great storm took place at 
 Madras ; from the force of the wind a great 
 many ships came on shore and were destroyed, 
 and some sailors were drowned. The sea near 
 Madras is famous for these storms, and there 
 is always one every 9 or 10 years. Now, when 
 it appears there is going to be a storm, they 
 make a signal and all the ships put out to sea 
 that they may not be destroyed by being blown 
 on shore by the wind. 
 
 VI. 
 
 It is more difficult to translate English into 
 Hindustani, than Hindustani into English, for 
 this reason, that the English style is often very 
 difficult. But there is no language so easy, 
 that it is not necessary for the student to work 
 hard in order to acquire it. Many students can 
 talk, but cannot write, because they do not 
 know how to spell — and there are many who 
 do not even know the rules, so it is wonder- 
 ful how any one understands what they say. 
 
78 
 
 There are very few who use proper idioms in 
 speaking. 
 
 VII. 
 There was a schoolmaster, who had many 
 pupils, who came to study every day. Amongst 
 them, there was one who was very idle, and 
 never knew his lesson, and the Master would 
 shut him up in the schoolroom to learn it, whilst 
 the other pupils were at play outside. 
 
 One day he made no mistakes, and the Master 
 was very pleased and asked why it was he 
 said his lesson well that day. The pupil said, 
 " When I was shut up alone I learnt another 
 thing, namely, that he who wishes to be outside 
 at playtime, should finish his lessons before that 
 time comes." 
 
 VIII. 
 A man had a horse, that was very vicious, 
 and always used to bite, and rear, and kick, and 
 would often run away with his rider. One day 
 the man was putting the bridle on the horse, 
 when it struck at him with its forefeet, and then 
 ran back and broke its head rope, but as it was 
 tied with heel ropes also could not escape. The 
 man caught the horse and put on the saddle 
 
79 
 
 and bridle and said, "As you have given me all 
 this trouble, you will see what trouble I shall 
 give you before you see your stable again. " 
 They say he rode the horse that day till it fell 
 down dead. 
 
 IX. 
 
 When the rainy season commences, the far- 
 mers sow the rice in the fields, and if rain 
 continues to fall, the rice soon becomes ripe. 
 If there is no rain, it dries up, and then a famine 
 occurs. The ground is so hard in the hot wea- 
 ther, that they cannot plough it till the rains 
 commence. Black cotton soil is best for cotton 
 and millet. There were many tanks in India 
 in former days, but in these days, many of them 
 have broken bunds and are filled with sand, so 
 that even when the rain falls in abundance, it 
 cannot stay in the tanks, but all runs away to 
 sea. 
 
 X. 
 
 A regiment marched from Mangalore towards 
 Cannanore. The road was bad, and when they 
 reached the river, there was no bridge, so they 
 had to cross in boats. Two carts went in 
 each boat, and one boat upset in the middle of 
 
80 
 
 the river and two men were drowned. The 
 sepoys' families travelled in carts, one cart to 
 ten men ; two days before arriving at Canna- 
 nore, an order was received from Madras, that 
 the regiment was to leave the families at Cauna- 
 nore and embark for Burmah ; but before the 
 ship reached Rangoon, the war had come to an 
 end, and this regiment with many others came 
 back to Madras, where they went by train to 
 their several stations, 
 
 XL 
 (The following are from JEsops 9 Fables.) 
 
 One hot day an ant went to drink at a brook 
 and fell in and was carried away by the stream. 
 
 A dove, sitting on a tree close by, saw it and 
 dropped a leaf into the water and the ant caught 
 hold of it and came safe to shore. A few days 
 after, a hunter was taking aim to shoot the 
 dove, the ant saw him and stung him on the 
 heel and he gave a start and missed his aim, 
 and the dove flew away safe. 
 
 XII. 
 A man once owned a goose that, every day, 
 laid a gold egg : he thought that one egg a day 
 
81 
 
 was but slow work, and hoping to seize all the 
 eggs at once, killed the goose, but to his great 
 grief, found it just like all other geese. He 
 sighed, and said, " He, who has much, would 
 have more, and so loses all." 
 
 XIII. 
 A boy stole a book from school and brought 
 it to his father, who did not punish him for the 
 theft but praised him. When the boy grew up, 
 he became a thief, and, at last, was caught and 
 sentenced to be hung. A crowd came to see 
 him hung, and with them the thief's father. 
 The thief saw him and asked leave to speak a 
 word to him- When he came near, the thief 
 turned his face to him, as if he would speak 
 and bit off his ear, and said, " He is the cause 
 of my guilt, for if he had punished me when I 
 stole the book from school, I should not have 
 come to this sad end." 
 
 Spare the rod, spoil the child. 
 
 XIV. 
 A man had a monkey, that was of great use, 
 and used to frighten away the birds from the 
 fruit. One day the man was sleeping and the 
 
82 
 
 ape was driving the flies from his face. A fly 
 came and sat on the tip of the man's nose, and 
 the ape sent it off : then it flew to his chin, and 
 at this the ape, in a great rage, threw a stone 
 at it, which killed the fly, but from its weight, 
 broke the man's jaw. 
 
 A rash friend is worse than a foe. 
 
 XV. 
 Some boys were throwing stones into a tank, 
 in which there were many frogs, and some of 
 the frogs being killed by the stones, the rest 
 were in great fear. At last, one, who was 
 more brave than the rest, put his head out of 
 the water and said, Oh dear young Sirs, stop, 
 I pray you, for what is sport to you, is death 
 to us. 
 
 XVI. 
 A boy, who kept watch on a flock of sheep, 
 was heard, from time to time, to call out ' ' wolf, 
 wolf" in mere sport. In this way, he, many 
 times, drew the men from their work, in the 
 fields. But when they found it was a joke, 
 they made up their minds that if the boy called 
 " wolf," again, they would not go to his help. 
 At last the wolf did come. The boy, in great 
 
83 
 
 fear, called out " wolf, wolf," but none heeded 
 his cries, and the wolf killed the boy, that he 
 might eat the sheep. 
 
 Those who speak lies, will not be trusted, 
 even when they tell the truth. 
 
 XVII. 
 An old man saw a child stand for a long time 
 on the bank of a stream and said, " Why do you 
 look so long at the brook ?" The child replied, 
 " I am waiting till the water runs off, when I 
 can cross with dry feet." The old man said, 
 11 If you stay out your life, you will not be able 
 to do that, for this brook will run as long as 
 time ; if you go with the stream, you will get to 
 the sea, but if not, you will have to wade." 
 
 XVIII. 
 One hot day, a fox saw some grapes that hung 
 from a wall and took a spring to seize them, but 
 did not reach them : he then leapt with all his 
 might, but each jump was too short. Then, as 
 he found he could not get them, he said, " It is 
 not worth my while to try, for the grapes are 
 
 sour." 
 
 XIX. 
 A wolf one day brought a fox before the 
 Judge for theft. The ape, who was Judge, 
 
84 
 
 knew well that both were knaves and said, " I 
 know you both well, my friends, and as I wish 
 to be just, I will lay the same fine on each — on 
 you, oh wolf, because you have no right to 
 bring the charge ; and on you, oh fox, because 
 no doubt the charge is true. 
 
 Set a thief to catch a thief. 
 
 XX. 
 A wolf once put on a sheepskin, so that he 
 might be shut up in the fold with the sheep 
 and eat them. By chance the farmer who owned 
 them came to kill a sheep, and by good luck 
 chose the wolf : but when he saw it was a wolf, 
 he put a rope on his neck and hung him from 
 a tree. A man who came by said, " what, do 
 you hang sheep ?" " no," said the man, " but I 
 hang a wolf, when I catch him, though he may 
 be disguised as a sheep." 
 
 You mav find more than one face under a 
 veil. 
 
85 
 
 
 For translation of Story No. I, see page 96. 
 
 8 
 
86 
 ij o^=- & jij ±ji l^J ^ ^j ^^ lSs J\ jLA 
 
 XIX. 
 
 w 
 
 J^*d ^ £tfl ^l^j ^ *£^ ^Ifl *hc„j*~ u^!^ 
 
 M 
 
 * l^ la*" Jy«) ^^j (JjCi ^ 
 
 XX. 
 
87 
 
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 i ^ *# ^ ^ iX^j 5 --* !/3e ^ ^ T 
 
 * W3 jU> itf f JJ u~^ ^ **^ 
 
 XVII. 
 ^Jj c^yj ^Itf i^ uijl^ ijJ ^^ laty Uu>l IV 
 
 i?~^ i «LV if- ^ '*> wl^. ^ ^ ^ ^ / 
 jrji *■ uji «n(r u&* ^*j u^ un ^ irfj^l u^ 
 
 XVIII. 
 
88 
 
 m m w 
 
 XV. 
 
 «^ ^-w u^u*?- <j£* <-r^ **$) t-Jfe' «t?5^ ^ c 
 
 XVI. 
 
 
89 
 
 M 
 
 XIV. 
 K *£ c^^j |^. l^i ^jJ'j dioj ^b ^£ ^s^ ^ I'r 
 
90 
 XI. 
 
 Al. 
 
 Js^'j i AH (jfe J»>fr Jf J* J3J f/^J ,! 
 / L/^ ijk *££-<&£ Jt* U^ j^ ji I 1 * <-£' 
 
 - ^ J' 5 & ^' ^ ^ f *&* JU- V, lA 
 
 XII. 
 StfjL / jtf ^ «uJ ^ ill/ ^ eJ>j lSA fti - ^ 
 
 XIII. 
 
91 
 
 x. 
 
 9 
 
92 
 
 VIII. 
 
 L^-w, i ^j ^ ^1|hj5 j/J LJjy / j^jlfl yV JUL 
 
 IX. 
 
 * 
 
 9 
 
93 
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 u^V L^ ^ ^ u^( «s4' ^ J$ U*{ i»V LnW 
 JLo j&if 5=w ^ c^J ^-j^ c^> - ^ ll^w e^*- 
 
 M 9 
 
 VII. 
 
94 
 h#jf- ^!/jij i ^ ^^W ^^ L5l U^r j '^ ^ 
 
 *jr 
 
 V. 
 
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 ^jj; i ^ ^ *Sb cA i/ ^ J?^ A A^ A=r 
 
 VI. 
 
 
95 
 
 III. 
 
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 ^ L5t u^v ^ 3 s JlrJrV^x *M' -A ^ f *h- 
 
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 IV. 
 
 9 
 
 £&* W*j$ ^ ^ *-**' u^ ^jk <£ Lr ] j^° u~j? 
 
Translation of the Stories. 
 
 I. 
 
 /*"f *J erf i.^ eW" ( W> Jg v B 5^; <jW^ ^ ^ «Jt* 
 
 ;3 ] kw ;]i y]> 'i - <^ ^;^ ^ * u^ // l^ ls^ 
 
 * l^ to JU ^ ^ 
 
 II. 
 jj£ ±»\ 3 £j?4 \$4 J£« ** ^.L5c^ *i r 
 
 jj^ ur^ ^ ^ c$> d ^*** U^° ^^ / LT ' L5t ^ 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 This vocabulary contains words in daily use 
 which should be known to the student. 
 
 Only one meaning has been given for each 
 word, the Dalchani word, as a rule. 
 
 The student is recommended to learn the 
 pronunciation of the words from his Munshi, 
 though, to assist beginners, the words are trans- 
 literated in the Roman character. The system 
 of transliteration given at pp. 8 & 10, must be 
 carefully studied, or, without aid, many errors 
 of pronunciation will be made. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adjectives . . 99 
 
 House, etc. . . 
 
 117 
 
 Adverbs, Preposi- 
 
 Human body. . 
 
 120 
 
 tions, Conjunc- 
 
 Metals, etc. . . 
 
 123 
 
 tions, etc . . 102 
 
 Military, etc.. . 
 
 125 
 
 Animals, etc. . . 105 
 
 Nature, seasons, 
 
 
 Diseases, etc. . 108 
 
 etc 
 
 132 
 
 Dress, etc. . . HO 
 
 Professions, 
 
 
 Food, etc. . . 112 
 
 Trades, etc.. . 
 
 134 
 
 Horses, etc. . . 114 
 
 Relationship, etc. 
 
 137 
 
 
 Verbs, etc. . . 
 
 139 
 
 
 8a 
 
 

 99 
 
 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 
 Bad 
 
 i~>)j&» 
 
 kharab. 
 
 Bitter 
 
 b* 
 
 karwa. 
 
 Black 
 
 » 
 
 kala. 
 
 Blind 
 
 (jji 
 
 andba. 
 
 Blue 
 
 i& 
 
 nila. 
 
 Blunt 
 
 *d 
 
 kund. 
 
 Broad 
 
 );# 
 
 cbaura,. 
 
 Brown 
 
 bjt 
 
 lida. 
 
 Clean 
 
 hJU 
 
 saf. 
 
 Clever 
 
 J* 
 
 kabil. 
 
 Coarse 
 
 !*• 
 
 mota. 
 
 Cold 
 
 I3j^J 
 
 tbanda. 
 
 Crooked 
 
 1ft 
 
 binga. 
 
 Damp 
 
 H 
 
 nam. 
 
 Deaf 
 
 W 
 
 babra. 
 
 Difficult 
 
 {Jp£Jo 
 
 musbkil. 
 
 Dirty 
 
 1+z 
 
 maila. 
 
 Dizzy to be 
 
 &u 
 
 cbakar ana 
 
 Dull 
 
 ■ktt 
 
 mund. 
 
 Dumb 
 
 \k 
 
 gunga. 
 
 Easy 
 
 i^aLjj 
 
 salis. 
 
 Fat 
 
 iL 
 
 mota. 
 
100 
 
 Fierce 
 
 aJS 
 
 tund. 
 
 Fine 
 
 <— &j^ 
 
 barik. 
 
 Firm 
 
 \sj\Jlh 
 
 mazbiit . 
 
 Flat 
 
 M 
 
 ham war. 
 
 Foolish 
 
 I-JjJjJJ 
 
 bewukuf. 
 
 Full 
 
 j/£ 
 
 bhara. 
 
 Good 
 
 W 1 
 
 achchha. 
 
 Green 
 
 fc 
 
 harya. 
 
 Grey- 
 
 J\±. 
 
 khaki. 
 
 Guilty 
 
 Ax*jX&& 
 
 taksirmand 
 
 Handsome 
 
 CL>jy&j2>- 
 
 khubsurat. 
 
 Hard 
 
 e^~ 
 
 sakht. 
 
 Hot 
 
 tf 
 
 garm. 
 
 Hollow 
 
 Jf# 
 
 phokal. 
 
 111 
 
 .U-jj 
 
 bimar. 
 
 Innocent 
 
 ik^ 
 
 b^gunah. 
 
 Kind 
 
 vfcfc* 
 
 mihrban. 
 
 Lame 
 
 \p 
 
 langrd. 
 
 Large 
 
 !u 
 
 bara. 
 
 Loose 
 
 Lj&5 
 
 dhfla. 
 
 Loud 
 
 9 
 
 buland. 
 
 Mouldy 
 
 ^^ 
 
 chiti lag*. 
 
101 
 
 Naked 
 
 lOi 
 
 nanga. 
 
 Narrow 
 
 lJ& 
 
 tang. 
 
 Nice 
 
 v . * • 
 
 khush mazah 
 
 Old 
 
 [^ 
 
 budha. 
 
 Oval 
 
 ■.oUa 
 
 baiz£vi. 
 
 Proud 
 
 »r* 
 
 maghrur. 
 
 Pregnant 
 
 Quick 
 
 Red 
 
 Round 
 
 Rude 
 
 J* 
 J/ 
 
 pet se. 
 j aid. 
 141. 
 gol. 
 be adab. 
 
 Sharp 
 
 Short 
 
 > 
 
 toz. 
 kotah. 
 
 Silly 
 
 „,wi 
 
 nddan. 
 
 Slow 
 
 Small 
 
 Soft 
 
 Sour 
 
 
 SU3t. 
 
 chhota. 
 narm. 
 
 khatta. 
 
 Square 
 Straight 
 
 
 chaukona. 
 sfdha. 
 
 Strong 
 
 Sweet 
 
 Swift 
 
 
 mazbut. 
 
 mitha. 
 
 jald. 
 
102 
 
 Tall 
 
 v J 
 
 lincha. 
 
 Tasty 
 
 ih uV" 
 
 khush mazah 
 
 Tasteless 
 
 'J* <j 
 
 be mazah. 
 
 Thick 
 
 uy. 
 
 mota. 
 
 Thin 
 
 XL 
 
 V 
 
 patla. 
 
 Tight 
 
 uce 
 
 tang. 
 
 Ugly 
 
 ^->jye Jo 
 
 badsurat. 
 
 Useful 
 
 ^ 
 
 kamka. 
 
 Valuable 
 
 iJW 
 
 kimati. 
 
 Vain (futile) 
 
 JLU 
 
 batil. 
 
 Weak 
 
 jtflt* 
 
 kam zor. 
 
 Well 
 
 e^AMjdJS 
 
 tandurust. 
 
 White 
 
 9 
 dJAm 
 
 sufed. 
 
 Wise 
 
 lib 
 
 ddna. 
 
 Young 
 
 m!*- 
 
 jawan. 
 
 „ with (animal) S-^ 
 
 gab. 
 
 Yellow 
 
 
 pfla. 
 
 
 ADVERBS, Etc. 
 
 
 According to 
 
 jf»V« i 
 
 ke mawafik. 
 
 And 
 
 *1 
 
 aur. 
 
 Also 
 
 v« 
 
 bhi. 
 
 Altno' 
 
 **•/ 
 
 agarche. 
 
 As 
 
 *&»£»» 
 
 iaisa' ke. 
 
103 
 
 As if 
 
 tf 
 
 goya. 
 
 Because 
 
 Jp*»}j \j»\ 
 
 is waste. 
 
 Before 
 
 ii 
 
 age. 
 
 Behind 
 
 *0&i 
 
 pichhe. 
 
 Beneath 
 
 *& 
 
 niche. 
 
 Besides 
 
 M. \ 
 
 siwai. 
 
 Both 
 
 Vft* 
 
 donon. 
 
 Bravo 
 
 A I 1 A 
 
 shabash. 
 
 But 
 
 JJ 
 
 lekin. 
 
 By 
 
 C? 
 
 se. 
 
 Either 
 
 u 
 
 y a - 
 
 Equal to 
 
 si 
 
 barabar. 
 
 Except 
 
 £r 
 
 siwai. 
 
 For 
 
 £1 
 
 ke liye\ 
 
 From 
 
 4P 
 
 se. 
 
 Front in 
 
 ctfr^** 
 
 i mime. 
 
 Here 
 
 J* 
 
 yahdn. 
 
 How 
 
 zj*^ 
 
 kis tarah, 
 
 If 
 
 f 
 
 agar. 
 
 If not 
 
 */j 
 
 wagarne. 
 
 In 
 
 «?H 
 
 men. 
 
 Instead 
 
 UfJ 6 
 
 'awaz. 
 
 Less 
 
 r< 
 
 kam. 
 

 104 
 
 
 Like 
 
 AiiU 
 
 manind. 
 
 Likewise 
 
 u# 
 
 bhi. 
 
 Midst 
 
 iJ*y d 
 
 dar mian. 
 
 More 
 
 **kj 
 
 ziadah. 
 
 Moreover 
 
 L&J 
 
 aur bhi. 
 
 Near 
 
 uJoiJfi 
 
 nazdik. 
 
 Now 
 
 ^ 
 
 ab. 
 
 Of 
 
 \i 
 
 u. 
 
 Oh 
 
 »!■ 
 
 w£h. 
 
 On 
 
 Ji 
 
 par. 
 
 Or 
 
 b 
 
 ya. 
 
 Out 
 
 ^ 
 
 bahir. 
 
 Over 
 
 *« 
 
 upar. 
 
 Perhaps 
 
 i&AS 
 
 shay ad. 
 
 Round about 
 
 uJl^! 
 
 ataraf. 
 
 Still 
 
 v#? 
 
 to bhi. 
 
 That 
 
 tf 
 
 ke. 
 
 Then 
 
 y 
 
 to. 
 
 Therefore 
 
 *^"lj (-T- 
 
 is waste. 
 
 Under 
 
 *** 
 
 nich£. 
 
 Unless 
 
 &&J ] 
 
 agar nahm 
 
 Until 
 
 ufi 
 
 tak. 
 
 Upon 
 
 yv 
 
 par. 
 
105 
 
 Well done 
 
 i/*uImi 
 
 shabash. 
 
 What 
 
 W* 
 
 kya. 
 
 When 
 
 ^ 
 
 kab. 
 
 Where 
 
 ^ 
 
 kahan. 
 
 Who 
 
 «of 
 
 kon. 
 
 Why 
 
 /vt" 
 
 kahiku. 
 
 With 
 
 A{J>Lm ^ 
 
 ke siith. 
 
 Within 
 
 >' 
 
 andar. 
 
 Which 
 
 LnJL> 
 
 konsa. 
 
 Without 
 
 ^ 
 
 baghair, 
 
 Yet 
 
 <JS L->1 
 
 ab tak. 
 
 Yes 
 
 * 
 
 ho. 
 
 No 
 
 (J^ 
 
 naliin. 
 
 Very 
 
 ^r> 
 
 bahut. 
 
 
 ANIMALS, Etc. 
 
 
 Ant 
 
 ,/br 
 
 chuhti. 
 
 Ass 
 
 ^ 
 
 gadlui. 
 
 Bat 
 
 cK 
 
 gadal. 
 
 Bear 
 
 a^su , 
 
 rfnchh. 
 
 Bird 
 
 ^V. 
 
 parand. 
 
 .Buffalo 
 
 U*-S6# 
 
 bhaihs. 
 
 Bug 
 
 Ctf£* 
 
 makhun. 
 
 Bullock 
 
 J* 
 
 bail. 
 
106 
 
 Calf 
 
 >f. 
 
 bachara. 
 
 Camel 
 
 k&Jjl 
 
 unt. 
 
 Cat 
 
 Jt 
 
 billi. 
 
 Cock 
 
 ir 
 
 murgh. 
 
 Colt 
 
 !^f- 
 
 bachera. 
 
 Cow 
 
 # 
 
 gai. 
 
 Crow 
 
 \p 
 
 kawwa. 
 
 Deer 
 
 UJi 
 
 haran. 
 
 Dog , 
 
 w 
 
 \3S 
 
 kutta. 
 
 Duck 
 
 s ? 
 
 badak. 
 
 Elephant 
 
 \J>[ 
 
 hathi. 
 
 Flea 
 
 rn 
 
 pissu. 
 
 Fly 
 
 Ml 
 
 makhi. 
 
 Fowl 
 
 vh* 
 
 murghi. 
 
 Fox 
 
 i^ry 5 
 
 lomri. 
 
 Goat 
 
 ^flt- 
 
 chhflt 
 
 Hare 
 
 \J-$f~ 
 
 khargosh. 
 
 Hen 
 
 *&* 
 
 murghi. 
 
 Horse 
 
 1 s 
 23? 
 
 ghora. 
 
 Insect 
 
 M 
 
 kira. 
 
 Jackal 
 
 ¥ 
 
 kola. 
 
 Leech 
 
 cfc^ 
 
 jonk. 
 
107 
 
 Lion 
 
 Louse 
 
 Mare 
 
 Monkey 
 
 Mosquito 
 
 Mouse 
 
 Mule 
 
 Owl 
 
 Ox 
 
 Partridge 
 
 Pig 
 
 Pony 
 
 Quail 
 
 Rat 
 
 Scorpion 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Snake 
 
 Sparrow 
 
 Spider 
 
 Squirrel 
 
 Tick 
 
 Tiger 
 
 Wolf 
 
 Worm 
 
 t£*" 
 
 slifr. 
 
 «Of 
 
 jun. 
 
 J)<*~ 
 
 madwan. 
 
 ,jjj 
 
 bandar. 
 
 J^° 
 
 machhar. 
 
 tftJ* 
 
 chulri. 
 
 A 
 
 khachchar 
 
 ft 
 
 ulii. 
 
 J^ 
 
 bail. 
 
 Z* 5 
 
 titar. 
 
 jar 
 
 siiwar. 
 
 P 
 
 tattu. 
 
 \jA 
 
 batir. 
 
 br 
 
 clnilici. 
 
 3*f< 
 
 bichhu. 
 
 w* 
 
 bakri. 
 
 V 
 
 s:imp. 
 
 fc> 
 
 churya. 
 
 ^j^c 
 
 niakri. 
 
 ^ 
 
 gilhart 
 
 ^/ 
 
 gocbari. 
 
 *«fy 
 
 bagh. 
 
 &JJ 
 
 landga. 
 
 Iff* 
 
 kainchwa 
 

 108 
 
 
 
 DISEASES, Etc. 
 
 
 Ague 
 
 *X£ <^o 
 
 tap thand. 
 
 Asthma 
 
 at 
 
 damah. 
 
 Cold 
 
 if*/" 
 
 sardi. 
 
 Cholera 
 
 9 
 
 kai julab. 
 
 Colic 
 
 Jr* 
 
 Slil. 
 
 Cough 
 
 ^^ 
 
 khansl. 
 
 Death 
 
 CL^^o 
 
 maut. 
 
 Debility 
 
 ,/j* 
 
 natawani. 
 
 Diarrhoea 
 
 ^h- 
 
 julab. 
 
 Disease 
 
 \fJ*M 
 
 bimari. 
 
 Dizziness 
 
 A 
 
 chakar. 
 
 Dropsy 
 
 
 istiska. 
 
 Dysentery 
 
 JLi 
 
 pechish. 
 
 Elephantiasis 
 
 w 
 
 fflpa. 
 
 Epilepsy 
 
 L/^r 6 ^ ^-.y 
 
 kawekamarz 
 
 Eyes sore 
 
 UT^T 
 
 ankh ana. 
 
 Faint 
 
 u^ 
 
 ghish. 
 
 Fever 
 
 S^ 
 
 tap. 
 
 Fit 
 
 <)uL~ 
 
 ghalbah. 
 
 Giddiness 
 
 A 
 
 chakar. 
 
 Guineaworm 
 
 iiU 
 
 naru. 
 
109 
 
 Indigestion 
 
 
 L5^^ 
 
 bad hazami. 
 
 Inflammation 
 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 jalan. 
 
 Itch 
 
 
 J*J 
 
 khujli. 
 
 Leprosy 
 
 jf 
 
 Jift. 
 
 juzam, kor. 
 
 Liver complaint 
 
 d,d 
 
 K *e& 
 
 kalijekadard 
 
 Madness 
 
 
 i/*& 
 
 diwanagi. 
 
 Matter 
 
 
 V* 
 
 pip. 
 
 Measles 
 
 
 «#*/ 
 
 gobari. 
 
 Nausea to have 
 
 \ 
 
 JtU^ 
 
 ji matland. 
 
 Pain 
 
 
 djd 
 
 dard. 
 
 Palsy 
 
 
 i< 
 
 falij. 
 
 Paralysis 
 
 
 iuSJ 
 
 lakwali. 
 
 Pins and needles 
 
 lijfj 
 
 i^W** 
 
 chumtean bhania. 
 
 Rheumatism 
 
 
 # 
 
 wai. 
 
 Ringworm 
 
 
 iilj 
 
 did. 
 
 Sickness 
 
 
 4&W* 
 
 bimari. 
 
 Small-pox 
 
 
 lu- 
 
 sitala. 
 
 Sore 
 
 
 j/jtf 
 
 phoni. 
 
 Sore throat 
 
 UUm 
 
 «^>- 
 
 halakpakjana. 
 
 Sunstroke 
 
 U.L« t-jytJ 
 
 dhiip marna. 
 
 Swelling 
 
 
 c r- 
 
 suj. 
 
 Tumour 
 
 
 ]&«* 
 
 phora. 
 

 110 
 
 
 Vomiting 
 
 J¥t 
 
 ukhal. 
 
 Wound 
 
 &J 
 
 zakhm. 
 
 Bandage 
 
 M 
 
 patti. 
 
 Cure 
 
 Ui 
 
 shafa. 
 
 Dose 
 
 *■*> 
 
 khiirak. 
 
 Fomentation 
 
 &Uau 
 
 senk£. 
 
 Medicine 
 
 i* 
 
 dawa. 
 
 Ointment 
 
 rV 
 
 marham. 
 
 Pill 
 
 J/ 
 
 goli. 
 
 Poison 
 
 yy 
 
 zahar. 
 
 Powder 
 
 
 bukni, pliaki. 
 
 Purge 
 
 
 julab. 
 
 Remedy 
 
 A 
 
 'ilaj. 
 
 Vaccinate to 
 
 DRESS, Etc. 
 
 sitala nikdlna 
 
 Belt 
 
 ^^ 
 
 kamar band. 
 
 Bodice 
 
 J^T 
 
 clioli. 
 
 Boots 
 
 43/j* 
 
 moze. 
 
 Bracelet 
 
 jJu*flj 
 
 bazu band. 
 
 Button 
 
 
 gundi. 
 
Ill 
 
 Cloth, cotton 
 „ woollen 
 
 
 kaprd. 
 banat. 
 
 Clothes 
 
 ^ 
 
 kapre. 
 
 Coat 
 
 4 
 
 kurtah. 
 
 Comb 
 
 *& 
 
 kangwi. 
 
 Drawers 
 
 J 
 
 gurgi. 
 
 Earrings 
 
 Vr£ 
 
 goshward. 
 
 Girdle 
 
 ^.J^ 
 
 kamar band, 
 
 Gloves 
 
 <J^* 
 
 dasti. 
 
 Handkerchief 
 
 JS 
 
 rumal. 
 
 Hat 
 
 
 topi. 
 
 Jacket 
 
 
 mirzaf. 
 
 Linen 
 
 djy*. 
 
 sut. 
 
 Neckcloth 
 Necklace 
 
 
 guliiband. 
 mala. 
 
 Needle 
 
 Patch 
 
 Petticoat 
 
 \H4 
 
 sui. 
 
 paiwand 
 Ihanga. 
 
 Pocket 
 
 V^ 
 
 jeb. 
 
 Razor 
 
 \JL\ 
 
 ustura\ 
 
 Sash 
 
 * 
 
 patka. 
 10 
 
112 
 
 Scissors 
 
 urf^* 
 
 kainchf. 
 
 Shirt 
 
 u^-2 
 
 kamis. 
 
 Shoe 
 
 V 
 
 juta. 
 
 Sleeve 
 
 i^s-T 
 
 astin. 
 
 Spectacles 
 
 j^JoUc 
 
 'ainak. 
 
 Spurs 
 
 jijt 
 
 mamrfz. 
 
 Stockings 
 
 i**~ 
 
 mejiir. 
 
 Trousers 
 
 M \ A 
 
 sharai. 
 
 Turban 
 
 9 
 
 pagari. 
 
 Veil 
 
 tv 
 
 burk'a. 
 
 Watch 
 
 cJu* 
 
 gharyal. 
 
 
 FOOD, Etc. 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 ^ 
 
 jau. 
 
 Beef 
 
 v^/X^S 
 
 gai ka gosht 
 
 Bread 
 
 71 
 
 roti. 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 <u£,t> 
 
 nashtah. 
 
 Broth 
 
 i. * 
 
 shorba. 
 
 Butter 
 
 <&»a*iw*c 
 
 maskah. 
 
 Butter milk 
 
 ^W 
 
 chach. 
 
 Cheese 
 
 jih 
 
 panir. 
 
 Chilli 
 
 \f*r 
 
 mirchi. 
 
113 
 
 Coffee 
 
 *X* 
 
 Cocoanut 
 
 J^li 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 ^ 
 
 Curry 
 
 UIL 
 
 • Dates 
 
 jfF* 
 
 Dinner 
 
 uv 
 
 Egg 
 
 I5JI 
 
 Fig 
 
 ji*\ 
 
 Flour 
 
 UT 
 
 Fruit 
 
 *&* 
 
 Grapes 
 
 £\ 
 
 Indian corn 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 *£ 
 
 Meat 
 
 
 Millet 
 
 *> 
 
 Milk 
 
 aubJjj 
 
 Mutton 
 
 «U/K^ 
 
 Paddy 
 
 ^ 
 
 Pepper 
 
 sr* 
 
 Pickle 
 
 A' 
 
 Rice 
 
 JA- 
 
 „ boiled 
 
 ui^ 
 
 Salt 
 
 u*C 
 
 kahwah. 
 
 naril. 
 
 kankri. 
 
 salna. 
 
 kbajiii\ 
 
 kbana. 
 
 anda. 
 
 anjir. 
 
 at& 
 
 mewah. 
 
 angiir. 
 
 makki jari. 
 nimbu. 
 
 gosht. 
 
 jari. 
 
 diidhh. 
 
 bakre ka gosht. 
 
 dh£n. 
 
 mirch. 
 
 achar. 
 chanwal. 
 khana. 
 namak. 
 
114 
 
 Spirits 
 
 Of 
 
 'arak. 
 
 Sugar 
 
 •SoM 
 
 shakar. 
 
 Tea 
 
 t 
 
 cha. 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 d9 
 
 tarkari. 
 
 Vinegar 
 
 ifjm 
 
 sirkah. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 gihun. 
 
 Wine 
 
 HORSES, Etc. 
 
 sharab. 
 
 Bay 
 
 C^M^ 
 
 kumet. 
 
 Black 
 
 ^^ 
 
 mushki. 
 
 Chesnut 
 
 
 surang. 
 
 Dun-cream 
 
 iXjUlkM) 
 
 samand. 
 
 Grey 
 
 %jt*M 
 
 sabzah. 
 
 „ Fleabitten 
 
 i» ,^v 
 
 gomachi nila. 
 
 Piebald 
 
 ■ Ji\ 
 
 ablak. 
 
 Roan 
 
 ]<& 
 
 kalda. 
 
 Entire 
 
 Ws 
 
 nar ghora\ 
 
 Gelding 
 
 W^ T 
 
 akhtah ghora- 
 
 Mare 
 
 *)!*«** 
 
 madwan. 
 
 Amble to 
 
 uv J^ 
 
 rawal jana\ 
 
115 
 
 Dung to 
 
 U!!5jo) 
 
 lid dalna. 
 
 Jump to 
 
 £1 
 
 urna. 
 
 Kick to 
 
 li,U wl 
 
 lat marna. 
 
 Neigh to 
 
 lilif^ 
 
 hinhinana. 
 
 Paw to 
 
 
 tap marna. 
 
 Rear to 
 
 [iyA&j^j 
 
 sfdha hona. 
 
 Run away to 
 Run back to 
 
 
 sawar ku kbainch 
 lekar jana. 
 
 sitalikhand. 
 
 Shy to 
 
 liC*^- 
 
 chamakna . 
 
 Stumble to 
 
 i*V/*i* 
 
 thokar khaiia. 
 
 Speedy cut to 
 
 'SjjyJ^< 
 
 muwar khana. 
 
 Glanders 
 
 UxU>*. 
 
 sembha. 
 
 Gripes 
 
 «p 
 
 kurkuri. 
 
 Mange 
 
 / 
 
 gar. 
 
 Spavin 
 
 w 
 
 hadda. 
 
 Splint 
 
 c5^r^ 
 
 bir haddi. 
 
 Hoof 
 
 r 
 
 sum. 
 
 Frog 
 
 ^ 
 
 patali. 
 
 Mane 
 
 jy 
 
 aiyal. 
 
 Pastern 
 
 u£* 
 
 mutt ha. 
 
116 
 
 Tail 
 
 * 
 
 dum. 
 
 Bedding 
 
 & 
 
 s£j. 
 
 Bit 
 
 P 
 
 lagam. 
 
 Breastplate 
 
 *k \J*H 
 
 p^shband. 
 
 Brow band 
 
 Jjj*y*i 
 
 sardawal. 
 
 Chinstrap 
 
 
 thuddika tasraali 
 
 Crupper 
 
 9 
 
 dumchi. 
 
 Currycomb 
 
 j»y 
 
 kharara. 
 
 Food daily 
 
 
 ratib. 
 
 Eyeshade 
 
 >»■ 
 
 jhalar. 
 
 Girth 
 
 <_& 
 
 tang. 
 
 Glove for grooming 
 
 j* 
 
 kafai. 
 
 Gram 
 
 ^ 
 
 kulthi. 
 
 Halter 
 
 j>**fk 
 
 bag diir. 
 
 Head rope 
 
 ^T 
 
 agari. 
 
 „ stall 
 
 irfiji 
 
 piizi. 
 
 Heel rope 
 
 v*^. 
 
 picharl. 
 
 Holster 
 
 ^ 
 
 dolchi. 
 
 Hoof pick 
 
 
 sum karolni. 
 
 Martingale 
 
 **#j 
 
 zfr band. 
 
117 
 
 Nosebag 
 Keins 
 
 
 tobard. 
 bag. 
 
 Saddle 
 
 u*j 
 
 ziii. 
 
 Shoe 
 „ nail 
 
 Stall 
 
 
 n'al. 
 mekh. 
 
 than. 
 
 Stable 
 
 <sbak 
 
 tabclah . 
 
 Stirrup 
 
 4*, 
 
 rikab. 
 
 Surcingle 
 
 i_Xb" % 
 
 bala tang. 
 
 Whip 
 
 HOUSE, Etc. 
 
 chabuk. 
 
 Balcony 
 Basin 
 
 
 bala khanah 
 chilanachi. 
 
 Basket 
 
 w 
 
 tokra. 
 
 Bath 
 Blanket 
 
 
 hamam. 
 kamal. 
 
 Book 
 
 L_»ltf 
 
 kitab. 
 
 Box 
 Bed 
 Brick 
 
 V 
 
 sandok. 
 palang. 
 int. 
 
 Candle 
 
 w 
 
 mom butti. 
 
118 
 
 Carpet 
 
 ^jH", 
 
 shatranji. 
 
 Chair 
 
 If/ 
 
 kursi. 
 
 Clock 
 
 JVj/ 
 
 gharyal 
 
 Cook-room 
 
 ***- \&-jf* 
 
 bawarchi khanah. 
 
 Cup 
 
 \P 
 
 katora. 
 
 Desk 
 
 Jj fl! 
 
 kalam dan. 
 
 Door 
 
 *j\ 3J * 
 
 darw&zah. 
 
 Drain 
 
 l#Jt* 
 
 mhori. 
 
 Fire 
 
 o/T 
 
 kg. 
 
 Fireplace 
 
 w^=- 
 
 chiilha. 
 
 Floor 
 
 \^V 
 
 zamiii. 
 
 Flowerpot 
 
 
 cmldan. 
 
 c5 
 
 Fork 
 
 15& 
 
 kanta. 
 
 Foundation 
 
 lib 
 
 .. ... 
 
 paya. 
 
 Glass 
 
 JCJLjJ) 
 
 ainah. 
 
 Goglet 
 
 !&* 
 
 kiizah 
 
 Grass 
 
 \j^4 
 
 ghahs. 
 
 House 
 
 / 
 
 ghar. 
 
 Hut 
 
 t^/tfj*? - 
 
 jhoriparl. 
 
 Ink 
 
 est 1 *" 
 
 siahi. 
 
 Key 
 
 ^ 
 
 kill. 
 
 Kitchen 
 
 *^L5?V^ 
 
 bawarchi khanah 
 
119 
 
 Knife 
 
 yV 
 
 chaku. 
 
 Lamp 
 
 *!*■ 
 
 charagh. 
 
 Leather 
 
 h** 
 
 chamrd. 
 
 Letter 
 
 L*. 
 
 khat. 
 
 Lock 
 
 (Jii' 
 
 kuful. 
 
 Mat 
 
 V 
 
 borya. 
 
 Match 
 
 40* ij *t T 
 
 agki kiiri. 
 
 Measure 
 
 V 
 
 map. 
 
 Mill 
 
 w 
 
 chakki. 
 
 Money 
 
 ImjJU 
 
 paisa. 
 
 Mortar 
 
 / 
 
 gach. 
 
 Mortar (to pound) 
 
 J^ 
 
 ukalf. 
 
 Oil 
 
 JtfS 
 
 ti'l. 
 
 Paper 
 
 &* 
 
 k&ghaz. 
 
 Pen 
 
 ^ 
 
 kalam. 
 
 Pencil 
 
 
 surrae kd kalam 
 
 Pipe 
 
 j*+ 
 
 chungani. 
 
 Plate 
 
 W»^ 
 
 basan. 
 
 Pot (water) 
 
 y 
 
 ghara. 
 
 Quilt 
 
 vM 
 
 razai. 
 
 Spade 
 
 !ifc 
 
 phaora. 
 
120 
 
 Spoon 
 
 V 
 
 chamchah 
 
 Shelf 
 
 o^ 
 
 tak. 
 
 Table 
 
 J** 
 
 mez. 
 
 Teapot 
 
 *u* 
 
 cha dan. 
 
 Terrace 
 
 */3i* 
 
 chabutra. 
 
 Tumbler 
 
 ♦♦ ... 
 
 pialah. 
 
 Tile 
 
 W 
 
 kauwelf. 
 
 Thatch 
 
 \j~h% 
 
 ghahs. 
 
 Venetians 
 
 
 jilmil. 
 
 Verandah 
 
 \hi 
 
 wasara. 
 
 Wall 
 
 M 
 
 diwar. 
 
 Well 
 
 ^Jp. 
 
 baori. 
 
 Window 
 
 *5y J 
 
 darichah. 
 
 Wood 
 
 ^ 
 
 lakri. 
 
 Yard 
 
 HUMAN BODY. 
 
 angan. 
 
 Ankle 
 
 Us* 
 
 takhua. 
 
 Arm 
 
 J* 
 
 bazu. 
 
 „ lower 
 
 *4\ 
 
 hath. 
 
 ,, pit 
 
 J^o 
 
 baghal. 
 
 Back 
 
 <KfUJ 
 
 pithh. 
 
121 
 
 Beard 
 
 tff* 
 
 darhi. 
 
 Blood 
 
 w 
 
 lahu. 
 
 Body 
 
 ^ 
 
 badan. 
 
 Bone 
 
 *t 
 
 had. 
 
 Brain 
 
 UcK 
 
 bheja. 
 
 Breast 
 
 \jh* 
 
 chhati. 
 
 „ womans 
 
 J** 
 
 chichiin. 
 
 Buttock 
 
 ?fr 
 
 chiitar. 
 
 Calf of leg 
 
 S*^ 
 
 pindarf. 
 
 Cheek 
 
 tt 
 
 kalla. 
 
 Chest 
 
 Uju, 
 
 sina. 
 
 Chin 
 
 ^s*? 
 
 thaddi. 
 
 Ear 
 
 ^ 
 
 kan. 
 
 Elbow 
 Entrails 
 
 
 koni. 
 antrian. 
 
 Eye 
 
 <^&T 
 
 dnkh. 
 
 Face 
 
 % JY* 
 
 chharah 
 
 Finger 
 Fist 
 Foot 
 Forehead 
 
 A 
 
 ungli. 
 ghuhsa. 
 paon. 
 peshani. 
 
122 
 
 Groin 
 
 [■** 
 
 ckadba. 
 
 Hair 
 
 j^ 
 
 bal. 
 
 Hand 
 
 *j[ 
 
 hath. 
 
 Head 
 
 r 
 
 sar. 
 
 Heart 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 an. 
 
 Heel 
 
 ±tf- 
 
 eri. 
 
 Hip 
 
 V 
 
 kola. 
 
 Jaw 
 
 W 
 
 jabra. 
 
 Joint 
 
 j*- 
 
 jor. 
 
 Knee 
 
 \sj 
 
 gurga. 
 
 Knuckle 
 
 
 unglion ki 
 gahth. 
 
 Lap 
 
 4 
 
 god. 
 
 Leg 
 
 ft 
 
 paun. 
 
 Limb 
 
 yQC 
 
 'azu. 
 
 Lip 
 
 **»X 
 
 honth. 
 
 Liver 
 
 ^ 
 
 kalija. 
 
 Lungs 
 
 W^e. 
 
 phepsa. 
 
 Mouth 
 
 <Xf& 
 
 muhh. 
 
 Moustache 
 
 *¥?y 
 
 muchh. 
 
 Nail 
 
 *£> 
 
 • nakh. 
 
 Navel 
 
 uJU 
 
 naf. 
 
123 
 
 Neck 
 
 
 gardan. 
 
 Nose 
 
 LiU 
 
 nak. 
 
 Perspiration 
 
 n y 
 
 pasma. 
 
 Private parts 
 
 »lf,yS 
 
 sharm gdh. 
 
 Shoulder 
 
 Ijjl^ 
 
 khdnd£. 
 
 Side 
 
 hi 
 
 pahlu. 
 
 Skin 
 
 b** 
 
 chamra. 
 
 Sole 
 
 yi 
 
 talwa. 
 
 Stomach 
 
 
 pet. 
 
 Temple 
 
 LS^ 
 
 kanpatti. 
 
 Thigh 
 
 <b 
 
 r£n. 
 
 Throat 
 
 if 
 
 gala. 
 
 Thumb 
 
 l^SSl 
 
 angothd 
 
 Toe 
 
 s^V^ 
 
 paiiri ki ungli 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Jc$jui». 
 
 jibhh. 
 
 Tooth 
 
 l^JIj 
 
 dant. 
 
 Tear 
 
 jmJT 
 
 dnsu. 
 
 Waist 
 
 V 
 
 kamar. 
 
 Whiskers 
 
 c^> J^ 
 
 gal pate. 
 
 Wrist 
 
 la?*! 
 
 poncha. 
 
 Vein 
 
 «-$ 
 
 rag. 
 
 
 ilETALS, Etc. 
 
 
 Alum 
 
 ^fk 
 
 phatkari. 
 
 Antimony 
 
 9 
 
 surmah. 
 
 11 
 
124 
 
 9 9 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 j[^ ^Uw, 
 
 sumbul khar. 
 
 Borax 
 
 9 
 
 suhaga. 
 
 Brass 
 
 J^ 
 
 pital. 
 
 Copper 
 
 UiU 
 
 tanba. 
 
 „ sulphate 
 
 *¥;r 
 
 mortutah. 
 
 Crystal 
 
 m 
 
 J* 
 
 billur. 
 
 Gem 
 
 dr 
 
 jawahir. 
 
 Gold 
 
 Umm 
 
 sona. 
 
 Iron 
 
 u 
 
 loha. 
 
 Lead 
 
 I J**^*** 
 
 shish. 
 
 Loadstone 
 
 J&i ^ <*X^ 
 
 chamak ka pathar. 
 
 Marble 
 
 ;V 
 
 mar mar. 
 
 Metal 
 
 ^ 
 
 m'adani. 
 
 Pewter 
 
 v^r^ 
 
 jas. 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Kb 
 
 para. 
 
 Salammoniac 
 
 / u y 
 
 nausagar. 
 
 Saltpetre 
 
 * * 
 
 shorah. 
 
 Silver 
 
 y**r 
 
 chandi. 
 
 Steel 
 
 itfy 
 
 folad. 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 uJj&JJ^ 
 
 gandhak. 
 
 Talc 
 
 <4>1 
 
 abrak. 
 
 Tin 
 
 J*# 
 
 kathil. 
 
 Touchstone 
 
 Jr^ 
 
 kasuti. 
 
125 
 
 Zinc 
 
 ULj 
 
 dasta. 
 
 Amethyst 
 
 O&L 
 
 manak. 
 
 Diamond 
 
 fc 
 
 Mr*. 
 
 Emerald 
 
 m 
 
 zamarrud. 
 
 Onyx 
 
 9 
 
 sulimani. 
 
 Opal 
 
 J£ftl>}'d 
 
 dudhiah. 
 
 Pearl 
 
 *jy* 
 
 moti. 
 
 Ruby 
 
 isjjh 
 
 yakiit. 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 ^ 
 
 nflam. 
 
 Topaz 
 
 ^f-j 
 
 zabarjad. 
 
 Turquoise 
 
 *)»& 
 
 firozah. 
 
 
 MILITARY, Etc. 
 
 
 Arrest 
 
 ^jSx> Ja> 
 
 nazarbandi. 
 
 Aim 
 
 L^^M 
 
 shist. 
 
 Ally 
 
 (jjoyt, 
 
 sharik. 
 
 Artillery 
 
 jW 
 
 golandaz. 
 
 Advanced guar 
 
 d j,y 
 
 karawal. 
 
 Army 
 
 c> 
 
 fauj. 
 
 Arms 
 
 yW» 
 
 hathiar. 
 
 Armour 
 
 Vi 
 
 zirah. 
 
 Arsenal 
 
 *JU*L-jy 
 
 top khanah. 
 
126 
 
 Accoutrements 
 
 ^jUoWj • Juw 
 
 saz o saman. 
 
 Ammunition 
 
 J/^ 
 
 barut goli. 
 
 Attack 
 
 dr 
 
 hamlah. 
 
 Barrel of gun 
 
 w 
 
 nallf. 
 
 Battle 
 
 s# 
 
 lardi. 
 
 Bayonet 
 
 U^ 
 
 sanin. 
 
 Belt 
 
 yW 
 
 dawali. 
 
 Besiege, to 
 
 \jJ XjAc[=r< 
 
 mabasarah karna. 
 
 Bulls eye 
 
 
 chand. 
 
 Bullet 
 
 . ytf 
 
 golf. 
 
 Cannon 
 
 vy 
 
 top. 
 
 Cartridge 
 
 LoJ 
 
 toiita. 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 ul/V" 
 
 sawaran. 
 
 Centre of army 
 
 fcJ*V^ 
 
 kalb i fauj. 
 
 Citadel 
 
 H$1 
 
 arg. 
 
 Cock of gun 
 
 Ja* 
 
 ghora. 
 
 Camp 
 
 rt^j 
 
 lashkargiih. 
 
 Captive 
 
 •j«m1 
 
 asir. 
 
 Capture, to 
 
 i^/fl 
 
 bath kar lena, 
 
 Colors 
 
 U,L 
 
 bautd, 
 
 Column 
 
 >H 
 
 kitar. 
 
 Command, to 
 
 U/u^A 
 
 hukumat karna. 
 
127 
 
 Conquer, to 
 
 \*Jjj&»* 
 
 taskhir karna. 
 
 Dagger 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 khan jar. 
 
 Danger 
 
 j± 
 
 khatr. 
 
 Defeat 
 
 KJ^vSs+t 
 
 shikast. 
 
 Discipline 
 
 #&*/** 
 
 lashkari din. 
 
 Ditch 
 
 jaj± 
 
 khandak. 
 
 Defence 
 
 J* 
 
 bach a u. 
 
 Deserter 
 
 *j)t 
 
 farari. 
 
 Destroy, to 
 
 fyJH*t 
 
 pdimal karna. 
 
 Discharge 
 
 4fr 
 
 bartarafi. 
 
 Drill 
 
 ■Xely 
 
 kauwa'id. 
 
 Drum 
 
 )^° 
 
 tambiir. 
 
 Duty 
 
 */* 
 
 naukari. 
 
 Enemy 
 
 9 
 
 dushman. 
 
 Encamp, to 
 
 'Jo J c-r?.^ 
 
 dere dt'iui. 
 
 Enlist, to 
 
 U^ JiJj 
 
 ddkhil hona. 
 
 Escort 
 
 *» .dJ 
 
 badrakah. 
 
 Field of battle 
 
 ^SJ^ii^'x^- 
 
 jangka maidan. 
 
 Facings 
 
 <xx£,U* 
 
 hashiah. 
 
 Flag 
 
 U,b 
 
 baiita. 
 
 Flank 
 
 jUl^li 
 
 bazu-i-lashkar 
 
 Forced march 
 
 
 yalghar. 
 
128 
 
 Fort 
 
 A*JJ 
 
 kil'ah. 
 
 Fortifications 
 
 .Lfld- 
 
 hisar. 
 
 Garrison 
 
 <X*)i (LI 
 
 ahali kil'ah. 
 
 Guide 
 
 ^J ]S i ] J 
 
 rahdari. 
 
 Gun 
 
 vy 
 
 top. 
 
 Gunpowder 
 
 ^> 
 
 bariit. 
 
 Halt 
 
 pUA 
 
 mukarn. 
 
 Holster 
 
 ^5 
 
 dolchf. 
 
 Infantry 
 
 J^ 
 
 paidal. 
 
 Insurrection 
 
 i)U»i 
 
 fasad. 
 
 Intrench, to 
 
 L!^ ,_j jJo <J»-j« 
 
 raorcliah bandi karna. 
 
 Invasion 
 
 U3# 
 
 yiirish. 
 
 Irregulars 
 
 ^y^ 
 
 mughlai fauj. 
 
 Killed 
 
 J?*** 
 
 maktul. 
 
 Lance 
 
 *^ 
 
 nezah. 
 
 Leader 
 
 1 VUw M-K/ihfx/ 
 
 lashkar kash. 
 
 Left wing 
 
 tjm^t 
 
 mai sarah. 
 
 Magazine 
 
 &** 
 
 makhzan. 
 
 Main body 
 
 
 kalb-i-lashkar, 
 
 March 
 
 wf 
 
 kiich. 
 
 Medal 
 
 m 
 
 billah. 
 
129 
 
 Mine 
 
 tS^if" 
 
 surang. 
 
 Mortar 
 
 W J ^' 
 
 aiit ki top. 
 
 Movement 
 
 e^£p- 
 
 harkat. 
 
 Mutiny 
 
 i)LnJ 
 
 fasad. 
 
 News 
 
 /*■ 
 
 khabar. 
 
 Night, attack to 
 
 4^«8*^ 
 
 ebabkhun girna, 
 
 Nipple of gun 
 
 '«*& 
 
 ranjak. 
 
 Obstacle 
 
 ay a,, 
 
 rok tok. 
 
 Opinion 
 
 ** 
 
 rai. 
 
 Order (arrangement) 
 
 q»»>j Job 
 
 bandobast. 
 
 Pay 
 
 dU&L^ 
 
 darm&hah. 
 
 Parade 
 
 j*Lt 
 
 kauwa'id. 
 
 Peace 
 
 £ 
 
 Bulb. 
 
 Pipeclay 
 
 ^ 
 
 khart 
 
 Pistol 
 
 V 
 
 tamanchah, 
 
 Parapet 
 
 J^M 
 
 fasil. 
 
 Pass (defile) 
 
 otf 
 
 ghat. 
 
 Position 
 
 *&■ 
 
 jagah. 
 
 Prisoner 
 
 i^*rf* 
 
 kaidi. 
 
 Proclamation 
 
 A^i 
 
 ishtahar. 
 
 Protection 
 
 aUu 
 
 pan ah. 
 
 Provisions 
 
 (\mj i 
 
 rasad. 
 
130 
 
 Pursue 
 
 **/}*&> 
 
 pichha karna. 
 
 Pardon, to 
 
 Ij/wtU* 
 
 m'uaf karna. 
 
 Rations 
 
 tt w 
 
 kachcba bhatta. 
 
 Regiment 
 
 ii 
 
 paltan. 
 
 Retreat 
 
 
 gurez. 
 
 Rout 
 
 L || *^^vj-^. Xajj 
 
 shikast. 
 
 Rampart 
 
 Jj^ai 
 
 fasil. 
 
 Range of shot 
 
 v 3 '^/ 
 
 gole ka tap. 
 
 Rank 
 
 to-, J 
 
 darjah. 
 
 Rear guard 
 
 Jj'^r 
 
 chandawal. 
 
 Reconnoitre, to 
 
 ljui JOfj 
 
 bhed lena. 
 
 Recruit 
 
 uW 
 
 naujowan. 
 
 55 to 
 
 V^ 
 
 bharti karna. 
 
 Regimental 
 
 u*^W^r" 
 
 sarkari labas. 
 
 ,» necessaries 
 
 ul^r ^ ^r 
 
 sarkari chizan 
 
 Report 
 
 •?*- 
 
 charcha. 
 
 River 
 
 uS^ 
 
 nadi. 
 
 Right wing 
 
 &A{U« 
 
 maimanah. 
 
 Road 
 
 <&J. 
 
 rastah. 
 
 Sash 
 
 V 
 
 putka. 
 
 Sentry 
 
 *** 
 
 pahareVala. 
 
 Sepoys' family 
 
 >^ 
 
 bach kach. 
 
131 
 
 Shell 
 
 H^Kc^! 
 
 a' lit ka gola. 
 
 Shot 
 
 V 
 
 gola. 
 
 Siege 
 
 ZjAzsr* 
 
 muhasarah. 
 
 Sight of gun 
 
 <^ 
 
 naakhi. 
 
 Spear 
 
 i^JO 
 
 nezah. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 ^t> 
 
 sipahi. 
 
 Stoppages 
 
 & 
 
 was 9 . 
 
 Surrender to as 
 
 
 sipurd karna. 
 
 Shoot, to 
 
 \ijlt 
 
 mania. 
 
 Target 
 
 J&i 
 
 nishan. 
 
 Trigger 
 
 J* 
 
 kal. 
 
 Tent 
 
 \j>S 
 
 deni. 
 
 „ to pitch 
 
 UjJ L>5 
 
 deni dena. 
 
 ,, to strike 
 
 
 dora girana. 
 
 Treaty 
 
 iu< o J^-c 
 
 'abad namah. 
 
 Truce 
 
 9 
 
 tawaktif-i-jang. 
 
 Uniform 
 
 \jH \jj& 
 
 lashkari labas 
 
 Victory 
 
 £ 
 
 fath. 
 
 Volley 
 
 li&a 
 
 shalak. 
 
 War 
 
 lJCu. 
 
 jang. 
 
 Wounded 
 
 r^" 
 
 majruli. 
 
132 
 
 Wound 
 
 th 
 
 zakbm. 
 
 Witness 
 
 iX#Um 
 
 shahid. 
 
 NATURE, SEASONS, 
 
 Etc. 
 
 Air 
 
 ! * 
 
 hawa . 
 
 Autumn 
 
 ^ 
 
 khazan. 
 
 Cloud 
 
 / 
 
 abr. 
 
 Cold 
 
 ■^r 
 
 sardi. 
 
 j, weather 
 
 KZ14 
 
 thand k&la. 
 
 Day 
 
 
 din. 
 
 Darkness 
 
 Jl*il 
 
 andhara. 
 
 Dawn 
 
 9 
 
 subh. 
 
 Dew 
 
 »J^_»a»J 
 
 shab nam. 
 
 Earth 
 
 \J**J 
 
 zamfn. 
 
 East 
 
 
 mashrik. 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 ■ijf u*£ 
 
 girhan. 
 
 „ moon 
 
 d»t *v 
 
 chdnd girhan 
 
 Evening 
 
 ^VM 
 
 shab. 
 
 Fire 
 
 <_?T 
 
 ag. 
 
 Heat 
 
 f 
 
 gar mi. 
 
 Hot weather 
 
 %^->&* 
 
 dhiip k£U. 
 
133 
 
 Hour 
 
 UuUi „ ci^cLw 
 
 sa'at, ghanta 
 
 Ice 
 
 €- 
 
 yekh. 
 
 Land 
 
 \d£*b 
 
 zamin. 
 
 Light 
 
 M 
 
 ujala. 
 
 Lightning 
 
 >H 
 
 bijii. 
 
 Monsoon 
 
 pAM^O UU^Hji 
 
 barsat ka mosim. 
 
 Month 
 
 IJU^c 
 
 mahina. 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 chand. 
 
 Morning 
 
 y 
 
 fajr. 
 
 Night 
 
 «* 
 
 rat. 
 
 Noon 
 
 > 
 
 zahur. 
 
 North 
 
 
 shimal. 
 
 Eain 
 
 oLj 
 
 barsat. 
 
 Season 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 mosim. 
 
 Shade 
 
 ujW^ 
 
 chhaiin. 
 
 Snow- 
 
 ^ 
 
 barf. 
 
 South 
 
 1 y*i?r 
 
 juniib. 
 
 Spring 
 
 ** 
 
 bahar. 
 
 Star 
 
 L0-, 
 
 sitara. 
 
 Summer 
 
 ^ <-j»ybJ 
 
 dhupkala. 
 
 Sun 
 
 L-^UtT 
 
 aftab. 
 
134 
 
 Sunshine 
 
 t ?yt>j 
 
 dhiip. 
 
 Thunder 
 
 V 
 
 garj- 
 
 Water 
 
 s* 
 
 pd-nl 
 
 Week 
 
 <ujL 
 
 haftah. 
 
 West 
 
 S-V^ 
 
 maghrib. 
 
 Winter 
 
 HTSJtf 
 
 thandkala. 
 
 World 
 
 J*?~ 
 
 jahan. 
 
 Year 
 
 U*/> 
 
 baras. 
 
 Wind 
 
 y* 
 
 bara. 
 
 Sunday 
 
 v'y?. 1 
 
 aitawar. 
 
 Monday 
 
 ^ 
 
 pir. 
 
 Tuesday 
 
 jfiu 
 
 mangal. 
 
 Wednesday 
 
 
 charshambah. 
 
 Thursday 
 
 UuLxas- 
 
 jum'arat. 
 
 Friday 
 
 ibuca- 
 
 jum'ah. 
 
 Saturday 
 
 A^Jjl 
 
 awal haftah. 
 
 Calendar month 
 
 u^^o ^j^i 
 
 shamsi mahina. 
 
 Lunar month 
 
 — * ■ 
 
 kamrf mahina, 
 
 PROFESSIONS, TRADES, Etc. 
 Agent *i£l$ gumashtah. 
 
 Artificer jL>j£ karfgar. 
 
 Baker ^5\Jy rotiwala. 
 
135 
 
 Banker 
 
 J&rh 
 
 sahukar. 
 
 Barber 
 
 r* 
 
 hajam. 
 
 Blacksmith 
 
 it 
 
 lohar. 
 
 Boot-maker 
 
 } % jr> 
 
 mozahgar. 
 
 Bricklayer 
 
 JJl 
 
 kamati. 
 
 Butcher 
 
 JU 
 
 kasai. 
 
 Camelman 
 
 J 1 :}* 1 
 
 sdrwan. 
 
 Carpenter 
 
 </j> 
 
 barai. 
 
 Chemist 
 
 lSJ"& 
 
 pansari. 
 
 Cook 
 
 \&fr 
 
 bawarchi. 
 
 Courtezan 
 
 ^ 
 
 kasbin. 
 
 Cultivator 
 
 ^ 
 
 kunbf. 
 
 Doctor 
 
 r^ 
 
 hakim. 
 
 Elephant driver 
 
 iSifa 
 
 'mahaiit. 
 
 Executioner 
 
 ■>lf. 
 
 jallad. 
 
 Farmer 
 
 tf^Cj 
 
 r'ayat. 
 
 Farrier 
 
 tXVOiJij 
 
 n'alband. 
 
 Fisherman 
 
 I/Lvv* 
 
 machhlahara, 
 
 Gardener 
 
 JU 
 
 mali. 
 
 Goldsmith 
 
 
 sunn£r. 
 
 Grain seller 
 
 W 
 
 banya. 
 
 Groom 
 
 L/ 1 *^* - 
 
 sais. 
 
 12 
 
136 
 
 Jeweller 
 
 ^Ji ] ^ 
 
 joahari. 
 
 Laborer 
 
 j)dj« 
 
 mazdur. 
 
 Merchant 
 
 J)*yu 
 
 saudagar. 
 
 Mason 
 
 J^ 
 
 kamati. 
 
 Midwife 
 
 t/j* 
 
 &&1. 
 
 Miller 
 
 )Jl<*»*i 
 
 pisnewdla. 
 
 Money changer 
 
 uJLc 
 
 saraf. 
 
 Nurse 
 
 JU yf* 
 
 dai khilai. 
 
 Oilman 
 
 > 
 
 teli. 
 
 Postman 
 
 llj JUJ 
 
 tappalwala. 
 
 Potter 
 
 V 
 
 kumhar. 
 
 Printer 
 
 * ] 3 -#«?■ 
 
 chhapnewala 
 
 Sailor 
 
 ^ 
 
 khalasi. 
 
 Schoolmaster 
 
 Jjj\ 
 
 ustad. 
 
 Servant 
 
 'ft 
 
 naukar. 
 
 Shepherd 
 
 Jj&d 
 
 dhangar. 
 
 Shopkeeper 
 
 ^Ijol^J 
 
 diikandar. 
 
 Slave 
 
 (* 
 
 ghulam. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 LfC^ 
 
 sipahi. 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 C^ 
 
 jarrah. 
 
 Tailor 
 
 Ufjj* 
 
 darzi. 
 
 Thief 
 
 J^ 
 
 chor. 
 
137 
 
 Tinman 
 
 /f/^ 
 
 kal'ai gar. . 
 
 Washerman 
 
 ^J 
 
 dhobi. 
 
 Waterman 
 
 t/4 
 
 ■♦ — 
 
 pakhali. 
 
 RELATIONSHIP, 
 
 Etc 
 
 Aunt (father's side) 
 
 L&tfi 
 
 phiiphi. 
 
 „ (mother's side) 
 
 4U. 
 
 khalah. 
 
 Bachelor 
 
 tjC&A 
 
 muflis. 
 
 Boy 
 
 *J 
 
 larka. 
 
 Bride 
 
 u-j^ 
 
 'aras. 
 
 Brother 
 
 gfe 
 
 bhai. 
 
 ,, in law 
 
 i-^ J }\i •'"" 
 
 bkonai, salii. 
 
 „ „ (wife's)}*^ 
 Child as- 
 
 jethh 
 
 dcwar. 
 
 bachah. 
 
 Cousin, father's 
 
 brother's son ' 
 Cousin, father's 
 
 «;\g 
 
 taira bhai, 
 chachera bhai. 
 
 sister's son 
 Cousin, mother's 
 
 ^^ l^asa 
 
 phuphera bhai, 
 
 brother's son 
 Cousin, mother's 
 
 ^l^r 8 
 
 molera bhai. 
 
 sister's son 
 
 g^ UJi* 
 
 khalera bhai. 
 
138 
 
 Daughter 
 
 <Jkt 
 
 beti. 
 
 ,5 in-law 
 
 & 
 
 bahu. 
 
 Father 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 bap. 
 
 „ in-law 
 
 
 susara. 
 
 „ „ (wife's) 
 
 3J 
 
 55 
 
 Family 
 
 ^tjoli* 
 
 khand&n, 
 
 Friend 
 
 C^^jt> 
 
 dost. 
 
 Girl 
 
 y0 
 
 larki. 
 
 Grandfather, 
 
 bb 
 
 dada. 
 
 3 , mother's side 
 
 uu 
 
 nana. 
 
 Grandmother, 
 
 ^Jb 
 
 dadi. 
 
 5 j mother's side 
 
 V^ 
 
 nani. 
 
 Husband 
 
 jjj'o- 
 
 khawind. 
 
 Infant 
 
 v • 
 
 bachah. 
 
 Man 
 
 dyo 
 
 mard. 
 
 Mother 
 
 U 
 
 ma. 
 
 Mother-in-law 
 
 v _ r L. 
 
 sds. 
 
 „ „ (wife's) 
 
 ^*U 
 
 sas. 
 
 Neighbour 
 
 ^ 
 
 parosi. 
 
 Nephew (brother's soe 
 
 l) lafU# 
 
 bhatija. 
 
 ,, (sister's son) 
 
 UsrCyj 
 
 bahanja. 
 
 Niece, 
 
 
 
 Niece, brother's daughter 
 
 LT^ 
 
 bhatiji. 
 
 ,, sister's M 
 
 J/fHrf 
 
 bahanji. 
 
 Orphan 
 
 *juL> 
 
 yatim. 
 
139 
 
 Parents 
 
 u_->IjU 
 
 raabap. 
 
 Relation 
 
 uL 
 
 sagga. 
 
 Sister 
 
 utf 
 
 bahan. 
 
 ,, m-law (husband's 
 
 1 JL> 
 
 sdli. 
 
 Sister-in-law, bro- 
 
 
 ther's wife 
 
 &* 
 
 bkiwaj. 
 
 Sister-in-law (wife's) 
 
 Jouu 
 
 nanand. 
 
 Son 
 
 l$N 
 
 beta. 
 
 Son-in-law 
 
 jU'j 
 
 d&mrid. 
 
 Spinster 
 
 WtW 
 
 anbeahi. 
 
 Uncle, father's brother 1>'J Us^ 
 
 ... • 
 
 ch acini, triya. 
 
 „ mother's „ 
 
 y<cUo 
 
 mamu. 
 
 Widow 
 
 *yX 
 
 bewah. 
 
 Wife ci^,^ 
 
 - wr 
 
 juru, 'aurat. 
 
 Woman 
 
 ^jf- 
 
 'an rat. 
 
 (N.B.) — All cousins are called 
 
 vulgarly brother 
 
 and sister- 
 
 
 
 A real brother, is 
 
 M 
 
 sagga bhai. 
 
 Step or half ,J^> Vjfiy* 
 
 sauteld bhai. 
 
 VERBS, Etc. 
 
 
 Abandon, to 
 
 ^ 
 
 chhorna. 
 
 Arrive „ 
 
 V »v 
 
 pahunchna. 
 
 Ask ,, 
 
 ^^5 
 
 puchhna. 
 
140 
 
 Answer, 
 
 to 
 
 UbJ t_->lj?» 
 
 jawab dena. 
 
 Bark 
 
 99 
 
 U&jg 
 
 bhonkna. 
 
 Bear 
 
 99 
 
 uvi 
 
 le j ana. 
 
 Beat 
 
 99 
 
 UjU 
 
 marna. 
 
 Bite 
 
 9) 
 
 USK 
 
 katna. 
 
 Borrow 
 
 39 
 
 UuJl-^U 
 
 manglena- 
 
 Break 
 
 33 &C. 
 
 ^ 
 
 torna. 
 
 » 
 
 ,, Neuter 
 
 uy* 
 
 tutna. 
 
 Bring 
 
 39 
 
 un 
 
 Ian a. 
 
 Bring forth, to 
 
 Uui&- 
 
 janna. 
 
 39 99 
 
 99 (animal) ^'5 *£S] 
 
 bachah dalna. 
 
 Boil, to 
 
 
 Ub1 
 
 ubalna. 
 
 99 99 
 
 ac. 
 
 U1U1 
 
 ubalna. 
 
 Burst j, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 phatnd. 
 
 Burn „ 
 
 
 UU 
 
 jalna. 
 
 Carry „ 
 
 
 uvi 
 
 lejana. 
 
 Change 
 
 
 Ulju 
 
 badalna . 
 
 „ to 
 
 ac. 
 
 UJjj 
 
 badlana. 
 
 Collect,, 
 
 
 U/g^. 
 
 jam'akarna. 
 
 Come „ 
 
 
 uT 
 
 ana\ 
 
 Command 
 
 , to 
 
 Ub<) ^2*. 
 
 hukm d£na\ 
 
 Conquer to 
 
 
 %**"**" 
 
 taskhir karna 
 
 Cook „ 
 
 
 V 
 
 pakana. 
 
 Copy „ 
 
 
 U/Jai 
 
 nakl karna. 
 
141 
 
 Cry, to 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 rona. 
 
 Cut „ 
 
 
 UJK 
 
 katna. 
 
 Dance ,, 
 
 
 V 
 
 n&chna. 
 
 Decrease „ N. 
 
 u x^ 
 
 kam hona. 
 
 Defeat „ 
 
 
 Ubj e^wXi. 
 
 shikast dena. 
 
 Desire „ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 chahna. 
 
 Destroy „ 
 Determine, 
 
 to 
 
 4/ ti u 
 
 zai' karna. 
 iradah karna. 
 
 Die 
 
 >> 
 
 b> 
 
 marna. 
 
 Dismount 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 utarna. 
 
 Disembark, 
 
 to 
 
 lyl ^jly*. 
 
 jahaz se utarna. 
 
 Divide 
 
 1 1 
 
 U J" *;W&> 
 
 taksim karna. 
 
 Do 
 
 
 V 
 
 karna. 
 
 Drink 
 
 5> 
 
 
 pin a. 
 
 Drive 
 
 J> 
 
 un^ 
 
 hakalna. 
 
 Eat 
 
 J J 
 
 l»V 
 
 khana. 
 
 Embark 
 
 IS 
 
 J^b il**W 
 
 sawar bona. 
 
 Feel 
 
 5> 
 
 L*^ 
 
 chhina. 
 
 Fight 
 
 J> 
 
 KJ 
 
 lama. 
 
 Fire a gun 
 Flee 
 
 
 
 bandok chhorna. 
 bh&gna. 
 
 Fly 
 
 Gamble 
 
 Get 
 
 9) 
 
 bj1 
 
 uu 
 
 urn a. 
 
 jiia khelna. 
 
 milna. 
 
142 
 
 Get up, to 
 
 Utfl 
 
 uthna. 
 
 Give ,, 
 
 UbJ 
 
 dena. 
 
 Go 
 
 UU 
 
 jana. 
 
 Grind ,, 
 
 
 pisna. 
 
 Grumble ,, 
 
 
 gungunana. 
 
 Halt 
 
 i|^|juu 
 
 mukam karna 
 
 Hang ,, ac. 
 
 UK3 
 
 latkana. 
 
 Happen „ 
 
 [>jiS 
 
 guzarna. 
 
 Hear „ 
 
 w 9 
 
 (JLm 
 
 sunna. 
 
 Help 
 
 UujlX^ 
 
 kumak d£na. 
 
 Hesitate ,, 
 
 U'JUJl 
 
 anmanana. 
 
 Incite ,, 
 
 l£> J L-^N^i: J 
 
 targhib dena. 
 
 Increase ,, 
 
 ly 84>bj 
 
 ziadah karna. 
 
 Insist „ 
 
 i^*? 
 
 bajid bona. 
 
 Intend ,, 
 
 U^sj^I 
 
 iradah karna 
 
 Join „ 
 
 ^ 
 
 jorna. 
 
 Join, to, neuter. 
 
 uu 
 
 milna. 
 
 Jump, to 
 
 lt*jf . IJj! 
 
 urna-kudna. 
 
 Keep ,, 
 
 u^ 
 
 rakbna. 
 
 Kill „ 
 
 uns^U 
 
 mardalna. 
 
 Laugh, to 
 
 IwL 
 
 bansna. 
 
 Lay down, to 
 
 Uuu) XjSj 
 
 rakbd^na. 
 
 Leave „ 
 
 b >r 
 
 cborna. 
 
143 
 
 Leak, 
 
 to 
 
 U&S 
 
 tapakna. 
 
 Lend, to (i 
 
 noney) 
 
 [X>d yej> 
 
 karaz den a. 
 
 Lie „ 
 
 
 VAtf *$Jj4»- 
 
 jhiith bolna. 
 
 ,, down, 
 
 to 
 
 UlJ 
 
 letnfi. 
 
 Live 
 
 99 
 
 Uu^ 
 
 jena. 
 
 Lose 
 
 3J 
 
 \3l\5rf 
 
 khodalna. 
 
 Loose 
 
 }> 
 
 ^•JSt?" 
 
 chordena. 
 
 Make 
 
 59 
 
 liUu 
 
 banana. 
 
 March 
 
 91 
 
 v^ 
 
 kuch karna. 
 
 Marry 
 
 5> 
 
 uy ^ 
 
 sliadi karna. 
 
 Measure 
 
 J> 
 
 li»U 
 
 V 
 
 miipna. 
 
 Mix 
 
 „ ac. 
 
 liL. 
 
 nrilana. 
 
 Mourn 
 
 j) 
 
 Vf»- 
 
 niatim karna. 
 
 Murder 
 
 jj 
 
 ^■B* 
 
 khun karna. 
 
 Necessary 
 
 , to be 
 
 Uyt^y 
 
 zarur bond. 
 
 Neigh, to 
 
 
 1%!, 
 
 hiuhinana. 
 
 Nominate. 
 
 , to 
 
 uy i>j<u 
 
 nainzadkarna 
 
 Obliged, to be 
 
 Ijjft .jjiar* 
 
 rnajbiir bona. 
 
 Obtain, to 
 
 u/ijjl|-uu| 
 
 milna-paida 
 karna. 
 
 Order „ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 bib, J |^ 
 
 hakm dena. 
 
 Place ,, 
 
 
 1 • ^ 
 
 rakhna. 
 
 Play „ 
 
 
 w^r 
 
 khelna. 
 
 Plough „ 
 
 
 b^u 
 
 nangarna. 
 

 144 
 
 
 Pour, to 
 
 UJj,3j1 U1»i5 
 
 undelna, dhalna. 
 
 Pray „ 
 
 u/uj 
 
 dawa karna. 
 
 Pursue „ 
 
 ^W**' 
 
 picbha karna. 
 
 Promise 
 
 \j.i «Ji«_) 
 
 w'adah karna 
 
 Put, to 
 
 U!!5 
 
 dalna. 
 
 ,, out, to 
 
 \m 
 
 nikalna. 
 
 Rain ,, 
 
 L je. ^S- 
 
 barsat parna. 
 
 Raise ,, 
 
 ilyn 
 
 uthand. 
 
 Read „ 
 
 ^Ji 
 
 parhna. 
 
 Reap „ 
 
 UJK 
 
 katna. 
 
 Refuse „ 
 
 ii/,&i 
 
 inkar karna. 
 
 Repair ,, 
 
 v^ r 
 
 maramat karna. 
 
 Kide „ 
 
 V ^V" 
 
 sawari karna. 
 
 Pun „ 
 
 lij,a 
 
 daurna. 
 
 „ away, to 
 
 Ufl« 
 
 bbdgna. 
 
 Scatter, to 
 
 w 
 
 chhinnakna. 
 
 See „ 
 
 U^j») 
 
 dekhna. 
 
 Send „ 
 
 UskM* 
 
 bliejna. 
 
 Sew ,, 
 
 IUwj 
 
 sina. 
 
 Show „ 
 
 UUb 
 
 batana. 
 
 Shy „ 
 
 V 
 
 chamakna. 
 
 Sing „ 
 
 uir 
 
 gana. 
 
 Sit 
 
 ^fe 
 
 baithna, 
 
145 
 
 Sign, to 
 
 uyk^j 
 
 dastkhat karua. 
 
 Sleep ,, 
 
 LLmi 
 
 sona. 
 
 Slip 
 
 UWtfj 
 
 phisalna. 
 
 Smell „ 
 
 \xj£jy» 
 
 sunghna. 
 
 Sneeze „ 
 
 \jLxXi2*. 
 
 chhinkna. 
 
 Snore „ 3 
 
 U,U 151)1 
 
 khuratamarna 
 
 uuy ' 
 
 ghurndna. 
 
 Sob „ 
 
 \i J]ri 
 
 bisorna. 
 
 Sow „ 
 
 *# 
 
 pern a . 
 
 Speak „ 
 
 UJy 
 
 bolna. 
 
 Spend „ 
 
 ¥«/; 
 
 kharachkarna. 
 
 Squint „ 
 
 U^j'^^-J 
 
 tirchha dekhna. 
 
 Stand ,, 
 
 u»,V 
 
 khara rahna. 
 
 Start „ 
 
 u * ^jy 
 
 rawitnah bona. 
 
 Steal „ 
 
 b y^/^ 
 
 chori karnii. 
 
 Stammer, to 
 
 UK, 
 
 hakalna. 
 
 Stop 
 
 4^» 
 
 taharna. 
 
 Stumble ,, 
 
 IV/^J 
 
 thokar kbaoa. 
 
 Swallow ,, 
 
 UUS 
 
 ningalna. 
 
 Swell 
 
 llyyg 
 
 sujna. 
 
 Take 
 
 LyJ 
 
 lena. 
 
 Thank „ 
 
 b//i 
 
 shukar karna. 
 
 Think 
 
 Lj^^^*** 
 
 samajhna. 
 
 Threaten, to 
 
 U£a&j 
 
 dhamkana. 
 
14G 
 
 Tie, 
 
 to 
 
 * U&jJ'.j 
 
 bandhna. 
 
 Touch 
 
 a 
 
 U!^S 
 
 tatolna. 
 
 Tremble 
 
 55 
 
 
 tarapna-kampna 
 
 Treble 
 
 5J 
 
 Ubj £jj^' 
 
 fcasdi'dena\ 
 
 Trust 
 
 55 
 
 U^ {*»•& 
 
 bharosarakna, 
 
 Turn 
 
 55 
 
 ^jH 
 
 phirna. 
 
 55 
 
 55 ac. 
 
 ^ 
 
 phirana. 
 
 Try 
 
 55 
 
 y^rr 
 
 koshish karna, 
 
 Use 
 
 55 
 
 UJy 
 
 baratnd. 
 
 Wait 
 
 55 
 
 li^.U^ 
 
 taharna • sabr karna. 
 
 Warn 
 
 55 
 
 UbJ Ju^U 
 
 takid dena. 
 
 Watch 
 
 55 
 
 Ua. U^Jt> 
 
 dekhta rahna. 
 
 Weigh 
 
 59 
 
 Utj? 
 
 tolna. 
 
 Wish 
 
 59 
 
 u^ 
 
 chahna. 
 
 Wear 
 
 95 
 
 ^ 
 
 pahanna. 
 
 Work 
 
 55 
 
 w* 
 
 kam karna. 
 
 Write 
 
 59 
 
 U^J 
 
 likhna. 
 
f 
 
& 
 
 HIGGINBOTHAM AND CO., 
 
 ; 
 
 (ESTABLISHED 1844.) 
 PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS, 300 SPELLERS & STATIONERS, 
 
 93]2 atppou. f? at m 3£nt»i i to |§is -i-aa?! f^igfjtuss 2Tf)e prince of Scales. 
 .'HUNT ROAD, MADRAS. 
 
 Hindustani Books. 
 
 Baness' Manual of Hindustani, 1/8 
 
 Brown's Hindi Primer, romanized, 1/14 
 
 Eastwick's The Gulistan, translation, 7/14. 
 
 Eastwick's Bagh o Bhar, literally translated, 7/14 
 
 Forbes' Hindustani-English aud English-Hindustani Dictionary, Per- 
 sian Character, 2nd edition, 31/8 
 
 Forbes' Smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary, romanized, 9/ 
 
 Forbes' Bagh o Bhar in Hindustani, 9/6 
 
 Forbes' Bagh o Bhar, translation, 6 
 
 Forbes' Hindustani Grammar. 7 14 
 
 Foil-' a id Rici's Ikhwarm-s ">fa, translated from the Arabic into 
 .'1 uiUusram, 1/ 
 
 Hindi Reader, 10/8 
 
 iiindnstani and English Vocabulary for Schools, 2< 
 Hosen's The Second Hindustani Reader, 00 
 
 Macmahon's Useful lists, phrases and sentences for students in Hin- 
 dustani, net, 0/14 
 
 Mulwihill's Vocabulary for the Lower Standard in Hindustani, 2/10 
 
 Piatt's Dictionary of Urdu, Hindi and English, 47/4 
 
 Plunket's Conversational Manual in English, Hindustani, Persian and 
 Pashtu, 7/14 
 
 Palmer's Simplified Grammar of Hindustani, Persian & Arabic, 3/12 
 
 Reynold's Household Hindustani, 1/ 
 
 Roger?" How to speak Hindustani, an easy guide for soldiors, 0/12 
 
 I'. >df.i it ^eskari Dictionary of nautical terms and phrased in English 
 
 and i . u ,tani, 1/14 
 Sell's Ja i)i-« ' -ivanin, and Urdu Grammar, net, ]./ 
 Syed llonssain'ir English translation of Akhwanoos-Sofa, 7, 
 William^' (Monur) Hindustani PHmerJ 1/4 
 Pincott's Hindi Manual, 4/8 
 
 Catalogue of cheap Second-hand Books on Oriental Lan- 
 guages to be ha d gratis on application.