1 IRVING CROWLJSY GRAMMATICAL NOTICES OF THE BURMES N BY A. JUDSON. E: K j MAULMAIN: A M[E R I C A N BAPTIST MISSION PRESS 1842. VVf, 2047376 THIS work is printed, with a few corrections, from a manuscript prepared twenty six years ago, when the author had not a very extensive acquaintance with the Burmese language. He would not, however, have consented to pub- lish it, had he not been satisfied, on a careful examination, that it exhibits a correct outline of the principles of the language, however deficient it may be in grammatical de- tails. It is committed to the press, as the most ready way of meeting frequent applications for the loan of the manu- script, and in the hope of stimulating some more industrious and ambitious person to furnish a work that shall deserve to be called a Grammar of the language ; for the present slen- der compilation aspires to no higher title, than that of " Grammatical Notices." Maulmain, Jw/y, 1842. uL CO ^ ^rvx E GRAMMATICAL NOTICES, &c. THE ALPHABET. THE Burmese alphabet consists of ten vowels, 00 q> and thirty two consonants, qjpSs. VOWELS. ee, g , 00, oo, Q aa, > az, GD , aw, c35 an. CONSONANTS. oo ka, o hka, o ga, ex) gor, c nga; O tsa, 00 htsa, e dza, qj dza, g> g nya ; ^ ta, hta, ^ da, & da, ar> na; OO to, OO hta, 3 da, O da, $ na ; O pa, O hpa, O ba, OO ba, O ma ; CO ya, q ra, CO la, O wa, OO tha, OO ha, g la. According to this arrangement, the first twen- ty five consonants are distributed. into five classes. A* The letters of the first or oo class are guttur- als, ooonoo ; those of the second or o class are S palatals, ooocqc?o ; those of the third or g> class are cerebrals, Q CO, O, and g ; OO is properly a sibilant, but pronounced th, and oo is an aspirate. The cerebrals and the letter g are found only in words derived from the Sungskrit or Pali. * The names and powers of the letters are as follows : VOWELS, 9S>, a short, as in America. 930, a long, as in father. go, ee, as i in pin. ee, as in feet. oo as in good, or u, as in full. oo, as in food t or u, as in rule. aa, as a in fate, ai, as in * }. 9V 35, au, as in audience. :au. as o in on. m CONSONANTS. Power. oo(c8s, great ka, k, as in king. QCg curved hka, hk, k aspirated. j small ga, g, as in good. s, great ga, the same. 8 Power. ng, as in rang. ts. hts, ts aspirated. dz. the same. ny. t, as in time. ht, t aspirated. Name. C, nga, ocvjs, round tsa, 3Oc8(S, twisted htsa, @g, divided dza, qj or O0ss, bridle dza, g or g, nya, g?c6(Xj|<5djjo8, bier-hook ta, go 5 6, duck hta, D q<5cooDOrS, crooked breast da, d, as in done. ^CQocS, water-dipper da, the same. coo (c8s, great na, n, as in not. OOO<5q, abdominous ta, t, as in time. ooocxSoQS, elephant-fetter hta, ht, t aspirated. scogs, little da, d, as in done. 0C93DaS(a5, bottom-inden- ted da, (formerly written o,) the same. ^>CoS, small na, n, as in not. OCOOCxS, steep or deep pa, p, as in part. (3scqcS, capped hpa, hp, p aspirated. o, top-indented ba, b, as in book. , hump-backed ba, w, ma, the same. m, as in make, oooaScoaS, supine ya, , crooked ra, CO, la, O, wa, 00, tha, oo, ha, cGBs, great la, Power. y, as in young. ( r, as in run, or y, as ( above. 1, as in love. w, as in word. !th, soft, as in thin, or th, hard, as in this. h, as in home. 1, as in love. The character called ^nc8o5 or coos GOOSCOcS, is reckoned among the consonants, by the Burmese. It is placed over the letter, with which it is combined, and has the power of a final y, divested of its inherent heavy accent (see Ac- cents ;) thus 00, than. COMPOUND CONSONANTS. Compound Consonants are formed by combin- ing one or more of the letters oo, q, O, and oo under symbolic forms, with simple consonants, ac- cording to the following table: 10 Letter, Symbol, Name of Junction Power. Symbol, with w, oo (| oeo cj mya. ^ G S. 6 !^ @ mra or O o odg o mwa. oo & O J oooSodg gj mywa. q & O (2 qq6os (g mrwa or mywa. oo j ooo^s 9 hma. oo & OQ j ooo&^soooS $>j hmya. q & OO Q OOoQsqqS (g hmra or hyma. O & oo ^ oooQsodg g hmwa. The letter oo, in the capacity of an aspirate, is combined with the nasals, and the letters CO and O. When combined with oo or C[, the compound has the power of sh, as 5)| shan. coj has the same power, and sometimes cxj also, (g is equi- valent to po, and oQ] to oo. VOWELS combined with CONSONANTS. Vowels combined with consonants, simple or compound, are represented by symbols, according to the following table : 11 Vowel, Symbol, Name of Junction Power. Symbol, with oo, 930 Dorl q ooo, 61 ka,ga. oo o ojs(osco c8 kee. g| o GSCSOOOC>S>($ c8 kee. g C l[ jjScqoSscS G OOGOO^S J GOO koo. kaa. ^*k*^ Orl Or% l/^ ftN V^ cp -/ ^ 'J v-A-< IvJ *-s ob kai. G OOGOoQs^J O \ ^^(^/^V^V^ **\tf* ^\ ^Y" U 'v/ \J*s U vj UU o oJ Re Vo] L\. GOOD is GOoS kau. kau. The vowel QD has no symbol, being understood after every consonant, that is not furnished with the symbol of another vowel, or made final in the syllable. See Final Consonants. The second symbol of the vowel 3DO is used, whenever the use of the first would convert the consonant into another letter, also with o and C* The symbols of the vowels g and g, when uni- ted and combined with a consonant, have the power of o, as in note> thus o^, ko. If they close a syllable, 6 may optionally follow, without occa- 12 sioning any change in the pronunciation, thus and d^5 are equivalent. The symbol of any vowel maybe combined with S3 in which case the compound has the power of the vowel which the symbol represents ; thus s8 is equivalent to go, 33 to p, &c. t VJ p^c^cur t \ g FINAL CONSONANTS. When a consonant ends a syllable or is final, it is distinguished by the mark c over it, thus tt$, or by another consonant subjoined , thus qo. It sometimes happens, however, that two con- sonants, one placed under the other, are both ini- tials, and therefore come not under the preceding remark, but are to be regarded as a mere abbre- viation; thus coos is equivalent to co wo;. A double g is written CO, the same as one form of the single, p, with c subjoined is com- monly written g. A doable CO is written coo. Final consonants generally assume a new and peculiar power, and also modify the preceding vowel. These permutations are exhibited in the following table : 13 r 13 ** .S CQ ' c co 'S bC . bC a ^ G d '3 *S *e3 , ocr'g (J OJ 8 i i 1 1 co CO X o o o o o 88888 (5 O C5 O O C5 O O o - a GJ OJ -2 > 0> 0> co 8 G 8 O O o c ^ 03 Ss, from Cw&D, the sky, pronounced as fc[g . 4. ^ is the same as cS. 5. 8 and 06 are mute. 6. 530 before a final, gives the syllable the same power as 93 ; thus 330 \ is pronounced an. The final syllables, as exhibited above, are com- bined with any consonant simple or compound, as OoaS ket, oq kyen, &c. without any change in their pronunciation, except in two cases, viz. O before , cS, o, or oS, is commonly pronoun- ced wot, not w. It is used with the vowels C, ^>, (3> and 98, and the nasal consonants. The heavy accent s, called 8oo&SsScqs (vul- * 7 > T J| L v garly ooSosSo^s) or CQGo7o5> is placed after the letter, thus oo|g. It is used with the vowels 930, gf , , C and 9^, and the nasal consonants. This accent is considered as inherent in the vowel sb (unless superseded by the light accent,) and the final consonant S, when combined with the vowel 3D. In these cases, therefore, it is fre- quently omitted, as superfluous. for CO $ <& C 16 ABBREVIATIONS. 1 c CC tor q<5 or Q or G(s GCOO a letter) cS (tw* GCgO oo is sometimes represented by its symbol, af- ter oS, as GOOOO^OS for GocooSooos, COO^JD for cooSooo. is frequently removed from its natural situa- tion in the line, and placed over the following let- ter, as OQGo5o for oo<5GOOO. NUMERICAL FIGURES. O, J, , 9, Q, (s, ^, O, g, 00. U 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. PUNCTUATION. The mark n is used to separate sentences, and sometimes, the clauses of a sentence. The double mark n n is used to divide paragraphs. 17 PARTS OF SPEECH. In the Burmese language, there are five parts of speech, viz. Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Jld- rerbs, and Interjections. NOUNS. Nouns are of three kinds, common, which are names of whole species ; proper, which are names of individuals, as distinguished from others of the same species ; and personal, commonly called per- sonal nouns, which are names of individuals, rela- tively considered, as speaking, spoken to, and spoken of. Under common nouns, are included two kinds of derivatives, the simple and the compound. Sim- ple derivatives are mostly formed from verbal roots, by affixing 93, as 3QCO&, light, from coSs, to be light ; but in composition, the 93 is common- ly dropped, as jX)OO, for 3D93OO, supper, or eve- ning food. The same is true of all nouns, whose initial is a syllabic 93 ; and sometimes even when a syllable or word is affixed, as soSo for 93SOQ y, a large branch. Compound derivatives will be considered under the head of Verbal Nouns. B* 18 NUMBER. A common noun, in its simple state, divested of all definitive adjuncts, is often a noun of multitude, as o^coDoooScxD^, man is mortal; but the plu- ral of all nouns is regularly formed by affixing C, pronounced , to the singular, as cq, man, cqcB men. tjps, many, is sometimes used instead of c8. GENDER. Gender is distinguished, sometimes by a differ- ent word, as CODDoSps, a man, SQ, a woman ; < *J \Gr sometimes by the feminine affix or oocooS, as QOO|S, a priest, (ofBoodh,) C^CO^SW, a priestess, ' ooos, "^ ditto ; as to, concerning,, oogSooos, [ in regard to ; sometimes j, sometimes o J adversative. The nominative affixes are omitted in partici- pial clauses, as QOGpcjcpcooooooos, what the teacher said, and frequently in colloquial discourse. Objective. 08, denoting the object, on which an action ter- minates; sometimes, the object to which a thing is given, or for which, or on account of which a thing is done ; sometimes, the object to which mo- tion is directed. 0^, towards, unto ; according to ; at. The objective affixes are sometimes understood, as CG\GOSo1, give water, for cqoScosd). Possessive. (S, of, denoting possession; very frequently understood. 20 Dative. , to ; sometimes objective. ql, for, in order to ; chiefly used with verbal nouns, and verbs used substantively. Causative. CJcgoS, because oj \ on account of ; sometimes instrumentive. 8, ditto, but seldom used in writing. Instrumentive. (qc, by, by means of. Connective. , with, together with; sometimes instrumen- tive, by means of; sometimes causative, on ac- count of. Locative. , in, at, among ; sometimes possessive. , or |, ditto. QO, ditto.; in presence of; as to, concerning, in regard of. CO?, in. 21 Ablative. co, from; nut of; sometimes nominative; sometimes locative ; , from; out of; besides; sometimes locative. Comparative. obO^, as, like as. OOgoS, ditto. Cv[, ditto. c8 co, a little like. Certain verbal affixes, as OC CCO, CO, 61, and cd], when affixed to nouns, are merely expletive. The vocative is expressed by the noun, in a simple state, divested of all affixes. Sometimes in grave discourse, it is indicated by 98 prefixed, teacher. Some relations of nouns are expressed by means of secondary nouns, which take some of the pre- ceding affixes, and are connected with the principal nouns by d, the sign of the possessive, expressed or understood, as in the following examples: SSGoTtt/i upper part', tScSdJ^CoToO or CoTbo, above, over, or upon the house. 22 9300O, ditto. s85ooo5|CO CO OO 5 much as the teacher. O^, a being with; OOGp5C93O^, MJZ 93Og, ditto ; 30Gp^(593Og, ditto. N. B. In some instances, the numeral oo is op- tionally substituted for the formative 93, as oocp 24 Some relations of nouns are expressed by means of verbs also, as from o8oop5, to arrive at, reach, may be formed s8(So8<5> until the time. (3pSo8o8> (the root doubled,) through the country. OOO ODO^(5o8 , or COW, a female servant, OOOoScOQD, a disciple, and COOpScooSy, a female disciple, are used as first personals in addressing superiors. 93Og)$, 7, fern, is of similar import with o but not in common use. 25 N. B. The plural affix c is sometimes used for the plural of the first personal. o^oSccoS, thou, mas. or fern, is used to a su- perior; s, you, mas. to an equal or an inferior; CWDCwg> you, mas. to an inferior; t>swo, you; mas. to an inferior, expressive of disapprobation, ggSs or ji, you, fern, to an equal or an inferior; and $c, you*, mas. or fern, to children or persons very inferior. o ooc, thou> or you, mas. or fern, is used chiefly in writing, and is irrespective of the relative rank of the parties. 3]s, you, mas. or fern, is used in judicial language. OgoS, you, mas. or fern, familiar, and oooS, yu> mas. or fern, disrespectful, are used vocative- ly only. OgoS, makes ooJJ, and oooS, oojj^ in the plural. oj, a person, mas. or fern, supplies the place of the third personals, he and she. OO&, that (person or thing,) mas. fern, or neut. may also be regarded as a third personal. oSoS & o8o5o^, one's self, i. e. myself, your- self, or himself, mas.or fern, are of either person, as the connection requires. 88, one's self, mas. or fern, is confined to the second and third persons. C 26 INFLECTION OP PERSONAL NOUNS. The personal nouns, cl, oo, & oj, in the sin* gular number, not preceded or followed by any adjective or participial adjunct, become c, oo, & oq, before the oblique, unaspirated affixes (except C,) viz. c^, 950S, c(o og, & (S under- stood ; but when used nominatively, or followed by or by ( expressed, or by an aspirated affix, 5 ' 9> or 9> ^ e y retam tne i r proper form. Other personal nouns, ending in a nasal? are similarly inflected. ADJECTIVES. Adjectives are of three kinds, pronominal, verb- al, and numeral. Adjectives of either kind are prefixed to their nouns, by means of the connective X>g5 or CCX>0> if singular, and the same, or tt^OO^j or o^| GOOD, if plural, or directly affixed. But to this general rule, there are several exceptions, partic- ularly in the pronominals. An adjective and noun, united in either way, form a compound word, which admits the plural affix, and the affixes of case, the same as a sim- ple noun. 27 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. The following pronominals are prefixed to their nouns, in some cases, with, and in some, without a connective, ceo ^>, or fy being occasionally substituted for coco, before words of time : gf> this, as gjcvj, this man; ^oopSc^, this day. OOgS, this. cQ, that, as cQo, that person; cQcoooessfl, or OqCCpteal, that time. CX)(S, that, infrequent p3> that, infrequent. & orjcS, that, colloquial. 9S>OOoS, or oooS, what? occasionally contract- ed to ss, before aj> as 3S>3J> for 93000$ so, w/io ? and to oo, before ooo, as ooooo, what thing? In negative sentences, it combines with the negative particle , to signify none, as OOOuOOW^j, there is no one. 93 oS, what? infrequent. whatever. what ? whatever. N. B. woSoopS, ditto, is directly prefixed or affixed. such, indefinite. 28 The following pronominals are prefixed to their nouns, with the usual connectives : OL[, such. 0, oogSo such, of this sort. 0808, ooso8, such, of that sort. L *L U *^ c, (by contraction 930^,) , of what sort ? c, of wliatever sort. , and its compounds, such as. The following, viz. 9S>^j. and OOojJ, sorra, 93 , OOSps, and cools, other, o and 3S> o^sq, all, are joined to their nouns, according to the general rule, except that when prefixed, the connective is, in some instances, omitted. 0(5 c85so, all, is prefixed with a connective. cooqs, other, OOOOD, and SQOSCX^S, all, and 93COS, all, the whole, are uniformly affixed. 93CO?, when affixed to a noun, or a numeral, auxiliary, frequently drops the 3D, or changes it to o, as 98 5 o^:, or 28600^2, the whole house, ^(Soqsqcos, or sSSoqsqoo^, all the three houses. When affixed to a singular noun, the compound occasionally takes the numeral 00, one, before it, 29 without a change of meaning, as oos8 new, and by re- duplicating the root, as coo:)scooo:, good Such adjectives are commonly affixed to their nouns ; but 93<^ps, from cjps, to be many, follows the general rule, as sac^pscooDQOGp, or DOGpsD cjps, many teachers. The imperfect degree of comparison is some- times made, by shortening and reduplicating the verbal root, as sjj[%jjt, sweetish, from sjj, to be sweet, 33, bitterish, from ols, to be bitter ; sometimes, by affixing oo to the root reduplicated, as s>($o8s 38 s, rather bad; and sometimes, by shortening the root, and affixing reduplicated chiming incre- ments, as sj[cCQ, sweetish, C^> 00^00 1, saltish. The comparative degree is made, by means of the secondary noun 93COo5, or cesooS, and a verb, as sSScooSjc^scopS, to be greater than the house, or by a circumlocution of verbs, as OOO) (c^soopS, to exceed in greatness, or be greater. The superlative degree is made, by prefixing 93, and affixing aq: to the verbal root, as ssjgoSsc^;, most excellent ; and is joined to nouns, according to the general rule, as K>(go53qscooOG^, or oj s, the most excellent man. 31 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. Numerals are generally combined with a word* descriptive of some quality in the noun to which they belong, and in that state, are joined to nouns, according to the general rule. If the numeral is less than ten, the auxiliary word is affixed to it (the formative 93, whenever it occurs, being dropped,) as gaSaficos, or fSc^' CCOOgoo, two cups, from gcyS, a cup, j>8, two, and 9SG^s, round; if it is a capital number, as ten, twenty, thirty, &c. two hundred, three hundred, &c. the auxiliary is prefixed to it, as goSsso^jf 6 oooS, or 93G^8aoo5coooga5, twenty cups,- and if it is a numeral, intervening between the capitals, the auxiliary is both prefixed and affixed, as ga$3D(XjS|S)Oo5jf Sc^s, or ssc^SjfSsooS^S coscooogoc, twenty two cups. But in any case in which the auxiliary is prefixed, it may be omit- ted, as 3oep30o)sj(8sooS, or SOCp, twenty teachers, may be written 2OoS, or ^SsooScooosocp, and OOoSjfSdls, or 9S>c51sj[630oS_jS twenty two teachers, may be written or 32 The following is a list of the most common nu- meral auxiliaries, arranged alphabetically, with the classes of things to which they are applied : Numeral Auxiliaries. Classes of Things. 93(?ooo, a brute Brute animals, as G^OoSoo animal. COOoS, one monkey. 93c(cgo2, a line. Things extended in a line, as OSssfccpSOCo, two roads. 90006:, 'a circle or Rings, nooses, and such like, ring. as COo5g(Soq:ogs, three rings. 93q, an individual Things which admit no other thing. word more descriptive, as S CO 6 ceo s ^, four bedsteads, o^coosc[c1sq_Jw chairs. Frequently used also in- stead of a more appropriate numeral auxiliary. , what is fiat. Things flat and thin, as qp C^pOO^jO, six mats. , a bar or Things long and straight, or long piece. nearly so, as 93 l( seven needles. S3 voice. Words, speech, as 000015)8 S)!j>S, eight words. 93O(Ss, an extended Things long and straight, or line. nearly so, as of>o^sos, nine spears, OOCC&O30oSos, ten ships. 92>8s, what is rid" Beasts of burden, vehicles of den upon. conveyance, as Bsoo; } one horse; OJ>pSs|88?, two carts. 9acoo,(tmcertain.) Writings, as OOcqscooS, three books or writings. SSSXjk (uncertain.) Deities, as OC^Gps ccossxj, four gods ; also, pagodas, and some other articles. 93 C33o, a build- Buildings, as sSScfbcaooS, ing. five houses. 9300^, intervening Whatever occurs, at intervals space. of time or place, as 9306}: C3ptt5oo|, six rewards. 93C6p5, a piece of Wearing apparel, as cloth. s8oO, seven coats. 34 3 O<5, eight mangoe trees; also, thread, hair, &c. s, (uncertain.) Deities, ecclesiastics, persons in power, any respectable characters, things immate- rial, as OOGpo^sdls, nine teachers, c8 CO 3O oS ol 5 > ten duties. S, wAa/ is flat. Things which are flat, as C^gScoqpS, one board. S, one of a Things which are naturally pair. joined in pairs, as cooSso (3 CO, two hands. 93 COoS, an arm or Weapons, tools, whatever is hand. used by the hand, as GOD ^oSoqscoaS, three guns. S, what is round. Things round or cubical, or approaching those forms, as so^s, four pots, 008 so^s, five boxes. 35 9D ogoS, what is Things small in bulk, com- slender. pared to the length, as (38 G^poSogoS, six rivers. 8s, a head, Rational beings, as o^|oopS OSOgS, seven merchants. CocoaS, (uncertain.) Rational beings, generally mankind or superior beings, as cvj5)ScooooS> ** men. Sometimes the noun itself becomes the nume- ral auxiliary, or is substituted for a descriptive word, as gpoJJsgp, nine villages, wss>oSw;, ten governors. Words denoting some part or quantity of a thing are combined with numerals, in the same manner as words descriptive of a quality, there being no other difference in the cases, excepting that in the latter, the number of individual things merely is expressed ; in the former, the number of the parts or quantities of the thing, as CC| ju goS, or aSgoScooocq, two cups of water; cqcS j6oooS, or sacqcS j8oooScax> * wen ty bundles of paper ; jj5cjo5, two days, (OOOCO, time being understood) literally, two days of time. The numeral OD, one, combined with a mime- ral auxiliary reduplicated, as ooqq oocooooS COOOoS, denotes some one, (out of several;) when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and the combination reduplicated, as ooqco^ OOCOGOoS OOCOOOoS, it denotes one after another, (whether every one or several;) when combined with a nu- meral auxiliary, and followed by the same nume- ral, combined with COD, as oo^oocco, oocooDoS oocco, (sometimes reversed,) it denotes a few, now and then one, here and there one; when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and preceded by the same numeral, combined with 6, as ooo OOQ OO^OOCOODoS, it denotes some one, indef- inite. Such combinations may be regarded as pronominal adjectives. They are joined to their nouns, according to the general rule. Ordinal numerals are of Pali origin,and are pre* fixed to their nouns, as ^OOoooooSs, the second section* * Ordinals are also made by affixing ^ to raise, to cardinal numerals, modified 37 as above, as j8cooocySc(goo5coo3000S, the sec- ond son ; J 8 qo5c(goa5coO3C$, the second day. MISCELLANEOUS ADJECTIVES. There are a few adjectives, which, on account of some peculiarity, cannot be placed in either of the foregoing classes. Some of them are prefix - ed to their nouns, as WOOD, great, 3QOOOO, extra- ordinary ; some are either prefixed or affixed, as 933' infinite, cooypo, ordinary ; and some are affixed, as O^ gold, cgjOCODS, a golden cup; the north, c(Q3OOco>, the northern path ; the Cupper part, (of a country,) 933D03ODS, a n np-ccuntry person. 3. Names of trees, plants, and their parts, which are only used in combination with a follow- ing noun; thus from ooco6 the olive, are form- ed OOCOcSoS, an olive tree, OOCoSgS, an olive blossom, oocO<5c8s an olive (the fruit), cocgS g[OQ, an dive leaf. VERBS. Verbs are of two kinds, transitive, which ex- press actions that pass from the agent to the ob- ject, as IjijaSoopS, to strike, SflSoo^S, to love; and intransitive, which express being, or some state of being, or an action which is confined to the agent? 39 as 6cx>g5, to be, c$cx>(, to remain, COQO& CX)g5, to be good, c^joSoDgS, to be ruined, or in tt state of ruin. Many transitive verbs are formed from intran*- 3itive ones, by aspirating the initial letter. If the initial is the first letter of either of the five classes of consonants, it is changed for its corresponding aspirate, the second letter of the class, as oqioopS* to fall, ^jOOpS, to throw down, or cause to fall; tjOOOOcS, to be ruined, CJoSoopS, / ruin; if the initial is a nasal, or an unclassed letter, it is combined with the letter uo, as pooSoocS, to be bent down, ggoScogS, to bend down; to be free, OgoSoopS, to make free* ACCIDENTS OF VERBS. The accidents of verbs, expressed in most lan- guages, by inflections, or auxiliary verbs, are here expressed by particles affixed to the verb, with- out any inflection of the verb itself. The verbal affixes are as follows : Assertive Affixes. oopS, simply assertive, as cgosoopS, he goes ; in certain combinations, written cooo. 40 C, same as OOpS. o^> simply assertive, in negative sentences, as wcgDSOj^, he goes not, chiefly colloquial, CO' present, but scarcely used except substantive- ly, as ogo;db@Sco5, he is going, (see Verbs used substantively,) or in a participial clause, ac- cording to the note below, ascx)aG&dbcooo3Qo, the business that now is, or the present business. In the substantive construction, it may be com- bined with a preceding future affix, as oooscodb> or reduplicated, as OgOSWpSdbobogS, when he icas just about going. (8 past, as CQOS he went, or has gone ; some- times future. 93, future, as ogossp, he will go ; sometimes equi- valent to the continuative affix CtxS^ which see. yp5, future. cooo> or co op 5,, future. N. B. The assertive affixes of tense, ob> (, 9J, OpS> and coop, occasionally lose their assertive power, and become auxiliary to a continuative, participial, or simply assertive affix, in which case (8 becomes 41 Continnative Affixes. OCjjttS, denoting the continuance of an action, or state of being, during another, as ogOSCXjjoSoo: OOgS, he eats as he goes ,- sometimes equivalent to 03|. CXj|OO jjc, denoting the continuance of an action, or state of being, during another, but somewhat in- consistent with it, as cgoscqjoSaScosoopS though going, he eats. c^]C, denoting 1st, the completion of an action, or state of being, prior to another, as ogOSCXjjScoo CX>p5 having gone, he died ; 2ndly, supposition or conditionality, as ogosogjcScoGU^S, if he go, he will die. same as CG]. otjfooos* and ooQ(X)0:, in some combinations, equivalent to QjS. Q denoting the completion of an action, prior to another. oooogS 00,/rom the first of, as CgS'.OOOOgSsoo, from the first of his going. C0o5cop5s, though, notwithstanding, as ego: , though he go 3 he will not die. 42 > > ditto, colloquial. oooogSs* ^ oooos, or coSoooos ? c > ditto, infrequent. cppbooo V J t_a> > J C3ao, 1st, /Aa, noting a consequence, so that, so as to, as COOC3SooOOSOOpS> A a?ew^, so that he died ; 2nd, tha t, noting a final end, in order to, as CooC93oogOSOOpS, he went, that he might die. and, as ogOS^jJQOOOopS, he went and died ; sometimes pronounced c8 ; sometimes equiva- lent to Interrogative Affixes, (connected with the verbal root, by an assertive affix, OOpS being commonly abbreviated to oo). GCOO formal, ) c > as OQOSOOpbcCOO, does he go ? CODS,~familiar, ^ ^gs> lormai, } use d in connection with an COoSg ) interrogative pronominal, & 9 ^~ famili ar, }, as ODoSo^ogosoo^^s, cqt, colloquial, whither does he S ? o or o^ affixed to the root, without aninterven- 43 ing assertive affix, as ogOso, does he go ? rather infrequent. Imperative Affixes. 8, or 8 (, first person plural, as OQOsS* let us sr*. SL L o oL (030^19, ditto, preceded by the first personal, as cHc^oogScgosjcg ^? 9 ?* kt us S^ or we will so. O GCOO, imperative proper, as ogOSGCOO, go. COpS, ditto, infrequent. , prohibitory, w being prefixed to the verb, as , go not. co, ditto. The simple root also is imperative, as well as when combined with certain of the euphonic, or qualifying affixes, as (jljCOOO, CO GOD, G^IJ 9, 08, c^nS, GO> Gqo, :, qS 5 06, &c. Some of these affixes are also variously combined with one ano- ther, and with the imperative affixes, to convey the ideas of intreaty, authority, &c. Precative Affixes. GOGODO, may, as Og3SGOGCX>0, may he go. GOODCOgSs, ditto, authoritatively, as oopSs, be it so. , ditto, infrequent. 44 Participial Affixes. ^ connecting the verb with a subsequent noun, being equivalent to the relative pronoun, in most languages, as QoScoODCVj^ the excelling man, or the man who excels ; c(gscooo(qs, the running horse, or the horse which runs; copoScooo OOCoSo, the arriving ship, or the ship which ar- rives ; sometimes contracted to oo, as $0001 a* much as there is ; commonly omitted after the assertive future affix ^g- 3O>5, ditto. Auxiliary Affixes of Tense. , it becomes c^: ? 45 and signifies (not) ever, as WOgOSOCjs, he never went. OCQS and OCOOO& are of similar import, but infrequent. jj, prior-past, or prior-future, according to the con* nection } as onosj[8, he had gone, oQOSswpS he will go, before (another goes.) co, ditto, infrequent. $, ditto, rather infrequent. CO, near future, about to, on the point of, re- taining its meaning, whatever affixes of tense are superadded, as ogOSCVOOp5 Cjpsoj(, OF 9 0: CoypSj he is about to go, or is near going ; sometimes used substantively, though not an as- sertive affix, as ogOoG^s(, ditto. Affixes of J\ umber. denoting the plural, as o3s(cgcx>g5> they go ; frequently omitted, and the cq|, <; idea of plurality left to be conveyed by ffiS 1 the noun affix ^ number> or attiered **' ' I from the connection. Qualifying Affixes, (arranged alphabetically). ;, (pron. 99S') more or again 9 commonly used 46 with an assertive future affix, as cooocyE s he will drink more or again ; in prohibitive sentences, (not) yet,zs COODo5a8o% & not drink yet. Q, entirely, wholly, (from OD, to come to an end,) as COOoq|g> they are all dead. GOOOS, with the verb repeated, probably, as COO OOO<5 SCDOWpS, he will probably die. *>. see 8. optative, fa wish, desire, as wish to do ; also, to have a tendency to, as qp: 5, to be disposed to fever. s, with y prefixed to the root and to itself, and a continuative affix or clause, commonly , expressed or understood, until, as y o8(Sc?9aoo^g5, to *> e at> leisure to stay. O^, sometimes euphonic, but when repeated al- ter a following verb, partaking of the nature ol a continuative, and denoting alternation ; as gjo O^CoTcqjjoogS, to be sinking and appearing by turns. tOOO, denoting a slight necessity. OOpS, suddenly, prematurely inconsiderately. 48 sometimes in conversation , potential, to be able, (from ^B y to prevail, overcome,) as OgOSjJoG^$, to be able to go. (g|, again, (from (g$, to return,) as (^l^jS' to do again. c>, with y prefixed to the root, and a continua- tive affix, expressed or understood, without, as OOOSC&OgOSOOgS, he went, without eating. 8, implying carelessness or fault, as CJgoSQ, he has said it (and therefore committed himself;) sometimes euphonic. 8 with w prefixed to the root, and a continuative affix, expressed or understood, be fore, as wcgo: SoDSOOpS, he ate, bejore going ; combined with o8o, until, as wogOSo^6c9S>o, until he went; sometimes taking a noun affix, as WOOOsSS before going. q, must, as ogosq, he must go ; frequently euphonic. , to be capable, (in regard to feeling,) as , to be unfeeling enough to kill ; o , he cannot bear to part. 49 , remaining behind, as (cjCjOODpS, to do (it), remaining behind, c^SoopS, to stay behind. , denoting disapprobation or regret; some- .times euphonic, particularly when used imper- atively. , denoting affection or sympathy in the speak- er, as ogosjpOOgS, he goes, alas! CO^s, denoting excess (frcr* * . ~ to exceed), as Goooscg|scop5, to be too good. tt), very, as (cjsoj>CGp5, to be very great. (50, denoting coming to pass, as cooo<5?cyooc: to become good. To these may be added a number of verbs, which are occasionally used to qualify a principal verb, as : 330, to be right, proper, as ogossaooopS, it is right to o ; sometimes passive, in translations from the Pali, particularly when used as an ad- versative to 0006 ; frequently euphonic. 900s, to be at leisure,as cgoSK>3SCX>g5, to be at leisure to go. COQO&, to be good, as 0p:cooosO>g5, it is good to go. 50 $, to be hard, difficult, as C^>OO>5, it is difficult to obtain. O<5, to try, make trial, as (cJo'ScopS, to do by way of trial ; sometimes but little more than e^pho- nic. 0006, to know how, be skilled in. as (ooo5cc), man is mortal. O0^ } to be suitable, as (ooo^OOpS, it is suitable to be done. oqoO, to be worthy, deserving of, as GOOO^oS OOpS, to deserve to die. C^ to remain, continue, as (yc^oopS, to continue doing. cjcs, to be reluctant, averse to, as g<5c}j:oop5, to hate to see. , to be practicable, as yogOS^S, it is not prac- ticable to go. to be meet, suitable, fit f or, zs a wonderful affair. en* similar to ss6 ; frequently euphonic. CCODOrS, to be enough, as O there is enough 'to eat. > 9 to desire, as (^c^^pS* equivalent to oo pS. to be easy, as (ycgo5cx>p5, it is easy to do. O, to dare, as JQOOOpS, to dare to do. Co, to be suitable, proper, becoming, as CJgo OGCODCD, it is suitable to say. OOD, to be easy, pleasant, as CJCpOODOOpS, it is pleasant to say. Euphonic Jljfixes. (arranged alphabetically). , when combined with 95> ^)'J ; when repeated after a following verb, similar to o^, which see under Qualifying Affixes. DS or goo;, mostly used before the continuative affix ccoocopS;, and the assertive future af- fix 96, when used for cgjS. O, in certain combinations, noticed in their places. CO, mostly used before the participial affixes, when several successive participial clauses pre- cede a noun, in commendatory discourse. 61, conciliatory polite respectful. CO, when combined with so, 52 08, mostly used before the assertive affix oopS, abbreviated to OO, in connection with the noun affix obo, as cgoscoooobc^, like as he went ; also, before the closing affix ^js, in which case, it is rather intensive, as <^]OSc8^](Ss, there are very many. coo, mostly used before the continuative affix CooS. CCO, when combined with G> o8cS, which com- bination is mostly used before the future affix W>5; when repeated after a following verb, it denotes correspondence or recip.ocity, as C^ttSccoc^SSCO, as (one) pur sues, (the oth^r) runs. c8 oS, mostly used with transitive verbs. Closing Affixes. GO, that, noting indication, viz., namely (from m, to say, declare, mean,)"- used at the close of a sentence, which is the subject of a subse- quent assertion, as c8:x>g5ajc(g:>a>g5, he suys that he knows, also, after a word which is explanatory of a subsequent word, as wcs 5)5cO3OO:^O^COSOOg5, he gave (him) the title of Menxhenzau ; sometimes it takes a 53 verbal affix, but ought then to be written CO, and parsed as a verb. OOpS?, used at the close of a simple sentence, equivalent to the substantive verb jcx)p5, to be, the nominative being generally made by ODDS, as 93ygSoooscyoccooa5oog5s, his name is Moung Louk, sometimes taking GO, or GOC^jS immediately before it; also, at the close of a parenthetic sentence, or a distinct paragraph, closing in cx>p5, (commonly abbre- viated to CX>,) as ogDSOOOOpSs, he went, sometimes taking ojj<5, or oo, .or oji see under Qualifying Affixes. CO)o6s, intensive, commonly connected with 54 the verb by another affix, as (cscocooo:, it is great indeed! CO^or oofy expletive, after an assertive affix, as cgosoogSoQQ, (obsolete.) The following are colloquial only : , soliciting acquiescence, as OJOSCOOOOg , / will go, shall I? CgOSCOCOC^S, go, will you? CCO, or CO3SCCO, slightly emphatic or persistive, used after the assertive affixes, as SoopScoo: Jl C_> CCO, it is certainly, or I assure you. O, or GO], familiar, after the assertive affixes. Coco, or cooocco, ditto, sometimes superseding the assertive affix. OOoS, (pron. |.) denoting that the words to which it is affixed, are the words of the speak- er, as cluaqo^socgSn cb^oSo^swpScb, I don't believe, Isy ; what will (you) say next, or repeated from the mouth of another person, as |joopScop5, */ 1*, lie says. NEGATION. The negative is made by prefixing y to the verb, which, beside its negative power, has the 55 privilege of occasionally dispensing with the as- sertive affixes, or of conveying an assertive power to the root, or to the qualifying and euphonic af- fixes, the affixes of number, and the auxiliary affixes of tense, all of which, in affirmative sen- tences, require an assertive affix, thus cgOSOGpS, he goes, yocos or wcgoso^s, he goes nof, ogOS COOSOOpS, he is still going* yCgOICOGS, he is not yet gone, Og0^5oog5, he can go, wogOS^S, he cannot go. In colloquial discourse, a strong negative is sometimes made by affixing oop5, it is ri^til or true that he goes. (C$oa5 being a verb,) or after he goes. , he knows that he goes. (c^ or 0^ understood,) until he goes. or OgOSOOgS 93O^:, ac- cording as he goes. N. B. When verbs are constructed with a following noun, the posses- sive affix C is commonly omitted, as cgosoopS 93CjO, the place of going, or the place where he goes t ogOSOOgSsasD, the time of going, or when he goes; o^OSCOpSssogS, while he goes ; s, the reason of going; in the same manner as he goes; CgO'.COCOSSOSJyS, by means of going, &c. l, (with the assertive future affix,) in order to gr.. @r\ 09, because he goes. Cgosoop5[, ditto, colloquial. , by means of going, when he goes. 57 OOOSOOpSjjS, with going, when he goes. COOS OOpS 36 93 CO, in accordance with the going. COOSOOpSogS, , or go, in going , while he goes. COOSOOpSoo, or <$,from going. OODSOOobo^, /z&e as he goes. O^QSCOODOOgoS j ditto. cgosoogScS, ditto. OOOSOOp5c8c8 a little like, &c. VERBAL NOUNS. When a verb used substantively, and connected, by the affix (, with a following noun, whose ini- tial is a syllabic 93, drops both the noun affix, and the verbal, and takes the noun into union with it- self, by rejecting or modifying the initial letter, the abbreviated compound becomes a verbal noun of the same import as the original clause, thus OgOSOG^dfesTl becomes ogossf), the time of going ; C^COgScS^OgS, C^OgS, while remain- ing; CJgooogSc^SDO, c(cp>, the beginning of speaking. Several classes of verbal nouns, on account of their frequent occurrence, deserve particular mention. F 58 1. The verbal in <5s, from goQ:, an act, deed, denotes action or being, in the abstract, as CgOSs, going, COOOoS Gp, an object of love ; C^Qp, a remaining place ; g;j>(cjcaO or oscgp, what is for, commonly written oop, the verbal in or C^, from 3S, a portion, and the verbal in (from C[ij>CX3p5, to appropriate,) denote what is for some purpose, as ODSOap, what is for eat- ing, or to be eaten; (cgpSc^, what is to be looked at ; (9^5 what is to be done. 4. The verbal in <^, just so much and no more, confines the action or being to what is expressed by the root, as c(cp^)(y QOgS, or c(go<^gco, he just speaks, i. e. does no more than speaking. The particle ooo is of somewhat similar import with Q, as ^(Soooc(cpOOp5, he speaks allusive- ly merely; C^OOOD^j93DSS, by means of speaking merely. The verbal formative y|s, from y|, to be right, true, is used chiefly in negative sentences, as ccpoSgfiso^ycS, or CGpo5y$swc8, (he) knows not the fact of the arrival. It is sometimes used without a verbal root, as oqopg|sgc8n oocps o^SOCO, (he) knows nothing about God or reli- gion. 6. Beside verbal nouns formed from verbs used substantively, there is another kind which may be termed the honorific verbal, formed by combi- ning the verbal root with the adjective GOoS. This verbal, followed by the verb <$oop5, to do, per- form, is always used instead of the simple verb, 61 in speaking becomingly of deities, kings, or any exalted personages, as S5 8 COo5oCX)gS, (the dei- ty or king) speaks, literally, does divine or royal speaking, S^COOOyojf, he speaks not. Most verbal nouns retain the same power of government as their verbs, that is, cause the pre- ceding noun to take the same affix, as their verbs do, as c^ocSo^COOOOJCjIcxDgS, he makes a begin- ning of rehearsing the zat, (?Oo6oq3>g5:, how does (he) remain? 0^c[c^CX>g5, (he) remains thus ; or combined with a secondary noun and similarly 62 applied, as oooccoDosOD^g?,' how large is (it)? Oo>oocco:>aS, properly Oojs>^ e ccoOttS (c^soopS, (it) is so large. How 1 in what manner ? and thus, v.i this manner, are also expressed, by combining pronominals, lightly accented, with joS, manner, as dbjf oS, how 1 oo^S^oS, thus. 3. Adverbs formed from simple or compound verbs : (1) from simple verbs by prefixing 93, as ss>2$@'*33, to be very great, 9QO3|ogO:, go quick; by affixing oo, as cooo<5sgo, well; by reduplication, as coooscooo;, well; by reduplication, with S3 or oo prefixed, as 93 (gosjgos, variously, ooobcb, by turns; by reduplication, with 9Q prefixed to each member, as 330OS9Qo8s, separately ; (2) from compound verbs by affixing OO, as coooSsQoSgO, excellently; by prefixing 3D to each member, as 93OgO93 pQO, penally, by way of punishment ; by prefixing 9S> to the first member, and 00 63 to the latter, as ssCQOOOQOqjS, quickly, 93 (3 0600^ s, affectionately ; by prefixing 9S> or oo to the first, and redupli- cating the latter, as 9S>COj(g(g^, fast, OO 8scj(Sj<5 3 anxiously ; by prefixing 93 to the first, and OO to the lat- ter reduplicated, as 9QCo5, denoting collision, as CGpa5qo53o5(cJ to behave disorderly, Qs<^s3o|ac6(o3Op5, to make a disturbance. 6. Adverbs formed from nouns by reduplica- tion, dropping the syllabic 93, in the latter mem- ber, if it is the initial of the noun, and prefixing it to the former member, if the noun begins with a consonant, as 9S>fisfl, repeatedly, from 9S>sD, a time; 9QCQCx|, of one's own accord, from 93 CO, will, pleasure ; 9S>CODooCCXDO<$S, tens of thou- sands, from 93COO3CS, ten thousand; 22(9 p5 jqoS, of various countries, or from country to country, from (ggS, a country. N. B. Adverbs formed from verbs or nouns are sometimes used adjectively, as 65 various reasons, S^ kings of various countries. 7. Adverbs formed from nouns, beginning with a syllabic 93, by dropping the 93, prefixing oo, one, and affixing 00 gSs, only, as oc^SoojS:, even, 5s, he only goes, does nothing but go. CC, even, slightly emphatic. 8, each, as OOGOODoSo, each one, O^oSo, ditto; Q apiece, as 00 QO, one apiece. OQCO, same as ^j^s. CX)g5s, used to designate an object with some particularity, as 8Sooo:coSo^oo^:coscx), he gives to his youngest son, particularly or in distinction from the others ; in this sense^ used frequently, in connection with UJCCQ3, or OJ, after a word explanatory of a subse- G 66 quent word, as seed-grain, which means merit, OOg5sa}93ygSjCOj:S, he has the name of Moung Louk ; used also, in asking questions, to designate the point on which the question turns, and frequently repeated after those words or clauses, in successive questions, which are intended to be set adversatively, as CX3CCOO, do you wish to eat cold fruit or hot? G! | 93 (98 ^ , is thy mind dis- tressed, because there is some fault in me, or be- cause there is some cause of concern in thee? O<5, even, slightly emphatic. cooS, ditto, colloquial. 5j, (from K>g], as much as,) frequently pron. y, used as an intensive, in negative sentences, as OOoSa^y^j, there is not so much as one per- son, or there is not even one person; OOOOO oQ^juq, or briefly oooywcj, (he) obtains noth- ing at all; Ccpa5oog5oj$>jwo8, (he) knows not even of the arrival; sometimes expletive, 67 to make a disturb- ance. topSs, also; sometimes used familiarly for the continuative affix ;, both and, placed after other af- fixes, and repeated at the close of successive clauses, as Co^qccxD2O^qcQg5, he sees both me and my son ; in judicial language, equivalent to the pronominal adjective oq, that, as q c^, that day, q^>p5s, in the same man- ner. cg], distributive, as COCOCC|joooos, a basket a month; sometimes definitive or emphatic. OCQ, only. Verbal affixes are used adverbially, when placed after an adverbial or noun affix. The same is true of noun affixes, when placed after a verbal or adverbial affix. The noun affix coo' is sometimes used empha- tically after another noun affix, as ss^oSoBooo: 3jj|61oocCOO, can you indeed bear the beating? also repeated after successive clauses, intended to be set adversatively, as CJQ93 (g|ocos(36 ooooopSu cqob|ooo;wG^, on the land, it is easy to see ; in the water, we cannot ste. 68 INTERJECTIONS. A few of the most common are as follows : p5, eh! expressive of pain. } 9oo5ccos, i>woS(csccos, mother! de- noting surprize or distress. , socooSccos, alas! expressive of pain. sc^ccos, oh! alas! denoting sorrow or distress. s, pron. eh, yes ! expressive of assent. C93, don't, disapprobatory prohibitive. C9QCOO, aa haa! contemptuous. 9Q., yes ! ? sbsb, that's right. o ! of various applications. , o/ expressive of satisfaction. oh! 98, o/ vocative, or indicative of pain, coco, Mere note / expressive of disapprobation. cooo % here ! take it ! 9 f coo:coos, threatening. oooS, wonderful! rather ironical or disapprobatory. OOO<^, well done! COD, to ! a familiar vocative, rather disrespectful. CODO> there ! pointing to an object. 69 APPENDIX. NUMERALS. Cardinal. Ordinal. 008, or OO ? 3, one, j)6, J, two, cq:, 9, , second, cocBoo, ocr }88' ogjw, fifth, ^Og^j sixth, OOOOW* seventh, ^g^j eighth, , m'n/A, , tenth, Cooosooy, eleventh, , twelfth. , g, Time, oooooS, oo, /e??, oosooSco8 j oo, ? O J , JO, twenty, , 90, //u'r^, &c. OQGp, OOO, owe hundred, OQGOOD(S, OOOO, owe thousand, OOQOOo8s, OOOOO, ten thousand, s 5 O OOOOO, owe hundred thousand, :, OOOOOOO, owe million, , OOOOOOOO, ten million. G* 70 One half is expressed by OOOoS, placed after the noun of dimension or quantity, as uoo^oco OoS, half a yoozana; one and a half, two and a half, &c. by 00, jS, &c. placed before., and af- ter, as OOO^G^og? one yoozana and a half, sS UjC^Og, two yoozanas and a half, &c. One and a quarter, &c. is expressed by prefixing O0> &c. and affixing 00806, connected to the noun, by jS, as COO^c^OjfS 00806, one yoozana and a quarter, &c. All fractions, except one half, are commonly expressed by the help of SCO, a col- lection; thus oqsqogcSooe;, one third, ccosqogS one quarter, clsCjOSoqsq, three fifths. TIME. The true epoch of Burman time is the annihi- lation of Gaudama, the last Boodh or deity, which is placed five hundred and forty-four years before Christ; but the vulgar epoch is placed eleven hundred and eighty-two years later, or six hun- dred and thirty-eight years after Christ. Time is measured by lunar months, consisting of twenty-nine and thirty days alternately. Twelve lunar months make a common year, and every 71 third year admits an intercalar month of thirty days. The names of the months are as follows: ooojs, April, (nearly,) cx3oo<5sogjc8, October, oo sq^, May, 00C3Co<^;, JYbv'er. $oj, June, 3>oBcoo5, December, 6\&i,Juli/, (goo|c6, January, dlcsTlS, August, ro^O^, February, COoScococSc', September, OCCols, Jllarch. consists of twenty -nine days, of thirty, and so on. In leap-year, the month cfi Q^ is repeated, under the name of second July. A month is distinguished into two parts, the waxing, GD3o|s, and the wane, co(gg5coq]5. The full moon, cofgpS, falls on the fifteenth of the waxing, after which a new count of days begins, and the change or disappearing of the moon, CO ogoS, falls on the fourteenth or fifteenth of the wane. The days of worship are the eighth of the waxing, the full, the eighth of the wane, and the change* Time is also divided into weeks, or periods of seven days, which are, of course, independent of 72 the lunar arrangement, and follow the same order, that obtains in all other parts of the world, viz. CO^Scj, Sunday, (opcx>ocoos, Thursday, oo^coo, Monday, ccoooSjop, Friday, S3 (SI, Tuesday, OC$, Saturday, c^gco;, Wednesday. The day and the night are each divided into four periods, which as they terminate, are desig- nated by their appropriate beat of drum. The single beat, oo^joScSs, accords with 9 o'clock, morning or evening ; the double beat, accords with 12 o'clock ; the triple beat, c8?, with 3 o'clock; and the quadruple beat, ceo: Sflo5c8s, with 6 o'clock. A natural day is also divided into sixty equal parts, called ^>o^, which are again subject to va- rious subdivisions, seldom used but in astrological works. WEIGHTS. ?, the seed of the abrus precatorius, mark- ed (G c ), as eg, COG&s. the seed of the adenanthera pavonina, double the weight of the above, marked the same. 73 8 sj]cg[s, or 4 cgs(<: make one 6 great, mark- ed ( N ), as 5, 006. 6 q](?cg[S, or 3 cg[?(cs make one 6 small, mark- ed the same. 4 6 great, or 5 6 small make one yo5, marked ("), as o, oouoS. 4 o5 make one ODjcS, marked (), as 8> oooq]<5. 100 oq](S make one 80000, marked (^ or (1), as 8l> or ol, 0080000. N. B. The term 93go5 is substituted for SoOQO, in connection with any capital number above ten, as 9Sgo5 jjSaooS for SoooosSoooS, twenty pikthahs. Ten pikthahs is written 93 g 06 OOaooS, or aooS 80000. Also, 2 6 great make one <^s great, marked (([), as o oo^s. 8 s great make one oq](S. 2 6 small make one ^ small, marked as above. 10 s small make one OOju. MEASURES OF LENGTH. 93008 or cooSooS, a finger's breadth, marked (*), as 5, ooooS. 74 8 33 S make one SjoS, marked (), as 3. 12 CX>6 one Ogo, marked (1), as dl. 2 Cgo one cooo, marked (*), as o. 4 cocoS one 06. 7 cooo one ODD, marked (1), as dl. 1000 ODD one oS^. 6400 ODD one cxjfc^o. Also, 20 ODD make one gooooo. 20 gODOOO one cooooo. 4 COOODO one ol q c6. 4 olcj^oS one uja^D. N. B. According to the royal cubit, which measures 19 1-2 English inches, a yoozana is 13 1-2 English miles. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. OCOoS, or og^soos, a small measure, marked ( N ), as b f ooocooS. 4 OCOoS make one (9p5, marked ( ), as 5. 2 (gg5 oneOg^oS. 2 Og[o5 one 006, marked ( ), as 8. 2 8 o5 one g. 2 g, or 16 J9 one oo5s, marked ( ? ), as 6. POSTCRIPT. Notwithstanding the notice in the preface, the work has been so long in passing through the press, that a great part has been re-written, The following corrigenda and addenda also have oc- curred : Page 8, line 10, for OQO, about so much; OOSOS>^>, about a year. Page 24, line 19, for oq^cocS, read ogj$cooS. Page 42, line 2, for oooogS:, read ODgSc, Page 47, instead of the present definition of 2806, read thus: 2806, (from 3oc6, to be still, quiet,} to be quiet, unmoved, though the occasion calls for exertion, as C^oSoSoopS, to remain unmoved. OC7J8J ""I III ii III// /IIJI |/||f flf/f I