id by one of the most brilliant writers of sort of M ' statesman." NOTES OR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY = CALIFORNIA ^ERN iARY FACILITY NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS "An boneft Stationer (or Publisher} is be, that exercizetb bis Myftery (whether it be in printing, binding or selling of Bookes*) with more refpect to the glory of God ff the publike aduantage than to his ovvne Commodity 3" is both an ornament 3" a profitable member in the ciuill Commonwealth. ... If he be a Printer he makes confcience to exempelfy bis Coppy fayrely 5* truly. If he be a Booke-bynder, be is no meere Book- feller (that //) one who felleth meerely ynck & paper bundled up together for his owne aduantage only : but he is a Chapman of Arts, of w if dome, & of -much experience for a little money. . . . The reputation of Schollers is as deare unto him as bis owne : For, be acknowledgeth that from them his Myfstery bad both begining and means of continuance. He beartely loues & seekes the Profperity of his owne Corporation : Tet he would not iniure the Uniuerfityes to aduantage it. In a word, he is such a man that the State ought to cherish him ; Schollers to loue him, good Customers to frequent his shopp ; and the whole Com- pany of Stationers to pray for him." GEORGE WITHER, 1625. NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS On the Preparation of Manuscripts, On the Reading of Proofs, and On Dealing with Publishers " Aptly has it been said by one of the most brilliant writers of our day, that the great publisher is a sort of Min- ister of Letters, and is not to be without the qualities of a statesman." From JOHN MOBLEY'S Recollections. Wefo gorfc THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1918 AU rights reserved COPYRIGHT, 1900, 1905, AND 1918, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. TCortonoti \3rrss J. 8. Cushlng Co. Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE IT is hoped that the suggestions made in the follow- ing pages will be of use to authors desirous of submit- ting manuscripts for the consideration of publishers. It must not, however, be taken as necessary for manu- scripts to conform with these suggestions before they can receive attention from the publishers' readers. The suggestions have been compiled with the aid of the heads of the various departments of The Mac- millan Company, and it is believed that the observ- ance of many of the points emphasized in these pages will result in a saving of effort and expense to the mutual benefit of both author and publisher. The Macmillan Company makes it a rule to give careful attention to all manuscripts that may be sub- mitted, whether prepared in accordance with these suggestions or not. [v] 2054481 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ix THE PREPARATION OF A MANUSCRIPT 1 SUBMITTING A MANUSCRIPT TO A PUBLISHER ... 4 COPYRIGHT 6 FORMS OF AGREEMENT 8 BINDINGS, COVERS, AND COVER DESIGNS .... 9 PROOF READING 11 EDUCATIONAL BOOKS 17 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BOOKS 21 40 MEDICAL BOOKS 24 THE RELIGIOUS BOOKS DEPARTMENT 27 THE LIBRARY DEPARTMENT 28 How AN AUTHOR CAN AID HIS PUBLISHER .... 29 PRESS AND PRESENTATION COPIES 30 ADVERTISING, CIRCULARS, ETC. . . . . . .31 STYLE 32 SIGNS USED IN CORRECTING PROOFS 60 PROOF SHOWING CORRECTIONS 63 CORRECTED PROOF 64 [vii] TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v THE MACMILLAN COMPANY he THE PREPARATION OF A MANUSCRIPT 1 SUBMITTING A MANUSCRIPT TO A PUBLISHER ... 4 COPYRIGHT 6 FORMS OF AGREEMENT 8 BINDINGS, COVERS, AND COVER DESIGNS .... 9 PROOF READING 11 EDUCATIONAL BOOKS 17 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BOOKS 21 MEDICAL BOOKS 24 THE RELIGIOUS BOOKS DEPARTMENT 27 THE LIBRARY DEPARTMENT 28 How AN AUTHOR CAN AID HIS PUBLISHER .... 29 PRESS AND PRESENTATION COPIES 30 ADVERTISING, CIRCULARS, ETC. . . . . . .31 STYLE 32 SIGNS USED IN CORRECTING PROOFS 60 PROOF SHOWING CORRECTIONS 63 CORRECTED PROOF 64 vii] THE foundation of the house now known as The Macmillan Company was laid in 1869 by the late George Edward Brett, who established in New York for the London house of Macmillan & Co. an agency for the sale of its publications. The business was soon enlarged to include the publication of books by American authors, and remained under the manage- ment of George Edward Brett until his death in 1890, when his son, George Platt Brett, became the resident American partner. In 1896 the American firm was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and adopted the style of The Macmillan Company. The Company's interests as publishers are not con- fined to any particular departments of literature or science, but its list of current publications, which at present numbers some seven thousand, embraces titles of works in practically the whole range of intellectual activity. Its authors include many of the names best known in all the various fields of literature, both American and foreign : among them Browning, Tenny- son, Matthew Arnold, Hardy, Masefield, Hewlett, Alfred Noyes, Tagore, Edgar Lee Masters, E. A. Robinson, W. W. Gibson, in poetry ; Henry James, Marion Crawford, H. G. Wells, Winston Churchill, [ix] Jack London, Owen Wister, James Lane Allen, William Allen White, Alice Brown, in the novel ; Lord Bryce, Lord Cromer, Lord Morley, James Ford Rhodes, Henry Charles Lea, Edward Channing, in history, biography, or political philosophy; F. H. Bradley, John Caird, Walter Rauschenbusch, Josiah Royce, E. B. Titchener, J. E. Creighton, Shailer Mathews, A. C. McGiffert, Charles E. Jefferson in philosophy, or religion; F. W. Taussig, John Bates Clark, E. W. Kemmerer, Edwin R. A. Seligman, Henry R. Seager, Richard T. Ely, and Irving Fisher in political economy, and L. H. Bailey and many others in agricultural science. On the list appear also the names of representative college or university presidents : Dr. Lowell of Har- vard, Dr. Butler of Columbia, Dr. Hadley of Yale, Dr. Judson of Chicago, Dr. Faunce of Brown, Dr. King of Oberlin, Dr. C. R. Van Hise of the University of Wisconsin, Dr. W. A. Jessup of the University of Iowa, Dr. William Allen Neilsen of Smith College, Dr. H. N. MacCracken of Vassar College, Dr. F. J. Goodnow of Johns Hopkins University, Dr. H. W. Elson of Thiel College, Mr. S. E. Mezes of the College of the City of New York, Dr. E. O. Sisson of the University of Montana, Dr. E. C. Elliott, Chancellor of all three Montana institutions, and the late Dr. Hyde of Bow- doin; representative men of affairs, in addition to those already mentioned, Ex-President Roosevelt, Ex- Secretary of the Navy Long ; representative preachers, Dr. Lyman Abbott, Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis, Rev. R. J. Campbell. In addition to its publishing interests, The Mac- millan Company acts as agent for the sale of the works [x] published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd. ; George Bell & Sons, A. & C. Black, and Whittaker & Co., all of London, and for Bonn's Libraries. The Macmillan Company has established agencies for the publication and sale of its books by American authors in London, England ; Toronto, Canada ; Mel- bourne, Australia; Calcutta and Bombay, India. It also has branch offices in Boston, Dallas, Atlanta, San Francisco, and a branch house in Chicago. The Macmillan Company occupies the building at 64 and 66 Fifth Avenue, New York City, erected and owned by the Company, said to be the largest estab- lishment in the United States solely devoted to the publishing of books. The officers of the Company are George Platt Brett, President ; Edward Clark Marsh, Vice-President ; and Louis J. Lucas, Secretary. These will be found at 64-66 Fifth Avenue. Here also are the important departments under which the work of the Company is carried on, the Educational Depart- ment, Editorial, College, Secondary Schools, Religious, Medical, Trade, Subscription, and Retail. It may be of interest to note that in the last twelve years The Macmillan Company has paid out in royal- ties to its authors $3,835,682.75, the amount of profits paid out to stockholders during the same period having been $1,576,265, or a little less than 30 % of the total profits. It is significant that the return to the author as compared with the return to the publisher has tended steadily L to increase. In 1905 the authors' percentage of the total amount of earnings paid to both authors and stockholders was 64| % while in 1917 the authors' percentage had risen to nearly 78 % of the total. [xi] THE PREPARATION OF A MANUSCRIPT USE white paper about eight inches wide and eleven inches long, and leave margins of If inches on the left-hand side, and about one inch at the top of each sheet. Let the sheets of the manuscript be of uniform size throughout, and in so far as is possible have approxi- mately the same number of lines on each page, as that is a great help in the making of the estimates, etc. The pages of a manuscript should be numbered consecutively throughout. Inserted pages should be numbered alphabetically [e.g. 45 a ; 45 b ; 45 c], and the preceding page should have the words, "45 a; 45 6; 45 c follow." Pages taken out should be accounted for on the preceding page. The pages of individual chapters should not be num- bered independently. Write on one side of the sheet only. Black ink should always be used for handwriting. Manuscripts should not be rolled or folded when sent by mail or express. Sheets that have been rolled are very unhandy for both readers and printers. Typewritten manuscript is preferable to hand- written. It is easier to read and to correct. It saves the printer's time and prevents the occurrence of typo- graphical error with its consequent expense. Notes and other subsidiary additions should be written on a separate sheet of paper, placed next to [1] THE PREPARATION OF A MANUSCRIPT and numbered consecutively with the text, to which it should refer by the word "footnote" or by a figure 1. Short notes may be inserted between two lines drawn across the full width of the page and refer- ence be made to them in the text thus (*). Where footnotes are numerous, they should begin with 1 at each new chapter, and be numbered consecutively throughout each chapter. NOTE. Extracts from the works of other authors should be carefully marked, as they are generally set up in a smaller type than that of the text. Use paste when attaching one piece of paper to an- other and do not use pins. The manuscript goes through so many hands that pinned papers are likely to become separated. They also cause confusion and loss of time to both reader and printer, and when once separated are often misplaced. In the case of an illustrated book, the copy for the illustrations should be delivered separate from the manuscript of the text. The illustrations go to the en- graver, the manuscript to the printer, so it is distinctly an advantage to prepare the illustrations and text independently. If possible, have the copy prepared according to the dictionary to be followed and further edited with a view to preserving consistency in matters of punctua- tion, etc. The spelling out of numbers or the use of figures is one point deserving special attention and [2] THE PREPARATION OF A MANUSCRIPT definite instruction should be given. Consistency in the arrangement of bibliographical material either in footnotes or in bibliographies at the ends of chapters or volumes is another important matter. Copy well prepared is the best investment an author can make. [3] SUBMITTING A MANUSCRIPT TO A PUBLISHER IN submitting a manuscript to a publisher it is well to bear in mind that the manuscript will be carefully read, and usually by several advisers of special com- petence on the subject with which the work deals, and by whose judgment the publisher invariably re- enforces his own opinion. As an aid to the publisher in the selection of the special advisers to whom the work should be sub- mitted, it is advisable to attach to the manuscript a very concise statement of its scope and purpose. The publisher will at once arrange for an interview with an author on receiving a request to that effect. Publishers are not responsible for the loss of manu- scripts sent to them except in those cases where the loss is occasioned by their negligence. Authors should, accordingly, send manuscripts either by ex- press, or registered mail, as they can then be traced in case of loss or misdirection. It is advisable that copies of important manuscripts should be made. The author's full name and address should always be clearly marked on each manuscript, and a note should be sent, by post, advising the publisher of the dispatch of a manuscript to him. On the acceptance of a manuscript by The Mac- millan Company, a contract or agreement covering [4] SUBMITTING A MANUSCRIPT TO A PUBLISHER the publication of the work will be sent to the author, and on the execution and return of this agreement, specimen pages showing the style and size of type which it is proposed to use will be forwarded, unless the form of the book is predetermined by its inclusion in some uniform series. Immediately upon the ap- proval of these, proofs of the book will be sent for correction and revision. [5] COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT is not, as many persons suppose, a legal guarantee against literary thievery. It merely pro- tects the owner of the copyright by granting to him the exclusive right to publish or reproduce the work which would otherwise be abandoned by publication. So long as a book remains unpublished, it is the prop- erty of the owner, whose rights therein receive the same protection under the common law that is accorded to other property. There can be, accordingly, no copy- right in unpublished works (except dramatic composi- tions, lectures, works of art, etc., not reproduced for sale). Nor can a title alone be copyrighted. Copyright may be registered in the name of the owner of the work, or in any other name, and may be transferred by the person in whose name it is taken out. It is usually registered in the name of the pub- lisher and the legal notice of copyright on the reverse of the title page is printed in the publisher's name, rather than in the name of the author, for several reasons, among which may be mentioned the fact that the publisher can then defend the copyright, if attacked, in the event of the author being out of the country or unable for any reason to give the matter im- mediate attention. This does not affect the ownership of the copyright, which is determined entirely by the agreement or contract between the author and publisher. [6] COPYRIGHT It is rarely found necessary to secure copyright in Great Britain. A publisher with houses in both the United States and Great Britain usually attends to the copyrighting of the English editions when necessary. Macmillan & Co., Limited, publish in London all books issued in America by The Macmillan Company, unless they are works of interest to Americans only, or are otherwise specially arranged for. [7] FORMS OF AGREEMENT FORMS of agreement vary in minor details, and terms are offered with particular reference to the sub- ject of the work, its purpose, or prospects of sale. The usual rule, however, is for the publisher to as- sume the whole cost of printing, manufacture, and publishing, and to offer the author a royalty on the selling price of the work. An author is usually expected by the terms of his contract to hold his publisher free from legal liability on account of scandalous or libellous matter, or any infringement of another author's copyright which his book may contain. The rights of translation, dramatization, and use for moving pictures are usually subject to special terms of agreement. As the carrying out of any agreement to the satis- faction of both parties thereto depends upon their mutual good will and good faith, an author should have the clearest possible understanding of the details of the contract. He should also not fail to satisfy himself as to the ability of the publisher to make good its provisions both for the present time and for the term of its continuance. [8] BINDINGS, COVERS, AND COVER DESIGNS THE style of a binding must depend upon the char- acter of the contents of the book. The cover of a work of fiction may be appropriately decorated with a design bearing relation to the story within; the cover of a book of verse may also, with equal pro- priety, bear ornament. In volumes of essays, works of philosophy, science, or economics, good taste will as a rule dictate freedom from all decoration, but the lettering may be so de- signed on the back or side as to lend beauty to the dignity of a plain cover. While the widest latitude may be given to choice of color in the case of fiction, in most other branches of literature bright colors are manifestly inappropriate. In the selection of a color which in itself is in good taste, the long experience of a publisher generally may be depended upon. Authors sometimes desire a color which will fade in a short time and which will consequently entail a loss on the book-seller who exposes it in his window or store. It is not unusual also for an author to desire a cover design or a binding which is impossible on account of its costliness, forgetting that each color needs a separate stamp and a separate handling, and that certain fabrics would add so much to the cost, that a suitable selling price could not be placed upon [9] BINDINGS, COVERS, AND COVER DESIGNS the volume. It will be readily seen, therefore, that while an author can, and often does, aid the publisher by valuable suggestions, which are always gladly received, their practicability must depend finally on business reasons of which the publisher may fairly be the best judge. [10] PROOF READING SOON after the manuscript has been sent to the printer the author will receive a specimen page show- ing the proposed style of type, size of printed page, and estimated number of printed pages that the manuscript will make. This specimen page should be returned at once to the publisher with the author's approval or suggestion for its improvement. First proofs are usually sent in galley form and in duplicate direct from the printer. The set of galleys with the proof reader's markings is the one which the author should correct and return. The other set may be retained by him. All proofs, whether received from printer or pub- lisher, should be returned to the publisher. If there are text cuts in the book, proof of the cuts should be returned with the galleys of the text. Under- neath the proof of each cut there should be placed the legend or description to be used with it; and each cut should be numbered, a corresponding number being placed in the margin of the galley of the text at the point where the cut is to be inserted. The correction of printer's errors should be made in red ink, the author's alterations from the manu- script in black ink. In making changes in the proofs it should be remembered that in order to add a few words or a sentence it may be necessary for the printer [11] PROOF READING to overrun every succeeding line in the paragraph. Consequently when it is possible to make room for the new words by the omission of neighboring words of the same length or by shortening an adjoining phrase it is to the author's advantage to do this. Upon the return of the galley proofs the corrections will be made and the galleys paged, after which page proof will be sent to the author two sets as before, the one carrying the proof reader's markings to be corrected and returned to the publisher. Time-slips will accompany these page proofs, these time-slips showing the amount of time spent by the printers in making the author's alterations on the gal- leys. If the page proof comes to the author in several installments, there will be a time-slip for each install- ment, so that the author may follow the extent of his corrections in any section of the book. Printers' errors and time spent in running-in cuts are not in- cluded in the amount put against the author's account. The proofs corresponding to the time-slips are care- fully examined by the publisher before they are sent to the author, and approved by him, and where time for the running in of cuts or other matters of make-up dis- tinctly not the author's concern have been included, such time will be entered separately on the slip as "Special Time." The publisher assumes all "Special Time." In this connection it may be well to call attention to the provision usually made in contracts with authors to apportion the cost of corrections in proof, and in which it is understood and agreed that a percentage of the full cost of the plates shall be allowed the author [12] PROOF READING for changes made by him during the process of making the plates, and that the cost of author's changes in excess of this amount shall be charged to the author. The author will find that the cost of his own changes will accumulate more rapidly than he would anticipate unless he has had experience. It is advisable therefore to make his manuscript as nearly perfect as possible. Still, changes will doubtless be necessary, and it would be unwise economy to leave the book imperfect rather than bear the expense of needed correction. If the author feels that the time spent in making his alterations in any section of proof as shown on the time-slip is excessive, he should at once advise the publisher of this, that the proof may be reexamined for possible error in computation. Oftentimes it only needs a word to explain to the author why a correction, seemingly simple, has taken so much time. The author, for example, may have added two or three words to a sentence and he does not understand why that addition should have con- sumed one hour. When it is explained that the inser- tion of the added matter meant running over each line that followed to the end of the paragraph, thereby affecting, say, a dozen lines, he is not only satisfied that the particular charge is just, but he has a clearer insight into the processes of manufacturing his book. Publishers are always willing to take up in detail any time charge which the author may question. Illustrations are technically of two kinds text illustrations and inserts. A text illustration is, as its name implies, a part [13] PROOF READING of the text. It may be a small cut appearing on a page with printed matter, or it may be a full page cut, in which case it has a page folio, just as a page of text. Text illustrations are usually line cuts, though some- times in educational works and in books which are profusely illustrated half-tone cuts are made up with the text. An insert is an illustration, usually a half tone or color plate, which is printed separately on a highly finished paper and inserted between two pages of the text. This method is followed where there are only a few half-tone illustrations eight, sixteen, or at the most thirty-two. The page proof should show all text illustrations properly included. If it does not, either the instruc- tion on the galleys was incomplete or an error has been made by the printers. Such omission is rather serious, for the addition of illustrations to the text after the work has been paged involves the remaking of the pages an expensive process. If illustrations have been omitted by any chance this fact should be brought to the attention of the publishers as soon as it is dis- covered that further make-up may be held up until the error is rectified. With the return of the page proof the pages will once more be corrected and foundry proofs furnished. The return of the page proof should not be held for the preparation of the index, as the duplicate set of proofs may be used for that purpose. Foundry proofs are practically finally corrected proofs from the electro typed plates. They do not admit of [14] PROOF READING change except where absolutely necessary. Only one set of the foundry proof is sent to the author and it should not be returned to the publisher. If errors which must be corrected are discovered, only those pages carrying the errors should be sent back. Changes in "F" proofs should be made as sparingly as possible as they necessitate the cutting of the electrotyped plate ; a process which is likely to be expensive to the author and is sure to be injurious to the plate. Ordi- narily a book is printed as soon as it is cast, that is to say as soon as all of the foundry proofs have been mailed to the author. It is assumed that as the author has already read the proof twice there will be no foundry corrections. The author will frequently find on his proofs the abbreviation "Qy " placed there by the proof reader. This indicates that some point has arisen such as an inconsistency in the manuscript, or possible misstate- ment of fact, which the proof reader has thought best to leave for the author to decide. Attention should be given to all such queries in order that any desired change may be made as early as possible. The index, which has already been referred to, should be prepared so that the complete copy may be furnished with the return of the page proofs for cast- ing. Should the author wish to be relieved of the burden of making an index the publisher can arrange to make it at the author's expense. Intimately connected with these mechanical details is the organization of the content of the manuscript. This is primarily a matter of clear and orderly think- [15] PROOF READING ing, followed by a corresponding arrangement of material. Some authors place at the beginning of each chapter a simple outline of its contents. It is not necessary that this should always be done, but it is exceedingly important that the material of each chapter should be well enough arranged to make such an outline possible. The coordination and subordi- nation of topics should be unmistakably clear. Such an organization of material not only makes possible a good type scheme but it constitutes an essential part of the debt that an author owes to his reader. This is particularly important in the field of school and col- lege textbooks. The superior attractiveness of a book is often fundamentally a matter of effective organ- ization. [16] EDUCATIONAL BOOKS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY maintains a special department for the publication and sale of textbooks and educational books. This department has branch offices in Boston, Chicago, Seattle, Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, and San Francisco, and the representatives of the Company attached to these various branch offices and to the home office visit the educational institutions and school authorities in their respective territories for the purpose of presenting the merits of the Company's textbooks, and of recommending such books as may be best suited to the requirements of any special case. The department keeps in close touch with the universities, the public schools, and private schools, and with leading educators every- where. In submitting the manuscript of a textbook it is advisable for the author to send a statement outlining briefly the plan and scope of his work, giving the grade or grades for which it is suitable, and, particularly, stating in considerable detail the points in which he thinks his work is superior to other similar books already in print. These books should be examined with care by an author before he begins to prepare his own manuscript in order that he may avail him- self of the experience of other authors and avoid their errors. He should not attempt to write a book that [17] EDUCATIONAL BOOKS is not better than those already written, and he should be able to tell very definitely wherein it is better. It is an invariable rule of the Company to examine all manuscripts with care and with as much prompt- ness as circumstances permit. It sometimes requires considerable time to do this with the desired degree of thoroughness, as a manuscript frequently passes through the hands of several readers whose services are not always immediately available. When a manuscript has been accepted for publica- tion the department is prepared to cooperate with the author in perfecting the manuscript and in publishing the book in the most suitable form. Editorial readers assume a sharply critical but friendly attitude towards it and often make suggestions for the consideration of the author before it goes to the printer. In most cases they read the proof also, although the author is responsible for the final form of the text. They give attention to many details connected with the manu- facture of the book, such as the style of type, the size of the page, the illustrations, cover design, and style of binding. A constant effort is made to have every educational publication of The Macmillan Company as nearly perfect as possible in all of its details, and free from even the minor errors and discrepancies which not infrequently hamper the usefulness of books intended for school purposes. Proofs are sent by the printers direct to the educational department and are forwarded by the department to the author, with whom the department endeavors to cooperate in every way. [18] EDUCATIONAL BOOKS Upon publication specimen copies of the book are sent from the New York office and from the branch offices to the teachers and school authorities likely to be interested in such a book. These sample copies are followed by circulars and announcements which frequently contain reviews of the book and the opin- ions of prominent educators in reference to it. Such letters of inquiry as are received are answered promptly and fully, and advertisements are inserted in the col- umns of the principal educational papers. By these methods and by the visits of its agents, the Company makes a strong effort to bring its educational publica- tions to the attention of the educational world and to obtain for them such consideration as their quality may deserve. A catalogue and price-list of educational books is published annually. This catalogue is descriptive and gives information in reference to the various textbooks and educational books and the special uses for which they are adapted. The catalogue is sent to all teachers whose names are on the list of the educational department, and also to all educa- tional institutions. It will be forwarded at any time upon the request of any one interested in educational work. Authors can assist the educational department by calling attention to persons likely to be particularly interested in their books, and also by making helpful suggestions in reference to advertising or circularizing. Correspondence of this character is always welcomed by the publishers, and such suggestions are acted upon [19] EDUCATIONAL BOOKS as far as possible. Criticisms or corrections received by the publishers are forwarded at once to the author in order that they may receive due attention and that the successive editions of the book may have the ad- vantage of the careful criticisms of those who use it. [20] COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BOOKS THE publication and sale of textbooks and other books for the use of colleges, universities, and technical institutes, is the work of the College Department of The Macmillan Company. All the work of this de- partment is done in the home office in New York. The representatives of the College Department travel from New York throughout the country for the purpose of calling upon the members of college and university faculties. When making such visits they seek to place before instructors and professors the merits of the books published by the Company which may be of interest and service as texts or reference books in each man's field. They also keep in touch with new developments in all departments of college education for the purpose of enabling the Company to publish books which will meet new conditions and satisfy changing needs. By means of this special department and its traveling representatives, all of whose time is devoted to work in the college and university field, the Company be- lieves that it can render most effective service to authors by insuring for their books a fair consideration, and, as a result, their widest possible use. When submitting a manuscript it is well for the author to outline briefly the plan and scope of his work, to point out the courses in which it may be used [21] COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BOOKS as a text or for collateral reading, and, in certain cases, to make a brief comparison of his book with other books already published with which it is likely to compete. As the examination of the manuscript of a book intended for college use must be painstaking and thorough, more time is frequently required for this than for the reading of a manuscript of a general character. Nevertheless, the department endeavors to complete its examination and to notify the author of its decision regarding publication in the shortest time in which it is possible to do this work with the proper care and consideration. The extent of the scope of the College Department's publications is indicated by the following list of de- scriptive catalogues issued by the department : Agriculture Biological Sciences Chemistry, Geology, Mineralogy, and Metallurgy Physics Engineering and Mechanics Mathematics and Astronomy Economics, Commerce and Industry Sociology and Anthropology Government, Political Science, and Law History Education Philosophy, Psychology, Ethics, and Logic Rhetoric and English Literature Modern Languages Greek and Latin Classical Life, Lore, and Literature [22] COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY BOOKS Homemaking, Domestic Science, and Household Economy These catalogues, as well as circulars describing individual books as published, letters, and bulletins are distributed regularly to instructors and professors, of whom a complete list is kept by the department. Furthermore, upon publication of a new book copies are sent to those instructors and professors in whose courses the book may be used as a text, and other copies are sent from time to time, upon receipt of re- quests, or at the suggestion of the department's travel- ing representatives. Authors can assist the depart- ment by making suggestions regarding distribution of copies of their books and of circulars. [23] MEDICAL BOOKS THE field of the Medical Department of The Mac- millan Company is divided into four general divisions in which it covers the entire range of book publishing in medicine and related subjects. These four divi- sions are as follows : Medical Textbooks ; General Medical Books; Nursing Textbooks; and Veterinary Books. The Medical Textbooks are designed for the use of students in Medical Schools, whether separate and distinct from, or affiliated with, universities and aca- demic colleges, and for students undertaking medical preparatory courses. The General Medical Books are prepared for the use of graduate physicians, whether engaged in general practice or related specialties. The early recognition by this Company of the im- portance of the hitherto neglected field of Nursing Literature, led to the determination to publish as complete a list as possible of adequate Nursing Text- books, which began with the first edition of the well known Kimber's "Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses," published more than twenty-five years ago and now in its fifth edition and forty-second large re- print. On this book as a foundation has been built a list of nursing texts and reference books covering the entire range of nursing activity; a list whose use [24] MEDICAL BOOKS in English-speaking training schools is, we believe, unsurpassed. The generally recognized need for a Scientific Veteri- nary Literature has led us to undertake a complete series of texts and monographs, for veterinary students and practitioners, in which we have arranged for many titles, whose excellence is guaranteed by a selection of authors from the leaders in the new Science of Vet- erinary Medicine. A representative of the Medical Department per- sonally visits the teachers in Medical and Veterinary Schools, and Nurses' Training Schools, throughout the United States, at least once and often twice each year, obtaining for our texts, we believe, unusual consideration and adoption to an unexampled degree. These calls are as a rule made after the teachers have had an opportunity to examine sample copies already sent to them, and at that time the merits of the books are discussed. Our monographs and larger works for the practicing physician and specialist are selected with great care from international authorities and are distributed to the profession through our branch offices in America, and numerous agencies which comprise not only our affiliated companies in Canada, Great Britain, Austra- lia, Cuba and India, but representatives in the Philip- pines, Hawaii, South America, China, and Japan. As is the case with academic, college and other scien- tific works, it is of great help to the publisher if the author, on submitting his manuscript, briefly outlines the purpose of the book and the type of reader to whom [25] MEDICAL BOOKS it may prove most useful, together with a comparison with other books, already published, with which it is likely to compete. The Medical Department, through its various activities and association with teachers and specialists, can very often materially assist an author in determining the needs and require- ments in these fields and is always ready to place its service at the author's disposal in a spirit of cordial cooperation. . [26] THE RELIGIOUS BOOKS DEPARTMENT Sunday schools, Bible-study classes, Religious Edu- cation organizations, Teacher Training groups, and various other church associations, as well as that great body of readers of general religious books, represent the special field of the Religious Books Department of the Macmillan Company. The publications of this depart- ment cover practically every field of religious thought, and embrace the work of leading theologians, clergymen, Sunday-school workers, and laymen. The Department is glad to enter into correspondence with any one desir- ing books along any stated line, to prepare courses of study, and to assist the student in every way to a better knowledge of the best in modern religious literature. [27] THE LIBRARY DEPARTMENT An important outlet for good books of every type is presented by the public libraries throughout this country. Librarians are supplied with full information about the Macmillan Company's publications through its Library Department. Advance notices of all forth- coming books are sent regularly to the libraries, together with descriptions of the books as they are published, notes of interest regarding the authors and their work, and other information of value to the librarians and their readers. Inquiries about the contents of indi- vidual Macmillan books, and requests for suggested titles in particular subjects, are also answered by the Library Department. [28] HOW AN AUTHOR CAN AID HIS PUBLISHER AN author can often show the publisher where or how he can make sales, and can suggest methods by which the interests of the book may be furthered. After the publication of a work has been arranged for, the author should write out and send to the publisher an account of the work, say two hundred or three hun- dred words in length. This should describe the plot, the scope, the purpose, or the contents, as the character of the work dictates. This information is needed for pre- liminary announcement or advertising, and for the in- formation of literary editors throughout the country. An author can help the publisher in sending out press and complimentary copies by giving him a list of persons, papers, and magazines at whose hands the book is likely to receive more than ordinary editorial attention. In the case of an educational work, the names of professors and teachers likely to recommend the book are also of great service. There are few steps in the manufacturing and publishing of a book where an author cannot be of help to his publisher. There are some matters, how- ever, such as the size of the finished book, its price, the type, kind of paper, or cover, which of necessity must largely be affairs of commercial consideration, and are usually left to the judgment of the publisher ; but suggestions from the author are often of much value and are always welcomed. [29] PRESS AND PRESENTATION COPIES THE publisher sends these out at his own expense in directions which in his business judgment will yield the best results. His aim is, of course, to bring the work by means of reviews to the notice of the largest number of people who will be likely to take special interest in the subject. An author can often greatly help the success of his book by suggesting to the pub- lisher the names of persons and journals likely to be specially interested in reviewing his work. The Macmillan Company will use its best efforts to secure and to forward to its authors copies of the principal reviews of their books that appear from time to time in the newspapers, and authors are requested to inform the Company of any remissness in the send- ing of these. [30] ADVERTISING, CIRCULARS, ETC. THESE matters usually are attended to by the pub- lisher at his own expense. The author, however, can often be of great assistance by calling attention to points which bear favorably on his work, and to items of news or reviews which may be quoted in circulars, and in notes to editors of literary columns in the Ameri- can press. Addresses of societies or clubs and their secretaries, and lists of members, are very useful to the advertis- ing department. [31] STYLE THE following suggestions as to style indicate what is regarded as desirable practice in many doubtful matters, and should be of service to the author in the preparation of his manuscript. While there may be some departures from the rules set forth in certain special instances, it is presumed that unless there is instruction to the contrary the printer will follow these rules. ABBREVIATIONS A.M. and P.M. (for ante meridiem and post meridiem). Set in small capitals, with no space between the letters : A.M., P.M. Avenue. Spell out where possible. The abbrevia- tion Ave. is not good usage, except in tabular matter and lists of addresses. B.C. and A.D. (for before Christ and Anno Domini). Set in small capitals, with no space between the letters. Place date before letters : 14 B.C., 28 A.D. [32] STYLE Company. Abbreviate company in firm names when preceded by ** short and " (ampersand), as : Harris, Forbes & Co. Spell out company in names of corporations, as : Jordan Marsh Company (unless, as rarely happens, the abbreviation Co. is the corporation's approved form of signature and imprint). Dates. Use figures after the names of months, as : January 1, not January first. In using figures, omit st, d, or th after the figure, as : January 1, February 2, March 4> not January 1st, February 2d, March 4th. (If an editor should express a desire for the latter usage, employ the form 2d, 3d, not 2nd, 3rd.) MS. and MSS. Set in even capitals. Names of Sovereigns. Use roman numerals after the proper name, as: William III, not William the Third. Scriptural References. Use the form 2 Kings iv. 2-6, 1 John in. 18, etc. Titles. Abbreviate the titles Dr., Hon., Mr., Mrs., Messrs., and Rev. occurring before names. Spell out titles like Colonel, General, President, and Professor (except in lists of names, catalogues, etc.). CAPITALIZATION Battle, peace, and treaty are lower case in such cases as battle of Waterloo, treaty of Paris, peace of Amiens, etc. Church. Capitalize church when it means the Church universal, and when it is part of a name, as: dignitaries of the Church, Church and State, the Old First Church, the Second Congregational Church, and the [33] STYLE Church of Rome. Lower case church when it means the church service or the church edifice, as : He attended church^ The church was being repaired. Constitution of the United States is always capitalized. Day. Capitalize Thanksgiving Day, New Year's Day, Lord's Day, Founder's Day, Commencement Day, etc. De, Von, Da, etc. Capitalize names from foreign languages beginning with de, du, d', le, la, in French, von, in German, and da, delta, de', in Italian, when not preceded by a title or a Christian name, as: De La Fayette, Von Stein, De' Medici; but when a title or a Christian name is used, lower case the de, von, da, etc., as : Marquis de La Fayette, Baron von Stein, Catherine de' Medici. Ex prefixed to a title is lower case, as : ex-President Taft. Father, Mother, etc. Words denoting family rela- tionship, such as father, mother, uncle, aunt, etc., are lower case, except when made a part of the proper name, as : I see father and mother; but, Here come Uncle John and Aunt Mary. Headings. In chapter headings, side headings, titles of books, tables of contents, etc., which are set in capitals and small capitals or capitals and lower case, capitalize all words except conjunctions, prepositions, and the words a, an, and the. The last word of such headings and titles is always capitalized. Heaven. Capitalize heaven when it stands for the Deity. Lower case it as a place. Hell and paradise are always lower case. [34] STYLE He, His, etc. Capitalize He, His, Him, Thou, etc., referring to members of the Trinity (except in extracts from the Bible, where these words occur lower case). His Majesty, etc. Capitalize all except the pro- noun in titles of honor or nobility, such as his Majesty, their Royal Highnesses, your Excellency, his Lordship, etc. The word lord in the English phrase my lord (Continental milord) is lower case. House. Lower case house of Hanover, etc. Middle Ages is capitalized. Mountains. Capitalize names of mountains, as : Appalachian Mountains, White Mountains, etc. New World, Old World, New York City, New York State, Papacy, Oriental, and Occidental are capitalized. North, south, east, and west, and their compounds, when they refer to parts of the country and not simply to points of the compass or general direction, should be capitalized, as : California and other sections of the West are settled by men from the East and the Northeast. River, Lake, War, Valley. Capitalize in cases like Hudson River, Crystal Lake, Seven Years' War, Con- necticut Valley, etc. ; but note that the plural forms are, the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, the Seven Years' and the Hundred Years' wars, the Missouri and the Mississippi valleys, etc. When the noun precedes the proper name, it retains the capital in the plural form, as : Lakes Huron and Michigan. In cases like the river Charles, note that river is lower case. Seasons. Lower case names of seasons, unless they are personified, as: We are glad that spring has [35] STYLE come and that winter is over; but, Hail, Autumn, with thy joyous harvests. State. When referring to a political division of the United States, state is lower case (except in New York State). When it means the government, as used in the phrase Church and State, state is capitalized. Titles. Capitalize such titles as Czar, Pope, Presi- dent, Sultan, Bishop of Rheims, Duke of York, King of England, Queen of Holland, Emperor of Austria, etc. Lower case titles of minor officers. All titles used in direct address are capitalized. Version. Capitalize versions of the Bible, as : the King James Version, the Revised Version, etc. COMPOUNDS For the sake of simplicity avoid as far as possible the use of hyphens. Such words as apple tree, army corps, mountain chain, river craft, train boy, supply examples of cases where a hyphen is introduced according to some dictionaries, whereas the meaning is perfectly clear when they are given as two words. This does not mean, however, that proof readers shall establish their own system of compounding ; on the contrary, they should have dictionary authority for the style they adopt when standardizing the system of compounds in an unedited manuscript. The style given below for compounds has the sanc- tion of up-to-date lexicographers. Ante, anti, extra, infra, inter, intra, post, sub, super, supra, ultra. Make one word, except where the first letter of the root word renders it undesirable, as : [36] STYLE antihypnotic, extralegal, intracontinental, superparticular, etc. ; but anti-imperial, intra-arterial, supra-auricular, etc. Use the diaeresis instead of the hyphen in all cases where permissible, as : ante eternity . Bi, tri, demi, semi. Make one word, except when the root word begins with i, as: biangular, triaxial, semicivilized, etc. ; but bi-iliac, semi-independent, etc. By and by and by the bye do not take hyphens. Co, pre, re. When prefixed to words beginning with the vowel of the prefix, use the diaeresis on the second vowel, as: cooperate, preempt, reembark, etc.; prefixed to words beginning with a different vowel or a consonant, make one word, as : preoccupy, colaborer, reconstruct, etc.; but where, under the latter rule, a word having a different meaning from that desired would be formed, use the hyphen, as: re-collect, re- form, re-creation, etc. Colors. Adjectives in ish, make two words, as : bluish red, yellowish green, etc. ; but where a noun is compounded with a color, use the hyphen, as : emerald- green, iron-gray, ivory-black, pearl-gray, etc. Ever, never. Make two words, as : ever changing sea, ever memorable scene, never ending talk, etc. Fellow. Make two words, as : fellow citizens, fellow soldiers, etc. Fellowship is the sole exception. Fold. Make one word, as : twofold, tenfold, twenty- fold, hundredfold, etc. Fractions. Make two words, as one half, three quarters, etc. ; but use hyphen in cases like one-half interest, two-thirds share, My life is two-thirds spent. Good-by, good day, good night are the correct forms. [37] STYLE Half. With adjective before a noun, use hyphen ; after a noun, make two words, as : half -dead man, 1 was half dead with shame. With verbs, make two words, as: half conceal, half understand, etc. Also, note half a dozen, half an hour. Like. Make one word, except where root word ends in two Z's, as : businesslike, childlike, warlike; but, ball-like, bell-like. Master. Make two words, as : master builder, master mariner, master stroke, etc. The word master- piece is always one word. Mid. Use the hyphen, except in cases of words in common use, as : mid-air, mid-channel, mid-ocean, etc. ; midday, midstream, midsummer. Non. Make one word, as : nonimportation, non- intercourse, nonfluid, etc. Over. With verbs, adjectives, and nouns, make one word, as : overestimate, overbold, overirrigation, etc. Party. Use hyphen, as : party-coated, party-colored, etc. Points of Compass. Make one word, as : northeast, southwest; but use hyphen in cases like north-northeast, west-southwest, etc. Quasi. Make two words, as : quasi legal, quasi historical, quasi temporal, etc. Room. Make ballroom, bedroom, and classroom one word ; make breakfast room, court room, dining room, sitting room, and sleeping room two words ; compound drawing-room. School. Make schoolbook, schoolboy, schoolfellow, schoolgirl, schoolhouse, schoolmaster, schoolmate, school- [38] STYLE mistress, schoolroom, and schooltime one word; make school board, school children, school committee, school days, school district, and school ship two words; com- pound school-teacher and school-teaching. Self. Compound self-absorbed, self-assumed, self- contempt, self-respect, etc. Make selfsame one word. Skin. Where root word is one syllable, make one word, as : calfskin, goatskin, sheepskin, etc. Where root word is of more than one syllable, make two words, as : beaver skin, buffalo skin, etc. So called. Compound this phrase only when it occurs before the word or words modified by it. To-day, to-night, etc., retain the hyphen. Tree. Make two words in all cases, except where used as an adjective, when it is compounded, as : apple tree, forest tree, fruit tree, etc. Adjective form : apple- tree borer, fruit-tree beetle, etc. Un and in. Make one word in all cases, as : unin- habitable, incorruptible. Under. With verbs, adjectives, and nouns, make one word, as : undersell, undersized, understatement, etc. Give preference to the following forms : airship downstairs headwaters birth rate downstream highroad byways everyday (adj.} horse power car fare farmhouse ironclad courtyard hairbreadth knickknack cross section halfway long-suffering death rate headquarters (adj. and noun) [391 STYLE lookout sea level upstairs newcomer subject matter wave length notebook textbook well-being nowadays thoroughgoing well-nigh post office title-page widespread Where an adverb and a participial adjective or a participle come before a noun, do not use the hyphen, as : prettily dressed girl, rapidly approaching winter. Distinguish carefully between all together, meaning " in all," and altogether, meaning " wholly," " entirely." Distinguish between anyway, an adverb, and the phrase in any way; nowise and in no wise; awhile and for a while. Always make meantime and meanwhile one word, as : meantime, in the meantime; meanwhile, in the meanwhile. Never allow on to to go as one word. Where an author wishes to introduce this combination of preposi- tions, the words should be kept separate. Keep near by two words, despite the tendency of modern newspaper practice. When the words occur as an adjective before a noun, connect them by a hyphen, as : a near-by farmhouse. DIVISION OF WORDS Avoid the unnecessary division of a word. Avoid, where possible, two-letter divisions. Never carry over two letters only. Avoid dividing flower, power, prayer, toward, and voyage. Avoid separating divisional marks like (1), (2), (a), and (6) from the matter to which they pertain. [40] STYLE Divide when possible, and where it is a correct division,' on the vowel : propo-sition, not prop-osition; but in the case of words compounded with prefixes, divide on the prefix : dis-obey, dis-pleasure, sub-ordinate, un-able. Also in words having the suffixes able and ible, the suffix should not be divided: consider-able, fashion-able, defens-ible, etc. (The last rule does not apply to words like a-me-na-ble, char-i-ta-ble, etc.) In carrying over the last syllable of words ending in gion and sion, divide as follows : conta-gion, deri-sion, divi-sion, provi-sion, reli-gion, etc. Carry over the t in all cases of divisions like adven-ture, fea-ture, for-tune, pic-ture, presump-tuous, etc. In present participles, carry over the ing, as : divid- ing, mak-ing, fore-ing, charg-ing (but note that twin- kUng, chuc-kling, etc., are exceptions). Use the division knowl-edge, except where the Eng- lish form know-ledge is required in books following English style in other respects. Note the divisions atmos-phere and hemi-sphere. In the case of a word which already has a hyphen, avoid an additional hyphen, as : self-absorbed, not self- ab-sorbed; long-suffering, not long-suf-fering. List of Correct Divisions, for Quick Reference ad-mi-ra-ble colo-nel a-me-na-ble com-man-dant ap-pli-ca-ble com-mu-ni-ty be-nef-i-cent] cor-re-spond ca-pa-ble dem-on-strate (Web.) char-ac-ter de-mon-strate (War.) [41] STYLE ear-nest op-por-tu-ni-ty es-pe-cial pe-cul-iar ex-plo-ra-tion pe-cu-li -ar-i -ty for-mi-da-ble pri-ma-ri-ly gen-er-al pro-cess ig-no-rance prod-uct im-por-tance prog-ress (n.) in-de-pend-ent (Web.} pro-gress (v.) in-de-pen-dent (Wor.) proph-e-cy in-dis-pen-sa-ble pro-phet-ic in-dis-pu-ta-ble rep-re-sen-ta-tion in-di-vid-u-al rep-re-sent-a-tive in-ev-i-ta-ble self-ish in-hab-it-ant sig-nif-i-cant leg-is-la-ture sys-tem-at-ic mu-nic-i-pal thou-sand neg-lect wom-an nu-mer-ous Worces-ter ITALIC AND ROMAN TYPE Ad loc., circa (ca.), ibid., idem, infra, loc. cit., op. cit., passim, supra, versus (v., vs.), and vide are always italic, except when occurring in italic matter, when they are roman. Cf., sc., and viz. are always roman, except in italic matter. E.g., i.e., I.e., s.v., and v.l. are always italic (except in italic matter), and have no space between the two letters. After e.g. and i.e. no comma is used. Names of books, short stories, pictures, plays, poems, and articles are roman and quoted ; of magazines and [42] STYLE papers are italic; of characters in books, plays, etc., are roman without quotes. Names of plaintiff and defendant in citations of legal causes are preferably italic, though often found roman. Names of ships are italic. Resolved in resolutions is italic. s. and d. (shilling and pence) following figures are italic. Specified words or phrases can be italic or roman quoted, to differentiate them from the context. In this manual of style they are italic. The following foreign phrases are italic : ancien regime hors de combat noblesse oblige bete noire in re per se comme ilfaut jeu d' esprit raison d'etre de trop mise en scene tour de force The following words and phrases from foreign lan- guages are now so common as to be set in roman. Note the preferred spellings : ad valorem aid-de-camp alias alibi chaperon charge d'affaires chiaroscuro contra pro rata] protege regime rendezvous alma mater debris role apropos beau ideal billet-doux bona fide debut dilettante dramatis personae ennui savant status quo verbatim via cafe fete vice versa carte blanche gratis viva voce [43] STYLE NUMBERS Spell out all numbers of less than four figures, and all round numbers. Numbers of four or more figures set in figures. By round numbers are meant hundreds, thousands, etc., and all multiples of hundreds, thou- sands, etc. Round numbers coming in close connection with numbers not round should be set in figures. When numbers occur in great frequency in a paragraph, section, or chapter, as in statistical matter, set all num- bers in figures. Cases like 2300 are spelled twenty-three hundred, not two thousand three hundred. A comma is used only in numbers of five or more figures: 5560, not 5,560; but 55,670. A number at the beginning of a sentence is spelled out. If the number is of large size, editors sometimes repeat the number in figures, inclosed in parenthesis marks. Note that while the conventional sign for spelling out a figure is to ring it round with a pen or pencil mark, the words " Spell out " should be written in the margin as well. "O" AND "On" is an expression used (a) in directly addressing a person or a personified object ; (6) in uttering a wish ; and (c) to express surprise, indignation, or regret, when it is frequently followed by an ellipsis and that, as : a. O Lord, have mercy on us ! Break on thy cold gray stones, O sea ! b. O that I had wings like a dove ! O for rest and peace ! [441 STYLE c. O [ it is sad ] that such eyes should e'er meet other object ! is also used in the expressions dear and dear me. Oh is used (a) as an interjection and (6) as the colloquial introduction to a sentence, as : a. Oh ! my offense is rank. Oh, how could you do it ! b. Oh, John, will you close the door ? Oh, yes, with pleasure. In an exclamatory sentence, note that only one exclamation point is permitted to a sentence. PUNCTUATION Comma in Series. Use comma before the conjunc- tion in series, as : George, James, and John; he could not read, write, or figure; handsome, rich, but unhappy. Comma between Adjectives. Use comma between adjectives not connected by a conjunction, unless one adjective is included in thought with the matter modified by the adjective which precedes it, as : A cold, windy day ; but, a beautiful young lady. Comma before Quotation. Before a quotation run in in a paragraph, if the quotation consists of one sen- tence use a comma, if of more than one, use a colon. Comma and Semicolon. In sentences containing two sets of subjects and predicates in other words, two clauses connected by and, but, or some similar conjunction, the clauses should be separated by at least a comma ; and if either clause is very long or contains a [45] STYLE subordinate clause, use a semicolon. The foregoing sentence illustrates the use of the semicolon. Colon with "as follows," etc. At the end of a paragraph, after words or phrases like as follows, the following, namely, thus, said, remarked, etc., use the colon and no dash. Quotation Marks. In sentences terminating in the close of a quotation and an exclamation point or an interrogation point, do not quote the punctuation unless it is part of the quotation, as : How absurd to call this stripling a " man " ! but He cried out, "Wake up, something is going wrong ! " Can we by any mistake call him a " man " ? but One is crazed by its " Now then, where am I to go ? " In the case of a semicolon and the close of a quotation, if the quoted matter consists of one or two words or a mere phrase, do not quote the semicolon ; but if a noun and its verb are included within the quotation marks, quote the semicolon too, as : The punctuation of " Tristram Shandy " will nat- urally differ from that of the " Rambler " ; and in a less degree the punctuation in Burke, etc. Sir Walter said to him, " My friend, give me your hand, for mine is that of a beggar ; " for, in truth, the house, etc. If the style of a book is to quote verse, letters, and other extracts, in poetry a new quote should begin on every new stanza, in prose on every paragraph and [46] STYLE break line. But in extracts from plays, place a quo- tation mark before the first word only of the extract, and end after the last word. The proper form for quotes at the beginning and end of a letter is as follows : " 6 SCROPE TERRACE, CAMBRIDGE, " June 20, 1898. "DEAR SIR: " With reference to the Vortex-atom Theory, I ******** concerned is very complex. " Believe me " Yours very truly, "J. J. THOMPSON. "PROFESSOR S. W. HOLMAN." According to the best modern practice letters are distinguished from the rest of the text by the use of smaller type or by setting solid. This does away with the need of quotation marks and gives better effects. Semicolon before " namely." Use a semicolon be- fore the word namely, and a comma after it, as : There are several routes to New York; namely, the various all-rail routes, the part-rail part-water route, and the all-water route. Apostrophe and the Possessive. To form the pos- sessive singular of common and proper nouns, add the apostrophe and s, as: countess's, Keats' 's; but in the case of words of more than two syllables, or where the pronunciation would be rendered awkward on account of the addition of the apostrophe and s, add the apos- trophe only, as: in righteousness' name, with all Her- cules' strength. Add the apostrophe only in case of [47] STYLE words ending in a sibilant followed by sake, as: for appearance' sake, for conscience' sake, for goodness' sake, etc. To words like Achilles, Jesus, and Xerxes add the apostrophe only, under the principle that the pronun- ciation would be rendered difficult by the addition of both the apostrophe and s. Period after Numerals. Omit the period after roman numerals in all cases, as : Book II, James I, etc. The Dash. In case of a broken, or interrupted, sentence, use an em dash rather than a two-em dash. Dashes should be separated from the words before and after them by a thin space. The principal use of the two-em dash is to indicate the omission of letters, as : / saw Mr. D and Miss E . In this case the dash is close up to the letter preceding it, but takes the regular spacing of the rest of the line after it. Parentheses and Brackets. Parenthesis marks are used to inclose matter having no essential connec- tion with the rest of the sentence in which it occurs. Brackets inclose matter which is wholly independent of the text, such as comments, queries, or directions inserted by some person other than the original writer. Brackets are also used to inclose parenthetical matter already included in parenthesis marks, to avoid doubling up of the latter. Punctuation after Italic. After a whole word in italic use italic punctuation; but after a single italic letter or an italic figure use roman punctuation. Use roman punctuation after a roman close-parenthesis mark, even though the matter in parentheses is italic. . [48] STYLE SPELLING Authorized Forms of Words of Common Occurrence, for Quick Reference Webster Standard Century Worcester abridgment abridgment abridgment abridgment accouter accouter accoutre accoutre adz adz adz adze aesthetic esthetic esthetic aesthetic aid-de-camp aid-de-camp aide-de-camp aide-de-camp albinos albinos albinos albinos altos altos altos altos amphitheater amphitheater amphitheater amphitheatre appareled 1 appareled appareled apparelled armadillos armadillos armadillos armadillos ascendancy ascendency ascendancy ascendency ax ax ax axe bazaar bazaar bazaar bazaar behoove behoove behoove behoove benefited benefited benefited benefited biased biased biased biassed bouquet bouquet bouquet bouquet bowlder boulder boulder boulder brier brier brier brier buffaloes buffaloes buffaloes buffaloes caliber caliber caliber caliber calk calk calk calk canon canon canon canon cantos cantos cantos cantos caravansary caravansary caravansary caravansary carcass carcass carcass carcass caroled caroled caroled carolled center center center centre centos centos centos centos 1 The past tense of verbs is given in this list for purposes of illustration ; it is of course understood that the present participle is formed on the same principle. [49] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester check check check check checkered checkered checkered checkered chicory chicory chicory chiccory chromos chromos chromos chromos clew clue clue clew coconut coconut cocoanut cocoanut combated combated combated combated conjurer (juggler) conjurer conjurer conjurer corselet corselet corselet corselet cotillion cotillion cotillion cotillon councilor councilor councilor councillor counselor counselor counselor counsellor cozily cozily cozily cosily cozy cozy cozy cosey crenelated crenelated crenelated crenellated criticize criticize criticize criticise crystallize crystallize crystallize crystallize curvetted curveted curveted curveted cyclopedia cyclopedia cyclopedia cyclopaedia defense defense defense defence demarcation demarcation demarcation demarcation desperadoes desperadoes desperados desperadoes develop develop develop develop diaeresis dieresis dieresis diaeresis diarrhea diarrhea diarrhea diarrhoea didos didos didos didos dike dike dike dike disheveled disheveled disheveled dishevelled disk disk disk disk dispatch despatch despatch despatch distill distil distil distil distributor distributor distributer distributer domicile domicil domicile domicile dominoes dominoes dominoes dominos drought drought drought drought [50] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester dryly dryly dryly dryly dullness dulness dullness dulness duodecimos duodecimos duodecimos duodecimos dynamos dynamos dynamos dynamos echoes echoes echoes echoes ecstasy ecstasy ecstasy ecstasy embarkation embarkation embarkation embarkation embed embed embed embed enamor enamor enamour enamour encumbrance encumbrance encumbrance encumbrance engulf engulf engulf ingulf enroll enroll enroll enroll enrollment enrolment enrolment enrolment enthrall enthrall enthrall inthrall envelop (.) I envelop envelop envelop envelope (n.) envelope envelop envelope equaled equaled equaled equalled esophagus esophagus esophagus oesophagus feldspar feldspar feldspar felspar fetish fetish fetish fetich fiber fiber fiber fibre filigree filigree filigree filigree fledgling fledgling fledgling fledgling focused focused focused focussed frescoes frescos frescos frescos fulfill fulfil fulfil fulfil fullness fulness fullness fulness gantlet (to "run gantlet gantlet gantlet the") gauntlet (glove) gauntlet gauntlet gauntlet Gauchos Gauchos Gauchos Gauchos gayety gaiety gaiety gayety gayly gaily gaily gayly glamor glamour glamour glamour good-by good-by good-by good-by [51] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester gram gram gram gramme grottoes grottoes grottoes grottos gruesome gruesome gruesome grewsome guerrilla guerrilla guerrilla guerilla gypsy gipsy gipsy gypsy halos halos halos halos halyard halyard halyard halyard heroes heroes heroes heroes humbugged humbugged humbugged humbugged impale empale impale empale imperiled imperiled imperiled imperilled incase incase incase incase inclose enclose inclose enclose incrust incrust incrust incrust indorse indorse indorse indorse infold infold infold infold ingrain ingrain ingrain ingrain inquire inquire inquire inquire insnare ensnare insnare ensnare install install install install installment installment instalment instalment instill instil instil instil insure insure insure insure intrench entrench intrench intrench intrust entrust intrust intrust juntos juntos juntos juntos kidnaped kidnaped kidnapped kidnapped lackey lackey lackey lackey lassos lassos lassos lassos libeled libeled libeled libelled liter liter liter litre lodgment lodgment lodgment lodgement luster luster luster lustre maneuver maneuver manoeuver manoeuvre manikin manikin manikin manikin [52] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester marshaled marshaled marshaled marshalled marveled marveled marveled marvelled marvelous marvelous marvelous marvellous mauger maugre maugre maugre meager meager meager meagre medieval medieval medieval mediaeval mementos mementos mementos mementos merinos merinos merinos merinos mestizos mestizos mestizos mestizos meter meter meter metre millionaire millionaire millionaire millionnaire miter miter miter mitre modeled modeled modeled modelled mold mold mold mould mollusk mollusk mollusk mollusk molt molt molt moult mosquitoes mosquitoes mosquitoes mosquitoes mottoes mottos mottos mottoes mustache mustache mustache mustache naught naught naught naught niter niter niter nitre nonplused nonplused nonplussed nonplussed ocher ocher ocher ochre octavos octavos octavos octavos offense offense offense offence papoose papoose papoose pappoose paraffin paraffin paraffin paraffine paralleled paralleled paralleled paralleled partisan partizan partizan partisan pasha pasha pasha pacha peddler pedler peddler pedler phoenix phenix phenix phoenix pianos pianos pianos pianos pimentos pimentos pimentos pimentos plow plow plow plough [53] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester poniard poniard poniard poniard porticoes porticoes porticos porticos postilion postilion postilion postilion potatoes potatoes potatoes potatoes practice (n.) practise practice practice practice (.) practise practise practise pretense pretense pretense pretence program program program programme provisos provisos provisos provisos Pygmy pygmy Pygmy pygmy quarreled quarreled quarreled quarrelled quartos quartos quartos quartos raccoon raccoon racoon raccoon reconnoiter reconnoiter reconnoiter reconnoitre reenforce reenforce 1 reinforce reenforce reveled reveled reveled revelled reverie reverie reverie revery rime (verse) rime rime rhyme rivaled rivaled rivaled rivalled riveted riveted riveted riveted saber saber saber sabre saltpeter] saltpeter saltpeter saltpetre salvos salvos salvos salvos savior (one who savior savior saviour saves) Savior (Christ) Saviour Saviour Saviour scepter scepter scepter sceptre scimitar simitar simitar cimeter sepulcher sepulcher sepulcher sepulchre shriveled shriveled shriveled shrivelled shyly shyly shyly shyly siroccos siroccos siroccos siroccos sirup sirup syrup syrup 1 The Standard Dictionary omits the diaeresis on all words like cooperate, preempt, reentrance, etc. [54] STYLE Webster Standard Century Worcester skeptic skeptic skeptic sceptic skillful skilful skilful skilful slyly slyly slyly slyly smolder smolder smolder smoulder sobriquet sobriquet sobriquet sobriquet solos solos solos solos somber somber somber sombre specter specter specter spectre stanch stanch stanch stanch stayed stayed stayed stayed stilettos stilettos stilettos stilettos story (a floor) story story story sulphureted sulphureted sulphureted sulphuretted theater theater theater theatre thralldom thraldom thraldom thraldom tomatoes tomatoes tomatoes tomatoes tonsillitis tonsillitis tonsillitis tonsillitis torsos torsos torsos torsos tranquilize tranquilize tranquilize tranquillize traveled traveled traveled travelled tyros tyros tyros tyros vender (except in vender vender vender legal use) veranda veranda veranda veranda villainous, -y villainous, -y villainous, -y villanous, -y vise (a tool) vise vise vice visor vizor vizor visor whisky whisky whisky whiskey whiz whiz whizz whiz willful wilful wilful wilful woeful woful woeful woful woolen woolen woolen woollen worshiped worshiped worshiped worshipped zeros zeros zeros zeros zigzagged zigzagged zigzagged zigzagged [55] arbour discolour in vigour ardour dolour labour armour endeavour misbehaviour behaviour favour misdemeanour candour fervour neighbour clamour flavour odour clangour harbour parlour colour honour rancour demeanour humour rigour STYLE English Spelling Many words which in American dictionaries end in or, according to the English style of spelling end in our. Among words thus ending in our are : rumour savour splendour succour labour tumour valour vapour vigour Note that discoloration, horror, invigorate, invigoration, mirror, pallor, tenor, terror, and tremor do not take the u. When an adjective is formed from any of the above words by adding ous, the ending of the original word becomes simply or as in American dictionaries, as: clamorous, dolorous, humorous, laborious. While the our words are always found in English spelling, it is only occasionally that English books follow the style which changes verbs ending, in Ameri- can dictionaries, in ize to ise, as : civilise, realise, utilise. Distinctively English spellings (sometimes used and sometimes not) are the forms anyone, everyone, someone, and for ever, and the following : behove gaiety lacquey shily briar gaol moustache slily cheque gipsy nought staunch connexion inflexion pigmy storey (floor) drily instal postillion verandah enquire judgement reflexion waggon [56] STYLE Proper Names The following list of proper names sometimes mis- spelled is given for quick reference purposes : Luxembourg (palace, gardens) Luxemburg (duchy) Macdonald, George Magdalen College, Oxford Magdalene College, Cambridge Morris, Gouverneur Oliphant, Laurence Poe, Edgar Allan Procter, Adelaide Procter, Bryan Waller Proctor, Richard A. Pyrenees Read, Thomas Buchanan Reade, Charles Reed, Thomas Brackett Reid, Captain Mayne Reid, Whitelaw Revue des Deux Mondes Seton, Ernest Thompson Sidney, Sir Philip Smith, Sir William Sidney Smith, Sydney Spencer, Herbert Spenser, Edmund Stephenson, George Stevenson, Robert Louis Sterne, Laurence Sumter, Fort Thompson, Sylvanus P. Thomson, Elihu Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin) Addams, Jane Alma-Tadema, Laurence Apennines Bernhardt, Sarah Biglow Papers Britannia Brittany Caribbean Sea Carlyle, Thomas Gary, Alice and Phoebe Correggio Davy, Sir Humphry Defoe, Daniel De Quincey, Thomas Douglas, Stephen A. Douglass, Frederick Fenelon, Frangois Field, Cyrus W. Fields, James T. Fiske, John Gerome, J. L. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey Greeley, Horace Greely, General A. W. Green, John Richard Greene, General Nathanael Harrison, Frederic Hutton, Laurence Johnson, Dr. Samuel Jonson, Ben Lichfield, England Litchfield, Conn. 57] STYLE Tyndale, Wuliam Ward, Mrs. Humphry Tyndall, John Watt, James Walton, Izaak Watts, Isaac Ward, Artemas (general) Wiggin, Kate Douglas Ward, Artemus (humorist) Wood, Anthony Henrys, Jerseys, Mussulmans, and the Two Sicilies are the correct plural forms of these proper names. Shakespeare is the most usual spelling. Divide Shake-speare. [58] OLD NAMES FOR FONTS OF TYPE IN COMMON USE, WITH CORRESPONDING SIZES UNDER THE POINT SYSTEM Diamond 4-Point Pearl 5-Point Agate ' 5fPoint Nonpareil 6-Point Minion 7-Point Brevier 8-Point Bourgeois 9-Point Long Primer 10-Point Small Pica 11-Point Pica 12-Point English 14-Point Great Primer . . . 18-Point [59] SIGNS USED IN CORRECTING PROOFS J^ = Push down the lead which is showing with the type. # Delete; take out. 9 Turn inverted letter right side up. ( Let it remain ; change made was \ wrong. D Indent one em. A period. || The type line is uneven at the side of the page; straighten it up. X A broken letter. ^ A hyphen. ttal. Use italics. O Join together; take out the space. ^ Take out letter and close up. [60] SIGNS USED IN CORRECTING PROOF Put in middle of page, or line. Straighten lines. Insert an apostrophe. Insert a comma. Raise the word or letter. Lower the word or letter. Bring matter to the left. Bring matter to the right. Make a space. A thin metal strip used to widen the space between the lines. Spread words farther apart. 1 Make a paragraph. no If Run on without a paragraph. o^. Use a capital. I.*. Use the lower case (small type), :.f. not capitals. **>. Small capitals. [61] SIGNS USED IN CORRECTING PROOF . Wrong font size or style. . Kind of type. Transpose. Use roman letter. Carry over to next line. Indicates where an insertion is to be made. Doubt as to spelling, etc. Indicates CAPITAL letters. Indicates SMALL CAPITAL letters. Indicates italic letters. Indicates black type letters. Indicates BLACK CAPITALS. Indicates BLACK SMALL CAPITALS. Indicates black italic. [62] PROOF SHOWING CORRECTIONS AD/RESS AT GETTYSBURG ^ J FourscoiilBB^Jseven years/5g5|our fathers brought forth on this continent a new n a tion, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all JT men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that natioi^or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,ican long endure. We are met on a great battlefield oj^hat 9 war. We have come to Dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here here &. gave their lives that that Ration might live; /t is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. t*/1\ L But, in a larger sense^ we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this /_/ (9 grounc^ The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it^ar^above^ur poor power to add or detract.- The world will II little note nor long remember what we (here/sa^ C but it can never forget what they did here.^ ^ p ^It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated #& here to the unfinished work which they who fought 'f-0 (Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National **** Cemetery, Nuv. 19, 186^. Reprinted, by permission of Th? A.O Macmillan Company, from^braham Lincoln, the Man , p, the People^by Norman Hapgood.) [63 CORRECTED PROOF ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting- place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here (Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, Nov. 19, 1863. Reprinted, by permission of THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, from "Abraham Lincoln, the Man of the People," by Norman Hapgood.) [64] V HE following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects. The Art and the Business of Short Story Writing BY WALTER B. PITKIN Associate Professor in the School of Journalism of Columbia University New York, 1912 Sixth reprint, 1917. 255 pages, i2mo, $1.25 The book as a whole represents the method pursued for three years of successful story teaching at Columbia Uni- versity. The author is convinced that fiction writers must depict human character in some of its phases; the laws of its presentation must be found in the material of human character. This material includes a great variety of alien, discordant elements, mental and physical; only certain combinations of these are possible and a much smaller number is pleasing. The writer's first task is to discover such ; and for this reason, the novelist's and story writer's constructive principles must be found wholly in the realms of psychology and worldly wisdom. For the patterns of life are revealed only in life ; and life is com- posed of people and affairs. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue Hew York Verse Writing BY WILLIAM HERBERT CARRUTH Professor of Comparative Literature, Leland Stanford University, New York 123 pages, I2mo, $ .80 A guide for those who wish to practice at writing verse. The theory of the subject is supplemented by exercises with directions, and samples of verse written by students with the criticism of the author. The treatment is essen- tially practical. Studies in Structure and Style, Based on Seven Modern English Essays BY W. T. BREWSTER 280 pages, I2mo, $1.25 The essays, which number fourteen, have been carefully chosen. The treatment of structure is especially full, but the author has suggested the general principles and left the student to carry out the work of analysis for himself. Footnotes give all information necessary to the under- standing of the text. Notes on the structure and style of the essays are given at the end of the volume. A bibliog- raphy of books on style is added. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York The Short Story : Its Principles and Structure BY EVELYN MAY ALBRIGHT 260 pages, i6mo, $ .go Sets forth some standards of appreciation of what is good in story writing, illustrated by the practice of the masters as con- trasted with amateurish failures. The chapter headings are as follows : Chapter I, Introductory. Chapter II, Gathering Mate- rial. Chapter III, The Motive as the Source of Plot. Chapter IV, Plot. Chapter V, Mechanism. Chapter VI, Unity of Impression. Chapter VII, The Title. Chapter VIII, Characterization. Chapter IX, Dialogue. Chapter X, The Setting. Chapter XI, The Realistic Movement. Chapter XII, The Element of Fantasy. Chapter XIII, The Emotional Element. Chapter XIV, The Spirit of the Author. Descriptive Writing BY EVELYN MAY ALBRIGHT, A.M. 2 75 P<*S es > i2tno, $1.25 Designed for use as a text in composition courses, containing both theory and specimens. The theoretical discussion includes such matters as the scope and kinds of description, the selection of details for unity of impression, the methods of organizing material, and the relation to narration. The abundant illus- trative material provides for study of recognized models, that the student may see how good writers do describe in addition to being told how one thinks they should. Interpretative comments and theme assignments are omitted in order that the instructor may be free to develop his course along self-con- ceived lines. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New Tork Guide to Good English BY HENRY NOBLE MAcCRACKEN AND HELEN E. SANDISON 335 pages, i6mo, $ .90 Great care has been taken to present rules and termi- nology which are in harmony with the best authorities and with reliable current usage, and to incorporate the best use of great bodies of publications rather than the narrower and more theoretical rules of the makers of dictionaries. The treatment of questions of usage and syntax is flexible. Instead of saying "this is right" and "that is wrong," there is a certain amount of gradation and qualification. In fact throughout the manuscript the lack of dogmatism is noticeable. The matters of typographical detail and general arrangement, also, have been carefully planned with the convenience of the student in mind. The chapter headings are : I. Words ; II. Sentences ; III. Paragraphs ; IV. Punctuation ; V. Capitalization and the Use of Hyphens ; VI. Spelling ; VII. Preparation of Manuscript and Correction of Proof; VIII. Letter Writing; Appendix, Exercises for Drill in Grammatical Review. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New Tork A OOP 028 II " University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. 23 I BE