THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES & f 4^ 3 SS PHONETIC AND STENOGRAPHIC SHORT HAND SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM SOUND AND SIGHT WRITING, BY REV. THOMAS MITCHELL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. J. W. PRATT, STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, 73 TO 79 FULTON STREET. 1876, Kntercil :n c onling to Act of Congress in llie yr.ir i THOMAS MITCHELL, In tlie ofli<:e nf tlie Librarian of Congress, :il \V';isliim;t..n, 1 > (." CONTENTS. PA(;E. The necessity for an Alphabet for Short Hand, and what must be its character 3 Graham's Reconstruction of Words contrasted with our system 6 A Universal Language possible 9 Phonetic Standards criticised 10 Sound and Sight Writing Our system fundamentally different Originality essential to improvement.... 12 Why letters in our language are silent 13 A Purely Phonetic System impracticable. 14 *" Shading consonants in our favor 17 a: Vowels cannot be dispensed with 20 oz We make them without loss of time 21 CO U Proportion of our language written with a single stroke for each word 21 ^ Word Signs must be Phonetic 22 K) Punctuation 23 * THE TEN PRINCIPLES OF ABBREVIATION. First Principle The Phonetic Alphabet (governed by u Rule I) 24 j- Second Principle Vowels incorporated with the Con- f* sonants (governed by Rule II) 26 Rule III, for the Construction of Words 27 Division and Pronunciation of Words (governed by Rule IV) 28 What constitutes Syllables (governed by Rule V) 28 3 452178 iv CONTENTS. PAGE. Third Principle The Accommodation Signs (governed by Rule VI) 29 Fourth Principle Long Vowel Contractions (governed by Rule VII) 34 Examples illustrative 35 Fifth Principle Prefix and Affix Contractions (gov- erned by Rule VIII) 36 Thirty-Ninth Page explained 40 The Affix "mation" explained 44 Diphthongs, Dot and Dash Affixes explained 46 Peculiar Sounds explained 47 Sixth Principle Phonetic Word Signs (explained on page 73, and also governed by Rule IX) 48 Seventh Principle Contractions by the Negatives Im, In, Un and Ir (governed by Rula X) 75 Eighth Principle Applies to all words (governed by Rule XI) 76 Alphabetical Word Signs extended 78 Directions for its Practice 79 Arranged Alphabetically, commencing So Ninth Principle Unalphabetical Word Signs (governed by Rule XII) 96 Tenth Principle Hieroglyphics 98 Directions for writing these too Excercise No. I Daniel Webster on True Eloquence 102 Exercise No. 2 Richard Watson on The Glory of Man 104 Exercise No. 3 The Good Samaritan 106 Exercise No. 4 The Lord's Prayer 108 Testimonies 109 PHILOSOPHY OF SHOIjT HAND. In answer to the question as to what must be the character and structure of that system of Short Hand writing, adapted to meet the legitimate demands it proposes, and the necessi- ties the case requires, we may say in a general way, that it must be systematic, and this presupposes it io be founded upon certain fixed principles, inherent in the reception and com- munication of human knowledge through the medium of aud- ible speech and written signs. This not only renders an alphabet a necessity, but that it must be of such construction that it forms the common cen- ter embodying the elements and principles from which the signs emanate, and in such a manner that they will recipro- cally suggest each other. If it is adapted to general use, it must also be of such a character that it will impose no greater tax upon the mind to comprehend, or the memory to retain, than that of our common long hand writing, and if possible very much less. From this it follows that such an alphabet must be composed of the least number of characters or let- ters, and of the simplest structure, and which involve the greatest number of elementary sounds they may be conven- tionally made to represent, and in the same proportion will the writing be legible and rapid of execution. 6 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. The fact is so patent to all, that it is scarcely necessary that we should say, that all written alphabets are mere con- ventionalisms, or that certain parties agree that certain marks shall represent certain things, or certain sounds, and whose unities or combinations shall convey certain ideas, and that the characters themselves have no phonetic peculiarity. The course most phonographers have pursued in the forma- tion of their alphabets has been quite the reverse of this, even laboring to produce alphabets so numerically extended, amounting to from 75 to loo in each, and difficult of forma- tion, because intended to represent all the elementary sounds the language contains, analyzed to their extremest nicety. Some of the modern systems, as Pitman's ; or its modifi- cations, as Munson's and Graham's, give us an ambiguous re- construction of the words themselves, which bears but little or no resemblance to either the sound or form of the words for which they are substituted, and rendering it necessary that each new structure must be memorized as the representation of the sign, and the sign for the word. In some of these re- constructed forms there are as many letters, and therefore requiring as many motions to make as there are in the words as they stand in the common alphabet ; hence nothing is gained in the ease with which they may be learned, or the time demanded in their execution. As an example, see " Graham's Hand Book of Standard Phonography," page 189, where the following words are thus reconstructed : " New Foundland. En-Fed-El end." '" New Testament. Net-Step." " New York City. En-Yays. " " Personification. Pers-En-Ef-Shon." "Painful Pen-Ef." "Paganism. Pee-Gays-Em. " "Nocturnal. En-Ket-Ben." "Patronage. Pet-Ray-Jay." We divide and pronounce these words as follows ; and al- though in the longest manner of the system, they have less MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 7 motions than by the above abbreviations, and in the natural compound sounds of the words. nu-f-ow-1-and. nu-ts-t-ment. nu-y-or-k. per-s-on-ni- fi-k-tion. pa-n-ful. pa-g-n-iz. n-oc-tur-n-1. pa-tro-na-g. This includes the prefixes and affixes belonging to the words; each division is made with a single motion of the pen and finished in the order in which they are sounded, without being under the necessity of going back to put in a dot or dash for a vowel or anything to make it more legible. The longest of these, it will be seen, only requires seven motions of the pen, while the little word (the) requires ten in long- hand, and it will be readily seen that by pronouncing these syllabic divisions, the words themselves are accurately spoken, they are therefore the real phonetics of the words. That we may not be charged with misrepresenting this feature of omitting the middle or former parts of words, and writing the others in their place for the whole words, we quote an example from page 121 of the "Compendium," under the heading of Contractions and Expedients: "The advanced writer may, in a few cases, extend this practice beyond the established word-sign contractions for the corre- sponding style ; writing, for instance, Stens for ' circum- stance,' Ef-Ret for 'comfort,' Pel-ish for 'accomplish,' Ray- Spense for 'responsible,' Pers-Dee for ' proceeding.' Rayses- Tee for 'resisting,' Pee Bee for 'public.' An ' affix-sign, ' especially when it cannot be conveniently joined, may be omitted by the reporter, whenever its omission would not seriously endanger the legibility of his writing ; thus, Corn- Ens, 'commencement,' Ray-En-Jay, 'arrangement' Ned- Stend, 'understanding' Iths-Gay, 'thanksgiving' Fer Gay, 'forgiving,' Lev-Kend, (for) ' loving kindness.'" 8 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Now let any one take either of these substitutes for the words and examine them as closely as possible, and see if they appear the least similar to the words, much less enough so as to suggest them. Again let him pronounce these substitutes, either in their single or compound elements, and he will discover that not a single one of the words will be suggested by the sounds he utters ; and if such is the case, what other conclusion can we arrive at, than that the theory is simply ' ' conventionalism. " I reconstruct a word, and say you must remember that the reconstruction means the word itself, though it bears no resemblance to the eye to assist the memory, and no corresponding sound to assist it by the ear. Now, can such a theory be properly called Stenog- raphy, and much less Phonography ? But this is but a small part of the objection, because it requires the memory to re- tain each distinct form substituted for the words, in addition to the signs which represent the substitutes, thus imposing zoo per cent, additional tax on the memory. In regard to the principle here recommended, to omit pre- fixes and first parts of words, and to write the remainder for the words, we may remark that it seems exactly the reverse of that which naturalness would indicate. For instance, if we should write " un," the prefix (as we do) for under, and add S to it for the word ' : understanding," how much surer would it suggest the word than though we should write " Ned-Stend," as in the above example? Again, how much more surely would our prefix "Com," and affix "ence," suggest the word "commencement," than to write "Corn- Ends," as in the above quoted example ; this, "Com" and "Ence" are made with one motion each by our system, while with Graham's it requires two for each, as they each have vowels in them, hence consuming double th3 time to make in the one case than in the other. We are aware that there are parts of words which neither begin nor end them ; but whose sounds, if spoken, will more readily call the words themselves to mind, than though the first, or last letter in their ordinary spelling were used MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 9 for sucli purpose; for example, the phonograph, representing the sound " Ol " in dollar, or " Ow " in hour : and in our list of word-signs, it will be seen we have availed ourselves to a limited extent of its significance ; but when the reconstructed substitute is a mere conventionalism, bearing no orthographi- cal likeness to the eye or phonetic to the ear which would convey to the mind the word itself, then, we ask, how can the production be properly called Phonography ? or how can its use facilitate either the acquisition or practice of Short Hand writing? It is not complicated and extended analysis, but simplified synthesis, the nature of the case de- mands. It is readily conceded that the elementary analysis of the sounds of the language is of value in exposing the defects in our English orthography ; but to construct a system by making signs for each of these elements, and call it short hand, is in exactly the opposite direction from simple philosophy and practicability. fc Were it the object of Phonography to produce a universal language as a substitute for all others, then it would be necessary to construct an alphabet composed of as many characters as there are elemental or compound sounds em- ployed in human speech, and which would phonetically represent all the proper and common names of things and beings, and all the distinct ideas comprehending at the time the standard of human knowledge, and such we conceive to be its susceptibility. Let this be done with a corresponding dictionary of definitions, and taught simultaneously in all the schools of the world, and it would seem to require but the succession of a few generations to give it one language, one literature, and, we think, one religion. When, however, it is understood that the object of the art is confined to the task of producing a system of Short Hand writing, whether of Phonography or Stenography, or both combined, to enable us to record our words or those of others legibly and with the velocity of speech, it becomes neces- sary to cast aside every superfluous thing not essential to enable us to readily understand what is written even by 10 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. children, so that these may be able to read and write it at least as easily as they do our common long hand, and until such a system is produced, the art can be considered in no other light than that of mere experiment, and the fact that Short Hand writing is not taught in our common schools, is itself conclusive evidence that no such system has yet been given to the public. It is a simple matter for a man to designate his own sys- tem " The Standard of American Phonography" but when that standard really appears, an appreciative public* will not be backward in giving it the title it merits, for if anything within the wide range of literature stands more upon its merits than upon the reputation of its author, we think that thing is Short Hand writing. It is a singular fact that authors of Short Hand have started the controversy and kept it alive, as to whether Phonography or Stenography, meaning simply writing by sound or sight was superior and to be preferred, each laboring to show the weakest features of the other, just as some people seem to think they can only obtain a reputation by destroying that of their neigh- bors. 4. If men were not endowed with ears and the faculty of re- ceiving impressions through the medium of sound, then the Stenographer might have grounds for his opposition. Or. on the other hand, if men did not possess the organs cf sight, through which to receive the impress of external objects, then the position of the Phonographer might be defended ; but when it is considered that through the medium of each of these inlets the mind receives the images of two distinct classes of objects, and that the memory deals with and retains both as easily as one, then the whole question be- comes simply absurd. For instance, if a man had always been blind he could not remember the various peculiarities of sound any better than though he had always possessed perfect organs of vision. Now, it is this mental endowment of organs of sight and sound which indicates the course to be pursued in the con- MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. II ception and construction of a system of Short Hand writing adapted to meet the demands in the case, and whoever has the genius to invent and construct it, may rest assured that it will not be materially modified or changed in the future ? The fact is, we must write by sound and read by sight, and the more perfectly the characters make the sounds of the words by speaking them, the easier and quicker will be the writing and the reading. It is evident that it would not do to divide the words in speaking as we are obliged to do in phonetically writing them. For example it would not do to divide the word sight in conversation or public speech si-t, or that of sound, s-ow-end, as we do in writing them. It is now about eighteen years since we first published this system of Short Hand, which has never been given to the public, and we have not been abls to materially change or improve it. There is one particular feature in which this has been done, and it is an equal improvement upon all other systems, and which consists in writing what we denominate the "Accommodation Signs," formed of hooks, circles and loops, to be used as substitutes in certain cases for the long alphabetical Phonographs. In the former edition we attached these to certain sides of these signs in order to give them their distinctive signification, and being made in pairs signified different parts of words, by being placed on different sides of the long signs to which they were attached, but which are now written upon that side of such Phonographs which is most convenient, the one of which is made heavy in order to give it its peculiar significance, the rule being to make that one of the pair heavy which occurs last in the common alphabet. For example, N follows M, therefore N must be made com- paratively heavy. With the exception of one additional principle of abbrevia- tion, we have only extended the system to its legitimate length, and this principally relates to the alphabetical word- signs, and the whole rendered more perspicuous by ex- amples and exercises, making its acquisition easier and its practice very much more rapid. The object has been not to 12 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. produce a system so comparatively superior and so well answering the purpose, but to make it so comprehensive and perfect, both as it respects rapidity and legibility, that there will remain, not only no motive for changes, but if such are made, they will only serve to retard its acquisition and practice. How well we have succeeded the public must judge. We assume our system to be not only an improvement on others, but entirely different, as it respects the fundamental principles of construction, phonetic division of words and syllabic pronunciation. If it be said that we use the same lines, curves and angles as the systems of the day, we answer that the difference is so marked, no one who examines them will charge us with copying from these, and besides this we may say that Demosthenes and Cicero used the same, and more than this, they were employed in the writings of Ancient Babylon, Thebes and Nineveh, and that too with the significant shading. (See Layard's Second Expedition to Babylon and Nineveh. ) In a word, these characters are the common geometrical lines and curves of nature, of which no man is the inventor, and there is not one of them which has not been used in the construction of the alphabets of human languages, and that from time immemorial. We may also here remark that while other authors of the art disclaim ail intention of having aimed at originality, we do not hesitate to confess that we look for no important ad- vancement in any department of human knowledge or achievement in the absence of original thought and invention. When we reflect upon the fact of how very little is known in comparison with that which is unknown, and yet is within the reach of mental grasp, we take no pride in the confession that our field of investigation is confined to imitation, and does not deviate from the beaten track of the past, but claim that the progress of any age demands original thought and independent research. Give us those traits of intellectual genius which are self-relying, discontented with surface in- MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 13 vestigation, but dig deep and never attempt to build until satisfied the most solid foundation is reached. What has done more than all other causes combined to cripple the advancement either of scientific or religious truth, has been the setting up of certain opinions called " Stand- ards, '' by which all future opinion was to be shaped and limited, and to deviate from which was heresy. The old quaint couplet gives forcible expression to this absurdity : " These iron bedsteads they do fetch, To try our hopes upon : If we're too short we must be stretched Cut off if we're too long." That a system of pure phonetics is practicable, either in written or spoken language, we do not believe, and for the reason as already assigned, namely, the extension of an al- phabet containing a character for each elementary sound. That this may be more apparent, we introduce a brief analysis of some of the letters of our common alphabet. Thus, in pronouncing the letters T, C, D, B, V and P, we finish them with the sound of E. This gives us the reason why E is silent after any of these consonants, as it has al- ready been sounded ; and an additional E does not change the sound of an E immediately preceding. In speaking the letters K and J, A is sounded in closing them, and an additional A, ka, adds no change to the K ; but Ka and Ja are simply K and J. In sounding H, we use the letters ''Ach, "and consequently their sounds, as it re- quires all these to spell it. In fact all the letters required to express the true phonetics in any are involved in it, and must be sounded with it. In pronouncing the letter \V we use the the letters D, U, B, L, U, leaving out those which are silent. Now, when it is recollected that all these are compound, and not simple elements, it gives us an approximate idea of the numerical extent of a pure phonetic alphabet for the English language ; and we must add to this list about twenty addi- tional characters to represent sounds it contains which no 14 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. combination of our English alphabet will express. It must also be remembered that the human voice is incapable of giving audible expression to the consonants, without sounding vowels with them. Hence the name " consonant, " express- ing an element of speech having either no vocality, or one that is imperfect. Their use is to determine the manner of begin- ning or ending the vocal sounds, and that the slightest differ- ence in articulation may be perceived as far as the human voice may be distinctly heard. From this consideration alone it is evident that we are precluded from making any attempt to construct a pure pho- netic system equally adapted to rapid writing and spoken language ; and in view of such facts we are forced to fall back upon our common orthography, with its alphabet and conventionalities, comprehending so many sounds in so lim- ited a number of characters as the very best foundation upon which to construct the shortest and most legible system of short hand writing. On the other hand, any attempt to give us the requisite short hand, which writes all the silent letter:; in the common orthography, is equally impracticable, for what it gains in the simpler construction of its signs, anil which amounts to about two per cent., taking into the esti- timate the variety of its angles, requiring a little more time to make, it loses in the increased number of signs. On page 8 of Mr. Scovil's last edition of Stenography, which assumes to write all the vowels and consonants with- out changing the common orthography, he gives us an alpha- bet of about eighty characters, and to make some of these requires six motions of the pen, the whole averaging about two to each. These are also divided into four lengths, and some are distinctly shaded, and also occupying four places in rela- tion to the line of writing. Some of these signs end or com- mence with such slight and short curves, indicating other characters, which would be made inadvertently in rapid writing, and indeed can scarcely be detected in the printed forms in the book. In contrast to this, our alphabet numbers twenty-five characters, and adding the five peculiarities pro- MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 15 duced by the incorporation of the vowels, makes thirty, and are each made with a single motion of the pen. In a note by the editor of Mr. Scovil's book, page 15, it is said: "Though many attempts have been made to have every simple elementary sound represented by a distinct let- ter, no one has succeeded in inventing a sufficient number of single characters that can easily be distinguished from each other, and rapidly joined together, so as to form a fair, lineal and cursive hand for stenographic purposes, Dr. Lindsly in his Tachygraphy has succeeded in joining many of the vowels and diphthongs to the consonants. The curious may judge for themselves how he has succeeded in other respects. There are many laborers in the field, and he who makes any real improvement in this important art will find it duly ap- preciated in this utilitarian age. " We appreciate the justness of this criticism, and give Mr. Scovil credit for adopting the only remaining alternative for legible writing. And almost equally objectionable is Mr. Pitman's Phonography, or any of its modifications, all of which write the vowels with separate characters ; and, we may add, the most objectionable of all is the attempt to write and omit the vowels entirely. Even Mr. Graham gives the following advice : "Words containing a single consonant, with a vowel before and after it, should, if possible, have both written at least the accented one." Hand-book, page 123. It is clear, therefore, that Mr. Scovil struck the only alternative, that of writing all the consonants and vowels, in order to make it legible, though demanding an alphabet extended as above indicated. Our system obviates all these objectionable features by writing all the vowels, diphthongs and consonants sounded in the words, without the addition of a single separate charac- ter, and with as much distinction as that of our common long hand, and also without an additional motion than is re- quired to make the consonants alone, and also leaving the or- thography unchanged in any other manner than by simply leaving out the silent letters contained in about twenty-five 16 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. per cent, of the words ; and in reference to such omission we may say that it is of great advantage in acquiring a correct habit of spelling, from the fact that it directs special attention to the letters left out in short-hand, and thereby assists the memory to enable us to know what to put in long-hand. In answer to the question: how is it that reporters are able to write rapidly with these complicated systems ? we remark, that they are so susceptible of improvement in this respect, that all practical reporters are sufficiently skillful to enable them to accomplish this task ; and they do not wholly follow the principles of the systems. We were lately informed by a gentleman who for years has written and taught Mr. Pit- man's system, and who has not deviated from its rules, that he has repeatedly found, by coming in contact with his pupils after an absence of a few years, that they could read his writing while he could not read theirs, from the fact that they had introduced so many changes. We may also remark, that it is no proof of the merits or superiority of any system of Short Hand that a few are able to use it even in what is called verbatim reporting, because this has been done by contracting our common long hand and with the English alpha- bet. Dr. Sunderland published such a system about twenty years ago. Let a man of ordinary genius devote himself for the space of twenty years to the invention and practice of Stenographic Hieroglyphics, and he may use them as signs f:>r words and sentences as rapid as speech. One of the most important principles of Phonography is the employment of what are denominated " Word Signs, :> that is, a certain character, made with a single motion, i^ taken to represent a whole word of whatever length. By the use of these it is obvicus, that one such character cannot be made to represent but a single word, without involving the danger of confounding the one with the other. In order to illustrate the superiority of our system in this important particular, let us take a single alphabetical Phonograph, say that of " F. " Now, no other system can use this consonant to signify more than four different words, and these only by MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 17 placing it in four positions in relation to the line of writing, while by incorporating the vowels into it, we make it represent forty-six words, and it spells the first, one, two or three letters of each word, and by adding the derivatives of the verbs of these it represents 147 words, and all in regular alphabetical order. It is true we shade our consonants to indicate what vowels they contain, but it is the experience of those who report with our system, as well as that of our own, that with a very little practice this is done without the loss of time. In the same number of seconds we have written : 169 consonants without vowels. 179 containing the vowel 0. 155 containing E. , 163 containing A, and 164 containing that of U. But whatever force there is in the objection against shading, is of much greater weight against Pitman's, Munson's and Graham's systems, for there are more of their consonants shaded to distinguish them from each other, than there are of ours to indicate what vowels they contain. Though it is evident that just in proportion as vowels, affecting the sound of words are omitted, is the legibility of the words destroyed, yet they may be omitted in writing our system to the same dfrASi extent of others, but as we make them without the loss of {TxU-fic*' time, there is nothing gained by their omission. In order to illustrate this comparative shading, and other features, let us f^-Bf^^ take the three words, Glad, Glud and Gold. According to v ^- ga V^ge v gi V*. go > gu /""ha ^~ he /^- hi S~ ho ^hu ^ ja . ke ki "^ jo ku ^ - ko . / la ( le f h r io r lu s" N "' v me s~-** mi ^^ mo ^^mu **^ne ^_^.m X=^ no ^.xnu ^" pe <^ Pl . x^ P ^pu W .-iiia Vy que ^qut \J quo X ) } I ) 1 so ta 1 le 1. 11 1 to ,u _^S \?i ^-/ \e ^^y vi ^ \o ^/ vu \ wa ~^* we -*^s wi "V wu *^\ wo X xa A xe X xi X Xxu U ya U ye u * U To U y u | ^ f| ze n - n z n. ( tha f the ( thi ( tho ( thu rha (/ che ^ chi J^ cho /, chu (/ /? sha // she y^shi fl sho ^ shu /^\ wlia f~\ whe ^^ wht ^*\ who i*" > wh Second Principle of Abbreviation Vowels Incorporated with the Consonants. \ ab \ eb \ib \ ob \ ub i I _^ uc */ ac -^ ec ic *^ oc / ad / ed ' id / od / ud V. af ^ ef V if Vof ^ uf V- ag V. eg V-. ig ^- og v- ug *X aj *^' e J V.ij > oj ^V Uj ak ek ik ok uk f al f el C ii fo\ f ul ^ ^ am em '"^ im <** om *-*< um v^ an *-s en v_x in v * on *~s un ^ ap / ep ^ip curls, pa and er pa-l-er P ~ 7 mo, hook, Mote mo-t 8 no, hook, Note iio-t y 9 re, hook, and v, loop re-c-v ^ ? 10 we , loop, and le, hook we-k-le 11 la, curl, late la-t 12 ra, curl, rate ra-t V_J3 13 rd, curl, gard , g-rd J 14 rt, curl, tart .t-rt ' | 15 x, dash, exit x-it _L 16 ax, dash, tax t-ax "* x!7 ox, dash, oxen ox-n 18 so, dash, soke so-k V 19 ted, dash, seated c-ted ./ 20 dad, dash, seded c-ded *^ 21 z, curve zero ...z-ro 30 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. This principle consists, as here illustrated, in the substitu- tion of what we denominate " Accommodation " signs, to be used in place of the long signs when there are no vowels to be incorporated with them ; the exceptions to this will be specifically described. We may here remark that there are words which are easier to be written with the long signs, even when they have vowels ; this the learner will soon discover in practice. We may also remark, that it is of great importance that a word should not only be written in the easiest form, but always in the same form, by which means we keep in harmony with the great law of habit. Some of the advantages secured by the use of the "Ac- commodation " signs are : First, that they are easier made. Secondly, they occupy less space, and thirdly, they make the writing more legible. Most of these characters have the same form and are in pairs, when such is the case, they are to be distinguished from each other by the one being shaded according to RULE VI. That Utlerin the pair following the other in our common English alphabet must be made heavy at some part cf it, and when any one of these signs cannot be so dis- tinguished, both having the same consonant to begin with, then the two last are to be used for the purpose. For ex- ample, "ture " and ''live," as in the words " nature " and "native," are to be distinguished by making the V heavy as it follows the R in the alphabet, and being the last consonants in these parts of words. These signs are all illustrated and numbered on page 29. But as it is of great importance to have clear views of their use, we will give a brief explanation of each in the order numbered. By turning to the page it will be seen that they consist in circles, loops, short and long hooks, dots, dashes, etc. These are to be made principally at the commence- ment and end of words, and not between their syllables, unless by the natural forward movement of the pen, or not having to turn it in a contrary direction, as this will consume more time than to make the long signs. We may here also MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 31 remark that the "Accommodation" signs may be made on either side of long signs, and should ba upon that which permits the most natural movement of the pen. The first two of these signs are the G circle and N hook, and are connected with the long sign L. See No. I. It will be observed that the N is made heavy to distinguish it from M, and the G is light to distinguish it from H accord- ing to Rule VI. These three Phonographs, thus formed, give us the sounds in the word " glen." The e being silent is omitted, divided g-l-n. No. 2 illustrates the formation and connection of the H circle and M hook attached here to the long sign L. It will be seen that the H is made heavy because coming after the G in the alphabet. The sounds of the II L and M give us the word " Helm," divided h-l-m. No. 3 b the H circle, doubled in size, which shows that it contains the vowel A, and sounded with it in the word " hail," and here formed on the long L gives us this word thus divided, ha-1. No. 4 is the H circle made heavy and double size, show- ing that it incorporates the vowel O, here also connected with the long sign L, illustrated by the word "Hole, "di- vided and pronounced ho-1. No. 5 illustrates the tick S and dot Y. This S and Y must be made without taking the pen off until the word is finished. These connected here with the long L spell the word " Sly, " divided s-l-y. No. 6 shows the two curls, Pa and Er. These are the same sign, but signifies Pa at the commencement and Er at the end of words. The small stem following the circle must be made parallel with the long sign to which it is at- tached, and must only be made on words commencing with Pa, and at the end of words terminating with Er. These are here connected with the long L, and give the sounds in the word "Paler," divided pa-l-er. No. 7 is the Mo hook, made double the size of the M hook, thus incorporating the vowel O, and is here attached to the 32 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. long sign T, sounded with which it gives us the word "Mote," divided mo-t. No. 8 is the No hook, made also double the size of the N, and heavy, to distinguish it from the Mo hook. It is here also attached to the long sign T, and gives us the two sounds in the word ' ' Note, " divided and expressed no-t. No. 9 is the Re hook and V loop, both of which are made heavy to distinguish them from the Le hook and We loop. They are here attached to the long C, sounded with which we have the word "receive," divided and pronounced re-c-v. No. 10 illustrates the We loop and Le hook, here attached to the long K, giving the sounds of the word "Weekly," divided and pronounced we-k-le. No. 1 1 is the La curl, and for these letters is always to be used at the commencement, and never at the end of words. It will be seen that the stem of this curl stands at right angles with the long sign to which it is attached, and must always be thus formed. It is here connected and sounded with it, giving us the word " Late," divided la-t. No. 12 is the Ra curl, and is made heavy to distinguish it from that of La. This is to be used in words commencing with Ra. It is here connected with T, and sounded with it gives us the word "Rate,"' divided ra-t. No. 13 is the Rd curl, made in the same form as the La and ra ; but always at the ends of words, and of course, with those ending with these letters. It is here attached to the consonant g, sounded with which, we have the word " gard," divided g-rd. No. 14 is the same curl, but made heavy to distinguish it. It is here attached to t, and pronounced with which we have the word " tart," divided t-rt. No. 15 is the X, which is formed by a light dash across the consonant, near the end at which it is to be sounded, so that it forms a cross. In this example, it is made across the half length t, showing the vowel i comes before it, and gives us the word " exit," divided x-it. No. 16 illustrates this x, crossing the lower end of the MITCHELL'S ICONOGRAPHY. 33 long sign t, and made heavy at the last end, thus incorpo- rating the vowel a. The word thus formed is tax, divided t-ax. No. 1 7 further illustrates this x, by being made a heavy dash all the way, thereby incorporating the vowel o. It is here written across the first part of the long n, showing that it must be sounded before it. The word thus formed is oxen, divided ox-n. No. 1 8 illustrates the incorporation of o with the tick s, by making the s heavy, and to be pronounced, not s-o sepa- rately, but so, as in the word "soke," divided so-k. No. 19 is a heavy dash, crossing the last end of the last phonograph in the words which end with the letters ' ' ted. " In this example it is connected with the long c, and pro- nounced at the end of which we have the sounds of the word seated, divided c-ted. No. 2O illustrates the same dash, formed in the same man- ner, and at the end of words, but made light to represent the letters "ded,"when they close words. It is here also connected with the long c, and spoken after which gives us the sounds of the word seded, divided c-ded. No. 21 illustrates the accommodation z, and is a small curve crossing the phonograph near the end at which it is to be sounded. This z, like the x, may be attached to any of the phonographs in a word ; and if it is to be read before the first one, it should be made before it. It here crosses the ro near its first end, showing that it is to be sounded before it, and here gives us the word " zero," divided z-ro. The general principle of contraction, as provided by Rule, is also applicable to words which commence with one of these "accommodation signs," according to which, the long sign following any of these must be written across the line, thus showing that a part only of the word is written, and that the connection must be depended upon to show what the whole word is ; the accommodation sign, being attached to the fol- lowing long phonograph in the word, must spell two, three, or four of the first sounds in the word, and it is very evident 84 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. that by writing so much of a.most any word in our language, especially of a sentence, the connection may safely be de- pended upon to supply the last part of the word. For ex- ample, take the following : "The no-t was published in the pap-p that the property was to be so-1. " Again : ' ' it is a ti- of g-r x-ci in Philadelphia at the pre-s moment. " Again : "it is re-s to sup that if the pro-pri of the hotel had been pre-s things would have been otherwise." Again: "he was very z-l in the cause. " It will be seen that we have used some prefixes in the con- traction of these sentences as well as the accommodation signs they contain, such as sup for suppose ; pre-s for pres- ent, and pro-pri for proprietor; but it is certain that the connection will suggest any number of such abbreviations, es- pecially when the signs are phonographic, and written in the position which shows them to be contractions, and yet spelling such portions of the words as here indicated. Fourth Principle of Abbreviation The Vowel Signs. C j C ^ These signs are small curves of different positions, the forms and sizes of which are the printed example. The I and U are to be used as personal pronouns ; and when so used, must stand alone on the line of writing, and spaced as other words. They are also used as alphabetical word-signs; but when so used, they occupy the regular places of word- signs. But this principal of contraction applies to all words commencing with long vowels, and in accordance with the following : RULE VII. The vowel-sign must be written first, and the following phonograph in the word for the whole word. There must be a small space between it and the phonograph, and neither must touch the line of writing. These two MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 35 signs spell so much of the word, that with the connection they will easily determine the whole word. The vowel-sign must be written at that point where the succeeding phono- graph is to commence. EXAMPLES. Write the vowel-sign a, and the sign for bi, and you have the contraction for abide. Write the vowel-sign i and the sign for d, and you have the contraction for idolatry. Write the vowel-sign e and the sign for t, and you have the con- traction for the word eternity. Write the vowel-sign for o and the sign for c, and you have the contraction for the word ocean. This principle, it must be remembered, like all the others, applies to all the forms of the verb, whether plural or singular ; for example, i-d is the contraction for idol, idols, idolatry, idolaters, idolize, or idolizing. The connection will easily show what form is meant. Fifth Principle of Abbreviation. This consists as here illustrated in the use of alphabetical and other signs for prefixes and affixes, and governed by Rule VIII as follows : The place for the prefixes to occupy is about one-eighth of an inch above the line ; whether they are perpendicular or horizontal signs, or standing in any other angle, no part of them should come any nearer the line than this. They must be made as near the Phonographs \rhich precede or follow them as may be without touching. The exceptions to this rule will hereafter be explained. Any number of these characters contained in a word may be written successively for any part or the whole of the word, but a single Phonograph must always follow one of these, or else it would be taken for a first place word-sign. Examples : "Po" is the prefix for pro, and "pi" for pri, the word proprietor, pro-pri may be written. These may be written under each other and close to each other if they are hori- zontal signs, or standing in any other position but perpen- dicular, and then they follow each other from left to right as they sound in the words. When a prefix and an affix con- stitute the whole word, as in the word " progress," it may be written by po, the prefix for pro, and g, the affix for gress. All words commencing with long or accented vowels may be contracted by writing the vowel and the Phonograph follow- ing it in the word, the whole word will easily be understood by the connection. Examples : "We pro-c to take possession of the property." We proceeded to take possession of the property. " It was a dis-t sight to witness such suf-er. " It was a distressing sight to witness such suffering. Care should be taken in case an uncommon word or a long one is to be written, a prefix and a sufficient number of the succeeding Phonographs should be written, so as to leave no room for hesitation in reading ; thus, by two motions of the hand each of such words in the English language is legibly written, and they are to be counted by thousands, which have these prefixes and affixes, and by the employment of this one principle of contraction, 36 Prefix Illustrations. J J J ce = ca == cer cen cal c-t-fi ce-te = ca-cu-lat = certify, center, calculate. J J J cu "= CO = ci = sup coun sig cu-pos = co-t ci-ni-fi = suppose, county, signify. ) su = sub su-m-it = submit. v - f fill f-te filter. v_ fe = fre fe-d-um = freedom. V fu full fu-f fulfill. V fo = for fo-f-it = forfit ^ fa = fra fa-te-ni-z = fraternize. "^ r ^^~ ren r-de = render. "> re = recom re-p-en = recompense. ~>v ra = recon ra-si-de = reconsider. v_ g gre g-v grieve. V- ge = gen ge-de = gender. ^. go = glo go-ri glory. r ly = lim ly-it = limit. ^ m == mem m-be == member . s_, ne = new ne-yo-r-k= New York. ^ ma = man ma-da-t = mandate. x- ph = phil ph-os = philosophy. 37 452178 Prefixes. Illustrations. Signs. Phonetics. Words. v ver ver-b verb. p = pre pre-v-s = previous. pa = pra pra-s praise. pi = pri pri-d pride. po = pro pro-n prone. pu = pru pru-v prove. w = with with-d-ru = withdrew. d = dis dis-b-and = disband. ti tri tri-1 trial. to = tro tro-fe trophy. ta = tra tra-d trade. tu = tru tru-c truce. sus = sue = sus sue sus-p-end = suc-k-er = suspend, succor. iny = indis in-dis-po-s-d= indisposed in = inter inter-est = interest. en = enter enter-ta-n = entertain. an = anti an-ti-type = antitype. un = under under-ra-t = underrate. ar = arch arch-e archives. or = organ organ-iz = organize. ov = over over-bo-r-n = overborne. ip slip stip-u-late == stipulate. ap ap ap-p-1 appeal. op = op op-po-s = oppose. ad ad ad-du-c = adduce. ol = mis = con = com = ol mis con com ol-iv = mis-ta-k = con-t-end = com-bi-n = olive, mistake, contend, combine. f) EXPLANATION. The light and heavy dots for con and com are to be made first, and stand parallel with the phono- graphs which follow. 38 /' 3 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Prefixes and Peculiar Sounds = he-t = heat. = me-t = meat. = lo-d = load. = ro-d = road. = fa-1 = fail. = va-1 = vail. = stra-t = straight. = stro-1 = stroll. seL inm = incom. = inn = incon. = ag = mag. = s-ang = sang. = s-ong = song. = s-ung = sung. = 1-eng as in length, 1-eng-th. = r-ink = rink. = r-ank = rank. = f-oo-1 = fool. 39 ) 10 40 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Explanations of Page 39. The dots I and 2 are the prefixes he and me. The me is made heavy, and must occupy the same positions in relation to any other Phonographs as in these illustrations. The same directions apply to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The shading is to be done according to the principle, that the one in each pair coming last in the common alphabet, must be made heavy. The dots 9 and 10, representing the peculiar sounds, "ang " and "ong," and made wherever they occur in words, are to be made on either side of the preceding Pho- nograph and at the middle, but not touching it. The same directions apply to Nos. II and 12, which dashes represent the sounds "ung"and "eng," and also to the ticks No. 13 and 14, only these are to be made at the sides and near the last end of the preceding Phonographs. It will be observed that one of these is made heavy at the upper end and the other at the lower, which gives them their distinction from each other. No 15 is the diphthong "oo," and in the illustration is the long point, running off after making the F, and back again to the same point at which the L commences. It should be made at such an angle that would easily distinguish it from being a part of the other Phonographs between which it always occurs. MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 41 Prefix and Affix Illustrations. / da = date can-di-da = Candidate. 1 t = tre t-t = Treat. 1 te = ter te-m = Term. i ta = tary ta-to = Taratory. / de = der de-g = Dirge. / dy = dri, dry dy-v = Drive. \ b = ble, bly fe-b Feble. \ bi = bri bi-d = Bride. \ bo = bro bo-k = Broke. \ ba = bra ba-d = Braid. \ be = bre be-d = Breed. \ bu = bru bu-d = Brood. r I = leet e-1 = Elect. V, fm = form fm-a = Formation. /? sh = ship ts-sh = Transship. ^> py = pil py-ig = Pillage. ^ pe = per pe-che-s = Perchase. ^> pie = pie, pel ple-d = Plead. "S we = well we-b-ing = Wellbeing. > ev = ever fo-ev = Forever. ^ c-er = circum cer-v-n = Circumvent. e = equal e-iz = Equalize. These words are only contracted by the prefixes and affixes, according to the rules. Affix Illustrations. 1 to = tory h-is-to = History. 1 tu = tude te-pi-tu = Turpitude. r 1 = less fm-1 = Formless. / d = der m-ed-d = Meddler. v_ g = gress ts-g = Transgress. V_ ge n = gence = ent al-le-ge = Allegence. s-n = Sent. ^ ne = ness che-r-ful-ne = Cheerfulness. ^ v ma = man un-man = Unman. N w = ward fo-w = Forward. -X \o = \ol\e in-vo = Involve. \ 1 ab at = ability = ate d-ab = Disability, cre-at = Create. r u = ility c-v-il = Civility. r r al ol = ality = ology so-she-al = Sociality, g-ol = Geology. r ul = ulity n-ul = Nullity. - in = ince s-in = Since. ^ an = ance g-l-an = Glance. <^- en = ence si-en = Science. ~ on = once an on = An-once. ^__ un = unce d-un = Dunce. ) is = ist la-is = Latest. ) as = ast 1-as = Last. 1 es = est t-es = Test. } OS us = osophy = ust fos = Filosophy. d-us = Dust. j ic = ict d-p-ic = Depict. J ac ec = act = ect ts-ac = Transact, d-t-ec = Detect. j oc = oct 1-oc = Locked. 42 Affix Illustrations. y uc = uct Product = pro-d-uc. v_ g = igged Digged d-ig. v^ ag = agged Flagged f-l-ag. v_ eg = egged Begged = b-eg. V.. g = ogged Flogged = f-l-og. v_ ug = ugged Hugged = h-ug. * m = imped Crimped = k-r-im. -^ am = amped Cramped = k-r-am. ^ em = emped Exempt = x-em. _ om = ompted Prompt = p-r-om. /-v um = umped Pumped = p-um. n 1Z = ism Deism = d-iz s* 16 = ler Parler = p-r-le. "\ ra = rate Grate = g-ra. r la = late Translate = trans-la. r lo = logical Illogical. il-lo ^ c = tial Partial = p-r-c. ^s V = vent Invent == in-v. \ * = type Antitype = an-ti-ty. 1 sto = stone Hailstone = ha-l-sto. / p = press Impress = im-p. V. f = feet Effect = f-f. ga = graph Photograph = fo-to-ga. I st == slant Instant = in- st. ' k = cable Communicable = com-mu-n:-lc. C a = able Disable d-a. -1 intima= Intimation = in-ti-ma. '-r* 43 44 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Explanations to Page 41. No. I illustrates the affix, "Mation," as in the word In- timation, but this affix is always to be made by the change of the first Phonograph it contains, and must cross the previous Phonograph. It is always to be read after the Phonograph which it crosses, and of course is the last part of the word. Examples : Intimation, divided as in No. i this page. Intimidation, in-t-im-mi-a'rt, the Phonograph for da crosses im. Relation, re-la, the last crossing the first. Invention, in-vo, the last crossing the first. Combination, com-bi-na, the na crossing bi. Consecration, con-c-ra for ration. Congregation, con-g-re-ga, ga crosses the re. Invation, in-va, va crossing the in. Approbation, ap-po-ba, ba crossing po. Imprecation, im-p-ka, ka crossing the p. Realization, re-1-li-za. MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 45 Affixes. et = eter, as in fetter f-et. it == iter, " litter 1-it. ot = otir, " blotter b-l-oL mutter rn-ut ut = utter, ar = aret, er = erit, garret g-ar. merit m-er. or ur av iv ov uv ach ech och uch ash esh ish osh ush ority, " majority ma-or. uret, " turret t-ur. avity, ' ' cavity k-av. : ivity, " declivity d-k-l-iv. : ovel, " hovel h-ov. uvel, " shovel sh-uv. matched m-ach. ached, : eched, fetched f-ech. == iched, " diched d-ich. = oched, " notched n-och. = uched, " kluched k-l-uch. = ashed, " dashed d-ash. = eshed, " fleshed f-l-esh. = ished, " dished d-ish. = oshed, " woshed w-osh. = ushed, " gushed g-ush. 46 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Affix Illustrations. \. 1 = boyhood, divided b-oy-hood. .J 2 = action. " ac-tion. .-^ 3 = vicious, " vi-cious. ^_2, 4 = nature, ' ' na-ture. sj> 5 = native, " na-tive. A 6 = attend, " at -end. ) 7 sing, " s-ing. J 8 = cement, " c-ment. J 9 = city, " c-ity. "\ 10 = arctic," r-tic. Explanations. In No. I we have the diphthong "oi," which we form by substituting y for i, the closing sound of which is I, and this being one of our consonants we make it half length, and heavy, thus incorporating the vowel O, hence we have the same sound as oi. The dash following this diphthong is the affix for "hood," and, as in this example, it must always stand parallel with the Phonograph preceding. In No. 2 we have the " tion, " or " sion " dot, made light and on the side, near the end of the Phonograph, after which it is to be sounded. In No. 3 we have this dot for cirous, or sious, or tious, and made heavy is the affix for this sound. It must also occupy the same position in relation to other Phonographs as the "tion" dot. In this illustration the vi being struck upwards, it should have occupied one side near the upper MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 47 end, after which it is to be sounded, and we here correct this mistake in the engraving. No. 4 is the curve affix for " ture," made light and near the end, but on the side of the preceding Phonograph. No. 5 is the affix for " tive," made in the same form and occupying the same position as that of "ture," but made heavy to distinguish it. No. 6 shows the affix for "end," and is a small half circle made on the end of the previous Phonograph. No. 7 is the affix light dot for "ing," and must stand parallel with the Phonograph which it follows. No. 8 is the affix dot for "ment," and made heavy to distinguish it from "ing." No. 9 shows the affix dash for "ity," and No. 10 is the affix for tic, the last of which is made heavy to distinguish it in the pair. These, as in the examples, are formed on the sides and near the end of the Phonographs they follow, and parallel with them. Sixth Principle of Abbreviation. Pho- netic Word Signs. a FIRST PLACE. alike -A. c g on page 73. SECOND PI.ACB aid nz nb azote abundant fl \ Arizona able nd advance / advantage ac accident J accomplish abs absence V abscond ach achieve > /, il almost s~ am ambition among af affect i after ag a J as against adjacent assert V, ^ ^ \ again adjourn at attorney 1 an ans analogy anticipate 1 another ap ... appetite ar av argue average A arrange aw ash author ashamed ^ f) away iV .... acknowledge '/ ath ay athletic ... a year ( 1 1 athirst ax axiom U ah ay a s ah me agent ascend C< S ahead alias ascent 48 b . bi Phonetic Fins r PL.ACF. benevolent . Babylon We B \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 5 \ \ \ \> No \ ^ u 49 >rd Signs. SKCOND PLACE. believe bad he . been tetter bid body beauty Bible In . bo . .... bird .... both bu . .... build by . b m . .... byword bn . .... benediction benefit begin bg - bh . belong .... behold behind business bs .. b so .. .... beseech b re . . .... brethren breath be like bemoan ble .. ....be little b mo., b no .. .... be moved .... be not b rd.. fbe on your be hard o rt .. ( guard barter by .. oy . .... be very .... boy beverage boil c ca ce ci CO cu cy k ko ku ker kit ch cha che chi cho . chu ch y uch . Phoneti< FIKST PLACE. create 3 Wo C J J J J J rd Signs. SECOND PLACE certain calculate celebrate canvass celestial cite circle correspond company culminate cyclopedia cultivate civil . cannot be cover \ Z 1 curious courtesy current cartage cartilage charity change cheer chide choir (church and child character cherish chill choice church chemistry . cluch .... cubit .... cease .... census ' | state Christ much more ub . c s club ceaseless c n . century 50 d da de di do Phonetic FIRST PLACE. depart date death Wor 3D / 'd Signs. SECOND PLACB. did dark debt direct down dine does du dy ds dso d v ....... duplicate desire describe desolate devide / duty design destitute dissolve develope dif d m dn define demand | differ ...... demonstrate dentist digest deny danger dh do n dre die drd did he do not know fi & s damage .. do not derange delight did not regard dream deliver disregard d er d no d ic dec defer denote deficient decorate drw^ 1 demure did nothing difficult declare 51 Alphabetical Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. SECOND PLACE. e ed ec ef eg el em uk en er es eth et iv ev eq ex X m b thu sp n n ey n er n m n vi ep ek mf n t easy D r f u X X c \ U fN I 52 erer . edify educate ..... eccentric effect echo efficient eager egotistic electric eminate eucharist elevate emigrate unique entitle early estimate ethics enter earth establish ethonology eternal evident etiquette evil even evangelical equal examine ... equity example .... exhibit express embrace emblem en//*wsiastic thus especial essential endeavor eyesight ejaculate enemy eye witness x . eject ... energy enterprise never mind en masse envelop environment epithet episode equality ecclesiastic emerged from entertain emphatic entreat Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. F SECOND PLACE. f fruit V en fa ... faith > father fe fear V feel fi fidelity V. finance fo force 1 for fu future ^ full fy finger V, finish fm female Vo familiar fn fancy Vo final fg figure Vo forget fh furthermore Vo fetch f mo for money Vj for more f no for now Vj for not f re freeze V free fie fleece ^ flee f rd foolhardy ." forward firt fiery darts v^ fine arts fo g (foregone V. forgive \ conclusion fer firm V further fes feast v^ festoon 53 g gi g gy gm g" go s go v gwe gog gre gle gmo gno ger grd gig g v gm gn g ko g th gr Phonetic FIRST PLACE. get Woi G- O_ ? 'd Signs. SECOND PLACE. give gather genuine gigantic gold . guilt genius good guide gymnastic .... German guise germinate generate gospel govern generous ... gossip (goodgovern- ( ment good water gorgeous grand gleam ghost greet give more got nothing gave her . . got marred give most pot no grave error ,.. giggle giant good home grieve great men general glorious kingdom good to have great advantage good men gentile God's kingdom give their good spirit give the great saviour great grace glad to be glad to do get the good deed 54 Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. H SECOND PLACE. h had s have ha habit ^_^ hand he heat ^_^ heaven hi high hide ho hold how hu husband *^ human h y . hypothesis / ^~ hypocrisy h s himself ^_j herself h m how many hemisphere hie how little h mo h ^_^^ how many more h no h we have known here we ^2 have not have we ho v h er how very have heard x^ however his word hrd hardly >-A hard hrt heart disease / heart felt hv harvest time o_/ harvest heretofore h w hn h is herewith hence it is his history v henceforth history h ith ... hitherto hither heard him h in hint O ^ hinder hp h ow how people house Q happy hour o n hf ht hd honor how few how to be had to be c 1 he had faith have to be have to do Phonetic "Word Signs. j FIRST PLACE. I see I _i SECOND PLACE. itself id identity / idiot il illustrate r ill will y ill ... I will be s* I will im .... impartial ( imitate in im y interest imminent into .. imply in s instruct increase incipient V ^ N ipse dixit it is it was is the 1 } it is is it in k in case i incapable if if the i if it ify ifs if we if it is not v^ v. if wisely if it is ifh ig in v . if it had not ignominious iniquity V ^> v^_ if it had ignorant innocent il v illuminate r illusion ifn . if not then v if m . if men 73 ^J> s -N if many immediate imap imagine image in so . in so much insolvent in is . instance * x institute in h . inhabit ) X_P inherit in v . involve **~& invite in v s invest investigate in if . in effect (-* \ inefficient in ef . in t . in f . ineffectual .... intend infer ^ A infallible intelligent influence Phonetic Word Signs. 3 FIRST PLACE. .. jealous J SECOND PLACE. iust jaunt January je jeopard *< Jesus jo ja jy j s jingle journal ^ jest join judge just what just so jury just while join issue 3 er journeymen ^V journey jm jammed in ^> jam j n jangle ^> janitor j g jle jre jubilee Lord Jehovah ^ ^^ Jew Jehovah just let Jerusalem just regard K ka kaleidoscope knave ke keep . keen ki kindle ____ kind ko kg kh k m kn kind and good Q ...... kingdom king of kings kingdom of Christ know more kingdom of God know most knowledge of Skey to the mystery * knowledge key note 57 1 la le li lo lu iy Is 1m 1 n lg Ih leg len ie v lu x laf la c las lat lab lad la n la m la v ler uv Phonetic FIRST PLACE. lecture late lent light Wo L r r r r r r r s~ (T f C t r (T {* \ J- 1 ^ r 9 y V y 58 rd Signs. SECOND PLACE. let labor letter liberty local loose ,.. long; lucre like lesson lament landscape life let us lame man let them legitimate ...... legend let her legislate length let him league lenient level lever luxury ..,,.. Lafayette lamp of life lacerate lazy latent label ladder language . .. lamb laconical lassitude latitude labyrinth lady like languid lamb like lavish lava learn love lawyer ...... love of God Phonetic Word. Signs. m ma .... me .... mi .... FIRST PLACE. .. many .. made .. medium .. miser M. SECOND PLACE. men man merchant mind mo .... .. moderate *-*. mother mu mutual ^^ music m y .... m s .... m er .. myth .. misfortune mirth .. magnetic " 1) mystery myself mercy magistrate m g ... m h ... m m . . may have had member , manage .. mortal .. manufacture .. master ^T may have memory manner moment manifest m n mo m . ma n .. ma s . . . measure m il ... .. millennium r million m is mistake 5 CL/ mislead minister magnamimous middle m in miniature m 2 magnificence m id ... ... midway m 1 melody r C military most certainly march may think made to may do me ... m r .. Member of Con. march of mth... m t ... many things may be true m d ... ... may do so m b ... ... may be so <\ may be Phonetic Word Signs. n. FIRST PLACE. need N_ SECOND PLAC- never na nature name ne negotiate ^ neither ni .... night nice no o none not nu nutriment ^""* number ny ne s near by nervous ^ near ...... necessary n er n s new earth nothing more ^2 neurology nothing o nh n m new heaven neither had v P new home not meant n n nothing new ^ nothing strange ne v nevertheless v* notwithstanding n s no sense cs nonsense n rd no hardship / not hard no t note in hand R n notify no d no danger 1 ...... no damage no b .... no better c\ no body \ np not proven (^ not present no p no party ex no people n t not to see 1 not to be nd no advantage i 7 not done nb never been \ not best no k no question 0_ no cause no v no virtue C_x novice 60 Phonetic "Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. O SECOND PLACE. o ob od op op s obg. ob s origin obscure \ / x-\ N own obtain 1 J odd odd encmgh operate opposite oppress objected to object .... observe obstruct ob v op n . ofh . obvious to opponent of heaven >s Vo obvious opinion of him on ^^ only on h . on account sJ> on hand om . of . ov ol . omnipotent offer o versicf h t f ominous offence over Old Testament old or ordinary *\ order org . organ ^ orgies oc OS oth . oth s. occasion ostensible J occur ostentation other otherwise others were sent others said of n . often done ^ often ofs . office holder Vj office obb. .... obituary \ obedient 61 Phonetic Word. Signs. FIRST PLACE. p people pa paid pe person P ! piety po position pu public py particular ps passed p er purpose p m ...... permeate pn penalty P v previous po v poverty or Pg plague ph philosophy p le plenty pre pretend p rd pretty hard prt political party pap papist p at patronage pa t pay attention uz pulverize pa h pathology paga pagan philosophy pa s passed by pa f pay for it fs psychology pa 1 paralyze X* r* SECOND PLACE. ,.... prepare part perfect ..... pride power ..... purchase .... peculiar ..... present pursue ..... permit penetrate ..... privilege ..... poverty ..... pledge ..... perhaps ..... please .... prevent .... placard .... party spirit .... paper .... patent .... patient .... puzzle .... patch .... paganism .... pasture .... pay for .... physical .... palladium Phonetic Word Signs. QU FIRST PLACE. quarrel Q SECOND PLACB. quick M. qua quantity \J ... quality M que quench question T. qui quo quu quiescent quarter quorum V quiet quote ... quota M qu y quinine w quiver quer qu n queer quaint U quash quarantine 83. Phonetic Word Signs, r FIRST PLACE. rich raise read rival roll rule ritualism restore reside remind renounce regulate rehearing research revolve reward of relief raised from the railway R "S X ^ /" SECOND PLACE. . . rest ra re ri rather ...... reason realize ro round ru ruin r v r s result resolve remember renovate regard re s re m re n re g .. re h re er re v re we re le ra fo ral rehearse refer reveal reward relate raised from railroad ra s rascality 7 rash ra t rate of t ratify ra d radical >o radiate ra b rabid A rabble re co recompense ^ recount Ztl resume work ii resume ug rogue ^ rough 64 Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. re p repeat ra pa rapacious re j rejoin re ma remark made re n rent re g region re k recapitulate re k y.... recognize ra n rain storm re im reimburse the re ta retain R SECOND PLACE. represent rapture rejoice remark render reject recover reclaim reign reimburse retail 65 s sa se Phonetic FIRST PLACE. Sabbath Wor S )j } ) jj J ) \ 1 ^ f-^ 7 'd Signs. SECOND PLACE. spirit said select ,.. sign ..... said that secret si so su sy . s s s m s n sg s s s er . science ...,, sold supreme .... sympathy society subject system Scripture . . . seem session semi-annual ... sentiment sense savage since the suggest since that service of God s ci . sincere silence stenography s t n si s t . s ta s te . .... stentorian seldom slander strong stand straight standard stereotype s tu . stupendous sb s et . said to be sell better settle down settle s at s p satisfy splendor special suppose save s po . S V . s n y support several single sk . s un . s us . scholar Son of God sustain scandal sonship susceptible Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. T SECOND PI.ACS. t to the truth ta taste j . . take te telegraph teach ti title time to told to be tu tumult Tuesday ty type tyranny t s to see L testimony t er turn 1 term tg to give L tedious th to heaven I to him t m tempt L temperance t n ten fold u L tend t no to know more L to know tog ,.. to so I together t V to leave L , * . to travel t we to work I toward th ...... there are / there tha that there C that the these f therefore thi this ( think tho throughout ( thorough 67 Phonetic Word. Signs. thu .... FIRST PLACE. .. thunder T SECOND PLACE. / \ thus th y .. ,. thine ( thyself th s .... . . there is not I . there is the m . . the n.... .. theme .. thenceforth T themselves \j thence th re ... .. the theory \\ theory than.... .. thankful for I. thankful u s ... u n ... .. usual manner .. union is strength U S of A U n_ usual r\j union ^{j- United States ),.. use ul ... ur .. ultimate .. urged along f ultra ^ urge un .. unless ^_^, under un s ... .. unobstruct ^^^ understand un k ... un h ... up ... ut .. unknown ... unhappy .. uppermost ... utmost ^_^ unkind s unholy | utter 68 V va ve vi vo vu vy .... V S ... v er . .. Phonetic FIRST PLACE. .. vitiate .. vacate .. very good .. vice versa .. vocation .. view of .. violent .. visit .. version Wor V ^-/ _^ \ (^ } <^ er* >d Signs. SECOND PLACE. vice value very vigilance voice view vital vessel virtue volume ventilate v m vn .... vl ... .. venom .. venture .. vilify velocity very fond victory vf ... . . vsry fine vc vg .... V t ... .. vicissitude .. vigorous .. vituperate .... vegetate veto viva voce V V ... .. vivacious v r .. verbatim verbal verify vehemence v er ... .. verdict vh ... .. very hearty v is . . .. visit to vision v in ... v ap ... vk ... .. vindicate .. viper .. vocabulary venire vaporate vocal 69 \v wa we wi Phonetk FIRST PLACE. will walk when .... wish 3 Wo "W ~S ) I S) 4 ~^> -*> --* ^j 47-^ / rd Signs. SECOND PLACE. with want where witch wo wu woman .... wound world wonder w y . .... wait wide worse wo s . .... worship wo m y s . yt . y P . .... woe is me wisdom of .... witness in .... wipe it out woe unto them wisdom witness why people wicked wish wash weak cause worthy we heard were ardent with his arts remedy wedding vk . .... wicked men y ish . osh .. .... wished for .... washed their we k. .... we came w h . .... worth w er . .... which were w rd . with hard w rt . .... weak hearted re m . we d . .... resemble .... Wednesday 70 Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. "\Vh. SECOND PLACE wh wha .... . while . whatsoever n which whatever whe ... . wheresoever n wherever whi whip n whisper who .... . whosoever n whoever who m.. wh s ... . whom when .. which was r\ whomsoever .. which is Phonetic Word Signs. FIRST PLACE. Y SECOND PLACE. u n your y II j ya ... yard U u year j ye yet it y ' ' yi yield to y yield yu young u youth yo yonder u ...... yoke yy , ... u young wife ys yesterday or if ...... yesterday Z z zealous n zeal za zambo ,.. zany ze zephyr zero zi ,.. zitr zac n zion zo Zoroaster n zone zu zoography n ,. zoology z n zendavesta n .... zenith z s a zest n fl zest 72 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 73 Continued, from page 48. This consists, as here illustrated, in the employment of the alphabetical characters for word signs, and is to be gov- erned by the following : Rule IX. The word signs occupy two positions, one above and the other below the line of writing, denominated First and Second Place. The first place signs, made above the line, represent the words in the left hand column, and when the same signs are made under the line they represent the words in the right hand column, EXAMPLE. The phonograph B, when made above the line, represents the word "benevolent;" and when made under, it repre- sents the word "believe." The nearest any point of the first place signs should come to the line is about one-eighth of an inch, whether they are vertical or horizontal, or whether struck up or down. They are distinguished from the prefixes, though made in the same relation to the line, by the fact that each stands alone, with spaces between, just as with words written out in full. The second place signs should also be made the same distance below the line and from each other. The vertical or downward inclined signs should commence on the line and be carried below to their proper lengths. These positions show that each character standing thus represents a whole word or sentence, and their alphabetical structure includes from one to four of the first letters of the words for which each one of them stands. These words should be read over, and the signs which represent them pronounced with them, until they become so familiar that the sound of the word will instantly suggest the word, and the appearance of the sign equally recall the word. By this means the habit will soon, bs acquired of only thinking of the sign when hearing the word and of seeing the wcrd by seeing the sign ; that is when the practice of Phonography is on hand. 74 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. When the word "power" is heard, po, its sign, will only be thought of and, made with a single motion, will be done while its first syllable is being spoken, and the pen waiting for the speaker to finish the word. The word representation is heard, and its sign, re-p, made with a line and a hook, written with a single motion, and again the pen waits time enough to make three more such motions for the speaker to finish the word, for nothing is more evident than that a man may make a single motion with the pen in the same time a single syllable of a word can be uttered, and it must be remembered that by the use of this principle of con- traction alone, seventy-five per cent, of the words of our language are made with a single motion of the hand, in- cluding those which are spelled in full by a single motion for each, from which it is demonstrated that the system cannot be made shorter unless words can be written entirely without signs or letters. These signs are arranged as follows . MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 75 Seventh Principle of Abbreviation. This principle consists in contracting words which com- mence with Im, In, Un and Ir, and by their use, and is in accordance with the following direction : RULE X. When a word commences with Im, the sign for Im must be written in its own position and directly over the middle of the succeeding Phonograph in the word, thus con- tracting the whole word. It must not touch the Phonograph, but be written close to it. The In, Un and Ir must also be written in the same manner for contracting words with which they commence. EXAMPLES. Write the sign for Im, and that for ma, and you have the contraction for the word "Immaterial." Illustration '""^ Write the sign for In, and that for at, and you have the con- traction for "Inattention." The illustration is this V' Write the sign for Un, and that for cha, thus / f and you have the contraction for ' ' unchanged. " Write the sign for ir and that for ri, and you have the contraction for Irritate, thus > These two Phonographs contain at least three of the first letters sounded in words, and if a vowel is sounded with the second, then they spell four, and with the connection will invariably give the whole word. If there should, how- ever, be any doubt, add another and the succeeding Phono- graph in the word ; for example, v/ith the two signs Im and P, add that for Li, and you have the contraction for the word "Implication," the two last connected in the ordinary 76 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. manner. By this principle it will he seen that this long word is written with three motions of the hand, while it requires thirty-three to write it by long hand. This Im, In, Un and Ir may also be written with the pre- fixes, and in the same manner contract the words which commence with both. For example, write the sign for Im, and that for the prefix per, and you have the contraction for the word "Imperfect." Write the sign for In, and the pre- fix for dis, and you have the contraction for "Indispens- able. " These parts of words may also be written in the same manner iu connection with the alphabetical word signs, thus contracting them. For example, write the sign for Im, and the word sign Hu for "humanity," and it gives us the con- traction for the word "Inhumanity." Write the sign for In, and the word sign Vo for "voice," and it gives the contrac- tion for "Invoice." W T rite the sign for Un, and the word sign B for " believe, " and we have the contraction for " Unbelief." It must be remembered that these contractions stand also for all the forms and tenses of the words ; and also that the contractions should always be made the same, and any word being once thus contracted, should always be written the same ; by so doing these forms suggest the words, and the words the forms, without demanding any more thought about them ; virtually they become word signs. Eighth Principle of Abbreviation. This principle is applicable to all the words of our lan- guage, and may be used to contract any words which are not contracted by any other of the nine principles of the system. Its practice is governed by the following : Rule XI. Write the first phonograph sounded in a word to be contracted, whether with or without a vowel, across the line of writing, as the representative of the whole word. If it is K it must be written immediately under the line to MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 77 distinguish it from K as a definite word sign, and which is made about one-eighth of an inch below. All others may be made each half above and half below the line, even M and N. This position shows that the sign represents a whole word, the sign spelling the first sound in the word, the connection being depended upon to give the whole word. Of course it will not do to indulge this principle of contrac- tion so that the writing will be even difficult to read ; but it is astonishing to what an extent it may be practiced with perfect legibility ; and by always contracting the same words in the same manner, they become equal to definite word signs. The fact that every peculiar subject has in part its own vocabulary, especially its leading terms, may be taken advan- tage of by the aid of this principle. For example, if a law re- port is to be taken, there are perhaps a dozen words which constitute a large portion of what will be said, such as At- torney, Court, Law, Judgment, Affidavit, Defendant, Plaintiff, Jurisdiction, Decision, The Court, "If your honor please," "Your honor, " Testimony, etc. These may be made upon this principle, the first phonograph of each across the line, and reg- ularly-spaced, for the whole word, and even for these common law phrases. If it is a political address or a scientific lecture, its leading terms may be selected and thus written. If it is a lecture on some country, its geographical names, and those of persons who figure prominently, when first announced must be written out in full, and for every subsequent repeti- tion the first phonograph of each substituted and written across the line. If two or more names, in the same dis- course, commence with the same sound, and therefore the same sign, the second sign one of them contains must be added, or for every additional name commencing with the same character an additional sign must be added. 78 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Alphabetical Word Signs Extended. Under this head we give a permanent alphabetical list of word signs, consisting mostly of very long words, and at the same time those in common use. The signs for the most of these words are the two for the first two sounds in each, the first one of which, as in the case of the principle applicable to the contraction of all words, must be written across the line, and that following must be connected with it, just in the manner of writing whole words on the line. Of course the phonographs are to be substituted for the common letters as here employed and divided, which sounds represent the words following in the line, and are one, two or three of the first sounds in each of the words. Almost the whole list are written with two motions each, many v/ith a long sign and an accommodation sign, which in most instances are made with but a single stroke and finished with a hook. It should be remarked here that the accommodation signs shonld always be substituted in writing this list of words. It will readily be seen, by writing any one of these words occurring in a sentence, that the words will immediately be understood. Let us take a few examples for illustration, using the common English letters for the contractions. "It was a very good x-po of the passage. It was a very good exposition of the passage. " " It was the d-m party. It was the democratic party." "He is a very good x-t-m speaker. He is a very good extemporaneous speaker." "He was a d-1 to the convention. He was a delegate to the conven- tion." We wish it to be distinctly understoood that it is not necessary to employ this principle of contraction with two or three others of the ten belonging to the system for even ver- batim reporting ; but it is a fact of great importance, that the greater the number of distinctive principles used the shorter and more legible will be the writing. This is evi- dent from the fact that it affords more time to \nake the MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 79 characters, and which can therefore be made plainer, and in the same degree easier to be read. We would advise, there- fore, the employment, even from the very first, of all the ten principles of abbreviation and each character they contain, just as fast as they can be remembered. It is also a fact, corroborated by the experience of the best phonographers, that the shortest way a word can be written, the easier it can be read, of course according to the rules, for the reason above suggested that more time is afforded to make the phonographs. The absorbing consideration, howsver, which induced us to thus extend the principles of contraction, in the first place, .we may say, was because they were the legitimate deductions of the system ; and secondly, to give to the pub- lic so comprehensive and perfect a system of short hand writing, that there will be no reasonable motive left for change, and consequently additions will not only fail to shorten its practice, but add difficulties to its legibility. If this system should now be generally introduced into our common schools, it would not be five years before there would be so many short hand writers and readers that the neces-ity for writing phonographers' notes out in long hand would be rendered entirely unnecessary. Of course it would also be taught in all the higher schools and colleges in the country. All practical printers would understand it, and could set the article up from the stenographic notes. Authors could compose in short hand, and never be under the necessity of writing out their manuscript in long hand. Lawyers and judges could read it as easily as long hand. All this in a very limited amount of time. Ministers could thus compose and write their sermons and read them just as well from the short hand as long hand, enabling them to accomplish in one hour what it takes them now six to do. They may walk the floor and dictate a sermon to their wives or sons, as amanuenses, as fast as they can compose the sentences, and every scholar knows that he can compose better if he is not obliged to drawl it out in long hand. 80 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Now if any man may acquire such a qualification in the course of six months with a little practice, where is he who would not avail himself of it ? Here is presented an opening for thousands of teachefs, who can learn in very much less time to teach than to report, and by which practice they cannot fail of becom- ing proficient short hand writers. Indeed, every one should begin to teach it, if it was only to his own or the children of others, as the best means of impressing it on his own memory. . We have had those in our classes who had been teachers in other systems, and who are the most zeal- ous in its praise. The following are the word signs extended : Permanent Contractions. A an-ti Anti-Christ an-th An thropology al-m Almighty an-t-d Antediluvian al Alphabet an-ow Announce am Ample ap-po Apoclypse a Amend ap-s Apostate am-i Amicable r-b Arbitrate mu Amuse ar Arrest am-b Ambrosial r-m Armor am-bu Ambulance r-r Arrear am-pu Amputate r-s Arson am-p Amphitheatre r-t Articulate an Anchor r-ti Artificial an-at Anatomy a-s Aspect an-she Ancient as-er Ascertain an-1 Annul as-s Assassin an-c Ancestor as-aw Assault an-ec Anecdote as-si Assign an-i Animal as-im Assimilate an-ni Animate as-is Assist an-nu Annual as-si Assiduous an-v Anniversary as-m Assume an -on Anonymous as-u Assure an-g Anger as-to Astronomy n-g Angel as-t Astrology an-no Anomaly at-1 Atlantic an-t Auterior at Attack MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. at-ta Attain al-ti Altitude at-n at-s At noon Attest at-f at-la At first At last at-ti .. .Attitude at-le At least at-r Attract at-l At length aw-d Audience at-m At most au-s au-th r-k Auspices Authentic Architect at-ow as as-s At our expense As soon As soon as r-k-b ar-is r-ka ac-cu Archbishop Aristocrat Archangel Accumulate a-v av av-ow av-er Avert Avocation Avow Averment ac-c ac Accession Accurate av-r aw Avarice Awful ac-q ac-t Accusation Active aw-k aw-t Awkward Autumn ad ad-v Admire Advertise aw-to aw-to-g Automatic Autograph ad-er a-f Advert Afresh aw-x ax Auxiliary Axiomatic af af-fa af.fi af-er af-il af-Li Affable Affidavit Affiance Affirm Affiliate Affinity az b b-1 Azure B Bleeding Blessed af-lu af-or af-ri Affluence Afford Affright b-n b-r b-al Blend British Ballot af-ro Affront b-ag Baggage af-t arr-fr Afterwards Aggregate b-af b-ac Baffle Bacchanalian ag-an ae-ra Aggrandize Aggravate b-n b-an Banish Bank ag-s Aggress b-ap Baptism ag-re ae-ro Aggrieve Aground b-y b-ow By and by Bounty al-b Album b-r ..Bargain al-k Alkali b-ri Bridegroom al-co al-d a-1 al-le al al-lu Alcohol Alderman Alien Allegiance Allow Allure b-ash b-at b-go b-it b-we b-yl Bashful Battle Bigotry Bitter Bewitch Bewilder 82 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. b-tu Bituminous cha Chapter b-la b-la-s Blame Blasphemy k-it ch-of Criticise b-l-m Blemish c-1 ....Clenrv b-li b-lu Blind Bloom co-lo k-ru Colonel Crucify b-os b-om Blossom Bombast co-s che-r Costume Charge b-on Bond k-l-ir Clairvoyant ow b-ra Bound Brain co-1 co-r Color Co-ordinate b-ro Broker k-ab Cabinet b-ud Buddhism ca-1 Calamity b-un Bundle ca-al Calvary b-er Burglar ca-al-v Calvinism b-er-s b-us , Burlesque Bustle k-am k-an Campaign . Cannon b-yo b-ab Beyond Baboon k-p-it k-pre Capitulate Caprice ba-1 ba-qu Bail Banquet k-ap k-r Captivity Carbon ba-r ba-s bo-1 Barbarous Basis Bold k-re k-ri k-r Career Carriage Carnal ba-ch bo-s Bachelor Boasting k-t-as k-at-t Catastrophe Catacomb bo-1 Bolster k-at Catechise bo-na Bonaparte k-aw Caution b-uf Buffalo k-o fr Cognizance b-uc bu-r Buckle Burden c-n c-re Censure Ceremony b-ub Bubble co-r Correct b-ru b-ul b-z Brutal Bulletin Bronze statue che-as k-la k-ic Chastise Claim Classic b-lo Blossom k-le Clear b-l-un b-ot Blunder Botany k-li k-lo Climax Close b-um Bottom ko-he Cohesive k-d Ic-an k-ap k-ath c Candidate Candlestick Capital Catholic k-ol co-li co-lu co-p co-ro co-r-r co-ru College Collision Collusion Copartnership Coroner Corroborate Corrupt MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 83 k-os Cosmical d-rni Demise k-ot Cotton ds Destitute k-or Court Demon ko-v Covenant d-n Denounce k-r Credit d-pu ...Deputy k-ri Crime Crusade d-p Deprive Deposit k-rv Crystal d-or Deplore q-t> Cupidity. d-p-n Depend cu-s Custom d-p-rs Deprecate D d-p-er d-p-s d-po-n Depredation Depress Deponent d Defendant d-ri Derive de d-f Degree Deform d-ro d-c-n Derogate Descend d-no Denominate d-ov Destroy d-fa Default u ujr d-ta Detail d-le Delinquent d-lh Dethrone d-ri . . Derive d-et Detrimental d-vi d-ol Devise Dollar d-ev d-vo Devastate Devote d-r Dread d-v Devolve d-el Deal dx Dexterity d-k ..Decav d-im Diminution d-ce Deceased d-om Domicile d-c Deceit d-aw Dogma d-c-er d-ci d-k-y d-com Decern Decide Decline Decompose d-af d-y-n d-y-s di-am Draft Dynasty Dyspepsia Diameter d-k-re Decrease di-m Dimension d-ed Dedicate di-ag Diagnosis d-fa Defamation di-a Diagram d-fe Defeat di-al Dialogue d-fy d-f Defy Defray di-p di-v Diplomacy Diversion d-aw Defraud. di-v-s Diversion d-fu Defuse di-vi Divine d-j d-1 d-la d-H d-ly d-lu d-ra Deject Delegate Delay Delicate Delineate Delude Democracy di-vo do-ci d-oc do-m do-m-n do-na d-ow Divorce Docile Document Domestic Dominion Donation Doubt 84 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. du-r f-ul . .. Effulgent du-b Dubious m-po-v do-z Dozen m-ba Embarrass d-ox Doxology m-b-1 Embellish E m-bo m-po Embody Emporium e-a m-u 1-e Emulate Elegant e-o Eocene 1-ig Eligible e-v-ap Evaporate , l-o Eloquent e-lu Elucidate sk Escape e-lu-s Elusion s-ko Escort e-ma E "laciate n-u Enumerate e-1 Elaborate n-c Encircle e-m Emolument n-ac Enact ep-e Epicurean n-ko ...Encourage ep-i Epidemic n-com Encompass x Explain n-q-m Encumbrance x-p-n Expense n-cv Encyclopedia x-ch Exchequer n-da Endanger x-as x-m Exasperate Exemplify n-d-ow n-du Endowment Endurance x-p Expand n-fo Enforce x-p-ow Expound n-f-r Enfranchise x-p-re Experience n-c Engrave x-p-lo Explode n-si Engine x-qui x-t-m Exquisite Extemporaneous n-la n-li Enlarge Enlighten x-t Extend n-ti Entirely x-te External n-tv Entitle x-t-er Exterminate n-h . ....Enhance x-ac Exact n-che Enchant x-t-ing Extinguish n-co Encomium x-t-r Extract n-k-ow Encounter x-p-d Expedient n-k-ro Encroachment x-po Exposition n-d ...Endeavor x-po-n Exponent n-er Energetic x-ha Exhale n-er-v Enervate x-e Exegesis n-fe Enfeeble x-u e-r e-r-y e-r-n eth e-d f-or Exuberant Error Erysipelas Earnest Ethereal Editor Effort n-g-n n-g-1 n-j n-or n-ow n-r Engender ..."...England Enjoined Enormous Enouncement Enrich MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 85 n-ta n-t-er m-b Entailment Entertainment Embrace f-er fu-re fu-ti Furnish Furious Futile m-b-1 el-ec ed-d el m-b Emblem Election Edifice Element Embarkation g-ro g-af G Grotesque Graphic m-ba Eir.bassador g-r-ad pa-b Graduate Gabriel F pa g-al Gain Gallant f-la Flagrant g-r Garble f-ol Follow C-rd Guardian f-re Frequent g-r-n Garnish f-aw f-ash f-ic f-ow f-ru Fraud Fashion Fiction Found Fruition g-as g-n-e g-og g-om S-s Gaslight Genealogy Geography Geometry Gesture f-ab Fabulous cu Gewgaw fa-c Facility g-l-ad Gladness f-ac-s Facsimile , . g-l-im Glimpse f ac fa-n fa-r Faculty Faint Fair g-lu g-lo S-or Gloom Globe ....Gorgeous f-aw False Grecian f-al Fallible g-ru Groove f-am f-an f-as fa-t f-ath Famine Fanatic Fascinate Fatal Fathom h-ag h-al H Haggard Hallowed f-ed Federal h-al-lu Hallucination f-1 Felon h-ar Harass fe-v Fever h-r-b Harbinger Tim f-l-er Flimsy Flirtation h-r-m h-r Harmless ..Harm f-lo f-l-uc f-lu f-r-an f-ra f-ri f-ru fu-n-er Flourish Fluctuate Fluid Franchise Fraternal Friction Frugal Funeral h-r-mo h-r-1 h-r-r h-er h-ir he-re he ne ha-t Harmony Herald Horror Heretic Heir Hereditary Heinous Hateful 86 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. h-aw h-ec Haughty Hecatomb im-pa im-p-an Impair Impannel h-in Hinder im-p-as Impassable h-un-y h-or-t . h-a\v-s . Honey Horticulture Hospitality im-p im-p-n . im-p-et Impeach Impenitent Impetuous h-ung Hunger im p-1 Implicitly h-er-y . Hurry im-p-la . Implacable h-un Hunt im-po Imposition ha-v Heavy im-po-s Imposture h-az he-ro Hazard Heroic im-p-ob im-p-ru . Improbable Improve h-ez Hesitate in-ab Inability h-et Heterogeneous in-a Inalienable hi-e Hierarchy in-ac Inaccurate ho-k-s . Hocuspocus in-ci ....Incident ho-ri Horizon in-c-n Incendiary ho-s Hosanna in-c-s ....Incessant h-ot Hotel in-ad Inadequate hu Humor in-ad-m . Inadmissible hi-b Hybridism in-ad-v ....Inadvertent hv-d Hvdra in-an ....Inanimate hy-d-ol Hydraulic in-ap Inappropriate hy-d-ro Hydrogen in-at Inattention hi-d-ro . Hydrophobia in-aw Inaudible hy-p-oth hv-po Hypothesis Hypochondriac in-aw-g . in-aw-s Inaugurate . . . .Inauspicious hy-er-n Hygeian in-d-ci . ....Indecision I in-d-f in-d-fe . Indefinite Indefatigable in-d-l Indelicate im-pi Impiety in-d-m ....Indemnify im-pa Impatience in-di Indicate im-p-n Impenetrable ia-d-jr Indignant im-p-on T mponderable in-di-r ....Indirect im-p-ash Impassioned iu-dy ....Indite im-po-v Impoverished in-d-oc . .... Indoctrinate im-b Imbecile in-do Indolent im-bi Imbibe in-du ...Induce im-bu . im-an im-n im-mi . im-m im-mo . im-mu Imbued Immanuel Immense Immigrate Immoral Immortal Immutable in-d-or . in-d-us . in-dis in-dis po in-dis-so in-d-om . in-du-b . Indorse Industry Indiscreet Indisposition Indissoluble .... Indomitable Indubitable MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 87 in-e ....Inebriate in-te Interior in-er in-ev Inertia Inevitable in-t in-s-t Internal Instinct in-equ . in-f in-f-la . in-fi in-fu in-g-n . in-g-at . in-h Inequality Inflexible Inflammation Infidel Infuse Ingenious Ingratitude Inhale in-t-s ir-ra id-dy ig-ni ig-no il-1 il-le il-ib Intrinsic Irrational Idiosyncracy Ignite Ignoble Illusion Illegal Illiberal in-h-aw . in-hu Inhospitable Inhuman il-im il-it Illimitable Illiterate in-ish in-jy . in-ju in-j n Initiate Injury Injudicious Injunction il-og it-t-m ir-re-g ir-re Illogical Illtemper Irregular Irreligious in-j in-k in-ko in-ku in-k-1 . in-k-li . .....Injustice Incarnate Incorrect Incurable Incalculable Inclination ir-r-1 ir-re-s ir-ri is-so it-n in-s-t ..,.., Irrelevant Irrespective Irritable Isolate Itinerant Instantaneous in-k-lu . in k-or . in-ko Include Incorporate Incorrupt in-s-ti in-su in-t-an Instigate Insufficient Intangible in-k re in-k-ul . Incredible Inculcate in-t-eg in-t-m Integrity Intemperate in-k-um Incumber in-t-ol Intolerant in-nu in-fi-n Innumerable Infinite in-t-ox in-vo Intoxicate Involve in-fo Information in-va Invaluable in-or in-s Inordinate Inscribe in-v-al in-v-ol Invalid Involuntary in-s-an in-s-n in-s-ep in-sin in-s-ig in-so in-so-1 in-s in-s-pi . in-s-ti . in-fa in-f-at Insanity Insensible Inseparable Insinuate Insignificant Insolent Insolate Inspect Inspire Inestimable Infamous Infatuate in-v-n in-v-ig jo ju-s ju-g j-on j-as j-b Invent Invigorate J Junior Jurisdiction Jugglery Jaundice Jasper John Bull 88 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. (Joint stock 1-it-er ... ...Literature j-Oy ' ( company 1-it-y ...Litigate i-ol ...Tolly 1-ob .. Lobby i lu-cla Judaism 1-of Lofty ju m Tumble 1-Ofif . . . Logic 1 Tune l-otr-er . Loggerhead J x Juxtaposition K 1-oy 1-om 1-on ...Loiter ...Lombardy ...Longitude 1-0 ...London k-er k-id k-v-s Kernel Kidnap Keystone State 1-un 1-um 1-ush ...Lunch . . . Lumber . Luscious k-af Kingcraft 1-v ...Levity k-ing k-it Kink Kitchen 1-ith 1-x . Lithograph . Lexicographer 1-af L Laugh ma-p M ...Magic 1-av 1-ap Lavish ...Lapse m-a m-ag-na ... ...Magazine ...Magna charta 1-aw Laud ma-chi ... ...Machine 1-as Lassitude ma-la ...Malaria 1-ang 1-ee Languish .. Leeacy ma-1 ma-ne ...Malicious ...Maniac i s 1-ep Leper ma-ri ...Marriage la-d la le-s Laid Land , .,. Leisure ma-so ... ma-as ma-tu ... ...Mason ...Massacre ...Mature li li-q li-v-le lo-co lo Liable Liquor Livelihood Locomotive Look ma me-1 . . ma-n me-di ... me-dy . . ...Matron ...Melancholy ...Maintain ...Medieval ...Meditate lo-y lo-qua lu-b lu-d lu-m lu-ci ly-c 1-in 1-ing 1-is 1-it Loyal Loquacious Lubricate Ludicrous Luminous Lucifer Lyceum Lynch law Linger Listen Literal me-t me-t-ro . mi-nu mi-r mi-x mo-n mo-od ... mo-n-op... mo-n-ot ... mo-ra mu-ni ... ...Meteor ..Metropolis ...Minute ...Miracle .. Mixture .. Monster ...Modest ...Monopoly ...Monotony ...Morality ...Munificence MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. m-ath Mathematics n-on-r . . . .Nonresident m-ac Maccabees n-on-p . N onpay ment m-acl Madness n-os ....Nostrum xn-al-s Maelstrom n-ox Noxious m-al Malady na-bo Neighbor rn-al-fe Malfeasance n-ar Narrative m-am Mammon ne-g ....Neglect m-an m-at m-aw-so Mandate . . Matter .. . .Mausoleum n-f n-up nu-ti ....Nephew Nuptials Nutritive m-ax mu . ....Maximum Murder n-ul nu-c Null and void Nuisance m-er m-r Mercury Merit ni-t nu-t Nitro Nutral m-et m-et-f m-ed Metal Metaphysical Meditate o m-in Mineral O-D Opiate m-ing m-in-m m-ic Mingle Minimum Microscope o-pa o-ly o-do Opake Olympu Odoriferous m-ish m-it Missionary Mitigate o-ra o-re Oration Oriental m-is m-oc Mississippi Mock o-r-ang . or-a . Orangoutang . Oracle m-on-r Monarchy o-va .. .Ovation m-on-s m-on Monastery Monument o-ye ov-s Oyer and Terminer Oysters m-ul ...Multiply or-na Ornament m-ul-t Multitude Ordain m-1 Mellow Ordeal m-x m-d Maxim Medical N or-tho or-th-og ob ob-la ob-vi Orthodox Orthography Obelisk Oblation Obviate n-ap n-r n-ar n-ec n-eg n-oy n-on n-on-k n-on-n n-on-s Napkin Narcotic Narrow Necromancy Negative Noisome Noncommitted Nonconductor Nonentity Nonessential ob du . ob-h oc-to of-h of-s of-s-ing ol-f ol-iv on-t on-w Obduracy Obnoxious October Oft hand Offset O if spring Olfactory Olive branch Ontology Onward 90 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. op-u op-tic op-pro ... O3-C os-s ot-to ox-v ..Opulent ..Optical ..Opprobium ..Oscilate ..Ossify ..Ottoman Oxygen p-r-s p-r-so p-r-t p-as p-ash p-ot r>a-t Parsimonious Parson Participate Paschal Passion Patriotic Patriarch P V i p-aw p-n P-ne Pause Penetrate Penitent f-on Phonography . p-n-in Peninsula p-il f-il p-l-n ..Philadelphia ..Philosophy Plenipotentiary p-n-t p-nu p-s-t Pentecost Penurious Pestilence p-r-1 p-r-ac p-al-on ..Parliamentary ..Practicable Paleontology r p-t p-et p-t-ro Petition Petrify Petroleum pa-ar p-am ...Paragraph Pamphlet o-et-t f-ar Pettifog Pharisee po-1 ...Political fe-no Phenomena r p-q ...Pecuniary f-os Phosphate r H P-OD Popular fo-to Photography u p-ub p-1 ...Public ...Plaintiff f-ra f-re-n Phrase Phrenology f po-s p-os pa-jj ...Possession ...Possible Pageant f-iz p-ic p-il Physiognomy Picture Pilgrim pa-n Painful r, pi-o Pioneer pa-al p-al p-l-m p-al-p ... p-al-pi ...Palace ...Palatable Pall Mall ...Palpable Palpitate p-l-as p-la-to p-l-aw p-l-un P-oc Plastic Platonism Plausible Plunder Pocket p-aw p-an p-an o ... p-an-th ...Paltry ...Panegyric ...Panorama Pantheism *" po-et p-oy p-oy-s DO-1 Poetical Point Poison Polar p-an-the... pa-ra .. Pantheon ...Paradise r** po-le p-ol Police Policy r p-ar-a ... p-ar-1 p-r p-r-ch p-rd pa-r p-ish ...Paradoxical ...Parallel ...Parcel ...Parchment ...Pardon ...Parent ...Perish 1 . . po-h po-lu p-ol-y p ol-eth p-un pu-p p-er Politeness Pollute Polytechnic Polytheism Punish Pupil Purgatory MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 91 pu-ri pu-c-il Puritan . . ..Pusillanimous re-g-n re-g-s Regenerate Register per-t Pertinacity re-tre Retrench p-ith Pythagorean re-1 re-l-uc Relinquish Reluctant Q re-m re-m-on Reminiscence Remonstrate que-it ....Quitclaim re-mo Remove qui-in Quintessence re-mu Remunerate q-od q-od-ru q-r Quadrant Quadruped Quartz R re-p-ub re-p-n re-p-le re-po r-ep-re Republican ^Repentance Replevin Report Reprehensible r-ac Racking r-pre re-pu Reprieve Repudiate r-ag r-am Ragged . .. Ramble re-p-ul re-que Repulse Request r-am-i r-am p Ramify Rampant r-s-q re-s-m Resque Resemble r-n Range re-c-n Recent r-n-s r-an r-an-s Ransom Random Ransacked re-s-r re-si re-z Reserve Resign Resist r-ap Rapid re-s-or Resort re-p Reap re-s-p Respect F r-ash Rationalism r r-s-pi Respiration re-af re-an re-but re-c-ip re-ci re-co Reaffirm Reanimate Rebut Reciprocal Recite Recollect re-s-po re-s-to re-s-t re-ic r-et re-ti Respond Restoration Restraint Restrict Reticence Retirement re-ko Recourse r-et-t Retrograde re-k-ru Recruit r-et-ro Retrospect re-ec re-ec-ti re-du Rectify Rectitude Reduce re-v-er re-v re-vi Reverse Review Revise re-es Re-establish r-ap-so Rhapsody re-fi-n re-f re-f-ra re-esh re-f re-fu re-fu-t Refinement Reflect Refrain Refiesh Refuge Refuse Refutation r-id r-ig ri-p ro-b ro-ta r-ot ru-t Ridicule Rigmarole Ripe .... Robust Rotation Rotten Routine 92 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. ru-b ru-d Rubicon Rudiment s-of s-or Sophism Source r-ug ru-mi r-ush Rugged Ruminate Rushing c-or-c so s-um Sorcery Sound Summon re-vo re-c-in sa-k Revoke Rescind S Sacrament s-un s-y-co s-k s-k-y s-k-an s-k-r Sunday Sycophant Scarce Skillful Scanty Scarlet sa-lu Salute s-k-v Scavenger so-ber so-l-is sy-n-on Sober Solicit Synonymous s-k-ru s-k-ul s-ke Scruple Sculpture .... Scheme sho-1 so-v sy-m sa-n sa-t Shoulder Sovereign Symptom Saint Satan s-ko c-lu c-1 s-la c-n Score Seclude Seldom done Slavonic Scene s-ad Sadness s-p-c Specialty s-ab Sabbath Day s-p-on Spontaneous s-ad-u s-al sa-lu s-am s-ane Sadducee Salary Salutary Sample Sanctify s-pa s-p s-p-ec s-pu s-k-p Spare Species Spectacle Spurious Skeptic s-an-c s-an Sanction Sanitary s-li s-ly Slide ......Slight s-an-he s-af s-at-t Sanhedrim Sapphire Satellite / s-l-um s-t-ra s-tu-p Slumber Strange thing Stupendous s-at-er s-e c Saturday Second s-tu s-at Stupidity Saturate s-ec-t Sectarian sa Satire s-ec-u Secular s-ta Stable s-ep-tu s-im Septuagint Simple s-t-at s-t-aar Statuary ......Stagnate c-im c-il s-in s-il-lo s-in-th s-ow s-on s-ol Similar Silver Sinecure Syllogism Synthesis South Sauntering Solitary s-t-r s-t-m s-t-re s-t-er s-t-im s-t-uc s-t-ug s-m Startle Steam Stereotype phrase Sterility Stimulate Structure Struggle Semblance MITCHELL'S THONAGRAPHY s-em Semi-circle t-r-id Torrid Zone s-m-il s-n-it Similitude Senatorial t-ow t-ow-n Tower Township s-p-ec Speculate t-ac Track c-re Serious t-ra Tradition se-que Sequence. t-af Traffic s-r Sorrow t-r-ad ...Tragedy s-que Squeeze t-av Travel s-wa Sway t-r-an Tranquility s-we Sweep t-r-ib Tribulation w-ich Switch t-r-i-bu Tributary s-c Scrofula t-um Tumble c-c Seasick tu-m Tumor c-ci Seaside ter-bu Turbulent c-sho c-q Seashore Secure ter-mi ter-m Terminate Turmoil ter-pi Turpitude tre-s T Trespass t-w-y t-y-ink tu-fo Twilight Twinkling Twofold t-ab Tabernacle t-m-p Temper t-m Temple the Theatre t-m-p t-m-p-er Tempest Temperature the-z the-oc Theism Theocracy t-m-po t-ol Temporary Tolerable the-ol the-s Theology Thesis t-r Transient the-v Thieving tu-ish Tuition th-er Thirst t-w Twelfth th-r-esh Threshold t-ac . .. Tact th-r-if Thrift t-an th-ri . ....Thrice t-an t th-ro Throne t-an-ta Tantamount th-ru Throughout t-r-n t-ar t-as Tarnish Tarry Task U ...Undoubted t-aw Tautology un-d-n Undeniable t-av Unanimous t-ec t-n Technical Tenant un-m-s un-s-c Unmistakable Unsecured t-x t-im t-ip to-b t-oy t-or Texture Timid Tipple Tobacco . Toil Torpedo un-n-at un-se-ri un-ne-s um-b um-b-1 un Unnatural Unceremonious Unnecessary Umbrage Umbrella Unable 94 MITCHELL'S PHONAGRAPHY un-ac . . . . . Unaccountable un-p-un Unpunished un-ac-qua. .. Unacquainted un-que Unquenchable un of . . ...Unofficial un-q Unquestioned un-al . Unalterable un-r Un reasonable un-c ...Uncertain un-ri Unrivaled vn-ch . . ...Unchanged un-re Unregenerate un-chi ... ...Unchristian un-re-p Unrepentant un-cv ...Uncivilized ua-re-s Unreserved un-fa ...Unfaithful un-ry Unrighteous un-f un-f-or ... ...Unfair ...Unfortunate un-s un-in Uusciiptural Uninspired un-full Unfulfill un-c-ru Unscrupulous un-c ...Ungrateful un-s-k Unskillful un-g-r ... . ..Unguarded un-so Unsociable un-h 1 . . ...Unhealthy un-sa-1 Unsolicited un-er ...Unhurt un-s-t Unsteady u-ni ...Uniform un-s-uc Unsuccessful un i.ri ...Unimpaired un-su Unsuitable un-im-p ... un-in u-ne ...Unimproved ...Uninjured ...Unique un-cer un-s-us un-sy Uncircumcised Unsuspected Unsystematic u-ni-ta ... ...Unitarian un-\v Unwarrantable u-ni-v ...Universal u-s-er Usurped un-qua ... ...Unqualified u-to Utopian un-l-er ... ... Unlearned u-b Ubiquity un-l-im ... ...Unlimited un-b Unblushingly un-lu un-uc . . ...Unloose . . Unlucky un-p un-ob Unprincipled Unobj ect ionable un-me . . . . . Unmeaning un-aw Unostentatious un-m-er ... un-m un-na ...Unmerciful ...Unmo%-ed ...Unnatural un-x un-h-er un-f Unexampled Unheard of Unfruitful un-no Unnoticed un-fa Unfaithful un-op ...Unopposed un-or un-pa ...Unorganized ...Unpaid V un-p-ar ... ...Unparalleled v-is Visi to un-fill Unphilosophical ver-u Virulent un-p un-p-op ...Unpleasant Unpopular v-il v-ic Villainy Victim un-p-re ... un-p-j ... un-p un-pro ... un-pro-f... un-pro-t... . . . Unprecedented ...Unprejudiced ...Unprepared ...Unproductive ...Unprofitable ...Unprotected v-ul-t v-ul v-ul-g v-ul-n vo-t vi-k Vulture Vulgar Vulgate Vulnerable Vote Vicarious MITCHELL'S PHONAGRAPHY 95 vi b v-x ver-n-ac Vibrate v exation Vernacular wa-n wa-r wa-v Wander Warrant Wa^ 7 ing v-n Venerate we-k Weak v-1 Velocity of we-r Wear v-ol Volume of we-1 Welcome vo-ra v-oy-y Voracious ...Voyage we-l-m .'.... Welfare Well-meaning v-oy Void ' we-do Widowhood v-ow Vouch v-1 Wield v-er Verdant r-ech Wretch v-as ver-bos Veracity Verbosity r-ing y-in Wrinkle Wind ver-t Vertical v-ing Wing v-ol-k ver-t-b Volcano Vertebrrted y- n w Wine-press Wood ver-s v-ag Versatility Vagabond w-y wy-n World-wide v-an Vandalism wo-n-g v-as we-osh y-il wa wa-k Vacillate. W Washington Wilderness Wait Wake wo-n-dis. . . j wa-in \va-l we we-n w-y y-d Wonderful discov- eries Walk in darkness Walk in the light Whether or not When it conies Widespread Wide world Ninth Principle of Abl Stenographic Word . one A unto Dreviation. . Signs. (^ passage (/ pattern ' now m some _ come A speak \j open ^\ punctual Q" water j atmosphere.... foundation y fa done shall i first \j idea 1_ here, hear L most last I a, an 1 and least -j fact -| fail ^ exclude x|' family 1 any _ cause work "| find | were /f" cloud Y first place _ call . from _ what ! little O tut ^ ^econd place $( although 9 ilan word whether / within x without S such put j- small % practice df ink J evening Q- circumstance \j above upon / sacriiice w bread \_r middle ' N much ' \ before N between. . v because < could / would j should ^j about H aware ^ brin fuel c 3 fountain & latter \ S employ j / double .. / trouble \\ CZ2 fortune 93 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 97 Ninth Principle of Abbreviation. This principle of abbreviation consists in the employment of what we call unalphabetical word signs. By the incor- poration of the vowels with the consonants we reserve for other purposes the small dots, dashes curves, angles and circles, which other systems are obliged to use for vowel signs, and which we here turn to the great advantage of making them represent that large class of little words which are most familiarly used, and which enter into almost every sentence of our language. To assist in memorizing these, care Las been taken in many instances, that one of the three words, which the same sign represents by its meaning, will suggest the locality of the sign, whether above, upon or be- low the line. Their positions are governed by Rule XII, as follows: These characters have three positions in reference to the line of writing, each of which designates the three words as here arranged, the positions are therefore fixed and must be strictly followed. Of course when these signs are used for word-signs, they are to follow the common order of word- signs : namely, that each must stand alone in its place, witr spaces between such as only words have. It will be about as difficult to commit this page of signs t( memory as all the rest in the book, as they are not connectec with the alphabet. But it must be remembered that in Pit- man's Phonography, and in all of its modifications, nearly all these signs are used, and some of them have five or more places in relation to the consonants to signify vowels and peculiar sounds ; and of course each sign must be remembered as well as its place in order to write it properly ; while there- fore they are convenient to our system, and may be wholly omitted without in the least marring it, they are indispensable to others. In using these characters for word-signs it gives us another principle of identity, and therefore adds to legibility. We have known persons to have committed all these signs, as well as the alphabetical word signs in our first edition, in the course of six illustrated lectures, one per week, and of being able to write them readily in this brief space of time Tenth Principle of Abbreviation. Hieroglyphics. Turn around Turn short Turn over Turn under Turn in Turn to the right Turn to the left Turn out Turn up Turn down O o cr X) e- 6 9 j Turn back (T) The north pole 9 G ^ ^ o A The south pole Southern hemisphere Northern hemisphere Centre of gravity Equinoctial line New moon Half moon Full moon Pyramids of Egypt 98 A \ \\ Microscopical view Flash of lightning The rain bow Hills and Mountains Sun, moon and stars An iceberg A range of hills Mount Vesuvius Arrow of Death Back and forth That line of business It stands perpendicular At right angles with Out of the world In the world r\ J o 1 I 5 | Telegraphic communication An inclined plane Circumference of the earth Suspension bridge Runs parallel 99 Hieroglyphics. > * An angle of 45 Telescopical view 100 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. Tenth Principle of Abbreviation. This consists in the construction of certain hieroglyphics. The picturesque formation of which, as well as the manner of making them, conveys the meaning of the sentences which they represent. For example, fix the point of the pen on the paper, and as you hear the words "turn around," move it in a circle and you have the character for the sentence. Commence again and move it according to the direction ' ' Turn short,-" and you have an unfinished circle to repre- sent the sentence. Commence again and tarn over the point of starting, and you have made the character for the sentence "Turn over." Commence again and turn the course of the pen under the point of starting, and you have the sentence "Turn under. And so, turn the finishing stroke within the circle, and you have the sentence "Turn in." Run it to the right, and you have th sentence " Turn to the right ; " also to the left, and you have the sentence "Turn to the left." Turn it up, and you have the sentence "Turn np;" down, and you have the sentence "Turn down ; " out, and you have the sentence " Turn out." In relation to the sign representing the sentence "At right angles with, " we may say that the upright side of the angle should be made first and the lower one carried to the left, leaving the figure standing in the contrary direction from that formed by the T and K phonographs, the last of which is always made from left to right. These are all to be rcade longer than the phonographic signs. In relation to the line which signifies the sentence "That line of business," we may remark that it should be made about double the length of alphabetical K ; and the same rule applies to the vertical sign for the sentence "It stands perpendicular," and also to the sign for the sentence "An inclined plane," which lies on the same angle as the phonetic J, and should be made about double its length. We may also remark, in reference to the character for the sentence "Telegraphic communication," that the upright strokes designate the poles and the hori- MITCHELL'S PHONOGR\PHY. 101 zontal one the wire of a telegraph line ; and also those for the sentence "Suspension bridge, "the upright strokes are the piers and the horizontal curve line the suspension wire. As a whole, we may say that the cuts are correct examples, and if nearly followed there will be no danger of confounding them with any other characters in the book In the construction of these two pages, we have been actuated by the considerations of showing, in the first place, how simple and legible some sentences may be thus written, and in the second place, how extremely difficult it would be to extend this principle to any great length, much less to make it represent the whole language. It must not be sup- posed that the Oriental hieroglyphics are short hand writing, as a very slight examination of their characters, compared with the words they represent, will show that they are far more numerous and difficult of construction than those of our common English, and are therefore not as short as it. A third reason for constructing these pages was the mere nov- elty the signs manifest with their import, as well as going to show the entire difference between it and an intelligent sys- tem of short hand writing. These characters, having their own peculiar forms, may occupy the place, on the line of writing, of the ordinary signs of words written out in full, only that the common spacing between each of them, and between them and other signs, must be preserved. Exercise No. 1. See Page 1O3. N 1 ' V ^ __^...,^.....c -TV.. ... S < J \ u^* 1 p vr";tr -- f -^ v v .- .^..A-.-O^^ ...^.-^ .J^;uJ^(-*x-.il ^_-i .C..( C^A^C_^ . V ' 102 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY, 103 Exercise No. 1. THE NATURE OF TRUE ELOQUENCE. DANIEL WEBSTER. ' ' When public bodies are to be addressed on momentous occasions, when great interests are at stake, and strong pas- sions excited, nothing is valuable in speech further than it is connected with high intellectual and moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnestness are the qualities which produce conviction. True eloquence does not consist in speech, it cannot be brought from far. Labor and learning may toil for it, but they will toil in vain. Words and phrases may be marshaled in every way, but they cannot compass it. It must exist in the man, in the subject, and in the occasion. Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of declama- tion, all may aspire 'after it; but they cannot reach it. It comes, if it comes at all, like the outbreaking of a fountain from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires with original, native force. The graces taught in the schools, the costly ornaments and the contrivances of speech, shock and disgust men, when their own lives, and the fate of their wives, their children, and their country, hang on the decision of the hour. Then words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory contemptible. Even genius itseK then feels rebuked, as in the presence of higher qualities. Then patriotism is eloquence ; then self-devotion is eloquence. The clear conception outrunning the deductions of logic, the high purpose, the firm resolve, the dauntless spirit, spoken by the tongue, beaming from the eye, informing every feature, and urging the whole man onward to his object, this this is eloquence ; or rather it is something greater and higher than all eloquence ; it is action noble, sublime, god-like action. " Exercise No. 2. See Page 1O5. - [ rJ \ \ ( 104 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 105 Exercise No. 2. RICHARD WATSON ON THE GLORY OF MAN. Mark the glory of collective man. United, he puts on the appearance of strength. He founds empires ; he builds cities ; he guards by his armies ; he cements by his policy. Ah ! vain attempt ! Still, ' ' all flesh is grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass." Trace the track of civilized and powerful man through the world, and you will find it covered with the wreck of his hopes ; and the very monuments of his power have been converted into the mockery of his weakness. His eternal cities moulder in their ruins ; the serpent hisses in the cabinet where he planned his empires. Echo itself is startled by the foot which breaks the silence that has reigned for ages in his halls of feast and song. Columns stand in the untrodden desert ; and the hut of the shepherd, or the den of the robber, shelters the only residence of his palaces. And the glory which now exists is crumbling everywhere where it has not the cement of Christianity, and where it takes not something of perpetuity from the everlasting word. All heathen glory, all Mohamedan pride, creak in the blast, and nod to their fall. The withering wind cr the raging tempest shall pass over them in turn, and men shall sit upon the ruins of their proudest grandeur. Exercise No 3. See Page 1O7. \ *" v I 5 ^ f**- J../...\. J 1 Q ( ( i '( i --^-J-y-^j-strr-...^ \^ -f.\.\ -^l Jbei^^jji^.ri^iaL^fe r 7-7^- ,_- ^ ...^. 1i -*cCT_ 1 M .. ^- . _ ./. . I _..^^-._,-.rr^^ a... ^^_. o x - ) ^ 1 " 106 MITCHELL'S PHONOGRAPHY. 107 Exercise No. 3. THE GOOD SAMARITAN. LUKE 10 : 25-37. ' ' And behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tempted Him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life ? He said unto him, What is written in the law, how readest thou ? and he answering, said, Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind ; and thy neighbor as thyself. And He said unto him, Thou hast answered right : this do and thou shall live. But he, willing to justify him- self, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbor ? And Jesus answering, said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his rai- ment, and wounded him, and departed leaving him half dead. And by chance there came down a certain priest that way ; and when he saw him he passed by on the other side. And like- wise a Levite, when he was at thai place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was ; and when he saw him he had compassion on him, and wenl to him and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. On the morrow, when he departed, he took oul two pence and gave them to the host, and said unto him, take care of him ; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again I will repay thee. Which now of these three thinkest thou was neighbor unto him that fell among the thieves ? And he said, He lhat shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go and do thou likewise." Exercise No. 4. See below. v^^i ^ n *- r^,-. ~ -_ / > ^ v - . C i ( _ i ( (T c. Exercise No. 4. THE LORD'S PRAYER. MATT. 6 : 9-13. " Our Father which art ia heaven, hallowed be Thy name. 1 Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen." 108 Testimonies. PROF. MITCHELL. MY DEAR SIR : I have just had the pleasure of examin- ing your system of Phonography, and I am surprised that you have been able to make such improvement. Some twenty years ago I learned Pitman's system, and later Graham's style ; and I cannot help but wish that I had been saved the trouble of both by learning your condensed, free and easy system. With this work and improvement of yours, none need despair of learning short hand. You have succeeded well, and the public will ever be indebted to you for making so simple and easy that which heretofore had been so complexed and hard to learn. JOSEPH WILD, D.D., Pastor Union Congregational Church. BROOKLYN, July 8/7*, 1876. \ PROF. THOMAS MITCHELL. DEAR SIR : Having attended the six illustrated lectures in your system of Short Hand Phonography, I can say that it is so short and easy to be learned, that I can even now, just at their close, introduce it as a teacher into my school ; and I have no hesitation in saying that it should be taught as a regular branch of common school education, so that when the children graduate they could write our language with the rapidity of speech. What confirms me in this opinion is what I saw and heard in the half hour you spent in illustrating the principles of your system to my school, the children reading readily what- ever you wrote upon the black-board, although some of the sentences were long and words difficult. I therefore cheer- fully recommend your system to the consideration of all Boards of public instruction, and indeed to all educators of whatever class or grade. CHARLES A. LIBBY, Principal of Common School. I concur in the above. T. M. TERRY, Pastor of Jf. . Church. FLATBUSH, July 6t/i, 1876. 109 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JUL 2 7 J96I Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 M696p *. 0. * ... f. t LA- DALLAS, T1UI NIVERSITY ol AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY UC SOUTHERN RfcGlONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000583618 4