GIFT or PR9F, W,B. RISING LATIN COMPOSITION AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE -4 TO Writing in Latin PART I. — CONSTRUCTIONS PART II. — EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION BY J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH J . J J J J J ' BOSTON, U.S.A.: GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1891. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston. U.S.A. Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. PREFACE, This book completes the series of preparatory text-books announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for col- lege, and the first of a college course. It supposes in the learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the reading of the usual authors and the careful study of gram- mar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at least as much as that given in the " Method," to which this is intended as a sequel. "Latin Composition," so called, has often been taught solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the vari- ous constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors, to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechani- cal familiarity with the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a good preparation for " composition," in the sense that prop- erly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently the usages of the language is to put real English into real Latin, While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this book are throughout from the English point of view. The question we have attempted to answer is not " How closely may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner?" 237480 iv Preface, but, "How may good common English be best represented in Latin forms?" We would thus suggest a comparison not merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are con- vinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most character- istic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors. With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early intro- duced continuous paragraphs or narratives ; which, we believe, are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advan- tage of exhibiting the rarer constructions in situ, and not as mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already given ; or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are suf- ficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accom- panied in every case by full preliminary instruction.! The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to in- troduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These, it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil's knowledge and capacity; but it seems evident that the more intricate con- structions of Latin prose can be best understood when we meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of them to express our own forms of thought. It should be understood that the difficulties they include are those of the language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start, rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing * Of these we may specify Smith's ** Smaller History of Rome," and Sargent's " Easy Passages for Translation into Latin." t It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select single passages or phrases for elementary practice. Preface, V as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in Caesar or Livy an easy thing to boys ; and the student is not fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, how- ever, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole ground of each exercise in advance. It will be observed that a Vocabulary has been prepared to Part First only; and that this aims only to give, as a simple mechanical convenience, the Latin terms which may be used in the passages where the English ones actually occur in the book, leaving the mind free to attend wholly to the construction. The learner should be impressed from the start with the need of habitually consulting his Latin Lexicon^ to obtain the true meaning and use of the terms he employs. Such explanation as could be given in a partial vocabulary would be at best of very doubtful service. Even if on some grounds desirable, the need of it appears to be removed by White's excellent " English Latin Dictionary for the use of Junior Students," which within reasonable limits of size and price furnishes a guide such as every learner should possess, who aims at any thing better than the mere performance of the required task of the day ; while the more advanced student will not be content without something at least as complete as the larger work of Smith or Arnold. The design of Part Second obviously excludes the use of any partial or special list of words. For this, we trust that the suggestions of the Introduction, and the frequent assistance given in the notes, — with the faithful consultation of the Lexicon, which must always be supposed, — will prove a sufficient guide. Cambridge, May lo, 1876. The following works, which have been freely used in the prepa- ration of this manual, will be of service to those who desire to give the subject a more thorough study. Those marked 2, 3, 4, have been used to some extent as text-books in this country. 1. Theorie des lateinischen Stiles, von C. J. Grysar. 2d ed. Koln : J. G. Schmitz. 1843. A very complete and elaborate treatise, the source from which ex- cellent material has been largely drawn by others. 2. Hints towards Latin Prose Composition. By Alex. W. Potts. 3d ed. London : Macmillan & Co. 1872. A brief but admirable essay on the main points of Latin style and expression (without exercises), with a great number of brief illustra- tions, some of which will be found in the introduction to Part II. of the psesent manual (pp. 126-129). 3. Parallel Extracts, arranged for translation into English and Latin, with Notes on Idioms. By J. E. Nixon. Part I. Historical and Epistolary. London : Macmillan & Co. 1874. An excellent working manual, the passages on opposite pages sug- gesting points of comparison between Latin and English style, and with numerous figured references to the introductory Notes. 4. A Manual of Latin Prose Composition for the use of Schools and Colleges. By the Rev. Henry MusGRAVE WiLKiNS. 3d ed. London: Parker, Son, & Brown. 1861. Numerous exercises, very fully annotated, a portion being " adapted " (in English) to the Latin idiom. With introductory remarks and a table of idiomatic expressions. A Key is published for the use of teachers. 5. Principia Latina. Part VI. Short Tales and Anecdotes from Ancient History for translation into Latin Prose. By William Smiti^ D.D. 3d ed. London : John Murray 1870. CONTENTS. Part. I. — Constructions. PAGB Lesson i. The Order of Words i 2. Rules of Agreement. — i. Apposition .... 3 3. „ „ 2. The Verb .... 4 4. „ „ 3. Adjectives .... 6 5. Adjectives : Special Uses 8 6. Pronouns. — i. Personal and Reflexive .... 10 7. „ 2. Demonstrative 12 8. „ 3. Relative 14 9. „ 4. Interrogative and Indefinite . . 17 10. Cases. — I. As Objects of Verbs 20 11. „ 2. As Modifying Adjectives .... 23 12. „ 3. Indirect Relations 25 13. „ 4. Cause, Means, and Quality ... 28 14. „ 5. Separation and Comparison ... 32 15. „ 6. Special Uses of the Genitive ... 34 16. „ 7. Use of Two Cases '37 17. „ 8. Time and Place 39 18. „ 9. Prepositions 42 19. Verbs. — i. Narrative Tenses 45 20. „ 2. The Passive Voice 48 21. „ 3. Infinitive Constructions 53 22. „ 4. Participial Constructions .... 57 23. „ 5. Gerundive Constructions .... 60 24. „ 6. Subjunctive Constructions .... 62 25. Relations of Time 66 26. Purpose and Result 69 27. Conditional Sentences 72 28. Substantive Clauses . 74 29. Intermediate Clauses ^^ 30. Indirect Discourse 80 31. Certain Special Constructions 83 Part Second. PAGE Introduction : I. Choice of the Word or Phrase ... 119 2. Structure of the Sentence 126 3. Idiomatic Phrases . 130 Exercises in Translation. I. Death of Epaminondas 135 II. The Ring of Gyges 135 III. Cyrus the Younger 136 IV. Xenophon's Sacrifice 136 V. The Sibylline Books 137 VI. Hannibal and Antiochus 138 VII. The Talking Crow 139 VIII. Hannibal in the Alps. — Arnold \y^ IX. The Embassy of Philip. — Arnold 140 X. Hannibal near Rome 141 XI. Young Scipio 142 XII. Hannibal's Exile 143 XIII. The Tale of Atalanta. — i?rtr^« 145 XIV. Assassination of Caesar. — Plutarch 145 XV. Death of Marcus Antonius 147 XVI. Destruction of Carthage 148 XVII. Xenophon at the Sea 149 XVIII. Vercingetorix 150 XIX. A Story of Wolves 151 XX. Death of Socrates. — /'/r?/^? 152 XXI. Hannibal in the Apennines 155 XXII. The Gauls at Rome 156 XXIII. Murder of Marcellus 157 XXIV. Story of Cincinnatus. — Arnold 159 XXV. Princely Generosity. — Feltham 160 XXVI. Defeat of Varus. — Cr^rtjy 161 XXVII. Siege of Syracuse. — /^r«^/^ 162 XXVIII. Battle of Metaurus. — //r;?^/^ 163 XXIX. Inundations of the Tiber. — G^//5^^« 165 XXX. First Acting at Rome. — Z/?/)/ 167 XXXI. The Fire of London 169 XXXII. The Earthquake at Lisbon 171 XXXIII. Character of Trajan. — G^/^^^« i74 XXXIV. Character of Cato. — ^/^^^/^/^w ^11 XXXV. Of Studies. — ^«^^« 176 XXXVI. Antony in Defeat — A^^rM'.f/'/w/^rt/z . ... 178 XXXVII. Speech of Antony. — ^'/^^/^^j/^rt/r 180 COMPOSITION. PART FIRST. — CONSTRUCTIONS. Lesson i. The Order of Words. Read carefully the whole of Chapter VI. (pages ^58-263^. Learn §§ 343, with c^ d ; and 344. Note. — Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil should observe the reason of any change he may make from the normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some par- ticular word or words. He should also acquire, as early as possible, the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence^ and not as an English sentence turned into Latin words. And he will be aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound. I. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin sentence is the following : {a) The Subject, followed by its modifiers ; (3) the modifiers of the Predicate, the direct object being usually put last ; (^) the Verb, preceded by any word or phrase which directly quali- fies its action. This is the order usually to be followed, where no emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in simple narrative of fact : thus, Hannibal imperator factus | proximo triennio ontnea gentes Hispaniae \ bello subeyit, — Nepos, Hann. 3. 2 Latin Composition, Remark. — In actual practice, the normal order of words is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake of emphasis^ — to throw stress on the more important words ; or for the sake of euphony^ — to make the sentence more agreeable to the ear. 2. Modifiers of Nouns — as adjectives (not predi- cate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes — usually follow the noun ; modifiers of Verbs — in- cluding adverbs and adverbial phrases — precede the verb. Genitives may come indifierently before or after the noun which they limit, according to emphasis. 3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative clause more often comes first in Latin, and usually contains the antecedent noun ; while, in English, the demonstrative clause almost always precedes: as, Quos amisifnus cives, eos Martis vis perculit,— Cic. Marc. 6. ("Those citizens whom," &c. See examples in § 200. b.) 4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (i) the same order of words is repeated {anaphora) , or (2) the order is reversed (^chiasmus) : as, 1. Belluin genere necessarium magnitudine periculO' sum, — id. Manil. 10. 2. Kon terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate, — {id. 11.) 5. Almost universally the main word of the sen- tence is put first (rarely last). This may be (i) simply the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent in the writer's mind (e?nphasis) ; or it may be (2) con- trasted with some other word preceding or following (antithesis) , Compare, for example, the following : — 1. M, Brutus Ciceronis amicus Caesarem interfecit, 2. Amicus Ciceronis M, Brutus Caesarem. interfecit, 3. Caesarem interfecit M, Brutus Ciceronis amicus. That is, "It was Caesar," &c. Apposition. 3 4. InterfecU Caesarem M, Brutus Ciceronis ainicus. Here the emphasis is thrown on ih^ fact of killing : compare — 5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspi- tiones C, Gracchus, — Cic. Cat. i. 2 (see the passage). 6. Momae summum otium est. Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just spoken of. Lesson 2. Rules of Agreement. — 1. Apposition* Review § 184, 185 ; Learn «, 3, c. Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often used where in English we use as^ of, when, or even a separate clause : thus, 1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio, 2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti, 3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aetemos habere, 4. The city of Rome, JRotna urbs, 5. I remember seeing vrhen a boy, puer memini videre, 6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, JP, et L, Scipiones, 7. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato seneoD narrabat, 8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time consul), Fabius consul iteruni, N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be omitted in the Latin. Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. Exercise 1. I. The consul Caius^Flaminius defeated the Insu- brians.2 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con- ^ Prsenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see § 80. d). The name must here precede the title. ^ Insubres. 4 Latin Composition, tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, their chief town. 2. Give this message^ to Tar^ quinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn to- gether, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quaestor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strong- holds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cor- nelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Laglius, the intimate-friend of the latter,^ were consuls. 9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates. 10 The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. 11. The Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprin- cipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the impor- tant island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. * Literally, " Report these [things] ." * idem. Lesson 3. Rules of Agreement. — 3. The Verb. I. Review § 204 (the general rule of agreement). Learn §§ 205, with a^ b ; 206. a, b. Note. — The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called agreement) is nearly the same in most lan<;uages, though obscured in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities The Verb, '5 of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained in the verb-ending^), also of the third person whenever it is plain from the context. Hence the rule — 2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed in Latin, except when required for emphasis or pre- cision. ^ 3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by two nouns connected by a conjunction {hendiadys). In this case the singular verb is the usual form : as, There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et series rerum, 4. The following examples show the most frequent Latin usages : — 1. Fannius and Mucins came to their father-in-la^^, Fannius et Mucins ad socerum venerunt, 2. Neither iEUius nor Coruncanius thought so, nee Aelius nee Coruncanius ita putabat, 3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et Salbus sustuli- mils manus, 4. If you and Tullia are vrell, Cicero and I are well, si tu et Tnllia tHitetis, ego et Cicero valerntis, 5. Water and earth remained, aqua restdbat et terra (more rarely: aqua et terra restahat). 6. I say, aio ; they say (people say), aiunt, 7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &o., Epicu- runi valde proho, dlcit enim,, etc. 8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina prae- scrifiit, N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. ^ So sometimes in old English or in poetry : as, Did^sf ever see the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. i). So the phrases, thank you y pray come, &c. 6 Latin Composition, Exercise 2. '^ I. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania. 1 4. We avoid death as-if a dis- solution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples wor- shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The sw^allow^, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Masnius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerian. 9. Quintus and I ^ shall set sail to-morrow ; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. 11. To you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The exigency^ of the occasion^ demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength ^ to the Senate. ' See § 184. ^. * In Latin, •' I and Quintus." ' Two words with et. * Conjirmo. Lesson 4. Rules of Agreement.— 3. Adjectives. I. Learn § 186 (the general rule of agreement) ; also sub-section d^ and § 187, with a, b. Note. — As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated 187, with a and ^, will in general be a sufficient guide. Adjectives, 7 2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives : as, 1. Ceesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibu- lus consules creati sunt, 2. Tiillia is dead (or died), Tullia tnortua est, 3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est, 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judg- ment-seat, Virginias et filia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt, 5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, JRegulum discedentem uxor et parvus filius amplexi sunt, £xercise 3. I. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Colla- tinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first con- suls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii ^ have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet 2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquinon^the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doublful night. 8. Manlius during-his- absence * had been elected consul a second time. 9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed An- tiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province. 10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-on- foot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. * Supply i^rfies in apposition. ' Lesson 17, /r. Rem. ' Obviam with dative, following egredi. * absens. 8 Latin Composition, 11. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona.^ 12. You have before your eyes Catihne, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small ^ dog. 15. The wall was common to^ both houses, and was cleft by* a narrow chink. 16. Lepidus[was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus [and] sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia. * Dative. * non magnus. ^ Genitive. ■* Ablative. Lesson 5. Adjectives: Special Uses. I. Review §§ i86, 187; learn §§ 188, 189. a, b (adjectives used as nouns), with 190, 191, 193, 203. Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English : as, 1. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionein vivum vidi, 2. He came against his will, invitus venit, 3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant, 4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus, 5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidiU 6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore, 7. The inner part of the house, interior domus, 8. The rest of the crowd remained, rellqua multitudo manehat. Note. — The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed; and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence — Adjectives: Special Uses. p 2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use of the adjective alone, a noun must be added : as, 1. Boui, the good; omnia, every thing, 2. All [men] must die, omnihas moriendum est. But — 3. A good man, viv bonus, 4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum, 3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness. 4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural : thus, 1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant, 2. The past at least is seciure, jyraeterita saltern tuta sunt, 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora, 4. Fleeting good, bona caduca, 5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda, 5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi- tion : as, 1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis, 2. Cedus Blossius of Cumae, C, Blossius Cumanus, 3. Another man's house, aliena domus. Note. — These adjectives most commonly represent the geni- tive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b. Exercise 4. I. Duillius was-the-first ^ of the Romans to ^ conquer in a naval batde; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature opposed to-each-other.^ 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on^ a false charge ^ Simple adjective. * Inter se. « Ob. lO Latin Composition. of having received money ^ from Harpalus, was-in- exile at Megara.^ He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose], 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons,the^ [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls^ or censors* sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted ; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings ^ of ^ another ^ world.^ For some time they stood ^ in awe-at^ the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papi- rius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with ^ [his] ivory staff; then the bar- barian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. ' Lit. " of money received." ^ Megarae or is, ^ ille. * Adjectives. ^ forma ac natura. ' de caelo delapsus, ' Obstipesco. * admirans followed by ace. * Ablative. Lesson 6. Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflexive. 1. Review §§98 (the Personal and Reflexive Pro- nouns) ; and 99. «, b, c (Possessive adjectives), d^ e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns. 2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular yoti; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular /. 3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in um is partitive, while that in i is objective : thus, 1. The elder of us, major nostrum, 2. Mindful of us, metnor nostri. Pronouns, ii 4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its correspond- ing Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the predicate^ alv^^ays referring to the subject of the sen- tence or clause (read the whole of 196). Note. — In such cases we generally (not always) use self^ selves^ and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, — except when they are emphatic, — being expressed by the reflexive or the personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) : — 1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit, 2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus atnicum [suuni] occidit (his own friend, suuni atnicutn), 3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, JPhilosophia tnul- tu7n habet in se delectationis, 5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the gender, number, and case of the noun they are used with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly omitted when they are plainly implied (see § 197). Exercise 5. I. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars by their tusks,^ [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened your rival against yourself." 4. "Varus, Varus," cried Augustus, " give me ^ back my legions." 5. Cras- sus, indeed, has defeated the enemy ; but I have ex- terminated them root-and-branch. 6. " Who art thou," said Brutus, "and for what purpose art-thou-come ?"^ "I am thy evil genius,* Brutus," replied the spectre; " thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Ci- cero was accustomed to write down his orations. 8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How long a letter I have written to you with my own hand I * tc/us dentium. * Dative. ' Perfect active. * Furia, 12 Latin Composition, lo. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds ; he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. ii. Very agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.). Lesson 7.^^ Pronouns. — /8. Demonstrative. 1. Review § lOO, and learn carefully the sub-sec- tions 102. a Xq e (use of the Demonstratives). Note. — These Demonstratives are used much like the corre- sponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hie, ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something ; while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing out. Thus «, a man, the man^ one (who), &c., are often rendered by is with qui following. 2. The Possessives 7iis, hers, its, theirs, are ex- pressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have no difference of gender in the singular. 3. When the word that is used instead of repeating a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it may be expressed by ille, hie, or even is ; or the noun itself may be repeated. Thus, — 1. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfuhiess, memo- riae artem quam. ohlivionis m,alo, 2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have just spoken] of glory, nullam. virtus aliam. m^ercedem, desiderat praeter hanc laudis. — Cic. Arch. n. Note. — In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive adjective or other construction (see hereafter. Lesson 15) : as, The army of Csesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, Caesaris exercitus JPompeianos ad Fliarsalum vicit. Pronouns, 13 4. Contrary to the English usage, hie is generally used to refer to a preceding statement or example ; ille to a following one : as, That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater: [namely] that, etc., hoc magnum est argutnen-' tunif sed illud m,aJuSf quod, etc. 5. Hie often corresponds with our /lere, the j>resent ; ille to our there; and iste, yonder {by you) : as, 1. Caius Caesar here, liic C, Caesar, 2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista suhsellia, 3. The present (now living) Mucius Scaevola, hie Mucins Scaevola. 6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in gender and number with a predicate appositive if there is one (§ 195. d) : as, This is the toil, this the task, hie labor hoc opus est, 7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to be on the object (see § 195./* to /) : as, 1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas, 2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa satis est, N.B. — The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflex- ive se — both rendered in English by ^'■self'' — requires to be care- fully observed (see § 102. e^ n.). Ipse often expresses even^ very^ ox just : as, 1. This very thing, hoc ipsum,, 2. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt, Exercise 6. I. ^neas carried with him into Italy his son Asca- nius and the sacred Penates of-Troy.^ He was kindly received by Latinus, king of the country, and married ^ Adjective. 14 Latin Composition. his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domi- tian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches, this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While ^ all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time ^ that of genius and eloquence is by-far the most offensive. 5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Cen- sor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write down his orations, so greatly they delight me. 8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron^ king of Caenina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon^ the death of Numa an interregnum again followed ; but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His reign w^as as w^arlike as that of Numa had been peace- ful. 10. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and haughty; the latter, unambitious and quiet. 11. This was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the Tarquinii ; for by this victory^ the Latins were com- pletely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply to no other state for assistance. He had already sur- vived all his family,^ and he now fled to-Cumae,* where he died a wretched and childless old man. ^ cum . . . turn. ' Ablative. ^ Dative. ■* Accusative. * Use ciades (see p. 121, cc). Lesson 8. ^ Pronouns. — 3. Kelatlve. I. Review § 198 (the rule of agreement), reading the introductory Note; together with §§ 199, 201. e. Relatives, 1 5 Note. — A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative, and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in whicii the mood of the verb is affected (§§ 317-320) will be treated hereafter. N.B. — Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs ; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever. 2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin, though it often is in English. Thus, — 1. The book you gave me, liher quern mihi dedisti, 2. I am the man I alivays -was, is sum qui semper fui» 3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo tibi locutus sum, 3. The relative is often used in Latin where other constructions are used in English ; particularly where we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of agency : as, 1. The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur Brutus, 2. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt, 3. The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt, 4. Caesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit, 5. True glory the fruit of virtue, .yws^a gloria qui est fructus virtutis, 4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better to place the relative clause first ; and in such cases it usually contains the antecedent noun : as. Those evils which we sufifer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur, 5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with the main clause or some word in it, it is to be put in the relative clause : as. Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, firini atnici, cujus generis est magna pcnuria. 1 6 Latin Composition, 6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when English uses a demonstrative with a^id or but: as, 1. And since these things axe so, quae cum ita sint, 2. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui si duhitabunt aut gravabuntur. 7. When the word as is used in English as a rela- tive, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pro- noun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its demonstrative antecedent : as, 1. The same thing as, eadem res quae, 2. Such (men) as, ei qui, 3. Such a leader as -we know Hannibal to have been, talis dux qualem Hannihalem novimus, 4. There w^ere as many opinions as men, quot homines tot erant sententiae, Hxercise 7. I. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth ^ and marriage ^ connected with the noblest families in the Republic : grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the destroyer 3 of Carthage. 2. Quintus Silo, a Marsian, and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites. 4. Rome was now exposed to great danger ; for those who had been her most faithful friends now rose against her. 5. A day shall come when * sacred Troy shall perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sem- pronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity * Propinquitas (plur.). * Adfinitas (plur.). ' Lit. " of him who destroyed." * Repeat the noun. Interrogatives, 17 to Spain for ^ so many years. They lost their father at^ an early ^ age. But they were educated with the utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from [her] father a love* of literature, and united^ in her- person^ the severe virtue of the Roman matron with a superior knowledge •" and refinement, which ^ then prevailed ^ in ^^ the higher-classes ^^ at-Rome.^^ She engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek teachers ; and from the pains she took ^^ with ^* their education they surpassed all the Roman youths of their age. ^ per. * Ablative. ^ primus: * studium. * habco conjunctam. * se. ' doclrina. ** Neuter plural. ' floreo. ^^ apud. " nobiles. '^ Adjective. " " Take pains," ^/^r^//z ^^r^. ** Dative. Lesson 9. /-^ Pronouns: Interrogative and Indefinite. Review §§ 104, 106, with a (forms of Interroga- tive Pronoun). These forms, including quisnam (em- phatic), and uter (see § ^2i'> ^^<^ ^)> ^^^ ^sed much as in English. Thus, — 1. Who is the man? Qtiis est homo? 2. "What a man he was! Qui homo erat! 3. "What do you find fault with? Quid reprehendis ? 4. "What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consil' ium, ejus reprehendis? 5. "Which eye aches? Uter oculus dolet? 6. "Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet? 7. "Who is it? (emph.) ^ 8. Who in the world I Quisnam est? Quis tandem est? (pray who) is it? J ^^^^^ ^^"^'' ^ ^^"'« stronger.) l8 Latin Co7nfosition, 2. Review § 105. c, d, e, h (forms and use of the Indefinites) ; study the whole of § 202. a. The pronouns which correspond to the Engh'sh A or some, ONE, or ANY (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, ali- quis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam the most. When some is used of objects defined in thought though not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonnuUus, nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify if any, &c. With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our if some one, &c. A FEW or SEVERAL may be expressed by aliquot, nounulli, plures; pauci (restrictive) mQ2i.ns only a few. The English any ONE WHO is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr, p. 227). 1. Some one may say, aliquis dicat [dixerit quispiam). 2. Some philosophers think so, aliqui (or, if definite persons are thought of, quidam) philosophi ita putant, 3. Some poor women live here, habitant hie quaedam mulieres pauperculae* [That is, some women he knows ; some -women or other would be aliquae or nescio quae,] 4. Up runs a man, accurrit quidam. 5. I vn31 call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhiheho, 6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in ipsa curia nonne^no Jiostis est, 7 Banished not on some other charge but this very one, ex~ pulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso crimine. 8 He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat ali- quid neque ait (any thing whatever would be quidquam). b. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English ANY (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), uUus (adjective), quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives (but see § 202. d, c) ; the other two are universal {any you like). When only two are spoken of, either is uter (corresponding to quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and qui- libet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quid- quam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter. I. "What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any man (whatever), cuivis potest accidere quod cui- quam potest. Tndefim'tes, 19 2. I never did any thing worse, nutnquatn quidqnain feci jtejus (better, nihil u^nqiium), 3. Why did I send to anybody before you? cur cuiquam mist prius ? 4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo viriutn quant vestriun utervis, 5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei nisi fugae memor, c. The Distributives each, every, are expressed by quisque (uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic {every single one). Omnis is sometimes used in the singular in nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is almost equivalent to a plural. 1. Every good book is better the leurger it is, bonus liber melior est quisque, quo mujor, 2. Both £irmies go aivay every man to his home, ambo eX' ercitus suas quisque abeunt domos. 3. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu, 4. Every system of instruction (= all systems of instruction), omnis ratio et doctrina. Exercise 8. I. Which do you consider the greatest general, Caesar, Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better orator, Cicero or Demosthenes ? 2. " We here bring you war and peace," said the Roman ambassadors in the Sen- ate of the Carthaginians ; " which pleases you best ? " 3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State — that of the consulship — without any recommendation of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were re- deemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men's vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. No ^ great man was ever without some divine inspiration. 7. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except friends ; and then ^ under compulsion, not everywhere, ' nemo. * Lit. *' and that." 20 Latin Composition, nor before 1 everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some skill 2 as an orator^ is necessary to a commander. 9. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied with the peace she had concluded ; and soon after some of them determined to* restore the ancient power of Argos. 10. Some slight battles occurred, in which the side^ of-the-Syracusans^ had the advantage. "^ II. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an army into Asia. 12. It is contrary-to nature to take ^ any thing from any other^ [person]. Does anyone deny this ? 13. Whoever had killed a tyrant was praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmo- dius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored at Athens; Timoleon, who consented-to ^'^ the death of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth ; and Brutus, the slayer of Julius Caesar, at Rome. i Coram with abl. ^ Lit. " Something of skill." ' Adjective. * Infinitive. * res. * Adjective. ' Lit. " was superior." " deiraho. ® Dative. '° frobo. Lesson lo. t-^ Cases. — 1. As Objects of Verbs. 1. Review §§ 237, with b^ c (Accusative as Direct Object) ; 225, 227, with a^ b, 228 (Dative as Indirect Object) ; 219, 220, 221 (Genitive as the object of verbs of Memory and Feeling) ; and 249 (Ablative of means, with utor, etc.). 2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with different classes of verbs to represent the English Objective case. Thus : — 1. I see the man, honiinem video (Accusative). 2. I help the man, homini subvenio (Dative). 3. I pity the man, hominis inisereor (Genitive). 4. I treat the man as a friend, hornine amico utor (Ablative). Object' Cases . 2 1 Remark. — In all the above examples the verb is transi- tive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the following points are to be observed : — a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more general in its use than either of the others ; and may be assumed to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the special rules which follow. h. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wher- ever in English two object-casts follow, with one of which we may use the preposition to or for (except after verbs of Asking and Teaching, which take two accusatives) : as, 1. He gave me the book ( = he gave tlie book to me), tnihi lib rum dedit, 2. I promise you a fig, tihi ficuni proniitto. But — 3. He asked me for money, pecufiiarn me rogavit, 4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos 8U0S geonietriam docuit. The Dative, is also to be used after the verbs (apparently tran- sitive) given in the lists in §§ 227, 228, 229. These sub-sections, with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively studied ; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of the commonest constructions in Latin. C. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sectionsunder§2i9, &c. They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds with the English use of the preposition of. d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, correspond- ing to transitives in English, are the few deponents given above, § 249 : either of them may easily be represented in Enghsh by a phrase with a preposition : as, 1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio utor* 2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, came vescitur, 3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia niea abutuntur. 22 Latin Co7npositwn, Exercise 9. I. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities of others. 2. I shall never forget that day : it re- minds me at-once ^ of the greatest delight and ^ greatest peril of 2 my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Nu- midia, and promised him aid ; but afterwards, calling- to-mind ^ the greater power of the Romans, betrayed him to Sulla, the quaestor of Caius Marius. 5. The Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been promised them by Drusus. 6. Caesar forgave all those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war. 7. Marms commanded a separate army in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. 9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine generals. As tribune .of the people, he most bitterly opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. II. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. 12. After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, levied three legions, and having gained* a brilliant victory* was received by Sulla with the greatest dis- tinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure which had always displeased the Roman people, and which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society • ciitn . . . tuin. ^ in. ' meinor^ with gen. ^ Abl. abs. Passive. Cases with Adjectives, 23 was formed, which was bound by oath to obey * his commands. The ferment increased, and threatened the safety^ of the State; but at last Drusus was assas- sinated in his own house.^ 1 Ace. and infin. * domi suae, * Lit. danger or destruction^ with dat. Lesson \\y^ Cases. — 8. As Modifying Adjectives. 1. Review §§218. «,^, ^, ^ (Genitive with Adjec- tives) ; 234. a (Dative of Fitness, &c.) ; 243. d^ 244. a, 245. a, 248. c, 253, 254. b, N. B. These rules include many participles, which are used like adjectives. 2. Adjectives in English almost always require phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative case without a preposition. Note. — Some particular adjectives — rather than classes — take a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter, in the Lesson on Prepositions (see § 234. b^ c), a. Relative Adjectives — that is, adjectives whose quality natu- rally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the object of a transitive verb — regularly take the Genitive. This relation is often expressed in English by the preposition of: as, 1. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, mentor aliorum oblUiis siii, 2. Disdaining letters, fasfidiosus literarum, 3. Possessed of reason and judgment, cotnpos rationis et JmJicH, 4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae. See also examples under § 218. a, ^, c. 24 Latin Composition » b. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be expressed in English by the preposition to or for, it is commonly expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given in § 234. d, c, d, e. (See constructions given in the Dictionary under each word.) 1. A battle very like a flight, pugna simillima fugae* 2. A man hateful to many, homo odiosus multis, 3. Times hostile to virtue, tetnpora infesta virtuti, 4. Adjoining the Belgians, finitinii Selgis, 5. A la-w advantageous to the state, lex utilis rei pub- licae. c. When the modifying phrase denotes that in respect to which the meaning of the adjective is taken — where the English uses IN, IN REGARD TO, or the like; sometimes of — the Ablative is generally used in Latin : as, 1. Lame of one foot, claudus altero pede, 2. A man distinguished in war, vir bello egregius, 3. "Worthy of praise, digitus laude. Note. — In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each other in meaning ; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often expressed by the Accusative with ad. Exercise 10. I. Oil rubbed-upon ^ the body makes it more capa- ble of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa instituted a college of priests, four in number. 3. The fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius is almost as barren of military exploits as that of Numa. 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason and speech, but ungovernable 2 in fury, and impatient of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of ^ clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron. * inunctus^ with the dative. ^ i?Hpotens^ yt'iih. genitive. ^ quidam. Cases: Indirect. 25 7. Mucius, ignorant of the person ^ of Porsena, killed his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veil was closely alhed with Fidenae. 9. The Pentri in- habited the Apennines. But, not content with their mountain homes,^ they overran the rich lands of Cam- pania. 10. The season of the year was favorable to Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause. II. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred character, 3 fought in the ranks'* of Clusium. 12. At the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had no fleet worthy of the name.^ 13. Porsena, alarmed for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans. 14. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame of other men. 15. The Romans were like the Spar- tans in ^ [their] passion for "^ military glory and empire. 16. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the high* est praise.^ * fades. * sedes. ' officium. * acies Clusina (sing.). * id nomen. « Ablative. ' Genitive. ^ Plural. Lesson 12. Cases. — 3. Indirect Relations. Review §§ 224 to 230; 231, 233, 235 (Dative of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of Refer- ence) ; also § 222 {refert and hiteresi), a. The most common use of to or for in English is repre- sented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object : as, I. The province fell by lot to Cicero, provincia Ciceroni obtigit. 26 Latin Composition, 2. I consult for the safety of the state, civitatis saluti consulo, 3. Medicine is sometimes bad for the health, medicina valetudini nonnutnqtiam nocet. Note. — i. These should be distinguished from the cases where the direct effect of an action is spoken of: as. The dust hurts my eye, pulvis oculum meum laedit, 2. The dative of indirect object must also be carefully distin- guished from the cases — apparently the same in English — where TO or FOR expresses the limit of motion. In Latin all relations of place, where, whence, or whither, are regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see hereafter, Lesson 17). h. This construction (dative of indirect object) is used in many cases to express with, over, upon, in, before, against, where in the Latin expression a verb compounded with a preposition is used (see list in § 228: ad, ante, con, &c.) : 1. A rock hung over his head, saxuni capiti itnpendebat, 2. I agree with Zeno, Zenoni adsentior, 3. I set myself against all his plans, omnibus ejus consi- liis ohstiti. N. B. — Particular attention must be given to the meaning and construction of each of these compounds in the vocabulary, as many of them are transitive and take the accusative (See p. 44) : as, He besieged the city of Alesia, urhent Alesiam obsidebat, c. The English verb to have is often, by a Latin idiom, ex- pressed by the Dative with esse (compare Rem. under § 231): as, 1. I have a father at home, est mihi pater domi, 2. The boy's name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marcus (or Marco). d. The phrases // belongs to, it is the part of, and the like, are most commonly expressed in Latin by the Genitive with esse : as, It is the part of wisdom (of a vsrise man), or, it ia wise, est sapientis (compare dy with Remark). e. To or for is also expressed by the Dative when the object is still more remotely connected with the action, so that the sen- tence is complete without it (dative of reference) : as, Cases: Indirect* Tff The good husbandman plants trees for his posterity, poste- ris 8ui8 serit' arbor es bonus agricOla (compare the examples in § 235. and a). f. When FOR or of expresses the purpose or end of an action, the Latin idiom has the dative, often with the dative of indirect object also : as, 1. Caesar sent three cohorts for a guard, Cciesar tres co~ hortes praesidio misit. 2. It vras of great service to our men, magno usui nostris fuit. Note. — In English the same relation is often expressed by simple apposition or by the conjunction as. In Latin this con- struction is limited to a few words, which must be learned by practice (see examples and Note i under § 233). g. For the cases in which to or for is expressed by the geni- tive with refert and interest, see § 222. attend ^ an army marching through a hostile country- But they were supported by the spirit and confidence of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have given place to cultivated fields, the morass is dried up, the land has become solid, and is covered with habitations. A countless multitude, living in ^^ peace and abundance upon the fruits of their labors, has succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always contending with war and famine. What has pro- duced these wonders? What has renovated the sur- face of the earth? The name of this beneficei^^ genius " is Security. ^ divinus. * cultus moderatus (abl.). • minime sumptuosus. * Adverbs. ' intemperantia gulae. • turpis. ' habitus corporis. • plena. * esse *® in, ablative. ^^ dea. 32 Latin Cornfosttton. Lesson 14. Cases. — 5. Separation and Comparison. Learn §§ 243, with «, b, c, d (ablative of Separa- tion) ; 229 (dative with Compounds) ; 247, with a, 250 (ablative of Comparison and of the Degree of Difference). a. The relations denoted in English by from or of — in such phrases as to deprive of, to be free from, in want of and the like — are in Latin expressed by the ablative : as, 1. He is free from terror, caret forrnidine. 2. To retire from office, ahire maf/istratu, 3. A city stripped of defence, iirbs nuda praesidio, 4. A man without a country, homo qui caret 2}atria. 5. You -will relieve me of great fear, magno me metu liberabis, N. B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see Lesson 17). h. When a thing is said to be taken away from a person^ the dative is almost always used instead of the ablative : as, 1. He took a ring from the woman, mulieri anulum detraxit, 2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstu- listi. c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen in the following : — 1. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, nihil homini vita est carius. 2. Quicker than one w^ould think, opinione celerius, 3. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior (juam sapi- entior, 4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the physician, quo periculosior morbus eo laudatior tnedicus, 5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus nocebit aliis, 6. Not more than two hundred horsemen escaped, haud amplius ducenti equites effugerunt. Cases: Separation and Comfartson, 33 Exercise 13. I. The orator Hortensius was eight years older than Cicero. 2. Licinius liberated the plebeians^ from an oppressive bondage. 3. Rome was now de- prived of almost all her allies. 4. The constitution^ of Lucius Cornelius took from the knights the judicial- power^ which they had exercised since the times of the Gracchi. 5. Men are much less in bulk than very many animals. 6. Grief and indignation de- prived Marius of utterance.* 7. Antisthenes, the Cynic, was once very sick,^ and cried out, " Who will deliver me from these torments?"^ Then said Dio- genes, who by chance was by, "This knife, if you will." " I do not say from my life," he "* replied, " but from my disease." 8. The archbishop tore the diadem from the head of the statue, and the image, thus despoiled of its honors, was thrown upon the ground. 9. The aged Nestor boasts his virtues, nor seems to be too loquacious ; for his speech, says Homer, flowed from his tongue sweeter than honey. 10. Hesiod was robbed of a fair share of his heritage by the un- righteous decision of judges who had been bribed by his brother Perses. The latter was afterwards de- prived of his property, and asked relief of^ his brother. 11. Alcaeus, for instance, cheered by his songs the nobles who had been driven into-exile.^ 12. After the expulsion of the kings, ^^ a new office was created at Rome, called the dictatorship, greater than the consulship. This dignity, however, was dis- continued after the second Punic war. The stronger * piebs (sing.). * instituta (plur.). ' judicium. ^ vox. ' grainier aegrotare. * malum. ' iile. * a, ® e patria (abl.). *" post reges exactos. 3 34 Latin Composition. the Republic became, the less it needed this extraor- dinary power. But in ^ the civil war it was revived by order of the people, and conferred upon Sulla, who afterwards resigned it and became a private citizen. 1 Ablative. Lesson 15. Cases. — 6. Special Uses of the Genitive. Learn §§ 216, with c, d, e (Partitive genitive); and 217 (Objective genitive with nouns). a. When in English one noun is closely connected with another by a preposition, the genitive is commonly used in Latin, no matter what the preposition is in English (objective Genitive : see exam- ples under § 217) : as, 1. Prayer to the gods, precatio deorum, 2. Escape from danger, fuffa perlculL 3. Power over every tiling, potestas omnium rerum, 4. Pain in the head, dolor capitis, 5. Confidence in one's strength, fidacia virium, 6. Departure from life, eoccessus vitae, 7. Subject for jests, materia Jocorum. 8. Struggle for office, contentio honorum, 9. Relief from duty, vacatio muneris, ID. Difference in politics, rei puhlicae dissensio, 11. Reputation for valor, opinio vii'f/iitis, 12. Union with Caesar, conjunctio Caesaris, 13. Victory in war, victoria belli. 14. Devotion to us, sfudium nostri, 15. Grief for his son, luctus filii. 16. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incotn- modorum. Note. — Nouns which denote feelins; often take the accusative with in, erga, adversus, ad, instead of an objective genitive. Prepositions are also used when the relation is very remote. (See examples under § 217. r.). Cases: The Genitive, 35. 6. Wherever the relation expressed by a noun with a preposi- tion (especially of) can be viewed as a quality of the modified noun, the Latin prefers to use an adjective : just as in English we say, the Boston massacre; the Jackson administration; the Socratic philosophy; the touch of the royal hand, &c. (compare examples in Lesson 5). Thus — 1. The shout of the enemy, clamor hostilis, 2. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria, 3. Coufideuce in you, fiducia tua (more commonly ttli), 4. The Cyrus of Xenophon, Cyrus Xenophonteus, c. Where a word denoting a whole is used with another denoting a part (English OF, in, among), it is regularly put in the genitive. (But notice carefully the Remarks on page 116 of the Grammar.) The peculiarities of the construction are seen in the following idiomatic phrases : — 1. Enough money, satis pecuniae, 2. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quatn prU" dentiae, 3. One of a thousand, unus de niultis, 4. Alone of all, solus ex omuihus (or omnium), 5. At that age, id aetatis, 6. Nowhere in the w^orld, nusquam gentium, 7. Of the two consuls one w^as killed and the other w^ounded, duo consules alter est interfectus alter vulneratus, Exercise 14. I. On his way^ to prison Phocion suffered some^ gross ^ insults from the populace with-meekness ^ and dignity.^ 2. Two wives of the German king, Ariovis- tus, perished; of their daughters, one was slain, another captured. 3. We have not yet discussed^ the principal wages of virtue and the greatest of the prizes that are held out to it. 4. From his boyhood '• the Roman soldier was schooled to^ habituaP indiffer- * cum duceretur, * quidam. • gravis. * submisse, * cum (with abl). * disserere de. ' a puero. * Ablative. * perpetuus. 36 Latin Composition, ence to [his own] life. 5. During^ the holidays in summer 2 the young men exercise themselves with ^ sports. 6. To what a degree of brutality will excess of misery debase human nature ! 7* Cneius Lentu- lus, a military tribune, said to the wounded consul, " Lucius ^milius, whom the gods ought to favor as the only [person] free-from * the blame of this day's disaster, take this horse while you have any remains of strength.^ Do-not^ add to the horror of this day' by the death of a consul. Even without that, there is abundant [cause for] tears and mourning." 8. I will recount the delights and pleasures in this age of eighty-three, which I now take, and on account of which men generally account me happy. 9. Many inventions greatly facilitate success in the chase. The most singular of these is a poison in which they dip their arrows. The slightest wound with these en- venomed shafts is mortal. 10. Hannibal,after his defeat at Zama, served his country in peace. 11. Many men expose themselves to death for the sake of power ; but this king resigned his crown because his love for his dominion, his affection for his subjects, and his re- gard for their interests were greater than his desire for power. 12. The conspirators divided into three parties. One w^as posted near the governor's house, a second secured the approaches to the market-place, a third hastened to the quarter of the tombs, and awaited the signal for the fight. 13. Not only was Brutus's life saved at the battle of Pharsalus, but, restored to the state after the death of Pompey, along with many of his friends, he had also great influence with ^ Caesar. ' Ablative. ' Adjective. ^ in. * insons. * dum aliquid sicperest virmm. ® ne (perf. subj.). "* Lit. "make this day one-of-horror " {funesius). ^ apud. Use of Two Cases. 37 Lesson 16. Cases. — 7. Use of Two Cases* 1. Review §§ 225, with sub-sections (Accusative and Dative) ; 239, with a, d, Cy d (two Accusatives). Learn §§ 219, 220, 221, 222 (Verbs of Reminding, Accusing, &c., with the Impersonals miser et^ etc.). 2. A verb in English, besides its object, has often another modifying noun with a preposition. Such nouns are in Latin usually put in the case correspond- ing to the English preposition, though sometimes a preposition is expressed. a. The Accusative and Dative (compare Lesson 10, b\ in such phrases as — 1. He laid the burden on my shoulders, humeris tneis onus iniposuit. 2. I do not envy Crassus for his wealth (I do not grudge weedth to Crassus), Crasso divitias tion invideo. 3. Csesar required ten hostages of the Helvetians, Caesar Helvetiis decent obsides irnperavit (225. c). Note. — In these cases notice the Latin idiom, as it often differs from the English ; and observe carefully the construction of each verb as given in the Vocabulary. h. Accusative and Genitive, in such phrases as — 1. You remind me of my duty, me mones officii. 2. He accuses me of theft, arguit me furti. 3. I repent of my folly, m^eae me stultitiae paenitet. 4. I am weary of life, m,e vitae taedet (weary with toil, fessus labor e). c. Two Accusatives : I. One in Apposition (see Lesson 2) ; 2. With verbs of Asking and Teaching : PansBtius taught Scipio the Greek philosophy, Panaetius Scipionetn Graecam, docuit philosophiatn. 38 Latin Composition, Exercise 16. li The men-of-Minturnae ^ repented of their un- grateful conduct towards ^ a man who had been the safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end to his own life.^ 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a house was his destruction. For although the property of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price.* 4. Marius upbraided the nobles ^ [witli] their effeminacy and idleness, and proudly compared his own words and exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His election was a great victory for the common-people, and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Poly bins taught the noble- men of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O Jupiter ! give us those things that are-good-for ^ us ! 8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now of much account to me. 9. An exile and a menial muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and suitable honors among^ the partisans of Brutus. 11. The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is"^ most irksome ^ to the poor.^ 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cor- nelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were con- victed of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to ^ Minturnensis. ' erga. ' mortem sibi consciscere. * minimo. * Dative. • convenire. ' piget. ^ Accusative. Cases: Time and Place. ^39 become a candidate, had been impeached^ for oppres- sion in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Caius Mucins was seized by thf guards and brought before the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures. But he said, " See now how little your torments terrify ^ me.*' Then he plunged his right hand into the fire of an altar that burned near by, and held it in the flames, by which it was wliolly consumed. From this act the name SccBvola was given him, which signifies He that uses the left hand, 15. The second secession extorted from the patricians again a second^ great charter ^ of liberty. The people had become tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied ^ with their measures ; for which reason they retired from [their] office, and the people elected ten tribunes. The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and some were condemned to death, others committed suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian and Horatian laws were passed. The plebeians were still, however, debarred from marriage with the patri- cians. ^ reus fieri. * Subjunctive. * alter. * pignus. * paenitet. Lesson 17. Cases. — 8. Time and Place. Learn §§ 256, with a; 257, 258 (reading Notes), with a, b, c, d,/\ g, and Remarks. Learn also §§ 259. a to ^, and 260. a, a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction of time when, where in English time is not the main idea : as, 1. In the fight at Cannae, jnigna Cannensi (or apud Cannas). 2. At the Roman games, luills Itomanis, - ■'n all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis bellis. 40 Latin Composition, h» In many expressions of time tlie accusative with ad, in, or sub, is used. Such are the following : — 1. A thanksgiving -was voted for the 1st of January, suppli' catio decreta est in Kaletidas Januaj'ias, 2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad diem, ^' ™ evening, ^ I ad vesperutn, Tovrards (about) evening, ^ 4. About the same time, sub idem tempus, c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral : as, 1. "Within (just) four days, quifito die. 2. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam, sextum annum. But also — 3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex annos, d. Distance of time before or after any thing is variously ex- pressed : as, 1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos, post tertiuTU annum, tres jjost annos, tertium post afinuni, tribiis post annis, tertio post anno. 2. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis {tertio anno) post exsiliuni {post quam ejectus est), 3. Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis, 4. A fe-w years hence, paucis annis, 5. Three years ago, abhinc annos tres {tribus annis) ; ante hos tres annos, 6. It is three years since, triennium est cum {tres anni sunt cum), e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at sunrise (prima, secunda hora) ; the time of night by watches, (vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise. /. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, § 376. g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year after the birth of Christ {^post Christum natum). Cases: Time and Place, 41 h. With names of places (except Towns, &c., see § 258). to is expressed by in or ad with the accusative ; in by in or ab, with the ablative ; from by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But at, meaning near (not /«), is expressed with all names of place by ad or apud, with the accusative. Remark. — Notice that, when several names of place follow a verb of motion, each must be under its own construction. Thus — "Within four days after this was done the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterrae quadridiio quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chryso' gonum in castra L, Sullae Volaterras defertur. Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be con- sidered in relations of place : as, 1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Hispaniam, 2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit R'ornam, 3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in curiam* 4. He brought his army together in one place, coegit exer^ citum in unufu locum, Sxercise 10. I. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head ^ of her friends. They carried the body into the market- place [of ]Collatia.2 There ^ the people took up arms and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of* young men attended the funeral-procession ^ to Rome. Bru- tus summoned the people ^ [and] related ^ the deed-of- shame.^ All classes were influenced with the same indignation.^ By order of the people Tarquin was deposed, ^^ and, along with his family, was banished from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at Ardea.^^ Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to ^ Lit. " added himself as leader." * Accusative. ' Relative. * piures. * exsequiae funeris. " convocato populo. ' narrare de. ^ facinus flagitiosum. * dolor et tndignatio. *" regnum abrogari (with dat.). " Accusative. 42 Latin Composition. Rome, but found the gates closed against him. Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army renounced [their] allegiance ^ to the tyrant. Tar- quin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge at Caere, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he was shortly after murdered by the friends of those whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated on the 24th of February, called the Regifugiuni. 2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The ^ great traitor fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in chains, 3 along with his children, to the Roman head- quarters ; and the war, which had lasted for seven years, was at an end. The glory of this victory was given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in ^ royal robes and in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the tri- umphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered ^ Rome two years afterwards, on January ist, b. c. 104. By order of Marius, the son ^ of the desert perished a few days afterwards in the subterranean city prison. ^ obedientiam abicio. ^ ille. ^ vinctus catenis. * regie vesiiius. * Participle. * alumnus* Lesson i8. Cases. — 9. Prepositions. 1. Learn §§ 152, with «, 3, c, comparing 260 (Use of Prepositions) ; also §§ 237. d, 239. b (compounds of circum and trans), 2. In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is the same as in English. They are always followed Cases : Prepositions. 43 either by the Accusative or Ablative : those implying motion towards an object for the most part taking the accusative, and those implying rest in, or motion from an object, the ablative. Note. — There are very many idiomatic uses of prepositions, for which see the Examples in § 153, and consult the Lexicon, a. Position is frequently expressed in Latin with ab (rarely ex), properly meaning/r<7/« .* as, 1. In the rear, a tergo. 2. On the side of Pompey, a parte Pompeiana. 3. On the left hand, a sinistra (compare hinc, on this side), 4. On the other side, ex altera parte, 5. In a great degree, magna eoc parte, h. In the choice of prepositions the Latin point of view must be carefully observed, as in many cases it differs from our own (see § 260. a). Thus — 1. To put clothes into a chest, ponere vestes in area, 2. To choose in one's place, in alicujus locum deligere, 3. To fight on horseback, ex equo pugnare, 4. It w£is reported in camp, in castra nuntiatum est, 5. To go on board ship, conscendere in navem (more com- monly without the preposition). 6. To send a man a letter, mittere {dare) literas ad aliquem. But — 7. To give one a letter (to carry), dare literas alicui, c. In many cases where a preposition is used in English, Latin has the preposition compounded with a verb or implied in it. In such cases the construction of the Latin verb must be observed (see Dictionary) : as, 1. To go over a river, /lumen transire, 2. To take one's forces across a river, capias /lumen transdncere. 3. To go beyond the boimdaries, egredi fines (or out of the city, eoc tirbe), 4. To fly from the enemy, fugere hostes. 5. To get into one's favor, inire alicujus gratiam. 44 Latin Composition, Note. — When a verb with a Preposition in Enghsh is repre- sented in Latin by one of the compounds given in 228 (ad, ante, con, &c.), it is commonly followed by the dative. If, however, the compound represents a verb qualified by an Adverb, it retains its original construction : as, insidet equo, he sits upon a horse j but, convocat suos, he calls his men together. Exercise 17. 1. Without intelligence and goodness bodily gifts are ^ of little^ worth. ^ 2. Besides life and sense (which he has in common with 3 the brutes), there is in man ^ something more exalted, more pure, and that more nearly approaches^ to divinity. 3. It was an arduous [undertaking] to conduct such ^ a body of men through hostile nations, across swamps and rivers which had never been passed by any one except roving barbarians. But they penetrated a good way into the mountains. Then, however, a chief appeared, with a numerous body, in a narrow-pass. But men who had surmounted so many obstacles despised the opposition of such feeble en'emies.^^ 4. As I was hurrying through the town a group of boys ran before me, crying out, Agamemnon ! Aga?ncm' non! I went on behind them, and they led me to the tomb of the king of kings, a gigantic structure," for the most part in-good-preservation, ^ of a conical form, and covered with turf. The stone over the door is twenty-seven feet long ^ and seventeen wide ; larger than any hewn ^^ stone in the world, except Pompey's pillar. The royal sepulchre was forsaken and empty ; the shepherd shelters his flock within it ; the traveller sits under its shade, and at-that-moment ^^ a goat was ' valere. ' Superlative. * commune esse [alicui] cum. * Plural. ^ prope abesse. ^ tantum agwen. ' moles. ** incolumis. * in longitudinem. '" quadratus. ^^ turn maxime. ^2 tarn exiguam vim hostium. Verds: Narrative Tenses, 45 dozing^ quietly in [one] corner. I turned-away ^ [and] left him ^ in quiet possession. The boys were waiting outside the door, and crying, Mycencel My- cence! led me away from the place. 5. I have at length arrived at Cadiz. I came across the bay yesterday morning, and have estab- lished myself in very pleasant rooms which look out upon the public square of the city. The morning sun awakes me, and the sea-breeze comes in at my window. At night the square is lighted by lamps suspended from the trees, and thronged with a brilliant crowd of the young and gay. Cadiz is beautiful almost beyond-imagination.'* * dormito (imperfect). ^ Participle. ^ Relative. * supra quam quis anirno concipere possit. Lesson 19. Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses. 1. Learn §§ 264. a; 276, with a, d; 277, wnth a-ci 278, 279, with a-c; 280 (Present and Past Tenses of the Indicative) ; and 275 (Historical Infinitive). Review § 115. h (use of Perfect and Imperfect). 2. The narrative tenses in Latin are used nearly as in English. But — a. The Present is used much oftener than in English to express a past action more vividly. 6, The ordinary English past tense is represented in Latin sometimes by the Perfect (historical), and sometimes by the Im- perfect. (For the distinction see § 115.^). But the use of the Imperfect depends not so much on the actual duration of the action as upon the way in which the writer wishes to represent it. Thus — 46 Latin Composition, 1. Cicero lived sixty-three years, Cicero vixit LXIII annos, [Here the action, though of long duration, is stated as a simple fact.J 2. Bibulus -watched the heavens, while Ccesar held the elec- tion, mhulus de caelo servahat, cum Caesar comitia hahehat, or habuit, [Here the action, though brief, is represented as continuing,] 3. Homer flourished before the founding of Rome, Homerus fait ante Homam conditain. 4. Homer was more skilled than Hesiod, Somerus doctior erat Ilesiodo, c. In rapid narrative, the English past tense is often rendered by the simple (historical) Infinitive, with its subject in the nomina- tive. This construction also often corresponds with the English "began to." (For examples, see Grammar, p. 194.) d. Customary action is represented in general by the Present, and in past tense by the Imperfect; though soleo, and similar words, are often used (but much less commonly than in English) to give emphasis to the fact of custom. Thus — 1. He was always praising Milo, laudahat semper Milo- nem, 2. He w^ould often play w^ith his children, saepe cum pueris ludebat, 3. It was a habit of Quintus Mucins to tell, Q, Mucins narrare solebat, e. The beginning of an action is often expressed by the Present or Imperfect, especially with jam : as, 1. I begin to feel like danciaQ, jam. lubet saltare, 2. They stood up and began to applaud, stantes plaude- bant. f. The English compound perfect is often expressed in Latin (when the action still continues) by the present, with some word denoting duration of time. The same usage with the imperfect is more rare. 1. 'We have suffered many years, m^ultos annos patimur, 2. "We have long been involved in dangers, jam diu in periculis versamur, 3. The forces which they had long been getting ready, copiae quas diu comparabant. Verbs: Narrative Tenses, 47 Exercise 18. 1. The Tiber had overflowed its banks far and wide.i The cradle in which the babes were placed was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and over- turned on the root of a wild fig-tree. A she-wolf, which had come to drink ^ of^ the stream, came to them from time to time, and suckled them. When* they wanted other food, the woodpecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought it to them. At length this marvellous spectacle was seen ^ by Faustulus the king's shepherd, who took the children home to his wife Acca La- rentia. They were called Romulus and Remus, and grew up with the sons of their foster-parents ^ on the Palatine Hill. 2. Then Nasica rushed out of the Senate-house, followed ^ by many of the Senators. The people made ^ way for them, broke up ^ the benches, and armed ^them- selves with sticks, and rushed^ upon Tiberius and his friends. The tribune ^ fled to the temple of Jupiter ; but the door had been barred by the priests, and in his flight he fell over a prostrate body. As ^^ he was rising, he received the first blow from one of his colleagues, and was quickly despatched. 3. Pyrrhus was at first victorious ; for his own talents were superior to those of the captains who were opposed to him, and the Romans were not pre- pared for the onset of the elephants of the East, which were then for the first time seen in Italy — as it were moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But the victories of the Epirots were fiercely disputed, ' late. * potum (supine). ' ad {?icc.). * cum (with indie). * conspicere. • altores. ' comitatus. ^ Hist. Inf. ® ille, ^° cujn (with imperf. subj.). 48 Latin Comj>osition, dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely defeated. 4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and some- times condemned them to death. When they were worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out of doors. He treated the lower animals no better. His war-horse, which had borne him through his campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country.^ In his old age he sought gam with increasing eagerness, but never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no booty to his own use ; but he became a speculator, not only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points,^ he was a representative of the old Romans, who were a money-getting ^ and money-loving ^ people. * iM» * res, ^ quaestuosus. * avarus. Lesson 20. Terbs. — 8. The Passive Voice. I. Learn §§ iii (use of the Passive) ; also 135. d (gerundive of Deponents) ; and 129 (the second Peri- phrastic Conjugation). Review §§ 232, with a, c (dative of Agent); 246 (ablative of Agent). Verbs: The Passive Voice. 49 2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in English we prefer the Active. The principal cases are the following : — a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare § 146. ry and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3) : as, 1. They live on plunder, ea5 rapto vivitur, 2. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque pugnatufn est, b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not govern the accusative (see § 230) : as, 1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor), im2)eratori succeditur. 2. I am persuaded that this is true, inihi persuasuin est hoc esse verutn, 3. l^hese things are done more easily than they are resisted, facilius haec fiunt quam his resistitur, 4. This subject was much discussed, de hac re multum disputatutn est, 5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when em- ployed obeyed, aniicorum auctoritas adhiheatur et adhihitae pareatur, c. The most common way of expressing the English oughts mitsij and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive, which in this construction is always passive, no matter which voice is used in English (compare § 296. Note): as, 1. Nobody is to be blamed, nemo culpandus est, 2. We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda, 3. All must die, omnibus moriendum est, 4. We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted), senectuti vesistendum est, d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin generally prefers the passive construction (compare a, above) : as, 1. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percijnuntur, 2. We do ill whatever w^e do from confidence in fortune^ inale geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide, _ 4 50 Latin Composition, e. Many neuter verbs in English are rendered in Latin by reflexives or by the passive : as, 1. Hens roll in the dirt, gallinae in piilvere volutantur, 2. He rides on the Appian Way, in via Appia vehitur, 3. Codrus is bursting with envy, invidia ruinpitur Codrus. 4. He turns to his lieutenant, ad legatum se vertit (or, vertitur). 3. On the other hand, an active construction is often preferred in Latin, where the passive is used in English. This happens — a. In cases where the emphasis is on the Object of an action, or the action itself, rather than on the Agent ; because the empha- sis can be given in Latin (though not in English) by position. Thus — 1. Socrates ^wras put to death by his fellovr-citizens, Socra- tetn cives sui interfecerunt, 2. Egypt is watered by the Nile, and Mesopotamia made fertile by the Euphrates, Aegyjitu^n Nilus irrigat, Mesopotarniani fertilem ejftcit Euphrates. b. As most deponent verbs have no passive, the active con- struction must frequently be used for the English passive : as, 1. He is most admired who is not influenced by money, quein pecunia non movet euni homines maxime admirantur, 2. "We should not mourn a death which is succeeded by immortality, non lugenda est mors quam immorta- litas conseqtiatur, c. In a few cases, instead of the regular passive in Latin, a neuter verb of kindred meaning is employed : as, 1. To add, adder e ; to be added, accedere, 2. To destroy, perdere ; to be destroyed, perire* 3. To sell, vender e; to be sold, venire (veneo), 4. To flog, verberare ; to be flogged, vapiilare, 4. When the present passive in English denotes a completed action^ it is generally represented by the perfect in Latin ; but when it denotes an action in Verds: The Passive Voice, 51 progress, or a general /act, we must use the present. Thus — 1. The enemy are beaten, hostes victi sunt, 2. He is loved by his friends, diligitiir ah amicis, 3. Among the Parthians the signal is given by a drum, apud JParthos siynurn datur tytnpano. Remark. — Care must be taken in rendering the confused or disguised forms of the passive in English : as, 1. The house is building, domus aedificatur (but, he is building a house, domum aediflcat), 2. "While these things are being done, duni haec geruntur, 5. When a verb in the active voice is followed by two cases (with or without a preposition), the accusa- tive of the direct object becomes the subject of the passive, the other case being retained as in the active construction. Thus (compare examples on p. 37) — 1. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso divitiae non invidetitur, 2. Verres is charged with extortion, Verves repetundarum reus fit, 3. Cato is asked his opinion, Cato rogatur sententiam. Remark. — The use of a second accusative in this construc- tion is found chiefly with rogo, posco, and celo. Exercise 19. jC We must resist old age, my friends, — says Gicero in the book entitled ^ Cato Major, — and its failings must be made good by pains-taking. We must fight against old age as against disease. Re- gard, must be paid to health. Moderate exercise should be employed, a sufficiency of food and drink must be taken.^ Not only the body needs to be bolstered-up, but the mind and soul much more ; for these too die out through old age. ' See Lesson 8. 3. ' adhibere. 52 Latin Comj)Osition, 2. "Even now," said Caesar, "we may ^ return; if we cross the bridge, arms must decide the contest." At that moment of suspense ^ [there] appeared sud- denly the figure of a youth, remarkable for comeliness and stature, playing on a pipe, the emblem of peace and security. The shepherds who were about the spot began to mingle with the soldiers and straggle towards him, captivated by his simple airs; when with a violent movement he snatche,d a trumpet from one of the military band,^ rushed with it to the bank of the river, and blowing a furious blast of martial music, leaped into the water, and disappeared on the opposite side. "Let us advance,"* exclaimed Cagsar, " where ^ the gods direct, and our enemies invite us. Be the die cast!" 3. A conspiracy ^ against the life of Csesar had-been- formed*" in-the-beginning-of-the-year.^ Many of the conspirators had fought in the war against Caesar ; and had not only been pardoned^ by him, but raised to offices of rank and honor. Among others was Marcus Junius Brutus, whom Caesar had pardoned after the battle of Pharsalia, and had since treated almost as a son. He was now persuaded by Cassius to-join^ the conspiracy, and imitate his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, the liberator ^^ of Rome from the tyranny of the Tarquins. They now resolved ^^ to assassinate^ the Dictator in the Senate-house on the Ides of March. Rumors of the plot got abroad, and Caesar was strongly urged not to attend the session of ' posse, impersonal. ^ in ea sollicitudine. ^ uni ex cornicinibiis. * Present Subjunctive. ^ gua. * Change the voice. ' Impersonal. ^ hieunte anno. ^ ut, with imper. subj. ^^ Lit. "who," &c. " Impers. passive. Verbs: Infinitive Constructions, 53 the Senate. But he disregarded the warnings which had been given him. 4. The ten ambassadors, of whom Cato was chief, offered their arbitration, which was accepted by Masi- nissa, but rejected by the Carthaginians, who had no confidence in Roman justice. This refusal Cato never forgave them. In traversing their country, he had remarked the increasing wealth and population. After his return to Rome, he let fall from the fold of his robe some early-ripe Libyan figs; and as ^ their ^ beauty was admired, ^ "Those figs," quoth he, " were gathered three days ago at Carthage. So close is our enemy to our walls." From that time forth, whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, though^ the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, he added these words, " Carthage must be destroyed.** * Active (^w;//, with imperf. subj.). ' Relative. * quamquam^ with imperf. Lesson 2 1 . Verbs. — 3. Infinitive Constructions. 1. Learn §§ 270, 271 (uses of the Infinitive); also 288, with «, b (use of the Present and Perfect infini- tive). Learn also §§ 272, 330, 336 (Accusative and Infinitive). 2. The English infinitive is rendered by the Latin infinitive in many constructions : — a. When it is equivalent to an abstract noun : as, To err is human, hunianurn est errare. Note. — An abstract noun is also sometimes equivalent to an infinitive, and is to be rendered in the same way in Latin : as, 1. "What is creation? Quid est creare? 2. "Writing with a stile is easy, est facile stilo scriOere, 54 Latin Composition, b. When a second action of the same subject is indicated : as, X begin to grow old, senescere incipio. Note. — This principle includes many classes of words where the connection is very close between the infinitive and the verb on which it depends ; and also many where it is more remote, so that a subjunctive clause might also be used. 3. The English that with a verb, when it denotes a statement or thought, is always to be rendered by an Infinitive with an Accusative for its subject. This construction (called the Indirect Discourse) is a very common one in Latin, and is used after all words of knowing, ^perceiving, timiking, and telling. In English we often use the infinitive in such sentences as the preceding : as, " I think it to be right; " " He is said to be rich ; " and so on. a. The English simple infinitive, with expressions of hoping^ promising^ threatening, and the like, is rendered by the same construction, of the infinitive with subject-accusative : as, I hope to come, spero me venturum [esse]. b. The English infinitive may be used after any verb of com- manding or forbidding. In Latin it is regularly used only after jubeo and veto (see hereafter, Lesson 28). c. In using the Indirect Discourse in Latin, observe what tense? would be used in the direct discourse, and make the tense of the infinitive correspond to that. Thus — 1. He says that his father is here, dicit pair em adesse, 2. He said that his father was here, dixit pair em adesse. 3. He w^ill say that his father is here, dicet patrem adesse. In all these three cases the same tense is used in Latin, because the same tense would be used in the direct : viz. " My father is here." 4. He says his father w^as here, dicit patrem, adfuisse, 5. He said his father had been (or was formerly) here, dixit patrem adfuisse. 6. He will say that his father was here, dicet patrem, adfuisse. Verbs: Infinitive Construetions, 55 These three cases take the perfect infinitive, because the words fn direct discourse would be, " My father was here." 7. He says that his father will be here, dicit patrem, ad" futururn [esse], 8. He said that his father would be here, dixit patrem, adfuturuni. 9. He will say that his father will be here, dicet patrem adfuturum,. In these cases, the words in direct discourse would be, ** My father will be here." (In this tense, the esse is usually omitted.) In like manner, with verbs of promising, expecting, and the hke — 10. He hopes to come (direct, "I shall come"), sperat se venturum, 11. He hopes that you are well, sperat te valere. 12. He hopes that you were there, sperat te adfuisse, 13. He threatened to destroy the city, minatus est 86 urbem deleturutn, d. When the verb of knowing, &c., is in the Passive, the impersonal construction is more common in English ; but in Latin the personal is regular with the simple tenses, the impersonal with the compound (see § 330. a): as, 1. It seems to me that you are wrong, videris m^ihi errare, 2. It was reported that Caesar's house had been attacked, opjnignata dorniis Caesaris nuntiabatur, 3. There is a tradition that Homer w^as blind, traditum, est Homerum, caecum fuisse. 4. The subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the Accusative. But if the subject of the infinitive is not expressed, then any predicate word will agree with the subject of the main clause if there be a personal subject (see sec. 272, with Remarks) : as, 1. It is advantageous to be honest, utile est prohum esse, 2. I am anxious to be merciful, cupio me esse clementem (or cupio esse cletnens), N. B. Never translate the infinitive of Purpose by the infinitive in Latin (see hereafter, Lesson 25). 56 Latin Co7nfosition, The English Infinitive and the clause with that are also often to be rendered by other constructions than the above (for which see hereafter, Lesson 28). Exercise 20. 1. "You," said Scipio ^milianus, " to whom Italy is not mother, but step-mother, ought to keep silence. Surely you do not think that I shall fear those let^ loose whom I sent in chains to the slave-market." 2. The king of Syria, Antiochus, had nearly con- quered Egypt. Popilius Laena ordered him, in the name of the Senate, to abandon the country. Antio- chus wished to deliberate ; but Popilius, having traced ^ a circle ^ about the king with a staff which he held in his hand, "Before 2 leaving this circle," said he, " answer the Senate." Antiochus promised to obey, and went out of Egypt. Popilius then divided the kingdom between the two brothers Philometor and Physcon. 3. I purpose^ to write the history of a memorable revolution which has agitated men deeply, and which divides them even to-day. I do not conceal from my- self the-difficulties-of-the-undertaking ; ^ for passions which it was thought were stifled under [the influence of] a military despotism have just been reawakened. Suddenly men overwhelmed with years and toil have felt revive ^ in them resentments which seemed to be appeased, and have communicated them to us their children and heirs. But if we have-to-maintain^ the same cause, we-have-not "^ to defend their conduct; ' Participle passive, ablative absolute (see next Lesson). 2 ante quam, with pres. indie. ^ in animo habere. * Lit. " how difficult are (subj.) those things which I undertake." * Infinitive. ® Part in dus^ agreeing with causa, ^ nihil opus est. ^ Lit. " those will alarm me." Verds: Particifial Constructions, 57 and we can separate liberty itself from those who have well or ill served it, while ^ we still have the; advantage of-having-heard ^ and watched these old men, who, filled as-they-are ^ with their memories still excited by their impressions, teach us to under- stand them. 4. The king entered the ship in a violent storm, which the mariners beholding-with-astonishment,* at length with great humility gave him warning of the danger. But he commanded them instantly to put off, and not be afraid, for he had never in his life heard that any king was drowned. * cutHy with subj. * quod^ with indie. ^ quidem. * adtnirari. Lesson 22. Terbs. — 4. Participial Constructions. 1. Learn §§ 289 to 292, with Remark on the uses of Participles. Also, §§ 293 and iz; with 129 (Peri- phrastic Conjugations) ; 294, with a, b, c; and 255, with «, b (Ablative Absolute). 2. The English participle is often expressed not by a participle in Latin, but by a relative clause, or one with cum or dum (see § 290. c) : as, 1. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hietne, 2. Caesar, seeing this, gave the signal for battle, Caesar cum hoc vidisset signum dedit proelii, 3. While humoring the young, I have forgotten that I am old, dum obsequor adulescentihus, me senem esse ohlitus sum., 3. On the other hand, almost any simple modifying clause can be rendered in Latin in a participial form. This principle includes, among others, relative clauses, 58 Latin Composition • and those introduced by when, if, because, although, together with many adverbial phrases. a. If there is any word in the main clause to which the participle can be attached as a modifier, it usually agrees with it. This corresponds to the English use of participles, except that it is much more common. 1. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, 2. The enemy slay Valerius while fighting bravely, Valerium hostes acerrime pugnanteni occidunt, h. If there is no word to which the participle can be attached, the participle is put in the ablative, with some word in agreement, which serves as a kind of Subject (Ablative Absolute : see exam- ples in "Method," p. 121). c. Even what in English seems a separate clause is in Latin often crowded into the main clause in a participial form : as, 1. Our men foUovired them close — encumbered as they Tvere — and cut them down, quos impeditos nostri consecuti occiderunt, 2. It is a w^retched thing to fret yourself w^hen it does no good, miserum est nihil proficientem angi, d. The perfect active participle, which is missing in Latin, is supplied either (i) by a change of voice with the Ablative Abso- lute ; or (2) by a clause with cum or dum. The difficulty is, however, often avoided by the use of Deponents, whose perfect participle usually has an active signification. Thus — 1. Having delayed a little, and set fire to all the villages, they pushed forward, paulisper morati, om.nihus vicis incensis, contenderunt, 2. Having observed this, he sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in diflBculty, id cum anim- advertisset, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostrds suhsidio misiU Exercise 21. I. Veil was not succored by the other Etruscan cities then threatened with an invasion of the Gauls. Besides, the Veians had given themselves a king Verbs: Particifial Constructions. 59 instead of the annual magistrate, and a king odious to the other cities. This lucumo, irritated at^ not havinor been named chief of the confederation, had stirred up the artisans, and violently interrupted the sacred games of Volsinii. On leaving for the siege of Veil, the Roman knights swore never to return, unless [they were] conquerors. This was also the vow of the Spartans on leaving for Ithome. On^ the approach of the Roman army, the Veians left their city, clothed in funeral apparel, and bearing lighted torches. The city was taken by a mine. The besiegers, [who were] concealed in it^ near the temple of Juno, overheard the reply of an oracle, which the Etruscans had consulted. " Victory," said the priest, " shall be with * him who shall sacrifice this heifer on the altar." Then the Roman soldiers burst into the temple, seized the axe from the priesfs hand, and struck down the heifer; and the town, thus betrayed by its own gods, fell into the hands of the Romans. 2* The deputation arrived at Epidaurus the pecu- liar seat of ^sculapius, and invited the god to make his abode at Rome. Nor did he refuse ; for one of the snakes sacred to ^sculapius crawled from his temple to the city of Epidaurus, and thence proceeded to the sea-shore, and climbed up into the ship of the Roman ambassadors [which was] drawn up on the beach. They now, instructed by the Epidaurians that the god willingly accompanied them, sailed away with the sacred snake to Italy. But when ^ the ship stopped^ at Antium — so goes the story — the snake left^ [it and] crawled to the temple of ^sculapius * Accusative wkh Infinitive. ' Ablative. ^ Relative. * Dative. ^ Lit. " the ship (ace.) stopping." • Participle. 6o Latin Co7nfosition . in that city ; where he coiled himself round a tall palm- tree, and remained for three days. The Romans meanwhile anxiously awaited his return to the ship. At last he went ^ back [and] did not move again till the ship entered the Tiber. Then, when she came^ to Rome, he again crawled forth, swam to the island in the middle of the Tiber, and there went on shore and remained quiet. A temple was built, therefore, to the god on the spot which he had himself chosen. * Participle. * Pluperf. subj. (impers.j. > Lesson 23. Verbs. — 6. Gerundive Constructions. 1. Learn § 114. «, with §§ 295-301 (uses of the Gerund and Gerundive). 2. The English participial noun, or verbal in -ing, is represented in Latin in several different ways. a. When it is subject or object, by the Infinitive (see Lesson 21), or quod with the Indicative ; rarely by a verbal noun : as, 1. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or te adesse) gratum est, 2. I prefer writing to speaking, nialo scribere quam loqui, b. In the other cases, most commonly by the Gerund or Gerundive ; less commonly by an Adverbial or Substantive Clause (see Lessons 25, 27) : as, 1. The labor of writing is irksome, labor scribendi moles- turn est, 2. A plan w^as formed for firing the city, consilium' in- flarnm^andae urbis initum est, 3. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. Note. — The Gerund and Gerundive are precisely equivalent in meaning. But the Gerundive, being in its origin a passive con- struction, can be used only of verbs which govern the accusative (except utor, &c.). When it can be used, it is generally to be preferred. Verds: Gerundive Constructions, 6i c. The phrase " without doing any thing," or the like, has no corresponding expression in Latin ; but must be analyzed and rendered by some other form of words, chiefly a participle or the ablative absolute : as, 1. "Without accomplishing his purpose, re infecta, 2. "Without being compelled, non coactus, 3. He went away without doing this, abiit neque hoc fecit, 4. You shall not go without doing this, non dbihis nisi hoc feceris, 5. I trod on a snake without knowing it, anguem calcavi insciens (or inscieuter), d. Purpose is often expressed in Latin by the accusative of the Gerund or Gerundive with ad, or by the Genitive followed by causa or gratia (see hereafter, Lesson 26, and examples, Gram- mar, § 318). Exercise 22. 1. When polished nations have obtained the glory of victory, or have enriched themselves by the addi- tion-of ^ territory, they may^ end the war with honor. But savages are not satisfied until they extirpate ^ the community which is the object of their rage. They fight not to * conquer, but to ^ destroy. If they engage in hostilities, it is with a resolution never to-see ^ the face of the enemy in peace, but to prosecute the war with immortal enmity. The desire of vengeance [is] the first and almost the only [principle which] a savage instils into the minds of [his] children. 2. Cato's opinion prevailed, and the Senate only waited for a favorable opportunity to-destroy ^ the city. The Romans had resolved on war;® and when the Carthaginian ambassadors arrived at Rome, to* offer to the Senate the submission of Carthage, the two consuls were already levying troops. The ambassa- * Gerundive. ' licet. ' Perfect. * ad, with gerund. ' Gen. of gerund. • tfello decertare statuerant. 62 Latin Comfosition . dors, knowing that resistance was hopeless, sought ^ to appease the anger of the Senate by unconditional obt^- dience. They were ordered to send three hundred of the noblest families to [meet] the consuls atLilybaeum, and were told that the consuls would inform them of the further orders of the Senate. 3. Sulla, [when] quaestor in the war against-Jugur- tha,2 by his zeal and energy soon gained the full approval of [his] commander. He was equally suc- cessful in gaining the affections of the soldiers. He always addressed them with the greatest kindness, seized every opportunity of conferring favors upon them, was ever ready to^ take-part-in all the jests of the camp, and [at the same time] never shrank from sharing in all their labors and dangers. It is a curious circumstance that Marius gave to his future enemy and the destroyer of his family and party the first opportunity of distinguishing himself. The ene- mies of Marius claimed for Sulla the glory of the betrayal-of * Jugurtha ; and Sulla himself took the credit of it by always wearing a signet ring represent- ing ^ the [scene of the] surrender. * Conor. * Adjective. ^ ad, with geruadive. * Perf. part. ^ Lit. " on which was represented." Lesson 24. Terbs. — 6. Subjunctive Constructions. 1. Learn §§ 265, with a^ b; 266-268 (uses of the Subjunctive) ; and 269, with a (Imperative Construc- tions). 2, The Subjunctive mood in Latin is used to repre- sent a great variety of constructions in English, most Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions. 63 of which are included in the dependent clauses, to be given in future Lessons. The others are the follow- ing : — a. The rare Subjunctive in English is for the most part rendered by the subjunctive in Latin (but compare special con- structions in future Lessons). Thus — 1. Let him that staudeth take heed lest he fall, caveat qui 8tat ne cadat. 2. I care not, so it serve the state, nil mea refert dum- modo rei publicae prosit. 3. What would Cicero say if he were alive? Quid diceret Cicero si viveret? h. The auxiliaries which form the English Potential — may, might, could, would, should — are very loose in their use and meaning, being sometimes pure auxiliaries, and sometimes retain- ing their proper force. In the former case they are generally rendered by the subjunctive in Latin ; in the latter, they require some verb of similar meaning. Thus — 1. ITou may say (it is possible you should say), dicas, 2. You may say (you are permitted to say), licet dicer e» 3. He would go if I should wish it, eat si velim. 4. He would go (now) if I wished it, iret si vellem, 5. You would have it so, sic voluisti, 6. I should like to go, ire velim, 7. I could wish he were here, velletn adesset, 8. A soldier should obey his commander, miles imperatori parere debet. 9. Whoever could go went, quicumque ire poterat ivit. 10. What could I do (what was I to do)? Quid faceretn? 11. I w^ish he w^ould come, utinam, veniat, 12. Would he were now^ here! O si nunc adesset f c. The English Imperative — except commands in the second person — is regularly rendered by the Latin subjunctive. Com- mands addressed to a definite person take the imperative in Latin ; prohibitions to a definite person, i. noli, with the infinitive ; 2. cave, with the present subjunctive ; 3. ne, with the perfect sub- junctive. Thus — 64 Latin Comj>osition, 1. Itet ua Qo, eamus, 2. "Well, be it so, fiat sane, 3. Let justice be done though the heavens fall, fiat justitia mat caelum, 4. Leap down, fellow-soldiers, desilite, commilitones, 5. Do not suppose, nolite putare, 6. Pardon nothing, do nothing by favor, be not moved by- compassion, nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, rnisericordia commotus ne sis, d. General precepts, both affirmative and negative, are regularly expressed by the second person of the present subjunctive, less commonly the perfect. e. There are many idiomatic constructions — more especially clauses of Result and clauses in Indirect Discourse — which in Latin require the subjunctive, though they have no modal form in English. (For these constructions, see hereafter, especially Lessons 26 and 28.) Exercise 23. 1. " Let him go then," they said, " where he pleases as an exile, and suffer in some other place whatever fate has reserved for him ; and let us pray that the gods visit us not with their anger, for rejecting Marius from our city in poverty and rags." Moved by such considerations, all in a body entered the room where Marius was, and getting round him, began to conduct him to the sea. 2. "Why," said Rasselas, " should you envy others so great an advantage? All skill ought to be exerted for universal good. Every man has owed much to others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has received." 3. Sweet language will multiply friends, and a fair- speaking tongue will increase kind greetings. Be in peace with many ; nevertheless have but one counsellor of a thousand. If thou wouldest ^ get a friend, prove ^ volo. Verbs: Suhjunctive C oft struct ions, 65 him first, and' be not ^ hasty ^ to credit him. For some^ man is a friend for * his own occasion,^ and^ will not^ abide in the day of thy trouble. 4. My lords,*' if you must fall may you so fall. But if you stand — and stand I trust you will — together with the fortunes of this ancient monarchy, — together with the ancient laws and liberties of tliis great and illustrious kingdom, — may you stand as unimpeached in honor as in power. May you stand the refuge of afflicted nations ! May you stand a sacred temple for the perpetual residence of an inviolable justice ! 5. Believe me, Athenians ! if, recovering from this lethargy, you would "^ assume the ancient spirit and freedom of your fathers, the world might ' once more behold you playing a part worthy of Athenians ! May the gods inspire you to determine upon such measures ! 6. Lay hold on this chance of safety. Conscript Fathers ! by the immortal gods I conjure you. Give one sign to the Roman people, that even as now they pledge their valor, so you pledge your wisdom to the crisis of the state. Do you not know this Antony? Do you not know his companions? To be slaves to such as he, to such as they, would it not be the fullest measure of misery, joined with the fullest measure of disgrace? If it be so — which heaven forfend ! — that^ the supreme hour of the republic has come, let us, the rulers of the world, rather fall with honor than serve with infamy ! Born to glory and to liberty, let us hold these bright distinctions fast, or let us greatly die I ^ neve. * Adverb. • quispiam. * temporis causa. * nee. • Patres Conscriptu ' Pres. subj. * w/, with subj. 5 66 Latin Co^n-position, Lesson 25. Relations of Time. I. Learn §§ 322-324; 325, with b; 326-328 (use of Temporal Particles) ; 283-286, with Remark (Se- quence of Tenses). Remark. — Whenever it becomes necessary to use the Subjunctive mood in a subordinate clause — as in this and the following Lessons — careful attention must be paid to the rule for the Sequence of Tenses. The learner must notice carefully which is the main clause, i. e., what is the main fact to be stated. This is often disguised in English by one or more modifying clauses ; especially Relative (who, which), Temporal (when), and Conditional (if). Upon the time of the main clause will depend the time of the whole. Sometimes, how^ever, an intervening dependent verb may throw the time back so as to require secondary tenses in those which follow, though the leading verb is primary. Thus — 1. Cicero is said to have gone into exile to prevent civil war, Cicero ex patria excestsisse dicitur ut helium civile ai^erteret. 2. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of ■words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantutn profecisse videmiir tit a Graecis ne verhorum quidem copia vinceremur, 2. The English particle when and similar expres- sions of time are rendered in Latin by two different constructions : — a, ubi, postquam, and similar parti- cles (see 324) with the Indicative, usually the perfect; d. cum, generally with the Indicative of the present or perfect, and with the Subjunctive of the imperfect or pluperfect (325 : see examples in Grammar). Relations of Time, 67 Remark. — The distinction between these two constructions is not at first obvious ; but will become clearer by considering the distinction of Absolute and Relative time (see Note on page 234 of the Grammar), and by careful observation of the practice of Latin writers. a. If WHEN is equivalent to whenever, the Indicative is always to be used : as, "When midsummer had begun, he used to make his quarters at Syracuse, cum aestas satnma esse Jam coeperat, Syracusis stativa faciehat. • b. The common English form of narrative, " Such and such things had happened (were happening), when," &c., is always to be rendered with the Indicative in Latin — usually with cum: as, 1. This he had said when news was brought, dlxerat hoc cum nuntiatum est. 2. I was just reading your letters, when one was brought me, legebam tuas epistolas, cum mihi epistola adfertur, c. If WHEN or while approaches in meaning to since (as it often docs in fact), it is expressed by cum with the subjunctive ; sometimes by other constructions (see Lesson 22) : as, But if you do not yet quite see — when the thing itself is plain by so many clear proofs and tokens, quod si nondatn satis cernitis — cum res ipsa tot tain Claris argumentis signisque luceat, exercise 34. I. Hamilcar had poured the libation on the victim, which was duly ofTered on the altar ; when on-a-sud- den he desired^ all the others to ^ step aside to a little distance, [and then] called his son Hannibal. Hanni- bal, a boy of nine years old, went up to his father, and Hamilcar asked him kindly whether 2 he would like 2 to go with him to the war. When the boy eagerly caught at the offer and with a child's earnest- ness implored his father to^ take him, Hamilcar took * Participle. * velletne, ' w/, with subj. 68 Latin Comfositiofi. him by the hand and led him up to the altar; and bade ,him, if he wished ^ to follow his father, to lay his hand on the altar, and swear that he would never be the friend of the Romans. Hannibal swore, and never to his latest hour forgot his vow. 2. When 2 Archias came to the door of the temple with his satellites, he found Demosthenes seated. He first addressed him in (hinguage of] friendly persuasion, and offered to intercede with Antipater in his behalf. Demosthenes, having listened for-a-time in silence to his bland professions, at length replied, " Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises." When the player found that he was detected, he threw away the mask and threatened in earnest. "Now,"^ said Demosthenes, "you speak from the Macedonian tripod : before you were only acting. Wait a little till I have written * a letter to my friends at home." And he took a roll as if to write ; and, as was his wont when he was engaged in com- position, put the end of the reed to his mouth, and bit it ; he then covered his head with his robe and bowed his head. 3. When he had remained some time in this atti- tude, the barbarians, thinking that he was lingering through fear, began to taunt him with cowardice ; and Archias, going up, urged ^ him to rise, and repeated his offers of mediation. Demosthenes now ^ felt the poison in his veins : he uncovered his face, and fixing his eyes on the dissembler said, "It is time for you, Archias, to finish the part of Creon, and cast my body to the dogs. I quit thy sanctuary, Poseidon, still * si vellet, ' ubi. ' nunc. * Future perfect. ' peter e ab eo ut, * jam. Purpose and Result, 69 breathing ; though ^ Antipater and the Macedonians have not spared even this from pollution." So say- ing, he moved with-faltering-step towards the door; but had scarcely passed the altar, when he fell with a groan, and breathed his last. * cum^ with subj. Lesson 26. Purpose and Result. I. Read carefully the Introductory Note on p. 227. Remark. — a. In general, Relative or other subordinate clauses are used in Latin nearly as in English. But in Latin the Subjunctive mood is used in many such clauses, where English uses the Indicative. It will be seen, therefore, that not every relative or other subordinate clause is to be translated by the Latin subjunctive ; nor, on the other hand, is every English indicative in such clauses to be rendered by the indicative. The learner must, accordingly, accustom himself to notice the true (logical) relation between the subordinate and the main clause ; and express the former according to the Latin idiom, which will appear in the subsequent Lessons. b. When a relative clause (including those introduced by relative adverbs and conjunctions) simply states a fact or circumstance which might be put as an independent statement, there is no occasion for the subjunctive in Latin. But in most cases, where there is a logical relation between the two clauses, so that the force of the relative clause would be lost by taking it out of its connection with the former, the subjunc- tive is required in Latin. N. B. Clauses expressing cause — introduced in English by because^ since^ inasmuch as — take the subjunctive only in special Idiomatic uses (see § 321). 70 Latin Composition, c. The most common uses of the subjunctive in clauses of the kind above referred to are to express purpose — in order thaty that J to, in order to, and the like ; or result — so that, thatf so as to. 2. Learn § 317 with 318 (clauses of Purpose) ; § 319 with a, b (clauses of Result) ; 320 and a, e^y (clauses of Characteristic). 3. In English, relations of purpose and result are often expressed by the Infinitive, which must never be used in this way in Latin, a. The most general way of expressing Purpose is by ut (negatively ne), unless the purpose is closely connected with some one word, in which case the relative is more common. Thus — 1. Arria gave her husband a sword in order that he might kill himself, Arria gladium dedit tnarito tit se interficeret. 2. Arria gave her husband a sword to kill himself with, Arria gladium dedit inarito quo se interficeret, b* The Gerundive constructions of Purpose are usually limited to short concise expressions, where the literal translation of the phrase, though not the English idiom, is nevertheless not harsh or strange. c. The Supine in this construction is used only with verbs of motion and a few idiomatic expressions (see § 302). The Future Participle of Purpose should be avoided. d, A kind of purpose is expressed idiomatically by the Gerun- dive used passively after particular verbs (see § 294. d), e» In the greater number of cases Result is expressed by ut Tnegatively ut non), the relative being less common (compare examples in § 319). /. The use of the Subjunctive in clauses of Characteristic (see § 320) can only be learned by practice and comparison of examples. But compare what is said above of Relative clauses in general. g. Expressions such as " He is too honest to deceive," " It is too distant to be seen," and the Hke, which are very common in Purpose and Result, *ji English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with quam ut following a Comparative: as, Caesar w£is too mercifiil to punish his adversaries, clemen- tior erat Caesar quam ut fnhnicos puniret, £xerci8e 25. 1. On the reedy margin of the hike stood here and there some monuments ; tombs, it was said,^ of ancient Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alex- ander steered himself, passed near one of them,^ a sudden gust of wind carried away his cap into the water, and lodged" the light diadem which circled it on one of the reeds which grew out of the tomb. One of the soldiers immediately swam out to recover it ; ^ and, to keep it dry, placed it on his own head. Alex- ander rewarded him with a talent ; but at the same time ordered him to be flogjjjed for the thoughtlessness with which he had assumed^ the ensign of royalty. The diviners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and advised the king to '^ inflict death on the offender,^ in order to avert the omen. 2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order that he might have a model for his devotions, a short prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of his friend in-the-following-words : ^ " O Jupiter ! give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for or such things as we do not pray for ; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for." 3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, their customs and antiquities, that few of their own ' dicebant, '^ Relative. ' Subjunctive. * 7//, with subj. * homo. * ita, '' demitio* 72 Latin Comfosttion. citizens understood them better. So that he taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws ; and was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them ; and by that diligence and exactness may be known to be studious of truth and a lover of it. 4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to make any resistance. Shivered once more at the first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and plain. But Caesar was not yet satisfied. Allowing a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles from the field of batde. * qua diligentia ac cura. Lesson 27. Conditional Sentences. Read carefully pages 214-226, including all the sub-sections, and committing to memory the types of conditional expressions on pages 216, 217. a. The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, — " If he is alive now" is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the Present Indicative ; " If he is alive next year " is a future condi- tion, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. " If he were here now " is a present condition contrary to fact, and would be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive; "If he were to see me thus " is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present Subjunctive. Conditional Sentences, 73 6. In cases where the Condition is omitted, it must be mentally supplied in order to determine the form of the condition. c. The conditional phrases of Comparison, as if^ as though^ require in Latin the present and perfect subjunctive, not the im- perfect and pluperfect, as in English (see Remark under § 312). d. For the Concessive expressions, although^ granting that^ efveh if^ which require idiomatic constructions in Latin, see § 313. For Provisos — provided that, only let, &c. — see § 314. Exercise 26. I- Among the savages, to display undaunted forti- tude in torments is the noblest triumph of a warrior^ To avoid the trial by a voluntary death is deemed infamous and cowardly. If any one betrays symptoms of timidity, they often despatch him at once with con- tempt, as unworthy of-being-treated ^ like a man. 2. If we see a friend in distress, and give him all the consolation we are able, we perform the duties of friendship, which pays more attention to the disposi- tion of the heart than to the value of the gift. A small present may be the testimony of a great love. There is no good I do not wish you, and this is all I can offer toward it. I wish this little treatise may be of use to you. If it should not answer my hopes, I shall, however, be secure of pardon from your friendship. 3. I am come to inform ^ you of a secret you must impart to Pausanias alone. From remote antiquity, I am of Grecian lineage. I am solicitous for the safety of Greece. Long since, but for the auguries, would Mardonius have given battle. Regarding these no longer, he will attack you early in the morning. Be prepared. If he change his purpose, remain as you are. He has provisions only for a few days more. > See § 320. /. « See § 287. a. 74 Latin Co7nfosition, Should the event of the war prove favorable, you will but deem it fitting to make some effort for the inde- pendence of one who exposes himself to so great peril for the purpose of apprising you of the intentions of the foe. I am Alexander of Macedon. 4. After a short interval, Charles, turning to Philip, who stood awaiting his commands, thus addressed him : " If the vast possessions which are now bestowed on you had come by inheritance, there would be abundant cause for gratitude. How much more, when they come as a free gift in the life-time of your father! But however large the debt,^I shall consider it all repaid if you only discharge your duty to your subjects. So rule over them that men shall commend and not censure me for the part I am now acting." 5. We are here as in a theatre, where every one has a part allotted to him. The great duty which lies upon a man is to act his part in perfection. We may ^ indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we could act another better. But this is not our business. All that we are concerned in is to excel in the^part which is given us. If it be an improper one, the fault is not in us, but in Him who has cast our several parts, and is the great disposer of the drama. 1 beneficium, * possumus. « Plural. Lesson 28. Substantive Clauses. I. Read carefully §§ 329, with Note; 330, 331, with «, b, c, d, ^,y (substantive clauses of Purpose) ; 332, with a, by c, d, gy h (clauses of Result) ; 333, and Substantive Clauses, 75 h (clauses with quod). Compare §§ 270, 271, and notice the general schedule of substantive clauses on page 239. 2. In English, one action depending upon another is in almost any case expressed indiscriminately by THAT or by the Infinitive. In Latin the form of expression vs'ill depend on the meaning of the dcpen- dent words or clause. This meaning can usually be determined by the following Rules : — a. If the words can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Indicative, it is Indirect Discourse, and requires the Accusative with the Infinitive (see examples in § 330). h. If they can be put in an independent form as a Question^ they require the Subjunctive as Indirect Questions (see examples in § 334). c. If they can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Jjnperative, or can be conceived as a Result, they require the Subjunctive. The Infinitive is used in many expressions of this class, either optionally or exclusively (see examples in %%Z3i, 332). d. If they could be expressed independently in the Indicative, but as a fact, and not as the words of some other person, they regularly require quod with the Indicative (see examples in § 33Z)' e. An English noun must often be rendered by a substantive clause, on account of the scarcity of abstract terms in Latin, or the want of a corresponding idiom. Thus — 1. He was accused of treason against his country, accusa- tus est quod patriam, prodidisset, 2. A value beyond all estimation, pretium majus quatn ut aestitnetur. /. In English a real substantive clause is often introduced by the common expression for with the Infinitive ; and is usually rendered in Latin by the Accusative and Infinitive : ut with the subjunctive is more rare. The meaning of the particular ex- pression must be carefully noticed. Thus — *j6 Latin Composition^ 1. For a dying father to bequeath an empire to his son is a deed worthy of gratitude, patrem morientem filio imperium legare factum est gratia dignuni, 2. The next thing is for me to speak of the \var against the pirates, rellquum est ut de hello dicant piratico. Note. — The forms of Indirect Discourse were developed in Latin into a very complex system, which, for the sake of fuller practice, will be exhibited in the two succeeding Lessons. Exercise 27. 1. But before Caesar allowed his tired soldiers to enjoy the fruits of the victory of Pharsalia he required them to complete the conquest. The pursuit was con- tinued during the remainder of the day and on the morrow. But the task was easy.^ The clemency of the conqueror induced all to submit. When Caesar entered the camp, and saw the dead bodies of many Romans lying about, he exclaimed, "They would have it so. To have laid down our arms would have sealed our doom." 2. The soldiers of Viriathus recognized their general simply by his tall figure, and by his striking salHes of wit^ and above all by the fact that he surpassed every one of his men in temperance as well as in toil. 3. The sailors were willing to do as he wished. But they were afraid that the vessel could not stand the beating of the waves, and as Marius also was much troubled with sickness, they made for land. They wandered about without any definite object, seeking merely to escape from the present evil as worst of all, and putting their hopes on the chances of fortune. For the land was their enemy, and the sea also ; and they feared ^ to fall in with men, and ' Lit. " not difficult." • Notice construction of verbs of fearing (§ 331. y). Intermediate Clauses. ^7 feared also not to fall in with ftieti, because they were in want of provisions. After some time they met with a few herdsmen, who had nothing to give them in their need. But they recognized Marius, and ad- vised him to get out of the way as quick as he could. ^ 4. Griselda, it is now time for you to reap the fruit of your long patience ; and that they who have re- ported me to be cruel, unjust, and a monster in nature,^ should know that what I have done has been all along with a view to teach you how to behave as a wife, and lastly to secure my own ease and quiet as long as we live ^ together, which I feared might have been endangered by my marriage. Therefore I had a mind * to prove you by harsh and injurious treat- ment ; and not being aware that you have ever trans- gressed my will, either in word or deed, I now seem to have met with that happiness I desired. I intend then to restore in an hour what I have taken away from you in many ; and to make you the sweetest recompense for the many bitter pangs I have caused you to suffer. * Subjunctive. * ingenio. * Subjunctive. * mihi propositum habui. Lesson 29. Intermediate Clangeg. Learn §§ 340, 341. a, h, c, d; 342 (Intermediate clauses). Compare § 336, and b (Subordinate clauses in Indirect Discourse). Remark. — Besides the constructions of dependent clauses already mentioned (which for the most part are suggested by some particle or some construction in EngHsh), another is found in Latin, which has no English equivalent whatever : namely, that of a clause subordinate to another which is itself 7 8 Latin Composition, subordinate. This is especially to be observed when any one of the Infinitive and Subjunctive expressions which have been treated under the head of substantive clauses — itself the subject or object of some leading verb — has another clause depending on it. In this case, the verb of the latter is almost invariably in the subjunctive. But, in applying the rule, the following conditions must be observed : — a. When a subordinate clause depends on an infinitive or subjunctive, so that it becomes logically a part of the same expres- sion, its verb must regularly be in the Subjunctive (see examples in § 342). N. B. This rule does not apply to the case of a simple relative clause following a complementary infinitive^ which will generally come under the following head. h. If the subordinate clause is inserted for mere definition or explanation — so that it may be regarded as true independently of the connection in which it stands — its verb will be in the Indica- tive (see examples under § 336. ^). c. When a clause, though not depending on an infinitive or subjunctive, is represented as containing the words or thought of any other person than the writer or speaker, so that it be- comes informal indirect discourse, the verb must be in the Subjunctive (see examples under § 341). Note. — This construction is especially common in clauses expressing a reason or motive, which otherwise do not take the subjunctive. c?. A subordinate clause in a Conditional sentence will have the mood and tense of the principal verb. Exercise 28. I. Sulla, encouraging his soldiers, who were 35,000 men well armed, led them to Rome. The soldiers fell on the tribunes whom Marius had sent and mur- dered them. Marius also put to death many friends of Sulla in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the slaves if they would join ^ him. But it is said that only three slaves accepted the offer. * See ^, above. Intermediate Clauses, 79 2. The next day Marius, compelled by hunger, and wishing to make use of his remaining strength before he was^ completely exhausted, went along the shore, encouraging his followers, and entreating them not to abandon the last hope, for which he reserved ^ himself on the faith of an old prediction. For when he was quite a youth, and living in the country, he caught in his garment an eagle's nest as it was falling down,^ with seven young ones [in it] ; which his parents won- dering at, consulted the soothsayers, who told them that their son would become the most illustrious of men, and that it was [the will of] fate that he should receive the supreme command and magistracy seven times. 3. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made preparations of men and money. To which he only returned, " They that love me will follow me." In a few days he drove the enemy from before the city, and took the count prisoner ; who, raging at his defeat and calamity, exclaimed, "that this blow was from fortune ; but valor could make reprisals, as he should show, if he ever regained his liberty." 4. When with infinite toil they had climbed up the greater part of that steep ascent, Balboa commanded his men to halt, [and] advanced alone to the summit, that he might be the first who should enjoy a spec- tacle which he had so long desired.* As soon as he beheld the South Sea stretching in endless prospect below him, he fell on his knees, and, lifting up his hands to heaven, returned thanks to God, who had conducted ^ him to a discovery so beneficial to his country and so honorable to himself. * See a, above. * See ^, above. ' adterram. * See <:, above. * See b^ above. 8o Latin Comfosttton. Lesson 30. Indirect Discourse. Read §§ 335-339, throughout (Indirect Discourse), noticing carefully the Remark on page 248. Remark. — 1. The Indirect Discourse in Latin corre- sponds to the common reporting of speeches, &c., in the newspapers and elsewhere, in which the pronouns and the tenses of the verb are changed, and the whole quotation is usually introduced by that, following a verb of saying, &c. This form of discourse is much more common and highly developed in Latin than in English, and may often be used in rendering the English direct narrative or quotation. Many difficulties and obscurities are avoided in Latin by the use of the reflexive pronoun, to refer to the speaker, and of , the Indicative and Subjunctive moods as given in § 336. The rule defining the employment of these moods is as follows : — a. The main clauses (statements) have their verbs in the Infinitive with the subject in the Accusative, as substantive CLAUSES dependent on the verb of sayings &c. h. Dependent clauses, introduced by relatives, relative or con- ditional particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, as INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. c. Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive. N. B. For special indirect forms see §§ ZVI^ 338. d» The Subject of the verb must regularly be expressed in indirect discourse, though a pronoun omitted in the direct. Refer- ences to the speaker must be made by the reflexives se and suua e. Repetitions of some verb of sayings &c., which are common hi English for the sake of keeping up the form of indirect dis- course, should be omitted in Latin. /. Particular attention should be given in translating the apo- dosis contrary to fact, which is done by the future participle with fuisse (see examples in § 308. . i8) ; does any ? num quis ? Apennines, Apenninus (sc. mons\ i (m.). apparel, vestitus^ Us ; in funeral — , sordide vestiius. appear, appareo^ ui ; videor.* appease, lenio,* placo)- apply (for aid), se conferre^peto. apprehend, inetuo? apprise, doceo.''- appoint, praeficio (ace, dat). appointed (to head), praefec- tus datus. approach (n.), adventus, Us. approval, gratia^ ae. arbitration, arbitrium, i. arbitrator, arbiter, tri. archbishop, archiepiscopuSy i, arduous, arduus. Argos, Argi^ orum. Vocabulary. 89 aristocracy, nobilitas^ atis. arm (v.), armo.^ armed, armatus. arms (weapons), arma, orum. army, exercitus, its. arrival, advenlus, us. arrive, pervenzo* advenio.^ arrogance, arrogantia^ ae. arrow, sagitta, ae, art, ars, tis (f.). artificial, artificiosus. artisan, opifcx^ ids. Aruus, A runs, Aruntis. as, «/;(when), cum^ pro. as . . as, tajn quam, aeque ac. as if, as it were, tanquam. ascent, as census. Us. ashamed, to be, pudere (impers. § 50, 4. c). aside, se- (verb-prefix). ask, rogo^ quaero, peto {ab). eissassin, sicarius, i. assassinate, interficio,^ occ'ido? assistance, auxilium, i. assume, sumo.^ adrogo}- assumed, simulatus. Assyrian, Assvrius. at, with name of town, see p. 41 ; near (not in), apud, ad; as cause (as " alarmed at "), abl. ; at all, omnino; at once, statim. Athenian, Atheniensis, e. Athens, Athenae, arum. attached to, conjunctus cum. attack, aggredior^ oppugno} attain, adsequor? attempt (v.), conor.^ attempt (n.), conatus. Us (m.). attend, comitor ; ' to — the ses- sion of the Senate, in Sena- tum ire. attendant, socius, comes, attention, to pay, spectoj^ to turn, animum revocare {ad), attitude, status, Us. attractive, jucundus. audacious, audax, acts. augury, augurium, i. authority, auctoritas, atis (f.). avenge, ulciscor^ ultus. avert, averto, ti, sum.^ avoid, fugio^ fugi-, evito;^ I cannot — , nan possum non. await, exspecto} awake, e somno excitare. aware, to be, aniinadvertere, away, to be, abesse. awhile, aliquamdiu, axe, securiSf is {¥.). babe, infans, tis. banish, pello,^ pepuli^ pulsumj expello.^ bank, ripa, ae. bar (v.), claudo} barbarian, barbarus. barbarously, saeve, barren of, to be, careo,* ui (abl.). "bdittle, proelium, / (n.); pugna^ ae (f.) ; field of battle, acies, ei (f.), locus ubi pugnatur. bay, sinus, Us. be, sum (see paradigms of com- pound tense) ; to be so, ita se habere; — able posse, beach, litus, dris (n.). he2ir,fero,ferre, tuli, latum, \ bear up, sustinto,^ ui. 90 Latin Composition, bear no relation to, nihil at- tinere ad. beard, barba, ae. beast, wild,/^r^, ae. beating, vis^ vis (f.). beautiful, ^«/^^^r, a^ um. beauty, species, ei, forma, ae. because, quia. become, fio, fieri (or passive), before, ante, antehac, ante- quain. begin, incipio^ cepi; coepi. beginning, initium, i. behalf, in, pro (abl.). behave, se gerere. behind, postj go behind, se- quor.^ behold, contueor, video, conspicio. believe, eredo ^ (dat.). belong, esse (with gen. or dat.) ; pertineo, ui {ad). bench, subsellium, i. beneath, subter, sub. beneficent, beneficus (use su- perl.). beneficial, uiilis, e. besides, praeter, praeierea (adv.). besiege, oppugno} besiegers, obsidentes. best, opiimjis; (adv.) optime, maxime J (of two) magis. bestow, dono} betray, prodo,^ ostendo ^ (show). better, me-lior, us. between, inter (ace). bid, jubeo^ jus si. bind, obligo.^ bird, avis, is (p.). birth, by, natu. bite, mordeo,^ momordi. titter, acerbus. bitterly, vehetnenter, blame, culpa, ae. bland, blandus. blast, of music, clangor, oris (M.). blow (a blast of an instrument), edo.^ blow, ictus, us (m.); plaga, ae (p.), vulnus, eris (n.). boar, aper, apri. boast, glorior,^ praedico ^ de, bodily gifts, bona corporis. body, corpus, oris (n.) ; of men, agmen, inis (n.). bolster-up, subvenio "* (dat.). bondage, servitus, utis (p.). book, liber, bri (m.). booty, praeda, ae. borders, yf«(?j', iu7n (m.). born, natus J to be — , nascor? both, uterque, utraque, utrum- que, gen. utriusque j both . . and, et . . et. bound, obligatus ; to be going anywhere, tendere. bow one's head, se inclinare. hoy, puer, eri. hx?i-ve, for tis, e. break, frango^ fregi, fr actum. break up, confringo. breathe, exspiro;^ animam efflare, to breathe one's last, breathing, spiritiim ducens, breeze, aura, ae. bribe (v.), corrumpo^ rupi^ rup- turn. bribes (n.), dona, orum, bribery, ambitus, us (m.). bridge, pons, pontis (m.). bright, clarusj — distinctions, praeclara. Vocabulary, 91 brilliant, ciarusj insignis^ e, spiendidus. bring, adfero, irr., porto^^ duco^ perduco ; * — to an end, conji- cioj ^ — to pass, efficio? 'bxo)i.en, fractus, turbatus. brother, /rater, tris (m.) ; — in- law, uxoris /rater. brutality, imtnanitaSy atis (f.). brute, bestia, ae (f,). build, aedifico; ' military works, roads, &c., munio.* building, aedi/cium, i. bulk, magnitudo^ inis (f.). bull, taurus, i. burn (v.), ardeo* si, burst, inrumpo? business, negotium, res; make it one's — , operatn ponere in. but, sed, aufein (§ 43, 3. b\ ta- men; but if, sin, quod si ; — buy, emo.* [for, nisi (with verb). by (near), ad; (with passives) ab, a (abl.) ; means, ablative alone (see p. 28) ; by far, longe; be by (near), adesse. Cadiz, Gades, ium (f.). Caesar, Caesar, dris; adj., Caesa- rianus. Caenina (of), Caeninensis, e. calamity, calamitas, atis {¥.). call, appello,^ advoco ;'^ — to mind, commemorare ; * — upon (for opinion), senteutiam ro- gare ; — together, convoco. camp, castra, orum (n.) ; of the camp, militaris, e. campaign, bellum, i. can, possum, posse, potui. candidate, to become (for con- sul), consu latum peter e, cap, pileus, i (m.). capitol, capitoiium, i. captain, dux, ducis. captivated, captus. capture (v.), capio} capture, expugnatio, onis (f.). care, cura, ae. careful of, studiosus (gen.). CBiTxy, porto,^ /ero, deicio.^ Carthage, Carthago, inis (f.). Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis. cast, proicio; ^ — the parts of a play, distribuo. caBt,jactus (part, oi jacio). cat, /e lis, is. , catch, excipio; ' — at, capto.^ Catiline, Catilina, ae. Cato, Cato, onis. Caudine Forks, Furculae Can- dinae. cause to suffer, aliqua re ad/i- cere ; e/ftcere ut. cause, res, rei; causa, ae; res (plur.). cavalier, eques, itis. cavalry, eques, itis, pi. celebrate, celebro.^ celestial, caelestis, e. censor, censor, oris; one who has been — , censorius (p. 10). censure, reprehendo.^ chain, vinculum, i. chair, sella, ae (f.). \tor. champion, de/ensor, propugna- chance, occasio oblata ; casus, us (m.) ; by chance, /^r//. change, muto.^ 92 Lathi Co7nfosition, character, indoles, mores (pi.). charge, accusatio, crimen. Charles, Carolus, i. chariot, currus, us (m.). chase, venatio, onis (f.). chastise, verbero} check, reprimo? cheer, recreo,^ hortor} cherish hate, odium gerere, chief, dux, cis ; princeps, ipis. chief- town, caput gentis, chiefly, maxime. child, puer, ij adj. puerilis, e. children, liberi; young — ,pueri, orum, infantes. childless, orbus. chink, rima, ae. choose, delego^ gi; (of officers) facio,^ feci; creo ' (p. 122, dd), Cicero, Cicero, onis. circle, circulus j (v.) circa esse. circumstance, res, rei. citizen, civis, is. city, urbs, urbis, civitas, atis (f.) ; of the — , urbanus. civil, civ His, e. claim, vindico?- class, ordo, inis (m.). claw, unguis, is (m.). cleft, Jissus (part, oi Jindo). clemency, dementia, ae. client, cliens, tis. climb, scando,'^ adscendo? close (v.), claudo,^ si, sum. close to, prope (ace.) ; prope ab. closed, clausus. — closely, arte. clothed, vestitus. coast, litus, oris (n.). coil, volvo? cold, algor, oris (m.). colleague, collegaj ae. college, collegiu7n, i. colony, colonia, ae. come, venio,'^ venij — across, transeo, ire; — forward, ex- sistoj'^ — in (of wind), ad- flai'e; — to, pervenio * ad, ac- cedo ^ ad. comslineaa, forma, ae. command (y.),jubco,^jussij (in office), praeessej be master of, imp era } command (n ), imperatum, i; supreme — , imperiu7n, ij by — , jussu. commander, imperator, oris. commanding, dux, ducis (gen.) ; as descriptive adj., augustus. commend, laudo. * \committo commit (an Sici),facio, efficioy^ common (in common), comtnu- nis, e. common people, plebs, is (f.). commou'w ealth, res publica. communicate, impertio.^ community, populus, i. companion, socius, i. compare, comparo.^ company: in — with, tina cum. complete, adfnem perduco.^ completely, plane. compelled, coactus {cogo). compose, concipio, scribo.^ compulsion, under, coactus. comrade, comes, itis. conceal, celo ' (two ace), occulo.^ concerns, it, refert (§ 40, 4. d), conclude {m2\it), facio . condemn, damno} reprehendo} condition, condicio fortunae j fortunae, arum. conduct (v.), duco^ deduco. Vocabulary. 93 conduct (harsh), asperitas. confederation, foedus^ eris (n.). confer on, dcfero ad, confero in. confidence, ^duda, ae, fides. confidence, to have — in, con- fido ^ (dat. or abl.). \obsecro. conical, coni (gen.). — conjure, connect, conjungo.^ connected, conjunctus. conquer, vtnco,^ vici, victuin ; devinco. — conquest, victoria. conqueror, victor, oris. consequences, exitus, ils (sing.). consider, existimo,^ considero.^ consideration, res, rei (f). consistent, to be, congruo.^ consolation, solatio, consotatio, onis (f.). conspicuous, to be, emineo.^ conspiracy, conjuratio, onis. conspirator, conjuratus, i. conspire, conjuro.^ consul, consul. Ulis ; (one who has been), consularis. consulship, consulatus, us (m.) ; in one's consulship, consut, in appos. with name. consult, consulo,' ui (§ 51, 2. consume, consumo.^ contempt {v/'xih), fastidiens, tis. contend (as with difficulty), laboro ' (abl.). content, contented, contentus (abl.) ; wilt thou be — , satin habes ? continue, persequor^^ secutus j — in pursuit, hastes consec- tart. contrary to, contra (ace). control, moderation onis (f.). controlled, frenatus, convict, convinco^^ damno?- corner, angulus, i. counsellor, to have, in consili' Mm adhibere. count (a title of rank), comes^ it is. countless, innumerabilis, e. country, regio, onis; terra ^ ae; (one's native), patria, ae ; — people, agrestes^ ium, rus- tici, orum; in the — , ruri. court, aula, ae. — cover, tego.^ covered, tectus (f.) cobpertus; (here and there, as with dwell- ings), sparsus. co-wardice, ignavia^ ae, cowardly, ignavus. cradle, area, alveus. crafty, dolosus^ callidus, crawl, serpo? create, creo ; "^ facio^ feci j con- stituo.^ credit (v.), confido.^ credit (n.), laus^ dis (F.). Creon, Creon, ontis. crime, see his, eris (n.). crisis, discrimen, inis (n.). cross, transire. crowd, comitatuSf HSj turba, ae. crown, corona,ae; (royal power), imperium^ regnum, cruel, crudelis^ e. cry, clamoj ^ — out, clamo, ex- clamo^ vocifero,^ cultivated, cultus. curious, memorabiliSy e, curule, curulis, e. custom, mos, maris (m.), cynic, cynicus. 94 Latin Composition, danger, periculu?n, i. da.ngeious, gravis, e, daughter, yf//^, ae. day, dies, diei (m.), (rarely F. in singular). dazzling, clarus. dead (slain), occisus. deadliest, gravissitnus. dearly, care, carissi?ne, death, mors, tis; condemn to — , damnare capitis (§ 50, 4. b), morte multarej put to — , in- terjicere. Aeb^x, prohibeo,'^ ui, itum. debase, depravo}- debate, sententias dicere. debt (kindness), see note, p. 74. deceit, fallacia, ae. deceive, decipio? decemvir, decemvir, viri. decide the contest, decerto.^ decision, Judicium, i. declare, nuntio,^ adjirmo} dedicate, dedico} deed, factum, i. deem, puto?- deeply, vehementer. defeat (v.), supero} defeat (n.), cala?nitas, clades. defend, defendo; defence, salus. degree (to what — ), quo. delay, mora, ae. deliberate, delibero.^ delight (v.), delecto} delight (n.), gaudium, ij delec- tatio, onis (f.) ; oblectamen- tum, i. deliver, liber o^ trado.^ deliverer, liberator^ oris. demand, postulo,"" fiagito}- Demosthenes, Demosthenes, is. deny, nego} depose (a king), regno spolio} deprive, orbo, ' privo ;^ — of voice, vocem eripere (dat.). deputation, legatio, onis (f.). descended, genitus (with abl.). descend, descendo.^ descent, genus, eris (n.). desert (n.), desert a, orum. deserted, desertus. desire, cupio,^ ivi (with ace. or vcAvi.), jubeo.'^ desire (n.), cupido, inis (f.). despatch, conjicio^ interficio.^ despise, contemno^ psi, despoil, spolio} despotism, dominatio, onis (f.). €iesXifiy,fortunae, arum. destroy, deleo^ evi, etum, destroyer, perditor, oris. destruction, exitium, pernicies, detected, detectus. determine, statuo ; ^ — on, ca- pere (p. 6s). detestable, nefandus. devoid, expers, tis (with gen.). devotions (of — ), precandi (gen.). dexterously, sollerter. diadem, diadema, a tis (n.). dictator, dictator, oris. dictatorship, dictatura, ae, die, morior^ mortuus. die out, exstinguor? die (n.), alea, ae. dignity, dignitas, honos. difficult, difficilis, e. dinner, cena, ae (f.). dip, tingo^ tinxi, tinctum. Vocabulary. 95 direct, viam monstrare. disappear, evanesco^ ui. disaster, clacies, is (f.). discharge, praesto,^ fungor. disciplined, coercitus (p. 85). discontinue, abrogo,^ discourse (v.), disputo?- discovery (conduct to — ), effi- cere ut inveniret. discredit, infamia, ae {¥.). disease, morbus, i (m.). disgrace, ignominia, dedecus. display, praebeo? dispirited, /ra^/w J animo. displease, displiceo, ui (dat.), disposer, rector et moderator. disposition, voluntas, atis. disregard, neglego, xi. dissatisfied, non contentus. dissembler, simulator, oris. dissolution, solutio, onis (f,). distinguish, laudibus ornarej with distinction, honorifice. distress, res adversae. distribute, distribuo.^ distrust, dijffidejttia, ae. disunion, dissensio, onis (p.). divide, divido^ si, sum. divine, aivinus. diviner, haruspex, ids. divinity, natura divina. do, facio,^ feci, factum. dog, canis, is (gen. pi. canum). dominion (subjects), civitas, atis (f.). doom : to seal — , pernicies at- que exitium esse. door, fores, ium (f.) ; porta, ae (f.) ; out of doors, /bra J. doubtful, dubius. downward, deorsum. drama, fabula, ae. draw up, subducoj^ troops — ^ copias instruo.^ drink (n.), potio, onis (f.). drive, pello,^ pepuli, pulsum. drowned : to be — , aqua pe- rire, dry, siccus. dry (up), exsicco.^ due, to be, deberi. duly, rite. duty, munus, eris ; officium, t, dwell, habito.^ B. eagerness, earnestness, studi- um, ij eagerly, avide, eagle, aquila, ae. eailiei, prior, oris. early, mane. early-ripe, jnaturus. earnest : in — , serio. earth, terra, ae ; surface of — expressed by omnis. ease, tranquillitas, atis (f.). East, oriens, tis (m.) ; of the — , Asiaticus. edLSY,facilis, e. educate, educo,^ erudio.* education, discipiina, ae, effectually, penitus. efifeminacy, inollities, ei (f.), effort, to make, nitor.^ Egypt, Aegyptus, i (f.). elder, major {natu). elect, creoj "^ facio^ feci, f actus. election (as consul), consula- tus. Us (m.). elegy, elegia, ae. 96 Latin Co mfosition . elephant, elephantus^ i, eloquence, eloquentia^ ae. emblem, signurn, i. eminent, illustris^ e. empire, imperium, i. employ, utor^ usus, adhibeo. empty, inanis^ e. enable, facer e tit possim . encounter (v.), confligo^ cum. encourage, cohorior?- end {w.)yjinw.* end, /inis, (F. or m.) ; at an — , Jiiiitus; bring to an — , confi- cio^^ feci; — of, extrefmis. endanger, in periculiun addu- cere. endless, sine fine. endowed, praeditus. endure, /^r^ {perfero\ tulij ca- pable of enduring, patiens^ tis. enemy, hosiis^ is (" the enemy," usually plur.) ; a personal — , inimicus^ i. energy, studium^ i. engage, adhibeo^ ui^ itum, engage in, inire. engaged, occupatus. English, Angli, ontm. enjoy (fruit), percipio.^ enlightened rule, imperium sa- pienter administratum. enmity, odium ^ i. Enna (man of), Hennensis, is. enrich, locupleto.^ ensign, insigne, is (n.). enter, introj'^ ineo^ ire; — a ship, consceftdo.^ enterprise, conatus., Us (m.). entire, totus (gen. ius), entitle, itiscribo? entreat, obsecro.^ envenomed, venenatus. envy, invideo ; invidia (noun). Epidaurian, Epidaurius. Epirots, Epirotae, arum. equal, par^ parts. equally, 7ton jninus, aeque, establish, conloco?- estate, praedium^ i. esteem (v.), aestimo^ Etruscan, Etruscus. even, etiain ; not — ^ne . . qui- dem ; — as, ut. event, factum^ i; eventusy us (M.). ever, unquam; (always), semper. every, everybody, quisque^ qui- libety omnis^ unusquisque (p. 19). everywhere, ubique, ubivis. evil, malus; {n.),incommodum^ i. exactly, plane. exalted, excelsus. example, exemplum^ i. except, /ra^/^r (ace), nisi. excess, nimium. — e^Lcel, excello excited, concitatus, exclaim, ciafno.^ execrate, exsecror?- exercise (v.), exerceo.,'* ui, itum. exercise (n.), exercitatio^ onis (use plur). exert, exerceo^^ tii. exertion, labor., oris (m.). exhaust, conficio^^ exhaurio.^ exigency, 7tecessitas^ atis (f.). exile, exsilium^ i; to be in — , exsulo; ^ an — , exsul^ iilis. expel, expello^^ puli, pulsum, ezs.ipense, pretiumj i. experience (v.), obire (ace). exploit, res gesta. Vocabulary, 97 expose, obicio^^ jeci ; offer o. exterminate, exstirpo} extinguish, restinguo^ nxi. extirpate, exstirpo} extort, extorqueo^^ torsi, extraordinary, extraoniinarius. extremely, express by superl. eye, oculus^ i (m.). P. face, vidtus^ ils (m.). facilitate, adjuvo^ juvi, failings, iiitia^ orum. fair s)iaxe,justa pars. fair-speaking, blandiloquus. faith : on the — of, frcius (with abl.). faithful, yfd?i« J. Falerian, Falernius. fall, cado,^ pereoj — to the lot of, obtingo, tigi (of office, use rather obtinere^ of the man chosen); let — , deicio ; — in with, occurro;^ — upon, in- vader e in ; — down, decido;^ — on one's knees, in genua Procumbere. false, falsus. faltering, vacillans^ tis. fame, /ama, ae. family , /ami/ia, ae. famine, fames J is {¥.). famous, clarus. fancy, opinor.^ \late. far, by far, longe ; far and wide, fare-well, vale. fate, fatum, i ; Fortuna^ ae. father, pater, tris ; parens, tis ; of the fathers, patrius. fatigue, labor, oris (m.). fault, culpa, ae. favor (v ),/aveo,^favi, fautum. favor (n.), be?ujicium, i. favorable, secundus ; prove — , bene succedere. fear (v.), timeo,^ metuo,^ vereor.^ fear (n.), timor, oris; metus, Us. feeble, exiguus. feel, sentio,* sensij adjicior (with abl). fellow, vir, viri. ferment, agitatio, tutnultus, fervor, studium, i. festival, /estus dies. few, aliquot, pauci, ae^a. field, ager, gri (m.), arvum, i. fierce, acer, feroxj fiercely dis- puted victory, acerrimis pug- nis parta victoria. fig, or fig-tree, y?^w J, i (f.). fight (v.), pugno; — a battle, committere proelium, fight (n.), pugna, ae. figure, species, ei (F.), siatura, fill, compieo, irnpieo.^ find, invenio} video.^ finish, per ago .^ fire, ignis, is (m.). ^rm,Jirmus. first, prifn us ; at — , prima; (be- forehand), ante. fitting, to be, decere. fix.yf^'^.^ flame, flamma, ae (f.), ignis, is (m.). fLee, fugio,^ fugi ; confugio. fleet, classis, is (f.). fii^t, fuga, ae. flock, pecus, oris (n.). 98 Latin Comfosition . fio^, fusttbus caedere or virgis, fiow,Jluo^^ xi, xum. foe, hostis^ is (c). fold, sinus, us (m.). follow, sequor,^ insequor, imitor. follower, comes, itis. food, cibus, i (m.). — foot, pes. foot, of hill, itnus collisj — (in- fantry), pedes, itis (pi.). for (prep.), pro (abl.) ; often expressed by dative (§ 51, 7. R.), or by ace. of place. for, nam, enim, etenim (§ 43, 3. d) ; (instead ot), ifi loco. forbid, veto,^ ui. forces, copiae, arum. forest, silva, ae. forfend: heaven — , di omefi avertant. forget, obliviscor^ oblitus (§ 50, 4. a). forgetting, oblitus (gen.). forgive, ignosco,^ novi. foxls^furca, ae. form {y.),facio, capio.^ form (n.), forma, ae; (political) institutum, i. former (the), ille^ a, ud. forsaken, desertus. forth : to go — , egredi. fortify, munio.* fortitude, fortitu do, inis (F.). fortress, castellum, i (n.). ioxtw-VLQ, for tuna. ioravn, forum, i. forward : to come, exsistere. found, condo,^ didi; to — a col- ony at, coloniam deducere (with ace. of name of town). franchise, civitas, atis (f.), jus. Juris (n.). free, liber, era, umj — (as a gift), gratuitus J — town, mu- nicipium; freedom, libertas, friend, amicus, ij intimate — , familiaris. friendly, to hQ,faveo,^favi. , friendship, amicitia, ae. fringe, praetexo^ ui. from (out of), ex ; (away from), abj (by reason of), propter (see p. 33). frugal, parcus. frugally, frugaliter. ixMitffructus, Us. full, plenusj- —measure, summus fully, bene, plane. function, inumis, eris (n.). furious, y^?'^;r, ocis. further (adj.), reliquus. fury, saevitia, ae, furor^ oris (M.). future, futurus. Gabinian law, Gabinia lex. gain (v.), pario,^ peperi, par- turn J sibi conciliare. gain (n.), quaestus, us. gain over, concilio.^ gallant, fortissi7nus. galley, navis, is (F.). games, ludi, orum. gap, hiatus, us (m.). garment, vestis, is (F.). ^B.te, Janua, porta, ae (f.). gather, carpo,^ psi. Gaul (the land), Gallia, aej (the people), Galli, orum. gay, laetus. general (n.), imperator, oris. Vocabulary. 99 generally, fere (see " men "), vulj^o. genius (intellect), ingenium, i. German, Germanus. get, adipiscor; — away, effugio. getting round, circumfusi. gift, donum, ij munus^ eris. gifts, bona^ orum. gigantic, ingens^ its, immanis^ e. give, do^^ dedi^ datum ; tribuo^ adhibeo; ^ — back, reddo; ^ — up, depono ; — place, cedo^^ cessij — to one's ^^M^sutno? glory (y.), glorior,^ glory (n.), gloria, ae, laus, dis (f.), decus, oris {]a\ fama, ae. go, eo^ ire, ivi, itum; procedo^^ iter facio;^ — on behind, sequor j^ — out, egredi^ ex- cedo,^ exire ; — up to, adire, accedere; so goes, ita se ha- bet. goat, caper, pri (m). god, deus, i (§ 10, 4./). good, bonus J make — , compen- sare; be — for, convenire (dat.). goodness, virtus, utis (f.). governor, praefectus, i. grandson, nepos, otis. gratitude, occasion of, gratum, res grata. great, magnus, immanis. greatly, multumj so — , tantum, magnijice. Grecian, Greek, Graecus. greeting, salutatio, onis (f.). griet luctus, «j(m.); dolor, oris, (M.). groan, gemitus, Us (m.). gross, gravis, e. ground, terra; on the — , humi. group, agmen, inis (n.). grow up, adolesco^ evij — out, provenio.* guard (n.), custos, odis, ^VLSttJlaius, Us (m.). habitation, domicilium^ 1. hail, appello?- hall, aula, ae, halt, consisto.* hand, manus. Us (f.) ; holding in — , ipse manu tenens; (power), potestas, atis (f.) Hannibal, Hannibal, dlis. happen, accido^ evenio. happiness, felicitas, atis (f.). hsippy, felix, ids. harbinger, praenuntia, ae, harbor, portus. Us (m.). hardship, labor, oris (m.). hardy, durus. harsh treatment, crudelitas, atis (f.). Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, dlis. hasten, propero?- hastily, tetnere. hateful, odiosus. hatred, odium, i. haughty, arrogans, tis. have, habeo^ ui, itutn ; (take to one's self), adhibeo ' (see p. 84). head (n.), caput ^ itis (N.). head-quarters, castra ; appoint- ed to — , praefectus, with gen. health (state of), valetudo, inis (F.). hear, audio,^ lOO Latin Composition . heart, animus^ i. heat, calor, oris (m.). heaven, caelum, i, heifer, Juvenca, ae. heir, heres^ edis. help, auxilium, i. herald, /t'/iatts, is. herdsman, pastor, oris. here, /ticy — and there, passim. hereditary, pater mis heritage, hereditas, atis (f.). Hesiod, Hesiodus, i. high, alius, excelsus. highest, summus, maximus. hill, inons, collis (m.). hinder, impedio} hindrance, impedimentum, i (N.). his (of his), ejus; reflexive, suus. history, historia, ae. hold, teneo ;^ — out, propono. holiday, dies festus. home, doinus, ils ; domicilium, i; at — , dofni. Homer, Hofnerus, i. honest men, boni, orum. honesty, probitas, atis {¥.). honey, mel, mellis (n.). honor (v.), colo^ ui, cultiim. honor (n.), decus. oris (n.) ; honor, oris (m.) ; dignitas, atis (f.) ; with — , honeste. honorable, hotwrificus. hope (n.), spes, spei{¥.) ; votum, i. hopeless, inutilis, e. Horace, Horatius, i. Horatian, Horatius. horn, cornu, us (n,). horse, equus, i ; war-horse, equus militaris. hostile (of the enemy), hostilis, e ; (actively hostile), infensus. hostilities, be Hum. hour, hora, ae j in an — , mo- mento temporis. house, domus. Us (f.). ho-w, quamj — much, quantumy quanto; interrog., quomodo. however, taitien, vero, quam- vis J — large, quantum vis. human, humanus. humble, huinilis, demissus, humbled, fr actus. humiliation, molestia, ae. humility, with, demissis verbis, hunger, fames, is (f.). hunter, venator, oris. hurry (v.), proper o?- hurtful, to be, noceo,^ ui, husband, maritus, i. I, ego; I for my part, ego vero (or equidem). ides, idUs, uu7n (§ 84). idleness, socordia, ae. — if, si, ignorance, inscitia, ae. ignorant, ignarus. ill, male. illustrious, clarus, praeclarus, Illyrians, Illyrii, orum. image, imago, inis (f.). imitate, imitor."^ imitation, imitatio, onis (f.). immediately, station, illico. immortal, sempiternus^ immor^ immovable, immobilis. [talis. impart, communico ' cum. impatient, im pat tens, tis. Vocabulary'^ TiO% impend, impendeo} implore, oro} important, potens^ tis, impression, see memory. improper, minus aptus. in, /«, de (abl). increase (v. a.), adaugeo^ xi^ ctum (in neut sense, use pas- sive). increasing, inajor^ us. indeed, quidem. independence, liber tas, atis (f.). indifference to, contemptio, onis (f.) (with gen.). indignation, Ua^ ae^ indignatio, onis (F.). indolence, ignavia^ ae. induce, induco.^ infamous, turpis, e, nefandus. infamy, ignominia, ae. inferior, inferior ^ us. infinite, summns. inflict death on, morte multare influence, to \\?iVQ., gratia valeo} influenced, adfecius. inform, certiorem facio. inhabit, habito} inherit, accipio? inheritance, hereditas, atis (f.). injury, injuria^ ae ; do no — , nihil nocere (dat.). insolently, insolenter. inspiration, spiritus^ afflatus. inspire, animum dare; may the gods — , di duint. instance, for, quidem. instantly, statim. instead of, pro (abl.); in loco (with gen.). instil, instilio * (ace. and dat). institute, constituo^ instituo} instructed, ceriior /actus, insult (n.), contufnelia, ae, insurgents, use seditio. intelligence, intelligentia^ ae. intend, in animo esse {habere). intention, consilium^ i. intercede, deprecor.^ interest, to be one's — , inter esse (gen. § 50, 4. d). interests, utilitates et commoda* interregnum, interregnum, i. interrupt, interrujnpo,^ rupi. interval, tempus^ oris (n.). intimate (adj. or noun), famili- ar is, is. into, /;/ (ace). intolerable, intolerabilis, e. introduce, induco,^ duxi. invade, invado^ si, sum. invaders, hostes inrumpentes. invasion, inruptio, onis (f.). invent, invenio* invention, inventa, orum (n.). inventor, inventor, toris (m.). inventress, inventrix^ tricis (F.). inviolable, in7'iolatus. invite, invito,^ oro.^ irritated, 7noleste ferens, island, insula, ae. Italian, Italicus, Italy, Italia, ae. ivory, ebur, oris (n.) ; of ivory, eburneus. J, jealous, invidus (gen.), jealousy, invidia, ae. jeat, Joe us, ij pi joca. 1Q2 Latin Composition ^ join in, accedere ad, jungere se (dat.) ; in a military sense, militare cum aliquo. joined to, conjunctus cum. ^oy, gaudmm, i. \tri, judge (n.), judex, ids, a?'biler, judicial ^oyn ex, judicium, i. Jugurtha, Jugurtha, aej (adj.), Jugurthinus. Julian (adj.), Julius, a, um. Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis. juat, Justus. just now, nunc maxime. justice, aequitas, talis jjustitia, ae, K. keep, servo; ^ — silence, taceo} kill, interficio,^ occido.^ kind, comis, e, benevolus. kindle, incendo.^ kindly, comiter, blande. kindness, benejicium, i ; as a quality, coinilas, /acilitas, atis (f.), benevolentia, ae. king, rex, regis; (adj.), regius. kingdom, rignurn, i. Icnee, genu, us (n.). knife, cultellus, i. knight, eques, itis. know, scio,* nosco? novi ; intel- lego;^ (be aware), sentio.^ knowledge, scientia, ae. labor, labor, oris (m ). lake, lacus. Us (m.). lament, moles te ferre. lamp, lucerna, ae. land, terra, ae. language, or alio, onis j verba, large, magnus. lasting, diuiurnus. last, duro} last (adj.), ultimus ; at — , tan- dein, exti'emu7n. lastly, denique. latest, supremus. lastly, denique. Latium (of), Latinus, a, um. latter (the), hic^ haec^ hoc (see P- 13). law, lex, legis (f.). lay, impono; ^ — hand on, tango, lay hold, teneo^ tango.^ lay down, deponere. lead (v.), duco,^ adduco,^ duxi, ductum ; — away, abduco.^ leader, dux, ducis. leap into, insilio,^ ui; — over, transilio,* ui. learn, disco, ^ didici. learned, docttis. — at least, saltern leathern, ex pellibus f actus. leave, relinquo,^ liqui; (go from), egredi; (proceed), projicisci. left (hand), sinistra, ae. legion, legio, onis (f ). length, at, tandejn, nuncdemum, less, inferior, tis ; minus, let fall, demittere. let loose, libero.^ lethargy, stupor, oris (m.). letter, epistola {uld), ae. levy, conscribo.^ liar, jnendax. acis. libation, libatnentum, i. liberate, libera.'^ liberator, liberator, toris. Vocabulary. 103 liberty, libertas^ tatis (f.). liberties, 77/ r« (n.). Libyan, Libycus. Vi.e,jaceo,* ui; — upon, esse (gen.). life, vita^ ae ; in the life-time of, lift, tollo^^ sustuli. [yivus (abl.). light (adj.), lev is, e. lighted (illuminated), inlustra- tus; (kindled), accensus. like (adj.), similis, e (gen. or dat.) ; (adv.), velut, ut. lineage, genus, ens. linger, moror.^ lion, leo, onis (m ). listen (to), audio.*' literature, litierae, arum. little, paulum; how — (adv.), quam non ; distance, paulum. live (v.), vivo,^ vixi ; habito.^ long, longus, diuturnus j — since, jamdudum ; as — as, quamdiu ; no longer, non jam. look out, prospicio; like, videor. loose (let), libero,^ emitto? loquacious, loguax, acts. lord, dominus, i; to be — , potior* {gtn. §54,6. d). lose, amitto} loss, detrimentum^ i. loudly, vehementer. love (n.), amor, oris (m.) ; cari- tas, atis (f.) ; lover, amans. lower, inferior, us. lust, cupido, inis (f.). luxuriously, luxuriose. Macedonian, Macedonicus ; a Macedonian, Macedo^ dfiis. mad scheme or con6.VLct, furor. magnitude, magnitudo. magistrate, magistratus, us. maintain, defendo.^ make, facio,^ conjicio ; reddo;* — good, compenso; * — way, cedo; ^ — for (seek), peto.^ man, homo, inis, vir, i (m.) ; men generally, magna pars hotninutnj a man who, is qui. manner, mos, moris (m.). many, multi, piurimi; so — , tot ; very — , plerique. March, (of), Martius. march (v.), projiciscor^ profec- tus ; progredior^ gressus ; iter facere. march (n.), iter, itineris (n.). mariner, nauta. — margin, ora, market-place, yi?r«w, /. marriage, matrimonium, i; — . with, conubiumj to give in — , nuptum dare. marry (of the man), duco? duxi (sc. in matrifnonium^ or uxo- rem in appos.) ; of the woman, nubo,^ nupsi (with dat.). Mars, Mars, Martis, Marsian, Marsus. martial, bellicus. marvellous, minis. rxidis]s., persona, ae. mass (of troops), caterva, ae. massacre (v.), trucido.^ massacre (n.), caedes, isj truci- datio civium. master, dominus, i. matron, matrona, ae. may, licet (impers.), possum. . mean-time, interea ; means, opes measure, consilium, /(n.). I04 Latin Composition. mediation, deprecatio, onis (f.). meet, occurro^ nanciscor,^ nac- tus^ invenio.^ memorable, memorabilis^ e. memory, ?nemona, ae ; our memories excited by our im- pressions, animis memoria plenis recenti earum rerum quas sensibus percepimiis. men (soldiers), milites, um. menial, ser'i}us, i. mercy, clemefttia, ae. merit, virtus, utis (f.). message, mandatum^ i. midst of, medius. mighty, magnus ille. xnisht, possim (subj.). Milan, Mediolanmn, i. militeiry, bellicus, miliiaris, e. mind, mens, lis; animus, i. mine, cuniculi, orum, mingle, misceor.^ misery, miseria, ae. misuse, pravus usus. Mithridatic, Mithridaticus. model, exe7nplum, i. moderate, modicus. modern, hodiernus. monarchy, imperium, i. money, pecunia, ae. monstrous, immanis, e. monument, monumentum. morass, palus, udis (f). more, plus, amplius, magis. morning, in the — , mane (n.) ; (adj.), matutinus. morrow, posterus dies. mortal, mortalis, e. most (men), plerique ; (adv.), maxime. mother, mater. — motive, causa. mountain, mons, tis (m.) ; (adj.), montanus. mountaineer, montanus. mourning, luctus, us (m.). mouth, OS, oris (n.) ; of river, ostium, i. move, moveo^ movi. moved, permolus. movement, motus, us (m.). moving, incedens, tis. much, multum, multo^ magni, multiply, multiplico} multitude, multitudo, inis (f.). Mulvian, Mulvius. municipal Yaw, jus civile. murder (v.), occido,^ trucldo} murder (n,), caedes, is. mutter, suinmissa voce dicere, my, meus, a, urn (voc. m. mi). myself, ego (ipse). mysterious, secretus. N. name (appoint), creo.^ name, no men; in the — , verbis. narrow, tenuis, e j angustus, «, umj narrow pass, an^ustiae. nation, ^^«j", tis; natio, onis, nature, natura, ae. naval, navalis, e. near, vicinus; (prep.), prope; (adv.), juxta, haud procul ; nearest relatives, proximi. nearly, paene. [i. d). necessary, opfis (in pred. § 54, need, requiro ; ^ to have — , opus esse (dat. and abl.) ; to be in — , egere. Vocabulary, 105 neglect, neglego? negligence (act of), delictum^ i. neighbor, vicinus, Jinitimus, a, um. neighborhood, vicinia, ae^ vi- cinum^ i. negligence, negligenlia, ae. nest, nidus, i (m.). never, tiunqiiam. nevertheless, nihilo fninus. new, novus. next (of two), posterus ; of several, proxiinus. \noctu. night, nox, noctis (f.) ; at — , no (adj.), iiullus; (adv.), nihil. nobility, nobilitas, atis (f.). noble, nobilis^ e (to emphasiise ' quality, use superlative) ; no- bles (as a party), nobilita^. noblest, sumtnus. not, non; as question, nonne ; — to, ne; if — , si minus. nothing, «/////, nee quicquam. myrr^nunc; (already), y^zw/ (of past time), turn ; (emph.), hie nunc; (at this age), hoc aetatis. number, numerus, ij great numbers, inultitudo. numerous, mag n us. Numidian, Nuinida^ ae. OBtYi, Jusjurafidum (§ 14, z. d). obedience, obedicntia : uncon- ditional — , obed. omnium re- rum. obey, pareo* ui, itum. object, eausa^ axj (definite) con- silium, i. obliged, coaetus (part, of cogo). observe, animadverto.^ obstacle, difficultas, obtain, adsequor, consequor^ secutus J adipiscor,^ adtptus. occasion, oceasio, tempus. occni, JiOjJieri, /actus. ocean, oceanus, i (m.). odious, invisus. of, usually expressed by gen. or possessive (see p. 35). offensive, odiosus. offer (v.), offerre^ polliceri, prae- stare, imponere. offer (n.), condieio, onis (p.). ofKce, magistratus, Us; dignitas officer, praefectusy i. often, saepe. oil, oleum, i. old, vetus, eris; (of age), natus old age, senectus, tutis (p.). old man, senex, senis. older, major. omen, ojnen, inis (n.). on, in (abl.) ; — , de. \^sus. once, quondam; — more, rur- one, unus (gen. ius) ; the — ... the other, alter . . . alter. — at once, statim. only (adj.), solus (gen. ius\ unicus ; (adv.), modo, solum, tantum. onset, impetus, us (m.). open (v.), recludo,^ si, sum. opinion, sententia, ae. opportunity (favorable^ occasio, onis. oppose, resisto,^ stiti. opposed, contrarius ; — in war, ad:'ersus aliquem pugnare. opposite, contra, alter, a, um. io6 Latin Compos f'tioTi, opposition (p. 44), vis. oppression in one's province, repeiundae. oppressive, gravis^ e. or, aut^ velj (as altern.) an^ -ne (§ 71, 2). oracle, oraculum, i. oration, oratio^ onis (f.). orator, orator^ oris ; (adj.), ora- tonus. order {w.\jubeo,^jussi. order, 7nandaium, i j by — of, jussu; (rank), ordo^ inis, other, alius^ «, tidj (of two), alter J the — , ceteris reliqui j some — , aliquis. ought, debeo,'^ oportet (impers. with ace). our, noster., tra, trum. out, ex (in compos.). outlive (to have), supers tes esse. outside (prep.), extra. over, supra., tra?ts (ace) overcome, supero} overflowed, superfusus, overhear, excipio.^ overflow, overrun, se effundere per (ace). overturned, eversus. overwhelmed, confectus. owe, debeo,'^ ui. ovT-n (often omitted), gen. of ipse in appos. with possessive ; Proprius. P. painstaking, diligentia, ae. Palatine, Palatinus, i. palm-tree, pa/ma, ae. Pamphylia, Pamphylia, ae; (adj.), Painphyliensis^ pang, dolor^ oris (m.). pardon (v.), ignosco,novi (dsit), pardon (n.), venia, ae. parent, parens, tis. part, pars, tis{F.), (meaning duty, &c., use plur.) ; for the most — , magna ex parte. paitiaan,/autor, oris. partly, aliqua {magna) ex parte. party, pars, tis (f.) (generally plur.) ; /actio, onis, pass a law, lege7n ferre; — over, supero, ' praetergredi, praeterferri ; (time), ago.^ passion (for), cupiditas, atis (f.) (gen.) ; passions, pertur- bationcs animi. patience, patientia, ae. patrician, patricius. patron, patronus, i. pay, solvo.^ peace, pax, pacis j in — , con- cors, dis. peaceful, quietus. peculiar, proprius. Penates, Penates, iu7n (m.). penetrate, penetro.^ peninsula, peninsula, ae. people, populus, i (m.), plebs, is {¥.), homines. perfection, in, perfecte. perform, ago,^ fungor.^ per'Tl, periculum, i. perish, pereo, ire, ii. perpetual, sempiternus. Perses, Perses, is. persuade, persuadeo ^ (dat ) ; friendly persuasion, arnica verba. Vocabulary, 107 Pharsalus, Fharsalus^ i; (adj.), Pharsalicus. Philip, Philippus, i. Philometor, Philotnetor^ dris, ace. ora. philosopher, philosopkus, i. Physcon, Physcon^ onis. pilgrim, peregrinator^ oris, pillar, columna, ae. pipe, tibia^ ae. pirate, praedo, onis. pity (v ), have — on, misereor ^ (gen. person). place (v.), impono,^ depono ;'^ — at the head, praepono * (dat.). place (n.), lucus^ ij pi. loca^ orutn. play (on instrument), cano j * — a part, partes a^^ere. player, histrio, onis. pleascint, cotmnodns. Tplediae, placeo,^ ui^ itumj (wish), volo. pleasure, voluptas^ atis (f.). pleasure-grounds, horti deli- cati. plebeian, plebeius. pledge, polliceor,'^ plot, conjuratio, onis (f.). plunder, praeda, ae. plunge, inicio,^ jeci. Yioet, poeta, ae (m.). poetry, versus, uutn (plur. M.). point out, indico.^ poison, venenjim, i. polished, excultus. pollution, violare (ger. p. 69). Pompey, Pompeius^ ij (adj.), -anus. poor, miser, era, umj pauper, eris. populace, vulgHs, i (n ). population, multitudo homi- num. position, locus, i (pi. loca). possession, possessio, onis, ager, gri. — posterity, pos/eri (pi), posted, collocatus, pour (neut.), sefundere. poverty, egestas, atis (f.) power, pates tas, atis (f.) ; (do- minion), imperium, i (n.) ; potentia, ae (f.). powerful, patens, iis, praise (v.), lauda.^ praise (n.), laus, dis (f.). ■pray, precor.^ prayer, carmen precationis, precede, anteeo, ire. prediction, vaticinatio, anis{F.). preparations, to make mihtary — , capias parare. prepare (a way), munio.^ prepared, paratus. present (n.), munus, eris (N.). present (adj.), praesens, tis. preserve, conserva.^ preserver, conservator, oris. • prevail, vinco.^ prevent, impedio.* priest, sacerdos, atis, ponti/ex, ids. principal, maximus. prison, career, eris (m.). prisoner, captivus, i. private (citizen), privatus, u privation, inopia omnium re- 9'um. prize, praemium, t. proceed, progredior.^ produce, efficia.^ professed, apertus. io8 Latin Com f OS it ion ^ professions (verbal), verba^pro- missa. profit (v.), fructum capere. •pxofH^diQy, Jlagttia, orum. promise (v.), promitto^ polli- ceor,'^ itus J edtco.^ promise (n.), promissum, i. promontory, promuntorium, i. proof, testimonium^ i. property, bona, orum. Y>xo^o&e,fero,ferre (of a law). proscribe, /rtfj-^/^/i^^.^ [(f.). proscription, proscription onis prosecute, pcr^equor.'^ prospect (in), ante oculos. prostrate, prostratus, proud, superbus. proudly, superbe. prove (try), experior.* ■pxovince, pr ovine ia, ae. provision, to m?ikQ, provid o.^ provisions, commeatUs, uum. public, pub Hcus. Punic, Punicus. purchase, emo^ emi, emptum. pure, purus. purple, pufpureus. [ — , qua re. purpose, consilium, i; for what pursue, persequor ; ^ celeriter ad consectandum, in hot pursuit. push (against), trudo.^ put, pono,^ posui, positum ; — an end to, Jinio; * — to death, interjicio y ^ — off (shore), sol- vere navem. quaestor, quaestor, oris. quality (good), virtus, utis (f.). quarter (district), vicus^ i (m.). quickly, celeriter. quiet, quies, etis (f.). quiet, quietus, placidusj remain — , quiesco? evi. quietly, quiete. quit, relinquo,^ reliqui. quite, admodum. quoth, inquit (after the first word or words of the quota- tion). rage, tra. raging, iratus,furens, tis. rags, squalor, oris (m.). raise, tollo,^ sustuli, sublatuin. rank, ordo, inis (m.). rascal, improbus, i. rather, potius. reach, manus, uum (p.). read (aloud), recito}- reader, lector, oris. ready, paratus ad. ^ real, verus. reap (fruit), caper e, percipere. reason, ratio, ofiis {¥.), res, ret (f.). reawaken, denuo concito.^ recall, revoco} receive, accipio"^ {excipio), cepi, ceptum. recognize, agnosco^ novij (hold valid), ratum {justum) habere, recollection, recordatio. recommend, commendo} recommendation, commenda- tio, onis (f.). recompense, to make, compen- sare. recount, memoro, commemoro.^ Vocabulary, 109 recourse, to have, se conferre ad. recover, recupero?- recovering, experrectus (p. 65). redeem, compenso.^ reed, arundo, inis (f.) reedy, arundinibus praetextus. refinement, humanitas^ atis{F.). refuge, perfugium, i; take — , confugio} refusal, recusatio, onis. refuse, recuso} regain, recipio? regard (think), existimo ; ' — for, studium (gen.) ; pay — , rationein habere, respicerc; re- regret, dolor, oris, [garding, de. reign (v.), regno.^ reign (n.), regnum, i. reject, recuso,^ eicio^ jeci. relation, to bear, atiineo.^ relative, propinquus. relief, opis (gen.), em (f.). rely on, confido ^ (dat. or abl.)- lelyins, fre^us (abl.). remciin, maneo^ mansi. remainder of, remaining, re- liquus. remark, anifnadverto? remarkable, insis^nis, e. remember, recorder ' (§ 50, 4. a, R.). remembrance, recordation onis. remind, moneo,^ ui, itum. remnant, reliquiae^ arum. remote, ultimus. remove, a^ierto^ amoveo."^ renounce (allegiance to), impe rium abicere. renovate, renovo^ renown, laus^ dis (f.). repay (a kindness), referre, repent, paenitet, repeat, iterum with verb, reply, respondeo,^ di^ sum, reply, responsum, i. report, nuntio} dico.^ represented, expressus. representative, exemplum^ i. reprisals, to make, compensare. republic, respublica (§ 14, 2. d.). reputation, y^;«^, ae. require, postulo.^ rescue, servo, ^ eripio, resentment, simultas, atis (F.), iracundia, ae. reserve, reservo; * — to one's own use, sibi adservare. residence, domicilium, i. resign (office), abdicoj^ (power), depono^ resist, resisto,^ stiti. [ger.). resistance, contendere (inf. or resolution, consilium ^ i. resolve, constituo.^ rest-of, reliquus. restless, inquietus. restore, renovo^^ restituo^ reddo? retire, abeo^ ire (abl.). return, reverter,^ regredior^ redeOf respondeo; on his — , rediens^ tis ; — thanks, agere return (n.), reditUs, us. [^gratias. revenge, ultio, onis (f.). revive (neuter), renascor; ' (trans.), restituo? revolution, civilis motus (m.). rew^ard, praemium, ij to give as — , donare. rich, dives, itis, opimus. riches, divitiae, arum. no Latin Composition, right, rectus, a, urn; rights, jura, um (n.) ; to think — , recte sentire. right hand, dextra, ae. ring (signet-ring), anulus, i. rise, orior'^ (infin. oriri), coorior, ortus J surgo,^ surrexi. rival, aemulus, i. xivex,Jiumeny inis (n.). road, iter, itineris (n.). rob, spolio} robe, toga, ae, vestis, is (f.). roll (for writing), tabellae, arum. Roman, Rotnamis. Rome, Roma, ae ; (as people), Romani ; (as state), civitas ^ Romana {respublica). room, cubiculum, i. [radicitus . root, radix, ids; — and branch, rose, rasa, ae ; full of roses, roseus. — round, circum. roving, vagus. royal, of royalty, regius. ruin, exitium, i. rule over, impero.'^ ruler, princeps, ipis. rumor, rumor, fama. run, curro,^ atcurri. rush, procurro;^ — upon, Sabine, Sabinus. sacred, sacer, era, um. sacrifice, mac to} safe, tutus. safety, salus, utis (F.). sail (v.), navigo.^ sail (n.), velum J sailor, nauta. sake : for the — of, causa, fol- lowing a gen. sallies of -vrit, facetiae, arum. same, idem, eadem, idem. sanctuary, aedes, is. satellite, satelles, itis. satisfied, contentus. savage, barbarus. save, servo. ^ say, dico^ aio, inquam (Gr. p. 8i); absol. loquor. scarcely, vix. — scanty, exiguus. schooled, adsuefactus. scorn, ludibrium. sea, mare, is (n.) ; (adj.), marinus, sea-shore, or a, ae. season, tetnpus, oris (n.). seat, sedes, is (f.). seated, sedens, tis. secession, secessio, onis (f.). second, secundus, alter. second time, iterum. secret, res occuita ; — society, sodalitas, atis (f.). secretary, scriba, ae (m.). secure (v.), occupo.^ secure: to be — , non dubiam spem habere J to make — , tu^ tiorem reddere. security, securitas, atis (f.) sedition, seditio, onis (f.). see, video,^ vidi, visum. seek, peto,^ cupio,^ adpeto.^ seem, videor^ visus. self-same, idem, eadem, idem, seize, prehendo^ di, sumj eripio.^ sell, vendo,^ didi. senate, senatus, us (M.) ; — house, curia, ae. senator, senator, oris ; adj. -itis. Vocabulary. Ill send, mitto^^ misi^ missum. sense, sensus, us (m.). sensible, prudens^ tis. sentence, to pass, judicium fcrre. separate, separo} separate (his ovtvi), proprius. sepulchre, sepulcrutfty i, serious, ^r/zz^/j, e. seriously, in serium. Seriphus, Seriphus^ i (F.) ; (adj.), Seriphius. servant, servus, i, serve, servio;^ — well or ill, bene aut male mereri de. servile, servilis^ e. session, consessus^ us (but may be omitted; as, in Senatum venire). set, pono ; ' — on foot, incipio,^ cepiy ceptumj — out, projicis- cor^^ fectus ; —sail, navigo?- several, p lures ^ ium; singuli, severe, severtis. severely, saeviter. severity, seneritas, alts (f.). shade, umbra^ ae. shaft, telum^ jaculum, shame, ignominia^ ae^ dedecus, oris (n.). share (v.), pariicipo}- share (n.), pars^ tis (f.). she, ea^ ilia. she-wolf, lupa^ ae. shelter, tego^^ texi, tectum, shepherd, pastor, oris. ship, navis, is (f.). shivered, pulsus. shore, litus, oris (N.) ; go on — , in terrain egredi. short, brevisy e. shortly after, paulo post. should, &c., see p. 63. show, demons tro.^ shrink, abhorreo.^ sick, to be, aegroto.^ sickness (sea-sickness), nausea^ ae. side (party), pars^ tis (f.) ; on the — , a parte (often plural). siege, for the siege of, ad oppug- nandum. sight, conspectus, us (m.), speC'^ taculum, i. sign, signal, signum^ i. signify, significo?- silence, silentium, i; in — , silentio, tacit ej to keep — , silere, tacere. \niodo. simple, inconditus ; simply, since, post (ace. ; see p. 40) ; ever — , jam inde aj postea. singular, mirus. sister, soror, oris. sit, sedeo,^ sedi — situation, res. skilful, /^r/V^j (gen.), skill, ars, artis (f.). slaughter, caedes, is (p.). slave, servHs, i; to be a — ^ servio ;^ — market, grex ve- nalium. slay, interficio,^ feci, fee turn, caedo,^ cecidi, caesus ; — with cruelty, trucido.^ slayer, interfector, oris. slight, parvus. sloth, ignavia, ae. small, parvus. smite, percntio^ cussi. snake, anguis, is, serpens^ tis (M.). snatch, eripio^ ui. 112 Latin Composition. BO, sic^ ita; — . . as, ita . . «/, tarn . . quam; — many, tot; — great, tantus ; — that, adeo utj will have it so, sic velle. soldier, miles^ itis. solicitous, sollicitus. so\\6.,^rmus. some, aliqui'd, nonnullus (p. i8) ; — thing, aliqtddj — time, aliquamdiu; — times, inter- dumj — ... others, alii. . . alii. son, filius., i; in-law, getter^ eri. song, carmen^ inis (N.). soon, brevi tempore; (present- ly), mox; — after, paulo post ; as — as, ut primum. soothsayer, haruspex, ids. sorro-w, dolor^ oris (m.). soul, animus., i; anima, ae. sound, sanus. south, meridionalis (adj.). Spain, Hispania., ae; (adj.), Hispanicus. spare, parco,^ peperci; (refrain), temper o} S-p^xtsai, Spartanus. speak, loquor^^ locutus ; — of, commemoro> spectacle, spectaculum, i. spectre, species^ ei (f.). \cere' speculator, to be a, quaestumfa- speech, sermo, onis (m.). spirit, animus, /(m.), (pL). sport, lusio^ onis (F.). spot, loais^ i; plur., loca. spring, ver., veris (n.). square (of a city), platea^ ae. staff, baculum, i. stand, j/, ids. succor (help), subvenire (dsitJ). suckle, lac to. ^ such, talis, ej is^ea,id; tarn. sudden, subitus. [subito. suddenly (on a sudden), repente^ suffer, fero, iulij patior.^ sufficiency, satis, \consciscere. suicide, to commit, fnortem sibi suit, convenio.* suitable, idoneus. Buinmer,aestas,atis{F.); (adj.), aestivus. summit, summus mons, summon, convoco.^ sun, sol, solis (m.). superior, superior, meliorj abso- lutely, optimus. support, conjirmo.^ suppose, /«/^.^ supreme, supremus, summus. surely, profecto. surface of earth, omnis terra. surmount, surpass, supero.^ surrender (v.), dedo,^ dedidi. surrender (n.), deditio, onis (p.). surrounded, stipatus. survive, superesse, super stes (it is) esse with dat. suspend, suspendo,^ di^ sum. suspense, cura^ ae. swallow (n.), hirundo, inis (p.). swamp, palus, udis (p.). swear, juroj ' — together, con- •juro.^ sweet, dulcis, e. B^eetly, Jucunde. swim, no, naio, trano^ symptom, indicium, i. Syracuse, Syracusae, arum (p.). Syracusan, Syracusanus, a^ uin. Syrian, Syrus^ a, um* tstke, capio,^ cepi, captum,porto^ ducoj^ (enjoy), fruor^j — away, adifno,^ emi, etnptum ; — in charge, accipio j ^ — part in, commujtico ; ^ — claim for one's self, Sibi adrogare ; — prisoner, capere; — refuge, confugere; — up arms, arma capere; — by the hand , manu arripere; (follow), scq-ui; — seriously, in serium vertere. task, opus, eris (n.). talents, ingenium, i (use sing.). tall, procerus. taunt, obicio,^ exprobro?- teach, doceo,^ ui. teacher, doctor, oris. tear away, detraho^ xi, cium, tear (n), lacrima, ae. tell, nuntio,^ narro,^ dico.^ temperance, temperantia, ae^ continentia, ae. tempest, tempestas, atis (p.). temple, tempium, i, aedes, is (p.). terms, condiciones, um (p.). terrify, terreo,^ ui, itum. testimony, testimonium^ u than, quam^ipx abl.). themks, grates, gratiae, arum. that, ut, quod (see pp. 54, 75) ; — not, ne; but — , quin. 8 114 Latin Composition, the, often expressed by ille. theatre, scena, ae. ttiencej fide. then, turn, inde, deinde, igitur. there, ibi. — their, eorum, situs. therefore, itaque, qua de causa. thing, res., rei (f.). think, /«/^,^ reor^ ratus. this, hie., iste; often qui. this day's, hodiernus. thong, lorum, i. though, quamquam, etiam si. thoughtlessness, temcritas, atis (F.). thought, consilium., i. thousand, mille (§ 18, i. *atio ingens erat. 2. But how vast the privilege, for the soul to live ! At illud quanti est, anunutn vivere! 3. In both cases he acted with dignity, utrumque egit graviter. 4. All incidents of life which happen in accordance -with nature, omniti quae sccundutti naturatn fiunt, 5. For even these tributes are honorable, haec enim ipsa sunt houorabUiu, To the same habit of mind may be referred the frequent use of such colorless words as ars, genus, locus, ratio, res, sententia, studium, vis ; afficio, ago, capio, facio, habeo, possum, sum, versor (see Lexicon under these words). II, An English sentence is often filled out with words not strictly necessary to the sense, but inserted for fulness or rotundity of expression. In general, it is unclassical to express any thing whicli is obvious from the context, or to repeat what has once been said in other words in the same clause or phrase (compare V), m» English narrative abounds in varied descriptive phrases alluding to an idea or person once expressed : these must be omitted in Latin ; or, if something is necessary to prevent ambigu- ity, a simple pronoun is used. Proper names are repeated, but not so often as in English. Thus, the words italicized \n the following extract (recounting the death of the elder Pliny) would be omitted in a Latin version of the passage, or else expressed by pronouns : — ** As the shades of evening gathered, the brightness of the flames became more striking ; but, to calm the panic of those around him, the philosopher assured them that they arose from cottages on the slope, which the alarmed natives had abandoned to the descending flakes of fire. . . . The sea was agitated, and abandoned by every bark. Pliny, wearied and perplexed, refused to stir farther ; while his companions, all but two body-slaves, fled in terror. Some, who looked back in their flight, affirmed that the old man rose once with the help of his attendants, but immediately fell again, overpowered, as it seemed, with the deadly vapors." 126 Latin Composition . n. But if the allusive or descriptive word is essential to the idea to be conveyed, it must be given outright in a clause or special expression : as, But the veteran could not be deceived: ille autetn — ut qui esset rei bellicae peritissitnus — illadi non potuit, O. The tendency in Latin to a direct form of statement requires that the main idea should be asserted directly in the main clause, and not hidden in a relative clause, participle, or adverb (compare v). The necessary emphasis is to be given by position. For example, — 1. A fresh blow^ came, that crushed the city, clades nova civitateni adjiixit. 2. It is these that delight in flattery, hos delectat adsen- tatio, 3. You are the very man I w^as looking for, te ipsum quae- rehani. II. Structure of the Sentence. The best English writers give a connected story or argUv ment in short clear sentences, each distinct from the rest, and saying one thing by itself. In Latin, on the contrary, the story or argument is viewed as a whole ; and a logical relation among all its parts is carefully indicated, so that the whole forms a compact group. For example, — But gloomy silence and voiceless Sed silenthim triste ac tacita maes- sorrow had paralyzed the minds of titia ita deflixit omnium antmos, ut, the inhabitants. For very dread p.„^ ^^f^ Miti quid relinquerent they forgot what they were leaving ^^^.^ ^^^^^ y^^^^^^^ deficiente con- behind, what they were carrving ... . ^ ,■■ i- _.. , „,. :f ^ , /, siho, ros'tiantesgue alii altos, nunc with them. With no fixed idea, » ». J . . . c ^.- in limimbus siarent, nunc errabundt and inquiring every man of his neighbor, they were at one mo- ^^'' '""^'^ ultimum illud vtsurt, ment standing at their thresholds, pervagarentur . at another wandering restlessly through their homes to see the end. p. In particular, so much of a statement as can be so treated, with its attendant circumstances, modifications, &c., is put into a Pa7't II. Introduction, 127 single complex sentence, called a Period (§ 346. Lesson 9, 2. a. « merx (/). 144 Latin Composition. he^ disembarked from the vessel, he ordered that all who' inquired should be informed^*^ that he had been sent as ambassador to Tyre. Apprehensive, however, that one^ of their ships, sailing by night for Thapsus or Adrumetum, might announce that he had been seen at Cercina, he commanded a sacrifice to be pre- pared, and^ the captains of the vessels and the mer- chants to be invited ; also giving orders^ that the sails, together with the yard-arms, should be brought toge- ther from the ships, that they might enjoy^ the shade — for it happened^ to be^ midsummer — while supping on the shore. 3. So far as circumstances^ and time permitted, the banquet was duly prepared^^ and celebrated on that day,^^ and the feast was protracted with a profusion of wine to a late hour of night. Hannibal, as soon as he found an opportunity of escaping the notice of those who were in the harbor, unmoored his vessel. The rest, having at length arisen from their deep slumber, on the following day, full of the fumes** of wine, spent several hours in carrying back and setting in order the tackle of their ships. 4. At Carthage, too, there was a concourse of the people, accustomed to frequent the house of Hannibal, at the vestibule of his mansion. As soon as it was generally known^^ ^j^^t he was not to be found, ^^ a crowd of citizens," in quest of the chief man in the state, flocked' to the forum.^ Some spread a report that he had taken to flight, as^* was really" the case ;* others that he had been assassinated by the treachery of the Romans ; and you might observe 7 Lesson 22, 3. a. 8 Withyf^ [cc), ^ forte. *" With noun in adverbial phrase (compare/). 11 Lesson 15, a. 12 vulgaru i* comJ>arere [u). ^* id quod. Exercises in Translation, 145 various countenances, as is natural" in a state agi- tated^^ by the intrigues of partisans supporting different factions. 1* discors, making it more personal : lit. " of men supporting {favere) different {alius alius) parties aw^ agitated," &c. (compare /). XIII. The Tale of Atalanta. — Bacon, Atalanta, who was exceeding fleet,* contended^ with Hippomenes in the course,^ on condition that, if Hippomenes won, he should espouse'*'* her, or forfeit^ his life if he lost. The match was very unequal, for^ Atalanta had conquered^ numbers' to their destruc- tion.'' Hippomenes therefore had recourse* to strata- gem. He procured* three golden apples, and purposely carried them with him. They started.^ Atalanta out- stripped, him soon ; then Hippomenes bowled one of his" apples before her,* across the course, in order^ not only to make" her stoop, but to draw^ her out of the path. She, prompted by female curiosity ,2 and the beauty of the golden fruit," starts from the course to take up the apple. Hippomenes, in the mean time, holds on his way, and^ steps before her; but she, by her natural" swiftness, soon fetches up her lost ground, and leaves him again behind. Hippomenes, however, by rightly timing^ his second and third throws,^ at length won the race, not by his swiftness, buf by his cunning.^ ^ eo consilio ut. ^ sludium (t). ^ jadare ad tempus, XIV. Assassination of C^sar. — Plutarch, I. When^ Caesar^ entered, the Senate rose to do him" honor,**** and some of the party^ of Brutus stood 1 Lesson 22, 3. a. '^ Lesson 15, c, 10 146 Latin Composition, around his chair at the back, and others presented themselves before him, as if their purpose*'^ was to support the prayers of Tillius Cimber on behalf of his exiled brother ; and they all joined in entreaty, follow- ing Caesar as far as his seat. When he had taken his seat, and was rejecting their entreaties, and as they urged^ him still more strongly, began to show dis- pleasure^ towards them individually, Tillius, taking hold of his toga with both hands, pulled it downward from the neck, which was the signal for the attack." Casca was the first to strike^ him on the neck with his sword, a blow neither mortal nor severe ; for,^ as was natural at the beginning^ of so bold a deed, he was confused, and'^ Caesar™ turning round seized* the blade and held it fast. 2. And it happened** that at the same moment^ he who was struck™ cried** out in the Roman language, "You villain Casca, what are you doing?" and he who had given™ the blow cried' out to his brother' in Greek, " Brother, help ! " Such being the beginning, those who were not privy to the conspiracy were pre- vented by consternation and horror at what was going on either from flying"^ or going to aid, and they did not even venture to utter a word. And now*^*^ each of the conspirators bared* his sword ; and Caesar being hemmed in all round, in whatsoever direction he turned meeting blows and swords aimed against his eyes and face, driven about like a wild beast, was caught in the hands of his enemies ; for it was arranged that all of them should take a part in and taste of the deed' of blood.' 3. Accordingly also Brutus gave him one blow in the groin. It is said by some authorities, that he 3 Lesson 22, 3. * Lesson 31, 2. d. Exercises in Translation, 147 defended himself against the rest, moving^ about his body hither and thither, and calHng out, till he saw that Brutus had drawn his sword ; when^ he pulled his toga over his face and offered no further resist- ance,^ having been driven either by chance or the con- spirators to the base on which the statue of Pompey stood. And the base was drenched with blood, as if Pompey was directing the vengeance upon his enemy, who was stretched beneath his feet, and writhing^® under many wounds ; for he is said to have received^ three and twenty wounds." Many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, while they were aiming so many blows against one body. * turn vera. XV. Death of Marcus Antonius. I. The orator, Marcus Antonius, found a faithful friend in these dangerous times, but still he did not escape. This friend,™ though a poor man and of the lower class, received in his house one of the most illus- trious" of the Romans, and wishing to entertain him as well as he could, sent a slave to one of the neigh- boring wine-shops to get some wine. As the slave was more curious than usual in tasting** it, and told the man to give^ him some better wine, the merchant asked what could be the reason" that he did not buy the new wine, as usual, and the ordinary wine," but wanted some of good quality*^ and high price. '^ The slave replied in his simplicity,*^ as he was speaking to an old acquaintance, that his master was entertaining Marcus Antonius, who was concealed at his house. The wine-dealer," a faithless and unprincipled wretch," 148 Latin Composition, as soon as the slave left him, hurried off to Marius, ^^ho was at supper, and having gained admission, told him he would betray Marcus Antonius to him. 2. On hearing^ this,^ Marius is said to have uttered a loud shout, and to have clapped his hands with de- light ; and be was near'^ getting up and going to the place himself, but his friends stopped^^ him, and he despatched Annius with some soldiers with orders* to bring him the head of Antonius immediately. On reaching^ the house, Annius waited^ at the door, and the soldiers mounting the stairs" entered the room ; but, on seeing Antonius, every man began to urge some of his companions, and push him forward to do the deed instead" of himself. And so persuasive was the charm of his eloquence, when Antonius began to speak and plead for his life, that not a man of them could" ven- ture to lay hands on him or look him in the face, but they all bent* their heads down and shed tears. As this*^ caused^ some delay, Annius went up stairs," where he saw* Antonius speaking, and the soldiers awed and completely softened by his eloquence : on which^ he abused them, and running up to Antonius, cut off his head with his own hand. ^ Lesson 22, 3. b. '^ Lesson 31, 2. b, d. 3 Lesson 22, 2. XVI. Destruction of Carthage. I. But when, yielding^ to famine, the most resolute of them set fire to the temple, Hasdrubal could not endure to face^ death ; alone'^'' he ran-^ forth to the vic- tor, and falling upon his neck pleaded for his life. It was granted \^ but when his wife, who with her children was amongst the rest on the roof of the temple, saw him at the feet of Scipio, her proud" Exercises in Translation, 149 heart swelled" at this disgrace brought on her beloved perishing home,' and with bitter words bidding her husband be careful to save his life, she plunged first her sons and then herself into the flames. The strug- gle was' at an end. The^ joy in the camp^"" and at Rome was boundless :^ the noblest^ of the Romans alone were" in secret ashamed of the most recent achievement of the nation. 2. The senate ordered the general to level the city of Carthage and the suburb of Magalia with the ground, and to do the same with all the places which had held by Carthage to the last ; and thereafter to pass the plough over the site of Carthage, so as to put an end in legal form*''^ to the existence*^ of the city, and to curse the soil and site for ever, that neither house nor corn-field might ever reappear' on the spot. Tlie** command was punctually obeyed. The ruins burned for seventeen days. Recently, when the remains of the city wall were excavated, they were found to be covered with a layer" of ashes from four to five feet deep, filled with half-charred pieces of wood,^ frag- ments of iron, and projectiles. Where^*! the indus- trious Phoenicians had bustled and trafficked for five hundred years, Roman slaves henceforth pastured the herds of their distant masters. XVII. Xenophon at the Sea. I. They" had crossed^ the plain to the foot of the hills in the dark, during the last watch of the night, andP found the passes^ unguarded. But'''^ the people* fled from the villages at their approach, and though the Greeks at first spared^ their property,^ could not 1 pervenire with trans. 2 Insert quidcm {qq)- 150 Latin Corn-position. be induced to listen to any pacific' overtures.^ But having recovered from their first surprise, and' col- lected a part of their forces, they fell upon the rear of the Greeks, and with their missiles made some slaugh- ter among the last^ troops" which issued in the dusk of the evening" from the long and narrow defile. In the night"*^ the watch"-fires of the Carduchians were seen blazing* on the peaks of the surrounding^ hills ; sig- nals^ which warned the Greeks that they might expect^ to be attacked by the collected forces of their tribes. 2. On the fifth day, as^ the army was ascending Mount Theche, a lofty ridge distinguished^ by the name of the Sacred Mountain, Xenophon and the rear- guard observed a stoppage^ and an unusual clamor in the foremost ranks," which had reached the summit, and they^ supposed at first that they saw^ an enemy before them. But when Xenophon rode up to ascer- tain the cause, the first shouts that struck^ his ear were. The sea^ the sea! The glad sound ran quickly till it reached the hindmost, and all pressed forward to enjoy the cheering spectacle. The Euxine'*'^ spread" its waters before their eyes ; waters which rolled on to the shores of Greece, and which washed the walls ot many Greek cities on the nearest coast of Asia. * In relative clause. ^ Infinitive. ^ Lesson 8, 3. <> Part in dus\^y). "^ Lesson 25, 2. b. ^ adeo ut (/). XVIII. Vercingetorix. — Merivale. Vercingetorix, with all the gallant gayety^ of his nation,^ clad^ himself in his most splendid armour, and mounted his noblest charger. Caesar*'^ had drawn^ up his troops, and had seated himself to receive his 1 ut/ere Galli (/). Exercises in Translation, 151 captives. The Gaul" caused" the gates of his en- campment to be thrown' wide, and galloped forth into the open space, in the attitude of a warrior charging.^ Having approached close to the proconsul's chair, he dexterously wheeled round, and again returning to the same spot, sprang to the ground, and laid his arms at the feet of the conqueror. The army^ was' touched with a sense^ of admiration akin to com- passion, but Caesar himself remained cold* and un- moved. ^ With artna. XIX. A Story of Wolves. We had^ one dangerous place to pass, and our guide told us, if there were more wolves in the coun- try ,J we should find them there \^ and''^ this was a small plain surrounded with woods on every side. It was within half an hour of sunset when** we entered the wood, and a little after sunset when** we came into the plain : we met with nothing in the first wood, except that we saw five great wolves cross the road, full speed one after another, as if they had been in chase of some prey and had it in view : they took no notice^ of us, and were gone out of sight in a few moments. Upon this, our guide, who, by the way,^ was but^ a faint-hearted fellow, bid us keep in a ready posture,* for he believed there were more wolves a-coming. We kept our arms ready and our eyes about us ; but we saw no more wolves till we came through that wood, which was near half a league, and entered the plain. As soon as we came into the plain we had * Lesson 20, z. c. 2 quidem. ^ satu. 152 Latin Composition, occasion^ enough to look about us : the first object we met with was a dead horse which the wolves had killed, and at least a dozen of them at work picking his bones. XX. Death of Socrates. — Plato, 1. When he had thus spoken, Socrates arose and went into another room that he might wash himself, and Crito followed^ him ;" but*^*^ he ordered* us to wait for him." We waited therefore accordingly, discours- ing over and reviewing among ourselves what had been said; and sometimes speaking about his death, how great a calamity it would be to us ; and sincerely thinking that we, like those who are deprived of their fathers, should pass^' the rest of our life in the condi- tion of orphans.'^ But when he had washed himself, his sons were brought to him (for he had two little ones, and one older), and the women belonging to his family" likewise came in to him ; but^ when he had spoken to them before Crito, and had left them such injunctions'^ as he thought^ proper," he ordered"" the boys and women to depart,* and he himself returned to us. 2. And it was now near the setting of the sun ; for he had been away in the inner room for a long time. But when he came in from bathing^ he sat down, and did not^ speak much afterwards ; for then the servant of the Eleven'^'^ came in, and standing near him, said, " I do not perceive that in you, Socrates, which I have taken^ notice^ of in others: I mean," that they are angry with me and curse me, when being compelled by the magistrates I announce to them that they must 1 lotus. 2 n£c. Exercises in Translation, 15 j drink^ the poison. But, on the contrary,^ I have found you to the present time** to be" the most generous, mild, and best of all the men that ever came into this place ; and therefore I am well convinced that you are not angry with me, but with the authors* of your present condition, for you know who they are. Now therefore, for you know what I came to tell you, fare- well ; and endeavor to bear this necessity as easily as possible.'"^ 3. At the same time bursting into tears, and turning himself away, he departed. But Socrates, looking after him, said, "And thou, too, farewell; and we. shall take care" to act as you advise." And at the same time, turning to us, " How courteous/' he said, " is the behavior'^ of that man ! During the whole time of my abode^ here, he has visited me, and often conversed with me, and proved himself to be the best of men ; and now how generously he weeps on my account ! But^ let us obey him, Crito, and let some one bring the poison if it is bruised; and, if not, let the man whose business" it is bruise it." 4. " But, Socrates," said Crito, " I think that the sun still hangs' over the mountains, and is not set yet.* And at the same time I have known others who° have drunk the poison very late after it was announced to . them; who^ have supped and drunk abundantly. Therefore do not be in such haste, for there is yet time enough." Socrates replied," " Such^ men, Crito, act fitly in the manner which you have described, for they think to derive some advantage^ from so doing ;" , and I also with propriety shall not act in thismanner." For I do not think I shall gain any thing by drinking * qttod contra. * Rel. clause (Lesson 8, 3). * Participle. « isti. 154 Latin Composition, it later, except becoming^ ridiculous to myself through desiring to live, and being sparing of life, when nothing of it any longer^ remains. Go therefore," said he, " be persuaded,^ and comply with my re- quest."" 5. Then Crito, hearing^ this,** gave a sign to the boy that stood near him ; and the boy*" departing, and having stayed for some time, came back with the per- son that was to administer* the poison, who brought it pounded in a cup. And Socrates, looking at the man, sain, " Well,^ my friend, as you are knowing in these matters, what is^^ to be done?" "Nothing," he said, " but^^ after you have drunk it to walk about, until a heaviness gomes on in your legs, and then to lie down : this is the manner in which you have" to act." And at the same time he extended the cup to Socrates. And Socrates taking it — and, indeed, with great cheerfulness, neither trembling nor turning color, but as his manner^ was, looking sternly under his brows at the man — " What say you," he said, "to making" a libation'^ from this? may I do it or not? " 6. "We can only bruise as much, Socrates," he replied," " as we think sufficient for the purpose." "I understand you," he said, "but^it is both lawful and proper to pray to the gods that my departure from hence to another world may be prosperous : which I entreat them to grant may be the case.''J And so say- ing, he stopped and drank the poison very readily and pleasantly. And thus far the greater part of us were tolerablyi2 ^gU able to refrain from weeping ;^^ but when we saw him drinking, and that he had drunk it, we could no longer restrain our tears. And from me, "^ With ut. 8 credere. 5* quid est. "* oportet. 11 quatn ut. ^^ satis. ^^ Lesson 31, 2. d. Exercises in Translation, 155 in spite of my efforts,** they flowed, and that not drop by drop ; so that wrapping^ myself in my mantle, I bewailed, not indeed for his misfortune, but for my own, considering what a companion I should be deprived of. XXI. Hannibal in the Apennines. So furious a tempest attacked him^ (while) cross- ing'^ the Apennines, that it almost surpassed the horrors of the Alps. The rain and wind together^ being^ driven directly^ against their faces, they first halted, because^ either they were obliged to drop their arms, or, if^ they struggled against the storm, they were whirled round by the hurricane, and^ dashed upon the ground :" afterwards, as^ it took away* their breath, and did not allow them to respire, they sat down for a short time with their backs" to the wind. Then, indeed, the sky resounded^ with the loudest thunder,^ and lightnings'^ flashed amid the terrific peals : deafened'^ and blinded, they all became insensible^2 ^ith fear. At last, the rain having spent* itself, and the violence of the wind having been re- doubled*^ upon that account, it was held requisite to pitch their camp on the very spot whereon they had been overtaken by the storm." But this was like** a fresh commencement of their toils. For they could neither spread their canvas,* nor fix their poles :* nor would any thing that had been fixed remain, the wind tearing every thing to shreds*^ and hurryinej it away ; and soon after, when the water which^ had been raised * Hannibal. * mixtus (/). * Lesson 22, 2. * ipse (/). * Lesson 22, 3. a * cum. ' aversus (/,_y). ^ Infinitive. 9 sontis (/). '<> ignis. '* captus^ with nouns. ^'^ With torpere. ^3 magis (ucensus. 1* velut. ^* By prep, in compos. 156 Latin Composition, aloft by the gale, had been frozen on the icy summits of the mountains, it^ poured down such a torrent^ of snowy hail, that the soldiers, throwing every thing away, fell down upon their faces, ^^ rather smothered^^ than covered by their clothes. And such an intensity* of cold succeeded, that, whenever any one endea- vored to raise and lift himself up from this miserable prostrate mass^^ of men and cattle, he was long unable, because, his sinews stiffening with the cold, he was hardly capable-' of bending his joints. 16 obruere. *' strasres. XXII. The Gauls at Rome. The Romans, seeing^ from the citadel the city full of the enemy, some new disaster continually arising on every^ side, v\ ere unable not only to realize*^ it," but even to command'^ their senses.* Wherever the shouts of the foe, the lamentations of women and children, the crackling of fire, and the crash of falhng roofs, called^ their attention," terrified at every sound,' they turned their thoughts, faces, and eyes, as if stationed by fortune to be spectators^ of the ruin*^ of their coun- try, and left to protect" no part of their property,* except their own persons :' so much more^ to be pitied than others that have ever been besieged, inasmuch as^ they were at once invested and' shut out from their country, beholding all their effects-" in the power of their enemies. Nor was the night which^ suc- ceeded^^ a day so miserably spent more tranquil :* day- 1 Lesson 22, 2. 2 alius atque alius ; so as to present the actual picture more vividly (cf /). 2 constare. * Express by the organs of sense (/). * avei'tere. 6 spectaculum {cc). ' vindex { j). ^ ante. ^ Lesson 28, 2. d. iw excipere {ci. k). Exercises in Translation, ;I57 light then followed a restless night : nor was there any moment which° was free from^^ the spectacle of some ever*2 new disaster. Nevertheless, burdened and over- whelmed by so many evils, they abated^^ not* their courage, determined,^* although they had beheld all things levelled by conflagration and ruin, to defend, by their valor, the hill which they occupied, ill-provided and narrow as it was,^^ yet the refuge^^ of freedom. And at last, as the same things happened every day, they had abstracted their thoughts, as if" inured to ca- lamities,' from all sense of their misfortunes ; gazing only upon the arms, and the swords in their hands, as the sole remnants of their hopes. 11 cessare (a), to give a more intense personal character than the ordinary words. 12 semper. '^'^ Jlectere. l* quin (/). 1* The phrase may be omitted (cf. //), or with qtiamvis. !<> relictus {^cc). XXIII. Murder of Marcellus. I. The day following, as I was purposing^ to set out from Athens, his friend Posthumius came to me about four^ in the morning, and informed me Marcellus had been stabbed^ the night before by Magius Cilo, whilst they were sitting" together after supper ; that he had received two wounds from a dagger,' one of which was" in his breast, and the other under his ear ; but that neither of them, he hoped, was mortal.^ He added,^ that Magius, after having committed this bar- barous action," immediately killed himself; and that Marcellus had despatched^ him in order to give me this account, and likewise to desire that 1 would direct my physicians to attend" him. This I instantl}^ did ; 1 in animo habere. ^ Lesson 17, e, ' ferire, fus^one icere. * Lit. " hoped he could live " (