1 
 
 IRVING CROWLJSY
 
 
 GRAMMATICAL NOTICES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BURMES 
 
 N 
 
 BY A. JUDSON. 
 
 E: 
 
 K 
 
 j 
 
 MAULMAIN: 
 
 A M[E R I C A N BAPTIST MISSION PRESS 
 
 1842.
 
 VVf, 
 

 
 2047376
 
 THIS work is printed, with a few corrections, from a 
 manuscript prepared twenty six years ago, when the author 
 had not a very extensive acquaintance with the Burmese 
 language. He would not, however, have consented to pub- 
 lish it, had he not been satisfied, on a careful examination, 
 that it exhibits a correct outline of the principles of the 
 language, however deficient it may be in grammatical de- 
 tails. 
 
 It is committed to the press, as the most ready way of 
 meeting frequent applications for the loan of the manu- 
 script, and in the hope of stimulating some more industrious 
 and ambitious person to furnish a work that shall deserve to 
 be called a Grammar of the language ; for the present slen- 
 der compilation aspires to no higher title, than that of 
 " Grammatical Notices." 
 
 Maulmain, Jw/y, 1842.
 
 uL 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^rvx 
 
 E
 
 GRAMMATICAL NOTICES, &c. 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 THE Burmese alphabet consists of ten vowels, 
 00 q> and thirty two consonants, qjpSs. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 ee, g , 00, oo, 
 Q aa, > az, GD , aw, c35 an. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 oo ka, o hka, o ga, ex) gor, c nga; 
 
 O tsa, 00 htsa, e dza, qj dza, g> g nya ; 
 
 ^ ta, hta, ^ da, & da, ar> na; 
 
 OO to, OO hta, 3 da, O da, $ na ; 
 
 O pa, O hpa, O ba, OO ba, O ma ; 
 
 CO ya, q ra, CO la, O wa, 
 
 OO tha, OO ha, g la. 
 
 According to this arrangement, the first twen- 
 ty five consonants are distributed. into five classes. 
 
 A*
 
 The letters of the first or oo class are guttur- 
 
 als, ooonoo ; those of the second or o class are 
 
 S 
 palatals, ooocqc?o ; those of the third or g> class 
 
 are cerebrals, Q<?o ; those of the fourth or oo 
 
 class are dentals, 3^30 ; and those of the fifth 
 or o class are labials, 
 
 7 
 
 The first letter of each class is a simple articu- 
 ation, smooth and soft ; the third is the same, 
 rough and hard ; the second is the aspirate of the 
 first ; the fourth, according to the Sungskrit sys- 
 tem, whence the alphabet is derived, is the aspi- 
 rate of the third, but according to the Burmese 
 pronunciation, is the same ; and the fifth is the 
 corresponding nasal. 
 
 The pronunciation of the cerebrals and the 
 dentals, though different in the Sungskrit, is the 
 same in the Burmese. 
 
 Of the seven remaining consonants, five are li- 
 quids, viz. oo, q> CO, O, and g ; OO is properly a 
 sibilant, but pronounced th, and oo is an aspirate. 
 
 The cerebrals and the letter g are found only 
 in words derived from the Sungskrit or Pali.
 
 *
 
 The names and powers of the letters are as 
 follows : 
 
 VOWELS, 
 
 9S>, a short, as in America. 
 930, a long, as in father. 
 go, ee, as i in pin. 
 ee, as in feet. 
 
 oo as in good, or u, as in full. 
 
 oo, as in food t or u, as in rule. 
 aa, as a in fate, 
 ai, as in 
 
 * }. 
 
 9V 
 
 35, au, as in audience. 
 
 :au. as o in on. 
 m 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Power. 
 
 oo(c8s, great ka, k, as in king. 
 
 QCg curved hka, hk, k aspirated. 
 
 j small ga, g, as in good. 
 
 s, great ga, the same.
 
 8 
 
 Power. 
 
 ng, as in rang. 
 ts. 
 
 hts, ts aspirated. 
 dz. 
 
 the same. 
 ny. 
 
 t, as in time. 
 ht, t aspirated. 
 
 Name. 
 C, nga, 
 
 ocvjs, round tsa, 
 3Oc8(S, twisted htsa, 
 @g, divided dza, 
 qj or O0ss, bridle dza, 
 
 g or g, nya, 
 
 g?c6(Xj|<5djjo8, bier-hook ta, 
 go 5 6, duck hta, 
 
 D q<5cooDOrS, crooked breast da, d, as in done. 
 ^CQocS, water-dipper da, the same. 
 
 coo (c8s, great na, n, as in not. 
 
 OOO<5q, abdominous ta, t, as in time. 
 
 ooocxSoQS, elephant-fetter hta, ht, t aspirated. 
 
 scogs, little da, d, as in done. 
 0C93DaS(a5, bottom-inden- 
 
 ted da, (formerly written o,) the same. 
 
 ^>CoS, small na, n, as in not. 
 
 OCOOCxS, steep or deep pa, p, as in part. 
 
 (3scqcS, capped hpa, hp, p aspirated. 
 
 o, top-indented ba, b, as in book. 
 
 , hump-backed ba, 
 
 w, ma, 
 
 the same. 
 m, as in make,
 
 oooaScoaS, supine ya, 
 , crooked ra, 
 
 CO, la, 
 O, wa, 
 
 00, tha, 
 
 oo, ha, 
 cGBs, great la, 
 
 Power. 
 
 y, as in young. 
 ( r, as in run, or y, as 
 ( above. 
 
 1, as in love. 
 
 w, as in word. 
 
 !th, soft, as in thin, or 
 th, hard, as in this. 
 h, as in home. 
 1, as in love. 
 
 The character called ^nc8o5 or coos 
 GOOSCOcS, is reckoned among the consonants, by 
 the Burmese. It is placed over the letter, with 
 which it is combined, and has the power of a final 
 y, divested of its inherent heavy accent (see Ac- 
 cents ;) thus 00, than. 
 
 COMPOUND CONSONANTS. 
 
 Compound Consonants are formed by combin- 
 ing one or more of the letters oo, q, O, and oo 
 under symbolic forms, with simple consonants, ac- 
 cording to the following table:
 
 10 
 
 Letter, Symbol, Name of Junction Power. 
 Symbol, with w, 
 
 oo (| oeo cj mya. 
 
 ^ G S. 6 !^ @ mra or 
 
 O o odg o mwa. 
 
 oo & O J oooSodg gj mywa. 
 
 q & O (2 qq6os (g mrwa or mywa. 
 
 oo j ooo^s 9 hma. 
 
 oo & OQ j ooo&^soooS $>j hmya. 
 
 q & OO Q OOoQsqqS (g hmra or hyma. 
 
 O & oo ^ oooQsodg g hmwa. 
 
 The letter oo, in the capacity of an aspirate, is 
 combined with the nasals, and the letters CO and 
 O. When combined with oo or C[, the compound 
 has the power of sh, as 5)| shan. coj has the 
 same power, and sometimes cxj also, (g is equi- 
 valent to po, and oQ] to oo. 
 
 VOWELS combined with CONSONANTS. 
 
 Vowels combined with consonants, simple or 
 compound, are represented by symbols, according 
 to the following table :
 
 11 
 
 Vowel, Symbol, Name of Junction Power. 
 
 Symbol, with oo, 
 
 930 Dorl q ooo, 61 ka,ga. 
 
 oo o ojs(osco c8 kee. 
 
 g| o GSCSOOOC>S>($ c8 kee. 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 l[ jjScqoSscS 
 
 G OOGOO^S 
 
 J 
 
 GOO 
 
 koo. 
 
 kaa. 
 
 ^*k*^ Orl Or% l/^ ftN 
 
 V^ cp -/ ^ 'J v-A-< IvJ *-s 
 
 ob 
 
 kai. 
 
 G OOGOoQs^J 
 
 O \ ^^(^/^V^V^ **\tf* ^\ ^Y" 
 U 'v/ \J*s U vj UU o oJ Re Vo] L\. 
 
 GOOD 
 is GOoS 
 
 kau. 
 kau. 
 
 The vowel QD has no symbol, being understood 
 after every consonant, that is not furnished with 
 the symbol of another vowel, or made final in the 
 syllable. See Final Consonants. 
 
 The second symbol of the vowel 3DO is used, 
 whenever the use of the first would convert the 
 consonant into another letter, also with o and C* 
 
 The symbols of the vowels g and g, when uni- 
 ted and combined with a consonant, have the 
 power of o, as in note> thus o^, ko. If they close 
 
 a syllable, 6 may optionally follow, without occa-
 
 12 
 
 sioning any change in the pronunciation, thus 
 and d^5 are equivalent. 
 
 The symbol of any vowel maybe combined 
 with S3 in which case the compound has the 
 power of the vowel which the symbol represents ; 
 thus s8 is equivalent to go, 33 to p, &c. 
 
 t VJ 
 
 p^c^cur t \ g 
 FINAL CONSONANTS. 
 
 When a consonant ends a syllable or is final, 
 it is distinguished by the mark c over it, thus 
 tt$, or by another consonant subjoined , thus qo. 
 
 It sometimes happens, however, that two con- 
 sonants, one placed under the other, are both ini- 
 tials, and therefore come not under the preceding 
 remark, but are to be regarded as a mere abbre- 
 viation; thus coos is equivalent to co wo;. 
 
 A double g is written CO, the same as one 
 form of the single, p, with c subjoined is com- 
 monly written g. A doable CO is written coo. 
 
 Final consonants generally assume a new and 
 peculiar power, and also modify the preceding 
 vowel. These permutations are exhibited in the 
 following table :
 
 13 
 
 r 
 
 13 ** 
 .S 
 
 CQ ' 
 c co 
 
 'S 
 
 bC . bC 
 
 a ^ G d 
 '3 *S *e3 , 
 
 ocr'g 
 
 (J 
 
 OJ 
 
 8 
 
 i i 1 1 
 
 co CO 
 
 X o o o o o 
 
 88888 
 
 (5 O C5 O O C5 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 - a 
 
 GJ OJ 
 
 -2 > 
 
 <o s 
 
 ._ 10 
 
 C co 
 
 b 
 
 10 
 
 iO 
 
 bo 
 iO 
 
 ^r^^ 
 
 - bO 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 bC . 
 
 G ^a 
 
 bJD 
 S 
 
 0) 
 
 *8 
 
 Q^ 
 0) CJ 
 
 ^Z * 
 
 tf 5 
 
 CO to 
 u> 0> 0> co 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c ^ 
 
 03 <u 
 
 <u o 
 
 bO 
 
 iO bJO 
 
 d 
 
 bJO . 
 
 iS 7^ ^ 
 
 ^ / 
 
 B
 
 14 
 
 As an appendix to the foregoing table, note 
 
 1. Cerebrals, when final, are the same as den- 
 tals. 
 
 2. The 3d letter of each class is the same as 
 the 1st. 
 
 3. The 2d and 4th letters of each class ne- 
 ver occur as finals, except in some words deriv- 
 ed from the Pali, when they are mute, as [>Ss, 
 from Cw&D, the sky, pronounced as fc[g . 
 
 4. ^ is the same as cS. 
 
 5. 8 and 06 are mute. 
 
 6. 530 before a final, gives the syllable the 
 same power as 93 ; thus 330 \ is pronounced an. 
 
 The final syllables, as exhibited above, are com- 
 bined with any consonant simple or compound, 
 as OoaS ket, oq kyen, &c. without any change 
 in their pronunciation, except in two cases, viz. 
 O before , cS, o, or oS, is commonly pronoun- 
 ced wot, not w<?t, and before 06, |, <S, cS, or 
 , w5n or woon, not wan; and consonants com- 
 pounded with O, as og, g, &c. before , 06, (5 
 or oS, are commonly pronounced kooat, tsooat, 
 &c. and before co5, ?, 5, cS, or , kooan, 
 tsooan, &c.
 
 15 
 
 The sound of a final consonant is frequently lost 
 or absorbed, in the initial consonant of the follow- 
 ing syllable or word, as 93 oo GO ekara, not etkara ; 
 
 and sometimes modified thereby, as ooScooo 
 thembau, not thenbau. But these permutations, 
 being dictates of nature, will be naturally acquir- 
 ed without rule. 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 The light accent , called 95(36 or G930o5Q8, 
 is placed under the letter, thus OD^>. It is used 
 
 with the vowels C, ^>, (3> and 98, and the 
 nasal consonants. 
 
 The heavy accent s, called 8oo&SsScqs (vul- 
 
 * 7 > T J| L v 
 
 garly ooSosSo^s) or CQGo7o5> is placed after 
 the letter, thus oo|g. It is used with the vowels 
 930, gf , , C and 9^, and the nasal consonants. 
 This accent is considered as inherent in the vowel 
 sb (unless superseded by the light accent,) and 
 the final consonant S, when combined with the 
 
 vowel 3D. In these cases, therefore, it is fre- 
 quently omitted, as superfluous.
 
 
 for 
 
 CO 
 
 $ 
 
 <& 
 
 C 
 
 16 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1 c 
 
 CC tor 
 q<5 or 
 
 Q or G(s GCOO 
 a letter) cS 
 
 
 (tw* 
 
 
 
 GCgO 
 
 
 
 
 oo is sometimes represented by its symbol, af- 
 ter oS, as GOOOO^OS for GocooSooos, COO^JD 
 for cooSooo. 
 
 is frequently removed from its natural situa- 
 tion in the line, and placed over the following let- 
 ter, as OQGo5o for oo<5GOOO. 
 
 NUMERICAL FIGURES. 
 
 O, J, , 9, Q, (s, ^, O, g, 00. 
 U 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The mark n is used to separate sentences, 
 and sometimes, the clauses of a sentence. 
 
 The double mark n n is used to divide 
 paragraphs.
 
 17 
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 In the Burmese language, there are five parts 
 of speech, viz. Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Jld- 
 rerbs, and Interjections. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 Nouns are of three kinds, common, which are 
 names of whole species ; proper, which are names 
 of individuals, as distinguished from others of the 
 same species ; and personal, commonly called per- 
 sonal nouns, which are names of individuals, rela- 
 tively considered, as speaking, spoken to, and 
 spoken of. 
 
 Under common nouns, are included two kinds 
 of derivatives, the simple and the compound. Sim- 
 ple derivatives are mostly formed from verbal 
 roots, by affixing 93, as 3QCO&, light, from coSs, 
 to be light ; but in composition, the 93 is common- 
 ly dropped, as jX)OO, for 3D93OO, supper, or eve- 
 ning food. The same is true of all nouns, whose 
 initial is a syllabic 93 ; and sometimes even when 
 a syllable or word is affixed, as soSo for 93SOQ 
 y, a large branch. Compound derivatives will be 
 considered under the head of Verbal Nouns. 
 
 B*
 
 18 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 A common noun, in its simple state, divested of 
 all definitive adjuncts, is often a noun of multitude, 
 as o^coDoooScxD^, man is mortal; but the plu- 
 ral of all nouns is regularly formed by affixing C, 
 pronounced , to the singular, as cq, man, cqcB 
 men. tjps, many, is sometimes used instead of c8. 
 
 GENDER. 
 
 Gender is distinguished, sometimes by a differ- 
 ent word, as CODDoSps, a man, SQ, a woman ; 
 
 < *J \Gr 
 
 sometimes by the feminine affix or oocooS, as 
 QOO|S, a priest, (ofBoodh,) C^CO^SW, a priestess, 
 <Ss, a governor, wSsoocooS, a governess ; and 
 sometimes by affixing oos, or o, or }, for the 
 masculine, and o for the feminine, as cgso8, a 
 dog, CgSO, a bitch, QoS(3, a cock, (o3a5, a 
 hen, c^:^, a gander, C$SO, a goose. 
 
 CASE. 
 
 The relations of nouns, expressed, in most lan- 
 guages, by prepositions or inflections, are here ex- 
 pressed by particles affixed to the noun, without 
 any inflection of the noun itself, except in some 
 of the personal nouns. The affixes of case are 
 as follows:
 
 19 
 
 Nominative. 
 oopS, denoting the agent or subject. 
 
 ^>' 
 
 ooos, "^ ditto ; as to, concerning,, 
 
 oogSooos, [ in regard to ; sometimes 
 
 j, sometimes o J adversative. 
 
 The nominative affixes are omitted in partici- 
 pial clauses, as QOGpcjcpcooooooos, what the 
 teacher said, and frequently in colloquial discourse. 
 
 Objective. 
 
 08, denoting the object, on which an action ter- 
 minates; sometimes, the object to which a thing 
 is given, or for which, or on account of which a 
 thing is done ; sometimes, the object to which mo- 
 tion is directed. 
 
 0^, towards, unto ; according to ; at. 
 
 The objective affixes are sometimes understood, 
 as CG\GOSo1, give water, for cqoScosd). 
 
 Possessive. 
 
 (S, of, denoting possession; very frequently 
 understood.
 
 20 
 Dative. 
 
 , to ; sometimes objective. 
 
 ql, for, in order to ; chiefly used with verbal 
 nouns, and verbs used substantively. 
 
 Causative. 
 
 CJcgoS, because oj \ on account of ; sometimes 
 instrumentive. 
 
 8, ditto, but seldom used in writing. 
 
 Instrumentive. 
 (qc, by, by means of. 
 
 Connective. 
 
 , with, together with; sometimes instrumen- 
 tive, by means of; sometimes causative, on ac- 
 count of. 
 
 Locative. 
 
 , in, at, among ; sometimes possessive. 
 , or |, ditto. 
 
 QO, ditto.; in presence of; as to, concerning, 
 in regard of. 
 
 CO?, in.
 
 21 
 
 Ablative. 
 
 co, from; nut of; sometimes nominative; 
 sometimes locative ; 
 
 , from; out of; besides; sometimes locative. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 obO^, as, like as. 
 OOgoS, ditto. 
 Cv[, ditto. 
 c8 co, a little like. 
 
 Certain verbal affixes, as OC CCO, CO, 61, and 
 cd], when affixed to nouns, are merely expletive. 
 
 The vocative is expressed by the noun, in a 
 simple state, divested of all affixes. Sometimes 
 in grave discourse, it is indicated by 98 prefixed, 
 teacher. 
 
 Some relations of nouns are expressed by means 
 of secondary nouns, which take some of the pre- 
 ceding affixes, and are connected with the principal 
 nouns by d, the sign of the possessive, expressed 
 or understood, as in the following examples: 
 
 SSGoTtt/i upper part', tScSdJ^CoToO or 
 CoTbo, above, over, or upon the house.
 
 22 
 
 9300O, ditto. s85ooo5<p, ditto. 
 
 C333o5, an under part; sSScssooSyO, under 
 the house. 
 
 CO, a forepart ; 35&CQQO, before the house. 
 
 C^OaS, a AzVzd par* ; 236c$Da5oO, behind the 
 home. 
 
 3QO, aw. outside; ^<5ooO, without the house. 
 
 35 (g, ditto ; s8<S(g(5yo, ditto. 
 
 9QOO,an inside ; ?5obyO, within the house. 
 
 93 ogs, ditto; s8(Sog<S:yo, ditto, 
 
 S, aszrfe ; ^Q^OSWO, % Me house. 
 , a near part, nearness; SOtS^Stp, near 
 7*0 wse. 
 
 23 OO , presence ; O<5so6yo, zw presence of the 
 governor. 
 
 98, ditto; 06 s 3850, ditto. 
 33 pDD, an upper part ; Q 
 
 33QCO, a lower part ; G8ccoO^, down the 
 river. 
 
 The following secondary nouns are commonly 
 used without an affix ; and in some instances, are 
 connected with the principal nouns, by sS instead 
 ofd
 
 23 
 
 w ^, a part, portion', 3(5e[or, Cr,ybr the house. 
 33CQOO 3(^s, summit, extremity; 9DOOaSoooS 
 3C s, through or o Me e?zrf o/" life. 
 
 ~ */ / 
 
 OoScopS, a circuit ; s8<5oo5coo5, round the 
 house. 
 
 o|oq]s, ditto; sS<So$saqj, ditto. 
 
 ooaSo^oq]<S, ditto; 286 ooaSo^soq]C, ditto. 
 
 Oc6o^S j a whole circuit; OODCOOoScxjS, during 
 or throughout the time. 
 
 33c8, evenness, accordance; 9QCO5C3SpO or 
 
 C_j 7 \Jl C_) 
 
 CO, according to (his) will. 
 , measurement; 23C05C9J 
 :, ditto. 
 
 aw agreeing with; 
 
 or 93C^(^9QCCX5joa5, ditto. 
 
 c* c* 
 
 s much as ; QO GO S C 93 ^>|CO CO OO 
 
 5 much as the teacher. 
 O^, a being with; OOGp5C93O^, MJZ 
 
 93Og, ditto ; 30Gp^(593Og, ditto. 
 N. B. In some instances, the numeral oo is op- 
 tionally substituted for the formative 93, as oocp
 
 24 
 
 Some relations of nouns are expressed by means 
 of verbs also, as from o8oop5, to arrive at, 
 reach, may be formed 
 
 s8(So8<Sc93O<$, (with a continuative affix,) un- 
 to or as far as the house. 
 
 OODCOo8c3X><5> until the time. 
 
 (3pSo8o8> (the root doubled,) through the 
 country. 
 
 OOO ODO^(5o8 <S, during the time; in which 
 cases, oQ or is understood after the noun and 
 sometimes expressed. 
 
 PERSONAL NOUNS. 
 
 cl, /, masculine or feminine, is used by a per- 
 son in speaking to himself of himself, and in ad- 
 dressing inferiors. 
 
 ogj^JcS, ogj^cS, or oq|L<S, /, mas. or fern, is 
 used in addressing equals, and in addressing in- 
 feriors politely. 
 
 oqj^GOoS, a servant, Ogj^CCoSw, Ogjf>, or 
 COW, a female servant, OOOoScOQD, a disciple, 
 and COOpScooSy, a female disciple, are used as 
 first personals in addressing superiors. 
 
 93Og)$, 7, fern, is of similar import with o 
 but not in common use.
 
 25 
 
 N. B. The plural affix c is sometimes used 
 for the plural of the first personal. 
 
 o^oSccoS, thou, mas. or fern, is used to a su- 
 perior; s, you, mas. to an equal or an inferior; 
 CWDCwg> you, mas. to an inferior; t>swo, you; 
 mas. to an inferior, expressive of disapprobation, 
 ggSs or ji, you, fern, to an equal or an inferior; 
 
 and $c, you*, mas. or fern, to children or persons 
 very inferior. 
 
 o 
 
 ooc, thou> or you, mas. or fern, is used chiefly 
 in writing, and is irrespective of the relative rank 
 of the parties. 3]s, you, mas. or fern, is used in 
 judicial language. 
 
 OgoS, you, mas. or fern, familiar, and oooS, 
 yu> mas. or fern, disrespectful, are used vocative- 
 ly only. OgoS, makes ooJJ, and oooS, oojj^ 
 in the plural. 
 
 oj, a person, mas. or fern, supplies the place 
 of the third personals, he and she. 
 
 OO&, that (person or thing,) mas. fern, or 
 neut. may also be regarded as a third personal. 
 
 oSoS & o8o5o^, one's self, i. e. myself, your- 
 self, or himself, mas.or fern, are of either person, 
 as the connection requires. 
 
 88, one's self, mas. or fern, is confined to the 
 second and third persons. 
 
 C
 
 26 
 
 INFLECTION OP PERSONAL NOUNS. 
 
 The personal nouns, cl, oo, & oj, in the sin* 
 gular number, not preceded or followed by any 
 adjective or participial adjunct, become c, oo, & 
 
 oq, before the oblique, unaspirated affixes (except 
 C,) viz. c^, 950S, c(o og, & (S under- 
 stood ; but when used nominatively, or followed by 
 or by ( expressed, or by an aspirated affix, 
 
 5 ' 9> or 9> ^ e y retam tne i r proper 
 form. Other personal nouns, ending in a nasal? 
 
 are similarly inflected. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives are of three kinds, pronominal, verb- 
 al, and numeral. 
 
 Adjectives of either kind are prefixed to their 
 nouns, by means of the connective X>g5 or CCX>0> 
 if singular, and the same, or tt^OO^j or o^| 
 GOOD, if plural, or directly affixed. But to this 
 general rule, there are several exceptions, partic- 
 ularly in the pronominals. 
 
 An adjective and noun, united in either way, 
 form a compound word, which admits the plural 
 affix, and the affixes of case, the same as a sim- 
 ple noun.
 
 27 
 
 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The following pronominals are prefixed to their 
 nouns, in some cases, with, and in some, without 
 a connective, ceo ^>, or fy being occasionally 
 substituted for coco, before words of time : 
 gf> this, as gjcvj, this man; ^oopSc^, this day. 
 OOgS, this. 
 cQ, that, as cQo, that person; cQcoooessfl, or 
 
 OqCCpteal, that time. 
 CX)(S, that, infrequent 
 p3> that, infrequent. 
 & orjcS, that, colloquial. 
 9S>OOoS, or oooS, what? occasionally contract- 
 ed to ss, before aj> as 3S>3J> for 93000$ so, 
 w/io ? and to oo, before ooo, as ooooo, what 
 thing? In negative sentences, it combines 
 with the negative particle , to signify none, 
 as OOOuOOW^j, there is no one. 
 93 oS, what? infrequent. 
 
 whatever. 
 
 what ? whatever. N. B. woSoopS, ditto, 
 is directly prefixed or affixed. 
 such, indefinite.
 
 28 
 
 The following pronominals are prefixed to their 
 nouns, with the usual connectives : 
 
 OL[, such. 
 
 0, oogSo such, of this sort. 
 
 0808, ooso8, such, of that sort. 
 
 L *L U *^ 
 
 c, (by contraction 930^,) 
 , of what sort ? 
 
 c, of wliatever sort. 
 , and its compounds, such as. 
 
 The following, viz. 9S>^j. and OOojJ, sorra, 93 
 , OOSps, and cools, other, o<Sc8(Ss> and 3S> 
 o^sq, all, are joined to their nouns, according to 
 the general rule, except that when prefixed, the 
 connective is, in some instances, omitted. 0(5 
 c85so, all, is prefixed with a connective. 
 
 cooqs, other, OOOOD, and SQOSCX^S, all, and 
 93COS, all, the whole, are uniformly affixed. 
 
 93CO?, when affixed to a noun, or a numeral, 
 auxiliary, frequently drops the 3D, or changes it 
 to o, as 98 5 o^:, or 28600^2, the whole house, 
 ^(Soqsqcos, or sSSoqsqoo^, all the three houses. 
 When affixed to a singular noun, the compound 
 occasionally takes the numeral 00, one, before it,
 
 29 
 
 without a change of meaning, as oos8<Scos, or 
 
 oos85oc\s, the whole house, oocc&ooDoSsco; 
 the whole ship. 
 
 oooS^S, how many ? is directly prefixed to 
 numeral auxiliaries, or words denoting a part or 
 quantity of a thing, as ODqoSoSsoooSjf So^s, how 
 many mangoes? co qo5o8OOoS jjScxxSs, how 
 many baskets of mangoes ? 
 
 So much, how much ? &c. are expressed, by 
 combining pronominals with such nouns as SQgj, 
 9accoooS, &c. denoting quantity, as *fo, so 
 much, ooaSccooaS, oooS^GCOOoS, how much ? 
 
 Some pronominals are doubled to form a kind 
 of plural, as O^O^ggO, those goods. 
 
 Pronominals are frequently used substantively, 
 and in that character, admit the noun affixes. 
 
 VERBAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Verbal adjectives are made, by joining verbal 
 roots to nouns, according to the general rule, as 
 BoScococxjL, or cvj[(3o5, an excellent man ; but 
 as the verbal root, when prefixed, is susceptible 
 of the accidents of verbs, it is more correct to re- 
 gard that construction as participial. See under 
 Participial Affixes. 
 
 Verbal adjectives are also formed from verbal 
 
 C*
 
 30 
 
 roots, by prefixing 93, as 3DOoS> new, and by re- 
 duplicating the root, as coo:)scooo:, good 
 Such adjectives are commonly affixed to their 
 nouns ; but 93<^ps, from cjps, to be many, follows 
 the general rule, as sac^pscooDQOGp, or DOGpsD 
 cjps, many teachers. 
 
 The imperfect degree of comparison is some- 
 times made, by shortening and reduplicating the 
 verbal root, as sjj[%jjt, sweetish, from sjj, to be sweet, 
 33, bitterish, from ols, to be bitter ; sometimes, 
 by affixing oo to the root reduplicated, as s>($o8s 
 38 s, rather bad; and sometimes, by shortening 
 the root, and affixing reduplicated chiming incre- 
 ments, as sj[cCQ, sweetish, C^> 00^00 1, saltish. 
 
 The comparative degree is made, by means of 
 the secondary noun 93COo5, or cesooS, and a 
 verb, as sSScooSjc^scopS, to be greater than the 
 house, or by a circumlocution of verbs, as OOO) 
 (c^soopS, to exceed in greatness, or be greater. 
 
 The superlative degree is made, by prefixing 93, 
 and affixing aq: to the verbal root, as ssjgoSsc^;, 
 most excellent ; and is joined to nouns, according 
 to the general rule, as K>(go53qscooOG^, or oj 
 s, the most excellent man.
 
 31 
 
 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Numerals are generally combined with a word* 
 descriptive of some quality in the noun to which 
 they belong, and in that state, are joined to nouns, 
 according to the general rule. 
 
 If the numeral is less than ten, the auxiliary 
 word is affixed to it (the formative 93, whenever 
 it occurs, being dropped,) as gaSaficos, or fSc^' 
 CCOOgoo, two cups, from gcyS, a cup, j>8, two, 
 
 and 9SG^s, round; if it is a capital number, as ten, 
 twenty, thirty, &c. two hundred, three hundred, 
 
 &c. the auxiliary is prefixed to it, as goSsso^jf 6 
 oooS, or 93G^8aoo5coooga5, twenty cups,- 
 and if it is a numeral, intervening between the 
 capitals, the auxiliary is both prefixed and affixed, 
 
 as ga$3D(XjS|S)Oo5jf Sc^s, or ssc^SjfSsooS^S 
 coscooogoc, twenty two cups. But in any case 
 in which the auxiliary is prefixed, it may be omit- 
 ted, as 3oep30o)sj(8sooS, or 
 SOCp, twenty teachers, may be written 
 2OoS, or ^SsooScooosocp, and 
 OOoSjfSdls, or 9S>c51sj[630oS_jS 
 twenty two teachers, may be written 
 or
 
 32 
 
 The following is a list of the most common nu- 
 meral auxiliaries, arranged alphabetically, with the 
 classes of things to which they are applied : 
 
 Numeral Auxiliaries. Classes of Things. 
 93(?ooo, a brute Brute animals, as G^OoSoo 
 
 animal. COOoS, one monkey. 
 
 93c(cgo2, a line. Things extended in a line, as 
 
 OSssfccpSOCo, two roads. 
 
 90006:, 'a circle or Rings, nooses, and such like, 
 
 ring. as COo5g(Soq:ogs, three 
 
 rings. 
 
 93q, an individual Things which admit no other 
 thing. word more descriptive, as 
 
 S CO 6 ceo s ^, four bedsteads, 
 o^coosc[c1sq_Jw chairs. 
 Frequently used also in- 
 stead of a more appropriate 
 numeral auxiliary. 
 , what is fiat. Things flat and thin, as qp 
 
 C^pOO^jO, six mats. 
 , a bar or Things long and straight, or 
 long piece. nearly so, as 93 l( 
 
 seven needles.
 
 S3 
 
 voice. Words, speech, as 000015)8 
 
 S)!j>S, eight words. 
 
 93O(Ss, an extended Things long and straight, or 
 line. nearly so, as of>o^sos, nine 
 
 spears, OOCC&O30oSos, 
 ten ships. 
 
 92>8s, what is rid" Beasts of burden, vehicles of 
 den upon. conveyance, as Bsoo; } 
 
 one horse; OJ>pSs|88?, two 
 
 carts. 
 9acoo,(tmcertain.) Writings, as OOcqscooS, 
 
 three books or writings. 
 
 SSSXjk (uncertain.) Deities, as OC^Gps ccossxj, 
 four gods ; also, pagodas, 
 and some other articles. 
 
 93 C33o, a build- Buildings, as sSScfbcaooS, 
 
 ing. five houses. 
 
 9300^, intervening Whatever occurs, at intervals 
 
 space. of time or place, as 9306}: 
 
 C3ptt5oo|, six rewards. 
 
 93C6p5, a piece of Wearing apparel, as 
 cloth. s8oO, seven coats.
 
 34 
 
 3 O<S, a tree or Trees, plants, as OOCjoSoS 
 plant. 5)t><5, eight mangoe trees; 
 
 also, thread, hair, &c. 
 
 s, (uncertain.) Deities, ecclesiastics, persons 
 in power, any respectable 
 characters, things immate- 
 rial, as OOGpo^sdls, nine 
 
 teachers, c8 CO 3O oS ol 5 > 
 ten duties. 
 
 S, wAa/ is flat. Things which are flat, as 
 
 C^gScoqpS, one board. 
 S, one of a Things which are naturally 
 pair. joined in pairs, as cooSso 
 
 (3 CO, two hands. 
 
 93 COoS, an arm or Weapons, tools, whatever is 
 hand. used by the hand, as GOD 
 
 ^oSoqscoaS, three guns. 
 
 S, what is round. Things round or cubical, or 
 approaching those forms, as 
 so^s, four pots, 008 
 
 so^s, five boxes.
 
 35 
 
 9D ogoS, what is Things small in bulk, com- 
 slender. pared to the length, as (38 
 
 G^poSogoS, six rivers. 
 8s, a head, Rational beings, as o^|oopS 
 
 OSOgS, seven merchants. 
 CocoaS, (uncertain.) Rational beings, generally 
 
 mankind or superior beings, 
 
 as cvj5)ScooooS> ** 
 
 men. 
 
 Sometimes the noun itself becomes the nume- 
 ral auxiliary, or is substituted for a descriptive 
 
 word, as gpoJJsgp, nine villages, wss>oSw;, 
 ten governors. 
 
 Words denoting some part or quantity of a 
 thing are combined with numerals, in the same 
 manner as words descriptive of a quality, there 
 being no other difference in the cases, excepting 
 that in the latter, the number of individual things 
 merely is expressed ; in the former, the number 
 of the parts or quantities of the thing, as CC| ju 
 goS, or aSgoScooocq, two cups of water; 
 cqcS j6oooS, or sacqcS j8oooScax> 
 * wen ty bundles of paper ; jj5cjo5, two
 
 days, (OOOCO, time being understood) literally, 
 two days of time. 
 
 The numeral OD, one, combined with a mime- 
 ral auxiliary reduplicated, as ooqq oocooooS 
 COOOoS, denotes some one, (out of several;) 
 when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and the 
 combination reduplicated, as ooqco^ OOCOGOoS 
 OOCOOOoS, it denotes one after another, (whether 
 every one or several;) when combined with a nu- 
 meral auxiliary, and followed by the same nume- 
 ral, combined with COD, as oo^oocco, oocooDoS 
 oocco, (sometimes reversed,) it denotes a few, 
 now and then one, here and there one; when 
 combined with a numeral auxiliary, and preceded 
 by the same numeral, combined with 6, as ooo 
 OOQ OO^OOCOODoS, it denotes some one, indef- 
 inite. Such combinations may be regarded as 
 pronominal adjectives. They are joined to their 
 nouns, according to the general rule. 
 
 Ordinal numerals are of Pali origin,and are pre* 
 fixed to their nouns, as ^OOoooooSs, the second 
 section* * Ordinals are also made by affixing 
 ^ to raise, to cardinal numerals, modified
 
 37 
 
 as above, as j8cooocySc(goo5coo3000S, the sec- 
 ond son ; J 8 qo5c(goa5coO3C$, the second day. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ADJECTIVES. 
 
 There are a few adjectives, which, on account 
 of some peculiarity, cannot be placed in either of 
 the foregoing classes. Some of them are prefix - 
 ed to their nouns, as WOOD, great, 3QOOOO, extra- 
 ordinary ; some are either prefixed or affixed, as 
 933' infinite, cooypo, ordinary ; and some are 
 affixed, as O^<Ss ? every ; OOCCOS, small ; GCoS 
 (honorific; ) y, principal, chief among many ; 
 93c8 j pure, clear, free from mixture ; 9)62, single, 
 one only, as OQC3]sco, in a single day ; 
 OOpq?, only, no more, used with numerals, as 00^ 
 S ? one only. 
 
 NOUNS USED ADJECTIVELY. 
 
 Nouns used adjectively may be distributed in- 
 to three classes, viz : 
 
 1. Names of races of men, of countries, towns, 
 &c. when used to qualify a following noun, as 
 an Englishman, 906080600, ditto, 
 
 D 

 
 , England, the country of the En- 
 glish; JQgo^ a Burmese, Ggooooos, the Burmese 
 language ; <q^o^|, Rangoon, the town of Rangoon, 
 q$tt^(S, ditto, c||oq|ooos, or qlo^^ooo^ 
 a son or native of Rangoon, 
 
 2. Common nouns used to qualify a following 
 noun, as ogj> gold, cgjOCODS, a golden cup; 
 
 the north, c(Q3OOco>, the northern path ; 
 
 the Cupper part, (of a country,) 933D03ODS, a n 
 
 np-ccuntry person. 
 
 3. Names of trees, plants, and their parts, which 
 are only used in combination with a follow- 
 ing noun; thus from ooco6 the olive, are form- 
 ed OOCOcSoS, an olive tree, OOCoSgS, an olive 
 blossom, oocO<5c8s an olive (the fruit), cocgS 
 g[OQ, an dive leaf. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are of two kinds, transitive, which ex- 
 press actions that pass from the agent to the ob- 
 ject, as IjijaSoopS, to strike, SflSoo^S, to love; and 
 intransitive, which express being, or some state of 
 being, or an action which is confined to the agent?
 
 39 
 
 as 6cx>g5, to be, c$cx>(, to remain, COQO& 
 CX)g5, to be good, c^joSoDgS, to be ruined, or in tt 
 state of ruin. 
 
 Many transitive verbs are formed from intran*- 
 3itive ones, by aspirating the initial letter. If the 
 initial is the first letter of either of the five classes 
 of consonants, it is changed for its corresponding 
 aspirate, the second letter of the class, as oqioopS* 
 to fall, ^jOOpS, to throw down, or cause to fall; 
 tjOOOOcS, to be ruined, CJoSoopS, / ruin; if 
 the initial is a nasal, or an unclassed letter, it is 
 combined with the letter uo, as pooSoocS, to be 
 bent down, ggoScogS, to bend down; 
 to be free, OgoSoopS, to make free* 
 
 ACCIDENTS OF VERBS. 
 
 The accidents of verbs, expressed in most lan- 
 guages, by inflections, or auxiliary verbs, are here 
 expressed by particles affixed to the verb, with- 
 out any inflection of the verb itself. The verbal 
 affixes are as follows : 
 
 Assertive Affixes. 
 
 oopS, simply assertive, as cgosoopS, he goes ; 
 in certain combinations, written cooo.
 
 40 
 
 C, same as OOpS. 
 
 o^> simply assertive, in negative sentences, as 
 wcgDSOj^, he goes not, chiefly colloquial, 
 
 CO' present, but scarcely used except substantive- 
 ly, as ogo;db@Sco5, he is going, (see Verbs 
 used substantively,) or in a participial clause, ac- 
 cording to the note below, ascx)aG&dbcooo3Qo, 
 the business that now is, or the present business. 
 In the substantive construction, it may be com- 
 bined with a preceding future affix, as oooscodb> 
 or reduplicated, as OgOSWpSdbobogS, when he 
 icas just about going. 
 
 (8 past, as CQOS he went, or has gone ; some- 
 times future. 
 
 93, future, as ogossp, he will go ; sometimes equi- 
 valent to the continuative affix CtxS^ which see. 
 
 yp5, future. 
 
 cooo> or co op 5,, future. 
 N. B. The assertive affixes of tense, ob> (, 9J, 
 
 OpS> and coop, occasionally lose their assertive 
 
 power, and become auxiliary to a continuative, 
 
 participial, or simply assertive affix, in which case 
 
 (8 becomes
 
 41 
 
 Continnative Affixes. 
 
 OCjjttS, denoting the continuance of an action, or 
 state of being, during another, as ogOSCXjjoSoo: 
 OOgS, he eats as he goes ,- sometimes equivalent 
 to 03|. 
 
 CXj|OO jjc, denoting the continuance of an action, or 
 state of being, during another, but somewhat in- 
 consistent with it, as cgoscqjoSaScosoopS 
 though going, he eats. 
 
 c^]C, denoting 1st, the completion of an action, or 
 state of being, prior to another, as ogOSCXjjScoo 
 CX>p5 having gone, he died ; 2ndly, supposition 
 or conditionality, as ogosogjcScoGU^S, if he go, 
 he will die. 
 
 same as CG]. 
 
 otjfooos* and ooQ(X)0:, in 
 some combinations, equivalent to QjS. 
 Q denoting the completion of an action, prior to 
 
 another. 
 oooogS 00,/rom the first of, as CgS'.OOOOgSsoo, 
 
 from the first of his going. 
 C0o5cop5s, though, notwithstanding, as ego: 
 , though he go 3 he will not die.
 
 42 
 
 > 
 
 > ditto, colloquial. 
 oooogSs* ^ 
 
 oooos, or coSoooos ? 
 
 c > ditto, infrequent. 
 
 cppbooo V 
 
 J t_a> > J 
 
 C3ao, 1st, /Aa, noting a consequence, so that, 
 so as to, as COOC3SooOOSOOpS> A a?ew^, so that 
 he died ; 2nd, tha t, noting a final end, in order to, 
 as CooC93oogOSOOpS, he went, that he might 
 die. 
 
 and, as ogOS^jJQOOOopS, he went and died ; 
 sometimes pronounced c8 ; sometimes equiva- 
 lent to 
 
 Interrogative Affixes, 
 
 (connected with the verbal root, by an assertive 
 affix, OOpS being commonly abbreviated to oo). 
 
 GCOO formal, ) c 
 
 > as OQOSOOpbcCOO, does he go ? 
 CODS,~familiar, ^ 
 
 ^gs> lormai, } use d in connection with an 
 
 COoSg ) interrogative pronominal, 
 
 & 9 ^~ famili ar, }, as ODoSo^ogosoo^^s, 
 
 cqt, colloquial, whither does he S ? 
 
 o or o^ affixed to the root, without aninterven-
 
 43 
 
 ing assertive affix, as ogOso, does he go ? 
 rather infrequent. 
 
 Imperative Affixes. 
 
 8, or 8 (, first person plural, as OQOsS* let us sr*. 
 SL L o oL 
 
 (030^19, ditto, preceded by the first personal, 
 
 as cHc^oogScgosjcg ^? 9 ?* kt us S^ or we 
 will so. 
 
 O 
 
 GCOO, imperative proper, as ogOSGCOO, go. 
 COpS, ditto, infrequent. 
 
 , prohibitory, w being prefixed to the verb, as 
 
 , go not. 
 co, ditto. 
 
 The simple root also is imperative, as well as 
 when combined with certain of the euphonic, or 
 qualifying affixes, as (jljCOOO, CO GOD, G^IJ 9, 08, 
 
 c^nS, GO> Gqo, :, qS 5 06, &c. Some of these 
 affixes are also variously combined with one ano- 
 ther, and with the imperative affixes, to convey 
 the ideas of intreaty, authority, &c. 
 Precative Affixes. 
 
 GOGODO, may, as Og3SGOGCX>0, may he go. 
 GOODCOgSs, ditto, authoritatively, as 
 oopSs, be it so. 
 
 , ditto, infrequent.
 
 44 
 
 Participial Affixes. 
 
 ^ connecting the verb with a subsequent noun, 
 being equivalent to the relative pronoun, in most 
 languages, as QoScoODCVj^ the excelling man, or 
 the man who excels ; c(gscooo(qs, the running 
 horse, or the horse which runs; copoScooo 
 OOCoSo, the arriving ship, or the ship which ar- 
 rives ; sometimes contracted to oo, as $0001 
 a* much as there is ; commonly omitted after 
 the assertive future affix ^g- 
 3O>5, ditto. 
 
 Auxiliary Affixes of Tense. 
 
 <TOOS, denoting present continuance, as cooscoc: 
 33j, he is still going; cgOSGOO:, he is still 
 not gone, or he is not yet gone ; sometimes de- 
 noting beside, more than, in addition, as COOOD: 
 OOOQO^oSiiOO^jcoOSCQ^, there is not only my 
 word, but there is scripture also. 
 
 5, just past, as cgOSSOOpS, he has just gone . 
 
 frequently written cb ; very frequently eu- 
 phonic. 
 
 oj;, past indefinite, as ogoso^soogS, he went. In 
 negative sentences, prefixed by >, it becomes c^: ?
 
 45 
 
 and signifies (not) ever, as WOgOSOCjs, he never 
 went. OCQS and OCOOO& are of similar import, 
 but infrequent. 
 
 jj, prior-past, or prior-future, according to the con* 
 nection } as onosj[8, he had gone, oQOSswpS 
 he will go, before (another goes.) 
 
 co, ditto, infrequent. 
 
 $, ditto, rather infrequent. 
 
 CO, near future, about to, on the point of, re- 
 taining its meaning, whatever affixes of tense are 
 superadded, as ogOSCVOOp5 Cjpsoj(, OF 9 0: 
 CoypSj he is about to go, or is near going ; 
 sometimes used substantively, though not an as- 
 sertive affix, as ogOoG^s(, ditto. 
 
 Affixes of J\ umber. 
 denoting the plural, as o3s(cgcx>g5> 
 they go ; frequently omitted, and the 
 cq|, <; idea of plurality left to be conveyed by 
 
 ffiS 1 the noun affix ^ number> or attiered 
 **' ' I from the connection. 
 
 Qualifying Affixes, 
 (arranged alphabetically). 
 ;, (pron. 99S') more or again 9 commonly used
 
 46 
 
 with an assertive future affix, as cooocyE s 
 he will drink more or again ; in prohibitive 
 sentences, (not) yet,zs COODo5a8o% & 
 not drink yet. 
 
 Q, entirely, wholly, (from OD, to come to an 
 end,) as COOoq|g> they are all dead. 
 
 GOOOS, with the verb repeated, probably, as COO 
 OOO<5 SCDOWpS, he will probably die. 
 
 *>. see 8. 
 
 optative, fa wish, desire, as 
 wish to do ; also, to have a tendency to, as qp: 
 
 5, to be disposed to fever. 
 s, with y prefixed to the root and to itself, and 
 a continuative affix or clause, commonly 
 , expressed or understood, until, as y 
 o8(Sc?9aoo^<Soqjn6c^aD^ he contin- 
 ued working, until he went. 
 
 SO, causal, (from GO, to send, order,) as J 
 COOOgS, he makes [him] do, ScO, hi it be ,; 
 when affixed to intransitive verbs, equivalent to 
 the aspirated initial, as cgoScocogS, equivalent 
 to ogoSoopS, to make free, from cgoScogS, te
 
 47 
 
 be free. When used as an imperatire or pre- 
 cative, the shade of meaning is frequently deter- 
 mined by an intervening euphonic affix, as 
 
 Sol CO, may it be, c(gso1ccoco, let it run. 
 Combined with 96, it makes 85. 
 
 , slightly intensive or emphatic, commonly con- 
 nected with the verb, by a euphonic affix, and 
 sometimes superseding the assertive affix, as (c: 
 CCOO, it i great indeed. 
 
 OO, intensive, mostly used before the participial 
 affix COOO, as QoSgOCOOOOj, a very excellent 
 person. 
 
 3Os, with the verb repeated, merely, nothing 
 morels (cStD$;(c c OOg5, to be large merely. 
 
 2806, to be at leisure, as <^s8cSo>g5, to *> e at> 
 leisure to stay. 
 
 O^, sometimes euphonic, but when repeated al- 
 ter a following verb, partaking of the nature ol a 
 continuative, and denoting alternation ; as gjo 
 O^CoTcqjjoogS, to be sinking and appearing 
 by turns. 
 
 tOOO, denoting a slight necessity. 
 
 OOpS, suddenly, prematurely inconsiderately.
 
 48 
 
 sometimes in conversation , potential, to 
 be able, (from ^B y to prevail, overcome,) as 
 OgOSjJoG^$, to be able to go. 
 
 (g|, again, (from (g$, to return,) as (^l^jS' 
 to do again. 
 
 c>, with y prefixed to the root, and a continua- 
 tive affix, expressed or understood, without, as 
 OOOSC&OgOSOOgS, he went, without eating. 
 
 8, implying carelessness or fault, as CJgoSQ, he 
 has said it (and therefore committed himself;) 
 sometimes euphonic. 
 
 8 with w prefixed to the root, and a continuative 
 affix, expressed or understood, be fore, as wcgo: 
 SoDSOOpS, he ate, bejore going ; combined with 
 o8<Sc3S>o, until, as wogOSo^6c9S>o, until 
 he went; sometimes taking a noun affix, as 
 WOOOsSS before going. 
 
 q, must, as ogosq, he must go ; frequently 
 euphonic. 
 
 , to be capable, (in regard to feeling,) as 
 
 , to be unfeeling enough to kill ; o 
 , he cannot bear to part.
 
 49 
 
 , remaining behind, as (cjCjOODpS, to do (it), 
 remaining behind, c^SoopS, to stay behind. 
 
 , denoting disapprobation or regret; some- 
 .times euphonic, particularly when used imper- 
 atively. 
 
 , denoting affection or sympathy in the speak- 
 er, as ogosjpOOgS, he goes, alas! 
 
 CO^s, denoting excess (frcr* * . ~ to exceed), as 
 Goooscg|scop5, to be too good. 
 
 tt), very, as (cjsoj>CGp5, to be very great. 
 
 (50, denoting coming to pass, as cooo<5?cyooc: 
 to become good. 
 To these may be added a number of verbs, 
 
 which are occasionally used to qualify a principal 
 
 verb, as : 
 
 330, to be right, proper, as ogossaooopS, it is 
 right to o ; sometimes passive, in translations 
 from the Pali, particularly when used as an ad- 
 versative to 0006 ; frequently euphonic. 
 
 900s, to be at leisure,as cgoSK>3SCX>g5, to be at 
 leisure to go. 
 
 COQO&, to be good, as 0p:cooosO>g5, it is 
 good to go. 
 

 
 50 
 
 $, to be hard, difficult, as C^>OO>5, it is difficult 
 
 to obtain. 
 O<5, to try, make trial, as (cJo'ScopS, to do by way 
 
 of trial ; sometimes but little more than e^pho- 
 
 nic. 
 0006, to know how, be skilled in. as (<Jooo5cxDp5, 
 
 to know how to do; sometimes denoting the 
 
 way, custom, usual course, as Cvj[CCX>ooo5cc), 
 
 man is mortal. 
 
 O0^ } to be suitable, as (ooo^OOpS, it is suitable 
 to be done. 
 
 oqoO, to be worthy, deserving of, as GOOO^oS 
 OOpS, to deserve to die. 
 
 C^ to remain, continue, as (yc^oopS, to continue 
 doing. 
 
 cjcs, to be reluctant, averse to, as g<5c}j:oop5, 
 to hate to see. 
 
 , to be practicable, as yogOS^S, it is not prac- 
 ticable to go. 
 
 to be meet, suitable, fit f or, zs 
 a wonderful affair. 
 en* similar to ss6 ; frequently euphonic. 
 
 CCODOrS, to be enough, as O 
 there is enough 'to eat.
 
 > 9 to desire, as (^c^^pS* equivalent to 
 oo pS. 
 
 to be easy, as (ycgo5cx>p5, it is easy to do. 
 O, to dare, as JQOOOpS, to dare to do. 
 Co, to be suitable, proper, becoming, as CJgo 
 
 OGCODCD, it is suitable to say. 
 OOD, to be easy, pleasant, as CJCpOODOOpS, it is 
 
 pleasant to say. 
 
 Euphonic Jljfixes. 
 (arranged alphabetically). 
 
 , when combined with 95> ^)'J ; when repeated 
 
 after a following verb, similar to o^, which see 
 under Qualifying Affixes. 
 DS or goo;, mostly used before the continuative 
 affix ccoocopS;, and the assertive future af- 
 fix 96, when used for cgjS. 
 O, in certain combinations, noticed in their places. 
 
 CO, mostly used before the participial affixes, 
 when several successive participial clauses pre- 
 cede a noun, in commendatory discourse. 
 
 61, conciliatory polite respectful. 
 
 CO, when combined with so,
 
 52 
 
 08, mostly used before the assertive affix oopS, 
 abbreviated to OO, in connection with the noun 
 affix obo, as cgoscoooobc^, like as he went ; 
 also, before the closing affix ^js, in which case, 
 
 it is rather intensive, as <^]OSc8^](Ss, there are 
 very many. 
 
 coo, mostly used before the continuative affix 
 CooS. 
 
 CCO, when combined with G> o8cS, which com- 
 bination is mostly used before the future affix 
 W>5; when repeated after a following verb, it 
 denotes correspondence or recip.ocity, as 
 C^ttSccoc^SSCO, as (one) pur sues, (the oth^r) 
 runs. 
 
 c8 oS, mostly used with transitive verbs. 
 
 Closing Affixes. 
 
 GO, that, noting indication, viz., namely (from 
 m, to say, declare, mean,)"- used at the close 
 of a sentence, which is the subject of a subse- 
 quent assertion, as c8:x>g5ajc(g:>a>g5, he 
 suys that he knows, also, after a word which 
 is explanatory of a subsequent word, as wcs 
 5)5cO3OO:^O^COSOOg5, he gave (him) the 
 title of Menxhenzau ; sometimes it takes a
 
 53 
 
 verbal affix, but ought then to be written CO, 
 and parsed as a verb. 
 
 OOpS?, used at the close of a simple sentence, 
 equivalent to the substantive verb jcx)p5, to 
 be, the nominative being generally made by 
 ODDS, as 93ygSoooscyoccooa5oog5s, his 
 name is Moung Louk, sometimes taking GO, 
 or GOC^jS immediately before it; also, at the 
 close of a parenthetic sentence, or a distinct 
 paragraph, closing in cx>p5, (commonly abbre- 
 viated to CX>,) as ogDSOOOOpSs, he went, 
 sometimes taking ojj<5, or oo, .or oji<Soo im- 
 mediately before it. 
 
 0006, ditto, at the close of a parenthesis or para- 
 graph. 
 
 COOOOS, emphatic, or indicative of some emotion, 
 as COODSOOCCOSC3o(OOOOOS, my little son is 
 dead, alas ! OCOOSolooooo;, he goes not in- 
 deed. 
 
 :, sometimes equivalent to ooooos. 
 
 s, ditto, commonly expressive of regret, as 
 
 CCOS}](5s, it is so, alas! 
 g> see under Qualifying Affixes. 
 CO)o6s, intensive, commonly connected with
 
 54 
 
 the verb by another affix, as (cscocooo:, 
 it is great indeed! 
 
 CO^or oofy expletive, after an assertive affix, as 
 cgosoogSoQQ, (obsolete.) 
 
 The following are colloquial only : 
 
 , soliciting acquiescence, as OJOSCOOOOg 
 
 , / will go, shall I? CgOSCOCOC^S, go, 
 will you? 
 
 CCO, or CO3SCCO, slightly emphatic or persistive, 
 used after the assertive affixes, as SoopScoo: 
 
 Jl C_> 
 
 CCO, it is certainly, or I assure you. 
 O, or GO], familiar, after the assertive affixes. 
 
 Coco, or cooocco, ditto, sometimes superseding 
 the assertive affix. 
 
 OOoS, (pron. |.) denoting that the words to 
 which it is affixed, are the words of the speak- 
 er, as cluaqo^socgSn cb^oSo^swpScb, 
 I don't believe, Isy ; what will (you) say next, 
 or repeated from the mouth of another person, 
 as |joopScop5, */ 1*, lie says. 
 
 NEGATION. 
 
 The negative is made by prefixing y to the 
 verb, which, beside its negative power, has the
 
 55 
 
 privilege of occasionally dispensing with the as- 
 sertive affixes, or of conveying an assertive power 
 to the root, or to the qualifying and euphonic af- 
 fixes, the affixes of number, and the auxiliary 
 affixes of tense, all of which, in affirmative sen- 
 tences, require an assertive affix, thus cgOSOGpS, 
 he goes, yocos or wcgoso^s, he goes nof, ogOS 
 COOSOOpS, he is still going* yCgOICOGS, he is 
 not yet gone, Og0^5oog5, he can go, wogOS^S, 
 he cannot go. 
 
 In colloquial discourse, a strong negative is 
 sometimes made by affixing <gsco3S to the root, or 
 j_OOJ, a contraction of wajoo6j, to an assertive 
 
 affix, as ogos^scoos, or cgosoop5_oo^, he goes 
 not. 
 
 VERBS USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 
 
 Verbs terminating in the assertive affix OOpS, 
 (occasionally changed to O3 ? coco or cooo,) are 
 frequently used substantively, and in that char- 
 acter, admit the noun affixes. Verbs terminating 
 in an assertive affix of tense, are capable of being 
 used in the same manner, but the termination 
 OOpS or GDOO is, in some cases, superadded to 
 qualify them for the substantive construction.
 
 56 
 
 Examples. 
 
 or Cg3soop5ooos^>oop5, it 
 is ri^til or true that he goes. 
 
 (C$oa5 being a verb,) or 
 after he goes. 
 , he knows that he goes. 
 
 (c^ or 0^ understood,) 
 until he goes. 
 
 or OgOSOOgS 93O^:, ac- 
 cording as he goes. N. B. When verbs are 
 constructed with a following noun, the posses- 
 sive affix C is commonly omitted, as cgosoopS 
 93CjO, the place of going, or the place where 
 he goes t ogOSOOgSsasD, the time of going, or 
 when he goes; o^OSCOpSssogS, while he goes ; 
 
 s, the reason of going; 
 
 in the same manner as he 
 
 goes; CgO'.COCOSSOSJyS, by means of going, 
 &c. 
 
 l, (with the assertive future affix,) 
 in order to gr.. 
 
 @r\ 
 09, because he goes. 
 
 Cgosoop5[, ditto, colloquial. 
 
 , by means of going, when he goes.
 
 57 
 
 OOOSOOpSjjS, with going, when he goes. 
 COOS OOpS 36 93 CO, in accordance with the going. 
 COOSOOpSogS, , or go, in going , while he goes. 
 COOSOOpSoo, or <$,from going. 
 OODSOOobo^, /z&e as he goes. 
 O^QSCOODOOgoS j ditto. 
 cgosoogScS, ditto. 
 OOOSOOp5c8c8 a little like, &c. 
 
 VERBAL NOUNS. 
 
 When a verb used substantively, and connected, 
 by the affix (, with a following noun, whose ini- 
 tial is a syllabic 93, drops both the noun affix, and 
 the verbal, and takes the noun into union with it- 
 self, by rejecting or modifying the initial letter, 
 the abbreviated compound becomes a verbal noun 
 of the same import as the original clause, thus 
 OgOSOG^dfesTl becomes ogossf), the time of 
 going ; C^COgScS^OgS, C^OgS, while remain- 
 ing; CJgooogSc^SDO, c(cp>, the beginning of 
 speaking. 
 
 Several classes of verbal nouns, on account 
 of their frequent occurrence, deserve particular 
 mention. 
 
 F
 
 58 
 
 1. The verbal in <5s, from goQ:, an act, 
 deed, denotes action or being, in the abstract, as 
 CgOSs, going, COOO<Ss(g<5s, being good. 
 
 2. The verbal in GO, from sscp, a thing, sub- 
 ject, matter, denotes the object of an action, or 
 the place, where a thing is, or is done, as ^6cx>oS 
 Gp, an object of love ; C^Qp, a remaining place ; 
 g;j>(cj<DGp, a place of throwing away. 
 
 3. The verbal in cp, from 9>caO or oscgp, 
 what is for, commonly written oop, the verbal in 
 
 or C^, from 3S, a portion, and the verbal in 
 (from C[ij>CX3p5, to appropriate,) denote what 
 is for some purpose, as ODSOap, what is for eat- 
 ing, or to be eaten; (cgpSc^, what is to be looked 
 at ; (9^5 what is to be done. 
 
 4. The verbal in <goS or OgoS, sometimes O 
 ^jSogoS, from 93<gOO, what is suitable, denotes 
 what is fit for, adapted to, or worthy of some use 
 or purpose, as ODSOgoS, what is good to eat, an 
 eatable ; spO^oS, what is wonderful ; ^j6o^j5 
 
 00 oS, what in lowly. But this verbal seems fre- 
 quently to partake of the nature of an adjective. 
 
 N. B. The terminations S)ws or ow^s, ac- 
 cording to one acceptation, 08, oc8 and 0808
 
 59 
 
 are of similar import with the termination <go$, but 
 used in a bad sense only. Several of these are 
 sometimes combined, as g[0c8, (o euphonic,) g[ 
 
 l t what is disgusting. 
 
 The terminations ows, according to another 
 
 acceptation, o8^|s or OO^S, and woooS form 
 verbals denoting nearness of accomplishment, oc- 
 casionally taking CV before them, as 
 or CCOO(Scooy^S, what is near burning ; 
 
 WOQoS, what is near sinking ; OCJ^OOQoS, near- 
 ly the whole. 
 
 The termination ^s, ^^s, or O^?, followed by 
 a verb expressive of opinion, denotes what is 
 likely to take place, sometimes admitting an affix 
 of tense between itself and the root, as oocoSo 
 CGpoS^s^sooScogS, or ccptt?yo5^ssooS 
 OOpS, he thinks that the ship will probably ar- 
 
 ^t 
 rive. 
 
 5, There are several other verbals, formed 
 from nouns, which being obsolete, or never oc- 
 curring in their full form, or in any other con- 
 nection, cannot be so satisfactorily analyzed, as 
 most of the preceding ; thus the verbal in oq^s, 
 
 perhaps from 930q^ s, time being, denotes the .
 
 60 
 
 time of action or being, as ogosoq$sog or ogo: 
 ol, equivalent to ogosopSogS, or ogosopS 
 , the time of going ', while going. 
 
 The verbal in <J, perhaps from 9S><^, just so 
 much and no more, confines the action or being 
 to what is expressed by the root, as c(cp^)(y 
 
 QOgS, or c(go<^gco, he just speaks, i. e. 
 does no more than speaking. 
 
 The particle ooo is of somewhat similar import 
 with Q, as ^(Soooc(cpOOp5, he speaks allusive- 
 ly merely; C^OOOD^j93DSS, by means of 
 speaking merely. 
 
 The verbal formative y|s, from y|, to be right, 
 true, is used chiefly in negative sentences, as 
 ccpoSgfiso^ycS, or CGpo5y$swc8, (he) knows 
 not the fact of the arrival. It is sometimes used 
 without a verbal root, as oqopg|sgc8n oocps 
 
 o^SOCO, (he) knows nothing about God or reli- 
 gion. 
 
 6. Beside verbal nouns formed from verbs used 
 substantively, there is another kind which may be 
 termed the honorific verbal, formed by combi- 
 ning the verbal root with the adjective GOoS. This 
 
 verbal, followed by the verb <$oop5, to do, per- 
 form, is always used instead of the simple verb,
 
 61 
 
 in speaking becomingly of deities, kings, or any 
 exalted personages, as S5 8 COo5oCX)gS, (the dei- 
 ty or king) speaks, literally, does divine or royal 
 speaking, S^COOOyojf, he speaks not. 
 
 Most verbal nouns retain the same power of 
 government as their verbs, that is, cause the pre- 
 ceding noun to take the same affix, as their verbs 
 do, as c^ocSo^COOOOJCjIcxDgS, he makes a begin- 
 ning of rehearsing the zat, (?Oo6oq<?UODQOOO 
 GOOD, he rehearses the zat, or he does rehearsing 
 the zat; but some, particularly the verbal in (g:, 
 govern the preceding noun in the possessive, as 
 (?Oc6cScooo(sjs, the rehearsing of the zat. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Adverbs are of nine kinds, viz : 
 
 1. Adverbs proper, as Coo|, certainly, 9300 
 ooos, in vain, coosooos, an intensive before a ne- 
 gative, as COOSCOOS ycjcp, he says nothing at all, 
 QcS, rather, prefixed to adjectives, formed from 
 verbal roots by reduplication. 
 
 2. Pronominal adjectives used to modify a 
 following verb, as 930OoSc[c$cx>3>g5:, how does 
 (he) remain? 0^c[c^CX>g5, (he) remains thus ; or 
 combined with a secondary noun and similarly
 
 62 
 
 applied, as oooccoDosOD^g?,' how large 
 is (it)? Oo>oocco:>aS, properly Oojs>^ e ccoOttS 
 (c^soopS, (it) is so large. How 1 in what manner ? 
 and thus, v.i this manner, are also expressed, by 
 combining pronominals, lightly accented, with 
 joS, manner, as dbjf oS, how 1 oo^S^oS, thus. 
 
 3. Adverbs formed from simple or compound 
 verbs : 
 
 (1) from simple verbs 
 
 by prefixing 93, as ss>2$@'*33, to be very 
 
 great, 9QO3|ogO:, go quick; 
 by affixing oo, as cooo<5sgo, well; 
 by reduplication, as coooscooo;, well; 
 by reduplication, with S3 or oo prefixed, as 93 
 
 (gosjgos, variously, ooobcb, by turns; 
 by reduplication, with 9Q prefixed to each 
 
 member, as 330OS9Qo8s, separately ; 
 
 (2) from compound verbs 
 
 by affixing OO, as coooSsQoSgO, excellently; 
 by prefixing 3D to each member, as 93OgO93 
 
 pQO, penally, by way of punishment ; 
 by prefixing 9S> to the first member, and 00
 
 63 
 
 to the latter, as ssCQOOOQOqjS, quickly, 93 
 (3 0600^ s, affectionately ; 
 
 by prefixing 9S> or oo to the first, and redupli- 
 cating the latter, as 9S>COj(g(g^, fast, OO 
 8scj(Sj<5 3 anxiously ; 
 
 by prefixing 93 to the first, and OO to the lat- 
 ter reduplicated, as 9QC<gsooQQ<5, fra- 
 grantly ; 
 
 by reduplicating both members, as oqjoqs 
 so ^s QO ^ s, extraordinarily ; 
 
 by prefixing 93 or OO to each member redu- 
 plicated, as 93oqsoqs93QO^23c|s, ditto, oo 
 C0g5cog5oo^cx5^o5, circuitously ; 
 
 by prefixing oo or O (pron. O and o) to each 
 member, as oocspoSooqco, disorderly, o 
 
 <^soc\s, tumultuously. 
 Under this head, may be classed a few of ano- 
 malous construction, made up in imitation of some 
 of the above forms, as 93^06000, without notice, 
 93^SOOC| } as having power, C^0o5co^oo^os, 
 
 frightedly, 90000^25^0 6s in expectance of pay- 
 ment ; also a few formed from negatives, by affix- 
 ing chiming increments, as wcooo<5sooccpc\ 
 
 not well, wopoow, not handsome, not agreeable.
 
 64 
 
 4. Adverbs formed from verbal roots, by re- 
 duplication, prefixing the negative to the first 
 
 member, and CO to the second, thus intending to 
 convey both the ideas of affirming and denying, 
 as yccoooSoocoDoaS, just enough and hardly 
 that, yc^OoS, just reaching and yet not quite 
 reaching. 
 
 5. Adverbs formed from a certain class of 
 compound verbs, by affixing 306, or 3o|, or 
 S>o5, denoting collision, as CGpa5qo53o5(cJ 
 
 to behave disorderly, Qs<^s3o|ac6(o3Op5, to 
 make a disturbance. 
 
 6. Adverbs formed from nouns by reduplica- 
 tion, dropping the syllabic 93, in the latter mem- 
 ber, if it is the initial of the noun, and prefixing it 
 to the former member, if the noun begins with a 
 consonant, as 9S>fisfl, repeatedly, from 9S>sD, a 
 time; 9QCQCx|, of one's own accord, from 93 CO, 
 will, pleasure ; 9S>CODooCCXDO<$S, tens of thou- 
 sands, from 93COO3CS, ten thousand; 22(9 p5 
 jqoS, of various countries, or from country to 
 country, from (ggS, a country. 
 
 N. B. Adverbs formed from verbs or nouns 
 are sometimes used adjectively, as
 
 65 
 
 various reasons, S^ 
 kings of various countries. 
 
 7. Adverbs formed from nouns, beginning with 
 a syllabic 93, by dropping the 93, prefixing oo, 
 one, and affixing 00 gSs, only, as oc^SoojS:, even, 
 <z// together, from 93 g8, evenness, uniformity. 
 
 8. Incomplete clauses, as 93OOOuCJ) certain- 
 ty, for 93OOoSQ6^jj; saoqsooQS, exceedingly, 
 for 
 
 9. Adverbial affixes, as follows: 
 s, cw/y, merely, nothing but, as 
 
 only, nothing but men, og3SOOp5^]|.>5s, he 
 only goes, does nothing but go. 
 CC, even, slightly emphatic. 
 
 8, each, as OOGOODoSo, each one, O^oSo, ditto; 
 
 Q 
 apiece, as 00 QO, one apiece. 
 
 OQCO, same as ^j^s. 
 
 CX)g5s, used to designate an object with some 
 particularity, as 8Sooo:coSo^oo^:coscx), 
 he gives to his youngest son, particularly 
 or in distinction from the others ; in this sense^ 
 used frequently, in connection with UJCCQ3, 
 or OJ, after a word explanatory of a subse- 
 
 G
 
 66 
 
 quent word, as 
 
 seed-grain, which means merit, 
 
 OOg5sa}93ygSjCOj:S, he has the name of 
 Moung Louk ; used also, in asking questions, 
 to designate the point on which the question 
 turns, and frequently repeated after those 
 words or clauses, in successive questions, which 
 are intended to be set adversatively, as 
 
 CX3CCOO, do you wish to eat cold fruit or hot? 
 
 G! | 93 (98 ^ 
 
 , is thy mind dis- 
 tressed, because there is some fault in me, or be- 
 cause there is some cause of concern in thee? 
 
 O<5, even, slightly emphatic. 
 
 cooS, ditto, colloquial. 
 
 5j, (from K>g], as much as,) frequently pron. y, 
 used as an intensive, in negative sentences, as 
 OOoSa^y^j, there is not so much as one per- 
 
 son, or there is not even one person; OOOOO 
 oQ^juq, or briefly oooywcj, (he) obtains noth- 
 ing at all; Ccpa5oog5oj$>jwo8, (he) knows 
 not even of the arrival; sometimes expletive,

 
 67 
 
 to make a disturb- 
 
 ance. 
 
 topSs, also; sometimes used familiarly for the 
 continuative affix 
 
 ;, both and, placed after other af- 
 fixes, and repeated at the close of successive 
 clauses, as Co^qccxD2O^qcQg5, he 
 sees both me and my son ; in judicial language, 
 equivalent to the pronominal adjective oq, that, 
 
 as q c^, that day, q^>p5s, in the same man- 
 
 ner. 
 cg], distributive, as COCOCC|joooos, a basket 
 
 a month; sometimes definitive or emphatic. 
 OCQ, only. 
 
 Verbal affixes are used adverbially, when placed 
 after an adverbial or noun affix. The same is 
 true of noun affixes, when placed after a verbal 
 or adverbial affix. 
 
 The noun affix coo' is sometimes used empha- 
 tically after another noun affix, as ss^oSoBooo: 
 
 3jj|61oocCOO, can you indeed bear the beating? 
 also repeated after successive clauses, intended 
 to be set adversatively, as CJQ93 (g|ocos(36 
 
 ooooopSu cqob|ooo;wG^, on the land, it is 
 easy to see ; in the water, we cannot ste.
 
 68 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 A few of the most common are as follows : 
 p5, eh! expressive of pain. 
 
 } 9oo5ccos, i>woS(csccos, mother! de- 
 noting surprize or distress. 
 
 , socooSccos, alas! expressive of pain. 
 
 sc^ccos, oh! alas! denoting sorrow or 
 distress. 
 
 s, pron. eh, yes ! expressive of assent. 
 C93, don't, disapprobatory prohibitive. 
 C9QCOO, aa haa! contemptuous. 
 
 9Q., yes ! 
 ? sbsb, that's right. 
 
 o ! of various applications. 
 
 , o/ expressive of satisfaction. 
 oh! 
 
 98, o/ vocative, or indicative of pain, 
 coco, Mere note / expressive of disapprobation. 
 cooo % here ! take it ! 
 
 9 f 
 
 coo:coos, threatening. 
 
 oooS, wonderful! rather ironical or disapprobatory. 
 
 OOO<^, well done! 
 
 COD, to ! a familiar vocative, rather disrespectful. 
 
 CODO> there ! pointing to an object.
 
 69 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 Cardinal. Ordinal. 
 
 008, or OO ? 3, one, 
 j)6, J, two, 
 cq:, 9, </iree, 
 coo:, 9, /otir, 
 cl:, 3,Jfoe, 
 
 , 6, six, 
 seven 
 
 O 
 
 &c. 
 
 ' fi rs *> 
 , second, 
 
 cocBoo, 
 
 ocr }88' 
 ogjw, fifth, 
 
 ^Og^j sixth, 
 OOOOW* seventh, 
 ^g^j eighth, 
 , m'n/A, 
 , tenth, 
 
 Cooosooy, eleventh, 
 , twelfth. 
 
 , g, Time, 
 oooooS, oo, /e??, 
 oosooSco8 j oo, 
 
 ? O J 
 
 , JO, twenty, 
 , 90, //u'r^, &c. 
 OQGp, OOO, owe hundred, 
 OQGOOD(S, OOOO, owe thousand, 
 OOQOOo8s, OOOOO, ten thousand, 
 
 s 5 O OOOOO, owe hundred thousand, 
 :, OOOOOOO, owe million, 
 , OOOOOOOO, ten million. 
 
 G*
 
 70 
 
 One half is expressed by OOOoS, placed after 
 the noun of dimension or quantity, as uoo^oco 
 OoS, half a yoozana; one and a half, two and a 
 half, &c. by 00, jS, &c. placed before., and af- 
 ter, as OOO^G^og? one yoozana and a half, sS 
 UjC^Og, two yoozanas and a half, &c. One 
 and a quarter, &c. is expressed by prefixing O0> 
 &c. and affixing 00806, connected to the noun, 
 by jS, as COO^c^OjfS 00806, one yoozana and 
 a quarter, &c. All fractions, except one half, are 
 commonly expressed by the help of SCO, a col- 
 lection; thus oqsqogcSooe;, one third, ccosqogS 
 one quarter, clsCjOSoqsq, three fifths. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 The true epoch of Burman time is the annihi- 
 lation of Gaudama, the last Boodh or deity, which 
 is placed five hundred and forty-four years before 
 Christ; but the vulgar epoch is placed eleven 
 hundred and eighty-two years later, or six hun- 
 dred and thirty-eight years after Christ. 
 
 Time is measured by lunar months, consisting of 
 twenty-nine and thirty days alternately. Twelve 
 lunar months make a common year, and every
 
 71 
 
 third year admits an intercalar month of thirty 
 days. The names of the months are as follows: 
 ooojs, April, (nearly,) cx3oo<5sogjc8, October, 
 oo sq^, May, 00C3Co<^;, JYbv'er. 
 
 $oj, June, 3>oBcoo5, December, 
 
 6\&i,Juli/, (goo|c6, January, 
 
 dlcsTlS, August, ro^O^, February, 
 
 COoScococSc', September, OCCols, Jllarch. 
 
 consists of twenty -nine days, 
 of thirty, and so on. In leap-year, the month 
 cfi Q^ is repeated, under the name of 
 second July. 
 
 A month is distinguished into two parts, the 
 waxing, GD3o|s, and the wane, co(gg5coq]5. 
 
 The full moon, cofgpS, falls on the fifteenth of the 
 waxing, after which a new count of days begins, 
 and the change or disappearing of the moon, CO 
 
 ogoS, falls on the fourteenth or fifteenth of the 
 wane. 
 
 The days of worship are the eighth of the 
 waxing, the full, the eighth of the wane, and the 
 change* 
 
 Time is also divided into weeks, or periods of 
 seven days, which are, of course, independent of
 
 72 
 
 the lunar arrangement, and follow the same order, 
 that obtains in all other parts of the world, viz. 
 CO^Scj, Sunday, (opcx>ocoos, Thursday, 
 oo^coo, Monday, ccoooSjop, Friday, 
 S3 (SI, Tuesday, OC$, Saturday, 
 c^gco;, Wednesday. 
 
 The day and the night are each divided into 
 four periods, which as they terminate, are desig- 
 nated by their appropriate beat of drum. The 
 single beat, oo^joScSs, accords with 9 o'clock, 
 morning or evening ; the double beat, 
 accords with 12 o'clock ; the triple beat, 
 c8?, with 3 o'clock; and the quadruple beat, ceo: 
 Sflo5c8s, with 6 o'clock. 
 
 A natural day is also divided into sixty equal 
 parts, called ^>o^, which are again subject to va- 
 rious subdivisions, seldom used but in astrological 
 works. 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 ?, the seed of the abrus precatorius, mark- 
 ed (G c ), as eg, COG&s. 
 
 the seed of the adenanthera pavonina, 
 double the weight of the above, marked the 
 same.
 
 73 
 
 8 sj]cg[s, or 4 cgs(<: make one 6 great, mark- 
 ed ( N ), as 5, 006. 
 
 6 q](?cg[S, or 3 cg[?(cs make one 6 small, mark- 
 ed the same. 
 
 4 6 great, or 5 6 small make one yo5, marked 
 ("), as o, oouoS. 
 
 4 o5 make one ODjcS, marked (), as 8> oooq]<5. 
 
 100 oq](S make one 80000, marked (^ or (1), 
 as 8l> or ol, 0080000. 
 
 N. B. The term 93go5 is substituted for SoOQO, 
 in connection with any capital number above ten, 
 as 9Sgo5 jjSaooS for SoooosSoooS, twenty 
 pikthahs. Ten pikthahs is written 93 g 06 OOaooS, 
 
 or aooS 80000. 
 
 Also, 
 
 2 6 great make one <^s great, marked (([), as o 
 
 oo^s. 
 
 8 s great make one oq](S. 
 2 6 small make one ^ small, marked as above. 
 10 s small make one OOju. 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 93008 or cooSooS, a finger's breadth, marked 
 (*), as 5, ooooS.
 
 74 
 
 8 33 S make one SjoS, marked (), as 3. 
 
 12 CX>6 one Ogo, marked (1), as dl. 
 2 Cgo one cooo, marked (*), as o. 
 4 cocoS one 06. 
 
 7 cooo one ODD, marked (1), as dl. 
 
 1000 ODD one oS^. 
 
 6400 ODD one cxjfc^o. 
 
 Also, 
 
 20 ODD make one gooooo. 
 
 20 gODOOO one cooooo. 
 
 4 COOODO one ol q c6. 
 
 4 olcj^oS one uja^D. 
 
 N. B. According to the royal cubit, which 
 measures 19 1-2 English inches, a yoozana is 
 
 13 1-2 English miles. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 OCOoS, or og^soos, a small measure, marked ( N ), 
 
 as b f ooocooS. 
 
 4 OCOoS make one (9p5, marked ( ), as 5. 
 2 (gg5 oneOg^oS. 
 
 2 Og[o5 one 006, marked ( ), as 8. 
 
 2 8 o5 one g. 
 
 2 g, or 16 J9 one oo5s, marked ( ? ), as 6.
 
 POSTCRIPT. 
 
 Notwithstanding the notice in the preface, the 
 work has been so long in passing through the 
 press, that a great part has been re-written, The 
 following corrigenda and addenda also have oc- 
 curred : 
 
 Page 8, line 10, for OQO<Sq f read 
 
 10, 3, for ooo, 
 10 6, ditto. 
 
 15, 4, for oo 6 cooo, oo:cooo. 
 
 16, 14, ditto. 
 
 23, 6, for ooq&, - -o:ojS. 
 
 23, between ocSc^s and 23, insert the 
 following items : 
 
 , stead; ojoSoo?, instead of self . 
 , likeness; O^gStOJ, in like manner. 
 
 about so much, (obsolete); <^J 
 , to be about as large as a mafit
 
 76 
 
 >, about so much; OOSOS>^>, about a year. 
 Page 24, line 19, for oq^cocS, read ogj$cooS. 
 
 Page 42, line 2, for oooogS:, read ODgSc, 
 
 Page 47, instead of the present definition of 
 2806, read thus: 
 
 2806, (from 3oc6, to be still, quiet,} to be quiet, 
 unmoved, though the occasion calls for exertion, 
 as C^oSoSoopS, to remain unmoved.
 
 OC7J8J
 
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