UC-NRLF illlllillllll|i|IIIMIIilillllllllilll>l|{IIHili $B 3flb E71 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/elementarygrammaOOsaycrich ARCHAIC CLASSICS. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, AND READING BOOK I ARCHAIC CLASSICS. AN ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR; WITH FULL SYLLABARY AND PROGRESSIVE READING BOOK, OF THE ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE, IN THE CUNEIFORM TYPE. BY THE REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A. FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD. Author of "An Assyrian Grammar f^ and " The Principles of Comparative Philology. Multae terricolis linguae, ccelestibus una. LONDON : SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, IS, PATERNOSTER ROW. \^All rights reserved.] S3^ TO THE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. oiro CONTENTS Preface PAGE i Syllabary I The Nouns 49 The Numerals 55 The Pronouns 57 The Verb 63 List of Prepositions 100 Compound Prepositions 102 The Conjunctions 103 The Adverbs ... 104 Derivation of Nouns 105 Phonology 106 Reading Lessons 108 •la PREFACE The following pages have been written in connection with my lectures upon Assyrian philology, which were commenced in the early part of 1875 under the auspices of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and through the exertions of Mr. W. R. Cooper, the Secretary oi" the Society. An endeavour has been made for the first time to smooth over the difficulties which beset the entrance to the study of the Assyrian inscriptions, and so attract students to this new and important branch of research. When my " Assyrian Grammar " was published, three years ago, a knowledge of the language was still confined to the few, and there seemed little prospect that the small band of Assyriologues would be much increased for a long while to come. My work was therefore addressed to two classes of readers ; to those who were already able to read the inscriptions, and could appreciate a grammar which entered into details and points of scholarship, and to those who were acquainted with the better-known Semitic languages, but wished to learn something of the new dialect which had been so unexpectedly revealed, and promised to throw such a flood of light on Semitic philology in general. The prospect, however, that three years ago seemed so distant has been more than realised. Assyrian has become a "popular" subject ; and the world of scholars which once looked with distrust upon the labours of ii Preface. the decipherers, has at last awakened to their interest and importance. Students are flocking in from all sides, and elementary grammars and progressive reading- books, like those which initiate the pupil into Hebrew or Greek, are needed and called for. The present volume is intended to meet this demand. The cuneiform type which has been freely used throughout will accustom the eye of the reader to the forms of the characters, and as all transliterated words are divided into syllables, even where the Assyrian text is not added, he will be able to reduce them into their original forms. Care has been taken not to burden the memory with unnecessary matter; and practical experience has proved that tabular lists of nouns, verbs, and particles, such as are given in the second part of the book, are the best means for impressing the rudiments of a new language upon the mind. A separate chapter on the syntax has been omitted, since any attempt to enter into details would be inconsistent with the plan of the Grammar, while it has been found more convenient to state those few cases of importance in which Assyrian differs from the syntactical usage of other languages in those places of the accidence to which they naturally belong. The notes appended to each of the reading-lessons are designed to lead the student on to a more advanced and independent acquaintance with the language, and so complete the work of a practical and elementary grammar. The main difficulty is the Syllabary, the larger part of which will sooner or later have to be learnt by heart. The beginner is advised first to commit to memory the characters which express open syllables, given in pp. 46 and 47, as well as the Determinative Prefixes and Affixes given in p. 48, and then to work at the monosyllabic closed syllables. Experience alone can show him what are the commoner and more favourite values with which a character is used ; and he must be content to be continually a learner, keeping the Syllabary constantly at his side for purposes of reference, and remembering that any endeavour to learn Preface. iii the whole Syllabary is a needless and useless task. He will soon come to know what characters and what values are most frequently employed, and what ideographs are most likely to occur in the inscriptions. The hieroglyphic origin of the Syllabary, and its adaptation to the wants of a foreign language, will give the key to many of the difficulties he will meet with. Its Accadian inventors spoke an agglutinative dialect ; and each hieroglyphic, which in course of time came to be corrupted into a cuneiform character (like the modern Chinese), originally expressed the sound of the word denoting the object or idea for which it stood. The same picture could stand for more ideas than one, and might therefore be pronounced in more than one way, so that when the Semitic Assyrians (or rather Babylonians) borrowed the cuneiform system of writing, using what were words in Accadian as mere phonetic values, polyphony became inevitable, and the same character repre- sented several phonetic powers. Even in Accadian the characters could be employed phonetically as well as ideographically ; and the Assyrians, while turning the dictionary of the Accadians into a huge syllabary, did not forget the hieroglyphic origin of the writing, but reserved to themselves the power of using a character not only as the representative of a syllabic sound, but also as an ideograph to which of course a Semitic pronunciation was attached. Many of the characters exhibit their primitive form at the first glance; y*" for instance, clearly standing for " the tongue of a balance." In other cases the resemblance to the objects originally signified is not very visible in the simplified forms of the characters as used in Assyria, and we have to go back to the archaic Babylonian type to detect the likeness. Thus •«^y has lost all resemblance to " the sun ;" and it is not until we remember the archaic 'Z^ that we discover the circle which stood for the great luminary of day. A large number of characters are compound, and when they are used ideographically their meaning can often be determined by considering what is the meaning of the iv Preface. separate characters of which they are made up. Thus >-^Y^y is " a mouth," and Yjf " a drop of water ;" the compound »-^jY?J therefore naturally denotes the act of " drinking." So, again, the Assyrian >-*^\ " a month " is the simplified form of the archaic J<<^, where 4^(4^ the numeral 30 (expressing the 30 days of the month), is placed within the circle of the sun. The use of polyphones no doubt increases the difficulty of decipherment, but the student will find that practically it is not so embarrassing as it would seem at first sight to be. The Assyrians intended their inscriptions to be read (at all events except in the case of texts like those of the astrological tablets, which were addressed to the initiated only), and accordingly adopted all possible means of obviating the disadvantages of a polyphonic system of writing. The following rules should be observed by the student in selecting one of the many values a given character may bear : — (i) The existence of an ideograph should never be assumed, unless it is indicated by a phonetic complement, or unless the inscription (like the astrological ones generally) is written throughout ideographically rather than phonetically. (2) Where two characters come together (such as ca and ac), the first of which ends with the same vowel as that with which the second begins, we may infer that they form one closed syllable (as cac). (3) If a character expresses an open syllable (as ri) as well as a closed one (as tat), the open is to be preferred to the closed (unless contra- indicated). (4) Those values are to be selected which offer a triliteral (or biliteral) root, and not a pluriliteral one. Preface. v (5) Notice must be taken of the final or initial consonant of the character which precedes or follows the one we are considering, as the Assyrians frequently doubled a consonant to show what value is to be chosen in a doubtful case. Thus *>=yyj \^^ must be read dan-nin, as dan alone out of the many possible values of the first character ends with n. (6) A character which denotes a syllable beginning with a vowel is very rarely used after one which ends with a consonant. (7) Words and lines end together, and proper names, &c., are pointed out by Determinative Prefixes and Affixes. (8) Variant readings and variant forms of the same root must be carefully observed, as they often decide the pronunciation of a word where all other means fail. (9) Experience will show that common use had set apart one or two values of a given character which were preferably employed to all others. (10) Those values must be adopted which bring out a correct grammatical form, or enable us to compare the Assyrian word (should the context determine its meaning) with a similar root in the cognate languages. It is not so much the existence of polyphones, however, that forms the chief defect in the Assyrian mode of writing. The phonology of the inventors of the writing was not the same as the phonology of the Assyrians, and sounds which were distinct in Assyrian had to be represented by one and the same sign. tiyyys: is both ku or u (in and 1i^ and 1) and yu (V), f ][ za and tsa, ^yy da and dka, ^yjiy di and dki, ^yj e (jr) and a modified \ -^j- bu and pu. Similarly the same characters denoted both m and v, and no distinction was made between final d, dk, and t;b and /; g, c, and k; and 3, /, ts, and even s ; while closed VI Preface. syllables might begin as well as end with any of these doubtful letters. The uncertainty which results from this as to the initial or final letter of a syllable would naturally not press upon the Assyrian ; but it is the main difficulty against which the modern decipherer has to contend, and can only be overcome by the examination of new texts and the comparison of numerous passages. A. H. SAYCE. .Queetis College, Oxford, April, 1875. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. The characters of the Assyrian Syllabary were originally hieroglyphics, representing objects and ideas. The words by which these were denoted in the Turanian language of the Accadian inventors of the cuneiform system of writing became phonetic sounds when it was borrowed by the Semitic Assyrians, though the characters could still be used ideograph ically as well as phonetically. When used ideographically the pronunciation was, of course, that of the Assyrians. In the following table only the forms of the characters found on the majority of the Assyrian monuments are given. Sometimes the so-called Hieratic characters were employed (e.^:, in the Cyprian Stele of Sargon) which differ but slightly from the Babylonian. Ancient Babylonian varied again in the forms of several characters. The Elamite or Susianian characters have the same form as the ancient Babylonian, while the Protomedic are modified from the Assyrian. The Assyrian word in the right-hand column is a translation of the Accadian word (used in Assyrian as a phonetic value) in the left-hand column, and was the sound given to the character in the Assyrian inscriptions whenever it was read as an ideograph. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. I. as ^ magaru, dilu obedient {happy), ? ruv (rum, ru) zicaru, dilu a male^ ? dil nabu, dilu to proclaim, ? estin, khidu, edisu ... one namkullu ? ina ... in Assur(rt!;^ abbranation) Assyria kharra samu, tuhamtu heaven, the deep 2 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 2. khal >■>- nacasu, buligu fa cut, division khas » khasu ? khal >> gararu to roll storm ily » pulukhu rci'crence » ZLIZU... a fixture 3. ? >-►♦- [sumunesrit] eighteen 4. an, ana -T sakQ, samu, ilu, Ann, high, sky, god, the god Anu anna, annab . . . 5? saku, samu, ilu, Anu, high, sky, god, the god Anu dimir, dingir... » ilu god sa « cacabu star essa 1> ilutu sa sibri divinity of corn an J» supultu deph 4a. nab (see 168) »->*- >->*- nabbu divinity , 4<5. simidan ->f ^^P^ nalbar-same ... the zenith 4c. alat, alap ... -+ ^!T^? sedu spirit {divine bull) 4//. lamma lama^su colossus Si\a.p(Ass.va/.) buhidu colossus 5. khaz (khas, »^ nadu, nacasu to place, to cut khats) kut (kud) 5> nacasu, gazaru to cut, to cut tar ^J nacasu, danu, samu to cut, to Judge, to set sil (j>il, sila) ... ?) suku, panu ... canal, before gug, citauima ■»? » sallatu, halacu, eribu spoil, to go, to descend {flow) 6. pal ^i^fiJ^ ebiru, etiku, palu, to cross, to pass through, time napalcutu, nucuru, or year, to revolt, enemy. palu sword tal ... 5> ebiru, etiku to cross, to pass through pal U supilu sa sinnis. sexual part of a woman. pukhkhu sa sinnis, sextial part of a wojnan. supiltu the lower part nuk (?) ?» naku... to sacrifice zabur... tj admu, akhri, khiru ... man, behind, lord ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. 'Meaning. 7. bat, be >--< pagru, pitu, mutu, labiru, uduntu corJ>se, to open, to die, old, ? til, badhdhu ... us khar ... 1) gamaru, pagru, katu damu complete, corpse, hand blood {offspring) ziz(?), mit, idim nakbu, samu, captu, belu, enuva, tseru channel, heaven, heavy, lord, when, desert 8. lugud ^'^r sarsu omen of good 9. adama '-<> pusku diffiadt road (?) 14. utuci ... ■i^-^^ samsu the Sun 15. zubu ... ... gam gamlu sicru... benefit kindness 16. taltal ^Ix Ea thegod Hea ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— SYLLABARY,. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 17. zicura S?H? citim loiuer or baieath 18. cit, cuda, se .. ^ f ?nf. ^HU epikhu, carasu to blow, property {standard, camp) »» calu, ezibu, pata the whole, to leave, to open ^abura >» cupkhu ? gudibir j> Maruducu ... Merodach tak » 19. seslam ^?} cipratu race or region 20, ka, gita ■i-T ... determinative of measure 21. cit (kit, cat) ... ^III salamu to accomplish 22. ru, sub -211. ^ sumu, santu, zicaru, name, year, memorial, to give. nadanu, ya, samu my, sky »» masaddu, cu'asu, kha- lacu, cuss'u, vacu ?, ?, ?, throfte, ? nurma >j 23^. ? >^T idlutu strength 24. nu V- la, (ul), tsalamu not, image patcsi » zicaru male i^iceroy) 25. kul {Assyrian ■T^A -<<^ ziru seed vahie zir) 26. zii -0 nuru light {meteor) 27. na -^T zicaru, annu, samu, makhirtu memorial, this, sky,fro7it 28. ti, til, tsil .... ^y< baladhu, napistu, nasu family, life, to raise 1 laku, tsabatu, dakhu to take, to seize, to he near » usibu, dapanu-sa-ru- dwell, side (or wheel) of a cubi, anbu, tsilu chariot, ?, side ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 29. • uru, eri -tn alu ... a city [tent) 30. uru 'tM'-^M alu, abubu city, heap of corn 31. erim ... r-T^T isittu ... a foundation 32. sek ... -t^?T sakummatu ... a suininit 33- gur -^Ii^'^l casamu ? 34. sacir, sacisa ... -^k-^\ ? 35- ukki -^T+T uku, pukhru people, assembly ^6. uru, gisgal ... mulu alu, manzazu nisu city, fortress man 37- silik -^T-T' --TT-l sagaburu strong protector, rank 38. sucit (?) (See No. 197*^.) -tT^XTT passuru Lenormant '' kind of parasoV 38a. kal, gar -m ? ? 39. ca, gu, cir, du, 1 -►Id pu, amatu, appu,panu, inu, uznu, bunnu, makhru, sepu, ama- ru, amanu, kabu, sasu,ricmu, sagamu, cibu, matu mouth, fealty, face, face, eye, ear, form, front, foot, sight, completion, to speak, ?, push, ?, mass, country (properly face of the country) ■ duk H gu, cagu ilu sa napkhari, erisu calu, saku sa me, canicu god of the universe, to ask all, drinking of water, seal ^K j> ricim, sunnu, idculu blow, a half, confidence (?) 39a. duddhu >-Y^Y >-Y Y >- >~ >- >~ dabibu, palu, idacculu deviser, ?, ? 39^. gude 39 -t® takhatsu battle 41. inipar -^■^" glory {name) 42. emi -^m lisanu tongue {language) 43. ? -d-^\, >-ri^" saptu saptu, tsumu tsumu lip {sentence) 44- ? -rf'^n' ' lip, thirst 45. ? -t:fei thirst {fast) 46. cu -ti^y acalu, khadhdhu ... camu pukhkhu to eat, food {^"^ti) 47. mu 4'© I to burn (?) *^ 1 48. ? ^^I^H^f the breath 49- ? -^Esl tsalamtu darkness 50. ibira .-I^I damkaru (0/ Ace, ? origin) ikhimu 51. ? ... ... he burnt {devoured) 51^. ? t^^ — V ? ? ? 52 ? >-J:Ts:TTTi^y ? 53- ? -t:rt"'f ? ? 54. bat ... -^B imtu poison {philtre) 55-? ^^iri ? terror 56. ? -E:rxMrT| ? ? 57- nak -tinj satu ... to drink 58. ? ... ... -^It-^I uru ... ... .;. city 59- la -El laluru, khazbu ?, ? ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 60. tu -^T. am eribu, summatu fo descend or eufer or sei (of the Sun), season (?) turi, tnra >) eribu, murtsu fo descend, ^'c, sickness 61. li {note these variant fonns) raru, lilisu ?, ? gub, gu ni illu high ox precious 62, apin, pin, uru -Bl epinu, ussu foundation (city) engar >> iccaru ground {diggitig) 6;^. makh ^ YY tsiru, makhkhu {from Ace), rubu, mahdu supreme, supreme, great, much >» bahalu, tublu, tizkaru prince (?), sovereign (?), ? 64. bar, mas + paratsu, burru, baru. to divide, half, half, bound, usuru, tsindu, akh- to bind, another, after. ratu, akhkhuru, future, future, a second, _. tsatu, rikatu, akhatu. brother^ other, after, gazelle akhu, akhitu, arcu. tsabiu 5> camatu, gabbi, tinu. heap (?), all, ?, ?, oracle, enitu, pisaktu, cabi- much, as many as, to weigh. tu, mala, palasu, ?, ?, the Tigris, ?, ?, ?, tipper, tuhamu, zibtu, dallu. chain ^ battle, firstborn (?), cisittu, nis'u, ruzzu. eldest, cattle,son,Jirstborn (?), elitu, sanku, makh- white, ?, to see, ?, to aban- azu,bidhru, asaridu, pulu, maru, bidh- ramu, ibbu, libutu, amaru, masu, vas- saru, zumru, cabadtu don, body, the liver mas ... JJ masu, Adaru, asibu. ?, the god Adar, to dwell, high ellu,^tsabitu, mazu- {precious), to take, burn- ^a » sa-ecili ing (?) of afield 165. rat, sit -TT- radhu p ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 66. nun zil, sil, humis, khan (?) 66 a, asagara 67. tur, silam (?)... 68. silam, akar ... 69. biru {perhaps Ass.) 70. cun ... 71. ? ... 72. ? 73. khu, pak khu,pak,musen 74. pacac 75. ^a ... 76. ik gal ... gal ... 77. tsim, zim, nam {Ace. prefix of abstractfioun) nam 78. pak (?) w -TI^ -TI^ iM nibu, rabu, nunu, {fr. Ace.) asagaru tarbatsu ? suttu, uritsu, tsiptu, nipikhu zibbatu, zumbu ? ? itstsuru, saru musennu ciribu, sumelu nabu iku {or ikku), daltu khamdhu, patu nukhsu basu, sacunu, nasu labinu ikku, rutstsunu, malu asabu, pitu, canu natsaru simtu, sakhalu nabu, simmu nammu, pikhatu, ma itstsuru prince, great, prince a hurricane rest or eclipse rawrence (?) dream, offspring, product, revenue tail, tail ? ? bird, king (?) ? middle, left hand to proclaim ?, door, quick journey, to open, prosperity to be, placed, to raise, brick ?, ?, to fill, to diuell, to open, to establish, to defend destiny, plague (?) to proclaim, destiny ?, a governor, this a bird ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). 79. mut ... musendugusi 80. zi 81. gi, ^a... 81^ caradin 82. ? 83. ri, tal di ... es sa 84. gub ... kat ... 85- tun, khub 86. pulug 87. ac, gar ac 88. me ... .89. sus ... Cuneiform Character, Assyrian rendering. -m -w -TTA -III. m -0. -T^T:: banu, damu, uppu, aladu, icbu, bisru, barradu napistu, nisu, pilu, nasakhu, diku, bua, saparu kanu, duppu-sadhru, simtu, zicaru, matu, esiri, taru, gimiru, pudak, cunu cissu ? tallu, ramu, lilu, tsakku, parasu-sa- rikhuti, parsidu nabadhu nadu saruru sumelu gubbu (0/ Accadian origin) khasu carasu sa etsi episu, banu, makharu, nabu, Nabu, kha- sisu, pit-uzni, rap- sa-uzni, khubbu-sa- kani belu ... takhatsu ? Meaning. to create, blood, ?, to bear children, ?, fiesh, seed life {soul), man {spirit), work, to take away, smitten, to come, to send reed, written tablet, founda- tion, memorial, country, bands, to restore, all, ?, established multitudinous mound, height, ?, ?, ?, to fly away brilliance brightness {of a star) the firmament left hand left hand implement of wood to make, to build, to be pre- sent, to proclaim, Nebo, the intelligent, the opejicr of the ears, the enlarger of the ears, holloiv of a reed lord battle ? JO ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). 90. ? 91. cum, kum 91a. *sa ... ^ib. sinik 92. ? ... ? ... <)2a. ? 92^. sacil 92^. tabin [^^rebin], gadataccuru 93. dim, tim, tiv, ti 94. mun (munu)... 95. pulug {from Assn.) 96. en enu . . . 97, dara ... 98, mu ... 99, sur (zur) 100. sukh (sukh) tiskhu Cuneiform Character. JL A_TTTY JL ,1_YYYY JL A_YTYY >—<>-¥¥ -II -IMI -11^ "V -VJT Assyrian rendering. ? ... citu ... gallabu binu... tsupuru simmu kharru cillu . . . tsupru, masaru, tsum- bu, ubanu, imdhu ricsu, ricis'-kane, mar- casu, timmu dhabtu pulugu belu, enu adi . . . samu turakhu Ea ... sumu zamaru, zarakhu, tsar- uru, nasakhu - sa - amati, ridu, khabsu, capalu, zunnu, sum- ma, basu pultu, matu, naparcu, zimu, pallu, nasaku, tihamtu ramcuti Meaning. ? linen sleeve (?) ? nail inail-mark) destruction ? ? nail, to leave (?), tail (?), peak, staff (?) bond, bundle of reeds, cable, rofe benefit division or choice lord, lord tip to sky antilope the god Ea name to make go forth, to rise, body (or rising, removal of any- thing, servant, trodden down (?), ?, rain, thus, to exist ?, country, to break, glory, ?, to climb, the sea herd [or stay ?] ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. II Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 101. sucus 102. se,sakh(sakh), nakh, nikh 103. ba ... 104. zu, la 104^'. abzu 105. ^u, sir 106. sun (s'un) ... 107. muk lo'ja. mukmuk-nabi 108. zadim 109. nit (nitakh, nita), eri no. idu, itu 111, sakh, sukh ... 112, sibir 113- gur 114. dar... dar, si-gunu "5- ? ^TII' ?, to open, establislicd, sky cunnu, samu sig 5> malu to fill {give) ii8a. sicca ■^T! -^H atudu he-goat 119. sa'ib >^Y* _.-*»*jJ_ 'urukhkhu road 120. si, (s'e) {some- ■5=1^! gunnu, calu, pilu, garden, entrails {kidneys). times con- % ^^s\ pilutu, bitru, atsu- choice, choice, ?, growth of fused with sa-etsi-u-kani trees and grass dar) 121. ma ■^m elippu a ship 122. uz, mus ^TTT ^ enzu goats' iiair 123. * * ur -\\\ ^ m calu naccalu a complete vessel 124. ticul, dellu ... dimsun -TTT -"^ sukkullu, acu intelligence, ? 125. surru ^TTI "gl surru, calu ... beginning (?), vessel 126. guana ■^TIT ^l\ kablu middle 127. ? -TTT?y eratu pregjiant 128. dir ^ITTf. ^Tf adru, khalabu, sutruru, daj-k, white, covered, wanting, khibu, mikid-isati burning of fire sa n samu blue Pir » saku-sa-nisi head of a man dak » nikhabbu, malu, ikubbu covering, to fill, vault 129. raa^, (alat) ^T-^f tsabu, alapu soldier, warrior spirit {bull) ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— SYLLABARY. 13 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 130. sak (ris in -m risu, karnu, sangu, /lead, horn, chain, face, great. Ass.) panu, rabu, avilu, pukhu man, ? 130a. sakus -W^] saku-sa-risi, asaridu... top of the head, eldest ^^30^. essat "^Tl!^ ?K ? ? ^■31. niukh -^n:?!^ mukhkhu brain (?) 132. ? '^IhV}^^ ? ? 133- uru ■piy^jnjifi zicaru male 134. 'iru "^TTt-* nestu female H35. gudhu -^m^ karradu hero ^^36. can m — tsabatu, tamakhu, to seize, to hold, to leave, ezibu, sitenu, urad- double (?), to add {give du, tabbu back), double dili-dili-nabi » surru, napkham beginning, totality 138. ru (ra) >?-» Hh banu to make B kak >» episu, cala to make, all ■ » siccatu, rapdu ... door (?), ? ^» du, gag {some- >» banu, danu to create, to judge ' times in Ass. cal) 139. ni, ne *?^ yahu [or i] to be (?) zal (zalli), ili » yahu to be (?) » akhkhuru, namaru, presence, to see, week (?), man, masu, zicaru, azalu, to depart, ?, to rest (?), narabu, nakhu, want of *, altar sunku-sa-niz. cisallu 140. ili ^TT' ^TT imin nabi ? 141. ir ... ^ salalu to spoil sucal » sucallu fruit 14 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). 142. mal, ma, e ... gal, ga, pi- ^annu ilba 143. gusur 1 44. cisal 145. ? ... 146. nen, lucu, ekhi ismal 147. ? ... 148. gapi... 149. ? ... 150. ega... 151. ? ... 152. ? ... 153. gan (gana) gagunu gagunu car ... aganateti 154. dak... bara (par) 155. cisim, zibin, surin, sarin kharub {from Ass.) 156. agan, ubir ... 157. amas, ^ubura Cuneiform Character. ^! HpF- :T 5^ »— w 1 *w- >ff- >w^ S >m} :^][< ^^YYTir.^ m Assyrian rendering. bitu, sacanu saracu, maru, callu . . . gusuru, idiu cisallu ? ... ummu ... rapsu ummu ... ? ••• •■• alittu t~» m • • • agu ... remu remu iclu, padanu, ginu, nabadhu khasasu sapalu, cam... nasu ... napaldhu, rapadu ... sutruru, adannu ci^immu, nabbillu, tsatsiru, sikhu kharubu, zirbabu ... tulu, tsirtu ... suburu Meaning. /wuse, to establish to give, young, to restrain beam, Iiero altar mother large mother ?. generatrix crown mercy grace field, plain, enclosure (garden), light intelligent {to determine) lower, fortress to raise to survive^ ? covered, a season different kinds of locusts a locust, do, a mound, tent (?) darkness ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 15 I Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 158. US, nita, ni- takh, dhu- cus 5^T emidu, zicaru, ridu, mutstsu, nitakhu, isaru, rikhu, abadu /(? s^and, . Plan, servant, off- spring, man, phallus, smelll^), ? • - . 159, kas ... JS^T sinatu nrlne 1 60. tak i^} abnu, saku-sa-icli ... stone, top of a field 161. tik, gu 1 4^ makhru, mekhitstu, cisadu, matu, napkh- aru front, battle, neighbourhood {bank), coimtry, totality iGia. izcun -^ i^m etsen-tsiru tip of the tail 1 6 1(5. mus'up -f^-IT^ nasu-sa-resi, saku-sa- resi lifting of the head, top of the ' head 162. gun >^tm biltu tribute {a talent) 163. dhur (dur) ... 4^ih kamu a crescent 164. ? ^ em copper ■ 165. hubisega ... Bilu Bel i66. Sana (sa) (rear^ 1 irha. in Ass.) >->- *~>- irbu four 167. ab (ap, abba) es abtu, esu, tamtu bitu, kabu ?, ?, the sea house, hollow (?) 168. nab (nap) (see 4a) ^i^} nuru... light 169. mul, ana-esse- cu tth-] caccabu, nabadhu ... star, brightness 170. tak (tag), sum, nas sum tak, suridu ... labanu, libitu, lapatu, baru, naclu dabakhu ziihunu, labatsu, makhatsu - sa - ali, salatsu, baru, salu, nabatsu, nadu brick, omen, hinge (?), lake (?), complete to cut the throat {sacrifice) plenty (?), ?, stronghold of a city, ?, lake (?), ?, ?, situated i6 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 171. ca ... ^^? babu gafe 172. az (ats, as) ... ^2ara£on], great (?) 174. um, mus ... dikh dub, dib (duppa) ummu, libu, dabacu abnu, canacu-sa-abni lavu, dippu, tsabatu, lavu, sapacu, taba- cu, saraku, tuppu, tsipu ?, ?, to cleave to stone, signet tablet, dociunent, to seize, to approach, to heap up, to heap vp, to be red (?), ?, pro duce (?) 175. sumuk ■ t"lT'^TTTy sutu , library (?) 176. ^amak helmer 1 86. ibila {borrowed froJH Ass.) -ESf^T ablu... son ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 17 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). m H87. turrak 1 88. turrak m 189. dumugu 190. ta, nas (See (205) 91- ? 92. in 193. un-gal, lu-gal >sar (borrowed from Ass.) 194. rab,raba(rap) dim 195. dim 196. cib (cip, kip) 197. bi, cas (kas), ul Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaninj; ETTT. i^l t^m. i cas 197^. kharran . . . 197^. 1 sucit (?) .. 198. ? 199. cas (kas), ras kharran cas-cal 100. illat lOI. rutu bintu, martu bintii samsu ina, ultu iclitu innu, biltu, ^ilu, pillu sarru, saru ... rabbu macutu, labartu ? sane, sannu, su, suatu, nakbu casu {borro^ved from Ace.) khammu passuru kharatsu kharranu (durgu), sane, rabadhu kharranu {fro7n Aee.) illat rutu daughter, zvoman daughter the sun-god in, from darkness [prison) lord (?), master}', rock (?), ? king, monarch a path (?), a phantom ? two, second, he, this, channel double a quarter of the sky [point of the compass) royal parasol (?) to make road, two, ? road ? troops ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 202, gur ... ninda 203. ? ... 204. is (i^i), mil, mis ^akhar 205. ? {See 190) 206. rim, cabar, im 207. sim, rik, siriz 208. ? 208. ? 209. ku, kum, ri ... 210. ur 211. il, cacasiga ... 2 1 J?, du (dun) ... gub gin, aradupu sa,ra,ir,gubba » namandu ittu ... ? sadu, urru ... 'ipru, bis^atu summa sulu, sanu(tu) sammu nacmu saku, khasalu isittu, cipiu-sa-nisi, uzunu, udlu alacu, alacu-khamdhu, tabalu - khamdhu, lieu - khamdhu, alacu-maru nazazu nazuzu, basu, alacu, canu, saparu, ma- garu, anacu aradubu tsabatu, sapiru, calu, snlQ measure (?) a sign ^'abundance, generosity'''' (Le- nomiant) mountain (heap), light dust, mud thus (if) " to begin " (Lenormani) mound, second^) price (incofue) a captive top, to destroy foundation {the nadir), tes- ticle, equal weight, la'el ground to go, a s^vift journey, a swift onset, a swift march, a little journey to fix (to wax of the moon) to be fixed, to exist, to go, to establish, to send, to love, I pursue (?) to seize, messmger, all, mound ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 19 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 212a. aradudu-nabi ^^ canu, uzuzu, cesu-sa- elappi, alacu-sa- cissati to establish, fix, pain of the zvomb, marching of a mul- tittule 213. gum, nitakh ^1'^^ rabu, nisu an official, a man 214. **r ... ^M\ ? " to adhere" (Lenormant) 215. rim ^M] i^du, sulu foundation, heap 216. rik, khil J=^ET pasisu, ardu ?, servant ^un succal, lukh » succallu intelligence {messenger) nakh {in Sii- » sian) 229. al m allu ? 230. mis (miz), rid, ^ja idlu, kara, sangu. hew, to call, chain, gift lak cirbannu cisip „ rittu ? sit (siti) » alittu, madadu, min genetrix, to measure, munbcr, utu, sadhru to tvrite ak » idku ring (?) alal, pi^an ... w pi^annu, natsabu-sa- etsi papyrus, shaft of a tree 231. alal, dibbi-sak j^TTiiy natsabu-sa-kani, dup- pu-sadhru shaft of a reed, writteji tablet sak » Nabu the god Nebo 232. gut(gud),khar. «=T^ alpu, lu bull, herd dapara, le telal w ecimmu bull-like demon ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Zii Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). 8. sab (sap), gis- tar - urassa- cu 233. cus, billudu ^^ garza i 234. mascim 235. sabra 236. nuzcu ^17. sib (^iba) .. I ■239. e 240. duk lut 241. un ucu ... calama 241. dan cal, gurus ... lab, lib, rib . . . gurus zan, ^im [2. am ... 243. uzu , Cuneiform Character. 3) =1 ^m Assyrian rendering. billudu partsu rabitsu sabm nuscu ri'u, belu sabbu, gablu, saramu kabu, bitu, kabu sacunu pulgu, carpatu nisu ... uku {/rom Ace.) matu dannu asdhu, akru, dannu, egiru, asaridu idlu gurusu, idlu matu rimu SiTU isatu, napakhu kalu ... cararu, essetu, sussu eamu Meaning. captain (Jaw) an incubus ? Nuscu (identified with Nebo) shepherd, lord ?, interior, to sacrifice hollow, house, to speak a building choice, ? man people country strong ?, costly, mighty, to dig, eldest a warrior a warrior, a hero country wild bull flesh {limb, health) fire, to dawn to burn to revolve, new, sixty to burn 22 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 245, gi, gibil 246. gil, ^im 247- guk 248. nir ... 249. acar 250. ub (up), ar (ara) 251. mebulug {of Ass. origin) 252. gab, du, takh takh 253- zin ... zer {of Ass. origiti) rabita 254- takh 255- sam 256. zik (zig), khas 257- uru , ugudili 258. ? =^'i'? kalu, bu'idu... ?, idguru cibusu, garru, man- dinu sarru, malicu aplukhtu cipru, tupku, garmu, enakhu mebulugu, sabuccu... makharu, irtu, daku, padharu, padi, isi, dakhadu, nadhalu, na^ikhu, etsibu, saninu, nadhalu labanu-libanu radu tseru iztati etsibu, uraddu simu zlkku, sabru, garru . . . aru, epuru ... esgurru to burn, a spirit ^^construction, wall, to glide" (Lenormant) trampling, expedition, gift (?) king, prince reverence region, zone, quarter, to decay choice, ? front, breast, to strike, to de- liver, ?, he has, to rejoice, to raise, a remover, to establish, a rival, to transfer brickworJi descent (or thunderbolt) desert to establish, to dispose price ?, to break, expedition (?) ?, fecundity ? ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. 23 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). J259. usbar uzu ... s6o. urugal [261. sam... 1262. aca ... ram (Ass. value) '.63. ? 864. lab, rud J65. agarin 266. ? 267. ubigi 268. ? '269. gaz (gaza), bi Cuneiform Character. I 70. lil, ubi galam, galum 271. ? 7 2. zicura 73. taltal 74. si, se, sem ... si, sunnu ... Assyrian rendering. : >VYY ;fx uspa-rabu ... baru gabru ? ramu, nasu, niadadu, maharu partsu alu ... ummu ^arru ? ? daku, niku, puhuz, khibu abutu, s'aru, naclu ... Meanincf. irtsitu Ea ... nadanu, sacaru nadu, sapanu, idu, samu, pala^u ananu-sa-*, lavu-sa-* greai quiver ? opposer (Jiero) high, to raise, io measure, to urge on - divider (?) city mother (?) king shrine (?) ? to smite, victim, ?, wanting (?) charm, king, complete ? the earth the god Ea to give, to give to place, to sweep aivay, to lay, to set, to weigh (be favour- able) ?, tablet of* 24 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 275. rakh, ukhula t£Ttm ? ? 276. sar ... s£B iiiU sadhru, mus'aru, sumu to write, an inscription, name khir, khur ... » zarakhu, zamaru, da- to rise, to dawn, ?, ^rotctA 0/ rudu, atsu-sa-etsi- trees and grass u-kani khir » arku, racis'u, rucusu, green, to bind, bond, enclosure, ciru, calu, iiabu, all, to proclaim, to cover ■ casu cismakh, *gu }} samu sky 277. ubara ^1^1 cididu glow {spark) » cidinu, rimutu, nira- rutu protection (law), grace, help 278. asilal ^m risatu eldest (Jirst) 279. bat ^B duru, mitutu fortress, death 280. dadhru •iE' dabibu deviser 281. mermer nm Rammanu the air-god {Rinwion) 'MM ~ 282. lu m dalakhu to trouble guk n cuccu ? 283. ga, de HT4 taru, nacaru, passakhu, to return, to change, to pass napalu, nakamu, over, to throw down, to ecimu, cipupi, pala- ptmish, to strip, ?, to wor- ■ khu, calalu, saba- ship, to complete, staff (}), dhu, nacru-sa-amati breaker of faith 284. cus ... BrlfT!?^, ^U^ nakhu, nikhu, tsalamu to rest, rest, shadow {eclipse) sur, sur ... 3) iss'u, saccagunu mighty, ? 5> izzis, uzzis strongly (?) 285. ra &Tr rakhatsu, akhazu, to inundate, to take, to {for), ana, rapasu to enlarge sa V la, lu, not, ? ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 25 Phonetic Value (Acca- clian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 285. kal(?) ^ST cipru region {race) 286. us'an ^hP^ .? ? 286a. ? (in Pers. Insc.) napalculu rebel 287. sa, gum, cu, nisu, avilu man, man mulu, lu- gur, nita 287^;. azalak EhSS-^I aziacu ? 287^^. dinik £SS T- -II sibtsu ? 288. sis ESS'^ akhu, urinmi brother, peacock ur (uru) natsaru, num to help, light 289. da \individu- STT pidnu, nasu-sa-nisi ... field {furrow), top of a man alising affix pidhnu yoke in Ace] 290, zak (sak), zik ES< zaggu, arautu, ebiltu. ?, true (?), lordship, up to, adi, isaru, idu, itatu, Just {straight), house, wall, pulu, bircu, atsidu, cattle, knee, ?, heap, high isdu, bamatu, tseru. place, supreme, deep, eldest. emuku, asaridu, left hand, bond {building), sumelu, ricsu, padu frontier tami » , zikkad >> simtu destiny 291. ma, mamu ... ET sacanu, padinnu, matu to dwell, plain, country zacaru to commemorate 292. as ^ arratu, ciccinu, tsibutu, curse {enchantment), ?, wish. khasakhu, madadu want, to measure dessu >> samu ... ■ heaven 293- gal, [tak in El- . gallu, rabu ... great, great Susian.] 293^. utaccal El- -^m* utaccilu ? 293(^. ulad ET- X:X.\m\ dabikhu ? 26 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 293^;. kigal th -^W muhirru ruler 294. ? m karu to invoke 295. mir, ega tW\ agu, banu, uzzu crown (Jialo), tiara, coronet dhun-gunu ... » ^ibbu, sibkhu, iltanu girdle,turhan (Heb. nHCD^), north (?) 296. bar (bara) ... mBB paraccu, basamu,udu, altar {sacrifice), balsam, aloe, risku nard sar (sara) ... » saru, paraccu incense (?), altar 297. bur, gul (?), £f isdu, buru, s'alatu-sa-*, heap, ?, ?, stone ninda-gunu abnu 298. bis (pis), cu'a- £??< cu'a-gunu, palakhu. Merodach of the garden (?), to gunu » rapadu, niamluv, 7Vorship, ?, rain, clay (?), khuzabu, salalti, spoiling, to stretch napasu kir (cir), gar If cabattu liver 299. gar, kar ^ abbuttu, karru ?,? 300. pir ^? ? ? 301. id ^T idu, ikhitu, cus's'u ... hand {power), one (fem.), throne [the character seems originally to have denoted a comf\ a » kamu horn 302. ? E mummu ? ubil J> sagumu ? ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. 27 i'honetic Value (Acca- dian word). 305- ? 306. HI ... 307. sukh, lukh ... 308. ? 309. alam, alala, bi- seba lani, sabaru 310. bisebi 311. khilip 312. ? 313. ^ik, sizi, ara... 314. dub... balag bamis 315- sa na ... 316. accada, bur- bur 317. su, sugab, kat 318. curu {Sec No. III.) Cuneiform Character. E<£:< m m- :>W :!^r =n JT Assyrian rendering. Meaning. :^T^TTTT ? lillu tsabatu, ri'u, tallica pulu tsalamu bunnu samsu ilu belatu arku, urcitu . . . banu napatsu, egu balangu lu pidhnu tilla, saki katu, idu, gimillu, emuku, ubanu nigu, gamalu summa damiku ^'■hermaphrodite'''' (Oppert) sorcery (?) to seize, shepherd, a inarch cattle image image {sculpture) the sun god lady green, verdure old gazelle to break in pieces, to surround division ? yoke highland {Accad), the sum- mits hand, hand {power), ben (ft, hollow, peak control (?), to benefit thus {if) prosperous 28 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 319- sa gisimmar , . . C:T1 »-YYYY V 5:Y>-YYYY damaku gisimmaru fortunate ? 320, lab, lul, ruk, nar, rar, pakh, lib ^Y s'arru king 320. se niga Sana, sanana- bacu seum, ziru, ittu, amaru, magaru maru irbittu ? corn (grain), seed, wJicat, wheat, happy young four hin {a measure) 321. bu (pu), sir, gid sepuz sus, guz seru, sadadu, ericu, nuru maru, nasakhu, ra- badu, ebiru napakhu, Davcina ... ?, long, to extend, light young, to remove, to adorn (?), to cross to daivn, the goddess Dauke 322. ? ^^ ? ? 323- sud ^u ezu »> ericu, rukutu sir-gunu aru, zaraku, sulukhu, irisu, sakhalu to extend, distant ? ?, bucket (?), pardon (?), request (?), plague (?) 324. tsir (sir) mus tsiru... musu serpent serpent (?) 325. uz(uts,us),sir -^-n ii-vi usu, tsiru ?, serpent 326. tir ... ^^HH. m}}} cisatu (kistu), dayanu, jungle, judge 327. te, dimmenna te, dikh {of Ass. origin) temennu, tsabatu, cus'^u dakhu floor {foundation-stone), to seize, throne to face 327^. mulla ^T T- ' ? ? 327(5. unu, temen- es-gunu VT ??<<<"! maca * * ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 29 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 328. car ^!Tf caru, ediru, ecimu, fortress, to arrange, to strip, dakhu to face 329- ^1 < belu, s^ru, ubanu, silu lord, king, peak, rock pur, bur >j esritu, suplu ten, below ge >i mikhiltu battle umun )} damu blood {offspring 330. babar » panu, igu presence {face), ? » matu, ecitsu country, ? ir (?), tim (?) j> 332. khul Yy- , < >>mH>: 351^ . alim, sagira- cu'a-igldu 352- cis (kis) 353- ner ne, pisim ... aric 354- tidnu 355- lili^ 356. zigaru 357- sacan (?) 357- sadugacunu dugu 358. gingir 359- amar zur {of Ass. origin) 360. sigisse 361. nim, num, nu enum (enuv) w| ditanu Bilu, s'arru, Beltu, mi- tanu, cusariccu cissatu sepu . . . emuku nerUj pisimmu namru akharru lili^u... samu sacanu na'idu,'ublu, nakhagun- matu, parsu'hu, sasu, munu, selibbu bircu, dabu, rikhu ... Istar buru, gannu. niku, taslu, ciribu ... saku, elamu, zibu ... samQ nakaru - sa - semiri, garru, zumbu napalu chamois (?) the god Bel, king, goddess Belt is, plague, ? imiltitude foot {basis) deep yoke, ? bright behind {the west) barrier i^) heaven to appoirit insect (?), worm, },flea, moth, worm, worm knee, good, odour (or breath) the goddess Istar light (?), enclosure victim, prayer, offering top, highland {Elam), wolf heaven cutting by means of the dia- mond, ?, a fly to destroy 32 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 363. turn <^l babalu io bring down {produce) 364. lam (lav) . . . banu, kharatsu, khar- to produce, to create, ob- tsu scurity cim, gim {of Ass. origin) 5> idinnu ? 371. sita <«=TTT ricsu, patlulu bond, mixed (?) 372. * ruv <^ET ciru ? ? 373 375- sun gul (kul) ... ii nardapu abatu subtu, calu-sa-avili . . . pursuit (?) to destroy seat, whole of a man ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARV. 33 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. 376. dugud cab (Ass. value) 377- gig 378. din (tin) gal 379. ugun 380. mukh 381. caccul 382. man, in, nis bu^ur ^ar {Ass. value) 383. cus (cusu) ... 384- es esseb i\n{Ass.value) 385. sanabi 386. usu 387. nigin 388. lagar 389. cizlukh (?) ... 390. tul (dhul) ... dul mul durud » « n <« » yumu, immu, samsu the day, the day, the sun zab, eriin , . . . » tsabu, bibu soldier {host) babar >> tsit-samsi, namaru ... sunrise, to see 402a. e n^ atsu, makhkhu, padu to rise {issue), mighty, sceptre 4021^. ukh (ukhu) ^ra cusu, ruhtu... }, poison (?) {see 405) 40 2r. zabar ^T -^ti + ^iparru copper {bronze) 403- t)ir *} nuru, namaru light, to see erim, lakh ... n tsabbu soldier {host) zab, sab {Ass. values) 403^-. * * nus . . . ^\A pilu choice 404- ? i-Tf^ niraru helper 405. ukh... ^TM ruhtu poison {philtre) 406. pi ^V uznu ear a, tal, pi, me » me, giltanu water, drop 407. 'a, ah '^H? giltanu drop of water 408. sa, lib, ^ini . . . m labbu heart {middle, within) 408^. ^ini ^IIT ^< kunkut [or kuntar] , . . ? ' 409. pis ^m?T eru, aladu pregnant, begetting 410. bir *!Tj nahdu, irbu, Ram- manu bright, rain, the Air-god im ;> pulukhtu, emuku, zumru fear, deep, body {person) imi ff samu, irtsitu, akhu. sky, earth, brother (?), ?, didu, saru, zunnu. brightness, rain, tablet (?) duppu 415^!. latakh A4fD uduntu-sa-rukhi quantity of wind 416. kam (cam), ^^ ... denotes ordinal numbers kham 4i6«. esses A-<«< ? ? 417. ah (h, hi) ... (/// Persian inscriptions) 'umunu small worm ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. ^1 Phonetic Value (Acca- diaii word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 418. akh, ikh, ukh, A-ITT uplu, kalmatu , pursu' u , worm, vermin, flea, small (ukhu) umunu worm » rukhuku distant ^H lammubi » napu worm 419. bir ... A^^ sapikhu a destroyer 420. khar A£= semiru, esiru diamond, bracelet mur, ur, cin, » cirbu, khasu, zumru centre, liver ^ body ^B kham A 20a. \xx\i?,(=thegod A£=^ tirtu, tirtu-sa-khase ... body {form), ? H| Bclin Cassite) 421. khus (khus) 4<^ khussu beaten out {small gazelle) H rus » russu young gazelle, blue cloth 422. sukh, sukbar A<'^A cimmatu family {household) 423- zun A]] mahdutu many 424- ? A belatu lady 425- ? At- rabu, dannu great, strong 426. zicara <^4u?J samu the sky 427. dis (tis), gi ... T ana, sarru, estinu . . . to, king, one ana {Ass. i) valtie) 428. lal r malu, madhu, sapacu, to fill, to fall (?), to pour out, sakalu, ubburu-sa- to weigh {pay), crossing of amati,khizu, sapalu, the sea, ?, under {bclotc), etsilu, ^aradu - sa - idle (?), ?, chain, I ike, facing cipratu, sanaku. {in the time of), to restrain, cima, tartsu, callu. sick ensu nas, lu » sakalu, tsabatu, tsim- to weigh, to seize, yoke, yoke, du, niru, aniru yoke 429. lal, u Tf sukalulu to equal {reach) 38 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- uian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 430. usar ^T^U settu bank 431- ucu \T^\ labnu brick 432. nanga TrD nagu {of Ace. origin) a district 433- lalu TrT? libbatu brickivork 434- me T- kulu, kalu, tamtsu, assembly, to assemble, mass, zicaru, takhatsu, man, battle, ?, 100, skj, sign dutu, meh, samu of the plural isip, sib (sip) » ramcu kerd 435. mes (mis) ... y»^, ffw mahdutu, libbu many, heart, sign of the plural 436. kas, ili n sinu, sanu two, repetition {ditto) min... » 437. 'a {forms par- y][ {also written ^^'{y) me, abu, 'ablu water, father, son ticiples in Ace) pur » nahru river dur w labacu ? it » naku pure {sacrifice) ga, e » rakipu ? 437^'. eba T? -TT? melu flood 437'^- ^"^^ TfE^T milcu king (or crocodile) 437^- ir Tf T« TIT TTI TI W TYY YY YYY YYY m Assyrian rendering. Meaning. ibbu ... nunu, ranu, simru nabu, khalaku Cu'a... samtu ? ner ... ? salsatu ribu ... kanu irbu, ribu, nitu episu, sacanu, saracu, giru, na^akhu-sa- tirti, rakhatsu, zaltu, nuru, khamdhu, gamalu, masakhu, garru, semu, nitu, acalu, cumuru, su- cunnu, eristu ?, mala, nasu khamsa nahdu sissu ^ibu tisu white fish, ?, ?, to proclaim^ to divide {destroy) AferodacICs oracle blue ? measure or space of six hundred 80 three a fathom a cane {measure) four, a quarter, ? to make {do), to dwell, to furnish, hostile, removal of body, to inundate, battle, light, speedy, to benefit, removal, food, obedient, ?, food, ?, foi'tress, bride (?) 'a measure (a quart), as many as, to lift up five glorious seven nine 40 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 452- nin \4 allatu wife 453- ? TT«< sumelu the left hand 454. esseb m« sarru king 455. duk,tuc(tug) Ifc tucu, isu, akhazu, si- to have, to have, to possess, to du mu, zarakhu, tsa- place, to rise, to rise (of maru stars) 456. ur Et khamamu, etsidu, na- heat {celestial sphere), to * raru, aruru, khazu hew (?), to burn, burnt, ? 457. sussana u sussanu one-third 45'ja. gigim IM^y ecimmu demon 458. sanibi tr sinibu two-thirds {forty) 459. utuk TrTt^-ty uduccu spirit 460. kigusili, parap l£l parapu five-sixths 461. mascim r[Tt samu heaven 477- ? l^I ? ? 478. ? !^I iddu {see No. 439) ... bitumen 479- ? B narcabtu chariot 480. ? TT^y pagru corpse 48 1, nigin (See No. 463) napkharu, pakharu, sakharu, nagarruru, tsai'idu, tsadu-sa- collection^ to collect, to sur- round, tumultuous as- sembly, hunter, hunter of lave, pasaru, epusu, racasu the neighbourhood, to ex- plain, to make, to bind ilammi 5> 481^. cilidagal ... m > izkliu ? uras » sa-issik-icribi, baru, who hears prayers, ?, a herd, ramcu, urasu, acmu, ?, log, name ligittu, nibittu 484. lu ... dib (dip) ... 5> tsini, cirru ... dibbu, lavu, etiku. flocks, sheep tablet, tablet, to cross, to seize, tsabatu, titsbatu, seizure, hold tamkhu udu, du » immiru, dassu lamb, gazelle u, sib (sip) ... guccal 3> guccallu cavu, bahu, garru ... ? to burn (?), chaos, food ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY riionelic Value (Acca- dian word). 1485. ki, km (cin) 486. sak, sik sik, ukh ^ mut (?) 487. ? 488. sis ... busus (Ass. value) 489. ? 490. dar (dara) . . . 491. munsub 492. gur 493- erin 494. lig{Iik) tas (das) lis ur {Ass. value) 495- dl^u al 496, sal, rak kal (gal), mu- rub mak, muk ... 496^;. murub 496^, murub Cuneiform Character, IeIII lEiMf mm IEIIE<::^T IeIIe- ME-Tm Ifcl TTTET t-<7T Assyrian rendering. turtu, sipru, paru, sitehu, senikhu, amaru saradu supatu, sipatu pasasu damamu tur-sipri dahmu khir-tu caru . . . erinu calbu, pultu, baltu, uru nisu (?), nacaru cibu, alacu ... pasu, apasu, sundu, rucdu ncstu, uru uru ... uru ... pu, usukhu Meaning. dovei^), writing {explanation), ?, ?, ?, messenger paint cloth, stuff plank to extend (?) to perish librarian {scribe) ? ? ? cedar (?) dog, ?, ?, lion man, enemy lion mass {body, weight), to go ■>?■?? a tvoman, a city a city a building a city mouth, ? 44 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. Phonetic Value (Acca- diaii word). 497- gar 498. nin, ni, mak... 499. dam (dav) ... 500- gu 501- ? 502. tsu, tsum, rak, ri,khal(khil) 503. nik (nig) ... 504- i 505. el(il) {See No. 211) 506. lum, khum ... 507. mun, mur, ucu 508. ? 509. su, mastenu Cuneiform Character. 1 Assyrian rendering. Meaninc essa... 5» su ... >> dhiv, sumasdin 510. sik (sik, sig) 1 ■• r 1 u k 510(7. ? ... 1! ■^^ 1-ip I nan * * beltu, rubatu assatu, allatu, [mutu] ka, ilu-sa-napkhari, matu, panu sikhapcu, ellu, bibu teliltu unnubu lablnu, libittu, malgu, Sivannu ussusu baru, eribu, nikhappu, lemu, sakhpu, asaru, ^ikhu, caramu, adaru, khisu, cissatu sepu... mastenu essutu siktu, matsu, matu, ensu, nadkhu, sakhpu ? lady\ princess 7voinan, loife, [/lusband] ?, god of the too rid, land, face ? ? ? ? ?, Jiigh (?), ? hymn brick, brickwork, brick, the month Sivan foundation ?, to set, ?, ?, overthrow, a place (?), plague, a vine- yard (?), darkness (?), ?, multitude a foot mischief change {time) ?, to find (?), country, sick, fragment, overthro7U "a sixtieth" (Oppert) ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. 45 Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word). Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering. Meaning. 511. pis III> citstu jungle 512. ? It^t] pulukhtu fear (worship) 513. gibil im kilutu a buniijig cibir 1 >) sarapu, makiddu to burn, a burning 514- en Y Y >-> — X siptu lip {paragraph, incantation) 515. isi, sulsa, su- I^^^-l ?, khul sukhub 1 >> suppatu 516. sutul, sudun jc|yyg| niru yoke 517. ? l£lt isatu fire 518. khul miT khidutu sin ucus }} cissu, padu ... multitude, ? ; bibra >> bibru, nigu joy (?), authority 519. dhul .^. I^T ? ? 520, ijik R?H? ? ? 521. sikka I^IeJ=p atudu he-goat 522. ? 11^ ? ? N.B. — A Star {*) signifies that one or more characters have been lost by a fi-acture of the tablet. J^hi, a value of No. 180, has been accidentally omitted. 46 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — SYLLABARY. The following is a list of the characters which express the open or simple syllables of the Assyrian alphabet. The beginner is advised to commit it to memory before advancing further in the study of the language. The letters of the Hebrew alphabet are added in order to explain the transliteration adopted for Assyrian sounds. ^ K, (^y ^y ^'<^ fy S 3, /• J :y ab, J^ ib, ^[iz ub. '-\ ba, ^ bi, "^>- bu, >-< be. *ifz pa, Jry^ pi, -^,- or J-|^y tu, -i^y te. en n, /'. -<^^^y ah, hi, h, ]^^ uh. a *!, z/, J'. J^yyy?: hu, u, ^ u, ^y>-J^ va, u. See also 9 I ^- \ }} ^a, -yy^ zi, -;^yy zu. j^ D, ^- ) ^< vv az, j:y iz, ■^^y^yy su. ^ ^, ^^- ?f tsa, -^yy tsi, l>-^ tsu. n, kh. A-"^ akh, -<^- >- ikh and ukli, ^yf^y ukh ; u< kha. <^khi, -yi khu. \ i. ^^ i 'i. h, I ^Ii. JEII ^r gj hi. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR . — SYLLABARY. 47 )--^y na, J^ ni, *^ nu, Jl^J:! ne. ;;, <•. srf}. i:?, J. ^r ^ as, j::^>-1 ('//«) denotes a god or goddess. >-t:]] or >-'^\ {ahi) „ "X"*" {inatii) „ fy Q {nahru) „ j:yyyy or j^y (Mfu) „ ^1^ {rukhu) „ j^y (''^•>"?o » a man. a woman. a city or town. a country. a river. a house. wind, or point of the compass. a mound, a stone. a metal, tree or wood. yy^ (Juinii) denotes grass, reeds, «S:c. >^T^ ^iniirii) „ >-^] or^^(arkhti) „ (Jiibustu) ., animal. a bird. an insect. an official or class of persons. a ruler. a limb or body. a month. clothing. a star. AFFIXES : — TT A- denotes the pluraL „ the dual. an ordinal number. AFFIXES:— ^Ef (J''^^^^^^) denotes a place. >-yi (iistsuru) „ a bird. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — NOUNS. 49 ■ THE NOUNS. H Nouns substantive and adjective do not differ in form in Assyrian. ^ The adjective always follows its substantive, and has neither comparative nor tuperlative. Nouns are of two genders, masculine and feminine, and abstract nouns take he feminine form. Many words are both masculine and feminine, and may take ihe terminations of both genders. ^ There are two numbers, singular and plural ; and a dual is found in the case f those nouns which denote doubles, like " the eyes." Adjectives as well as ^ubstantives admit the dual form. H There are three cases, the nominative, ending in -u; the genitive, ending in -i; Hind the accusative, ending in -a ; but great laxity prevails in the use of these forms. The case-terminations have a final m (or v), termed the mimmation. This was usually dropped in the later Assyrian inscriptions, though the Babylonian ^iialect preserved it to the last. H When one substantive governs another, the governing noun loses the case- endings (and mimmation), and the governed noun which immediately follows commonly assumes the termination of the genitive. Thus bil is '* lord," but bil 7turz, " lord of light." ^The feminine singular changes the u of the nominative masculine into -utu^ tu, and -liu (or eitt). The last two forms [cilu and ttic) might elide the vowel, unless the root is a " surd " one, like sar, when the final letter is doubled, producing sarrattt, " queen." In the plural the feminine ending became -ahc and -Uu or -eiu. The oldest form of the plural masculine was in -ante, which was originally used for both genders. We also find traces of a reduplicated plural, Vik&'mdmi, "waters," and of a plural in -mm, like dilunu, "buckets." Another form of the plural masculine was in -uhc (carefully to be distinguished from the feminine singular in -utti). This is the form of the masculine plural adopted by all adjectives. The most common termination of the masculine plural was in -e or -i. These plurals are in many cases indistinguishable from the genitive case of the singular. The ending of the dual was a. There is a curious plural in -tmi, which combines the feminine and masculine terminations. It expresses a collection of anything, e.g., e-Mr-td-an, " a ford." 50 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — NOUNS PARADIGMS OF NOUNS. The Characters i '0 be transliterated by the Student. The Characters to be added by the Student. Masculines : — Sing. Nom. ... -^i m ^M (na - ci - ru) rt'/^ enemy mu-sa-ru {Nos. 23, 116, 22). an inscription „ Gen. ... ^T r— TT »-f^ YY TT ??< -ET YT Y TT"n fortress khar-su khar-si khar-sa khar-sa-nu \or khar- sa-a-nu] khar-sa-ni khar-sa-na' kha-ra-as khar-sa-an a forest mnntnes : — Sing. Norn. ... ^ -El -II! a lady 'i-la-tu ... „ Gen. ... ^ -Ef -^y< 'i-la-ti ... „ Ace. ... - -ET !£Tn '1-la-ta ... Plural Nom. ... [or .El ^iiy] 'i-laa tu [or 'i-la-tu] „ Gen. ... - -EI I? --I< 'i-la-a-ti [or i-la-a-te] „ Ace. ... ---ElIfE^III 'i-la-a-ta ... goddess 52 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — NOUNS. The Characters to he transliterated by the Student. The Characters to he added by the Student. Feminines : — Construct. Sing. Construct. PI. -- -ET T? ^£T a lady '1-lat ... 'i-la-a-at goddess Sing. Noni. . . . ^-Iiy ... 'il-tu „ Gen. ... >--< >~(y< 'il-ti „ Ace. ... --!£TTT 'il-ta Plural as before as before Sing. Nom. . . . - -£© >-m 'i-li-tu „ Gen. ... — '-£I<|-^T< 'i-U-ti „ Ace. . . . -- -E0 j£TTT 'i-li-ta Plural Nom. ... - >-t^ tT? .||y 'i-li-e-tu ['iletu] „ Gen. . . . 'or ^'W 'i-li-e-ti \or 'i-li-e-te] „ Ace. . . . - -E© A\ sETTT 'i-li-e-ta Construct. Sing. --<:= 'i-lit Construct. PI.... --"d 'i-lit 1 AnotJur Plural - -Ei-< to the ordinal ; thus ] -<^>-x Is first." Stx/!y was the mathematical unit : the single wedge (|) accordingly stands for the soss, or six^y, as well as for 07ie. In fractions it Is the understood Ienominator; thus, fff <« (3.30) is 3 fg, i.e. 3! TABLE OF CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. Masculine, Feminine. I {or >■ T -) a-kha-du, e-du es-tin, es-ta-a-nu i-khi-it ikh-tu Firsf = makh-ru,ris-ta-a-nu 2 = TT sa-ni-e, sa-nu-'u, si- sa-ne-tu Second = san-nu {/em. sa-nu- nu-'u tu) 3 = m sal-sa-tu sal-su Third = sal-sa-ai {fan. sa-li- is-tu) 4 = w ir-bit-tu, ri-ba-a-tu . . . ar-ba-'i, ir-ba'i Fourth = ri-bu 5 = w kha-mis-tu, kha-mil-tu kham-sa, kha-an-si . . . Fifth = kha-an-su 6 = YYY TYY si-sa-tu sis-sa, sis-si Sixth = [? sis-su] 7 = ¥ si-bit-tu, ^i-bi-tu si-ba Sa'enth=z s'i-bu-'u, s'a-bi-tu 8 = [sam-na-tu] sam-na Eighth = [? s'u-ma-nu] 9. = tYY VVY YYY [ti-sit-tu] [ti-is-'a] Ninth = [ti-su-'u] 10 = < 'e-sir-tu, 'es-e-rit, 'es-rit 'es-ru Tenth = ['es-ru] 11 = -JJ (EST-e^) = estin, \ ^^| (ikh-2V) = ikhit. Fractional numbers are as follows : — ^ J^lyy ^ stc-un-nu (ideographically written >^) = " one-half," \ ^T^ V Tt ^ su-us-sa-a-nu = " one-third," ^y>- >^ "!^>- si-m-du = " two-thirds," if= ^^]] ^*- pa-ra-pii = " five-sixths," ^TT ■!i<^^ ru-bu = " one-fourth," >-^y| t^] ht-du — " one-sixth," ^ff ^f >^ su-ma-nu = " one-eighth," and \ 5f^T I su-us-s?i = " a sixtieth." The adverbial numerals were formed by the termination ymiu, as ^ ^^ f^yf yf ^ sa-ni-e-a-nu, or ^ 5^ ^^y y yj ^ sa-ni-ya-a-nu " a second time" ("twice"), sal-si- a-nu or sal-si-ya-a-nu "a third time." ^ ?^ *^|^T sa-ni-tu (" repetition ") was used for " once," and in the later inscriptions it took the place of the adverbial numerals, e.g., sa-ni-ti sal-sa " the third time." Sal-sa is expressed in the Behistun inscription by the compound ideograph ^^. Among the indefinite numerals may be reckoned *^^U ISI ^^-^^^> -::Id[ *~t] ca-la, J^yyf cal, -<^ V^ cul-lat "all," J^^^ ^- gab-bu "all," <^yy ^ gim-ru " the whole," ^y J^^y ^^y ma-du-tu " much," and ^J:]tJ ^TTTT ^I^T ca-bit-tu " much." ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PRONOUNS. THE PRONOUNS. 57 The Personal Pronouns : — I. Si'/i^. T?-^T©-T© anacu... ... = / 5> < ^ET? T? -I< yati ' • = / -£T? - JT J sa = he, it, him Fern. ... < XT- ^E 1 . , ' : „ Fern. ... yY fc:> — ' = they, them XT- ^I -T< 58 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PRONOUNS. Ya-ti [yd-H-ina) and cahi, {ca-td) are more substantival in their use than the other forms of the first two personal pronouns, and are generally met with as the first words of a sentence. . Besides ya-ti we also find ^Jiyy (!\-- ya-si and The Possessive Pronouns are suffixed to the Nouns and Verbs. The followinof is a list of them : — POSSESSIVE PRONOUN AFFIXES OF THE NOUN. I. Sitig. Com. Gend. ^^I|' j| Plural ,, 2. Sing. Masc. „ Fern. Plural, Masc. „ Fern. 3. Sing. Masc. „ Fern. Plural, Masc. ., Fem. ya, a = viy ; also \, as y^ to be read 'ab-i, my father ni \ ( = our nu \ ca, also -c ... = thy cl = thy cunu, also cun = 'your [cina] = your su, also -s ... = his, its sa 1 1 her, its si , sunu, also sun = their sina, also sin... = their Ya and a were used as the pronoun suffix of the first person if .the noun terminated in a vowel, t if it terminated in a consonant. When the noun ends in d, dk, t, s, s, z, or ts, the third person suffix becomes su, sa, &.C., as khi-ri-it-'su "its ditch," bit-'su "his house." The last letter of the noun is very frequently assimilated to the s of the suffix, as khi-ri-is-su, bis-sii ; and then the reduplication may be dropped, so that we get khi-ri-su, bi-'sti. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PRONOUNS. 59 In the later period of the language, the possessive pronouns are attached to the substantive at-tu "being" or "essence," and the compound is then used as an emphatic repetition of the pronoun ; thus ^i^ ^^Tt ^^T '^l^f Jy zir-ya at-tu-a = " my own race " (Hterally " my race (which is) mine "), ^^y ^l^y fy If V^'- ^^"^ Tt ctt-tu-7c-d, a-bii-ti-a " to me (was) my father." p When the accent fell on the last vowel of the noun to which the possessive pronoun was suffixed, the initial consonant of the second and third pronoun suffixes were often doubled, as ^H^ "^>- ^ yy< Y T cir-bic-ussti " its interior," for cirbtl-su. . I v Sing. -anni, -inni, -nni, -ni 2. „ Masc. -acca, -icca, -cca, -ca, -c 2, „ Fern. -acci. -icci, -cci, -ci 3- „ Masc, -assu, -issu, -su, -s POSSESSIVE PRONOUN SUFFIXES OF THE VERB. ... Plural -annini, -annu, -nini, -nu „ -accunu, -accun, -cunu, -cun ,., -accina, -accin, -cina, -cin „ -assunuti, -assunu, -assun, -sunutu (v), -sunuti (v), -sunuta (v), -sunu, -sun 3. „ Fern, -assi, -assa, -ssa, -ssi, -sa, -si ... „ -assinati, -assina, -assin, -sinatu {v),sinati(v), •sinata (v), -sina, -sin A final n might be assimilated to the initial s of the 3rd person suffix ; thus t:^5f^ ^TT *^^T fe ^T "7^ '^I^ in-da-na-as-sti-nu-ti " he gave them," for i?ida- nan-sunuti. Besides -cunu, we also find JgJ >^ >--- >— ^Y >~--^Y su'atina, satina, "sinatina saati, saata Masc. ... "^ Yf T sa'asu, c?r sasu = this, that... W T »5^ sasunu, sasun Fm. ... '^ ff ^ sa'asa or sasa, sa'asi ... ... T^ Y! ^^^ y^^ sa'asina (?r sasina or sasi Three demonstratives are used to determinate distance, J^^>^ ammu or ^y ma ("hie") "this by me;" '-'^1*5^ annu ("iste") "that by you;" and i^i^ JgJ 'ullu (" iHe ") " that by him." Of aimmt we find only the sing, fem. ^I^ ^y yf 'i^y ammate, and md (^ yj) or ma the contracted form of the sing. masc. amma, and the pi. masc. ammilta, which is used as a suffix. Thus we have sar Assur-ma, " king of this same Assyria ; " anni-ma or an-ma, "myself" (literally, "this person here"); >- J^ ^y ^y»- yj >--> tt . an-ni-i, an-ni, a-an-ni 5> 11 . an-na-a, an-na ... J> Fem. .. . an-na-tu, a-a-na-ti >> 11 . [an-ni-tu] It Masc. . . ul-lu >J 11 . ul-li, ul-li-e J> 11 . ul-la 9) Fem. .. . ul-la-tu ... Plural, Masc. . . . an-nu-tu, an-nu-tav, an-ni-e ,. an-nu-ti 11 11 „ Fem. ... an-na-a-ti, an-na- tav, an-ni-ti „ „ ... an-ne-tav, an-ni-tav, an-ni-ti ,, Masc... ul-lu-tu „ Fem. ... [ul-la-a-tu] ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. PRONOUNS. 6i rem ullu was formed in later times the adj. ^^i: J^ ff fl ulhiai " on the further side." In the Persian period we find a new demonstrative ^aga, or haga, or hagat : Com. gen. ... ^J ^111"^ ff 'a-ga-a ring. Masc. ... jf i^]]]^ '^•ga, 'a-ga-a, a-ga-h „ Fm. ... yj jrfyy^ ^yyy 'a-ga-ta This pronoun was further compounded with a7t7m and the personal pronouns, so as to strengthen the determinative idea ; thus : ^111"^ *^*" I "5^ 'agannu, 'aganna ^yiT''^ I ^III^ 'aga-su'u, /le namely ^TIT"'^ *"*"! *^ *"^M 'aga^^utu, aganutu ^yyy-«^ >->-y p^y- >">^^y 'agannltu, 'aganet ^TIT''^ I ^^ 'aga-sunu, they namely Instead of 'aga-sil, su-aga also occurs, and aga is frequently used like a mere article. Singular, Mase. ... y' }) " - T! Plural, ji/«^^. ... y' j> Fern. ... T >) T 62 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PRONOUNS. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The Relative Pronoun is ^ sa, of all numbers and genders, which was originally a demonstrative. It may be understood, as in English, " the man I saw" for " the man whom I saw." It is often used to express the periphrastic genitive, when instead of the construct state, the full form of the first noun with the case-ending is given followed by sa, which then means exactly our " of." Thus ii, '^TT V V" V" sarrn sa inatdti " king of the world." Some- times the first noun was omitted, as ina sa Garganis " according to (the maneh) of Carchemish." The Interrogative Pronoun is << ^ ma7i-mi, ^f *:(- ma-nu, or « fnan, " who ? " " what," " which." Sometimes it is contracted into ina-a. Mi-e or mi also signified **who," and may be suffixed to mannu, forming « »^ y*- mannu-me, " who." The Indefinite Pronouns are the indeclinable ^f '^fl'^ ^f ma-nam-ma, ma na-ma, man-ma, ma-am-man, ma-am-ma, or ^na-num-ma, " anybody," and (^ -<^4f ^y mi-im-ma, " anything." The negative '-^y la or ^^]^ ul, joined in the same sentence with these pronouns, gave them a negative meaning, " nobody," " nothing." This negative meaning might be retained even when the accompanying negative was dropped, V^^personne, &c., in French, yf yj ?^^yyy ^y ai-um-ma or ya-tim-ma, with the negative understood, and \^^ nin also, signified "nobody." ^y '---^y mala — ^'diS many as." "Some, others," was expressed by yf *^ '4<^y a-fiu-te — d-mt-te, and yj yy< ^y^y a-kha-di — a-kha-di. A-kka-ri-tu = " other," sa-iium-ma =" another," cstin ana estin = " one to another." The Reflexive Pronoun is ^^yy ^y "^^ ra-ma-nu, ra-via-ni, ra-7na-na " self," to which the possessive pronouns were suffixed, as ra-ma-ni-ya "myself," ra-ma-nu-ca or ra-ma-7iu-nc-ca " thyself," ra-ma-ni-su-tm " themselves." ^^i^X^ gadu also was used for "individual," and "myself" might be expressed by ^^y ^ ^y an-ni-ma or '-^y ^y an-ma (literally " this (man) here "). ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 6^ THE VERB. c5f three consonants or semi-consonants. If the root consist of three consonants the verb is called complete ; if one or more of the three radical letters are semi-consonants which easily pass into vowels [Ji or K becoming a ; v ox '^ becoming n ; j/ or "i becoming i; and ^ or J/ losing its guttural sound), the verb is called defective. There are four principal Conjugations : — (i) Kal, the simplest form, with an active (more rarely a neuter) signi- fication, as >^<\^ ^ >^y| icttim " he concealed." (2) Niphal, the passive of Kal, formed by prefixing n, which may be assimilated to the following vowel, as >^<\^ *"^tJ ^> ^T[ iccattim " he was concealed " (for mcatuni). (3) Pael, with an intensive (and hence, sometimes a causative) significa- tion, formed by doubling the second radical letter of the root, and conjugating the persons with an inserted ti, as f:y|y^ ^y ^»wT_] yucattwn (=ii-u-cattu7n) " he did conceal." (4) Shaphel, with a causative signification, formed by prefixing s(a) to the root, and conjugating the persons with inserted u, as j=yyy5: *^yy>f= ^ ^mi] yiisactum " he caused to conceal." Instead of Shaphel, concave verbs \_see below] have Aphel, s having been changed into h and lost, as J=yyys= -<^ IdJ yudhib " he caused to be good." Each of the four principal conjugations has two secondary forms made by inserting t and tan after the first consonant ; thus : — {\ci) Iphteal from Kal, as *-y£TTT ^ ^Wi| ic-ta-tum. (id) Iphtaneal from Kal, as '^y^TTT *"^I *^& *"^^tl ^ >-wTl it-tan- -accatum (for in-tan-accatum). {la) Iphtaal from Pael, as 5^^ >£TTT ^^T K^Sj yuc-ta-ttum. (3(5) Iphtanaal from Pael, as ? ^V-^Y ^fff >^\ Ji^f ^>^TJ yuc-tan-attum. (4^) Istaphal from Shaphel, as ^^j J^J^ ^ ^m\ \ yus-ta-dum or yul-ta-dum. (4^) Istanaphal from Shaphel, as ^f^T >^TTT *^\ *"S i^^^u yus-tan-adtmt or yul-tan-adtmt. From the Aphel of concave verbs is formed an Itaphal, as ^^^^ ^^fff ^^TIT These secondary conjugations have a reflexive force. Niphal and Shaphel (and also probably Aphel) admit also of Paelised conjugations, (2c) Niphael, as ^^^ ^f ^,>wT_] iccathcm, and (4^) Shaphael, as 5f^T j^T K ^?^T| yuscattum. From Niphal, Pael, and Shaphel, other intensive conjugations could be formed by repeating the last radical : thus (2nd) Niphalel, as '^y->-y ^^y^ t:|yyj= ^I*^^T ""TT^T Istcir yiisapri "the goddess I star disclosed ") and on the other hand, in the 2nd pers. plural (especially in the imperative) we frequently find the feminine instead of the masculine form. There are many contracted forms in the Assyrian verb, produced chiefly by dropping a short -i or -a ; thus ]J*^y ^-^ ^^J: tastalmi for tastalami, ^ >4-^ KI>?^ taptikdi for taptikidi, ittalcu for ittalliciL, tasalnm for tasallimu, ttsziz or uhiz for usaziB. D, ts, z, or s assimilate the inserted t of the secondary conjugations, as J=y yy >-^ its-tsa-bat for ^ >;^yyy '^ its-ta-bat, ^ Jy "^IIt '^^-z<^-cct^ for iz-ta-car. S may change the t into s becoming s itself, as J^y ,^ J^^ i's-'sa-can and i-sa-can for >^^^ >^ITI ^^ is-ta-can. The enclitic conjunction 27c? ("and) " is attached very closely to the termination of the verb. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 67 PARADIGMS. The Strong or Complete Verb, KAL. The second vowel of the aorist may be either a, i, or tc, as iscun " he placed," ipdhh' " he freed," itsbat " he took," but n is most common. P The third vowel of the present may similarly be either a, i, or u^ as inaccar " he estranges," isaccin "he places," idammttm " it passes away," but ^ is, by far, the most common vowel. The first person singular of the aorist sometimes has e in Babylonian instead of a, as Hi t*"lfcll csnik for asnik, and verbs ^"c (see m/ra) in Assyrian might adopt the same vowel. ft PERMANSIVE [or Perfect]. — Singtdar. PRESENT.- -Singular. I. 2, Masc. -M^^ >) sac-na-cu or sac-na-ac sac-na at 5> M a-sac-cin "Ij>lace^^ ta-sac-sin 2. 3- 3- Fern. Masc. Fern. 5> 5> [? sac-na-ti] sa-ciu (y ^^) sac-nat 5> » )) J' ta-sac-ci-ni i-sac-cin ta-sac-cin Phiral. Plural. I. 2. Masc. 5> ? ? ni-sac-cin ta-sac-ci-nu 2. Fern. J> ? )J M ta-sac-ci-na 3- Masc. >) sac-nu )> J> i-sac-ci-nu 3- Fern. >> sac-na Dual J> M i-sac-ci-na Dual. 3- -\\^ ^TT? sac-na-a [sacna] >J » [i-sac-ci-na-a] 6* 68 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. I. 2. Masc. 2. Fetn. 3. Masc. 3. Fern. AORIST. Singular. ^ ^y^^vflPf as-cun ^y,^^yyJ !) ta- ats-bat )) M ta-ats ba-ti 5> ?; its-bat )> :'7 ta-ats-bat Plural. ^ Jl<|y >^T4^>->-y|y ni-is-cun ; J^ J^ ^ f:y ni-ir-khi-its ; Jspf- J=y >~< ni-its-bat 2. ^'tfai-^:. 2. i^^w. 3. Masc. 3. ir;«. tas-cu-nu ; tas-cu-na ; is-cu-nu ; is-cu-na ; tar-klii-tsu ; tar-khi-tsa ; ir-khi-tsu ; ir-khi-tsa ; ta-ats-ba-tu ta-ats-ba-ta its-ba-tu its-ba-ta ^n© In \ [iscunal; J Dual. ^ -«^ f? !t ir-khi-tsa-a; J^y ^^y j^yyj yf its-ba-ta-a The student will form the future and pluperfect by attaching the vowel -u to those singular forms of the present and aorist which end in a consonant, and -uni (also -unu, -unuv, and -2iniv) to those plural forms of the same tenses which end in a consonant. Sing. 2. Masc. ^ ^^f-*^*^*"!!! „ 2, Fm. „ „ Flu. 2. Masc. „ „ „ 2. Fern. „ „ IMPERATIVE. su-cun ; *"Ty^T -^^ ^T ri-khi-its ; }} *~< su-ci-ni or „ „ ri-khi-tsi or „ su-uc-ni ; . ri-ikli-tsi ; „ su-ci-nu or „ „ ri-khi-tsu or „ su-uc-nu ; ri-ikh-tsu ; su-ci-na or „ ,, ri-khi-tsa or „ su-uc-na ; ri-ikh-tsa ; tsa-bat tsa-ba-ti or tsa-ab-ti tsa-ba-tu or tsa-ab-tu tsa-ba-ta or tsa-ab-ta ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 69 PRECATIVE. Singular. 2. Masc. „ „ lu-tas-cunj „ „ lu-tar-khi-its ; „ ,, 2,. M. &> F. „ „ li-is-cun ; „ „ li-ir-khi-its j „ „ < lu-uts-bat lu-ta-ats-bat li-its-bat Plural. 3- Masc. -^11 J^IT !Ef ^ li-is-cu-nu ; 3. Fern. „ „ li-is-cu-na ; 3- Masc. ^^r's^ff J^y «-^y ^y U-its-ba-tu 3- Fern. „ „ li-its-ba-ta :yy ^ J^ t"-^ li-ir-khi-tsur „ „ li-ir-khi-tsa j The augment of motion and the mimmatlon may be attached to all the above forms. When the augment of motion is attached to the 2nd person masc. plur. of the imperative u-\-a passes through va into a ; thus ^y t^^ >-^y yf su-uc-na (or ^y S=^V^ >-^y sti-Jic-na-a) instead of su-iic-mi-a. INFINITIVE. ^ >-^T>-y W~ sa-ca-nu to dwell. ^^yy 1*^ t'^ep ra-kha-tsu to inundate. |y *"^y *"^^y tsa-ba-tu to seize. PARTICIPLE. T ]sf *^ sa-ci-nu dwelling. ^*~\] -*^ t""^ ra-khi-tsu inundating. ft >~< *g^| tsa-bi-tu seizmg. 70 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. IPHTEAL. PERMANSiVE (Perfect). PRESENT. Singular. Sill^ mlar. I. ^JOI ^y >-^y ' ^ sit-cu-na-cu . . . St^i ^»->- as-tac-can gsi^m ^^ as-ta-can ^m -m\ ^E al-ta-can 2. Masc. 5J j> [sit-cu-na-at] ... 55 55 tas-tac-can, 6^ j> ? 55 55 tas-tac-ca-ni 3- Masc. J> ;> sit-cun 55 55 . is-tac-can 3- Fern. J> 55 sit-cu-nat 55 55 tas-tac-can Plural. Plural I. >» 55 ? « J:J^ -S nis-tac-can 2. Masc. }> 55 ? 55 55 tas-tac-ca-nu 2. Fern. » 55 ? 5- 55 tas-tac-ca-na 3- Masc. JJ 55 sit-cu-nu 55 55 is-tac-ca-nu 3- Fern. J> 55 sit-cu-na . , '. 55 55 is-tac-ca-na Dual. Dual. 3. » 55 [sit-cu-na-a] . . . [is-tac-ca-na-a] AORIST. Singular. 1. ^ *"^nT "*^^ as-ta-cin, al-ta-cin ; 2. Masc. ., ,, tas-ta-cin, ^^c; 3. Fern. „ „ tas-ta-ci-ni ; 3. Masc. ,, „ is-ta-cin; 3. Fern. „ „ tas-ta-cin ; ^] ^T ^nr ap-te-kid "/overlooked" ta-ap-te-kid ta-ap-te-ki-di ip-te-kid ta-ap-te-kid Plural. I. 2, Masc. 2. Fern. 3. Afasc. 3. 7v/«. « ^yyy as nis-ta-cin; „ „ tas-ta-ci-nu ; „ „ tas-ta-ci-na ; ,, „ is-ta-ci-nu; ,, „ is-ta-ci-na : >ff IdJ "^I ^TTT ni-ipte-kid „ „ ta-ap-te-ki-du M „ tap-te-ki-da „ „ ip-te-ki-du „ „ ip-te-ki-da Dual. [is-ta-ci-na-a] [ip-te-ki-da-a] ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. VERBS. 71 2. Alasc. 2. Fein. Singular, 5> >) l?WVEKL— continued. IMPERATIVE. sit-cin sit-ci-ni Plural. sit-ci-nu sit-ci-na m ^ 5£TTT ^S PRECATIVE. Singular. lu-us-ta-can ; li-is-ta-can ; m -i- ^4 ^m Plural. 5. M. ^^yy ji^yy ^yyy ^^tl "t^ n-is-ta-ca-nu; lu-up-te-kdi li-ip-te-kid eIT tU ^! MI ^ li-iP-te-W-du 3-^- li-is-ta-ca-na ; li-ip-te-ki-da INFINITIVE. >lf- sit-cu-nu ; Ml IT ^^ pit-ku-du PARTICIPLE. '^>-Yyy< >^^yyY >-^V-y *^ mus-ta-ca-nu, mul-ta-ca-nu ►-^ ^^Jr -^y J^JJ ^y mu-up-te-ki-du i 72 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. NIPHAL. PERMANSivE (Perfect). PRESENT. Singular. Singular. 1. [na-as-cu-na-cu] ^Vi^fc as-sa-can 2. Masc. [na-as-cu-na-at] JJ JJ tas-sa-can 2. Fern. ? j; JJ tas-sa-ca-iii 3- Masc. ^rEE>-A-m na-as-cun JJ JJ is-sa-ca-aii 3- Fern. Plural. [na-as-cu-nat] JJ >5 Plural. tas-sa-can 1. ' >> J) ^ £> [is-sa-ca-na-a] IMPERATIVE. « Singular. 2. Masc. -^T g= 4lEE na-as-cin 2. Fem. JJ JJ Plural. na-as-ci-ni 2, Masc. JJ JJ na-as-ci-nu 2. Fem. JJ JJ na-as-ci-na PRECATIVE, Singular. 5f^y V -^S lu-us-sa-ciu „ „ li-is-sa-cin Plural. I. 2. Masc. 2. Fem. 3. Masc, 3. /J";/}, 3. Masc. 3. Av//. AORIST. Singular. rf= ^ -<^^ as-sa-cin, as-sa-cun „ ,, tas-sa-cin, tas-sa-cun „ „ tas-sa-ci-ni, tas-sa-cu-ni „ ., is-sa-cin, is-sa-cun „ ., tas-sacin, tas-sa-cun lis-sa-ci-nu, lis-sac-nu lis-sa-ci-na, lis-sac-na ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 73 I. 2. Masc. 2. Fern. 3. Masc. 3. Fern. AORIST — Continued. Plural. T^VAS^ Dual. na-as-sa-cin, na-as-sa-cun tas-sa-ci-nu, tas-sa-cu-nu tas-sa-ci-na, tas-sa-cu-na is-sa-ci-nu, is-sa-cu-nu is-sa-ci-na, is-sa-cu-na [is-sa-ci-na-a] INFINITIVE. >-V"T d^ >-^T>-| YI JjA na-as-ca-a-nu [nascanu] PARTICIPLE. >-^ "^ ^^^ ^ ^iS *^ mu-se-es-sa-ci-nu [musessaciiiu] 74 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VEKUS. ISTAPHAL. PERMANSIVE {or Perfect). PRESENT. Singular. Singular. I. [na-as-te-cu-na-cu ?], &c. I. fETs^ms-^ at-ta-as-can, &c IMPERATIVE. PRECATIVE. Singular. Singular. 2. Masc. ni-tas-cin (?), &c 3- i) 53 li-it-tas-cin, &c AORIST. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Singular. na-at-sa-ca-nu mut-tas-ca-nu ^ 4^^ at-ta-as-cin at-ta-as-cun, &c. PAEL, PERMANSIVE {or ' Perfect). PRESENT Singular Singular. I. -^w -► ■H ^-^ ■^ — 1 f T^y sac-ca-na-cu I. tyift tyy^ tt >;- u-sac-can 2. Masc. jj jj [sac-ca-na-at] 2. Masc. II ii tu-sac-can . 2. Fern. » )> ? '> Fcm. )> jj tu-sac-ca-ni, 3- Masc: -Tr:?t ^^ sac-can 3- Masc. )) J5 tu-sac-ni yu-sac-can 3- Fcm. J3 Plural sac-ca-nat 3- Fcm. Plural. tu-sac-can I. 2, Masc. ? ? I. 2. Masc. ^ nu-sac-can tu-sac-ca-nu 2. Fcm. ? 2. Fern. » j> tu-sac-ca-na 3- Masc. sac-ca-nu 3- Masc. ;; ;> yu-sac-ca-nu 3- Fern [sac-ca-na] 3- Fcm. ?j ;> yu-sac-ca-na Z>//^/. Dual 3. [sac-ca-na-a] 3- }) » [yu-sac-ca-na-a] I ASSYRIAN GRAiMiMAR. — VERBS. P A E L — con tin iicd. 75 IMPERATIVE. Singular. PRECATIVE. Singular. 2. Masc. 'UA^ suc-cln (su-cin) I. m "^TT* f ^ lu-sac-can 2. Fan. \ Plural suc-ci-ni 3- Plural. lu-sac-can, lu-sac-cin 2. Masc. wn^ suc-ci-nu 3- Masc.-^^^>-X^>^ lu-sac-ca-nu 2. Fan. J) suc-ci-na 3- Fan. „ „ lu-sac-ca-na I ■ AORIST. p Singular. Plural. ■• m^ -^TT* A^ u-sac-cin I. -^ '^TTi= AE= nu-sac-cin u-sac-cun 2. Masc. )5 ?5 tu-sac-ci-nu u-sic-cin 2. Feni. ?) )> tu-sac-ci-na 2. Masc. >> >> tu-sac-cin 3. Masc. >> » yu-sac-ci-nu tu-sac-cun 3. Fern. » » yu-sac-ci-na tu-sic-sin 2. Av;/. )j )) tu-sac-si-ni, &c. Z>«rtr/. . 3. ^I/(ZJf. 5> 5> yu-sac-cin 3- J> 5> [yu-sac-ci-na-a] 3. i^^;//. INFINITIVE. tu-sac-cin PARTICIPLE, ■^IT!Jf= >-^,^ >^ sac-ca-nu \but the infin. *^ ^IT>T~ ^Isf 'T^ mu-sac-ci-nu passive is more co?njnoji\ Injin. pass. suc-cu-nu From its intensive signification Pael comes sometimes to be used in a causative sense. When Kal is intransitive, Pael is transitive. N.B. — The present and aorist of Pael are distinguished from the present of Kal by the vowel u in the first syllable. The reduplication is often neglected in writing. It is sometimes replaced In the case of labials and dentals by 7u5 {inp) and nd [ndk, nt). 76 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. IPHTAEL. PERMANSiVE. Not found. Singular. I. ^ us-tac-can 2. Masc. J5 5> tu-us-tac-can 2. Fan. 5> >> tu-us-tac-ca-ni 3- Masc. 5J J) )ais-tac-can 3- Fern. 5> >J tu-us-tac-can »5^^^52^Jr^ PRESENT. Plural. nu-us-tac-can „ „ tu-us-tac-ca-nu „ ,, tu-us-tac-ca-na 5f^y J:j^ '"^Idf *5^ yus-tac-ca-nu .., ,, yus-tac-ca-na Dual. „ „ [yus-tac-ca-na-a] 2. il/a^r. 2. i^';;/, 3. J/b:^^. 3. Fern. m ^^ AS AORIST, Singular. us-tac-cin ; tu-us-tac-cin ; tu-us-tac-cm ; yus-tac-cin ; tu-us-tac-cin ; ^i^ ^! t!TT up-te-kid tu-up-te-kid tu-up-te-ki-di yup-te-kid tu-up-te-kid Flural. I- '5^5f^yr^^^ nu-us-tac-cin; 2. Afasc. „ ., tu-us-tac-ci-nu ; 2. Fcm. ., ., tu-us-tac-ci-na ; 3. Masc. J^f ^»^ '^'I^f V" yus-tac-ci-nu ; 3. Fcm. „ „ yus-tac-ci-na ; *^ iz^iz -^^y J^yyy nu-up-te-kid ,, ,, tu-up-te-ki-du ,, ,, tu-up-te-ki-da ^i^ "^y lEII ^y yup-te-ki-du 5, „ yup-te-ki-da Dual. [yus-tac-ci-na-a] ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. VERBS. IVWYKEL— continued . IMPERATIVE. Not found. 3- i& Singular. INFINITIVE. [sa-tac-ca-nu] PRECATIVE. lu-us-tac-can 3. Masc. I 3. Fern. 77 Plural. ^^ ^^^ ^^^itl ^ lu-us-tac-ca-nu lu-us-tac-ca-na PARTICIPLE. K-]]] t^ ^]Bl *3^ mus-tac-ci-nu ?8 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. SHAPHEL. PERMANSiVE. Not fouud. PRESENT. Singular. T. tyyyt v fr f^S u-sa-as-can 2. ^.... .^y V fc s^^ tu-sa-as-can 2. i^m. tu-sa-as-ca-ni 3- J/d!^^. „ „ yu-sa-as-can 3- Fern. Plural tu-sa-as-can 1. >^Vf^^^ nu-sa-as-can 2. Masc. „ „ tu-sa-as-ca-nu 2. Fern. tu-sa-as-ca-na 3. M. 5:|yTj: y ^ *^C^U V" yu-sa-as-ca-nu 3. ivw. „ „ yu-sa-as-ca-na Dual. 3. [yu-sa-as-ca-na-a] AORIST. Singular. 1. >^yiT^ ^ ^ "^^^ u-sa-as-cin, u-se-es-cin 2. yJ/^i-r. „ „ tu-sa-as-cin,&c. 2. i^t'w. „ „ tu-sa-as-ci-ni 3. J/a^^. „ ' „ yu-sa-as-cin 3. Fern. „ „ tu-sa-as-cin Flural. 2. Masc. „ „ 2. Fern. „ „ 3. Masc. „ „ 3. Feni. nu-sa-as-cin tu-sa-as-ci-nu tu-sa-as-ci-na yu-sa-as-ci-nu yu-sa-as-ci-na Dual. [yu-sa-as-ci-na-a] IMPERATIVE. Singular. 2. Afasc. ^y 5f^y -<^^ 2. irw. ,, „ 2. J/(1!^r. 2. Fern. Flural. PRECATIVE. Singular. su-us-cin I. lu-sa-as-cin su-us-ci-ni 3. lu-sa-as-can Flural. su-us-ci-nu Z. M. JgJ Y ^ ^]^ *7^ lu-sa-as-ci-nu su-us-ci-na 3. F.m. „ „ lu-sa-as-ci-na INF NITIVE. Xff ^ *"^^tl V" sa-as-ca-nu [I'uf the Infin. passivt is more conunofi]. ^y ^YT^y ]^ *^ su-us-cu-nu PARTICIPLE. *^ W ^ <^ *4- mu-sa-as-ci-nu ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, — VERBS. 79 ISTAPHAL. PERMANSIVE. Notfotwd. PRESENT. Singular. us-tas-can or ul-tas-can, &c. AORIST. Singular. I . us-tas-cin or ul-tas-cin (^^ ItJ J=^> (ul]'*^"^^^' &c. IMPERATIVE. Singular. 2. Mase. ^y >--^yy -<^^ su-tl-is-dn, &c. PRECATIVE. Singular. 3- ISI ^I m ^£ lu-us-tas-can, &c. INFINITIVE PASSIVE. ^ ^\ {{{ I§f V" su-te-es-cu-nu. PARTICIPLE. ^^yyy Iiy ^I^ *^ mus-tas-cl-nu ; J=^f*^*^y m ^]^ *5^ mul-tas-ci-nu. So ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. THE WEAK OR DEFECTIVE VERBS. If one of the radicals of a verb is n, d, k, 7L {v), i {y) or > ... ^T ^T -TF yut-tam-mar Shaphcl ?> >> [sam-mar] 55 55 yu-sam-mar Istaphal J> >J [sat-ne-mar] 55 55 yus-tam-mar Shaphael ?> }} [sa-nam-mar] 55 55 yus-nam-mar Istaphael >J JJ ... 55 55 yus-te-nam-mar PASSIVE. PASSIVE. Pad ■■ <;rr^s^ num-mur 55 55 yu-num-mar Ipldaal )) 55 55 55 yut-tum-mar Shaphd 1 jy "?^ Am su-nu-mur } " m ^1 A'^ su-na-mur 55 55 yu-sa-nu-mar Istaphal ■■ JI^T"5^4iSe su-te-nu-mur 55 55 yus-tum-mar Shaphael su-num-mur su-nani-mur 55 55 yus-num-mar ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. h AORIST. IMPERATIVE. Kal ... 4^--4e= im-mur " he saw " <4iE= u-mur or a-mur b ... ^T} yus-te-nam-mir — ^ PASSIVE. PASSIVE. Pad - !=yyT!== <:r:T mti yu-num-mir — Iphtaal » yut-tum-mur — Shaphd >) (yu-sa-nu-mur tyus-nu-mur — Istaphal >> yus-tum-mur — Shaphael 5> yus-num-mur — PARTICIPLE. Kal Iphteal Nlphal Ittaphal Pad Iphtaal Shaphel Istaphal Shaphael Istaphael na-mi-ru, nam-ru mut-ta-mi-ru mu-un-nam-mi-ru, mun-nam-ru mut-ta-ma-ru mu-nam-mi-ru mut-tam-mi-ru mu-sam-mi-m mus-tam-mi-ru mus-nam-mi-ru mus-te-nam-mi-ru 82 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. Verbs «"D. KAL. .PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. Sing. I. [asabacu] n si^Hi a-sab "/x/V" ]U- a-sib, ^"* ^'>- c-sib a-cul, „ e-cul „ 2. Masc. ... [asabat] )j ta-sab ta-sib „ 2. J*em. ... — 5> ta-sa-bi ta-si-bi „ 3. Masc. ... [a-sab] >) ya-sab, i-sab ya-sib, i-sib ^^ ]>- „ 3. Fern. ... — J> ta-sab ta-sib F/ur. ... — -^! 5^HI na-sab ^'T|. na-sib ,, 2. Masc. ... — ta-sa-bu ta-si-bu „ 2. /^^;//. ... — ta-sa-ba ta-si-ba „ 3. J/dt.f^. ... a-sa-bu ya-sa-bu, i-sa -bu ya-si-bu, i-si-bu „ 3. J^em. ... [a-sa-ba] ya-sa-ba, i-sa- ba ya-si-ba, i-si-ba Dua/, 3. ... [asaba] [ya-sa-ba] ya-si-ba] IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Sing. I. „ 2. Masc. „ 2. J^em. „ 3. Masc. „ 3- ^'^^"^ Pltir. I. „ 2. Masc. „ 2. Fern. „ 3. Masc. „ 3 7^^///. ■^lil JT »=!« =Tf a-si-bu ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS, ^3 PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. bhteal Niphal Ittaphal Pad Iphtaal Shaphel ii Istaphal ^taphal Pad Pass. . . . Istaphal Pass. PERMANSIVE. vT JT -i' te-sub [na-sub] [assab] [sasab] [satesab] US-sub su-te-sub PRESENT. ^ s^TTT ^IdJ i-t'-^-^^b i-na-sab it-te-sab yu-as-ab, yus-sab yu-tas-sab yu-sa-sab, yu-se-sab yus-te-sab yul-te-sab yu-te-sab yu-us-sab [yus-tu-sab] AORIST. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Iphteal ... i -^ > :^m V i-ta-sib [it-sib] '4«S mv^- mu-ta-sa-bu Niphal ... >> )) i-na-sib na-sib J> >j mu-na-si-bu Ittaphal ... J) ;> it-te-sib — 5> » mut-te-si-bu Pad ... >> 5? yu-as-sib, yus-sib [us-sib] >> >> mus-si-bu Iphtaal ... J) >? yu-tas-sib [i-ta-sab] V j> mut-tas-sa-bu Shaphd ... j> >5 yu-sa-sib, yu-se-sib su-sib J> >) mu-se-si-bu Istaphal ... >j J> yus-te-sib, yul-te-sib su-te-sib 5> j> mus-te-si-bu Itaphal ... >> >' yu-te-sib [u-te-sib] J> » mu-te-si-bu Pad Pass. >> )) yu-us-sub — — Istaphal Pass. 5> >> [yus-tu-sub] — — 7* 84 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. Verbs il"D KAL. 2. Masc. 2. Fern. 3. Masc. 3. Fern. I. 2. Masc. 2. Fern. 3. 7]/a^-^' ha-lic 2. i^^w. ... „ (h)al-ci 3. Masc. ... „ lil-lic li-lic INFINITIVE. *"^y i^ ^^-^^ IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. 2. Masc. 2. i'^OT. 3. Masc. 3. i^W. Plural. lil-li-cu li-H-cu lil-li-cu, li-li-ca PARTICIPLE. T? ^]: }) it-ta-lic Niphal . [nal-luc] i-na-al-lac J> J> i-na-al-lic Utaphal . it-tal-lac '> JJ it-tal-lic •> al-lac yu-'al-lac yul-lac yu-'al-lic yul-lic Tphtaal . yu-tal-lac J> J> yu-tal-lic Viaphel . [sal-lac] yu-sal-lac ;? )> yu- sal-lie Xstaphel . yus-tal-lac >) j> yus-tal-lic IMPERATIVE. Iphteal Niphal Ittaphal Pad Tphtaal Shaphal Istaphal [it-lie] na-al-lic (h)ul-lic [i-taHic] sul-lic [su-tal-lic] PARTICIPLE. >^ t:y>- >-^y J^ mu-tal-la-cu mu-na-al-li-cu mut-tal-li-cu mu-'al-li-cu mu-tal-li-cu mu-sal-li-cu mus-tal-li-cu 86 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. VERBS. Verbs Vs. KAL. PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Singular. Singular. Singular. Singular. 1. [u-la-da-cu] "^^ u-lad m<^ <^ u-lid, ''Ibegar M<:i '"-M 2, Masc. ... ... !> „ tu-lad 55 „ tu-lid 55 55 lid 2. J^em. J> ,, tu-la-di 55 „ tu-li-di 55 55 li-di 3. Masi:. [u-lid] J^IH- V^ yu-lad m- ^^~ yu-lid „ „ lu-lid 3. J^em. !) „ tu-lad 55 „ tu-lid Plural. Plural. Plural Plural. I. 5> „ nu-lad 55 „ nu-lid 2. J/iz^^. J) „ tu-la-du 55 ., tu-li-du li-du 2. /^;//. )> „ tu-la-da 55 ,, tu-li-da „ li-da 3. Masc. 55 „ yu-la-du 55 „ yu-li-du „ „ lu-li-du 3. iv///. 55 „ yu-la-da 55 „ yu-li-da „ „ lu-li-da Dual Dual. Dual. 3- 55 „ [yu-la-da-a] 55 [yulida] INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. If ^^1 ^y a-la-du ^^y ^y la-du PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. PERMANSIVE, PRESENT. AORIST Iphteal . [telud] !=£ -^T v^ i-tu-lad t£ -liT <:i i-tu-lid Niphal . [nulud] [i-ne-lad] [i-ne-lid] Ittaphal . i-tu-lad • it-tu-lid Pael . [ullad] fyu-'ul-lad 1 lyul-lad J r yu-'ul-lid t yul-lid Iphtaal . .. yu-tul-lad yu-tul-lid Shaphel . [sulad] yu-se-lad yu-se-lid htaphal . [sutelad] yus-te-lad yus-telid ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 87 IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Iphteal -^ !£|TT *£& ^ mu-ta-li-du Niphal ... nu-lid " » mu-ne-li-du Ittaphal » mut-te-li-du Pad ... ul-lid •>■> JJ mul-li-du, mu-li-du Tphtaal -TIA^IHTT-EI^ mut-te-el-la-du Shaphel ... su-lid )j j> mu-sa-li-du, raus-te-li-du Istaphal .,. [su-te-lid] t^ni yf s^a ^ mus-te-li-du » 88 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. Verbs "^"D. KAL. PERMANSIVE. Singular. 1. [inikacu] 2. Masc. 2. Fem. 3. Masc. 3. Fem. Flural. I. 2. Masc. 2. Fem, 3. Masc. [iniku] 3. Fem. PRESENT. Singular. T >-U^ i-na-ak „ ti-na-ak „ ti-na-ki „ i-nak „ ti-nak Flural. ni-nak ti-na-ku ti-na-ka i-na-ku i-na-ka AORIST. Singular. ''Isuckled'' „ ti-ni-ik „ ti-ni-ki • „ i-nik „ ti-nik Flural. „ ni-nik „ ti-ni-ku „ ti-ni-ka „ i-ni-ku „ i-ni-ka PARTICIPLE. IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Singular. :I) i-ni-nik Ittaphal . . . it-ti-nak J) it-ti-nik Fael ... [ennak] i-en-nak in-nak >5 J5 i-en-nik in-nik Iphtaal ... yut-te-en-nak ■>■> 5a.it-te-en-nik Shaphel ... [senak] yu-se-nak ',■> yu-se-nik Istaphal ... [satenak] yus-te-nak J> yus-te-nik Istataphal. . . [satetinak] HRF- I "^i ^y -m yus-te-te-nak )> yus-te-te-nik ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 89 ^^^Hf IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE, ^m Iphteal . [it-nik] j^ .--<'< 5ff- i-!J \ mu-ti-ni-ku B Niphal . ni-nik „ „ mu-ni-ni-ku H Ittaphal . [ni-ti-nik] . . . „ „ mu-te-ni-ku H ' Pael . un-nik „ „ mu-en-ni-ku ^B Iphtaal . it-tin-nik . . . „ „ mut-te-en-ni-ku H Shaphel su-nik „ „ mu-se-ni-ku ^H Istaphal . . su-te-nik . . . „ „ mus-te-ni-ku ^B Istataphal . . . [su-te-te-nik] „ „ [mus-te-te-ni-ku] N.B. — All these verbs are greatly confounded with one another, and had also a tendency to adopt forms borrowed from verbs V"^-> consequently the same verb (e.g. asabu) might have some forms which presupposed a verb t^' D, others which presupposed a verb Vs {usabtc), others which presupposed a verb )"D {nasabu), &c. Thus the precative luszb, lusibu given above comes not from asabu (verb t^''Q), but from usabu (verb V'D). 90 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 2. Masc. 2. Fern. 3. Masc. 3. Fern. I. 2. Masc. 2. Fern. 3. Masc. 3. Fern. Verbs j^'^s:— KAL. PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. Singular. Singular. I. [epsacu] ^l}ih^ e-pa-as, ep-pas "/make" 2. J/aj-^. . [epsat] ^Isf=S=. te-pa-as, &c. 2. Fe?n. — 5> J) te-pa-si 3. J/a^ e-pa-as 3. Fetn. Plural. J> >> • te-pa-as Plural. I. — J^^T*^ ne-pa-as 2. J/dr^^. — 5> !> te-pa-su 2. Fem. — !> )> te-pa-sa 3. J/izx^. [e-pi-su] ;j >> e-pa-su 3. i^^/;/. Dual W e-pi-sa ." ?> e-pa-sa Dual. 3. [episa] >> 5> [epasa] »-YY t:YY/ U }) AORIST. Singular. e-pus te-pus te-pu-si e-pus te-pus Plural. ne-pus te-pu-su te-pu-sa e-pu-su e-pu-sa Dual. [epusa ryjf >-< e-mid '' I stood'' „ te-mid ,, te-mi-di „ e-mid „ te-mid ,, ne-mid „ te-mi-du „ te-mi-da „ e-mi-du „ e-mi-da ,, emida] :yj[ J:y>- J e-pi-su yj ■^.- J a-pu-su '' to make'"' IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Singular. -£& £??< li-pus ■>■) n e-pus 11 >> e-pu-si 11 )> li-pus Plural. e-pu-su e-pu-sa li-pu-su li-pu-sa INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. 91 1 PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. Iphtcal ... bs^ ^tK '^t-pus -Tf != * g^ e-tap-pas J::lf^y^n<^-te-P^^ ^Sfiphal .. „ ,, [nebus] IdlJ^^ ip-pas, i-pas „ „ ip-pis, i-pis ^TitaJ^hal.. „ „ [netepus] ^I ^^T i-- Se it-te-pas „ „ it-te-pis mPael „ [eppas] ^t- ^-- ^ yup-pas „ „ yup-pis Ifhtaal .. 11 )j ^W ^4 tU J^ S yu-te-ip-pas „ „ yu-te-ip-pis Shaphcl . . „ [sepas] A\Y ^ s?= ^ yu-se-pas „ „ yu-se-pis Istaphal. . „ „ [satepas] ^^\^^ yus-te-pas J, „ yus-te-pis I [. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Iphtcal .. ^T ^h t^rr et-pis -^ ^T ^h I mu-te-pi-su Niphal .. )) >) ni-ip-pis •^^s^M mu-ne-pi-su Ittaphal . . JJ )3 ni-te-pis >^^T^I mu-te-pa-su Fad .. ^- ^T- ^TT up-pis -^ tt= ^T- 1 mup-pi-su Iphtaal . !) ); — -TIA^yidli^I'- mut-te-ip-pi-su Shaphcl .. )> 5) su-pis ^ su-ut-tc-pis t-m ^T tT- 1 nms-te-pi-su The Babylonian dialect had J=^ ^|y< i-dus or J=yy f:^ ^|y< e-i-bus, i-bas or e-i-bas, i-bit-su or e-i-bu-su, and i-ba-su or e-i-ba-su, instead of the 3rd pers. sing, and pi. forms given above. [A Babylonian b often represented an Assyrian/.] The Babylonian dialect also said S^ffy^ ^^ £1 ^.yu-ub-bas^ &c., instead of the contracted yubbas, &c. 92 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. VERBS. CONCAVE VERBS. KAL. PERMANSIVE. Singular. 1. >-^T>-T ^Y T^Y ca-ma-cu ^^ I rise" *^J^tI Tt *^! I^ ca'-a-na-cu, "I establish'' 2. Masc. „ „ [camat, ca'anat] 2. J^em. — — 3. Masc. >^^J^ ^^^ ca-am 3. i^;;/. „ „ [camat] [ca-i-nat] Plural. 2. J/a^^. — 2. i^^///. — 3. Mase. >-t^]^ >^ 3. /^///. >> j> ca-mu, ca-i-nu ca-ma, ca-i-na Dual. PRESENT. Singular. a-tar ^^1 ►>v. at-tar " / bring back " „ „ ta-tar, &c. ta-ta-n i-tar }} ta-tar Plural. na-tar ta-ta-ru ta-ta-ra i-ta-ru i-ta-ra Dual. i-ta-ra-a 2. Masc. 2. Feni. 3. Masc. 3. Fetn. AORIST. Singular. yf ?=5 a-tur, at-tur jj <*<« a-cis " / * cut off" „ ta-tur, &c. ,, ta-cis „ ta-tu-ri „ ta-ci-si „ i-tur „ i-cis „ ta-tur „ ta-cis ^Ti^S Plural na-tur >-^ T<: <« na-cis ta-tu-ru M ta-ci-su ta-tu-ra J) ta-ci-s'a i-tu-ru !J i-ci-su i-ta-ra J> i-ci-s'a Dual. - i-tu-ra-a )J i-ci-^a-a ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. ^VERBS. KAL. — continued. 93 IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Singula}'. I@D[ ^\ ^5 lu-ut-tur, lu-tur-ru ^^ cin ][]^ duk '2. 7^ >> [na-ac-nu-un] 55 ic-ca-naan Ittaphalel.. >> n [na-ac-te-nun] it-tac-na-an Pad • » — yuc-ta-an Paid • M^T??"7^ cu-un-nu, 3/"^//. yuc-na-an Iphtald . 5> 55 — ic-te-na-an Shaphd .. 55 55 [sa-ca-in] yu-sa-ca-an Istaphal . 55 55 [sa-te-ca-an] yus-ta-ca-an Aphd . 55 55 — ,^ yu-ca-(y)an Itaphal . 55 55 — yuc-ca-an Shaphael . !5 55 [saccen] yu-sac-ca-an Istaphael . 55 55 — yus-tac-ca-an Shaphd Pi ISS. „ ,, [su-cu-un] -ni'^ b] *->-y yu-su-ca-an 94 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. AORIST. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. jg^ ic-ti-in it-bu' - [ci-tu-un] 1 [te-bu] J Iphteal >^ frj? V ^< ^ • mu-uc-ti-nu Niphald r ic-ca-nin 1 iz-za-nun } na-ac-nin M 5J mu-uc-ca-ni-nu Ittaphald ... it-tac-nin ni-tac-nin >) » mut-tac-na-nu Pad r yu-uc-cin \ yuc-cin } [uc-cin] J> >> niu-uc-ci-nu Iphteal yuc-ti-in — ." " mu-tac-ci-nu Paid yuc-ni-in uc-ni-in )J 5> mu-uc-ti-nu Iphtald ic-te-nin — >J )> — Shaphd yu-sa-cin su-cu-un 11 11 mu-sa-ci-nu Istaphd yus-ta-cin su-ut-cu-un 11 11 mu-sac-ci-nu Aphd yu-cin cin, cu-un 11 11 mu-ci-nu Itaphal yuc-cin — 11 11 mu-uc-ci-nu Shaphad yu-sac-cin su-uc-cu-un 11 11 mu-sac-ci-nu Isiaphad [yus-tac-cin] — 11 11 mus-tac-ci-nu Shaphd Pass. m^ i\ A^ yu-su-cin — 11 11 — It will be noticed that Palel and Iphtalel regularly appear in these Concave Verbs, and that Niphalel and Ittaphalel take the place of Niphal and Ittaphal. The permansive of Pael changes ayya into z, and has a passive or neuter signification. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 95 Verbs Vi"h, n"^, ^"h, ^"h, rh. KAL. H PER.MANSivE (of Perfect). PRESENT. AORIST. ^B Singulai: Singular. Singular. B >--^y Ur J^Y na-sa-cu "7 Ty 5=""^ n a-gab-bi' ''I speak'' -B^ ag-bi' j:::yv- ab-nu' "7 buiir ■ Masc. >^\ ^ S=^y na-sa-at . . . „ ta-gab-bi'... >5 tag-bi' tab-nu H Fein. — — „ ta-gab-bi' >5 tag-bi' tab-nu ■ Masc. >-^y ^y na-su „ i-gab-bi' ... )> ig-bi' ib-nu' K Av;/. >-^y -^-^ na-sat „ ta-gab-bi' )) tag-bi' tab-nu' H 7y?/ra/, Phiral Plural. H „ na-gab-bi' )) nag-bi' nab-nu 1 2. Masc. — — „ ,, ta-gab-bu )) tag-bu tab-nu 2. A'W, — _ _ „ ta-gab-ba ;> tag-ba „ tab-na 3. Masc. >-^y ^y ^ na-su-u ... ., i-gab-bu ... )) ig-bu ib-nu 3. Fern. >-^y "^ yj na-sa-a ... „ i-gab-ba ... >j ig-ba ib-na Z?//a/, F>7/a/. Dual. 3. ^\ V If na-sa-a ... „ i-gab-ba-a jj ig-ba-a ib-na-a m IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. INFINITIVE. I I. M Singular. lu-ug-bi' M^tc "V^ lu-ub-nu' ^y ^ ba-nu '' to <-^Yv ;z; build'' 2. Masc. J? 5> ba-ni, ba-an j> >) khi-dhi' ^TTK Tf '^'^ ga-a-bu '' /^ 2. Fern. J) >J ba-ni-i khi-dhi-i j^m/& " 3. Masc. >> J> li-ig-bi' j> ) li-ib-nu' >-^y yf " na-a-su "/.? ^ Plural. lift" 2. Masc. j> ?» ba-nu-u PARTICIPLE, 2. 7^ lib-na-a ^]V[^ -^^^ ga-bu 96 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. VERBS. Verbs ^"^ properly have e in the last syllable, as Jz- iz^"^ is-me-e " he heard," but i frequently takes its place. In the plural we may have Jz^TY \>- / is-me-u as well as Ji^yy >^ is-mu. PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. PEBMANSIVE. PRESENT. Iphteal [kitbu'] ^T n ik-te-ba' Pad ... [kabba'] yu-kab-ba' Iphtaal — yuk-tab-ba' Niphal ... -^i!?ri^- nak-bu' ik-ka-ba' Ittaphal [nak-te-bu'] it-tak-ba' Niphael [nakabbu'] it-kab-ba' Shaphel [sakba'] yu-sak-ba' Istaphal [satkeba'] yus-te-ik-ba' Shaphael [sakabba'] yus-kab-ba' Istaphael [satkabba'] yus-kab-ba' Shaphel Pass. .. ^^ j^t^ ^- ku-ub-bu' yu-ku-ub-ba' AORIST. IMPE RATIVE. Iphteal .. ►H^^y ^ ik-te-bi' i^mt^ kit-bi' Pael ... , yu-kab-bi' V V ku-ub-bi' Iphtaal , yuk-tab-bi' ki-tib-bi' Niphal ik-ka-bi' >> 5> nak-bi' Ittaphal , it-tak-bi' ni-tak-bi' Niphael ik-kab-bi' [na-kab-bi'] Shaphel , yu-sak-bi' suk-bu' Istaphal , yus-te-ik-bi' su-te-ik-bi' Shaphael , yus-kab-bi' [su-ku-ub-bu'] Istaphael , yus-kab-bi' [su-te-ku-ub-bi'] Shaphel Pass , yu-ku-ub-bi' — PARTICIPLE. Iphteal... ^^ vfv- < muk-te-bu-u Niphael. . . ^►f= I M mu-kab-bu-u Shaphel. . . 'J j> mu-sak-bu-u Iphtaal >j J> muk-tab-bu-u Istaphal j» J5 mus-te-ik-bu-u Niphal... j> >> muk-ka-bu-u Shaphael >> 5) mus-kab-bu-u Ittaphal j> >> mut-tak-bu-u Istaphael >> >> mus-te-kab-bu-u ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. 97 By combining the forms given in these Paradigms the student will be able to obtain the forms of doubly defective Verbs like fy t*"^ c^tsti " to go forth," ^y >^ lavu " to cling to," gf *^ bavu " to come." JCal {-Palet) Iphtalel Sqphalcl Istaphald Niphalel Ittaphalel Niphalla PARADIGM OF QUADRILITERAL VERBS. The Characters to he added by the Student. VNSIVE. PRESENT. T^ ^IIT pal-cit r i-pal-cat " he crosses " "1 \ is-khu-par " he overthroivs " J [pitlucut] ^tt ^ill yup-tal-cat [saplacat] yus-pal-cat [saptelcat] yus-ta-pal-cat [naplacut] - ip-pal-cat [naptelcut] it-ta-pal-cat — ip-pal-ca-ta-at AORIST. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Kal {=PateI) (i-pal-cit, i-pa-la-cit | tip-la-cit, is-khu-pir j pal-cit mu-pal-ci-tu Iphtalel yup-tal-cit pi-tal-cat mu-up-tal-ci-tu Saphalel yus-pal-cit su-pal-cut mu-pal-ci-tu Istaphalel ... yus-ta-pal-cit sit-pal-cut mus-ta-pal-ci-tu Niphalel ... fip-pal-cit "I lip-par-sud " he pur- > sued''] ni-pal-cat mu-up-pal-ci-tu Ittaphalel ... it-ta-pal-cit [na-te-pal-cat] mut-ta-pal-ci-tu Niphalla ... idj-i==^ tin ^T ip-pal-cit-it mu-up-pal-cit-tu I 98 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. VERBS TO BE CONJUGATED BY THE STUDENT. I. ^ttl V ^T ca-sa-du to obtain 21. to extend --^!--T© • na-ba-lu to fall, des- troy to speak falsely to take to write to send 22. ^\ <^>. ^\\Y to proclaim 3. ^ Etn t-s 5. y Kyj '^J^ pa-ra-tsu tsa-ba-tu sa-dha-ru sa-pa-ru 23- 24. 26. ^MJ^y -^y --y ^ to cut off to slay to oversee to make bricks >-Y VY >-*^Y ma'-a-tu to die 27. ^yyn to thresh 8. V >^t] W] sa-la-dhu to rule 28. ^y V -yi to vicasttrc 9- -'^y ??< m ba-kha-ru to choose 29. H H ^yyy^ to pour 10. -^|-::H^jm na-ca-ru to be strange Verbs to be conjugated and the Characters added by the Student. f^ri^j /^ l>e transliterate Stm d and conjti^ lent. mted by the 30. ca-ra-bu to be near -• ^T H iin to protect 31. ka-a-su to snare -. ►^i-^idiai to complete 32. e-bi-lu to be lord .3. -tld ^T I 14. 4s -ty »^ to collect to finish 34. ha-pa-cu ma-la-cu to smite to rule '5- V I- T? to hear 35- ca-na-su to submit 16. KTi !=m^ m to trust 36. ma-kha-ru tobepresent, to receive .7. ?K-E"^^ to destroy 37. sa-ra-cu to deliver .8. !.'■? ^ ^jn to cross over 38. na-du-u to place .9. w &IT ^jn to curse 39- za-ca-ru to remember .0. Y T} © to ask 40. a-ba-lu to bring ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — VERBS. Verbs io be cofijugated and the Characters added by the Student, 99 ii' e-ri-bu ... to descend 59. e-zi-bu ... to forsake f. e-lu-u . . . to ascend 60. pa-ta-khu to cut open 43- e-ci-mu . . . to strip, to take 61. ga-ru-u . . . to 7var .44- sa-la-lu ... to spoil 62. sa-ca-ru... to drink ^- khar-pa-su to be violent (>z- ra-tsa-pu to build 1 ca-vu-u . . . to burn 64. >P to build sa-tu-u ... to drink 65- ^ to go 48. sa-la-pu... to pull out 66. ^ to hate 49. ka-lu-u ... to burn 67. -< to fill to die 53- 54. e-ni-khu pa-ra-ru to decay to crush 70. 71. to assemble to burn 55. kha-ba-tu to devastate 72. --TT to learn 56. par-sa-du to fly 73- -a to make 57. ta-ra-tsu to arrange 74. ■».< •< to conquer £ na-pa-ra-cu to break 75- A to be good lOO ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PREPOSITIONS. LIST OF ASSYRIAN PREPOSITIONS. '■ T? to 18. AHff im ... from, with .. y^A a-khi, a- kha-at at the side of 19. t^ ^l >- ina, in . . . in, by, with 3- y? 4* a-khar ... behind 20. j^^-^l in-na, in- nannu in, from 4- Tf -^y. T a-na, an to, for 21. P^y^y< it-ti, it... luith, during 5- ^ il-la-mu... before ?>Z- ^ f^ tic behind 102 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— PREPOSITIONS. THE COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. I, Tf ^i ^1 ^y< a-na it-ti to be with 2. n -^T -£T a-na la not to be 3- Tf ^T A-ff a-na im to 4- Tf -^! f If s^m a-na e-li over 5- Tf-^T:m--T< a-na er-ti to the presence of 6. <^T* -IeT -TT > — 1 A»-AA i-na su-ki in front of 14. >- ^ m i-na ni-rib near to 15- ^t ^T -t] i-na la for want of 16. ^t ^\ - A] «£© i-na e-li above 18. "- Sm ^T< i-na er-ti after 19. i-na tir-tsi, i-na tar-tsi ^■"'-{'>^:rv 20. ^■— T ^ i-na an-ni at this time 21. 3. Vr ]} ai ... not (with the m Imperat. or '5. tKI -Ef 7 al-la sa after that m Precat.) . 1 4. -0 -^id ac-ca how ? "^- W <\^ V a-di-sa, a-di e-li in so far as, while Is.4i4f im ... if sa ~ 6. ^ Jl as-su when, mean- while, now '7- - et -<|< eT i-na ma- 171 any case ci-ma as, thus ti-ma 10. ^>z] la ... not .0. . ul ... not (with verbs) .1. '^^y y^ Vf lib-bu sa just as ••■■ m lu ... whether, or, m truly (verbal "• V Ey ►^y< Ey sa ma-ti- of what place ? ■ prefix of past ma P time) I 104 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. ADVERBS. THE ADVERBS. The most common mode of forming the adverb in Assyrian was by attaching the termination -is to the construct-state of a noun (whether sing, or pi.) ; as rab-is " greatly," el-is " above," sallat-is " for a spoil," caccab-is '' like a star," sadan-is " like mountains." The accusative case of the noun, with or without the mimmation, might also be used adverbially, as palca " amply," riibam "greatly." The genitive also, with or without the mimmation. Is sometimes found : as batstsi "■ in ruin," labirim " of old." The most common adverbs of place and time are the following : — r. \\ t^ ^\ a-gan-na ... here II. ^1&T?=^ ci-ha-am ... thus '■ T? ast .... -ET la 15- A} t-ET -^T e-nin-na ... again 4. m m al-lu, al-la, al-la sa then, after- wards 16. ^Tl ^ ET e-nu-va . . . when, at that time 5- -t] ^\ um-ma . . . ul - la - na, ultu ulla thus, that from that time, from of old 20. 21. V ftv- ^V, •0. -^Id -ET ET zi-is ca-Ia-ma ... as of old of all kinds 22. -"'TET^MT surna um-ma as-su because ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — DERIVATION OF NOUNS. I05 DERIVATION OF NOUNS. A large proportion of Assyrian nouns are derived from different forms of the verb. Thus from Kal we have the infinitives ^jiyy ^{ jj J--^ ra-kha-a-tsu ■^"to inundate," ^ -^yy ni-ci-i-iu "to cut off," and jy )^ j^yyysr ^^JJJ ^ su-mti-u-rti "to keep;" the participle passive ^yy v^][<| j:^ »^yj da-li-i-khu ||P" troubled," and the active participle ^y V^ t£l^r~< sap-sa-ku " an opening," sum-ai-hc " a slaughter." From Niphal, J:J:][ JJ< ^tt nab-kha-ru " collected," nab-ni-tu " offspring," iimn-kha-rii " a receipt." ^L From the weak verbs come words like ^j:^ ^yy mi-rtc " offspring " for ma-iru, sa-ku "summit" from nasti, and from verbs V'Q, ///-/?^ (for lid-tu), li-du, li-i-tu, li-da-a-tu, and lit-tn-tu, all meaning " offspring." Also forms which repeat the second radical, as li-lic-ai " a going," lil-li-du " a birth," dadnm " man," the Heb. adain D"TW. When a monosyllable is repeated the last consonant of the first syllable is generally assimilated to the first consonant of the second syllable, as 5f- ^y ^y >kak-ka-du (for kad-kadti) " a head," ca-ac-ca-bii (for cab-cabu) " a star." The prefix J/ denotes the instrument, action, or place, as {^ ^f j^fT ffidu-za-zu a " bulwark." The prefix T (another form of Iphteal) builds abstracts, as T]yf y-- y{ >-^^y tas-me-a-tu " a hearing," te-ni-se-tu " mankind," tti-ku-ma-tu or tuk-ma-tu " oppo- sition." Also adjectives as Tas-me-tu "she who hears" (the wife of Nebo). Roots may be increased by prefixing a vowel, as t:]["^y jf >^ cir-ba-a-mi " an offering," >->^ ^yy yi i^ sil-dha-a-mi "a king," -^y J^ -iV ^ a-gu-nu *' a crown." Words so formed were collectives. Gentile nouns were formed by the termination ai (fem. aitti), as >.--^y yj yj Ba-bi-la-ai " a Babylonian," Dur-Sar-ci-na-ai-ti " she of Dur-Sargon." Quadriliterals are occasionally found, as well as quinqueliterals, as a-sa-ri-du " first-born," khar-pa-sit " vehemence," kha-mi-luhk-khi " stores," kha-ba-tsi-il-la-tu " a lily." Many Assyrian words are borrowed from Accadlan. PHONOLOGY. The chief phonetic rules to be remembered are the following : — 1. A sibilant before a dental generally becomes /, as kha-mil-tic **five" for kha-mis-tu. 2. A dental followed by s is (together with the sibilant) resolved into U or i, as A-y ^^ *>rTT ka-ai-iu or ^y >^yy ka-su for kat-su " his hand." 3. A dental preceded by a sibilant Is assimilated to the latter, and when the sibilant is s the last rule takes effect, as its-tsa-bat for its-ta-bat " he is taken," ii-ia-can and i-sa-can for is-ta-can " he dwells." 4. After a guttural, the t of the secondary conjugations may change to d or dh^ as ik-dha-rib for ik-ta-rib " he approached." 5. /i7^ in the other Semitic Idioms, Is frequently replaced in Assyrian by h, or lost altogether. 6. Instead of k the Babylonian dialect often has g, as ga-ht for ka-tu " hand ;" and this change of letter sometimes makes its way Into the Assyrian dialect. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — PHONOLOGY. 107 7. C frequently takes the place of k (especially at the beginning of a word), and also (but more rarely) of ^, as ^JgJ >-yyj ■^>- ci-ri-bii> for J^JJ ^yyj "!^^ ki-ri-bzc '^ neighbourhood," ^yyy ^^ ^N ikkkkar for imkhar "it is present." Conversely, double b or double /» may be resolved into mb or mp, as i-nam-bii for i-nab-bu^ " he proclaims." 10. ^ (^Tf) ^^ always a vowel, and is very frequently used as inter- changeable with i. N.B. — The Assyrians had considerable difficulty in adapting the characters of a foreign (Accadian) syllabary to express the sounds of their own language. Hence in the 3rd pers. sing, of a verb, whenever the form requires a prefixed u (in Pael, &c.), we have to supply a jy; thus J^y must be read yus, not us, ^\\^ yu, not u. Before yj, h has often to be understood, and sometimes has to be supplied (though not written) after a vowel. J/ and v were Interchangeable in Accadian, and possibly also in Assyrian ; at all events they are interchangeable in the writing, and ^y, e.g., must sometimes be read ma and sometimes va, J:^ sometimes am and sometimes av. The chief drawback occasioned by the syllabary was that a final guttural may be read g, c, or k, a final dental d, dk, or /, a final labial <5 or /, a final sibilant s or /, and even s or ts. Thus >f^ may be either tig, tic, or tik. Again, H represented both za and tsa, ^yj da or dka, ^yjiy di or dki, and ■^>- bu ox pu. Only a certain number of characters contained the vowel e. There was no sh or th. 108 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — READING LESSONS. READING LESSONS. Extract from the Annals of Tiglath-Pileser I (W.A.I. XVI, col. 8, line 39) : — (39.) ^|gjT t^m ^ET -n <]^ m} :m i-m -m (4-) *i ??< -nft (48-) T? ^ -ET? T? JS T^ D.P. na - ra - a - T sa D.P. Sam - si D.P. Rammanu a-bi- ya a-ni-mis the tablets of Samas-Rimmon my father duly t^T ^^m<^ (49-) -& IeII T? ^T S -TT^ ".^ E^IT f;E ^ -] .VT^ JT --Id -jn (83-) IgJ ^^ 'animes, adverb in -is formed from pi. of 'aim, " suitably, fitly." Cp. Ar. ^\ absus, I St per. sing. aor. Kal of tZ?^! "to cleanse." niki, pi. of niku " offering," " sacrifice ; " Heb. "^i^^ 49. a/cki, I St pers. sing. aor. Kal of prpi {nahitt), from which 7iihc is derived. I'asrl, pi. of 'asrii, " a place ;" Aram. (& Ar.) "iji^^, tUir, I St pers. sing. aor. Aphel of tclru, "to come back," become," "be;" Heb. iiri "to go about." 50. ^arcai, pi. fern, construct of an abstract 'airu for ariat, " after " p. '^'^^. »yum tsate literally "day of the future;" ywn in construct sing., tsclte abstract fem. pi. i. matema "at any time," "at any place;" Cp. Heb. ^T^ "when." riibii, from n-), literally " a great one." . enuma, adverb compounded of enu (Ar. \lz ^^yu^), and the pron. ma " that." 53. Hgurratu, pi. fem. oi Hguri^dtu, "a closed place," hence "a temple-tower" or observatory, from ^y^. It is written ziggurrdtii in the Babylonian dialect. 54. safina, pi. fem. of the pron. stiaUt, sdhc, agreeing with Hgtirrdtti. yusalbaru-va, 3rd pers. masc. aor. Shaphel of labaric " to be old," with the enclitic conjunction va Q) "and." 55. enakhu, 3rd. pers. masc. pi. aor. Kal of n^i^- ^ ankhuhmu, for ankhut-stmu, t •\- s being replaced not only by / + >^j but also by i alone. ankhut is pi. masc. from 'ankhu a subst. derived from nii^, 'ayin becoming '^. Itcddis, 3rd sing. masc. Precative Aphel of kadasic " to be new." Cp. Heb. tr^in. 57. nimes for 'animes, as in line 48. Verbs ^"^ drop their initial radical in many forms. (See my Assyrian Grammar, p. 108). libstcs, 3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal from basasu (as above). likki\ 3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal from 7iikuu (as above), the nasal being assimilated to the following letter. 58. lutir, 3rd masc. sing. prec. Aphel of tdru (as above). 114 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — READING LESSONS. 59. sum, sing. masc. construct of surmi " a name ;" Heb. D\I?. iUi, preposition ; Heb. ni^. lildhtir, 3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal of sadharu (as above). 60. yatima, ist pers. pron., compounded o( ya "I," the suffix ti, and the pron. ma. 61. d/mb, sing, construct of the subst. dimbti; Heb. IIID (see line 62). ^ libbi, gen. sing, of libbti " heart ;" Heb 17. ™ 62. casad, sing. masc. construct of casadu "a possession," from casadit "to conquer." irninte, gen. sing, of the collective ivjiinht (as above) ; " possession of the battle-cry " = " victory in battle." dkdbis, adverb in -is from dhabu "good" (as in line 61). Dhabti is for dhdvdbu. lidhdharrtt, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Kal of nadharjt, " to guard ;" Heb. "1133. 64. ikhabbiht', 3rd sing. masc. future Kal of khabil " to hide ;" Heb. i>^in. (For the form see my Assyrian Grammar, pp. 52, 53, 69). i^dpa^itt, for i^appajtu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of iapanu " to sweep away," with a for i in the 3rd syllable ; Cp. Heb. IlDD, 65. me, pi. masc. of mti " a drop of water." The reduplicated pi. mami also occurs ; Heb. D^D. inddiizL for inadduu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of nadiiu "to place;" Cp. An jj. 66. '2W2, pi. gen. fem. of 'isu "fire" (Heb. U^^^). ikalhUti, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of tH^ "to burn" (as in Heb. and Ar.) I (}"]. epiri, pi. of ipruox epru "dust ;" Heb. "IDV. icatumu for icathnnu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of DiH, with 7C instead of i in the 3rd syllable. bit cummi (?). Conjectural transliteration. The first ideograph is " house {bihi), the second " high " or " precious " {elhi), and the third " god " i^ihi). The second and third, however, must be taken together as a compound Ideograph, and perhaps denote the Assyrian Plutus. J ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — READING LESSONS. II 5 68. Id amari ; Id "not" (Heb. ^^7), afnari, the gen. masc. pi. after construct asar of the adjective amaru " seen ;" therefore literally " things seen " (Cp. Heb. -11«). (pisiris, adverb, in -is from pisirtt "an interpretation" (Heb. and Aram. "^U^D). 1 indciimc for inaccimu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of DiDiD " to take." 9. ipdsidhu for ipassidhu^ 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of pasadhu " to strip " (Heb. 70. isadharu for iiadhdharit (with a for i), 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of sadhartt (as above). vtilimma, ace. sing, of milimma or iniliinmti, from T\T> " to cleave to." A variant reading gives Iwnima or luviva, apparently from the same root. 71. limnay ace. sing. masc. of the adj. limnu (for limmm), agreeing with milimma; perhaps akin to Heb. (and Ar.) 0117 " to fight." ikhaiaia-va for ikha^iaia, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of khaiahi, with final tt, changed to -a through the influence of the same vowel in both the following and the preceding syllables ; Cp. ^Eth., khasasa " to in- vestigate ;" Ar. kkassa. ']2. pan, construct oi panu " face ;" Heb. D''2D. "Jl. ytisapracu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Shaphel of '7'^5 " to break." 75. Hzzis, adverb in -is, from 'izzu " strong;" Heb. fi^. licdlmu, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Pael of D7i " to injure " or " revile," contracted from licalltmiL ']6. 'arrdti, sing. fem. subst, from nlt^ " to curse " (see lirtiru below). marusta for marutsta, fem. adj., agreeing with 'arrati, from yi^ " to be violent " or " hard." liruru, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Kal of 11^^. 77. iarruiu for iarrut-sw, sarrut fem. abstract sing, construct. Heb. Ito "king." liscibu, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Kal of sacaht " to pour out ;" Ar. ^,.C^ 9* Il6 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, — READING LESSONS. 78. sul, construct sing, of sulu " ascent ;" Shaphel pass, derivative of tHv " to ascend." The Ideograph may also be read iUd " foundation " (Heb. cus^ii, construct sing, of cussuu " throne" (as In Heb.) lihikhu for lisstik/m, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Kal of HD^ " to remove." 79. tsabJii, pi. construct of tsabu (Heb. ^^1!J) "an army." luballu, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Pael of i^71 " to devour." 80. cacci, pi. of cacae> " a weapon ;" perhaps for cairz (Aram. ^"^2 " armour "). kisabbiru, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Pael of 11U> " to break." 81. ^abicti, fem. abstract; Cp. Heb. 1^T\ "to destroy." htmmani, gen. sing. fem. of 'nm7naiuL "army;" Cp. Heb. IIDH "multitude." liscwm, 3rd pers. masc. pi. prec. Kal of sacanu (as above). 82. camis, adverb In -is, from camtc; Cp. Ar. ^i. Z'^. lusesibtt, 3rd pers. pi. masc. prec. Shaphel of asibti " to dwell ;" Heb. It!?''. . Hmmi, gen. sing. masc. of iimmti "a plague;" Cp. Heb. Dtttl?. 84. khulte, adj. agreeing with Hmmi] Cp. Heb. 11711. The Semitic root seems to have been borrowed from Accadlan. 7nat, construct sing, oi madit ox ma tit "country," of Accadlan origin {ma-da)] Cp. Aram. b^JlD. (See line 86). libtsu, 3rd pi. masc. prec. Kal of i^Jtl " to cut off." 85. hmka, ace. sing, of sicnkrt ; Cp. Talm. pliD " scantiness," " frugality." bubuta, ace. sing, oi bitbutit "crops;" perhaps Heb. l^i "fruit" may be compared. Bubiita is in opposition to hmka. khusakhkha, ace. sing, of khusakhkhtc "need" (Aram. Uti^H). 86. pagri, ace. pi. va^^c. oi fagru "a corpse" (Heb. l^D). matti for madti (or perhaps 77tati), gen. sing, of mU^tu (see line 84). liddi,' 3rd pers. sing. masc. prec. Kal of ni3 (see above). Z^j. malatihi for vtalatit-su ; maldtit, construct of abstract in T^'^ from malati, pi. fem., from i^^D "to fill." likbi, 3rd sing. masc. prec. Kal of PTlp (in Heb., " to curse"). 88. 2'zV, construct sing, of zir2i or zeric " seed " (Heb, i^lf). hikhallik, 3rd sing. masc. prec. Pael of \hT\ ("to divide," hence) "to scatter," " destroy." ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, — READING LESSONS. 117 The Legend OF Istar. — Obverse. The Cuneiform Characters to be supplied by the Sitidettt. 1. A-na mat NU-GA-A kak-ka-ri i-di-ya To the land of Hades, regions of corruption, 2. D.P, Istaru banat D.P. Sini u-zu-un-sa [ci-nis] Istar, daughter of the Moon-god, her attentian [determinedly] 3. is - cun - va banat D.P. ^ini u - zu - un - [sa is - cun] fixed, and the daughter of the Moon-god her attention fixed 4. a - na bit e - di - e su - bat 'il Ir - kal - la [to go) to the house of corruption, the dwelling of the deity Irkalla ; 5. a-na biti sa e - ri - bu - su la a - tsu - u to the house whose entrance (is) without exit, 6. a - na khar - ra - ni sa a - lac - ta - su la ta - ai - rat (u) to the road whose ivay (is) without return, 7. a-na biti sa e - ri - bu - su zu - urn - mu - u mu - u - ra to the house {at) whose entrance they bridle in the light; 8. a - sar epru mahdu bu - bu - us - su - nu a - cal - su - nu dhi - idh - dhu a place (^uhere) dust much {is) their food, their victuals (is) mud; 9. nu - u - ru ul im - ma - ru ina e - dhu - ti as - ba (where) light not they sec, in darkness they dwell ; and 10. cal (?) - su - ma cima its - tsu - ri tsu - bat cap-pi ? like birds (is) the erecting of (their) 7vings ; 11. eli dalti u sac - cul - sa mukh ep - ru .over .the door and its wainscoting abundance of dust. 12. D.P. Istaru a-na babi D.P. NU-GA-A ina ca - sa - di - sa Istar, to (at) the gate of Hades at her arrival 13. a-na ni - gab ba - a - bi a - ma - tuv iz - zac - car io the porter of the gate (his) duty reminds; 14. a-na ni - gab me - e pi - ta ba - ab - ca to the porter of the waters : Open thy gate/ Il8 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — READING LESSONS. 15, pi - ta - a ba - ab - ca - va lu ir - ru - ba a - na - cu Open thy gate, and let me enter in; 16. sum - ma la ta - pat - ta - a ba - a - bu la ir - ru - ba a - na - cu if not thoic openest the gate (and) not I enter in, ij. a - makh - kha - ats dal - tuv sic - cu - ru a - sab - bir I force the gate, the bolt I break, 18. a - makh - kha - ats si - ip - pu va u - sa - pal - cit dalati I force the threshold, a?id I cross the doors, 19. u - se - el - la mi - tu - ti acili pal - dhu - ti / raise the dead, the devourers of the living ; 20. eli pal - dhu - ti i - ma - hi - du mi - tu - ti above the living exceed the dead. ANALYSIS. 1. The Accadian MAD NU-GA-A is literally ''land of the not returning," gaa being the participle of^^"to return" (see Syllabary). It is rendered in Ass. by mat-la-naciri. " The land from whence is no return " is a good name for Hades. kakkari, ace. pi. of kakkaru, Heb. '^id^ (see my Assyrian Grammar, p. 29). Mi, written Me in line 4, gen. sing, of ddu " corruption," as Dr. Schrader has well explained it from nij? " to pass away." 2. Islar, the Hebrew Ashtoreth (Astarte), the Moon-goddess and Semitic Venus. bdnat, construct sing. fem. of banatu (also binttt, i.e. binihi) "daughter" (Heb. ni). Sin, the Moon-god. ^uzun, construct sing, oi'usunu or 'uznu "ear" (Heb. )X'^), cinis ?, supplied by Dr. Schrader, adverb in -is from adj. cinu (p^). 3. iscun, 3rd sing. masc. aor. of sacaritt. It will be noticed that here as frequently elsewhere a feminine nominative is joined to a masc. verb. 4. subat, construct sing. fem. oi subdht from ntl?'' "to sit" or "dwell." x\SSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— READING LESSONS. II9 5. eribu, nom. sing. masc. Infinitive (or verbal noun) from l'*)^^ " to enter " or " descend." ^atsu, nom. sing. masc. verbal noun from t^2j^ "to go out." The literal trans- lation of the line Is " of which its entering (there is) no outgoing." 6. khar-ra-ni, sing, oblique case of kkarranu, a word originally borrowed from Accadian, which gave a name to the city of Kharran or Haran (Gen. xi. 31, &c.) ^alacta or halada, sing. fem. of halactu from ^^n " to go." tairat for tairatiL (as often in the case of characters which denote syllables beginning and ending with a consonant), for tayarhi, sing. fem. from -)in " to return." 7. summu, 3rd pi. masc. (used impersonally) Permansive (or Perfect) Palel of DU Cp, Targ. Qot "bridle." In Ass. zumani "impassable" is used of roads. nura, ace. sing, oi mint, "light" (so in Heb. \yi\, Aram, and Ar.) 8. 'asar " a place " {see above) often has the relative sa (" In which," " where ") understood after it. mahdu, nom. sing. masc. adj. agreeing with eprti. Cp. Heb. 1^^7:2. btibtdhmu for bubiU-simu {see above). 'acal, construct sing, of the verbal noun dcalti " food," from ^^^tt^ "to eat." dhidJidhu, nom. sing, in opposition to acal. Heb. ID'^tD. 9. iimnartc, 3rd pers. pi. masc. present Kal of "^^i, contracted from mammaru. edJmtiy gen. sing, of edliiUu " darkness," from XV^Vy " to hide," as Dr. Schrader has pointed out. ^asba, contracted from asbfi-a for asbU-va, 3rd pi. masc. Permansive (or Perfect) Kal of 'asabu, contracted from 'asibti (also yasibtt), with the enclitic conjunction. 10. The first word I cannot read. 'itstsuriy pi. masc. of 'itstsuru " a bird " (Ar. .Juiz, Heb. "^13!^). tsubat, construct sing. fem. of tstibdtu " a placing," from D!^''. The reading and meaning of the word, however, are uncertain, cappi, pi. masc. of cappii, contracted from canapu (Heb. f)i!D), the double letter resulting from the assimilation of the nasal. I20 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR; — READING LESSONS. 11. dalti, gen. sing. fern, of daltti (for dalatu) " door." (So in Heb.) saccule construct sing, of saccziht, which Dr. Schrader has well compared with Ar. JX^ "likeness." A Syllabary makes mescalil a synonyme of daltu. mtikh, construct sing, of imikhkhu, from the adjective makh, which was bor- rowed from Accadian, 12. bdbi, gen. sing, of bdbu "gate" (as in Heb., &c.) casidi, gen. sing. masc. of the verbal noun casadu " a reaching," from casadu " to take ; " Cp. Ar. j.a.C 13. iiigab, construct sing. masc. Dr. Schrader derives it from a root ^1 "to go round." 'mndticv, sing. fem. for W^^^;//?/^^ " fealty," "duty;" Heb. riDt^ "faithfulness." izzaccar, for iztaccar, 3rd sing. masc. present Iphteal of "lit- 14. me " waters " (as above). pita, iox piti-a with the augment of motion, 2nd sing. masc. imperative Kal of paid ^' to open ; " Heb. IDlD. See also next line. 15. irrtiba, ist pers, sing. masc. aor. Kal with augment of motion, from eribu. The ayin of the first syllable is replaced by a reduplication of the 2nd radical. 16. j/^»^w«, adverb, perhaps from tSW' "to place." tapattd, 2nd pers. sing, present Kal with augment of motion, {rom pata. 17. amakkkkats, ist pers. sing. pres. Kal of yn^, iiccurti, sing, noun (a pael derivative) ; Cp. Aram. b«^"l3D " bolt." asabbir, ist pers. sing. pres. Kal of *llU^. 18. £ppu, sing, noun; Heb. f]D. usapalcit, ist pers. sing. aor. Shaphel of the quadriliteral palcitu ; Cp. Ar. ^di (?) 19. ^Lsella, ist pers. sing. pres. Shaphel oi xhv "to ascend," with // on account of the ayin. mitfiti, pi. masc. part. pass. Kal of T\M2 " to die." 'acili, pi. construct part. pres. Kal of acahi, " to eat." paldkuti, pi. masc. part. Kal oi paladhu or baladhu, "to live;" Cp. Heb. r57S. 20. imahidu, 3rd pers. pi. masc. pres. Kal of mahadji (whence makdu, " much,' line 7). ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. — READING LESSONS. 121 The Sacrifice of Children (K 5139). The iransi iteration to be su_ppHed by the Student. ? may he ranove, and '■ ^W -M i-^ -W -W UIET -ET ^W V Vi V M -T< the offspring who raises the head among men, 3. ^^Y ^yyTIT- -n^\ H .11= -- MTT -TTI^ -TH =T? ^I? -- -e^TT HT<- - bu D.P. Na - an - nar be - el U - ri - e e - bil - li ili y- -\ ^\ -T JT= - MIT AV\ A -<^ £1- ^I? - -eEti -^ f^ - bu D.P. Na - an - nar be - el bit samulli e - bil- li ili y- -y -^i -T jr= -- t-m w -tta ^t? .ii y- ^tit^ a - bu D.P. Na - an - nar be - el a - gi - e su - bu - u e - bil li ili 8. yj ^. ..y ^y ..y jy^ v tlH ^JH ^T ^W £??< ^>^y4^ "the good god," became the usual designation of Assur. >->-y j^>-^y ?=yyT "the lady of the abyss," or "underworld," was a title of Beltis. , \emuci, pi. of the substantive 'emucit, " a deep intelligence," " a divinity " (Heb. pnv). 2. yusatlini'ds, " they conferred on him," 3rd pi. masc. aor. Shaphel of talamu, with the possessive pronoun s contracted from sti. ]J>-y >-^JJ " great dog," was the Accadian name of " the lion " (Ass. nesu). adducu, Heb. XVT\ ; notice the tense. j:y '^ifi yf "^ means " an altar," with the D. P. of wood and the phonetic complement mm ; but the reading of the ideograph is uncertain. zzzittc, adj. ; Cp. Heb. ti^. *"*"! K\Y "^^^ goddess 15," symbol of Istar. 3. azkup, root f)pf. ' mukhkkuru, " an offering," from "^HD " to present." Sim, contracted for S7inu. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— READING LESSONS. I 25 The text to he transliterated by the student. >• \\-^\n . THA sp T? . « . I . « . V --T4 ^© . - . 3. ^ . ty - y ^yc ^y< . ^y ^y< . tey? . m -"^W . V . t^-^? . I . - . 3- - . " to act" (especially " to act wonderfully"). 3. cibit = " command " (with weakened guttural from T^^?}■ --y t-ET Hf = ^''^■■• ^^y<,t:yy = Nergal. ^icli "ministers;" same root as Utcidtu. 4. D.P. khdbale = "ropes," Heb. ^IH. tnukkkha = " over " (of Accadlan derivation). MmatH\ I St pers. aor. Pael, " I stretched." Ar. \;x^ "to stretch a cord." ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.— READING LESSONS. 127 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. From the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser (Layard's Insc. pi. 96 1. 159.) The text to be transliterated by the Student, - . <« . -i^y^T^ . x^W . --\\ . tyyj4 . ^-y^yy . « -y< . i . m^ >f Kfs . y? ^y . I -^yy ^t>= . -yy^ y- . i . ^y? ^^-^^y . ^y^^? . I .