DCSB LIBRARV 
 
TREASURE LAND 
 
 A STOPY 
 
 VOL I 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 ARIZONA ADVANCEMENT COMPANY 
 
 TUCSON, ARIZONA 
 
 1897 
 
COPYRIGHTED BY 
 J. GEO. HILZINGER, TUCSON, ARIZONA, 
 
 1897. 
 
TREASURES or 
 
 AND.... 
 
 TREASURES OE WEALTH. 
 
 ^f-\^f -^f ^^ ^^ -^^ 
 
 TO THE READER: 
 
 It is said of an old writer of romance, that 
 he set the church bells ringing merely because he had found 
 a name for one of his heroes, and we felt equally joyous 
 when we found a title fof our book. It is one that suits 
 it admirably, for it is full of gems of fact and fancy, and 
 points the way to bounteous stores of treasures of health 
 and wealth that are to be had for the seeking. As the 
 ignorant Turk is said to preserve every scrap of writing 
 that comes in his way, because the name of God may be 
 written upon it, so do thou, O Reader, with this book, for 
 there may be hope of life or a life of hope in it for some 
 one who shall see it. 
 
 We make no apology for our book : it is the best we 
 can give under the circumstances, and is really worth twice 
 as much to the reader as the latest novel. 
 
 We claim no more originality than does the artist who 
 transfers his perceptions of natural beauty to his canvas, 
 and while we court no criticism, we do not fear it. We 
 only ask of those, who are always ready to decry home 
 talent, that, THEY BUY A COPY TO CRITICISE. 
 
 We thank the many friends who have kindly given 
 us their advice and assistance in launching this venture, 
 and in their generous approval we shall find our greatest 
 satisfaction. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
 Tucson, Arizona. July, 1897. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER. I'AGE. 
 
 I. Where and What \B this Treasure Land ? 5 
 
 II. The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land 15 
 
 III. Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health 41 
 
 IV. Treasures of Wealth 5i 
 
 V. A Land of Beef as well as Bullion 79 
 
 VI. The Farmers' Paradise, or Land and Water 8'J 
 
 VII. The City of Ages 10'J 
 
 VIII. The Line City 141 
 
WHERE AND WHAT 
 
 is THIS TREASURE LAND? 
 
 Where the ruddy Colorado rushes onward to the sea ; 
 Where the Gila's seething waters mveep along right merrily : 
 Where the canyons mighty fissure, and the rolling valleys lie; 
 Where the kisses of the zephyrs make the swaying forests sigli 
 There lies this Treasure Land beneath a sunny southern sky ! 
 And on her fruitful bosom, ivith tender passions rife, 
 Lie treasures for the seeking, and the elixir of life. 
 
 Where Some time in the near future an effort will be made 
 
 to annex the United States to Arizona, and in view of 
 
 an <* this political amalgamation, some general information 
 
 What Is It ? respecting it will prove interesting. 
 
 If the reader will refer to the most accessible geog- 
 raphy, he will find the following description, or words to the same effect: 
 
 "Arizona is bounded on the east, north and west by the United States 
 of America, on the south by the Republic of Mexico, above by the 
 serenest of skies and beneath by inexhaustible deposits of mineral, and 
 a soil more fertile than the valley of the Nile." 
 
 We may not follow the book precisely, as we quote from memory, 
 but being on the spot, with the facts before us, we are probably nearer 
 the truth than the book is. 
 
 "The surface consists of elevated table-lands broken by lofty mountains 
 and interspersed by valleys, many of which are intersected by irrigating 
 canals, dotted with thriving towns, and bright with the green and gold 
 of orchard, field and vineyard. Some of these valleys are more than 
 200 miles long and from twenty to forty miles wide, and more fertile 
 than the far-famed valleys watered by the river Nile. One who is not 
 familiar with the character of the rich soil has no conception of the 
 future value of these immense valleys. In a few years the territory 
 will be one vast garden, excepting those portions reserved for grazing 
 purposes." 
 
 We now ask the reader to refer to the Governor's Report for 1896, and 
 if a copy is not obtainable, to rely upon the faithfulness of our extracts 
 from it. 
 
 "Arizona has been called 'the sun-kissed' land and the title is well 
 deserved." 
 
6 Treasure Land. 
 
 We pause here to call attention to the singular appropriateness of the 
 expression; the word "kissed" suggests a wealth of loving ecstasy, of 
 blending harmonies, of azure skies, of shimmering eyes, balmy breath, 
 the incense of flowers, and all that is sweetest in life. 
 
 "In no other country are there so many days of sunshine, and this. 
 combined with an air, pure, invigorating and free from infection, not 
 only sustains and prolongs life in the human family, but creates a con- 
 dition impossible to excel for the propagation and sustenance of life in 
 the animal and vegetable kingdoms. It is for this reason Arizona pro- 
 duces the finest horses, cattle, sheep and hogs to be found in the world. 
 The earliest and finest-flavored fruits (six weeks earlier than any other 
 state or territory in the Union); flowers of exquisite shape, tinged with 
 the most attractive and pleasing dyes of nature, and cereals wheat, 
 barley, oats and rye equaled nowhere else in the country. 
 
 Its resources are without limit, its mountains are the storehouse of 
 precious metals and stones, its forests the greatest in the United States, 
 its plains sustain vast herds of cattle and sheep, while the valleys pro- 
 duce grams and fruits that have no equal anywhere. 
 
 Arizona possesses one of the finest and most valuable forests in the 
 world, known as the Mogollon forest, which covers an area of 10,000 
 square miles, or 6,400,000 acres, being, with possibly two exceptions, 
 the most extensive body of timber in the known world. 
 
 Agriculture is rapidly becoming a great industry in this territory, 
 and thousands of acres of land are being reclaimed yearly by the develop- 
 ment of water for irrigation purposes. Upon this land the husbandman 
 reaps a splendid return for his intelligence and industry, the land pro- 
 ducing almost every product known to the temperate and semi-tropical 
 zones. 
 
 Stock raising is also being remarkably developed, and thousands of 
 sheep, horses and cattle are yearly fed upon its grazing land. 
 
 The product from the three most important industries mining, stock 
 raising and agriculture gives an aggregate return of $18,385,550.70, which 
 of itself is a panegyric on the wealth of Arizona's resources. 
 
 The mineral output gold, silver, copper, lead and limestone aggre- 
 gated $13,978,263.20. 
 
 The stock industry gave a return of $2,757,287.50. 
 
 Although owing to the numerous ways by which products are trans- 
 ported, it is almost impossible to obtain statistics which would show an 
 accurate estimate of the amount and value of farm produce exported, yet 
 a very conservative estimate will show a total return from this source 
 of not less than $1,650,000. 
 
 Our counties and cities are well governed. Our cities have a less 
 number of policemen, and our court records show that fewer crimes are 
 committed in this territory than in any state of the Union. 
 
 Arizona is a most inviting field for capital and skilled labor. Her 
 undeveloped resources are varied and almost without limit Millions of 
 acres of agricultural land are yet to be reclaimed by the development 
 and proper storage of water. Communication by enlarged and cheaper 
 railroad facilities is urgently demanded between the various points of 
 the territory, that an interchange of home products between the mining 
 and agricultural sections may be made. 
 
 Many avenues of industrial life offer varied and profitable induce- 
 ment for the engagement of capital and labor, and her agricultural, min- 
 eral and grazing wealth should receive that attention from outside in- 
 vestors which they deserve. 
 
 Factories might also be profitably started. There are many fibrous 
 grasses and plants of indigenous growth that could be used in the manu- 
 
\\'here and Wliat its tin's Treasure Land ? 7 
 
 facture of paper, bagging, rope, etc. In the valley of the Colorado river 
 wild hemp suitable for this purpose is found in almost unlimited quantities. 
 
 Ironwood, which grows all along the base of our mountains, is very 
 hard when dry, and when polished is of a beautiful appearance. This 
 wood produces a veneering of good quality, which could be made to 
 supply eastern manufacturers, who now obtain their product from other 
 countries. 
 
 Arizona has within its borders a population of over 100,000, being an 
 increase of 35,000 since 1893. The people are cultured, energetic and 
 enterprising; they have caused the desert to awaken with life; they have 
 invaded the great forests and delved into the mountains that they might 
 all pay tribute to the necessities of .Arizona's modern civilization. The 
 moral and social status is excellent. Our educational facilities meet 
 every demand of a cultured and ambitious people. And every condition 
 which we find in this splendid Territory shows every possible requirement 
 for the making of a great and prosperous Commonwealth. 
 
 The immigration is of the very best class, and Arizona numbers among 
 her population representatives from all portions of our Union, and the very 
 highest types of citizenship of the communities whence they emigrate. 
 They are progressive and enterprising, thoroughly American in character, 
 loyal to their country, and justly proud of the home of their adoption." 
 
 "Alice in Wonderland" would lose all its charm if the 
 How author failed to inform us how she reached the fairy 
 
 realm of Fancy. 
 TO Get There. Arizona is a land of Wonders in a world of Fact, 
 
 and if the reader thoroughly grasps the situation, he 
 will desire to learn how this favored land can be reached from the United 
 States. 
 
 Even if it is not convenient for him to visit it himself, he may have 
 some dear friend or relative for whom this sun-kissed land will mean a 
 new lease of life; or he may be aweary of continual depression in the 
 stock market, the oxidization of gilt-edge securities and 3 per cent, con- 
 versions, and sigh for the good old ratios. If he comes to Arizona he can 
 invest his money to good advantage and enjoy perfect health while his 
 profits mature. There is a vital principle in our balmy ozone-laden air 
 that quickens the pulse and makes man feel like a demigod. Here the 
 sluggard feels new energies arise within him, the weak and debilitated 
 lay aside their drugs and spring forth into the glad sunshine like young 
 kids at play. 
 
 Most of you will want to come here in comfort and with as little loss of 
 time as possible, and while there is a variety of routes, the most direct, 
 and naturally the most desirable way of getting here, is over the Sunset 
 Route of the Southern Pacific Company, or the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe. 
 
 This popular line of. railroad extends through the 
 The entire territory, east and west, and taps every important 
 
 center. It traverses the entire length of the great Gila 
 Sunset Route. valley, scene of the most stupendous irrigating schemes 
 
 on record, and connects at Maricopa with Phoanix, thirty- 
 five miles distant, in the very heart of the famous Salt River valley. It 
 connects at Bowie with a short line tapping the rich agricultural districts 
 of Graham county and the mineral regions of Globe, and at Lordsburg with 
 the road running to the famous copper mines of Clifton. It is the natural, 
 direct route from Eastern cities through New Orleans and El Paso, through 
 St. Louis, Fort Worth and El Paso, through Kansas City, Fort Worth and 
 El Paso, or through Denver and El Paso. From the West the route is 
 direct from Snu Francisco, through Los Angeles and Yuma. 
 
 * 
 
8 Treasure Land. 
 
 First-class and tourist through cars run daily, semi-weekly and weekly 
 during the winter season from Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Louis 
 and Kansas City; daily the year round from New Orleans and San Fran- 
 cisco, and weekly (second-class) from Washington, D. C., and Cincinnati. 
 through New Orleans. 
 
 At all times and from whatever direction, the trip is comfortable and 
 exceedingly interesting. This route is the course of the now world-famed 
 Sunset Limited, which has attracted the admiration of the world with its 
 matchless magnificence. 
 
 The Southern Pacific company now controls the line running from Ben- 
 son, Ariz., to Guaymas, in the Mexican state of Sonora, which taps the 
 greatest mineral region in the world and makes the system the most com- 
 plete in the country. 
 
 This line has also direct connection with all the im- 
 T * Q P portant cities of Arizona. It follows the great ceri- 
 A. 1. & o. r. t ra i plateau and, consequently, ensures a dry air, remark- 
 R; R. ably even temperature, delightfully cool nights in the 
 
 heat of summer, and in winter the rigors of the more 
 northern routes are avoided. It is the great scenic route of the West. 
 touching all points of interest in Colorado, Arizona and California, and is 
 noted for the excellence of its service, special attention being given to the 
 requirements of tourists and immigrants. 
 
 The Origin When Shakespeare insinuated that there was very 
 
 f th N f little in a n ame, he had no prophetic vision of the time 
 
 01 me IName OI \vhen the commercial world would regard a name as one 
 
 Arizona. of the most important matters to be considered. Any 
 
 person who wishes to advertise a new nostrum or sell 
 
 city lots in the wilderness, hunts up a name that will attract purchasers 
 
 either by reason of its beauty or inexplicability. Sometimes the name 
 
 means something, and occasionally it is merely a seductive combination of 
 
 syllables. 
 
 We do not know how to classify the name "Arizona." It certainly is 
 not of Spanish origin, and our Indian scholars can not agree upon any part 
 of it. It was originally applied to a place a short distance south of the 
 boundary line, and was then "Arizonac." The Hon. Sam. Hughes claims 
 that it is derived from two Indian words, "Ari" and "Zonac" (as nearly as 
 they can be expressed by English letters), meaning "the place of massacre 
 or chastisement," the inference being that the Indians had a tradition to 
 the effect that they were well punished somewhere in that section. 
 
 There is nothing unreasonable in this explanation, but as some of our 
 readers may not feel willing to accept it on account of being commonplace. 
 we offer them the following romantic legend: 
 
 There is an ancient Aztec tradition that the earth is born 
 _ ^ . . of the sky, which, with certain scientific explanations, ae- 
 oUn-i3eiOveQ cords with the nebular theory, and shows us that the 
 Maiden. Aztecs could make as shrewd guesses on cosmologicnl 
 
 matters as some of our own astronomers. There were 
 giants in those days, of course, but they did not find their environment 
 satisfactory and died off, leaving the sky-born world uninhabited. 
 
 After a while it happened that a celestial virgin, daughter of one of 
 the thirteen great deities, fell into a decline (probably brought on by liifili 
 living), and the court physician recommended that she be sent to the Santa 
 Cruz valley, where the climate was so excellent that it was able to revive 
 the gods. 
 
 His advice was followed, and the virgin was the sole inhabitant of the 
 earth until one night, while in a deep sleep, a drop of dew fell upon her, 
 
117/rrr <tit(l What ix tln'x Treasure Land'/ 9 
 
 and she bore two children, a son and a daughter, from whom have sprung 
 all the dwellers upon earth. 
 
 The name of the virgin was Arizunna, and the locality she honored with 
 her earthly residence was near Tucson. The exact spot is not definitely 
 known, but this uncertainty enables all who visit here to make their own 
 choice, which no one can dispute. 
 
 Naturally enough, the place where the present race of men originated 
 was called after the mother of all, but as generations passed the original 
 pronunciation was lost and the spelling modified. 
 
 The meaning of "Ariztmua," as given in the ancient record from which 
 we have compiled the above, is "the sun-beloved maiden," and this is what 
 the modern "Arizona" should mean, anyway. 
 
 Arizona ^ ne ^ OD - Whitelaw Reid published an interesting article 
 
 on Arizona in the New York Tribune, of November 22, 
 a GOOd Place 1S90, from which we make the following extracts: 
 tO Live in. "The man who looks for either the beauty or the se- 
 
 ductive excitement of Monte Carlo will not find it. As 
 little will he find the historic remains of the cosmopolitan attractions of 
 Egypt; nor could he reasonably expect the amusements and luxuries of our 
 o\vn Eastern cities. The people of Arizona are still chiefly busy in the 
 pioneer work of subduing it to the residence and uses of civilized man. 
 But it has two transcontinental lines of railway, with numerous feeders; it 
 has fast mails and rival telegraph lines, and is throbbing with the intense 
 life of the splendid West. The two principal towns in the southern portion 
 chiefly sought for their climatic advantages, are Tucson and Phoenix. Each 
 of them has ten thousand inhabitants or more. They have the electric 
 light, telephones, trolley cars, plenty of hotels, banks, book stores, good 
 schools, churches, an occasional theatrical performance, sometimes a lecture 
 or a circus, often a horse race, and, in the spring, a thoroughly curious and 
 interesting 'fiesta.' For the rest, people must take their amusements with 
 them. Good horses are abundant and cheap, and there are plenty of cow- 
 boysthe genuine article to show what horses can do. 
 
 "You can not have the luxuries of our New York houses out there, unless 
 you build one; or the variety of our New York markets, unless you charter 
 a refrigerator car. But there are hotels with almost as much frontage as 
 the Waldorf; and, like everything else in the territory excepting the mount- 
 ains and the deserts, they are new. There are boarding houses of more 
 kinds than one; and brick cottages of eight or ten rooms can occasionally 
 be rented. Better than any of them, for the man with the energy and pluck 
 to take it, is a tent; and he who knows how to 'camp out' with comfort 
 through September in the Adirondacks can camp out in Arizona through 
 the winter. 
 
 "As to food, there is plenty, and it is good. From here the markets of 
 L.OS Angeles, and even of Denver, are largely supplied. Good beef, mutton 
 and poultry are plenty and cheap. Quail, ducks and venison from the 
 vicinity can also be had. Vegetables and fruits are abundant in their 
 season, and sometimes the season is a long one. It is the one country I 
 have lived in where strawberries ripen in the open air ten months in the 
 year. I have had them on my table, fresh picked from the open gardens, 
 at Christmas. 
 
 "The man who goes to any considerable Arizona town with the ideas 
 of the Southwest derived from novels, or from 'The Arizona Kicker,' will 
 be greatly mystified. He will find as many churches as in towns of corre- 
 sponding size in Pennsylvania or Ohio, and probably more school hoxises. 
 He will find plenty of liquor shops, too, and gambling houses, and dance 
 hoiises. and yet he will see little disorder unless he hunts late at night for 
 it. and he will find a community of ten thousand people requiring in the 
 daytime only one policeman, and very little occupation for him." 
 
10 
 
 Treasure Ltnul. 
 
 CHAOS_REIGNS. 
 
 The Town of Chandler, Ohio 
 
 Turned by a Cyclone 
 
 Into a 
 
 VERITABLE MORGUE. 
 
 The Dead and Dying Hourly Aug- 
 mented. The Big River Run- 
 ning Wild in Mississippi. 
 
 United States when they can come 
 safety. 
 
 These "scare lines" are taken from 
 an Arizona newspaper, but have 
 nothing to do with us except to 
 awaken our sympathies and cause 
 us to thank God that we live in 
 Arizona. 
 
 We have no cyclones or floods, 
 for while nature has been bounti- 
 ful of mercies, she has been nig- 
 gard of pestilence. There have been 
 suggestions of earthquakes in the 
 past the echoes .of seismic dis- 
 turbances elsewhere but nothing 
 strong enough to stop a clock or 
 force a resignation from a federal 
 official. And yet some people vol- 
 untarily face these perils in the 
 to Arizona and live in peace and 
 
 In no other part of the country are the people so 
 Territorial democratic as in Arizona, and yet titles prevail to a 
 
 greater extent than elsewhere. We have more colonels 
 Titles. than you can find in Kentucky, every lawyer is a judge, 
 
 every teacher a professor, and the rest of the men are 
 generals and honorables. The titles are bestowed in a free and easy 
 western manner. Everybody speaks to his neighbor without the cere- 
 mony of an introduction, and no cards are exchanged except when they 
 play poker or some other social game. If the party addressed looks able 
 to bear the dignity, you call him colonel, and the title sticks; if you know 
 him to be a lawyer (and you soon find out), you dub him judge, and 
 there is never any mistake about a professor. The generals are ac- 
 counted for otherwise. There are a number of positions with the quali- 
 fying title, such as surveyor general, attorney general, general superin- 
 tendent, general agent, etc., and the dignifying portion is promptly pre- 
 fixed to the surname, and the owner crowned with a military glory he 
 never earned. We are also prolific of governors, for during the lest few 
 administrations it has taken about three to fill out a term. We have 
 heard of half a dozen majors, but strange to say, our people appear to 
 resent this title unless they are obliged to assume it. We recall only three 
 captains; one was a seafaring man from Maine, the other was an ex- 
 officer of the army, and the third died before we could investigate him. 
 If there are others we never met them. Every man who ever ran for 
 office is entitled to be called honorable why, we know not and it is a 
 safe address at all times. 
 
 An eastern visitor induced a party of friends to unite in 
 The Wonders an ex P edition to tne southwest of Tucson for the pur- 
 pose of discovering a desert, and after traveling over 
 Of the Desert. 100 miles they returned with brown cheeks and in- 
 ordinate appetites. The leader of the party was kind 
 enough to write his impressions for us as follows, and we trust that the 
 publication of the facts will deter others from wasting their time and 
 spoiling their complexions in the same vain pursuit: 
 
 "Desert? There is no such thing in Arizona! It has disappeared with 
 the ogres, hydra-headed monsters and other bogies that stunted our child- 
 hood growth. There may be lost mines, but there are no deserts. 
 
 "Far away in every direction stretch grassy plains, rising and falling 
 
Where and What is this Treasure Land ? 11 
 
 like vast swells of a lazy sea, and encircled by purple hills above which 
 climb the azure peaks of mountains beyond them. Different shades of 
 verdure greet the eye on every side; the six- weeks grass of a bright green, 
 speckled with bright-hued flowers, is varied with the brown and gold 
 of the galleta and gramma. We seem to be driving through endless 
 meadow and vineyard, while the cawing crow flies overhead, little birds 
 twitter among low-bending twigs and the grazing cattle wander hither 
 and thither. The sun creeps cheerily up the eastern sky, the air is soft, 
 yet bracing as an early bath, and the dyspeptic Yankees of our party 
 feel that existence is a delightful fact. And at night, what a good rest 
 we had! Under the bright canopy of a cloudless sky, with moonlight 
 softening the scene, a crispiness in the air that quickened every atom 
 of blood and built anew all the lung cells that life's work, exposures and 
 dangers had demolished or placed on the retired list! 
 
 "Only one of the sleepers awoke before daylight; he was so green 
 that a jack rabbit mistook his ear for some new food plant. Morning 
 brought new life and new marvels. Great lakes, promontories, peaks, 
 suspension bridges and cities with great buildings moved majestically in 
 u marvelous procession across the orient for an hour or more, emphasizing 
 the grandest pageant that was ever attempted. It was the desert mirage, 
 and one such spectacular exhibition is alone worth the expense and 
 trouble of a journey to Arizona. If this is life on the desert, let me live 
 it alwayl" 
 
 Pima county was the first portion of Arizona settled by 
 
 Pima CountV Europeans, and is one of the oldest political divisions of 
 
 the territory, having been organized by the first legis- 
 
 the First. lature in 1864. Its original boundaries took in the whole 
 
 of Cochise county and portions of Final and Graham. 
 
 It is still of fair size, being about 180 miles in length from east to west, 
 
 with a width of eighty miles at its eastern end, which is maintained for 
 
 seventy miles, when it gradually decreases to twenty miles on the western 
 
 end. 
 
 It derives its name from the Indian tribe known as Pimas, who were 
 found within its borders by the Spaniards, and formed part of what was 
 known to them at first as Pimeria and later as Papagueria. 
 
 The western portion of the county, bordering the line of the Mexican 
 state of Sonora, is a series of wide, rolling plains, with detached mountains 
 and isolated peaks. These mountains are rocky and rugged, the plains 
 covered with grass and shrubs and in some places with mesquite and 
 stunted native timber. Surface water is generally scarce, and did not 
 every mountain, peak and butte contain rich deposits of the precious 
 metals, the natural attractions would be few. 
 
 South of Tucson the county is made up of grassy plains, rolling hills 
 and lofty mountains. East, to the line of Cochise, it is of similar char- 
 acter, while to the north the horizon is filled with the massive chain 
 of the Santa Catalinas. South and east the county is crossed by the 
 Santa Rita, Patagonia, Whetstone and Atascoso ranges, and is one of 
 the most delightful portions of Arizona. The mountains are clothed with 
 verdure, and the valleys and glens afford the finest grazing to be found 
 in the West. 
 
 Water is seldom wanting, and the valleys of the Sta. Cruz, Sonoita, 
 Babacomari, Sopori and Arivaca are not exceeded for beauty and fer- 
 tility. In the Santa Rita. Santa Catalina and Patagonia mountains are 
 many lovely vales, and the climate is simply perfect, even during the 
 hottest days of summer. 
 
 The Santa Cruz river flows through the county from its source in the 
 Patagonia range to the boundary of Maricopa; the Sonoita is one of it' 
 
12 Treasure Laml. 
 
 tributaries in the south and carries quite a volume of water. The Rillito, 
 which receives the waters of the Pantano Cienega, enters the Santa Cruz 
 just below Tucson. The Arivaca and Sopori creeks are ever-running 
 streams, and water can be obtained at moderate depths all over the east- 
 ern part of the county. 
 
 Thirty per cent, of the land of Pima county can be successfully irri- 
 gated and reclaimed by a system of ditches, sub-drainage pipes and ivs- 
 ervoirs for water storage at a reasonable outlay, and hundreds of acres 
 thus added to the cultivable area, at an average cost of reclamation of 
 $0 per acre. Wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, hay, corn, sorghum, tobacco, 
 potatoes, peas, beans, beets, all kinds of vegetables, fruit, etc., can be 
 produced on these lands. The yield of wheat, barley and oats will be 
 from thirty-five to forty bushels per acre; corn, from forty to sixty 
 bushels; hay, three tons, and alfalfa, five to seven tons. 
 
 There are 130 miles of irrigation ditches in the county, largely sit- 
 uated in the Santa Cruz, Sonoita and Rillito valleys. The aggregate cost 
 of building same is estimated at $150,000. A new ditch, seven miles in 
 length, was recently taken from the Santa Cruz, north of the town of 
 Tucson, and about 1,500 additional acres put under cultivation. The ir- 
 rigation capacity of all the canals in the county is estimated at 12,000 
 acres. 
 
 The population is estimated at 20,000, or one-fifth of the total popula- 
 tion of the territory, and at least one-tenth of these are actively engaged 
 in mining. 
 
 The average rainfall is about thirteen inches, the heaviest precipita- 
 tion occurring generally in the mouths of July and November. 
 
 There are about 1,000.000 acres of surveyed land in the county, with 
 filings on only 86,000. 
 
 At a conservative estimate there are about 175 mines being operated 
 in Pima county. The principal ones produce gold, silver, copper, lead 
 and iron ores. There are also quarries of marble, building stone and lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Gold and silver bullion and placer gold were extracted from mines in 
 Pima county aggregating, probably, $500,000. 
 
 The base bullion produced of gold, silver, copper and lead ore, and 
 shipped by railroad to eastern smelters and refiners, exceeds 1,500 tons. 
 and in ingot copper and matte, about 500 tons. 
 
 The Tucson Mining and Smelting Company (a small copper plant 
 operated by foreign capital near Tucson) received for the fiscal 
 year ended "June 30, 1896. 2.200,000 pounds of ore and shipped 262,751 
 pounds of copper bullion and 228,548 pounds of matte. 
 
 The Empire Mining and Smelting Company has lately erected a 100- 
 ton lead-silver smelter near Crittenden, which will be enlarged at an early 
 date. 
 
 The principal towns are Tucson, Nogales, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Crit- 
 tenden and Harshaw. 
 
 The assessed value of all property in the county is $4,000,000, but this 
 can not be taken to represent more than 40 per cent, of the true value. 
 The erroneous idea of under-valuation of property and comparatively high 
 rate of taxation prevails here, as in most other new countries. The highest 
 county and territorial tax rate is $3.50 per $100, being a trifle over $2 on 
 a just valuation. 
 
 Two main lines of railroad cross the county, the Southern Pacific and 
 Sonora road, which latter runs from Benson to the seaport of Guaymas. 
 on the Gulf of California. These have other connections, which, while 
 they do not properly belong to a description of Pima county, feed its 
 commerce. 
 
tintf What is this Treasure Land .' 13 
 
 Tarantulas Some of our very credulous visitors pass the first few 
 
 . -weeks of their residence here in a state of feverish ex- 
 
 *!** citement that seriously interferes with the complete en- 
 
 RattlesnakCS. joyment of our wonderful climate. They mistake the 
 
 cheerful chirp of the cricket for the whirr of rattles, and. 
 
 under the influence of an excited imagination, a common, every-day New 
 
 England cockroach becomes anything from a pterodactyl to a dinosaurus. 
 
 They miss the familiar domestic pests which frequently invade the 
 boudoirs of the pleasant East; they find none of the nimble fleas that wor- 
 ried them in California, and the voice of the mosquito is hardly ever 
 heard in the land. 
 
 Curiosity succeeds dread, and they crave for a glimpse of the deadly 
 monsters of the arid regions, and want to be introduced to the fiery perils 
 of the trackless deserts. They are willing to endure the lack of domestic 
 vermin and mosquitoes, but can not return East without interviewing a 
 few tarantulas and rattlesnakes. Then we show them some specimens of 
 our choicest varieties (which we keep in alcohol for this purpose), and they 
 wearily exclaim: "We have bigger than these at home." 
 
 It is a sad blow to our local pride to have to face this fact, and if the 
 pressure continues we shall be compelled to import some vermin from the 
 East in order to maintain our reputation and satisfy the morbid cravings of 
 health-seekers. Still, we can not be the first in everything! 
 
 Speaking soberly, a man may live in Arizona a year or more and see 
 nothing more venomous than a cockroach or a cricket, unless he invades 
 the saloons. If he goes out hunting in the foothills of the Sierras or tra- 
 verses the grassy mesas, he may encounter a tarantula or a rattlesnake, but 
 they will avoid him if they can, as they are not of social dispositions and 
 prefer to meditate in solitude. Should he see any, he will compare them, 
 with respect to size and beauty, with those he has met elsewhere, and 
 wonder how we achieved our reputation. He will also learn that they have 
 less venom, or a poorer quality, than those found in moist, hot regions, such 
 as South Carolina and Florida, and their bite is only fatal when an excess 
 of antidote is imbibed. 
 
 We hate to disappoint our friends, but, really, we are compelled to 
 puncture the prevailing idea that Southern Arizona is a desert inhabited 
 by rattlesnakes and tarantulas. The only deserts we can refer the traveler 
 to are in Mexico, two hundred miles away. We have not personally in- 
 spected them, and therefore can not state positively how much vivid imag- 
 ination or other stimulants will be required to produce the best results. 
 
 The following, story is introduced solely to mitigate the effect of our 
 iconoclastic remarks and has no moral worth mentioning. The narrators 
 were introduced to us as "Honest Jim of Pantano and A Friend." We pre- 
 sume that it was A Friend's particular business to verify Jim's affidavits 
 and make it unnecessary for him to require change for a quarter. 
 
 The Tarantula "The finest taranchula I ever seen was at Lyin' gulch, in 
 the Santa Ritas. I was samplin' some likely croppin's 
 
 and the when I heard a spat and a whirr like as if a mountain 
 
 Mountain Lion. ^"* n was nroun '< so I clum up a boulder an' waited. 
 
 It was a lyin sure enough about the size of a three- 
 year-old steer an' he squatted just below, glarin' at me as if I'd jumped 
 his claim. Very soon he rose up an' swung his tail backwards an' for- 
 wards, an' then back again, till it was movin' easy, an' come for me. 
 
 I stuck my toes into the rock an' hung head down, till the lyin had 
 made his jump, an' then resoomed my seat an' offered to bet him the 
 drinks he couldn't do it again. 
 
 This made him swish his tail swisher than ever, an' it struck again' a 
 rock an' hurt itself, which made him so bilin' mad that he made another 
 play for me just as I got down again. 
 
14 Treasure Land. 
 
 This racket kep' repeatiu' so long that my toes were about worn out 
 diggin' into the boulder, but just as I was about givin' up, a taranchula, 
 about a foot high, came out to sun himself and intervoo the neighbors, 
 an' the lyin's tail caught him right in the Jaw before he could put up 
 his hands, so to speak. 
 
 The taranchula was madder than two wet hens an' couldn't speak for 
 cussin', but he clings on to that tail like a pipe-wrench. 
 
 Now, the lyin had been jumpin' backwards an' forwards an' back 
 again so much that he couldn't stop himself; so he just kept sailin' 
 through the air while the taranchula bit and bit till the pizen begins to 
 work an' the lyin to swell. 
 
 I got off my perch and rolled over on the groun', laffin' so hard that 
 I couldn't see; an' the lyin kept swellin' and swellin' till he swoll so 
 much that he floated off in the air like a balloon, clear out of sight, with 
 the taranchula still hanging on to his tail." 
 
 "That yarn wouldn't be much with the lyin left out," remarked A 
 Friend, in a deep tone of voice; "but it's true as gospel, for I finally 
 landed that tarantla myself. I was out huntin' that same day an' saw 
 what I took to bp a large eagle flyin' above me. It was so far off I could 
 hardly see it, but I took a shot for luck. It fell about a mile off, an' when 
 I reached the object it was a tarantla as big as a Californy mule. Gen- 
 tlemen, I reckon that was Jim's tarantla, an' he'd swallered the lyin to got 
 back his pizen, so's to be able to continner business at the old stand." 
 
THE STOPY or THE 
 
 SUN -KISSED LAND. 
 
 RUINS OF CASA GRANDE. 
 
 What is the ancient story of the land ? 
 Can crumbling tower and mouldering ruin tell 
 Wide furrowed plains and miles of broad canal 
 The hill forts and the niches in the cliffs f 
 Lost is the ancient story, and we give 
 The modern history of men who reared 
 New cities, and re-plowed the weedy fields, 
 And neir aligned the old canals. 
 
16 
 
 Treasure Latin. 
 
 THE EIRST EXPLORERS. 
 
 The reader having now located Ari- 
 zona with reasonable certainty, will be 
 curious to learn something of its early 
 history, and in the following pages we 
 shall endeavor to give him some in- 
 formation on the subject. 
 
 Setting aside as unprofitable all 
 speculations respecting the ancient in- 
 habitants, the history begins from the 
 advent of Europeans, and is full of ro- 
 mance. 
 
 In June, 1527, Faiifilo de Narvaez 
 set sail from Spain with a fleet of five 
 ships and a force of GOO men, and, 
 after several disasters, was driven 
 by a storm to the western coast of 
 Florida. He landed with 300 men and 
 forty horses and proceeded inland, 
 while the fleet follo\ved the coast, the 
 forces expecting to reunite thereafter. 
 They never met, however, for after 
 many perilous adventures only four of 
 
 the land expedition survived, and these crossed the continent, passing 
 through the southeastern corner of Arizona, and finally reaching the Span- 
 ish camps on the coast of the Gulf of California. 
 
 One of this band of bold adventurers was a negro slave, Estevanico, and 
 to him belongs the honor of being one of the earliest explorers of the 
 southern portion of the present United States. His subsequent history 
 proves him to have been a man of high intelligence and enterprise, and as 
 fearless and ambitious as any of the cavaliers who carried the banner of 
 Spain through the wilderness of the New World. He was an honor to his 
 race, and the colored citizens of this republic should perpetuate his memory, 
 and we suggest a monument in Central park, New York. 
 
 The negro, Estevanico, afterwards became the property of the Viceroy 
 of Mexico, and, no doubt, influenced his master to form projects for the 
 further exploration of the great Northwest. 
 
 In 1538 a party, accompanied by Father Juan Olmedo, made an expedi- 
 tion to the north and returned with reports of the wonderful wealth and 
 civilization of the inhabitants, but was unable to reach the famous seven 
 cities of Cibola, the people of which were said to be as civilized and opu- 
 lent as the Aztecs. 
 
 The first organized effort was made by Father Marcos de Niza. chief of 
 the Franciscans at Culiacau, which place he left on March 7, 1539, being 
 accompanied by the negro, Estevanico, and a number of the natives. 
 
 The party proceeded northward through the present Mexican state of 
 Sonora and halted at Bacapa, in the Santa Cruz valley, near the prescm 
 site of Tucson. Bacapa, or, as it was afterwards called, Bac. was a settle- 
 ment of considerable size and well provided with provisions. Here the 
 negro was sent ahead to explore the way, and, sending back favorable re- 
 ports, Father Niza proceeded onward, following the Santa Cruz to the In- 
 dian settlements on the Gila river. 
 
 Meanwhile the adventurous negro pushed onward, ambitious to be the 
 first to penetrate the secrets of the far-famed cities of Cibola, design ing. 
 perhaps, to emulate the achievements of Cortez. At every important land 
 mark he erected wooden crosses to point the way for those who followed. 
 or he sent back messengers with crosses in their hands to cheer the Father 
 and his weary companions. 
 
Tin' Sfnrt/ of tin 1 Sun -KixM'd Lanil. 17 
 
 At last he reached the goal of his hopes, but the Cibolans expected uo 
 god of his color, and killed him and several of his followers. 
 
 The remaining members of the pioneer party hurried back to Father 
 Niza to warn him of the danger ahead and recount the fate of their com- 
 panions; but the fearless Franciscan calmed their troubled minds and, re- 
 lying on the power of the cross, hurried forward and soon obtained a 
 glimpse of one of the great cities, which appeared to him to be richer and 
 more populous than Mexico. 
 
 According to the custom of those days, he set up a cross and solemnly 
 took possession of the country for the crown of Spain, and then took the 
 shortest route home before the new subjects could realize what had hap- 
 pened them. 
 
 According to his sworn statement, duly made to the proper authorities, 
 it was a marvelous country, and he regretted that he did not feel able to 
 paint the wonders he had seen in colors sufficiently glowing. 
 
 Cortez, and some other skeptical or envious persons, were of the opinion 
 that Father Niza seriously fractured the truth for political purposes, but 
 the country he traversed is in evidence to sustain his veracity, and if the 
 cities of Cibola did not eventually come up to his expectations, he should 
 not be blamed. 
 
 According to some accounts, the murder of Estevanico was provoked 
 by his flirtations with some of the leading ladies of Cibola, which aroused 
 the jealous ire of their lords; but this is probably a fiction, invented by 
 envious cavaliers to mar the luster of his fame. Had he been a white man, 
 it would never have been mentioned. Even if it be true, the fact does not 
 detract from his reputation as a daring explorer, and he only mildly emu- 
 lated the gallant conquerors of Mexico. 
 
 Father Niza's efforts in the exploration line were evidently appreciated 
 by the church, for he was shortly afterwards appointed Provincial of the 
 Franciscans. Probably he thought solely of the souls to be saved, and 
 knowing that the cavaliers could only be influenced to conquer by induce- 
 ments of wealth, inserted some prize packages in his narrative. Let this 
 be as it may, his account was finally conceded to be as reliable as others 
 of the kind, and in 1540 an expedition was sent out, under Coronado, to 
 verify his affidavits. 
 
 The party consisted of 300 Spaniards and 800 Indians, Niza accompany- 
 ing Coronado with an advance guard, and the main body following at some 
 distance. 
 
 Coronado generally followed the route taken by Niza, passing up the 
 Santa Cruz valley to Bac, which he also found populous and thriving, and 
 reaching the Casa Grande on the Gila, which he described as "a great red 
 house in ruins." 
 
 The explorers met with opposition from the Cibolans, but finally sub- 
 dued the country, and were disappointed when they found nothing but 
 agricultural settlements, and none of the opulence they had looked for. 
 
 Father Niza, however, was quite satisfied. The country had been sub- 
 jected to Spanish dominion, and the church could now do the rest. Mis- 
 sionaries were placed along the route to inaugurate the good work, and re- 
 mained at their stations after Coronado's army practically abandoned the 
 country, in 1542. They founded several settlements in the Santa Cruz val- 
 ley, and continued with the natives even when their connection with the 
 government in Mexico was severed. Among others, the settlement in the 
 vicinity of Tucson was permanently established under the name of Bac or 
 Hacapa; and when, after several generations had passed, a new crusade 
 began, the missionaries of the seventeenth century found the Indians at 
 P.ac fully prepared for the work, and churches arose, as if by magic, all 
 along the valley. 
 
 It is true that until the latter half of the seventeenth century there is 
 little record of the doings of the Spaniards in Arizona, and for this reason 
 
J8 Treasure Land. 
 
 it has been assumed that nothing was done. The absence of records ac- 
 cessible to the historian is to be regretted, but the fact does not prove that 
 there was nothing to record. We know that for certain periods, during the 
 first half of the present century, the records are so insignificant that it 
 might be argued that the country wa-s abandoned; but it was not, for men 
 who were alive within the last few years knew to the contrary. 
 
 The Picacho de Metates, west of Tucson; the turquoise mines in the Sil 
 ver Belle district and elsewhere, were known to the Aztecs, as also its min- 
 eral wealth. The ruins of the settlements of the ancient miners are still 
 in evidence; the rock can-ings near them are of an entirely different char- 
 acter from those found in other parts of Arizona, being for the most ]>:ui 
 astronomical symbols. 
 
 The Spaniards on the frontier had no incentive to furnish information 
 to the official cormorants of Mexico, who confiscated every revealed treas 
 ure, and hence, Avhen the church or laity stumbled on a good thing, they 
 kept their own counsel. There is, too, every reason to believe that it was 
 no more unusual then than it has been since, for the common Spaniard, the 
 rank and file, to amalgamate with the Indians, especially with such peace 
 ful tribes as those inhabiting the fertile valleys of Southern Arizona. 
 
 The antagonism between the members of the Franciscan and Jesuit 
 orders may account for the absence of some of the records required to com- 
 plete the history of settlement, and the acts of hostile Indians must also be 
 considered. 
 
 When the Jesuits arrived they were not so well acquainted with the 
 conditions as those who preceded them, and their mining operations 
 were soon, apparently, paralyzed by the extravagant claims of the king of 
 Spain, whose "royal patrimony" was held to cover all mineral treasures. 
 Silver mining was, consequently, abandoned, this metal being too bulky 
 to smuggle through the lines of hungry officials; but gold was found to lie 
 just as valuable and more easily concealed. The church and laity, therefore, 
 were compelled to adopt a gold standard, and exploited this metal wherever 
 it could be found. 
 
 The writer has visited several ancient mines, the ore of which carried 
 both metals, one or other predominating, and noted with some curiosity 
 that it had been carefully separated, the portions richest in silver being 
 left on the dump; and when this metal predominated across the whole vein, 
 work was invariably abandoned. 
 
 The appearance on the scene of Father Ensebius Kuhn, or Kino, as he: 
 is usually called, revived missionary interest in Arizona. Kino was born in 
 the Austrian province of Tyrol, and was educated partly at the University 
 of Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria. After a serious illness he adopted the name of 
 Francisco, and vowed to devote his life to the conversion of American 
 heathen. He was a mathematician and astronomer, and remarkably en- 
 dowed with virtue and intelligence. He probably joined the Jesuit order 
 in California, about 1684. 
 
 He reached the field of his future labors in 1087, and five years later 
 visited the Santa Cruz valley, passing by the Santa Rita mountains and 
 through the settlements of Tubac and Tucson. The narrative of his jour- 
 ney speaks of settlements already founded, although there was no record 
 at the time showing the previous presence of missionaries in the country! a 
 most remarkable confirmation of our views. 
 
 In 1G94 Fathers Kino and Mange made a tour of inspection, regular 
 missions having been established during the previous three or four years 
 at Guevavi, San Cayetano, Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac. Father 
 Kino gave glowing reports of the condition of the country as a field for 
 missionary work, but failed to secure any hearty cooperation. His zeal 
 never relaxed, however, and his labors continued unremittingly until he 
 died, in 1711. 
 
Tin sfnry of Ike Hini-Kiwtl Limit. 10 
 
 The These ruins, of which we give an illustration on the 
 
 title page, are situate in the Casa Grande valley, about 
 
 Case Grande seventy-five miles northwest of Tucson, and are re- 
 
 Rtlins. garded as the most interesting remains of the prehistoric 
 
 age found on this continent. 
 
 The front of the main building measures sixty feet and forty-three 
 feet wide. The first story is thirteen feet high; the second, nine feet; 
 third and fourth, eight feet. The greater part of the upper story has dis- 
 appeared. The walls are between four and five feet thick and the material 
 of which they are constructed is almost indestructible concrete, made of 
 fine gravel, sand and cement, closely resembling granotitsic now used in 
 Washington. The walls, both inside and outside, are plastered with ce- 
 ment, which clings to them with wonderful tenacity, on- the inside being 
 smooth and glossy, as the best hard-finished interiors of the present day. 
 
 The lower story is nearly filled up with crumbling debris and drifting 
 sand of the plains. The holes in which the ceiling timbers were placed 
 are plainly visible, but every particle has been carried away by relic 
 hunters, and the disintegration of the walls has been so rapid of late 
 years that if measures are not immediately taken to strengthen them, 
 the whole structure will fall into a shapeless ruin. 
 
 For miles around the mysterious Casa Grande, mounds, now hardly 
 distinguishable from the desert sands, bear indisputable evidence of hav- 
 ing been at some remote period, adobe structures. 
 
 The most ancient traditions of the Pimas and Papagos, who yet live 
 here whore their fathers lived for centuries, alluded to them as "ruins." 
 The earliest historic record we have of the Casa Grande was given by 
 the famous Spanish cavalier and explorer, Cabeza de Vaca. who discovered 
 it during his journey across the continent about 1537. A few years later, 
 the famous explorer. Don Francisco de Coronado, who led an expedition 
 into New Mexico, states that the Pima Indians had no knowledge of the 
 origin or history of the town which they believed had existed there. It 
 had always been ruins to them and to their ancestors. Kino and Mange, 
 who visited there in 1694, also gave an account of twelve other ruins in 
 the vicinity. Father Pedro Faut, in 1777, found them in much the same 
 condition. He describes the main building as an oblong square, facing 
 the cardinal points of the compass, the exterior wall extending from north 
 to south 430 feet, and from oast to west 320 feet. 
 
 The theory has been advanced that the Aztecs, whose 
 Ancient civilization culminated in the Valley of Mexico, passed 
 
 through Arizona, leaving behind them, at different points, 
 Fortifications. members of their tribes whose faith was weak or who 
 
 were unfitted otherwise to be factors in the evolution 
 of a great nation. This theory accounts for the records of ancient civiliza- 
 tion found on all our hills and in all our valleys. Southern Arizona was 
 at one time densely populated; this must have been before the segregation 
 of the higher types who afterwards founded the Aztec empire overthrown 
 by the Spaniards. After the lapse of years, perhaps centuries, other seg- 
 regations took place, and the Zuni and Moqui civilizations were founded. 
 These were the more advanced spirits, and those left behind may be re- 
 garded as the refuse of the ancient race, who lacked alike energy to 
 move and the courage to maintain themselves against the incursions of a 
 savage race, which had for a long time threatened them with annihila- 
 tion. Cultivation of the soil was neglected, the wonderful storage reser- 
 voirs and extensive canals left them as a heritage were filled by the 
 winds with the dust of unregai-ded fields, and the huge temples, gran- 
 aries and homes of their race were abandoned to the Apache marauder. 
 The struggle for existence and the assaults of their enemies depleted their 
 
20 Ti'Cdxur 
 
 ranks and caused them to lose the memory of the vanished civilization 
 they had shared. New wants and conditions modified their forms and 
 features and even changed their language, so that their descent can only 
 be traced circumstantially. 
 
 During this period of disintegration, every hill became a fort and every 
 peak a watch-tower; the first for defense, and the second in order to give 
 the trembling laborers in the fields timely warning of the approach of 
 oneinies. 
 
 Hence nearly every hilltop in Southern Arizona is found to be walled 
 with circles of stone, sometimes from base to summit, a precaution that 
 shows the acuteness of the struggle for existence. On the Saddle mount- 
 ain, west of Tucson, there are seven circles of fortification and the ruins 
 of rough habitations on the summit. Sentinel peak was used as a watch- 
 tower, and fires were built to give warning of danger. In the Sierrita 
 mountains we find on the crest of Santo Domingo, not only rough fortifica- 
 tions, but a line of stone buildings, apparently designed to shelter the fam- 
 ilies of the tribesmen. These were probably stored with water and provis- 
 ions at convenient seasons, and became a place of common refuge during 
 times of trouble. 
 
 Less than a mile from the center of Tucson, on the 
 Indian s ^ e ^ * ne va ^ ey ' reached by a shady lane through 
 
 fields, gardens and orchards, is a dark colored hill oov- 
 ROCk Carving 1 . ered Avith rocks thrown up in Titanic heaps, called the 
 Picacho de Metates. 
 
 Here the ancient people found a peculiar lava stone, sonorous as iron 
 and as durable as steel, from which they manufactured the nictates and 
 IIHIIIOS used in grinding corn. 
 
 These were shipped to all parts of the country, and there is every rea- 
 son to suppose that the Aztecs drew their supply largely from this point. 
 
 That the manufacture of these necessary implements was carried on 
 extensively at one time is proven by the abundance of chips, and the curi- 
 ous searcher will frequently find half finished stones, abandoned because 
 of defective material. 
 
 The surface of the rock is, apparently, calcined to a deep iron purple, 
 but beneath the crust the material is a bluish grey color. All over the hill 
 there are rocks carved with grotesque figures cut by the ancient workers, 
 some of them so faint with age as to be barely decipherable. 
 
 The writer copied a number of these "paintings," as they are errone- 
 ously called, and believing that they were intended to convey some mean- 
 ing, spent a considerable time in seeking their interpretation. 
 
 The result of his labors is given in this section, and, if he is eorreet in 
 his readings, they show a depth of thought and power of observation far 
 beyond what we might have expected of the primitive people who made 
 them. 
 
 This might be mistaken for an individual making 
 antics before a mirror, or a progenitor of the modern pugilist 
 overcoming the resistance of a bag of wind. The object to 
 the left is neither a mirror nor a wind-bag ; it is a sworn 
 statement intended to defeat the election of some ambitious 
 chief, and the party to the right is evidently breaking his 
 back in an effort to make a truthful affidavit. The modern 
 Arizonian is noted for the number and strength of his 
 affidavits under similar circumstances, and it is strange to 
 find that this method of lying has the seal of antiquity, and 
 is, we might say, native to the soil. 
 
The Slori/ of tin- ,sv///-A'/.s.s.srf Land. 
 
 fHMssions. 
 
 21 
 
 Cliff dwellings and other evidences of prehistoric races that exist in 
 Arizona invoke idle speculation, but the desolate and crumbling temples 
 built by the early fathers awaken a lively sympathy and admiration. 
 The devotion and enterprise of these spiritual pioneers, who arrived 
 with the cross and invaded the homes of the savages to extend the do- 
 minion of the church, command our respect, and inspire us, not with spec- 
 ulative wonder, but with real interest. 
 
 They lived almost within the memory of man, and the fruit of their 
 industry and zeal has outlived the devastation of savagery and time. Their 
 temples were raised to an ever-living God; the rites they practiced in the 
 
 OLD MISSIONS : 1. Ruins of San Agustin, near TUCMJ 
 
 2. San Xavier, near Tucson. 
 
 3. Ruins of Tumacacori. 
 
 4. Altar of San Xavier. 
 
 wilderness still move the faithful heart, and the holy doctrines they taught 
 continue to smooth the path of life and lay the foundations for eternity! 
 
 The mission ruins give their own history, as the upheaved strata of 
 the earth record the geological changes worked by Time. 
 
 The crumbling walls, the tottering towers, and facades rudely scnlp- 
 luivd, are monuments to the industry of the vanished devotees; the sacred 
 cross, emblem of the faith and hope they worked and lived for, still crowns 
 the white basilica, and mutely claims the adoration of the passing vaquero: 
 the ill-defined niches along the caving walls once served as sainted shrines, 
 before which the half-tamed savages were taught to bow the knee; along 
 
22 Treasure Land. 
 
 the acequia's broken banks, trees foreign to the clime bend low and whisper 
 to the passing breeze their memories of the lives of those who nurtured 
 them. Behind the pile of crumbling walls and towers rest the mortal re- 
 mains of those that built, adored or served the builders, and that which 
 they built, are side by side in death and ruin! The soul-inspired clay is 
 resolved into its elements, and the thing of beauty that it made is press- 
 ing back to the earth that it sprung from at the command of mind! But 
 the work was not all in vain, for nothing is in vain. The preacher spoke 
 falsely when he said "All is vanity," for vanity is only in the minds of 
 men. Acts live for ever and build Time and Eternity. The Fathers per- 
 formed their allotted work, and that work still iives, though a century has 
 passed since the mission bells echoed up the canons to the hills, bidding 
 the laborer cease his toil and water the germ of an immortal hope! 
 
 "Father Kino reached Sonora in 1867, and by 1690 had es- 
 The First tablished four missions. 
 
 The residents of the Santa Cruz valley were so urgent 
 
 Missions. in their demands for missionary service, and the field 
 
 was so inviting, that the mission of Guevavi, at the head- 
 waters of the Santa Cruz river, was founded, shortly followed by one at 
 Tumacacori, near Tubac, and then another at San Xavier, near Tucson. 
 The first church built at San Xavier was a small and modest adobe build- 
 ing, hastily erected to meet the wants of the new mission. The fragments 
 of records found in the church give an idea of the population that lived in 
 the vicinity, by the number of baptisms which were yearly administered 
 from 1720 to 1767. This population must have been considerable. The rec- 
 ords show that twenty-two Jesuit missionaries successively administered at 
 San Xavier between the dates mentioned, the last of which was that of 
 their expulsion by the Spanish government. 
 
 This mission was one of the most flourishing until 1751, when the In- 
 dians revolted, being instigated by an Indian called Luis, from Saric, who 
 preten-ded to be a wizard of marvelous power. 
 
 The missions that escaped complete ruin during the revolt, which lasted 
 four years, were hardly started again when the Jesuits were expelled. 
 The Franciscan, Father Garcez, found San Xavier in a pitiable condition, 
 but by his great frugality and apostolic virtues, he gained the love and 
 confidence of his flock. 
 
 In 1768 the church of San Agustin del Tucson was founded. The 
 church itself has entirely disappeared, but a remnant of the residence of the 
 priests, the workshops and granaries, still remains, a mouldering pile of 
 brown ruins on the edge of the river, ten minutes' walk from Tucson. 
 This was sometimes called the Church of the Holy Infant. The date of its 
 foundation was lately discovered in on^ of the records in the government 
 archives at Hermosillo, Mexico. 
 
 The erection of the present San Xavier church was begun in 1783 and 
 finished in 1797, the date appearing on one of the doors of the structure. 
 This is further confirmed by the testimony of a fe>v old people who as- 
 sisted at the dedication. 
 
 The brothers Jaunas had charge of the construction, as we are in- 
 formed, and they afterwards superintended the erection of similar struc- 
 tures at Tumacacori and Caborca; but the fathers themselves, as well as 
 the lay brothers, must have contributed somewhat to the adornment of The 
 edifice. No mention, however, is made of any of their names on the 
 records extant." 
 
 i 
 
 This illustrates a domestic tragedy and assures us that 
 the corporal punishment of youth was early receguized as an 
 educational factor. 
 
The Story of th<' .S'//-AV.ssvW Lainl. 23 
 
 The youth was evidently seized in the act of commission and kicks 
 and struggles in his effort to avoid chastisement. The abnormal develop- 
 ment of the head expresses the openness of feature observed in modern 
 children in like circumstances, and was the only method by which the rock- 
 defacing artist could depict the yells! 
 
 Polygamy prevailed at the period, and the adult figures represent two 
 of the child's mothers. 
 
 The instrument of torture carried by the one to the right is a common 
 switch torn from a convenient bush, while the other displays an instrument 
 resembling a boot-jack. It is, however, a contrivance used by the Indians 
 on their hunting expeditions, the prey being caught alive and then choked 
 to death between the forks, as needed. 
 
 Description Of "The site is well chosen, with a broad sweep of plain ami 
 valley, hemmed in by purple mountains. The church, as 
 the Mission OI can De see n by its arches, surpassing the semicircle, and 
 San Xavier. the ornamental work in low relief which covers the flat 
 surfaces of some parts of its walls, belongs to the Moor- 
 ish style. 
 
 Over the ruins of a wall of brick and stone we enter the atrium, an en- 
 closure 06x33 feet, which separates the church from the plaza and was used 
 as a place for meetings relating to matters not directly connected with 
 religion. 
 
 On the frontispiece, which shows the width of the church with its two 
 towers, is placed, in low relief, the coat-of-arms of the order of St. Francis 
 of Assisi. It consists of an escutcheon, with a white ground filled in with 
 a twisted cord, and a cross on which are nailed one arm of our Savior 
 and one of St. Francis, representing the union of the disciple with the 
 Divine Master in charity and the love of suffering. The arm of our Lord 
 is bare, while that of St. Francis is covered. On the right side of the 
 escutcheon is the monogram of Jesus, the Savior of men, and that of the 
 Blessed Virgin Mary on the left. The frontispiece was surmounted by a 
 life-size statue of St. Francis, which is now nearly demolished by the hand 
 of time. 
 
 The church, which is built of stone and brick, is 105x27 feet inside the 
 walls. Its form is that of a cross, the transept forming on each side of 
 the nave a chapel of twenty-one feet square. The church has only one 
 nave, which is divided into six portions, marked by as many arches, each 
 one resting on two pillars, set against the walls. Above the transept is a 
 cupola of about fifty feet in elevation, the remainder of the vaults in the 
 church being only about thirty feet high. 
 
 Going from the front door to the main altar, there is on the right Land 
 side wall a fresco representing the coming of the Holy Ghost upon the 
 disciples. Opposite to it is the picture, also in fresco, of the Last Supper. 
 Both paintings measure about 9x5 feet. 
 
 In the first chapel to the right hand of the two altars, one facing the 
 nave with the image of our "Lady of Sorrows," standing at the foot of a 
 large cross, which is deeply engraved in the wall, and tha other one with 
 the image of the Immaculate Conception. In the same chapel are two 
 frescoes representing Our Lady of the Rosary and the hidden life of our 
 Savior. The opposite chapel is also adorned with two altars. One of them 
 is dedicated to the Passion of our Lord, and the other to St. Joseph. There 
 are also two paintings, the subjects of which are Our Lady of the Pillar 
 and The Presentation of Our Lord in the Temple. 
 
 The main altar, which stands at the head of the church, facing the nave, 
 is dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, the patron saint the Jesuits had chosen 
 for the first church they had established in the mission. Above the ima.ive 
 of St. Francis Xavier is that of Ihe Holy Virgin; between the statues of Si. 
 
24 TI-'-IIXIII-I- Land. 
 
 Peter and St. Paul, and at the summit of the altar piece, the bust of God. 
 the Creator. The pictures which are seen on the walls near this altar are: 
 On the right hand side, "The Adoration of the Wise Men," with tin 
 "Flight into Egypt;" and on the left, "The Adoration of the Shepherds," 
 with the "Annunciation." 
 
 These altars, and especially the principal one, are decorated with col- 
 umns and a great profusion of arabesques, in low relief, all gilded or 
 painted with different colors, according to the requirements of the Moorish 
 style. 
 
 Besides the images we have mentioned there are the statues of the 
 twelve apostles, placed in niches cut in the pillars of the church, and many 
 others, representing generally some saints of the Order of St. Francis. 
 There are also in the dome of the cupola the pictures of several personages 
 of the order who occupied high rank in the church. 
 
 Returning to the front door, we find two small openings communicat- 
 ing with the towers. The first room on the right, which is formed by the 
 inside of the tower, is about twelve feet square, and is used for the minis 
 tration of baptisms. A similar room, which is of no particular use now. 
 but which corresponds to the mortuary chapel of the old basilicas, is lo- 
 cated in the left tower. From each one of these rooms commence the 
 stairs, cut in the thickness of the walls, and leading to the upper stories. 
 Starting from the baptistery, the second flight reaches the choir of the 
 church. A good view of the upper part of the monument can be had from 
 that place. There are also some frescoes worth noticing. These are the 
 Holy Family, facing the main altar; St. Francis, represented as raptured 
 by heavenly love, in a fiery chariot; St. Dominic receiving from the Blessed 
 Virgin the mission to promote the devotion of the rosary in the world; and 
 the four Evangelists, with their characteristic attributes. Two flights imnv 
 lead to the belfry, where are four rough and home-made bells of small 
 size. Twenty-two steps more bring the visitor to the top story and under 
 the little dome covering the tower, an elevation of about seventy-five feet 
 above the ground. Here a glance can be cast on the beautiful and ex- 
 tensive valley of the Santa Cruz, and the surrounding country. 
 
 One of the towers, as can be seen, was never completed; it lacks the 
 dome and plastering from the second story above. The reason why it re- 
 mained unfinished is not known. 
 
 On the west side of the church, separated from it by a narrow passage, 
 is an inclosure with an opening on the north and a small chapel standing 
 at its western side. The ground enclosed was formerly used as a ci-me- 
 tery, and the chapel was the place where the dead bodies were kept until 
 the ceremony of the burial could be performed. 
 
 On the east side of the church is the mission building, which formerly 
 occupied a somewhat extensive space, and consisted of the rooms necessary 
 for the priests, of a soap factory and stores for the provisions. Besides. 
 there were several farming houses conveniently located on the mission 
 land. Of these buildings there are now only two rooms, making a body 
 with the church, and four extending south and facing on the church plaza. 
 
 The little butte adjoining the church shows, on its top, the crater of 
 an extinct volcano." 
 
 Some fantastic legend is invariably attached to an old 
 A Legend Of rum * )>v *^ e i noran t or credulous, and the mission church 
 of Tumacacori, near Tubac, has not escaped, for it is l><> 
 TuniacaCOri. lieved by the ignorant Mexicans that at dreary mid- 
 night's cheerless hour, mass is celebrated by :i irliostly 
 priest. 
 
 The belief is apparently sustained by the personal experience of a 
 named I>avila, who claims to have involuntarily attended muss in 
 
Tin' .Story <>f tin' Sini-Kixwil Laud. 25 
 
 the rums in company with two others, but the traditional fatality, which 
 imposed the penalty of death upon mortal witnesses, did not operate in their 
 case, except after a long interval. 
 
 "We had been herding some cattle in the mountains, 
 
 The GhOStlV an< ^ w ^ en we reached the mission, about an hour before 
 
 * midnight, our horses were so worn out that we could 
 
 Priest. urge them no further, and, much against our inclinations, 
 
 we resolved to camp in the ruins and make Tubac next 
 morning. We turned our animals loose in the enclosure behind the church, 
 and carried our traps into the vestibule of the building. Neither of my 
 companions had any superstitious fears, and mine were not strong enough 
 to bother me. 
 
 The interior was dark and dismal as a cavern, but beyond, the moon- 
 light streaked the walls of the nave, and the cupola above the chancel 
 glistened like a snowdrift in the sunlight. 
 
 It was the work of a few moments to build a fire, and as the flames 
 rose, the shadows danced on the walls, and the smoke curled up like in- 
 cense, causing the bats to whine and screech as they fluttered from the 
 roof, in and out and round about. 
 
 As we lolled by the fire and toasted our carne-seca, my thoughts ran 
 back through the years to the time when the gloomy building our presence 
 seemed to desecrate was the heart of life, industry and zeal. Our shad- 
 ows stretched along the floor, over the straggling weeds that grew where 
 worshipers had knelt, and, towering upwards, seemed to threaten us from 
 the cracked and crumbling walls. 
 
 Having been up most of the previous night, w r e were well disposed to 
 take advantage of the present opportunity to rest. There was a large pile 
 of loose straw in one corner, and we spread this on the ground and covered 
 it with our saddle cloths. 
 
 How long we slept I never knew, for slumber measures not time, but 
 I was suddenly awakened by a clutch upon my shoulder and a hoarse whis- 
 per in my ear, 'Mirad por Dios!' 
 
 Starting up, I was conscious of the fact that the fire had gone out and 
 the moon had dropped behind the western hills, yet there was a strange 
 glow about me that cast no shadows, as if the air itself were luminous. If 
 my companions had awakened they showed no signs of animation now, 
 but knelt by my side, motionless as statues, their faces corpse-like, and 
 their eyes fixed with a glassy stare upon the distant chancel. As my gaze 
 turned in the same direction, every hair upon my head seemed to prick 
 and burn, the pulsation of my heart was stilled, a clammy sweat beaded 
 my forehead and fell upon my clasped hands, and my soul succumbed to 
 the influence of inexpressible awe. 
 
 What I saw seemed pictured on my mind from within and not visible 
 as material things are. The chancel glowed with the same strange light 
 that filled the space about me, but more intense and with a faint purple 
 tint. I felt like one sinking in deep waters, with life passing away in a 
 dream, when the sound of a soft, low chant bubbled in my ears like the 
 voice of a distant stream; louder it grew and louder, then seemed to sleep, 
 then swelled again full of rich melody. It suddenly ceased and a form 
 robed like a priest knelt in the chancel, and an acolyte knelt on each side 
 of him and gently swayed the censers, and the incense rose and hung 
 above the three forms like a cloud. The chant began again and the priest 
 turned his face to the auditorium and appeared to mutter a prayer. 
 Through the misty incense which now coiled about him like a shadowy 
 serpent, the features could be partially distinguished. They were those of 
 an aged man, full of benignity but tinged with sorrow. He turned and 
 knelt again with the acolytes behind him. and the chant ceased. \<>\v the 
 
26 Treasure Land. 
 
 auditorium was filled with dark forms that drifted in like smoke through 
 the open roof and the windows, assumed human shapes and knelt upon the 
 floor. The chanting recommenced and grew louder and louder as the 
 priestly form arose and. turning, raised its hands to heaven as if invoking 
 a blessing. The kneeling forms in front bent lower and lower until they 
 were level with the floor. The chant ceased and there came a sound like 
 the rush of a hurricane, a mighty shriek rent the air, and I must have 
 fallen senseless, for I knew no more!" 
 
 Attention has been elsewhere called to the bar between the limbs as 
 an insignia of priesthood or strong medicine. 
 
 The figure here represents a practitioner of more than ordinary ability, 
 who is taken in the act of exhorting the world of sinners to flee from the 
 wrath to come. Above him is an elaborate representation of the heavenly 
 home of the spirits of the blessed, the separate mansions being plainly in- 
 dicated. The small figure in the upper left-hand corner is 
 the mummified remains of one of those unfortunate beings 
 who neglected, while on earth, to provide for his spiritual 
 welfare, and now suffers the torment of surveying a felicity 
 that he cannot enjoy. The attachment to the heavenly 
 city, which has the appearance of an ordinary key, is 
 the all-seeing eye of the Deity who has provided the 
 delectable mansions and watches over the welfare of their 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Where ^ has been asked again and again, where the missionary 
 
 TVrt thp Path re fathers obtained the means to build such structures 
 Dm me rainers as those we find at San Xavier and Tumacacori, and the 
 Get the Means? belief is general that they derived considerable wealth 
 from working the mines. The records, however, show no 
 income from this source, so far as we can learn, and from this it might be 
 inferred that the popular belief is unfounded. 
 
 We can readily see, though, why the mining operations of the Fathers 
 were not recorded. The King of Spain assumed that he was entitled to all 
 the mineral product that the officials had no use for, and if the Fathers 
 wished to derive any profit from mining, their operations had to be con- 
 ducted secretly. 
 
 We do not for a moment doubt that they availed themselves freely of 
 nature's treasures, and that the noble edifices, whose ruins we behold to-day 
 with admiration and wonder, were built in great part from the product of 
 clandestine mining operations. 
 
 The missions also raised live stock in large numbers and cultivated the 
 lands extensively, but these resources can not alone account for the dis- 
 bursements. 
 
 This is a battle scene, and depicts a mighty warrior in the very act of 
 vanquishing his foes. While he sustains his trusty bow with one hand 
 (which, being his left, suggests contempt for his adversaries), he chival- 
 rously urges the fear-stricken host to yield them prisoners and save effusion 
 of blood. The trembling wretches (observe the two figures below) 
 throw up appealing arms and beg for mercy. The fact that they 
 are so paralyzed with fear as to be unable to fly is ingeniously 
 indicated by the omission of their organs of locomotion. The 
 character between the outstretched limbs of the warrior is a 
 fallen foe. his defunct condition being cleverly emphasized by 
 the insignificance of his appearance and lack of human attributes. 
 This is a spirited composition and must have immortalized the 
 artist. 
 
The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 27 
 
 Till: PIONEERS. 
 
 The soldier, marching at his sovreign's call 
 The cannon, belching at a living wall 
 An empire rising on a kingdom's fall 
 
 These found no state ! 
 But they, who dared the dangers of the wild, 
 
 Leaving their homes and kindred far behind ; 
 With dreams of future glory unbeguiled t 
 
 Seeking alone to benefit mankind 
 
 These found a state! 
 
 And millions, yet unborn, shall hold them dear, 
 And bless the memory of the Pioneer. 
 
 Only a few centuries ago, Columbus resolutely grasped a world, though 
 opposed by the ridicule and sneers of Christendom; Cortez and Pizarro 
 conquered kingdoms and empires, and enriched Europe by their chivalry 
 and prowess; great armies flocked to the standards of DeLeon, Narvaez 
 and DeSoto, laughing, in their enthusiasm, at all obstacles and perils. 
 
 "It was," as Irving says, "poetry in action; it was the knight-errantry 
 of the Old World carried into the depth of the American wilderness; in- 
 deed, the personal adventures, the feats of individual prowess, the pictur- 
 esque descriptions of steel-clad cavaliers, with lance and helm and pranc- 
 ing steed, glittering through the wildernesses of Florida, Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, and the prairies of the far West, Avould seem to us mere fictions of 
 romance did they not come to us recorded in matter-of-fact narratives of 
 contemporaries, and corroborated by minute and daily memoranda of eye- 
 witnesses." 
 
 Then there were scores of others, mad with will and energy and ro- 
 mantic aspirations, breasting a hundred crushing storms and conquering 
 a thousand incredible obstacles in their resolute marches through unknown 
 wildernesses, and among treacherous and implacable savages. 
 
 The pioneers of Arizona were animated, not so much by romantic en- 
 thusiasm, as a steady purpose to subdue the wilds to the purposes of civ> 
 ilization, and make them theirs. Their chivalry was the rough-hewn hon- 
 esty of the frontiers, which maintained inviolate the sacred principles of 
 free government. Conscious of ultimate victory, and foreseeing the day 
 when civilized homes would form a living chain from ocean to ocean, they 
 eagerly sought the vanguard; they were Americans and aspired to be, as 
 they should be, the first in everything that conduces to the grandeur or 
 \vriY are of their country. There was no vain glory in their march, no steel- 
 dad cavaliers, with lance and helm and prancing steed no dreams of 
 Fountains of Youth or El Dorado. They sought a new field for their irre- 
 pressible energy, the opportunity to found a new commonwealth, and they 
 wore as brave a body of men as ever attempted to found a civilized state. 
 
 Never in the history of the world did man have to contend against as 
 formidable a foe as did the Arizona pioneers. Harassed on all sides by tin- 
 relentless Apache, cut off from civilization by the desert plains of X<-\v 
 Mexico and California, they lived a life of constant warfare and privation, 
 a few determined men against hordes of savage foes. 
 
28 
 
 To recount their hardships, the scenes of bloody strife and savage am- 
 bush, is not within our power; they are recorded in the unwritten history 
 of Arizona. Many of these hardy settlers fell victims to Indian cunning, 
 and the finding of a few bleached bones in after years was all the record 
 left of their taking off. Their ranks grew thinner and thinner as the years 
 rolled by, but still they persevered in their purpose to make Arizona a home 
 for their race. 
 
 All over Arizona there are found to-day remnants of the dauntless band 
 enjoying the glory of successful achievement. Gray-bearded and bent, per- 
 haps, but still hearty old fellows, and foremost in everything that tends 
 to carry their good work along. Out of their ranks come men fitted for 
 every public duty. They are among our best citizens and prosperous busi- 
 ness men. 
 
 They have seen the territory transformed from a desolate waste to one 
 of the most fertile lands on earth; -they reflect on the past, see through the 
 dim years scenes of strife and hardship where now reign peace and pros- 
 perity, and with the dew of recollection in their eyes cry, "Advance, Ari- 
 zona!" 
 
 In the year 1824, a party of 100 hardy and adventurous 
 The First frontiersmen set out from Kentucky upon a trapping 
 
 expedition to the headwaters of the Arkansas river. 
 Pioneers. After many romantic adventures in New Mexico, the 
 
 party dispersed, but a few of the boldest spirits under- 
 took to reach the Pacific coast. They spent one winter at the headwaters 
 of the Gila river, and the next spring trapped down the river to its con- 
 fluence with the Colorado, where Yuma now stands. Here they em- 
 barked their canoes on the turbid waters of the Colorado and drifted 
 down to the Gulf of California, whence they crossed the peninsula to 
 San Diego. Here two of the party, Sylvester Pattie and his son, James, 
 were imprisoned by the Mexican commandant, and after a long and cruel 
 confinement the elder Pattie died. His son James was then released and 
 found his way back to civilization. He published a book giving an 
 account of his adventures, although Col. Postou claims that he was never 
 heard of after his release from prison. 
 
 The late Pauline Weaver, a trapper from Tennessee, was at the Casa 
 Grande, near the present site of Florence, in 1832. He was the original 
 discoverer of the famous gold placers near Antelope peak, about forty 
 miles south of Prescott. and remained in Arizona till his death a few 
 years ago. 
 
 During the Mexican war, a number of scouting parties and messen- 
 gers passed through the Territory, and a few trappers, guides and hun- 
 ters of American and half-breed birth penetrated the country- 
 Felix Aubrey made several trips into the Tonto basin, the Gila valley, 
 the Santa Rita mountains and other portions of the Territory; Capt. John 
 Moss penetrated the canons of the Great and Little Colorado, and Capt. 
 Adams explored the same river. 
 
 The cession of Arizona and New Mexico north of the Gila river was 
 consummated February 2, 1848, and the balance of these Territories was 
 acquired under the Gadsden Purchase, December 30, 1853. 
 
 The United States Boundary Commission (1849-51) was the first body 
 of Americans, known to the country at large, which entered the borders 
 of Arizona. 
 
 After the discovery of gold in California, the valley of the Gila became 
 a highway for the more daring and adventurous of those who, from IM'.i 
 on, made their way across the continent by the southern route. 
 
 In 1854, Col. C. D. Poston landed at Navachiste, in the Mexican state 
 of Sinaloa, and explored the country as far as Sonoita, and thence through 
 the Papago country to Gila Bend, Fort Yuma and San Diego. 
 
The Story of flic Snn-Kiw<l Lnrl. 29 
 
 In August, 1856, an exploring party outfitted at San Antonio, Tex., 
 and after a perilous journey reached Tubac, and proceeded, under the 
 direction of Col. Poston, to examine the rich silver mines reported to 
 exist in the mountains. 
 
 In the latter part' of 1857 the San Antonio and San Diego semi-monthly 
 stage line was established and this continued until the following year, 
 when the Butterfield semi-Aveekly line was put on. The usual time was 
 twenty-two days from St. Louis to San Francisco, and until the out- 
 break of the civil Avar there was not a single break in the service. 
 
 Among the earliest scientific explorers were Prof. W. P. Blake and 
 Herman Ehrenberg. Prof. Blake was in charge of the government geologi- 
 cal survey, and is noAV director of the Mining School of the University 
 of Arizona. Ehrenberg remained in the Territory AA'hile Poston visited 
 Washington City, and until he returned across the plains in 1856 Avith 
 a colony of Americans and Germans, Avho settled in Tubac and engaged 
 in mining. 
 
 Col. Poston attracted capital to the extent of nearly a million dollars 
 in the development of mines, and the exploitations Avere in a promising 
 condition when in 1861 the exigencies of the civil war caused the Avith 
 (IraAval of the Federal troops and the temporary abandonment of the Ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 In 1857 efforts were made to secure civil government, but Avere un- 
 successful. 
 
 On February 27, 1862, a company of Texan guerillas, under Capt. 
 Hunter, reached Tucson and took possession of the place and held it 
 until the advance of the California column in May warned them to retire. 
 
 The Apaches, ignorant of our domestic disturbances, believed that they 
 had stampeded the white population and evinced a desire to take posses- 
 sion of CA-erythmg. It Avas perilous to go a mile a\vay from the Avails 
 of Tucson, and outlying settlements were entirely abandoned. 
 
 Union rule Avas reestablished in 1863, and on the 24th of February of 
 the same year the organic act creating the Territory of Arizona was passed. 
 
 Its history since then has been one of incessant struggle with the 
 savage Apache up to their absolute overthrow less than a decade ago. 
 Since then it has become more prosperous every year, and noAV claims 
 a population of 100,000 and all the elements necessary to entitle it to 
 become a sovereign state. 
 
 Here the artist aimed to depict action, and, in a 
 measure anticipated the invention of the kinet 
 oscope. The figure to the right represents a 
 serpent coiled, but ready to spring forth on the 
 slightest provocation : the middle one is the same 
 serpent in the act of striking the indefinite object 
 on the extreme left 
 
 The Avriter puzzled over this picture for more than an hour, op- 
 pressed with an idea that it meant more than appeared on the surface, 
 and as he Avas about to despair of penetrating its occult significance, the 
 whole truth Avas reA*caled. 
 
 It is marvelous; astonishing! All that the observer has to do is to 
 fix his gaze upon the picture, then a rapid movement of the head from 
 side to side causes the coiled serpent to unwind and dart against the 
 object to the left. 
 
 HOAV many generations of Indians stood before this wonderful achieve- 
 ment and wriggled their heads, before modern science discovered this 
 method of enabling eager millions to witness a prize fight Avithout going 
 to see it? 
 
30 7Vm.s-M/r Linnt. 
 
 The following panegyric on the men who pioneered the 
 
 wilderness of Arizona is from the pen of the Hon. Chas. 
 Old Times. A. Shibell, county recorder, who came here in the early 
 
 part of 18G2 and has been prominent and distinguished 
 
 in public life ever since: 
 
 "My thoughts instinctively surge back to the old times, when our 
 days were days of watching and our nights seldom brought us rest. It 
 travels back, and the mile-stones are the bloody graves of innumerable 
 friends and companions who fell by the merciless hand of the Apache. 
 Their names will now have no more significance to the world than those 
 on the heastones in .the cemetery of a strange land, but to the pioneers 
 who shared their hardships and live to glory in their memory, each once 
 familiar name Avill reveal the stirring scenes they shared. In those days 
 we were a band of brothers. The strife for honor, position and wealth 
 carried little weight with us and friendship meant all the word implies ; 
 and even yet, though selfish career may, seemingly, drive us apart, yet. 
 when the occasion requires, the bond of fealty asserts itself, and the 
 love between us proves as strong as in the early days, when a simple 
 'good-bye' meant an eternal farewell. Such were, and are, the pioneers. 
 and their deeds cannot perish from the earth. They live in spirit and 
 speak to the hearts of future generations, noble examples of what man 
 will do for man. The pioneer, schooled in the passive as well as the 
 active virtues, disciplined in patience, fortitude and self control, learned th- 
 highest lesson this life can teach the cheerful readiness to try again." 
 
 There were probably several American flags in Arizona 
 The First before this particular one, but this had a right to un- 
 
 furl its glorious colors to the breeze. 
 
 Flag 1 . Arizona had just become attached to Uncle Sam. like 
 
 a patch to his coat tails, by virtue of the Gadsden Pur- 
 chase, and the Americans residing in Tucson celebrated the occasion by 
 hoisting Old Glory under the shadows of Sentinel peak. The Mexican 
 garrison evacuated Tucson in February, 1855, and hauled down the Eagle 
 and Cactus as they inarched away. The Americans quickly lashed several 
 long mesquite poles together for a flagstaff and unfurled the starry banner 
 to the breeze and saluted it with rousing cheers as it rose. 
 
 The commander of the Mexican troops demanded that the flag be 
 lowered until his men had reached the frontier, but the Americans de- 
 clined to obey, and being well armed and determined to maintain their 
 right to fly the flag they loved, the matter was dropped. 
 
 There are two different accounts of the affair which can not be har- 
 monized. One is to the effect that a real flag was furnished by Edward 
 Miles, and the other, equally as well substantiated, claims that no flag 
 could be obtained and three handkerchiefs of the proper color were knotted 
 together. 
 
 Among the more interesting and exciting episodes of the 
 ante-bellum period was the ill-starred Crabb expedition. 
 In 1S56, Gandnrn was the legally elected Governor 
 Expedition. f the Mexican state of Sonora. and as his political 
 
 opponent, Ygnacio Pesquiera, could not manipulate the 
 returns, he raised a revolt. Henry A. Crabb met Pesquiera and proposed 
 to him to bring down a force of 1,000 armed Americans to emphasize his 
 demand for a recount. Crabb's reward was to be a strip of territory 
 across the northern frontier of Sonora, and the armed Americans were lo 
 be considered as colonists, the assumption being that a sufficient number 
 of ingenious artisans would be introduced to transform the instruments 
 of death into peaceful implements of husbandry. 
 
Tlic Story of f/ic SHU A'/.s-.srf/ La ml. 31 
 
 Crabb found no trouble in gathering his colonists in California, and at 
 once inarched via Yunia to Filibusters' Camp, on the Gila. The main 
 body stayed here to recruit the animals, while the leader set forward 
 with an advance guard of 100 men. 
 
 Meanwhile 1'esquiera had settled the (iandara matter, and the Crabb 
 i -x | (edition was being used against him by his enemies to destroy the 
 fruits of his victory. Being an accomplished politician, Pesquiera 
 promptly denied any complicity with Ciabb, and to effectually establish 
 his innocence roused the State against him, besieged him at Caborca, aiid 
 after a desperate fight, killed or captured the whole party. 
 
 The prisoners were promptly executed, and Pesquiera remitted poor 
 Crabb's head to the City of Mexico as a proof of his intense loyalty to 
 his country and his undying hatred of foreign interference. The main 
 body of Crabb's party, hearing of his death, threw up their commissions 
 and returned to private life. 
 
 When the news of Crabb's imminent danger reached Tucson, a party 
 of twenty-seven Americans organized and started to his relief, but ar- 
 rived too late, and had to light their way back against overwhelming 
 numbers. 
 
 This was found on a stone facing the west, whence we 
 infer that it is a vivid representation of sunset : the artist, 
 with a cunning that strikes us with amazement, adroitly 
 reversing the position of the rays, in order to distinguish it 
 from another masterpiece portraying a sunrise. 
 
 The difficulty of distinguishing between these two phenomena, so 
 nearly alike in all respects, has troubled artists of every age, but the 
 untutored Indian, whose name and race are lost to history, offers a solu- 
 tion that our modern artists can avail themselves of without any sacrifice 
 of professional pride. 
 
 The first printing press was brought into the territory 
 
 The First from Ohio and set up in Tubac, then one of the most 
 
 important settlements. The editor was Col. Cross, a 
 
 Newspaper. fire-eating veteran of the Mexican war, who anticipated 
 
 modern methods of increasing circulation by beginning 
 
 a series of virulent attacks upon Lieut. Sylvester Mowry. 
 
 As the colonel had the only printing outfit in the country, the lieu- 
 tenant could not retaliate by printing an alleged portrait of his traducer 
 in an opposition paper, and was therefore compelled to send him a chal- 
 lenge, which was accepted. 
 
 The weapons were Burnside rifles, and the principals, who stood eighty 
 paces apart, were seconded by Grant Oury for Mowry and John W. 
 Donaldson for. Cross. The first two exchanges of shots disappointed both 
 parties, and on the third, Mowry's weapon refused to operate. The code 
 was then invoked in Mowry's behalf and he was accorded another dis- 
 charge. Col. Cross folded his arms and calmly waited, having probably 
 concluded that if two professional fighters couldn't hit a mark in five 
 shots the chances were good for a miss on the sixth. 
 
 Mowry raised his rifle, ably assisted by his second, and after wobbling 
 it around until it covered the earth, took a snap shot at the firmament. 
 
 Thus was The Arizonian introduced to the world! But as an ad- 
 vertising scheme the duel was not a success, and The Arizonian failed 
 to flourish. Mowry afterwards purchased it himself and moved it to 
 Tucson, where it was edited by .T. HoAvard Mills, who was also a justice 
 of the peace. Mills soon retired, and in his farewell address to an un- 
 appreciative public, delicately alluded to the fact that his derringer could 
 be purchased at less than cost. 
 
32 Twixin- 
 
 HOW the Co1 ' C ' D- J >oston w h is a brilliant raconteur and has 
 
 a strong bubbling sense of humor, gives in his reniin 
 Territory Was iscenses the following account of the preliminary wire- 
 Onjanized. pulling that led to the organization of the territory: 
 
 "At the meeting of congress in December, 1862, I 
 
 returned to Washington, made friends with Lincoln, and proposed the 
 organization of Arizona. 
 
 Oury was in Richmond, cooling his heels in the ante-chambers of tin 
 Confederate Congress, without gaining admission as a delegate from 
 Arizona; Mo wry was a prisoner in Yuma, cooling his head from the 
 political fever which had afflicted it, and meditating on the decline and 
 fall of a West Point graduate. There was no other person in Washing- 
 ion, save Gen. Heintzelmau, who took any interest in Arizona affairs: 
 (hey had something else to occupy their attention, and did not even know 
 where Arizona was. Old Ben Wade, chairman of the senate committee 
 on territories, took a lively and bold interest in the organization of the 
 territory, and Ashley, chairman of the committee in the house, told me 
 how to accomplish the object. He said there were a number of mem 1 ins 
 of the expiring congress who had been defeated in their own districts 
 for the next term, who wanted to go West and offer their political S<T\ 
 ices, and if they could be grouped and a satisfactory slate made. tln-\ 
 would have influence enough to carry the bill through congress. 
 
 Consequently an 'oyster supper' was organized, to which the 'lame 
 ducks' were invited, and then and there the slate was made, and the Ter 
 ritory was virtually organized. Towards the last it occurred to my ob- 
 fusticated brain that my name did not appear on the slate, and I ex- 
 claimed, in the language of Daniel Webster: 'Gentlemen, what is to 
 become of me?' Gourley politely replied: 'Oh, we'll make you Indian 
 agent.' 
 
 So the bill passed, Lincoln signed all the commissions, the oysier 
 supper was paid for, and Arizona launched on the political sea." 
 
 Pnvprnmpnt Money was easily made when the California volunteers 
 UOveri came to Tucson jn 1863 Barley brought ten cents a 
 
 Hay pound and was hard to get at any price. 
 
 in 1863 ^^ e quartermaster's office used to be about where 
 
 the New Orndorff hotel now stands and the scales stood 
 just outside. 
 
 On one occasion Billy Bowers learned that the quartermaster was short 
 on barley and that Nick Chambers had all there was in town, about a 
 wagon load. Billy hunted up the quartermaster and contracted to de- 
 liver ten loads at a high figure, the grain to be weighed on the scales and 
 then delivered at the corral half a niile away. Being an ignorant frontiers 
 man he didn't want any vouchers or other red tape about the business. 
 and insisted upon receiving cash for each load as it was weighed. 
 
 Having arranged these preliminaries to his satisfaction, he began Imsi 
 ness by borrowing a team from Nick Chambers and the use of his load 
 of barley. Loading it on the quartermaster's scales he received its 
 value and reloaded again. He ought to have taken it to the corral 
 according to contract, but seeing that it was only borrowed he didn't 
 feel that it was right to do this, besides a little more weighing wouldn't 
 hurt it in the least, so making a detour he returned it to the scales and 
 received another payment for it. He was again on the horns of a di- 
 lemma. If he took the grain to the corral he was disposing of property 
 lhat didn't belong to him. and if, on the other hand, he failed to deliver 
 ten loads to the government, he violated his contract. Billy solved the 
 problem by weighing the barley ten times and then returning it to its 
 owner, a trifle the worse for handling but still merchantable. Half an 
 
Tlic .S7or// of the Sim Kissed Land. 33 
 
 hour afterwards he was on the road to Tubac and has not been heard of 
 since. 
 
 Nick Chambers swore that he was not privy to the scheme, and be- 
 lidyed the barley had been borrowed just to give the animals a smell 
 of decent food, but as he was reputed to be a shrewd trader, the popular 
 verdict was against him. 
 
 Hank and Yank, as well as others, coined money on hay contracts. If 
 they didn't get two or three heavyweight tepmsters on the scales for 
 good measure it was because the scales were fixed otherwise. Up at a 
 camp near Maricopa they built a stone corral with the rocks that came 
 in the hay. 
 
 The story would be incomplete without a reference to 
 TJJ Dr. J. C. Handy, whose untimely death about six 
 
 years ago appeared to be a public calamity. Dr. 
 Mcmoriam. W. H. Fenn6r was for several years associated with 
 
 him in the practice of medicine and refers to him as a 
 aian whose strong character impressed itself on all who met him. His 
 enemies exaggerated his vices, and those who loved him, and they were 
 aiaay, never realized the half of his virtues. He came to the Territory 
 as an army surgeon, but resigned and began the practice of medicine in 
 Tueson. He was principal surgeon for The Southern Pacific Railroad 
 Company from the time the line was opened for traffic until his death. 
 He was active in all public matters and occxipied several public positions. 
 He would have led in his profession anywhere, and his reputation here 
 has never been excelled. His death brought sorrow to many a house- 
 hold and even his enemies grieved to see him go. 
 
 This is a quadruped, but of what species 
 can not be absolutely determined. The ex- 
 cresences on the head might be horns, but 
 from the appearance of the other end we 
 incline to the belief that the artist had a 
 coyote in his mind when he finished his 
 labors. 
 
 This is unquestionably a horned toad de- 
 picted in the act of walking up a rock to 
 catch a fly, and is a very creditable per- 
 formance. 
 
 The triple serpent was a favorite combination 
 with the rock-carver, and evidently has some 
 esoteric significance. It is scarcely possible 
 that it was intended to represent pictorially 
 the scientific fact that three of a kind beat 
 two pair, and yet there is no more probable 
 explanation offered. 
 
 In the year 1870 the Pinal and Arivaipa Apaches were 
 Camp Grant placed upon a reservation around old Camp Grant, at the 
 
 junction of the San Pedro and Arivaipa, about fifty-five 
 Massacre. miles from Tucson, in charge of civil agents, but these 
 
 proving unsatisfactory, Lieut. Royal E. Whitman, of the 
 1 ailed States Third cavalry, was assigned as agent. Being a thrifty per- 
 son, he quickly realized the money-making possibilities of his position and 
 left the Indians to follow their own inclination while he pursued his. The 
 Indians soon began to plunder and murder the settlers within a radius of 
 100 miles, finding succor and protection with the agent, who was applying 
 i lie same commercial principles in a more civilized manner. The citizens 
 
34 Treasure L<nn1. 
 
 organized and appealed to Gen. Stoneman, department commander, who 
 was then encamped on the Gila river, near Florence, but he would do 
 nothing and suggested that the citizens should protect themselves. Tin- 
 depredations and outrages continued, and in April, 1871, it was determined 
 to make a raid on the Camp Grant Indians who were known to be the 
 principal depredators. The avenging band rendezvoused on the Rillito op- 
 posite San Xavier, under the leadership of the late Hon. W. S. Oury and 
 Jes. M. Elias, and comprised ninety-two Papago Indians, forty-eight Mcx 
 icans and six Americans; the eighty-two Americans who had solemnly 
 pledged themselves to be ready at any moment for the campaign being rep- 
 resented by the above insignificant number. A wagon with arms, amimmi 
 tion and stores was provided by the Hon. .1. B. Allen, then adjutant gen 
 eral of the territory, an act of official courtesy that the old general can 
 safely attach his name to at this late date. Mr. Oury took the precaution 
 lo send a note back to Tucson addressed to the late H. S. Stevens, urging 
 him to send a party to a point on the road to Camp Grant, with instructions 
 to stop any and all travelers, and without this precaution the raid would 
 have been a failure. 
 
 The party started before daylight and reached the San Pedro bottoms 
 on the morning of April 29, where it remained till nightfall. As soon as it 
 Avas dark the march was resumed, the intention being to strike the enemy's 
 camp at midnight, but the distance had been miscalculated and they did 
 not reach it till the early morning. The attack was so swift and tierce that 
 within half an hour the whole work was ended and not an adult Indian 
 left to tell the tale. Some twenty-eight or thirty small papooses were 
 spared and brought to Tucson. Not a single man of the party was in- 
 jured, and at eight o'clock on the bright morning of April 30, 1871, the 
 little band breakfasted on the San Pedro, a few miles above the post, witli 
 the full satisfaction of a work well done. 
 
 This is the portrait of a mighty bowman in the act of 
 perceiving an enemy. The left hand is upraised to inform his 
 followers (so far behind that the artist could not introduce them 
 to the public) of his desire to cope with the foe unaided and alone. 
 The curves of his limbs portray his firm resolution, just as the 
 unusual length of bow proclaims his giant strength. His extra- 
 ordinary girth shows his importance, and the elongation of the 
 neck indicates the ambitious character of his mind. This is the 
 most striking and successful attempt at portraiture to be met 
 with on the rocks, and in naturalness of treatment surpasses 
 samples of early Egyptian art, which often tire with their absurd 
 conventionalism. 
 
 We are indebted to Mr. Harry D. Foreman, son of the 
 
 late S. W. Foreman, who made the first survey of 
 1870-1871. Tucson, for copies of letters written by his father in 1870- 
 
 71, and regret that lack of space prevents us from giving 
 
 them to our readers entire. 
 
 In one letter he speaks of the richness of the Santa Cruz and other val- 
 Icys south of Tucson, and says: "The soil is very rich; the Santa Cruz, a 
 large, rapid stream, with many tributaries, winding through valuable tim- 
 ber, grazing and agricultural lands. Four or more men, armed with re- 
 volvers, accompany one team when plowing, and the plow is adorned with 
 a gun strapped to it. Every house is a fort and, notwithstanding these 
 precautions, stock is frequently stolen, and scores of graves attest the fell 
 work of the savage. 
 
 "On Monday a small band of Indians stole some stock from a ranch 
 twelve miles south of Tucson. A small party went in pursuit and recap- 
 tured the stock, after killing one Indian. 
 
The Story of the Sun A7.s.sr</ Land. 35 
 
 "Yesterday the Indians attacked McKensey's ranch, on the San Pedro, 
 murdered him and drove off his stock. A party of settlers followed and 
 overtook them, and found them reinforced by about 100 from the military 
 feeding posts. In the fight that followed, H. C. Long, Owry Chapin and 
 K.uvard Unter were killed, and the Indians escaped." 
 
 The first American store was opened in Tucson, March 
 An Historical ^ 1856, by Mr. Solomon Warner, who is still living. 
 
 The populatir n of the town at that time was about 400 
 Brief. Mexicans and fifty Americans. The first stage coach ran 
 
 out of Tucson in 1858, and in February, 1859, the first 
 newspaper published in Arizona made its appearance at Tubac, under the 
 name of the Weekly Arizonian. with Col. E. Cross as editor. The Territory of 
 Arizona Avas regularly organized December 29, 1863. The Southern Pacific 
 railroad reached Tucson, April 15, 1880. 
 
 The city of Tucson was duly organized in 1871, with the following 
 officers: S. R. DeLong, mayor; Hiram S. Stevens, treasurer; W. J. Osborn, 
 assessor and recorder, and Samuel Hughes, W. W. Williams, C. O. Brown 
 and Wm. S. Oury, councilmeu. Of these, Hiram Stevens and W. S. Oury 
 have passed away, but the rest are with us. 
 
 In this picture we are introduced to some of the mysteries of ancient 
 religious rites. 
 
 Here is a priest, or medicine-man, with one hand on his 
 hip to express confidence in his own powers, while with 
 right arm upraised he exorcises the evil spirit indicated by 
 the figure to the left. The spirit is troubled and anxious to 
 go, but is held by the priest's magnetic glare until the 
 audience (not shown in the picture) is convinced that there 
 is no deception 
 
 It has been suggested that the bar between the limbs is an effort to 
 realize a Masonic apron, but there is really no reason for supposing that 
 the ancient Indian carried any Masonic secrets about him. 
 
 Like the ancient Phoenicians, this primitive race immolated false 
 prophets on their own altars, and in order to prevent them from absconding, 
 when their exorcisms failed, shackled their limbs. This is a practice that 
 could be revived to advantage among our own people. 
 
 The man who was most instrumental in bringing about 
 The CochiSC a treaty of peace with the Chiricahua Apaches was the 
 
 Hon. Fred. Hughes, to whom we are indebted for the 
 Outbreak. following account of the cause of the first outbreak, in 
 
 1860: 
 
 Capt. Richard Ewell, called "Baldy Ewell," who afterwards distin- 
 guished himself in the Confederate service, was succeeded in command of 
 Fort Buchanan, at the head of the Sonoita valley, sixty-five miles from 
 Tucson, by Col. Morrison, with two companies of the Seventh infantry. 
 
 A short time after he assumed command, a settler in the Sonoita valley, 
 named Ward, came to the Fort and complained that the Indians had stolen 
 some of his horses and mules and a Mexican boy whom he had adopted. 
 Lieut. Bascom was sent with a detachment to Apache pass, one of Cochise's 
 strongholds, with instructions to recover and bring back the stolen prop- 
 erty and the boy. if they could be found. Bascom had just graduated from 
 West Point, and was as deficient in judgment as he was totally ignorant 
 of Indian character. He met Cochise at the Pass and stated the object of 
 his mission, but the chief, who was then at peace with the Americans, re- 
 plied that neither the stock nor the boy had been taken by his band, but he 
 would try to discover where they were and, if possible, have them returned. 
 
36 Treasure La ml. 
 
 Next day Bascom invited Cochise and his brother and two nephews to 
 a "big talk," and they came at the appointed time without suspecting any 
 evil. The Lieutenant informed his dusky guests that he would hold them 
 as hostages until the property and the boy were delivered up, and con- 
 signed them under guard to a tent. Upon realizing that he Avas a prisoner. 
 the Apache chieftain sent forth the war cry of his tribe and, drawing a 1mm 
 knife, slashed open the side of the tent and sprang out, followed by his 
 brother. A desperate hand-to-hand struggle with the soldiers then began, 
 during which Cochise received a bayonet wound in the knee, and was 
 seized by a powerful infantryman. The agile chief freed himself from the 
 grasp of his assailant and fled to the hills. 
 
 Lieut. Bascom, fearing trouble as the result of his action, retired with 
 his troops to the mail station, of which they took possession. 
 
 Next day Cochise appeared and demanded an assurance from Bascom 
 that the prisoners had not been killed. This the Lieutenant refused to give. 
 and Cochise rode off to his people. In the valley they encountered t\v- 
 Americans, named Wallace and Lyons, whom they took prisoners, and 
 offered to surrender in exchange for the nephews of Cochise. Notwith- 
 standing the appeals of the two men, the exchange was refused and the 
 poor fellows were led back to be tortured. Next day another effort to 
 exchange was made, and still refused. The two captured Americ:ms 
 pleaded their sufferings without avail, and at last urged the Lieutenant t<i 
 order his men to shoot them, so that they might be spared further suffer- 
 ing. To this also he turned a deaf ear and sheltered himself and his men 
 behind the walls of the station. At a favorable moment Lyons, who w;is 
 a powerful man, tore himself loose from the two Indians that held 
 him and succeeded in scaling the outer wall of the station, when he WMS 
 shot by the soldiers, who, in their confusion, mistook him for an Apache. 
 
 Finding that no peaceful measures would prevail, and to strike terror 
 into the hearts of his adversaries, a rope was thrown around the neck of 
 the remaining captive and he was dragged to death in plain view of his 
 countrymen. 
 
 That evening signal fires flashed from the surrounding mountains, and 
 next morning a thousand warriors surrounded the mail station, and if 
 speedy reinforcements had not arrived from Buchanan and Breckenridge, 
 not a man would have escaped. 
 
 The captured Indians were taken to a point near the western end of 
 the pass and there hanged from the limbs of an oak tree, and the troops 
 returned home, having begun the first act in the drama of blood and rapine 
 which desolated Southern Arizona for nearly fifteen years. 
 
 After the breaking out of the civil war all the forts were abandoned, 
 and Arizona left without military protection until the arrival of the Cali- 
 fornia column, in June, 18G2. 
 
 Mr. Hughes was acting Indian agent for the Chiricahuas after peaeo 
 was concluded by Gen. Howard, and received the above particulars from 
 Cochise himself, which he afterwards verified from other sources. 
 
 He describes Cochise as a remarkable Indian, who would have made 
 his mark among men had his lot been cast in a more fortunate sphere of 
 life. In conversation he was very pleasant, and to his family and intimate 
 friends he was more affectionate than the average white man: he showed 
 nothing of the brutish nature generally attributed to him. It was aston- 
 ishing to see the power he had over this brutal tribe, for while they almost- 
 worshipped him, no man was ever more feared, his glance being enough 
 to squelch the most obstreperous member of the tribe. He admired cour- 
 age even in his enemies, and has been known to weep over the body of a 
 brave American, and regret the necessity for his death. 
 
 His death was deeply lamented by his tribe, and the best informed 
 Americans regretted it, for they knew that it meant a revival of warfare. 
 
The Stor// of tin Sin, A'/.s.s.sr/ La ml. 37 
 
 Just about the time that Gen. Howard concluded a 
 Pnrhiip T iked peace with the Apache chief, Cochise, and appointed 
 
 Capt. Jeffords agent, Mr. H. C. Hooker, of Sierra Bonita, 
 Whiskey. received word that some Texas cattle were being held 
 
 for him on the Rio Miembres. All his horses and mules 
 that had not been stolen by the Indians were unfit for service, and learning 
 that Capt. Jaffords was with Cochise in the Dragoon mountains and had two 
 fine mules, he rode over with one of his men to see if he could borrow or 
 liny them. Upon reaching the Indian camp he was seized and carried be- 
 I'mv the reuoAvned chief, who, through an interpreter, informed him that 
 Capt. Jeffords had gone; the mules, however, were there, but he could not 
 have them. He had some animals of his own that he would trade off for 
 
 I en gallons of good whisky, and asked Mr. Hooker to give him an order 
 for that amount of whisky on a well-known merchant in Tucson. Mr. 
 
 I 1 (inker was curious to know how he could get the whisky on the order. 
 "l'iuph!" said Cochise, "I have among my people those who can go any- 
 where and clothes to suit the character they play, from a soldier to a Mex- 
 ican vaquero!" Mr. Hooker refused to give the order, but was allowed to 
 depart in peace. 
 
 "During the Indian troubles in Arizona it was a common 
 Indian remark that "the soldiers never found the Indians till 
 
 the Indians found them," and the truth of this was sus- 
 SignalS. tained by the facts. Not all of the critics, however, knew 
 
 that this was the result of the perfect system of sig- 
 nalling used by the Indians, by means of which they were able to telegraph 
 information from Mojave to the Rio Grande. Every mountain peak was 
 a sentinel post, each prepared with bundles of hay arranged in such a 
 1 1 ia nner that when one end of a bundle was lighted the smoke bore it up in 
 the air like a balloon. The code was based upon a numerical system, and 
 the signals were understood and repeated from peak to peak and the move- 
 ments of the troops faithfully reported. 
 
 Footprints Whether the archaeopteryx macroura was a bird-like rep- 
 
 .. tile or a reptilian bird, is a question that may worry 
 
 geologists, but is never likely to give any of our readers 
 
 Sands Of Time, a headache. It will, however, interest them to learn that 
 
 at some time in the Jurassic period they walked on the 
 
 shores of unlocated lakes or seas in the vicinity of Tucson. 
 
 There are no seas here now, and the only lakes we have are too modern 
 to cover the case, but the footprints of the reptilian bird or the evoluting 
 reptile are found imprinted on the stone slabs with which some of our 
 sidewalks are veneered. 
 
 We do not, however, wish the reader to infer that Tucson is so old that 
 the Archa? (for short) walked its streets in the Jurassic or Triassic periods. 
 These footprints show strongest on the slabs in front of the office of the 
 Tucson Daily Citizen, and forcibly suggest the advantages to be derived 
 from advertising with both feet if you wish to make a permanent impres- 
 sion on the sands of time. 
 
 This has been taken for a landscape and a kitchen 
 interior, but it is neither. It represents the Deluge, as 
 plain as rock-painting art can do so. and opens up a 
 vista of possibilities that dazzle and bewilder the mind 
 of the savant. 
 
 The double canoe at the bottom is the ark, the 
 ;irtist being limited by his experience, in portraying the 
 iin-at vessel. He realized that Noah and his family 
 would keep out of t!ic rain and hence does not attempt to 
 
38 Treasure Land. 
 
 represent them. The apparent tadpole is a sea serpent disporting on the 
 distant wave, and the candelabra in the center is the tree of life rising 
 out of the waters, while the unfinished base suggests the uncertainty of 
 land tenure. The spectacled fire iron on the right is the great god of 
 storms smiling with both eyes upon the new-rising earth. Even the 
 dove is not forgotten entirely, his head appearing above the ark. 
 
 If we had any doubts as to the origin of this people, this picture 
 should settle them. It has been claimed that every primitive people had 
 its tradition of a deluge, but this is the Deluge of Noah and no other. 
 
 Ail erroneous impression prevails that our Spanish-Ameri- 
 
 A Tvnirul can c *tizens are a drawback to our advancement; that they 
 
 **" are ignorant, bigoted and unprogressive. While this may 
 
 Spanisn- ^ e t rue O f their lowest class, as it is 'of our own, they 
 
 American. average well in intelligence and the highest quality of 
 
 citizenship. We reckon among them many of our best 
 
 people, some of whom have attained eminence in public life and enjoy the 
 
 respect and confidence of all classes. In the early days they stood shoulder 
 
 to shoulder with us to repel the murderous Apache, and now, in the time 
 
 of peace, they keep step in the march of progress. 
 
 Among those who have become distinguished, the Hon. M. G. Samaniego 
 stands in the front rank, being identified with every progressive movement 
 that has taken place during the last thirty years. During the Indian up- 
 risings, his business of freighting for the government military posts exposed 
 him to constant loss and peril. He was a member of the jury empaneled to 
 try the actors in the Fort Grant massacre. He was the first assessor elected 
 in Pima county, has served four terms in the city council and four on 
 the board of county supervisors, represented the county in the legislature 
 and was appointed one of the first regents of the university. At present he 
 is a member of the board of supervisors, regent of the university, trustee of 
 the Catholic cathedral, a leading member of the Spanish-American society, 
 and charter member of the Philarmonic club. These distinctions are cited 
 merely to show our reader the high esteem we entertain for our Spanish- 
 American citizens, and this is no solitary instance of our appreciation. 
 
 Mr. Samaniego suffered much from the Indians in early days, and lost 
 his brother at Willow Springs, Graham county, as late as 1881, together with 
 all his freighting stock. His energy was undaunted by reverses and he 
 made new opportunities until he acquired more than he had lost. He is now 
 one of our largest property owners and is interested in stock raising and 
 other industries. As proprietor of the principal stage lines in the county, 
 running regularly to Oro Blanco, Arivaca, Nogales and Mammoth, he is in 
 close touch with our resources, and pronounces them unapproachable. As 
 a prominent member of the Society of Arizona Pioneers, he links the past 
 with the present and shares the glory of the upbuilding of the future com- 
 monwealth of Arizona. 
 
 On the 1st of January next, Tucson will be entitled to free 
 mail delivery under the postal regulations, and this fact 
 
 Thirty Years has reminded Mr. W. W. Williams, the reliable real estate 
 
 . and insurance agent, of the postal facilities thirty years 
 
 ago. Mr. Williams was a member of the old firm of Lord 
 
 & Williams, one of the pioneer merchandising and banking 
 
 establishments of Arizona. In 1864 there were no regular mail facilities, and 
 private letters only reached here through the courtesy of the army officers, 
 and when there happened to be room in the mail pouches for them. Mr. Wil- 
 liams instances as a case of rapid transit a letter mailed in New York, Oc- 
 tober 3, which reached Cerro Colorado May 31 of the following year. The 
 mails were carried by express riders, who were often stopped by Indians, 
 and on such occasions everything, including the mail carrier, went to a dead 
 letter office not established by the government. 
 
The Stoi-y of the Suu-Kixsr.il Land. 39 
 
 Transportation was equally precarious. Merchandise was brought over- 
 land from California or by steamer to the Gulf, up the river to Yuma, and 
 thence by wagon to Tucson, at a cost of twenty cents per pound in gold, 
 greenbacks being worth only forty-five cents. Goods from the East by ox- 
 wagons through New Mexico cost about the same, and required from ten to 
 twelve months for the trip. Nevertheless, the old firm of Lord & Williams 
 carried a stock of nearly $200,000 and controlled the chief trade of Southern 
 Arizona and Sonora. 
 
 In 1867, Tucson was a typical frontier town, with a popula- 
 tion of about 1,300, of whom not less than 1,000 were Mex- 
 Further icans. The chief industry was the furnishing of supplies 
 
 Particulars. to the government at exorbitant prices. The paymaster ar- 
 
 rived every six months and for a short time money was 
 plentiful. Gambling was a recognized profession, and the 
 money was concentrated so swiftly that in a few weeks currency disappeared 
 from general circulation and vouchers took its place. The code of honor 
 was supreme, and a common danger made men fearless and resolute. A 
 mini's life was not safe a mile from town, for the Apache claimed to rule the 
 suburbs absolutely. Every inducement -was held out to them to preserve 
 the 'peace, and they made many promises of good behaviour, none of which 
 they kept longer than was necessary to gather a new stock of ammunition 
 and recruit their forces. 
 
 This condition of affairs culminated in the so-called Fort Grant massacre, 
 further particulars of which have been furnished us by the Hon. Sam. H. 
 Drachman, who reached Tucson, September 4, 1867. 
 
 "I had a contract to deliver 1,000 tons of hay at old Camp Grant when 
 the trouble began, and had a great deal of it stacked when peace was ar- 
 ranged, and the Indians signaled to outlying bands by setting my stacks on 
 fire. The murdering of settlers went on just the same, however, and the 
 people of Tucson were finally so aroused that they determined to take mat- 
 ters into their own hands. 
 
 William Oury, since deceased, wrote to me to call upon Lieut. Whit- 
 man and request him to stop giving passes to the Indians. I did so, but no 
 attention was paid to my request, and I so informed Mr. Oury. 
 
 The result was that a force of 150 men, Americans, Mexicans and Papago 
 Indians, was quietly organized and marched to Old Fort Grant, arriving 
 there at the break of day. Negotiations were opened with the Apaches by a 
 deadly fusilade that made 193 good Indians, and there being no more to 
 negotiate with, the party retraced their steps to Tucson. 
 
 As soon as the authorities at Washington were informed of the 'mas- 
 sacre,' an official was sent out to prosecute all concerned. Warrants were 
 issued for the majority of the participants and they were brought to trial. 
 The trial lasted thirty days and resulted, as might have been expected, in a 
 verdict of 'Not Guilty,' the presumption being that the Apaches had com- 
 mitted suicide. 
 
 This sudden retribution brought peace to Southern Arizona for a num- 
 ber of years, and struck terror into the heart of the cowardly Apache." 
 
 In 1867 there were about half a dozen stores in Tucson, 
 
 well stocked with all kinds of merchandise, but the prices 
 
 Prices in were not the popular ones of to-day by any means, for it 
 
 1878. took from three to twelve months to replenish the stocks. 
 
 Hon. Sam. H. Drachman gives us some quotations on 
 
 staple articles, as follows: 
 
 Coal oil, $8 per gallon; sugar, 75 cents per pound; coffee, $1.50; common 
 soap, 50 cents a bar; calicoes, 50 cents a yard, and other goods Jn proportion. 
 
 The advent of the railroad changed all this, and at tne present time 
 i-;isli>rn prices generally prevail. 
 
Treasure Land. 
 
 SAN XAVIKR HOTEL: 1. Side View. 
 
 2. Dining Room. 
 :>>. Bar. 
 
 Here the 
 Weary Rest. 
 
 A sarcastical philosopher, who had traveled extensively, 
 remarked that, "Any one can run a hotel," because he 
 found that nearly everyone tried to do it. We know, how- 
 ever, that the business calls for the possession of rare 
 abilities and long experience, and only a few really achieve 
 success in it. While we can not compete in size and 
 
 style, or even in prices, with the Eastern hotel, the traveler who visits 
 Tucson will find ample and pleasant accommodation. 
 
 The San Xavier hotel, at the depot of the Southern Pacific railroad, has 
 everything to recommend it, and the proprietor, Capt. J. H. Tevis, is one 
 of the most genial hosts that ever lived. He came to Arizona in 1857, one 
 year before the overland stage began to run; commanded the first regiment 
 of rangers raised in Arizona, and had charge of the perilous station at 
 Apache pass. He founded the town of Teviston (Bowie station), and has 
 been actively engaged in mining, merchandising and hotel-keeping for all 
 the years he has been here. 
 
 He assumed charge of the San Xavier, May 22, 1897, and with his ac- 
 customed energy, entirely refurnished the capacious dining room, and made 
 other changes that add materially to the comfort and elegance of the es- 
 tablishment. The hotel is situated on the highest point of the city and 
 commands a fine view of the pine-clad Santa Catalinas and Santa Ritas, and 
 an almost endless vista of undulating mesa, from the balconies. 
 
 The accompanying views will give the reader a better idea of the hotel 
 and its situation can can be conveyed in words. 
 
LIFE is PLEASANT 
 
 HERE ARE TREASURES or HEALTH. 
 
 s 
 
 1. Sabino Canyon, near Tucson. 
 
 2. La Ventana, Summit of Sta. Catalina Mts. 
 
 3. Silver Lake, near Tucson. 
 
 Oh, bear me away to that favored clime, 
 
 Where Life reclines on the lap of Time, 
 
 And you watch the smiling years roll by, 
 
 While you lint to the gentle lullaby 
 
 Of zephyrs that play with the bright sunbeams, 
 
 And the flower a that bloom in that Land of Dreams. 
 
12 Treasure Land. 
 
 _. In bulletin No. 20, of the University Experiment Station, 
 
 the question of Temperature is so thoroughly covered 
 Temperature that we make no apology to our reader for reproducing 
 in An'ynna ^ almost entire. 
 
 n Arizona. j n auy ul q U j rv regarding Arizona the question first 
 
 raised is that of temperature. The widely circulated tales of the would-be 
 humorists have done more than all else to give Arizona the name of being 
 uninhabitable. Generations of actual residents will have passed away 
 before the harmful effects of these thoughtless tales wholly disappear, and 
 the knowledge secures general recognition that this region is not the 
 desert it has been represented. 
 
 The simple thermometer does not measure temperatures as felt by 
 animal life. We may term the reading of an accurate thermometer the 
 actual, and the sensation of heat or cold as felt by the higher orders of 
 animal life the sensible temperature. Neither of these is a measure of 
 the other, but the humidity of the air must be considered In connection 
 with the actual temperature. The reputation of Arizona has long suf- 
 fered from the prevalent ignorance on this point. Records of maximum 
 temperatures enable comparisons to be made which appear unfavorable 
 to Arizona, and lead to the belief that the heat of this so-called desert 
 region must be almost, if not wholly, unendurable. 
 
 Everybody knows something about that condition of the 
 
 No Mllg'C'V weather which is variously termed "sultry," "close," or 
 
 ssj "muggy," the result of a combination of heat and moist 
 
 Weather. air, especially noticeable in the states bordering upon 
 
 large bodies of water, such as the Gulf of Mexico or 
 
 the Great Lakes, and it is conspicuously absent from Arizona. 
 
 In the dry air of this territory "sun-strokes" are uu- 
 j^ known, while in the Mississippi valley and the states 
 
 lying eastward, prostrations from heat and fatalities are 
 Sun-Stroke. numerous whenever the thermometer indicates 90 F. 
 
 or upwards. At many places along the sea coast where 
 the humidity always remains near the point of saturation, a temperature 
 of 85 brings excessive discomfort, and exertion or exposure to the sun 
 is extremely hazardous, but men and the lower animals perform in safety 
 their customary labor beneath the cloudless skies of Arizona under the 
 highest temperatures ever experienced here. The dry air induces ex- 
 ceedingly rapid evaporation of the abundant perspiration, thus keeping 
 the body at a comparatively low temperature. As a matter of course, 
 the supply of fluid must be maintained, hence the great thirst so often 
 experienced by travelers, and the imperative necessity for an adequate 
 supply of drinking water. 
 
 An amount ranging from 15 to perhaps 30, according to the hu- 
 midity, should be subtracted from the records of maximum actual tem- 
 peratures during the hot season in Arizona to indicate the sensible tem- 
 peratures. 
 
 The University of Arizona, near Tucson, is situated in latitude 32 
 14' N., longitude 110 53' W., elevation 2,430. Its climate is fairly rep- 
 resentative of a large portion of Southern Arizona, which must always 
 remain the chief agricultural portion of the territory. For purposes of 
 comparison of the climate of Southern Arizona with that of other localities, 
 ten stations of the weather bureau have been chosen, which form, with 
 Tucson, a continuous circuit of the United States, starting from Floridn, 
 crossing the Gulf states to the Pacific ocean; thence eastward across :i 
 more northern tier of states to the Atlantic ocean, at Boston: 
 
Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 
 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES IN 1893. 
 
 Temperatures 
 Compared. 
 
 ^SS 
 5.2 9, 
 a'i'SoB 
 
 H 
 
 >> 
 
 CC 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 as 
 i-s 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 '- 
 a 
 < 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 0> 
 
 a 
 HT 
 
 >f 
 p 
 
 1-3 
 
 .+J 
 
 OD 
 
 7 
 
 be 
 
 3 
 
 <5 
 
 S'pt'mb'r 
 
 October 
 
 Nov'mb'r 
 
 Dec'mb'r 
 
 Annual 
 
 STATION. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla 
 New Orleans, La 
 Galveston, Tex 
 
 43 
 
 54 
 42 
 
 2,432 
 330 
 153 
 5,287 
 850 
 824 
 85 
 120 
 
 72 
 72 
 70 
 
 73 
 84 
 60 
 64 
 33 
 46 
 45 
 53 
 
 89 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 79 
 69 
 60 
 37 
 46 
 51 
 53 
 
 84 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 92 
 88 
 78 
 80 
 51 
 69 
 52 
 58 
 
 90 
 84 
 80 
 
 91 
 
 84 
 72 
 77 
 72 
 84 
 72 
 68 
 
 93 
 90 
 86 
 
 98 
 90 
 74 
 87 
 79 
 83 
 88 
 88 
 
 95 
 94 
 90 
 
 107 
 90 
 90 
 94 
 91 
 85 
 95 
 94 
 
 100 
 94 
 92 
 
 107 
 89 
 74 
 96 
 98 
 94 
 92 
 91 
 
 95 
 93 
 91 
 
 102 
 92 
 72 
 92 
 97 
 95 
 94 
 93 
 
 96 
 95 
 92 
 
 99 
 90 
 72 
 89 
 94 
 95 
 79 
 80 
 
 88 
 86 
 86 
 
 92 
 91 
 
 79 
 81 
 82 
 81 
 75 
 79 
 
 84 
 80 
 79 
 
 84 
 86 
 74 
 71 
 
 74 
 67 
 58 
 68 
 
 77 
 79 
 74 
 
 76 
 88 
 72 
 65 
 40 
 58 
 54 
 57 
 
 100 
 95 
 92 
 
 L07 
 92 
 90 
 9G 
 98 
 95 
 9G 
 94 
 
 University of Arizona, 
 Tucson 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. . . 
 Denver, Colo 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 Albany, N.Y 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 From an inspection of this table it will be seen that the maximum 
 winter temperatures of Southern Arizona are very nearly the same as 
 those of the Gulf states. Those of summer are considerably higher, but 
 taking into account the relative humidity at the same stations, the sum- 
 mer climate of Arizona is far less trying than that of the states border- 
 ing on the Gulf of Mexico. Thus the June temperature of 107 at 
 Tucson with relative humidity at only 22 per cent, is far preferable to 
 that of any other city in tlie list with temperatures of 85 to 95 and 
 humidity at 65 to 83 per cent. 
 
 Hunt ^ n tue ^ s *- ^ November I went up to the pinery east 
 of Mt. Lemmou, prepared for bear. After wandering 
 in the about, climbing crags and following the windings of 
 
 St Catalinas dark ravines for three hours, I decided to rest, and 
 reaching the brow of a steep declivity, I threw myself 
 at full length under the overhanging branches of a fine maple, whose 
 glistening leaves, now tinged with gold, evoked vivid memories of my 
 eastern home. 
 
 Accidentally glancing across the narrow valley I saw a big black 
 bear with two well grown cubs. The bear saw me at the same in- 
 stant, and looked towards me with such an expression of confidence in 
 my good intentions that I could not at first find it in my heart to shoot. 
 But the hunting instinct prevailed over finer feeling, and aiming at her 
 breast, I fired. 
 
 The beast jumped forward through the brush into the valley and 
 up the hill toward me, and I was so overcome with nervousness that I 
 never thought of firing again, but sought safety on a limb of the treo, 
 about twenty feet from the ground, leaving my rifle on the ground. The 
 bear came within a few yards of the tree, took ft good look at me, and 
 sniffing contemptuously, returned to her cubs. 
 
 Her departure restored my courage, and its evident contempt made 
 me angry to blood-thirstiness. I descended from my perch, seized my 
 rifle, and advancing to the edge of the valley sighted my game frolicing 
 up tho mountain side with her cubs. 
 
44 
 
 This time a cub got in the way of the bullet, but the trio continued 
 their journey with apparent unconcern. I followed the trail for another 
 shot until darkness approached, when I returned to camp. 
 
 Next morning I saddled a burro to carry the bear when I killed it, 
 and striking a faint trail of blood, followed it a mile along the summit 
 until it was lost in a tangle of wild blackberries and ferns. 
 
 While I debated which direction to take I heard a low groan, and 
 taking a position under a low cherry tree I waited for the groaner to 
 appear. In a few moments the bear came forth, followed by her cubs; 
 she held her nose high in the air, and smelling her tormentor of the 
 previous day, rushed towards me. I fired a shot at her breast and 
 evidently hit her somewhere, for she jumped up and then fel\ back and 
 rolled down the hill, the cubs scrambling after in comical amazement. 
 
 I looked over and saw the animal sitting up, with the cubs about her 
 crying pitifully. I was merciless though and fired another shot, which 
 met an adverse current of air somewhere and sizzed away from the 
 mark. 
 
 Then I beheld the strangest scene I ever witnessed. Forgetful of 
 her own sufferings the bear caught her cubs and drew them to her 
 breast as if to protect them; one of them pulled away and she reached 
 for it again, and hugged both to her breast like a human mother, while 
 her great strange eyes seemed to appeal to me to spare them. 
 
 So striking was the appeal that I could not find it in my heart to 
 try to hit her again. I untied my burro and returned to camp, feeling 
 that I had nearly committed a murder. 
 
 Believes in -^ r - Mark A. Rodgers, a member of the American 
 
 _ Climatological Society, has issued a pamphlet on "The 
 
 Climate of Arizona," which covers the subject fully, 
 
 Life. and for the benefit of our readers we subjoin a few 
 
 extracts from this publication: 
 
 "My experience has impressed upon me the necessity for out-door 
 life in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. In order that the patient 
 may live continuously in the open air for a period of several months, or, 
 for that matter, for a year, or several years, a climate is required which 
 is continuously warm and dry. Such a climate the United States dors 
 not possess, but the nearest approach to it is in Arizona. 
 
 "Physicians rarely send their patients to the arid regions during the 
 summer, and this I consider a great mistake. The patients should be 
 sent to the arid regions so soon as there is evidence of infection from the 
 tubercle bacillus, and should be made to remain there until they are well, 
 or until it is apparent that the case is hopeless. For those who can 
 stand warm weather, I think the summers much better than the win- 
 ters, for, owing to the heat, everybody is compelled to sleep out of doors, 
 and this I consider more important than any other feature of the climate. 
 
 "If they have the means to travel about, there are many places of 
 interest which they can visit, and thus add greatly to their pleasures. 
 For example, during the hot months of summer, the patient may visit 
 many of the most interesting and remarkable natural wonders which the 
 world possesses, among which may be mentioned the Grand Canon of 
 the Colorado, the Wind Carved Rocks, the Petrified Forests and Cliff 
 Dwellings. The numerous ruins, which are found all over the territory, 
 with their hieroglyphics and pictoglyphics, will repay investigation by the 
 student of ethnology. In the country surrounding Flagstaff, in the San 
 Francisco mountains, is the largest unbroken pine forest in the United 
 States, and here the sportsman will find deer, antelope and bear, not to 
 speak of small game and fish." 
 
Life i* r/r<isunt and Iferc art' Trciimiri's of Health. 45 
 
 But the health-seeker need iiot go so far for a summer 
 Nnt Pn outing. The wooded ranges of the Santa Catalinas and 
 nui Santa. Ritas, within a few miles of Tucson, afford all 
 
 SO Far. the recreation he needs in the way of moderate tem- 
 
 perature, hunting or scenery. 
 
 Iii the southern part of the county, in the Huachuca and Patagonia 
 mountains, is some of the finest scenery in the world, with hunting and 
 tishiug to the heart's content. If he does not care to camp out, the 
 city of Nogales has good hotel accommodations and a summer tempera- 
 ture that can not be excelled, with mountain and forest to its very limits. 
 "During the greater part of the year the inhabitants of 
 NO Insects or Southern Arizona sleep out of doors. It is difficult at 
 first to induce the 'tenderfoot' to sleep in the open air. 
 Reptiles. He has visions of tarantulse, scorpions and centipedes, 
 
 which are disquieting. In the course or time, how- 
 ever, he learns that these insects are so rare as to be curiosities, and 
 that their sting is to be dreaded not so much as that of a California 
 tiea. The sensational Arizona tales of poisonous reptiles and insects, of 
 murderous Apache raids, and of cow-boy and desperado shooting scrapes 
 have no modern foundation in truth. 
 
 "Many physicians in the East order patients to California for the 
 winter, apparently with a view of sending them to a dry climate. The 
 relative humidity in southern California is as great, and in some in- 
 stances greater, than that of the Atlantic coast, and 
 Better than many of the best physicians in California regularly send 
 
 their tubercular and asthmatic patients to Tucson. Cal- 
 Caliiomia. ifornia is a beautiful country, but the fogs which come 
 
 in from the sea, and the emanations from the vast irri- 
 gated regions, make it far inferior to the inland desert regions for 
 phthisical patients. I think it may be assumed as a general rule that 
 \vhorever there is irrigation there is a high degree of relative humidity, 
 and patients suffering from pulmonary phthisis should never be sent 
 to an irrigated district. Indeed, some of the California physicians have 
 declared that 'irrigation and malaria go together.' 
 
 "The city of Tucson has, in my opinion, advantages as 
 TllCSOn IS a nea ^ tu resort which can not be equalled anywhere in 
 
 North America. I know of no locality where such a 
 First. moderate winter climate and such a low degree of 
 
 relative humidity are combined with the same latitude 
 and altitude. It is no longer considered imperative to send tubercular 
 patients to an altitude of 5,000 feet, or over. In fact, clinical experience 
 lias proven that more frequently patients require to be sent to an alti- 
 tude of less, rather than more than 3,000 feet. The altitude of Tucson 
 is 2,400 feet, and that seems to be amply high for all but the most 
 exceptional cases. The city is situated in a basin near the underground 
 Santa Cruz river. It is completely walled in by massive mountain ranges. 
 To the north is the Santa Catalina range; to the east, the Rincon; to the 
 south, the Santa Rita, and on the west, the Tucson. Each of these 
 ranges has an altitude of 5,000 feet, at least. Mount Lemon, the highest 
 peak of the Santa Catalinas. has an elevation of 10.000 feet, and Mount 
 Wrightson, in the Santa Ritas, reaches an altitude of nearly 11,000 feet. 
 
 The scenery at Tucson is as impressive as anywhere in the Rocky 
 mountains, and the gorgeous sunrises and sunsets beggar description. 
 
 "During the nine months, October to June, inclusive, 1894-5, there were 
 but twenty-five cloudy days, and nine of these were in one month. Some 
 idea of the transparency of the atmosphere may be had when I state 
 that, at midday, and with the unaided eye, I have seen Venus when it 
 \vas but ten degrees east of the sun. 
 
46 
 
 Land. 
 
 One of the 
 Cured. 
 
 that time he has 
 man." 
 
 "The writer feels kindly toward Arizona. One year :\KO. 
 in Philadelphia, he was attacked with two hemorrhages 
 from the lungs; he had a bad cough, and was losing 
 flesh rapidly. On the advice of a distinguished member 
 of the Climatological Society, he came to Tucson. Since 
 gained twenty-six pounds in weight, and now is a well 
 
 CACTUS GARDEX. 
 
 Among the curiosities of the Santa Cruz valley is a rare 
 
 A Marsupial ^ s ^ * na * ' s ^ oun< ^ m the river in large quantities. In 
 
 size it is insignificant, but the manner in which its young 
 
 Fish. is produced is contrary to all precedent. Unlike others, 
 
 it does not spawn, but incubates its young after the 
 
 manner of the mammals. We do not know whether or not any scientific 
 
 observation has been made of this species, and could not credit the fact 
 
 until we proved it by personal investigation. 
 
f.ifc i ft I'fcdfttnif tin * I IIi'i-i' lire TrraxnrrH of U<'Hh. 47 
 
 After referring to the fact that our best authority on 
 Do Trees Grow American forests credits Arizona with the possession of 
 the largest unbroken forest areas in the United States, 
 in Arizona? rrof. .1. W. Tourney, professor of botany in the Univer- 
 sity of Arizona, gives some particulars in a recent pub- 
 lication, as follows: 
 
 "The Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the only species of Arizona pine 
 covering large areas suitable for lumber. It is a beautiful tree, frequently 
 live foot or more in diameter. Although this pine is the most abundant 
 and widely distributed of our forest trees, the lumber products of a num- 
 ber of other species are of some importance, but on account of the more 
 inaccessible regions in which they grow they have not, as yet, been utilized 
 to a very groat extent. The yellow pine is usually found at an elevation 
 between 5,500 and 7.500 feet, and at a conservative estimate it occurs in 
 quantity sufficient to provide, at the present rate of consumption, for at 
 least a century. 
 
 "Above the zone of yellow pine occur species of white pine, fir, balsam 
 and spruce, while the trees in the zone immediately below are mostly nut 
 pines and junipers, intermingled with a variety of deciduous species. 
 
 "The Mesquite is the most important of the deciduous trees of Southern 
 Arizona. It provides fuel over large areas where other trees are meager 
 and scattered. The wood is about as heavy as oak, and the fuel value is 
 equal, cord for cord, to hickory. Its durability, exposed to the weather 
 or submerged in water, is very great, hence it is of considerable value for 
 fence posts and other similar uses. 
 
 "The foliage, and more especially the ripened pods, contain a high per- 
 centage of nutriment, and make excellent forage. This tree has a greater 
 variety of uses than any other American tree. 
 
 "The general impression is that Arizona has but few species of in- 
 digenous trees. Quite to the contrary, however, Hie number of our native 
 species is excelled by but few states in the Union. Among our indigenous 
 trees are nine species of pine, ten of oak, three of palo-verde, three of ash, 
 besides maple, walnut, sycamore, locust, alder, elder, fir, cypress, balsam, 
 spruce, cherry, arbutus, juniper, and many others of less importance. 
 
 "A number of our trees grow to considerable size black oak, four and 
 one-half feet in diameter, Avalnut four feet, while some of our northern 
 pines and firs are even larger. 
 
 "There is but little question that when the people of Arizona become 
 fully awakened to the value of a number of our native trees and shrubs 
 for ornamental purposes, a much more extended use will be made of them. 
 They will be grown in preference to the much less hardy plants from other 
 places. 
 
 "Our native trees and shrubs will grow with a limited amount of care 
 and a minimum supply of water. Introduced species grown for ornamental 
 purposes, as a rule, require more care and water than many can afford to 
 give them. As a single illustration, our native white ash (Fraxinns vclutinn) 
 is a most valuable shade tree for general purposes, being of rapid growth 
 and of but little expense." 
 
 _. _. .. From the grassy mesa we see, on the mountain tops the 
 
 tall pines, and below the foothills, brown and purple, 
 
 the St. Cata- tne brilliant verdure of the cottonwood and sycamore, re- 
 
 ,- ,yr- lieved by the darker foliage of the mesquite and iron- 
 
 ls * wood. If we take a ride up the canons we may see 
 
 juniper, oak, ash, alder and walnut, but we catch no glimpse of the glorious 
 
 flora hidden in tho wilderness of mountain gulch and crag above us. Fie 
 
 who would revel in nature's prodigality must seek the higher spots, and 
 
48 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 there, where the pine growth begins, he will flnd, from March to Angus!. 
 a flora that will amaze while it delights, bringing with it refreshing 
 memories of climes lighted by the sunshine of youth, and associations sev- 
 ered perhaps forever. 
 
 He will find six varieties of the graceful campanula, a number of rhodo- 
 dendrons, and in early April the sweet, red-cheeked strawberry of the wild 
 woods, and luscious blackberries hiding in luxurious grass, reaching above 
 his waist. 
 
 Last spring, at an elevation of 3,000 feet. I counted no less than twenty 
 varieties of blooming plants Avithin a circle of less than ten yards in diam- 
 eter, forming, with the ferns and grasses, a floral carpet that nature's 
 loom never excelled for beauty, while the surrounding trees were decked 
 with evergreen ivy. 
 
 GIANT CACTUS. 
 
 A YOUNG Oil A NT. 
 
Life is Pleasant find Here are Treasures of Health. 40 
 
 We have a number of letters and interviews to the same 
 Should Stay effect as the following. They emphasize our statement 
 y that, in order to get the best results from our climate, a 
 With It. continuous residence is necessary when the disease is 
 
 deep-seated: "For several years before coming to South- 
 ern Arizona I had been afflicted with a severe cough, and my lungs were 
 badly diseased. I traveled extensively without finding more than tempo- 
 rary relief, but began to improve permanently as soon as I reached this 
 warm, dry climate. Within six months the cough left me, but for several 
 years afterwards would return as soon as I changed from this climate to 
 California or the Eastern states; but now, after a residence of eight years, 
 I consider myself completely cured and can live almost anywhere. 
 
 "My experience is the same as that of nearly every person who has 
 given this climate a fair trial, bjit any one who expects to eradicate an or- 
 ganic disease like consumption, which is the result of years of neglect or 
 heredity predisposition, in the time covered by a return ticket to Arizona, 
 had better stay at home and save his money for funeral expenses. 
 
 "It is an admitted fact that no medical treatment has yet been discov- 
 ered that will cure pulmonary consumption. The only cure is that of cli- 
 mate, and in Southern Arizona the warm, dry atmosphere 
 The Only Cure acts as a healing balm to the bleeding, diseased lungs, 
 while the pores are kept open, and the impurities of the 
 is Climate. system, that in harsher climates make a combined at- 
 tack upon weak lungs, are allowed to escape through 
 the skin. 
 
 "To secure a cure the patient must expect to undergo privations and 
 often hardships. Luxurious hotels are not what he needs; an out-of-door 
 life is necessary. The patient also needs something to constantly divert 
 his attention from the disease. In the hotels he meets people suffering like 
 himself, and the effect is bad for all. 
 
 "Traveling, and seeing new scenes divert his mind, while exercise in- 
 sures a good appetite, and the pure, warm atmosphere affords a curative 
 application to his lungs as often as he breathes. 
 
 "While I am aware that, should Southern Arizona become a resort for 
 invalids afflicted with pulmonary diseases, it would be the means of adding 
 much profit to the business of the country, this consideration does not in- 
 fluence me to make this statement. This class of unfortunate people has 
 enough to contend with, without being lured away from home and friends 
 by our holding out false hopes; but the universal relief given to persons 
 afflicted like myself, who came here to lengthen their lives, warrants what 
 I have said." 
 
 The opinion of a physician who has practiced here for 
 The Reason ^e ^ as ' f ur t een years is worthy of attention, and we 
 
 have that of Dr. W. H. Fermer to present to our readers. 
 Why. AS surgeon for the Southern Pacific company, in addition 
 
 to a large private practice, he has valuable opportunities 
 to observe the course of disease and the effects en classes and individuals. 
 He characterizes the general health of the permanent residents of Tucson 
 as excellent, the largest percentage of deaths being among the poorer 
 class of Mexicans, who are unable or unwilling to obtain medical atten- 
 tion or observe the commonest rules of hygiene. The general health of the 
 city is good. Contagious diseases, when they appear, run an unusually mild 
 course, and this is accounted for by the somewhat rarified air, containing a 
 very small percentage of moisture, and the great amount of sunlight, con- 
 ditions that do not conduce to the life and growth of the various disease- 
 producing bacteria. In the individual the activity of the skin is increased, 
 the circulation augmented, respiration quickened and deepened, the appe- 
 
50 Treasure Land. 
 
 tite improved; and the ability to spend many hours in the open air adds a 
 tonic, the effect of which is surprising to those who have not spent a win- 
 ter on these elevated and dry plateaus. 
 
 In the winter season, even though the sunshine is hot, the air is cool 
 and invigorating, because the heat absorbed by the air from the sun's rays 
 depends upon the quantity of aqueous vapor in the air. This is well illus- 
 trated by the fact that while our summers are long and hot, no one suffers 
 in health, because the air, being dry, absorbs a small portion of the heat. 
 When the thermometer reaches a figure that would appal a resident of New 
 York, men and animals labor in the sun without suffering, and disease is 
 held in abeyance; in fact, so long as the air is dry. and the sun shines 
 brightly, good health prevails. Experience proves that the climate of 
 Tucson is specially efficacious in cases of pulmonary phthisis taken in early 
 stages, and in cases where there is only an inherited tendency; in ex- 
 haustion from overwork, chronic catarrh and all diseases of the respiratory 
 organs; in diseases of the stomach and kidneys, and asthma, when not of 
 organic origin. The climate is not a specific for organic disease of the 
 heart or blood-vessels, nor for rheumatic and gouty affections, although 
 such cases have been relieved. 
 
 The best effects of our climate attend a residence of long duration, the 
 patients availing themselves of the moderate summer temperature of out- 
 elevated localities during the extreme heat. Only by the observance of this 
 rule can a permanent cure be insured. 
 
 The flowers that bloom in the spring, tra-la! have been 
 The CereUS celebrated in song and story, but the flowers that bloom 
 
 in the winter have not been so honored because they arc 
 Engelmanni. too scarce to attract attention, and yet there is one which 
 
 is immortalized in the saintly calendar of Mexico, and 
 which the humble devotee in the wilds of Arizona justly treasures as a 
 memorial of faith rewarded and hope renewed. It is known to botanists as 
 the Cereus engelmanni, and bears an edible fruit of an acid flavor; the 
 spines all fall off when the fruit ripens, being evidently designed by nature 
 to protect the flower and embryo. 
 
 A variety of this species is credited with participation in a miracle, and 
 if the reader will promise to refrain from attempting to pronounce the 
 names given, we will endeavor to convey the traditional account of the 
 
 founding of the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Gnadalupe, 
 The Vinrin Of *^ e patron saint of Mexico. 
 
 Juan Diego was a poor, converted Indian, born in the 
 Guadalupe. pueblo of Cuautitlan, who earned a modest living in 
 
 Tolpetlac, whence he made frequent journeys to Santi- 
 ago Tlatilulco to drink in the inspired words of the holy Franciscan 
 fathers. 
 
 One day, while crossing a hill called Tepetlyecaczol. covered with thorny 
 cactus and sharp-edged stones, he heard music so singularly sweet and 
 harmonious that he stopped, ravished with delight, and sought to discover 
 whence it proceeded. Then he saw a rainbow of iridescent colors, and in 
 the midst of it a white, transparent cloud, and reclining on the cloud :i 
 lovely female, clad in the richest Indian garb, such as was worn by tin- 
 Aztec princesses. 
 
 Moved by an irresistible impulse, Juan Diego approached the divino 
 figure, which addressed him in his own tongue, informing him that sin- 
 was the mother of God, and desired that a temple be erected there to her 
 honor. She promised protection and comfort to all who might come to 
 worship at the shrine, and commanded the enrapt Indian to tell the bishop 
 all that he had seen and heard. Diego bowed his head and promised to 
 obey, and then the celestial vision disappeared. 
 
" Life is P/>'dN(int and Here are Treasures of Health. 51 
 
 It was only after much difficulty that the poor Indian obtained an inter- 
 view with Juan de Zumarraga, the bishop of Mexico, and imparted all 
 that he had seen and heard, but the bishop, naturally enough, refused to 
 credit the story, and Juan Diego returned home disconsolate. 
 
 But the Virgin was determined that the temple should be built, and 
 stopped the Indian every time he crossed Tepetlyecaczol, until the poor 
 fellow, despairing of being able to carry out her wishes, avoided the hill. 
 This, however, was of no avail, for she appeared to him again and bade 
 him ascend the hill and gather the flowers he would find there and bear 
 them to the bishop. 
 
 He obeyed and bore the beautiful and fragrant flowers to the bishop, 
 who, being unacquainted with the floral possibilities of the country, was 
 amazed to see wild flowers in the depth of winter, but his amazement 
 . turned to reverent fear when the Indian let down the points of his apron 
 to display the flowers and revealed on the coarse mania the face of the 
 Holy Virgin, painted as no human hand could paint it. He and those 
 with him fell prostrate before the miraculous sign, and when they recovered 
 their equanimity, immediately proceeded to found the sanctuary which is 
 to-day the most loved and revered in Mexico. 
 
 The corrector de camino, churrea or road-runner, a species 
 jj.g of pheasant found in Southern Arizona, is so called from 
 
 the fact that it is often seen running along traveled 
 Road-Runner. roa ds. 
 
 It is remarkably tame, and its life is respected for 
 (lie good work it does in the destruction of reptiles. Finding a snake asleep, 
 a couple of these birds will gather the prickly leaves of the cholla and sur- 
 round his snakeship with a circular hedge of bristling thorns, and then 
 arouse him with shrill cries and fluttering wings. As few snakes will 
 cross even a horsehair rope, a hedge of cactus thorns is as impassable as a 
 twelve-foot wall, and the churreas know this. They tantalize the impris- 
 oned serpent from their position of safety until he finally becomes ex- 
 hausted, when they quietly jump over and administer the finishing touches 
 with their long, tough beaks. 
 
 One of the Tucson pleasure resorts is known as Silver 
 lake, about one and one-half miles from the city, and 
 Silver Lake. owned by the Hon. Fred. Maish. It is a delightful place 
 to pass an afternoon in summer. The lake comprises 
 an expanse of clear water twenty acres in area, fringed 
 Avith groves of trees. There is a fine hotel on the edge of the water, and 
 bathing and boating facilities are provided for visitors. In addition to the 
 other attractions is a fine carp pond, where the lovers of the piscatorial sci- 
 ence can lie in the shade of sighing trees and pass the pleasant hours, and 
 fill their baskets with unfortunate carp. Mr. Maish's residence is com- 
 fortable and pleasant, surrounded with orchard and garden, and reached 
 through an avenue of stately sycamores. 
 
 Among the naturial curiosities and curative agents at- 
 AiTUa CalientC tached to our Avonderful climatic and scenic advantages, 
 
 the hot springs of Agua Calicnte are preeminent. 
 Hot Springs. At the invitation of Mr. Phil. H. Chambers, the 
 
 genial proprietor of Agua Caliente, we visited his place, 
 in order to verify for ourselves the glowing accounts Ave had heard. 
 The ranch is situated at the foot of the Santa Catalina mountains, about 
 sixteen miles from Tucson, and reached over as fine a road as can be 
 found in the new-road districts of the East. It is 160 acres in extent, 
 most of the area not occupied by buildings and corrals being under cul- 
 
52 Treasure Land. 
 
 livation. Oranges here roach perfection, never being touched by frost. 
 and Mr. Chambers is confident that even the banana will do well. In 
 March some of his alfalfa reached a height of four and one-half feet, 
 and he had samples in June seven feet in length. There is no tropical 
 fruit grown in the United States that will not reach perfection here, 
 and this peculiar condition is due entirely to the peculiar natural condi- 
 tions produced by the unseen forces of nature beneath the surface. 
 
 The hot mineral springs bubble out of the solid rock, and at present 
 supply about fifty miner's inches of water of a temperature of 100. 
 It is clear as crystal but strongly impregnated with minerals, among whiHi 
 are magnesia, sulphur, glauber salts, iron, etc. An analysis made at tin- 
 University of Arizona shows these waters to contain excellent curative 
 qualities in cases of rheumatism and kidney complaints, and all those 
 who have tried them claim that they are the most efficacious in the 
 country. 
 
 Lack of capital has hitherto prevented Mr. Chambers from fully car- 
 rying out his ideas of development and ornamentation, but the demands 
 of the new Tucson will attract wide-spread attention to the advantages 
 of these springs, and all the rest will follow. 
 
 A lily grows in the Santa Cruz valley that in beauty 
 
 TheLilVOfthe an( ^ fragrance surpasses any cultivated plant of the 
 
 same species, and is purer in color than the well-known 
 
 Valley. caiia. 
 
 If plucked while budding and its stem placed in 
 
 water impregnated with salt, it will continue to grow until it reaches 
 perfection, and then after blooming a few days draws its petals towards 
 the stamen and goes to seed. 
 
 The Mexicans call it El lirio del ralle. 
 
 While its name might convey the idea that this creature 
 J-UP is a formidable relic of some past geological age, it 
 
 is really an Insect no larger than a grain of wheat, 
 WOOlagOO. and as harmless as a butterfly, so far as man is con- 
 
 cerned. He is an interesting study to the entomologist, 
 and his methods of doing business are full of suggestions to the politician, 
 as well as to the Reform Club. 
 
 First selecting a proper location for his enterprise, he bores a hole 
 in the ground, throwing up a circle of earth of exceeding fineness, about 
 an inch in height, and then covers himself with a mantle of pulverized 
 real estate at the bottom of the hole. Curious insects ascend the breast- 
 work, and the treacherous earth, moving like a quicksand, hurls them 
 headlong to the bottom, whence no effort can raise them. If the in- 
 truder has a bigger pull than the woolagoo, an abject apology is offered, 
 and he is requested to get out the best way he can, otherwise he is 
 disintegrated for commissary purposes. We do not know how the wool- 
 agoo evacuates the hole when he desires to emigrate, but we presume 
 that this emergency is provided for somehow. As a last resort he could 
 fill it up and get out on top. 
 
 We are indebted to Prof. J. W. Tourney for the view of 
 La Ventana (or Window), an opening in the rocks on 
 
 La Ventana. on e of the highest peaks of the Santa Catalinas, which 
 can be seen in the early morning from Tucson. The pro- 
 fessor kindly furnished us with a description of the trip 
 
 of his party to La Ventana, and we regret our inability to publish it in 
 
 this issue. 
 
Life is r/<-iisanf und Here are Treasure* of HeaUli. 53 
 
 THE riUST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Or MICIX>BCS. 
 
 (Compiled from the official report by N. H. M. for this book.) 
 
 Since 1850, the progressive microbe element has tried to organize 
 
 for the purpose of opposing the unscrupulous army of 
 
 vivisectors, bacteriologists, pathologists and chemical 
 
 At Last. dynamiters seeking their extermination, but the ditli- 
 
 culty of gathering the widely scattered colonies appeared 
 
 insurmountable until lately. The modern facilities for 
 
 inter-communication and the dissemination of disease made it possible 
 
 to unite, and on the initiation of the Boston Society of Progressive Tubercle 
 
 Bacilli, the matter was definitely decided, and the* 1st of May, 1897, 
 
 lixed as the date of meeting. 
 
 From the early part of April, representatives arrived from the four 
 quarters of the earth, and entertained themselves by raising the death 
 rate pending the formal opening of the congress. 
 
 On the date fixed, the doors of the Globe theatre, of Boston, were 
 opened wide to the visiting hosts, who filled the vast auditorium from 
 floor to dome. 
 
 An eloquent address of welcome was delivered in a rich husky voice 
 by Tubercle Bacillus, to which Cholera Coma, from Asia, responded in 
 neatly chosen words. After a few remarks by several distinguished visi- 
 tors, Bacillus of Diphtheria reviewed the history of the persecution of 
 his race, and called upon the congress to take strong measures against 
 those who sought its destruction. In order to get at the sense of the 
 assembly, he offered the following resolutions: 
 
 Whereas, We, the duly authorized delegates of the 
 Pathogenic Bacteria, find ourselves harassed and per- 
 secuted by unscrupulous people; and 
 Resolutions. Whereas, We desire to assert our rights to the peace- 
 
 ful pursuit of happiness, and are too weak to enforce 
 them ; 
 
 Resolved, That this congress do petition President McKinley, the great 
 American protector, to abolish all quarantines, boards of health, hygenic, 
 bacteriologic and pathologic devices and combinations, and give us that 
 freedom of life and liberty to which we are entitled by reason of our 
 existence, and furthermore, by arbitration, reciprocity, bond issue or 
 treaty, secure for us in other lauds the same inherited privileges. 
 
 Resolved, That this congress considers vivisection in the interest of 
 so-called medical science a barbarous practice, a relic of the dark ages, 
 u wanton destruction of animal life and a blot upon our civilization. 
 
 The resolutions were adopted enthusiastically and a recess taken till 
 the following day in order to give the visitors an opportunity to make 
 some interesting experiments in the lower parts of the city and become 
 hotter acquainted with each other. 
 
 ******* 
 
 The president announced that the order of the day 
 The Second would be to listen to the experience and warnings of 
 
 prominent delegates, and introduced Cholera Bacillus 
 Day. as the first speaker. 
 
 After making several comparisons, Mr. Cholera was 
 
 of the opinion that Mecca at certain seasons, and along the Ganges at 
 all times, were the finest health resorts he had seen. For business pur- 
 poses he preferred the Mohammedan religion to any other. 
 
 Mr. Bubonic Pest, though a stranger to most of those present, spoke 
 as if he knew them all. He had comfortable quarters in Asia, but would 
 like to make a business trip around the world. So far his 
 
54 Treasure Land. 
 
 had failed in their efforts to overthrow his particular views on the Mal- 
 thusian doctrine, and some had perished in the attempt 
 
 fellow Fever Bacillus despised cold weather and would not think of 
 living at an altitude of over 2,400 feet. He felt most at home in the 
 West Indies, although he made flying trips to different parts of the world 
 to introduce his remedies for the affliction of life. 
 
 Typhoid Fever preferred cold, moist climates, where the people ob- 
 jected to pure air and water. He thought that the use of these ought 
 to be legislated against, as they were always injurious to microbic ad- 
 vancement. 
 
 Bacillus of Rabies ' rather liked warm weather and was attached to 
 dogs. He could do pretty good work as long as he was not molested 
 by any Pasteur butchers. 
 
 La Grippe liked to operate where extremes meet, and his practice 
 was most successful when a sharp, cold wind followed warm days. He 
 had circled the world several times and had found few enemies to 
 oppose his triumphal march. 
 
 Others followed, each vaunting his achievements and noting some 
 evil tendency that might hereafter affect their work, but the jewel of 
 the session was the closing address of the president: 
 
 ******* 
 
 "Friends, for years we have labored, and to-day we 
 The Closing see oul n P es realized, for here are assembled the rep- 
 
 * resentatives of our race from all over the world, to 
 
 Address. vent their grievances and unite in an effort to restore 
 
 our ancient immunity from persecution, when the dying 
 thousands, appreciating our work, hailed us as the angels of the Al- 
 mighty sent to purge them of their sins. 
 
 "Many among you have done more brilliant work than I; my dear 
 friends, Cholera, Bubonic Pest, Yellow Fever and La Grippe, have mar- 
 velous campaign records, but theirs is the eruption of the volcano, the 
 shock of the earthquake, which last but a short period and only reappear 
 after long intervals. My work is continuous, though slow, and I can 
 say, without vanity, that 20 per cent, of those relieved of mortal ills 
 owe the result to me. For tnis reason men call me the King of Microbes, 
 and the weight of honor means accumulated peril. I have been attacked 
 by land and sea, with sword and artillery, with syringical fire and medi- 
 cated water; they have sought to suffocate me with gases and brought 
 their miserable batallions of science against me, but so far I am almost 
 untouched. Like their poor, I am always with them, and with the as- 
 sistance of Scrofula, Syphilis, Pneumonia and La Grippe my success has 
 been great. 
 
 "It is unnecessary for me to mention in detail all the numberless 
 assaults that have been made upon me in the last few years. Every day 
 new mischief is brewing, but I still survive. 
 
 "I do not vaunt my immunity, nor claim that I can preserve it for 
 ever. There is danger for us all, and it behooves us to unite our ex- 
 perience and effort, by gatherings like this, to combat the modern inno- 
 vations. 
 
 "In my travels, brethren, I have found a spot where 
 * none of our race can prosper. Our children who are 
 
 born there become emaciated and perish, and none of 
 Bad Climate. us can stay there long and live. I refer to Arizona, 
 and especially to Tucson, whose peculiar climate is the 
 most fatal on earth. Worse still, there will be a dozen sanitariums there 
 in a few years, filled with our regular customers, who will not only im- 
 prove, but absolutely recover. Think of it! Incredible as it seems it 
 is true, for on a late visit there I found many whom I had marked for 
 
Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 
 
 55 
 
 my own, who laughed in my face with a long, loud, sonorous tone that 
 caused me to shiver with horror. 
 
 "There is only one way to prevent our customers from 
 A Diabolical seeking this obnoxious climate. Tucson means death to 
 
 us and our children, and to save them and ourselves 
 Plan. we must use diabolical arts. We must hold them back 
 
 until the last moment, then let them go and die there. 
 This will discredit the place! 
 
 "No one must be allowed to go until we have a firm grip of him; 
 fill their minds and the minds of their relatives and friends with delusive 
 hope; suggest pressure of business, loss of time and money, especially 
 money, for most people love it better than life; in fact, anything to in- 
 duce delay, for delay gives us absolute control. Let our watchwords be 
 'Doitm with Tucson, the enemy of microbes, and long live procrastination /' " 
 
 A Summer 
 Resort. 
 
 We have elsewhere 
 called the atten- 
 tion of the health- 
 seeker to the 
 desirability of 
 
 remaining in Arizona the whole year 
 if he wishes to get the best effects of 
 climatic treatment, but as the heated 
 term may be too severe, he can find 
 refuge in the cooler mountain resorts 
 without losing any advantage. 
 
 The climatic conditions are most 
 happily realized at Oracle, situated 
 at an altitude of 4,500 feet, near the 
 southern boundary of Final county, 
 and forty miles north of Tucson, with 
 which city it has daily stage and mail 
 communication. The stage route lies 
 along the west side of the Catalina 
 mountains, making a gradual ascent 
 from Tucson of 2,000 feet. To the 
 north and west stretches an undu- 
 lating plain, sloping northward to the 
 valley of the Gila, and on the south 
 to the valley of the Santa Cruz. Close 
 to the southward rises the rugged 
 range of the Santa Catalina mountains 
 whose peaks reach an altitude of 
 10,000 feet. 
 
 The foothills of the Catalinas and 
 the adjacent mesa are covered with 
 live oaks (quercus einorgi), whose 
 growth afford picturesque and 
 pleasing view, as well as a refreshing 
 shade. 
 
 Combined with the climatic 
 features which characterize Arizona 
 in general, Oracle enjoys special 
 advantages arising from its unique 
 topographic environment. 
 
 The roads of the district are 
 smooth and excellent for driving or 
 horse-back riding, and for those inter- 
 ested in hunting there are multitudes 
 
 1. Balance Rock, near Oracle. 
 
 2. Live Oak, near Oracle. 
 
 3. Mountain View Hotel, Oracle. 
 
56 Treasure Land. 
 
 of quail and doves in the mesas, and in the mountains deer and bear. Cool, 
 delicious water is obtained from wells bored into the granite strata of the 
 mountain ranges, and its analysis attests its excellence for drinking and 
 domestic uses. 
 
 Combined with these natural advantages are the comforts and con- 
 veniences of civilized life afforded by the two hotels located here, some par- 
 ticulars of which will interest our readers: 
 
 On a high prominence, and scarcely a quarter of a mile 
 The Mountain f rom the Arcadia, is the Mountain View hotel, which, 
 
 under the personal management of Mrs. Annie Neal, adds 
 View. greatly to the popularity of Oracle both as a health and 
 
 summer resort. The hotel is a spacious building, very 
 attractive, and fitted with modern appliances. It contains twelve large, 
 airy rooms, all of them with outside exposures. There are two large halls, 
 extending the full length of the building, fourteen feet wide by forty long. 
 Elegant and spacious verandas extend around the building, and every room 
 is fitted with hot and cold water service. The furniture of all the rooms is 
 of oak, solid, substantial and artistic. 
 
 The interior finish of the building is in oak and walnut, and is of ele- 
 gant design. A large room has been set apart for billiards, and the floor 
 of the room has been constructed with a view to use it for dancing when 
 required. 
 
 The kitchen is separate and distinct entirely from the hotel, and a deep 
 well furnishes the water supply, which is copious, almost ice cold, and ab- 
 solutely pure. The grounds surrounding the hotel are very beautiful, com- 
 prising 160 acres, and are charmingly studded with grand oak trees. 
 
 AIM \ DI A HOTE-:I.. ( H: u 1.1.. 
 
 The Arcadia, of which Mr. E. S. Dodge is the proprietor, 
 
 was the first to receive invited guests. Mr. Dodge set- 
 
 The Arcadia. tied at this place sixteen years ago, engaging in the 
 
 stock business, and it was probably due to the courteous 
 
 hospitality extended by himself and estimable wife to 
 
 strangers that the place first became known as a desirable resort for the 
 
 health-seeker. He has from time to time built additions to his house, ;m<l 
 
Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 
 
 67 
 
 neat cottages near by, so that his premises are a veritable little village, 
 where now can be found a coterie of wealthy, cultured Easterners, and, 
 judging from their robust appearance, it is difficult to imagine they were 
 ever in delicate health. 
 
 The hotel is well furnished throughout, has an extensive, well-selected 
 library at the disposal of guests, and the table is supplied with every deli- 
 cacy it seems could be desired, including cream, milk, butter, honey, eggs, 
 poultry, beef and mutton, produced on the ranch. 
 
 The first thing that impresses the visitor to Tucson is the 
 
 reality of our prosperity and the absence of any inclina- 
 
 All Our Own *' on * " D00m " the place. Whatever we have is ours, for 
 
 we have made it without assistance from borrowed capital. 
 
 Every building, every industry and every improvement is 
 
 the product of our own capital and enterprise, and this, 
 
 perhaps, accounts for the fact that only within the last year has any real 
 
 effort been made to provide accommodation for visitors. They had not yet 
 
 entered into our scheme of prosperity, and we simply attended to our own 
 
 necessities; the world had passed us by so long that we ignored the world. 
 
 Ni:\v ORXPORFF HOTEL: 1. Piazza. 
 
 2. Office. 
 
 3. Dining Room. 
 
 Then the investor and the health-seeker forced themselves upon us, de- 
 termined to share our advantages, and for hospitality's sake we had to adopt 
 new principles. 
 
 Mr. Chas. DeGroff and his estimable wife took the matter In hand on 
 behalf of the community, purchased the old Cosmopolitan property, which 
 they remodeled, renovated and furnished at gr^at expense, and opened as 
 the New Orndorff. 
 
58 Treasure Land. 
 
 Mr. DeGroff came here originally for his health and is able to talk 
 about our climate from experience, and sympathy probably influenced him 
 to a large extent in giving Tucson a really modern hotel. 
 
 The New Orndorff is well adapted for hotel purposes, being located near 
 enough to the business center to be handy, and not too near to be incon- 
 venient for those who seek a quiet home. There is a beautiful lawn in 
 front, with a row of graceful trees, and from the wide porches the guests 
 have a magnificent view of green fields and purple hills. 
 
 It is built in the Moorish style, with a large inner courtyard beautified 
 with trees and lawns. The elegant dining room and the offices range on 
 one side of the square, while the other three are devoted to the accommoda- 
 tion of guests. The rooms are commodious and handsomely furnished, lighted 
 with gas and electricity, electric bells in all rooms, hot and cold-water baths 
 and every modern convenience. 
 
 For- the convenience of guests, there are finely-appointed parlors, writing 
 rooms, billiard and sample rooms, and the office is one of the neatest in the 
 Territory. 
 
 The service and attendance leave nothing to be desired. Both Mr. and 
 Mrs. DeGroff are experienced people, having managed the Old Orndorff house 
 for eight years, and look after their own affairs, and no guest can be with 
 them a day without feeling perfectly at home. 
 
 Dr. J. V. Gaff says: "Men like Samson, David and Me- 
 Out nf Door thuselah owed much of their strength, vigor and longevity 
 
 to the climate, which permitted them to sleep in tents anil 
 L" ( ' lead an out-of-door life. 
 
 Recommended. A patient confined to the house is in a position an- 
 
 alogous to the rabbit confined to a hutch in the cellar; 
 whereas the patient living in the fresh air and warm sunshine has chances 
 comparable to the rabbit running wild. 
 
 The requirements of a suitable climate are a pure, warm and dry at- 
 mosphere, an equable temperature, not subject to rapid variations, and a 
 maximum amount of sunshine. 
 
 The climate of Tucson has all these, and it is possible to sleep out of 
 doors 270 nights of the year and spend 365 days in perpetual sunshine. It is 
 a progressive and prosperous city in which a man may not only find health 
 but a means of livelihood, and live in comfort." 
 
 Dr. W. B. Purcell, county physician, observes: "The cli- 
 mate of Colorado has been recommended for its beneficial 
 Better than effects for consumption; my long residence there gave me 
 
 Colorado ample and sufficient opportunity of judging climatic condi- 
 
 tions there existing during the summer months. The 
 mountainous portions of Colorado undoubtedly have a 
 beneficial effect on tuberculosis subjects, but I can not recommend Colorado 
 during the fall and winter, as the changes are often severe, becoming raw 
 and cold within a few hours, and as these are atmospheric conditions to be 
 avoided, it would not be advisable to spend these seasons there. Those having 
 a peculiar type of constitution, with a hereditary tendency to consumption, 
 would do well to avail themselves of an opportunity, and come here and 
 remain exempt from disease." 
 
TREASURES or WEALTH. 
 
 ORE TEAMS. 
 
 Ribbed are the hills with silver treasure ; 
 Seamed the mountains with virgin gold; 
 Coal, and copper and lead without measure 
 A -wondrous realm of wealth untold. 
 
60 Treasure Lund. 
 
 The Gallon, the great authority on mining, writes as follows 
 
 Tmnnrtanrp nf OU tne art of mimn : 
 mponance 01 "i n an economic point of view, the art of mining 
 
 Mining. constitutes an industry of the greatest importance, 
 
 whether on account of the value of the products created 
 every year, or an account of their nature, which has rendered many of 
 them objects of Urst necessity. It has been so since the moment that men 
 ceased to live in the savage state, built themselves dwellings, and began to 
 make tools. In a scientific point of view, it may be said that the art of 
 mining has been the direct cause of the birth and progress of several nat- 
 ural sciences, especially of mineralogy and geology. It is certain that we 
 owe to the working of mines and to the material difficulties, often consid- 
 erable, against which the miner has to contend, many ingenious, daring 
 and powerful processes Avhich have afterwards passed into the general 
 domain of industry. 
 
 "In the middle ages, it was for mines that the first works for husband- 
 ing water as a motive power were made, and the first hydraulic machines 
 set to work on rational principles; steam engines were first used in con- 
 nection with mines, and the first railroad conveyed their products, and the 
 necessities of this industry have been the mother of numberless inventions 
 which have advanced the general welfare." 
 
 We have frequently referred in this work to the great future of Arizona 
 as a field for the mining industry, and now propose to give our readers a 
 more particular account of its condition in the country tributary to Tucson. 
 
 There is no question but that the ancient people worked 
 The Aztec tne P rec i us metals on an extensive scale, and all indi- 
 
 cations point to the fact that the Aztecs operated in this 
 Miners. vicinity long before the Jesuit fathers prospected the 
 
 hills. Within the last few years three old mines have 
 been found in this county, one of them almost within the limits of Tucson. 
 They all show extensive working, and it is evident that immense quantities 
 of good ore were extracted, and one of them is down several hundred feet, 
 with tunnels and winzes and other conveniences. We merely surmise Unit 
 the Aztecs operated these mines; some other and still more ancient race may 
 have done so, for there is no record of their age, nor can any estimate be 
 made of it. 
 
 It is impossible to give within the limits of this volume 
 Minim?" Near complete detailed information respecting the development 
 
 of our mines, but we propose to show in brief what has 
 TUCSOn. been done and suggest the possibilities of the future. 
 
 Taking Tucson as a starting point, we find ourselves 
 
 almost immediately in the center of a great mineral belt that has hardly 
 been touched, except by the prospector, and only slightly by him, for what 
 is nearest home is the last to receive attention. The whole range called 
 the Tucson mountains is full of mineral gold, silver, lead, copper and iron. 
 and some of the claims indicate extensive deposits. The close observer 
 will be struck by the number of men, apparently miners, who loaf about 
 our streets, spending money freely for a few weeks, and then disappearing 
 for a season. Many of these own rich claims in the adjacent hills, and art- 
 able, with a few weeks' work, to extract enough rich ore to enable them to 
 indulge in a round of dissipation for a varying period. Most of tin-si- 
 men refuse to sell their claims or give any information about them. We 
 know of one case where a party of three were offered $100,000 for their 
 mine and refused it, for the reason that their dispositions were such that 
 they coxild not keep money long enough to do them much good, and the 
 mine was like a bank and honored all their demands upon it. 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 61 
 
 The Saginaw As a sample of the mineral prospects in the vicinity of 
 
 ... A i Tucson, we present the reader with the following brief 
 
 ines, AlllOie description of the property of The Saginaw Mining Com- 
 
 District. pany, situated in the Amole district, nine miles southerly 
 
 from Tucson. 
 
 It comprises the Saginaw mill and eighteen mining claims. The com- 
 pany has begun a systematic development of the main lode of the district 
 and is meeting with much encouragement as depth is gained. The mill is 
 bring thoroughly overhauled and fitted with the Wilfley concentrator for 
 a practical testing of the ores and to demonstrate the best process for tho 
 extraction of the gold, silver and lead values. When this is done a suitable 
 plant of a capacity of 300 tons daily will be erected, and the mines worked 
 for all that is in them. 
 
 The ores of the east and west veins are autimonial-zinc, lead sulphides, 
 with pyrite, and carry uniformly, with the exception of the chutes of very 
 rich ores, about one ounce of gold and twenty ounces of silver per ton. 
 Four of these rich chutes are now known within the length of three claims, 
 and the development work is being done on this rich ore. The ore now be- 
 ing shipped has an average assay value of 112 ounces of silver and three 
 ounces of gold per ton. These ores are found in intrusive porphyries, fol- 
 lowing the lines of stratification of the thin strata of metamorphic shales, 
 limestones and sandstones, which have a dip of 22 to the north. Seven 
 parallel veins, within a width of 1,200 feet, have been prospected. They 
 are all strong, showing eight to ten feet of ore at the fifty-foot level. The 
 ores are oxidized to a depth of forty feet, when the change to sulphides is 
 sudden and marked. 
 
 The surface is covered by wash from the veins, and after three months' 
 prospecting Capt. J. D. Burgess gives his opinion that there is a surface 
 ;irea of seventy acres covered with erosion from one to four feet deep, with 
 a milling and concentrating value of $12 gold and seven ounces silver 
 per ton. 
 
 Other Tne "ches of this district are not confined to the holdings 
 
 .. . . . of the Saginaw company, by any means, for from the 
 
 UmOCaieu divide at the head of Robles pass, one drives over many 
 
 Veins. promising croppings (yet unlocated), a distance of two 
 
 miles to the Saginaw mill, and when reduction works are 
 erected these will all be opened up, and the output from the Amole district, 
 at the very gates of Tucson, will be enormous and probably rival that of 
 any district in the world. The veins are so many, and so wide and rich, 
 that the success of the Saginaw company means the foundation of one of 
 the largest mining camps in the West. 
 
 This district, w.ithin an hour's drive of Tucson, is an illustration of what 
 is in our midst, and the same indications prevail for twenty miles through 
 the Tucson mountains. 
 
 Crossing the divide from Tucson by Robles pass, we have 
 behind us the grand Santa Catalina mountains, with the 
 green valley of the Santa Cruz winding, apparently, at 
 Sierritas. its base, and before us the gradually rising Sierritas, a 
 
 well-timbered range, and prolific of mineral treasures as 
 yet undeveloped. Some wonderful discoveries have been reported from 
 this section, but no organized effort has been made to develop them, and 
 the prospectors have so far had things entirely their own way. The ores 
 are chiefly sulphurets and chlorides, carrying silver and copper. The day. 
 however, is not far distant when capital will test the extent of the mineral 
 deposits which undoubtedly exist, and reap the reward of its enterprise. 
 
62 Treasure Land. 
 
 The The Sierritas are separated from the Bavoquivari and 
 
 Ra nn ' ari Coyote ranges by a wide area of grassy mesa, known as 
 the Bavoquivari valley, devoted to cattle ranches, the 
 and Coyote. principal one being owned by The Arizona Land and Cat- 
 
 tle Company, Alfred Donau, manager. 
 
 In the Bavoquivari and Coyote ranges a great deal of prospecting has 
 been done, and some of the more promising veins are being worked in a 
 small way by Tucson people. Copper, gold and silver ores occur, and are 
 generally of high value. 
 
 The Cababi district, in the mountains of that name, in the 
 very heart of the Papago country, contains rich sulphuret 
 The Cababi. ores. Operations in a small way have proved the exist- 
 
 ence of large bodies of ore carrying gold in considerable 
 quantity. This district was extensively worked when sil- 
 ver was king, and the ore was rich enough to ship a long distance. The 
 development of the veins in which -gold predominates has attracted some 
 local attention lately, but capital is needed to prove their real value. 
 
 West of the Cababi range are the Quijotoa mountains, 
 jjig famous for the so-called Bonanza mines, from which so 
 
 much was expected and so little resulted. The steady 
 QlllJOtOaS. decline in silver after active work was begun probably 
 
 accounts for their failure to realize expectations. Alining 
 operations are not entirely suspended, however, for a number of promising 
 gold prospects are being developed in an extension of the range. The In- 
 dians have worked the gold placers on the slopes of the foothills for years, 
 and the average product of the precious metal is estimated, by traders who 
 purchase it from them, at not less than 100 ounces per month. The ab- 
 sence of surface water in this section has proved a drawback to placer 
 mining on a large scale. Water, however, in abundance is found in the val- 
 ley at a depth of 500 feet, and there is a well and pumping plant on the 
 ground that could be utilized by an enterprising company. 
 
 Further west to the Colorado river are frequently occurring mineral de- 
 posits, principally gold and copper, but on account of their distance from 
 lines of communication they are not much regarded. 
 
 _,. Returning to Tucson and traveling south, we reach the 
 
 San Xavier group of patented mines, seven in all. They 
 San Xavier are located about sixteen miles south from Tucson and 
 
 M. about four miles from the Santa Cruz river. There was 
 
 a large amount of development work done on these prop- 
 erties prior to twelve years ago, the deepest workings being 230 feet. 
 Large quantities of ore were taken out and shipped at a good profit when 
 labor, supplies and freight rates and smelter charges were much higher 
 than at present. These mines have been purchased by Eastern parties, 
 represented by Messrs. Manning & Cameron, which means much for 
 Tucson and the Olive camp. This is probably the most promising group of 
 mines within a radius of sixty miles of Tucson. They have been exton- 
 sively developed, and all show very large bodies of high-grade ore of load. 
 silver, gold and copper. The mines have been idle for years, owing to the 
 fact that the stock was owned by people who were wealthy, and who knew 
 the mines were very rich, and believed the money to be just as safe in tin- 
 mines as in the banks. While they were right, this was of no advantage 
 to the territory. The change of ownership of the properties will prove of 
 great advantage to Tucson and this mining region. 
 
 Tt is the intention to commence shipping the high-grade ore as soon 
 as the mines are in condition to extract the same, which will be in about 
 
Treasures of Wealth, 63 
 
 six weeks. The lowest grade of ore will be left on 1he dump to be worked 
 or reduced, as a plant will be erected there to handle the same. In some 
 of the mines lead and silver predominate, copper in others, and in others 
 all four metals are combined. 
 
 The Helmet Peak Company are working a few men, un- 
 der Bob Roberts, superintendent, on their group of mines 
 Olive Camp. lying about a mile and a half south of the Olive camp, 
 and twenty-two miles south of Tucson. The group con- 
 sists of four claims, including the once famous Specu- 
 lation mine, worked some years ago by what was called here The Westing- 
 house Company. The Helmet Peak Company was organized here a few 
 months ago and represents Tucson capital solely. The work now being 
 done is on the Atlanta mine (formerly the Speculation). At a depth of fifty 
 feet drifting is being done on the lead, which is several feet in width, with 
 a pay streak of ten to eighteen inches, which by sample assay shows sixty 
 and eighty ounces silver, and 40 per cent. lead. Other mines in the vicinity 
 are being worked in a small way. 
 
 Traveling south and east about forty-five miles, we reach 
 Arivaca *^ e -^" vaca district, one of the oldest mining camps in 
 
 the territory. It has a delightfiil situation among rolling 
 District. hills and grassy plains, a fine climate and abundance of 
 
 wood and water, but has, so far, been unsatisfactory to 
 the investor, principally on account of mismanagement. The ledges, 
 whether gold or silver, are generally exceedingly rich on the surface, and 
 lead to exaggerated hopes which bring their own defeat. For several years 
 no earnest work has been done in this district, and we are of the opinion 
 that when really competent people get on the ground, it will prove to be a 
 good and permanent mining section. 
 
 Seven miles southeast of Arivaca lies the Oro Blanco dis- 
 Oro BlanCO trict, containing over 100 square miles of country, min- 
 
 eralized, with surf ace, croppings on almost every hill, and, 
 District. like the Arivaca district, with gold literally in every 
 
 gulch. The Mexicans have unremittingly worked these 
 placers during the rainy season from the dawn of Arizona history and long 
 before Uncle Sam purchased the territory. The district has been held back 
 by a number of unfavorable circumstances. It is only reached after a long 
 stage ride, and it is only lately that any one has cared to seek gold. Then, 
 too, it has been a victim to the common error of putting up mills before 
 developing the mines, and becaiise undeveloped mines could not furnish 
 ores fast enough, confidence in them failed, or the work was abandoned 
 because the funds originally provided were exhausted in building the mill 
 and none obtainable for procuring ore. 
 
 There is not to-day, so far as we can learn, a shaft 300 feet deep in 
 the whole district, and it has produced more bullion to the cubic foot of 
 excavation than any district in the territory. We believe there is no better 
 field for legitimate mining in Arizona, but visitors must not expect to find 
 developed mines here. It is a region of prospects, but they are admirable 
 ones, and ought to interest capital. 
 
 The rock formations are generally granite and porphyry, with argil- 
 laceous slates, and seem to be everywhere gold-bearing. Gold can be panned 
 from every ravine and gulch, and even on the hillsides, especially when the 
 soil is reddened by decomposed pyrites. 
 
 Not only gold, but silver, lead, copper and iron ores are found, but gold 
 is the most generally diffused metal, and follows a broad belt through the 
 
64 Treasure Land. 
 
 district. The principal mines or claims along this belt are the Oro, Nil 
 Desperandum, Sorrel Top, Tres Amigos, Holden, Gold Bug, McClenahan, 
 Old Glory group, Rob Roy, Golden Eagle and Austerlitz group. 
 
 The Oro mine is being operated profitably, under the superintendence 
 of Mr. S. H. Gould, by a Chicago company. There is a ten-stamp mill on 
 the property, which is constantly running on ores averaging from $25 to $50 
 per ton. 
 
 The Old Glory property has a twenty-stamp mill, but has not been 
 operated for the last few months, owing to the inadequate supply of water. 
 The dam is being raised, and when the reservoir is filled by the summer 
 rains, operations will be resumed and possibly ten additional stamps added. 
 The mine is said to be in excellent condition, with an abundance of high- 
 grade ore. Major E. Fechet is the superintendent. 
 
 Dr. A. H. Noon, an authority on the resources of this district, is em- 
 phatic in his belief that the Oro Blanco section is a rich and inviting field, 
 which is now receiving increased attention, and will eventually add largely 
 to the mineral product of Southern Arizona. 
 
 In the Pajarito country, on the Mexican line, is an ex- 
 tensive and rich field of future possibilities, combined 
 The PajaritOS. with pastoral facilities. The section is also healthy, and 
 possesses some of the most picturesque and beautiful 
 mountain scenery in Southern Arizona. Though silent 
 now, the clink of the hammer and the thunder of the blast will give this 
 district new life; and fortunate will he be who gets there early. 
 
 The Jalisco district adjoins Oro Blanco on the east, the 
 JallSCO northern portion being known as the Papillote valley, ami 
 
 is situated a few miles southerly from the Sopori val- 
 District. ley. Several locations were made in this district and 
 
 worked on a small scale several years ago; but the fact 
 that the ores contained copper and silver, and copper ores being then but 
 little sought for, and silver depreciating, caused the district to be aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Recently, however, Dr. A. H. Noon, C. W. Kempton, M. E., and others 
 have given the district special attention and located and worked several 
 claims, with the result of demonstrating that it is a very promising copper- 
 bearing region. A portion of the district is traversed by dark calc-spar 
 belts cutting through the porphyritic and dioritic country rocks, and in 
 association with or near the spar are outcrops and indications of valuable 
 copper veins running well in silver and gold. Quartzite and eruptive form- 
 ations, peculiar in character, and geologically and mineralogically interest- 
 ing, are worthy of special attention. 
 
 The group of copper prospects known as the Copperopolis group are 
 very promising locations, the outcrops showing width, length and quality. 
 High-grade ores have been shipped from surface deposits, some of it run- 
 ning as high as 48 per cent, copper and ninety-one ounces silver per ton. 
 Occasional high gold values are obtained also. 
 
 The district is very accessible, being only twenty miles from the junc- 
 tion of the Arivaca and Tucson stage lines, and we are confident that it 
 can not long remain unnoticed by capitalists. 
 
 Crossing the Santa Cruz valley from the junction, we 
 Santa Rita come to the western slope of the Santa Rita mountains, 
 
 whose pine-clad summits fill the southern horizon of 
 MtS. Tucson. These mountains probably contain more min- 
 
 eral and a greater variety than any range in the world, 
 comprising the whole list from gold to coal, from coal to marble and onyx. 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 65 
 
 The Tyndall These districts, on the southern and western slopes of the 
 
 mountains, were exploited with energy and bad manage- 
 
 and Aztec ment in the early '80s, but the stockholders in the syn- 
 
 DJStriCtS. dicated companies lost hope with the decline of silver, 
 
 and all work was finally abandoned, the gold values in 
 
 the ores being no inducement to maintain the reckless expenditures made 
 
 by the different companies. 
 
 On the eastern slope of the mountains lies the Greater- 
 ville district, chiefly known for its enduring gold placers. 
 Greaterville. The camp is on the east side of "Old Baldy," the highest 
 peak of the Santa Ritas, seven miles from the Empire 
 ranch, five miles south of Rosemont, and eight miles 
 from Sonoita on the Sonora railroad. Apart from the extensive gold 
 placers there are numerous ledges of gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, etc. 
 Fine marble and onyx are also found in the district. There are only about 
 sixteen Americans here, the population being chiefly Mexicans and Yaqui 
 Indians who work the placers. A moderate amount of capital here would 
 develop wonders. None of the mines in the district are 100 feet deep, and 
 yet many carloads of high-grade ore have been shipped during the last ten 
 years. We consider this section a good field for careful examination. The 
 placers have yielded largely for over twenty-five years and show no signs 
 of exhaustion, and the indications are everywhere favorable for perma- 
 nent and profitable ledges. The operations on the placers furnish good 
 business for two general stores, and the small band of Americans, await- 
 ing the arrival of capital to help them out of the rut, form an interesting 
 community. 
 
 We are indebted to Mrs. John B. Anderson for information regarding 
 this section. 
 
 The Rosemont camp, five miles from Greaterville, is at- 
 Rosemont tracting attention. The property is gold and copper, and 
 
 the fifty-ton smelter is working to its utmost capacity. 
 Camp. There are more than forty men at work. The company 
 
 is a New York concern, and they are driving their main 
 tunnel straight through the mountain, by means of which they expect to 
 intersect all the veins, which they then propose to work out or develop. 
 This company is prosecuting its workings in a systematic and business-like 
 manner, pay promptly every month, and propose to get what is in the 
 Rosemont in the shortest time possible; or, if it proves the bonanza which 
 present showings indicate, make this one of the prominent camps of 
 the Southwest. 
 
 The Empire district, seven miles south of Pantano sta- 
 The EmDire tion ' on the Soutnern Pacific railroad, has received little 
 
 attention the last few years on account of the decline in 
 District. silver. The ores are found in a limestone formation and 
 
 come in bunches, usually of great richness. Contrary to 
 I he general impression, operations have not entirely ceased, and shipments 
 of high-grade ores are constantly being made. 
 
 Retracing our steps to Greaterville and thence descend- 
 The Patagonia m ^ * ne S rassv mesa to the Sonoita valley, we find in the 
 Patagonia mountains another vast and undeveloped min- 
 MtS. eral region. 
 
 The Empire Smelting and Mining Company are sup- 
 plying their 100-ton lead silver smelter from the old Flux mine and the 
 Hardshell, nnd. so far as we can learn, experience no difficulty in extract- 
 ing largo quantities of low-grade ore from these properties. 
 
66 Treasure Land. 
 
 The World's Fair mine is still in bonanza, the ore being extremely rich 
 in silver. A mill was erected on this property under a guarantee that ii 
 would work the ore, but. it has failed to come up to expectations, and the 
 owner of the mine is waiting for the manufacturers to take it out of his 
 way. 
 
 These are the only mines of any importance now being operated in the 
 argentiferous belt of the Patagonia mountains, the Enterprise and the 
 Trench having closed down temporarily. 
 
 In the copper belt in the vicinity of Washington camp, the work of de- 
 velopnlent is progressing. 
 
 The Duquesne company has an abundance of ore at the 235-foot level, 
 and are now sinking the main shaft, fully determined to make the mine a 
 big producer. Big bodies of ore are opened up sufficient to justify the be- 
 lief that the company have a large and very valuable property. The grade 
 of the ore is not high, but can be worked on the ground at a fair profit. 
 Some 250 tons of the ore have been shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., for treat- 
 ment. The working of this ore will determine largely the character of the 
 works that will be placed at the mine. The company is working quite a 
 force of men and, luckily for old Tucson, they draw most of their supplies 
 from here. 
 
 Crossing the range, about sixteen miles toward 
 TUCSOn Min- we reacu the Tucson mining district, which is probably 
 
 one of the oldest in Arizona. Less than five miles from 
 ing District. the Line City, it is a fine mineral region, prolific in ores 
 
 containing gold, Jead and silver in varying proportions. 
 Ancient excavations show extensive workings by the old Spanish and Mex- 
 ican miners, and the results of modern prospects prove that it is a rich 
 field for the investor. There is no extensive work being done here at pres- 
 ent, but in the near future this section is certain to attract attention. The 
 formation is granite, intersected by diorite dykes, which dykes are invari- 
 ably cut by the mineral-bearing fissures. Major H. A. Read is carrying 
 on extensive operations in this district. He is now down sixty feet on a 
 five-foot ledge of silver sulphide, carrying a small quantity of gold. The 
 mine is only a hundred yards from the railroad track, with wood and water 
 in abundance. 
 
 East of Tucson, in the foothills of the Santa Catalina 
 Santa Catalina mountains, there have been some wonderful discoveries 
 
 of precious mineral. Several of these have been exten- 
 MtS. sively worked, notably in the vicinity of Mammoth, a 
 
 mining camp near the San Pedro river. The Mammoth 
 Gold Mining and Milling Company has a large mill here, which is now idle, 
 owing to disagreement between the English and American stockholders. It 
 has been a large gold producer in the past, and the signs are now favorable 
 for extensive operations in the future. Tlfe Mohawk mines are on a con- 
 tinuation of the famous Mammoth mine, and are owned by The Mohawk 
 Mining and Milling Company, whose headquarters are at Hartford, Conn. 
 This company has pursued a conservative policy in developing its property 
 before going to the expense of erecting works, having, by means of a 
 horse whim, sunk a double compartment shaft 330 feet on the lead, and 
 driven over 1,000 feet of crosscuts and drifts at different levels. The re- 
 sults proving highly satisfactory, machinery for hoisting works and a 
 twenty-stamp mill were put up, and a three-inch pipe line laid to the pump- 
 ing plant, five miles distant and 700 feet lower. The pump, a Riedler, with 
 six-inch suction and five-inch discharge, has a capacity of 500,000 gallons 
 per twenty-four hours. 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 67 
 
 The Southern Belle is another valuable gold property upon which work 
 has been discontinued, owing to mismanagement. There is a good ten- 
 stamp mill 011 the property. 
 
 On the north side of the range, the Canada de Oro has long been known 
 for its valuable placers, and during the past few months Major H. C. 
 Ueno and Mr. Frank Newsam have taken up two square miles of ground, 
 about thirty-two miles from Tucson. They now have twenty-five men at 
 work building a dam at a considerable elevation for the storage of water. 
 Upon the completion of this they expect, after the summer rains, to have a 
 large supply of water with a pressure that will enable them to hydraulic 
 the placers, and, from the known richness of the ground, their enterprise 
 will probably be successful. 
 
 The Silver Belle district lies about forty-five miles north- 
 Silver Belle west of Tucson, and is one of the best copper and lead 
 
 districts in the country. The principal copper properties 
 District. are the Young America, Old Boot and Atlas, all of which 
 
 are being actively developed, with results satisfactory to 
 I heir owners. The greatest amount of work has been done on the Young 
 America and Old Boot. The formation is lime and porphyry, and the ore is 
 of good average value. The argentiferous lead properties are said to be ex- 
 ceedingly valuable. 
 
 In addition to the districts enumerated, there are others 
 Final COUlltV tributary to Tucson, and properly coming within the 
 scope of this review. Among these we instance the min- 
 MineS. eral region south of Casa Grande, now the scene of ex- 
 
 tensive operations, and the country north of Florence. 
 The principal ores receiving attention are those of copper and gold. Some 
 of the mines are well developed and producing bullion. The Ray copper 
 properties, north of Florence, are among the most considerable in the coun- 
 try, having been pronounced by one expert equal to the Anaconda. They 
 are now under bond to an English syndicate for a large sum. In the same 
 district are extensive deposits of low-grade gold ores, which will soon re- 
 ceive attention. 
 
 South of Tucson, in Sonora, Mexico, are the El Grupo and 
 Plomo properties, operated by Americans. They are near 
 Sonora Mines the international boundary line and reached from Tucson 
 over a good wagon road. A bi-weekly stage gives us reg- 
 ular communication with these settlements, and the open- 
 ing of a custom house at Sasabe by the Mexican government will throw all 
 their trade into Tucson. So far as we can learn, the results of operations 
 have been extremely satisfactory, and large milling plants will be erected 
 shortly. 
 
 Look OUt for Some of the peculiarities of gold mining are worthy of 
 ., the attention of those who are inclined to invest their 
 
 money on the strength of "assays across the ledge." Gold 
 Pay-Streak. is not so apt to be diffused through the whole width of 
 
 a ledge as some other metals are, and prefers to confine 
 itself to what are termed "pay-streaks," and frequently a few inches of 
 pay-streak give all the value to be found in a six-foot ledge. We recall an 
 instance where a twelve-inch pay-streak fertilized a ten-foot ledge, and the 
 inexperienced owner, who had built a twenty-stamp mill to work it, ran 
 through nine cubic feet of barren quartz to one cubic foot of ore for a year 
 before he discovered what he was doing. The moral of this is: Sample 
 the ledge in sections and look out for the pay-streak, if there is any, and 
 don't put up a mill to work a ten-foot ledge until you are sure you have 
 ten feet of ore. 
 
68 
 
 Treasure La ml. 
 
 THE PROSPECTOR. 
 
 Though I'm only an old prospector, 
 
 I'm not quite as green as I looks. 
 My knowledge is got from nature direct 
 
 An' not from y' Tmisty old books ; 
 So when experts samples a rock, 
 
 An' pretends to see what's behind it, 
 1 laugh, for I learnt long ago 
 
 Th' stuff's just about where y' find it . 
 
 When nature filled up th' cracks 
 
 In th' rocks, she didn't much can- 
 If them experts liked it or not, 
 
 For she dumped it most anywhere. 
 So git out y' pick and y' drill, 
 
 An' put lots of muscle behind 'em 
 / reckon you'll strike them rich ores 
 
 Exactly about where y' find em! 
 
 THE PEOSPECTOU. 
 
 In a mining country like Arizona, the poor prospector is one of tlu> 
 prominent agencies of development whose importance is often underesti- 
 mated. He endures hardships and privations that only those who have 
 experienced them can realize. He toils on in search of the precious metals, 
 and when he succeeds in finding a promising lode, his task is but begun. 
 For days, months, years perhaps, he drills into the -unyielding rock, follow- 
 ing the seams of ore until he displays sufficient to tempt the capitalist. Yet, 
 after all the stern lessons of toil and privation, when prosperity comes, he 
 lavishes his hard-earned wealth or divides it freely among his friends until 
 it is gone, and then begins anew. There are many noble hearts beating be- 
 neath the rough miner's .jacket, and a degree of honor, candor and intelli- 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 69 
 
 gence among them that evokes our respect. All honor to the hardy pioneer 
 of the golden hills, and may the visions of wealth that cheer his solitary 
 toil he fully realized! 
 
 The professional prospector's wealth is usually confined 
 -pt- e to the power of his muscles and his experience in locat- 
 
 ing the precious metals, and while this is a valuable cap- 
 GfUb-Stake. ital, it is not a complete equipment for his business, hence 
 the prevalence of what is called "grub-staking," which is 
 explained as follows: The prospector who has a reputation for fair deal- 
 ing and a thorough knowledge of his business induces some small capital- 
 ist or storekeeper to provide him with an outfit of cooking utensils, provis- 
 ions and mining implements and supplies, sufficient to last weeks or 
 months, as the case may be. To these are added a burro or two to carry 
 the "outfit," and with this equipment the prospector turns his back on civ- 
 ilization and proceeds to the hills he has selected for the scene of his labors. 
 The contract between the prospector and the party who thus "grub-stakes" 
 him is that all mineral discoveries shall be located for their joint benefit. 
 No formal contract is drawn up, the whole transaction being upon honor, 
 but we have never heard of a case wherein faith was broken. 
 
 Many of our citizens have acquired interests in valuable properties by 
 grub-staking needy prospectors. In this way Mr. Gleason obtained his in- 
 terest in the wonderful King of Arizona group, and we could mention 
 scores of others whose fortunes were founded on a "grub-stake." 
 
 It will, no doubt, be interesting to the reader to hear 
 
 Our Bullion something about our bullion producers. Mere reference 
 
 to what can be done or ought to be done is poor food, but 
 
 Producers. a statement of fact as to what has been done and is doing 
 
 is strong meat. 
 
 The fame of Arizona as a copper producer is well sustained. The great 
 camps of Bisbee, of Globe, Jerome (the United Verde mine), of the Clifton 
 region, have been producing actively for the past year. There has been an 
 increased production near Tucson, and large amounts of ore have been sent 
 to the local smelters at the railroad. 
 
 The mines at Rosemont, in the Santa Ritas, some twenty-five miles 
 southeast of Tucson, have changed ownership, and preparations are being 
 made to work them on a liberal scale. 
 
 The small copper smelter at Tucson has been running for some time 
 upon ores of local production, chiefly from Hughes camp, from Olive camp, 
 and the Sierritas. The copper ores received from July 1, 1895, to June 30, 
 1890, amounted to 2,200,000 pounds. The copper bullion shipped during the 
 same period weighed 265,751 pounds, and the copper matte 228,548 pounds. 
 
 In gold production the active and profitable factors are the Oro mine, 
 Old Glory and a number of other smaller plants in the vicinity of Tucson. 
 The Fortuna mine is still in bonanza and swelling the wealth of its owners. 
 The production exceeds $50,000 per month, the average assay value for 
 four months being $40 per ton. 
 
 The King of Arizona has just started its mill, and the clean-up of two 
 tons brought $1,200 in gold bullion. The ore is absolutely free milling, and 
 averages up in the hundreds. 
 
 In the Harquahalas a ten-stamp mill and a large cyanide plant are being 
 run on a good quality of ore, with* profit to the owners. 
 
 The Congress mine is one of the most prolific in the world. Three hun- 
 dred and fifty men are employed, and the mines and buildings are lighted 
 by electricity, and the company operates its own line of railroad. The 
 principal ore is a pyrite and carries an average of eight ounces to the ton. 
 The production of bullion is great, and the profit to the owners must be im- 
 
70 Treasure Land. 
 
 mense. The present reduction works consist of a forty-stamp mill and a 
 cyanide plant for the treatment of tailings, which will shortly be increased, 
 as the productiveness of the mine appears to be unlimited. 
 
 The Empire Smelting Company, at Crittenden, sixty miles from Tucson, 
 have already blown in their 100-ton smelter on argentiferous lead ores from 
 the Patagonia district, and as the management is more than ordfnarily 
 competent, we have no doubt the enterprise will be profitable. 
 
 We could furnish other examples of actual and profitable bullion pro- 
 ducers, but those given should satisfy the reader that we are already on a 
 working basis. 
 
 Ross Browne and every person since him, including H. 
 H. Bancroft, who has essayed to write a history of Ari- 
 ? ? ? zona, has had to interview the Hon. Sam. Hughes, and 
 
 the compilers of this volume have followed the illus- 
 trious examples. Mr. Hughes was born, like most chil- 
 dren, with a note of interrogation at the end of his tongue, but, unlike the 
 majority, it never dried up. His yearning to know has never been satis- 
 fied and never will be this side the grave. If he had had the opportunities 
 for acquiring knowledge enjoyed by the present generation he might have 
 concluded, like them, at an early age, that he knew it all, and ceased prose- 
 cuting useless inquiries. But Sam will never concede that he knows any- 
 thing and, consequently, is constantly acquiring information. Thus, when 
 he came to Arizona, in 1858, he immediately began to inquire all about it, 
 and, getting little satisfaction from the Americans, who usually considered 
 it the best place in the world to know as little about as possible, he inter- 
 viewed the oldest Mexican inhabitants, and thus became the depository of 
 information that would otherwise have been lost. Incidentally he has ac- 
 quired considerable information about other matters, which he has used 
 in his business for a number of years with profit to himself, and his pe- 
 culiar faculty of asking questions until people begin to think they know less 
 than he does, has made him one of the most important agencies in the de- 
 velopment of the territory. 
 
 We could have interviewed him, with profit to our readers, upon almost 
 any subject, but decided to confine ourselves as much as possible to that 
 of mining and minerals. 
 
 In the year 1769 a region of virgin silver \vas discovered 
 PlanchaS de " a * a P^ ace ca ^ e( i Arizona," which has been located at 
 various places by parties interested in "booming" their 
 Plata. own properties. When the news of this discovery was 
 
 made public, a vast multitude of people anxious to find 
 themselves suddenly rich, were attracted to the spot. At a depth of a few 
 yards masses of pure silver were found; several pieces weighed upward of 
 500 pounds, and one was reported a trifle short of two tons! In order to 
 protect this treasure, the commander of the Presidio of Altar sent troops 
 to bring it to him for safe keeping, and he retained it as the property of the 
 crown of Spain. The finders appealed to Guadalajara, and the authorities 
 there referred it to Madrid, where the matter was carefully considered dur- 
 ing leisure moments for the next seven years. The Spaniards rather hur- 
 ried their decision, according to American notions, for it found most of the 
 interested parties alive. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that it sus- 
 tained the crown, and it was ordered that thenceforth the mines should be 
 worked for the benefit of the king of Spain. 
 
 After the promulgation of this decree only the Gambuslnos took any 
 further interest in the silver question, and they sought it where the officers 
 of the crown could not find them. One party crossed the Santa Cruz valley 
 to the Patagonia mountains and discovered the Mina del Padre, afterwards 
 called the Trench mine, near Harshaw, and another continued east to the 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 71 
 
 Huachucas, and at the southeast end of this range they found rich silver 
 deposits. These they worked with such implements as they had, and the 
 tunnels they ran can be seen to-day. Operations were abandoned here for 
 some reason, and at the northeast end of the range a deposit of virgin cop- 
 per was found. The containing rock had probably fallen 
 Planchas de a^'uy, leaving the sheets of copper, some of them four 
 inches thick, lying exposed upon the ground. Carts were 
 Cobre. made to haul the pieces that could not be cut up, to the 
 
 different missions. 
 
 This copper was used for making large pans for rendering tallow and 
 making soap, and there are several of them still in the country, one of them 
 being in Tucson at the present time. Still another party of the Gambusinos 
 traveled northwest from the unsatisfactory Plancha de Plata country, into 
 the Papagueria, where they discovered gold. Others mined turquoise in 
 the Silver Bell district, turquoise being them a medium of exchange with 
 the Indians, and therefore as valuable as silver for the purchase of local 
 products. 
 
 At the time of the Planchas de Plata excitement, Guevavi, near Nogales, 
 was the supply station, and Altar the military post of the northwest, the 
 civil authorities having headquarters at Caborca, but why this peculiar 
 segregation was made is not apparent. 
 
 The first aerolite discovered in Arizona was found by 
 The First Spanish soldiers in the Santa Rita mountains, near the 
 
 site of Rosemont, in the early part of the century, but it 
 Aerolite. was evidently only a portion of a very large one. An- 
 
 other piece of this aerolite was found in 1858. Both were 
 used as anvils until their true value was discovered by Americans, after 
 the Gadsden purchase. One piece is now in the Smithsonian institute and 
 the other in San Francisco. 
 
 Platinum has been found in this vicinity in small quauti- 
 Platinum and t * es ' n tat>ly in the Sierritas, Santa Ritas, and on the 
 northwest side of the Santa Catalinas. The best show- 
 Tin, ing is in the Sierritas, where it always has free gold at- 
 tached to it. It may appear in commercial quantity 
 without being noticed, as our prospectors are only on the lookout for the 
 principal metals. Tin has also been found in small quantities in the copper 
 belt of the Santa Ritas, around Rosemont, but no special attention has been 
 trivi'U it. 
 
 .Manganese, borax and aluin appear in belts through the county, the 
 principal being one passing west of Tucson, and another up the Sonoita 
 valley. 
 
 There were several great mining excitements prior to the 
 
 Mining American occupation, the most notable being that of 1851. 
 
 Mr. Hughes notes that which originated with Gen. 
 
 Excitements. Larion. While chasing Apaches near Charleston, his 
 
 scouts brought in rich ore samples, and in an effort to 
 
 lind the vein the general raised large parties in Tucson, Tubac and Santa 
 
 Cruz, but it was never found by them. In January, 1851, the Apaches 
 
 raided the vicinity of Tucson and had several encounters with the garrison. 
 
 They were about to attempt to carry the Presidio by assault when they 
 
 learned that a large body of Papagoes were coming from the south. They 
 
 immediately negotiated a truce through a captive named Jose Antonio 
 
 Acuna and marched off, leaving Acuna with his countrymen. 
 
 This man had lived with the Apaches for years, and upon regaining 
 his freedom returned to Sonora and raised an excitement by declaring that 
 somewhere between the Salt and the Puerco rivers there existed a large 
 deposit of pure lead, from which the Indians obtained their bullets. The 
 
72 Treasure Land. 
 
 Mexicans, knowing that lead is never found in a pure state, decided that 
 the deposit was silver, and organized a grand expedition under the leader- 
 ship of Gen. Carrasco. Over 500 men started from Ures, but Carrasco dy- 
 ing, he was succeeded by Tapia. The party followed Acuna into the heart 
 of the Apache country, but when, according to Acuna, they were a few 
 miles only from the deposit, they were attacked by Indians and driven back. 
 
 These mining excitements were not confined to the Mexicans. The re- 
 ports reached California, and American adventurers tried to reacii the fabu- 
 lous silver deposits. 
 
 Under date of July 9, 1851, a Mexican reported to his government that 
 "Tucson is invaded by forty-eight Americans from California, and (500 men 
 are on the way. Owing to the ravages of the cholera, there are only twenty 
 able men in Tucson, and not many more in Santa Cruz." 
 
 In August Americans were reported from Tubac and Magdalena; 300 
 upon the left banks of the Colorado and Gila rivers, and another party en- 
 camped between Santa Cruz and Tucson. These Americans appear to have 
 become sick and discouraged, and before the end of the year had disap- 
 peared. 
 
 In 1855 an official return gave Tubac a population of 249, and Tucson 
 760. 
 
 The average business man who invests in mines, either 
 
 HOW It IS ^ OI P^ easure or Profit, occasionally makes a mistake and 
 
 gets neither. Perhaps he ought to keep to what he 
 
 Done. understands, but as this is asking too much, we take the 
 
 liberty of making a few suggestions that, if followed, will 
 
 assist him to lose his money in the least possible time. 
 
 When you have purchased a mine that is guaranteed to pay from the 
 grass roots, invest your money freely, as grass is a certain sign of richness, 
 and a bald-headed mine shows barrenness. 
 
 If the grass has been eroded by the operation of nature or the cattle, 
 and your expert refers to a ledge and recommends development, you should 
 order a milling plant immediately. See that the power is twice as much 
 as you require, as you will have to either double your capacity after run- 
 ning a week or quit the business. 
 
 In selecting a superintendent, engage the services of a bright commer- 
 cial traveler or office man; in default of these hunt up a retired army chap- 
 lain or superannuated preacher. If you get an experienced man he will 
 insist that he knows more than you do and give you no end of trouble. 
 
 After ordering your mill and engaging your superintendent, erect some 
 elegant office buildings and residences, so that when you visit the property 
 you can have some comfort. 
 
 As most of your mining will be done in the office of the superintendent, 
 see that this is well furnished with champagne and other solvents. If you 
 have selected the right man, this detail may be left to him. 
 
 After spending upon these preliminaries about three times as much as 
 you expected to invest, send a few men up to the mine. If they find that 
 the ore has disappeared, or that there is only enough of it to run a coffee- 
 mill, conclude that you have been swindled and get even by cussing the 
 country. 
 
 In 1852, Dr. Thome and a party of seven men were rc- 
 turning East from California by the southern overland 
 
 route, and were captured by the Apaches near Maricopa 
 Good Opening. Wells. Only himself and a man named Brown were 
 
 spared, and Brown disappeared soon after they reached 
 the Apache country. 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 73 
 
 The doctor practiced 011 the Indians for a long time, and as his profes- 
 sional services were highly valued, they refused to part with him. While 
 his party was camped in the vicinity of the Salt river, he went out hunting 
 with two boys, and one of them picked up a large nugget of gold from the 
 bare bedrock in a wash west of some small red hills. The doctor affected 
 an unconcern that he did not feel and took close observation of the sur- 
 rounding country, in order to identify the place if he ever obtained his 
 freedom. 
 
 After a variety of thrilling experiences he was able to abandon his 
 practice among the Apaches and located in Socorro, N. M., whence he titled 
 out and led two expeditions to find the gold deposit. They were both un- 
 successful, the country appearing to be full of small red hills, and the iu- 
 lirmities of age prevented him from making any further attempts. Many 
 men have since searched for the golden treasures, but as they have nut 
 yet been found, they are still open for location. 
 
 Coal, Marble, Mr - Chas. T. Connell, Tucson's city recorder, has been in 
 
 , - . the territory seventeen years, and his faith in its future 
 
 has never wavered. While superintendent of a large 
 
 Metals. mine in the Saginaw district, nine miles from Tucson, he 
 
 had an opportunity to^study the mineral character of this 
 
 section. He believes that right around Tucson is one of the greatest min- 
 
 eral belts in the country. He is part owner of one of the finest marble 
 
 quarries in the county, about twelve miles from the railroad. The grade is 
 
 superior, and it can be extracted clear in blocks of almost any size. It sup- 
 
 plies the marble works in Tucson, but capital is needed for extensive de- 
 
 velopment. In company with Mr. Alex. McKay, he made the first discov- 
 
 eries of coal in the Santa Rita mountains, a few miles from the railroad. 
 
 Experts pronounce it of good quality, and it only awaits capital to develop 
 
 it. Oil shale is also found in these mountains, and the Whetstones, also a 
 
 fine quality of fire-clay, but those who make these discoveries are not in 
 
 touch with capital, and development is retarded. 
 
 The Discovery T Qe discovery of the Silver King mine, whose almost 
 
 , ... fabulous richness first attracted attention to the mineral 
 
 resources of Southern Arizona, has been a favorite theme 
 
 Silver King 1 . for romancers. We are not going to add a new version, 
 
 bxit merely desire to state that we did not discover it, and 
 
 do not know who did. The first persons, however, to attach themselves to 
 
 it to any advantage were four farmers living near Florence, in Final county, 
 
 named Reagan, Copelaud, Mason and Long. They had already discovered 
 
 copper in the Globe district, and were therefore regularly in the business. 
 
 For this reason we are of the opinion that the Silver King did not discover 
 
 them. 
 
 Copeland and Long sold out to their partners for $80,000, under the 
 impression that the mine was too good to last, but this amount was made 
 from the net profits in less than six months. Then Charlie Mason weakened 
 and sold his interest to Col. James M. Barney, of Yuma, for $250,000. At 
 this time the first-class ores assayed $8,000 to $20,000 per ton, and were 
 shipped to San Francisco by way of Yuma. Soon after, Reagan began to 
 suspect the mine had a bottom to it, and sold out to Barney for $300,000. 
 
 Col. Robt. Williams reached Final just as this deal was consummated 
 and opened an hotel. His was the first substantial building erected outside 
 of those belonging to the Silver King company, but as the permanency of 
 the mine was demonstrated, other buildings were erected. The company's 
 pay-roll seldom fell below $40,000 per month, and the camp was prosperous 
 until the decline in silver and the scarcity of ore in the mine caused a 
 cessation of work and the practical abandonment of the camp. 
 
74 Treasure Land. 
 
 Among the colonel's stories is one that illustrates the 
 
 The DavS Of methods employed to boom mining stock in Silver King 
 
 y and Comstock days, where there was a live superintend- 
 
 76. ent at one end of the line and skilful financiers at the 
 
 other. 
 
 The Seventy-Six mine was located near enough to the Silver King mine, 
 in Final county, to have some savor of goodness in the eyes or a gullible 
 public, but industrious and expensive excavations produced nothing but 
 "holiness;" in fact, as the colonel expresses it, "there wasn't a smell of ore." 
 If the company couldn't get ore there was nothing but common sense to 
 prevent them from procuring a mill, and a five-stamp plant was erected to 
 grind out hope for the stockholders. But even hope failed, and the super- 
 intendent was called upon to cooperate with the directors of the Seventy-Six 
 company to get them out of the hole. 
 
 Copeland had sold out his interest in the Silver King to Mason and 
 Reagan, but retained possession of the dump, from which all the $20,000 
 ore had been selected and shipped. When he had sorted this over again to 
 his own satisfaction, he sold the rest of the dump to four Frenchmen for 
 $1,000, and they also found fine pickings; then two of them bought out the 
 others for $10,000, and still had a small fortune left. The superintendent 
 of Seventy-Six saw the possibilities of this dump, and proposed to the 
 owners to run the balance of the ore through his mill at so much per ton, 
 the bullion to be marketed through his company. As the ore was now too 
 low grade for shipment, they readily agreed, and the stock market was 
 soon impressed with the fact that the Seventy-Six was turning out bullion 
 at the rate of several bars a day, and without stopping to investigate the 
 question of ownership, the public made such a rush for stock that it went 
 up to $7.50 a share. Of course, it wasn't worth the smallest fraction of a 
 cent, but this was not discovered until the inside stockholders and the su- 
 perintendent had unloaded. 
 
 The mill was afterwards sold to the Silver King company, but "the 
 hole was too deep for a grave and not long enough for a well." 
 
 To succeed in mining you must not only possess the 
 A Miner MUSt necessary means, but what is commonly called grit the 
 
 courage to go ahead in the face of discouragement, and 
 Have Grit. often contrary to the dictates of experience. We recall 
 
 several notable successes which would have been fail- 
 ures but for the grit of the owners of the properties. Mr. Gage spent 
 $50,000 on the Grand Central, at Tombstone, and advised the owners to 
 stop work, as there w T as nothing there, but they insisted on doubling tin? 
 loss or finding a mine. The mine was found at an additional expense of 
 $5,000. The Colorada, at Minas Prietas, Sonora, absorbed $140,000 and 
 about all the faith of the owners, but one of them insisted on making the 
 loss an even $150,000, and a few feet more work opened up a body of ore 
 that yielded $7,000,000 in two years. The writer once led a forlorn hope 
 in a mine that had "petered out" and been condemned by half a dozen 
 experts. He drove a few feet into the hanging wall and struck the true 
 vein, and approved the judgment of those who persisted in finding a mine 
 there. 
 
 A pile of waste dirt and rock, with perhaps a sprinkling 
 The Deserted ^ ore ' * s ^ oun( ^ a * tne entrance of every hole in the hill 
 
 intended for a mine. In some cases the hole was aban- 
 Dump. doned because it did not come up to expectations; in 
 
 others, because the owners found it rich enough to quar- 
 rel over, or if a company enterprise, the corporate courage gave out before 
 the ore came in. There is nothing so forcibly impresses the mind of a 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 
 
 75 
 
 novice in mining as a massive dump with a good hole attachment. Many 
 people are so fastidious that they won't look at a dump they haven't pulled 
 out themselves. Hence the prevalence of dumps! A large dump looks like 
 business and proves the existence of a hole somewhere. Every atom of the 
 weather-stained pile represents a bead of perspiration and a dissipated 
 dollar; it is typical of amalgamted toil, crushed hope and lixiviated faith; 
 of long store accounts and dishonored drafts. Hope, faith, means, energy 
 and labor transformed into a sad-eyed, silent dump! Everything is gone 
 but the dump we sit upon everything but the hole here, and the caving 
 walls will soon sit upon that! 
 
 "And the brawny prospector will come 
 And swear, from the top of that stump, 
 
 In a soft, solemn way, as he thinks 
 Of the suckers that fathered this dump!" 
 
 Pi MA COCXTY OFFICERS: 
 
 1. M. G. Samaniego, Supervisor. 
 'A. R. X. Leatherwood. Sheriff. 
 ">. C. F. Hoff, Treasurer. 
 
 2. T. D. Satterwhite, District Attorney. 
 4. F. G. Hughes, Clerk Supervisors. 
 6. J. S. Wood, Probate Judge. 
 
 7. C. A. Shibell, Recorder. 
 
76 Treasure Land. 
 
 To a person familiar with the powerful machinery used in 
 
 the large machine shops in the East, the plant established 
 
 Gold in Tucson by local enterprise will appear insignificant, but 
 
 Producers Jt ^ nevertneless ' as complete in its way as any in the 
 
 country. Every modern appliance has been adapted to the 
 
 requirements of the miners and farmers of this section 
 
 by the enterprising firm of Gardiner, Worthen & Goss, who are all practical 
 
 mechanics and well acquainted with the local needs. 
 
 As much of their trade is with mining concerns, they are close observers 
 of the progress of this industry. They note increased development and some 
 wonderful gold discoveries. As a bullion producer the Oro mine, south of 
 Tucson, is making a reputation; large bodies of rich ore have been un- 
 covered lately, but the company is a close corporation and figures are not 
 accessible. The Mohawk gold mines, in the Santa Catalinas, are producing 
 steadily, and the adjacent Mammoth property is expected to start up soon 
 with a 200-ton daily milling capacity. 
 
 In his capacity as resident agent of The Singer Sewing 
 
 Machine Company, Mr. Theo. G. Fitch travels extensively 
 
 Activity in in Southern Arizona and on the west coast of Mexico, and 
 
 Mining 1 . nas unusual opportunities for marking the progress of the 
 
 sections tributary to Tucson. Never in the history of the 
 
 country has there been so much activity in mining or so 
 
 much confidence in the future. There is a constant demand for meritorious 
 
 properties, and this circumstance has encouraged prospectors to work with 
 
 unaccustomed energy, with the result of uncovering rich mineral deposits 
 
 hitherto unsuspected. The influx of capital into this region is unprecedented, 
 
 and investors appear to be, generally, well-satisfied with the outlook, and 
 
 many of them are making money. The facilities here for successful mining 
 
 exceed those of any other mineral section, and the time is not far distant 
 
 when Southern Arizona will take rank where it belongs. 
 
 Mr._ and Mrs. Lewis D. McLain, of Pueblo, Colo., have 
 been spending the season in Tucson, and are enthusiastic 
 
 TUCSOn Beats over its incomparable climate. Having spent several win- 
 
 Them All. ters in Mexico > Cuba, the Bahamas, Florida and other re- 
 
 sorts, they feel that they are able to judge of the relative 
 merits of these places, and their verdict is that Tucson 
 beats them all. 
 
 Mr. McLain claims that if it was generally known in the Eastern states 
 what a combination of advantages Tucson possesses in the way of altitude; 
 little irrigation, hence practically no humidity; dry, bracing air; fine drives 
 and mountain scenery, we would need several additional hotels and hun- 
 dreds of cottages to accommodate visitors. 
 
 But this country has more than climate. The wonderful 
 TT mineral resources will attract mining men and investors 
 
 from all over the country, for here are some of the best 
 Something More gold, silver and copper prospects in the world. 
 Than Climate. Mr. McLain has been for years largely interested in 
 
 Colorado mines, and was among the first to realize the 
 possibilities of Cripple Creek. He saw its population increase in a few years 
 from 200 to 40,000, and believes that this section, with proper development, 
 will show up properties that will equal anything yet discovered in Colorado. 
 
 He believes the erection of a large smelter here would pay a handsome 
 interest on the investment. 
 
 As a proof of his confidence in the faith that is in him, he has made 
 several investments in mines during his stay, and expects to return early 
 next fall to Tucson and take a more active interest in the development of 
 her mineral resources. 
 
Treasures of Wealth. 
 
 SOME OF THE DEPAIiTMEXTS OK STORE OK L. /KCK EXDOKK A: Co. 
 
 The Dynamics 
 
 of 
 Business. 
 
 It is a law of physical dynamics that bodies attract in 
 proportion to their mass, and this law prevails to a great 
 extent in the business world. The merchant seeks a mar- 
 ket for his purchases where immense stocks are carried, 
 and his choice is unfettered by any limitation but that of 
 his own credit.. No matter how favorably situated a place 
 may be, it .can not control trade unless its merchants are in a position to 
 meet every demand made upon them. Tucson is no more favorably situated 
 than several other points in Southern Arizona, but the appreciation of the 
 dynamical law referred to has given it control of the trade of this section. 
 Our merchants realize the nature of their supremacy, and the visitor who 
 has not closely considered the conditions, marvels at the immense stocks 
 of merchandise they carry. The maintenance of this tenure, however, de- 
 pended for years upon one firm exclusively, and to their capital and enter- 
 prise must be imputed its present existence. 
 
 The origin of the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. dates from 1854, but the 
 present establishment was founded fourteen years later. For over twenty 
 years it has been under the immediate management of Mr. Albert Steinfeld, 
 the resident partner, to whose energy and ability is due the prosperity of 
 the house and its present high reputation for enterprise and integrity. The 
 senior partner, Mr. Louis Zeckendorf, resides permanently in New York, and 
 handles the Eastern business of the house. 
 
 The Tucson establishment is located on the corner of Pearl and Main 
 streets, and comprises two large stores, one 85x188 feet, with basement de- 
 voted to general merchandise, and the other 65x150 feet, wherein is kept the 
 largest stock of furniture, carpets, etc., in the Territory. Besides these two 
 immense structures, the firm has a large warehouse at the railroad depot. The 
 business of the firm is not confined to merchandising; it buys and sells 
 hides, makes advances on ore consignments and transacts a general bank- 
 ing and agency business. 
 
 Its importations are made direct from manufacturers in carload lots, 
 and it has the exclusive handling for Southern Arizona of some of the 
 most reputable brands of poods. The smaller merchants find it to their 
 advantage to purchase from them in preference to ordering direct, and as 
 
78 Treasure Land. 
 
 Tucson is made a distributing point by the Southern Pacific company, a large 
 wholesale and jobbing trade is transacted with tributary towns. 
 
 The management of such an extensive business calls for executive 
 ability of the highest order and the employment of able subordinates, and by 
 judicious selection and fair treatment the firm has gathered a corps of as- 
 sistants unequalled in the country. 
 
 Mr. Steinfeld is assisted in the management by Mr. Hugo J. Donau, one 
 of the brightest young business men in the Territory, whose experience covers 
 every department and gives him a ready grasp of every situation. 
 
 The ofHce is in charge of Mr. Frank B. Wightman, head bookkeeper; Mr. 
 Adolph Steinfeld, 'assistant; Thos. A. Legarra, bill clerk, and Miss Clara 
 Evans, cashier, all first class people and experts in their positions. 
 
 Mr. Frank H. Lee is in charge of the wholesale grocery department and is 
 probably as well posted on freight rates as any man in the country. 
 
 The retail grocery department is superintended by Mr. R. J. Adams, an 
 experienced man, who, during the short time he has been with the firm 
 has proved himself a valuable acquisition. 
 
 The hardware department, wholesale and retail, is in charge of Mr. J. 
 H. Caister, formerly resident territorial agent for The Simmonds Hard\v:n 
 Company, of St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. A. Allande, with a corps of assistants, has supervised the lar?, r < 
 wholesale dry goods department for many years, and his knowledge of the 
 business and treatment of the patrons of the house has done much to 
 accredit it. 
 
 The retail department is handled by Mr. Henry S. Campbell, one of the 
 best salesmen and managers in the West. He makes semi-annual trips to 
 the East to select seasonable novelties, and since his connection with the 
 firm, the ladies of Tucson have had no occasion to send elsewhere for their 
 gowns in order to be fashionable. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Fink has charge of the notions and millinery department, as- 
 sisted by Miss Millie Katzenstein. 
 
 Mr. Fernando E. Aguilar has been in the firm's employ for fifteen years, 
 advancing step by step until he is now the head of the gents' furnishing 
 department. 
 
 Mr. Vic. Hanney has charge of the clothing department, and handles the 
 largest and best-selected stock in the territory. 
 
 Mr. Harry Drachman is a native son of the southwest, and was the 
 first American child born of American parents in Tucson. He has been with 
 the firm for thirteen years and has charge of the shoe department, for 
 which he has established such a reputation for fair dealing that the L. Z. & 
 Co. brands of shoes are accredited all over the territory. He is also city 
 treasurer and a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias. 
 
 The business of these departments is all transacted under the one roof, 
 and the facilities surpass anything found outside of the largest emporiums 
 in the country. The visitor who surveys the busy scene from the balcony 
 that extends along three sides of the interior will hardly credit the evidence 
 of his senses, and imagines himself in one of the largest department stores 
 of New York. Twenty-five clerks are constantly moving about, attending 
 to the wants of customers or putting up orders, while the packing room 
 in the rear presents one of the busiest scenes imaginable. 
 
 Leaving the main store and crossing Pearl street, we reach the furniture 
 department, presided over by Mr. Ed. W. Bowers, one of the most ex- 
 perienced furniture men in the country, who came here originally for his 
 health. His "stock is not only the largest in the Territory, but the best- 
 selected, everything being new and of the very latest design. His orders 
 come direct from the leading factories in carload lots, and he is able to 
 defy competition. He keeps a force of upholsterers constantly employed, and 
 his trade extends over Southern Arizona and Sonora. 
 
A LAND or BEEE 
 
 AS WELL AS BULLION. 
 
 SIERRA BONITA RANCH: Home Ranch and Cattle. 
 
 THE STOCKMAN. 
 
 Without a care to irr inkle In's hmir, 
 
 He ri<(es o'er flu' mesas t/reen and broirn : 
 
 Anil if he fli ink*. 'tis l ironder liotr 
 .^onie people can lire iti a loirn .' 
 
 h'or the Ktncknuiii'N lift 1 in <i* irihl and free 
 AN a hinf'x. * In 1 ski nix o'er the f/mx.s// sen : 
 And he rides or rests, at his oirn street trill. 
 \Vliile the lieere* t/rotr fatter on />/din and hill. 
 
80 Treasure Land. 
 
 A Land Of T UG Question of beef supply has been a leading one from 
 
 f TIT 11 time immemorial and previously. It has lost none of its 
 Keel as Weil importance, and while we do not propose to devote so 
 as Bullion. much attention to it in the future as at present, we note 
 the fact that it is an important industry and a very profit- 
 able one. For the present, and until tile land is required for agricultural 
 purposes, about one-half of Arizona's area can be used for grazing lands 
 of superior quality. The climate of Southern Arizona is peculiarly favor- 
 able both to the healthful development and inexpensive care of animals, 
 and they are here exempt to a large extent from the numerous diseases 
 with which they become afflicted in most parts of the country. 
 
 Cattle, sheep and horses are of the improved breeds, and progress has 
 been continually made in this direction. 
 
 The development of the artesian water supply and the erection of sur- 
 face wells and windmills, the conditions for which seem most favorable, 
 will render the whole extent of our grazing lauds available. 
 
 Alfalfa flourishes here as it does nowhere else, and the fattening of cat- 
 tle and hogs on the farms has become a most profitable business. 
 
 There were shipped from the territory during the past fiscal year, 
 ending June 30, 189(5, 220,583 head of cattle, which, at an average value of 
 $12.50 per head, gave a return of $2,757,287.50. 
 
 When the military posts established under the Spanish 
 The First ru ^ e * P r t ec t * ne northern frontier of Mexico were 
 
 abandoned, after the revolution, the bloody Apache in 
 Graziers. the west, and the warlike Comanche in the east, overran 
 
 the country. Prior to this time the country lying in what 
 is now Pima county was celebrated as one of the finest stock ranges in 
 Mexico. The ranches belonging to the Elias family, of Arispe, who were 
 wealthy graziers, carried more than 100,000 head of cattle, and branded 
 yearly from 25,000 to 30,000 head of calves; all of which were swept away, 
 together with the stock of the other ranches on the San Pedro and the 
 Santa Cruz, by the Apaches, between the years 1830 and 1840. The ranches 
 were abandoned, the rancheros seeking shelter in the nighboring presidios 
 and pueblos of Tucson, Tubac and Santa Cruz, where they maintained a 
 doubtful defense against the savages. 
 
 StOCk Raisin? Tne facilities afforded by nature for the growing of 
 horses, cattle and sheep in Pima county are equal, if 
 fa not superior, to those of any other portion of the United 
 
 Pima County. States. Its mild and delightful climate, its extensive 
 ranges, and the variety of feed which they contain con- 
 tribute to this. 
 
 Experience shows that cattle thrive under the tropical heat of the sum- 
 mers, while the mildness of the winter climate is exceedingly well adapted 
 to the growth and development of stock. The entire absence of blizzards 
 and snow storms makes the ranges peculiarly valuable. It is not necessary 
 to store feed for winter use, thus avoiding the expense of cutting, hauling 
 and storing the enormous quantities of hay necessary for the maintenance 
 of large herds in less favored sections of the country. 
 
 In order that cattle may thrive, it is necessary that they have large 
 tracts of unoccupied laud upon which to graze. The raising of large herds 
 in limited enclosures has been found not only expensive, but practically 
 impossible. Pima county being as yet sparsely populated, furnishes ranch- 
 men wide .and extensive ranges for their stock. With mountain and rolling 
 hills on the one hand, and forest and grassy plains on the other, the advant- 
 ages for breeding are superior. 
 
 Our ranges afford a great variety of feed for stock, but they may be 
 classed into the general heads, grasses, browse and cacti. 
 
A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 81 
 
 There are a great many species of grasses. They may be subdivided 
 into two classes seed and root grasses. Seed grasses are those which come 
 from the seed after the rainy seasons, and of these there is a great variety. 
 While they are still green and tender they make excellent feed for stock, 
 and when they mature their seed is exceedingly fattening. Under this sub- 
 head, too, must be considered the countless varieties of weeds which are 
 produced by the winter rains, and which make very fine feed, especially 
 when they come into seed. Root grass, in addition to growing from the 
 seed, also sprouts from the roots, and lives throughout the year, and is 
 very valuable for stock purposes. 
 
 The value of browse as feed for stock can not be overestimated. In 
 fact, without it stock, and especially cattle, do not seem to do well. The 
 trees which furnish this browse are the "raesquite," "palo verde," "tesota," 
 "binorama," which grow on the bottoms and rolling mesas, and many 
 scrub plants of the foothills and mountain sides. Each one of these pro- 
 duces first a blossom and then either a berry or a bean, both of which are 
 greatly relished by stock. The flower and bean of the "mesquite," "palo 
 verde" and "tesota" are particularly nourishing and fattening, and when 
 they are in season stock prefer them to all other kinds of food. 
 
 Cacti are a growth peculiar to tropical climates. They are very abund- 
 ant in Pima county, and include a great number of species. For stock pur- 
 poses, however, the principal kinds are the Tuna and the Cholla. Both of 
 these are very thorny species, and to one who has not seen it, it seems im- 
 possible that anything with flesh and feeling could eat it. However, when 
 the sprigs are young and tender, cattle will travel miles to get them. 
 
 The great variety of feed, and the fact that these are constantly succeed- 
 ing each other, throughout the year, in their seasons of maturity, are the 
 chief and peculiar advantages which ranges in Pima county offer for the 
 raising of stock. 
 
 The natural increase of cattle equals that of the most favored section 
 of the range area. Ninety and 9b per cent, is not unusual when the max- 
 imum number of bulls is kept. This is owing to the perfect climate and 
 extreme healthfulness and purity of the air. The loss from all sources is 
 estimated not to exceed 3 per cent, yearly, and epidemic diseases are un- 
 known. No part of the United States can produce cheaper beef than 
 Arizona, and none brings more profit to the cattlemen. On the broad plains 
 and rich pastures of Southern Arizona fortunes are awaiting men of 
 energy and enterprise. The vast stretches of rich pasture land will yet be 
 utilized and covered with thousands of cattle. 
 
 While vicious acts of cattle do not often materialize, the 
 The Perils Of inexperienced cowboy occasionally receives a lesson in 
 
 prudence, as the following incident will show: 
 
 Branding. "The operation of branding proceeded as usual, one 
 
 man roping the animal from his horse and dragging it 
 into the side corral (or enclosure), another casting and tying, while a third 
 branded, ear-marked and castrated. 
 
 "The man to whom had been assigned the work of branding had oc- 
 casion to step into the main corral at the moment that a throw of the lasso 
 had caused a commotion among the cattle gathered there, and the herd 
 rushed towards him. 
 
 "Taking it for granted that they would pass to one side of him. as they 
 had done before, he paid little heed to them, but one vicious heifer, who 
 had already given some trouble, became frantic and furious, and seeing a 
 man on foot, she bounded towards him with frothing mouth and lashing 
 tail. He did not observe her until she was upon him, and then his danger 
 paralyzed him. His strength forsook him and the iron in his hand fell from 
 his nerveless grasp. There was no hope of escape, and he felt himself 
 falling when he was jerked upward from the ground and lost consciousness. 
 
82 Treasure Land. 
 
 "When he recovered he learned that one of his companions had been 
 quick to notice his peril and, seeing that nothing could be done to stop the 
 brute's furious onslaught, had lassoed him in a flash and hauled him out of 
 the line of danger." 
 
 You can not very well do it if you travel in Arizona ex- 
 
 KeCD Off the tensively, especially in the southern section. At this 
 
 ^ season of the year (spring) we have more different kinds 
 
 Grass. of grasses than any country on earth, and they grow as 
 
 if it was their only opportunity. For range purposes, 
 
 however, we count only on eleven different indigenous and acclimated 
 
 plants that, curing on the stalk, without cutting or other attention at the 
 
 hand of man, comprise the great bulk of our valuable fattening food for 
 
 range stock. The following is a list of the plants referred to: 
 
 Sporobulus wi'ightii (Sacaton grass) This grass is found principally in 
 the valleys, reaches the height of eight or nine feet, grows some all the year. 
 but very rapidly after July rains, and blooms in September. It is very 
 hardy, stands a great deal of pasturing, but is readily killed out by fire. 
 It grows both from seed and the roots; is hard to mo\v on account of grow- 
 ing tussocks, but makes excellent hay when cut early. 
 
 Chloris alba An annual grass growing largely in swales where there 
 is rich soil, frequently overflowed. It has a large proportion of seed, much 
 sought after by stock, and produces a large quantity of foliage, making 
 excellent food. It is in some parts called Crowfoot graina. 
 
 Bouteloua oligostachya (blue grama, mesquite grass) This grass is 
 the main reliance of range stock in Arizona, and it is eaten by them in 
 preference to any other. Cut for hay at the period of its growth when the 
 seed has just passed the milk stage, it is very nutritious. Horses used 
 every day keep in good flesh when fed upon it exclusively. It cures better 
 on the stalk, retaining more of its substance, and lasts longer into the fol- 
 lowing year than any other range grass. It is not readily tramped out. 
 stands droughts well, and on ranges where it has apparently disappeared 
 because of droughts and overstocking comes again when rains are plentiful. 
 
 Aristida (white grama) The Mexicans call this grass chino, or the 
 curly grama. It is to all appearances the same as the blue grama, and is 
 about the same for food for stock on the range, but there is much less of it. 
 It is distinguished from the blue by a white flowering head. 
 
 Bouteloua polystacJiya (low grama grass) Grows rank on the edges of 
 ponds and where the water stands for a month or more during and after 
 the rainy season, also along slow-running streams. It is also found on 
 many varieties of soil, both on the mesas and on the prairie. It has the fat- 
 tening properties of all the grama grasses. 
 
 Buchloe (lactyloldes (buffalo grass) This grass furnishes a great 
 amount of feed, makes more of a sod than any other range grass, and is 
 valuable next after the grama. It is evenly and closely eaten by stock, and 
 grows from the seed and from the offshoots, as does Bermuda grass. 
 
 Hilaria James II. (Galleta or black bunch grass) While not considered 
 a first-class grass, is valued on account of being exceedingly hardy, with- 
 standing great drought; does not tramp out; iv.akes good hay when cut in 
 season; certain soils seem to much improve its nutritive qualities. 
 
 Festuca (pine bunch grass) Found throughout all the pine woods region 
 of Arizona; is valued very highly as winter range feed and makes fair 
 hay, but not as good as the grama grasses. 
 
 Atriplex (white sage) Very valuable in Northern Arizona, where the 
 snow often falls to a depth to cover the most of the summer grasses; stock 
 at such times live and thrive upon this plant, which grows on the order of 
 a small bush or shrub. 
 
A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 83 
 
 Erodimn (alfilaria) This is a plant native of California, brought in the 
 first instance in the- wool of flocks of sheep to the territory; found to do 
 very well in the lower plains of Southern Arizona; is very fattening and 
 is highly valued as a spring food, starting with very little rain and before 
 any of the native grasses. 
 
 Medicaffo sativa (alfalfa) This plant is called in different portions of the 
 world French clover, Spanish trefoil, Brazilian clover, Chilean clover, 
 medick, and lucerne. It is being cultivated in all parts of the United 
 States, but it no part floes it surpass the growth attained here on the irri- 
 gated lands. It furnishes food equally valuable for all kinds of stock, both 
 green and dry, and as a forage plant is invaluable to the stockmen of the 
 territory. It is of very ancient origin, having been cultivated in Greece 
 flve hundred years before the Christian era. 
 
 Future We make the following extract from the Governor's Re- 
 
 - .. a r .+!- P rt for 1895: 
 01 me Lame In 1883 it was believed, and this belief continued for 
 
 Industry. a number of years, until in the '90s, that the production 
 
 of beef was below the actual demand for consumption 
 that is, that the percentage of population was increasing faster than the 
 percentage of beef. Prices fell, however, in spite of theories, and contin- 
 ued to fall. Cattle men in every section of the country charged this condi- 
 tion of affairs to the large beef packers of Chicago. The government was 
 induced to look into it; senate committees investigated exhaustively, and 
 all interested watched closely. The result attained was that the packers 
 only followed the rule of all commercial men bought when they could 
 get the cheapest and sold when their product commanded the best price. 
 In fact, the charges against them were not proven. Arizona cattle men 
 suffered in common with all others from the depressed condition of affairs, 
 but a much better feeling pervades the community, since it is believed that 
 overproduction caused the low prices. The cattle men have regulated their 
 expense to meet their incomes. They now feel, because of substantial ad- 
 vance in prices received this year and the assurance of good range feed for 
 some years to come, that their business is in a better condition than it has 
 been for a long time past. With proper home legislation and governmental 
 compliance with their just requests, there is every reason to hope that the 
 dark days of depression are over. All our range men who can are increas- 
 ing their holdings. Quite a number of Northern cattle men have been buy- 
 ing stocked ranges in Arizona, seeing that a turn in the business for the 
 better is near at hand. 
 
 "The question is often asked, 'How long will the range business last?' 
 John J. Clay, Jr., who concededly stands at the head for his intimate 
 knowledge of range conditions in every part of America from the earliest 
 days of ranching on the plains to the present time, and whose success is 
 phenomenal as an all-around cattle man from the range to the great Chi- 
 cago market, where he stands easily first, adding weight and value to what 
 he says, answers this question in his Live Stock Report, as follows: 
 
 " 'That is easily answered. It is here to stay, probably on different con- 
 ditions, but it is a part and parcel of our American agriculture. It is a 
 means to an end. That end is beef or mutton, and as long as the plains 
 and mountains exist, with present climatic conditions, so will ranching. It 
 will be our great reservoir from which we can draw an endless number of 
 cattle and sheep, some of them fat, but most of them only feeders. Fences 
 will increase, meadows watered by mountain streams will be more numer- 
 ous, but there will still remain, whether surrounded by barbed wire or not, 
 a vast pastoral region which can only be used as a grazing ground. 
 
 " 'Life in the West, whether it be by some quiet stream that meanders 
 through the plains or under the shade of a snow-capped mountain, will al- 
 
84 Treasure Land. 
 
 ways have an attractive side. The air is pure, the climate fine, and there 
 is a freedom about it which compensates more or less for the sweets of civ- 
 ilization. 
 
 " 'Families grow up in Spartan simplicity, adapting themselves to the 
 circumstances surrounding the frontier, but they are silently building up. 
 with cattle and sheep, with spade and shovel, by school and teacher, a great 
 empire which thrives on the arts of peace and the sinew of the worker. 
 
 " 'In the distance I see the wild and woolly cowboy gradually trans- 
 formed into a quiet, unassuming citizen, with his homestead, meadow and 
 grazing lands, taking no chances except those which nature seems to pro- 
 vide in every clime and country. 
 
 " 'The work of revolution has begun, and the cattle on a thousand hills 
 will have hundreds of owners, who will improve their quality as well as 
 provide a greater quantity.' " 
 
 First Dr ' J * A ' Monk> of 124 ^ S. Spring street, Los Angeles, 
 
 has the most complete library of Arizona literature in 
 
 Impressions the country, and to him we are indebted for the fol- 
 
 of Arizona lowing: 
 
 I took my first glimpse of Arizona in the spring of 
 1884, and was so much impressed by what I saw that it has had me 
 fascinated ever since. 
 
 I entered the territory by Stein's pass on the Southern Pacific rail- 
 road, and stopped at Bowie station, near which place I spent several 
 weeks on a cattle ranch. 
 
 Just before reaching San Simon station in the San Simon valley, 
 there was pointed out to me, from the car window. San Simon's Head. 
 in the Chiricahua mountains. It is a perfect profile of a man's head 
 in repose, facing the sky. Nearby towers a noble butte, called Helen's 
 Doom, which received its name from a tragedy that happened many 
 years ago, when an army officer's daughter threw herself from its sum- 
 mit to certain death in order to escape a more horrible fate at the 
 hands of pursuing Indians. 
 
 At its base winds Apache pass, notorious in early days for the large 
 number of murders committed by the Apaches under their great leader, 
 Cochise, when overland travel to the Pacific was made by stage over 
 the Butterfield route. 
 
 In a cluster of hills midway of the pass nestles Fort Bowie, which 
 was established late in the '60's for the protection of travelers and 
 settlers, and has witnessed many a hard-fought battle with the Indians 
 who infested that region. 
 
 Upon the opposite slope stands bold Dos Cabezas, whose giant double 
 head of solid granite is a conspicuous landmark over a wide scope of 
 country. 
 
 Next comes Railroad pass, which was named by Lieut. J. G. Parke 
 in 1885 on account of its easy grade and facility for railroad construc- 
 tion. It is a fine cattle range and its broad meadows of the nutritious 
 grama grass is the feeding ground for the herds of the Pinaleno ranch. 
 
 From the pass, in a southwesterly direction, can be seen the rocky 
 pinnacles of Cochise's stronghold in the Dragoon mountains, where tho 
 doughty Apache chief had his favorite rendezvous for many years, and 
 into which place, when closely pressed, he invariably retreated for safety. 
 
 High above the surrounding country majestic Mt. Graham roars its 
 pine-crested head at an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet above the sen 
 level. 
 
 Everything was new and entirely different from anything that I had 
 seen before. The landscape was strangely fascinating: mountains 
 bounded the horizon in every direction, and a veil of purple haze softened 
 every object in sight. 
 
A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 85 
 
 One year prior to my visit, my brother, Judge E. R. Monk, located 
 Pinaleno ranch in Railroad pass and stocked it with cattle. It was iu 
 the height of the cattle boom, when a scrub Mexican cow and calf de- 
 livered on the range cost $30. To make such a start was risky business, 
 not only because of the high prices of cattle, but also on account of 
 frequent raids that were made by hostile Indians, when ranchmen were 
 killed and the stock driven off. However, the venture proved a success, 
 and after many years of vicissitude, such as are incident to the stock 
 business, the M. O. K. outfit still occupies its old range. 
 
 The drive to the ranch was delightful, being about ten miles out, and 
 reached by a road that skirted the Dos Cabezas mountains. Being a 
 new range there was an abundance of grass everywhere and the cattle 
 fared sumptuously. Riding the range daily with the cowboys, inspecting 
 the cattle and watching their playful antics but gave me the desired 
 opportunity to see the country in detail and enjoy my outing to the 
 fullest extent. 
 
 Old Indian trails were numerous, and abandoned mescal pits showed 
 where, in days gone by, the Apaches had camped and feasted on mescal 
 and pinole. Railroad pass was at one time a favorite haunt of the Apaches, 
 and even as late as the date of my visit there was enough danger from 
 raiding Indians to make life exciting. 
 
 In the previous winter. Gen. Crook had driven the Apache chief, 
 Juh, and his renegades, into Mexico, where after an unusually hard 
 campaign he captured them in the Sierra Madre mountains. They were 
 brought back to their reservation at San Carlos and put to work raising 
 mnin instead of lifting scalps. The last contingent of about thirty 
 prisoners, with their guards and herds of horses and cattle, crossed our 
 range, and their fantastic appearance was an amusing sight to a tender- 
 foot, particularly as the Indians were harmless. 
 
 One of my first acquaintances was Col. H. C. Hooker, 
 ^i>rra Rnnita and since theu * have often enjoyed his genial hospi- 
 tality. He is the proprietor of the Sierra Bonita ranch, 
 
 Ranch. which is the most valuable ranch property in the ter- 
 
 ritory. It is located in Sulphur Spring valley, twenty- 
 two miles north of Wilcox and ten miles south of Fort Grant. He has 
 in ideal ranch home, which is a large, commodious house, built in the 
 Spanish style and elegantly furnished with all the latest modern im- 
 provements. In the midst of his interesting family and surrounded by 
 friends, he is fixed to enjoy the evening of his life in contentment and 
 plenty. He is a New Hampshire man and went to Arizona and settled 
 in his present location in 1863. He owns a large tract of land, which is 
 all under fence, and he has spent much time and money in experimental 
 farming. I saw as heavy grass and grain growing on his place as ever 
 grew anywhere. His herds consist of Durham and Hereford thorough- 
 bred and high-grade cattle, which command the highest market price. 
 His horses are equally good, and, indeed, he is only satisfied when he 
 has the best of everything. 
 
 He has lived in Arizona for thirty odd years and has had the ex- 
 perience of all pioneers in settling up a new country. He has been in 
 great peril from the Indians and he told me that in that time he has 
 had forty men killed by them. He has also lost much stock, which loss, 
 though caused by the Indians, the government, even at this late day, 
 has failed to make good. 
 
 The regular force of employes numbers twenty-five, all the best 
 men in their lines, and the rate of wages runs from $30 to $75 per month 
 and board. Mr. Hooker believes in securing the best of everything, in- 
 cluding help, and adherence to this principle has brought him the success 
 that now crowns his efforts. 
 
86 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 To this principle must also be attributed the perfection 
 of his herds, which by judicious selection of strains, 
 Cattle StOCk. al'ter careful experiment with each, has made his brand 
 a guarantee of perfection. He experimented with Dur- 
 ham and other breeds and finally adopted the Hereford 
 on account of its superior quality as a grass feeder. In 1881 he pur- 
 chased 220 head of registered bulls from T. L. Miller, of Beecher, 111., 
 for $30,000, then the largest importer of Herefords in the United States. 
 New blood has been constantly added since, and he now has the finest 
 herd in the country. His grass-fed steers average from twelve hundred 
 to fourteen hundred pounds and command the highest market price. The 
 records of the English market show that grass-fed Herefords bring the 
 same price as grain-fed Durhauis, and his experience has demonstrated 
 the fact that they ought to. They not only thrive on grass, but have 
 better "rustling" qualities than any other breed, and can be depended 
 upon to hold flesh when common cattle on the same range run to bone 
 and horn. 
 
 Stock 
 Breeding 
 
 During the spring of 1897, 3,500 head of cattle have 
 been shipped from the range, including 300 young bulls 
 am j 1 ( 000 cows to Eastern markets for breeding pnr- 
 poses, all bringing the highest market prices. 
 
 It would be strange if a progressive man like Mr. 
 
 Hooker remained contented as a meat purveyor for the Eastern market 
 with one of the best breeding ranges in the world about him. On his 
 property all the very best teatures of the Hereford breed are brought 
 out, and this fact so impressed itself upon him that he realized that a 
 demand for stock cattle from less famed sections of the country would 
 arise as soon as it became known that he could meet it. 
 
 This he is now prepared to meet, and the time is not far distant when 
 the Sierra Bonita strain will become distinctive in the market. 
 
 As intimated in the beginning, the impressions that were made on 
 my first visit to Arizona were deep, and the interest then awakened has 
 not diminished, but has increased with each subsequent trip. Its at- 
 tractions are many which, if described in detail, would fill a large book. 
 It contains great natural wealth which in time is destined to make it 
 one of the richest commonwealths of the Union. 
 
 OCCIDEXTAL HOTEL, TuCBOX. Cattlemen's Headquarters. 
 
A Larul of Beef an Well as Bullion. 
 
 87 
 
 FEUEBAL, OFFICERS: 
 
 1. W. K. Meade, U. S. Marshal. 4. J. D. Breathitt, U. S. Special Agent. 
 
 2. Geo. J. Roskruge, Surveyor General. 5. E. R. Monk, Receiver Land Office. 
 
 3. C. DeGroff, Postmaster. 6. E. J. Trippel, Register Land Office. 
 
 The Rodeo. 
 
 Fortunes are made by taking advantage of opportunities, 
 but the most successful men are those who, by the exercise 
 of good judgment and the judicious use of a little money, 
 make their own opportunities. Some men waste their 
 energies sitting around hotel offices and waiting for a good 
 thing to come along, while others hunt up the good things 
 or make them. Tucson is, just now, a field for endeavor and offers more 
 opportunities for enterprising men than any town in the country, and people 
 of this stamp realize it at once. 
 
 Messrs. Breathitt, Trippel & Proctor are gentlemen who combine all the 
 essentials of success, and as cattle, real estate and mining brokers and In- 
 surance agents, they are not only going to meet opportunities, but make 
 them. They have means and the confidence of their clients; are in touch 
 with the markets, and their strictly honorable and advanced business 
 methods place them in the front rank. Their offices are the handsomest in 
 the city and the personale of the firm guarantees hospitable treatment for 
 their patrons. Col. J. B. Breathitt is widely known as special agent of the 
 general land office, and prior to this he was, for six years, a prominent 
 member of the Missouri board of railroad commissioners, and served as 
 district attorney of Saline county. Hon. E. J. Trippel came here in 1884, 
 and is a son of the late Alex. Trippel, the well known mining expert. He 
 
88 Treasure Land. 
 
 has occupied many important public positions with us, having been deputy 
 collector of customs, member of the legislature and register of the United 
 States land office. Hon. F. B. Proctor is a practical stock raiser who has 
 also served us in several public capacities which proved his quality. 
 
 This firm is a combination of ability that can not be equaled, and with 
 such favorable conditions as now exist, they are certainly on the road to 
 fortune. 
 
 Brady & Levin are the cattle dealers of the territory, their 
 operations extending over the whole of it. They have 
 contracts made for spring delivery for 28,000 head of cattle, 
 
 Thoroughbreds. and cou i<i handle more, but stock raisers, in view of the 
 great demand and rising prices, prefer to hold for better 
 figures. They report that all the ranges are in superb 
 condition, cattle looking well, and their owners full of confidence. The price 
 of cattle has almost doubled in the last few years and is still going up, and 
 everyone in the business will make money. This firm also handles real 
 estate and mines, and insurance business, and note that property owners 
 show no inclination to sell, but hold the land at fair prices. The demand is 
 good, principally for residences. Both these gentlemen are home products 
 of a quality we are proud of. Their fathers were pioneers and their sons 
 are carrying forward the banner of progress and winning a reputation for 
 themselves as sound business men and good fellows. 
 
 The Hon. W. K. Meade followed the star of empire in 1S71, 
 
 and engaged in mining in Southern Arizona. He vividly 
 
 Quite recalls the halcyon days when silver was king and the 
 
 Characteristic. mines were pouring out their wealth of gray treasure, and 
 
 hopes to see them return. 
 
 He represented Final county in the legislature in 1879, 
 
 and Pima county in 1881; in 1885 he was appointed United States marshal for 
 Arizona, and reappointed in 1893. He was World's Fair commissioner, by 
 appointment from President Harrison in 1892, and resigned to accept the 
 marshalship. 
 
 .We do not know how Judge J. S. Wood came to be called 
 
 "Honest John," but we can understand wherefor, for with 
 
 . the exception of one term as county treasurer, he has 
 
 Honest JOnn. occupied the office of probate judge and county school 
 
 superintendent of Pima county since 1874. He is getting 
 along in years, but is still full of vigor, and wants to see 
 
 some more improvements before he dies. He believes we need better water 
 
 works and a complete sewerage system, and he is right. 
 
 The judge is ably assisted by his deputy, S. W. Purcell, Esq., a lawyer 
 
 of no mean ability. 
 
 Among our successful business men are several who are 
 our own boys, educated in our public schools. One of 
 It IS Not in them is Mr. W. E. Felix, who served his apprenticeship 
 
 Alaska. with L. Zeckendorf & Co. before founding one of the finest 
 
 retail dry goods stores in Tucson. Being an all-around 
 business man, his views on business matters merit atten- 
 tion, and it is inspiring to hear him speak of our future prospects. He refers 
 with much amusement to an incident in his last trip to New York to lay 
 in his summer stock. He found that many intelligent people were under the 
 impression that Tucson was somewhere in Alaska, which tends to show the 
 necessity for some judicious advertising. 
 
THE FARMERS PARADISE 
 
 OP LAND AND WATER. 
 
 ORCHARD NEAR TUCSON. 
 
 ^4 niggard soil and unfaithful sky 
 Breaks the farmer's back as the years go by, 
 The uncertain crops, and the interest day 
 That never fails, make his hair turn gray. 
 
 But our fruitful soil, and our sunny skies, 
 Fill up his soul with glad surprise ; 
 /'(// his ditches ntn full in the driest years, 
 And In' laughs at flic sAyy. and has no fears. 
 
90 Treasure Land. 
 
 A Word When the Eastern farmer takes into consideration all 
 
 the hardships and privations of his existence; the eon- 
 
 10 ine eastern stant toil, poor compensation, enforced economy and the 
 
 Farmer. sufferings from winter's frosts and summer's heat, he 
 
 must surely come to the conclusion that he lot is indeed 
 a. hard one. His life is one of constant drudgery and his accumulations 
 of years aggregate a very small sum indeed. Now mark the difference 
 by which Ijke industry is rewarded in Southern Arizona. His manifold 
 crops during the year exceed four-fold that of his Eastern farm, and the 
 market price received is more than double, while the labor involved is 
 no greater. His yearly return represents fully eight times as much as 
 that from his eastein farm, while his ordinary living expenses do not 
 largely exceed those prevailing there. Besides this immense pecuniary 
 gain he enjoys the benefit of a genial and healthful climate where his 
 years of life will be prolonged aud his ability for enjoyment largely en- 
 hanced by the natural conditions that surround him here. His fruit 
 trees mature more rapidly aud bear wonderfully prolific crops, and :i 
 thousand other advantages are offered him. Such facts as these a in- 
 sufficient to induce a very desirable class of immigrants to come to this 
 country to till the soil and make it blossom and bear a golden harvest. 
 
 The most permanent population is the farmer, and from the faun 
 comes the most steady stream of wealth; it is the resource of the life 
 and existence of the people, for without bread no people can live, and 
 this must be supplied from the soil, and the planting of farms in Arizona 
 is the encouragement of permanent wealth and steady prosperity and 
 the retaining at home the vast volumes of money which is drained by 
 the foreign market that supply our mining regions with breadstuffs and 
 other products of the soil. Farm life in Arizona can be made the mosi 
 profitable and charming of any place in the United States, and when 
 this becomes known generally, there will be a large immigration of 
 home-seekers to this region, but we must render our lands available for 
 farming. This requires capital, and the press must be the prime factor 
 in this work. With population and wealth, statehood Avill follow as a 
 matter of course. 
 
 Alfalfa is one of the most nutritious pasture and hay 
 
 A Farmer's plants, and reaches perfection in this congenial climate; 
 
 from three to five crops may be harvested in a single 
 
 Paradise. year, yielding from two to five tons of cured hay per 
 
 acre at each cutting, and upon this crop the range 
 
 cattle are fattened for the slaughter and stock hogs are grown, while a 
 
 large quantity is baled and shipped out of the territory. 
 
 Barley, wheat, rye, oats and corn yield abundantly. Most of the 
 wheat is converted into flour for local consumption, and barley forms 
 the staple grain for live stock. 
 
 It was thought at one time that potatoes could not be grown in Arizona, 
 but this fallacy, like many others, agricultural and otherwise, has faded 
 before the light of experience. Large quantities of excellent tubers are 
 raised, and in Southern Arizona planting and harvesting succeed each 
 other almost continuously throughout the year. 
 
 Sorghums, both sweet and non-saccharine, are extensively grown for 
 live stock food. Tobacco of fair quality is grown in the country adjacent 
 to Tucson, and this is preferred in some cases to the imported article. 
 Recent experiments at the university show that many improved varieties 
 thrive here and may be made an important farm crop. 
 
 The conditions which serve to perfect the conditions for agriculture, 
 contribute in a more marked degree to the successful carrying on of 
 horticultural pursuits. 
 
The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Wdti-r. 91 
 
 The apricot leads in acreage under cultivation and quantity of fruit 
 produced, but the bright sun and congenial climate seem particularly 
 litted for the production of highly colored and luscious peaches, and the 
 [each grown here is of superior size and quality. 
 
 Grapes for the table, for raisins, and for the manufacture of wine are 
 grown cheaply and in abundance and of the very best quality in the 
 vicinity of Tucson. 
 
 Pomegranates are so common and grow so lustily that they are used 
 for hedges. 
 
 In elevated localities apples of splendid quality and large size are 
 produced and the trees are very prolific. 
 
 The mesas and foothills have been found well adapted to the growth 
 of the orange, and the fruit has been pronounced equal in size and 
 flavor to any imported from California. 
 
 The fig tree is found in every garden, and few of our busy house- 
 wives neglect to keep up a good store of delicious fig preserves. 
 
 There is a great future for the almond. The trees grow well, are 
 prolific, come into bearing early and the nuts can be placed upon the 
 market when there is the the most demand for them. 
 
 Strawberries are raised in abundance for home consumption, and their 
 flavor surpasses that of the California product. No attempts have been 
 made to raise blackberries for market, but these no doubt would do well. 
 
 We have the finest assortment of vegetables all througn the year, and 
 produce the largest and best-flavored melons in the world. We simply 
 plant the seed, supply the water and the' climate does the rest. 
 
 Sweet potatoes and yams yield large crops, while cabbages, beans, 
 peas, lettuce and onions thrive amazingly. 
 
 The peanut plant is prolific in sandy soils, but has not been tried 
 extensively. 
 
 What a There is nothing equal to personal experience to es- 
 
 P . tablish a fact, and the following statement, written by a 
 
 rarmer IS practical farmer, carries conviction in every line. It 
 
 Doing. was not solicited by us, but we offer it as one instance 
 
 out of many that substantiate our claim that Pima 
 
 r-ounty offers better inducements to the farmer than any other part of 
 
 the country: 
 
 "The day is not very distant in the rush of American life when the 
 remarkable development of Fresno and Southern California will repeat 
 itself in our beautiful valleys of Southern Arizona, and then our friends 
 of the range and horned cattle will experience, perhaps, a similar sen- 
 sation of astonishment at the changes which greet them here, to be 
 mingled probably in a similar degree with reflections of the incredulity 
 which they had felt at one time that such things could ever be. 
 
 "The same causes will surely produce here the very same results, and 
 no one who has been lately watching the signs of the times, as pre- 
 sented in the present prosperous condition of the orange tree in the vicinity 
 of Tucson, can help foreseeing the same wonderful experience. 
 
 "While the triumphs of the southern section of Arizona will be great, 
 as time goes tm, in producing the citrus and deciduous fruits, it is not 
 my purpose here to linger over these, but I will confine myself to what 
 can be done in Pima county, from actual experience, in the more humble 
 field of raising vegetables. I find our soil and climate not only adapted 
 to all the Eastern vegetables, but with the aid of irrigation, producing 
 vegetables superior in quality and quantity to those of the Eastern and 
 Central Western states. I have successfully grown in my garden this 
 year, cabbages, carrots, onions, beets, celery, salsify, tomatoes, squash, 
 green peas, asparagus, cauliflower, lima beans, early corn, egg plant, 
 
92 Treasure Land. 
 
 artichokes, lettuce, parsnips, pumpkins, turnips and watermelons and 
 cantaloupes of different varieties and of the most delicious flavor. It is 
 difficult to say which vegetable thrives best in this portion of Arizona. 
 The cauliflower grows splendidly and surpasses anything that I have 
 ever seen in the East. Although it is now midwinter, I have plants in 
 my garden with large spreading heads, as white as snow, still growing 
 and apparently unaffected by the cold nights. The beet also grows won- 
 derfully in this country; they are very large in size and very sweet in 
 flavor; so well adapted to our soil is this vegetable that I am sure it 
 will be grown in the early future in Arizona on a large scale for sugar. 
 For this reason I have watched its growth with the greatest interest, and 
 the result is fully equal to my most sanguine expectations, and I hope 
 to soon see a beet sugar factory established in this county. 
 
 "Lettuce seems to be our greatest vegetable curiosity. It grows at 
 all periods of the year; the coldest weather does not seem even to affect it. 
 The wind scatters the seed and I find it springing up in the grass at 
 considerable distances from the garden. We produce the plant in per- 
 fection for the tooth, and I have seen nothing to surpass it anywhere. 
 Pumpkins and squashes do well with us, the former growing to an 
 immense size. The white scalloped variety also grows here to perfec- 
 tion. 1 was surprised to see the artichoke and egg plant do so well in 
 our climate. They seem to be at home here and are very thrifty, as, 
 in fact, are all the vegetables that I have raised. 
 
 Farmers from the East, who are accustomed to cut a 
 Rnw Alfalfa single crop of hay from their fields in a year, are puz- 
 
 zled and incredulous when told that the soil of Arizona 
 GrOWS. gives from four to eight crops of good alfalfa hay, and 
 
 that the same marvelous productiveness continues year 
 after year. As an instance, we cite the case of one of our farmers, with 
 eight acres of alfalfa. The seed was scattered at the rate of twenty pounds 
 to the acre; a good stand resulted, and in April the grass was ready to cut. 
 The eight acres produced twenty tons of cured hay, and in the early part 
 of June it was cut again, the crop this time being twenty-four tons. On the 
 1st of July the grass was thirty-two inches high and nearly ready for an- 
 other cutting! The total yield was 168 tons, and this is not, by any means, 
 an exceptional instance. 
 
 A very superior grade of tobacco is raised in the vicinity 
 
 Tobacco *- Tucson, and manufactured by L. Zeckendorf & Go. 
 
 This brand has become very popular, and their factory 
 
 Culture. has not lately been able to meet the demand. This firm. 
 
 with commendable enterprise, encouraged the raising of 
 
 tobacco by promising to utilize it, and now the yearly product is several 
 
 tons, and the market is always increasing. It is used generally in this 
 
 section by the Mexicans, who prefer it to the adulterated mixtures imported 
 
 from the East. 
 
 Experiments at the university station show that some of the finest 
 grades of tobacco can be raised here, and there is no reason why this in- 
 dustry should not assume larger proportions. 
 
 Hard to Beat Tne sut) J ect of k eet su S ar production is just now of con- 
 iu DC siderable interest to Southern Arizona. It has been satis- 
 
 ill factorily demonstrated that sugar beets can be success- 
 
 Beet Culture fully grown here, and it is also a fact that they contain 
 an unusual percentage of saccharine, giving better re- 
 sults than in any other part of the world. They seem to reach the highest 
 perfection in the bright sunshine of Arizona, while the soil supplies abund- 
 ant nourishment for their growth. They are a profitable crop to the 
 
The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 93 
 
 farmer, and will prove to be a valuable addition to our industries \vheu 
 sugar works are established here. 
 
 The agricultural experiment station of the university has lately been 
 agitating the subject of sugar beet culture and distributing seeds to the 
 farmers throughout the territory. 
 
 Prof. Wm. Stowe Devol, director of stations, has kindly furnished us 
 with the following facts on the subject: 
 
 "This is par excellence the country for sugar beets. The essentials of 
 successful sugar beet culture are sunshine, warmth, a proper amount of 
 water, with a deep but only moderately rich soil of a friable nature a mod- 
 erately fertile sandy loam and industry intelligently applied. These fac- 
 tors abound around Tucson. Beets carefully grown here will contain 20 
 per cent, of sugar, while in Germany, our great competitor, but 13 per cent. 
 is obtained. They will not exhaust the soil in growing, for it is well known 
 that the sugar which is carried off comes entirely from elements furnished 
 by the atmosphere. 
 
 "There is an advantage in growing the sugar beet here that is not pos- 
 sessed by any other locality in the world. The same machinery can be 
 utilized for the manufacture of beet sugar and the extraction of tannic acid 
 from canaigre. 
 
 "This being the native home of the canaigre, it can be grown here as in 
 no other place, and thus an opportunity is afforded for keeping the machin- 
 ery in operation the year round. 
 
 "Canaigre is a winter, and the beet a summer-growing plant, and the 
 planting of the beet seed begins about the time the cultivation of canaigre 
 ceases. 
 
 "Sugar grown under the conditions prevailing here is of the highest 
 quality, and leather tanned with canaigre extract is the best made, es- 
 pecially for patent leather and other high grades. There can," therefore, be 
 no question as to the future of the sugar industry in this section. 
 
 Canaigre is a plant, belonging to the dock family, which 
 p r ot * s a na t* ve f Arizona. Its astringent roots contain about 
 
 breai 10 p er cent of tanning substance, and have been used 
 
 Tanning Plant, as medicine by the Indians and also for the tanning of 
 leather by the Mexicans. The plant begins its growth in 
 the fall, under the influence of cool weather, sends up its flowei trralk in the 
 spring, and dies back as the hot summer weather comes on. The seeds 
 are mostly sterile, the plant propagating itself mainly by means of the 
 young roots. These roots somewhat resemble sweet potatoes in shape, 
 grow in clusters, and vary from a very small size to over two pounds in 
 weight. They live several years, making their chief growth the first sea- 
 son, slowly increasing each year until they finally die. 
 
 The imiversity experiment station, though it has been in operation but 
 six years, is already widely known for its work on canaigre, and as a 
 result of the attention called to the subject through the station bulletins, 
 the wild product has been shipped to Eastern cities and Europe. The sup- 
 ply of wild roots being limited and somewhat scattered, this product could 
 not be depended upon, and a number of canaigre plantations have been es- 
 tablished in Arizona. 
 
 In this way it is proposed to carry on its cultivation upon the plan of 
 the beet sugar industry, and, if possible, in connection with it. 
 
 The commercial value of canaigre is now well established, and the 
 qualities imparted by it to leathers are unexcelled. The possibilities of a 
 crop so staple as one used in the production of leather can hardly be over- 
 estimated, and it requires less attention from the farmer than any other 
 crop. 
 
 The efforts now being made to demonstrate paying methods of culture 
 
94 Treasure Land. 
 
 are full of promise, and it will soon become a very important addition to the 
 material resources of Arizona. The short but interesting history of this 
 new industry shows the value of experiment station work in assisting the 
 development of a new country. 
 
 Every once in a while we read in the newspapers that 
 The First some pseudo-scientist has discovered the original Irish 
 
 potato, and a short-lived celebrity is attached to his 
 Potato. name. The search for the original potato is really 
 
 wasted effort, for the article is right here in Arizona, and 
 can be found on nearly every hill. It is called the cobena, and has been a 
 favorite vegetable with the Indian from time immemorial. It has a blue 
 potato flower, and the root bulb, though not large, has the true potato 
 flavor. There is nothing of the yam about it, and we believe it was Prof. 
 Lemmon, the well-known botanist, who pronounced it the progenitor of our 
 civilized vegetable. This ought to have settled it, but the only way some 
 scientists can achieve distinction is to discover something they have read 
 about. 
 
 There is a probable advantage to be found in the sugar 
 BeetS and beet m d us t rv in Arizona that can be found in very feAv 
 
 other localities in the United States. This is to be at- 
 Canaigre. tained in combining in one factory the two industries of 
 
 manufacturing sugar from the beet and the extraction of 
 tannic acid from canaigre. Concerning this matter, Mr. C. B. Allaire, presi- 
 dent and general manager of The Tanning Extract Company, at Deming. 
 N. M., who has had more experience in the extraction of tannin from 
 canaigre than any other individual in this country, and has also carefully 
 studied the process of sugar manufacture, and whose opinion should there- 
 fore have great weight, writes as follows: 
 
 "A large part of a sugar factory could be used for extracting tannic 
 acid from canaigre of course the boilers, engine, pumps, etc., also the 
 root washers, with some modification; the conveyors, slicers and diffusion 
 battery, if built of copper. When it comes to the vacuum pans, both pri- 
 mary and secondary, some modification would be necessary. I doubt if any 
 sugar factory, already built, could be adapted to extract without a very 
 large expense for copper work necessary; but if the manufacture of both 
 classes of goods was contemplated before the factory Avas built, it could be 
 done at an increased cost of not over $25,000 for a 200-ton factory, and in 
 my opinion there would be no trouble in thoroughly cleaning the apparatus 
 so that the sugar would show no traces of color from the extract. * * * 
 To adapt a factory to both classes of goods, the extra expense would not 
 be so much in duplicating apparatus as in the substitution of copper for 
 iron, which would be necessary for the tannin liquors, where iron answers 
 every purpose for sugar. * * * Marketing the extract might be trouble- 
 some to people who had experience in sugar only, and might justify a sep- 
 arate manager for that department, at least until the business was thor- 
 oughly established." 
 
 M. Sweuson, of The Walburn-Swenson Company, manufacturers of beet 
 sugar machinery, Chicago, writes respecting this matter as follows: 
 
 "We have made quite a number of experiments here with canaigre. and 
 will say that I think the diffusion battery and evaporating plants used in 
 a beet plant could be worked all right for canaigre. I do not think it would 
 be necessary to use copper for the diffusion cells if these are thoroughly 
 painted with acid-proof paint. You would probably have to paint them at 
 least every season. The slicer and other machinery needed in the beet 
 sugar factory would 'be equally available for canaigro." 
 
 Others are studying tne question and experimenting in the processes 
 with a view of uniting the two industries as suggested above. 
 
The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 95 
 
 A few years since experiments were begun in California 
 Bv-ProdUCt Of to ascertam the value of beet pulp as a food for dairy 
 y cows. The results have been so satisfactory that the 
 
 BeetS. practice of feeding this material to dairy cows has ex- 
 
 tended very materially, and large quantities of beet pulp 
 are not only fed at or near the factories, but shipped by rail to considerable 
 distances for feeding dairy cows. A very important by-product is the 
 syrup remaining after the crystallization of the sugar. 
 
 Ramie a There is a growing demand for ramie fiber, and we are 
 
 P f . hip assured by the director of the Arizona experiment sta- 
 
 tion that he is receiving offers from abroad to make cou- 
 Crop. tracts for it in the rough at $40 to $50 per ton. 
 
 Experiments have been made with ramie (rhea) at 
 
 the station, and the results obtained prove that it can be cultivated here 
 commercially, and at the prices offered it will be a profitable crop. 
 
 It is well suited to our climate and is the most prolific of textile plants, 
 yielding about 250 pounds of marketable liber to the acre. Rooted in fair, 
 sandy soil, its shoots increase at the rate of 100 annually for each one 
 planted. The stalks measure from five to eight feet in length, and yield a 
 fiber with the fineness, gloss, and almost the tensility of silk. 
 
 The stems when ripe are cut down, stripped of leaves and branchlets, 
 and, either split or whole, are freed from their cortical layers till the last 
 layer is exposed. In this state they are made up in small bundles and 
 placed where they receive strong sunlight, being kept slightly moist, for 
 several days, after which the fibrous bast layer is peeled with ease off the 
 woody core, and the separated fibers are then treated with boiling water 
 to remove gummy and resinous matter, and bleached. It comes into the 
 market, when fully prepared, as brilliant white filaments, with a fine silky 
 gloss, having a strength, luster and smoothness unequaled by any other 
 vegetable fiber. 
 
 yij e This famous valley has been occupied by farmers for 
 
 centuries, and the evidences of this are everywhere 
 Santa Cruz abundant. Settlements have grown up and disappeared, 
 
 Valley an< ^ * nere * s n t even historical connection between the 
 
 former and present settlers. Ruins of buildings, includ- 
 ing mining works, larger and probably better than any now occupied, con- 
 stitute the indisputable testimony of the comparative extent of the former 
 people and their improvements. This testimony may be seen at San Xavier 
 and other points near Tucson. To students and very inquisitive people, 
 much that we could write in this behalf would doubtless be interesting; 
 but with the farmer, stock-raiser and miner, struggling along to meet cur- 
 rent necessities with hopes of something more, it would probably have a 
 mere passing thought, and therefore we will turn to a brief notice of ad- 
 vantages the valley no\v presents to a settler, and some of its improvements. 
 Like many other streams in Arizona, the Santa Cruz runs under ground 
 here, and sinks entirely just below the city. Of course water can be had 
 anywhere by digging, and by proper economy in saving and distribxition, 
 many more farms could be supplied with the running water, and this is 
 evidently recognized by the people who are now beginning to make new 
 homes at various points in the valley. Rich bottom land is miles wide 
 here and there, with table and mountain lands, covered with the best 
 grasses. In the vicinity of San Xavier the valley is covered with a heavy 
 growth of mesquite, enough to supply fuel for years, and near the stream 
 ire found cottonwood and willows. High up the valley, or rather in the 
 "levatod lands adjacent, there is live oak. At this time the valley is about 
 equally devoted to stock-raising and farming. The more desirable sections 
 near it are alive with cattle, and as a whole they are in fine condition. The 
 
96 Treasure Land. 
 
 most picturesque portion of the Santa Cruz valley is that adjacent to our 
 city, and a more lovely spot can not be found at this season of the year. 
 Fields of grain and vegetables dot the river banks for many miles; shady 
 nooks and comfortable homes are found everywhere, the whole presenting 
 a practical illustration of the agricultural possibilities of Arizona. 
 
 "HOW Doth W e can assure our readers that he does remarkably well 
 
 th T "ttlp * n Southern Arizona, and every visitor remarks upon the 
 
 tne LlUie superior class of honey he manufactures. Unlike the 
 
 Busy Bee." Eastern article, sickness never follows its hearty con- 
 sumption. Clear, delicious, cheap and healthful, it is 
 held in high esteem by all. There are several grades of honey produced, 
 however. The best is that obtained by the bees from the flowers of the 
 mesquite, for which, when in bloom, they leave all other food. The mes- 
 quite honey is pure and white in color and of exquisite flavor. The bees 
 also extract sweetness from "flowers that bloom in the spring," from the 
 blossoms of the sage, the fruit and flowers of the cactus and a hundred 
 other sources. Late in the season the main dependence is on the bloom of 
 alfalfa, which gives to honey a darker color and stronger flavor than the 
 earlier product possesses. It is all good, and the local society of bee men 
 are taking steps toward shipping it abroad in large quantities. 
 
 He Makes A. farmer informs us that he has taken twelve tons of 
 M f r H" strained honey from 182 hives of bees this season, and 
 
 expects to take fully five tons more. All this work he 
 Owner. has done himself, with the assistance of his wife and boy. 
 
 His outlay for sheds, hives and extracting machinery 
 has been about $900, all of which has been paid for this season, or in other 
 words, the capital invested has brought a return of 100 per cent, this year, 
 which is not a bad thing in itself. As a beekeeper he is jubilant at the suc- 
 cess, even after shipping the honey to Chicago for a market, where it 
 brought Gy 2 cents a pound. 
 
 History Adam watered the Garden of Eden from the river that 
 
 Of Irrigation wen t out of it, and over 2,000 years before the Christian 
 
 frnm T^irliVct era ' Nimrod built cities in the valley of the Euphrates 
 
 Pin earliest and j rr j ga t e d the lands thereof. At the same early period 
 
 Times. the inhabitants of Armenia took water from the 
 
 Euphrates and Tigris to irrigate the lands between the rivers, and some of 
 their canals can be traced to-day. The Hebrews brought water from the 
 mountain streams of Palestine to irrigate the beautiful plains and verdant 
 valleys beyond the Jordan; they constructed reservoirs for water storage, 
 one of which, Solomon's pool, had a capacity of over 25.000,000 cubic 
 feet. Damascus, the oldest inhabited city in the world, was irrigated from 
 the Abano and Pharpar, forty centuries ago. 
 
 Crossing over to Africa, we find that in the time of the Pharaohs 
 there were over 200,000 square miles of Egypt irrigated from the Nile, and 
 a storage reservoir between 600 and 700 sqiiare miles in area was con- 
 structed by Amenemhat to increase the productiveness of Egypt and ward 
 off calamity. Following the shores of the Mediterranean along the coast of 
 Africa, we find at almost every step abundant evidence of ancient irriga- 
 tion, and learn from history that here the lands were made almost as fer- 
 tile as the valley of the Nile. 
 
 In the eighth century the Moors constructed dams and reservoirs in 
 Spain, and led their canals like arteries through the land. Italy, too, had 
 half a million acres under water in Lombardy alone. 
 
 Early in the twelfth century France turned her rivers upon the lands 
 to make them produce as they had never done before. 
 
The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. i)7 
 
 C'liina has been a network of irrigation systems for thirty centuries or 
 more, but her crowning achievement is the immense canal, 1,000 miles long, 
 between Canton and Pekin. The southern portion of Siam is artificially 
 watered, and in India canals of wonderful size and capacity cross and re- 
 cross the arid plains. 
 
 While the rainfall in Japan is three times that of the United States, 
 the careful husbandman increases his crops by irrigation. In Australia, 
 where most of the rivers flow inland and sink in the sands, irrigation has 
 become the farmer's reliance. The Aztec empire had the most perfect sys- 
 tem of irrigation and aqueducts when the Spaniards conquered it, and the 
 old missions on the Pacific coast were furnished with water through canals 
 made by the Indian converts. 
 
 And here in Arizona, centuries before Columbus discovered America, 
 a race of people of whom there is no written record constructed immense 
 waterways, erected grand dwellings, and covered the earth for miles and 
 miles with fields of corn; the lines of the canals they dug can be traced to- 
 day, and some of them are used by our own people. 
 
 The wonderful pasture lands of Southern Arizona early 
 TaDDin? the attracted the attention of stock raisers, and under both 
 Spanish and Mexican rule, grants of land in this sec- 
 UnderflOW. tion were eagerly sought for. Some of these were 
 
 acquired under a pledge to colonize them or protect the 
 frontier against the incursions of Indians, but few of these pledges were ful- 
 lilled and nearly all the grants were abandoned after the withdi-awal of 
 i he Spanish troops after the establishment of the republic. Fitful at- 
 lempt.s were made from time to time to liberate the country from the 
 dominion of the savages, but the periods of peace were not of long 
 duration. 
 
 The cloud cast upon titles by these grants, for the most part abandoned 
 by the original grantees, but resurrected by grasping Americans, .has 
 been a great drawback to settlement, and it is only since the establish- 
 ment of the land court that the settlers upon them breathe freely. 
 
 While many of them were fraudulent or had lapsed by non-user, there 
 arc others of which possession has been maintained and the title per- 
 fected, among which is the Canoa ranch in the Santa Cruz valley, about 
 forty miles south of Tucson, owned by Maish & Driscoll for the last 
 twenty-seven years. It controls one of the finest grazing sections in the 
 ronntry and the situation leaves nothing to be desired. 
 
 A few years ago the owners conceived the idea of developing the 
 underflow of the river and conducting it upon the fine valley land per- 
 taining to the property. Running a ditch a mile in length, with a grade 
 of one inch to the rod, they obtained water enough to irrigate 400 acres, 
 which are now planted to alfalfa and grain. They are confident that an 
 additional mile of ditch will give them an unlimited supply of water. 
 From this tract they have "baled this season about 5,000 bales of grain 
 and alfalfa hay. They maintain over 400 hogs besides fattening cattle 
 when necessary. This year, up to June, they had sold 2,700 head of 
 rattle off this range. 
 
 Besides the Canoa, they possess the Buena Vista ranch south of 
 Calabasas, which is well watered and grassed, and several deep well 
 ranges in the Papago country. 
 
 From an interview with Mr. W. A. Hartt, who is cul- 
 tivating a large area of land in the Santa Cruz valley. 
 Raising Water, eighteen miles south of Tucson, we have obtained the 
 following particulars regarding the pumping plant upon 
 which he depends for water for irrigation: 
 
98 Treasure Land. 
 
 "My plant consists of two pumping engines, aggregating a capacity 
 of 2,500 gallons per minute, or about 275 miners' inches. The largest 
 is of the duplex-compound type, non-condensing, and they are both sup- 
 plied with steam power from a horizontal tubular boiler rated at forty- 
 five horse power. The well is a vertical, four-compartment shaft, twenty 
 four feet in length by twelve feet in width; three of these compartments 
 have a depth of forty-two feet, and the pump foundations are built at 
 the bottom. The fourth compartment has a total depth of fifty feet and 
 forms the well proper. The distance from the surface of the water to 
 the point of discharge on top is forty-five feet, and the size of the dis- 
 charge pipe of the large pump is fourteen inches, and of the smaller, 
 seven inches. 
 
 "The pump is automatic in operation and the speed is controlled by a 
 float in the well which can be set to supply any quantity of water de- 
 sired continuously. I have a circular reservoir in connection with the 
 plant, 350 feet in diameter, and a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. 
 
 "In giving an estimate of the cost of operating, I confine myself 
 wholly to my own case, on the basis of the 100 acres actually cultivated. 
 Three irrigations to each crop would be a liberal allowance any year, and 
 this would require the flooding of 640 acres six times and the cost would 
 not, basing the calculation on my own expense for 100 acres, exceed 
 $1.75 per acre. 
 
 "The cost of such a pump on board the cars at Chicago will be 
 about $2,500, but for a 100-acre farm a 500-gallon plant will be sufficient." 
 
 The future agricultural development of Southern Ari- 
 
 Storaire zona de l )en(js upon the use of its superb facilities for 
 
 storing the surplus waters of our rivers. A number 
 
 Reservoirs. of these projects are under consideration, and only await 
 
 the attention of capitalists to become established facts. 
 
 Twenty-five miles southeast of Tucson, in the depression between the 
 Whetstone and Rincon mountains, is the Pantano Cienega, a valley about 
 fifteen miles long, with an average width of nearly two miles, except 
 at the lower end, where the hills approach, leaving only a deep chasm for 
 the passage of the waters. 
 
 This valley is a wonderful water basin, receiving during the year 
 the contributions of a thousand mountain streams, and furnishing enough 
 water to irrigate millions of acres. At present the waters run to waste, 
 flowing northwest along the base of the Rincons into the Rillito, and 
 finally into the Santa Cruz, a few miles north of Tucson. 
 
 Between the Cienega and Tucson is a wide stretch of mesa land, 
 twenty miles long by ten to fifteen broad, the most fertile in the world, 
 and which would yield abundant crops of fruit and cereals if water were 
 available. 
 
 Several excellent reservoir sites have been located and preliminary 
 surveys show that the difference in altitude of about 1,200 feet makes 
 it possible to fill these from the overflow of the Cienega. 
 
 A short time ago the city council of Tucson agitated the matter and 
 sought to secure an expert opinion on the subject from the professor of 
 hydraulic engineering at the university, but as funds were not available 
 for a thoroughly scientific examination, he did not feel at liberty to give 
 an informal opinion. Nevertheless, the impression made by his state- 
 ment was to the effect that the project presented no insuperable natural 
 difficulties. 
 
 Surveyor General Geo. J. Roskruge, who had surveyed the ground, 
 and, we believe, located the reservoir sites, claims that the only diffi- 
 culty in the way of utilizing the Cienega waters is the lack of capital. 
 There is water in abundance, and the investment would yield better re- 
 turns in a few years than any similar enterprise in the territory. 
 
The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 91) 
 
 In the matter of developing the overflows of the Santa 
 _ , Cruz and Rillito, it has been fully demonstrated by 
 
 Overflows OI practical and successful experiments (as will be seen 
 the Rivers. elsewhere in this volume) that there is no limit to the 
 
 amount of water that can be made available for agri- 
 cultural purposes. These experiments, however, have been made on a 
 small scale with local capital, and without those facilities that ample 
 means Avould afford. 
 
 There are few parts of the valley where underground streams of con- 
 siderable volume can not be tapped and the waters brought to the surface. 
 The Santa Cruz river carries water enough by our doors during the 
 rainy seasons to irrigate a principality. Most of it can be saved for use 
 during the dry seasons by the construction of reservoirs along its route, 
 and distributed over the fertile lands that fringe its course. 
 
 Natural The reader must not infer from our reference to reser- 
 
 . voir sites that these are mere locations of level surface 
 
 Reservoir requiring an elaborate and expensive work of excavation. 
 
 Sites. They are for the most part natural reservoir sites; de- 
 
 pressions formed by nature, or, perhaps, excavated by the 
 primitive race that once densely populated the valley. The amount of work 
 required to place them in condition is comparatively trifling. The 
 average cost per acre-foot of capacity of sixteen of the largest reservoirs 
 in California does not exceed $15. This does not include the cost of 
 distributing canals or other works incidental to the irrigation system. The 
 Hear Valley reservoir cost $5.30, and we do not believe that the construc- 
 tion, or rather the rehabilitation of the proposed reservoirs in this valley 
 will cost half this amount. 
 
 It was left to individual enterprise to prove the feas- 
 The TllCSOn ibility of the development of the underflow of the Santa 
 
 Cruz river. A local firm purchased the old Warner mill 
 Canal. property at the base of Sentinel peak and proposed to 
 
 irrigate several acres of valley land from the lake, and 
 succeeded in accoinplisHing even more than they had planned. 
 
 At the base of Sentinel peak the bedrock rises almost to the surface, 
 thrusting the water up. Warner lake was supposed to be merely a 
 storage reservoir, the importance of the springs that fed it being under- 
 estimated, and when they proposed to irrigate from this body of water, 
 never more than thirty-seven acres in area, it would, naturally, soon be 
 drained. Such would have been the case if they had relied upon the 
 storage proposition, but they knew that it was a question of the whole 
 drainage of the valley, and to confirm their judgment they drove a piece 
 of four-inch casing to bed rock, exploded powder at the bottom, and ob- 
 tained a rush of water that rose several feet into the air. Thirty lengths 
 of four and six-inch casing were driven down eight and ten feet and 
 two feet apart to ascertain whether or not the supply could be diminished, 
 but no diminution resulted, and having thus proved that the supply of 
 water was practically inexhaustible, they proceeded to run their canals 
 through the valley, and now have six miles of main canal, irrigating 
 about 1.500 acres. They are satisfied that they can develop sufficient 
 water to irrigate at least 8,000 acres, but having to depend upon their 
 own capital their progress is necessarily slow. 
 
 Three miles north of Tucson, a change of grade gives them a fall in 
 their main canal of twenty-five feet, and they contemplate utilizing this 
 for power purposes. It will probably develop from forty-five to fifty 
 horse power and run a fifty-barrel flour mill. 
 
 There are many points on the Santa Cruz river where their opera- 
 
100 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 An Irrigation 
 Project. 
 
 tions can be duplicated, while the valley of the Rillito can all be irri- 
 gated from that stream by a modification of the same principle. The 
 expense is not too great to deter private enterprise, and the returns from 
 the outlay will prove a handsome recompense. 
 
 The land lying along the Santa Cruz river, between 
 Tucson and the Sonora line, a distance of over eighty 
 miles and of an average width of two miles, contains 
 160 square miles, or 102,400 acres of valley laud, all 
 of which is suitable for alfalfa, sugar beets, grains, 
 fruits and vegetables of all kinds. 
 
 These lands, located on both sides of the river, can be reclaimed by 
 different systems of irrigation, either by the construction of reservoirs at 
 the base of the mesa lands, to be filled by the waters of the Santa Cruz 
 river during the flood season from July to October, or by the construc- 
 tion of a dam at Guevavi, near the Sonora line, where the bed rock 
 comes near to the surface. A dam at that point would be about 450 yards in 
 length on top, and at a height of forty feet would back the flow waters 
 two and one-half miles. Allowing eighteen feet per mile of fall to the 
 river, an average width of one mile and a depth of ten feet, the reser- 
 voir capacity would be about 1,000,000 cubic feet of water, or enough 
 to irrigate 10,890 acres. The underflow waters could also be developed 
 at other points where the bed rock is close to the surface, by running 
 open cuts below the water level. Some of these points are located at 
 Calabasas, Agua Fria, Tubac, Otero, Canoa, San Xavier and near the 
 smelter, north of Tucson. 
 
 Ti ( SON PHILHARMONIC RAND. 
 
102 Treasure Land. 
 
 THE STONY Or THE UNIVERSITY Or ARIZONA. 
 
 There is no section of the United States which has, compared with its 
 population, better educational facilities than Arizona. 
 
 The University, at Tucson, and the Normal School, at Teinpe, are both 
 institutions which, in equipment and thoroughness of instruction, have few 
 superiors. 
 
 If the reader is specially interested in the subject of higher education, 
 he will appreciate the difficulties under which we have labored in estab- 
 lishing a university at this early stage of our political career, respect the 
 aspirations that gave it birth, and wonder at its present prosperous condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Its foundation is the result of the labors of a few far-seeing men, who 
 knew that the social advancement of a community is best shown by a rec- 
 ognition of education, not merely as a necessity for the ordinary affairs of 
 life, but as a means of reaching those broader fields of duty and endeavor 
 whose horizon reaches as far as Thought extends. 
 
 In the case of the University of Arizona, labor was fruitless until op- 
 portunity came, like a providence, and made achievement possible to those 
 who waited. 
 
 At the beginning of the session of the territorial legislature held at 
 Prescott in 1885, a combination was formed to prevent the removal of the 
 capital, and as the Pima county members had no special instructions, they 
 acquiesced in the arrangement. As the session advanced, however, an un- 
 easy feeling pervaded the county that our people were going to receive 
 nothing but a general interest in a few laws of doubtful value, and a com- 
 mittee of two, consisting of a prominent stock-raiser and a grip-sack, were 
 transmitted to Prescott to urge our members to secure the capital for 
 Tucson. The committee arrived in the north too late to accomplish any- 
 thing and returned home with a moving tale of trust betrayed and oppor- 
 tunity neglected. Tucson was worked up to a high point of indignation, 
 that vociferated on the street corners, deluged the public press and bur- 
 dened the mails without finding relief. The echoes of this emotion reached 
 Prescott, and our members felt that they had to do something to pacify 
 their constituents. An effort had been made, in the early part of the ses- 
 sion, to pass a university bill for the benefit of Tucson, but had not re- 
 ceived any serious consideration, and this was resurrected and introduced. 
 It came into the house during the last hours of the session and was received 
 with shouts of derision and mocking gibes. 
 
 A young lawyer, who is now a leading member of the bar, rose to 
 speak in support of the bill, and with an eloquence that surprised himself 
 even more than his audience, he held their attention for nearly an hour. 
 It was the supreme effort of his life, and practically founded the University 
 of Arizona! 
 
 Eloquence, however, is not far-reaching, and the university project 
 languished for lack of sustenance and sympathy. All that Tucson obtained 
 was the mocking title of "Athens of Arizona." Our citizens, with some 
 noble exceptions, mourned for the lost capital, and would not be com- 
 forted. So deep was the feeling against our legislators that two of them, 
 not daring to return and face the popular indignation, emigrated to Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 The exceptions alluded to were stronger than the general rule, and one 
 of the bonds authorized to be issued for the erection of buildings was nego- 
 tiated in the face of a public protest, and when the succeeding legislature 
 attempted to revoke the establishing act, the institution was saved again 
 by the fiery eloquence of a young member. He pointed out the legal ob- 
 stacles to an act of revocation, and so worked upon the sentiments of (lie 
 legislators that the university was permitted to exist. 
 
The Stoi-y of the University of Arizona. 103 
 
 Ground was broken for the university building on October 13, 1887, but, 
 owing to unforeseen delays and legal complications in the construction of 
 laws, little progress was made until 1890, when work was resumed with 
 vigor. In this year the appropriation made by congress for the establish- 
 ment of an agricultural experiment station in Arizona was made available. 
 In 1889 an agricultural college had been nominally established, in order that 
 the Territory might avail itself of the Morrill act. 
 
 Its present income is derived from three principal sources, viz.: The 
 Hatch or agricultural experiment fund; the Morrill or agricultural college 
 fund, and territorial appropriations. The first two are United States funds, 
 autl at present contribute annually $15,000 and $22,000 respectively, while 
 the territorial appropriations will average nearly $12,000, giving a gross in- 
 come from these sources of $49,000. 
 
 The university buildings are situated upon the high mesa one mile east 
 from the business center of Tucson. They occupy a tract of forty acres, 
 in a most healthful location, commanding a view of attractive mountain 
 scenery upon all sides. The accompanying engravings give a better idea 
 of their appearance than any description can, but no art can convey to the 
 imagination any idea of the grandeur of the surrounding scenery or the 
 balminess of the air. 
 
 The buildings are substantial and well adapted to their uses, the ex- 
 perience of older colleges having been liberally consulted in this particular 
 to the advantage of the student. 
 
 Ample accommodations are provided for non-resident students, board 
 and room being furnished at a maximum rate of $15 a month. A capable 
 matron is in charge of Ladies'" Hall, and the male dormitory is governed by 
 oue of the professors. 
 
 Military training is obligatory to the end of the sophomore year, and 
 each member of the military organization is required to provide himself 
 with the prescribed uniform within six weeks after his entrance. This 
 uniform costs $12, and is neat and serviceable. 
 
 There are five regular courses offered, and students who obtain full 
 credit for the required work in either of these courses during four years will 
 receive the degree of bachelor of science. The advanced degrees of M. S. 
 and M. A. are conferred upon bachelors, graduates from this university or 
 from institutions of equivalent grade, who successfully pursue a courst- 
 of study marked out by the faculty, requiring not less than one year. The 
 degrees of civil engineer, mining engineer and electrical engineer are open 
 to graduates properly prepared, and who pursue special lines of post- 
 graduate work. 
 
 The five courses are outlined as follows: 
 
 I. The General Course is a proper curriculum for the average student, 
 and embodies what is most suitable for the broad general culture demanded 
 by modern life. 
 
 II. Tlie Agriculture Course, in addition to portions of the General Course, 
 covers special teaching by means of lectures and recitations, supplemented 
 by field-work, laboratory practice and clinic. 
 
 III. The Cicil Engineering Course is designed for young men intending 
 to become civil engineers and surveyors, and aims to prepare students for 
 immediate usefulness. 
 
 IV. The Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Course alms to fit young 
 men in the most practical manner for the duties of these professions. 
 
 V. The Mining and Metallurgical Coarse is designed to fit young men 
 for the theory and practice of mining and metallurgy, and for the superin- 
 tendence or management of mines, mills or metallurgical works. 
 
The Story of t/i<> rniri-rxihi <>f Arizona. 105 
 
 As the reader will see, the chief object of these courses is to prepare 
 the student for active duty in the profession he has chosen, and the facili- 
 ties for so doing, apart from the character of the instruction, will be under- 
 stood from a perusal of the following notes on the equipment of the several 
 departments of the institution: 
 
 Agricultural Department The equipment of this department has been 
 greatly augmented during the past year. There are the best Azoux models 
 of portions of the domestic animals; several cases of vegetable products; a 
 large collection of seeds arranged in jars, and also a selection of gardeu 
 tools, and instruments used in veterinary surgery. Recently there has been 
 imported from Germany a collection of charts illustrating the anatomy and 
 physiology of domestic animals and the structure of fruits and grains. 
 Specimens of farm products are constantly received for examination. Two 
 fine greenhouses are attached to this department for laboratory work, and 
 tield-work is given on the spacious grounds of the university. The agricul- 
 tural section of the general library contains all the standard works and 
 current publications upon agriculture in its various branches, and the sci- 
 ences upon which it is based. 
 
 The agricultural experiment station headquarters are connected with 
 this department, and alt the bulletins and reports of the experiment stations 
 of the United States and foreign countries are on file. 
 
 The Biological Department is piped for gas and water, and liberally pro- 
 vided with apparatus for research and instruction. Students pursuing 
 histological work are provided without expense simple and compound mi- 
 croscopes, as the nature of their work demands. The laboratory is equipped 
 with microtomes, culture baths, oven and other accessories used In modern 
 methods of research. 
 
 An herbarium, containing nearly 10,000 sheets of plants, mostly in- 
 digenous to the Southwest, a large percentage being from Arizona, is an im- 
 portant factor in the equipment. Some fifty cases of insects, including one 
 large cabinet, are of value in giving instruction in entomology and to illus 
 trate the economic insects of Arizona. The work in general and systematic 
 zoology is greatly facilitated by the Herbert Brown collection of birds 
 and other zoological material which has been brought together during tin- 
 past five years. 
 
 To aid in the study of human and comparative anatomy and physiology 
 we are provided with articulate and disarticulate human skeletons, plaster 
 and papier-mache models of the important organs, and microscopical 
 preparations illustrating the structure of the various tissues. The equip- 
 ment also includes special apparatus for use of advanced students in this 
 department. 
 
 The Chemical Laboratories are two in number. *The smaller one, on the 
 upper floor of the main building, is for the use of students and is equipped 
 for teaching the theory and practice of chemical science. The room for 
 laboratory work is well lighted, provided with gas, water, working desks. 
 ventilating hoods, an abundance of apparatus and chemicals with which to 
 carry on experimental work, and can be made to accommodate about 
 twenty-four students. Adjoining the large room is a small store-room. 
 stocked with apparatus for demonstrating the principles of chemistry, and 
 containing well-selected collections of chemical substances. 
 
 The experiment station laboratory occupies three large working rooms 
 and two small store-rooms on the lower floor of the main building. This 
 laboratory is devoted to analytical work and chemical investigations relat- 
 ing to the agricultural interests of the territory. It is excellently equipped 
 for the special lines of investigation in which it is engaged, and although 
 not primarily intended for the use of students, it has educational value to 
 those who desire to witness the operations of a working laboratory. The 
 
106 Treasure Land. 
 
 equipment includes chemical balances, chemical apparatus and supplies, 
 machinery for preparing samples, and special appliances for the analysis 
 of milk, agricultural products, tanning materials and soils. 
 
 Civil and Hydraulic Engineering In this department the fact has been 
 recognized that the first actual engagement secured by the student will be 
 either in the field with a surveying party or in the drafting office, and the 
 equipment has, therefore, been chosen with a view to developing the high- 
 est skill in these fundamental lines of work. 
 
 In addition to the large number of technical books and periodicals in the 
 general library, this department possesses a considerable number of valu- 
 able reference works concerning its special lines of investigation. 
 
 The Department of Physics is equipped with very complete facilities for 
 experimental demonstration of all important phenomena. The lecture room 
 is fitted with shutters, so that it can be instantly darkened, and a beam of 
 sunlight, directed by a very fine clock heliostat outside, may be thrown 
 steadily across the lecture table for experiments in light, or used in con- 
 nection with the solar lantern for a variety of other work. The lecture table 
 is supplied with gas, water, electric currents from primary and storage 
 batteries, and from the large dynamo. 
 
 Adjacent to the lecture room is the apparatus room, where are kept the 
 very best instruments and appliances for demonstrations. 
 
 Both these rooms open into the large physical laboratory, where the 
 students verify for themselves the laws set forth in text books and lectures. 
 
 The machinery and technical sections are equipped with carpenters' 
 benches, lathes and other pieces of machinery, operated by foot and steam 
 power. 
 
 The School of Nines is well equipped for giving both theoretical and 
 practical instruction in the arts of mining, metallurgy and assaying in all 
 its branches. 
 
 Attached to the main building is an annex, or mill, containing machinery 
 and appliances for crushing, sampling, concentrating, amalgamating, leach- 
 ing, chlorinating, and the electrical treatment of various kinds of ore, in 
 large or small lots. The student has access to this apparatus and is re- 
 quired to familiarize himself with its manipulation. Power is furnished 
 from a seventy-horse power boiler, detached from the main building, tho 
 steam being carried underground to the engine-room, which contains a 
 thirty-five-horse power engine, and a sixteen-horse power Westiughouse 
 automatic engine, the latter being used for running the dynamo. 
 
 The mill building has a storage capacity for ore of 50 to 100 tons. 
 A seven-inch by ten-inch Blake crusher is used for coarse crushing, and a 
 Dodge crusher for finer work. Beneath the Blake crusher is a set of 
 fourteen-inch by twenty-inch Cornish rolls, from which the ore passes by 
 a conveyor to the main elevator, which carries it up thirty-five feet to the 
 top of the mill. By means of slides and chutes the crushed ore may be 
 sent at will to various machines to be tested by different methods. For 
 concentration there are provided revolving sizing screens giving facilities 
 for preparing six sizes, besides hydraulic separators for classifying slimes 
 into three grades. A small apparatus, run by electric motor, is also pro- 
 vided for dry concentration. A five-stamp gold mill, with silvered plates 
 and aprons of the latest and most approved construction, has recently been 
 added to the mill, thus permitting the working of free-milling gold ores by 
 the usual methods and on a large scale. Several lots of ore have been suc- 
 cessfully worked and returns made in gold bullion, thus familiarizing the 
 mining students with all the details of feeding, stamping, cleaning up, re- 
 torting, smelting and assaying. 
 
The Story of the University of Arizona. 107 
 
 In addition to the five-stamp mill, a smaller prospecting mill of three 
 stamps has been added so as to work small lots of ore of from 100 to 2,000 
 pounds. 
 
 A sampling mill permits of rapid crushing and mixing large samples, 
 preparatory to assaying. 
 
 Above the engine-room is the electrical laboratory, containing a seventy- 
 five-light Mather incandescent dynamo, from which six circuits are dis- 
 tributed to different parts of the university building. Of these, two circuits 
 are for lighting purposes; one extends to the hoisting motor; another to the 
 motor which runs the concentrating machinery; another circuit to the fan 
 motors used for ventilating purposes, and the sixth branch goes to the 
 storage batteries which provide current for electrolytic work in the assay 
 laboratory. 
 
 The assay laboratory is one of the most complete in the West in its ap- 
 pointments. This is equipped with assay furnaces for crucible work, for 
 scorifying and cupelling, and for retorting mercury from amalgam. An ad- 
 joining room, supplied with water, gas and electric current, has a roomy 
 hood for work involving fumes, with tables and desks for student work, 
 besides all needed appliances for assaying by dry and wet methods, in- 
 cluding electrolysis. 
 
 The laboratory also has desks and fittings for the chemical work re- 
 quired in the metallurgical and mineralogical investigation and analysis of 
 ores, mineral fertilizers and qualitative tests of minerals. 
 
 A reagent and assay-supply store-room adjoins this room, and also a 
 balance room, with balances of the highest grade and accuracy. 
 
 The school is thus prepared to give instruction, and at the same time to 
 work ores by the ton, and also to determine the nature and value of ob- 
 scure and little known mineral substances, specimens of which are re- 
 ceived by mail from all parts of Arizona and beyond it, and are examined 
 gratuitously. 
 
 The last legislature, with the view of making the school of mines still 
 more useful to the mining interests, passed a law fixing the following ex- 
 tremely low prices for assaying of ores taken from deposits and mines 
 within the territory: 
 
 For each assay producing gold and silver $ .50 
 
 For each assay producing gold, silver and copper 1.00 
 
 For each assay showing more than three metals 1.50 
 
 This enactment, while it assists the miner, gives the student an oppor- 
 tunity to acquire by repeated practice a confidence that he would not get 
 from isolated experiments. All assays are made by or under the direction 
 of a competent assayer, the student work being chiefly in the manner of 
 check tests. 
 
 Special students, having some general qualifications, are admitted to 
 this department and acquire a fair amount of proficiency, but can not re- 
 ceive a degree. 
 
 Besides the studies referred to, instruction is also provided in music 
 (vocal and instrumental), and in all the branches of a complete business edu- 
 cation, including stenography, typewriting, penmanship and commercial 
 studies. 
 
 The Government of the University is vested in a board of six regents, four 
 of whom are appointed by the governor, the retraining two being the gov- 
 ernor himself and the superintendent of public instruction. But while the 
 board is thus a political body, the appointees, who practically control the 
 destiny of the institution, have generally been able and conscientious per- 
 sons. The political kaleidoscope, however, works injuriously in causing 
 changes ofteuer than the best interests of the institution demand. 
 
108 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 The reader, having thus been informed of the general conditions of the 
 university, will be prepared to learn that the chairs are filled by professors 
 \vho would do honor to any similar institution. Liberal salaries are paid. 
 and the very best talent sought for. The marvelous climate and the great 
 field for original research have brought to us many able men, whom \ve 
 could not have secured otherwise. 
 
 The student body contains representatives from several Eastern states, 
 who find here conditions more favorable to study, and no better facilities 
 can be had in the country for studies connected with mining thau are 
 offered here. A fully equipped plant is almost constantly in operation on 
 commercial work, and real mines can be examined or worked by the stu- 
 dent at any time. 
 
 The rates of living are exceedingly light, the tuition is free, and the 
 social environment is excellent. 
 
 The University of Arizona is certain to attract the attention of parents 
 of delicate children, who can not stand the rigors of the Eastern climates. 
 Here it is not alone a superior education that is furnished, for the physical 
 constitution of the student is enriched, and vigorous manhood crmvns his 
 commencement day. 
 
 We regret that the requirements of space prevent us from further pur- 
 suing this interesting subject. Detailed information can be obtained hy ad 
 dressing the President of the University of Arizona, 
 
 STREET SCENES, Trrs<>\. 
 
THE CITY OP AGES 
 
 UCSON, 
 
 THE OLDEST SETTLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF TUCSON. 
 
 Aneienl in I/ears, lint her loinj lift- ire/I s/>cut. 
 
 She smiles serene/i/ ut /In- filer <>f Time. 
 .S'/ '/////. r-//Ar sin- xiil. irln'/r f/jyrx runic inn/ in i/t- 
 
 'I'/ir oldest city inn/ tin' i/i'iitlrnt clime. 
 
 But lo! Tin 1 it-nil of xii fftriinj from afar, 
 Aronneif her ener</ies. m/il like tln> star. 
 That Itei-alilril the Sarinr of Hie nice, she ruse 
 To In-iiKj iieir hone into irorhl of iroes. 
 
110 Treasure Land. 
 
 The struggle between Santa Fe and San Augustine on 
 
 Santa Fe tne I" 68 * 1011 ot priority of settlement has about worii 
 
 them out. San Augustine pants upon her sandy shore. 
 
 is Old. and the mosquitoes sing a lullaby, while poor old Santa 
 
 Fe grins disconsolate from amid her ruins. Tucson has 
 
 not, heretofore, claimed anything but climate and prosperity, but now she 
 
 rises to explain that these two hoary-headed sinners have been wasting 
 
 their declining years in trying to prove private property in what belongs to 
 
 neither. 
 
 Fifty-six years after Father Marcos de Niza explored Arizona, that is 
 to say, in 1595, Juan de Onate entered New Mexico, and in 1605 a settle- 
 ment was established near the site of Santa Fe. 
 
 In 1680 a general revolt of the Indian tribes drove the colonists and mis- 
 sionaries out of the country, and for twelve years it was absolutely aban- 
 doned to the original inhabitants. 
 
 In 1692, Diego de Vargas began the reconquest of the country, and 
 finally made it possible to relocate Santa Fe somewhere near the original 
 site. 
 
 For the sake of argument, and seeing that it is no advantage to Santa 
 Fe, we will concede the original date of settlement as 1605, and proceed to 
 consider the claims of the Florida claimant. 
 
 o f In 1502, Admiral Coligni obtained from Charles IX., of 
 
 France, the privilege of planting a French Protestant col- 
 St. AllgUStine ony in the New World, and finally succeeded in estab- 
 is Older lishing one on the River St. Johns, in Florida. The col- 
 
 onists had just become comfortably settled when the 
 Spaniards, who classified heretics with alligators, pounced upon them. 
 
 On the 28th of August, 1595 (the same year the Spaniards entered New 
 Mexico to Christianize the Indians), Pedro Melendez, with a company of 
 2,400, descended upon the Huguenots and exterminated them, but left the 
 alligators and mosquitoes. 
 
 Phillip II. was then proclaimed monarch of North America, or what- 
 ever it might be thereafter called, and the necessary foundation being pre- 
 pared, San Agustin (as it was then spelled) was founded with due pomp 
 and ceremony. 
 
 Conceding Santa Fe's claim of 1605, and also paying due 
 And TuCSOn veneration to the antiquity of San Augustine, we claim 
 
 priority for Tucson on the following grounds: 
 IS the Oldest. According to authentic records, Marcos de Niza and 
 
 the negro, Estevanico, explored Arizona in 1539, passing 
 through the Santa Cruz valley and the Gila settlements. He made such a 
 wonderful report on the country, which he swore to, that the question of 
 establishing a settlement in that section was seriously considered, and in 
 1552 the matter was reported favorably and the settlement ordered estab- 
 lished. 
 
 The proof of this is contained in a stained and time-worn document 
 written on vellum, signed by his Catholic majesty, Charles the First of 
 Spain and Fifth of Germany, the successor of Ferdinand and Isabella, the 
 patrons of Columbus, and countersigned by the viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 It was discovered recently among the relics of the ancient mission of 
 San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson, and was forwarded for safe-keep- 
 ing to the librarian at Washington, in whose custody it now is, or ought to 
 be. The date on the vellum is 1552, and, allowing three years for good 
 measure, we can place the date of Tucson's settlement at 1555, at which 
 time San Augustine was merely a strip of coast line, and Santa Fe :i 
 prairie dog village. Attached to the vellum is an interesting account of the 
 founding of Tucson, written in the fair, round hand of Marcos de Niza. 
 
TJic City of Agex: Tucson. Ill 
 
 The toAvu was never afterwards abandoned. It moved along the river, 
 following the most fertile land as It was discovered, and finally located 
 where it now is. 
 
 For years at a time it was cut off from all official connection with Mex- 
 ico and lost sight of. The church neglected it and the government ignored 
 it. but the Indians were friendly, and the European settlers, cut off from 
 home and friends, dwelt among them and became almost as they were. 
 
 When the missionaries, more than a century later, entered the country 
 again, they found many of their own race to welcome and aid them, and 
 (his accounts for the easy manner in which the people were converted. It 
 took only three years (1690-3) to establish a chain of prosperous missions 
 along the Santa Cruz valley, and Father Kino was never able to induce 
 more than a few priests to come to his assistance! 
 
 The city of Tucson will always be an interesting spot 
 The CitV Of * ^^ e student * antiquities, but he must come here 
 
 soon to get the best results, for the antiquities are fast 
 AgfCS. disappearing before the march of progress and the ruth- 
 
 less hand of the curiosity seeker. 
 
 The adobe walls that formed the battlements- of the old Mexican pueblo 
 have crumbled away, the mission ruins are disintegrating, the ancient cit- 
 ies are being plowed up, the Indians are learning English and wearing 
 store clothes, and some vandals have even gone so far as to chip off the 
 faces of the painted rocks. 
 
 While it is the city of ages, it has been embued with the gift of perpet- 
 ual vigor and robust youth. It grows brighter, better and bigger every 
 year, and the stimulus of its increasing prosperity courses through every 
 artery of its social and commercial life. 
 
 In the dawn of its existence, when Indian chants wooed the gentle 
 zephyrs and the daily siesta was unbroken in the sunny silence, it watched 
 the passing of the uneventful years with listless gaze. Its dusky inhab- 
 itants reveled in the luxury of idleness, and drew dreamy intoxication from 
 the balmy ozone of the skies. 
 
 We were not here at the time, but we have often felt the gentle influ- 
 ence upon us, and can verify the above if required to do so. 
 
 Later on, hostile assaults from northern savage hordes bestirred to 
 action the encompassed denizens, and ceaseless warfare changed their 
 sweet repose to years of deadly strife. 
 
 Then came the holy fathers from the South, and mail-clad warriors and 
 thundering guns, mud-walled forts and all the bustling energy of Chris- 
 tianity, to be again succeeded by a still more aggressive race, the one that 
 rules to-day. 
 
 Its perpetuity is one of the curiosities of this land of ancient marvels. 
 Race after race has dwelt here and vanished, leaving hardly a record of its 
 history beyond the mouldering ruins found on hill and plain; but the same 
 mild air and sunlit sky that made this a happy home for them is ours 
 to-day! 
 
 While Gens. Scott and Taylor were invading Mexico and 
 TllCSOn in writing in letters of blood the preamble to the treaty of 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, which added an empire to our na- 
 1847. tional domain, Tucson was a small square of adobes, 
 
 often assailed by savage Apaches, and never free from 
 peril. There were then about twenty-five Mexican families living within 
 a walled square of small extent, which constituted the town proper, and a 
 small detachment of Mexican frontier guards. There were two entrances 
 by immense doors made of heavy timber put solidly together, and these 
 \vore invariably closed nt night. The rear of the houses adjoining the 
 walls were built four or five feet higher than the front, which faced in- 
 
112 
 
 Treasure La ml. 
 
 ward, thus making an effective breastwork of about twelve feet in height. 
 It was commanded by three bastions, set at the corners where attack was 
 most feared, and so constructed as to infilade the walls, as well as to in- 
 timidate the approaching enemy. Artillery was suggested by two small 
 cannon, more dangerous, however, to the garrison than to the enemy. 
 
 From some of the old settlers we learn that the enclosure occupied 
 the space bounded as follows: Beginning at Washington street, thence south 
 to Pennington; up Pennington to about the middle of the court house; 
 thence north to Washington street, .along Washington street to place of be- 
 ginning. One of the entrances stood where Alameda street enters Main, 
 and some of the old wall has been used in the construction of modern 
 buildings. 
 
 Besides the town square there was another smaller enclosure occupying 
 the block east of the Occidental hotel, where trade was carried on with the 
 Indians and the cattle herded at night. 
 
 1. Indian Industrial School. 
 2 Pimu County Court House. 
 3. Tucson High School. 
 
 Judge Chas. M. Meyer and Jimmy Douglas, who prided 
 The First himself on carrying six bullets in his revolver and one 
 
 in his leg, a relic of Gettysburg, were responsible for the 
 Cham Gang. first chain-gang in the territory. 
 
 Twenty years ago no place was worse governed Ihan 
 
 Tucson, and Judge Meyer and Jimmy were appointed a committee of two 
 lo effect a change. The first thing they did was to establish a chain-gang. 
 and enlist in its ranks every offender that was caught. Jimmy did mosi 
 of the catching, and the judge "sent them up." The shyster lawyers \vho 
 had been running the machinery of justice to suit themselves, tried to over- 
 throw the chain-gang with the constitution of the United States, but their 
 efforts availed nothing, as the judge did not propose to fool with the const i- 
 Uition until he had thoroughly tested the chain-gang. His process was as 
 summary as the result was gratifying, and in a short time all the wild, 
 rough characters who had ruled the town were employing their energies 
 in rubbing down its streets. 
 
 Judge Meyer has been justice of the peace or recorder ever since, and 
 is confirmed in his habit of making the punishment fit the crime. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 11.' J 
 
 M.-uiy of our old settlers were army men who dropped 
 
 OnlV a SUDDlV out of tne service wnen tae war was over, convinced that 
 promotion in civil life would come swifter and higher. 
 Post in 1871. Among these was the Hon. Chas. R. Drake, who reached 
 here twenty-five years ago, when Tucson was a small 
 frontier supply post. Two companies of the Twenty-first infantry, com- 
 manded by Col. Dunn, were quartered in tents on Military plaza. The set- 
 tlement was then confined to that part of the city lying along Main street, 
 between Congress and Ott, and east to Meyer street. The firms then doing 
 business were A. & L. Zeckendorf, E. N. Fish & Co., Goldberg & Drach- 
 man, Lord & Williams, Tully, Ocha & Co., and Chas. Lesinsky & Co., and 
 of these but one survives, the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. Old Congress 
 Hall stood where it stands to-day, under the management of C. O. Brown. 
 There were none of the modern facilities or conveniences. If one wanted 
 to visit the outer world he had to take a stage journey of 500 miles to San 
 Diego, thence by steamer to San Francisco, or a 900-mile stage trip to 
 Trinidad, Colo., the nearest railroad point on the east, with all the chances 
 in the world of meeting Indians. Eastern products were hauled from Trini- 
 dad by ox and mule teams, and supplies from the West came from San 
 Francisco' by way of the Colorado river to Yuma, and thence by teams to 
 Tucson. Groceries were extremely high in price; common table salt cost 
 twenty cents a pound; potatoes and onions, twenty-five cents; bacon and 
 ham. fifty cents; coffee, seventy-five cents, and other staples in proportion. 
 
 The population was about 1,500, principally Mexicans, and there were 
 only two American ladies outside of those belonging to the military post. 
 
 Our entire dependence was on the army until the discovery of the Tomb- 
 stone mines and the arrival of the railroad brought us an increase of popu- 
 lation and incited us to turn our attention to some of our natural resources. 
 
 Hard times followed the heavy decline in silver, but we lived in hopes 
 of an improvement, which eventually came. Up to 1888 it was almost im- 
 possible to borrow money on real estate, and hence few people invested in 
 homes. The establishment of a building and loan association worked a 
 marvelous change. Snug homes arose as if by magic, and people learned 
 that they could live as comfortably here as elsewhere. The railroad and 
 mines afforded us a permanent income, and our prosperity began to un- 
 fold and gather in a hundred hitherto unperceived resources, until to-day it 
 is positively assured. 
 
 We need many public improvements in order to keep up with the 
 changed conditions. Our water works are inadequate for the needs of the 
 new Tucson, and a system of sewerage is desirable. 
 
 Mr. Drake has an elegant home, facing on Military plaza and embow- 
 ered in verdure, and feels contented to pass the rest of his days here and 
 see his children carry forward the good work he has begun. 
 
 _ The arrival of the Southern Pacific railroad put us in 
 
 touch with the outside world, and did more for the up- 
 Black Horse building of Arizona than any event in its history. 
 P , The first through train reached Yuma, December 15, 
 
 ury. 1878, and the work of construction was continued to Casa 
 
 <;rande, at which point it rested for a year, and was not completed to 
 Tucson until March 20, 1880. 
 
 The driving of the silver spike was a gala day. Bob Leatherwood was 
 mayor, and Dr. .T. C. Handy, Chas. T. Etchells, M. G. Samaniego and my 
 M'lf. councilmen. I wrote over to Dick Gird, of The Tombstone Mining and 
 Milling Company, for a silver spike, which he made from the first product 
 of the Toughnut mine; and the late William S. Oury presented it, with a 
 speech of welcome, to the railroad officials and their staff. The presenta- 
 tion was followed by a grand banquet, at which 300 covers were laid. 
 Tom Fitch, the silver-tongued orator, paid a merited tribute to the energy 
 
114 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 and enterprise of Huntington, Crocker and Stanford, in a speech filled with 
 flowery rhetoric, and eulogized the Southern Pacific railroad as the "Black 
 Horse Cavalry of the Plains, the great civilizers of the world!" 
 
 The mere statement of the revenue of a city is no in- 
 A Good dication of its condition or the character of its govern- 
 
 ment, but the application of its income is all-important, 
 Showing 1 . and applying this test to Tucson we can make a show- 
 
 ing that challenges comparison. It is hardly fair to 
 assume that this was due to the personale of the city council, for in a 
 small community, such as this, where everyone knows his neighbor, the 
 public officers come very near representing the people. 
 
 The total assessed value of city property in 1896 was $1,400,000, upon 
 which there was levied a tax of 1 per cent., or $14,000, to which we add 
 the product of licenses, $8,000, making a total of $22,000. Of this amount 
 there was expended by the city for street improvement about $10,000 
 (the balance being used to meet running expenses), besides which the 
 property owners themselves expended at least $20,000 for the same pur- 
 pose. This has been done without running into debt, the only outstanding 
 city obligation being its bonded indebtedness of $28,000. 
 
 If this is not an indication of good management and progressive spirit 
 we ask to be introduced to something that is. 
 
 Tucsox RESIDENCES : 
 
 1. Dr. W. H. Feniier. 
 
 2. R. T. Millar. 
 
 3. T. D. Satterwhite. 
 
 4. W. W. Williams. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 
 
 115 
 
 Law and 
 
 Order 
 
 in Tucson. 
 
 The great West has always been the refuge for those 
 daring spirits who found the restraints of polished civ- 
 ilization irksome to thought and action. Some of them 
 were corrupted by evil associations and the weakness of 
 generous impulses, but those of firmer character became 
 the leaders of public life or the guardians of law and order, and the 
 employment of such men in the constabulary force of the territory has 
 made it one of the most law-abiding sections of the country. Our crime 
 record compares favorably with that of any state or territory, and shows 
 conclusively that we are a self-governing people. 
 
 To the casual visitor, as well as to the student of social statistics, the 
 following report of crimes committed in Tucson at three widely separated 
 periods will be interesting. 
 
 It has been specially compiled for us by the efficient chief of police, 
 Mr. Sam Finley, who has established for himself an enviable reputation 
 ns one of the bravest and most gentlemanly guardians of the peace in 
 the Southwest 
 
 As samples of intervening years he shows the total number of arrests 
 made by the Tucson police force during the years 1885, 1890 and 1896, 
 and it will be seen that, taking into consideration the increase in popula- 
 tion, that there has been a very material decrease. It must also be 
 borne in mind that a large proportion of material was furnished by vag- 
 rants who resort here in the winter and for these we can not be held 
 responsible. Mr. Finley has been a resident of Tucson for fourteen years, 
 and feels justified in stating that there is no quieter or more orderly 
 town in the West. 
 
 In 1885 there were twelve policemen and a marshal required to re- 
 strain the lawless element, while to-day there is but slight occupation for 
 ihree policemen and himself. This in itself shows the great change that 
 has taken place in ten years. The number of arrests made for carrying 
 concealed weapons is comparatively small, and many of the offenders 
 were merely technical violators of the law and not dangerous people at all. 
 It will, no doubt, surprise many, who have formed their opinions of 
 us from reading the caricature stories of the Arizona Kicker, that murder 
 nn arson are almost unknown here. 
 
 STATEMENT OF ARRESTS IN TUCSON. 
 
 
 18f 
 
 35. 
 
 18! 
 
 X). 
 
 18i 
 
 K>. 
 
 
 Res. 
 
 Non- 
 Res. 
 
 Res. 
 
 Non- 
 Res. 
 
 Res. 
 
 Non- 
 Res. 
 
 Drunk, and drunk and disorderly. 
 Misdemeanors 
 
 218 
 40 
 
 37 
 1 
 
 214 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 237 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 6 
 
 Breach of peace 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 o 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 Assault and battery 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 Concealed weapons 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Petty larceny 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Robbery 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Vagrancy 
 
 13 
 
 134 
 
 9 
 
 104 
 
 13 
 
 273 
 
 Insane 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand larceny ... 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rape 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Burglarv 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Assault to murder 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ] 
 
 False pretences 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Felony 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
116- 
 
 Treasure Lm/<l. 
 
 , The Whipping 
 
 Post 
 in Tucson. 
 
 When the Mexican troops left Tucson after the transfer 
 of the country, Juan Elias was alcalde, and continued 
 to administer justice in the Mexican fashion, which was 
 not satisfactory to the Americans, and these appointed 
 Maj. Mark Aldridge, partner of Sol. Warner in the 
 merchandise business, as justice of the peace. There was no jail in which 
 to confine offenders and no provision for the expenses of the justice, so 
 the whipping post was adopted. The sentences imposed a penalty of 
 from thirty to sixty lashes on the bare back and the post was set up 
 at the corner of Ott street. The offender received about half the penalty 
 on the day of sentence, and after being enjoined to return next day for 
 the balance was turned loose. Only one man ever reported. 
 
 In order to meet the expenses of the office, offenders who had the 
 means were permitted to pay a fine, and this form of justice was main- 
 tained for about three years. The results were entirely satisfactory. 
 
 CITY OFFICERS : l. Sam. Finley, Marshal. 
 
 2. L D. Chillson, Engineer. 
 
 3. C. T. Council, Recorder. 
 
 Building and 
 
 About 200 buildings have been erected and improved 
 by additions during the last year, and at present there 
 are eighteen in actual course of construction, not in- 
 Material. eluding those for which contracts are made but actual 
 
 building not begun, and in this class are the A. O. U.W. 
 building, to cost $30,000; the Masonic temple and opera house, $25,000; 
 the addition to the university, $10,000, and several business blocks. 
 
 All our mechanics have had constant employment at good AVM^IS. 
 ranging from $2.50 to $5 per diem. 
 
 We are indebted to Mr. J. Knox Corbett, the lumber merchant, for 
 the following prices of building material now ruling here: 
 
 Lumber Oregon pine, $27.50 per 1,000 feet; California pine, $25; sur 
 face redwood, $40, and rough redwood, $32.50. 
 
 Bricks of good quality, $8 per 1,000 laid in the wall. 
 Lime, $9 per ton; Portland cement, $9 per barrel of 400 pounds. 
 Mr. Corbett has been a resident of Tucson for many years and lias 
 never before noted such activity in all lines of business, and a si ranger 
 might infer that we were enjoying a boom. There is none, however, for no 
 foreign capital is being used: whatever is spent comes from our own 
 people, who have sufficient confidence in the future to invest their savings 
 where they were made. This he regards as the surest evidence of per- 
 manent prosperity. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 117 
 
 One of the most important considerations in the choice 
 of a new home is the cost of living, and upon this sub- 
 Cost Of Living. ject we present the following, which with slight varia- 
 tions may be relied upon for all seasons of the year 
 as the ruling retail prices for staple necessaries: 
 
 Bacon Gold Band, highest grade, 12% to 14 cents per pound; medium 
 grade, 10 to 12 cents per pound. 
 
 Beans Pink and white, 3 to 4 cents per pound. 
 
 Canned Goods Best quality table fruits, 2%-pound cans, $1.70 per 
 dozen; pie fruits, 2%-pound cans, $1.30 per dozen; tomatoes, 2%-pound 
 cans, $1.10 per dozen; jams and jellies, 2-pound cans, $1.50 per dozen; 
 salmon, 1-pound cans, $1.35 per dozen; oysters, 1-pound cans, $1.25 per 
 dozen; corn, 1-pound cans, $1.10 per dozen; Eagle milk, $2.20 per dozen. 
 
 Butter Best fresh, Arizona and imported, 35 cents per roll. 
 
 Coffee Highest grade, green, 35 cents per pound; medium, green, 20 
 to 25 cents per pound; roasted, best Mocha and Java, 40 cents per pound. 
 
 Cheese Best imported cream, 15 to 18 cents per pound. 
 
 Eggs Ranch, 20 to 35 cents a dozen. 
 
 Flour Eastern extra, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.75 to $1.90 per sack; 
 California, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.50 to $1.75 per sack; local, per sacks 
 of 50 pounds, $1.40 to $1.50. 
 
 Fruits Kaisius, London layer, 10 to 15 cents per pound; currants, 
 imported, 10 to 12% cents per pound; apples, evaporated, 10 to 12% cents 
 per pound; Peaches, evaporated, 10 to 12% cents per pound; apricots, 
 12% to 15 cents per pound. Fresh in season at reasonable rates. 
 
 Fish Fresh from Guaymas and Los Angeles, 12% to 15 cents per 
 pound. 
 
 J lam Gold Band, highest grade, 13 to 15 cents per pound; medium, 
 10 to 12 cents per pound. 
 
 Lard Pure, in tins, 8 to 10 cents per pound. 
 
 Meats Beef, alfalfa-fed, prime cuts, 10 cents per pound; porterhouse 
 steaks. lf cents per pound; sirloin steaks, 12% cents per pound; ordinary, 
 < : to 10 cents per pound; corned, 8 cents per pound. Mutton, prime cuts. 
 12% cents per pound; ordinary, 10 cents per pound. Veal, 10 to 12% 
 cents per pound. Pork, 12% cents per pound; sausages, 12% cents per 
 pound. Game in season: Bear-meat, 12% cents per pound; venison, 12% 
 cents per pound. 
 
 Poultry Chickens, $4 to $7 per dozen; turkeys, 14 to 20 cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Rice, 8 cents per pound. 
 
 Sugar Cube, 13 pounds for $1; granulated, 14 pounds for $1; Golden 
 C., 15 pounds for $1. 
 
 Salt Table, 10-pound sacks, 12% to 15 cents. 
 
 Soap Ten-ounce borax, 5 cents a bar. 
 
 Tea, from 20 to 85 cents per pound. 
 
 Vegetables, fresh from local gardens, nominal. A large family can 
 be supplied with vegetables in season at an average cost of fifteen cents 
 per diem. 
 
 Potatoes, $1.35 to $2 per 100 pounds; onions, $2 to $3 per 100 pounds. 
 
 Dry goods and clothing can be purchased at a slight advance on East- 
 ern prices. 
 
 Rents are reasonable, houses bringing at the rate of $5 per month 
 per room or less, and furnished rooms $8 per month and upwards. Hotel 
 rates vary according to service and accommodations from $1.50 to $4 
 per diem. 
 
 Restaurant living costs from $4 to $7 per week. 
 
118 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Tucson's first serious fire took place in 1880, and led 
 to the temporary organization of a fire department. 
 This organization was recognized by the city in 1883, 
 and formally established as the fire department of 
 Tucson. A building and fire bell tower were erected at 
 a cost of about $4,000, and an equipment supplied. This equipment now 
 comprises a large chemical engine, hook and ladder and two hose carts 
 with 1,000 feet of first-class hose. The water supply being poor and 
 under very small pressure, the equipment was never efficient until the 
 chemical engine was purchased by the city. The department has a ineni 
 bership of forty-five volunteers, who readily respond to every call, and 
 the-officers are: Chief, J. D. Boleyn; assistant, Frank Saladin; Win. Reid, 
 foreman and treasurer; secretary, Al. Ezekiels; steward, Rich. Brophy. 
 
 The yearly volume of inland freighting from Tucson by 
 
 Teaming" and teams is estimated to exceed 2,000 tons of general 
 
 merchandise, which, added to the amount shipped by 
 
 Staging. railroad, incalculably greater, and that consumed locally, 
 
 indicates the condition of business here. Stage lines run 
 
 from here, making daily, weekly or semi-weekly trips to all important set- 
 
 tlements, such as Nogales, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Oracle, Quijotoa and Great- 
 
 erville. 
 
 Lately a stage line has been established to meet the requirements of 
 the mining companies operating in the mining districts south of the line, 
 so that our facilities for communication are almost complete. 
 
 It is more than possible that, UOAV that the Southern Pacific company 
 has acquired the ownership of the Sonoi-a railway, that a line of road will 
 be run from Tucson to Calabasas, thus facilitating mining and agricultural 
 operations in the Santa Cruz valley and adjoining country. 
 
 One of the attractions of Tucson is the facilities for ac- 
 quiring the Spanish language. It is spoken more or less 
 by seven-eighths of our population, and this makes its 
 acquisition seem easy. 
 
 While the language is several degrees easier than 
 
 Chinese, it is difficult enough to give trouble, and you realize this when 
 you have tried to master it in six lessons. 
 
 There is one sensible thing about it the alphabet means something. 
 You can not take a handful of letters and call them a word, as we do in 
 
 Spanish. 
 
The City of A(/es: Tucson. 119 
 
 English. Utility is not sacrificed to architectural beauty, as in Chinese, and 
 if you wish to speli a word, you enunciate its component sounds, if you 
 happen to remember them, and get the letters. Desiring the word, you 
 gently call the letters by their baptismal names, and you have it. In our 
 own anti-phonetic language, the spelling is for protective purposes, but iu 
 Spanish we spell for revenue only! 
 
 The writer has been introduced to several patented methods of learning 
 Spanish in a week or two, but never cultivated their acquaintance. Next 
 to acquiring it before any other language, the best way is to live iu Tucson 
 for a year, employ a good teacher, and then work on it as if you had to do 
 it for a living. 
 
 Those who are familiar with the difficulties and dau- 
 Our Public ^ ers *^ a t surrounded the pioneers of Arizona can ap- 
 
 preciate the constancy, perseverance and unselfishness 
 Schools. of those who isolated themselves from civilizing in- 
 
 fluences and faced the dreaded Apache to establish here 
 a system of public education that would rear a commonwealth of intelli- 
 gent and responsible men and women. Where once stood crude adobe 
 school houses, magnificent buildings now stand as monuments to the work 
 of the early pioneers. Where once gathered a lonely few in constant 
 dread of murderous Indians, may now be heard the joyous shouts of 
 thousands of Arizona boys and girls as they enjoy their games on the 
 school grounds, adorned with trees and flowers, and those who have lived 
 to witness this grand transformation can well be proud of their noble 
 work for Arizona. 
 
 Gov. P. K. Safford is justly deserving of the title of "Father of the 
 Public Schools of Arizona," for although he was not in the territory when 
 the first efforts were made to establish common schools, it was due to 
 liis personal efforts that the excellent system now existing was firmly 
 planted. 
 
 The first public school of Tucson, and probably of Arizona was taught 
 in the spring of 1869 by Mr. Augustus Brichta. The school was opened in 
 an adobe building with dirt floor and roof, in the rear of the store now 
 owned and occupied by L. Zeckendorf & Co. He enrolled fifty-five pupils, 
 all boys. The trustees were Hon. John B. Allen, W. S. Oury and W. W. 
 Williams. 
 
 The next session was opened in 1871, by Prof. John A. Spring, in a 
 
 . building on the northwest corner of Meyer and McCormick streets. He 
 
 taught fifteen months and enrolled 138 boys, 95 per cent, of whom were 
 
 Spanish-speaking. Messrs. W. F. Scott, Samuel Hughes and W. C. Davis 
 
 were the school trustees at that time. 
 
 In 1871 the Sisters of St. Joseph established an academy for girls, 
 furnishing free tuition to indigent pupils. 
 
 In the summer of 1872, Mrs. L. C. Hughes opened a school for girls 
 in a house in Levin's park. 
 
 The following year, Miss Harriet Bolton, later Mrs. John Wasson, and 
 Miss Maria Wakefield, now Mrs. E. N. Fish, took charge of the public 
 schools of Tucson. The schools were kept in a building adjacent to the 
 site of the present city hall. 
 
 The Congress Street school was completed iu 1874, the trustees being 
 Hons. R. N. Leatherwood, Samuel Hughes and Estevan Ochoa. The 
 citizens of Tucson contributed liberally to the funds necessary to com- 
 plete said building, and at one of the many socials given to raise money, 
 a cake was sold and re-sold, until the proceeds aggregated more than 
 $200. Hon. R. N. Leatherwood was the last purchaser, and after paying 
 the price, distributed the cake among the school children. The lumber 
 used in the porch was donated by the officers of Fort Grant, and was 
 hauled, free of charge, by Tully & Ochoa. 
 
120 Treasure Land. 
 
 Prof. W. B. Horton, a native of Scotland, and a graduate of a college 
 of Edinburg, was elected principal of the Tucson schools in the fall of 
 1874. His assistants were Ygnacio Bonillas (now a prominent civil and 
 mining engineer), who took charge of the boys' department, and Miss 
 Packard, who conducted the female department. 
 
 Miss Packard was succeeded by Miss Nesmith; Miss Nesmith by 
 Mrs. M. B. Aguirre, and Miss Nora Smith and Miss Sallie Wood succeeded 
 Mrs. Aguirre. 
 
 In 1881 Prof. Geo. C. Hall and his wife took charge of the schools. 
 Prof. M. M. Sherman and Miss Nora Smith were his assistants. The 
 number of pupils enrolled in 1881 was 281. The number enrolled in 
 1882 was 353. 
 
 In 1883 the territorial legislature authorized the school trustees to issue 
 bonds to the amount of $40,000, payable semi-annually, in ten years, to 
 erect a high school building in Tucson. Bonds were readily sold, but 
 it is estimated that before the building was completed in 1884 it had cost 
 not less than $56,000. 
 
 Under the management of Prof. Hall, some important improvements 
 were made in the Tucson schools. A course of instruction was prepared; 
 the work of grading was begun; the schools were changed from having 
 separate male and female departments to a mixed and graded school 
 system. 
 
 There has been a considerable growth in our schools since 1885. In 
 that year 1,330 pupils were enumerated, 668 enrolled and 278 in regular 
 attendance; now there are 1,853 enumerated, 790 enrolled and 454 in 
 regular attendance. 
 
 The yearly term of school varies from nine to ten months, and at 
 present twelve graded teachers and a supervising principal are employed. 
 
 During the past year the schools have been carefully graded ami 
 adjusted to a course of study in keeping with modern requirements. 
 Every effort is put forth to make the work of the schools practical ami 
 thorough, and Eastern people who locate here will find our schools equal 
 or superior to those of their old homes. 
 
 The course of study of the Tucson public schools as now arranged 
 covers three years of primary and five years of grammar school work. 
 a total of eight years. The completion of this course prepares students 
 for admission to the territorial normal school and to the middle year of 
 the preparatory department of the territorial university. Those complet- 
 ing the course by public graduation are awarded a suitable certificate. 
 
 Tucson pays her grade teachers good salaries, and with a nine-mouths' 
 term is able to command the best talent. 
 
 We believe more normal-trained teachers will be found among the 
 corps of teachers of the Tucson public school than can be found in any 
 other school in the territory. The normal schools of California, Rhode 
 Island, Indiana and Pennsylvania are now represented in our teaching 
 force. 
 
 At least three-fourths of all pupils in attendance can speak Spanish. 
 With such an opportunity no bright pupil need complete the public school 
 without having acquired a working knowledge of this beautiful and use 
 ful language. 
 
 The local supervision of our schools is vested in a board of three 
 trustees, elected for three years, one member retiring each year. The 
 present school officials are: J. Knox Corbett, president of board of trus- 
 tees; Dr. W. V. Whitmore, clerk, and C. F. Richardson, member. 
 
 Taxpayers and parents or guardians of children of school age are qual- 
 ified voters at school elections, without regard to sex or citizenship. 
 
The City of Agex: Tucson. 
 
 121 
 
 An E^Stcr One of our Eastern visitors finds something to admire 
 
 ._ in one of our antique courtyards, and thus expresses 
 
 Morning in himself: 
 
 TuCSOn. "Most of the old residences in Tucson have a bright 
 
 garden patch behind the dull brown walls, and from 
 uiy window, on this glad Easter morn, I look upon as pretty a scene 
 as ever gladdened mortal eye. 
 
 "The balmy air is laden with the fragrance of flowers, while the 
 linnets and cardinals trill so blithely that I can imagine myself in an 
 aviary filled with canaries. Whoever made the statement that there are 
 no songsters among our native birds had never visited Arizona. 
 
 "Above me is a soft, blue sky that shimmers in the rosy sunlight 
 which flashes over the dark pine-clad ridges of the Santa Catalinas, and 
 reaches me through the opalescent green of a fringe of alamos. 
 
 "Along one side of the courtyard is a hedge of rose blooms and pearly- 
 elder flowers; at the. back rises a mud wall, barely seen through a row 
 of pomegranate bushes, whose dark green foliage is stained with bright 
 red blooms. On the right roses, pink and white, and oleanders, bloom; 
 mignonette, sweet peas, pansies and other flowers mingle their colors 
 and their perfumes blend. 
 
 "In the center rises a graceful ash and a drooping pepper tree, over- 
 shadowing lilac, fig and almond, while above the trellised walk the 
 bright vine leaves quiver." 
 
 TUCSON RESIDENCES: 
 
 1. Dr.*F. A. Odermatt. 
 
 2. Dr. Geo. W. Whomes. 
 
 3. Chas. R. Drake. 
 
 4. Dodge Block. 
 
122 Treasure Land. 
 
 The Indian This school for the training of Indian children was es- 
 
 . . tr' 1 tublished by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 
 
 industrial an( j O p ene( j January 3, 1888, under the superintendency 
 
 School. of Rev. Howard Billman. 
 
 The school was designed to provide educational fa- 
 cilities for the Pima and I'apago Indians. Though now separate tribes, 
 they were originally one; their language is essentially the same and they 
 intermingle in the most friendly way. They have ever been the in- 
 valuable ally of the American population against the fierce Apaches; are 
 reasonably industrious and almost entirely self-supporting. 
 
 The present school force consists of the following: Mr. F. S. Hern- 
 don, superintendent; Mrs. F. S. Herndon, Misses Laura W. Piersou, Minnie 
 Atwater, Lillian North, Alice Brandt, Bessie Menaul, Elizabeth Rowland 
 and Mrs. Nellie Thompson; Mr. J. W. Martin, carpenter, and T. L. Vest, 
 a rgiculturist. 
 
 The number of pupils last year was 125, comprising forty-seven girls 
 and seventy -eight boys, the institution being limited to this number owing 
 to the financial condition of the board, but 150 can be accommodated, 
 and 200 were crowded in three years ago. 
 
 The school farm is one mile west from the school, on the left bank of 
 the Santa Cruz river, and contains forty-two acres of land, all under 
 cultivation. 
 
 This institution is doing a world of good and deserves encouragement. 
 The pupils are educated in practical matters. The girls attain great pro- 
 ticiency in household duties and are diligent and faithful servants, while 
 the boys make excellent farm hands and laborers. 
 
 Whatever may be our religious faith, we must respect 
 St Joseph's those noble women who, casting aside the pleasures and 
 
 opportunities of the outer world, devote their lives 
 Academy. to the moral and intellectual advancement of youth, and 
 
 when their efforts result in affording the young the 
 best educational advantages at a minimum cost, they rank among our 
 great public benefactors. In this category we classify the Sisters of 
 St. Joseph, who in 1870 founded in Tucson an academy for young ladies, 
 and though the institution is under the auspices of the Catholic church, 
 it numbers among its students members of other denominations from all 
 parts of the country. The first convent was near the old cathedral, but 
 the present establishment is a handsome structure facing military plaza, 
 which will cost, with the alterations now being made, about $40,000. 
 
 The social condition of a community is best shown by 
 
 The Public ^ s wor ^ s ' * ne attention devoted to institutions designed 
 
 to promote its moral and intellectual welfare, and by 
 
 Library. this rule Tucson not only ranks first in the territory, 
 
 but excels many of the towns of equal size within a 
 
 hundred miles of Boston. 
 
 The Tucson public library was created by ordinance dated the 5th 
 day of June, 1883, but the legislative decree carried no appropriation, and 
 the matter slept till the summer of 1886, when the Tucson Library Asso- 
 ciation (a private organization) conveyed to the city of Tucson, for the 
 benefit of her citizens, all its property, provided the city furnished ac- 
 commodations. The city council set apart the upper story of the city 
 hall for the exclusive use of the public library, and in July the institution 
 opened with a catalogue of 759 volumes, the trustees being Messrs. J. S. 
 Mansfeld, C. D. Poston, C. B. Sessions, Harry Paterman and F. W. Grey, 
 and Mesdames Anderson, W. T&. D. Scott, Heil Hale and S. M. Manlove! 
 
 We will not chronicle each step of the upbuilding of this institution, 
 but point with pride to its present condition. We now have over 3,000 
 
The City of Ayes: Tucson. 123 
 
 volumes of the best literature, accessible to all who desire to use them. 
 The library has commodious quarters in the upper story of the city hall, 
 lighted by electricity, with a librarian in attendance six hours of the 
 day in winter and a shorter session in summer. It is the only public 
 library of any size in the territory and we point to it with just pride 
 as an evidence of our social qualifications. It is not purely ornamental, 
 either, as the visitor will find upon examination of the records, the books 
 ure read, nearly all of our young people being constant borrowers. 
 
 The present board of trustees consists of Messrs. H. D. Underwood, 
 Rochester Ford, H. W. Fenner, and Mesdames W. C. Davis, F. A. Warren, 
 B. M. Jacobs and Albert Steinfeld, the librarian being Mrs. Batte, whose 
 intelligence and affability do much to sustain the popularity of the in- 
 stitution. She is a great reader herself, and knows that somewhere among 
 the volumes there exists a balm for every ill; books to stimulate and 
 books to soothe; books for instruction and books for ennui, and she can 
 prescribe like a physician for those who want direction. 
 
 Our lady readers will be interested in learning some- 
 TllCSOn'S thing of our "society." Of course we have our "400," 
 
 but the dividing line is not firmly drawn, as people's 
 400. antecedents are generally well known, and undue pre- 
 
 tension works its own downfall. We have had no genu- 
 ine scandal for years, and this has compelled the few old gossips (male 
 and female) who have foisted themselves upon us, to draw upon their 
 imagination for material. They are quite harmless, however, as no one be- 
 lieves them, and the very people they assail are generally the purest and 
 the best. Otherwise the people of Tucson are the most liberal and delightful 
 entertainers in the country. 
 
 As the conditions referred to make pretension absurd and scandal ridic- 
 ulous, everything is done in a free and generous manner, peculiarly West- 
 ern, and yet with consummate elegance and good taste. There is so much 
 musical and other talent that during the winter season the evenings at 
 home, the multi-colored and polyglot teas, the card parties and other 
 divertissements, afford a round of intellectual enjoyment. 
 
 Our ladies dress in the latest fashions and are, on all matters of taste, 
 fully up to date. Sealskin cloaks are not worn, and lady visitors can limit 
 their wardrobe to spring fabrics, with suggestions of summer lightness, 
 with a wrap of medium weight for evening wear. 
 
 It is now nearly nine years ago that a number of niusic- 
 PhilarmoniC loving Spanish-Americans, under the leadership of Mr. 
 p. . Fred. Ronstadt, organized the "Club Filannonico Tuc- 
 
 sonense," and to this gentleman's patience and energy are 
 Of TllCSOn. chiefly due its permanence and proficiency. Its instru- 
 
 ments are the best procurable, and as an interpreter of 
 Spanish and Mexican music it has no equals in the United States and 
 few superiors in Mexico. It has given public concerts in different parts 
 of Arizona and in the principal cities of Southern California, being every- 
 where received with enthusiasm. Its members are all Spanish-Americans, 
 and no brighter or more intelligent faces can be found in any community. 
 The club has lately amalgamated, for musical purposes, with the militia 
 band, and during the summer season the two unite to give public con- 
 certs in one of the city parks twice a week. The officers of the club 
 are: Frederico Ronstadt, president and leader; Rufino Velez. secretary and 
 treasurer, nnd Miguel T. Carrillo, Gerardo Manzo and Carlos Jacome, 
 directors. 
 
124 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 Grace 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Church. 
 
 Qburcbes, 
 
 On the 30th of November, 1881, a small company of ladies 
 interested in the establishment of an Episcopal church 
 in Tucson met and organized a society for its promo- 
 tion. In May, 1883, a lot for a church building was pur- 
 chased at a cost of $1,000, and seven years later the con- 
 struction of a church building was begun, the funds being obtained chiefly 
 from private subscriptions, Mrs. Marian Calvert Wilson having alone ob- 
 tained nearly $1,000 for this purpose. On Easter morning, April 2, 1893, the 
 Rev. W. L. Githens conducted the first service in the ne\\ church, which 
 was dedicated by Bishop J. Mills Kendrick in the presence of a large con- 
 gregation in 1897. The request to consecrate was read by Mr. J. Geo. 
 Hilzinger, on behalf of the church committee. 
 
 TUCSON CHURCHES : 1. Episcopal 
 
 2. Congregational. 
 
 3. Methodist. 
 
 The residents of Tucson to whom the members of the Episcopal church 
 are most indebted for the carrying out of this great work of church build- 
 ing, and not already mentioned, are Mesdames Nellie Pomroy, James Buell. 
 W. T. Gibbons, B. M. Jacobs, C. M. Burkhalter and J. M. Ornisby, Messrs. 
 J. M. Ormsby, Chas. R. Drake, H. D. Underwood, J. K. Gooding, C. M. 
 Burkhalter, F. A. Gully, Thos. F. Wilson and Selim M. Franklin. 
 
 The present minister is the Rev. V. O. Gee, of Bowling Green, Ky., who 
 assumed charge in March, 1896, and the church committee consists of 'the 
 following gentlemen: W. W. Williams, warden; C. M. Burkhalter, M. 1'. 
 Dodge, D. F. Brown and J. Geo. Hilzinger. 
 
 In the death of Mrs. S. L. Pomroy, .in 1895, Grace church met with i\ 
 great loss. She was one of its founders and always an efficient member. 
 
 For church work there is a Ladies' guild and the Bessie Edgar Memorial 
 guild of young ladies, members of the congregation. The church is well 
 furnished and carpeted, and the services are conducted regularly through- 
 out the year, except for a short period during the heated term. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 
 
 125 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Church. 
 
 It is now eighteen rears since the Methodist Episcopal 
 church of Tucson was organized by the Rev. Geo. II. 
 Adams, the first superintendent of Methodist missions iu 
 Arizona. Among the first to give their names for mem- 
 bership were Mrs. E. J. Hughes, wife of ex-Gov. L. C. 
 Hushes, and Mrs. Adria Buckalew. 
 
 Since its establishment there have been ten pastors, the best known 
 being the Rev. J. F. Berry, editor of the Eptcorth Herald, and Rev. C. L. 
 Bovard, superintendent of the New Mexico missions. The present pastor is 
 Rev. E. R. Foley, and the church has a strong membership, composed of 
 our most respected and representative families. It is aggressive and well 
 organized, with all auxiliary helps, including a live Epworth league and a 
 Ladies' Aid society. 
 
 The church lot, corner of Stone avenue and Pennington street, has a 
 frontage of 100 feet on each street. It originally cost $600, and is now 
 worth as many thousands. The church building is of brick and was erected 
 in 1881,. upon designs furnished by Mr. L. D. Chillson. Attached to tin- 
 church is a commodious parsonage, built the following year. 
 
 The local organization of this church was perfected No- 
 r - vember 20, 1881, with a membership of eight persons. 
 
 Congregational an( j ^ jj as g rown steadily in numbers and influence. The 
 Church. membership is now one of the largest in Tucson. The 
 
 Rev. .7. Bowron will shortly assume charge of the congre- 
 gation. 
 
 The church building is an imposing edifice, facing one of the city parks, 
 and the interior is tastefully furnished. 
 
 The Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 The first Baptist church in Southern Arizona was organ- 
 ized April 7, 1881, wilh six members, including the pas- 
 tor of the new congregation. Rev. U. Gregory. Later on 
 a building was erected on Stone avenue, and the church 
 organization continued for several years. With the departure of the pastor, 
 in 1888, interest in the work weakened, and was not revived until 
 lately. The Rev. P. Aulick took charge in July, 1897, and under his minis- 
 trations the church is expected to become an important factor in the moral 
 and spiritual education of the people. 
 
 The Roman Catholic church 
 The Catholic is the leading .religious 
 
 establishment, with the 
 Church. largest membership and the 
 
 most elegant edifices. The 
 old cathedral has lately been abandoned, and 
 services are regularly held in the new building 
 on Stone avenue. This is constructed of brick, 
 with gray stone facings, and the design is * 
 elegant and impressive. It was dedicated 
 February 7, 1897, with appropriate ceremonies, 
 in which two archbishops, two bishops, one 
 vicar, and over twenty priests took part. The 
 cathedral is not yet finished, lacking the 
 towers, but the energetic Bishop Bourgade 
 will not rest until the magnificent monument 
 is completed. 
 
 CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. 
 
126 Treasure Land. 
 
 rRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 Fraternal association is the moral and intellectual sunshine which 
 warms the hidden germs of brotherhood into life, and matures them to 
 achievement. It is the lever which will raise the world out of the quag- 
 mire of ignorance and selfishness and perfect the race. It strength- 
 ens the bonds of respect and love, smooths our paths and makes us hopeful 
 and daring in the assurance of sympathy and appreciation. 
 
 In no part of the country are the fraternal organizations so generally 
 supported as in Tucson. They are all in a flourishing condition and their 
 meetings well attended. True fraternity has always found a freer expres- 
 sion in the great West, and striven to express itself in organized form. 
 The bond of fraternity is here knit closer by a community of interest that 
 does not exist in large cities where class distinctions are more plainly 
 manifested. 
 
 These are well represented, and hold regular and special 
 The Masonic meetings. 
 
 Tucson Lodge No. 4> f. and A. M., has regular com- 
 Bodies. munications on the second Friday of each month. Offi- 
 
 cers: Geo. J. Roskruge, AV. M.; L. K. Hart, secretary. 
 Membership, 80. 
 
 Tucson Chapter No. 3, Royal Arch Masons, meets the last Friday of each 
 month. Officers: G. M. Williams, H. P.; Geo. J. Roskruge, secretary. Mem- 
 bership, 45. 
 
 Arizona Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar, has stated conclaves the 
 first Friday of each month. Officers: K. L. Hart, E. C; Geo. J. Roskruge. 
 recorder. Membership, 50. 
 
 Santa Rita Lodge of Perfection No. 1, A. and A. 8. R., meets irregularly. 
 Geo. J. Roskruge, ven. master; H. D. Underwood, secretary. Member- 
 ship, 35. 
 
 Tucson Council No. 3, Royal and S. M., meets irregularly. Geo. Shand, 
 ill. master; J. M. Ornisby, secretary. Membership, 21. 
 
 The first meeting of Masons held south of the Gila river, of which any 
 record has been kept, was composed of the following brethren: A. C. Bene- 
 dict, Martin Maloney, Jacob S. Mansfeld, Joseph B. Creamer, R. N. Leather- 
 wood, Charles T. Etchells and George J. Roskruge, who, on the llth of 
 April, 1875, met at the house of J. S. Mansfeld "for the purpose of dis- 
 cussing the subject of forming a Masonic club at Tucson." At a meeting 
 held the week following the Tucson Masonic club was formed, and Brother 
 A. C. Benedict was elected chairman, and George J. Roskruge secretary. 
 The organization was kept alive until January, 1881, when it was resolved 
 to petition the M. W. Grand Master of California, who, on the 17th day of 
 February, 1881, issued a dispensation authorizing Ansel M. Bragg as W. 
 M., George J. Roskruge as S. W.. and Abraham Mark as J. AV.. and nineteen 
 other brethren to form "Tucson Lodge," and on the 15th of October. 1SS1. .1 
 charter was, by the M. W. Grand Lodge of California, issued to the same 
 officers and the lodge placed on the roll of the Grand Lodge of California 
 ns "Tucson Lodge No. 263.", At the formation of the Grand Lodge of Ari- 
 zona, on the 25th day of March, 1882. Tucson was designated as No. 4 on 
 the roll of Arizona lodges. 
 
 Independent Pima Lodge No. S meets every Tuesday and has a mein- 
 
 n . f bership of 65. The officers are: P. S. Hughes, N. G.. and 
 
 J. J. Hill, secretary. Attached to this lodge is a lodge of 
 
 Odd FellOWS. Daughters of Rebekah. officered and controlled by the 
 
 lady relatives of members of the order, wdio materially 
 
 assist in advancing the welfare of the order. 
 
The City of Ages.- Tucson. 127 
 
 Ancient Order This order has a local membership of 250, and is oue of 
 
 , TT_:* P ,J the most popular in Tucson. Its meetings are made at- 
 
 I uniiea tractive by the introduction of social features designed to 
 
 Workmen. amuse and instruct the members. The lodge meets every 
 
 Wednesday and the present officers are: Geo. W. 
 
 \Yhonies, M. W. ; F. B. Wightman, recorder, and W. E. Felix, financier. 
 
 Attached to the parent organization is a lodge of the Degree of Honor, 
 officered and controlled by the lady relatives of members of the A. O. U. W. 
 
 This order is represented by Tucson Lodge No. 9, which 
 The KnifhK holds stated conventions every Monday. The officers are: 
 C. T. Connell, C. C.; V. O. Gee, Vice C. C.; W. R. Kitt, 
 Of Pythias. prelate, and Jos. C. Terry, K. of R. and S. Member- 
 
 ship, 90. 
 
 San Xavier Camp was organized April 29, 189G, and now 
 Woodmen Of has an active membership of 45. It meets every alternate 
 the World Thursday. Officers are: F. A. Odermatt, P. C. C.; R. W. 
 
 Arthur, C. C.; I. Neustadter, C., and Pedro Pellon, B. 
 
 In addition to these are the following organizations, fra- 
 Other ternal and benevolent: The Spanish-American Alliance, 
 
 Women's Universal Benevolent Association, St. Vincent 
 Organizations, de Paul Catholic Benevolent Society, Good Templars, 
 
 Grand Army of tlie Republic, Pioneer and Historical So- 
 ciety, United Order of Mechanics, and a full line of railroad benevolent and 
 protective orders. 
 
 Building and It is certainly apparent to the most casual observer that 
 . our city has steadily improved during the last eight or 
 
 1-0*" nine years, so that visitors, new-comers, and even old 
 
 Associations. residents do not hesitate to remark that Tucson now pre- 
 sents the appearance of a thriving and enterprising city. 
 The source and cause of this steady progress in the face of dire business 
 depression is known to all stockholders in the building and loan associa- 
 tions. Neither banks, business men nor private individuals cared to loan 
 money at a moderate rate of interest and for long periods of time, so that 
 only such inducements as those offered by these associations could have 
 brought about the amount of home building and home improving that has 
 taken place in this city during the time stated. 
 
 Tucson has two such associations, of which it is justly proud. The orig- 
 inal and the first to complete a series is the Tucson Building and Loan asso- 
 ciation, and we present the following report thereon, prepared by the sec- 
 retary, Mr. .7. A. Black: 
 
 "This association early laid down a most liberal policy towards its with- 
 drawing stockholders, and has consistently acted with the utmost leniency 
 in all cases of unavoidable foreclosures. Too often the cases of withdraw 
 ing stockholders in this class of associations are made a most fruitful source 
 of profit, and foreclosures are handled under the letter of the law, and thus 
 to the delinquents' total and inequitable loss of property. Yet notwithstand- 
 ing such liberal (but just and fair) conduct, the Tucson Building and Loan 
 association has matured and paid off its first series in 104 months, the actual 
 number of working or earning months, however, being but 102, as shown 
 by the early records. 
 
 "The money invested in the association has therefore had an earning 
 capacity of 21 per cent, per annum, which breaks the record of said insti- 
 tutions on the Pacific coast, if not in the United States. 
 
128 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 "After the lapse of 104 months, during which time the country has 
 suffered one of the severest financial panics and endured hard times for 
 one of the longest periods in its history, the Tucson Building and Loan as- 
 sociation shows a most successful record, with no losses and with but one 
 piece of real estate actually in its possession by reason of foreclosure suit. 
 This property is well worth the money invested in it, and has always re- 
 turned good interest in the shape of rent." 
 
 The second association, called The Citizens, is in a highly prosperous 
 condition, and has been equally active in guarding the interests of its stock- 
 holders. Although worked on a slightly different plan, the secretary, Mr. 
 Gus. A. Hoff, prophesies an equally satisfactory result, and possibly a bet- 
 ter one. 
 
 To these associations is due much of the material progress of Tucson 
 during the past decade, and this good work continues to be felt. 
 
 INTERIOR SURVEYOR GENERAL'S OKKICE. 
 
 The Surveyor 
 
 General's 
 
 Office. 
 
 The office of surveyor general was first established iu 
 Tucson in July, 1870, upon the appointment of Hon. 
 John Wasson as surveyor general. He served three 
 terms, retiring in favor of Hon. J. W. Bobbins, in 
 August. 1882. This gentleman died November, 1883, and 
 the Hon. Royal -A. Johnson was appointed to fill the 
 vacancy, and held the office until December 11, 1885, when a change of 
 national administration inducted the late Hon. John Hise into the official 
 chair. Mr. Hise retired to civil life in July, 1889, and Mr. Johnson re- 
 sumed the control that had been interrupted by the failure of the re- 
 publican party to count enough votes. He served his term of four years. 
 and another political failure caused his removal in favor of Hon. Levi 
 H. Manning, who served until April, 1896, and then resigned, either to 
 prove that a good democrat can accomplish the feat or to give his per- 
 sonal attention to his large mining interests. He was succeeded by the 
 Hon. Geo. J. Roskrugc, who will probably soon succumb to the uncon- 
 geniality of a republican administration. 
 
 The present subordinates are W. E. Murphy, chief clerk; Raymond H. 
 Satterwhite, assistant clerk, and August A. Lysight, mineral clerk. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 
 
 129 
 
 The Boys 
 in Blue. 
 
 COLONEL J. H. MARTIN. 
 
 Without desiring to draw any 
 invidious distinctions, we be- 
 lieve that the real patriotism 
 of the country is chiefly found 
 outside of the large cities, and 
 the heart of the great West 
 throbs with devotion to Old Glory. 
 
 The organization of militia companies in 
 Arizona is due to the desire of our young men to 
 get closer to the flag of freedom and draw inspira- 
 tion from its starry folds. That they are not 
 parlor patriots, but men ready to offer their lives 
 in the cause of their country in defense of law and 
 order is shown by some late instances which we 
 ask the reader's permission to refer to. 
 
 When the Fitzsimmons and Maher prize fight 
 was expected to "come off" on Arizona soil, the 
 militia companies were ordered to the front, and 
 the following extract from the report of Maj. 
 R. Allyn Lewis, acting inspector general shows 
 that they can be depended upon in time of need : 
 
 "I desire to call your attention to the prompt- 
 itude of these companies in preparing for service 
 in such short time, neither officers nor men 
 having: any idea where they were going, nor for what service. They were 
 absolutely unprovided for field service, having no overcoats, blankets, 
 haversacks, cooking utensils or other camp equipage. They had nothing 
 but the regulation uniform, their rifles with twenty rounds of ball car- 
 tridges, and a determination to go where they were needed and do their 
 duty as soldiers. Every man who could be reached by his company 
 officers reported for duty. The conduct of companies D and F during 
 five days of field service is especially deserving of commendation, and 
 this was the first time they had ever been called out." 
 
 It will not surprise the reader to learn that companies D and F came 
 from Tucson and are good samples of our young men. Company D was 
 organized in 1889, followed in 1890 by the organization of company F. 
 
 The present membership of company D is forty, and of company F, 
 thirty-five, and this does not include the militia band of thirty-eight 
 pieces. The officers of company D are: Emanuel Drachman, captain; 
 Bert Gray, first lieutenant; Wm. Powers, second lieutenant. Of company 
 F: J. M. Trayer, captain, and Heraclio Button, first lieutenant. 
 
 The band is composed chiefly of young people who have become 
 skillful musicians during their three years of practice and give public 
 concerts during the summer months. 
 
 There is no territorial law providing for general officers. The regi- 
 mental colonel and senior officer of the guard is J. H. Martin, one of 
 our prominent lawyers and secretary of the board of regents of the 
 University of Arizona, and J. A. Black is major of first batallion. 
 
 The springs of Agna Caliente, Monkey Springs, and those 
 of Walnut canon are fairly well known to our people, 
 but few of them are aware that any exist in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of Tucson. 
 
 Two and one-half miles west of Tucson, at the base 
 of Sentinel peak, is a natural spring, strongly Impreg- 
 nated with sulphur and other minerals, which years ago was reputed to 
 have fine medicinal properties, but in the lapse of years it has been for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Tucson 
 Mineral 
 Springs. 
 
130 Treasure Land. 
 
 There are two daily newspapers published iu Tucson, 
 the Citizen and Star, both representative sheets and 
 Our well supported. 
 
 Newspapers. Tne Citizen was founded in 1870, and has been con- 
 
 tinuously published under different managements. The 
 present editor and proprietor is the Hon. Herbert Brown, 
 a trained newspaper man, who has been prominently identified with the 
 interests of Arizona for many years. He is curator of the territorial 
 museum and an authority on the ornithology of Southern Arizona, of 
 which subject he has made a special study. His collection of birds, do- 
 nated to the museum, is one of the most perfect and complete in tin- 
 country. The Citizen is the exponent of republican politics and has a 
 large circulation. It Is published every evening, Sundays and holidays 
 excepted. 
 
 The Arizona Daily Star was established in 1877 by the Hon. L. C. 
 Hughes, its present editor and proprietor. It was the first democratic 
 journal in the territory and has always been the ablest exponent . of the 
 principles of that party. It has been foremost in advocating all issues 
 designed to promote the welfare of our people and has done more to 
 mould public opinion than any other newspaper in the territory. It lias 
 a large circulation, and being a morning paper it reaches all the prin- 
 cipal railroad points on the day of its issue. Mr. L. C. Hughes is a 
 veteran of the civil wa^, served two terms as district attorney and two 
 terms as probate judge of Pima county, was attorney general in 1^7.", 
 and governor of the territory under the last democratic administration. 
 He is ably assisted by his talented wife, who opened the first public 
 school in the territory in 1872. 
 
 Both papers issue weekly editions which circulate in all the mining 
 camps and outlying agricultural districts. 
 
 There are also two weekly papers published in the Spanish language. 
 which are liberally patronized by our Spanish-American population. /,'/ 
 Fronterizo is conducted by Sefior Carlos Y. Velasco. a very able writer, 
 and has a large circulation in Southern Arizona and Sonora. La Jntz is 
 edited by Mr. Chas. H. Tully, a versatile writer, formerly principal of 
 the Tucson public schools, and while a newcomer in the field of journalism, 
 it is meeting with liberal support. Both papers are able exponents of 
 the most advanced Spanish-American thought and ably contribute to the 
 upbuilding of this section. 
 
 Among the improvements in course of construction we 
 ji. e must not omit a description of the natatorium. which 
 
 is expected to be in running order by the middle of 
 Natatorium. August. The building will be both substantial and 
 
 ornamental, and the interior arrangements of the latest 
 designs. The swimming tank will have an area of over 3.000 square tVct 
 rind contain 170.000 gallons. The water supply will be pumped from a 
 well. 200 feet west of the building, and a pipe line connecting with the 
 plant of The Arctic Ice Company will furnish a supply of warm water 
 when needed. There will be thirty or more private bath rooms, and 
 Turkish and Russian bath departments. 
 
 Messrs. Barnes & Martin, the well known lawyers, are the owners, 
 and their reputation as clear-headed business men ensures the public an 
 elegantly appointed and well managed institution. 
 
The City of Ayes: Tucson. 
 
 131 
 
 1. V. M. Cordova. 
 
 2. Radulovicli Block. 
 
 TUCSON BUSINESS BLOCKS: 
 
 '',. \Vlir-olor & Perry. 
 4. Tucson Grocer Co. 
 
 5. Kohler Block. 
 
 ti. Xoff & Co. Stahlos. 
 
132 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 There is 
 Light. 
 
 There are fifty-two stockholders in The Electric Light 
 and Power Company of Tucson, and they are all our 
 own people, and all so pleased with their investment that 
 none of the stock is for sale. The company was organ- 
 ized some years ago with a capital of $60,000. The 
 plant comprises two engines, 135 and 90-horse power; 
 two boilers, 130 and 110-horse power, and four dynamos, really two en- 
 tire and separate plants, thus securing the public agaiust accidents. At 
 the present time there are maintained about 2,000 incandescent lights, 
 twenty-five arcs and twenty electric fans, to which numbers constant ad- 
 ditions are being made. 
 
 TAVO OP THE DEPARTMENTS OF Ros. BRKNA'IS STOKE. 
 
 A Spanish- 
 American 
 Merchant. 
 
 Among 1 our business men are several of Mexican birth, 
 who are the peers of any merchants in the land. They 
 lack nothing of enterprise and foresight, and add to their 
 other business qualifications an unfailing courtesy that is 
 as natural to them as it is pleasant to their patrons. 
 ' Mr. Rosario Brena conducts one of the largest whole- 
 
 sale and retail general stores in Tucson. He began in a small way about ten 
 years ago, and by careful attention and intelligent management has extended 
 his trade over the whole of Southern Arizona, and north as far as Final 
 and Gila counties. He is also largely interested in ranch property and cattle, 
 and is generally in touch with our resources. 
 
 A New 
 Opera House. 
 
 If the social condition of a community can be measurerl 
 by the extent of Its appreciation of the fine arts, Tucson 
 must certainly take high rank, for in no city of the Union 
 are these so generally cultivated and appreciated. 
 
 Our need of a good opera house has been felt for a long time, and sev- 
 eral organized efforts have been made to meet it, but it remained for in- 
 dividual enterprise to take the matter in hand and carry it to a successful 
 issue. 
 
 Mr. A. V. Grosetta has been for years one of our most progressive citizens. 
 His fortune has been made among us and all his investments are here. His 
 latest and most brilliant enterprise is the erection of an opera house on 
 Congress street, after plans made by the well known theatre architect, Sydney 
 Lovell, of Chicago. 
 
 It is designed to seat 900 people and will cost not less than $25,000. The 
 scenery will be of the highest grade, painted by the great scenic artists. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 
 
 133 
 
 Sozman and Landis, of Chicago, and the stage settings, seats and furnish- 
 ings of the most modern designs. Hot-air furnaces will heat the house In 
 winter, and ventilating devices will make It pleasant during tne heated 
 term. The auditorium will be so arranged as to make a combination dance 
 floor and seats. 
 
 He has also arranged with the Masonic fraternity of Tucson for the 
 erection of the first exclusive Masonic lodge room in the Territory in the 
 same block. 
 
 Mr. Grosetta's enterprise and abilities are not confined to building In- 
 vestments. He is the principal shareholder in The Tucson Grocery Company, 
 the owner of a large and flourishing orchard in the valley, and Interested in 
 other public enterprises. 
 
 I 
 1 llr I H 1 I :-tJ! . 
 
 XT- 
 
 EAOLE FLOUR MILLS. 
 
 Any evidence of enterprise indicates the social and com- 
 mercial strength of a community, and we point with pride 
 
 Flours Of the to the evidence offered by the Eagle flour mills, one of the 
 
 Desert largest and best appointed in Arizona. The original mill 
 
 was built in 1872, but has been enlarged and improved by 
 
 the present owners. Mr. Leo Goldschmidt, the general man- 
 
 ager, is also interested in mines and real estate. He has laid off some lots 
 
 for villa residences in the northern part of the city, and will set the pace 
 
 by erecting a handsome residence at a cost of $5,000. 
 
 Regulated by 
 
 While it is a matter of regret from one point of view that 
 gambling should be licensed in the territory, it is a vice 
 that is common to all frontier sections, and it is wiser 
 to control It by law than let it flourish secretly. We are 
 proud to say that the influence of the community is such 
 as to rob gambling of some of its worst features. In the 
 first place the resorts are in the hands of men who know that their license 
 will not be renewed to them if their places are not conducted properly, and 
 for this reason nothing is tolerated of a disreputable nature. Everything is 
 straight and orderly and open to Inspection. This is the true Western method, 
 and low dives and deadfalls, where crime is rampant, are peculiar to the 
 low resorts of the crowded Eastern cities. The Legal Tender, of Tucson, 
 of which Mr. J. J. Walsh is proprietor, is a model of good management, 
 and while such a business is considered legitimate, it is some satisfaction 
 to know that it is in the hands of a careful person. 
 
134 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 A Sweet 
 Place. 
 
 The toothsome delicacies of the confectioner's art are al- 
 ways pleasant, and in summer, ice cream and refreshing 
 drinks are necessities. Mr. P. A. Stollar knew this when 
 he opened the largest confectionery and Ice cream parlors 
 in the southwest on Congress street. He furnished the 
 store in metropolitan style, and the result has justified his 
 expectations. The retail trade has created a demand for fine confectionery, 
 and compelled him to add a wholesale department for the country trade. He 
 thinks Tucson is "the sweetest place on earth." 
 
 Among those who came to stay with us, we reckon Dr. Geo. 
 Whomes, who arrived here six years ago and found every- 
 thing so agreeable that he promptly decided to remain, and 
 emphasized his decision by erecting a pretty modern cot- 
 tage on the principal residence street. Being a skillful 
 dentist, he has done well professionally, and is entirely 
 satisfied with his environment. 
 
 Quite Satisfied. 
 
 Others Follow. 
 
 The distinction of building the first compartment house in 
 Tucson is an indication of enterprise and foresight in the 
 builder. Mr. H. B. Dodge has set the pace in this direction, 
 and others will follow. He has been here fifteen years and 
 has always tried to lead on progressive lines. The Dodge 
 block will long remain a monument to his enterprise. He 
 
 is interested in mines in the Oro Blanco district, and a stockholder in both 
 
 of our building and loan associations. 
 
 Only One 
 Failure. 
 
 Among our self-made men, who have increased their busi- 
 ness from year to year by unremitting attention and the 
 exercise of good judgment, is Mr. Julius Goldbaum. He 
 handles high grade wines and liquors and carries the best 
 assortment of lunch goods in Arizona. 
 
 He has found time to make some fruit culture experi- 
 ments within the city limits, which demonstrate the capabilities of our soil. 
 It is only an acre of land, but this is sufficient to show what lovely homes 
 can be made in Tucson. The grape is a success, both in quantity and flavor, 
 almonds do well, so do peaches, apricots and green gages. The only failure 
 he notes is the cherry, which does not thrive here below an altitude of 4,000 
 feet. 
 
 1. Interior Fleishman's Drug Store. 
 
 2. Office Singer Sewing Machine Co. 
 
The City ofjAges: Tucson. 
 
 135 
 
 Two Hundred 
 per cent. 
 Increase. 
 
 No better evidence of the prosperous condition of Tucson 
 can be offered than the remarkable growth of the business 
 of the Consolidated National Bank. This institution, like 
 every other, is our own, built up on home capital and man- 
 aged and controlled by our own people. It was originally 
 started in 1885, by Mr. D. Henderson, now president of the 
 Santa Clara Bank, California, who effected a consolidation with the Bank 
 of Tucson two years later, and shortly afterwards transferred his interests 
 to the present organization, by whom it was nationalized in 1889. The present 
 officers are M. P. Freeman, president; W. C. Davis, vice president, and H. B. 
 Tenney, cashier. A comparison of their statement given to the comptroller 
 of the currency last May, with that made for the same month in 1896, 
 shows an increase in deposits from $129,480 in 1896 to $352,251 in 1897, or two 
 hundred (200) per cent. This Is the largest line of deposits -of any bank in 
 the Territory. Its paid-up capital is $50.000, and cash resources $275,891. 
 
 INTERIOR CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 depends for his living upon the interest he 
 
 Lacks Support. 
 
 receives on his money, and complains that our people are 
 already so prosperous that they refuse to pay the usual 
 1% or 2 per cent., and this independent spirit is fomented 
 by the presence of Eastern money at 10 per cent, and less. 
 These conditions compel him to deprive himself of many 
 luxuries he is accustomed to, to the detriment of his health, and while he 
 has done everything in his power to retard the advancement of the com- 
 munity, he feels that he has not been properly supported, and proposes to 
 organize a "Hold-Back Club." 
 
 We have never seen a finer display of modern jewelry and 
 art novelties than in the store of the H. A. Zeckendorf Co. 
 Mr. Zeckendorf is the son of one of the founders of the 
 pioneer firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co., and was educated in 
 Europe, where he learned the art of watchmaking. He was 
 afterwards a pupil of H. H. Heinrichs, the celebrated 
 chronometer maker of New York, and was special correspondent at the Paris 
 exposition for the New York Jewelers' Weekly. His knowledge of all matters 
 pertaining to his profession is both theoretical and practical, and no New 
 York jeweler more elegantly displays the triumphs of his art. 
 
 Jewelry and 
 Art Novelties. 
 
136 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 The 
 
 Legal 
 
 Fraternity. 
 
 The bar of Tucson ranks second 
 to none in Arizona, and is speci- 
 ally distinguished for its ability 
 and integrity, and its members 
 are frequently called to all parts 
 of the territory to conduct im- 
 portant cases. The bench is ably filled by the Hon. 
 Geo. R. Davis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of Arizona and Judge of the First Judicial District, 
 who came originally from Wapakoneta, Ohio. He is 
 the youngest of the newly appointed Federal judges' 
 but he brings to Arizona a ripe experience, deep^learn- 
 ing and a splendid record for upright and courteous 
 dealings. He is a personal friend of President McKinley 
 and although this is his first political office, he has 
 always been an active Republican, and was the first 
 delegate elected from Ohio to the last National Repub- 
 lican Convention. The Judge will hereafter make his 
 home in Tucson with his wife and two children. He is 
 favorably impressed with the climate and resources of 
 Arizona and hopes to see statehood conferred upon it 
 during his term. 
 
 HOK. GEO. R. DAVIS. 
 
 A Good 
 Authority. 
 
 Low Rate of 
 Insurance. 
 
 Mr. J. A. Black established his jewelry business here in 
 1883 and has always been prominent in public affairs. As 
 commissioner of immigration, he prepared and published 
 the best review of our resources, and was one of the 
 founders of the Phoenix Republican. He is now secretary 
 of the Tucson Building and Loan Association, and we are 
 Indebted to him for valuable information in the preparation of this work. 
 
 The question of insurance is at the foundation of more of 
 our business and social affairs than we think. Fire and 
 life insurance are the more familiar phases of our desire 
 to become our own special providence, and Mr. H. D. 
 Underwood has been their apostle in Tucson for the last 
 fifteen years. He calls our attention to the fact that the 
 rate of Insurance in Tucson is the same as in San Francisco, for the reason 
 that underwriters consider us a good risk. He also handles real estate and 
 mines, and is one of our best-posted men on these subjects. During the 
 past thirty days he has sold more city property than in the previous three 
 years, and all of it to people who intend to build homes for themselves. 
 There is also a lively movement in mining properties. Extensive developments 
 are being made and the prospects generally were never better. 
 
 County Treasurer Chas. F. Hoff, who is also manager of 
 the Tucson, Nogales, Prescott and Flagstaff telephone sta- 
 
 Telephone tions. and one of the most enterprising men in the Terri- 
 
 FacilitiCS tory, informs us that in the matter of telephone communi- 
 
 cation, Arizona is not a whit behind the rest of the world. 
 There are about 150 subscribers in Tucson, and the central 
 office is kept constantly busy answering calls. He is now making arrange- 
 ments to connect the different important mining camps with Tucson and 
 Nogales and will probably build a line south to the thriving mining districts 
 across the international line. The opening of the new custom house at 
 Sasabe will give an impetus to business between Tucson and the Altar dis- 
 trict in Sonora, and greatly facilitate the operations of the Plomo and El 
 Grupo mining companies, in which our people are vitally Interested. 
 
 Mr. Hoff is a man of ideas and a fluent writer. We regret that a val- 
 uable contribution from his pen has been unavoidably crowded out of this 
 issue. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 137 
 
 People who have been accustomed to hear the woes of the 
 unemployed continually dinned into their ears will find in 
 
 Nn JA\e Men Tucson a refreshing change, for here, notwithstanding our 
 
 proximity to the cheap labor market of Mexico, it is at 
 
 times almost impossible to hire men to perform ordinary 
 
 labor, and our mechanics are the most independent in the 
 
 world. 
 
 Our attention was called to this fact by Messrs. A. V. Grosetta and Gus. 
 A. Hoff, of The Tucson Grocery Company, who have evidently had some 
 late experience on the subject, and our own observation confirms theirs. 
 
 The superb natural roads in the vicinity of Tucson have 
 caused our people to invest very heavily in the bicycle, 
 A Good and a daily spin of fifteen or twenty miles before break- 
 
 Bicycle Town. fast is no unusual performance, even for ladies, as the 
 
 exertion required is little more than what is necessary to 
 preserve a balance. 
 
 In 1895, Messrs. F. E. Russell and M. E. Sheldon formed a copartnership i 
 for the purpose of supplying our people with high grade wheels and electric 
 and gas fixtures. Mr. Russell is an expert electrician and has charge of the 
 plant of The Electric Light and Power Company, while Mr. Sheldon is an 
 excellent mechanic. 
 
 In publishing interviews for the information of the public, 
 
 we select only those with people whose facilities for gather- 
 
 MllSt Be ing information are above the average. Mr. L. D. Chillson 
 
 Developed. nas Deen ^ n the southwest since 1859. He was the first 
 
 county surveyor of Pima county and has been a deputy 
 
 United States mineral surveyor for twenty years. 
 
 As city engineer he calls our attention to the fact that Tucson has now 
 eighteen miles of curbed sidewalks and well-graded streets. He believes that 
 our fertile valleys can nearly all be irrigated and produce large crops. We 
 have barely touched our natural resources, having relied entirely upon our 
 own means, but the attraction of our climate will induce those to come here 
 who have the money to develop them. 
 
 The volume of freight movement in Tucson appears to be 
 
 Astonished out of a11 P r P ortion to the size * tne town, until one 
 
 realizes the large extent of our tributary country. Mr. 
 Geo. E. Kohler has lived in the southwest since 1880, and 
 Convinced. like others, was at first astonished, then convinced, and 
 
 decided that Tucson was the most promising place he had 
 seen. He purchased one of the best business corners and erected thereon 
 a large modern block at a cost of $25,000, dividing it into four elegant stores, 
 which were rented to good tenants before they were finished. He occupies 
 the corner store himself with a large stock of furniture, carpets and general 
 house furnishings, and does a good business over all the southern portion of 
 Arizona and into Mexico. All his capital is now invested here, and he feels 
 that it is as safe as if it were in United States bonds, and it Is ten times 
 more remunerative. 
 
 The art of dressing well has reached a high stage, and the 
 ingenuity of designers and weavers is heavily taxed to 
 
 They Will meet the demand for elegant and tasteful novelties. 
 
 Dress. This fact is well understood by Mr. W. F. Kitt, whose 
 
 fashionable dry goods store in the Radulovlch block affords 
 a display of fashionable fabrics and millinery rarely met 
 
 outside of the large cities. 
 
 Mr. Kitt has had years of experience and his present prosperity proves 
 
 that if a man understands what he is doing and does it well, he invariably 
 
 succeeds. 
 
138 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 The comforts of home life are not usually expected by 
 travelers, nor are they ever realized fully, but the Hotel 
 
 Home Life Hall as nearly approaches perfection in this direction as 
 
 Realized. any hotel ln tne country. It is located near the center of 
 
 the city and yet far enough from it to avoid all the noise 
 and the bustle of traffic. Miss Anna B. Hall took charge in 
 1894, and renovated and refurnished the house from top to bottom. Home- 
 cooking is more than a phrase, and the dining room is a model of comfort 
 and good taste. The best of our visitors make this their home, and among 
 them we may mention Col. Summer, U. S. A., post commander Fort Grant; 
 Maj. Chalmers, Washington, D. C.; Prof. True, director experiment stations; 
 Col. J. D. Breathitt, special agent interior department and others equally 
 well known. 
 
 Good Roads. 
 
 HOTEL HALL AND DINING ROOM. 
 
 While the bicycle fad is as great In Tucson as in any 
 place in the country on account of our excellent roads, 
 there is an exhiliaration produced by a good drive that 
 can not be simulated; then, too, a buggy will hold a pair, 
 and if the proper relations exist between them, the ride 
 becomes a dream of ecstasy and an armful of bliss. Neff & 
 Co. make a specialty of providing the public with good horse power to suit 
 the circumstances, and claim that their business is entirely satisfactory. 
 Mining men who require teams for long drives are good patrons, as they 
 know their wants are supplied at short notice. They note an unusual activity 
 in mining matters and express their confidence in the future of Pima county. 
 In -a business directory of Tucson, published in 1878, ap- 
 pears the name of Henry Buehman, photographer, and this 
 
 He IS Still gentleman has persistently engaged in the same business 
 
 ever -since. He has not stayed here because he lacked 
 either the enterprise or ability to go elsewhere, but from 
 choice. For twenty-four years he has taken the photo- 
 graphs of our people from youth to age, and the artistic reproduction of all 
 the Tucson babies, who have looked with childish surprise at his camera, 
 has been pronounced by Eastern experts one of the hnest examples of photo- 
 graphic art ever produced. Mr. Buehman keeps pace with every improve- 
 ment in photography, and aided by our wonderful sunlight and clear air, 
 does the finest work In the county. He Is interested in mining and ranching-, 
 and is prominent in all public matters, having been repeatedly called to occupy 
 official positions of trust and responsibility. He is now serving his second 
 term as mayor of Tucson. Most of the artistic illustrations of this volume 
 are his work, and the publishers are indebted to him for many valuable 
 suggestions in their arrangement. It may be truly said in this case that 
 some may come and some may go, but he stays with us always. 
 
The City of Ages: Tucson. 139 
 
 The science of dentistry, as now understood, is of com- 
 paratively recent origin, having been professionally recog- 
 Comfort in the nized in 1843. There is every reason to believe, however, 
 Desert tnat tne treatment o tne teeth received special attention 
 
 among the ancient Egyptians, that marvelous people, who 
 appear to have partially anticipated most of our modern 
 discoveries, and George Washington masticated his food for several years 
 with false teeth, clumsily constructed, indeed, but equal to the requirements. 
 Dr. F. A. Odermatt is a member of the Pacific Dental Congress, that 
 meets in San Francisco this year, and sustains the reputation of our den- 
 tists as the most proficient in the world. He has resided in Tucson for the 
 last fifteen years, and been identified with all our progressive movements. 
 His parlors are elaborately provided with the latest modern appliances, and 
 our winter visitors find him so skillful that he reckons many of them among 
 his regular patrons. 
 
 He owns a beautiful home, with a large area of garden and orchard sur- 
 rounding it, a veritable paradise of bloom and verdure, which shows how 
 a man can gather about him a world of comfort and luxury In the "desert." 
 We have elsewhere referred to our band boys and their 
 leader, but omitted purposely to inform the reader of a 
 A circumstance that will astonish him. The talented leader, 
 
 Musical GeniUS ^ r- ^ re< ^- Ronstadt, the self-made musician, of whom we 
 are justly proud, has found time to perfect himself in 
 musical science and instruct the Philharmonic and militia 
 bands while following the prosaic and trying avocation of blacksmith and 
 carriage builder. Two pursuits more antagonistic could not be conceived, 
 and the fact that he neglects neither and excels in both shows, that he is 
 made of the material of which great men are formed. 
 
 Mr. came to Tucson over twenty years ago and 
 
 engaged in the business of warrant shaving, which proved 
 
 He Will Surely exceedingly remunerative. He is now well-to-do and will- 
 D{ e> ing to lend money at 2 per cent, per month on good 
 
 security. While he is not opposed to the advancement of 
 Tucson, and believes that it has abundant resources, he 
 thinks that immigration will reduce the rates of interest and make people 
 too independent, and for this reason does not care to assume the responsi- 
 bility of encouraging it. As he is getting along in years his objections will 
 probably be overruled in the near future, and some more enterprising person 
 will eventually get his money. 
 
 There are so many of our merchants who started in a 
 
 small way and have grown up with the country, that a 
 
 Prices are reference to one firm is almost a reference to all. The firm 
 
 Reasonable. of Wneeler & Perry comes under the rule, and their 
 
 present large establishment exemplifies most forcibly the 
 
 conditions that prevail here. They do a large jobbing 
 
 business in grocery and produce all over the southern country, besides which 
 
 they handle a fair family trade. The stock they carry would surprise the 
 
 Eastern country jobber, both as to bulk and quality. 
 
 Prior to the erection of the Radulovich block, there was 
 only one two-story business building in Tucson, and when 
 
 He Made His it was rumored that Mr. L. G. Radulovich intended to 
 
 Money Here. erect another at the far end of town, his friends tried to 
 
 persuade him that it was a wild speculation. He carried 
 out his intention, however, and has made money by it. He 
 occupies one of the stores with a large stock of china, glass and shelf- 
 hardware, displayed in the most tasteful manner. He is a shrewd business 
 man, and having manifested his faith in Tucson by the Investment of his 
 capital, we did not feel it necessary to ask him to express it orally. 
 
140 Treasure 
 
 The visitor will be surprised to find here such a well-ap- 
 pointed and well-supplied meat market as that of Mr. C. 
 
 Meat is Good F. Schumacher, who is one of those men whose aggressive 
 
 and Cheap. energy forces them to the front in everything. Without any 
 
 political ambition, he has been prominent in political af- 
 fairs by the will of the people, because whatever the de- 
 mands of business, public or private, may be, he always finds time to per- 
 form them well. His present business is the result of small beginnings, and 
 shows what industry and intelligence accomplish when the field is fair. 
 
 In our interview with him he referred to the fact that our meats are 
 not only first-class, but so low in price that Eastern people will find that 
 they can get the best cuts for less than they have been accustomed to pay 
 for the worst grades. 
 
 SCHUMACHER'S 
 
 MEAT MARKET. 
 
 Mr. came here twelve years ago and started a 
 
 peanut stand, and by unremitting attention to business and 
 Fears sustaining himself on the stale nuts that could not other- 
 
 Competition. wise be disposed of, he began to thrive. Fortune smiled 
 
 upon him, and as it cost him nothing to live he made a 
 good profit. He increased his stock to meet the demands 
 of trade, and gradually forced his way into the retail grocery business. His 
 frugal habits and careful personal attention to business produced the natural 
 results, and in a few years he became almost wealthy. He fully realizes 
 that the same results can be obtained by others, but he does not believe 
 In encouraging them to come here, as competition will certainly Injure his 
 business. He can not, therefore, without prospective injury to himself, en- 
 courage any enterprise to induce immigration. 
 
 Mr. has made lots of money in Tucson and 
 
 proposes to keep it. When we asked him to subscribe for 
 P t It V<t our bool k Save a quiet chuckle and said: "You'll get 
 
 YCTt enough subscriptions for that book without me, and if it 
 
 does any good, as I suppose it will, I'll get as much benefit 
 from it as my neighbor, and you can't prevent it. Them 
 principles is what I've made my money on, and they're good enough to stay 
 with. You might be doing something better than writing books, anyhow. 
 You can make more money hoeing corn. Look at me! I started life with 
 A dollar bill and what do you suppose I done with it? I've got it yet! If 
 people only saved all they earned they'd have it, wouldn't they? That's the 
 way I've got rich saving everything. Perhaps I've lost a little health doing 
 it, but what of it? If I die, I'll die rich, anyhow. The people of Tucson 
 don't appreciate a man with money, and I'm only waiting for some fools 
 to improve my property so that I can get a good price for it, then I'll sell 
 it and go East, where a man's bank account counts. I'm not subscribing 
 for nothing see!" 
 
NOGALLS 
 
 THE LINE CITY. 
 
 IHTIilJNATIONAL MONUrillN 
 
 This monument stands in front of J. T. Brickwood's store in an angle made in the 
 
 building to admit it. The boundary line between the United States 
 
 and Mexico passes through the center of the monument 
 
 from left to right. 
 
142 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 From TllCSOn 
 t Nncralp 
 
 by Stage. 
 
 The pleasures of stage travel are better appreciated now 
 than when stages were the only means of conveyance 
 between distant points. Railroads have so gridironed 
 Arizona that there are comparatively few of the old 
 stage lines left, and the old-timers have to depend upon 
 their recollection for the pleasure that is in them. 
 A stage ride to Nogales is not a necessity, as the journey can be made 
 in almost seven hours by rail, but if the visitor wishes to see something of 
 our back country, our mesas, valleys and mountains, we recommend this 
 'trip. 
 
 Mr. M. G. Samaniego is the proprietor of the state line and a most 
 accommodating gentleman. The stage is one of the finest and easiest 
 ever built and the driver an interesting relic of the transition period. He 
 has grown old and gray in the service, and can interest you with some 
 stirring tales of the past, if you understand Spanish. 
 
 After leaving Tucson you follow the banks of the Santa Crux river 
 until within ten miles of Nogales, then ascend through fields and orchards 
 to the Line City, and drink in the bracing air of the mountains. 
 
 THI: LINE CITY. 
 
 Nogales is the second city in Pima county with respect to size and 
 importance and the last one founded. It is situated at the summit of the 
 divide in a narrow pass, where the high ranges of mountains that sur- 
 round it bend abruptly as if to afford facilities for international commerce. 
 With characteristic energy the American city has pressed right up to the 
 international line, while the Mexicans, with customary courtesy, have 
 retired back from it some sixty feet, and this sixty-foot space forms what 
 is known as International street. 
 
 The line of railway running from Benson, on the Southern Pacific rail- 
 road to the port of Guaymas on the Gulf of California, passes through 
 Nogales and is not only responsible for the town's existence, but has 
 made it the prosperous place we find it to be to-day. 
 
 Being a dual city, under different governments, witli only an imaginary 
 line separating the two peoples, some conflict of ideas or action might 
 naturally be expected, but as will be seen after reading our interviews 
 with prominent citizens, nothing of the kind exists, but in their stead 
 
Nogalrx, the Line City. 143 
 
 the utmost harmony of thought and action prevails. Even the peace 
 officers of the two cities cooperate in the arrest and punishment of of- 
 fenders on the other side of the street who seek an asylum with them. 
 When the authorities of American Nogales ordained a dog tax and elected 
 a pound master, serious trouble was anticipated, as the Mexicans are 
 extremely partial to dogs. Strange to say, the axithorities of Mexican 
 Nogales quietly passed a similar law, the first time in the history of 
 Mexico, and courteously requested that their dog tags be respected in 
 United States territory. As it was not fair to expect dogs to observe the 
 niceties of international treaties it was agreed between the two cities 
 that dog tags should be mutually respected, hence, to-day a registered 
 canine can wag his tail on either side of the line with impunity, while the 
 unlicensed cur is not spared on account of his nationality. 
 
 The elevation is about 4,000 feet above sea-level, and its climate leaves 
 nothing to be desired. During the short rainy seasons it is never damp 
 for more than a few hours at a time, owing to the 
 fact that the town is situated at the highest point of 
 Climate the valley that slopes gently north and south, giving a 
 
 of NoJTales natural and perfect drainage. The days are moderately 
 
 warm and the nights cool and refreshing, making it an 
 admirable climate for persons affected with pulmonary 
 diseases. No case has ever been reported that originated in the neighbor- 
 hood, and all incipient cases have derived marked benefit. 
 
 One of the peculiar conditions attending life in the 
 dual city is illustrated in the case of the popular rail- 
 A SeriOUS mad agent at Nogales, Mr. T. .7. Zeimet. The inter- 
 
 DiffiCUltV. national boundary line passes diagonally through his 
 
 office., and when business becomes specially irritating, 
 he does not know which language to swear in appro- 
 priately and consequently has to appear to retain his usual evenness of 
 temper. 
 
 Mr. Zeimet is brought into daily contact with the Mexican customs 
 officials, and states that no more courteous or accommodating people can 
 be found anywhere. He has been seven years in charge of this office, 
 and has always found them more willing to facilitate international busi- 
 ness than to impede it. 
 
 We are indebted to the Hon. H. K. Chenoweth, the collector of cus- 
 toms for the district, and his efficient assistants, for valuable information 
 respecting the customs service. 
 
 Nogales is the principal port of entry for the district, but there arc 
 deputies stationed at Bisbee. Lochiel. Buenos Ayres and Yuma, and it is 
 probable that a station will be established at Tucson in the near future. 
 Besides these officers there are three clerks in the Nogales office, ami 
 eighteen subordinates employed as inspectors, guards, etc., at different 
 points on the frontier. 
 
 Mr. S. M. Aguirre. special deputy, cashier and disburs- 
 
 The Customs m ^ a ? en ^ i a son t one f th p ld Spanish settlers. 
 
 who came originally from the Biscayan provinces. He 
 
 Service. was educated in one of the best schools in the country, 
 
 and from a line-rider in 1890 he has been advanced on 
 
 merit to this present responsible position. 
 
 Mr. E. K. Sykes. entry clerk, proved his capacity in several positions 
 of trust and responsibility before entering the customs service, and is the 
 son of Col. C. P. Sykes. one of the most enterprising men in Arizona. 
 
 Mr. .T. H. Politzer, statistical clerk, is also an Arizonian, and his experi- 
 ence as a business man and accountant admirably fits him for his present 
 position. He is the son of Mr. Folitzer, the well-known expert of New 
 York City. 
 
144 Treasure Land. 
 
 Some idea of the commerce of Nogales may be gathered 
 Imports from a consideration of the following comparative state- 
 
 ment of the customs for the fiscal years ending June 30, 
 and Exports. 1896, and June 30, 1897, not including commodities en- 
 tered under bond and destined to foreign countries and in- 
 terior ports of the United States, kindly prepared for us by Mr. Politzer, 
 statistical clerk: 
 
 Value of imports, 1897 $3,047,764 Duties, $124,978 
 
 Value of imports, 1896 2,603,502 Duties, 85,372 
 
 Increase $ 444,262 Duties, $ 39,606 
 
 The average ad valorem rate being 21.42 per cent, for 1897, and 21.89 
 per cent, for 1896. 
 
 Value of exports, 1897 $1,032,414 
 
 Value of exports, 1896 941,779 
 
 Increase $ 90,635 
 
 _. .. The resident agents of Wells, Fargo & Co. are always 
 
 WellS, ^6 repositories of valuable information respecting the 
 
 & CO.'S condition of business at their stations. Mr. W. F. Over- 
 ... ton, the head of the Nogales office, has been identified 
 
 Agcm. with the Southwest for the last fifteen years, and as a 
 
 quasi-public officer enjoys the respect of the public and the appreciation of 
 his company. 
 
 Large industrial operations are being conducted in Sonora, and the 
 future is full of promise. While the official statistics of the entry port of 
 Nogales convey some idea of the Sonora trade, it must be remembered that 
 the port of Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, is the depot of supplies for 
 a large portion of the state, and the value of imports there is not accessible. 
 Large shipments are made by sea from California, and European merchan- 
 dise is landed in large quantities, the vessels taking return cargoes of high- 
 grade ores and other local products, the rate of transportation being out of 
 all proportion to the distance. It is highly probable that the transfer of 
 the Sonora railway to the Southern Pacific company will throw a large 
 portion of the business now transacted with Europe into the hands of our 
 own merchants, if they have sufficient capital and enterprise to handle it. 
 
 The value of the Sonora trade is conceded in Nogales, and 
 ri.g the mining activity in that state fully appreciated, but 
 
 its real nature and extent is only faintly comprehended. 
 Sonora Trade. in order to obtain more particular information on this 
 subject for our story, we called upon Mr. Ignacio Bonil- 
 las, and to him we are indebted for the substance of this article. He is a 
 member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and has been iden- 
 tified with the mining development in Southern Arizona and Sonora for 
 the past fourteen years. He was official engineer for the government for 
 several years, and his reputation for character and ability is of the highest. 
 The mining industry in Sonora was never more prosperous than at pres- 
 ent, and the number and magnitude of the enterprises can be faintly con- 
 veyed by the fact that there are over 15,000 men directly engaged in the 
 production of the precious metals. The Minas Prietas alone give employ- 
 ment to about 3,000, and many of the properties are beneficial producers. 
 As the mining code of Mexico differs materially from our 
 The Mexican own, we present, for the information of our readers, the 
 following summary of its requirements with respect to 
 Mining Code. the location and possession of mines: 
 
 Any person, foreigner or citizen, can locate as many 
 
 claims, or "pertenencias." as he feels able to handle, each claim being 100 
 metres square; provided, however, that no foreigner can locate minos 
 
Notjalex, the Line City. 145 
 
 within the Free Zone, or a distance of fifty-two miles from the boundary 
 line, without first obtaining special permission from the government of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Having made his locations, he presents a petition to the mining agent of 
 the district in which they are situated, asking that they be adjudged to him 
 in accordance with the provisions of the law. The fees for registry, publi- 
 cation, stamps, etc., should not exceed $12, but are generally thrice this 
 amount, the official schedule being adjusted to suit the climate. If the pe- 
 tition is admitted, as it usually is upon payment of the fees, it Is regularly 
 filed for registry, and within three days thereafter an order of survey is 
 issued. 
 
 Theoretically, any competent engineer can be selected to make the sur- 
 vey, but as the Question of competency may cause complications, it is bet- 
 ter to accept the party recommended by the district agent. When the sur- 
 vey is returned the agent makes an extract from the registry and causes 
 it to be published in the official paper of the state, citing adverse claimants 
 to appear and show cause, as in the case of United States patents. 
 
 At the end of four months it is the duty of the agent to forward to the 
 federal department of public works a transcript of all proceedings, and if 
 these are found to be regular, and the stamp duty of $10 for each claim 
 is forthcoming, a title is issued. 
 
 The cost of surveying is generally $15 for each claim, when there are 
 many, the minimum cost of a survey being $100, but this expense is af- 
 fected by distance and other variable conditions. 
 
 The only limitations to the absolute ownership of mints is an obligation 
 to pay an annual tax to the federal government of $10 per annum on each 
 claim, payable every four months. If this is not paid promptly, a maxi- 
 mum extension of three months is granted on payment of fines of 25, 50 
 and 100 per cent, additional for each month respectively, and a complete 
 failure is held to be an abandonment of the property, which then reverts to 
 the public domain. 
 
 The state government collects a maximum tax of 2 per cent, on the 
 gross product of mines (which can be avoided by letting them lie idle), 
 and $6 per $1,000 on the assessed value of improvements. The assessment 
 is made by an official expert appointed for each district, and is usually 
 very fair to mine owners. 
 
 The Hon. G. A. Avery, mayor of Nogales, is also one of its pioneer 
 merchants, having erected the first building of any importance on the west 
 side of the railroad track. He is engaged in the furniture business, but 
 finds time to devote to public affairs. He was on the board of county 
 supervisors four years, and for over three years a member of the Nogales 
 city council. We are indebted to him for the following valuable information 
 respecting the Line City: 
 
 He estimates the population of American Nogales at 
 No^ales in 2,000, and the Mexican side has about an equal number. 
 
 About twenty new and modern buildings have been 
 Brief. erected during the past year, and an equal number across 
 
 the line. The Mexicans appear indisposed to let us beat 
 them in progressiveness, and frequently set the pace. The advantages of 
 Nogales as a summer resort are beginning to be appreciated by the people 
 living on the lowlands of Sonora, where the summer heat is almost unbear- 
 able, and many of the best families of Hermosillo and Guaymas intend to 
 erect residences here as places of refuge. There is no question but that a 
 fine, commodious hotel erected in the vicinity of Nogales would be liberally 
 patronized by the Sonorenses, and as the guests would all be in good cir- 
 cumstances, the enterprise would pay. 
 
 The city has spent on the streets, during the year, about $3,500, and ex- 
 tensive grading is still in progress. 
 
146 Treasure Land. 
 
 The volunteer fire department is well equipped with a high-pressure 
 engine, costing $1,500, and a good hose reel. 
 
 The city tax is 5 mills only, and there is no bonded or other indebt- 
 edness. 
 
 It is one of the most peaceful settlements in the country, the police 
 force consisting of a city marshal and one assistant, and these have very 
 little to do. 
 
 The relations between the municipal bodies of both cities are extremely 
 cordial, the Mexicans promptly adopting every one of our ordinances de- 
 signed to maintain order or promote the welfare of the municipality. 
 
 The peace officers of both cities appear to have a private understandiug 
 between them, and when an offender seeks immunity from arrest on the 
 other side of the line, he is quickly pushed back across the street within 
 easy reaching distance. 
 
 There are neither paupers nor tramps, and every industrious man read- 
 ily finds a reward for his exertions. 
 
 The city contemplates the erection of a fine city hall and engine house, 
 and a new opera house will probably be opened in the lower portion of the 
 new Masonic Temple. 
 
 The business outlook is very encouraging, and business has more than 
 doubled in volume since the commencement of the year. The mining activ- 
 ity in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is almost incredible, and there are several 
 fine properties being operated in the vicinity of Nogales. 
 
 Business is generally done on a cash basis, and credit is seldom solicited. 
 
 The titles to city property have heretofore been uncertain, owing to 
 the cloud cast upon them by the alleged Nogales Land Grant, but now that 
 this has been set aside by our courts, a patent to the townsite will be given 
 by the government and ownership confirmed. 
 
 Nogales has an excellent telephone system, electric light and water- 
 works and ice plant. 
 
 The water company is now making improvements ia its service that 
 will enable it to furnish an abundant supply of pure water at a high pres- 
 sure. 
 
 A sewerage system is also contemplated, but there is no immediate 
 necessity for this, as our natural drainage is almost perfect. 
 
 Our principal fuel is wood, procured in the neighborhood, and consists 
 of oak, mesquite. walnut and cedar. It is delivered in the city at the rate 
 of $2.75 per cord. 
 
 All business is transacted on the basis of the Mexican dollar, which 
 passes current among us in small amounts at the rate of 50 cents, or two 
 for one of ours. This gives our merchants considerable trouble, as the rate 
 of exchange varies, but it would be impossible for them to do business on 
 any other basis. 
 
 Nogales Lodge No. 11, F. and A. M., has an active mem- 
 
 Sncieties and bership of about fifty, and meets the third Saturday of 
 
 each month.- The present officers are: J. Dessart, W. 
 
 Churches. M.; Chas. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings, 
 
 treasurer. 
 
 The Masonic Association of Nogales is an organization in charge of the 
 erection of the new Masonic Temple, which, though now in use, will not be 
 dedicated until the 17th of September, 1897. The officers are: J. Dessart, 
 president; Geo. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings, treasurer. 
 
 Nogales Lodge No. 2, A. O. U. W., has been established only eighteen 
 months, and has now a membership of about fifty. It meets every Friday 
 evening, and the officers are: F. J. Duffy, M. W.; S. M. Aguirre, recorder, 
 and F. M. King, financier. 
 
 Nogales Lodge No. 18, K. of P., meets the first and third Tuesdays of 
 each month, and has an active membership of seventy-five. The officers are: 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 
 
 147 
 
 A. A. Doherty, C. C.; T. F. Broderick, V. C.; Eb. Williams, K. of R. and 
 S., and J. B. Mix, M. of B. 
 
 Nogales Lodge No. 9, 1. 0. 0. F., meets every Thursday and has a mem- 
 bership of thirty-eight. The officers are: R. H. Clark, N. G.; Eb. Williams, 
 secretary, and J. Dessart, treasurer. 
 
 Manzanita Lodge No 6, 0. of Rebecca, has a membership of twenty-seven, 
 and is becoming very popular. The officers are: Jane Williams, D. D. G. 
 M.; Amy Pierson, N. G.; Prudence Cummings, V. G.; Emma Walker, sec- 
 retary, and Clara Holler, treasurer. 
 
 The Spanish-American Alliance is represented by Lodge No. 6, organized 
 May 16, 1897. It has a membership of fifty, and the present officers are: 
 R. A. Moreno, president; Ygn. Escalada, V. I'.; Juan Franco, secretary, and 
 F. A. Moreno, treasurer. 
 
 We heard of a Lodge of Good Templars, but could not find any one who 
 was willing to acknowledge an active membership. 
 
 There are three churches in Nogales, and we are indebted to the pas- 
 tors of two for the information given below. 
 
 The Catholic Church, a modest but comfortable building, is well patron- 
 ized, notwithstanding the fact that there is a church of the same faith 
 on the other side of the line. 
 
 1. T. F. Rrod.-rick. Marsli.-il. 
 I. (J. A. Avrrv. .Mayor. 
 
 li. -I, T. H rick wood. Councilman. 
 
 2. ('apt. J. . I. Noon, Councilman. 3. F. . I. Duffy, Justice of Peace. 
 
 5. S. M. Atfiiirre. Chief Customs Clerk. 
 7. H. K. Chenoweth, Collector of Customs. 
 
1. U. S. Custom House. 2. Methodist Church. 3. Masonic Temple. 
 
 4. Public School. ">. Congregational Church. 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 
 
 149 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church (South) entered this field about ten years 
 ago by establishing a school, which has since developed into the Nogales 
 seminary, with an enrollment of 180 pupils. A church building of fail- 
 proportions was erected later and has had a successful career. The con- 
 gregation averages forty, and regular services are maintained throughout 
 the year. The Sunday school is well attended, and the pastor, Rev. S. V. 
 Dilley, is hopeful of the future. 
 
 There is a Mexican branch of this denomination, in charge of Rev. E. 
 Quinones, with a membership of sixty. The services are conducted in a 
 separate building and in the Spanish language. 
 
 Trinity Congregational Church was established in 1887, and has an aver- 
 age attendance of thirty-five. Regular services are held throughout the 
 year. There is a Sunday school in connection with the church, with an 
 average attendance of twenty-five, and the auxiliary bodies are well repre- 
 sented by the Christian Endeavor society, the Y. P. S. C. E., and Ladies' 
 mission. The present pastor, Rev. J. H. Heald, has been in charge five 
 years, and notes a marked improvement in the moral tone of the community. 
 In addition to local work, he visits Calabasas and Crittenden. The church 
 building is substantial, and attached to it is a comfortable parsonage, a gift 
 from the former pastor, Rev. R. T. Liston. 
 
 RESIDENCES : 1. Mexican Consul. 
 4. J. Dessart. 
 
 2. L. \V. Mix. 
 \V. N. Cummings. 
 
 3. F. Herrera. 
 
]. Lumber Yard. Roy & Titcomb. 2. Theo. Gebler. 3. F.M.King. 4. Electric Li^ht i 1'. Co. 
 5. Chenoweth & Mix Drug Store. 6. Office Wells, Fargo & Co. 7. Offices Roy & Titcomb. 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 151 
 
 Dr. A. A. Doherty, the pioneer dentist of this section, 
 The Public ' s a ^ so a scuo l trustee, and to him we are indebted for 
 
 the following information respecting the public schools 
 SchOOl. of Nogales. 
 
 Three trustees are elected, as elsewhere in Arizona, 
 
 and the present board consists of H. K. Chenoweth, J. B. Mix and A. A. 
 Doherty. 
 
 The school building, situated in an elevated part of the city, is a 
 substantial edifice, furnished with all modern appliances, including im- 
 proved seating arrangements aud a library. There are three class rooms in 
 charge respectively of Prof. T. F. Grindell, principal, and the Misses 
 Theo. Sprecher and Ada EKey, lirst and second assistants. The num- 
 ber of children in the district of school age is 432, but owing to lack of 
 accommodation the attendance is not as large as it should be. The term 
 is generally of nine months' duration, and during this period every seat 
 is fllled. 
 
 Dr. Doherty is a close observer and pins his faith to the Line City. 
 It has a good tributary country and the trade with Mexico is increasing 
 steadily. Speaking of the effect of the wonderful climate he instanced 
 a Mexican couple residing in Nogales who have twenty-seven children all 
 living, which is the largest crop recorded up to date. 
 
 We are indebted to Mr. A. J. Griswold, clerk of the 
 
 city council, for valuable information on many matters. 
 
 Fire Risk Mr ' Griswold is an expert accountant and insurance 
 
 agent and was formerly agent here for Wells, Fargo 
 
 & Co. He informs us that there have been only two 
 
 fires in Nogales in six years, and these were purely accidental, hence the 
 
 rate of insurance is low, not exceeding 1 per cent. The buildings now 
 
 being erected are all of brick or stone and consequently nearly fire proof. 
 
 There are two newspapers published in Nogales, both 
 
 of them in the English language and issued weekly. 
 
 .. The Oasis was originally started by its present edi- 
 
 INewspapers. tor an( ] proprietor, Mr. Allen T. Bird, at Arizola, a 
 
 boom town near Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific 
 
 railroad, sixty miles west of Tucson. When the boom 
 
 collapsed, Mr. Bird moved his outfit to Benson, forty-five miles east of 
 
 Tucson, but after trying to infuse vitality into the place for a short time, 
 
 located permanently in Nogales. He gives the public a newsy sheet 
 
 with a neat typographical appearance. 
 
 The Vidctte originated in Nogales in 1894, the editor being the late 
 Harry M. Wood, an old newspaper man from Tombstone. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Frank M. King, the present proprietor, who was followed by 
 the late George Webb. Mr. King resumed charge on March 15, 1897, 
 and has made it one of the brightest papers in Arizona. It has twenty- 
 four columns of matter, printed on fine book-paper, and presents a neat 
 typographical appearance. No boiler plate defaces its pages and its 
 articles are always well written and entertaining. It is a favorite ad- 
 vertising medium and has a large local patronage. 
 
 Both these journals do credit to the town and deserve general support. 
 Nogales is a virgin field for industrial enterprises, and 
 Opportunities the time is not far distant when it will be necessary to 
 * establish manufactories at this point to supply the in- 
 
 creasing needs of northwestern Mexico. In addition to 
 Enterprise. the great saving in freight, intelligent labor is cheaper 
 here than in any part of the United States, and the 
 opening up of the Sonora coal fields will furnish abundant fuel at low 
 cost. Beef cattle, now exported by the thousand to the East, should be 
 converted into canned meats on the spot, the hog-raising industry could 
 
152 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 be stimulated and lard, soap and candles manufactured here. All these 
 products are imported by the carload to supply the demands of Sonora. 
 A flour mill located at Calabasas would be profitable, and a good-sized 
 brewery would be kept in active operation. 
 
 There is an excellent opening for a good national bank with a capital 
 of, say, $50,000. After it secured the confidence of the people it would 
 become the depository for the surplus wealth of Sonora, which is con- 
 siderable. At present there is no bank of deposit at Nogales of any im- 
 portance, the exchange business being generally transacted by leading 
 merchants and one or two money brokers. 
 
 As the town can only grow down the valley, real estate speculators 
 might find it profitable to control available building sites in that direc- 
 tion; some of these are admirably situated and control valuable water 
 supplies. A few years hence it will cost thousands of dollars to accom- 
 plish what can be done now with a few hundreds. 
 
 On the whole, the writer feels that next to Tucson, Nogales presents 
 more and better opportunities than any town in the West. 
 
 . CAPTAIN NOON'S ORCHARD. 
 
 It has been said of some of our old pioneers that the 
 Another on ^ v way they can terminate their existence is to try 
 
 to live back East or commit suicide. Capt. J. J. Noon, 
 Opportunity. chairman of the finance committee of the town council, 
 
 is touching his seventieth year and is hale and hearty 
 and more enterprising, perhaps, than many a youth of thirty. He landed 
 in California in 1850 and experienced the usual vicissitudes during the 
 years he mined in the Golden state, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Arizona. 
 He was the original discoverer of the famous St. Patrick mine in the 
 Pajaritos mountains, which he sold for $20,000, and out of which the 
 purchasers netted $150,000 the first sixty days. 
 
 He settled in Nogales about nine years ago and took up eighty acres 
 on the north side of the city. Part of this is subdivided and known as 
 Noon's addition. Of the balance, he planted eight acres in fruit trees, 
 Avhich are now in full bearing, and form a beauty spot in the scenery. 
 The pressure of the city is bearing down upon the captain's reserve of 
 fifty acres, including the orchard, and he will be compelled to enlarge 
 Noon's addition by the the addition to it of the balance of his property. 
 It is the finest residence site in the city, conveniently located, easily 
 graded and with a fine quarry of excellent building stone on one side 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 153 
 
 that will supply enough material to cover the whole acreage with build- 
 ings. If we had the money we would try to buy the captain out and 
 double our money in two years from half the property. 
 
 Some years ago, the correspondent of an Eastern journal 
 
 A discovered a man in an Arizona town who filled every 
 
 Disappointed office it was entitled to, and wrote the matter up as an 
 
 extraordinary circumstance. He failed, however, to draw 
 
 * n * the obvious moral that if one person was able to fill all 
 
 the offices, there could be little to do in any of them. This concentration of 
 
 responsibility is really a very common occurrence in Arizona, and even in 
 
 a town like Nogales we find that Mr. T. P. Broderick is able to be city 
 
 marshal, deputy sheriff, deputy United States marshal and constable, and 
 
 still has time to attend to his own business. 
 
 He notes that there has been no serious infringement of the law in four 
 years, the principal cases being misdemeanors. The lower class Mexicans 
 across the line sometimes imbibe too freely of bad mescal and tumble out 
 of their own country into ours. If they are caught before they lurch back 
 again they become Mr. Broderick's prey and swell the annals of crime. If 
 it were not for occasional accidents of this kind, time would hang so heavily 
 on his hands that he would be compelled to run for some more offices. 
 
 He has only been in Arizona a few years and is disappointed hi it. He 
 feels that he had a right to expect more occupation, and suggests the ad- 
 visability of importing a few desperadoes from the East, in order to give 
 our peace officers some decent entertainment. 
 
 The upper portion of the Santa Cruz valley is admirably 
 A New adapted to the raising of a fine grade of tobacco, and the 
 
 farmers will now give their attention to this product, in 
 Industry. view of the establishment at Nogales of a cigar and 
 
 cigarette factory. It is only within the last month that 
 Fleischer & Varona began the manufacture of Mexican cigars from the best 
 grades of Vera Cruz tobacco, and the brand of "Las Dos Naciones" is al- 
 ready widely known. Mr. Varona was originally with Kohlberg Bros., of 
 El Paso, whose "International" brand of Mexican cigars is known all over 
 the country, and to his skill must be attributed the reputation they have 
 made. The climatic conditions at Nogales are more favorable to the manu- 
 facture, and the Dos Naciones brand will take precedence of all others as 
 soon as its merits become known to smokers. None but the finest grades of 
 Vera Cruz tobacco are used, and the cigars have all the best qualities of the 
 imported article, in addition to an elegance of appearance that adds to their 
 value in the eyes of connoisseurs. The adaptability of the local tobacco to 
 the manufacture of cigarettes has been proven, and as soon as a sufficient 
 quantity is supplied, it will be used for a line of cigarettes that will com- 
 pete successfully with the Eastern article. Fleischer & Varona at present 
 employ twenty hands, but this number will be doubled next month. The 
 success of their enterprise has been beyond their expectations, and the repu- 
 tation of their factory has outrun their ability to keep up with the demand. 
 Some years ago the writer visited the principal Eastern 
 manufacturers in the interest of an enterprise designed 
 NO Trouble to develop our trade relations with Mexico, and found 
 
 a t a u that the custom house was the bug-bear of commerce. 
 
 Since then custom house brokerage has been recog- 
 nized as a profession on both sides of the line, and those 
 who engage in it have to be both competent and responsible. The entry 
 of merchandise into Mexico is to-day attended with less difficulty than 
 entries into the United States. For the Mexican side there are a number 
 of skilled brokers, but the recognized broker in American Nogales is 
 Judge Frank M. Duffy, to whom the principal business men confide 
 their business. 
 
154 Treasure Land. 
 
 Among the many pleasant people we met in Nogales was Mr. W. N. 
 Curnrnings, the real estate and money broker. He is in close touch with 
 the pulsations of business and prominent and active in all that tends 
 to promote the welfare of the community. He is a charter member of 
 Nogales Lodge, I. O. O. P., and as a member of the Masonic fraternity 
 has been instrumental in crowning the local lodge with the undying 
 honor of being the first in Arizona to build its own 
 j* j s temple. He came to Nogales eleven years ago and in- 
 
 vested heavily in real estate. At the present time all 
 NO Boom. his houses are filled with good tenants and he could 
 
 rent twenty-five more if he had them. Many new build- 
 ings are in course of erection on both sides of the line, but the demand 
 always exceeds the supply. A better class of people is being added 
 to our population and the future of the city looks flattering. 
 
 He is very much interested in the cause of higher education and be- 
 lieves that, if a good commercial college were established here it would 
 be well patronized by the youth of Sonora, who are now sent to the 
 Eastern states and Europe. 
 
 While the Building and Loan Association of Nogales has been of 
 some assistance in building up the town, it is not so well patronized as 
 it should be, the monthly income not exceeding $600, which means per- 
 haps four buildings a year. 
 
 Mr. Geo. W. Atkinson was one of the original settlers at 
 Four Tons Calabasas, near Nogales, reaching there in 1879. He has 
 
 a fine farm and cattle range and was, until lately, asso- 
 tO the Acre. ciated Avith L. Zeckendorf & Co. in their extensive cattle- 
 
 dealing operations. He was the pioneer potato cultivator 
 of Arizona, and instances a crop of 8,000 pounds to the acre raised in the 
 Santa Cruz valley and marketed chiefly in Tucson. George tells an excellent 
 story about himself that is worth repeating: In the early part of January, 
 ... T . 1879, he called at Pete Kitchen's ranch, five miles north 
 
 nil IWlce O f Nogales, and not finding Pete there, left a note and 
 
 in the started to return to Calabasas. While yet in sight of the 
 
 ^flmp ^nnt ranch he was halted by five Mexican robbers, who re- 
 
 name 2>pOl. Heved him of all his valuables and surplus clothing. 
 
 Then they led him off the road and kept him prisoner until it was dark. 
 When released he made direct for his ranch at Calabasas, and found there 
 a party on the way to Sonora with a large amount of money, who, after 
 hearing the story of his adventure, decided to give up their journey and 
 return home. Atkinson Avas very much disgusted with his adventure, and, 
 as the nearest supply point then was Tucson, he proceeded thither to secure 
 a new outfit of clothing and a gun with which to defend himself if again 
 attacked. A few weeks after his return, while working about his house, 
 he saw five Mexicans approaching, and sent his man with the gun to in- 
 vestigate them. They eluded the messenger, however, and pounced upon 
 George just as he recognized them as the same bandits that had robbed 
 him. The man was surprised in a similar manner and led off out of sight. 
 After compelling him to cook them a good dinner, they expressed great 
 pleasure at meeting him again, and suggested that he contribute at least 
 $500 to the common fund. When he declared that his resources did not 
 exceed $30 they appeared incredulous and insisted upon putting a noose 
 about his neck and hauling him up to a beam several times. As this game 
 of neck-stretching failed to produce the desired result, they accepted the $30 
 and whatever else was convenient and useful to them, and left. For a long 
 time after this visitors to the Atkinson ranch had to bring strong letters of 
 recommendation or go somewhere else. 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 
 
 155 
 
 The Youngest 
 Pioneer. 
 
 The Hon. John T. Brickwood claims to be the youngest 
 living man who voluntarily came to Arizona and re- 
 mained here permanently. As this challenge excludes 
 people who were born "here, we award him the medal 
 for being the youngest pioneer. He first landed here 
 in 1867, and after mining and storekeeping in different parts of the ter- 
 ritory settled in Nogales in 1882. The future city was then nothing but 
 a line of tents along the flat, and the only storekeepers were Isaacson, 
 Elliott and Downer and D. Snyder. He began business just south of 
 tlu> present site of the Montezuma hotel, opposite the old railroad depot. 
 A couple of years later he built his present place of business around the 
 international monument, and the south line of the building coincides with 
 the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. In order to 
 accommodate the monument an angle was made in the wall. 
 
 Mr. Brickwood's record as a public-spirited citizen is proclaimed 
 in the fact that he is now serving his second term as a member of the 
 city council. 
 
 RE \TIX<; THE CUSTOMS. 
 
 One of the economical results of building right on the 
 Beating" the ^ ne ' ls snown m n * s arrangement for supplying his cus- 
 
 tomers with Mexican cigars without paying tribute to 
 Customs. Uncle Sam. As anything beyond the line of his wall 
 
 is in Mexico, including, perhaps, the paint, when a 
 customer desires a foreign weed, be just steps outside into the next 
 country and opens a case attached to the wall, the customer following 
 and placing at least one foot over the door step, and the international 
 difficulty is adjusted. An accompanying illustration shows how the trick 
 is done, and this is the only spot in the world where it is possible to do it. 
 
156 TreasureJLand. 
 
 In Nogales we grasped the hand of the only living 
 Thp ^nlp active participant in the historical events which took 
 
 place in San Francisco in 1856. Mr. Theo. Gebler, the 
 Survivor. pioneer hardware merchant of Nogales, was a member 
 
 of company 26 at the time the Vigilance Com- 
 mittee passed upon the cases of Cory, Casey, Helherington and Bliss, and 
 often stood guard before Judge Terry's door. He is also, so far as he 
 knows, the only living eye-witness of the celebrated duel between the 
 Judge and Senator Broderick. Though years have whitened his head he 
 has never lost his pioneering instincts, and cast in his lot with the founders 
 of the Line City twelve years ago. He has been a member of the council 
 since the town's incorporation, and is always as foremost in public spirit 
 as he is in business enterprise. He is assisted in his business by his 
 son, Oscar, who bids fair to follow in his father's footsteps and maintain 
 in eternal green the honored name he bears. 
 
 While on the subject of commerce, we take pleasure in 
 
 1 DC SOUtnem presenting the reader with the following brief summary 
 
 Pacific of the consensus of opinion of the merchants of Nogales 
 
 P respecting the transfer of the ownership of the Sonora 
 
 company. railway. While some held views contrary to those here 
 
 expressed, the majority agreed with them, and even the objectors conceded 
 
 that they were probably correct: 
 
 The Southern Pacific company has unlimited resources, is controlled by 
 able men, and while its policy may be selfish, its service is generally effi- 
 cient. Every department of the road will be improved or renovated, to the 
 advantage of travelers and shippers; it will become an integral part of a 
 great continental system, with proportional rates of freights and fares, and 
 cease to conduct a predatory warfare against foreign lines. Of course the 
 Southern Pacific company may bring some pressure to bear on our mer- 
 chants to force them into the markets it controls, but the question of mar- 
 ket is not material if other things are equal. The merchant is most inter- 
 ested in the volume of his trade and the profit in it. It is probable that 
 our merchants will be restricted to certain territory and will not be per- 
 mitted to ship to Tucson or Yuma, but, on the other hand, they will be 
 maintained in their own domain against all competition. We do not be- 
 lieve that the Southern Pacific company will make Guaymas a distributing 
 point, for the reason that it is not to their interest to do so. There is no 
 doubt a line of steamers will be put on to handle the coffee trade of Cen- 
 tral America through Guaymas, and the tea trade of the Orient, but these 
 are transcontinental matters and do not directly affect us. The shops will 
 certainly be removed from Guaymas to this point, as this is an econom- 
 ical necessity. If the Sonora coal fields are as good as represented, the 
 Southern Pacific company will take an active interest in their development, 
 and this consideration opens up a pleasant vista of manufacturing possibil- 
 ities. 
 
 On the whole, we see in the change nothing to decrease the present 
 growing trade with Sonora, and much to encourage us to hope for a brighter 
 future for it. 
 
 Nogales is responsible for company "G," N. G. of Ari- 
 -rtj e zona, which we hope will never be called upon to dis- 
 
 tinguish itself in any international conflict. The boys 
 Militia. have fairly mastered the tactics and manual-at-arms. 
 
 We saw them salute the flag on the Fourth of July, 
 and they made a martial noise that must have been exhilarating to 
 old soldiers. We afterwards saw them attack the refreshments provided 
 for them at the custom house, and the charge they made was frightful 
 to behold, and thoroughly demoralized the enemy. The officers are: Will 
 EKey, captain; Rich. Fleischer, first lieutenant; T. F. Broderick, first 
 sergeant. 
 
Nogales, the Line City. 
 
 157 
 
 DEPAHTMENTS, STORE OF J. PASOHOLY COMPANY. 
 
 They Set the 
 Pace. 
 
 In order to succeed in the Southwest a man must have 
 fertility of resource and indefatigable energy, so that if 
 one assault at fortune fails, another is attempted, and so 
 on until the citadel is won. 
 
 A fair sample of the right material is Mr. Jos. Pascholy, 
 the merchant prince of Nogales, who laughingly boasts 
 that he has been "broke" half a dozen times. He was one of the pioneer 
 business men of Tombstone and stayed with the old camp until hope was 
 gone. In 1891 he came to Nogales with a large capital of energy and a 
 limited supply of cash. His credit was good, however, and true to his 
 character he began on top, and overcoming odds that would have appalled 
 another man, not only stayed there but set the pace for others. 
 
 The large department store of the Jos. Pascholy Company is the most 
 imposing block in town, 50x155 feet, and a dozen men are employed. Their 
 importations exceed six carloads a month, and the wholesale trade with 
 Sonora is almost half of all that is transacted from Nogales. The firm has 
 exclusive control of several important mining camps in Sonora. 
 
 Judge Taylor, the office manager of the firm, is also an old Tombstone 
 business man, who adds a long Western experience to a strong natural 
 ability. 
 
 The accompanying illustrations showing the Pascholy establishment 
 speak plainer than words of the enterprise of the firm. 
 
 Oratory. 
 
 The days of oratory are supposed by many to have passed 
 away, but a good, rattling speech, full of point and music, 
 is still appreciated, and the race of orators has not been 
 extinguished, but merely reduced in numbers. We require 
 that if a speaker has aught to say, he shall speak with 
 precision and brevity, and this has driven long-winded 
 orators out of the business. 
 
 Judge Eb. Williams, of Nogales, has achieved fame as an orator by not 
 striving for it. We are indebted to him for valuable information respecting 
 the fraternal organizations of Nogales, as well as for much courteous atten- 
 tion. His reputation as an able speaker in both English and Spanish has 
 long been known to us, and a personal acquaintance impressed us with his 
 real merit. He has been fifteen years in Arizona and always active in 
 public duties. 
 
158 
 
 Treasure Land. 
 
 HOTEL HARDEN. 
 
 THE MONTEZUMA HOTEL. 
 
 Elsewhere in this volume we give some reminiscenses ob- 
 tained from Col. Bob. Williams, the proprietor of the 
 Montezuma hotel, Nogales. 
 
 Fair and Good. After Final was abandoned Bob moved to Florence, 
 
 and opened a hotel, which he ran successfully for five 
 years. When he was burnt out he looked for another 
 location, finding it in Nogales. 
 
 The Montezuma is a three-story stone building of imposing appearance, 
 with forty-five rooms elegantly furnished and well-ventilated. It faces the 
 city park, with another park of its own in the rear, and is lighted with 
 electricity. There is a neat parlor and two sample rooms, and in connection 
 with the hotel, but separated from it, is, the best restaurant in Nogales. 
 
 Bob is a typical Arizonian, generous to a fault with his friends, but 
 strong in his antipathy to anything mean. None boat people of the best 
 class are permitted to become his guests and these invariably become his 
 friends. He has a faithful and efficient coadjutor in his estimable wife, and 
 the visitors at the Montezuma are always assured of fair treatment and 
 good company. 
 
 This hotel is the only first class hostelry in the city, although furnished 
 rooms can be obtained at reasonable rates. There are a number of good 
 restaurants and prices are generally low. In the winter months the tables 
 are well supplied with oysters and fresh fish from the bay of Guaymas. 
 
 The quality of the air in this region is illustrated by the 
 fact that in' operating the long-distance telephone between 
 
 A Skilled Nogales and Duquesne, a distance of twenty miles, the 
 
 Electrician. slightest whisper can be heard. 
 
 The construction of this line is the work of Mr. W. P.. 
 Welton, who is a skilled electrician, located at Nogales. 
 He finds abundant occupation in Sonora, Mexico, whose people are prompt 
 to avail themselves of the latest scientific discoveries. The use of the electric 
 light in mining operations is growing in favor, and at present Mr. Welton 
 it setting up a plant for a mining company near Arispe, and this class of 
 work will engage a great deal of his attention in the future. 
 
ONKA'S LEAP 
 
 AN INDIAN LEGEND 
 Or THE 
 
 SANTA CATALINAS. 
 
 A few miles from Tucson, at the point of the Santa Catalina mountains, 
 rises a jagged peak, which some convulsion of nature has rent from the 
 parent range; and upon a narrow ridge running from the base of this 
 peak are the ruins of an ancient settlement of the primitive race. Below 
 the ruins, at the distance of a mile, the ridge terminates in a cliff, which 
 rises sheer 100 feet or more from the rocky bottom of a gulch. This 
 cliff is known as Onka's Leap, and the following is the origin of the 
 name, as told by the Pima sages: 
 
 It was a fearful night; black darkness overspread the land; the mut- 
 tering thunder and the vengeful lightning shook the murky air, but the 
 mad frenzy of the elements was soft repose compared with the tempest 
 of angry and vengeful passions that tore the soul of a lonely old vc-koi 
 (grandmother) who sat amid the ruins of what had lately been the happy 
 homes of her kindred. 
 
 "Why," she cried, as she beat her shriveled breast and tore out big 
 handsful of her scraggy hair, "why strikes not the great Tas (sun god) 
 their savage hearts! Surely the dark Hauk (night demon) is awake this 
 cursed night! Alas, not one of my people have they spared! Why am 
 I left if not that I may throw curses at the backs of the murderers!" 
 
 Even while she cursed until the weary breath rattled in her throat, 
 a heavy hand fell upon her shoulder, and a hoarse voice roared in her 
 ear. "Ve-koi!" 
 
 She turned, and by the lightning's lurid glare recognized the leader 
 of the band whose hands were red with the blood of her people. 
 
 "Yes, yes!" she shrieked, "I have cursed ye till my voice is choked! 
 No\v take my worthless life as you have taken theirs, and let my spirit 
 be with them. Onka is ready!" and she lowered her head for the ex- 
 pected blow. 
 
 "Peace!" yelled the savage, "we seek not your miserable life, but 
 to preserve our own. Live to tell the miserable aka-ma-lootum (river men) 
 of our hate and vengeance. We are in haste to reach our homes beyond 
 the great Ka-rut (Superstition mountains), and can not find the trail out 
 of these cursed hills. The Te-koi will show us the path!" 
 
 "Conduct you to safety that you may desolate other homes? Never!" 
 Then as the sinewy hand of the savage grasped her throat, another thought 
 came to her, and she said, "I will go." 
 
 Among the boulders and hummocks Onka led the ghostly proces- 
 sion, while the thunder pealed and the lightning crashed among the 
 peaks, and the torrents came hurtling down the mountain side. For a 
 space she proceeded with hurried gait, then paused under a sturdy oak 
 
160 Treasure Land. 
 
 whose arms waved like reeds under the influence of the storm. She 
 appeared to reflect as to what direction to take, and while she hesitated, 
 there came a lull in the storm which only Intensified the darkness. 
 
 If the savages could have seen her face as she started off again their 
 suspicions would have been aroused by the smile that overspread her 
 features and the exulting glitter of her eyes. But the darkness was so 
 intense that they saw nothing and struggled along behind her in single 
 file, their eyes blinded by the pelting storm and their ears deafened 
 with the roar of the tempest. 
 
 When she approached the edge of the precipice she stopped and cau- 
 tiously stepped aside. Her trusting followers moved on, one after the 
 other, down into the deep and fatal abyss, whence no wail of despair 
 or death rose above the voice of the storm god. 
 
 As her last foe perished, a flash of lightning leapt from the darkness 
 and bathed the scene in lurid light. 
 
 Onka gave a yell of hellish triumph. 
 
 "Not yet, not yet will I leave them! The spirit of Onka shall follow 
 to taunt them!" and with a mad leap she followed her victims. 
 
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