1855 
 (5616-5666) 
 
 By THE REV. ISIDORE HARRIS, M.A. 
 
 f $e Sirsf (part of f?e 3few0' Coffege 
 JfuBifee 
 
 PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION. 
 
 LONDON 1906 (5666).
 
 The History of Jews' College is 
 an advance publication. The com- 
 plete Jubilee Volume will be ready 
 for distribution about the beginning 
 of July. It will contain, besides the 
 History, Literary Contributions from 
 Teachers (past and present) and past 
 Students of the College, and a list of 
 Donations to the Jubilee Endowment 
 Fund. The complete Volume will 
 contain a Frontispiece designed by 
 Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A., and 
 Mr. Frank Emanuel.
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 JEWS' COLLEGE 
 
 NOVEMBER IITH 1855 NOVEMBER IOTH 1905 
 
 BY 
 
 THE REV. ISIDORE HARRIS, M.A. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 LUZAC & Co. 
 
 46, Great Russell Street, 
 
 1906.
 
 PRINTED BY E. J. BRILL, LEYDEN (HOLLAND).
 
 HISTORY OF JEWS' COLLEGE 
 
 NOVEMBER IITH 1855 NOVEMBER IOTH 1905. 
 
 BY THE REV. ISIDORE HARRIS, M.A. 
 
 209611O
 
 Founder and First President of Jeivs' College.
 
 PART I. 
 THE COLLEGE IN FINSBURY SQUARE. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE NEED OF A MINISTERIAL COLLEGE. 
 
 In the year 1841 the old Beth Hamedrash of the London 
 Ashkenazi community was transferred from Booker's Gardens, 
 Leadenhall Street, to No. I Smith's Buildings, in the same 
 thoroughfare. It had been founded in the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, in connection with the City synagogues, as a meeting- 
 place for the study of the Hebrew Scriptures and Rabbi- 
 nical Writings. But having failed in its former locality to 
 realize this object, the Trustees now proposed to remodel 
 the institution. They recommended "that whilst it should 
 fulfil its original intention of promoting theological studies, 
 it should also, in a manner suitable to the spirit of the age, 
 serve to train up youth for the various offices connected 
 with the ministration of our religion." 
 
 This recommendation embodies the first public movement 
 for the establishment of a College for the training of Jewish 
 Ministers. The idea of such an institution was set forth more 
 fully in the following observations of the Provisional Com- 
 mittee appointed to carry out the scheme :
 
 IV 
 
 It cannot be denied that the Jewish Community are become painfully 
 alive to the want of competent religious instructors, that many of the rising 
 generation are but slightly taught the principles of our faith, that they are 
 athirst for true religious knowledge, and are anxiously desirous that the 
 means of access to the sources of information and instruction shall be facili- 
 tated ; it is the object of the Committee to do this, and to do it in a manner 
 suited to the persons for whom the instruction is intended, and the age and 
 place in which our lot has been cast. 
 
 With this view, they have decided that all religious instruction, whether 
 Scriptural or Rabbinical, shall be conveyed to the pupils in the English 
 language, and they earnestly hope that this desire on their part to supply a 
 great want, by adding a new and required Institution to an improved reestablish- 
 ment of an old and respected one, will be gladly hailed and energetically 
 supported by all those who wish that the Jewish religion should be honoured, 
 its principles truly understood, and the youth of our community be truly 
 trained up to a correct knowledge of and adherence, to the faith of their 
 ancestors. 
 
 Although some ^1500 was subscribed to carry out these 
 objects, nothing was done to advance the scheme for the 
 establishment of a Theological College during the life-time 
 of the then Chief Rabbi, SOLOMON HERSCHEL. His successor, 
 Dr. NATHAN MARCUS ADLER, had no sooner entered upon his 
 office than he revived the idea in a modified form. Having 
 himself enjoyed the twofold advantage of a profound theolo- 
 gical training and a modern University career, it became 
 one of the principal objects of his Rabbinate and the 
 dearest wish of his heart to call into existence a seminary 
 that would fulfil both aims. For this purpose he convened 
 a meeting at the commencement of 1846, at which Mr. ISAAC 
 COHEN (father of the late Baroness MAYER DE ROTHSCHILD) 
 had consented to preside. But on the day of the meeting 
 Mr. COHEN died, and the project had to be postponed. 
 
 Meanwhile, the need of such an institution grew in- 
 creasingly urgent. Anything like a regular Anglo-Jewish pulpit 
 could not be said to exist in the Metropolis at this period. 
 The West London Synagogue of British Jews was the only 
 congregation which enjoyed the ministrations of a weekly
 
 preacher, and the Great Synagogue those of a monthly 
 preacher. Occasional sermons were delivered in the Portu- 
 guese, the New, the Hambro, and the Western Synagogues. 
 The Provinces were somewhat better off. Liverpool had a 
 regularly appointed preacher in Professor D. M. ISAACS, and 
 Birmingham in Dr. RAPHALL. The Rev. A. L. GREEN was 
 preaching at intervals at Bristol, and the Rev. M. B. LEVY 
 delivered an occasional sermon at Brighton. The few English 
 preachers who were occupying pulpits in the forties were 
 either men who had received their training abroad like 
 Dr. ADLER and Dr. RAPHALL or self-taught geniuses 
 like DAVID ISAACS, DAVID MARKS, AARON LEVY GREEN and 
 H. A. HENRY. It should be mentioned that MARKS, HENRY. 
 GREEN and LEVY had received their education at the Jews' 
 Free School, from whose Talmud Torah classes many another 
 well-known Preacher or Reader has graduated, and which must 
 hence be regarded as the original training-ground of the 
 Anglo-Jewish ministry. 
 
 On the Continent, however, and particularly in Germany 
 and Austria, the vernacular pulpit was a regular institution. 
 Such famous homilists as PLESSNER, SACHS, GEIGER, ZUNZ, 
 KLEY, MANNHEIMER, HOLDHEIM, PHILIPPSON, SALOMON and 
 AUB were, or had been, delivering weekly sermons as part of 
 their ordinary ministrations. True, these men had not been 
 trained at German theological colleges. Holland, France and 
 Italy were the only countries on the Continent in which 
 such institutions existed in the early part of the iQth cen- 
 tury. The "Saadath Bechurim", which had been established 
 in Amsterdam by Chief Rabbi ARYEH JEHUDAH KALISCH, as 
 early as 1708, became, in 1834, the "Nederlandsch Israeliet- 
 isch Seminarium" for the training of Rabbis and teachers. 
 Ten years earlier the old Talmud Torah at Metz had been 
 reorganized by royal decree as a Central Rabbinical School.
 
 VI 
 
 And in 1827 the "Istituto Rabbinico Lombardo Veneto" 
 had been established at Padua. The Breslau Seminary did 
 not come into existence until 1854. But Germany, with its 
 University and Yeshiba life, and its host of Jewish scholars, 
 possessed educational advantages for Jews which were alto- 
 gether wanting in England sixty years ago. The need of an 
 English training college was therefore strongly felt. 
 
 Commenting on this need, as JACOB FRANKLIN in the Voice 
 of Jacob had more than once done, the Jewish Chronicle, of 
 January 12, 1849, wrote: 
 
 It is obvious that the want of lecturers can only be provided for among 
 ourselves; we indispensably require an institution to educate men for the 
 pulpit. Numbers of youths may be selected from our charity schools, who 
 possess genius and talent which adapt them to that vocation, if their natural 
 gifts be only cultivated and matured. Numbers of poor teachers, good Hebrew 
 scholars, but deficient in the vernacular, would be glad to avail themselves 
 of such an offer ; whilst it would open a field for, and be an inducement 
 to, theological studies. We do not fear that anyone will accuse us of pre- 
 judice against foreigners; still we candidly confess that it is, to our view, 
 rather degrading than elevating the sacred office, that the people are, under 
 the present circumstances, compelled to seek abroad for those who can serve 
 them. We are anxious to obtain full emancipation ; and would it not be a dis- 
 grace if we were told by our Christian opponents that the Jews of England 
 are so ignorant that they cannot find a lecturer in their community ? The ob- 
 jection which our proposal will meet with is, no doubt, "Where are the 
 funds to come from for erecting such an institution"? Our answer is simply, 
 that every congregation will gladly contribute to the establishment of an 
 office which will and must ultimately lead, not only to the moral improvement 
 of the congregation, but likewise to the increase in the Synagogue funds, 
 there being no doubt that the Synagogue would be better attended, and its 
 frequenters be more liberal in their offerings, if a soul-stirring lecture appealed 
 to their hearts and their purses, exhorting the audience to ameliorate their 
 moral and religious condition, and representing to them the character of 
 Jewish emancipation in its proper light emancipation of the mind from the 
 bondage to which ignorance and prejudice have chained them.
 
 VII 
 
 II. 
 
 FIRST STEPS. 
 
 At length, after much laborious effort, Dr. ABLER and 
 those who cooperated with him saw their pious hopes be- 
 ginning to be realized. On Sunday, January 4, 1852, Sir 
 MOSES MONTEFIORE presided at a public meeting at Sussex 
 Hall, convened for the purposes set forth in the following 
 circular: 
 
 Office of the Chief-Rabbi. 
 
 London, 8th December 5612. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 The necessity of establishing a College for the training of Jewish Ministers 
 and Teachers is so obvious and so generally recognized that it will suffice 
 merely to call attention to the fact that among the numerous clerical offices 
 of the united congregations in this Empire some are vacant, and only a few 
 are held by Englishmen. That although our community on the whole is advancing 
 in culture and intelligence, the dearest interests of ourselves and our children, 
 our pulpits and our schools, the most precious things on earth, our character, 
 intellect and souls, are still not seldom entrusted to men of ill-furnished 
 minds, untutored, or at least unprepared for the performance of their sacred 
 functions. It is no less generally acknowledged that a public Day School 
 for the sons of our middle ranks is urgently required, especially in London, 
 where there are good educational institutions for our poorer brethren, but none 
 for those of the classes above them. Attendance in the public schools of the 
 general community subjects our sons to this disadvantage, that they are not 
 only deprived of one school-day in the week, but are necessarily left unpro- 
 vided with sound religious instruction. Thus while their minds are necessarily 
 engrossed by the acquisition of secular knowledge, they for the most part 
 receive at home but slender and inadequate tuition in the elements of Hebrew 
 and of our sacred doctrines a knowledge essentially indispensable for 
 their spiritual good. In the hope of meeting and combining these two great 
 objects in the most efficient and economical manner, I have prepared a plan, 
 outlines of which are given in the annexed page. It will be easily perceived 
 that the College which it is proposed to establish is intended to provide 
 for day scholars an efficient general education (such, for example, as that 
 afforded by the City of London School), together with sound religious in- 
 struction; that its great end is to prepare such pupils of respectability as 
 may desire to devote themselves to clerical pursuits for their ultimate attend-
 
 vm 
 
 ance at the studies of University College, London, with a view to the acqui- 
 sition of the higher branches of secular knowledge in that Institution, while 
 they may receive within the walls of the Jews' College the requisite theo- 
 logical and scholastic education and the necessary preparation for their 
 future sacred offices. And lastly that its purpose is to embrace at the same 
 time the objects of the present Beth Hamedrash with its excellent LIBRARY 
 revenues and the munificent endowment recently bestowed by A. L. MOSES, 
 Esq. With the view of submitting this plan to your consideration and adop- 
 tion, and of soliciting your aid and support thereto, I take the liberty of 
 inviting you to a general meeting which is to be held at Sussex Hall, on the 
 4th January next, at 12 o'clock, at which Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, BART., 
 will preside. In soliciting your kind attendance thereat, permit me to mention 
 to those who have sons whom they would be willing to entrust to a day 
 school of the above important description that I should feel deeply obliged 
 by their giving me notice thereof within a fortnight from this time. Let me 
 express, in conclusion, my earnest hope that all who have at heart the 
 amelioration of the social, intellectual, moral and religious condition of our 
 brethren all who wish to render their benevolence more certain and 
 glorious in its results and all who feel anxiously zealous for the preser- 
 vation of our holy faith, will come forward with heart and hand to promote 
 the immediate efficiency and permanent stability of this projected national 
 institution which, under the guidance of Divine Providence, may justly be 
 expected to yield salutary and blessed fruits to ourselves and our children, 
 and will shine wiih steady lustre on the Jewish community in this happy 
 country. 
 
 I remain 
 
 Dear Sir 
 
 Yours faithfully 
 
 N. ADLER Dr. 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE PLAN. 
 
 The College to be established in London for the purpose of affording a 
 liberal and useful Hebrew and English education to the sons of respectable 
 parents, and training of Ministers, Readers and Teachers. 
 
 Boys between the ages of nine and fifteen years, who can write and read 
 English and read Hebrew to be admitted as day scholars. 
 
 The subjects of instruction to the day pupils to be, in the Hebrew Depart- 
 ment : Translation of the Prayer Book and Bible, Grammar, Biblical and 
 post-Biblical History, Religion. An easy commentary on the Pentateuch and 
 some parts of the Shulchan Aruch. In the Secular Department: English 
 Grammar, Composition and Literature. Ancient and Modern History, Geo- 
 graphy, both physical and political, Arithmetic and Book-Keeping, the 
 elements of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, the Latin, French and 
 German Languages.
 
 IX 
 
 These subjects to be taught in different classes, five hours daily, Saturdays 
 and Festivals excepted. 
 
 Six pupils elected by the Council especially out of the Jewish public 
 educational establishments, besides those who obtain free scholarships, to be 
 placed on the foundation as Clerical Students, who, in addition to the 
 above-mentioned instruction in the day school, shall gratuitously receive in- 
 struction in the higher branches of theological and scholastic study at this 
 College and in the branches of secular knowledge, as Classical literature, 
 Logic, Elocution, etc., at University College. Such foundation pupils to 
 produce satisfactory testimonials as to character and physical efficiency, and 
 certifying that they are natives of the British realms, or that their parents 
 have resided ten years in this country. 
 
 The same to have access to the College Library, due exercise in the public 
 reading of prayers and expounding the word of God in the Synagogue of 
 the Beth Hamedrash, and practice in tuition in the day school. 
 
 In the event of the resources of the College increasing, such pupils to 
 enjoy free residence, board and clothing. 
 
 A general examination to take place every two years, and a special one 
 of the Clerical Students before they leave the College, for the purpose of 
 conferring their diplomas. 
 
 The present Beth Hamedrash in Smith's Buildings to be removed to another 
 locality fitted to all the requirements of a College. 
 
 A Head Master, a Second Master, Assistant Masters, and a Librarian to be 
 
 The annual expenditure of the College, calculated at One thousand Pounds, 
 to be provided for by the payments of day pupils, by the present revenues 
 of the Beth Hamedrash, and by interest on donations, legacies, endowments, 
 free scholarships and subscriptions. 
 
 The charge for each day pupil to be 10 per annum. An individual 
 endowing the College with 250 to be entitled to have a pupil of his own 
 nomination gratuitously instructed in the Day School. 
 
 A congregation, society, or individual, endowing the College with 1000, 
 to be entitled to a free scholarship, to have a clerical student of their, his, 
 or her nomination gratuitously instructed at this and at University College. 
 In case of their securing to the Institution an annual amount of 30, to 
 have the advantages as long as the same contribution be continued. 
 
 The College to be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, Vice- 
 President, Treasurer, Secretary, and five Members, in addition to the Chief 
 Rabbi and the Trustees of the different endowments. 
 
 At this meeting there were present the leading members 
 of the Jewish community, while letters expressing concur- 
 rence with its objects were read from Baron LIONEL DE 
 ROTHSCHILD, Sir DAVID SALOMONS, JOSEPH MAYER MON-
 
 TEFIORE, NATHANIEL LINDO and JOSHUA BENOLIEL. The 
 following unanimous resolution, which had been proposed by 
 SAMPSON SAMUEL and seconded by SOLOMON COHEN, of 
 Canonbury Place, affirmed the necessity of a Jewish College 
 and the intention of its promoters to bring such an insti- 
 tution into existence: 
 
 "That in the opinion of this meeting there exists among 
 the congregations of those countries in which the English 
 language is the vernacular tongue a desire for the establish- 
 ment of a College. That with the view to meet such desire 
 a Jews' College be established in London. That this meeting 
 approves of the principles embodied in the plan of the 
 Chief Rabbi which combines three important purposes: the 
 training of Ministers, Readers and Teachers, the formation 
 of a well regulated day School, and the objects of the 
 Beth Hamedrash". 
 
 A Council was accordingly nominated "to obtain donations 
 and subscriptions", and "to adopt such measures as may 
 seem necessary for the constitution and consolidation of the 
 Institution". The Council were to consist of the following 
 gentlemen, in addition to the ex officio members, and with 
 power to add to their number: 
 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, BART., F.R.S. 
 JOSHUA ALEXANDER. 
 SAMUEL L. DE SYMONS. 
 SAMPSON SAMUEL. 
 LAWRENCE LEVY. 
 Louis NATHAN. 
 SAMPSON LUCAS. 
 HENRY SOLOMON. 
 M. S. KEYSER. 
 GEORGE JESSEL, M. A.
 
 Fh'st I'ice-Pres ulcn t .
 
 XI 
 M. H. PlCCIOTTO. 
 
 JACOB A. FRANKLIN. 
 
 That the progress of the new movement was, however, 
 slow, and that a considerable time elapsed before the pro- 
 posed College came into existence, may be inferred from 
 the following paragraph, which appeared in the Jewish Chron- 
 icle of March 4th, 1853: 
 
 A NATIVE MINISTRY. We are rejoiced to be able to record a move in the 
 right direction of instructing a native ministry. At a meeting of the managers 
 of the Spanish and Portuguese Orphan School on the 22th ulto., they came 
 to the resolution that ABRAHAM NIETO, a great-grandson of the late Rabbi 
 ISAAC NIETO, maintained and educated in the house, now aged 14 years, 
 shall, from his general good conduct and progress in his education, be in- 
 structed for the ministry. For this purpose it has been resolved that the lad 
 be educated in the City of London School for a period of three years, 
 during the day, and in the evenings at the Medrash (Hebrew College), Syna- 
 gogue Buildings. During this period the directors undertake to provide their 
 protege with clothing befitting a young gentleman, general maintenance, and 
 also with pocket-money. In behalf of the community, we thank the managers 
 of the above institution for commencing the great work of rearing a native 
 ministry. 
 
 Yet, in these intervening fourteen months the provisional 
 Council, with the indefatigable Chief Rabbi at its head, had 
 been far from idle. Circulars on behalf of the movement had 
 been addressed to all the congregations of the British Em- 
 pire, the Rev. A. L. GREEN was appointed Hon. Secretary, 
 and a code of laws for the government of the College 
 was elaborated during 1853. It will be remembered that the 
 institution was to serve the three-fold purpose of a training 
 college for Jewish ministers and teachers, a day-school, and 
 a modernized Beth Hamedrash. But the impossibility of 
 embracing all three objects in a single plan soon manifested 
 itself. The Beth Hamedrash had to be dropped out of the 
 scheme. At the same time, the trustees of this institution
 
 XII 
 
 agreed to contribute ^gioo a year from their funds towards 
 the support of the College. 
 
 III. 
 
 PREMISES AND TEACHING STAFF. 
 
 In the engagement of a teaching staff and the search for 
 suitable premises considerable difficulties presented them- 
 selves. Ultimately a habitation was found at 10 Finsbury 
 Square, a fairly commodious private residence, on which a 
 considerable outlay had to be made in order to adapt it to its 
 new purpose. Applications for the post of Principal were 
 invited in both the Anglo-Jewish and Continental press, 
 with the result that seven candidates came forward. The 
 election issued in the appointment of the distinguished 
 orientalist, Dr. LOUIS LOEWE, as the first "Head Master" of 
 Jews' College. 
 
 Dr. LOEWE was born in Ziilz, Prussian Silesia, in the 
 year 1809, and educated at the Yeshibas of Lissa, Nikols- 
 burg, and Pressburg, and also at the University of Berlin. 
 At Hamburg he had, at one time, been entrusted with the 
 classification of the oriental coins in the Sprewitz collection. 
 Soon after his arrival in London, he was introduced to the 
 Duke of Sussex, who appointed him his "orientalist", in 
 1839. Subsequently he engaged in Oriental travel, and when 
 in Cairo he was presented to the Khedive, Mohammed Ali 
 Pasha, for whom he translated hieroglyphic inscriptions. 
 In Palestine, which he visited, he was robbed of valuable 
 collections and note-books by marauding Bedouins. Return- 
 ing home by way of Rome, he there met Sir MOSES and 
 Lady MONTEFIORE, who invited him to travel with them 
 to the Holy Land. In 1840 he accompanied Sir MOSES on his 
 Damascus expedition, in which his knowledge of Oriental
 
 XIII 
 
 languages proved of immense value; and he joined Sir MOSES 
 in his other philanthropic missions. His most important 
 writings included "The Origin of the Egyptian Language" 
 (1837), "Briefe aus Palestina" (1838), a translation of J. B. 
 LEVINSOHN'S "Efes Damim" (1841), a translation of DAVID 
 NlETO's "Matteh Dan" (1842), "Observations on a Unique 
 Curie Gold Coin" (1849), a Dictionary of the Circassian 
 Language (1854), and a number of sermons preached in 
 various synagogues. Dr. LOEWE had been conducting a school 
 at Brighton, where he had the training of many youths who 
 subsequently became men of note in the community. Jews' 
 College was thus fortunate in starting its career with a 
 Principal of such attainments and experience. 
 
 Five masters comprised the rest of the teaching staff. At 
 the head of the English department was Mr. A. K. ISBISTER, 
 M. A., who subsequently became a prominent educationist. 
 He had studied at the universities of Aberdeen and Edin- 
 burgh, and was rilling the post of second master of the 
 East Islington Proprietary School when he was called to take 
 charge of the English department of Jews' College. His schol- 
 astic attainments may be judged from the numerous school 
 books which he compiled English, Classical, and Mathema- 
 tical. He had been connected with the College of Preceptors 
 since 1857, an ^ m 1872 he became Dean of that body. 
 Mr. ISBISTER had as his assistant at Jews' College, first Mr. 
 WRIGHT, and subsequently Dr. O'FEELY, an L. L. D. of the 
 University of Dublin. Dr. STERN, formerly master of the 
 Liverpool Endowed School, was appointed Hebrew Assistant 
 and German master, but his place was soon after taken, and 
 long retained, by Mr. J. HEINEMANN. The teaching of French 
 was entrusted to M. DEMAREST, and that of drawing to 
 Mr. CARPENTER.
 
 XIV 
 
 IV. 
 
 OPENING OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 Thus equipped, the institution opened its doors with 
 thirty-three pupils on Sunday, November i r, 1855. The pro- 
 visional Council had now given place to a more regular body, 
 of which the Chief Rabbi was ex officio President, Sir MOSES 
 MONTEFIORE Vice-President, Messrs. JOSHUA ALEXANDER 
 and HENRY SOLOMON Treasurers, and the Rev. A. L. 
 GREEN Hon. Secretary, with Mr. LEWIS EMANUEL as 
 Secretary. 
 
 The inaugural ceremony, which was public, and took place 
 at 10 Finsbury Square, opened with afternoon prayers and 
 psalms, recited by the Rev. A. L. Green. The Chief Rabbi 
 then delivered an address an earnest voice from the past 
 which, as it powerfully sets forth the aims and objects of 
 the College, may be here reproduced in itsentirety: 
 
 Gentlemen. It is my pleasing duty, a duty which fills my heart, and I 
 am sure your hearts, with gladness, to open, this day, the Jews' College ; an 
 institution which is so important that it forms a new period in the history 
 of our community. Allow me to address a few words to you on this occasion. 
 After a long, very long interval between the starting of the idea and its 
 accomplishment, we have at last, by the assistance of the public, by the 
 perseverance of the Council, and especially by the aid of Almighty God, 
 succeeded in opening this College to the use of the Jewish public. This is 
 not the place to speak of the numerous difficulties which surrounded the 
 realization of the scheme; how some regarded it as unnecessary, nay, injurious 
 to the progress of the community; how others were in favour of one leading 
 principle, but against another; how those whose support was expected left 
 the project to its fate; how often, not without sighs and tears, I myself 
 despaired of its attainment. It suffices to say that the doubts are dispelled, 
 the impediments removed, and the difficulties surmounted; we are able to 
 open it. And if it be true that the beginning is half the accomplishment, we 
 may justly rejoice in the fact. There may be some who have anticipated 
 something more important, something grander and more striking, but we 
 have, thank God, a house to work in, teaching power to work with, and 
 minds to work upon. We have, in the school, the very number of pupils on 
 which we originally founded our plan, and, in the College, we require only
 
 XV 
 
 a very small number of students ; so that the supply may not be greater than 
 the demand. Besides, it is a known fact that every good and sound idea 
 begins in a small degree, and grows and prospers with years. It is like the 
 kernel of a tree, which, once put in the ground requires time for its develop- 
 ment, until it becomes stronger and stouter, and then, after having resisted 
 and outstood many a blast, it may overtop the other trees of the forest and 
 command respect and veneration. Of Abraham, says the Bible, "he planted 
 a grove in Beer-Sheba"; he planted a small nursery where young men 
 assembled, in whose hearts he instilled the belief in an everlasting God. 
 But these young men spread forth the godly doctrines, carried them to 
 distant regions, doctrines which have come down, through all succeeding 
 generations, to this very moment. A school like ours might, at the beginning, 
 be composed of very small stones. We see, as in a vision, the ladder, the 
 foot of which stands on the earth and the top of which reaches to heaven, 
 a ladder on which the angels are ever ascending and descending; the different 
 sciences, some of which turn on the earth, and some on heaven; some 
 are secular, some divine. But the dream becomes a reality, the stones grow 
 into a sanctuary, and from that sanctuary many may go abroad to the West, 
 and to the East, and to the North, and to the South, and many families of 
 the earth be blessed through them. Without exaggeration or metaphor, we 
 may truly hope that young men will obtain, in this College, a sound scien- 
 tific and theological instruction, so that in the course of time our schools 
 and our pulpits will be filled with well-trained, well-furnished teachers. We 
 may sincerely hope that this school will afford to the youth of our middle 
 classes a sound religious and secular education, which will go hand in hand 
 without as is now frequently the case without injuring, curtailing and 
 thwarting each other; we may reasonably hope and expect that the school 
 will enlighten the intellect, warm the heart, and render them good men, 
 faithful citizens, and pious Israelites. 
 
 However, I cannot forbear mentioning that the permanent success of this 
 institution will depend on some conditions and suppositions. It will depend 
 on the support of the public at large, both in the Kingdom and the Colonies. 
 We cannot believe, however, that our community will plant a tree and then 
 allow it to wither for lack of means. We cannot believe that they will at 
 any time cast into shade that which is the germ of all future improvements. 
 All others must fail without a college which provides them with efficient 
 teachers. We cannot expect a rich harvest unless we sow liberally. Again 
 the institution requires patience and perseverance. If the public expects a 
 distinguished ministry in a very short time, or if parents hope to see imme- 
 diately both blossoms and fruits sprouting, as from the rod of Aaron, or if 
 parents will not assist the masters in their difficult task, they will be dread- 
 fully disappointed; they will reap no fruit but that of delusion. Works of a 
 spiritual nature require time, they are not always visible, the influence of 
 the thoughts and feelings is subtle and silent. 
 
 Again, the success will depend in no small measure on you, my dear boys.
 
 XVI 
 
 It must be your earnest desire to make the best of the precious opportunity 
 afforded to you by this institution. Let us hope that you will not neglect 
 one day, even one hour, in your endeavours to grow and to increase in 
 ability and fitness for this world, and for that which is to come. Let us hope 
 that you will accustom yourselves, very early, to order and cleanliness, to 
 zeal and ardour, to industry and activity. Your parents have a right to expect 
 that those who now enter into the school as boys will, one day, leave it as 
 bright examples of the excellence of this nursery well trained, well disci- 
 plined, and well stored leave it, as good men and Israelites. The 
 ultimate success will also materially depend on the masters, especially on you, 
 the Head Master of the institution. Your great learning and experience, your 
 earnestness and zeal in the sacred calling, entitle us to indulge in great 
 hopes and expectations. The eyes of the public, nay, of the world, are on 
 this institution; they hope much, they expect much. It will be at your hands 
 to awaken in the students the mightiest and noblest powers with which man 
 is gifted; to create a craving after knowledge, and to electrify them, as it 
 were, to all which is good, right, pious, and noble. It will be at your hands 
 to pasture this flock, to bind the broken, to heal the wounded, to bring 
 hack the lost, to satisfy their spiritual hunger and thirst, to fortify their 
 morals, and to animate their piety, so that you may one day exclaim. "There 
 is God, and I did not know it." Of a surety you will not disappoint us. We 
 bid you welcome to your arduous but sacred calling. We implore for you 
 health and strength to discharge it, increasing success and everlasting reward. 
 Bear in mind that those who bring others to righteousness will be as stars 
 who will one day shine brightly. However, all must depend on Him who is 
 the source, the fountain, the origin of all our successes, blessings and excel- 
 lencies. Therefore let us implore His assistance, and He will crown this 
 Institution with His bounty. 
 
 V. 
 
 THE COLLEGE AT WORK. 
 
 Thus launched upon its career amidst the good wishes of 
 all friends of Jewish education, Jews' College settled down 
 to its work. At first the School was the only department 
 in operation, none of the scholars being as yet fitted to 
 enter the College. But this defect was soon remedied. By 
 the end of the first year there were three students in the Col- 
 lege, and 40 pupils in the School. The School was thus, 
 from the outset, fulfilling its twofold object providing 
 a liberal education for the sons of the middle classes, and
 
 XVII 
 
 furnishing a preparatory training for those who intended, 
 at a later age, to fit themselves for a ministerial or tutorial 
 career. 
 
 By the end of the first year the total receipts of the 
 institution had amounted to ^3400. 95. 5d. ; of which 
 ^1255. gs. had been promised at the preliminary meeting 
 in January 1852. It is interesting to note among the earliest 
 annual subscribers the name of Messrs. N. M. ROTHSCHILD 
 and Sons, who contributed ,100 a year. And the first 
 congregation to identify itself with the work of Jews' Col- 
 lege was the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, which, in 
 the opening year, nominated SAMUEL DE SOLA to be 
 trained for its ministry at Finsbury Square. This gifted youth 
 was a son of the scholarly D. A. DE SOLA, Kazan of 
 Bevis Marks, whom he ultimately succeeded in that office. 
 The congregation contributed ^35 a year during Mr. DE 
 SOLA'S studentship. But the first permanent endowment 
 which Jews' College received, shortly after its establishment, 
 was the Lord Mayor's Commemoration Scholarship of 30 
 a year, established by the community in recognition of the 
 election, in 1855, of the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London 
 (Alderman SALOMONS), and open to students training for 
 the ministry. About the same time the funds of the insti- 
 tution were further increased by a bequest of 1000 from 
 the late ISRAEL EARNED, formerly a Liverpool banker, and 
 at the time of his death a member of the Council. 
 
 The first public examination of the pupils was held on 
 the i6th September, 1856, and the first public distribution 
 of prizes on the roth April, 1859. Among the names of 
 prize-winners are to be found those of SAMUEL DE SOLA, 
 in the College department, "for distinguished progress in 
 every branch of Hebrew and English"; and in the School, 
 ALBERT KISCH, HENRY KISCH, JOHN CHAPMAN, and BER-
 
 XVIII 
 
 MAN BERLINER. SAMUEL DE SOLA was also the first 
 student on whom the Lord Mayor's Commemoration Scho- 
 larship was conferred, while a prize of 10, presented by 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE for "the candidate second in rank" 
 was awarded to JOHN CHAPMAN. The examiners for this 
 scholarship were Professor WALEY and Messrs. ARTHUR 
 COHEN and MARCUS ADLER. JOHN CHAPMAN had been 
 nominated on the foundation of the College School by the 
 authorities of the Westminster Jews' Free School, where 
 this youth had originally distinguished himself. 
 
 Dr. LOEWE had been engaged from Rosh Hashana, 5616, 
 for a period of three years. At the end of that period he 
 resigned his position (September, 1858). Dr. LOEWE was the 
 recipient on the occasion of a farewell testimonial from his 
 pupils, while the Council recorded in its minutes, "that 
 during the whole time that gentleman was at the head of 
 the College and College School he discharged with ability, 
 zeal and conscientiousness the laborious and difficult duties 
 of his office duties difficult at all times, and especially 
 so in an institution just starting into life". On retiring from 
 Jews' College, Dr. LOEWE returned to Brighton, where he 
 reopened his school. From Brighton he removed his school to 
 Broadstairs in order to be near his friend, Sir MOSES MON- 
 TEFIORE. When, in 1869, Sir MOSES established the 
 Judith Montefiore College at Ramsgate, Dr. LOEWE became 
 its first Principal, and he retained this position until 1888, 
 in which year he died. Some six months previously he had 
 finished a compilation of the "Diaries of Sir Moses and 
 Lady Montefiore", which were published in 1890. 
 
 His successor at Jews' College was the Rev. BARNETT 
 ABRAHAMS, B.A., who at the time filled the position of 
 Dayan of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, besides 
 performing honorarily the duties of Haham. BARNETT
 
 XIX 
 
 ABRAHAMS was born at Warsaw in 1831. In 1837, his father, 
 Rabbi ABRAHAM SUSMAN, fled to England from the perse- 
 cutions of the Russian government, and in 1839 he settled in 
 London to become Chief Shochet of the community and 
 the leading authority on ritual slaughtering. It was from his 
 father that BARNETT ABRAHAMS received his early Rabbi- 
 nical instruction ; which, at a later period, was supplemented 
 by lessons in Talmud from the Chief Rabbi. His secular 
 studies he pursued at the City of London School, where he 
 had a brilliant record, distinguishing himself particularly in 
 Mathematics. Hence he passed to the University of London, 
 where he graduated. 
 
 Young as BARNETT ABRAHAMS was to fill two such 
 responsible positions, he proved himself more than equal to 
 them. He became one of the most remarkable men of his 
 time, and such a force for good as made him an ideal head 
 of an institution which had to train students for the sacred 
 vocation of minister. His enthusiasm for the cause of reli- 
 gious education was unbounded. What scanty leisure he 
 could spare from his multifarious duties was unstintingly 
 given to the community at large. He was the founder of the 
 Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge, 
 for which he laboured devotedly as a preacher, a religious 
 expounder, and a writer of the Sabbath Readings. The very 
 first that appeared, under the title of "The Lamp, the 
 Light, and the Way of Life", was from his able pen. 
 With the utmost simplicity and humility he gave himself 
 and the little that he possessed to others. Such was the 
 man who, at the age of 27, became Head Master of Jews' 
 College, and whose saintly character impressed itself alike on 
 his pupils and on all who were brought under his influence. 
 The wisdom of the Council's choice soon manifested itself 
 in the growing efficiency and reputation of the College.
 
 XX 
 
 About a year later than Dr. LOEWE, Mr. ISBISTER resigned 
 his post to become Master of the Stationers' Company's 
 School. Mr. ISBISTER had taught in both departments, in- 
 structing the College students in conjunction with the First 
 Class of the School. The plan was found not to answer. 
 Accordingly, on his retirement it was decided to appoint 
 two masters in place of one English headmaster a 
 Classical tutor for the College, and an English and Classical 
 headmaster for the school. To the former position Mr. A. 
 H. Dick, M. A., was elected, that gentleman having produced 
 testimonials of a high order from several distinguished educa- 
 tionists ; while Mr. GEORGE J. EMANUEL, B. A., a former master 
 of the Jews' Free School, was appointed to the other position. 
 Besides producing valuable testimonials, Mr. EMANUEL had 
 to submit to the test of giving probationary lessons at 
 the British and Foreign School Society, in Borough Road, 
 iu the presence of the Head Master of that institution and 
 members of the Council of Jews' College. This care in the 
 selection of teachers may be taken as evidence of the 
 anxiety which the College authorities manifested from the 
 outset to engage only men of proved experience and distin- 
 guished ability. It was the more necessary that the teaching 
 staff should conform to this high standard inasmuch as 
 modifications had recently been introduced into the regu- 
 lations of London University which threw open degrees to 
 external students. It thus became possible for Jews' College 
 to prepare its own students for graduation, and with a view 
 to such preparation its secular teachers had to be men of 
 high standing in the educational world. The pupils in the 
 School department were, at the same time, being prepared 
 for other academical honours. During 1859 Albert Kisch 
 passed the Senior Oxford Local Examination, with the title 
 of Associate of Arts, and in the following year he matricu-
 
 XXI 
 
 lated at Londen University with honours in Mathematics. 
 Thus, in both departments, the College was already at 
 this early date four years after it had come into 
 operation giving proof to the community of its earn- 
 estness of purpose; and in issuing its fourth Report 
 (January 1860) its ambitions found expression in these words: 
 "The great aim of your Institution is to train not only 
 Jewish Ministers and Teachers, fit interpreters of the Divine 
 Word, who shall bid it discourse in the current language 
 of men, but also a community that shall lend a willing and 
 an understanding ear to the holy lessons such Ministers 
 shall teach". In other words, Jews' College, at this period 
 of its career, was building up congregations as well as pul- 
 pits; and it is a fact which will readily be recognized that 
 many laymen who to-day are most prominent in the con- 
 gregational life of the community received their early 
 training at Finsbury Square. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE COLLEGE LIBRARY OTHER CHANGES. 
 
 As a further means towards the attainment of these ends, 
 the College now became possessed of a large library. Mr. L. 
 M. ROTHSCHILD, in 1860, presented to the Council the 
 collection of books which had formerly belonged to the 
 Jews' and General Literary and Scientific Institution, in 
 Sussex Hall, that institution having recently ceased to exist. 
 The books were valued at 500; that, at any rate, was 
 the sum for which they were to be insured. On Mr. ROTH- 
 SCHILD'S suggestion, the use of the library was thrown open 
 at certain times to the public on Sunday afternoons and 
 on Wednesday evenings. In the course of the next few 
 years, the library received a valuable addition. Mr. WALTER
 
 XXII 
 
 JOSEPHS deposited at the College the scholarly Hebrew and 
 Theological collection of his father the late MICHAEL JOS- 
 EPHS comprising rather more than 250 volumes. Other 
 additions, too, were made from time to time. The students 
 likewise had the advantage of using the magnificent reading- 
 room of the London Institution, close by. 
 
 Other changes in the personnel must be noted. Mr. A. 
 LEBLAIN, B. A., was engaged as French teacher in 1859, 
 on the retirement of M. DEMAREST from that post. In the 
 same year Mr. LEWIS EMANUEL relinquished the office 
 of Secretary to Mr. HENRY A. FRANKLIN. Mr. FRANKLIN 
 accepted the post on the understanding that he might have 
 to return to Germany, where he had been engaged in 
 teaching English. This happened in the course of the next 
 eighteen months, when Mr. NATHAN S. JOSEPH became 
 Secretary in his stead. Shortly afterwards Mr. JOSEPH ex- 
 changed his position for that of Joint Hon. Secretary with 
 the Rev. A. L. GREEN; and in due course the Rev. I. A. 
 LEVY was appointed to perforn the ordinary clerical duties. 
 In March 1860, Mr. DlCK relinquished the post of Classical 
 Tutor to the College, having been appointed Lecturer on 
 History to the Normal College of Glasgow. Dr. THOMAS 
 WILSON, M. A., was appointed his successor. Dr. WILSON 
 did not however, retain his position long. Mr. G. J. EMANUEL 
 retired in 1861. These and other changes necessitated a 
 rearrangement of the teaching duties. Accordingly the 
 Council decided to raise the position of the Rev. BARNETT 
 ABRAHAMS, "whose energy and zeal had already accomplished 
 so much for the institution", to that of "Principal of the 
 College", reserving to him the superintendence of the Hebrew 
 and Religious education of the School. At the same time they 
 appointed a separate Head Master for the School, to whom 
 was also confided the duty of instructing the College
 
 XXIII 
 
 students in Classics and English. To this position, Mr. J. 
 S. BENIFOLD, M. A. , a Graduate of Pembroke College , 
 Cambridge, and Headmaster of the Carmarthen Grammar 
 School, was elected. The Rev. BARNETT ABRAHAMS conti- 
 nued to teach the higher branches of Mathematics. 
 
 In spite of these many changes the institution was making 
 rapid progress, and students and pupils alike were giving 
 evidences of successful training. SAMUEL DE SOLA, the first 
 holder of the Lord Mayor's Commemoration Scholarship, 
 matriculated at the University of London, in 1860, and HENRY 
 KlSCH became an Associate of Arts of the University of 
 Oxford. In the following year JOHN CHAPMAN gained the 
 Lord Mayor's Commemoration Scholarship, there being five 
 competitors. The second prize of ^10, which was given to the 
 candidate second on the list by Mr. BARNETT MEYERS, was 
 awarded to SIMEON SINGER ; and a special prize of ^5, 
 by an anonymous donor, fell to BERMAN BERLINER, "the 
 competitor next on the list, for the excellent manner in 
 which he acquitted himself at the examination". And special 
 prizes of ^5 each were awarded by Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE 
 to J. G. ALBERT and HENRY KlSCH, while a third competitor, 
 "having been reported by the examiners to be very nearly 
 equal in merit with the two prizemen", received a third 
 prize of equal value from an anonymous donor. The name 
 of this third competitor was Master MORRIS JOSEPH. 
 
 And now the first ministerial position was assumed by the 
 oldest and earliest College student. Shortly after the death of 
 his father, SAMUEL DE SOLA was appointed, in 1862, Hazan 
 of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, for which he 
 composed some beautiful melodies that still occupy an 
 honoured place in its liturgy. He was a young man of 
 brilliant promise, which, alas! he did not live long enough 
 to fulfil. After holding his post about four years, he con-
 
 XXIV 
 
 tracted a chill, and was suddenly cut off from his useful 
 career at the age of 27. 
 
 VII. 
 
 SCHOLARSHIPS AND ENDOWMENTS. 
 
 The College was gaining valuable friends, who gave sub- 
 stantial proofs of their attachment to the institution. As the 
 number of College students increased, so did the need of 
 bursaries to enable them to pursue their studies free from 
 financial anxiety; and a single exhibition no longer sufficed. 
 Mr. BARNETT MEYERS, who from the outset of his connec- 
 tion with the College was one of its most liberal benefac- 
 tors, and who had been annually contributing a prize of 
 10 to the second successful candidate for the Lord Mayor's 
 Commemoration Scholarship, now offered (1862) a freehold 
 property, valued at about ^35 a year, for the endowment 
 of a perpetual scholarship. Mr. SIMEON SlNGER, who had 
 been the previous recipient of Mr. MEYERS' prize, was 
 nominated to this exhibition, which became known as the 
 "Barnett Meyers' Scholarship". About the same time, an 
 anonymous friend founded, through the Rev. A. L. GREEN, 
 a "Resident Scholarship", of the minimum annual value of 
 ^=30 a year. The first award of this stipend was made 
 to Mr. JOHN CHAPMAN, formerly holder of the Lord Mayor's 
 Commemoration Scholarship. In the following year (1863), 
 that well-tried friend of the institution, Sir MOSES MONTE- 
 FIORE, presented it with an annual endowment of 100 a 
 year, in memory of JUDITH Lady MONTEFIORE, whose 
 lamented death took place on October I, 1862. To this 
 endowment, which was tenable for three years, Mr. MORRIS 
 JOSEPH was the first student to be elected, on an examina- 
 tion conducted by the Rev. BARNETT ABRAHAMS and
 
 XXV 
 
 Mr. JOSEPH ZEDNER, one of the Assistant Librarians of 
 the British Museum. About the same time the Council 
 founded two free pupilships in the School, as an encour- 
 agement to ministers of small means to send their sons to 
 the College School for that preparatory training which would 
 fit them to enter the College. In addition to his other 
 benefactions, Mr. BARNETT MEYERS, in 1862, established a 
 tutorship in vocal music, with a view to qualifying students 
 to act as Synagogue Readers. After a time Chazanuth was 
 substituted for vocal music as the subject of instruction, 
 and Mr. J. L. MOMBACH, Leader of the Choir of the Great 
 Synagogue, was appointed instructor. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 DEATH OF BARNETT ABRAHAMS. 
 
 Towards the end of 1863 Jews' College and the commu- 
 nity at large suffered an irreparable loss. The Rev. BARNETT 
 ABRAHAMS, the untiring worker who had toiled with holy 
 zeal to raise the mental and moral condition of his 
 humbler brethren, was suddenly struck down in the midst 
 of his busy labours, at the untimely age of 32. He had 
 been ill but a few days, and the news of his death was 
 spread abroad even before the intelligence of his indis- 
 position. He died on Sunday morning, the i3th November, 
 leaving behind him, besides his aged parents, a widow and 
 a young family. Only the week before his death there had 
 appeared one of the many Tracts which he wrote for the 
 Society for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge which he 
 had called into existence; and the day before his death 
 there had been recited in the Bevis Marks Synagogue the 
 Hebrew prayer which he composed on the occasion of Sir 
 MOSES MONTEFlORE's Mission to Morocco. Other writings
 
 XXVI 
 
 that he left behind him bear witness to the activity of his 
 vigorous pen. What his loss signified to the College and the 
 community may be partially gathered from these words in 
 which the Jewish Chronicle lamented his death: 
 
 Alas! alas that we should have to announce such evil tidings! Alas that 
 we should have to record a loss sustained by the community, which we 
 unhesitatingly designate as calamitous, and which, in some respects, is irre- 
 parable ! The Rev. BARNETT ABRAHAMS, B. A., Dayan of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Congregation, and Principal of the Jews' College, expired on 
 Sunday morning last, before he had completed the thirty-second year of his 
 life ! . . . Virtues which, when possessed by other persons, shine forth with 
 such great lustre, were in him scarcely noticed, because paled by the side of 
 others of still greater brilliancy. His conscientiousness in the discharge 
 of his multifarious duties as Dayan and teacher, and his labours of love, were 
 such that from the morning dawn to the midnight hour hardly a moment 
 was allowed for relaxation. He performed all his duties with an extra- 
 ordinary earnestness, springing from the conviction of the presence of God, 
 which he always carried in his pure heart. . . . There was in the deceased 
 an unselfishness and a child-like simplicity, that could not but win 
 him the respect of everyone that came into contact with him. He existed 
 in and for others; and if he cared for himself it was simply as the workman 
 does for his tool, because this self was necessary for the service of others. 
 His love for his God and people, and his zeal for its service was un- 
 bounded. In his heart burnt a flame of enthusiasm, which, like the fire on 
 the altar of the Lord, brightened and warmed everything around him with 
 its genial rays. But the love for his people was not impulsive, not working 
 by fits and starts; it was a passion, it is true, yet under the control of his 
 strong intellect, and chastened by an observant mind and the hand of experi- 
 ence. He recognized early in life that all communal efforts and all outlay, 
 in order to effect communal Jewish .progress, must remain comparatively 
 useless unless the seat of the evil be attacked in its root. Ignorance of 
 Jewish principle and absence of Jewish feeling, especially in our youth, he 
 perceived, was at the bottom of that sad decline in Jewish life which the 
 thoughtful in the community deplore. And with the energy characterizing his 
 buoyant and comprehensive mind, he set to work to repair the breach to the 
 best of his abilities. 
 
 BARNETT ABRAHAMS was buried on the day following his 
 death amidst such demonstrations of widespread respect as 
 had not been witnessed since the interment of the late 
 Dr. HERSCHELL. His pupils, though some of them were
 
 XXVII 
 
 the merest youngsters at the time, are not likely ever to 
 forget that cold winter's afternoon on which they followed 
 in his funeral procession the grief-stricken crowd, the 
 sobbing accents in which the Chief Rabbi pronounced his 
 funeral oration in the courtyard of Bevis Marks, the bearers 
 of lighted candles, the weird-sounding dirges sung over his bier 
 the while it rested in that crowded mortuary hall at Mile End. 
 All these things made an indelible impression, which even 
 the lapse of forty-two years has scarcely been able to weaken. 
 The eighth annual report of the College contains the fol- 
 lowing reference to the sad event: 
 
 The Council have to refer, with extreme regret, to the severe loss the 
 Institution has sustained during the past year by the death of the Rev. 
 BARNETT ABRAHAMS, B. A., Principal of the College. The College owed to 
 this lamented gentleman no small share of its success as an educational 
 establishment. His indefatigable industry and zeal, his deep learning, and the 
 extensive range of his attainments, his unwearying and his earnest love for 
 his vocation, rendered him a teacher of the highest order, and an ornament 
 to the College, of which he was, in every sense, the Principal. Silently 
 exemplifying the precepts which he taught by the practice of his own pure 
 and irreproachable life, by his deep religious fervour, by his sincerity and 
 active philanthropy, his life was a commentary upon his teaching; and it is 
 impossible to over-estimate the beneficial effect produced upon his pupils by 
 instruction such as his. It is some source of satisfaction to the Council, al- 
 though of melancholy satisfaction, to reflect that the College afforded to their 
 lamented Principal a field for so much usefulness. They venture to hope 
 that the seed which he there sowed with so diligent and unsparing a hand 
 may produce fruit in its season, and that many of those who enjoyed the 
 great benefit of his instruction may have acquired with the knowledge they 
 received from him some share of his ardour, sincerity, and goodness, so that 
 they may follow in the footsteps of the teacher they have lost, and become 
 as active, as zealous, and as worthy as he. 
 
 One of the first steps taken by the Council on the death 
 of their Principal had reference to the provision to be made 
 for his widow and orphans. The resources of the College 
 being unequal to such provision, a "Barnett Abrahams 
 Memorial Fund" was established by the community, and
 
 XXVIII 
 
 with reference to this Fund the Council resolved: "That 
 until the eldest son of the late Principal shall attain the 
 age of 21, the annual sum of ^30 be paid to the trustees 
 of the 'Barnett Abrahams Memorial Fund' for the uses of 
 the widow and children at the discretion of the said Trustees; 
 provided that the children reside within a reasonable distance 
 of the College premises and a Synagogue. Nevertheless, 
 pending the holding of any scholarship at the College of 
 the annual value of ^30 or more, by either of the children, 
 the said annual grant shall lapse during such holding". 
 Further the Council resolved: "That the sons of the late 
 Principal shall enjoy free education as pupils of the School". 
 
 IX. 
 
 AN INTERREGNUM. 
 
 The College was now without a Principal. The place of 
 the late BARNETT ABRAHAMS was one that could not easily 
 be filled. The choice of a successor would involve long and 
 anxious seeking, and in the meanwhile the studies at Jews' 
 College had to be carried on. With that self-devotion to 
 the interests of the institution which he had manifested all 
 along, the Chief Rabbi stepped into the breach, and him- 
 self gave daily instruction to the College class in Hebrew 
 Theology. So much he felt impelled to do until arrangements 
 could be made for the appointment of temporary teachers, 
 who would take the place of the late Principal pending 
 the engagement of a permanent successor. Two teachers 
 were appointed for this work the Rev. Dr. HERMANN 
 ABLER and the Rev. H. L. HARRIS. Dr. ADLER had re- 
 cently completed his Theological studies. Educated at Uni- 
 versity College, where he took high honours, and at the 
 University of Prague, he obtained the degree of Doctor of
 
 XXIX 
 
 Philosophy of Leipzig University in 1861. In the following 
 year he was ordained Rabbi by the famous Chief Rabbi 
 RAPOPORT, under whom he had studied Rabbinics while he 
 was proceeding to his degree. The Rev. H. L. HARRIS, who 
 was also an able Talmudist, was Burial Rabbi of the Hambro 
 Synagogue, and the official "Lecturer" of the Jewish Asso- 
 ciation for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge, at whose 
 weekly gatherings the senior students of Jews' College were 
 presently to make their first mark as preachers. Dr. ADLER 
 was to give instruction in Talmud and the higher branches 
 of Theology, and the Rev. H. L. HARRIS in other depart- 
 ments of Rabbinical Literature. 
 
 About this time, Mr. JOHN CHAPMAN was engaged to 
 give instruction in the School for a limited number of hours 
 a week, and henceforward it became customary for the senior 
 College students to render more or less occasional service 
 in the School as pupil teachers. Mr. CHAPMAN ultimately 
 became one of its regular teachers. 
 
 Meanwhile the College and the School were growing in 
 popularity. The number of pupils in the latter had increased 
 to 71 and that of the College students to 6. Of the former 
 number, three were the sons of clergymen, and placed on the 
 foundation. The remaining 68 were contributing pupils. 
 The growth of the School necessitated the formation of an 
 extra class. 
 
 The premises at 10 Finsbury Square being no longer 
 equal to the accommodation of the gatherings at the public 
 distributions of prizes, these functions were now held at 
 Seyd's Hotel, in the same Square. At the 1865 distribution 
 a new feature was introduced which has since been retained 
 the reading of original essays on theological subjects 
 by the senior students. That year an essay was read by 
 MORRIS JOSEPH on "The Immortality of the Soul", another
 
 XXX 
 
 by M. BENSUSAN on "The Life of Manasseh ben Israel", 
 and a third by BEARON MARKS on "The Coincidence of 
 the Prophecies of Isaiah with the Narratives of Secular 
 Historians and the Inscriptions on Ancient Monuments". 
 
 The College received a further endowment in the course 
 of 1865. Messrs. SASSOON presented the Institution with 
 .1000 for the purpose of founding a Free Studentship, to 
 be called, in memory of their father, "The David Sassoon 
 Free Studentship". 
 
 The point which Jews' College had now reached in the 
 history of its development renders it desirable to make 
 mention of those who had hitherto served on its Council, 
 and thus helped to lay the foundations of its subsequent 
 progress. By the amended Constitution of 1862, the Council 
 was enlarged, and made to consist of a President, Vice- 
 President, two Treasurers, the Hon. Secretaries, and ten 
 other members, in addition to the ex-officio members. Ex- 
 cluding the members of the Provisional Council, and others 
 to whom reference has already been made, there had served 
 on the Council up to the year 1864: BARNETT MEYERS, 
 JOSEPH SEBAG, L. M. ROTHSCHILD, LEWIS EMANUEL, 
 HENRY HARRIS, ASHER H. HART, Dr. HERMANN ADLER, 
 ARTHUR COHEN, Prof. S. A. HART and EDWARD H. MOSES. 
 In that year the Governing Body was constituted thus: 
 
 President : 
 The Chief Rabbi, Dr. NATHAN MARCUS ADLER, 
 
 Vice-President : 
 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, BART. 
 
 Treasurers : 
 HENRY SOLOMON. | JOSHUA ALEXANDER.
 
 XXXI 
 
 Ordinary Council : 
 
 ARTHUR COHEN, M. A. 
 JACOB A. FRANKLIN. 
 HENRY HARRIS. 
 Prof. S. A. HART. 
 SAMPSON LUCAS. 
 BARNETT MEYERS. 
 
 EDWARD H. MOSES. 
 Louis NATHAN. 
 M. H. PICCIOTTO. 
 L. M. ROTHSCHILD. 
 SAMPSON SAMUEL. 
 JOSEPH SEBAG. 
 
 Honorary Secretaries : 
 Rev. A. L. GREEN. | NATHAN S. JOSEPH. 
 
 Trustees : 
 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE,BART. 
 HENRY SOLOMON. 
 
 Louis NATHAN. 
 M. H. PICCIOTTO. 
 
 In the following year the Council was still further in- 
 creased, and there was an infusion of new blood which resulted 
 in the addition of the following members: JOSEPH ZEDNER, 
 Prof. WALEY, HENRY L. COHEN, EDWARD JACOB, M. S. 
 OPPENHEIM, S. D. SASSOON, JOSEPH M. SOLOMON, M. A., 
 and MICHAEL HENRY. It will be seen from a perusal of these 
 names that some of the best minds in the community were 
 labouring in the cause of Jews' College, and devoting their 
 distinguished abilities to the furtherance of the highest 
 educational and religious interests of the community. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE NEW PRINCIPAL. 
 
 The vacant post of Principal, having been extensively 
 advertised, had attracted a considerable number of applicants. 
 The Council's choice finally fell on Dr. MICHAEL FRIED- 
 LANDER, of Berlin, who, both as a savant and a teacher, 
 had already attained an eminent reputation on the Con-
 
 XXXII 
 
 tinent. He was born in Jutroschin, in Posen, on the 2Qth April 
 1833. Here he received his early education at the Cheder 
 and the Catholic Elementary School, his Hebrew studies 
 being also pursued under the direction of his father, a Tal- 
 mudic scholar of high standing. At the age of ten he had 
 already compiled an Epitome of Bible History in Hebrew. 
 His desire for self-improvement led him to Berlin to con- 
 tinue his studies under the President of the Beth Din, J. G. 
 OETTINGER, and Rabbi ELCHANAN ROSENSTEIN. At the same 
 time he prepared himself to enter the Higher Grade Gymnasium 
 "Zum Grauen Kloster", through the upper classes of which 
 he passed with great distinction. At the University he 
 devoted himself, inter alia, to the study of Oriental and 
 Classical languages and Mathematics. His teachers were: in 
 Philosophy, Professor TRENDELENBURG; in Biblical Exergesis, 
 Professor VATKI, Professor BENARY, and Dr. HENGSTEN- 
 BERG; in Oriental languages, Professor DlETRICI and Dr. 
 GOSCHE; in Philology, Professor BOECKH, Professor HAUPT, 
 Professor BOPP; in Egyptology, Professor LEPSIUS; in Ma- 
 thematics, Professor OHM ; in History, DROYSEN and RAUMER ; 
 in English Literature, Dr. SOLLY. Having passed his exami- 
 nation in Berlin as "Oberlehrer" in Classics and Mathematics, 
 he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy at the University of 
 Halle, with a Latin thesis on "The Ancient Kings of the 
 Persians". At Berlin he became Director of the Talmud 
 Association School, besides taking an active part in the 
 general promotion of Jewish education. Various reading 
 circles met at his house for the study of Hebrew literature, 
 and young men coming from Russia were prepared by him 
 to enter the Gymnasium. He had also acted as preacher, 
 and been recommended by Dr. MICHAEL SACHS for an 
 important Rabbinate, which he refused. 
 
 This was the brilliant scholar and teacher who, one bright
 
 XXXIII 
 
 May morning more than forty years ago to be exact, 
 on the ist May, 1865 was introduced to the pupils of 
 Jews' College by the Chief Rabbi in a speech which was 
 almost prophetic in its allusions to the qualities of mind 
 and heart which the evolution of time would be sure to 
 reveal in the unknown and diffident stranger. The years that 
 have elapsed since those words were spoken cover four-fifths 
 of the entire period that the College has been in existence. 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER has thus been the teacher of two gene- 
 rations of the Anglo-Jewish ministry, who have spread his 
 teachings to the furthest ends of the earth. Quite the ma- 
 jority of the living members of that body owe what they 
 may have achieved to the inspiration of his scholarship and 
 example. The position to which the venerable Principal of 
 Jews' College has attained during his forty years and more 
 of office is, therefore, something unique. It would be difficult 
 to point to any teacher in the community who has wielded 
 so far-reaching and beneficent an influence. 
 
 XL 
 
 RES ANGUSTA DOMI. 
 
 The new Principal had been engaged at a moderate 
 stipend, which it is to be hoped proved sufficient for a 
 bachelor of his modest wants and simple tastes. Truth to 
 tell, Jews' College suffered, and had suffered all along, from 
 contracted means. The community no doubt appreciated 
 the great and difficult work which the College was endea- 
 vouring to accomplish, but it had not as yet learnt to 
 translate its appreciation into pounds, shillings and pence. The 
 institution was in the enjoyment of certain scholarships 
 which helped to support the majority of the students in 
 their early struggles, and it had received a few handsome 
 1 3
 
 XXXIV 
 
 legacies. But no philanthropists had come Toward to enrich 
 the College with endowments that would have rendered it 
 more or less independent of public annual support. That 
 support was of the meagrest, amounting in all to something 
 less than 300 a year. The School should have been self- 
 supporting. It might even have been expected that it would 
 help towards the support of the College. But the parents 
 were backward in their payments. On the ist April, 1865, 
 there was a deficiency in the general accounts of 230, 
 to meet which the Treasurers had to sell out invested stock. 
 All this explains why the teachers were poorly paid, and 
 the general financial arrangements on anything but a gene- 
 rous scale. The Council could not help itself; it had to 
 cut its coat according to its cloth. Those were not the 
 days of big appeals. It never would have occurred to the 
 College, forty years ago, boldly to ask the community for a 
 25,000 endowment; and had it asked, it might not have 
 received. The synagogues had not yet risen to a sense of 
 their responsibility to contribute to the education of their 
 future ministers. So the College had to carry on a starved 
 existence. And since the reduction of its teaching staff was 
 not to be thought of, the under-payment of those who served 
 it may well have seemed the lesser of two evils. 
 
 XII. 
 
 18651868. 
 
 On the appointment of Dr. FRIEDLANDER to the Principal- 
 ship of Jews' College, it was found desirable to retain, in 
 part, the services which the Rev. Dr. HERMANN ADLER 
 (who in the meanwhile had been appointed Minister of the 
 Bayswater Synagogue) had been rendering temporarily. He 
 became Theological Tutor to the College, and to these duties
 
 XXXV 
 
 he subsequently added the preparation of students for the 
 English Literature and Language examinations of the Uni- 
 versity of London. The temporary services of the Rev. H. 
 L. HARRIS being no longer required, were dispensed with. 
 
 Several other changes in the teaching staff occurred 
 shortly after Dr. FRlEDLANDER's accession. Mr. J. HEINE- 
 MANN, who had taught Hebrew and German in the School 
 for many years, died. His duties were henceforth shared 
 between the Principal and Mr. JOHN CHAPMAN. Mr. FEL- 
 LOWS, the Assistant-English Master in the School, was 
 superseded by Mr. E. H. ROBERTS; and the place of 
 Mr. CARPENTER, the drawing-master, was taken by Mr. 
 FULFORD, who became writing and drawing-master. M. 
 LEBLAIN, the French master, was succeeded by Mr. AL- 
 PHONSE HARTOG, who after a few years was followed by 
 Mr. A. ANTOINE. 
 
 Other changes that were made about this time related to 
 the arrangements for instruction in the School and College. 
 The time devoted by the College students to teaching in 
 the School was restricted, and it was resolved "that no 
 student shall give instruction unless and until it shall be 
 certified by the Principal that his progress in his studies 
 shall warrant such employment of his time in teaching, and 
 unless the amount of the time so to be employed be fixed 
 by the Principal with the approval of the Council". The 
 charge of a fee of a guinea for drawing was abolished, and 
 teaching in that subject was made general throughout the 
 School. A standard of acquirements for admission into the 
 College was fixed. The teaching of Chazanuth by ear gave 
 place to instruction in sight-singing, and students for the 
 ministry were to be taught the elements of music. In con- 
 nection with this subject, an important suggestion was made 
 by the Principal, and subsequently carried into effect. Ser-
 
 XXXVI 
 
 vice was to be held at the College on Saturday mornings, 
 and the students were to officiate in turn. They were 
 thus afforded an opportunity of practising as Synagogue 
 Readers which proved of the utmost advantage to them in 
 their subsequent ministerial careers. 
 
 In the course of the year 1867, Mr. BENIFOLD retired 
 from the headmastership of the School, a post which he had 
 filled since 1862 with a great deal of vigour and no small 
 measure of ability. He was succeeded by Mr. GEORGE 
 MACONACHIE, A. M. 
 
 Many students were now to give proof of the value of 
 the instruction they had received within the College walls. 
 Opportunities were afforded them of occasionally preaching 
 for the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious 
 Knowledge, which organized largely-attended Saturday after- 
 noon discourses. They also officiated at its Saturday after- 
 noon services, and took part in its Friday evening Exposi- 
 tions. Others acted as clerical visitors to prisons. Such duties 
 formed a natural stepping-stone to office. One of the earliest 
 students to receive a clerical appointment, after the Rev. 
 SAMUEL DE SOLA, was the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN, who 
 became Second Minister of the Western Synagogue. For 
 two years he had been acting as Teacher in the Jews' 
 College School, and his place was now taken by the senior 
 students next in succession, Mr. SIMEON SINGER and Mr. 
 MORRIS JOSEPH. Then Mr. RAPHAEL DE C. LEWIN, after 
 having filled the position of Headmaster of the Kingston 
 Hebrew School in Jamaica, was appointed Minister of the 
 Shreveport (Louisiana) Congregation; and subsequently he 
 became Editor of The New Era and The Jewish Advocate, 
 in New York. A year or so later Mr. SINGER was elected 
 Minister of the Borough New Synagogue, Mr. BERLINER 
 being at the same time appointed Headmaster of the Hebrew
 
 XXXVII 
 
 Schools attached to that Congregation. And Mr. MORRIS 
 JOSEPH was appointed Second Minister of the North London 
 Synagogue. The Rev. Mr. SINGER subsequently became, and 
 continued for many years, a regular Master in the School. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 MR. MICHAEL HENRY'S SCHEME. 
 
 One of the most enthusiastic members that sat on the 
 Council of Jews' College was the late MICHAEL HENRY, the 
 gifted Editor of the Jewish Chronicle, and the clever author 
 of some ot the most notable Sabbath Readings issued by 
 the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious Know- 
 ledge. Any educational institution with which this excellent 
 man was connected was assured of a loving interest in its 
 welfare, which displayed itself in many practical and delightful 
 ways. The best friend that Jewish school-boys ever had, he 
 was always thinking how he could raise the status of Jews' 
 College, and through Jews' College, of the community which 
 it served. His ambition was to see it occupy a position 
 equal to that of any theological college in England or on 
 the Continent; while the School attached to it should rank 
 with the best public schools in the country. The dream was 
 impossible of realization. Nevertheless, in the course of 1867 
 he put forward a scheme for the purpose, which contained 
 many suggestions of practical utility, and these features 
 among others: I. Scholarships to be attached to the School 
 as well as the College. 2. The applied sciences to be taught 
 in the School. 3. A feature to be made of modern languages. 
 4. Drilling and athletic exercises to be cultivated in the 
 School. 5. Congregational singing to be taught in the School. 
 6. An Educational Committee to be established, to cooperate 
 with the teachers. 7. Jews' College to become the central
 
 XXXVIII 
 
 Anglo-Jewish educational establishment, and with this ob- 
 ject to be combined with the Beth Hamedrash, to take over 
 the Talmud Torah department of the Jews' Free School, 
 and to absorb the Orphan School of the Sephardim Con- 
 gregation. 8. That all congregations throughout the United 
 Kingdom, the British Colonies, and the United States be 
 requested to contribute to its support. 9. That persons 
 studying for matriculation and other academic honours be 
 invited to participate in various branches of the College 
 instruction on the payment of suitable fees. 10. That periodical 
 lectures, open to the public, be given by members of the 
 Council, members of the teaching staff, and others. 
 
 Suggestion 6 was acted upon at once. An Education 
 Committee was established, of which the first members were 
 the Rev. Prof. ARTOM, and Messrs. MICHAEL HENRY, M. 
 H. PICCIOTTO, JACOB FRANKLIN, N. S. JOSEPH and JOSEPH 
 M. SOLOMON M. A., with the Chief Rabbi as Chairman, and 
 MICHAEL HENRY as Hon. Secretary. 
 
 So, too, was the last proposition. Evening lectures were 
 organized, and attracted large gatherings of the pupils and 
 their friends. Delivered, as they for the most part were, by 
 men of eminence and experience, they became an immense 
 success an inspiration to the pupils and a source of 
 popularity to the College. Besides Dr. FRIEDLANDER (who for 
 some time had been giving evening lectures on his own 
 initiative) and the Rev. Dr. HERMANN ABLER, the list of 
 lecturers included, so far as can be remembered, the late 
 Chief Rabbi, the Rev. A. L. GREEN, Professor WALEY, 
 ELLIS A. DAVIDSON, MICHAEL HENRY, BENJAMIN KISCH, 
 Dr. A. BENISCH, the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN, HENRY L. 
 COHEN, and E. R. ROBERTS. 
 
 One of these lectures attained to almost historic impor- 
 tance. It was a lecture by MICHAEL HENRY himself on
 
 XXXIX 
 
 "Ships and Boats", in the course of which he made the 
 brilliant suggestion that Jewish scholars should endow a life- 
 boat, and present it to the Sailors of Great Britain. The 
 idea was taken up enthusiastically, and a Jewish Scholars' 
 Life-Boat Committee formed to carry it into effect. The 
 Committee had not been long in existence when MICHAEL 
 HENRY met his sad and premature death. At once the 
 movement assumed the form of a memorial to his good 
 name. The pupils of Jews' College and other schools founded 
 a life-boat, which they named after their lamented benefactor 
 "The Michael Henry". 
 
 XIV. 
 
 1869 1874. 
 
 At the commencement of 1869 Mr. N. S. JOSEPH tendered 
 his resignation of the position of Honorary Secretary which 
 he had filled for many years jointly with the Rev. A. L. 
 GREEN, and with manifest advantage to the institution. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. HYMAN MONTAGU, a gentleman who 
 earned some distinction in his day as a numismatist. For some 
 years, the post of paid Secretary had been held by the Rev. 
 I. A. LEVY, and after being held for a short time by Mr. JOHN 
 CHAPMAN, it was undertaken by the Rev. ISAAC COHEN, 
 Secretary of the New Synagogue. Mr. COHEN held office 
 till 1874, when he was succeeded by Mr. HENRY HYAMS, 
 the present Secretary at the date of writing. 
 
 The fee of 10 guineas a year charged for admission to 
 the School, while it kept that institution relatively select, 
 was considered in some quarters to be too high for parents 
 of moderate means. In the course of 1869 there was an 
 extraneous movement for its reduction to 6 guineas. The 
 need for some such change was becoming greater inasmuch
 
 XL 
 
 as the more prosperous members of the community were 
 gradually leaving the neighbourhood of Finsbury Square. 
 The Council decided to meet this wish, provided 50 appli- 
 cations were received for the admission of boys on the 
 lower terms. This number of applications was forthcoming, 
 and the change was made apparently with gratifying 
 results, for there was an immediate large accession of scholars. 
 
 Passing over changes in the administration of the School 
 and College due to the retirement of Mr. MACONACHIE 
 from the post of Head Master and of Mr. ROBERTS from 
 that of Second Master, reference may be made to the 
 Seventeenth Annual Report, which takes note of the fol- 
 lowing fact: "The United Synagogue, to which the appro- 
 priation of the Talmud Torah Fund was relegated, decided 
 on awarding a portion of the sum, amounting to 2%. 145. 2d., 
 to Jews' College, believing that the objects of this Institution 
 carried into effect the intentions of the endowment of the 
 Talmud Torah Fund". 
 
 The importance of this announcement is out of all pro- 
 portion to the amount concerned. For years the College 
 had been insisting on the duty that devolved on Jewish 
 congregations to contribute to the support of an institution 
 which had charged itself with the training of their ministers. 
 This award of the United Synagogue marked the first re- 
 cognition of the principle on the part of German congrega- 
 tions. The Report goes on to state: "It is earnestly hoped 
 that if the United Synagogue eventually adopt the recom- 
 mendations of the Committee appointed to investigate the 
 Beth Hamedrash question, the claims of Jews' College will 
 be considered. The Council will be prepared, under the 
 advice of the President, the Chief Rabbi, to concert mea- 
 sures for carrying out, to the fullest possible extent, a suitable 
 scheme for Biblical, Theological and Talmudical study, and
 
 XLI 
 
 the instruction and training of an Anglo-Jewish Rabbinate 
 and Ministry". 
 
 In 1872, Mr. EDWARD HENRY BEDDINGTON, who had 
 served as Treasurer and been an active member of the 
 Council, died. Two years later his family endowed in his 
 memory the EDWARD HENRY BEDDINGTON Memorial Scho- 
 larship, of the annual value of 50, tenable for three years. 
 
 XV. 
 
 SOME IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 For many years the venerable President and Founder of 
 Jews' College had given anxious thought to the problem 
 presented by the pecuniary condition of its students. Many 
 of them were the sons of parents who were unable to 
 maintain them in comparative comfort throughout their 
 academical career, and the scholarships were neither 
 numerous nor valuable enough to provide adequately for 
 their needs. Hence a general tendency on their part to 
 supplement their means by giving tuition, and to curtail 
 the period of preparation for the ministerial office. It was 
 an unhappy condition of affairs, in which Dr. ADLER 
 endeavoured, about this time, to effect an improvement by 
 suggesting the formation of a Committee to devise means 
 for the residence and maintenance of the College students 
 during the years of their attendance at the institution. The 
 Committee thus appointed gave their attention to the matter, 
 but were unable to formulate a feasible scheme. It remained, 
 as it still remains, "an object much to be desired". 
 
 More success attended another suggestion of the Chief 
 Rabbi. He noted with apprehension the want of organized 
 Jewish instruction in the West End of London, to 
 which an ever-increasing number of Jewish families were
 
 XLII 
 
 migrating. It was decided, on his advice, to establish 
 Classes in the Western district of London, in connection 
 with Jews' College. These Classes were for the teaching of 
 Religion and Hebrew to the sons of the upper and middle 
 classes. The hours of instruction were to be, on Sundays 
 from 9 to 2, and on Wednesdays from 3 to 7, and the 
 subjects taught to coihprise Hebrew, in its various branches, 
 Biblical and Post-Biblical History, Systematic Religion, and 
 Biblical Commentaries. Central premises were engaged, and 
 the services of the Principal and Jewish teaching staff of the 
 College School were placed at the disposal of the new 
 venture. The Jewish residents of the district did not, however, 
 avail themselves of the scheme in sufficient numbers to 
 render it a pronounced success. It was carried on for some 
 time in the neighbourhood of Portman Square, and after- 
 wards at Bayswater ; but at a loss to the central body. The 
 number of scholars that had been counted upon to pay the 
 expenses was not realized. The classes were therefore trans- 
 ferred to Finsbury Square, and ultimately they were 
 disbanded. Meanwhile the School itself was growing. By the 
 end of the year 1874 the number of its scholars had risen to 90. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 The facts set forth in the previous pages present but a 
 bare outline, which may be fittingly supplemented by a few 
 personal impressions of the institution in its early days, 
 when it was located in Finsbury Square. The compiler of 
 this history having spent about 12 years of his educational 
 career there from 1863 to 1874 first as a pupil of the 
 School, and subsequently as a College student is able 
 to supply some impressions of this period.
 
 
 THE mi, i, K(;K ix i INSJU KV SOCAKK
 
 XLIII 
 
 The building itself was but ill adapted for the accommo- 
 dation of so many scholars. One particularly felt the need 
 of a play-ground. A large front kitchen had to serve this 
 purpose in my time; and it was there that we were drilled 
 by the resident porter of the institution, Sergeant MlLLER, 
 after MICHAEL HENRY the most fervent advocate in his 
 day of muscular Judaism introduced drilling into the 
 School. Certainly a minute of the 1 2th January, 1869, records 
 that Sir BENJAMIN PHILLIPS obtained from Col. WILSON 
 the kind concession of a portion of the Artillery Ground, 
 "for the use of the pupils of the College"; but I have no 
 recollection of any such concession having been utilized. 
 The back of the College looked on to the Artillery Ground, 
 and my only memories of this fine open space are con- 
 nected with the Militia practice for which it was used several 
 weeks in the summer. Those of us who occupied the class- 
 room facing it were, I fear, more interested in these mili- 
 tary evolutions than in the lessons to which our distracted 
 teachers tried to compel our attention. And there were the 
 annual sports which took place on a certain Saturday af- 
 ternoon in the summer, which we watched from the leads, or 
 were admitted to the grounds to witness. But for the scholars 
 themselves there were no opportunities of athletic exercise 
 in our day. 
 
 A very strict discipline was maintained in the School, and 
 corporal punishment was freely resorted to. While we small 
 schoolboys stood in mortal dread of the caning proclivities 
 of the headmaster, Mr. BENIFOLD, a more pleasing impres- 
 sion is retained of the pedagogy of the second master, 
 Mr. ROBERTS, the author of "Arithmetic by Common 
 Sense". He made the subject ^delightful to us, and must 
 have been one of the best elementary teachers of his day. 
 The arithmetical teaching of the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN was
 
 XLIV 
 
 also made exceedingly interesting. His lessons in mental 
 arithmetic will never fade from the memory of his pupils. 
 He contrived to make us calculate with lightning rapidity. 
 Mr. CHAPMAN'S mental arithmetic lesson taken standing 
 in a circle was looked forward to as a pleasure. In other 
 subjects, too, his teaching impressed us by its lucidity, and 
 as he had none of the infirmities of temper that character- 
 ized some of the other masters, he was our favourite 
 teacher. Another genial master was Prof. HARTOG, who like- 
 wise possessed the secret of interesting his pupils, and who 
 taught French capitally. I cannot remember who was res- 
 ponsible for book-keeping, but it was well taught, and proved 
 of use to some of us when , on leaving the College , we 
 had to combine secretarial duties with our ministerial voca- 
 tion. Mr. BENIFOLD'S successor was Mr. MACONACHIE, a 
 dear old gentleman, whose strong point was Latin, but who 
 was less sound than could be desired in his Greek. 
 
 One feature of our School days of which I have a vivid 
 remembrance was the monthly evening lectures, which be- 
 came so popular, and formed such a pleasant break in our 
 school life. These lectures were followed by recitations 
 which the pupils gave in English, French, German and 
 Hebrew. Some of us were able to recite the whole of 
 SCHILLER'S "Glocke" from memory. The German recitations 
 of a youth named Peartree earned loud applause, so well 
 were they delivered. Gradually these recitations developed 
 into dramatic representations. Scenes from Shakespeare 
 and Moliere were acted by the pupils, with the aid of 
 some of the older College students ; and even at this distance 
 of time it is possible to recall the excellent impression made 
 by Mr. SINGER'S elocution in a scene from Julius Caesar. 
 And the grave-digging scene from Hamlet was another 
 recitation rendered memorable by the facetiousness of the
 
 XLV 
 
 grave-digger, which was such as to cause Hamlet himself 
 to burst into laughter. Less credit, however, attached to a 
 performance from King John, in the scene where Arthur 
 prays Hubert to spare his life. "Have you the heart?" he 
 asks in his famous appeal. But the lad who was to recite 
 this speech had the misfortune to drop both his h's. "Ave 
 you the art ?" he asked, to the consternation of Mr. BENIFOLD, 
 who promptly rang down the curtain. 
 
 Of the College class, to which those of us who were studying 
 for the ministry were in due course promoted, recollections 
 are naturally more keen. Here our two principal teachers 
 were Dr. FRIEDLANDER and Dr. HERMANN ABLER. Dr. 
 FRIEDLANDER impressed us by his encyclopaedic knowledge, 
 among many other, things. One hour he would be teaching us 
 Hebrew or German, and at another he would be construing 
 HOMER or HORACE. On another occasion he would be con- 
 ducting us through the mazes of the Higher Mathematics, 
 from which he would pass quite easily to the performance of 
 experiments in Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. Nothing 
 in the curriculum seemed to come amiss to this "Admirable 
 Crichton". 
 
 Dr. HERMANN ADLER'S range of subjects was also ex- 
 ceedingly wide, including, as it did, Talmud, Shulchan 
 Aruch, Homiletics, English Language and Literature, and 
 English History. And he gave us the full benefit of his 
 varied reading in all these departments. Himself one of the 
 most distinguished alumni of University College, he had sat 
 at the feet of such eminent Professors of English and Clas- 
 sical Literature as DAVID MASSON, HENRY MALDEN and 
 THOMAS HEWITT KEY. The character of his teaching may 
 be summed up in a word: it was inspiring. Dr. ABLER was 
 full of a loving enthusiasm for knowledge, which, it is to 
 be hoped, he succeeded in imparting to his scholars.
 
 XLVI 
 
 When first Dr. FRIEDLANDER came to the College he 
 was unmarried, and shared his bachelor apartments with the 
 Rev. S. SINGER. This arrangement did not last long. At 
 the end of a couple of years Dr. FRIEDLANDER paid a visit 
 to Berlin, whence he brought back a wife to Finsbury 
 Square. To this lady, who was his cousin, he had dedicated 
 on his wedding day a German Commentary on the Song of 
 Songs, of which, in due course, we, his students, received 
 copies, which some of us retain to this day. 
 
 The Jews' College Library, consisting primarily of the old 
 Sussex Hall books and the MICHAEL JOSEPHS collection, 
 soon grew out of date. It proved so inadequate to our 
 wants that we can remember the time when the addition 
 of such works as MUNK's translation of the "Moreh" and 
 WEBSTER'S large English Dictionary were regarded as events 
 in the history of the College. But before some of us left 
 it had greatly improved. Mr. L. M. ROTHSCHILD acquired 
 for our use, besides some 50 other books, the useful library 
 of the late EMANUEL DEUTSCH, which included a fine 
 copy of the best edition of the Talmud. And there were 
 presented also the collections of E. M. MERTON and Louis 
 WERNER, to which, at a later period, Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL 
 added the fine Hebrew Library that had belonged to Mr. 
 A. H. KEYZER, of Amsterdam. 
 
 The Saturday morning services, in which the College 
 students took regular part, formed, as has been said, a 
 valuable feature of our ministerial training. They were at- 
 tended by members of the Council living in the neighbour- 
 hood, such as HENRY SOLOMON, EDWARD JACOB, and JACOB 
 FRANKLIN. JACOB FRANKLIN took the kindest possible in- 
 terest in the College students, so that it was impossible to 
 feel hurt when , on one of these Saturday mornings , he 
 observed to a Collegiate aspirant for the ministry: "Young
 
 XL VII 
 
 man, you have a nice voice, and would do well, if only 
 you would not try to sing!" It was JACOB FRANKLIN who 
 provided us with tickets for the London Institution, which we 
 attended sedulously. Here we had an opportunity of listening 
 to the Chemistry lectures of Prof. BLOXHAM, of KING'S 
 College, the Botanical lectures of Prof. BENTLEY, and the 
 Physiological lectures of Prof. HUXLEY and Prof. ROMANES. 
 Another member of the Council whose interest in our wel- 
 fare can never be forgotten, was MICHAEL HENRY. Among 
 the many inspiring moments that we had at Jews' College 
 and there were many such must be reckoned those that we 
 were privileged to spend in conversation with this remarkable 
 man. His private talks with us had a twofold effect, uplifting 
 us by their seriousness, and encouraging us to perseverance 
 by their cheerful sympathy with the students' struggles. 
 
 And there was another member of the Council who made 
 the deepest and best impression upon us all the Chief 
 Rabbi and President of Jews' College, Dr. N. M. ABLER, 
 whose dignified and venerable figure we saw constantly, and 
 whose devotion to the interests of the College seemed the 
 master passion of his life. Hardly a day passed that he did 
 not visit the institution. The Council minutes show that he 
 was rarely absent from a meeting. He lived opposite the 
 College, or he could not have spared us so much of his 
 precious time. As College students, he frequently examined 
 us to see what progress we were making in his favourite 
 subject, the Talmud. His interest in us personally manifested 
 itself in many gracious attentions, as when a student who 
 had matriculated would be invited to spend a week-end 
 with him at the seaside an honour the pleasure of which 
 was only marred by the consideration that Dr. ADLER'S 
 student-guest was expected to conduct the whole of the 
 Sabbath service which he held in his house.
 
 XL VIII 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THE JEWS' COLLEGE JOURNAL. 
 
 The institution at Finsbury Square had been in existence 
 twenty years before it attained to the dignity of a publi- 
 cation of its own. The pupils of Jews' College School, aided 
 by some of the younger students of the College, had com- 
 menced by trying their literary powers on a "Manuscript 
 Magazine", of which four numbers were issued. They were 
 written and illustrated by DELISSA JOSEPH, who had already 
 given promise of future professional distinction in the 
 drawing class of the School. But in April 1875 there ap- 
 peared the first number, in print, of The Jews' College Journal, 
 "edited by I. ABRAHAMS, D. JOSEPH, A. GREEN, H. COHEN 
 and E. ABLER". It was a quarto of four pages, and reflected 
 no little credit on its compilers. It opened with an article 
 on "The Sir Moses Montefiore Testimonial Fund", by JOSEPH 
 PoLACK, in which the Finsbury Square boys were exhorted 
 to do their utmost for the new movement. A portion of 
 this article is reproduced in the accompanying facsimile of 
 the first page of the first number. 
 
 There followed "A Chapter in Jewish History", by "A", 
 a Report of one of the Life-Boat Meetings that were being 
 held at Jews' College, by DELISSA JOSEPH, and the first 
 instalment of an article by the same writer on "The Bicycle". 
 ISRAEL ABRAHAMS commences a series of articles on 
 "Cricket", which he introduces with this observation: "As 
 we have frequently advocated the formation of a Cricket 
 Club in the Jews' College School, we therefore think it our 
 duty to present to our readers a short outline of that out- 
 door pastime". Some "Puzzles" by the same writer conclude 
 this number, while the Editors regret that pressure on their
 
 - V: ~ 
 
 .JEWS' 
 
 \ 
 
 x ' " Folio of four pa 
 x 'JVhich not even a 
 
 ^ 
 
 jes, happy work I 
 
 itics criticise." 
 Cooper. 
 
 NO. 1. April, 1875. Vol. I. 
 
 The Sir Moses Montef.ore Testimonial Fond. 
 By Joicpk PoUck". ."X 
 
 in the whole civilized world. Whenever he travelled 
 to other countries for the purpose of bettering the 
 condition of his brethren and of interceding on their 
 behalf, he was met at all the towns through which 
 he passed, with addresses and blessings: kings bow- 
 ed at his word and governments felt respect for the 
 man, whose object was the spread of religious tole- 
 ration. 
 But the highest aim of Sir Moses was and is tha 
 elevation of the Jews in the Holy Land from their 
 present destitute state. Eight journeys have been un- 
 dertaken by the venerable Baronet, to the land 
 whence his heart yearned, time after time has he 
 sent large monetary gifts to tie Jews of Jerusalem^ 
 but notwithstanding the unbounded beneficence of 
 Sir Moses, seconded by large sums of money from 
 the Jews of all countries of Europe, the condition of 
 
 One of the most beneficial resultsof the ad- 
 vance of civilization, and one wjiich interests Jews 
 most, U the spread of religious Toleration. Gradual. 
 in its growth, but prosperous where it was exercised 
 jt has at last after a long struggle with superstition 
 and prejudice, come to be univerasl, wherever civili- 
 zation iheds its radiant lustre. The condition of the 
 Jews therefore at the present time contrasts favour- 
 ably With their condition a century or two ago. But 
 'alas"! there are countries and states, which are yet 
 involved in ignorance and semi-barbarity, and where 
 our brethren who are very numerous, are oppressed 
 and ill-treated with the severity arising- from popu- 
 lar prejudice. When a dishonest act is committeo> 
 when a murder is secretly perpetrated, the Jews are 
 
 accused and often a popular risjng takes place and 
 the Jews are massacred irr large numbers. ! ail1 m <t unsatisfactory. They are without the 
 
 One of those high-winded men who strive with means of gaining their livelihood, and consequently, 
 all their power to prevent these occurrences, whose i famine and drought often overtake them and reduce 
 highest aim is the rootingout of religious intolerance > tnem to a state of beggary, 
 is Sir Moses Montefiore. He has spent his time his I To remedy this diunal aspect of affairs a pro-.' 
 
 energy, his talents for the amelioration of the condi. 
 
 Ubs of the Jews in all countries where the trammels 
 
 of-opprtsion yet linger; he may well be styled the 
 
 . "Champion, of Humanity". To attempt even the 
 
 / slightest sketch of a life spent in the relief of his bre- 
 
 ject has been set on foot which has the full approba- 
 tion of the great philanthropist himself; and if carried 
 into effect, will be the fulfilment of the wish fcr the 
 gratification of which he has spent his long and use- 
 ful life, it is proposed to collect a large sum of money 
 
 thren abroad, and yet marked with acts of the high- from'all parts of the world, which-b to be utilised ii 
 est liberality and generosity at home Would be far i ^ e founding of a scheme for promoting agriculture 
 beyond the liny;; of this paper; such a ta\k must be I or some otiier industrial occupation for the Jews of 
 Jeft 10 the t^.rapner, and may well occupy more , * e ll>> ly Land, which^will provide them with the 
 pages than this does words, suffice it to say that the i me8ns <* earning their own bread; and thus to esa- 
 name ofSir Moses Mur'.r-fiort Is as a household word ,' ''''^ '- -'^P' al "> Sir ..Muses which will at once b*^ 
 
 
 ' - i- 
 
 Fi'om a <v/r of the Journal lent by M,-. Dclissa Joseph
 
 XLIX 
 
 space prevents the insertion of certain articles which are 
 promised in the next issue. 
 
 Of the six numbers of the "Journal" that appeared the 
 second is wanting in the collection that has been placed at 
 our disposal. The third (June, 1875) appears in a black 
 border, in memory of MICHAEL HENRY, who had died in 
 that month, and is mainly devoted to references to the 
 dear friend whom the Jews' College School boys had so 
 recently lost. "The countenance which was but lately beaming 
 with love for you", writes "J", "is a thing of the past. 
 All that is mortal of MICHAEL HENRY lies in the cold earth. 
 In the death of one man we have been bereft of the 
 philanthropist, the poet, the scholar, and the Jew! Treasure 
 up, schoolboys! the remembrance of your 'father', and by 
 becoming better yourselves you will perpetuate the memory 
 and name of that great, good man". 
 
 Then follow notices of the sermons preached in memoriam, 
 by the Rev. Dr. HERMANN ABLER, the Rev. A. L. GREEN, and 
 the Rev. S. SINGER, of the largely-attended funeral, with its 
 affecting scene on the ground, and of the first meeting of 
 the Central Committee of the Life-Boat Fund held after the 
 death of its Founder. "D. J." contributes a series of "Notelets" 
 on Science, Literature, and Art, which have come to form a 
 regular feature of the Journal. A paragraph on "College 
 Successes" takes note of the fact that "Mr. JOSEPH ABRAHAMS, 
 student of Jews' College, has obtained two certificates at 
 University College, in the examination at the close of the 
 session. They were gained for proficiency in Physics and 
 Philosophy of the Mind, and were presented by Sir George 
 Jessel, Master of the Rolls". 
 
 No. 4 has an article by "A" on "Etymology of Certain 
 Words", the first part of "An Incident in the Life of Rabbi 
 HELLER", by "J. P.", more "Notelets", and an account of 
 1 4
 
 "Our Anniversary". How a monthly publication in its fourth 
 number could already have attained to its anniversary is 
 thus explained: 
 
 Twelve months have now passed since we undertook to place before our 
 readers a monthly issue of the "Jews' College Manuscript Magazine", and 
 during this time we have experienced great and almost insurmountable dif- 
 ficulties. We found after a time that it was impossible to continue the 
 "Manuscript Magazine" with any hopes of a successful end, especially as 
 prior to the appearance of the fourth number of the "Magazine" our con- 
 temporary "The Jews' College Miscellany" was commenced. Now if, when 
 we were complete masters of the field we were scarcely able to proceed 
 through the paucity of readers, it is not very likely that, when the number 
 of subscribers, which was before very limited, was divided between the two 
 papers, our affairs were in any way mended. It was then that the Editors of 
 the "rival" magazines wisely agreed to coalesce, and it was found that if we 
 eould possibly manage to issue our paper in a printed form, we might be 
 able to augment the number of subscribers considerably. No. I of the "Jews' 
 College Journal", which elicited favourable notice from both the Jewish 
 Papers, was the fruit of our united labours, which were now crowned with 
 success. . . We have continued the "Journal" for four months, and we hope 
 that we may celebrate our anniversaries as long as Jews' College exists, 
 and we trust that the boys will give a helping hand to an institution which, 
 we sincerely hope, is a source of amusement and may we say instruc- 
 tion? to them all. 
 
 The next number prints a letter from the late MICHAEL 
 HENRY which he had addressed to the Editors of the 
 "Journal" at the time that they sought his advice in regard 
 to their new venture: 
 
 68 Fleet Street, London, E. C. 
 
 May 28th, 1874. 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 I think the notion of establishing a Jews' College School Journal is ex- 
 cellent (provided the labour involved does not interfere with school duties). 
 If the contents are to be mainly contributed by the boys of the school, the 
 journal should be entitled "Jews' College School Journal", so as to avoid 
 misconception. I fear that I cannot be of great assistance in carrying out 
 your views as regards an economical mode of printing the journal, as the
 
 LI 
 
 price of good printing is fixed and determinate as were "the laws of the 
 Medes and Persians". I congratulate you on your spirited notion of com- 
 peting with other public schools for journalistic distinction. 
 
 I am. 
 
 Always your affectionate friend, 
 
 MICHAEL HENRY. 
 
 Other features of this number are "A Visit to Worms 
 Synagogue", a concluding article on Rashi, and an intimation 
 that the entire amount required to purchase a Life-Boat 
 has practically been obtained. 
 
 No. 6 contains an account of "College Successes", a poem 
 on "MICHAEL HENRY", articles on "The New Year" and on 
 "The Brighton Aquarium", and a series of "Puzzles", the 
 answers to which are promised "in our next". As, however, 
 the sixth number proved to be the last, these ingenious 
 conundrums still await the publication of their solution. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 SOME NOTABLE EVENTS. 
 
 Passing over the ground more rapidly than we have 
 thought desirable in detailing the earlier history of the 
 College, the first notable event to be recorded relates to a 
 communication received from the Secretary of the United 
 Synagogue in the course of 1878, to this effect: 
 
 I have the honour to inform you that at a meeting of the Council held 
 on the 8th May, the enclosed report of a Committee appointed concerning 
 the training of Jewish Ministers was submitted to the Council; and it was 
 resolved : 
 
 "That the Council grant a subvention of 200 per annum from its funds 
 to the Jews' College for the general purposes of that Institution." 
 
 "That the Council are willing annually to elect six gentlemen to serve on 
 the Council of Jews' College, and that Messrs. ASSUR H. MOSES, EDWARD 
 LUCAS, Louis DAVIDSON, ELLIS A. FRANKLIN, A. M. SILBER and HYMAN 
 A. ABRAHAMS be so appointed." 
 
 I am directed to express the hope that with the material and moral aid so
 
 LII 
 
 liberally bestowed by the Council, the College may be enabled to show the 
 results published in the memorandum of the College of December 1877, and 
 that the Council may have no reason to regret the very large subvention 
 granted on the faith of that promise. 
 
 This action of the United Synagogue in recognition of 
 the claims of Jews' College to communal support was due 
 to the energetic advocacy of Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, the 
 first Treasurer of the United Synagogue, who, joining the 
 College Council in 1872, forthwith became one of its fore- 
 most workers. In 1877 Mr. SAMUEL became a Treasurer 
 also of the College, in succession to the late EDWIN SAMUEL. 
 In July of that year Mr. SAMUEL carried the following 
 resolution in the Council of the United Synagogue: 
 
 That a Committee be appointed to ascertain and report whether any and 
 (if any) what number of persons are now pursuing their studies with a view 
 to becoming Jewish Ministers, and what are the present means of support 
 of such persons. That such Committee be further authorized to consider and 
 report whether any and (if any) what steps should be taken, under the 
 auspices of the Council, to form a body of Students, from whose ranks 
 vacancies occurring in the Jewish Ministry in England may from time to 
 time be filled up ; and to raise or otherwise obtain a fund from which sub- 
 ventions may be paid to such students, to assist in their support, and to 
 augment their salaries when appointed to the ministry of a Congregation 
 which has not means sufficient to pay more than a small stipend. That the 
 Committee be authorized, if they think necessary, to invite the aid and 
 cooperation of the Committee of the Jews' College, or any other body, to 
 assist in the investigation of the questions involved in the foregoing resolutions. 
 
 In accordance with the invitation conveyed in this reso- 
 lution, a Sub-Committee of Jews' College had been appoin- 
 ted to confer with the Sub-Committee of the Council of 
 the United Synagogue, and as the outcome of their joint 
 deliberations the United Synagogue now decided to vote 
 .200 a year to the College and to associate itself with the 
 administration of the institution. At the same time the 
 constitution of the College was amended to permit any 
 Jewish congregation or body contributing ^30 a year or
 
 LIII 
 
 upwards to its funds to nominate a delegate to the Council 
 for each 30 thus contributed. 
 
 No less important was a letter which the Council received 
 from its venerable President at the commencement of 1879. 
 
 Office of the Chief Rabbi 
 
 1 6 Finsbury Square, London, 
 
 10 January 5639. 
 To the Council of Jews' College, 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 You are aware that about the year 1852, 1 convoked a public meeting in 
 Sussex Hall for the purpose of collecting funds for the establishment of a 
 College and School. Some time afterwards a constitution was framed by Sir 
 GEORGE JESSEL and the late Mr. WALEY, and when the institution was 
 opened, these laws were agreed to and are still in force. One of these laws 
 is to the effect that the Chief Rabbi be ex-officio President of the Institution. 
 Since the very first, I have, as President, taken the warmest interest in the 
 welfare and development of Jews' College. But now, I regret to say, the 
 state of my health will not permit me to take as active a share in its 
 management as I have hitherto done. I am more particularly prevented from 
 presiding at the meetings of the Council. I therefore ask you to appoint a 
 gentleman from your midst to act as Chairman of Committee. You may rely 
 upon my giving every possible help to the gentleman whom you may elect, 
 and that I shall continue to do everything for Jews' College that my feeble 
 powers permit. 
 
 I remain, Gentlemen, 
 
 Yours very faithfully 
 
 N. ADLER Dr. 
 
 The reception of this communication led to the passing 
 of the following Resolution : "That the Council hear with 
 regret that the Rev. President is prevented by reason of 
 his health from attending the meetings of the Council. They 
 hope that they may still have the inestimable advantage of 
 his assistance, and will, on some future occasion, adopt his 
 suggestion as to a Chairman." 
 
 In the meanwhile, Mr. HENRY SOLOMON, one of the 
 original Treasurers, an office which he continued to hold
 
 LIV 
 
 till the time of his death, in 1891, presided over the deli- 
 berations of the Council by right of seniority and distin- 
 guished service. But at the end of the year an "Acting 
 Chairman" was appointed in Dr. ADLER'S place, and 
 this position was conferred on Sir BARROW ELLIS, 
 K. C. S. I. 
 
 The illness of the Chief Rabbi led to another important 
 change in the course of the following year, when the Rev. 
 Dr. HERMANN ABLER was compelled to resign the post of 
 Theological Tutor that he had held for 17 years, in consequence 
 of the many official duties devolving on him in connection 
 with the Rabbinate. At the same time, Dr. ADLER under- 
 took to give a weekly and honorary lesson in Homiletics. 
 Earlier in the year the Rev. S. SINGER, having been ap- 
 pointed Minister of the New West End Synagogue, retired 
 from the post of Master in the College School which he 
 had filled for 12 years. On Dr. ADLER'S retirement, Dr. S. 
 A. HiRSCH, a former teacher of the "Realschule der Israeli- 
 tischen Religionsgesellschaft" at Frankfort-on-the-Main, was 
 appointed Assistant Theological Tutor. 
 
 Dr. HiRSCH was born in Amsterdam, March ist, 1843, 
 and was descended from a family which migrated from 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main to the Dutch capital at the com- 
 mencement of the 1 8th century. Among his learned forbears, 
 his father, SAMUEL HiRSCH, was specially distinguished. 
 Educated, first in Holland, where he studied Classics, Modern 
 Languages and Hebrew, he entered the University of Berlin, 
 in 1863, to prosecute the study of Philology, Philosophy 
 and History under Professors BOECKH, HAUPT, TRENDEL- 
 
 ENBURG, MOMMSEN, DROYSEN and STEINTHAL. With the 
 
 last-named scholar he became particularly friendly. At the 
 same time he attended the Talmudical lectures of Rabbis 
 E. ROSENSTEIN and MICHAEL LANDSBERGER. It was in
 
 LV 
 
 1867, and on the recommendation of Dr. FRIEDLANDER, 
 with whom he had come into contact in Berlin, that he 
 was appointed a teacher at the "Realschule" of the "Israelit- 
 ische Religionsgesellschaft" at Frankfort, in which capacity 
 he enjoyed the intimacy of his famous namesake, Rabbiner 
 HiRSCH. Two years after his appointment he graduated as a 
 Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Heidelberg. 
 
 The many learned writings which Dr. HiRSCH has pro- 
 duced in recent years have placed him in the very front rank 
 of scholars. From 1889 to 1891 he edited. The Jewish 
 Standard, and from 1891 to 1899, Palestina, The Chovevi 
 Zion Qiiarterly. His other publications include, besides 
 various lectures, "The Greek Grammar of Roger Bacon and a 
 Fragment of his Hebrew Grammar", edited with Introduction 
 and Notes in conjunction with the Rev. EDMOND NOLAN 
 (1902); "A Book of Essays", published for the Jewish His- 
 torical Society of England (1905); and "A Commentary on 
 the Book of Job from a Hebrew Manuscript in the Univer- 
 sity Library, Cambridge", translated and edited in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT (1905). 
 
 XIX. 
 
 CLOSING OF JEWS' COLLEGE SCHOOL. 
 
 At Special General Meetings of the Governors held on 
 the 1 8th and 25th June, 1879, it was resolved: "That Jews' 
 College School be discontinued, as from September 3Oth next". 
 
 Several reasons had conspired to render such a step in- 
 evitable. The gradual removal of middle class families from 
 the City had resulted in a falling off in the number of 
 paying pupils in the School. Moreover, there was a growing 
 indisposition on the part of the community to send their sons 
 to a Jewish day school, however excellently taught. They
 
 I, VI 
 
 preferred to avail themselves of the greater educational 
 advantages of such large public schools as the City of 
 London and University College. And the Council ex- 
 perienced increasing difficulties in administering the School 
 in conjunction with the College. Then the interests of the 
 College students demanded paramount consideration. The 
 Finsbury Square district was losing its central character for 
 educational purposes. It was felt that it would be of ad- 
 vantage to remove the institution to the neighbourhood of 
 Gower Street, where the senior students could pursue their 
 chief secular studies at University College. Already there 
 had been a movement in that direction in 1874, when the 
 Baroness MAYER DE ROTHSCHILD undertook to defray the 
 expense of such education for two of the most promising 
 students, "as young men likely to fulfil, by the promise of 
 their youth, the generally entertained desire for a liberally 
 instructed and properly trained Jewish clergy". The pro- 
 posed removal of the College to another locality raised the 
 serious question whether the School should be taken with it 
 or disbanded. The School was undoubtedly serving a useful 
 purpose. It was the only institution of its kind for the sons 
 of gentlemen. The positions of public usefulness to which 
 many of its best pupils have since attained bear eloquent 
 testimony to the excellence of the education they received 
 within its walls. To mention but a few of them : there were 
 educated in the School, for longer or shorter periods, Dr. 
 ALBERT KISCH, Mr. HERMANN KISCH, C. S. I., Mr. DELISSA 
 JOSEPH , F. R. I. B. A. , Mr. ELKAN ABLER , M. A. , Prof. 
 ISRAEL GOLLANCZ, Mr. LIONEL ABRAHAMS, M. A., the late 
 ALFRED NEWMAN, one of the pioneers of Anglo-Jewish 
 historical research, Mr. LIONEL JACOB, B. A., and Mr. SAMUEL 
 MOSES, M. A. The School, moreover, conferred an advantage 
 on the College itself by giving its senior students an oppor-
 
 LVII 
 
 tunity of gaining experience in teaching, which proved of 
 practical utility to them in after life whether as schoolmasters 
 or ministers. The late Chief Rabbi, Mr. M. H. PlCCIOTTO, and 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER were strongly in favour of its retention, but 
 the preponderance of opinion was against it; and this opinion 
 was enforced by the views of Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, who was 
 subsidizing the education of the senior students at Univer- 
 sity College, and who promised an annual donation of 
 200 to Jews' College on condition of its being reorganized 
 as an independent institution. The final outcome of the 
 Council's deliberations on the subject was an amended 
 Constitution, which was passed by the Governors on the 
 1 8th June, 1879, and of which the following are the chief 
 provisions: 
 
 1. The objects of Jews' College are the educating and training of Minis- 
 ters, Preachers, Readers, and Teachers of Religion for Jewish Congregations 
 whose vernacular is the English Language. 
 
 2. The College shall consist of two classes, one of which shall be called 
 the Junior Class and the other the Senior Class. 
 
 3. Candidates for admission to the Junior Class shall be of the age of 1 6 
 years at least, and under the age of 20 years. They shall produce a satisfactory 
 testimonial of respectability and moral character, and shall be subject to 
 examination for the purpose of ascertaining that they possess a knowledge 
 of the outlines of Jewish History and Religion, the Elements of Hebrew 
 Grammar, the Daily Prayers and Pentatejich, and of easy passages in the 
 Rabbinical writings. 
 
 4. Candidates for admission to the Junior Class shall have passed the 
 Matriculation Examination of the University of London. The Council may 
 however admit candidates who shall have complied with the requisitions of 
 the previous clause, but shall not have passed the Matriculation Examination, 
 to all or any part of the instruction given in the Junior Class, subject to 
 any conditions which the Council may think fit to impose. 
 
 5. The subjects of instruction in the Junior Class shall be 
 Systematic Religion (including expositions of such works as DIDD^D DDTI 
 
 and 1"1TD)- Exposition of the Bible with Commentaries. Hebrew and Chaldee 
 Grammar with Exercises. Translation and History of our Liturgy. 
 
 r&vn, JOM and -p-iy jrftw. 
 
 Jewish History and Literature. 
 
 Elocution, Vocal Music, and Reading of the Law.
 
 LVIII 
 
 6. The Curriculum of the Junior Class shall embrace a period of three years. 
 
 7. Not less than 14 hours in each week of the Session of the Junior Class 
 shall be devoted to Hebrew and Religious Subjects. 
 
 8. The Students of the Junior Class shall attend classes at the University 
 College, London, in such subjects as shall be deemed desirable for securing 
 them a sound English education, and in particular for preparing them for 
 the first and second B. A. Examinations of the University of London. 
 
 9. Candidates for admission to the Senior Class shall satisfy the Council 
 as to their respectability and moral character, and as to. their possession of 
 a fair knowledge of the subjects of instruction in the Junior Class, and if 
 they have not been Students in the Junior Class shall produce a satisfactory 
 testimonial of respectability and moral character, and be subject to examina- 
 tion for the purpose of ascertaining that they possess a fair knowledge of 
 such subjects of instruction. 
 
 10. Candidates for admission to the Senior Class shall have passed the 
 second B. A. Examination of the University of London. 
 
 11. The subjects of instruction in the Senior Class shall be 
 Philosophy and Theology, including Expositions of works of Philo, Saadiah, 
 
 Maimonides, etc. 
 
 Jewish History and Literature down to the present day. 
 
 Semitic Languages. 
 
 Bible with Ancient and Modern Commentaries, Talmud and Posekim. 
 
 Homiletics. 
 
 Elocution and Vocal Music. 
 
 The Students of this Class shall devote themselves primarily to these 
 subjects during not less than 14 hours in each week of the Session, but they 
 may, if necessary, attend lectures at University College, London, on such sub- 
 jects as shall be deemed desirable. 
 
 12. Students in the Senior Class shall occasionally have opportunities of 
 practising the art of Preaching, Reading and Teaching, and of being instructed 
 in the theory and practice of Shechitah and Milah. 
 
 13. The Council may grant certificates of competency to Students who 
 have qualified themselves for the offices of Minister, Preacher, Reader, and 
 Teacher of Religion. 
 
 14. An Elementary Class shall be "established in connection with Jews' 
 College for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. 
 
 15. Candidates for admission to the Elementary Class shall be of the age 
 of 13 years at least and under the age of 1 6 years. They shall produce a 
 certificate of good conduct and shall be subject to examination for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining that they are able to translate from Hebrew into English 
 easy portions of the Bible and Prayer Book, and possess a fair knowledge of 
 Bible History and have a fair knowledge of general subjects. 
 
 1 6. The subjects of instruction in the Elementary Class shall be 
 Outlines of Jewish Religion. 
 
 Biblical and Post-Biblical History.
 
 LIX 
 
 Elements of Hebrew Grammar with Exercises. 
 
 Translation of Prayers, Pentateuch, and the Historical Books of the 
 Bible. 
 
 Rabbinical Writings: Rashi, Mishnah, Shulchan Aruch, and easy portions 
 of Gemara. 
 
 English Language and History. 
 
 Elements of Latin and Greek, German and French, Mathematics, Book- 
 keeping, Geography, Natural Science, Writing, Drawing, and Singing. 
 
 17. Not less than 28 hours in each week of the Session of the Elementary 
 Class shall be devoted to the subjects enumerated in Clause 16. 
 
 1 8. The charge for the Students of Jews' College, except those on the 
 Foundation, shall be 30 a year each. 
 
 19. The charge for Pupils of the Elementary Class shall be 10 a year 
 each. The Council may in any case remit the whole or any part of this charge. 
 
 20. The Council may place on the Foundation any number not exceeding 
 12 Students. 
 
 21. Students on the Foundation shall receive instruction in Jews' College 
 and shall attend Classes at the University College, London, as above-mentioned, 
 gratuitously, or at such reduced charge as the Council may think fit to impose. 
 
 22. The Council may provide maintenance, board and clothing, or any of 
 them wholly or partially, for Students on the Foundation, whose means of 
 subsistence are insufficient. 
 
 23. Each Pupil of the Elementary Class shall before or within one year 
 after he shall become such Pupil, and each Student of the College shall be- 
 fore he shall become such Student (and whether or not he shall have been 
 a pupil of the Elementary Class) produce a statement under the hand of his 
 parent or guardian, countersigned by himself, that it is intended that he shall 
 follow the profession of Minister, Preacher, Reader, or Teacher of the Jewish 
 Religion, and the Council shall require such parent or guardian, and if 
 necessary one or more sureties, to enter into a bond or covenant with any 
 person or persons that they may nominate on behalf of the College to secure 
 the payment to the College of such sum, not exceeding the sum of 50, as 
 the Council may think fit, in the event of such Pupil or Student withdrawing 
 from the College without having duly qualified himself for such profession. 
 
 24. Jews' College shall be conducted in premises in the neighbourhood of 
 University College, Gower Street. 
 
 25. The Chief Rabbi for the time being shall be the President of the 
 Council, and shall have a veto in the appointment of the Principal and Teachers. 
 
 XX. 
 
 18791880. 
 
 Meanwhile the new Jewish students at University College 
 were beginning to give a good account of themselves there.
 
 LX 
 
 In the Jews' College Report for the year 1879-80 "the 
 Council learn that at the recent University College Exami- 
 nations the first Prize and Certificate in Logic and Philo- 
 sophy of Mind were awarded to Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, B.A., 
 and Mr. HERMAN COHEN jointly. The latter received prizes 
 for French and Hebrew, the Fielden Scholarship of 25 
 for French, and an Andrews Scholarship of ^50 for general 
 proficiency. Certificates were awarded to Mr. J. POLACK, B.A., 
 in the class of Logic and Philosophy of Mind; to Mr. M. 
 ABRAHAMS and Mr. M. HYAMSON in the Junior English 
 Class". The Council had recently passed a resolution raising 
 the stipends of pupils, in cases of special merit, from 30 
 a year the ordinary amount of a scholarship to 50 
 a year; and the first students to whom these increased 
 sums were voted were Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, B. A., Mr. 
 HERMAN COHEN, Mr. M. HYAMSON, and Mr. B. SAUL. 
 
 The same Report throws an interesting light on other 
 activities of the College students: 
 
 Mr. JOSEPH POLACK has passed the Second B. A. Examination of the London 
 University ; Mr. B. SAUL, the First B. A. ; Mr. F. L. COHEN and Mr. A. A. 
 GREEN, the Matriculation Examination, each appearing in the first division 
 of the successful examinees. The first named gentleman has also taken honours 
 in German. Mr. HERMAN J. COHEN has obtained the Hollier Scholarship for 
 Hebrew at University College. 
 
 Mr. JOSEPH POLACK, B. A., has continued to conduct the services on 
 Sabbaths and Festivals for Jewish prisoners in the House of Correction, 
 Coldbath Fields. He has also preached with success in several Metropolitan 
 Synagogues. Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, B. A., Mr. POLACK, B. A., and Mr. 
 HERMAN J. COHEN have taken an active part in the Scriptural Expositions, 
 held at the Cutler Street Synagogue on Friday evenings, under the auspices 
 of the Association for the Diffusion of Religious knowledge. At the Sabbath 
 School of the Association, Messrs. A. A. GREEN and F. L. COHEN have 
 acted as Teachers. The former gentleman, with Mr. HERMAN J. COHEN, con- 
 ducted Divine Service on New Year and the Day of Atonement at the Con- 
 valescent Home, Lower Norwood. 
 
 About this time the Council lost some of its most distin- 
 guished members by death or retirement. Mr. M. H. Pic-
 
 LXI 
 
 CIOTTO, one of the Founders, who had rendered scholarly 
 service to the College for more than a quarter of a century, 
 died in 1879. His son, Mr. JAMES PlCCIOTTO, the first of 
 modern Anglo-Jewish historians, had previously been elected 
 a member of the Council and Education Committee. The 
 Council's Report for 1879 80 bears grateful testimony to 
 the labours of their departed colleague in these words -. 
 "Mr. PlCCIOTTO was one of the staunchest friends of Anglo- 
 Jewish Education; but among the various agencies for ad- 
 vancing that great object to which he devoted his time and 
 abilities, none received a more cordial and consistent adhe- 
 sion than Jews' College". In the following year Sir MOSES 
 MONTEFIORE found it necessary, in consequence of advan- 
 cing age, to retire from the office of Vice-President and 
 from his position on the Council, and at the same time 
 Mr. BARNETT MEYERS' resignation was received. If both 
 gentlemen refused to reconsider their decision, it was from 
 no loss of interest in the institution for which they had 
 laboured so strenuously and generously, but from sheer 
 physical inability to discharge the duties of office, and an 
 unwillingness to remain members of an administration to 
 which they could no longer give their personal attention. 
 In the course of 1879, Mr. JOSHUA M. LEVY became Joint 
 Honorary Secretary with the Rev. A. L. GREEN.
 
 PART II. 
 THE COLLEGE IN TAVISTOCK SQUARE. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE NEW PREMISES. 
 
 The search for premises in the West Central district 
 was attended with the difficulties that usually beset such 
 undertakings. At first it was proposed to place the College 
 in Euston Square. Then Upper Bedford Place was con- 
 sidered, and reported on favourably; and subsequently a 
 house in Gower Street, at the corner of Chenies Street, 
 seemed to meet the requirements of the College. The next 
 house which the Council had in view was in Endsleigh 
 Gardens, but this proposition also had to be withdrawn. It 
 was not until the end of the year 1880 that the Council 
 were able to make their final decision. It was at a Meeting 
 of the Council held on the I4th December, that "Mr. 
 CHARLES SAMUEL reported on behalf of the Building Com- 
 mittee that the purchase of Tavistock House, Tavistock Square, 
 had been completed, and that he expected daily to receive 
 the license to carry on the College." 
 
 Tavistock House was associated with the memory of 
 CHARLES DICKENS, who had resided there in the fifties.
 
 in 
 
 D * 
 O
 
 LXIII 
 
 "In Tavistock Square", writes HANS ANDERSEN, who visited 
 the Novelist in 1851, "stands Tavistock House. This and the 
 strip of garden in front of it are shut out from the thorough- 
 fare by an iron railing. A large garden with a grass plot 
 and high trees stretches behind the house, and gives it a 
 countrified look in the midst of this coal and gas steaming 
 London". It was in the large library on the first floor 
 the future lecture-hall of Jews' College that DlCKENS and 
 his friends used to act plays. Tavistock House had previously 
 been occupied by FRANK STONE, the Royal Academician. 
 JAMES PERRY, the Editor of the Morning Chronicle in its 
 best days; and ELIZA COOK, the poetess, also resided there. 
 And at a later period GOUNOD held singing classes in the 
 drawing-room which DlCKENS had converted into his library. 
 Tavistock House was thus fitted in every way by its 
 commodious size, its central yet retired situation, and the 
 wealth of its literary and public memories to become the 
 new home of Jews' College. 
 
 The acquisition of the new premises necessitated the 
 raising of a Building Fund of ^3000, for which a special 
 appeal had to be made to the community. The Committee 
 formed to make this appeal consisted of Sir BARROW 
 ELLIS, the Revs. Dr. HERMANN ABLER, A. L. GREEN, 
 JOHN CHAPMAN, and S. SINGER, and Messrs. L. L. ALEXAN- 
 DER, A. H. BEDDINGTON, JOSHUA M. LEVY, CHARLES 
 SAMUEL and A. M. SILBER. At the same time, a Sub- 
 Committee to superintend the arrangements for the removal 
 was appointed, consisting of Messrs. HYMAN, A. ABRAHAMS, 
 MARCUS N. ADLER, CHARLES SAMUEL, the Rev. JOHN 
 CHAPMAN, and the Honorary Secretaries.
 
 LXIV 
 
 II. 
 
 THE INAUGURAL CEREMONY. 
 
 It was arranged that the inauguration of the new pre- 
 mises should take place on the 2/th June, 1881, and that 
 special letters of invitation should be issued to Sir NATHAN- 
 IEL DE ROTHSCHILD, BART., M. P., Sir JULIAN GOLDSMID, 
 BART., Alderman Sir B. S. PHILLIPS, Baron HENRY DE 
 WORMS, the Hon. SAUL SAMUEL, C. M. G., Mr. ARTHUR 
 COHEN, Q.C., M.P., Mr. Serjeant SIMON, M.P., and Messrs. 
 LIONEL L. COHEN and F. D. MOCATTA. 
 
 The ceremony was of an elaborate character. Opening 
 with a religious service, the Rev. Dr. HERMANN ADLER 
 offered the consecration prayer, and the Rev. M. HAST, with 
 the choir of the Great Synagogue, performed the musical 
 portion. At the subsequent proceedings Sir BARROW ELLIS, 
 K. C. S. L, presided, and in the absence of the Chief Rabbi, 
 the state of whose health now obliged him to live in semi- 
 retirement at Brighton, delivered the principal address. He 
 observed that when an institution had been at work for a 
 quarter of a century, a favourable opportunity presented 
 itself to consider whether that institution had been success- 
 ful or not. He believed all present would concur with him 
 in the opinion that Jews' College had done good work in 
 the past, and that there was every prospect of its doing 
 still more in the future. The modified constitution which 
 had been adopted in the previous year had had as its sequel 
 the removal of the institution to its new quarters. He need 
 hardly tell those who knew the old premises in Finsbury 
 Square that the two houses would not bear comparison. 
 The managers owed to his friend, Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, the 
 acquisition of the commodious building in which the College
 
 LXV 
 
 would henceforth be located. A heavy expense, reaching 
 nearly ^3000, had been incurred in the acquisition and 
 alteration of the house, and to meet that outlay the 
 managers required the practical support of the community. 
 Amongst other special contributions that had been received 
 he might mention that the Council of the United Synagogue 
 had given a grant of ^100 to the Building Fund, in ad- 
 dition to their annual subvention of 200, and Sir NATHAN- 
 IEL DE ROTHSCHILD had likewise given 200 to the same 
 object. An interesting feature in connection with the pro- 
 ceedings that evening would be the presentation of a 
 testimonial to Dr. FRIEDLANDER on the part of his present 
 and old pupils, amongst the latter being ministers who 
 were not only a credit to their own congregations, but 
 would be an ornament to any religion. 
 
 The Rev. A. L. GREEN, who was the next speaker, said 
 that resplendent as was the Star of India which shone on 
 the breast of the Chairman, it was not by any means 
 so resplendent as his active and useful career. Sir BARROW 
 ELLIS, being the life and soul of Jews' College, would be 
 glad to know that many years ago his own father was 
 amongst a few earnest men who had advocated the esta- 
 blishment of an institution for the training of Jewish ministers. 
 The first labour of the venerable Chief Rabbi on entering 
 into office was to take up the matter, with the result that 
 the Jewish community had now an institution of which, 
 so far as it had yet gone, they might well be proud, and 
 which from year to year continued to improve. To him it 
 was a wonder that any intelligent Jew should hesitate to 
 support such an establishment as the College, where secular 
 and theological knowledge went hand in hand. As Honorary 
 Secretary of the College from its commencement, it was a 
 source of pleasure to him to see it produce men worthy of 
 1 5
 
 LXVI 
 
 the institution, and those present that evening could show 
 their appreciation of what the College had done not merely 
 by clapping their hands, but by putting their hands into 
 their pockets and liberally contributing towards its main- 
 tenance. 
 
 Mr. ARTHUR COHEN, appealing for public support, said 
 that there were three grounds on which the College might 
 rest its claims. Firstly, it was a fact that of late years the 
 Jewish religion had attracted increasing notice on the part 
 of Christians. It was necessary that the Jewish clergy should 
 be educated to present Judaism worthily to Christian readers. 
 And the Jews themselves, having become better educated, 
 would more and more require a cultured clergy. They re- 
 quired good sermons, and he was glad to say they got them. 
 And in the third place, the last two or three years had given 
 a warning to Jews that their increasing power and wealth 
 aroused animosity in many quarters. It thus became a duty 
 to educate both ourselves and the Jewish clergy, in order 
 that those who reviled the Jewish people might see that 
 they were in the wrong. 
 
 Then came the presentation to Dr. FRIEDLANDER, which 
 was made on behalf of his present and past pupils by the 
 Rev. S. SiNGER, who, in a graceful speech, alluded to the 
 influence which the Principal of Jews' College had exerted 
 upon his pupils and the veneration in which they held him. 
 As a slight proof of their affection a Committee had been 
 formed, of which the speaker was appointed Chairman, the 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN Treasurer, and the Rev. J. POLACK, 
 and subsequently Mr. HERMAN J. COHEN, Honorary Secre- 
 tary. As the result of the action of that Committee, he 
 would ask Dr. FRIEDLANDER to accept a case of silver 
 and an escritoire, as an expression of the gratitude and 
 affection entertained for him by his pupils.
 
 SIR BARROW ELLIS, K.C.S.I. 
 
 Chairman of Council, 1872 1887.
 
 LXVII 
 
 To this presentation Dr. FRIEDLANDER made a suitable 
 reply; the other speakers being Mr. F. D. MoCATTA and 
 the Hon. SAUL SAMUEL. 
 
 III. 
 
 HONORARY OFFICERS AND OFFICIALS IN 1 88 1. 
 
 The removal of the College from Finsbury Square to 
 Tavistock Square formed the great dividing line in the 
 history of the institution. The School had now ceased to 
 exist, and henceforth the College Students all except 
 the members of the Elementary Class were to receive 
 their secular instruction at University College. The institu- 
 tion had thus reached a point in its career at which it may 
 be convenient to set out a list of its governing body and 
 officials. During the year in which the College was installed 
 in its new premises, its honorary officers were: 
 
 President : 
 The Rev. Dr. N. M. ABLER, Chief Rabbi. 
 
 Chairman of the Council: 
 Sir BARROW UI. ELLIS, K. C. S. I. 
 
 Treasurers: 
 HENRY SOLOMON. | CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 
 Council : 
 
 Rev. Dr. H. ABLER. 
 M. N. ABLER, M. A. 
 L. L. ALEXANBER. 
 A. H. BEBBINGTON. 
 HERBERT BENTWICH, L.L.B. 
 JONAS BERGTHEIL. 
 
 DANIEL CASTELLO. 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN. 
 JOSEPH BE CASTRO. 
 Rev. A. L. GREEN. 
 ISAAC A. JOSEPH. 
 A. L. LAZARUS.
 
 LXVIII 
 
 JOSHUA M. LEVY. 
 L. C. LUMLEY. 
 A. M. MARSDEN. 
 MORRIS S. OPPENHEIM. 
 JAMES PICCIOTTO. 
 L. M. ROTHSCHILD. 
 
 CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 The Hon. SAUL SAMUEL. 
 Rev. S. SINGER. 
 HENRY SOLOMON. 
 LEWIS SOLOMON. 
 SAUL SOLOMON. 
 
 Representatives of the United Synagogue: 
 
 HYMAN A. ABRAHAMS. 
 
 BENN DAVIS. 
 
 ELLIS A. FRANKLIN. 
 
 SAMUEL HARRIS. 
 EDWARD LUCAS. 
 A. M. SILBER. 
 
 Rev. A. L. GREEN. 
 JOSHUA M. LEVY. 
 JAMES PICCIOTTO. 
 CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 HENRY SOLOMON. 
 LEWIS SOLOMON. 
 
 Hon. Secretaries: 
 Rev. A. L. GREEN. | JOSHUA M. LEVY. 
 
 Education Committee. 
 The Rev. the Chief Rabbi : 
 
 Rev. Dr. H. ADLER. 
 
 M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 
 L. L. ALEXANDER. 
 
 HERBERT BENTWICH, L.L.B. 
 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN. 
 
 Sir BARROW ELLIS, K. C.S.I. 
 
 Rev. S. SINGER, Hon. Sec. 
 The teachers were: 
 
 Principal : 
 M. FRIEDLANDER, Ph. D. 
 
 Assistant Theological Tutor : 
 S. A. HlRSCH, Ph. D. 
 
 Music Rev. M. HAST. French Mons. A. ANTOINE. 
 
 
 
 Classics G. WASHINGTON KILNER, M. A. English and 
 Mathematics ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M. A.
 
 LXIX 
 
 Mr. KlLNER was appointed in the autumn of 1881. Born 
 in Ceylon in 1860, he was educated at Lincoln Grammar 
 School, the City of London School, and University College, 
 where he became Prizeman in Senior Latin and Greek and 
 Hollier Scholar in Greek. He graduated in 1880, after taking 
 first class honours in Latin at the Intermediate Examination. 
 In 1 88 1 he took the degree of M. A., with the second place 
 in Classics. Before being appointed to Jews' College, he had 
 entered at the Inner Temple, and in due course he was 
 called to the Bar. In 1889 he was appointed Lecturer in 
 Classics and English at New College, London. When the 
 University of London was reconstituted, Mr. KlLNER was 
 "recognized" as a Teacher of English, and subsequently of 
 Classics. Mr. KlLNER has also distinguished himself in science, 
 and is a Fellow of the Chemical Society. 
 
 Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS was appointed English and Mathe- 
 matical Master about the same time. Mr. ABRAHAMS was 
 the first student of the College to take the degree of Master 
 of Arts at the University of London, and he had also dis- 
 tinguished himself by taking several Certificates of Honour 
 at University College. The Report for the year 1883 takes 
 note of his "numerous scholarly contributions on Jewish 
 subjects to serial and current literature". 
 
 IV. 
 
 JEWS' COLLEGE LITERARY SOCIETY. THE UNION SOCIETY. 
 
 The closing of Jews' College School had been preceded 
 by a discontinuance of those popular lectures by members 
 of the Council and teaching staff to which reference has 
 been made in Part I. The lecture movement was now 
 revived in another and more permanent form. The students 
 of Jews' College, shortly after their removal to Tavistock
 
 LXX 
 
 House, established the "Jews' College Literary and Debating 
 Society" for the reading of Papers on subjects of Jewish 
 interest. They were open to the public, and at once at- 
 tracted large and interested audiences by reason of the high 
 level of scholarship to which they attained and the learned 
 discussions by which they were followed ; while their social 
 success was largely helped by the graceful hospitalities of 
 Mrs. FRIEDLANDER, the popular wife of the Principal, for 
 whose never-failing kindness present and past students have 
 so much cause to be grateful. If for no other reason than 
 that the Society may justly be regarded as the parent of 
 the Jewish Literary Society movement, which has grown 
 to such dimensions in our own day, its proceedings would 
 deserve more than a passing notice. But most of the Papers 
 read at Jews' College are of interest on their own account. 
 They mark a considerable advance on the majority of the 
 "popular" lectures delivered at the old Jews' College School. 
 Scholarly in the highest sense, and based largely on original 
 research, they have furnished a valuable contribution to our 
 knowledge of Jewish Literature. Some of the most thought- 
 ful essays in many a recent volume of Judaica first appeared 
 as Jews' College "Papers". It may serve a useful purpose to 
 append a nearly-complete list of the subjects that have been 
 treated during the quarter of a century that the Society 
 has been in existence: 
 
 1881 2. 
 
 "The Life and Writings of Kalir", Mr. A. A. GREEN. 
 
 "Witchcraft in the Bible", Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 "The Music of the Bible", Mr. F. L. COHEN. 
 
 "The Midrash", Mr. M. HYAMSON. 
 
 "The Synagogue in the Time of the Talmud", Mr. A. ORNSTEIN. 
 18823. 
 
 "Two Papers on the Book of Job", Mr. M. HYAMSON, B. A. 
 
 "The History and Character of Synagogue Music", Mr. F. L. COHEN. 
 
 "The Day of Atonement in the First Temple", Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M. A.
 
 LXXI 
 
 "The Book Cuzari, with special reference to the Author's remarks on the 
 
 Hebrew Language", Mr. B. SAUL. 
 18856. 
 
 "Two Lectures on Ecclesiastes", Dr. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "The Use of Wine in Jewish Ceremony", Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 "Hebrew Poetry in the Middle Ages", Rev. Dr. CHOTZNER. 
 
 "The Introduction of Square characters in Hebrew Writing", Mr. A. NEU- 
 BAUER, M. A. 
 
 "The Targum of Onkelos", Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A. 
 
 "On Charizi", Mr. J. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "The Life and Works of Don Isaac Abarbanel", Rev. I. S. MEISELS. 
 
 "The Jewish Elements in the Sibylline Books", Dr. S. HIRSCH. 
 
 "The Origin of the Kabala", Dr. M. CASTER. 
 
 "The Life and Work of Moses Mendelssohn, on the occasion of the Mend- 
 elssohn Centenary", Rev. Dr. H. ADLER. 
 
 18867. 
 
 "The Sects among the Jews", Dr. A, NEUBAUER. 
 "The Influence of Judaism upon Philosophy", Dr. H. BEHREND. 
 "The Rod of Moses and its Legendary Story", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 "Jewish Folk Lore in the Middle Ages", Rev. Dr. M. CASTER. 
 "The Temple at Jerusalem", Mr. M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 "Nachman Krochmal and the 'Perplexities of the Time' ", Mr. S. SCHECHTER. 
 "Some Rabbinically learned Women", Rev. I. S. MEISELS. 
 "Art among the Ancient Hebrews", Rev. Dr. CHOTZNER. 
 "Jehuda Halevi, Poet and Pilgrim", Mr. J. JACOBS, B. A. 
 "The Eighteen Benedictions", Mr. J. F. STERN. 
 "The Wisdom of Solomon", Mr. CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 "The Messianic Idea in Judaism", Rev. S. SINGER. 
 
 18878. 
 
 "Spinoza" (i), Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "The Chassidim", Mr. S. SCHECHTER. 
 
 "The Resettlement of the Jews in England", Rev. S. SINGER. 
 "David Alroy", Mr. MICHAEL ADLER. 
 "The Canaanites", Captain C. R. CONDER, R. E. 
 "Maimonides and Islam", Rev. L. M. SIMMONS, B. A. 
 "Elizabethan England and the Jews", Mr. S. L. LEE, B. A. 
 "The Massorah", Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A. 
 "The Letter of Rabbi Sherira", Mr. L. MENDELSSOHN, B. A. 
 "The Chachamim or Chief Rabbis of England", Rev. Dr. M. GASTER. 
 
 18889. 
 
 "Life and Writings of S. D. Luzzatto", Mr. D. WASSERZUG. 
 "The Form of Unleavened Cakes", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 "Spinoza" (2), Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "Johann Pfefferkorn", Dr. S. HIRSCH.
 
 LXXII 
 
 "Jewish Diffusion of Folk-lore", Mr. JOSEPH JACOBS, B. A. 
 
 "Mystical Passages in the Psalms", Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 
 "Rabbi Akiba Eger", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "Children in Jewish Literature", Mr. S. SCHECHTER. 
 
 "The Borderland of Judaism and Christianity ; its History and Literature", 
 
 Dr. H. BEHREND. 
 
 "David Kimchi", Mr. H. S. LEWIS. 
 
 "Jewish Martyrs in England", Mr. JOSEPH JACOBS, B. A. 
 "The Attempts of Anton, Speidel, Haupt, and Arends, to reconstitute the 
 
 Psalmody of the Ancient Hebrews", Mr. F. L. COHEN. 
 "The Sabbatarians in Hungary", Dr. M. GASTER. 
 "The Book of Josippon", Mr. MICHAEL ADLER, B. A. 
 
 1889 90. 
 
 "Glass in the History of the Jews and other Ancient Nations", Rev. A. Lowv. 
 "The Koran", Dr. H. HIRSCHFELD. 
 "Sir Walter Scott", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 "Prof. Daniel Sanders", Mr. J. HECKSCHER. 
 
 "Jewish Historians during the Second Temple", Rev. Dr. M. GASTER. 
 "Rabbi Eliah of Wilna", Mr. S. SCHECHTER. 
 "Wine is a Mocker", Dr. B. W. RICHARDSON, F. R. S. 
 "The Life of Joseph in the Midrashim", Mr. MICHAEL ADLER, B. A. 
 "Zunz", Rev. Dr. CHOTZNER. 
 
 "The Book of Proverbs", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "Jewish Ethical Wills", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 "The Life and Works of S. L. Rapoport", Mr. D. WASSERZUG, B. A. 
 
 "Some Notes on the Holy Land", Mr. M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 
 "Jewish Scholarship among Christians", Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A. 
 
 "Job", Rev. L. MENDELSSOHN, B. A. 
 
 "The Empire of the Chazars according to non-Jewish Writers", Dr. H. 
 
 HIRSCHFELD. 
 
 "Marriage Customs", Rev. Dr. B. SALOMON. 
 "Eldad the Danite", Rev. Dr. M. GASTER. 
 "Jewish Education", Rev. ISIDORE MYERS, B. A. 
 "Mediaeval German Jewish Names", Rev. A. LOWY. 
 "Cromwell's Jewish Intelligencers", Mr. LUCIEN WOLF. 
 "Bible Metaphors", Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 
 1891 2. 
 
 "Saadia Gaon", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "Medicine in the Talmud", Mr. J. SNOWMAN. 
 "Palestine and the Monuments", Major CONDER. 
 "Bar Kochba", Rev. J. POLACK, B. A. 
 "Form in Hebrew Poetry", Mr. HARRY S. LEWIS, B. A.
 
 LXXIII 
 
 "Some Points of Contact between Jurisprudence and Theology", Rev. L. 
 
 M. Simmons, B. A., L. L. B. 
 
 "The Hymns of Rabbi Israel Nadjara", Rev. F. L. COHEN. 
 "Philo and his Philosophy", Mr. A. KENNER, M. A. 
 
 18923. 
 
 "Proofs of the Existence of God", Rev. Dr. M. LERNER. 
 "Influence of Phoenicia on Palestine", Mr. A. LAZARUS, B. A. 
 "The First Principles of Judaism by Joseph Albo", Rev. M. HYAMSON, B. A. 
 "Nachmanides", Mr. S. SCHECHTER, M. A. 
 "Some Elements in the Religion of Babylonia in their comparative relation 
 
 to Judaism", Mr. W. ST. CHAD BOSCAWEN, F. H. S. 
 "On the Philosophy of Ibn Gabirol", Mr. A. KENNER, M. A. 
 "The Origin and Development of the Hebrew Vocal-signs and Accents", 
 
 Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 18934. 
 
 "On the Writings of Charizi", Mr. A. LAZARUS, B. A. 
 "Buddhism", Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A. 
 "The Doctrine of Retribution among Hebrews and Greeks", Mr. C. G. 
 
 MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 
 "Present Assyriological Discoveries in connection with the Bible", Prof. 
 
 Dr. J. OPPERT. 
 
 "The Hebrew Legend of Civilisation", Mr. W. ST. CHAD BOSCAWEN, F. H.S. 
 "The Song of Songs", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "Joseph Sabara and his Book of Delights", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 "Growth of the Doctrine of Resurrection and Immortality in Paganism and 
 
 Judaism", Dr. H. BEHREND. 
 
 "On Religious Instruction", Mr. F. D. MOCATTA. 
 18945. 
 
 "Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine", Mr. M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 "The Position of the Jewish Woman in the Talmud and Midrash", Rev. 
 
 I. S. MEISELS. 
 
 "The Higher Criticism of the Bible", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "Florilegium Philonis", Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 "The Daily Prayers", Mr. S. ALEXANDER. 
 "Rabbi Akibah and his Times", Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A. 
 "Jewish Law and Sanitary Science", Mr. J. SNOWMAN, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 
 18956. 
 
 "Primitive Culture of the Hebrews", Rev. Dr. A. LOWY. 
 "The Poetry of the Midrash", Rev. S. LEVY, B. A. 
 
 "Some Sidelights on Jewish History from Assyrian and Babylonian Illus- 
 trations", Mr. T. G. PINCHES. 
 
 "Rabbi Jehudah, the Prince, the Compiler of the Mishnah", Mr. S. ALEXANDER. 
 "The Jewish Law of Agency", Rev. L. M. SIMMONS, B. A, L. L. B. 
 "The Pharisees", Mr. H. S. LEWIS. B. A.
 
 LXXIV 
 
 "The Learned Chazanim in Jewish Literature", Rev. I. S. MEISELS. 
 "Samaritan Literature and Religion", Mr. A. COWLEY. 
 "Ancient Jewish Mystical Literature", Rev. Dr. M. GASTER. 
 
 18967. 
 
 "The Jews in the Persian Period", Rev. Dr. B. SALOMON. 
 "Carlyle and the Children of Israel", Mr. J. FROST. 
 "Elisha ben Abuyah", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "The Life and Religion of the early Babylonians", Mr. T. G. PINCHES. 
 "Hillel", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "The Compilation of the Talmud", Mr. S. ALEXANDER. 
 "Prophets as Popular Orators", Rev. A. A. GREEN. 
 "Proselytes in Talmudical and Post-Talmudical Times", Rev. I. S. MEISELS. 
 
 18978. 
 
 "Song of Deborah in relation to Hebrew, Egyptian and Babylonian Antiqui- 
 ties", Rev. Dr. A. LOWY. 
 "The Talmud Jerushalmi", Mr. S. ALEXANDER. 
 "The Importance of Arabic for the Study of Hebrew Literature", Dr. A. 
 
 HlRSCHFELD. 
 
 "Zionism in Modern Judaism", Rev. A. A. GREEN. 
 
 18989. 
 
 "The Bible in Neo-Hebraic Poetry", Mr. A. FELDMAN, B. A. 
 
 "Strophic Forms in the Bible", Dr. PAUL RUBEN. 
 
 "The Prophets as Observers of Nature'', Rev. A. A. GREEN. 
 
 "On Jewish Religious Education", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, a Hebrew Satirist", Dr. J. CHOTZNER. 
 
 "The Book of Tobit", Mr. M. SIMON, B. A. 
 
 "On Hebron", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 1899 1900. 
 
 "Exposition of Philo's Views on the Creation", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "Ludwig Borne", Mr. A. WOLF, M. A. 
 
 "Some Philosophical Aspects of Judaism", Dr. S. A. HIRSCH. 
 "The Religious Teachings of Benjamin Jowett", Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 "Some Aspects of Ancient Roman Jewry", Mr. B. L. BENAS. 
 "Notes on Tennyson's 'In Memoriam'", Mr. H. SNOWMAN. 
 "Jeremiah, the Hero-Prophet", Rev. A. A. GREEN. 
 "Figures of Speech in Bible and Talmud", Rev. Dr. CHOTZNER. 
 
 19001. 
 
 "The Chinese Jews", Mr. M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 
 "Survey of Recent Jewish Activity", Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 
 "English Translations of the Bible", Prof. W. P. KER. 
 
 "A Sketch of Anglo-Jewish History", M. F. HAES. 
 
 "Some Literary Trifles", Dr. S. A. HIRSCH. 
 
 "Mohammedan Criticism of the Bible", Dr. H. HIRSCHFELD.
 
 LXXV 
 
 "Rhyme and Alliteration in the Hebrew Text of the Scriptures", Rev. 
 
 Dr. M. BERLIN. 
 
 "The Interpretation of Ch. XXX of Proverbs", Mr. M. SIMON. B. A. 
 "Niese's Criticism on the 1st and 2nd Books of the Maccabees", Mr. I. 
 
 ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 1901 2. 
 
 "Curiosities of Controversy", Rev. S. SINGER. 
 "Moses Mendelssohn", Rev. A. WOLF, M. A. 
 "Ethics of Judaism", Rev. J. M. ASHER, B. A. 
 "Survey of Jewish Literature", Dr. S. A. HIRSCH. 
 
 "Some Notes on the Fourth Book of Ezra", Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE, M. A. 
 "Sermons and Sermon Making", Rev. A. A. GREEN. 
 "Parallels in Hebrew and Hindu Thought", Dr. L. D. BARNETT. 
 "The Recent Growth of the Novel", Professor J. SULLY, M. A. 
 "Life and Work of Elias Levita," Dr. M. FRIEDLANDER. 
 "Recent Criticism in regard to the Letter of Aristeas", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 "A Karaite Conversion Story", Dr. H. HIRSCHFELD. 
 "The Temple of Onias", Dr. S. A. HIRSCH. 
 "Notes on the Rites and Ritual for Sabbath Afternoon", Rev. Dr. M. BERLIN. 
 
 19023. 
 
 "Jehuda Halevi", Mr. ISRAEL COHEN. 
 
 "The Solace of Books", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 "The Arabic Fragments of the Cairo Genizah at Cambridge", Dr. H. 
 HIRSCHFELD. 
 
 "The Mishna", Dr. S. A. HIRSCH. 
 
 "Rashi and his Bible Commentary", Rev. L. MENDELSSOHN, B. A. 
 19034. 
 
 "Chronology of Pirke Aboth I", Mr. ISRAEL COHEN. 
 
 "The Origins of Jewish Mysticism", Rev. G. LIPKIND, B. A. 
 
 "The Charms of Jewish Literature", Dr. H. HIRSCHFELD. 
 
 "The Jew of Malta", Prof. ISRAEL GOLLANCZ. 
 
 "The Jew of Venice", Rev. Dr. B. SALOMON. 
 
 "The Theory of Ancestral Merit", Rev. S. LEVY, M. A. 
 
 "The Humours of Hebrew MSS.", Mr. ELKAN N. ADLER, M. A. 
 19045. 
 
 Course of six lectures on "Jewish Romantic Literature": 
 
 "Introductory Lecture", Rev. S. SINGER. 
 
 "Early Romance", Mr. I. ABRAHAMS, M. A. 
 
 "Tales of Wandering Jews in the Middle Ages", Mr. M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 
 "Mediaeval Satirical Romances", Dr. H. HIRSCHFELD. 
 
 "Yiddish Romances", Mr. ISRAEL COHEN, B. A. 
 
 "The Modern Hebrew Novel, Drama and Satire", Rev. Dr. J. CHOTZNER. 
 
 The arrangement of a series of connected lectures for each
 
 LXXVI 
 
 session marks a new departure in the history of the Society, 
 the practical success of which has yet to be proved. In 
 commemoration of the yooth anniversary of the death of 
 Rashi, the lectures of the session 1905 6 are being devoted 
 to an exposition of the literary work of this great teacher. 
 But an enumeration of these lectures does not properly fall 
 within the scope of this history, which extends to the loth 
 November, 1905. It remains to observe that the attendances 
 at these lectures are no longer what they once were. They 
 have passed the zenith of their popularity. But this through 
 no fault of their own. The large number of other literary 
 societies which Jews' College has called into existence has 
 necessarily had the effect of diminishing the public interest 
 in what was once the only literary society in the commu- 
 nity. Whatever, then, the future may have in store for these 
 gatherings, their record of sustained literary activity in the 
 past twenty-five years is one that must reflect the highest 
 credit on Jews' College as a centre of learning and en- 
 lightenment. 
 
 The success of the Jews' College Literary Society, which 
 must largely be attributed to the enthusiasm of its former 
 President, Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, led to the formation of the 
 Jews' College Union Society, which was founded in 1899 for 
 "the promotion of intellectual and social intercourse between 
 present and past students and members of the staff and 
 Council of the College". The Union holds monthly meetings 
 for debates and lectures, and joint debates with other 
 metropolitan societies also form a feature of its programme. 
 It likewise fosters that practice of athletic sports which 
 ISRAEL ABRAHAMS had advocated in the first number of 
 the Jews' College Journal, and arranges for rambles and 
 excursions in the summer; and it has an affiliated chess-club.
 
 LXXVII 
 
 V. 
 
 A SCHEME OF THEOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS AND 
 DIPLOMAS OF COMPETENCY. 
 
 Towards the end of the year in which Jews' College 
 removed to Tavistock House, the Principal formulated a 
 scheme of theological examinations at Jews' College to 
 correspond to the secular examinations of the University of 
 London. The first examination was designed for students 
 graduating as Teachers and Readers, the second for pro- 
 spective Preachers, and the third for scholars who were 
 training for Rabbinical functions; and the Council were to 
 grant Diplomas in each grade. The principle of the scheme 
 was assented to by the Council on the 8th December, 1881, 
 and its full provisions were finally adopted on the i2th 
 July, 1883, in the subjoined form: 
 
 Of Examinations for tht purpose of granting to Students Certificates of 
 Probationer^ Associate^ and Fellow of Jews' 1 College. (Constitution^ Section 
 XXXII). 
 
 Students who pass the First Examination, as detailed below, and have 
 matriculated at the University of London, or some other recognized Univer- 
 sity, shall receive Certificates entitling them to be styled Probationers of Jews' 
 College. 
 
 Students who pass the Second Examination, below described, and have 
 passed one of the Intermediate Examinations of the University of London, 
 or some other recognized University, shall receive Certificates entitling them 
 to be styled Associates of Jews' College. 
 
 Students who pass the Third Examination, below described, and are 
 Graduates of the University of London, or some other recognized University, 
 shall receive Certificates entitling them to be styled Fellows of Jews' College, 
 with the view of their obtaining n^TlD mOD (Rabbinical Diploma) from 
 the Chief Rabbi. 
 
 FIRST EXAMINATION. 
 
 I. Religion. Principles of the Jewish Faith. The Hebrew Calendar. 
 General knowledge of the Laws and Customs which regulate Jewish Religious 
 Life. Composition on some Religious Subject.
 
 LXXVIII 
 
 2. History, Thorough knowledge of Biblical History. General know- 
 ledge of Post-Biblical History. 
 
 3. Translation and Exposition of the Bible. Pentateuch, Haphtaroth, 
 and one of the Historical Books. 
 
 4. Prayer Book. Translation of the ordinary Prayers and Translation 
 of the easier portions of the Machzor. 
 
 5. Grammar. Elementary. Analysis and Parsing. Translation of 
 short and easy sentences from English and Hebrew. 
 
 6. Commentaries on the Bible. The Commentary of Rashi on one of the 
 Books of the Pentateuch. 
 
 7. Halachah. The Dinim contained in Derech Hachayim. 
 
 8. Reading of the Law. Ten weekly Portions. 
 
 9. Talmtid. One easy Masechta of the Mishnah. 
 
 10. Practical Tuition. A Class Lesson to be given on some Religious subject. 
 
 11. Vqcal Music. 
 
 SECOND EXAMINATION. 
 
 1. Religion. Systematic knowledge of Judaism. Knowledge of a work 
 such as Sefer-ha-Chinuch and Choboth-ha-Lebaboth. Essay on some Reli- 
 gious Theme. 
 
 2. History. Outlines of Jewish History and Literature. 
 
 3. Bible. Translation and Exposition of the Bible. 
 
 4. Commentaries. Rashi and Biur on the Pentateuch. 
 
 5. Liturgy. Translation of the Machzor. 
 
 6. Talmud. Mishnah, one Seder. Gemara, one Masechta with Rashi 
 and easy portions of the Tosaphoth. Easy unprepared passages of the Talmud. 
 
 7. Halachoth. Either Chay6 Adam and Chochmath Adam, or Orach 
 Chayim, and portions of Yoreh Deah and Nachlath Shib'ah, to be specified 
 annually by the Principal. 
 
 8. Grammar. Hebrew and Chaldee. Hebrew Composition. 
 
 9. Reading of the Law. Ten weekly portions, and the first section of 
 each Sedra. 
 
 10. Homiletics. Preparation and delivery of a Sermon on some given 
 text or theme. 
 
 11. Vocal Music. 
 
 f THIRD EXAMINATION. 
 
 1. Religious Philosophy. Thorough knowledge of two of the following 
 works: Maimonides' Sefer Hammada, Shemona Perakim, Moreh Nebochim 
 (each Part counted as one work); Jehudah Halevi's Kuzri, Gabirol's Mekor 
 Chayim, Saadia's Emunoth Ve-deoth, Albo's Ikkarim (each Part counted as 
 one work). 
 
 2. History. General knowledge of Jewish History and Literature. 
 Thorough knowledge of one Epoch. 
 
 3. Bible. General knowledge of contents, composition, authorship, age,
 
 REV. A. L. GREEN 
 
 Hon. Secretary, 1852 1833.
 
 LXXIX 
 
 etc., of each book. Translation. Thorough knowledge of one book, 
 with its ancient and modern versions. 
 
 4. Commentaries. - - Rashi on the Pentateuch. Two of the following : 
 Liur, Ibn Ezra, Kimchi, Rashbam, Abarbanel on one of the books of the 
 Prophets or of the Hagiographa. 
 
 5. Talmud. Thorough knowledge of two Masechtas with their principal 
 Commentaries. 
 
 6. Halachah. The whole of the Orach Chayim, and the principal por- 
 tions of the Yoreh Deah and Eben Hae'zer. 
 
 7. Grammar. Hebrew and Chaldee. Hebrew Composition. 
 
 8. Homiletics. - Preparation and delivery of a Sermon on some given 
 text or theme. 
 
 The Scheme came into operation at once. The Report 
 for 1883 enumerates seven students who successfully passed 
 two of the examinations. Mr. S. HYAMSON, B. A., and Mr. 
 B. SAUL, B. A., were awarded the certificate of Theological 
 Associate; while Messrs. A. ORNSTEIN, J. LEVY, E. DAVIS, 
 B. ELZAS, and S. LEVENE obtained that of Probationer. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE A. L. GREEN LIBRARY. 
 
 The Rev. A. L. GREEN, who had been Honorary Secretary 
 of Jews' College since the foundation of the institution in 
 1852, died on the nth March, 1883, struck down suddenly, 
 at the age of 61, in the midst of his public labours. While 
 this event removed from the community its foremost 
 ministerial worker, to Jews' College it signified the loss of 
 one who, next to the Chief Rabbi, had been one of the 
 most energetic workers for the institution in its early 
 struggles for popular recognition. Besides acting as Honorary 
 Secretary, and for some years as Chairman of the Education 
 Committee, he had been the means of attracting to it 
 valuable financial assistance. It was through Mr. GREEN 
 that the Resident Scholarship and Free Pupilship Endow- 
 ment was presented by a donor who has always remained 
 anonymous. Mr. GREEN was also the channel through which
 
 LXXX 
 
 an anonymous prize of ^5 for the purchase of books was 
 given each year to a meritorious student. Of late years he 
 had ceased to take an active part in the management of 
 the College. That he had not, however, abated his interest 
 in its welfare was evidenced by the fact that his last con- 
 versation on communal affairs, a quarter of an hour before 
 his death, was with the Secretary of the College, "to whom 
 he promised personal help in a matter affecting its income". 
 The death of Mr. GREEN left his colleague, Mr. JOSHUA 
 M. LEVY, sole Honorary Secretary of the College. In the 
 course of the following year Mr. LEVY resigned his position, 
 and was succeeded by the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN, who still 
 retains office, in the tenure of which he has proved a pillar 
 ot strength to the institution. Three months after the death 
 of Mr. GREEN, the Council had placed before it the following 
 communication : 
 
 4 Charlotte Street. 
 
 Portland Place w. 
 
 June i 3th 1883. 
 My dear Dr. HERMANN ADLER. 
 
 It is with the greatest confidence I appeal to you to assist me in ful- 
 filling a wish that was very dear to my lamented Husband. I refer to his 
 desire that his Hebrew and Theological Library should be of public utility 
 to the community. To carry this into effect I am anxious to convey the 
 Library for the public use in trust to the following gentlemen, in addition 
 to yourself and my son, Mr. EPHRAIM GREEN; namely Dr. ASHER, Mr. D. L. 
 ALEXANDER, and Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL. I have every hope that the well- 
 known gentlemen whom my dear Husband held in high esteem will consent 
 to act as trustees from regard to his memory and for the benefit of the com- 
 munity. It is not in my power to provide a Library for the reception of the 
 books, but it suggests itself to me that no more fitting house could be found 
 than the Jews' College. If the books should find a resting-place in the College, 
 which will I trust be consolidated as an important centre of Jewish learning, 
 it would afford me peculiar gratification to know that the students could find 
 invaluable sources of information in the Library. At the same time the name 
 of my dear Husband would be associated with an Institution which, as I have 
 been reminded since his untimely death by the eloquent acknowledgement of 
 the Council, he largely assisted to found and develop.
 
 LXXXI 
 
 I therefore beg you will have the kindness to ascertain from the Council 
 of the Jews' College whether they would be willing, under agreement with 
 the Trustees, to take charge of and safeguard the Library for the permanent 
 public use of the community, in memory of my late Husband, the Rev. A. 
 L. GREEN. If the Council, in their wisdom, will entertain this proposition, 
 I would venture to suggest that they should confer with the Trustees as to 
 the conditions under which the Library should be deposited, and free access 
 given to the public. And if you, dear Dr. ADLER, will communicate them the 
 result of such deliberations, I feel no doubt that I shall cheerfully approve 
 them, and shall be prepared forthwith to convey the Library to the gentlemen 
 I have named as Trustees. Thanking you in anticipation for the assistance 
 I am sure you will give me in this matter, in which I naturally take the 
 most anxious interest, 
 
 Believe me, 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 PHOEBE GREEN. 
 Rev. Dr. ADLER, 
 
 Delegate Chief Rabbi. 
 
 Mrs. GREEN'S valuable offer was gratefully accepted, and 
 steps were taken by the Trustees to raise an "A. L. GREEN 
 Memorial Fund" for the permanent endowment of the 
 Library, and to defray the cost of its suitable establishment 
 at Jews' College. On its reception there, the Principal, Dr. 
 FRIEDLANDER, was appointed Librarian, and forthwith pro- 
 ceeded to compile a Catalogue, arranging the books under 
 twenty-seven sections. The Memorial Fund collected 
 amounted to about 500. 
 
 Jews' College thus, for the first time, became possessed 
 of a library worthy of a theological seminary. The inade- 
 quacy of the original Jews' College Library, comprising the 
 L. M. ROTHSCHILD Library and the MICHAEL JOSEPHS' col- 
 lection, has already been referred to. It had, however, been 
 greatly improved by constant additions, and was, at a later 
 period, to be brought very much up-to-date by the generous 
 benefactions of such friends of the institution as Mrs. J. L. 
 JACOBS, the late ALFRED L. COHEN, and Mr. CLAUDE G. 
 MONTEFIORE. It may now be said to contain all the better- 
 i 6
 
 LXXXII 
 
 known works required by the general as well as the Jewish 
 student works on Jewish Theology, Bible, Liturgy, Talmud, 
 History, Philosophy, Homiletics, Linguistics; as well as 
 Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, and Periodicals. But twenty- 
 two years ago it was still in a half-formed state. The acces- 
 sion of the A. L. Green Library was therefore of the utmost 
 importance to the College students, not to speak of the 
 general public and past students, to whom it was thrown 
 open as a lending library. It comprised about 6000 volumes, 
 which Mr. GREEN, with no ordinary enthusiasm for learn- 
 ing, had accumulated during his hard-working life. Besides 
 being rich in pamphlets on Anglo-Jewish History and Anglo- 
 Jewish Polemics, Mr. GREEN'S collection was valuable in 
 almost every branch of Jewish Literature, and was represent- 
 ed by just the kind of works required for ministerial study. 
 Mr. GREEN was not only an enthusiastic collector of books, 
 he was a laborious reader of them. And how diligently he 
 studied them is shown by the critical notes appended in his 
 own handwriting on the margins and fly-leaves of almost 
 every volume. It need scarcely be pointed out how con- 
 siderably these notes, which call attention to cognate and 
 related passages in other works, besides throwing an in- 
 teresting light on the mental idiosyncrasies of their author, 
 enhance the value of the volumes to which they are ap- 
 pended. With the aid of the Endowment Fund it has happily 
 been found possible to make periodical additions to the 
 A. L. Green Library, which help to bring it up to date. 
 
 VII. 
 
 DEATH OF SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE AND OTHER LOSSES. 
 
 On the 8th Cheshvan, November 8, 1883, Sir MOSES 
 MONTEFIORE entered his hundredth year. The Montefiore
 
 LXXXIII 
 
 Centenary was an event which Jewish institutions all over 
 the world were proud to commemorate. But Jews' College 
 had special reasons for joining in the celebration, for the 
 venerable Baronet had been one of its earliest and best 
 friends. In common with numberless other bodies it could 
 do no less than present an address of hearty congratulation 
 on the memorable occasion. To this address the following 
 signed reply was received : - 
 
 East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate 
 Jany. 3Oth 1884. 
 
 To the Revd. Dr. N. M. ADLER, Chief Rabbi, etc., etc., President of the 
 Jews' College, Sir B. H. ELLIS, K. C. S. I., Chairman of Council, HENRY 
 SOLOMON, Esq., CHARLES SAMUEL, Esq., Treasurers, and Revd. JOHN CHAPMAN, 
 Hony. Secy. 
 
 Revd. and Dear Sirs, 
 
 I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter, 
 dated the 25th November, conveying to me your congratulations on the 
 occasion of my entering, by the blessing of the Almighty, upon my hundredth 
 year of life, and feel great pleasure in expressing to you warmest acknow- 
 ledgements for the kind sentiments you were pleased to evince therein 
 towards me. 
 
 In appreciation of the honour you conferred upon me by your communica- 
 tion, I have placed the same among the important documents I keep in 
 Judith, Lady Montefiore Theological College, with a view of making known to 
 those who attend there for the study of our Holy Law and the Hebrew Literature 
 the kindness which prompted you to address me on the auspicious occasion. 
 Most fervently do I pray to Him who has been, and ever will be, the 
 Guardian of Israel to cause His choice blessings to alight upon yourselves 
 and your respected families, so that you may be permitted to continue in 
 your praiseworthy work of promoting the welfare of the Jews' College for 
 many years to come. 
 
 I have the honour to be 
 
 Revd. and Dear Sirs 
 
 Yours very truly 
 
 MOSES MONTEFIORE 
 
 Sir MOSES lived to complete his hundredth year, and to 
 enter his loist. This event too had been appropriately 
 recognized by the Council. Sir MOSES again replied to the 
 Council's congratulations, and as this was probably the last
 
 LXXXIV 
 
 communication that he lived to address to the College, it 
 may fittingly find a place in a history of the institution : 
 
 East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate 
 
 December 4th. 5645 
 
 To the Revd. Dr. N. M. ADLER, Chief Rabbi, President, Sir BARROW ELLIS, 
 K.C.S.I., Vice-President, HENRY SOLOMON, Esq., CHARLES SAMUEL, Esq., 
 Treasurers, and Revd. JOHN CHAPMAN, Honorary Secretary, of the Jews' 
 College, London. 
 
 Revd. and Dear Sirs, 
 
 I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter, 
 conveying to me your felicitations on the occasion of the Centennial anni- 
 versary of my natal day. 
 
 My heart is overflowing with sincere thankfulness to the Most High for 
 having tended me all my life, and there will for ever remain enshrined 
 within my memory the grateful sense I entertain of the manifestations of 
 kindness which I received from you and many valued friends on my entering, 
 as well as on my completing, the hundredth year of my existence. 
 
 I appreciate highly the token of friendship by which you have greatly 
 honoured me, and fervently pray that the Most Supreme may shield you 
 and your families so as to enable you to continue your noble exertions 
 in the cause of Religion, in the cause of suffering humanity, and in the 
 vindication of truth and justice. I call upon Him who is the Eternal 
 Disposer of events to inspire you with holy zeal, that you may not rest 
 until all the innocent sufferers from oppression will be relieved, and Israel 
 dwell in peace in every part of the globe. 
 
 I am, with best regards, 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 MOSES MONTEFIORE 
 
 The great Centenarian was now nearing his end. On 
 the 28th July, 1885, he died, amidst the most universal 
 demonstrations of mourning that modern Israel has known. 
 The Council's Annual Report for that year the Annual 
 Reports were now and henceforward from the graceful pen 
 of the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN, to whose compilations we are 
 much indebted gave first place to the tribute of respect 
 which they felt impelled to pay to the memory of their 
 former Vice-President : 
 
 The feelings of pleasure with which they had hailed the commencement and 
 the completion of the hundredth year in the Life of Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE,
 
 LXXXV 
 
 and to which they had given expression in addresses of hearty congratulation, 
 were soon doomed to be replaced by emotions of profound regret through 
 the death of their venerable benefactor. It was he who, in conjunction with 
 a small band of earnest men, headed by the Chief Rabbi, laid the foundation 
 of the institution more than thirty years ago, and as Vice-President he 
 devoted to it much earnest personal effort during the early years of its 
 existence. The Council rejoice to think that in the Scholarship bearing the 
 name of JUDITH Lady MONTEFIORE, with which he endowed the College, the 
 Institution will for ever retain not only a memento of his beloved wife, but 
 also a cherished memorial of one whose life and whose deeds are the common 
 heritage of the Jewish race in all parts of the globe. 
 
 The death of another benefactor of the College had 
 taken place in the previous year, Mr. L. M. ROTHSCHILD 
 having died in Paris on the 28th October 1884, the same 
 day on which, according to the English date, Sir MOSES 
 MONTEFIORE entered his loist year. Indeed he had himself 
 but just taken part in the Montefiore Centenary Service 
 held at the Portuguese Synagogue in Paris. In the words 
 of the Council's Report for that year: - 
 
 An ardent promoter of every good work and especially of religious and 
 secular education, he gave from the first an enthusiastic support to the cause 
 which the Council have at heart, the training of Ministers and Teachers for 
 the Anglo-Jewish community; and the Council recall, with feelings of very 
 grateful remembrance, how, at an early period in the history of the College, 
 he purchased the valuable Library of Sussex Hall, and presented it uncon- 
 ditionally to our institution. Although for many years he had ceased to take 
 an active part in the management of the College, his heart was always with 
 it; and the very munificent bequest which he has directed shall revert, in 
 certain contingencies, to this Institution, was the last and enduring proof of 
 the warm interest which he never ceased to feel in its welfare. 
 
 The bequest here referred to reverted to the College in 
 1902-3, and amounted to 8,188 a third of the residue 
 of the testator's estate. 
 
 The third great loss which Jews' College suffered at 
 about this period was the death of Sir BARROW ELLIS, 
 which took place on the 2Oth June, 1887. A special meeting 
 of the Council was shortly afterwards convened, at which 
 the following Resolution was adopted:
 
 LXXXVI 
 
 That this Council desire to place on record the expression of their profound 
 regret upon the death of their Chairman and Vice-President, Sir BARROW 
 ELLIS, K. C.S.I. As co-workers with the lamented deceased in many fields of 
 philanthropic and educational activity, and more especially in connection with 
 the work of this College in training and educating Ministers for the Anglo- 
 Jewish Community, the Council feel that in him they have lost one whose 
 keen mind and capacious heart have, during many years of devoted service, 
 conferred inestimable benefits upon the Community at large. As Chairman of 
 Council of this College, his time, assistance and wise counsel have always 
 been cheerfully given to advance the interests of the Institution. He accepted 
 the post of Chairman of Council at a critical turning-point in the history of 
 the College, and to his efforts it owes a large share of the success which 
 has attended its operations. Always full of genial kindness and consideration 
 for others, with the halo of a great and distinguished career lighting up the 
 benevolent labours of his later life, his memory will ever be dear to those 
 who came within the sphere of his happy influence, and the Council feel 
 that to him and to his memory they owe a lasting debt of gratitude. 
 
 The office of Chairman of the Council having thus become 
 vacant, the Rev. Dr. H. ABLER was elected by the un- 
 animous voice of the Council to fill the position. "Indefatigable 
 in his efforts for the welfare of the College", writes the 
 Report for 1885, in referring to this event, "the Delegate 
 Chief Rabbi has during very many years bestowed on the 
 institution an amount of personal labour, anxious thought, 
 and loving care, which can be appreciated only by those 
 who have been associated with him in this work; and in 
 consenting to add the important duties of Chairman of the 
 Council to the varied and onerous responsibilities which 
 already devolve upon him, he has established a fresh claim 
 upon the gratitude of themselves and of the community 
 at large". 
 
 At the same time, Mr. ARTHUR COHEN Q. C. was elected 
 Vice-President of the College. Mr. COHEN being a nephew 
 of the first Vice-President, Sir MOSES, his succession to 
 the office helped to preserve an appropriate continuity in 
 the Council's traditions.
 
 LXXXVII 
 
 VIII. 
 
 NEW SCHOLARSHIPS. APPEALS TO THE COMMUNITY. 
 THE QUESTION OF CONGREGATIONAL SUPPORT. 
 
 Since their entrance into their new abode fresh advantages 
 had accrued to the students in the shape of additional 
 bursaries. The ABRAHAM SOLOMON PALMER Scholarship, 
 valued at about 30 a year, became available about the time 
 of the removal. It was endowed by the will of the late 
 ABRAHAM SOLOMON PALMER, of Exeter, who had died in 1880. 
 
 A couple of years later, in 1883, the College students 
 received a benefit from the "JACOB A. FRANKLIN Fund" 
 which was in the nature of a travelling scholarship. With 
 a view of furthering the interests of Jewish education, to 
 promote which JACOB FRANKLIN had bequeathed to the 
 community a considerable sum, the Trustees of this Fund 
 offered to apportion a sum of 500 to assist students of 
 Jews' College in prosecuting their later studies for the Jewish 
 ministry at Dr. HlLDESHElMER's Seminary in Berlin. An 
 arrangement of this kind possessed a distinct value in the 
 opportunity which it afforded to some selected student who 
 had passed through the College to enlarge his training and 
 widen his experience by being brought into direct contact 
 with German thought and scholarship. In accepting the 
 Trustees' offer, the College made it a condition with their 
 own students that no candidate for the benefits of the 
 Fund should become eligible unless he had already taken 
 his degree at the University of London, or some other 
 recognized University, and have gained the certificate, at 
 least, of a theological Associate of Jews' College. A former 
 student of Jews' College, Dr. JOSEPH ABRAHAMS, B.A. (eldest 
 son of the late Principal), who was subsequently appointed
 
 LXXXVIII 
 
 Chief Minister of the Bourke Street Synagogue, Melbourne, 
 and President of the local Beth Din, had already enjoyed 
 the benefits of the Fund, but not under the auspices of the 
 College. He had proceeded to the. Berlin Seminary to com- 
 plete his studies, and had taken the degree of "Doctor of 
 Philosophy", with a dissertation "On the Sources of Medrash 
 Echah" which received eulogistic notice in the Continental 
 and English press. 
 
 In the following year (1884) the family of the late ISAAC 
 MOSES MARSDEN, of Kensington Gardens Terrace, established, 
 through the medium of the Rev. S. SINGER, an Entrance 
 Scholarship, "to assist deserving Students between the ages 
 of thirteen and seventeen years". "There is room", writes 
 the Report for this year, "for several more foundations of 
 this kind, the beneficial character of which cannot easily 
 be overrated; for they are the means of starting on a 
 career of study, unhampered by the cares of daily subsist- 
 ence, talented and promising Students, anxious to devote 
 themselves to the Ministry, and whose services would other- 
 wise be lost to the Jewish community". 
 
 About the same time the College found itself compelled 
 to make a special appeal to the community for funds. The 
 document setting forth its claims is of interest not so much 
 for the light which it throws on the chronic condition if 
 its finances, as for the account it gives of the services that 
 the College was already rendering to the community as far 
 back as twenty years ago: 
 
 It is with feelings of pleasure and satisfaction that the College can point 
 to the very substantial results which have been already attained by the 
 College. Its students have rilled, or are filling, some of the most important 
 posts in the Synagogues and Schools of this Country and its Colonies, including 
 
 Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Bevis Marks 
 New West End Synagogue, St. Petersburg Place
 
 LXXXIX 
 
 New Synagogue, Great St. Helen's 
 
 Berkeley Street Synagogue 
 
 Western Synagogue, St. Alban's Place 
 
 North London Synagogue 
 
 Boro' Synagogue 
 
 St. John's Wood Synagogue 
 
 Manchester Synagogue (Portuguese) 
 
 Manchester New Synagogue 
 
 Liverpool Old Congregation 
 
 Glasgow Synagogue 
 
 Bristol Synagogue 
 
 Portsea Synagogue 
 
 Leeds Synagogue 
 
 Hull Synagogue 
 
 Swansea Synagogue 
 
 Sheffield Synagogue 
 
 Oxford Synagogue 
 
 Melbourne Synagogue 
 
 Kimberley Synagogue 
 
 Auckland Synagogue 
 
 Hartford (Conn.) Synagogue 
 Head Masters of, or Teachers in: 
 
 Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum 
 
 Boro' Jewish Schools 
 
 Stepney Jewish Schools 
 
 Jews' College 
 
 Jewish Association Sabbath Schools 
 
 New Castle Street Board Schools 
 
 Chicksand Street Board Schools 
 
 Settle Street Board Schools 
 
 &c., &c., &c. 
 
 besides filling appointments as Visitors to Prisons, Country Congregations, and 
 Convalescent Homes, and as occasional preachers in the pulpits of numerous 
 Synagogues, including Bayswater, New West End, Duke's Place, Great St. 
 Helen's, Central, Hambro', Boro', North London, and a large number of minor 
 places of worship in all parts of the country. 
 
 The financial position of the College was certainly not 
 improveQ by the sudden and unexpected withdrawal, in 
 1887, of the annual subvention of 200 which the United 
 Synagogue had made for many years. The total withdrawal 
 was the result of a misunderstanding. The Finance Com- 
 mittee had recommended a reduction of the grant to .100.
 
 xc 
 
 This reduction was strongly opposed by Mr. CHARLES 
 SAMUEL and others at the United Synagogue Meeting held 
 on February ist, 1887. In the end it was negatived; but 
 as the motion for a subvention of ^200 was likewise ne- 
 gatived, the College lost, for the time being, even the 100 
 that the Finance Committee had originally proposed. Jews' 
 College had reason to deplore the decision on other and 
 higher grounds than "the financial disturbance occasioned 
 by the sudden loss of such a substantial and constant 
 source of income. The example of the United Synagogue 
 had powerfully emphasized the oft-repeated contention of 
 the Council of this College that the training of Ministers of 
 Religion for the Congregations of the British Empire was 
 eminently a movement which had a claim upon the sup- 
 port of Congregations, as distinct from individuals. It in- 
 dulged the hope that, in the near future, other Congre- 
 gations at home and abroad would, according to their 
 means, make an annual grant to an institution founded 
 with the sole purpose of doing for them the most essential 
 part of a duty which they could not perform for them- 
 selves the training of Ministers for their pulpits, and 
 Teachers for their children and signs were not wanting 
 that this idea had begun to assert itself in the Anglo- 
 Jewish Community. It is to be feared that the decision of 
 the United Synagogue may seriously retard the consum- 
 mation of this desired result." 
 
 The question was reopened at a subsequent meeting of 
 the United Synagogue, and on November ist the reduced 
 grant of ,100 was voted. By a compensating coincidence 
 it happened, that, shortly after the United Synogogue had 
 withdrawn its assistance, the West London Synagogue of 
 British Jews, for the first time in its history, voted ^50 to 
 the College, "in recognition of the indispensable services
 
 XCI 
 
 which that Institution is rendering to the Community in 
 the training of the Jewish Clergy". This graceful act 
 a recognition also of the circumstance that one of its 
 Ministers (the Rev. ISIDORE HARRIS) had received his 
 training at Jews' College - - was principally due to the 
 public-spirited advocacy of Mr. OSWALD JOHN SlMON, sec- 
 onded by Mr. LEOPOLD SCHLOSS, Sir PHILIP MAGNUS 
 (already a Member of the Council), and Mr. F. D. Mo- 
 CATTA. "To the West London Synagogue at large", says 
 the Jews' College Report for 1887, in referring to the fact, 
 "and to those gentlemen in particular, the warmest thanks 
 of the Council are due. So striking an act of true com- 
 munal brotherhood is a notable event in Anglo-Jewish 
 history, full of significance for the present, and bearing the 
 promise of happiest augury for the future". 
 
 The grant from Berkeley Street was unfortunately not 
 repeated in the following year, and as the United Syna- 
 gogue now only voted a reduced annual grant of 100, the 
 College again found itself in difficulties, which were only 
 met by the exertions of Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, one of the 
 Treasurers. Mr. SAMUEL made a special collection among 
 his friends, and for the time being the College was able to 
 pay its way. Nor was this the only service that Mr. SAMUEL 
 rendered about this time to the institution whose welfare 
 he had so much at heart. He again enriched its library, 
 presentirtg to it a number of valuable works purchased 
 from the collection of the late Dr. ASHER, the learned Se- 
 cretary of the United Synagogne. 
 
 A couple of years later the pressing necessities of the 
 College led to the appointment of a Finance Committee 
 "to consider, and to put into action, the various methods 
 by which the College is to be placed on a more satisfactory 
 basis by a personal canvass, by a festival, or by such
 
 XCII 
 
 other means as may be suggested". The Committee re- 
 commended a public appeal, setting forth the claims of the 
 College to the community's support, and drawing up a list 
 of all the synagogues, schools and public institutions that 
 had benefited from the services of students trained at Jews' 
 College. That list showed that nearly every important con- 
 gregation in the United Kingdom was indebted to the 
 College for its spiritual guides, besides many communities 
 in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the 
 United States. More than eighty per cent of the Jewish 
 pulpits in the United Kingdom alone were filled by former 
 College students a proof of usefulness which "came al- 
 most as a revelation to many old supporters of the College, 
 and produced a marked effect wherever circulated". 
 
 The result of such an appeal was, as it deserved to be, 
 no inconsiderable success, seconded as it was by the efforts 
 of many past students and friends of the College. Prominent 
 among those who thus exerted themselves was the Rev. S. 
 SINGER, who obtained eight donations of ,100 each as an 
 addition to an Endowment Fund originated in 1877 by 
 Mr. DAVID DAVIS, of Blackheath. To one of these donations 
 a particular interest attached. It represented "a half of the 
 fee received by Mr. CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE , M. A., as 
 Hibbert Lecturer, which he generously handed over to 
 Jews' College, thus linking the memory of a unique incident 
 in Anglo-Jewish history with an Institution whose function 
 it is to promote and encourage studies, the* cultivation of 
 which in other spheres of learning have found such eloquent 
 and learned expression in the Hibbert Lectures of 1892". 
 
 In March, 1891, Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL had the misfortune 
 to lose his wife, and in the course of the following year 
 he gave further proof of his munificent devotion to the 
 College by founding in her memory the "MARIANNE SAMUEL
 
 XCIII 
 
 Scholarship". This endowment of 1000, yielding 40 a 
 year, was "to be annually awarded to a student who has 
 graduated, and passed the second Hebrew Examination at 
 Jews' College, and is preparing for some higher examination 
 at the University, or for the Fellowship Examination at 
 Jews' College. Failing a student with these qualifications in 
 any year, the proceeds of the investment for the year to 
 go to the general funds of the College. The Scholarship to 
 be tenable for one year, but the holder to be eligible for 
 re-election." 
 
 IX. 
 
 DEATH OF THE CHIEF RABBI. OTHER LOSSES. 
 
 Since the year 1880, when failing health compelled his 
 retirement from the more active duties of his office, Dr. 
 N. M. ABLER had resided at Brighton, the executive func- 
 tions of the Rabbinate having been delegated to his son, 
 the Rev. Dr. HERMANN ABLER. The Chief Rabbi, how- 
 ever, continued to the last to keep in touch with the more 
 important responsibilities of his position, foremost among 
 which must be reckoned the interests of the institution 
 which he had called into existence and sustained by his 
 ceaseless exertions. When on the 2ist January, 1890, the 
 intelligence spread that the Chief Rabbi was no more, 
 Jews' College had cause to feel a unique sense of bereave- 
 ment. To set forth all that the institution owed to its 
 Founder, Father and Friend would have been impossible, 
 would have been tantamount to a history of the numberless 
 discouragements and vicissitudes with which the College had 
 had to battle from the hour of its inception. But the 
 Council expressed their sentiments as adequately as they 
 could in the following series of resolutions:
 
 XCIV 
 
 "That this Council desire to place on record the ex- 
 pression of their feelings of profound sorrow and regret at 
 the death of the venerable and lamented President of this 
 College, the Rev. Dr. NATHAN MARCUS ABLER, Chief 
 Rabbi of the United Congregations of the British Empire. 
 
 "Fired by his burning zeal for the spiritual welfare and 
 advancement of the numerous Congregations of his widely- 
 extended pastorate, he, nearly forty years ago, conceived 
 the idea of founding an Institution which should send forth 
 trained and cultured Ministers, Preachers, Readers and 
 Teachers of Religion for the service of the Anglo-Jewish 
 Community in all parts of the world. Aided by a small 
 band of earnest workers, he established this College. The 
 struggles and difficulties of its early years were, mainly 
 through his devoted energy, successfully surmounted ; and, 
 cradled by his watchful care , and reared under his unceas- 
 ing vigilance and supervision, the Institution became the 
 recognized training College of the Anglo-Jewish Community. 
 
 "The Council recall with feelings of gratitude and admi- 
 ration how ardently he threw himself into the inner working 
 of the Institution, presiding over the deliberations of the 
 Council in an unbroken chain of meetings during a period 
 of nearly thirty years, aiding the Principal and the Staff 
 by his counsel and advice, stimulating, encouraging and 
 exhorting the Students in the work of their daily lives, and 
 enlisting in the service of the Institution the best efforts 
 of devoted communal workers in the bosom of his own 
 family. 
 
 "Truly might the Institution be called the favoured child 
 of his communal fatherhood; and the Council in tendering 
 to the members of his bereaved family the expression of 
 their profound sympathy in the hour of their great affliction, 
 are imbued with the conviction that the tree which he
 
 HENRY SOLOMON 
 
 Treasurer, 18551891
 
 xcv 
 
 planted will ever remain a living memorial to his memory, 
 yielding abundant and increasing fruits through the coming 
 years, and keeping his memory green among the widely 
 scattered Congregations of this Great Empire, which, in his 
 life-time, were the ever-present objects of his fostering care." 
 
 Earlier in the year the Council had had to deplore the 
 death of another old friend of the College, and a munifi- 
 cent supporter BARNETT MEYERS, the donor of two 
 Scholarships bearing his name. In 1863 Mr. MEYERS had 
 founded a scholarship of ^30 a year. The property made 
 over to the College for the purpose yielded, however, 50 
 a year. This surplus accumulated until, in 1877, the Endow- 
 ment yielded two Scholarships, each of the value of ^3 
 a year. 
 
 Yet another valued worker was now (1891) removed by 
 the hand of death Mr. HENRY SOLOMON, son-in-law of 
 the late Chief Rabbi. He was the very last of the "old 
 guard", an original Treasurer of the College, and a faithful 
 member of the Council since its foundation. At a special 
 meeting convened to take note of this event, the following 
 Resolution was adopted : 
 
 That this Council have received with profound sorrow the unhappy news 
 of the death of their highly respected Treasurer and Colleague, the late 
 HENRY SOLOMON, and they desire to tender to his bereaved Widow, child- 
 ren and family the expression of their warmest sympathy in the irreparable 
 loss which they have sustained. In him they have lost the oldest and 
 staunchest friend of the Institution who yet remained from among the earnest 
 band of helpers who aided the late revered Chief Rabbi in founding the 
 Institution nearly forty years ago. 
 
 Through all these eventful years his most ardent personal efforts and sag- 
 acious counsel have always been freely placed at the service of the Col- 
 lege. He attended its meetings in one unbroken chain until the very last. 
 No inducement of personal ease or domestic comfort, not even the urgent 
 consideration of advancing years, kept him away from the Council table. 
 
 In his sterling character his colleagues recognized the great qualities of 
 strength and gentleness , earnest enthusiasm and conspicuous moderation , 
 firmness and decision as to his own views, combined with the utmost res-
 
 XCVI 
 
 pect and consideration for the opinions of others; qualities which endeared 
 him to all who came within the sphere of his friendship and acquaintance. 
 Loving peace and pursuing peace, he has gone to his honoured rest, followed 
 by universal regret, and by none among his numerous colleagues and co- 
 workers more deeply and sincerely lamented than by the Council of this 
 College. They fervently hope that the Almighty may vouchsafe to his be- 
 reaved widow and family a full measure of heavenly comfort, and that they 
 may find consolation in the possession of the honoured name and cherished 
 memory which he leaves as a heritage to all his children. 
 
 Mr. SOLOMON was succeeded in office by his son, Mr. 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON, the present Senior Treasurer, his 
 elder colleague at the time being Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE NEW PRESIDENT. 
 
 On Thursday June 4, 1891, the Rev. Dr. HERMANN 
 ADLER was elected to fill the post of Chief Rabbi of the 
 United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire, which 
 had been vacant since the death of Dr. NATHAN MARCUS 
 ADLER, at the commencement of 1890. Dr. ADLER thus 
 became de facto President of Jews' College in succession 
 to his father, combining with this position the office of 
 Chairman of the Council, which he had held since the 
 death of Sir BARROW ELLIS, in 1887. In succeeding to 
 the Presidential post the Chief Rabbi was undertaking 
 duties with the performance of which he had become fam- 
 iliarized during the past ten years, when, as Delegate to 
 the late Chief Rabbi, there had devolved on him a position 
 of ever-increasing responsibility in the counsels of the Col- 
 lege. As Theological Tutor, his intimate connection with 
 the institution had dated back to the year 1864, and he 
 had been active as a Member of the Council since he re- 
 signed these functions in 1880. His interest in the College 
 had thus been a continuous one, extending over more than
 
 THE VERY REV. DK. HERMANN ADLER (CHIEF RABBI) 
 
 President and Chairman of Council.
 
 XCVII 
 
 a quarter of a century, and he brought to his new position 
 a ripe experience, a wide influence, and an inherited de- 
 votion to the welfare of the students, which were destined 
 to make their mark on the subsequent progress of the College. 
 
 XL 
 
 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS. 
 
 Slowly but surely the College was growing from strength 
 to strength. The vigilance with which the Council watched 
 over the welfare of the students committed to their care 
 had continuously increased ever since the establishment of 
 the Education Committee, of which the late MICHAEL HENRY 
 was the first Honorary Secretary. He was succeeded in this 
 office by the Rev. S. SlNGER, the present Honorary Secretary. 
 Volume upon volume of Council minutes bear testimony to 
 the value of this Committee, and to the numberless details 
 relating to each individual student with which it has had 
 to deal. To render its supervision more effective , Mr. 
 CHARLES SAMUEL, (at whose desire Dr. ABRAHAM COHEN 
 had become Honorary Medical Officer to watch over the health 
 of the students) framed a scheme (1889) for the appointment 
 of advisers to those students who might stand in need of 
 individual encouragement from some member of the Council 
 or past student of the College. The plan shortly afterwards 
 came into operation, and one reads in the minutes of this 
 period such lists as the following: 
 
 Adviser Student 
 
 Rev. Dr. ABLER JOHN S. HARRIS 
 
 M. N. ABLER Esq. M. A. S. BRONKHORST 
 
 L. L. ALEXANBER Esq. M. HARRIS 
 
 H. BENTWICH Esq. L. L. B. R. SOLOMON 
 
 J. BERGTHEIL Esq. I. COHEN 
 
 I 7
 
 XCVIII 
 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN A. DAVIS and H. DAVIS 
 
 ARTHUR DAVIS Esq. D. I. FREEDMAN 
 
 H. A. FRANKLIN Esq. G. FRIEDLANDER 
 
 JOSHUA M. LEVY Esq. H. L. PASS 
 
 L. LEWISOHN Esq. H. GOLDSTEIN 
 
 CHARLES SAMUEL Esq. S. LEVY and H. ORLER 
 
 Rev. S. SINGER A. FELDMAN 
 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON Esq. J. ABELSON 
 Rev. J. STERN G. LIPKIND and M. BENSKI 
 
 Rev. B. BERLINER L. ISAACS 
 
 HENRY HYMANS Esq. S. BLUMENTHAL 
 
 The supervision of the Education Committee extended 
 also to the classes which the students were attending at 
 University College. Having, in the course of 1893, put itself 
 into official communication with the Gower Street institution, 
 the Secretary, Mr. HORSBURGH, was enabled to inform the 
 Committee "that he had already forwarded detailed reports 
 from the various Professors, speaking in highly satisfactory 
 terms of the work, progress, and regularity of the students". 
 And the favourable character of these reports was further 
 attested by the following successes in the class examinations 
 for that year: 
 
 Mr. S. GELBERG B. A., Second Prize for Philosophy; Mr. 
 S. LEVY B. A., Book Prize for German ; Mr. J. ABELSON, 
 Hollier Hebrew Scholarship; Mr. D. I. FREEDMAN, Second 
 Class Certificate for English; Mr. A. FELDMAN, Third Class 
 Certificate for Ancient History. 
 
 The following year showed equally good results: 
 Mr. D. I. FREEDMAN, First Class Certificate of Honour 
 in Senior Mathematics. Mr. J. ABELSON, First Class Cer- 
 tificate of Honour in Philosophy of Mind and Logic; Second 
 Class Certificate in Anglo-Saxon and English Literature, 
 Senior Class.
 
 XC1X 
 
 Mr. A. WOLF, Second Class Certificate in English Literature. 
 
 Mr. I. COHEN, Senior Andrew Scholarship. 
 
 Mr. A. FELDMAN, Hollier Hebrew Scholarship. 
 
 The latter scholarship has been gained by a Jews' College 
 student in nearly every year since it was thrown open to 
 students of the College. 
 
 For some years Dr. FRIEDLANDER had been in the habit 
 of holding public sessions on Monday evenings for the study 
 of Rabbinics. Towards the end of 1888 he suggested the 
 appointment of Mr. S. SCHECHTER as an additional lecturer. 
 Mr. SCHECHTER filled this post until the end of 1890, when 
 he was appointed Reader in Hebrew and Rabbinic Literature 
 at the University of Cambridge. Shortly afterwards the 
 lectures were discontinued. 
 
 XII. 
 
 THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS. 
 
 Jews' College having been established for the training of 
 Teachers as well as Ministers, a new departure on which 
 it entered in the course of 1892 was one that came well 
 within the scope of its Constitution. In view of the con- 
 stantly-increasing number of Board School Religion Classes, 
 Mr. ABRAHAM LEVY, Head Master of the Old Castle Street 
 Board School, petitioned the Council to grant facilities 
 whereby elementary teachers might obtain Hebrew and 
 Religious instruction at Jews' College, "to qualify them to 
 teach Jewish children in Board Schools under the Chief 
 Rabbi's Code". To this application the Council gave its 
 willing assent, Dr. FRIEDLANDER having, with characteristic 
 devotion to the cause of education, undertaken to organize 
 special classes for teachers. These classes continued to be 
 taught at Jews' College until they were taken over by
 
 the Teachers' Training Committee of the Jewish Religious 
 Education Board, and they now form a prominent feature of 
 the educational work which this latter body controls. 
 
 This action of Jews' College in the interests of Jewish 
 teachers was presently to be followed by a yet more 
 important step. At the instance of Mr. ARTHUR FRANKLIN, 
 the Council decided upon a Scheme of Examinations for 
 Teachers of Hebrew and Religion, and the granting of 
 Certificates of Competency. These Examinations still continue 
 in force, and the provisions of the Scheme are set forth in 
 the following announcement: 
 
 1. The Council of Jews' College give notice that Examinations for Teachers 
 will be held annually in the month of December. A second examination will 
 be held in July, should sufficient candidates enter. These examinations will be 
 open to all who desire to be qualified as Teachers of Hebrew and Religion. 
 Candidates resident outside London may, under special conditions, be examined 
 in the places where they live. 
 
 2. Candidates will be required to give or produce evidence of power of 
 teaching; class teaching being compulsory for those who desire to teach 
 in schools. 
 
 3. There will be three grades of Examination, viz., Preliminary, Intermedi- 
 ate, and Advanced; and the Council will grant Certificates to those candidates 
 who pass the examinations to the satisfaction of the examiners. 
 
 4. A fee of 55. will be charged to candidates for the Preliminary Examination, 
 and of I os. for each of the Intermediate and Advanced Examinations. An 
 additional fee of 2s. 6d. will be charged in the case of candidates examined 
 outside London. 
 
 All communications must be adressed to the Principal, Dr. FRIEDLANDER, 
 Queen Square House, Guilford Street, W.C. The exact dates of the examinations 
 will be announced in the Jewish Press. 
 
 5. The following is the Syllabus of each examination : 
 
 PRELIMINARY GRADE. 
 
 1. Hebrew. (a) Reading and Translation of Passages in Standards I to 
 
 VII of the Chief Rabbi's Code, but with special reference to the 
 following pages in the "Authorised Daily Prayer Book": 1-9; 29-33; 
 37-54; 115-119; 136-142; 227-229; 239-242. (6) One book of the 
 Hebrew Bible. 
 
 2. Hebrew Grammar, Nouns; Prefixes and Suffixes; Regular Verb. Trans- 
 
 lation of easy sentences from English into Hebrew. 
 
 3. Scripture. Outlines of Scripture History, with their moral lessons.
 
 CI 
 
 4. Religion. The Ten Commandments; the Thirteen Articles of Faith; 
 
 the Festivals ; Moral Duties, including the "Texts of Moral Duties" ; 
 the Liturgy ; the Jewish Ceremonies. 
 
 (These subjects are treated in substance in Dr. FRIEDLANDER'S "Text- 
 Book of the Jewish Religion") 
 
 5. Methods of Teaching. Candidates will be required to write Notes of 
 
 Lessons on the above subjects, either (a) for an ordinary class; or(/>) 
 for a Kindergarten class. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE GRADE. 
 
 1. Hebrew. (a) Passages at sight from any part of the Daily Prayer Book, 
 
 and from any part of the Pentateuch. (3) One Book of the Hebrew Bible. 
 
 2. Hebrew Grammar. Elementary Accidence, including the Regular Verb 
 
 and the simpler Irregular Verbs. Easy sentences to be translated from 
 English into Hebrew. 
 
 3. Scripture. General knowledge of the whole of Scripture History, with 
 
 special knowledge of one Biblical Book. 
 
 4. Jewish History. A specified period. 
 
 5. Religion. The same subjects as for Preliminary Grade, but in fuller detail. 
 
 6. Methods of Teaching. Candidates will be required to write Notes of 
 
 Lessons on the above subjects. 
 
 ADVANCED GRADE. 
 
 1. Hebrew. The Passover Haggada, the Haphtaroth, one Historical and 
 
 one Prophetical or Poetical Book of the Bible. One Tractate of the 
 Mishnah. Orach Cha'im, Hilchot Berachot. 
 
 2. Hebrew Grammar. Accidence and Elementary Syntax. Translation from 
 
 English into Hebrew. 
 
 3. Hebrew Commentary on Genesis. Rashi or Biur. 
 
 4. Scripture. General knowledge of the contents of the Bible, with a 
 
 special knowledge of Isaiah and of one historical book to be selected 
 by the candidate. Candidates will be required to show close acquaint- 
 ance with the specific contents of every book of the Bible and of 
 the Apocrypha. 
 
 5. Religion. General knowledge of the Principles of Judaism. 
 
 Candidates are recommended to study the subjects included in Dr. 
 FRIEDLANDER'S "The Jewish Religion". 
 
 6. Jewish History. Outlines of Jewish History and Literature from the 
 
 Maccabaean Epoch to the age of Mendelssohn, with special knowledge 
 of the First Book of the Maccabees. 
 
 7. Methods of teaching the above subjects.
 
 CII 
 
 XIII. 
 
 A NOTABLE ADDRESS. 
 
 At the annual distribution of prizes, held on the 28th 
 April, 1895, the Presiding Chairman was Mr. CLAUDE G. 
 MONTEFIORE M.A., a Member of the Council. The per- 
 sonality of the speaker combined with the character of his 
 address to give prominence to the occasion. The lofty 
 purpose of Jews' College, its pressing claims upon the 
 community at large, had never been more forcibly presented. 
 In the picture which he drew of its ideals Mr. MONTEFIORE 
 put forward so many novel and suggestive points that his 
 words deserve to be recorded in full as an item of College 
 history: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, I regard the invitation to preside at this an- 
 nual gathering of the Jews' College as an honour and a sign. The honour 
 is obvious; by a sign I mean that a Chairman such as myself indicates that 
 the Jews' College, as between and among the various sections of thought in 
 our midst, is universal and unsectarian. The Jewish community, with all its 
 various shades of religious opinion, has but one Jews' College, and the Col- 
 lege does well to boast that from its doors have gone forth men of various 
 views and tendencies, who are ministers in various synagogues, both Orthodox 
 and Reform. It is most necessary that this universalism should be maintained. 
 For with the ever-growing variety of opinion a sure sign of health and 
 progress existing in our midst, it would inevitably become necessary for 
 more than one Jews' College to exist, unless one could feel more and more 
 sure that the teaching given in this single one should be of a kind and of 
 a spirit to which youths of different tendencies might come, and from which 
 youths of different tendencies might go. Now, when I meet with persons 
 who have this and that complaint to make against the Jews' College, I may 
 possibly agree with one or another of their criticisms, for I don't suppose 
 that any officer of the Institution thinks it perfect, but I am inclined to 
 reply to them by a counter-attack. If the Jews' College, I say, is wanting 
 here, or is wanting there, whose fault is it? And my answer is that to a 
 large extent it lies at the door of our community as a whole. If the Jews' 
 College is not what or all it should be, it is because it is insufficiently 
 provided with the sinews of war. What are the facts? Surely the one 
 central Training College of a rich community like ours has a right to have a 
 larger yearly income than 1931 all told, for all purposes. I admit that
 
 cm 
 
 when I am at Oxford, and look at the grand pile of buildings which is the 
 Training College of the Congregationalists, and the smaller but yet handsome 
 building which is the Training College of the Unitarians, and then remember 
 the building in Tavistock Square, I feel some shame and disappointment. I 
 can't help saying to myself, Could not and should not our community do 
 something to rival Mansfield and Manchester? I remember one of the last 
 times I was honoured and elevated, if as usual somewhat agitated, by a walk 
 with the late Master of Balliol, talking over the whole situation with him. I 
 said, I wish we could imitate the Congregationalists and the Unitarians, and 
 give our young students the immense advantages of an Oxford environment. 
 "Most decidedly you ought," said the Master, u and what is more, I will 
 show you where you ought to build your college"; and he took me to the 
 place. "Here is the land", said he, "for sale a few thousand pounds, and 
 you secure it for ever. Is there not enterprise enough among you to seize 
 the opportunity?" I said to him then, what I say to you now, that I don't 
 think the Jewish community realizes the great and vital importance of Jews' 
 College, as it is and still more as it might be. I admit that the Congregat- 
 ionalists and the Unitarians have in many respects less burdens than we. 
 They have not to support their poor as such, they have no denominational 
 schools. But still I think the complaint is fair. The community does not 
 realize the importance of Jews' College. If I were asked to name the three 
 most important Jewish Charities in London I use the word in no narrow 
 sense I should unhesitatingly say : the Board of Guardians, the Jewish 
 Association for the Diffusion of Religious knowledge, and last but not least, 
 Jews' College. Without adequately trained ministers no religion nowadays 
 can prosper and develop. It is obvious when so put, but people do not re- 
 alize it, and still less what it implies. It implies the necessity for very large 
 funds indeed, and very large endowments. The first great need connected 
 with our Jews' College is to change the age of the students; our students 
 begin too young and leave too early. The ideal College would have no pre- 
 paratory class at all. I must say I have seldom witnessed a sadder sight 
 than when, at an Educational Committee of Jews' College, I saw a couple 
 of lads of 14 come up to be admitted as students. Why "sad"? Those boys 
 were asked by the Chairman he was bound to ask them; if I had been 
 in the chair I should have had to ask them "Why do you want to enter 
 the College? Why do you want to become ministers?" Ladies and gentle- 
 men, what can a boy of 13 or 14 know of life? What can he know he 
 will think or feel at 21? What can he know whether he will feel fitness for 
 the grave and responsible duties of a clergyman? How can he tell that at 21 
 his mind and opinions and character may not be utterly unsuited for the office ? 
 I know that the students are not bound to remain, and many leave, but they 
 leave feeling that they have wasted the money of the Institution, and therefore 
 perhaps some stay who should leave. Perhaps others never come who ought to 
 have come. Moreover, no boy ought to be trained in any theological college 
 at all. I admit that under the admirable care and influence of Mr. ABRAHAMS,
 
 CIV 
 
 the atmosphere is as little like Stonyhurst as possible, but at the same time 
 we should all admit that the right thing is for a boy to have a wide, broad, 
 general education, with other boys in general schools. Early specializing is 
 one of the gravest errors. It warps the intellect and it may warp the character. 
 And this evil could be largely avoided, if there were lots and lots of money. 
 There should be money to help men to get a general education, as wide and 
 broad as possible, and money to help them afterwards to get their special 
 theological training. Nobody may begin his theological course at Manchester 
 who is not a Graduate. So too should it be with us. And the Undergraduate 
 should not, if he is at Oxford or Cambridge, take Semitic Schools or Semitic 
 Tripos. To me that seems like rejecting specialism with one hand to bring it 
 in with another. The Undergraduate should take that School or that Tripos 
 which is broadly human; he must have his base before he has his crown. A 
 young man of 24 who knows his Maimonides, but does not know his Aristotle, 
 who knows his Graetz, but does not know his Gibbon, is like a doctor who 
 might know something of the ear or throat, but nothing of the human organism 
 as a whole. He knows an isolated part, but in truth he does not know it, be- 
 cause he cannot view it in its true proportions, and realize it in its relations 
 and environment. And the moral of all that is endowments. For in truth, 
 where Congregational and Unitarian Colleges need 10, we need 20. And 
 why? For two reasons. Just because unfortunately we have not yet reached 
 the era in which the sons of well-to-do parents become ministers. Why we 
 have not, or how we could, is another story; the fact no one will disallow. 
 Therefore, we need copious sums of money wherewith to educate our stud- 
 ents, and to widen their vision, by widening their environment. If we cannot 
 send them to Oxford at one age, let us send them to Vienna at another. But 
 secondly we need 20 where they need 10, because our men should stay 
 five years where they stay three. Why? Because our men ought to learn 
 much, very much, of all that their men learn, and a great deal more besides 
 which they do not learn at all. I beg your most practical attention to this. 
 Just as the English Jew should learn two histories, the history of England 
 and the history of the Jews, so should a Jewish theological student have a 
 double aspect to his training. It should be general and special. More definite- 
 ly : The young men who issue from this College are to be ministers of 
 English Jews. And therefore they must help them and lead them, aye, and 
 if need be, reprimand them, not merely as Jews, but also as Englishmen. 
 His flock lead a dual life, and the minister must have a dual training; yes, 
 even in the five years of theological training it must be dual and double- 
 faced, remembering the class of men whom he has to guide, and help, and 
 influence. I should not mind the stigma attaching to Jews' College that no 
 single student has ever received the Rabbinical Diploma at its hands. I should 
 not mind the stigma if it be frankly said, the Rabbinical Diploma cannot be 
 given without the acquisition of a mass of knowledge which has now become 
 obsolete, the possession of which would be of no value to a minister whose 
 task it is to influence the lives of modern English Jews and Jewesses who
 
 cv 
 
 live under conditions wholly different from those under which their forefathers 
 lived in mediaeval ghettos, when the Diploma was first established. But let us 
 by all means see that if we do without the Diploma, we have the compensa- 
 tion in that broad and human and modern training of which ministers of 
 modern men in western lands stand so preeminently in need. And the moral 
 of that is endowments. The future of Jews' College is largely a question for 
 you, the Jewish public, the laymen of Israel to determine. As you wish it 
 to be, so in the long run it will become. The demand of the public has 
 created a modern side at our public schools. The demand of the public, 
 together with its endowments (for money is at the root of most good, if of 
 all evil!) will create a modern side at our Jews' College. Now the modern 
 side is needed whether the ministers who come forth from the College go to 
 the East or to the West. If to the West, it is needed, because no minister 
 can really influence his flock at least, by his words who is not their 
 equal all round, who is not at home on all sides of their lives, who is not 
 a cultured and cultivated Englishman as well as a cultured and cultivated Jew. 
 And if to the East, it is needed there because you are quite wrong if you 
 think that the East is only the home of conservatism, that a minister there 
 must be trained above all, and trained only, in all the lore of a minister of 
 a hundred years ago, trained to answer questions on the minutiae of ritual 
 carried up to him by conscientious men and women living on a plane of 
 their own. The East, if more conservative than the West, is also far more 
 radical; if more old-fashioned, it is also far more modern. Social questions 
 which we discuss for an idle quarter-of-an-hour, and social problems which 
 we laugh at as absurd or insoluble in West and West-Central drawing-rooms, 
 are burning and pressing realities in the East. And these questions in all 
 their living force and perplexity affect the Jews, and are discussed by the 
 Jews, just as much or more than they affect and are discussed by the 
 Christians. If our ministers are not well abreast of them, they will be left 
 high and dry upon the sands, and their flocks will drift away from them 
 upon currents of which they are ignorant and which they are powerless to 
 guide or stem. This, however, is by the way. The moral of my tale and the 
 burden of my song, remain the same. Rally, O Jewish public! to the support 
 and development of the Jews' College, make it a worthy rival of Mansfield and 
 Manchester. Indifference and neglect never helped any cause and institution 
 yet; if we need to be improved, it is no starvation diet that will do it. Stuff 
 us with money, and we shall blossom as the rose ! And now a word to you, 
 who are studying for the highest of all professions. The ministers of the 
 Jewish religion, like those of other Nonconformist denominations only 
 more so have few or no great posts or rewards to look to. They have 
 only the burden with little of the recompense, except that which comes to 
 them from within. Let them, therefore, be all the more assured that the 
 work to which they have chosen to give their lives is the highest work to 
 which a man can set his hand. Not all of you can be great preachers; but 
 all of you can be good men. "The good life of a clergyman", said the late
 
 CVI 
 
 Master of Balliol, u is his best sermon". Not that sermons are unimportant, 
 even to those who preach them. "I am forced to contrast my own life", said 
 the Master, "with the ideal I set forth in my sermons, and I try though very 
 unsuccessfully, to pull up the one to the level of the other". The needs of a 
 Jewish clergyman are manifold heart and brain and will are all called into 
 play. But the greatest need of all is character. "It is remarkable", said the late 
 Mr. ROMANES, "how even in politics it is the moral and spiritual elements of 
 character which lead to success in the long run, even more than intellectual 
 ability". If it be so in politics, is it not much more so in the Church ? The 
 Jesuits are wise in their generation, and they have a habit of turning a man 
 into the particular department for which he is most fitted. One is set to teach, 
 another to write books, a third to convert the heathen, a fourth to be an ordinary 
 parish priest, and so on. We have not the organization and resources to admit 
 of this specialization, but perhaps it matters less if so it be that in all the various 
 branches of work which our ministers have to do, it is character, and again 
 character, which tells. Let not the man of intellect boast of his brains, let not 
 the less gifted despair; for intellect will not, by itself, create character, neither 
 will a comparative lack of it prevent character. And on the whole, too, the sensitive 
 heart will be more able to supply the deficiencies of the understanding than 
 the understanding to supply the deficiencies of the heart. Therefore, though in 
 some respects the work of the ministry makes the highest possible demands 
 upon you needs the most perfect human instrument still in other 
 respects it is by no means the cleverest that do it best. He will probably 
 become the best minister, let me say this in conclusion, who takes care that 
 the training of character and will ever accompanies, and is never outstripped 
 by, the training of the intellect, so that from stage to stage, the 
 
 Mind and soul, according well, 
 
 May make one music as before, 
 But vaster. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 AMALGAMATION WITH MONTEFIORE COLLEGE. 
 
 The idea of amalgamating Jews' College with one or more 
 kindred theological institutions had long been cherished by 
 the supporters of the older institution. Besides Jews' College, 
 there were in operation two provincial Colleges, having similar 
 aims. The Aria College, at Portsea, had been founded in 
 1874 by the will of the late Lewis Aria for the education 
 of candidates for the Jewish Ministry, preferentially for those 
 born in Hampshire. The Montefiore College at Ramsgate
 
 CVII 
 
 had been endowed by the will of Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, 
 in memory of Lady JUDITH, and included, besides a "Yeshiba" 
 for learned men, which had been in existence since 1869, a 
 newly-established training institution for theological students. 
 It was felt that, if it were possible to unite the resources 
 of all three training Colleges, the combined institution would 
 render more efficient service to the community than three 
 separate Colleges. Accordingly, in the course of 1895, the 
 Council, having placed on record their conviction that "a 
 union of the existing Colleges having cognate objects is 
 eminently desirable", proceeded to consider "the possibility 
 of a fusion with Aria and Montefiore Colleges". 
 
 In a matter affecting so many interests it was necessary, 
 as the late ALFRED COHEN pointed out in his Chairman's 
 Address of the following year, to move slowly and tentatively. 
 In the first instance the President and Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL 
 were "asked to approach the representatives of Aria College 
 for the purpose of ascertaining their views as to an am- 
 algamation with Jews' College". There appears to have 
 been no immediate outcome from these negotiations. More 
 success, however, attended the efforts that were made in 
 another direction, which must now be related. 
 
 Difficulties of administration had led to the closing, in 
 1896, of the Training College at Ramsgate. In a letter to 
 the Chief Rabbi (June I9th, 1896), Mr. F. D. MOCATTA - 
 one of the most powerful advocates in his day of the 
 principle of communal union suggested that the 
 occasion was opportune for bringing about the desired 
 amalgamation between Jews' College and Montefiore College. 
 Steps were at once taken to convene a conference between 
 the two bodies. The Rev. Dr. ADLER, Sir PHILIP MAGNUS 
 and Mr. LIONEL ALEXANDER were appointed to represent 
 the older institution, while the other was represented
 
 CVIII 
 
 by a Committee of Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese 
 Congregation, who were the trustees of Sir MOSES MONTE- 
 FlORE's endowment. This Committee consisted of Sir EDWARD 
 SASSOON, BART., Sir JOSEPH SEBAG-MONTEFIORE, and Messrs. 
 EMANUEL CASTELLO, FREDK. B. HALFORD, JUDAH ISRAEL, 
 JOSHUA M. LEVY, ARTHUR LINDO, EUSTACE A. LINDO, 
 ABRAHAM MOCATTA and E. L. MOCATTA. Mr. ARTHUR LINDO, 
 being compelled in the course of the negotiations to resign, 
 his place was filled by his brother, Mr. GABRIEL LINDO. 
 
 From the outset the two bodies met together in the 
 friendliest spirit, all the delegates being animated by the 
 sincere desire to benefit the Anglo-Jewish community, while 
 perpetuating the objects for which Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE 
 had founded the College which bore his name at Ramsgate. 
 The Conference met under the presidentship of Sir EDWARD 
 SASSOON. The original proposal took the form of a joint 
 institution to bear the name of "Montefiore College", a 
 designation which would happily perpetuate the memory of 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE'S foundation at Ramsgate and at 
 the same time connect with Jews' College the name of one 
 of its most venerated founders and Vice-Presidents. It was 
 found, however, that there were certain legal impediments 
 to a complete fusion of the two institutions, and in the end 
 an alternative scheme was adopted by which the Elders of 
 the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue undertook to make 
 the Council of Jews' College an annual grant of ^giooo from 
 the income of the endowment funds of Montefiore College, 
 and at the same time to lend, for the use of Jews' College, 
 such of the contents of their Library as might not be 
 required for use at the Synagogue or College at Ramsgate. 
 
 The conditions attaching to the proposal were "that the 
 Elders should have the right to elect to the Council such 
 a number of representatives, not exceeding ten, as they
 
 CIX 
 
 might think desirable; that both the Sephardic and Ash- 
 kenazic pronunciation of Hebrew should be taught in the 
 College; that their contribution of money should be renewable 
 from year to year, as required by the provisions of the 
 foundation deed of Ramsgate College ; and that due provision 
 should be made by the Council of Jews' College for the safe 
 custody and insurance of the manuscripts and books lent". 
 
 At the same time the Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese 
 Synagogue placed on record "their regret that the proposed 
 arrangement cannot be made permanent without the sanction 
 of the Charity Commissioners, and that if the offer set forth 
 in the above resolution be accepted by the Council of Jews' 
 College, it is their earnest desire that the contribution and 
 loan, on the conditions stated, or on such others as may 
 from time to time be agreed on, will be annually renewed, 
 and that they will not at any time be arbitrarily or caprici- 
 ously withheld". 
 
 The offer, with its accompanying conditions, was grate- 
 fully accepted by the Council at its meeting held on the 
 1 6th June, 1897. At the meeting of October 2oth, in the 
 same year, the Council had the pleasure of welcoming to 
 their body the new members who had been nominated by 
 the Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, 
 and who were the same gentlemen that had represented 
 their Synagogue at the Conference. 
 
 The Report of the Council for 1887 takes opportunity 
 "to accord to Mr. LIONEL L. ALEXANDER the expression 
 of their grateful acknowledgment for the invaluable help 
 which he has given to the Council during the recent ne- 
 gotiations between themselves and the Governing Body of 
 the sister Institution. To his tact and resource is to be at- 
 tributed, in no small measure, the smooth working of the 
 somewhat intricate negotiations between the two Institutions".
 
 ex 
 
 XV. 
 
 CHAIRMEN AT PRIZE DISTRIBUTIONS. 
 
 It was only in the appropriate order of things that those 
 who had been chiefly and most eminently instrumental in 
 bringing about the amalgamation should have been invited, 
 at this period, to preside at the annual distributions of 
 prizes. At the 1897 function, while the Conference was 
 sitting, the Chairman was Sir EDWARD SASSOON, who, al- 
 luding to the scheme of amalgation, said : 
 
 Only this morning I was engaged in unfolding before the Elders the 
 probable effects of the Scheme, and I may say that all who have considered 
 them are sanguine enough to believe they are likely to conduce to those im- 
 portant objects which the two institutions it is proposed to affiliate were 
 formed to promote. At the several Conferences we held for the purpose of 
 discussing the matter, there was always an exhilarating unanimity. There 
 was a desire to sink differences on minor details, and if the period of court- 
 ship has been somewhat prolonged, it was singularly free from those tiffs 
 and differences which we are told dog the course of true love. We had the 
 advice of your esteemed President, Dr. ABLER, Sir PHILIP MAGNUS' unriv- 
 alled knowledge of educational matters , the valuable services of Sir J. 
 SEBAG MONTEFIORE and Mr. ABRAHAM MOCATTA, and last, but not least, we 
 had Mr. LIONEL L. ALEXANDER, who, like the sculptor of old, brought out 
 the fair and fascinating features from an almost rude block. He had to bear 
 the brunt of the labour, but with him it was a labour of love. I think that 
 after all this you will want to know what the Elders say. I am pleased to 
 be able to tell you that as regards the general features and principles of the 
 Scheme, they are agreed to them. Provided there be no legal impediments 
 in the way of the ratification of the scheme, I believe they will agree to 
 ratify it. 
 
 The next year, the Chairman was Sir JOSEPH SEBAG 
 MONTEFIORE, a former member of the Council of Jews' 
 College, and at the time President of the Board of Elders 
 of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation. The address 
 which he delivered on the occasion was noteworthy for its 
 historical references to the Montefiore endowment:
 
 SIR EDWARD SASSOON, BART. 
 
 Vice-President.
 
 CXI 
 
 Immediately after Sir MOSES' death, the Elders anxiously occupied them- 
 selves with considering how they could best administer the annual income 
 arising from the large amount of the endowment funds for the benefit of 
 the Jewish community at large. Counsel's opinion was taken as to the 
 extent to which any new Scheme could legally be carried out. The Elders, 
 as was their duty, first provided for the maintenance, in a very complete 
 way, of the synagogue at Ramsgate which, to use Sir MOSES' own words, he 
 had erected (in the year 1832) "as an humble tribute to the Almighty for 
 His great and manifold blessing", and which he and his pious wife so 
 dearly loved throughout their lives. Then a Scheme, formulated with the 
 assistance of Mr. DE CASTRO and Mr. CASTELLO, Junr., was finally adopted 
 by the Elders for the establishment of a College at Ramsgate, which was 
 opened in 1888. After an experience of some years this was not found to 
 
 answer the expectations entertained of it, and it was finally closed in 1896 
 
 Now, however, by the recent action of the Elders, not alone are the original 
 objects of the endowment faithfully and literally carried out, but these have 
 been largely and usefully extended. Personally, I should be particularly well 
 pleased if the Council of the College would specially appropriate the grant 
 of 1000, or some considerable portion of it, to the creating of a certain 
 number of scholarships tenable at any University in the United Kingdom. 
 Hence, we Elders now find ourselves in the happy position of carrying out 
 in an ideal and liberal way what I feel certain, indeed all may fairly be- 
 lieve, would have been in entire accord with the views and wishes of the 
 venerable founder. 
 
 Sir JOSEPH'S successor, in the year following, was Mr. 
 LIONEL ALEXANDER, who made mention of the interesting 
 fact that his father had been one of the founders and 
 original Treasurers of Jews' College, and that when his 
 health broke down, and he was no longer able to attend 
 to the affairs of the College, the Council had elected the 
 son a member of their body. Pointing to a book-case which 
 covered one side of the room, Mr. ALEXANDER stated that 
 it contained the priceless treasures that had been lent by 
 Ramsgate College, which he hoped would be utilized by 
 many past, as well as present, students. 
 
 The association of the two institutions was not the only 
 labour upon which Mr. ALEXANDER brought his splendid 
 organizing abilities and unrivalled enthusiasm to bear. The 
 new Scheme necessitated certain changes in the Constitution,
 
 CXII 
 
 which he now underlook to formulate. No radical changes 
 were made, but opportunity was taken to delete regulations 
 which were no longer useful, and to introduce new laws 
 which had become necessary in consequence of the contin- 
 uous growth in the aims and work of the College. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THE CHAIR OF ARABIC AND SYRIAC. THE MONTEFIORE 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 The endowment of the Montefiore College trustees, 
 and the transference of its valuable Library to Jews' Col- 
 lege, enabled the Council to establish a lectureship in 
 Arabic and Syriac, combining the post with that of Sub- 
 Librarian, and to appoint to the new position the former 
 Professor of Semitic Languages at Ramsgate Dr. HARTWIG 
 HlRSCHFELD, M. R. A. S. This eminent scholar was born at 
 Thorn on the i8th December, 1854, and was the son of the 
 preacher to that community, Dr. A. HlRSCHFELD. On his 
 mother's side, he was the grandson of the famous preacher, 
 SALOMON PLESSNER. He studied Oriental languages and 
 philosophy at the University of Berlin, besides attending 
 lectures at the Rabbiner- Seminar of Dr. HILDESHEIMER. 
 He graduated at Strasburg in 1878, and served for one 
 year in the German army. Then, after resuming his studies 
 in Berlin, he went, in 1882, to Paris, where he studied 
 under Prof. DERENBOURG, and attended lectures at the 
 College de France, the Jicole Moderne des Langues Orientales, 
 and the Ecole des Hautes tudes. 
 
 Returning to Germany, he engaged in tutorial and literary 
 work until 1889, when he became Professor of Biblical 
 Exegesis and Oriental Languages at Montefiore College. 
 To his position at Jews' College, Dr. HlRSCHFELD was 
 soon to add that of Lecturer in Semitic Epigraphy at
 
 cxm 
 
 University College, and since 1898 he has been a "recog- 
 nized" Teacher of the University of London, which has also 
 created him a Member of the Faculties of Arts and Theo- 
 logy. A Member, likewise, of the Board of Studies in Oriental 
 Languages, he has acted as Examiner in the Final Exami- 
 nations. In 1901, he was invited by the Syndicate of the 
 Cambridge University to examine the Arabic fragments in 
 the Taylor-Schechter collection. 
 
 The following is a chronological list of his writings : 
 1878 Jiidische Elemente im Qoran. Berlin, (Doctor's disser- 
 tation, University of Strassburg). 
 
 1882 87 The articles on "Islam" in Jahresberichte fur Ge- 
 schichtswissenschaft, Vol. V X. 
 
 1883 Bemerkungen zu Jehuda Ibn Tibbon's Uebersetzung 
 
 des Buches Al-Chazari. Magazin fur die Wissenschaft 
 des Judenthums p. 88 100; p. 172 175. 
 
 Essai sur 1'histoire des Juifs de Medine Rev. Et. juives 
 VII, p. 167193; X, p. 1031. 
 
 Mahdi. Aus alien Zeiten und, Landen. 
 
 1884 Timur nach Geschichte und Sage. ibid. p. 765 775. 
 
 1885 Das Buch Al-Chazari aus dem Arabischen des Abul- 
 
 Hasan Jehuda Hallewi iibersetzt, Breslau. 
 
 1886 Beitrage zur Erklarung des Qoran, Leipzig. 
 
 1887 Das Buch Al-Khazari des Abul Hassan-Jehudah Hallewi 
 
 im arabischen Urtext so wie in der hebraischen Ueber- 
 setzung desjehudah b. Tibbon herausgegeben, Leipzig. 
 
 Die zehnte Makame des Jehuda Al-Charisi, frei iiber- 
 tragen. Beilage zur "Jiidischen Presse". 
 
 Die dreissigste Makame des Jehuda Al-Charisi, frei 
 iibertragen. ibid. 
 
 1888 Mittelalterliche Berichte von Arabern iiber die Slaven 
 
 (Abstract) Zeitschrift der Historischen Gesellschaft 
 fur die Provinz Posen, November, 
 i 8
 
 CXIV 
 
 1891 The Empire of the Khazars according to non-Jewish 
 
 Authors (Abstract). Jewish Chronicle Feb. 27 (p. 15). 
 
 Contribution to the Study of the Jewish- Arabic dialect 
 
 of the Maghreb. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. p. 293 310. 
 
 1892 Arabic Chrestomathy in Hebrew Characters, with a 
 
 Glossary, London. 
 
 Prolegomena to an edition of the Divan of Hassan b. 
 Thabit. Transactions, Orient. Congress, London, p. 
 99103. 
 
 1893 "The Spirit of Islam". J. Q. R. vol. V, p. 21230. 
 
 ,, Jewish Arabic liturgies. J. Q. R., vol. VI, 1893; vol. 
 VII, p. 418 427. 
 
 1894 Assab'iniyya, a philosophical poem in Arabic by Musa 
 
 b. Tubi, together with the Hebrew version, &c., by 
 Solomon b. Immanuel Dapiera, edited and translated, 
 London, [Report of Montefiore College]. 
 Die Handschriften des Dr. L. Loewe. Monatsschrift fur 
 Geschichte, etc., vol. XXXVIII, p. 360 6; 404 14. 
 
 1895 Kritische Bemerkungen zu Munks Ausgabe des Dalalat- 
 
 al-Hairin, ibid., vol. XL, p. 404 13; p. 460 73. 
 
 1896 Remarks on the etymology of Sabbath. J. R. A. S. 
 
 P- 35359- 
 
 "Das Buch der Definitionen," des Abu Jakub Ishaq al 
 Isralli, in der hebraischen Uebersetzung des Nisslm b. 
 Solomon herausgegeben (Steinschneider-Jubelschrift), 
 p. 233 (Hebr.) 131141. 
 
 1897 Notiz uber einen dem Maimuni untergeschobenen ara- 
 
 bischen Commentar zu Esther. Semitic Studies in 
 memory of Rev. Dr. A. Kohut, p. 248 53. 
 
 ,, Historical and legendary Controversies between Mo- 
 hammed and the Rabbis. J. Q. R., vol. X, p. 100 1 16. 
 
 Biographic von Salomon Plessner herausgegeben von 
 Dr. Elias Plessner.
 
 cxv 
 
 1899 A Hebrew poem in vindication of the study of philo- 
 sophy. J. Q. R., p. 13842. 
 
 1901 Mohammedan Criticism of the Bible. J. Q. R., vol. XIII, 
 
 p. 222 40. 
 
 1902 New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of 
 
 the Qoran, London, ["Asiatic Monographs", Royal 
 Asiatic Society]. 
 
 1903 Einige arabischen Gutachten des Abraham Maimuni. 
 
 [Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstage A. Berliner's, p. 
 
 4654]. 
 Jewish Conception of the Universe in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Jewish Literary Annual vol. I. 
 Report on the work in the Arabic fragments of the 
 
 Cairo Genizah at the University Library Cambridge 
 
 [Report of Library Syndicate]. 
 
 1904 Descriptive Catalogue of the Hebrew MSS. of the 
 
 Montefiore Library, London [Reprint from J. Q. R.]. 
 ,, Description of the Hebrew MSS. in Catalogue of the 
 
 library of F. D. Mocatta, p. 424 30. 
 Many articles in the Jewish Encyclopedia, including 
 Almohades; Almoravides ; Arabia, Jews of; Arabic 
 Literature of the Jews. 
 
 1905 Judah Hallevi's Kitab Al-Khazari translated from the 
 
 Arabic with an Introduction. 
 
 Thirteen articles in the Jewish Quarterly Review on 
 "The Arabic portion of the Cairo Genizah at Cam- 
 bridge" (in progress). 
 
 Dr. HlRSCHFELD's appointment as Sub-Librarian carried 
 with it the advantage that he already possessed a scholarly 
 familiarity with the contents of the Ramsgate Library, and 
 was exceptionally fitted to arrange and take charge of them 
 in their new quarters. It had been collected with exceptional 
 care and ability by the late Dr. LOEWE and the Rev. Dr.
 
 CXVI 
 
 CASTER, the two successive Principals of the Jndith Lady 
 Montefiore College. Thanks, to the solicitude of the latter, 
 the best part of the famous library of Zunz was at once 
 acquired for Ramsgate on its being offered for sale by 
 KAUFMANN of Frankfort. This collection was specially rich 
 in books and pamphlets relating to the emancipation of 
 the Jews in Germany. It was well that this literature should 
 find a home in Jews' College, inasmuch as the adjoining 
 library of the late Rev. A. L. GREEN contained an ana- 
 logous valuable collection of pamphlets bearing on the 
 emancipation of the Jews in England. About 1000 volumes 
 and between 50 and 60 MSS. were retained at Ramsgate. 
 But the remainder of the MSS., now deposited at Jews' 
 College, comprised a magnificent collection of choice trea- 
 sures, which Dr. HiRSCHFELD proceeded to catalogue and 
 to describe in the Jewish Quarterly Review. Among 
 other almost invaluable things in this new addition to the 
 College libraries may be mentioned : manuscript marginal 
 notes to the editio princeps of the "Ralbag" on the 
 Pentateuch, a very rare Machzor of the rite of Montpellier, 
 the Machzor of Avignon, an exceedingly fine manuscript 
 of the Hebrew Bible executed on vellum, belonging to the 
 I4th or 1 5th century, and distinguished by great correct- 
 ness; as also a number of illuminated manuscripts and 
 various unica. Liturgy and Talmudica were well represented, 
 and there was the entire autograph collection of the works 
 of SAMUEL MORDECAI GHIRONDI. The Targum to the 
 Prophets and Hagiographa, dated 1846, had belonged to 
 S. D. LUZZATTO. In all, the collection now transferred to 
 Jews' College contained 580 MSS., being twice as many as 
 that of the Berlin Library, and more than either of the 
 library collections at Munich and Vienna.
 
 CXVII 
 
 XVII. 
 
 A UNIQUE INCIDENT. 
 
 An incident, as gratifying as it was unique, occurred on 
 Saturday February 6, 1897, when the Honorary Officers 
 of the Central Synagogue entertained members of the 
 Council and Staff of Jews' College, together with its Senior 
 Students and a number of its former Students, as an 
 acknowledgment of the services rendered by the Senior 
 Students of the College as Occasional Preachers in Metro- 
 politan Synagogues". The festivity brought together a re- 
 presentative gathering, presided over by the Senior Warden, 
 Mr. JOSEPH PYKE, and including the Chief Rabbi, Sir 
 PHILIP MAGNUS, Mr. Alderman SAMUEL, the Revs. MI- 
 CHAEL ABLER, B. A., B. BERLINER, JOHN CHAPMAN, F. L. 
 COHEN, DAVID FAY, H. GOLLANCZ, M. A., A. A. GREEN, 
 ISIDORE HARRIS, M. A., MORRIS JOSEPH, S. LEVY, B. A., 
 I. SAMUEL, S. SINGER, and E. SPERO, Dr. M. FRIED- 
 LANDER, Dr. S. HIRSCH, and Messrs. MANUEL CASTELLO, 
 ALFRED L. COHEN, LEONARD L. COHEN, A. FELDMAN, 
 B. A., ELLIS A. FRANKLIN, D. I. FREEDMAN, B. A., W. 
 KILNER, JOSHUA M. LEVY, B. N. MICHELSON, B.A., ASHER 
 I. MYERS, P. ORNSTIEN, LIONEL E. PYKE, Q. C., CHARLES 
 SAMUEL, JAMES H. SOLOMON, and LEWIS SOLOMON. The 
 many eloquent speeches delivered were worthy of the 
 occasion. But the most impressive feature connected with 
 the function was the special sermon preached by Mr. SINGER 
 at the preliminary Sabbath Morning Service held in the 
 Synagogue. With his accustomed force and skill, Mr. SINGER 
 spoke on the Relations of the Clergy to the Laity. The 
 discourse is too long to reproduce in full, but quotation 
 may be made of its opening paragraph, in which the
 
 CXVIII 
 
 preacher gave a graphic sketch of some of the purposes 
 which Jews' College had subserved: 
 
 It is somewhat over 40 years ago that a band of devout and far-seeing 
 men, taking note of the material and intellectual growth of the community, 
 thought it well to make provision for the religious needs of coming gen- 
 erations, and established Jews' College as a training college for Jewish min- 
 isters and teachers. Among them, or shortly to join their ranks, were to 
 recall only a few names, and those of men already gathered to their fathers 
 the late revered Chief Rabbi, who watched over the Institution and its 
 students with a solicitude truly paternal, Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, GEORGE 
 JESSEL, JACOB FRANKLIN, BARNETT MEYERS, JOSHUA ALEXANDER, HENRY 
 SOLOMON, MICHAEL HENRY, Dr. LOEWE, the first Principal of the College, 
 BARNETT ABRAHAMS, his successor in this office, a man of rare gifts of mind 
 and heart whose untimely death left Judaism distinctly poorer, and AARON 
 LEVY GREEN, a name never to be remembered in this holy place without 
 the double tribute of our sorrow and our veneration. Before that time the 
 clergy were either trained abroad and drawn direct from foreign lands, or 
 they consisted of men who, as in certain notable instances, by strenuous self- 
 education fitted themselves for the offices they filled, or, as in other and, I 
 fear, more frequent cases, filled offices for which they never were, and never 
 could be, fitted. Since the establishment of Jews' College a gradual change 
 has been brought about in the personnel of the Jewish ministry 5 a larger 
 number of the regularly-appointed clergy , whether in the metropolis , the 
 provinces, or the colonies, have been supplied from Jews' College than from 
 any other source. They are to be met with in almost all English-speaking 
 lands, and among diverse schools of religious thought. The Institution, though 
 not very widely supported, has had some staunch and generous friends, as 
 well as zealous and distinguished teachers, through whose devotion, sustained 
 to this very hour, it has been enabled uninterruptedly to carry on its holy 
 work. There are signs that its efforts are growing in public appreciation, 
 and the present occasion on which, by the courteous consideration of the 
 authorities of this Synagogue, so many representatives of the clergy and 
 laity have been invited here, is designed in recognition of the usefulness of 
 the work done by Jews' College. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 ENLARGED SUPPORT AND COMMENSURATE RESULTS. 
 
 Apart from its union with Montefiore College, the history 
 of Jews' College during the last few years of its occupancy 
 of Tavistock House presents several facts of interest and
 
 CXIX 
 
 importance. The Council of the United Synagogue happily 
 reverted, in 1896, to its original grant of ,200 a year to 
 the funds of the College. The reference of the Executive 
 Committee to the Council on which this action was based 
 was to this effect: 
 
 The position of Jews College formed the subject of important reports to 
 the Council in 1877-8, when it was decided to contribute a sum of 200 
 a year to the funds of the Institution. This contribution was commenced in 
 1879, and continued to the year 1887, when it was reduced to 100. It is 
 now sought to have the amount of the contribution of 200 per annum re- 
 instated, and the council are reminded that this sum was originally fixed 
 upon by a Special Committee after careful and deliberate consideration of 
 the circumstances and claims of Jews' College. Without entering fully into 
 the merits of the case, it may be stated that it is to the interest not only of 
 the United Synagogue, but of the whole community of English-speaking 
 Jews, that Jews' College should be properly and adequately maintained. It is urged 
 that many capable and earnest men have been trained within its walls, that 
 these men are doing good suit and service to the community, and that it is 
 the duty of the United Synagogue to assist the Jews' College at a time, like 
 the present, when it is in sore need of financial help. 
 
 In the same year, the West London Synagogue of British 
 Jews resumed the grant of 50 which it had made on a 
 former occasion, in 1887, but had not since repeated. 
 
 At the end of 1896 the Rev. Dr. ALBERT LOWY celebrated 
 his 8oth birthday. To mark the occasion his family established 
 a biennial prize of 10, "to be awarded to the most meritorious 
 student of Semitic languages, and to be called the ALBERT 
 LOWY Prize". 
 
 Yet another gift has to be recorded about this time. Mr. F. 
 D. MOCATTA presented to the College the historic picture 
 by SOLOMON HART, R.A. : "MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL before 
 OLIVER CROMWELL", which had belonged to the late Sir 
 JULIAN GOLDSMID. There being no Mocatta Museum in 
 those days, the Council, in accepting the gift, might well 
 express their feeling "that no more appropriate resting-place 
 for this unique picture could be found than the walls of the
 
 cxx 
 
 College", and indulge the hope "that Mr. MOCATTA'S generous 
 example may be imitated by other friends of the College 
 interested in the preservation of objects of artistic and 
 literary interest to the Anglo-Jewish community". 
 
 In 1898 the College received an additional scholarship, of 
 the value of about ^15 per annum. It was endowed by the 
 will of the late MICHAEL SAMUEL (a brother of CHARLES 
 SAMUEL), who died in 1891, and bequeathed 500 to the 
 College, payable on the death of his widow. This was 
 followed in the next year by the foundation of the JACOB 
 
 A. FRANKLIN Scholarship, of the value of ^30 a year. It 
 was established by the Trustees of the JACOB A. FRANKLIN 
 Fund. And Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, Mr. CLAUDE MONTE- 
 FIORE, and Mr. DAVID DAVIS, of Blackheath (the original 
 promoter of the College Endowment Fund), were, at the 
 same time, giving constant additional proofs of their gen- 
 erous interest in the welfare of the College. 
 
 One more benefaction remains to be noticed here. In 
 the spring of 1897 Mr. HERBERT BENTWICH (who became 
 Honorary Solicitor of the College in 1898) organized a 
 Pilgrimage to Palestine. Mr. DENNIS E. SAMUEL offered 
 the College 50 to defray the expenses of a student to 
 join the Pilgrimage, and Mr. A. FELDMAN, B. A., was the 
 promising Collegian selected by the Council to receive Mr. 
 SAMUEL'S benefit. 
 
 Meanwhile, in the progress of its alumni, their academical 
 distinctions, and their ministerial appointments and use- 
 fulness, the College was producing results commensurate in 
 every respect with the enlarged support which it was re- 
 ceiving. The Rev. S. LEVY, B. A. and Mr. A. FELDMAN, 
 
 B. A., had become the first "Fellows" of Jews' College, in 
 1896. A couple of years later, the Rev. M. HYAMSON, 
 B. A., L. L. B., and Mr. FELDMAN received the Rabbinical
 
 CXXI 
 
 Diploma from the Chief Rabbi - a notable distinction 
 which fitted them for the high position they were subse- 
 quently called to fill. At University College, Jews' College 
 men were obtaining more than their full share of certificates 
 and prizes, and among others, Mr. A. WOLF was gaining 
 honours in Philosophy which proved an earnest of the 
 brilliant academic career that awaited him in the near 
 future. Having become a Fellow of Jews' College (with 
 Mr. B. N. MICHELSON, B. A.) in 1899, and an M. A. of 
 the University of London, Mr. WOLF received one of the 
 Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE Studentships to enable him to 
 proceed to the University of Cambridge, and there to con- 
 tinue his studies in Mental and Moral Philosophy. 
 
 These Studentships - - two in number were awarded 
 out of the annual subvention received from the Judith 
 Lady Montefiore College, and while they enabled students 
 to complete their studies at other Universities, they were 
 also instrumental in attracting students from other Uni- 
 versities. One of the first-fruits of the Montefiore endow- 
 ment was a Studentship awarded to Mr. M. SIMON, B. A., 
 Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford, who, having taken 
 a brilliant degree, entered Jews' College to train for the 
 Ministry. 
 
 And past students of the College were also distinguishing 
 themselves in various ways. In the Report for 1899, the 
 Council hear "with special pleasure of the success of the 
 Rev. HERMANN GOLLANCZ, M. A., in gaining the distinguished 
 degree of 'Doctor of Literature' of the University of Lon- 
 don. He is the first Alumnus of the College, and the first 
 Jewish graduate of the University to whom has been 
 awarded this high academical distinction, and the Council 
 offer to him their warmest congratulations upon its achieve- 
 ment".
 
 CXXII 
 
 A large number of alumni were being appointed about 
 this time to ministerial posts. In 1895, the Rev. S. LEVY, 
 B. A., became Minister of the New Synagogue, Great St. 
 Helen's, and Mr. J. AfiELSON, B.A., and Mr. Z. LAWRENCE 
 were elected Ministers at Cardiff and Newport respectively; 
 the Rev. D. WASSERZUG, B. A., having been translated from 
 Cardiff to Port Elizabeth. In the following year, Mr. D. I. FREED- 
 MAN, B. A., was selected Minister of the rising Congregation 
 of Perth, Western Australia. In 1897, Mr. GERALD FRIED- 
 LANDER became Minister of the Western Synagogue, St. 
 Alban's Place; and in 1898 Mr. G. LlPKlND, B.A., went as 
 Assistant Minister to the Brighton Congregation, and Mr. 
 W. LEVIN was elected Minister of the North West London 
 Synagogue. .The Report for the following year reports the 
 appointment of the Rev. A. FELDMAN, B.A., to the post 
 of Minister of the New Dalston Congregation, of the Rev. 
 B. N. MlCHELSON, B. A., to the Ministry of the Newport 
 Congregation, and of the Rev. M. I. COHEN, B. A. to that of 
 the Bulawayo Congregation. In the same year Mr. A. WOLF, 
 M. A., (now Minister of the Manchester Congregation of 
 British Jews) was nominated to the position of Lecturer on 
 Philosophy at University College, London. 
 
 It was in the year 1898 that the Council took an import- 
 ant step in the interests of the United Synagogue and the 
 community. It proposed a scheme by which facilities should 
 be granted to students who were Fellows of Jews' College 
 to engage in communal East End work. The work was to 
 comprise the visitation of the poor, attendance at meetings 
 of the Overseers of the United Synagogue, the delivery of 
 sermons in the East End of London, attendance at sittings 
 of the Beth Din, acting as managers of Board Schools and 
 Religion Classes, and assisting in the work of supervising 
 Boys' Clubs, and similar organizations. The proposal was ac-
 
 CXXIII 
 
 cepted with modifications by the United Synagogue, and 
 led to the employment of Jews' College "Fellows" who 
 had not yet obtained definite ministerial appointments in 
 East End ministerial work. 
 
 For some time previous to this the growing complexity 
 of the various theological and secular examinations which the 
 students of the College were required to undergo had 
 rendered necessary an enquiry into the general scheme of 
 education imparted at Tavistock House and University 
 College. A strong Sub-Committee was formed, under the 
 chairmanship of Sir PHILIP MAGNUS, to consider the entire 
 question. The Committee made various recommendations 
 to the Council, which were adopted, chief among which was 
 the appointment of a new official, to be styled the "Senior 
 Tutor", who was to superintend the secular studies of the 
 students. Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M. A., was, in 1899, ap- 
 pointed to this post. Since 1893 Mr. ABRAHAMS had taught 
 Homiletics, in succession to the Rev. MORRIS JOSEPH, and 
 he continued to act in this capacity until his retirement 
 from the teaching staff, in 1903. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THE QUESTION OF REMOVAL. 
 
 In March, 1895, the question of removing the College 
 from Tavistock House was first brought before the Council. 
 The position of Honorary Architect was now held by Mr. 
 DELISSA JOSEPH, a member of the Council and a former pupil 
 of the College School. He succeeded Mr. LEWIS SOLOMON, 
 who had taken over the office of Honorary Architect from 
 its first holder, Mr. NATHAN S. JOSEPH. Mr. DELISSA JOSEPH 
 called the Council's attention to the unsatisfactory condition
 
 CXXIV 
 
 of the building, and moved and carried a resolution to 
 the effect: 
 
 That in view of the fact that the lease of Tavistock House will expire at 
 Michaelmas 1897, it be referred to a Special Committee to consider and 
 report to the Council : 
 
 (a) As to the present condition of the structure, and as to the liability 
 for the repairs at the end of the two years and a half. 
 
 () As to the desirability of at once undertaking the repairs so that the 
 Principal and Students may have the enjoyment and comfort of them during 
 the remainder of the term. 
 
 (c) As to the provision of accommodation at the expiration of the lease. 
 
 The Special Committee, afterwards denominated the 
 "Building Sub-Committee", consisted of the President, the 
 Treasurers, the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Architect, Mr. ASHER 
 I. MYERS, and Mr. L. L. ALEXANDER; Mr. M. N. ABLER being 
 subsequently added to their number. Having ascertained 
 that Tavistock House would probably be demolished at the 
 expiration of the lease, the Committee recommended that 
 the building should merely be put into temporary repair, 
 and that steps should be taken to acquire other premises 
 when Tavistock House was no longer available. The question 
 whether Jews' College should then remain in London or be 
 transferred to Oxford or Cambridge was carefully debated, 
 with the result that the Committee recommended its retention 
 in London, "in the vicinity of University College". The 
 Committee favoured "the idea of a comprehensive building 
 scheme with moderate and suitable provision for residence 
 for such Students as would desire to avail themselves of it". 
 At the same time, Mr. DELISSA JOSEPH was asked to obtain 
 particulars of suitable buildings in the West Central district, 
 or available sites for building. 
 
 And now ensued a period of no little anxiety for the 
 Building Committee and the Hon. Architect in their search 
 for suitable premises and their endeavour to keep Tavistock
 
 cxxv 
 
 House in tenantable repair until such time as they should 
 be ready to vacate it. The proposal to build had soon to 
 be abandoned, and though the problem was thus simplified 
 it was still beset with difficulties. An offer to purchase some 
 premises in Gower Street, in close proximity to University 
 College, was declined. Meanwhile the Committee had taken 
 the wise precaution of obtaining from the Duke of Bedford 
 an extension of the lease of Tavistock House, and thus the 
 danger which at one time threatened the College of being 
 houseless was averted. 
 
 Beyond this, little progress appears to have been made 
 until April 1897, when it became known that the Jewish 
 High School for Girls, in Chenies Street, was to be discon- 
 tinued. It was suggested to the Council that these premises 
 might be available for the College. They were duly examined 
 and found suitable, and to enable the College to acquire 
 them Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL generously proposed to purchase 
 the leasehold for a sum of ^4,100, besides bearing the 
 expense of investigation and transfer. Mr. SAMUEL had been 
 led to believe that this sum would be accepted, but a higher 
 bidder came forward who ultimately offered an amount of 
 more than 5000, which "Mr. SAMUEL was advised was in 
 excess of its value". So the negotiations failed ; but the 
 College, so far from losing, derived an unexpected benefit 
 from its disappointment, for Mr. SAMUEL, realizing the dif- 
 ficulty of obtaining premises, now decided (June 1898) to 
 present the institution with ^5000, to be invested for the 
 purchase of any suitable building that might hereafter be 
 available. The grateful sentiments with which the Council 
 received this benefaction found expression in the following 
 resolution: - 
 
 That this Council have heard with feelings of profound gratitude that 
 Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL has made to the Institution the munificent gift of
 
 CXXVI 
 
 5000 for the purpose of obtaining new premises for the work of the 
 Institution. 
 
 The Council are mindful that this is but one of a long series of generous 
 acts for which the Institution is indebted to the bountiful generosity of 
 Mr. SAMUEL, who has been its devoted friend and supporter, and its help in 
 the hour of need, ever since he became associated with the work of the College. 
 
 The quest for a College-house had to be begun anew; 
 but, provided as they now were with the sinews of war, the 
 Building Committee could face the future with confidence. 
 Sooner or later something suitable would present itself, and 
 this happened even earlier than could have been expected. 
 Within the next few weeks Mr. ASHER MYERS learnt that the 
 premises of the Presbyterian College in Guilford Street and 
 Queen Square were about to be disposed of in consequence 
 of the impending removal of that institution to Cambridge. 
 Here was the ideal habitation for which the Building Com- 
 mittee had been searching, and they lost no time in securing 
 the option of it. Eventually the premises were acquired on 
 a 50 years' lease from Michaelmas 1899, at a cost of ^4,000 
 and a ground rent of MI$O, the Council undertaking to 
 expend a minimum sum of dSsoo on improvements and 
 repairs. It now only remained for the College to obtain a 
 further extension from the Duke of Bedford of the tenancy 
 of Tavistock House to March 25, 1900, by which time Queen 
 Square House would be ready for occupation; and this 
 concession was readily granted.
 
 p
 
 PART III. 
 THE COLLEGE IN QUEEN SQUARE. 
 
 I. 
 
 QUEEN SQUARE HOUSE. 
 
 If Tavistock House was rich in literary and historical 
 memories, these were not to be compared to those which 
 clustered around Queen Square House. Built in the reign of 
 Queen Anne, at a time when Queen Square enjoyed an 
 uninterrupted view of the heights of Hampstead and High- 
 gate, and standing in one of the centres of eighteenth- 
 century fashion, the house was the abode and resort of 
 many a by-gone celebrity. At one time, as we learn 
 from the scholarly researches of Mr. A. HENRIQUES 
 VALENTINE, himself a former student of Jews' College, 
 it was the abode of "Dr. JOHN CAMPBELL, the gentle 
 and accomplished biographer and historian, who collected 
 the wits, the beaux, the writers, the artists and the 
 scientists round him in Queen Square, in the same way, 
 and the same time, as Sir JOSHUA REYNOLDS was doing in 
 Leicester Square". Foremost among those who were in the 
 habit of assembling here was the great lexicographer, Dr. 
 JOHNSON, who, as his faithful BOSWELL tells us, used to go 
 pretty often to CAMPBELL'S on a Sunday evening. Thus,
 
 CXXVIII 
 
 more than 125 years ago, did the hospitable author of "The 
 Lives of the Admirals" set the example of those literary 
 and social Sunday evening gatherings with which, in our 
 own day, the traditions of Queen Square House have been 
 worthily sustained. For a time, no less a personage than 
 GEORGE III lived here, in the care of his physician, occu- 
 pying a room on the left hand side of the hall overlooking 
 Guilford Street. The next person of note to inhabit Queen 
 Square House was Chief Baron POLLOCK, and his immedi- 
 ate successors were the trustees of the Presbyterian College, 
 by whom it was occupied for a period of nearly thirty 
 years. 
 
 This was the building which had now to be adapted to 
 its new use as a Jewish Theological College, from the plans 
 prepared for the Building Committee by Mr. DELISSA JOSEPH. 
 A sum of ^gi6oo was expended in the necessary alterations 
 and repairs. On the ground floor were arranged the Princi- 
 pal's residence and the A. L. Green Library. The large 
 Lecture Hall, on the first floor, was provided with a sliding 
 partition, to adapt it to gatherings of various sizes. Ad- 
 joining this was a Students' Class Room and the Senior 
 Tutor's Room. On the second floor were the other Class 
 Rooms and the Masters' and Students' "Common Rooms", 
 and above that the Science Laboratory, which Mr. CLAUDE 
 MONTEFIORE was equipping as a "moving-in" present 
 to the College an example of generosity which other 
 friends of the institution Mr. ALFRED L. COHEN, Mr. 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON, Mr. HERBERT BENTWICH, Mr. LIONEL 
 L. ALEXANDER, Mr. HARRY R. RICHARDSON, Mr. D. 
 GESTETNER, and Mr. CHARLES MONTAGU were not slow 
 to follow. Not the least useful of these gifts was the appa- 
 ratus for indoor and outdoor physical exercise provided by 
 Messrs. SOLOMON and ALEXANDER, a portion of the basement
 
 LECTURE HALL VIEW OF THE DAIS 
 
 THE A. L. GREEN MEMORIAL LIBRARY
 
 CXXIX 
 
 having been converted into a gymnasium, while the ground 
 in Queen Square fronting the College was laid out as a 
 tennis-court. 
 
 The removal of the libraries from Tavistock Square to 
 Queen Square, the furnishing of the new rooms, and the 
 countless matters of detail to be settled in connection with 
 the change of habitation involved a considerable amount of 
 labour, which was cheerfully undertaken by Mr. ASHER I. 
 MYERS, Chairman of the Library Committee, and the member 
 of the Council and of the Building Committee whose keen 
 attention to the affairs of the College had led to the dis- 
 covery of Queen Square House. The Council's appreciation 
 of Mr. MYERS' services was embodied in the following 
 Resolution: 
 
 Resolved that the warmest thanks of the Council be tendered to Mr. 
 MYERS for the extraordinary amount of devoted attention which he has given 
 to the removal to the present premises from the time of the earliest negotia- 
 tions until the day of inauguration. 
 
 It now only remained to make arrangements for the 
 formal opening of the new premises. It was resolved that 
 this should take place on the same day as the prize dis- 
 tribution May 6, 1900. And the gentleman to whom 
 the honour naturally fell of presiding on the memorable 
 occasion was Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 
 II. 
 
 THE INAUGURAL CEREMONY. 
 
 Never has Jews' College witnessed a more imposing function 
 than that which marked the formal inauguration of Queen 
 Square House as its new abode, on Sunday afternoon, 
 May 6, 1900. The great Lecture Hall, one of the finest of 
 its kind, was thrown open to its fullest extent and crowded 
 * 9
 
 cxxx 
 
 to its utmost capacity. An assemblage of past students, 
 hailing from all parts of the United Kingdom, and wearing 
 for the occasion their academic or clerical robes, lent 
 distinction to the scene. The fine picture of "Manasseh 
 ben Israel Pleading before Cromwell" which now hung 
 above the lecture da'is, and behind the Presidential chair, 
 seemed, as it reflected the rays of the afternoon sun, to 
 light up in glorious harmony with the purpose of the re- 
 presentative gathering. For such labours as the famous 
 Dutch Rabbi had striven to accomplish Jews' College was 
 training its alumni, amidst the inspiration of new and 
 elevated surroundings. 
 
 The appearance on the platform of the Chief Rabbi, Mr. 
 CHARLES SAMUEL, Sir JOSEPH SEBAG-MONTEFIORE, and 
 the other members of the Council, Dr. FRIEDLANDER and 
 his teaching staff, was the signal for commencing. The 
 proceedings began with the Afternoon Service, read by the 
 Rev. S. SINGER, and the recital of appropriate passages from 
 Scripture by the Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN. The Chief Rabbi 
 delivered the Opening Address a stimulating utterance 
 which, like that with which the late Chief Rabbi had in- 
 augurated the College in Finsbury Square forty-five years 
 previously, deserves to be recorded in these pages: 
 
 My Dear Friends, I bid you a cordial welcome to the new home, 
 which Jews' College now owns, thanks to the rare munificence of our valued 
 friend, the Chairman of this day, whom we warmly congratulate on his recov- 
 ery from sickness, thanks also to the untiring and devoted aid given with- 
 out stint by our friend, Mr. ASHER I. MYERS, from the very moment that 
 the project of removal was first mooted, down to this day. To these tried 
 friends in the hour of need we offer the tribute of our grateful thanks. And, 
 as we look upon this fair building, with its stately hall, its fine library, its 
 convenient class and common and meeting rooms, its comfortable apartments, 
 its appliances for the study of science and for physical exercise, verily both 
 teachers and students may justly exclaim: "The lines have fallen unto us in 
 pleasant places, yea, we have a goodly heritage". In one of the fairest spots 
 in the Scottish Highlands, on the summit of a steep hill, a seat has been
 
 CXXXI 
 
 placed with the inscription : "Rest and be thankful". This legend does not 
 voice the sentiments which inspire the members of the Couucil, nor, I hope, 
 anyone who is connected with Jews' College. We are thankful, but we do 
 not mean to rest. Advance, progress, improvement, is the burden of our 
 thoughts and of our prayers. I do not propose touching upon the history of 
 this institution. Such sketch will come more appropriately from the lips of 
 our Chairman. For we are all cognizant of the purpose for which my revered 
 father and predecessor founded this College, to train young men of promise 
 to become worthy ministers of religion and teachers of the Word of God, 
 men to whom the community can look for spiritual guidance, for religious 
 admonition and moral instruction, for intelligent aid in the administration of 
 our schools and charities, for improvement in the condition of our poor, 
 men who will not merely occupy but fill the pulpits of our synagogues, men, 
 in fine, who will be representatives of the D^JOD^n ^33, the Sons of the 
 Prophets of olden time, who, by the intensity of their devotion and the 
 power of their religious enthusiasm, will enkindle a similar sympathy and 
 fervour in the hearts of their flock, who will cause the Judaism they profess 
 to be understood, loved and prized. And to secure this end the founders 
 required that the students who proceed from this College should, in some 
 measure at least, be abreast of the knowledge of the day, and have drunk 
 deep of the well-spring of Biblical and Rabbinic learning. To some degree 
 this College has fulfilled its function during the 44 years of its existence. 
 It has sent forth a number of gifted and earnest men to minister to Hebrew 
 Congregations, not merely in the metropolis but also in the provinces, many 
 of whom have, at considerable inconvenience, joined us to-day, and to whom 
 we offer our affectionate greeting. And we have also sent forth Ministers to 
 the scattered congregations in the Colonies and Dependencies of this great 
 Empire, knitted as these are to us by a bond which passing events are 
 rendering stronger day by day. The task devolves upon us efficiently to 
 continue this function. But we cannot disguise the fact from ourselves that 
 the duty becomes more complex and difficult year after year. It is universally 
 recognized now that a minister of religion should possess the cachet of culture 
 indicated by an academic degree. But the examinations of the London 
 University are continually increasing in severity, and the problem that per- 
 plexes us more and more is the question, How are the students to find the 
 necessary time for their theological studies, while preparing to undergo the 
 searching tests of the University Examiners? It is to be hoped that the 
 establishment of the new Teaching University of London, which will be 
 signalized as an accomplished fact by the presence of the Prince of Wales 
 at the Imperial Institute on Wednesday next, will assist in the solution of 
 this problem, and that theological knowledge may hereafter reckon as a factor 
 in graduating. But whether we are affiliated to the London University or 
 not, you may be assured that we shall strain every nerve to improve the 
 methods of instruction within these walls, to raise its tone, to infuse life, 
 intelligence and energy into every branch of study, so that the teaching may
 
 CXXXII 
 
 rise to the standard of University teaching. And in this consummation so 
 devoutly to be wished for, I am certain that we shall meet with the heart- 
 whole cooperation of our veteran Principal, of the newly-appointed Senior 
 Tutor, and of the members of the teaching Staff. But especially and pre- 
 eminently we need the single-minded devotion, the whole-hearted earnestness, 
 of our pupils and students. I fully admit that the work demanded of you, 
 my friends, is severe. Both here and at University College you have to be 
 disciplined in the exercise of exact thought; you have to acquire the art of 
 fixing attention; you have to be trained in the power of concentration, of 
 order, and arrangement. Now and again in the quest of knowledge you have 
 to traverse dull and seemingly barren stretches of road. But nothing is more 
 requisite to ensure genuine success in life than such patient, plodding drudgery. 
 If you refuse thus to apply your mind, if you grow impatient, you had better 
 at once relinquish the idea of entering the ministry. Aut disce, out discede. 
 "Either learn or depart". This must henceforth become the rule that regulates 
 every department of the College. Do not be satisfied with mediocrity. We 
 want you to emerge from these walls scholars, not smatterers, not inflated 
 with foolish conceit, that sure sign of mental poverty, but, as it behoves 
 learners throughout life, filled with a spirit of true modesty, genuine courtesy, 
 and gentle bearing, ever mindful of the wise saying, "Manner makyth man". 
 But to constitute a minister it is not sufficient to be a scholar and a gentle- 
 man, however important these requisites are. You must be inspired with a 
 high enthusiasm for your calling, and feel that it is the noblest and most 
 congenial vocation you could embrace. And, indeed, what career can be 
 grander and more glorious than to become fellow-workers with God in 
 securing the immortality of Judaism, to spend yourselves in training souls 
 for heaven, in holding out a brother's strong hand to guide and support the 
 frail and erring, in strengthening with the force of your earnestness and the 
 sympathy of your experience the strivers after a true and virtuous life? The 
 question is sometimes asked, Who are the most dangerous foes of Judaism ? 
 The answer is readily given : Why, of course, anti-Semites. No, they are not 
 our worst enemies. Bad Jews! Here we come nearer the truth. But the worst 
 enemies, undoubtedly, are bad ministers, who have no real love for their 
 calling, who enter upon it from low and unworthy motives, for the stipend 
 they may earn and the living they obtain, who, in the trenchant words of 
 Scripture, "Crouch for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, saying, Put 
 me, I pray thee, into one of the priests' offices that I may eat a piece of 
 bread". From such unworthy clerics may Heaven deliver us! One of the chief 
 functions of your ministration will be that of preaching. Some aid and stimulus 
 for the due performance of this duty you will receive within these lecture 
 rooms. But neither the highest ability in the writing of essays, nor the most 
 perfect elocution, will qualify you as preachers. You have heard of the young 
 artist who begged JOSHUA REYNOLDS to tell him how he mixed his colours. 
 "With brains", was the reply. For your pulpit deliverances brains and hearts 
 are required. If you would win souls for God, if you desire to enkindle in
 
 cxxxm 
 
 the hearts of your hearers a more devoted loyalty to their faith, a striving 
 for things noble, manly and true, the sacred fire must burn in your own 
 souls, your hearts must be aglow with enthusiasm. It is the preacher to whom 
 people listen, not his discourses. They will read you^ not your sermons. Men 
 may admire cleverness, they are only moved by sincere piety. They praise 
 eloquence ; they are induced to act by sympathy. If, as a writer quaintly 
 puts it, you preach cream and live skim milk, your ministry will prove a 
 dead failure. Only if the priest be a messenger of the Lord of Hosts will 
 they seek the Law at his mouth. One word in conclusion. Ordinarily at these 
 ceremonials an appeal is made for contributions. Although even the signal 
 generosity of our Chairman, the munificence of the Trustees of the Judith, 
 Lady Montefiore Endowment, and the welcome aid of the United Synagogue 
 have not entirely dispelled all pecuniary anxieties, yet it is not for monetary 
 aid that I would plead this day. I ask not for funds, but for lives. I would 
 ask you, Fathers and Mothers of Israel, to recognize that there is no higher, no 
 nobler vocation to which your sons can dedicate themselves than to become 
 teachers of religion, none which offers richer opportunities for usefulness, 
 none in which the cause of Judaism can be more zealously served. And 
 although the chances of preferment be but small, though neither prebendal stalls 
 nor episcopal sees await the young aspirants for the ministry, yet no one who 
 has embraced this calling from pure motives has ever regretted his choice. 
 He will never be doomed to lament: "I have laboured in vain, and spent 
 my strength for nought. For his work is with his God, and his reward 
 with the Lord". 
 
 In conjunction with this address must be reproduced the 
 speech of CHARLES SAMUEL, the hero of the day, whose 
 simple words the importance of the occasion and the 
 circumstances in which he was invited to take the chair 
 combined to invest with a profound interest. Mr. SAMUEL 
 spoke as follows : - 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, When I was invited by the President and 
 Council of Jews' College to take the chair at the public ceremony for the 
 opening of these new premises, I felt at first an intense reluctance to yield 
 to their flattering request. Speech-making has not been greatly in my line. 
 Perhaps I have been all the more appreciated on that account. I did not 
 wish to do anything to forfeit the kindly feeling which so many of my 
 friends here assembled are pleased to entertain towards me. But I was so 
 persistently assured by those whose advice I value that if I did not occupy 
 this place on the present occasion there would be something defective about 
 to-day's proceedings, that I felt I ought not simply to consult my own 
 Bastes and likings in such a matter. If the choice really lay between a de-
 
 CXXXIV 
 
 fective start in the inauguration of Queen Square House and a defective 
 speech on my part, I could not hesitate long. For, ladies and gentlemen, I 
 confess I love Jews' College, and what will one not do for a cause one really 
 loves? Now my interest in this institution is not of yesterday. Ever since I 
 have given any thought to questions affecting the welfare of our community, 
 I have been on the side of those who believe that nothing will so much 
 tend to the preservation and spread of a Judaism, at once sound and en- 
 lightened, among ourselves, and nothing will so greatly contribute to raise 
 the Jewish people in the esteem of their neighbours as a zealous and cult- 
 ured clergy, a clergy who deserve the confidence of their community and 
 are capable of inspiring others with high and noble ideals. Of course, some- 
 thing more is needed to achieve such a result than merely wishing for it. 
 To build up a good Jewish clergyman is a long and costly process. He 
 himself must bring a certain amount of natural aptitude, much industry, and 
 a great love for his calling the most sacred of all pursuits but he re- 
 quires, in addition, many years of varied and arduous training, and during 
 all these years he must be supported in a respectable fashion, and the cost 
 of this it is only fair that the community should chiefly bear, especially as 
 most of the candidates for the ministry are not in a position to do so 
 themselves. For my part, I regard it as one of the greatest privileges of my 
 life to have been blessed with the means of rendering some little help to 
 the great and sacred cause which this institution represents. The history of 
 Jews' College is closely bound up with the history of the Anglo-Jewish 
 community. The original suggestion of a plan for establishing a Training 
 College for Jewish Ministers and Teachers emanated from the late Chief 
 Rabbi, Dr. NATHAN MARCUS ABLER. Ever since his entry upon the Rab- 
 binate the idea had occupied his mind. It began to shape itself at a public 
 meeting in Old Sussex Hall, convened by the Chief Rabbi, and presided 
 over by Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, in 1852. Men like Mr. (afterwards Sir 
 GEORGE) JESSEL, the Rev. AARON LEVY GREEN, who from the first rendered 
 most valuable help as Honorary Secretary, M. H. PICCIOTTO, JOSHUA ALEXAN- 
 DER, JOSEPH ZEDNER, JACOB FRANKLIN, SAMPSON LUCAS, HENRY SOLOMON, 
 SAMPSON SAMUEL, A. H. HART, and others, backed it up by their eloquence 
 and influence, some of them with an enthusiasm which never dwindled to 
 the end of their days. However, it was not till 1856 that matters were 
 sufficiently advanced to justify the opening of Jews' College and Jews' 
 College School in Finsbury Square. Difficulties had to be encountered upon 
 which I will not dilate, and I pass to the time when the School as 
 distinguished from the College was, I think very wisely, given up, and the 
 local of Jews' College transferred from Finsbury Square to Tavistock House, 
 a more desirable situation, being close to University College. But I must 
 not forget to recall such names as BARNETT MEYERS, HENRY KEELING, MI- 
 CHAEL HENRY, LEWIS EMANUEL, Sir BARROW ELLIS to mention only a 
 few names, and those of men who have passed away from the scene of their 
 labours, and to whom with the rest we ought to give to-day the tribute of
 
 cxxxv 
 
 our grateful remembrance. I would like to express our obligation to the 
 many friends who fortunately are still with us. My strength and your time 
 do not permit me to go through the list. My brief survey, however, would 
 not only be incomplete, it would be unjust, if I did not refer to our hon- 
 oured President, the Chief Rabbi, to whom I know this College is as dear 
 as it ever was to his father, and who has shown such an untiring and high- 
 minded zeal in watching over the interests of the institution. Then there 
 are the respected representatives of the ancient Sephardi community, Sir 
 EDWARD SASSOON, Sir JOSEPH SEBAG MONTEFIORE, Mr. JOSHUA LEVY and 
 others, as well as those of the West London Synagogue, Sir PHILIP MAGNUS 
 and Mr. CLAUDE MONTEFIORE, one of the staunchest supporters of the Col- 
 lege to all of whom we are heavily indebted. The Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN, 
 a former student of the College, has put us under great obligations by his 
 services as Honorary Secretary. And there is one other gentleman I cannot be 
 silent about, but for whom, in all human probability, we should not be where 
 we are to-day. When two or three years ago we received notice to quit Tav- 
 istock House, we knew not where to turn for a habitation. Our choice of a 
 home was restricted by the necessity of being near University College. Then 
 it was that Mr. ASHER MYERS scoured the whole district, and while the rest 
 of us were beginning to despair, his keen eyes and indomitable perseverance 
 succeeded in discovering these most convenient premises, which he has since 
 then also laboured to render as perfect as possible for the object for which 
 they are intended. Of these premises, the class rooms, the common rooms, 
 the masters' rooms, the libraries, the opportunities for physical exercise and 
 recreation, and so forth, I will say nothing. You can, ladies and gentlemen, 
 inspect all these things for yourselves, and most welcome you are to do so. 
 As to the officers of the College, the Principal and the members of the staff, 
 no words of mine can sufficiently express what the Council owe to them. 
 Since its establishment the Institution has been under the direction of three 
 heads successively, Dr. L. LOEWE, who was appointed the first Head 
 Master ; the Rev. BARNETT ABRAHAMS, Dayan of the Sephardi congregation, 
 whose lamented death at the age of thirty-three was a calamity to Anglo- 
 Judaism, and whose scholarly son, himself trained at the College, has re- 
 cently been appointed to the responsible post of Senior Tutor; the present 
 Principal, our dear and honoured friend, Dr. FRIEDLANDER. He is now in 
 the 37th year of his office, and has grown not grey but white in the service 
 of the Council. I am but expressing the sentiments of all here present, and 
 of multitudes elsewhere, when I say that Dr. FRIEDLANDER, by his many 
 years of faithful and devoted labours, has earned the gratitude not only of 
 the Council and supporters of the institution, and of many generations of 
 students, but of the entire community, who are reaping and will continue to 
 reap the main benefits of his teachings and exemple. To my mind the most 
 gratifying feature of this institution is that, by training ministers and teachers 
 of all sections of the community, it helps in a manner to unite all sections. 
 From its very inception there was a cordial understanding and co-operation
 
 CXXXVI 
 
 between the German and Portuguese branches of Anglo-Jewry. I read, for 
 instance, with great interest the other day, in the original minutes of Jews' 
 College, under date 3ist October 1852, a resolution that the Hebrew in- 
 struction was to be adapted to the practice as well of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese as of the German Congregations. That good understanding has 
 been cemented since by the splendid public spirit of the ancient community 
 of Sephardim. The use to which year by year they put a considerable part 
 of Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE'S great legacy is most materially helping the cause 
 we have all unitedly at heart. Similarly we are indebted to the United Syn- 
 agogue and to the West London Synagogue of British Jews, to Messrs. 
 ROTHSCHILD and others for substantial annual contributions. But beyond 
 mere financial considerations, I would place the weight and wisdom, the 
 breadth and comprehensiveness of view, which the honoured representatives 
 of the various bodies lend to the deliberations of the Council. .We hear a 
 great deal in these days about the Federation of the Empire. Now the Jews 
 of the Empire are a respectable fraction of the general population, and in 
 providing the Colonies with ministers trained at this College, as from the 
 Report just issued you will find we do, do you not think we may be said 
 in our humble way to promote the union of the Empire? Indeed we are 
 happy to have been of service to the English-speaking communities outside 
 the Empire, for there are several congregations in the United States where 
 former students of the College are ministering with marked success. I have 
 already to be grateful to Providence that I am permitted to witness this day 
 the realization of a hope I have long cherished. Yet I confess I have an- 
 other wish at heart, and that is that I may be spared to see all the means 
 and forces available among us for the training of Jewish ministers con- 
 centrated in a single organization, so that the best results may be produced 
 for the community at large with the least amount of waste in any direction. 
 Jews' College and Judith Lady Montefiore College are one in work and 
 will. Add to them Aria College, and you have "the threefold cord that 
 shall not quickly be broken". This is what I ardently long for. But it is 
 my duty to tell you, in case you should not have noticed it, that I am 
 getting on in years, and if I am to behold this most desirable union, then I 
 must warn you that there is no time to be lost. But, ladies and gentlemen, 
 whatever others choose to do or leave undone, while I have life my interest 
 in Jews' College will not slacken. I believe it is doing a great, a vital, an 
 absolutely indispensable work. I believe also it is capable of immense de- 
 velopment, and destined to become a mighty instrument for the uplifting of 
 the whole community. We have joined in prayer that God's blessing may 
 rest upon our undertaking. Let me appeal to all to whom the Jewish faith 
 and the Jewish name are dear, to our brethren here and elsewhere, to the 
 Council, to the Staff, to the students, old and young, to do what in their 
 power lies to deserve the blessing for which it is surely our duty to labour 
 as well as to pray.
 
 CHARLES SAMUEL
 
 CXXXVII 
 
 One other memorable feature of this function remains to 
 noticed. A congratulatory letter to the Chief Rabbi from 
 M. ZADOC KAHN, Grand Rabbin of France, was read. The 
 Grand Rabbin wrote: 
 
 Paris, le lier Mai, 1900 
 
 17 Rue St. Georges 
 Cher Monsieur et Honore Collegue, 
 
 Notre ami Monsieur ALFRED L. COHEN a bien voulu m'informer que di- 
 manche prochain 6 Mai aura lieu a Londres 1'inauguration solennelle du 
 nouveau local du Jews' College. Je tiens a m'associer de loin a cette belle 
 fete qui marquera une date importante dans 1'histoire du juda'isme anglais, 
 et a vous exprimer les sinceres souhaites que je forme pour la prosperite de 
 votre grande cole d'etudes sacrees, de science rabbinique. Le "Jews' Col- 
 lege" a deja derriere lui un passe des plus honorables puisqu'il peut reven- 
 diquer comme siens la plupart des Ministres de Dieu qui honorent la chaire 
 Israelite en Angleterre et contribuent, pour leur part, aux progres de la 
 science juive. Grace a votre puissante impulsion, et sous la direction de 
 1'homme eminent que vous avez la bonne fortune de voir a sa tte, il va 
 entrer a present dans une nouvelle et brillante phase de son existence, m6- 
 riter de plus en plus les sympathies nombreuses qui 1'entourent, et justifier 
 toutes les esprances qu'il inspire au judaisme anglais. Que Dieu accorde 
 ses meilleurs benedictions a votre grande ecole juive et a tous ceux qui s'in- 
 teressent a ses destinees! 
 
 Veuillez agreer, cher Monsieur et honore Collegue, 1'assurance de ma con- 
 fraternelle sympathie et de mes sentiments tres devoues. 
 
 ZADOC KAHN, Grand Rabbin. 
 Monsieur le Dr. H. ADLER 
 Grand Rabbin de 1'Empire Britannique, a Londres. 
 
 In the following year a brass was set up in the Entrance 
 Hall, which duly recorded Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL'S benefaction 
 to the institution. The inscription thereon ran: 
 
 IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF THIRTY YEARS' 
 DEVOTED SERVICE AND GENEROUS SUPPORT 
 RENDERED TO JEWS' COLLEGE BY 
 
 MR. CHARLES SAMUEL, 
 
 TREASURER, AND OF HIS SPLENDID GIFT OF 
 THIS BUILDING, THIS TABLET WAS ERECTED 
 BY HIS COLLEAGUES ON THE COUNCIL, APRIL 
 2IST 5661 lO/DI.
 
 CXXXVIII 
 
 III. 
 
 THE ALBERT LOWY LIBRARY. THE USE OF THE LECTURE 
 HALL. DEATH OF LIONEL ALEXANDER. 
 
 At length Jews' College was housed in a building worthy 
 of itself, in surroundings of academic dignity that must have 
 made many a former student, trained in Finsbury-Square, 
 wish that he had been born twenty or thirty years later. 
 The library accommodation was now ample, so that even 
 the addition of another large collection of books to those 
 which the College already possessed did not unduly tax its 
 resources. Such an addition was made shortly after the 
 removal, when Mr. F. D. MOCATTA, Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, 
 and Mr. C. G. MONTEFIORE presented the Lowy Library, 
 consisting of about 9000 volumes. 
 
 These books had been acquired from the uniquely valuable 
 collection of the Rev. Dr. ALBERT LOWY, and represented 
 with the exception of about 750 volumes which Dr. LOWY 
 retained for his private use during his life-time the 
 learned accumulations of many years of book-collecting. Its 
 range was encyclopaedic, like Dr. LOWY'S own learning. It 
 was particularly rich in philological works, in grammars and 
 dictionaries of Oriental and Occidental languages, and in 
 rare translations of the Bible. Syriac and other liturgies, 
 and about forty MSS. bearing on Hebrew and Oriental stu- 
 dies likewise formed part of these literary treasures. For the 
 rest, the Lowy Library contained works on Philosophy, Folk- 
 lore, German, Old Italian, and Arabic literature, and collections 
 of learned periodicals, besides a goodly number of pamphlets 
 touching the internal history of Jewish communities, to which 
 Mr. MONTEFIORE had added 'two volumes of the Goldsmid 
 Correspondence relating to Jewish Disabilities between 1828 
 and 1858. Jews' College was now possessed of four distinct
 
 CXXXIX 
 
 and important libraries the College and Students' Library, 
 the Green Library, the Montefiore Library, and the Lowy 
 Library. The Green Library was being well maintained from 
 the the Memorial Fund established for that purpose, while Mr. 
 ALFRED L. COHEN and Mr. CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE were 
 constantly enriching the Students' Library with the newest 
 text-books and works of reference required for the University 
 examinations. Probably no Rabbinical Seminary in the world 
 could claim to possess so comprehensive a collection of Judaica 
 and secular literature as was now to be found on the book- 
 shelves of Queen Square House. 
 
 The new Lecture Hall, being one of the most spacious 
 and central places of meeting now possessed by any Jewish 
 institution in the metropolis, shortly came into requisition 
 by other bodies, with which the Council arranged for its 
 loan on suitable conditions. The Jewish Historical Society 
 of England, the Union of Jewish Literary Societies, the 
 Teachers' Training Committee of the Jewish Religious Edu- 
 cation Board, the Statistical Society, and lastly the United 
 Synagogue, were among the bodies which it accommodated 
 from time to time. Some of these institutions no longer 
 avail themselves of these arrangements, but the United 
 Synagogue has continued to assemble at Queen Square 
 House since early in 1901, when it found its own Council- 
 chamber too restricted for its monthly meetings. The fol- 
 lowing Resolution (April 16, 1901) gives expression to the 
 Council's appreciation of this graceful service which the 
 College was able to render to the larger body: 
 
 That the Council tenders its cordial thanks to the Council of Jews' College 
 for their courtesy in granting the use of the Hall of the College for the 
 meetings of the Council. 
 
 In the early part of 1901, Jews' College and the com-
 
 CXL 
 
 munity had to deplore the untimely death of LIONEL 
 LINDO ALEXANDER, one of the most energetic communal 
 workers of recent times, who took up nothing into which 
 he did not throw himself with whole-hearted enthusiasm. 
 Not Jews' College only, but the Jewish Working Mens' Club, 
 the Jewish Board of Guardians, of which for ten years he 
 was Honorary Secretary, the Home and Hospital for Jewish 
 Incurables, the Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum, the 
 Jewish Religious Education Board, and many another body 
 were served by his rare abilities, his untiring efforts. For 
 some months before his death it was known that he had 
 been stricken with a mortal disease, but almost to the last 
 he preserved his interest in the affairs of the community 
 unimpaired. At the Council Meeting held on the I3th 
 February, 1901, the Chief Rabbi moved the following 
 Resolution: 
 
 That the Council give expression to their profound regret at the loss 
 sustained by Jews' College and the community at large by the demise of 
 LIONEL LINDO ALEXANDER, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Institution; that 
 they record with warm gratitude the conspicuous service rendered by him 
 in the conduct on behalf of the College of negotiations, requiring the utmost 
 tact and delicacy, with the Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese Congrega- 
 tion, negotiations which resulted in that body annually voting a munificent 
 subvention to the funds of the College. 
 
 They also acknowledge with deep gratitude the fact that Mr. ALEXANDER 
 has been a member of the Council for a quarter of a century, and that he 
 has during that time afforded them the benefit of his valuable experience 
 and keen willingness ; and they desire to tender to the members of his family 
 the expression of their heartfelt condolence and sincere sympathy, and their 
 fervent prayer that our Heavenly Father may send them His solace in their 
 affliction. 
 
 At the election o'f Honorary Officers which took place at 
 the ensuing general meeting, the position in the Council 
 left vacant by Mr. ALEXANDER'S death was filled by the 
 election of his brother, Mr. DAVID L. ALEXANDER, K. C. 
 
 A few weeks before the death of LIONEL ALEXANDER,
 
 CXLI 
 
 had occurred that of ABRAHAM MOCATTA, one of the original 
 representatives of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue 
 on the Council of Jews' College at the time of the union of 
 the Institution with Montefiore College. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THE QUESTION OF AFFILIATION TO LONDON UNIVERSITY 
 AND THE RABBINICAL DIPLOMA. 
 
 In the course of 1900 the University of London was 
 reconstituted. It became a teaching as well as an examining 
 body, with a large number of constituent Colleges and an 
 additional number of faculties. The new faculty of Theology 
 led to the admission of a number of Theological Colleges 
 as constituents of the new University. The Council of Jews' 
 College were now asked to consider the desirability of its 
 applying to be incorporated in the University as a College 
 for the study of Theology. 
 
 A Sub-Committee, consisting of the President, Sir PHILIP 
 MAGNUS, Mr. CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, Dr. EICHHOLZ, 
 Mr. HERBERT BENTWICH, Mr. ISRAEL GOLLANCZ, the Prin- 
 cipal and the Senior Tutor, was accordingly appointed to 
 consider whether, and under what conditions, Jews' College 
 should apply for admission as a School of the University 
 of London. The Committee having reported in favour of 
 affiliation, application to the University was in due course 
 made. In consequence, however, of the unwillingness of the 
 University to make such modifications in the Theological 
 curriculum as would enable Jewish students to present 
 themselves for the Divinity examinations, the project had 
 to be abandoned for the time being. Application was now 
 made to be affiliated to the University as a School of 
 Semitic Languages. This application was only so far acceded
 
 CXLII 
 
 to that Dr. FRIEDLANDER and other members of the teaching 
 staff became in due course "recognized" by the University 
 as Teachers of Semitics. Their pupils at Jews' College thus 
 became "internal" students of the University in this sub- 
 ject, and were able to present themselves as such at the 
 University Examinations in Semitic Languages, Semitics 
 now being included in the syllabuses for the B. A. and 
 higher degrees. 
 
 The application of Jews' College to be affiliated to the 
 University of London led to further important results, due 
 to the initiative of Mr. ISRAEL GOLLANCZ. In connection 
 with the form of Constitution of Jews' College which had 
 to be presented to the University, the Scheme of Certifi- 
 cates of Competency in Hebrew and Theology was sub- 
 mitted to discussion. This Scheme provided that "Students 
 who pass the third Examination, and are Graduates of the 
 University of London, shall receive Certificates entitling 
 them to be Fellows of Jews' College, with the view of their 
 obtaining n&mn mm (Rabbinical Diploma) from the Chief 
 Rabbi". The Council now decided to provide facilities for 
 enabling the students of Jews' College to obtain the Diploma 
 within the College itself. The resolutions adopted on the 
 subject were to this effect: 
 
 (1) That Jews' College, in pursuance of its objects as a Training College 
 for Jewish Rabbis, shall take the necessary measures to obtain the Rabbinical 
 Diploma, as the result of the Examination conducted within the College for 
 students who are worthy of the same, by reason of their religious and moral 
 life and of their learning. 
 
 (2) That a special Committee be appointed to consider the curriculum as 
 well as the rules and regulations for the Examination, and such changes, if 
 any, as may be necessary in the present scheme of Examination at the Col- 
 lege (Constitution Section XXXII) and to report its recommendations to the 
 Council at as early a date as possible. 
 
 (3) That the Constitution of the Board of Examiners and all other details 
 be referred to the Special Committee for consideration and report.
 
 CXLIII 
 
 The following gentlemen were appointed members of this 
 Committee: The President, the Principal, the Theological 
 Tutor, the Senior Tutor, Messrs. M. N. ABLER, ISRAEL 
 
 GOLLANCZ, JUDAH D. ISRAEL, and E. L. MOCATTA, Prof. 
 SCHECHTER, and the Revs. M. HYAMSON and S. SlNGER. 
 After holding many meetings, the Committee recommended 
 the following Scheme of Examination, which was duly 
 adopted by the Council : 
 
 rumn mnn 
 
 DIPLOMA OF RABBI. 
 
 RULES AND REGULATIONS AND SUBJECTS OF EXAMINATION. 
 
 (1) Candidates for the Diploma of Rabbi shall be required 
 to have passed the Third or Final Hebrew and Theolo- 
 gical Examination of the College, and the Degree Exam- 
 ination of some recognized University, or some Equiv- 
 alent Examination. 
 
 The Council shall be empowered, in exceptional cases, 
 to dispense with the qualification of the University 
 Degree. The Third or Final Hebrew and Theological 
 Examination of the College shall be obligatory for all 
 Candidates. 
 
 (2) Every Candidate must, at least three Calendar months 
 before the Examination, inform the Principal of his pro- 
 posed candidature, and must obtain from him within 
 that period a Certificate, confirmed by the President, 
 that in respect of his religious and moral life he is a 
 fit and proper person to be entered for the Examination. 
 
 (3) The Examination shall be held during the month of 
 December in each year, and the first Examination for 
 the Diploma shall be held in the year 1903.
 
 CXLIV 
 
 (4) The Scheme and Subjects of Examination shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 I. TALMUD. 
 
 Candidates must be able, after a preparation lasting not 
 more than two hours, to expound a NVI1D in any one of the 
 following Masechtoth : l^ini, ftM, pttHTp, NOT", DYIDD, TOW 
 with the Commentaries of Rashi and Tosafoth. 
 
 II. SHULCHAN ARUCH. 
 
 Candidates must pass (a) a viva voce and (b) a written 
 Examination, 
 
 (a) Viva Voce; 
 
 Solution of nfow in 
 
 rrrarw 'n) -iryn pa, njn DTP. o^n mw 
 (rniyn ^IDD vi) BDWD |nn (return pto: 'n prnp 'n 
 
 f<^ In writing; 
 
 Not less than ten searching questions (DUIWI ni!?iW) in 
 the above to be answered in writing. The Candidate to 
 be permitted the use of the n"D1 &n"JO Dj; V"^ JD1N during 
 this part of the Examination. 
 
 III. During the twelve months preceding the Examination, 
 opportunities shall be given to Candidates to become 
 conversant with the practical portions of D^DI Dp^lDI nttTKtf 
 with the answering of n"1N ^"D ni^W and the plM 11TD 
 
 IV. The Examination shall not last longer than three days. 
 
 (5) To conduct the Examination, the following (or such of 
 them as shall be able and willing to act) shall be con- 
 stituted as the Board of Examiners : 
 The President (the Chief Rabbi); the Haham; the Prin- 
 cipal ; the Theological Tutor ; and a Member of the Beth 
 Din to be nominated by the Council, and to hold office 
 for the ensuing Examination.
 
 CXLV 
 
 The President shall be the Chairman of the Examiners, 
 with an additional casting vote in the event of an 
 equality of votes. 
 
 (6) As soon as possible after the Examination, and within 
 one calendar month, the Principal shall draw up a 
 Report for the Council upon each Candidate separately; 
 each such Report shall state the recommendation of the 
 Examiners, and in the case of a successful student that 
 he has been recommended to the President of the College 
 (the Chief Rabbi) as competent for nNTin mnn, the Diploma 
 of Rabbi. 
 
 In the case of an unsuccessful Candidate, the Report 
 shall clearly state in what subject or subjects he has 
 failed to satisfy the Examiners. A Candidate who has 
 failed to pass on one occasion shall be allowed to enter 
 for any subsequent Examination, provided that he com- 
 ply with the Regulations set forth above. 
 
 (7) The Diploma, with the Seal of Jews' College attached, 
 shall be presented to the successful Candidate or Can- 
 didates at the Public Distribution of Prizes next following 
 the Examination. 
 
 (8) The Diploma shall be in Hebrew and English: 
 
 (I.) The Hebrew, written, in accordance with the 
 customary form and phraseology; 
 
 (II.) The English, printed in the following terms : 
 
 JEWS' COLLEGE, LONDON. 
 
 nanin mnn 
 
 DIPLOMA OF RABBI. 
 
 As the result of an Examination conducted within the 
 
 College, by the BOARD OF EXAMINERS for the nirnn mnn, 
 
 consisting of:
 
 CXLVI 
 THE PRESIDENT (THE REVD. THE CHIEF RABBl) ; 
 
 THE HAHAM; 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL OF THE COLLEGE; 
 
 THE THEOLOGICAL TUTOR; 
 
 MEMBER OF THE BETH DIN; 
 
 This DIPLOMA testifies that the HNlin mnD has been conferred 
 
 upon 
 
 A. B. 
 
 with all the rights, privileges, and status appertaining thereto. 
 ^ \ Signed 
 
 /SEAL OF\ 
 
 ( JEWS' | 
 
 V COLLEGE } President of Jews' College, 
 
 Date. 
 
 V. 
 
 THE IDEAL OF A JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 At the prize-distribution of 1901, Prof. SOLOMON SCHECH- 
 TER, Reader in Rabbinic at the University of Cambridge, 
 and Professor of Hebrew at University College, London, was 
 invited to preside. The visit was looked forward to with 
 more than ordinary interest. It was felt that the renowned 
 delver among the literary treasures of the Cairo Genizah, 
 and discoverer of the Hebrew text of Ecclesiasticus, would 
 be the bearer to the College students of a message of 
 inspiration from the past that would be peculiarly helpful 
 to them in their new surroundings. And the expectation 
 was not disappointed. Seldom, if ever, had Dr. SCHECHTER
 
 CXLVII 
 
 soared, to higher flights of eloquent wisdom than at Jews' 
 College, on the 2ist April, 1901. The address was worthy 
 alike of the man and the occasion. By rescuing it from the 
 "genizah" pages of the Jewish press, and including it in these 
 annals, we believe we are rendering a service to Jewish 
 thought which theologians will welcome and appreciate. 
 Prof. SCHECHTER said: 
 
 The first thing to which my mind turned when I received the invitation 
 of the Very Rev. the Chief Rabbi, on behalf of the Council, asking me to 
 distribute the prizes and to deliver an address, 'bringing before the students 
 the ideal of a theological seminary', was a passage from the Sepher Hammib- 
 char which I happened to read some days before. The Sepher Hammibchar 
 represents a commentary to the Pentateuch by a certain AARON ben ELIYAH, 
 and was edited with notes centuries after the death of the author by ABRAHAM 
 of Jerusalem. Coming to some difficulty the solution of which afforded diversity 
 of opinion, the annotator makes the following remark: "It is of itself under- 
 stood that all the words of our master and teacher are true and perfect. 
 Since, however, the leaders and wise men of our community have no objection 
 to any man offering his opinion where such an opinion might prove helpful 
 to the student, I will now, with their permission, answer also my part, and 
 give my explanation of the passage". ABRAHAM of Jerusalem was writing in 
 a country, Russia, where it was not safe to make remarks without permission, 
 whilst the difficulty with which he had to deal was of a metaphysical character. 
 In this country we are in the habit of offering opinions without submitting 
 them first to the approval of our betters, nor is the difficulty confronting me 
 of such a solemn nature. Yet I need hardly tell you that every one must 
 feel a certain embarrassment when called upon to speak on matters connected 
 with the training of Jewish ministers in the presence of the President and 
 that of the staff of Jews' College, who, both by their learning and experience, 
 impose silence upon *one. I am specially referring to the presence of our 
 revered Chief Rabbi, the Very Rev. Dr. ADLER, the presiding genius of this 
 institution in its normal and better days; who, both by his learning and his 
 practical wisdom (and tact, was, and is, the moral mainstay of the College- 
 the presence of Dr. FRIEDLANDER, the revered Principal of this institution, 
 the Nestor of Jewish principals, the author of "Jewish Religion" and one of 
 our greatest living authorities ou the productions of MAIMONIDES and IBN EZRA; 
 the presence of Dr. HIRSCH, the theological tutor of this College, who has 
 grown grey in the service of this institution, whose knowledge of the Oxford 
 and Paris Schoolmen of the Middle Ages is only eqnalled by his familiarity 
 with Jewish thought of different ages, and who has shown by his contributions, 
 scattered over various learned periodicals, that this institution possesses on 
 its staff a scholar rare among scholars ; and the presence of Mr. ISRAEL
 
 CXLVIII 
 
 ABRAHAMS, the senior tutor of the College, who is both Talmid (disciple) 
 and the Chacham (Master) of the College, whose name is a household word 
 in every Jewish family, and whose books on Jewish history and Jewish life 
 are accepted as standard works in two hemispheres. I would also not advise 
 anybody to speak too confidently on the subject of Semitic Grammar or on 
 the various productions dating from the Hebrew-Arabic period of our history 
 in the presence of Dr. HIRSCHFELD, Master and Librarian in this College, 
 the editor and translator of the Cusari. Nor must I refrain, though I do not 
 intend to speak on the secular work accomplished by the College, from 
 expressing the deep gratitude which one feels to Mr. G. W. KILNER, M. A., 
 in this branch. He is at once the teacher and the friend of the students, and 
 the affection with which they regard him is the outcome of his character and 
 his work. However, here I am arrayed in all the paraphernalia of the Don, 
 and invested with all the authority of a prize-distributor. All that I can do 
 is to say p")Q "HDD) "with your permission, my masters". I will now attempt 
 to say a few words on the subject introduced above the ideal of a Jewish 
 Theological Seminary. Now ideals are as a rule hardly definable. They are as 
 difficult to describe with any preciseness as they are hard to obtain, but we 
 cannot be entirely wrong if we think that the training of students of divinity 
 should in its working after divine models partake in its nature of that divine 
 attribute described in our liturgy as the one that "creates many souls and 
 their wants". I do not intend to dwell long on the first part of our proposition, 
 for the very simple reason that the term "soul" bears no proper analysis. 
 I have sometimes been reproached for not paying sufficient attention to my 
 dictionary. All I can tell you is, "Do not imitate my bad example". But 
 please be not deceived into believing that lexicon learning is the ultima ratio 
 of wisdom. The wisdom which can be arranged alphabetically, stored up in 
 so many pigeon-holes and labelled, God, duty, devotion, religion, etc., is hardly 
 worth having. No, you cannot look up your soul in any dictionary, and neither 
 Annandale, nor Webster, nor even Murray, will be of the slightest help to 
 you in the explanation of such a term, for instance, as Love. The ancient 
 Rabbis apparently felt these limitations, and gave ample proof of it in their 
 productions. The commandment, "Seven days shall there be no leaven found 
 in your houses" was allowed to develop into a whole literature, occupying 
 almost a whole tractate of commentary in the Talmud and hundreds of 
 paragraphs in our legal codes, whilst the verse, "And thou shall love the 
 Lord thy God" could hardly boast of any commentary at all. To verses of 
 such a nature every man was expected to offer his own explanation, as a 
 manifestation of his own individuality, and in full harmony with his actions 
 and way of living. You can prescribe all possible ceremonies and rules of 
 procedure for various occasions in life, but you cannot observe much etiquette 
 when ascending the stake, and this is what Love of God means. With regard 
 to the "soul", they declared it to be in many ways God-like, but this is only 
 explaining a puzzling secret by a solemn mystery. All the advice to be offered 
 on this point can only be of a negative nature, as "be not soulless". I mean
 
 CXLIX 
 
 be not wanting in that capacity or modicum of grace the absence of which 
 blights everything, turns philanthropy into vulgar patronage, loyalty and 
 devotion to friends into unbearable obtrusiveness, words of prayer into 
 blasphemous utterance, and wide learning into mere inflated pedantry. 
 "Where is the seat of wisdom?" is a question which occupied the mind of the 
 Rabbis some eighteen hundred years ago ; some pointing to the head, others 
 to the heart. Religious history has decided in favour of both, real wisdom 
 being a combination of reason and emotion, neither of which can be neglected 
 without damage to one's soul. The constant alternating of the Halacha, the 
 legal part of the Torah, with the Hagada, the narrative part of the Law, 
 bears witness to this great truth. Speaking in an institution which is devoted 
 to the cultivation of the Halacha and the Hagada, there is no need for me 
 to enlarge upon the nature and significance of these two great "pillars of 
 Jewish truth", but I may perhaps hint that the highest task that the Jewish 
 student could set to himself would be to point out those sparks of Divine 
 and human sympathy which permeate the Halacha, thus recommending it to 
 the heart. HILLEL'S dictum : The whole of the Torah may be reduced to a 
 commentary of "And thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself", was not a mere 
 paradox. And on the other hand, it would be equally meritorious that the 
 student should bring into prominence those elements of eternal truth buried 
 under the debris and hyperbolic language of folk-lore and fable, thus recon- 
 ciling the head with the Hagada. But the dictum of HlLLEL just quoted 
 closes with the injunction : "proceed to study". But you cannot expect a 
 man to continue his studies unless you first make him conscious of his 
 ignorance. And this brings us to the second part of our proposition. I am 
 thinking of the comment of the Gaon to the benediction of Bore Nephashoth, 
 which is to the effect that the creation of wants, " Vechesronan" ', is as much 
 a part of the divine economy in the guidance of the world as the creation 
 of souls. And nowhere is this more true than in the intellectual world, 
 where self-complacency and satisfaction with one's share of knowledge means 
 stagnation and ultimate spiritual death. You probably have all heard of the 
 promise according to which the advent of the Messiah will bring instantaneous 
 relief to all afflicted with disease or malformation of the body or any other 
 human defect except the fool. The underlying idea is that no salvation, 
 be it that of the body or the soul, is possible without the preceding penance 
 and repentance, a vital part of which is self-contrition and the consciousness on 
 the part of the sufferer of his shortcomings and frailties, whilst the fool will never 
 confess to his ignorance. The creation of such a conviction of one's imperfection 
 and wants, and to make one fully convinced that, for instance, the B. A., or even 
 the Hatarath Horaah, or even the possession of this scarlet gown, does not relieve 
 one of the sacred duty of continuing one's studies, would thus be a saving work, an 
 ideal worthy of any educational institution. My friends, you must not flatter 
 yourselves that you will ever succeed in becoming life-long teachers, as every 
 minister is bound to be, unless you agree to become at the same time life- 
 long learners. Mind, there is no real status quo in the world of intellect.
 
 CL 
 
 Every day brings with it fresh problems, whilst every year makes obsolete 
 so many conceptions of the Universe which have been passed as satisfactory 
 for centuries. And you will by no means remove these problems and diffi- 
 culties by refusing to discuss them, or by assuming that superior attitude 
 which covers its ignorance by ignoring others. Nor must you fall into the 
 error of those who, like the old-fashioned divines with their beloved theology, 
 are now proclaiming political economy as the queen of all the sciences. I 
 thoroughly and honestly do appreciate the work of all those who are oc- 
 cupied with the settling of the great social problem, running in Biblical 
 language, "And if ye say what shall we eat". But let us not forget that 
 man does not live by bread only. He has also a past to account and a fu- 
 ture to provide for. It is the longing of the human soul for some adequate 
 interpretation of the past and the consolidation of some hope and promise 
 for the future which are the mainspring of the two branches of knowledge 
 passing under the name of history and theology; and it is for the culti- 
 vation of these subjects, as well as for the office of worship, that synagogues 
 are established, colleges are created, and ministers are trained. The syn- 
 agogue should altogether, in my humble opinion, only stand as an influence 
 and a leaven of society, and not be degraded into becoming its organ and 
 instrument. The synagogue should be above society, not its handmaiden, if 
 you don't want it to become tainted with the vanities and vulgarities inevi- 
 tably clinging to an ever-pushing, ever-racing, ever-advertizing humanity. 
 
 Speaking of the purpose which Jews' College was to 
 serve, Dr. ScHECHTER went on to observe: 
 
 Be that as it may, there can be no doubt that the whole raison cfetre of 
 this Seminary is the study of the theology and history of Judaism, and no 
 other subject should be allowed to supplant, or in any way to shorten, the 
 curriculum of Jewish studies in this place. Remember there is not such a 
 thing as kosher Mathematics or orthodox laboratories, or a Jewish Homer or 
 Virgil, but there is assuredly such a thing as a special Jewish conception of 
 God and the Universe, there is such a thing as a special Jewish interpreta- 
 tion of the Past, and there is a particular Jewish aspect and prospect of the 
 Future which may perhaps be characterized as a spiritual Imperialism, with 
 its accompanying doctrine of the spiritual "Open door", through which they 
 will all come to serve Thee, "I^ID}?^ ^Q lYWYi etc -> etc - Be not unmindful 
 of the fact that there are hundreds of institutions devoted to the cultivation 
 of the secular arts and sciences, but this institution is the only PHID DpD 
 in this great country. I must remark that owing to the various discoveries made 
 within the last ten years, whole sections of Jewish history as contained the 
 works of GRAETZ, .Josr and others, are now largely obsolete, and will have to 
 be rewritten in accordance with the results afforded by the latest finds. 
 Now, Germany, and even Russia, have done their share fairly by Jewish 
 history. I need only to mention here the names of RAPOPORT, KROCHMAL, 
 GRAETZ and ZUNZ. It is now our turn to complete the work which those
 
 CLI 
 
 great men have begun, and the duty devolves the more upon us since, by a 
 peculiar train of coincidences, it so happens that we, in this country, are 
 almost in the exclusive possession of the literary treasures which the last dec- 
 ade has revealed to the world. I must also draw your attention to the mu- 
 nificent gift of our three great patrons of Jewish learning in this country. 
 Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, Mr. FREDERIC MOCATTA, and Mr. CLAUDE G. MONTE- 
 FIORE have presented the library of our learned friend, the much-beloved 
 scholar, the Rev. Dr. A. Lowv, to this Institution. It forms undoubtedly 
 one of the finest collections of philological books and Judaica, and its full 
 value will be recognized when its erudite possessor will, as he expressed his 
 intention to me, have finished his detailed description of the treasures con- 
 tained in it. I may, perhaps, point out in passing that this passionate de- 
 votion to the study of ancient MSS., which you may possibly have observed 
 in some students, has not its source in mere antiquarianism or love of cu- 
 rios, as certain gentlemen are pleased to describe it. The famous R. NISSIM 
 GAON, the correspondent of R. Sherira and R. Hai Gaon, and the author of 
 the Maphteach, says, in the introduction of his work, "And I entreat every- 
 body who will profit by the study of this work to pray to God for me and 
 cause me to find mercy whether I am alive or dead." Nowadays we are 
 not always in a praying mood. With HEGEL, some of us, perhaps, believe 
 that thinking is also praying. But the sensation we experience in our work 
 is not very unlike that which should accompany our devotions. Every dis- 
 covery of an ancient document, giving evidence of a bygone world, is, if un- 
 dertaken in the right spirit that is, for the honour of God, and not for the 
 glory of self an act of resurrection in miniature. How the past suddenly 
 rushes in upon you with all its joys and woes! And there is a spark of a 
 human soul like yours come to light again after a disappearance for cent- 
 uries, crying for sympathy and mercy even as R. NISSIM did. You dare not 
 neglect it and slay this soul again. Unless you choose to become another 
 Cain, you must be the keeper of your brother and give him a fair hearing. 
 You pray with him if he happens to be a liturgist. You grieve with him if 
 the impress left by him in your find is that of suffering, and you even 
 doubt with him if the garb in which he makes his reappearance is that of 
 an honest sceptic souls can only be kissed through the medium of sym- 
 pathy. To return to our subject, I will quote a passage from the Siphre: 
 "How came it about that Israel has become petty and dull-brained? Because 
 they were not building in the words of the Torah". Colleges and universities 
 can only impress you with the immensity of the task before you, and make 
 you feel the shortcomings of your attainments, and supply you with the basis 
 of your building. But as soon as the foundations of the buildings are laid 
 it is for you to complete the work which the College has begun. And un- 
 less you are satisfied to remain small and mediocre not to use the harsher 
 term of the Siphre you should all your life be fixing seasons for the study 
 of the Torah, and follow the example of the Amorah, R. ISAAC BEN SHEM- 
 UEL, of whom it is said that he was all his life "transplanting himself or
 
 CLII 
 
 advancing from one society busy with the study of the Torah unto another 
 pursuing the same aim". If this example be too Oriental for your taste, I 
 will call your attention to models from the Anglican Church, of men full of 
 years and rich in dignities, who often come down to the Universities for a 
 term or two for the purpose of renewing their studies and attending certain 
 courses of lectures calculated to bring up to date their rusty learning. For 
 the time being these grey-bearded gentlemen become regular undergraduates, 
 grateful for every piece of information imparted to them, and enjoying to 
 the full the pleasures of a second boyhood. My young friends! you all know 
 the term 'sons or children of the Torah'. When a certain Rabbi of the third 
 century was rebuked by a Roman dignitary for what seemed an unconsist- 
 ency in the conduct of the former, he answered, "We are the 'children 
 of the Torah', and for her sake we are prepared to become martyrs'\ 
 Happily you are not called upon to bring such sacrifices. But we may fairly 
 expect you to maintain those relations to mother Torah usually marked as 
 filial, such as love, reverence, loyalty and life-long devotion. 
 
 During that year Prof. ScHECHTER joined the Council. 
 But his connection with the College had shortly to be 
 severed in consequence of his departure from England to 
 take up the position of Principal of the Hebrew The- 
 ological Seminary in New York. On that occasion the 
 SCHECHTER Testimonial Committee presented the College 
 through its Hon. Secretary, Mr. HERBERT BENTWICH, with 
 a fine portrait of the Cambridge Professor, which hangs in 
 the Lecture Hall. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL OF JEWS' COLLEGE. 
 
 If the name and personality of the Principal of Jews' 
 College have not hitherto loomed large in these pages, it 
 would be a mistake to infer that his activity has not been 
 the dominating factor in the progress which the institution 
 has recorded during the forty years he has stood at its 
 head. The dial of a clock shows the movement of its hands 
 as they revolve upon its surface, but the mainspring which 
 controls that movement is necessarily concealed from the
 
 CLIII 
 
 spectator's view among the works, whose existence has to be 
 taken for granted. It is thus with the life-long labours of 
 Dr. MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER. Performed as they for the 
 most part have been in the retirement of the College 
 class-rooms, or hidden away among the periodical reports 
 to the Council and Education Committee, they have scarcely 
 been of a nature to call prominent attention to themselves. 
 They can only be estimated by their results; by their 
 influence upon Anglo-Judaism; by the careers of the men 
 who have gone forth from Jews' College to minister and 
 teach, the preponderating majority of whom are Dr. FRIED- 
 LANDER'S pupils. The affectionate respect in which they 
 have held him, the immense enthusiasm with which his 
 name has been received at every gathering and public 
 function connected with Jews' College, may be regarded as 
 some indication of what Dr. FRIEDLANDER has accom- 
 plished in the course of his strenuous life. 
 
 While his labours have chiefly been given to Jews' 
 College, they have by no means been confined to this 
 institution. The foremost representative of Jewish scholar- 
 ship in this country, Dr. FRIEDLANDER has been prominent 
 in every literary and educational movement that has gone 
 forward in the community. The now defunct Society of 
 Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew Literature Meetings that met 
 in the seventies under the Presidency of the Rev. A. L. 
 GREEN, the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious 
 Knowledge and its present-day representative, the Jewish 
 Religious Education Board, the Jewish Historical Society, 
 the Society of Biblical Archaeology, the Jews' College 
 Literary Society and the literary-societies' movement of 
 which this body was the pioneer these and many 
 
 other educational agencies have been immensely indebted 
 to his activity as a lecturer, a writer, and a working mem-
 
 CLIV 
 
 her of committees. At the same time, his services have been 
 freely given to the community as an honorary examiner of 
 schools, and in many other capacities which there is no 
 call to specify. 
 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER'S writings have carried his name wherever 
 Jewish scholarship is known and appreciated. They rank as 
 the most erudite works of their kind in the subjects of which 
 they treat. Chief among them are those which were published 
 under the auspices of the Society of Hebrew Literature, 
 comprising "The Commentary of Ibn Ezra on Isaiah", edited 
 from MSS., and translated with Notes, Introduction and 
 Glossary; "The Book of Isaiah" Anglican Version, emended 
 according to the "Commentary of Ibn Ezra"; "Essay on 
 the writings of Abraham Ibn Ezra" ; and a translation from 
 the original Arabic, with notes, of the "Guide to the Per- 
 plexed" of Maimonides. The latter work at once became a 
 classic of indispensable value to English-speaking students 
 of Jewish-Arabian philosophy, while his writings on Ibn 
 Ezra have placed him among the foremost authorities on 
 that subject. As a Biblical Exegetist from a strictly conser- 
 vative standpoint, Dr. FRIEDLANDER has probably no equal 
 among scholars in this country. His labours in this depart- 
 ment have resulted in the publication of a "Jewish Family 
 Bible in Hebrew and English" a revision of the Anglican 
 Version which has been adopted for use in many Synagogues 
 in a number of critical articles on the Revised Version 
 contributed to the Jewish Chronicle, in lectures and publi- 
 cations on such separate books of Scripture as "Ecclesiastes" 
 and "The Song of Songs", and in the "Appendix to the 
 Revised Version" issued by the Jewish Religious Education 
 Board, which was largely the outcome of his scholar- 
 ship. His two works on "The Jewish Religion" have run 
 into several editions, and are the approved text-books for
 
 CLV 
 
 use in Jewish schools. One of them has been translated 
 into Marathi. Nor must his calculations for the Jewish 
 Calendar be forgotten, his knowledge of Astronomy having 
 been brought to bear upon the arrangement of the tables 
 of night-fall in all parts of England, published in Vallentine's 
 Anglo-Jewish Almanac. For some years past Dr. FRIEDLANDER 
 has been engaged on a special work dealing with the Jewish 
 Calendar, an article on which in the Jewish Encyclopaedia 
 is from his pen. Finally have to be noted his scholarly 
 contributions to the Jewish Quarterly Review, the Dictionary 
 of National Biography, the Jewish Encyclopaedia, and various 
 Continental publications. Without enumerating the various 
 Papers he has read to learned societies, mention may be 
 made of his lectures on Spinoza, delivered before the Jews' 
 College Literary Society, and a Paper read at the Society 
 of Biblical Archaeology, treating of a Hebrew system of 
 vowels and accents not previously known to scholars. 
 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER has thus, by the range and depth of 
 his attainments, proved his fitness to be the teacher of the 
 teachers of the community. But the distinguished respect 
 which he has acquired in the discharge of this responsibility 
 rests on something more important, even, than scholarship. 
 A seminary for training the religious guides of Israel must 
 always stand for the principle that "The fear of the Lord is the 
 beginning of knowledge". Of that principle Dr. FRIEDLANDER 
 has been the consistent embodiment since the hour that the 
 destinies of Jews' College were committed to his keeping. By 
 the evident sincerity of his blameless life, his dignified 
 modesty, and sweetness of disposition, Dr. FRIEDLANDER has 
 earned for himself the title of a Sage in Israel. He has been 
 described as a modern HlLLEL, a present day MENDELSSOHN, 
 who by his simplicity of character wins over to goodness 
 those who come within the range of his influence.
 
 CLVI 
 
 VII. 
 
 CELEBRATION OF HIS /OTH BIRTHDAY. 
 
 In the course of 1903 an opportunity presented itself for 
 testifying to the great esteem entertained for the scholar 
 and the man. On the 2Qth April, according to the English 
 date, and the 8th lyar, reckoning by the Hebrew Calendar, 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER attained his /oth birthday, and the 
 event was duly celebrated by Jews' College. At the distribu- 
 tion of Prizes held on the 3rd May, the Chief Rabbi 
 presented to Dr. FRIEDLANDER an Address of Congratulation 
 from the College Council, accompanied by these words: 
 "Dr. FRIEDLANDER, I deem it a high privilege to be the 
 mouthpiece of the Council on this occasion, and to present 
 to you on their behalf an address of congratulation on the 
 happy attainment of your seventieth birthday. I rejoice that 
 this task has fallen to me, because it has been my privilege 
 and my joy to have been on terms of intimate friendship 
 with you from the very first moment that you set foot on 
 British shores. It has been my joy and privilege to take 
 sweet counsel together with you, and I thankfully record 
 the many occasions on which you have given me your 
 valuable aid and advice. Dr. FRIEDLANDER, in making this 
 presentation there is much that I could say and much that 
 I would wish to say, but I abstain from doing so, being 
 mindful of the Rabbinic adage, that it is wise to mention 
 only a portion of a man's praise in the presence of him to 
 whom we desire to offer it. I also desire to say that the 
 Jewish press has borne an admirable tribute to your scholar- 
 ship and to your manifold virtues, and that I shall proceed to 
 read the address of the Council, in which expression is given 
 to our sentiments for you. Therefore there is no need to
 
 CLVII 
 
 dilate, except to say that no one is more sensible than I 
 am of the grave responsibilities which you have had to 
 discharge for a period of thirty-eight years in your position 
 of Principal of Jews' College. Nobody knows better than I 
 the many anxieties you have had to bear, the grave diffi- 
 culties with which you have had to cope, and I know how 
 in battling with these difficulties and in endeavouring to 
 discharge your high responsibilities you have been sustained 
 by your deep sense of duty. We gladly record how in these 
 duties you have been cheered by the companionship of your 
 wife, whom we all respect, and I would now beg to say that 
 all our wishes and hopes and prayers for you are summed 
 up in the ancient blessing: "And as thy days, so may thy 
 strength be". May your advancing years be solaced by the 
 consciousness that you have ever striven to fulfill your duty, 
 and may those who have issued from the walls of this 
 institution, and those who will continue to go forth from 
 them, ever be inspired by your example and by your lessons 
 to become and to remain worthy teachers in Israel, fired 
 even as you have been with enthusiasm for your faith and 
 unshaken loyalty to the teachings of Judaism. I beg to hand 
 you this testimonial". Dr. ADLER then read the text of the 
 following framed Addres: 
 
 At a meeting of the Council of Jews' College, held on March i8th, 1903, 
 the Very Rev. the Chief Rabbi, President, in the Chair, it was resolved un- 
 animously that: 
 
 The Council beg to offer to Dr. MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER, the Principal of 
 the College, the expression of their sincere congratulations on the occasion 
 of his seventieth Birthday. Thirty-eight years have elapsed since he came 
 from Berlin to take upon himself the very responsible duties of his office; 
 and every succeeding year has witnessed a growth of the esteem and affect- 
 ion with which he has been regarded by all who have been brought within 
 the sphere of his influence. 
 
 To the students and pupils his teaching and example have been fraught 
 with the most beneficial results, and it must be a source of pride for him to 
 know that in Great Britain and her Colonies a large proportion of the
 
 CLVIII 
 
 Ministers of the Jewish congregations received their theological training 
 under his learned and benign supervision. 
 
 His relations with the Council have always been of the most cordial char- 
 acter, and the confidence which they have reposed in him has been amply 
 Justified by his constant and unsparing devotion to the best interests of the 
 Institution. The Council feel that, in tendering to him this expression of 
 their heartfelt good wishes, they are voicing the sentiments not only of 
 themselves, but likewise of the whole Anglo-Jewish community, to whom he 
 has endeared himself by the manifestation of the best qualities which enlist 
 the admiration of all men. 
 
 To his devoted wife, also, they beg to offer the expression of their most 
 sincere congratulations; for they are conscious of the great part which she 
 has played in their long and happy union, and the sustaining support which 
 she has given to him in the arduous work of his life. 
 
 The Council trust that they may both enjoy many more years of happiness, 
 surrounded ever by the affection and esteem of their many friends. 
 H. ADLER, President. 
 
 EDWARD SASSOON, , r . ,, ., 
 
 1 Vice-Presidents. 
 CHARLES SAMUEL, 
 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON, ~ 
 
 ' Treasurers. 
 ADOLPH TUCK, 
 
 JOHN CHAPMAN, Honorary Secretary. 
 
 A few weeks later Dr. FRIEDLANDER'S pupils, present and 
 past, associated themselves with his colleagues in presenting 
 him with a further Address of Congratulation, engrossed in 
 an illuminated album and signed by the donors. At the 
 same time they presented to the Council of Jews' College a 
 portrait of Dr. FRIEDLANDER (here reproduced), to be hung 
 in the Lecture Hall. The presentation was made on the 
 occasion of a soiree organized by the Jews' College Union 
 Society, which was attended by the ministers of the Metro- 
 politan Synagogues, the students of Jews' College, and a 
 large contingent of their friends. With Mr. ISRAEL ABRA- 
 HAMS as Chairman, Dr. S. A. HiRSCH as the spokesman 
 of Dr. FRIEDLANDER'S colleagues, the Rev. S. SINGER 
 speaking on behalf of past students, and Mr. ISRAEL COHEN 
 voicing the sentiments of present students, the occasion 
 proved to be one of impressive interest. The following is 
 the text of the album address:
 
 DR. M. FRIEDLANDER.
 
 CLIX 
 
 1833 
 
 I 
 1903 
 
 Jews' College London. 
 
 5593 
 5663 
 
 To Dr. MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER, Principal of Jews' College. 
 We, the Members of the Staff and the present and past Students of 
 Jews' College, offer you our heartiest congratulations on the happy 
 completion of your Seventieth Year. We hail this event with all 
 the more joy, inasmuch as it affords us a suitable opportunity for 
 expressing the love which we feel towards you, and the esteem in 
 which we have always held you. Your singular humility of character 
 prevents us from detailing your numerous claims to our regard and 
 affection, and thus spares us a task which we could ill hope successfully to 
 accomplish. Suffice it to say that all your disciples have become your friends, 
 and all your friends would wish to be your disciples. By your successful 
 guidance of the destinies of Jews' College for a period of nearly forty years, 
 you have effectively influenced the larger destinies of the Anglo-Jewish 
 Community, and only the historian of the future can attempt to estimate the 
 full and far-reaching estimate of their influence. By your labours in the field 
 of Jewish Scholarship you have lightened the task of the student and made 
 permanent contributions to the enrichment of Literature. By your constant 
 and kindly readiness to guide the perplexed, whether in the province of 
 pure academics or in the spheres of practical religion and communal deliber- 
 ation, you have earned the title of Philanthropist in a sense that is all the 
 more precious because unconnected with anything ephemeral. We desire to 
 associate the name of Mrs. FRIEDLANDER with this Address, in order to com- 
 plete its justification and enhance its interest. We feel that the large measure 
 of success that has resulted from your labours derives no little of its source 
 from her loyal encouragement and her zealous cooperation. We beg you to 
 accept this Album containing the signatures of your colleagues on the Staff 
 of your present Students, and of your past Students still living, as the visible 
 token of our veneration. But it is accompanied by countless wishes and 
 ineffable hopes [that the Almighty will spare your wife and yourself to continue 
 for untold years in peace, health, and happiness, enjoying the love of your kin, 
 the regard of your friends, and the undying esteem of the entire community. 
 
 Isaac Aarons. 
 Isidore Aarons. 
 Joshua Abelson. 
 A. Abrahams. 
 Israel Abrahams. 
 M. Abrahams. 
 Michael Adler. 
 S. Alfred Adler. 
 A. Antoine. 
 M. Bensky. 
 Berman Berliner. 
 
 John Chapman. 
 A. I. Clarke. 
 Abraham Cohen. 
 Barnet I. Cohen. 
 Harris Cohen. 
 Herman Cohen. 
 Israel Cohen. 
 Samuel I. Cohen. 
 J. Danglowitz. 
 M. E. Davis. 
 Emmanuel Drukker. 
 
 W. Esterson 
 Asher Feldman. 
 W. M. Feldman. 
 Gerald Friedlander. 
 B. Goldstein. 
 Leopold Goldwater. 
 Hermann Gollancz. 
 H. H. Gordon. 
 A. A. Green. 
 Isidore Harris. 
 John Harris.
 
 CLX 
 
 Simeon D. Hart. 
 S. L. Hasluck. 
 David Hirsch. 
 S. A. Hirsch. 
 Hartwig Hirschfeld. 
 Joseph Hochman. 
 Henry H. Hyams. 
 M. Hyamson. 
 E. Hyman. 
 Alexander Jacob. 
 L. Jacob. 
 Morris Joseph. 
 A. Kenner. 
 G. W. Kilner. 
 S. Kutner. 
 Z. Laurence. 
 Samuel Levene. 
 J. L. Levin. 
 Walter Levin. 
 
 Queen Square House, 
 Guilford Street. London. 
 
 Ephraim Levine. 
 Israel Levinson. 
 Abraham Levy. 
 S. Levy. 
 Samuel Levy. 
 G. Lipkind. 
 
 D. Manchevsky. 
 H. G. Meyer. 
 Lewis Morris. 
 Samuel Moses. 
 S. Moses. 
 Simeon Newman. 
 H. L. Pass. 
 
 E. P. Phillips. 
 J. Polack. 
 
 David de Sola Pool. 
 Morris Rosenbaum. 
 Abraham D. Rubenstein. 
 Jacob S. Sackier. 
 
 Isaac Samuel. 
 Nelson Samuel. 
 Selim Samuel. 
 Herbert J. Sandheim. 
 Jacob H. Schneiderman. 
 S. Singer. 
 H. Snowman. 
 J. Snowman. 
 Joel Snowman. 
 Isidore Statman. 
 Joseph F. Stern. 
 Reuben Tribich. 
 Abraham Turner. 
 A. Henriques Valentine. 
 J. H. Valentine. 
 D. Wasserzug. 
 Philip Wolfers. 
 A. Wolf. 
 
 lyar 8. 5663 
 May 5. 1903 
 
 Dr. FRIEDLANDER'S reply was to this effect: 
 
 "I thank you with all my heart for the trouble you have taken to organize this 
 celebration of the yoth anniversary of my birthday. Faithful to our tradition, you 
 have thus assembled here to keep ^ y& QV not fil^l ^ but of ^DPID^ JDT- 
 I thank, likewise, those that are represented here by kind messages, especially our 
 first and oldest friend, the President of Jews' College, Dr. H. ADLER, whose 
 absence we all regret 5 but we are pleased to learn that he has sufficiently 
 recovered to be able to leave London in order to complete his recovery. 
 Our good wishes and prayers follow him for a speedy and complete recovery 
 of health and strength. As it is his birthday to-day, let us send him a 
 hearty 'Many happy returns of the day'. On an occasion like this, when one 
 has climbed up the tree of life to a certain height, one should like to pause 
 a little and to look around, to reflect on the distance still before us to climb 
 at least in our hopes and wishes. Whatever Providence has in store for 
 us we are prepared to accept gratefully and to employ cheerfully in the 
 fulfilment of our duties. Some people think our task in life is hard and 
 cheerless. This is not the case, as I have found it by long experience. 
 In spite of trouble, care, and hard work, "my lot has fallen in pleasant 
 places", and I share the happiness with my wife, our dear daughter, our 
 learned son-in-law, and a cheerful circle of promising grandchildren. The past 
 thus encourages me to took forward with confidence to the still-veiled future. 
 Our task in life is made on the whole comparatively easy and pleasant for
 
 CLXI 
 
 us. He who allows us to climb up the tree of life has planted within our 
 reach the tree of knowledge; we need only stretch forth our hand, with more 
 or less exertion, and we can pluck the choicest fruit for ourselves and our 
 fellow-men. You will perhaps recall that man was warned not to partake of 
 the fruit of that tree ; true, but under peculiar circumstances : in Paradise, 
 without trouble, without labour. Under such circumstances man was only able 
 to obtain unripe, diseased fruit, that fell too easily from the tree. Away from 
 Paradise, with cares and hard work, when eating bread in the sweat of 
 his brow, there is for man no forbidden fruit in the tree of knowledge, 
 without which the tree of life would indeed be useless and undesirable; to 
 hold to the one, and not let loose of the other, that is the sacred mission 
 of man. In the opinion of my friends assembled here, expressed individually 
 and collectively, I have always tried to fulfil that mission to the best of my 
 ability. The present is not the proper occasion to criticize my friends' opinion, 
 I must reserve this for my own conscience and for Him 'who fashioneth the 
 heart of man and knoweth all his deeds'. All I can say is, that my endeavour 
 has always been to benefit those entrusted to my care. That this endeavour 
 has not been in vain is largely due to the cheerful cooperation of my colleagues, 
 and modifying an old dictum of the Rabbis, 'I owe much to my teachers, 
 and more to my colleagues, and most to my pupils' to the conduct of my 
 pupils and their confidence in me, to the affection and regard for their master 
 which I have enjoyed from the very beginning of my connection with this 
 Institution up to the present time. I have received so many tokens of regard 
 on the occasion of my seventieth anniversary that it is impossible to mention 
 everything. I will, however, single out two things that may interest you. Dr. 
 GOLLANCZ has presented me with an ancient key ('Clavicula Salomonis') which 
 is believed to have been in the hands of King Solomon, who may even have 
 devised it. It was intended no doubt for me to unlock some hidden treas- 
 ures with it, and if I succeed you shall have a share. Another friend, Mr. 
 ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, sent his kind message of congratulation by an old 
 acquaintance of mine, a mutual friend of ours, MOSES BEN MAIMON ('MAi- 
 MONIDES a Jewish Worthy') in new festive attire. I kept that messenger, 
 and I do not intend to let him go back, and I am sure he will entertain me 
 when I have leisure and when I feel inclined. I must, however, not forget 
 the object of my rising to address you : to tell you how much I appreciate 
 you way of showing your attachment to Jews' College and your old master. 
 You could hardly have devised a better way. This beautiful album, with its 
 beautiful address and signatures, will ever remain a pleasant, tangible re- 
 minder of those who rightly feel themselves near and dear to me. This 
 gathering adds a fresh impulse to life and work, and your presence here 
 will ever remain in our memory a source of pleasure and happiness." 
 
 n
 
 CLXII 
 
 VIII. 
 
 RETIREMENT AND DEATH OF CHARLES SAMUEL. 
 OTHER LOSSES. 
 
 Early in the summer of 1901 Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL had 
 expressed a desire to resign the office of Treasurer, which 
 he had held for nigh upon a quarter of a century. Advancing 
 age and failing health had rendered such a step imperative. 
 At the Council's urgent request he had consented to hold 
 over his resignation till the end of the year in order that 
 he might assist in an appeal that was to be made to the 
 public for further financial assistance. On the 23rd September 
 Mr. SAMUEL completed his 8oth year, and two days afterwards 
 a deputation from Jews' College, headed by Dr. FRIEDLANDER, 
 and consisting of the teaching staff and senior students, 
 waited upon him to offer their congratulations. Mr. SAMUEL'S 
 resignation took effect at the following General Meeting in 
 May 1902, when he was created a Vice- President, and suc- 
 ceeded in the office of Treasurer by Mr. ADOLPH TUCK, one 
 of the present Treasurers. Shortly afterwards Mrs. DELISSA 
 JOSEPH presented to the College a portrait which she had 
 painted of Mr. SAMUEL "as a memento of his interest in 
 the institution". 
 
 But the beneficent career of this grand old man was drawing 
 to an end. On October 5, 1903, Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL 
 breathed his last, and the sorrowful sentiments of the Council 
 were embodied in the following series of resolutions: 
 
 The Council have received with profound regret the sad tidings of the 
 death of their esteemed Vice-President, the late Mr. CHARLES SAMUEL, and 
 they desire to tender to Mr. ASSUR KEYSER, and to all the other members of 
 his bereaved family, the expression of their warmest sympathy in the loss 
 which they have sustained. 
 
 For nearly thirty years their esteemed colleague ungrudgingly gave to the 
 Institution the best fruits of his wise counsel, his zealous personal services, 
 and a bountiful share of his worldly means.
 
 o 
 
 o 5 
 
 - 1 c 
 
 O 3
 
 CLXIII 
 
 As far back as the year 1881, the Council presented him with an illumin- 
 ated address (Mr. SAMUEL having declined any more substantial expression of 
 their esteem) as a mark of their appreciation of his unflagging efforts in col- 
 lecting funds to secure for the College, free of rental, the premises known 
 as Tavistock House; and four years ago, when the Council were confronted 
 by the very difficult duty of obtaining a new habitat for the Institution, he 
 generously took upon himself the whole burden of obtaining the present 
 premises by a munificent gift of five thousand pounds. 
 
 During all these eventful years, and until quite recently, when the infirm- 
 ities of advancing age caused him to relinquish the office of Treasurer, he 
 attended the meetings of the Council in one unbroken chain, and no induce- 
 ment of personal ease kept him away from its deliberations. The finances 
 of the Institution, too, to which he very munificently contributed, found in 
 him a most careful guardian, and every year he took upon himself the most 
 onerous duty of making a personal appeal to his own friends and to the 
 supporters of the Institution in order to replenish its exhausted means. 
 
 In him the Council have lost a friend, whose sagacious mind and gentle 
 heart, united to innate modesty and goodness, which were his distinguish- 
 ing characteristics, won the lasting admiration and esteem of all his col- 
 leagues; and in tendering to his sorrowing family, this expression of their 
 sympathy, the Council feel that they are but voicing the sentiments of the 
 whole Anglo-Jewish Community. 
 
 Nor was this the only tribute to his memory. A special 
 Memorial Service was held at Queen Square House, and the 
 Chief Rabbi delivered an address in the course of which he 
 emphasized the exceptional services of the deceased. "It is 
 meet", said Dr. ABLER, "that within these walls we should 
 offer our tribute of gratitude in recognition of all that he 
 wrought for Jews' College. As the tablet set up in the 
 Entrance Hall testifies, CHARLES SAMUEL gave this institution 
 thirty years of devoted service, and accorded it his most 
 munificent support. To his generosity we owe this spacious 
 building, with its stately hall, its fine library, and its con- 
 venient class and common rooms, its comfortable dwelling, 
 and its appliances for physical exercise. But he did not limit 
 himself to pecuniary benefactions. He was unflagging in his 
 zeal for the prosperity of the College and for the welfare 
 of those who are trained within its walls. It was a source of
 
 CLXIV 
 
 deep gratification to him when any of our students obtained 
 posts either within the kingdom or in a community beyond 
 the seas, and when they proved themselves worthy of their 
 alma mater .... The demise of CHARLES SAMUEL leaves 
 an aching void in the ranks of the community. But by no 
 institution will his loss be more keenly felt than by Jews' 
 College. Verily, it is no mere figure of speech when we say 
 respecting him, 'Thou wilt be missed, for thy seat will be 
 empty'. At this memorial service the question presses itself 
 upon us, how can we hallow his memory in the most fitting 
 manner? I would bid you hearken to the exhortation which 
 the example, the worth, and the words of our lamented 
 Treasurer addressed to you. It bids you, the students, prepare 
 yourselves for the sacred calling you have chosen with single- 
 minded devotion and whole-hearted earnestness. It calls upon 
 the members of the community, but especially upon his friends 
 and kindred: 'Do not suffer this institution which was so 
 dear to him in life to pine and languish from the lack of 
 whole-hearted support' ". 
 
 Jews' College suffered other losses about this period. The 
 death of CHARLES SAMUEL followed upon that of Sir JOSEPH 
 SEBAG MONTEFIORE, who died in the previous January, and 
 who "had been associated with the Institution from the early 
 days of its history". And in May, 1902, there had passed 
 away, in the prime of manhood, that valued friend of the 
 College, ASHER I. MYERS, of the Jewish Chronicle, who seemed 
 to have inherited all the interest in, and enthusiasm for, Jews' 
 College of a former Editor of that journal. "As a member 
 of the Council for nearly twenty years", writes the Report 
 for 1902, "as Chairman of the Library Committee, and of 
 several other Sub-Committees, his devotion to the interests 
 of the Institution, evinced more especially on the occasion 
 of the removal of the College to its present habitat, had
 
 CLXV 
 
 earned the gratitude of the Council, while his masculine 
 common sense, his tact and self-effacement, endeared him to 
 his colleagues". A portrait of Mr. MYERS, presented by his 
 widow, now hangs in the Lecture Hall. 
 
 Then, following upon the death of CHARLES SAMUEL, 
 came that of ALFRED Louis COHEN, who "to a deep insight 
 into the religions requirements of the community, added an 
 ardent desire for the intellectual advancement of his race, 
 and devoted unsparing efforts to promote every good object 
 in connection therewith." Besides bequeathing a legacy of 
 five hundred pounds to the funds of the College, Mr. 
 COHEN left a further sum of five thousand pounds, upon 
 trust, the annual income of which was to provide one or 
 more scholarships at Oxford or Cambridge, to be held by 
 a pupil of Jews' College or the Jews' Free School. 
 
 To complete this mournful list of bereavements, in Janu- 
 ary, 1905, died Mr. FREDERIC D. MOCATTA, the friend 
 of Jews' College, as of every other communal institution. 
 "In the presence of the loss of such a benefactor to his 
 race and his fellow countrymen", ran the Council's Vote of 
 Condolence on the occasion, "Silence might be the best 
 tribute to his memory, when words fail to describe the 
 sentiments of love and admiration which he inspired in the 
 hearts of all. But the Council cannot allow the passing of 
 this beloved Exemplar of all that was noble and good to 
 take place without attempting to record, however in- 
 adequately, their appreciation of the unique work of his 
 life, and at the same time to offer to his bereaved widow 
 and family the expression of their profound and abiding 
 sympathy in the loss which they have sustained." 
 
 Mr. MOCATTA bequeathed to the funds of Jews' College 
 a sum of ^200, together with a large picture, entitled: 
 "The Jews imploring FERDINAND and ISABELLA to allow
 
 CLXVI 
 
 them to remain in Spain". This work is hung in the Lecture 
 Hall, at the further end. It thus appropriately faces the 
 other fine picture of a cognate subject which Mr. MOCATTA 
 had presented to the College some years previously. 
 
 IX. 
 
 THE FINANCES OF THE COLLEGE. DEVELOPMENTS 
 AND CHANGES. 
 
 The financial position of Jews' College, though it had 
 considerably improved of late years, still occasioned anxiety 
 Even more rapid than the growth of its revenue was that 
 of its expenditure. "It cannot be expected", the Treasurers 
 stated in a report which they issued in 1901 , "that a 
 building of the size and importance of Queen Square House 
 can be carried on and maintained at the very low figure 
 which has ruled the expenditure at Tavistock House 
 during the past twenty years." As we have seen, the last 
 official act of CHARLES SAMUEL was to join in issuing an 
 appeal to the public. A special circular was addressed to 
 the Wardens, Ministers, and Congregations of the United 
 Kingdom, which resulted in an addition of ^150 to the 
 Annual Subscriptions and ^690 to the Donations. The Man- 
 chester Hebrew Congregation and the Birmingham Hebrew 
 Congregation (one of the few synagogues in England which 
 has not been served by Jews' College), to be followed later 
 by Leeds and Hanley, and the Sydney Hebrew Congregation, 
 were among the new subscribers that the appeal secured. 
 The West London Synagogue of British Jews contributed 
 various sums from time to time. The United Synagogue was 
 voting 200 a year, and in 1903 it was induced by the 
 advocacy of Mr. ADOLPH TUCK, the new Treasurer, to 
 increase its vote to 300. In that year, it may be men-
 
 CLXVII 
 
 tioned, four ex-students of the College the Rev. MICHAEL 
 ABLER, B. A,, the Rev. D. WASSERZUG, B. A., the Rev. 
 HARRIS COHEN, and the Rev. WALTER LEVIN - had 
 become Ministers of the United Synagogue. An effort was, 
 indeed, made to raise the United Synagogue's subsidy to 
 500. It proved abortive, and to compensate Jews' College 
 for its disappointment an anonymous member of the Council 
 generously came forward with an extra donation of 200. 
 By the death of CHARLES SAMUEL the College lost an 
 annual donation of 200. Part of this loss was, however, 
 made good by the establishment of a Charles Samuel 
 Memorial Subscription Fund, which realized subscriptions 
 amounting to .120 a year. The trustees of the Judith 
 Lady Montefiore College continued their munificent grant 
 from year to year. Mr. DAVID DAVIS, of Blackheath, was 
 contributing annually 50 to the Endowment Fund which 
 he had initiated. In the course of 1902 Mr. ELLIS A. 
 FRANKLIN, an old friend of the College, placed 300 at 
 the disposal of the Council for the purpose of founding, 
 in memory of his deceased wife, an "ADELAIDE FRANKLIN 
 Prize" for "proficiency in the knowledge of Hebrew and the 
 tenets of the Jewish Religion". Nevertheless the need of 
 placing the College on a firmer financial basis was shown 
 by recurring deficits. The approaching Jubilee suggested 
 itself as a propitious opportunity for making a vigorous 
 effort in this direction. 
 
 Attention must now be directed to various changes and 
 developments in the educational administration of the in- 
 stitution. The retirement of Mr. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS from 
 the post of Senior Tutor, on his appointment as Reader 
 in Rabbinic and Talmudic Literature at the University of 
 Cambridge, in 1902, besides severing a family connection 
 with the College which had extended back to 1858, was a
 
 CLXVIII 
 
 severe blow to the institution, from which it has not yet 
 recovered. It necessitated a rearrangement of the teaching 
 duties. Additional responsibilities now devolved on Dr. HlRSCH, 
 Dr. HIRSCHFELD, and Mr. KILNER. For a time Mr. ABRAHAMS 
 continued to act as Teacher of Homiletics, but on resigning 
 this position also, he was temporarily succeeded by the 
 Rev. Dayan HYAMSON. The appointment was now made 
 an annual one. Mr. HYAMSON was succeeded by the Rev. 
 A. A. GREEN, and Mr. GREEN was followed by the Rev. 
 Dr. GOLLANCZ. In 1903 the teaching of French at Jews' 
 College was discontinued, this subject being no longer essen- 
 tially required for the Arts examinations of the London 
 University. The Council were thus compelled "to their great 
 regret", to dispense with the services of Mr. ANTOINE, who 
 for thirty-five years had discharged the duties of French 
 Teacher with conscientious ability. Mr. S. L. HASLUCK had 
 taught Elocution at Jews' College since 1889, in which year 
 he succeeded Mr. J. L. OHLSON. On retiring, in 1904, he 
 was succeeded by Dr. H. H. HULBERT, B.A. The teachers 
 of Chazanuth for many years past had been the Rev. ISAAC 
 SAMUEL and the Rev. F. L. COHEN. At the commencement 
 of 1904 Mr. SAMUEL resigned, after nearly twenty years of 
 service, the Rev. J. L. GEFFEN being appointed Mr. COHEN'S 
 colleague. Mr. COHEN also retired from office in the course 
 of 1904, after seventeen years of service, on his appointment 
 to the position of Chief Minister of the Sydney Congregation. 
 In July, 1902, a Special Committee, consisting of Dr. 
 BARNETT, Dr. EICHHOLZ, and Messrs. AUGUSTUS KAHN 
 and M. E. LANGE, and designated the "Visiting Committee", 
 was nominated "to investigate and to report upon the 
 operation of the teaching" and cognate matters. The Report 
 which they issued in the course of the following year, and 
 which was adopted by the Council, is too lengthy to repro-
 
 CLXIX 
 
 duce in extenso; but the most important section, that rela- 
 ting to the "Arrangement of Courses of Study", is here 
 given in part: 
 
 "The normal course of studies to be pursued at the Col- 
 lege shall be divided into four periods, viz: 
 
 I. A period of instruction in the Preparatory Class lead- 
 ing up to 
 
 A First Theological Examination, after which the success- 
 ful Pupil shall enter upon 
 
 II. A period of two years in the Junior Students' Class, 
 leading up to 
 
 A Second Theological Examination, after which the suc- 
 cessful Student shall enter upon 
 
 III. A period of two years in the Senior Students Class, 
 leading up to 
 
 A Third Theological Examination, after which the suc- 
 cessful Student may enter upon 
 
 IV. A period of about two-and-a-half years in the Upper 
 Senior (Rabbinical Diploma) Class, leading up to 
 
 A Fourth Theological Examination, entitling the successful 
 Student to the Rabbinical Diploma. 
 
 Note. It is desirable (but not imperative) that pari 
 passu with these examinations the Students and Pupils 
 should pass successively the Matriculation, Intermediate 
 Arts, and further Examinations of the University. 
 
 The following titles shall be conferred as a result of the 
 above Theological Examinations : 
 
 i. The title of Associate of Jews' College, to be granted 
 to Students who shall have passed the Third Theological 
 Examination and likewise graduated at a University. 
 
 II. The title of Fellow of Jews' College, to be granted to 
 Students obtaining the Rabbinical Diploma. 
 
 Note. - - The title of Probationer is hereby abolished.
 
 CLXX 
 
 In connection with these alterations, the Rev. A. CHAIKIN, 
 Minister of the Federation of Synagogues, was appointed 
 to give private instruction in advanced Talmud and Posekim 
 to the students of the Rabbinical Diploma Class. 
 
 X. 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE STUDENTS. 
 
 What has hitherto been recorded of the College since it 
 became located in Queen Square House bears reference to 
 the efforts that were being made for the training of its 
 students. A more important chapter than any that has 
 preceded remains to be written. We have now to tell what 
 the students themselves were doing to answer the expectations 
 of their friends. The last six years of the internal history 
 of the College show clear signs of evolution and progress. 
 The attainment of University and Collegiate honours was 
 becoming more general. Not in Hebrew and Semitics only, 
 but in general studies also, the alumni of Jews' College were 
 now holding their own with the students of other institutions. 
 
 In 1900 Mr. HENRY SNOWMAN, who became an "Asso- 
 ciate" of Jews' College, graduated at the University of London, 
 besides taking a First Class Prize in Senior German at Uni- 
 versity College. One student passed the Intermediate Arts, and 
 three students matriculated. B. I. COHEN gained the Hollier 
 Hebrew Scholarship, and several honours were awarded in 
 English Language and Literature, Philosophy of Mind, and 
 Logic. Mr. MAURICE SIMON, B.A., obtained the "Fellowship" 
 Certificate of Jews' College. 
 
 The following year, seven students matriculate, and two 
 pass the Intermediate Arts examination. The Hollier Hebrew 
 Scholarship is won by D. MANN (Manchevsky), and numerous 
 other distinctions are gained at University College. J. DANGLOW
 
 CLXXI 
 
 takes a First Class Certificate in Logic, with marks qualifying 
 for a Prize ; J. K. LEVIN a Second Class Certificate in Senior 
 Greek, a Third Class Certificate in Senior Latin, and a Second 
 Class Certificate in Higher Senior French. Mr. R. TRIBICH 
 takes certificates in English Language and Literature, Logic, 
 and Modern History. 
 
 In 1902 Mr. D. MANN graduated at the University of 
 London, and one student took the Intermediate Arts exa- 
 mination. J. HOCHMAN gained the Hollier Hebrew Scholar- 
 ship, and Certificates of Honour were awarded in Logic to 
 H. GOODMAN (First Class, with marks qualifying for a Prize), 
 H. LAZARUS, A. TURNER and I. STATMAN; and to J. DANGLOW 
 in Psychology and Ethics. The "Associateship" Certificate of 
 Jews' College was awarded to J. K. LEVIN. 
 
 The following year six students passed the Intermediate 
 Arts at the University of London, and three matriculated. 
 The Hollier Hebrew Scholarship was awarded to H. SAND- 
 HEIM. Several other distinctions were gained at University 
 College: D. POOL, the Andrew Scholarship in Classics, 
 the Latin Prize, the French Prize, the Certificate in Greek, 
 with marks qualifying for a Prize, etc.; H. LAZARUS, the 
 Greek Prize, the German Prize, Certificate in Latin, with 
 marks qualifying for a Prize, etc.; H. GOODMAN, the 
 Logic Prize, etc., etc.; BARNETT GOLDSTEIN, Second Class 
 Certificate in Greek; J. HOCHMAN, First Class Certificate in 
 Hebrew, and Third Class Certificates in Logic, Greek, and 
 French; E. LEVENE, First Class Certificate in Greek, with 
 marks qualifying for a Prize. Certificates in Greek, Latin, 
 French, Logic: A. TURNER, J. STATMAN, H. SANDHEIM, 
 and S. NEWMAN. The "Associateship" Certificate of Jews' 
 College was awarded to B. I. COHEN, ISRAEL COHEN, J. 
 DANGLOW, and D. MANN. The Report for this year takes 
 note of the gratifying fact that at the June Sessional Exam-
 
 CLXXII 
 
 ination at University College, "Students of Jews College 
 carried off all the prizes in the classes of which they 
 were members". 
 
 The Report for 1904 is more gratifying still. Four 
 students (BARNETT I. COHEN, ISRAEL COHEN, HARRIS M. 
 LAZARUS, and JACOB K. LEVIN) passed the B.A. with 
 Honours; six students passed the Intermediate Arts, and 
 three students matriculated. The Hollier Hebrew Scholar- 
 ship fell to BENZION HALPER and DAVID POOL, and 
 numerous Certificates of Honour were gained at Gower 
 Street in English, Latin, Greek, German, French, Hebrew, 
 Semitic Epigraphy, and Logic. This year, for the first 
 time, the University of London held the B.A. Honours 
 Examination in Hebrew and Aramaic. All the candidates 
 for this examination were students of the College, and all 
 of them were successful. 
 
 Coming to 1905, the last year to be noted in this record, 
 the results show an improvement even on those of the 
 former year. The Jubilee year of Jews' College is worthily 
 signalized by the largest number of successes at the Uni- 
 versity of London ever gained. Five students presented 
 themselves at the B.A. Examination (BARNETT GOLDSTEIN, 
 JOSEPH HOCHMANN, DAVID POOL, ISIDORE STATMAN and 
 ABRAHAM TURNER), and all passed with Honours. 
 
 The distinctions for this year, ending November loth, 
 on which date the College had completed its half a century 
 of existence, may now be set forth as follows : 
 
 GRADUATES. 
 
 DAVID POOL, B.A. Honours, First-Class. First Class Certificate 
 in Hebrew ; First Class Certificate in Semitic Epigraphy. 
 BARNETT GOLDSTEIN, B.A. Honours, Second Class. 
 JOSEPH HOCHMANN, B.A. Honours, Second Class.
 
 CLXXIII 
 
 ISIDORE STATMAN, B. A. Honours, Second Class. 
 ABRAHAM TURNER, B. A. Honours, Third Class. 
 
 UNDERGRADUATES. 
 
 A. Senior Students. 
 
 ABRAHAM COHEN, Hebrew Hollier Scholarship (University 
 College). 
 
 BENZION HALPER, Intermediate Arts (University of London). 
 Greek, First Class Certificate; Latin, Second Class Cer- 
 tificate ; German, First Class Certificate and Second 
 Prize; Logic, Second Class Certificate; Hebrew Second 
 Class Certificate (University College). 
 
 HERBERT J. SANDHEIM, Third Class Certificate, Semitic 
 Epigraphy (University College). 
 
 B. Junior Students. 
 
 ABRAHAM I. CLARKE, Third Class Certificate in Latin, 
 
 Greek, and Ancient History (University College). 
 EMANUEL DRUKKER, Matriculation (University of London). 
 DAVID I. HlRSCH, First Class Certificate and First Prize in 
 
 German; Third Class Certificate in Ancient History 
 
 (University College). 
 JACOB S. SACKIER, Third Class Certificate in Ancient 
 
 History (University College). 
 
 This record of scholastic successes is, however, far from 
 giving a complete picture of the students' activities during 
 the period under review. While fitting themselves to be- 
 come ministers and teachers, the senior students were also 
 rendering service to the community in various capacities. 
 The Report for 1901 notes that at the Autumn Festivals 
 seventeen students officiated in the Metropolis and the 
 Provinces, and that the Principal received many letters of
 
 CLXXIV 
 
 thanks for their services. In 1902. Mr. R. TRIBICH is ap- 
 pointed Minister of the Bradford Hebrew Congregation, and 
 fifteen students give their services to synagogues at the 
 Autumn Festivals. The following year presents a similar 
 record, and in 1904 seventeen students are officiating. 
 In 1905, the number is nineteen. And during this year three 
 students have assumed office, Mr. J. DANGLOW being ap- 
 pointed Minister of the St. Kilda Congregation, Melbourne, 
 Mr. H. M. LAZARUS, B.A., Minister of the Brondesbury 
 Congregation, and Mr. HYMAN GOODMAN, Minister of the 
 Hanley Congregation. Thus have the benefits of Jews' Con- 
 lege been extended in a single year alike to London, the 
 Provinces and the Colonies. 
 
 XI. 
 
 CLOSING OF ARIA COLLEGE. APPOINTMENT OF 
 
 DR. BUCKLER. THE APPROACHING JUBILEE. THE 
 
 COLLEGE AS CONSTITUTED AT THE END OF FIFTY YEARS. 
 
 By a noteworthy coincidence it happens that the Jubilee year 
 of Jews' College has witnessed the temporary closing of Aria 
 College, Portsea, which suspended its operations in September, 
 1905, after thirty years' activity. Aria College was founded by 
 the will of LEWIS ARIA, a native of Hampshire, who endowed 
 it with a sum of 25,000, and directed that the College should 
 be erected at Portsea for the training of natives of Hampshire 
 for the Jewish ministry. For many years past ever since 
 1882 the Trustees of Aria College have been sending 
 their most promising students, who had matriculated, to 
 pursue their further studies at Jews' College, under an arran- 
 gement by which they provided for the maintenance of the 
 students, and paid the College fees or a portion thereof. The 
 Revs. JOSEPH F. STERN, WALTER LEVIN, B. N. MICHELSON, 
 B.A., and H. GOODMAN are all Jews' College students who
 
 u_ 
 
 5 
 I 
 \
 
 CLXXV 
 
 received their early education at Aria College. At the present 
 time three students are preparing for graduation under this 
 arrangement at Jews' College, which is thus the only institution 
 in the United Kingdom that survives for the training of 
 Jewish ministers. 
 
 Early in 1905 the Visiting Committee, to which reference 
 has already been made, recommended that the Council should 
 appoint a Chief Assistant to the Principal, who was to devote 
 his whole time to the work of the College. He was to possess 
 a thorough mastery of Semitic and especially Talmudic 
 Scholarship, he was to be a graduate of a University of 
 recognized standing, and a holder of the Rabbinical Diploma, 
 and he was to profess adherence to the principles and practices 
 of traditional Judaism. The recommendation was adopted, 
 and after interviewing several candidates for the position, the 
 Council's choice has ultimately fallen on Prof. ADOLF BiJCHLER, 
 of Vienna, who will assume office in the summer of 1906. 
 
 Dr. BUCKLER (we take these particulars from the "Jewish 
 Encyclopaedia" and the Jubilee History of the Breslau Se- 
 minary) was born October 18, 1867, at Priekopa, in Hungary. 
 In 1887 he commenced his theological studies at the Budapest 
 Seminary, at the same time pursuing his University studies 
 under GOLDZIHER and KARMAN. During the years 1889-1890, 
 he studied at the Breslau Seminary, and in the latter year he 
 graduated as Ph.D. at the Leipsic University. His Doctorate 
 dissertation, "Zur Entstehung der Hebrai'schen Accente" was 
 afterwards published in the "Sitzungsberichte der Wiener 
 Akademie der Wissenschaften" of 1891. Returning to Budapest 
 to complete his theological studies, he was ordained Rabbi 
 in 1892. Then, at Oxford, he worked for a year in the 
 Bodleian Library, under the direction of his uncle, Dr. NEU- 
 BAUER, and it was while he was so engaged that he con- 
 tributed an essay to the Jewish Quarterly Review for 1893
 
 CLXXVI 
 
 on "The Reading of the Law and Prophets in a Triennial 
 Cycle" which established his reputation both as a Massoretic 
 scholar and an original thinker. That year he accepted 
 a call as instructor to the Vienna Jewish Theological Se- 
 minary, a position which he has held down to the present 
 time. His other writings, most of them dealing with the last 
 days of the Second Temple, and which "have attracted much 
 attention on account of their originality", include "Die Priester 
 und der Cultus im Letzten Jahrzehnt des Tempelbestandes", 
 "Die Tobiaden und Oniaden im II Makkabaerbuche", "Das 
 Grosse Synhedrion in Jerusalem und das Beth-Din in der 
 Quaderkammer des Jerusalemischen Tempels", "The Sources 
 of Josephus for the History of Syria" (Jewish Quarterly Review, 
 IX), "The Fore-Court of Women and the Brass Gate in the 
 Temple of Jerusalem" (Jewish Quarterly Review, X), and 
 various contributions to the Monatsschrift, the Revue des 
 Etudes Juives, and other learned periodicals. 
 
 One other change has to be recorded. At the end of the 
 Jubilee year, Mr. HENRY H. HYAMS was impelled by the 
 state of his health to resign the post of Secretary, which 
 he had filled with much devotion for nearly 32 years. The 
 following Resolution gives expression to the Council's senti- 
 ments towards this respected official: 
 
 That the Council have received with feelings of great regret the resigna- 
 tion of Mr. HENRY H. HYAMS of the post of Secretary, which he has held 
 with so much credit to himself, and such great advantage to the Institution, 
 for a period of more than thirty years. 
 
 Apart from the discharge of his purely secretarial duties, his deep interest 
 in the welfare of the Institution has been exhibited in so many ways that 
 the Council feel that his withdrawal deprives them not only of a most 
 conscientious official but likewise of the support of an earnest friend. They 
 deplore the cause of Mr. HYAMS' retirement, but they sincerely hope that he 
 will regain his health and strength for the benefit of himself and for the 
 advantage of the many communal institutions which he has so zealously served." 
 
 Mr. HYAMS continues in office until the Jubilee celebration
 
 CLXXVII 
 
 in June next, when he will be succeeded by Mr. ALBERT 
 M. HYAMSON. 
 
 The approaching Jubilee of Jews' College had occupied 
 the attention of the Council since the beginning of 1905. 
 It was felt that so important an occasion should be worthily 
 commemorated, and the Council decided, in the first instance, 
 upon the establishment of a Jubilee Endowment Fund, an 
 appeal for which has been issued to English-speaking Jews 
 at home and abroad. In connection with this appeal, a 
 banquet was arranged to take place on the I3th June, 
 1906, at which Lord ROTHSCHILD has promised to preside. 
 Finally, it was decided to celebrate the Jubilee from a 
 literary point of view 'by the publication of a Jubilee volume, 
 containing a history of the institution from its inception to 
 the present day, together with contributions from past and 
 present teachers and past students of the College on matters 
 of interest pertaining to Jewish History and Literature. 
 
 In the opening pages of this record there were set 
 forth the names of the original Council of the College 
 and its earliest officials. The following table exhibits the 
 Honorary and other Officers of the Institution at the end of 
 fifty years. 
 
 HONORARY OFFICERS. 
 
 The Council. 
 
 President and Chairman of the Council. 
 The Very Rev. Dr. ADLER, Chief Rabbi. 
 
 Vice-President. 
 Sir EDWARD SASSOON, Bart., M. P. 
 
 Treasurers. 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON. | ADOLPH TUCK. 
 
 Hon. Secretary. 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN. 
 
 I 12
 
 CLXXVIII 
 
 M. N. ADLER, M. A. 
 
 D. L. ALEXANDER, K. C. 
 
 Dr. L. D. BARNETT. 
 
 *JUDAH BENOLIEL. 
 
 HERBERT BENTWICH, L. L. B. 
 
 *PERCY M. CASTELLO. 
 
 Rev. A. CHAIKIN. 
 
 R. WALEY COHEN. 
 
 ARTHUR DAVIS. 
 
 ISRAEL DAVIS, M. A. 
 
 Dr. A. EICHHOLZ. 
 
 Rev. DA VAN A. FELDMAN, B. A. 
 
 ARTHUR E. FRANKLIN. 
 
 (ELLIS A. FRANKLIN. 
 
 HENRY A. FRANKLIN. 
 
 Rev. Prof. H. GOLLANCZ, M.A., D.LIT. 
 
 *FRED. B. HALFORD. 
 
 CHARLES S. HENRY, M.P. 
 
 Rev. DAYAN M. HYAMSON, B.A., LL.B. 
 
 HENRY HYMANS. 
 
 *JUDAH D. ISRAEL, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 S. JAPHET. 
 
 DELISSA JOSEPH F.R.I.B.A. 
 
 AUGUSTUS KAHN, M.A. 
 
 M. E. LANGE, M.A. 
 
 *JOSHUA M. LEVY. 
 
 *EUSTACE A. LINDO. 
 
 *GABRIEL LINDO. 
 
 Sir PHILIP MAGNUS, B.A., B.SC., M.P. 
 
 *E. L. MOCATTA. 
 
 CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, M.A. 
 
 *EDMUND SEBAG MONTEFIORE. 
 
 fSAMUEL MOSES, ESQ., M.A. 
 
 SAML. S. OPPENHEIM. 
 
 *A. H. PINTO. 
 
 J. PRAG, J.P. 
 
 REV. S. SINGER. 
 
 fDr. J. SNOWMAN, B.A. 
 
 * Representatives of the Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, 
 f Representatives of the United Synagogue. 
 
 Education Committee. 
 
 The Very Rev. Dr. ADLER, Chief Rabbi. 
 
 M. N. ADLER, M.A. 
 
 Dr. L. D. BARNETT. 
 
 Rev. JOHN CHAPMAN. 
 
 Dr. EICHHOLZ. 
 
 Rev. DAYAN A. FELDMAN, B.A. 
 
 Rev. Prof. H. GOLLANCZ, M.A., D.LIT. 
 
 Rev. DAYAN M. HYAMSON, B.A., LL.B. 
 
 JUDAH D. ISRAEL, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 AUGUSTUS KAHN, M.A. 
 
 E. L. MOCATTA. 
 
 CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, M.A. 
 
 Sir EDWARD SASSOON, BART., M.P. 
 
 JAMES H. SOLOMON. 
 
 Dr. J. SNOWMAN, B.A. 
 
 ADOLPH TUCK. 
 
 Rev. S. SINGER, Hon. Sec. 
 
 Library Committee. 
 The HON. OFFICERS and 
 
 M. N. ADLER, M.A. 
 Dr. L. D. BARNETT. 
 S. I. COHEN. 
 
 ARTHUR DAVIS. 
 
 M. FRIEDLANDER, PH.D. 
 
 JUDAH D. ISRAEL, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 Hon. Architect. DELISSA JOSEPH, F.R.I.B.A. 
 
 Hon. Medical Officer. 
 
 A. COHEN, M.A., M.D. 67, Warrington Crescent, Maida Hill. 
 
 Honorary Solicitors. Messrs. WATKIN WILLIAMS, GRAY & STEEL. 
 
 Auditors. 
 
 HERBERT M. BEDDINGTON. | ALFRED HENRY, F.C.A. 
 
 Secretary. HENRY H. HYAMS.
 
 CLXXIX 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION. 
 
 Principal. M. FRIEDLANDER, PH.D. 
 
 Theological Tutor. s. A. HIRSCH, PH.D. 
 
 Masters. 
 
 Mr. G. WASHINGTON KILNER, M.A. (Classics). 
 
 HARTWIG HIRSCHFELD, PH.D., M.R.A.s. (Semitic Languages). 
 
 Rev. A. CHAIKIN (Advanced Talmud and Posekim). 
 
 Rev. Dr. GOLLANCZ (Homiletics). 
 
 Rev. j. L. GEFFEN (Chazanuth). 
 
 Dr. H. H. HULBERT, B.A. (Elocution). 
 
 Librarian. M. FRIEDLANDER, PH.D. 
 Sub-Librarian. HARTWIG HIRSCHFELD, PH.D., M.R.A.S. 
 
 XII. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 Our story of Jews' College has reached its end. To many 
 readers of these pages what the institution has accomplished 
 in the course of half a century will probably have come as 
 something of a revelation. From a day of small and discouraging 
 beginnings it has steadily made its way in public confidence, 
 triumphing over difficulties of no ordinary magnitude, con- 
 quering prejudice and apathy, attracting to its support every 
 section of the community, and becoming the great training- 
 ground of the Anglo-Jewish pulpit. From its portals have 
 gone forth men of zeal and ability who, as preachers and 
 teachers and writers, have diffused the light of religious 
 learning throughout the British Empire and among not a 
 few communities of America. The particulars are given in 
 the Appendix which follows. It is a record to which such 
 an institution may point with satisfaction. Jews' College 
 has proved itself not merely useful but indispensable; so 
 indispensable , indeed , that it is hard to imagine the 
 condition of the Anglo-Jewish community if no such 
 Seminary had been called into existence. Genius would,
 
 CLXXX 
 
 somehow, always have made its way to the front, exceptional 
 enthusiasm must have asserted itself; but a native ministry, 
 in any real sense, there could not have been; and pulpits, 
 if they had multiplied as they have done during the past 
 fifty years, would have had to be almost entirely recruited 
 from foreign sources. As a consequence, congregations would 
 have been alienated. With the growth of culture among the 
 general body of English Jews, the Synagogue must have 
 lost much of the influence it once possessed. And other 
 institutions schools, charities, literary and learned bodies 
 would have suffered in lesser degree. Such a state of things 
 would have been found intolerable. It is almost inconceivable, 
 because long before matters had reached this pass the demand 
 for a training college for Jewish ministers would have been 
 too insistent to be disregarded. The conviction would have 
 forced itself on our communal leaders that without an educated 
 English ministry English synagogues could not be upheld. 
 
 Thanks, however, to the far-sighted policy of the late Chief 
 Rabbi, thanks, moreover, to the public-spirited co-operation 
 of such men as Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, Sir GEORGE JESSEL, 
 JACOB FRANKLIN, HENRY SOLOMON, and the Rev. A. L. 
 GREEN, such possibilities were averted. Jews' College came 
 into being in the early fifties, and a few years later into 
 actual operation. It may be said to have been launched 
 upon a sea of difficulties, for it was started without any 
 endowment, like that which helped to establish the FRAENCKEL 
 Seminary at Breslau and many a similar flourishing institution. 
 From the outset it has had largely to depend upon the 
 assistance extended to it from year to year by the com- 
 munity it was serving. That assistance, as we have seen, has 
 nearly always proved inadequate to its growing responsibilities. 
 The burden of anxiety thus imposed upon its President and 
 Treasurers has been formidable in the extreme. In and out of
 
 CLXXXI 
 
 season they have been constrained to plead with the com- 
 munity for a fuller recognition of the claims of a minister- 
 ial college. But the difficulties are gradually diminishing. 
 After fifty years of existence, a commemorative Endowment 
 Fund is to be established which, if the hopes of its promoters 
 are realized, will go far to render Jews' College independent 
 for the future of such undignified appeals. 
 
 This future, to which we now turn, opens up a vista of 
 far-reaching, even fascinating, possibilities. The fifty years that 
 have elapsed since the foundation of Jews' College one-fifth 
 of the whole period during which Jews have been resettled 
 in the United Kingdom - - is, after all, but a small fraction 
 of the life of a community. The institution is probably only 
 at the threshold of a career which future historians will 
 reckon by centuries. Sooner or later, the College, as the 
 foremost representative of Jewish learning in England, will 
 take its place as an integral constituent of the University 
 of London, its teachers ranking as University professors, 
 its theological diplomas as University degrees. This and 
 much else accomplished, is it beyond the bounds of likelihood, 
 that an Anglo-Jewish Seminary may succeed in so impressing 
 its achievements upon the progress of Biblical and Rabbinic 
 learning that it will prove no unworthy successor of the 
 great Academies of the past - - of Jabnia, Sepphoris, and 
 Tiberias, Nehardea, Sura, and Pumbeditha? No one, at least, 
 will deny that what the College has accomplished hitherto 
 is as nothing to what it is capable hereafter of accomplishing, 
 if an enlightened community will appreciatively rally to its 
 support. In saying this we have in view something more 
 important than money. "I ask", said the Chief Rabbi at the 
 inaugural ceremony of May 6, 1900, "not for funds, but for 
 lives". The community of English Jews must endow the 
 Seminary of the future with the necessary human material
 
 CLXXXII 
 
 of which it has hitherto been so grudging. If the Jewish 
 ministry of coming generations is to be an improvement 
 on its predecessors, it should no longer be drawn from a 
 single class. Every section of society must contribute of 
 its best. To bring this about the ministerial career will 
 have to be regarded it is coming to be so recognized 
 in the United States of America as no less honourable 
 and advantageous than other professions. Till now the 
 training of English Ministers has suffered grievously from 
 the lack of this recognition. The future of Jews' College 
 thus rests with the community, but the community's 
 future is even more dependent upon that of Jews' College. 
 By the calibre of the men that shall issue forth from the 
 institution to expound the Word of God , the status of 
 Anglo-Jewry will be judged from without, its usefulness will 
 be determined from within : 
 
 Istuc est sapere, non quod ante pedes modo est 
 Videre, sed etiam ilia quae futura sunt 
 Prospicere. 
 
 TERENTIUS, Adelphi, III, 3, 32.
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF PAST STUDENTS WHO HOLD OR HAVE 
 HELD MINISTERIAL OR ACADEMICAL POSITIONS. 
 
 [The subjoined compilation is intended to give the reader a general idea 
 of the results achieved by Jews' College, as apart from Jews' College School. 
 It makes no claim to completeness, or to more than approximate accuracy, 
 it not having been found practicable to follow in detail the careers of the 
 many students who have passed through the College in the course of fifty years. 
 Those who have embraced other callings than that of Minister or Teacher of 
 Hebrew and Religion are not included.] 
 
 Aarons, Rev. Isaac. Minister, Merthyr Tydvil Congregation (appointed 
 1906). Formerly: Teacher, Wolverhampton Hebrew School; Headmaster, 
 Manchester Talmud Torah ; and Headmaster, Sheffield Hebrew School. 
 
 Abelson, Rev. J., B.A. Minister, Bristol Congregation (appointed 1899). 
 Headmaster, Bristol Hebrew School. Born, Merthyr Tydvil, 1873. Associate 
 of Jews' College, 1893. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University College, 1893. 
 Certificates of Honour, University College Early English, 1893; Logic, 
 Anglo-Saxon and English Literature, 1894. B.A. University of London, 
 1894. Minister, Cardiff Congregation, 1895 1899. 
 Publications : Sermons. 
 
 Abrahams, Israel, M.A. Reader in Rabbinic and Talmudic Literature, 
 University of Cambridge (appointed 1902). Member of the Special Board 
 of Oriental Studies, Cambridge. Lay Preacher. Born, London, 1858. First 
 Prizeman, Logic and Philosophy of Mind, University College, 1880. 
 Certificates of Honour, 1880, 1881. Prizeman, First Hebrew and Scriptural 
 Examination, University of London, 1881. M.A., Philosophy and Political 
 Economy, University of London, 1881. M.A. Cambridge, Honoris Causa^ 
 1902. Teacher of English and Mathematics, Jews' College, 1881 1899; 
 Senior Tutor, 1899 1903; Teacher of Homiletics, 1894 1903. Lecturer 
 in Hebrew, King's College, London (Teachers' Classes, Jewish Religions 
 Education Board). President, Jewish Historical Society, 19045. Curator of 
 Orientalia, University Library, Cambridge, 1906. First President of Union 
 of Jewish Literary Societies. Introduced into England the Yellin method of 
 teaching Hebrew.
 
 CLXXXIV 
 
 Publications: "Aspects of Judaism" (joint author); "Jewish Life in the 
 Middle Ages"; "Chapters in Jewish Literature"; "Hebrew Lessons" (joint 
 author); "Maimonides" (joint author); "Festival Studies"; Jewish Quarterly 
 Review (joint editor); contributions to Jewish Encyclopaedia (Member of 
 Foreign Board of Consulting Editors), Cheyne & Black's Encyclopaedia 
 Biblica^ Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible^ Transactions of Jewish Historical 
 Society ', and various periodicals; bibliographical articles in American Jewish 
 Year Book^ Jewish Quarterly Review^ and Jewish Chronicle. 
 
 Abrahams, Rev. Joseph, M.A., Ph.D. Minister, Melbourne Hebrew Con- 
 gregation (appointed 1883), and President, Jewish Ecclesiastical Board of 
 Victoria. Born, London, 1855. B.A., London; M.A., Melbourne; Ph. D., 
 Leipzig. Received the Rabbinical Diploma at the Rabbinical Seminary of 
 Dr. HILDESHEIMER, Berlin. 
 
 Publications: "On the Sources of Medrash Echah"; sermons and lectures. 
 
 Abrahams, Rev. Moses, B.A. Minister, Old Hebrew Congregation, Leeds 
 (appointed 1887). Born, London, 1860. Certificate of Honour, University 
 College, Logic and Psychology, 1881. B.A., University of London, 1882. 
 First Hebrew and Scripture Examination, University of London, 1883. 
 Hebrew Head Teacher, Stepney Jewish Schools, 1884 1887. 
 Publications: Art. "Leeds" in Jewish Encyclopaedia. 
 
 Adler, Rev. Michael, B.A. Minister, Central Synagogue (appointed 1903). 
 Jewish Chaplain to H. M. Military and Naval Forces, and Brigade Staff-Chap- 
 lain, Jewish Lads' Brigade (appointed 1905). Lecturer, Teachers' Classes, 
 Toynbee Hall. Born, London, 1868. B.A. Honours, University of London, 1888. 
 Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University College, 1888. Prizeman, First Hebrew and 
 Scriptural Examination, University of London, 1890. Further Scriptural Exa- 
 mination, 1891. Fellow of Jews' College, 1900. Minister, Hammersmith Syn- 
 agogue, 1890 1903. Senior Hebrew Master, Jews' Free School, 1893 1903. 
 Publications: "First Steps in Hebrew Grammar"; "Elements of Hebrew 
 Grammar"; "Students' Hebrew Grammar"; "History of the Central Syn- 
 agogue"; contributions to Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society; 
 sermons and lectures. 
 
 Adler, Rev. S. Alfred, Minister, Hammersmith Synagogue (appointed 
 1904). Born, London, 1876. Certificates of Honour, University College 
 History, English Literature, Anglo-Saxon, Junior Latin, 1895, 1896; Logic, 
 English, Ancient and Modern History, 1899. Minister, Liverpool New Hebrew 
 Congregation, 1901 1904. Previously, Visiting Minister of. the Reading 
 Congregation, 
 i Publications: Sermons and lectures; contributions to the Jewish press. 
 
 Bensky, Rev. M. Minister, Hanley Congregation 1901 1905. Hollier 
 Hebrew Scholar, University College, 1897. Certificates of Honour, University 
 College, English and English Literature, 1898, 1899, 1900. 
 
 Berliner, Rev. B. Minister, St. Johns' Wood Synagogue (appointed 
 1878). Born, London, 1848. Headmaster, Borough Jewish School, 1867 
 1870. Minister, Bristol Congregation, 1870 1878.
 
 CLXXXV 
 
 Chapman, Rev. Edward Maurice D.D. -- Rabbi, Congregation Shaarai 
 Shamayim, Schenectady, N.-Y., U.S.A. (appointed 1900). Congregation 
 Beth Israel, Hartford, Conn., 18781880. Temple Israel, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 1880 1885. Temple Emanuel, Dallas, Texas, 18851897. 
 
 Chapman, Rev. John. Principal, Great Ealing School. Hon. Secretary, 
 Jews' College. Born, London, 1846. 1st. B. A., University of London. Assistant 
 Master, Jews' College 1866 1867. Assistant Minister, Western Synagogue, 
 1867 1868. Head Master, Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum, 1868 1878. 
 
 Chodowsky, Rev. A. T. Minister, Dunedin (N. Z.) Hebrew Congregation. 
 Born, Posen, 1863. Formerly: Minister, Leicester Congregation ; Christchurch 
 (N. Z.) Congregation ; and Brisbane Congregation. 
 
 Cohen, Rev. Francis Lyon. Chief Minister, Sydney Hebrew Congregation, 
 and President of the Beth Din, New South Wales (appointed 1905); 
 Born Aldershot, 1862. Certificate of Honour, Early English, University 
 College, 1882. Intermediate Arts, University of London, 1883. Inter- 
 mediate B. Mus., 1883. Minister, Dublin Hebrew Congregation, 1885 1886. 
 Borough New Synagogue, 1886 1905. Tutor of Chazanuth, Jews' College, 
 1886 1904. Jewish Chaplain to H. M. Military Forces, and Brigade Staff- 
 Chaplain, Jewish Lads' Brigade, from the institution of these offices till 
 1905. Received Rabbinical Diploma, 1905. 
 
 Publications: "Voice of Prayer and Praise" (editor); various compilations 
 of Synagogue Music; articles on Synagogue Music in Jewish Encyclopaedia 
 and other publications; sermons and lectures. 
 
 Cohen, Rev. Harris. Minister, Stoke Newington Synagogue (appointed 
 1903). Born 1869. Received early education at Manchester Jews' School. 
 Minister, Nottingham Hebrew Congregation, and Lecturer, Nottingham 
 University, 1890 1903. Sometime Minister of Merthyr Congregation and 
 Visiting Minister to Hanley and Derby Hebrew Congregations. Superin- 
 tendent, St. Stephen's School, Quaker Street. 
 Publications: Judaica in the general press. 
 
 Cohen, Rev. M. I., B.A. Minister, Bulawayo Hebrew Congregation (appointed 
 1899). Andrew Scholar, University College, 1896. Prizeman, Junior Modern 
 History, 1896. Certificate of Honour, Mental and Moral Philosophy, 1897. 
 Associate Jews' College, 1898. B.A. University of London, 1899. 
 
 Cohen, Rev. Montague N. A. Rabbi, Congregation Beth Israel, Tacoma, Wa- 
 shington, U. S. A. Formerly : Minister Victoria Congregation, British Columbia 
 (elected 1901); and Rabbi, Congregation B'nai Israel, Sacramento, California. 
 Born, London, 1877. Certificate of Honour, History, University College, 1899. 
 
 Cohn, Ephraim. Head-Master, Jerusalem Von Lammel School and Orphan 
 Asylum (appointed 1887). 
 
 Danglow, Rev. Jacob. Minister, St. Kilda Congregation (appointed 1905). 
 Born 1880. Intermediate Arts, University of London, 1901. Certificates of 
 Honour, University College, Logic, Psychology and Ethics, 1902. Associate 
 Tews' College, 1903. Lecturer, Teachers' Classes, Toynbee Hall, 1903 1905.
 
 CLXXXVI 
 
 Davis, Rev. M. E. Minister, Middlesboro' Synagogue (appointed li 
 and Visiting Minister of the Congregations of West Hartlepool and 
 Stockton-on-Tees. Formerly Visiting Minister of the Darlington Congre- 
 gation. Honour Certificate, English Literature, University College. 
 
 Elzas, Rev. Barnett Abraham, B.A. Rabbi, Beth Elohim Congregation, 
 Charleston South Carolina (appointed 1894). Born, Eydtkuhnen, Germany, 
 1867. Hollier Scholar in Hebrew, University College, 1886. Associate Jews' 
 College, 1889. B.A., University of Toronto, 1893. Minister of Holy Blossom 
 Synagogue, Toronto, 1890 1893; Sacramento Congregation, California, 
 1893 1894. Graduate of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medical College of the 
 State of South Carolina, 1900 1901. 
 
 Publications: "The Sabbath School Companion"; "Judaism: an Expos- 
 ition"; "The History of K. K. Beth Elohim, Charleston"; "The Jews of 
 South Carolina". 
 
 Esterson, Rev. W. Minister, Hambro' Synagogue (appointed 1899). 
 Born, Edinburgh, 1872. Received early education at Jews' Free School. 
 Minister, North-West London Synagogue, 1894 1899. 
 
 Feldman, Rev. Asher, B.A. Dayan and Rabbi of the United Synagogue 
 (appointed 1902). Born in Russia, 1873. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, Univer- 
 sity of London, 1895. Fellow of Jews' College, 1896. Received Rabbinical 
 Diploma, 1899. Minister, Stoke Newington Congregation, 1899 1902. 
 Sometime: Senior Master of Hebrew and Religion, Jews' Infant Schools; 
 Organizer of, and Lecturer to, Teachers' Classes, Toynbee Hall and Jews' 
 College; and Director of Studies, New Dalston Synagogue Schools. 
 
 Publications: Historical Syllabuses (Jewish Study Society); contributions 
 to Jewish Quarterly Review ; sermons and lectures. 
 
 Freedman, Rev. D. I. B.A. Minister Perth Congregation, Western 
 Australia (appointed 1897). Born, Buda-Pesth, 1874. Received early edu- 
 cation at Jews' Free School. B.A., University of London, 1894. Honours- 
 man in Senior Mathematics, University College, 1894. 
 
 Publications: Art. "Australia" in Jewish Encyclopaedia ; Children's 
 Hospital Magazine (editor); The Craftsman (editor). 
 
 Friedlander, Rev. Gerald. Minister, Western Synagogue (appointed 1897). 
 Born, London, 1871. Teacher of Hebrew, University College School (appointed 
 1899). Intermediate Arts, University of London, 1893. Certificate of Honour, 
 Mental and Moral Philosophy, University College, 1896. 
 
 FriedlSnder, Rev. Joseph. Rabbi, Congregation Emanuel, Beaumont, 
 Texas, U. S. A. Formerly, Reader and Preacher, St. Kilda Congregation, 
 and Minister of North West London Synagogue. Born, Edinburgh, 1855. 
 
 Goldstein, Rev. S. A. Minister, Auckland (N. Z.) Hebrew Congregation 
 (appointed 1880). Formerly: Master, W. Hartlepool Hebrew School; 
 Middlesboro'-on-Tees Jewish School; Minister Toowoomba (Queensland) 
 Congregation; West Maitland (New South Wales) Congregation. Born, 
 London, 1853.
 
 CLXXXVII 
 
 Gollancz, Rev. Prof. Hermann, M.A., D. Lit. Minister, Bayswater Synagogue 
 (appointed 1892). Goldsmid Professor of Hebrew, University College (appointed 
 1902). Formerly: Minister, St. John's Wood Synagogue; New Synagogue; 
 South Manchester Synagogue; and Dalston Synagogue. Born, Germany, 
 1852. M.A., University of London, German, Hebrew and Syriac, 1889. 
 Hon. Secretary, International Congress of Orientalists, London, (Semitic 
 Section) 1891. Received Rabbinical Diploma, 1897. Doctor of Literature, 
 Hebrew, 1899. Delegate of University of London at International Congress 
 of Orientalists, Rome, 1899. President, Jewish Historical Society, 1905 6. 
 Lecturer on Homiletics at Jews' College, 1905 6. 
 
 Publications: "Ethical Treatises of Berachya"; "Clavicula Salomonis"; 
 "Selections of Charms from Syriac MSS."; "Further Selections of Charms 
 from Syriac MSS."; Translations into English of "Syriac Version of Sindban" 
 and "Aramaic Targum on the Amidah" ; "Anglican Version of Bible for 
 Use in Jewish Families" (editor); contributions to reviews and Trans- 
 actions of Jewish Historical Society -\ sermons and lectures. 
 
 Goodman, Rev. Hyman Minister, Hanley Congregation (appointed 1905). 
 Formerly Assistant Chaplain, Wormwood Scrubbs Prison. Born, Portsmouth. 
 Received early education at Aria College and Portsmouth Grammar School. 
 Intermediate Arts, University of London, 1903. Prizeman in Logic, University 
 College, 1905. 
 
 Gouldstein, Rev. Julius A. (the late) Minister, North London Synagogue, 
 1881 1902. Chaplain, Newgate, Holloway and Pentonville Prisons. Chaplain, 
 Berner-street Company, Jewish Lads' Brigade. Born, Australia, 1858. Received 
 early education at Jerusalem Yeshiba. Sometime Teacher at Shaar6 Tikvah 
 School and Stepney Jewish Schools. 
 
 Green, Rev. A. A. Minister, Hampstead Synagogue (appointed 1892). 
 Born, London, 1860. Minister, Sheffield Congregation, 1884 i888;Sunder- 
 land Congregation, 1888 1892. Lecturer on Homiletics at Jews' College 
 19045. 
 
 Publications: "Revised Hagadah"; sermons and lectures. 
 
 Harris, Rev. Isidore, M.A. Minister, West London Synagogue of British 
 Jews (appointed 1881). Minister, North London Synagogue, 1874 1881. 
 Born, London, 1853. M.A., Philosophy and Political Economy, University of 
 London. First Prizeman, Logic and Philosophy of Mind, University College. 
 Publications: "Jewish Year Book" (editor); "The Rise and Development 
 of the Massorah" (J.Q.R.); art. "Jews", in Chambers'" Encyclopaedia; con- 
 tributions to the Jewish Encyclopaedia and Jewish and general press; 
 writings bearing on Anglo-Jewish history, including "History of Jews' Col- 
 lege", "History of Anglo-Jewish Press", "History of the Western Synagogue", 
 "A Hundred Years Ago ; and "A Glance at some Old Law Books". 
 "Historical Syllabus" (Jewish Study Society); sermons and lectures. 
 
 Harris, Rev. John Reader, Liverpool Old Hebrew Congregation. Born, 
 London, 1866. Received early education in City of London School.
 
 CLXXXVIII 
 
 Hyamson, Rev. Moses, B.A., L.L.B. Dayan and Rabbi of the United 
 Synagogue and Librarian of the Beth Hamedrash (appointed 1902). Born, 
 Suwalk, Russia, 1863. Minister, Swansea Congregation, 1884 1889; Bristol 
 Congregation, 1889 1892; Dalston Synagogue, 1892 1902. Received Rab- 
 binical Diploma, 1899. B.A., University of London, 1882. L.L.B., 1899. 
 Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University College, 1882. 
 
 Publications: Contributions to the Jewish Quarterly Review; sermons 
 and lectures. 
 
 Joseph, Rev. Morris Delegate Senior Minister, West London Synagogue 
 of British Jews (appointed 1893). Born, London, 1848. Minister, North 
 London Synagogue, 1868 1874; Old Hebrew Congregation, Liverpool, 
 1874 1882. Teacher of Homiletics, Jews' College, 1887 1893. Minister 
 and Founder of Hampstead Sabbath Afternoon Services, 1890 1893. 
 
 Publications: "The Ideal in Judaism" (Sermons); "Judaism as Creed and 
 Life"; contributions to Jewish Quarterly Review and Jewish press ; Syllabus 
 on Minor Prophets (Jewish Study Society); Three Lectures on the Prayer 
 Book (Jewish Study Society); sermons and lectures. 
 
 Landau, Rev. J. H. American Rabbi. Associate Minister of Sydney Con- 
 gregation, 1888 1903. Sometime Minister of Cardiff Synagogue. Associate 
 Jews' College, 1891. 
 
 Lawrence, Rev. Z. Minister, Bloemfontein Congregation (appointed 1904). 
 Born in Russia. Received early education at Kovno Yeshiba and Jews' 
 School, Manchester. Minister, Newport (Mon.), 1896; Sunderland, 1896 
 1902. Visiting Minister, South Shields Congregation, 1898 1902. 
 
 Lazarus, Rev. A., B.A. (the late) Born, London, 1870, died, U.S.A. 1899. 
 B.A., University of London, 1891. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University 
 College, Second Class Certificate in Mathematics, 1890. Jewish Chaplain, 
 Pentonville Prison, 1891 1893. Associate Jews' College, 1892. Minister, 
 Holy Blossom Synagogue, Toronto, 1893 1899; Beni Israel Congregation, 
 Houston, Texas, U. S. A., 1899. 
 
 Lazarus, Rev. H. M., B.A. Minister, Brondesbury Synagogue (appointed 
 (1905). Lecturer, Teachers' Classes, Toynbee Hall. Born, Riga, Russia, 1879. 
 Prizeman, Greek and German, University College, 1903. B.A. Honours, 
 University of London, 1904. 
 
 Levene, Samuel. Joint Principal, Townley Castle School, Ramsgate. 
 Born, London, 1867. Received early education at Westminster Jews' 
 School. Prizes and Certificates of Honour, University College, 1884, etc. 
 
 Publications: Contributions to English and American press and to the 
 Jewish Encyclopaedia. 
 
 Levin, Rev. Walter. Minister, North London Synagogue (appointed 1903). 
 Senior Master, Hebrew and Religion, Jews' Free School and Jews' Infant 
 Schools. Received early education at Aria College and Portsmouth Grammar 
 School. Certificate of Honour, University College, English, 1899. Minister 
 North- West London Synagogue, 1899 1903. Associate Jews' College (Hebrew 
 and Theological qualifications only), 1903.
 
 CLXXXIX 
 
 Levy, Rev. A. Minister, Durban Congregation (appointed 1903). For- 
 merly: Visiting Minister to Aldershot Hebrew Congregation; Superintendent, 
 St. Stephen's Hebrew Classes, Religious Education Board ; Lecturer at Toynbee 
 Hall, Teachers' Hebrew and Religion Classes. Born, London, 1878. Associate 
 Jews' College (Hebrew and Theological qualifications only), 1903. 
 
 Levy, Rev. Joseph Leonard, B.A., D.D. Rabbi, Rodeph Shalom Congre- 
 gation, Pittsburg, U.S.A. (appointed 1901). Born, London, 1865. Fielden 
 Scholar and Honour Certificates, University College, 1883. B.A., University 
 of London, 1884. D.D., Western University of Pensylvania. Minister, 
 Bristol Hebrew Congregation, 1885 1889. Rabbi, B'nai Israel Congregation, 
 Sacramento, California, 1889 1893. Associate Rabbi, Keneseth Israel 
 Congregation, Philadelphia, 1893 1901. Chaplain of "Keegan's Brigade" in 
 the Spanish-American War. 
 
 Publications: Translation of Tractate Rosh Hashana of the Babylonian 
 Talmud; "The Greater Lights"; "Home Service for the Passover"; "The 
 Nineteenth Century"; "A Book of Prayer"; "The Jew's Beliefs"; "The 
 Children's Service and Hymnal"; "Text-Book of Religion and Ethics for 
 Jewish Children"; "Sabbath Readings"; The Jewish Criterion (editor); 
 volumes of sermons and lectures. 
 
 Levy, Rev. Solomon, M.A. Minister, New Synagogue (appointed 1895). 
 Born, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1872. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University Col- 
 lege, 1892. Prizeman, German, 1893. Fellow of Jews' College, 1896. First 
 Scriptural Examination, University of London, 1897. M.A., Philosophy and 
 Political Economy, University of London, 1901. 
 
 Ptiblications: Contributions to Jewish Encyclopaedia^ Jewish Quarterly 
 Review^ Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society^ and Jewish press; 
 sermons and lectures. 
 
 Lewin, Rev. Raphael de C. (the late). Headmaster, Kingston (Jamaica) He- 
 brew School. Minister, Shreveport (Louisiana) Congregation (appointed 
 1866). Editor, New Era (New York), 1871 1875. Editor, Jewish Advo- 
 cate (New York), 18791886. 
 
 Lipkind, Rev. Goodman, B.A. Assistant Minister, Brighton Synagogue, 1898. 
 Certificates of Honour, University College, History, 1895; Mental and Moral 
 Philosophy, 1896. B.A., University of London, 1897. 
 
 Publications: Contributions to the Jewish Encyclopaedia. 
 
 Mendelssohn, Rev. L. B.A. Burial Rabbi, United Synagogue (appointed 
 1903). Born, London, 1868. Senior Mathematical Certificate, University 
 College, 1886; Honours Certificate, English and Anglo-Saxon, 1887. B.A., 
 Honours (Mathematics and English), University of London, 1887. Associate 
 of Jews' College, 1888. Headmaster, West- and East-Melbourne Jewish 
 Schools, 1888 1890. Minister, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Bristol and Dublin 
 Congregations, 1890 1900.
 
 cxc 
 
 Michelson, Rev. B. N., B.A. Minister, Newcastle Congregation (appointed 
 1905). Born Middlesboro', 1873. Received early education at Stockton High 
 School, Aria College, and Portsmouth Grammar School. B.A. University of 
 London, 1891. Mathematical Scholar, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 
 Fellow of Jews' College, 1900. Minister, Newport, 1900 1902; Brisbane, 
 Australia, 1902 1903. 
 
 Nieto, Rev. Jacob. Rabbi, Congregation Sherith Israel, San Francisco, U. 
 S. A. Formerly, Minister, Sheffield Congregations, and Teacher, Jews ' 
 Hospital and Orphan Asylum. Born, London, 1863. 
 
 Publications: New Occident (editor); "The Romance of Poverty". 
 
 Ornstein, Rev. A. (the late). Minister, Kimberley Congregation 1884 1885. 
 Certificate of Honour, English Language, University College, 1882. Born, 
 London, 1863, died Kimberley, 1885. 
 
 Phillips, Rev. Eleazar P. Minister, Garnethill Synagogue, Glasgow (ap- 
 pointed 1879). Born, Adelaide, South Australia, 1862. 
 
 Phillips, Rev. Isaac Minister, Portsea Synagogue. Born, London, 1845. 
 
 Polack, Rev. Joseph, B.A. Assistant Master and House Master, Clifton Col- 
 lege. Lecturer in Hebrew, University College, Bristol. Born, Rochester, 
 1856. B.A. Honours, University of London, 1879. Minister, Liverpool Old 
 Congregation 1881 1890. 
 
 Rosenbaum, Rev. M. Minister, South London Synagogue (appointed 
 1905). Formerly: Minister, Poplar Synagogue (London); Hanley Con- 
 gregation ; Newcastle-on-Tyne Congregation ; and Jewish Chaplain, North 
 Eastern Reformatory. Born, 1871. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, University College. 
 Prizeman in Mathematics, University College, and Honour Certifiate, English, 
 1890. 
 
 Publications: "Masonic Lectures". 
 
 Simmons, Rev. Joseph Hebrew Teacher, Gates of Hope School. For- 
 merly: Minister, Brixton Temporary Synagogue; Headmaster, West Metro- 
 politan Jewish School; Hebrew Teacher, Stepney Jewish Schools; Lecturer, 
 Teacher's Class, Jews' Infant Schools. 
 
 Simon, Maurice B.A. Teacher, Johannesburg. Fellow of Jews' College, 
 1901. Received previous education at Oxford University. Teacher, Jews' 
 College, 1897 1901. 
 
 Singer, Rev. Simeon Minister, New West End Synagogue (appointed 
 1879). Hon. Secretary, Jews' College Education Committee. Born, London, 
 1848. Master, Jews' College School 1867 1879. Minister, Borough New 
 Synagogue, 1867 1879. Received Rabbinical Diploma, 1890. 
 
 Publications: "Authorised Daily Prayer Book" (Editor); "Talmudical 
 Fragments in the Bodleian Library" (joint editor with Prof. SCHECHTER); 
 sermons, lectures, contributions to Transactions of the Jewish Historica^ 
 Society, and Jewish and general press.
 
 CXCI 
 
 Sola de, Rev. Samuel (the late) Minister, Spanish and Portuguese Syn- 
 agogue, 1862 1866. Born, London, 1839. 
 Publications: Various synagogue melodies. 
 
 Solomon, R. J. Formerly Teacher, Communal School, Margo Settlement, 
 Cyprus (appointed 1898). 
 
 Stern, Rev. Joseph Minister, East London Synagogue. Born, Bedford, 1865. 
 Received early education at Aria College. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, Univer- 
 sity College, 1885. Associate Jews' College, 1889. 
 
 Publications: Contributions to the Jewish press; sermons and lectures. 
 
 Tribich, Rev. Reuben Minister, Bradford Hebrew Congregation (appoin- 
 ted 1903). Minister, Reading Congregation 1902 1903. Sometime Assistant 
 Chaplain of British Army at Aldershot. Certificates of Honour, University 
 College, English Language and Literature, Advanced Constitutional History, 
 and Logic, 1901. 
 
 Valentine, Rev. J. H. Minister, Manchester Portuguese Congregation 
 (appointed 1877). Formerly: Minister, Andrade Synagogue; Teacher, Gates 
 of Hope Portuguese School; and Stepney Jewish Schools. 
 
 Wasserzug, Rev. David, B.A. Minister, Dalston Synagogue. B.A. Univer- 
 sity of London. Associate Jews' College. Formerly: Minister Cardiff 
 Congregation ; Porth Elizabeth Congregation ; and Johannesburg Hebrew 
 Congregation. 
 
 Publications: Contributions to the Jewish and general press; sermons 
 and lectures. 
 
 Wolf, Rev. A., M.A., D.Lit. Minister, Manchester Congregation of Bri- 
 tish Jews (appointed 1901). Born in Russia, 1876. Hollier Hebrew Scholar, 
 University College, 1895. Certificate of Honour, Ancient History, 1896. 
 Prizeman, First Hebrew and Scriptural Examination, University of London, 
 1897. Further Scriptural Examination, 1898. Fellow of Jews' College, 1898. 
 M.A., Philosophy and Political Economy, University of London, 1899. 
 Doctor of Literature, Philosophy, 1905. B.A., Cambridge University, and 
 Certificate of Research in Philosophy, Research Prize, St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, 1901. Fellow of University College, 1902. Assistant Lecturer 
 in Philosophy to Professor SULLY at University College, 1898 1903. 
 Teacher of Philosophy at University of London (appointed 1903). Member 
 of London University Board for Philosophical Studies, 1904. 
 
 Publications: "The Existential Import of Categorical Studies -in Logic"; 
 articles and reviews in Jewish Quarterly Review. 
 
 Wolfers, Rev. Philip Principal, Margate Jewish College. Formerly : Minister, 
 Barberton Synagogue (S. Africa); Johannesburg (S. Africa); Swansea Hebrew 
 Congregation; and Cardiff Hebrew Congregation. Born, London, 1861. 
 Received early education at Jews' Free School.
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 LIST OF SCHOLARSHIPS AND HOLDERS. 
 
 THE LORD MAYOR'S COMMEMORATION SCHOLARSHIP. Instituted in commem- 
 oration of the appointment, in 1856, of a gentleman of the Jewish faith to 
 the office of Lord Mayor of the City of London. The income amounts to 
 about 30 per annum. 
 
 Samuel de Sola 
 John Chapman 
 B. Berliner 
 Bearon Marks 
 Herman Gollancz 
 Joseph Abrahams 
 J. A. Gouldstein 
 Herman Cohen 
 Francis L. Cohen 
 
 1859 
 
 F. L. Mendelson 
 
 1885 
 
 1861 
 
 Abraham Kenner 
 
 1886 
 
 1863 
 
 F. H. Cotton 
 
 1889 
 
 1865 
 
 S. Levy 
 
 1890 
 
 1868 
 
 B. N. Michelson 
 
 1894 
 
 1872 
 
 M. I. Cohen 
 
 1897 
 
 1875 
 
 Israel Cohen 
 
 1899 
 
 1878 
 
 David Pool 
 
 1902 
 
 iSSi 
 
 Ephraim Levine 
 
 1905 
 
 BARNETT MEYERS SCHOLARSHIP ENDOWNMENT. Presented by Barnett 
 MEYERS, Esq., in 1863. The income is about 66 per annum, and provides 
 for two Scholarships of 30 per annum each. Tenable for three years. 
 
 Simeon Singer 
 B. Berliner 
 Abraham Harris 
 Isidore Harris 
 Hermann Gollancz 
 Joseph Abrahams 
 Moses Hyamson 
 B. Saul 
 
 Abraham Ornstein 
 S. Levene 
 B. Elzas 
 Michael Adler 
 Z. Jacobs 
 
 1863 
 
 W. Greenberg 
 
 1888 
 
 1865 
 
 David Wasserzug 
 
 1889 
 
 1868 
 
 J. Abelson 
 
 1890 
 
 1870 
 
 M. Rosenbaum 
 
 1890 
 
 1874 
 
 S. Gelberg 
 
 1893 
 
 1877 
 
 J. Epstein 
 
 1894 
 
 1878 
 
 G. Friedlander 
 
 1894 
 
 1879 
 
 G. Lipkind 
 
 1895 
 
 1882 
 
 Walter Levin 
 
 1898 
 
 1884 
 
 A. Levy 
 
 1898 
 
 1885 
 
 J. Danglow 
 
 1899 
 
 1886 
 
 Harris M. Lazarus 
 
 1901 
 
 1888 
 
 B. I. Cohen 
 
 1902 
 
 David Hirsch 1905 

 
 CXCIII 
 
 THE PRESENTATION OF SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE TO THE JEWS' COLLEGE, in 
 affectionate memory of his wife, JUDITH LADY MONTEFIORE, daughter of LEVY 
 BARENT COHEN, Esquire, deceased. The income of this Scholarship, formerly 
 about 100, is now reduced to about 76 per annum. 
 
 Morris Joseph 
 Joseph Abrahams 
 Gabriel Myers 
 Israel Abrahams 
 B. Saul 
 
 Moses Abrahams 
 Francis L. Cohen 
 
 1863 
 1866 
 1869 
 1872 
 1876 
 1880 
 1885 
 H. J. Sandheim 
 
 F. L. Mendelson 
 A. Kenner 
 A. Lazarus B.A. 
 J. Abelson 
 Asher Feldman 
 A. Levy 
 D. Mann, B.A. 
 1905 
 
 1886 
 1889 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1896 
 1899 
 1902 
 
 THE RESIDENT SCHOLARSHIP ENDOWMENT FUND. This Scholarship is of 
 the Annual Value of 30, tenable for three years, and was presented by an 
 anonymous donor. 
 
 John Chapman 1864 
 
 Simeon Singer 1867 
 
 Bearon Marks 1868 
 
 Joseph A. Simmons 1872 
 
 Hermann Cohen l %74 
 
 Israel Abrahams 1878 
 
 David Wasserzug 1883 
 
 Joseph Stern 
 Abraham Lazarus 
 A. Feldman 
 M. Bensky 
 G. Chodowsky 
 J. K. Levin 
 J. Hochman 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1892 
 1897 
 1899 
 1900 
 1903 
 
 THE EDWARD HENRY BEDDINGTON MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP. This Scho- 
 larship was endowed in the year 1874 by the family of the late EDWARD 
 HENRY BEDDINGTON Esq., in commemoration of his having been a member 
 of the Council of Jews' College, and one of its Treasurers. It is of the an- 
 nual value of about 50, tenable for three years. 
 
 Joseph Polack 
 Moses Hyamson 
 Joseph L. Levy 
 B. Elzas 
 Michael Adler 
 David Wasserzug 
 A. Kenner M.A. 
 
 1875 
 1881 
 1884 
 1886 
 1889 
 1890 
 1892 
 
 S. Levy B.A. 1893 
 
 D. J. Freedman B.A. 1895 
 
 B. N. Michelson B.A. 1896 
 
 M. Bensky 1899 
 
 J. K. Levin 1900 
 
 Israel Cohen 1901 
 
 J. K. Levin 1903 
 
 THE ABRAHAM SOLOMON PALMER SCHOLARSHIP. This Scholarship was en- 
 dowed by the will of the late ABRAHAM SOLOMON PALMER, Esq., of Exeter, 
 who died in 1 880. The endowment prodnces 34.4^. per annum. 
 
 Joseph L. Levy. 
 I 
 
 1882 
 
 M. E. Davis 
 
 1884 
 '3
 
 CXCIV 
 
 H. Barnstein 
 H. Gordon 
 D. J. Friedman 
 A. Wolf 
 
 1888 
 1890 
 1893 
 1895 
 D. Pool B.A. 
 
 R. J. Solomon 
 Montagu Cohen 
 R. Tribich 
 J. Danglow 
 1905 
 
 1897 
 1899 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 ISAAC MOSES MARSDEN MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP. This Scholarship, of the 
 annual value of about 25, tenable for two years, was founded by the fam- 
 ily of the late I. M. MARSDEN Esq., and is awarded as an Entrance Scholarship. 
 
 Barnett Abelson 
 D. J. Freedman 
 J. K. Levin 
 
 1892 
 1894 
 1896 
 Morris Sagowitz 
 
 M. Blaser 
 Henry Joseph 
 J. S. Sakier 
 1904 
 
 1897 
 1899 
 1901 
 
 THE MARIANNE SAMUEL SCHOLARSHIP. Founded in 1892 by CHARLES 
 SAMUEL Esq., one of the Treasurers, in memory of his lamented wife. The 
 Endowment produces 40 per annum. 
 
 A. Wolf B.A. 
 
 1896 
 
 THE MICHAEL SAMUEL SCHOLARSHIP. This Scholarship was endowed by 
 the will of the late MICHAEL SAMUEL, who died in 1891, and who bequeathed 
 500, payable on the death of his widow. The bequest reverted to the 
 College in 1898, and produces about 15 per annum. 
 
 D. Pool 
 J. Hochman 
 
 1900 
 1902 
 
 Ephraim Levine 
 Louis Morris 
 
 1903 
 1905 
 
 THE JACOB A. FRANKLIN SCHOLARSHIP. Founded in 1899 by the trustees 
 of the Jacob A. Franklin Trust. The endowment produces about 30 per annum. 
 
 B. J. Cohen 
 
 1900 | H. J. Sandheim 
 
 Abraham Cohen I 55 
 
 1902 
 
 THE SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE STUDENTSHIPS. Founded by the Council, in 
 memory of Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, out of the Endowment received from the 
 Trustees of the Judith Lady Montefiore College. Of various values; the following 
 four Studentships enabling students to complete their studies at other institutions. 
 
 A. Woolf B.A. 
 H. Snowman B.A. 
 
 1898 
 1901 
 
 J. Hochmann B.A. 1905 
 David Pool B.A. 1905
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 CURRICULA AND SCHEMES OF STUDY, 
 1905. 
 
 I. 
 
 I. This College, founded in the year 5616 1855, provides for the edu- 
 cation of Rabbis, Ministers, Preachers, Readers, and Teachers of Religion for 
 Jewish Congregations in the British Empire. 
 
 It comprises three divisions a Preparatory Class , a Junior Students' 
 Class, and a Senior Students' Class. 
 
 2. The charge for Students in the Junior and Senior Classes is 30 per 
 annum, and for Pupils in the Preparatory Class 10 per annum, but the 
 Council have power to remit the whole or any part of these charges. 
 
 3. The Academic year at this College begins immediately after the Sum- 
 mer Holidays, and is divided into three terms: (l) A term beginning 
 after the close of the Summer Holidays, and ending with the close of the 
 secular year; (2) A term ending immediately before the beginning of Pass- 
 over; and (3) A term extending thence to the beginning of the Summer 
 Holidays. 
 
 4. Examinations for entrance into the College are held shortly before 
 the beginning of each of the above terms. Notice of such examinations is 
 published previously. 
 
 The subjects of these examinations are Hebrew and Religion, English, 
 Geography, History, and Arithmetic, with the addition of any two of the 
 following : French, German, Latin, Elementary Science, Algebra, and 
 Geometry. 
 
 Candidates successful in these examinations begin their courses of study at 
 the commencement of the Academic year which follows next from the date 
 of their entrance examination. 
 
 II, 
 
 i. PREPARATORY CLASS. 
 
 (a.) Hebrew and Theological Studies. 
 
 The course of these studies includes the text of the Bible, Talmud,
 
 CXCVI 
 
 doctrines and practice of the Jewish Religion, Hebrew Grammar, Jewish 
 History, Elocution and Singing. 
 
 Pupils of this Class on passing the First Theological Examination, 
 are, at the discretion of the Principal, promoted to the Junior Students' 1 
 Class. 
 
 The subjects of the First Theological Examination are Bible (text 
 and commentary), Religion (principles and practice), Talmud, Liturgy, 
 Hebrew Grammar, Jewish History, Practical Tuition in Religion, and 
 
 mm 
 
 (.) Secular Studies. 
 
 This course is so arranged in combination with the theological studies 
 of the Class that a pupil at the time of his passing the First Theolo- 
 gical Examination shall have attained the grade of the Matriculation 
 Examination of the University of London. 
 
 The subjects of study include English, Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and 
 Modern Languages. 
 2. JUNIOR STUDENTS' CLASS. 
 
 (.) Hebrew and Theological Studies. 
 
 The curriculum of Students in this Class normally extends over two 
 years. 
 
 The subjects of study are Bible (text with commentaries), Talmud 
 (with commentaries), Jewish History and Literature, Hebrew Grammar, 
 principles and practice of Religion, Liturgy, Homiletics, Elocution, 
 Singing, and niiTPl- 
 
 Students of this Class on passing the Second Theological Examination 
 are, at the discretion of the Principal, promoted to Divisian A. of the 
 Senior Students' 1 Class. 
 
 The subjects of the Second Theological Examination are included in 
 the curriculum of the Class. 
 (). Secular Studies. 
 
 This course, which is carried on at the University College and the 
 Jews' College jointly, is arranged so that it shall bring Students to the 
 grade required for the Intermediate Examination in Arts in the Univer- 
 sity of London. 
 3. SENIOR STUDENTS' CLASS. 
 
 Division A. 
 (a.) Hebrew and Theological Studies. 
 
 The curriculum of Students in this Class normally extends over two 
 years. 
 
 The subjects for study include Bible (text with commentaries), Talmud, 
 Grammar of Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, and Syriac, principles and prac- 
 tice of Religion, Jewish History and Literature, Elocution, Singing, and 
 
 num- 
 
 The texts read are in the main those prescribed by the University of 
 London for the B.A. examination in Hebrew and Syriac, the course
 
 CXCVII 
 
 being so arranged as to bring students to the grade required for that 
 examination. 
 
 Students in this Division on passing the Third Theological Examina- 
 tion are^ at the discretion of the Principal^ promoted to Division B of 
 the Senior Students' 1 Class. 
 
 The subjects for the Third Theological Examination are similar to 
 those studied in the curriculum of the Class. 
 (b.~) Secular Stiidies. 
 
 Special arrangements are made for Students to pursue studies in Phi- 
 losophical or Literary courses at University College. 
 
 Division B. (Class for HNIIH mm)- 
 
 This Class is for the preparation of Students for the Diploma of 
 
 "Rabbi" (narnn mnn)- 
 
 Before entering this Class Students must have passed the Third Theo- 
 logical of the College, together with the Degree Examination of some 
 recognised University or some equivalent examination.* 
 
 The course of study in this Class normally extends over two and a 
 half years. 
 
 The subjects of examinations are: Talmud, Posekim, and Responsa. 
 
 The Examiners are : The Very Reverend the Chief Rabbi, the Re- 
 verend Haham of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation the Principal 
 and the Theological Tutor of the Jews' College, and a member of the 
 Beth Din of the United Synagogue. 
 
 The following titles shall be conferred as a result of the above Theolog- 
 ical Examinations : 
 
 (1) The title of Associate of Jews' College, to be granted to Students 
 who shall have passed the Third Theological Examination and like- 
 wise graduated at a University. 
 
 (2) The title of Fellow of Jews' College, to be granted to Students ob- 
 taining the Rabbinical Diploma. 
 
 * The Council of the College is empowered in exceptional cases to dispense with the quali- 
 fication of the University Degree.
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 TIME TABLE. A. PREPARATORY CLASS. 
 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Friday. 
 
 9.30 10.15. 
 
 English. 
 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Talmud. 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 Bible. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 Religion. 
 The Principal. 
 
 German. 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 10.15 11.15. 
 
 Classics. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Bible. 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 IO.I5 ll ' 
 Jewish History. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 IO.I5 Ir - 
 
 Shulchan 
 Aruch 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 Pentateuch. 
 The Principal. 
 
 11.15 11.30. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.3012.30. 
 
 Classics. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A 
 
 Hebrew 
 Grammar. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 II II.3O. 
 
 Singing. 
 
 Rev.J. L. Geffen. 
 
 11.15 I2 - 
 Talmud. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 II.I5 12 
 
 Hebrew 
 Grammar. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 12.30 1.30. 
 
 
 
 11.4512.30. 
 
 Hebrew 
 Grammar. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 12 12.45. 
 
 German. 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 
 1.302.15. 
 
 Latin. 
 G. W. Kilner.MJ^. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 I.452.I5. 
 Latin. 
 
 G.W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 I.452.I5 
 Greek. 
 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Elocution. 
 
 [B.A. 
 Dr. H. H. Hulbert 
 
 2.153.15. 
 
 Greek. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 English. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 English. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 
 3-153.30. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.304.15. 
 
 Science. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 G. W. Kilner, M.A. 

 
 CXCXIX 
 
 TIME TABLE. B. JUNIOR STUDENTS. 
 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Friday. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.3010.30. 
 
 9.3010.15. 
 
 Shulchan Aruch. 
 
 
 Rashi. 
 
 Jewish History 
 and Literature. 
 
 Hebrew 
 Grammar. 
 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 10.15 H- 
 
 Homiletics. 
 
 Bible. 
 
 Chazanuth. 
 
 
 
 
 Rev. Dr. Gollancz. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 Rev. J. L. Geffen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 12. 
 
 II 12. 
 
 II II.45. 
 
 Talmud. 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 
 Bible. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 *Roman 
 History. 
 
 *Greek. 
 
 12 'I 
 
 *Greek. 
 
 Bible. 
 The Principal. 
 
 12 12.45. 
 Talmud. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 *English. 
 
 12.15 i. 
 
 Kuzari. 
 
 
 *English. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 *Latin. 
 
 
 *Latin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.45 
 
 23- 
 
 
 *German. 
 
 *French. 
 
 *German. 
 
 Elocution. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. H. H. Hulbert, 
 B.A. 
 
 34- 
 
 
 
 *Greek. 
 
 
 *Greek. 
 
 4-5. 
 
 
 *Logic. 
 
 *Logic. 
 
 
 
 Subjects marked thus (*) are taken at University College.
 
 cc 
 
 TIME TABLE. C. JUNIOR STUDENTS. 
 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Friday. 
 
 9.3010.15. 
 
 Homiletics. 
 
 Talmud. 
 
 Singing. 
 
 Jewish History 
 and Literature. 
 
 Bible 
 (2nd division). 
 
 
 Rev. Dr. GoIIancz. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 Rev. J. L. Geffen. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 10.15 II - I 5- 
 
 Pesikta. 
 
 Bible. 
 
 Talmud. 
 
 Talmud. 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 11.15 I2 - 
 
 Talmud. 
 
 Commentaries 
 on the Bible. 
 
 Bible. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 The Principal. 
 
 12 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.45. 
 
 23- 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 Yoreh Deah. 
 
 
 Aramaic. 
 
 Elocution. 
 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 Dr. H. H. Hulbert, 
 B.A. 
 
 34- 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 Hebrew 
 Grammar. 
 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch. 
 
 
 Dr. Hirschfeld. 
 
 
 45- 
 
 Psychology. 
 
 
 
 *Psychology. 
 
 
 Subject marked thus (*) is taken at University College.
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 LEGACIES AND BEQUESTS TO JEWS' COLLEGE. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Earned, Israel, Esq 1000 o o 
 
 Zechariah, Mrs. Leah 100 o o 
 
 Samuel, Mr. and Mrs. L., in Memory of 20 o o 
 
 Samter, J., Esq. 19 19 o 
 
 Jessel, Z. A., Esq 50 o o 
 
 And a collection of Fossils. 
 
 Nathan, Jacob, Esq *2OO o o 
 
 Nathaniel, Esq 41 12 3 
 
 Worms, M., Esq., in Memory of 25 o o 
 
 Sassoon, S. D., Esq. (less duty) 200 o o 
 
 Abrahams, Miss E., Sheffield 100 o o 
 
 Beddington, E. H., Esq IOO o o 
 
 Moses, Henry, Esq. (less duty) 100 o o 
 
 Cohen, Mrs. Benjamin 19 19 o 
 
 Samuel, Mrs. Catherine 100 o o 
 
 Moss, Edward, Esq. 10 10 o 
 
 Samuel, Edwin L., Esq., in Memory of 100 o o 
 
 Sachs, Solomon, Esq 50 o o 
 
 Merton, E. M., Esq., in Memory of 20 o o 
 
 Rothschild, Baron L. de, in Memory of 200 o o 
 
 Keeling, H. L., Esq. loo o o 
 
 Cohen, Louis, Esq loo o o 
 
 Cohen, Isaac M., Esq., in Memory of the late .... 10 o o 
 
 Emanuel, Edward Janverin, Esq 20 o o 
 
 Montefiore, Sir Moses, Bart 250 o o 
 
 Heilbut, R. S., Esq. IOO o o 
 
 Ellis, Sir Barrow H., K.C.S.1 1000 o o 
 
 Levy, Miss Matilda, in Memory of the late Joseph M. Levy, Esq. 21 o o 
 
 Meyers, Barnett, Esq IOO o o 
 
 Moses, Mrs. Joseph, in Memory of the late .... 50 o o 
 
 Falk, Philip, Esq IOO o o 
 
 * The Interest only of this sum is enjoyed by the College.
 
 ecu 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Adler, Rev. Dr., Chief Rabbi 1000 
 
 Solomon, Henry, Esq 1000 o o 
 
 Cohen, Henry Louis, Esq . 50 o o 
 
 Warburg, Simeon, Esq 20 o o 
 
 Lion, Lion, Esq. (less duty) 500 
 
 Montagu, Hyman, Esq 21 o o 
 
 Marcus, Mark, Esq. (less duty) IO o o 
 
 Davis, James P., Esq. 50 o o 
 
 Lowenheim, D., Esq. . . . 1000 
 
 Samuel, Michael, Esq . . 50 o o 
 
 Joseph, Henry, Esq. . ^ . 25 o o 
 
 Alexander, Lionel Lindo, Esq 50 o o 
 
 Mocatta, Abraham, Esq 25 o o 
 
 Rothschild, L. M., Esq. (Share of Residue) 8188 7 5 
 
 Cohen, David, Esq -. 50 o o 
 
 Heilbut, R. S., Esq *ioo o o 
 
 Saunders, Henry, Esq *2OO o o 
 
 Symons, Henry E., Esq. (less duty) ...... *6oo o o 
 
 Symons, Mrs. Henry E . 25 o o 
 
 Cohen, Alfred L., Esq . . 500 o o 
 
 Cohen, Alfred L., Esq., in Memory of, per Mrs. James H. Solomon 50 o o 
 
 Lewisohn, J., Esq 50 o o 
 
 Emanuel, Barrow, Esq . 20 o o 
 
 Hart, Henry, Esq v . . 200 o o 
 
 Mocatta, F. D. Esq. . . 200 o o 
 
 * Reversion.
 
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