Issued January 8, V. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. BULLETIN 101. A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF or BUREAU. iE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF 51 RED CLOVER HAY. i 1 1 8 1 m> 6 INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES. RABSIY JUNIOR HIGH WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. M 3 N N C APOLiS. JNN E Issued January 8, 1908. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. BULLETIN 101. A. O. MF.LVIN, CHIEF or BUREAU. THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND I. AUGUST FRIES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief: A. D. MELVIN. Assistant Chief: A. M. FARRINOTON. Chief Clerk: E. B. JONES. Biochtmic Division: M. DORSET, chief; JAMES A. EMERY; assistant chief. Dairy Division: ED. H. WEBSTER, chief; C. B. LAKE, assistant chief. Inspection Dii-ision: RICE P. STEDDOM, chief; MORRIS WOODEN, R. A. RAMSAY, and ALBERT E. BEHNKE, associate chiefs. Pathological Division: JOHN R. MOHLER, chief; HENRY J. WASHBURN, assistant chief. Quarantine Division: RICHARD W. HICKMAN, chief. Division of Zoology: B. H. RANSOM, chief. Experiment Station: E. C. SCHROEDER, superintendent; W. E. COTTON, assistant. Animal Husbandman: GEORGE M. ROMMEL. Editor: JAMES M. PICKENS. Librarian: BEATRICE OBERLY ROGERS. AlflMAL HUSBANDRY OFFICE. Animal Husbandman: George M. Rommel. Assistant Animal Husbandman: G. Arthur Bell. Animal breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; K. II. Rih y, assistant. Animal nutrition investigations: H. P. Armsby, expert in charge; J. August Fries, W. W. Braman, and F. W. Christensen, assistants. Beef product ion investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; Dan T. Gray, expert in charge of Alabama work; Frank G. King, assistant in Missouri work. Hog investigations: Assistant animal husbandman in charge; L. R. Davies, assistant. Horse breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; W. L. Carlyle, expert in cnarge of Colorado work; W. F. Hammond, expert superintendent, Morgan horse farm, Middlebury, Vt. Milking Shorthorn cattle investigation*: Animal husbandman in charge; D. A. Gaumnitz, expert assistant in Minnesota work. Poultry investigations: Rob R. Slocum in charge; Gilbert M. Gowell, expert in charge of Maine work. Sheep and goat investigations: Edward L. Shaw in charge; T. F. McConnell, expert in charge of Wyoming sheep-brec-ding work. Supervision oj pedigree record associations: Animal husbandman in charge; Roy A. Cave, assistant. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU or ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C ., August 30, 1907. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin 101 of this Bureau a manuscript entitled u The Available Energy of Red Clover Hay, v by Dr. H. P. Armsby, and J. August Fries. This paper reports further experiments conducted with the respiration calorimeter by the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with this Bureau. Similar experiments in connection with timothy hay, red clover hay, and maize meal have previously been reported in Bulletins 51 and 74 of this Bureau. Respectfully, A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. STATK COLLEGE, PA., July /, 1907. SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the third series of cooj)erative experiments with the respiration calorimeter at the Pennsylvania State College. As in previous experiments, the details of the work have been in charge of Mr. J. August Fries, assistant in animal nutrition. Mr. Fries has been assisted by Messrs. W. W. Braman, A. K. Kisser, T. M. CarjK'nter, R. E. Stalling*, J. H. Kobb. and John Foster, while the necessary chemical work was carried out by the chemical division of the e\i>eriment station under the general direction of Dr. William Frear. Very resj>ect fully, HENRY PRENTIHH ARMSBY. K Xpert in Anii/idf Nutrition. Dr. A. I). MELMN, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 4 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 7 Description of experiments 7 Analytical methods 7 The feeds 8 Periods and rations 8 Live weights 9 Determinations of digestibility 10 Weighing and sampling of feed 10 Treatment of samples 10 Hours of feeding 10 Collection and sampling of excreta 10 Digestibility of rations 11 The urinary excretion 13 Growth of epidermal tissue 14 Determinations of respiratory products 14 Check tests 15 Results upon the animal 16 Determinations of heat 19 Rate of heat emission 20 Heat emission and heat production 23 The balance of matter 27 The nitrogen and carbon balance 27 Gain of protein and fat 28 The balance of energy ,, 28 Discussion of results 30 Digestibility 30 Metabolizable energy 31 Influence of temperature on heat production 32 Net available energy 34 Corrections for standing and lying 37 Heat requirement of the animal 41 Maintenance requirement of the animal 43 Distribution of energy ' .. 45 Appendix 47 5 ILLUSTRATIONS. DIAGRAM 1 . Live weights of animal 9 2. Availability of energy 35 3. Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances 36 4. A verage results from energy balances 39 6 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. INTRODUCTION. The experiments reported in Bulletin 74 of tnis Bureau upon "Energy values of red clover hay and maize meal" gave somewhat questionable results for the net available energy of red clover hay. From a comparison of the first and second periods of that experiment an availability of 36.42 per cent was computed, but it was pointed out in reporting this result that the figures were comparatively low and must be accepted with considerable reserve. The experiment here reported, which was carried out during the winter of 1903-4, is a repetition of that portion of the previous experiment relating to clover hay, but upon a more extended scale, and shows that the doubt expressed as to the accuracy of the earlier figure for availability was apparently fully justified. The general plan of the experiment was to feed the animal three different amounts of red clover hay, all less than the maintenance requirement, and to investigate the metabolism of the animal upon each ration at two different temperatures. Unfortunately, as appears in the following pages, the range of temperature within which the respiration calorimeter could be used was so limited that the experiments failed to afford any decisive results regarding the influence of temperature upon metabolism. The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served in the experiments of 1901-2 and 1902-3. At the time of these ex- periments he was approximately 5 years old. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS. ANALYTICAL METHODS. The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and the excreta were substantially those recommended by the Association of Ofiicial Agricultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined in the fresh material by Konig's method and the nitrogen of the urine by direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation of proteids from proteid nitrogen the conventional factor 6.25 was used both for the clover hay and for the feces. The nonproteids were computed from the nonproteid nitrogen by multiplication by 7 8 THK AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 4.7. the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were determined by combustion \vith cupric oxide in a current of air followed by oxy- gen. The heats of combustion of the feed and excreta were deter mined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter. THE FEEDS. The hay used was red clover hay grown on the college farm in the summer of 1903. It was secured without rain and retained most of the leaves on the stems. On November 30 about a ton of this hay was run through a feed cutter and cut to lengths of about 7 to 10 centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate samples were taken by the same method as in previous experiments. During the progress of the experiments a sample of hay was also taken at the time of weighing out for each period, as described in subsequent pages, or three samples in all. The following table shows the composition of the dry matter of the several samples, the generally close agree- ment of the results indicating that the method of sampling was sufficiently accurate: TABLE 1. Composition of clover hay (dry matter). Constituents and energy. General sample*. Samples taken during moots. experi- A. B. Average, j Period I. Period 11. Period I II Ah... Per cent. Per cent. 6. 57 Per cent. \ Per cent. 6.92 12.11 1.35 28.45 47.83 3.33 Per cent. 7.11 11.82 1.03 28.02 47.98 3.44 Prr cent. O.M 11.84 1.45 28.83 47. i.9 3.35 Proteids 11.69 0.78 28.78 19.25 111.14, 0.99 11.18 0.80 Nonproteids Cni'fo fllxr Nitrojfen-free extract Ether extract 2 93 Total rarlmn 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 *. 43 2. O.TO 1.S72 f'alorirs. 4.4932 !' "1 2.042 1.818 ralorirx. 4. !" 4(1.24 2. 041 1.846 Calorie . 4. 4919 4W.57 2. 223 1.935 Calorie*. 4 r * : 4. , 24 2.238 1.890 I'tllllTIf*. ' 14888 441.17 2. 205 1.N95 f'alorif*. 4.478 Total nit ropen Proteld nitrogen Heat of cointitlstion. per crnun PERIODS AM) RATION'S. On November 4, 1903, the steer was placed in a stall in the station barn and fed 0.35 kilograms of mixed clover and timothy hay with a little grain until December 2, 1903, when the grain ration was with- drawn. On December 26 the feeding of the ration used for the first period of the experiment was begun, and on January 2 the animal was transferred to a stall in the calorimeter building. The hay was given in equal amounts at about 6 p. in. and 6 a. m. Each period covered twenty-one days, of which the first eleven were regarded as a pre- " I'.ullc tin ")1, liurruii ( Animal Industry. j>. 10. PERIODS AND RATIONS. 9 liminary period and the last ten as constituting the digestion period proper. In view of the fact that all the rations were less than the maintenance requirement, intervals of seven days were interposed between the successive periods, during which the animal was removed to the station barn and fed a ration of 14 pounds of hay and 10 pounds of grain daily. The table shows the exact dates of the several periods and the rations fed. TABLE 2. Dates and rations. Period. , Interval. Preliminary period. Digestion period. Hay fed per diem. I. . December 26 to January 1 January 2 to 12 January 13 to 22 Kilograms. 3 4 II January 23 to January 29. . January 30 to February 9.. February 10 to 19. 5.9 Ill February 20 to February 26. February 27 to March 8 .... March 9 to 18... 4.8 The animal was watered daily at about 1 p. m., with the exception of the days when he was in the calorimeter and the day before and after, when water was given immediately before the morning feeding. K6S PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3 600 SSO soo JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH DIAGRAM 1. Live weights of animal. LIVE WEIGHTS. The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water- ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre- senting the amount of water consumed. On the days when the ani- mal was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving the apparatus. The figures for live weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of the Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the live weights are shown graphically on Diagram 1. 12237 Bull. 10107 2 10 T11E AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. WEIGHING AND HAMPUNO OK PEED. The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth hags, a day's ration in a bag. In filling the hags the mass of hay was worked into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. While the hags were being filled, two or three portions of the hay were taken from each bag and set aside in a covered vessel. Immediately after the weighing tins was rapidly chopped in a meat chopper, thoroughly mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams was taken to the labora- tory in a covered vessel for determination of dry matter and of the composition of the latter, with the results shown in Table 1. TREATMENT OP 8AMPLE8. The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately weighed, air-dried at a temperature of about 60 C., allowed to hang at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and then ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in sealed bottles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable, although not in all cases immediately. HOTRS OK FEEDING. As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the res- piration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning of the day. Approximately one-half of the hay was given at this time and the remainder twelve hours later. COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OP EXCRETA. The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus- trated in a previous publication for the collection of the feces and with the ordinary urine funnel. These were worn both during the preliminary days and during the digestion period proper, but not dur- ing the intervals between the periods. The apparatus served its pur- pose excellently, loss of excreta occurring in but few instances. During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at the end of each twenty-four hours, and a sample was drawn after thorough mixing and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment. There i uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a composite sample, chloroform being used as a preservative. At the close of the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed. In the feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined by the Konig method, while a portion of the composite sample was also air-dried at about 00 ('. and the air-dry sample subjected to the usual method of analysis, including the determination of its heat of combustion nnd of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of '' IVnn-ylviinia KxpTiin-nt Station Bulletin 42, p. 74. DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 11 urine the total nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combina- tion, and heat of combustion were determined. DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS. Period I (January 13-22, 1904). The live weights of the animal and the weights of excreta are shown in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows for the digestion period proper, the weight of hay fed, of hay eaten, and of the portions remaining uneaten; the weight of excreta collected, of the portions spilled, and of the total excretion; and the cor- responding weights and percentages of dry matter found. TABLE 3. Feed and excreta Period I. Feed and excreta. J e h t Dry matter. Hay: Grams. Total in 10 days. .. ... 34.000.0 Per cent. 86.32 3.33 83.65 Grams. 29.348.8 2.1 13.3 Uneaten January 21 a 63.0 Uneaten January 22 15. 9 Total uneaten 1 78. 9 15.4 Eaten 33,921.1 29,333.4 2,933.3 Eaten per day ' 3, 392. 1 Feces: Collected in 10 days , 54, 937. 11,256.6 34.0 6.1 1.1 10.4 10.4 Spilled in calorimeter January 14 109. 1 29.36 Adhering to duct January 14 - i 18. Spilled in stall January 16 ......... 1.2 Spilled in calorimeter January 22 25. 1 41.52 28.44 Spilled in stall January 22 i 36. 6 Total excretion 55, 127. 11,318.6 1,131.8 Daily excretion . . 5, 512. 7 i o Including water spjlled in feed box. The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already been stated in Table 1, and that of the dry matter of the feces is shown in Table II of the Appendix. Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the digestibility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was as follows : TABLE 4. Digestibility of ration Period I. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. Dry matter Grams. 1.801.4 Per cent. 61.41 Ash 89.4 44.04 Organic matter . .. 1,712.0 62.70 Proteids. 193.8 .54.56 Nonprotoids ... 39.6 100.00 Crude filler 462 2 55. 37 Nitrogeii-freo extract &54. S 68.05 Ether extract 60.8 62. 24 Nitrogen 39.36 60.36 Carbon . S19. 07 59.96 Energy . .... Calorics 7,767.36 58.97 a Assumed to be wholly digestible. b The calorie referred to in this bulletin is the large calorie (kilogram-calorie; often written with a capital C). A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of water 1 degree centigrade, or about 4 pounds of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. 1*2 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. Period II ( February 10-19, 1904). The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum- marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti- bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables II and III of the Appendix. TABLK 5. - Feed and excreta Period II. Feed and excreta. twdgbt Dry matter. Hay: Ofm. Total In 10 days 59,000.0 Per cent. 85.24 2.15 23.33 VS 11 drum.'. 50, 291.5 12.5 6.3 10.5 t'neaten February 17 o ' 580. 1 n-nt'-ii February' 1H 27. Uneaten February 19 ' 23. 2 Eaten.. 58,360.8 50,253.3 5.025.33 Eaten per day . ...: ....... 5,836.9 f. . - Total in 10 days . 07,807.0 10.75 jl lf , 38.57 40.34 27.66 19.316.88 34.3 19.9 !. 1.3 Spilled in calorimeter February 12 142. 4 Spilled in stall February 13 51.6 Collected in calorimeter February 19 56. 2 Spilled In stall February 19 4.7 Total excretion ... '^ .<> ! '.' 19, 400. 84 1.940.1 Daily excretion 9, 806. 10 a Including water spilled in feed box. TABI.K >. Digestibility of ration Period II. Constituents and energy. Potal Ufi rted DlgPHti bflity. Dry matter Gram*. . (IV, J Per cent. ftl.30 Ah 146.2 40.92 Organic matter 2.939.0 <2. 96 i'roteids 321.2 54.08 Nonprotelds . . . . Kl 9 100 00 Crude fllier 788.2 55.97 Nit rogcn- free, extract l.Uit, '1 (57.90 Ether extract 110 8 M. OK Total nitrogen ....... tiO 02 H1.37 Total carlwn 1 301 9 59.89 Enrrgy Calorirt. 13 425 7 50. 51 Asauincd to \; entirely digestible. THE URINARY EXCRETION. 13 Period III (February 27 to March 18). In this period the final results were as follows : TABLE 7. Feed and excreta Period III. Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Dry matter. Hay: Total in 10 days .... Grams. 48,000.0 28.0 138.5 5 8 Per cent,. 86. 48 88.57 28.51 87.93 Grams. 41.510.4 24.8 39. (i 5.1 8.1 27.0 4.2 10.2 Residue March 9 Residue March 9 Residue March 10 Residue March 16 29.4 91.83 Residue March 17 Residue at end of period Eaten 47,746.1 4, 774. 6 41,391.4 4, 139. 14 Eaten per day Feces: Total 75,693.0 37.0 20.6 21.38 61.62 61.16 16. 183. 16 22.80 12.60 .53.00 Spilled March 11 Spilled March 18 Adhering to duct Total excretion 75.750.6 16,271.56 1,627.16 Daily excretion 7,575.06 ! TABLE 8. Digestibility of ration Period III. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. Dry matter .. Grams. 2,511.9 Per cent. 60.68 Ash 104.3 36.83 Organic matter 2, 407. 6 62.43 Proteids 262.1 53. 4.S Nonproteids 168. 76 1,522.25 9.02 Ill (K) 55 141 HO 1 '47 16 8 79 14 THE AVAIIABLE ENF.ROY OF BEI> CLOVER HAY. It will be observed that the results obtained for the energy per grain of carbon in the urine tend to be rather lower than those found in Kellner's well known experiments, the average being 9.05 calories as compared with 9.6 calories found by Kellner for lean animals. On the basis of later experience, we are inclined to suspect that our esti- mate of the energy lost in the drying of the samples is somewhat too low. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between our figures and Kellner's is much less than in the previous year and the results have been used as reported. GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. The steer was thoroughly brushed each time immediately before entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples deter- minations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the follow- ing results, which include for each period the total for the four days during which the animal was in the calorimeter. TAHI,K 10. Wright and composition of hair, dandruff, etc. Periods I, II, and III. Conatiturata and energy Period I. Period II. Period III. Average. Per period. I'er day. Weight grams 29.0 35.3 52.8 Dry matter per cent 03.10 93.76 93.48 27.0 33.1 49.36 In dry matter: N'itrogen Percent UK c 4.50 6.31 7.83 Weight Carbon- Percentage . .gram*.. 1.242 36. 716 2.08 40. 19 3.86 42. .10 2. 39 0. m Weight Energy I'er grunt . .gramn.. calorie* 9.928 4.108 13.30 4. .133 21.00 4.747 14.74 3.39 Total calorie*. 110.01 1.10.04 234.31 Htt. 10 41.30 As in previous bulletin^, it has been assumed that these figures rep- resent the normal rate of production of hair, epidermis, etc., by the animal during the experiment, but not, of course, the matter and energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. In the succeed- ing computations, the averages of Table 10 have been deducted from the gain (i. f., added to the loss) to determine the real gain of flesh and fnt, but they have of course been included as a part of the total gain in the final computations of availability. DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. An was stated in the introduction, the total metabolism was deter- mined at two different temperatures. For this purpose the animal WHS plwed in the calorimeter on the first and second days and on the eighth and ninth days of the ten-day digestion period proper. Dur- DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 15 ing the first of these two respiration experiments the temperature of the calorimeter was kept at 19 C. and during the second at 13.5 C. In the statements which follow the dates given indicate the twenty- four hours ending at 6 p. m. on the date named. TABLE 11. Dates of respiration experiments Periods I, II, and III. Period. At 19 C. At 13.5 C. I .. January 13 and 14, 1904 January 20 and 21, 1904. II February 10 and 11, 1904. ' February 17 and 18, 1904. Ill .. March 9 and 10. 1904... March 16 and 17. 1904. The respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve hours each, the apparatus used being the respiration calorimeter briefly described in .Bulletin 51 of this Bureau and more fully in the Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these deter- minations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred to the publications just mentioned. CHECK TESTS. External air. As stated in previous bulletins, check tests are depended upon as a means of computing the amount of combustible gases contained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The check tests were made at intervals during the experiments here described with the following results : TABLE 12. Combustible gases in external air. Observed Date. volume of air. Water weighed. Carbon dioxid weighed. Per 100 liters dry air atO C. and 760mm. Hydrogen. Carbon. Liters. January 7, 1904 1,090 Gram. 0.0135 Gram. 0.0080 Milligram. Milligram. 0. 153 0. 223 January 25, 1904 1, 139 .0230 .0080 .243 .208 March 1, 1904 1 090 .0170 .193 March 21, 1904 941 .0175 .0071 .226 .224 March 21. 1904... 892 .0143 .0047 . 194 . 157 Average . .203 As before, the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in the experiments upon the animal. Alcohol check tests. The accuracy of the apparatus was tested, as in previous years, by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and determining the amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat evolved. The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxid and heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven satisfactory. 16 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABLK 1 :\.Raultt of alcohol check Ut. Put*. January .'. 1904 . . . Man-li il. 11104 Weight or alcohol. Carbon dloxkl. Com- puted. Hwt l>ura- tlon. Hy- dra ted. Anhy- drous. Com- puted. Ob- served. Percent- age c.h served. (19.48 97.74 Ob- served. Percont- ae ob- served. Hour*. Grams. 6 487. 12 7 541.68 Gram*. 43t>. sv 485.82 Grams. 834. '> 928.40 Grains. 830.58 907.51 Calories. 31,253 34,753 Calories. 31,428 .(.',. 490 100.57 102. 13 It will ho noted that the agreement of the results in the test of Jan- uary o is very satisfactory, while in that of March 25 a somewhat greater departure from the theoretical results occurred. RE8CLT8 UPON THE ANIMAL. Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the results of the determinations of the respiratory products for the several periods and subperiods. These are summarized in the table follow- ing: TABLK 14. Excreted in respiration. Period nnd Mili|N-rul. Carbon as CO,. Carbon aaCH,. Water. Period la: Subperiod 1 . . Grams. 533.15 Grams. 21.97 Grant. 1,979.72 Subperiod 2 530.01 23.20 2,048.84 Ktnit day . . . ! n. ..: [( r- ; .' 1 H '- H Subperiod 3. . 542.45 y, V' 1,925.27 Subperiod 4 552.44 27 39 1,886.38 Second day i ,r>! -. VJ 7'.l 3,811.65 Average 1,079.03 <> SIN 3 W '" 1 1 Period 16: Subperiod 1 . r >33.MO 25.36 1 , 242. 85 Subperiod 2 .VJ9. 19 23.24 1,395.35 First day 1,072.99 I- Ul ias 31 Subperiod 3. . 545. 31 25. 73 1,377.35 Suhperiod 4. 566.16 23. 14 1 , 498. 50 Second day .... 1. 111. 17 48.87 2,875.85 A vrragi- . . . 1,092.23 i- . l 2,757.03 Period li.i Sub|x>riiH| 1 . .-ub|>. n.-l j . '42. 34 31.40 41...S 2.270.10 2. 395. 53 Klrnt Uy 1.248.02 73.08 4,665.63 Suliprriod 3. Snbperi.Hl * A42.50 628.97 38.45 25.43 2,377.88 2,358.17 Second day ' ! . -. 1 63.88 4,730.05 Average. ' . ' (* 1, , roo - 1 Pert'Kl 11 h Subperio-l 1 Snli)>erlod I 615. 27 622.32 19.72 22.05 1,684.21 1 , 649. 37 Klrat day . Hut>jrtM .1 S!lbprir>l 4 U237.59 622. 96 618.04 11 . 3\^0 (?) 3,333.58 l,7K2TTl 1,772.73 S*rm-l -I..-. 1,241.00 3,555.44 AveTagr. . 1.239.30 j ! ' 1 3,444.51 COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES. 17 TABLE 14. Excreted in respiration Continued. Period and subperiod. Carbon as CO S . Carbon as CH*. Water. Period Ilia: Subperiod 1 Grams. 587.26 Grams, a 28. 03 Grams. 2,349 54 Subperiod 2 . . 568.68 a 34. 07 2,283.50 First day 1,155.94 a 62. 10 4, 633. 04 Subperiod 3 581.71 25.08 2,185.98 Subperiod 4. . . . 563.11 27.36 2, 364. 54 Second day 1, 144. 82 52.44 4, 550. 52 Average 1,150.38 4, 591. 78 Period III6: Subperiod 1 568.23 24.13 1, 756. 48 Subperiod 2 . . . 560.76 31.28 1,622.86 First day 1,128.99 55.41 3, 379. 34 Subperiod 3 568.89 31.94 1,693.32 Subperiod 4 572.29 34.35 1,851.48 Second day ^ 1,141.18 66.29 3, 544. 80 Average . 1,135.09 60.85 3,462.07 a Includes a correction for the time during which the gas supply of the combustion furnaces was cut off. Hydrocarbon gases. In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-2 it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible gases given off by the animal was almost identical with that for meth- ane, while in the experiment of the succeeding year it was appreci- ably lower. The corresponding results for the present experiment were as follows: TABLE 15. Composition of combustible gases. Period and subperiod. Hydro- gen. Carbon. Ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Methane com- puted from carbon. Period la: Subperiod 1 . . . . Grams. 8.03 Grams. 25.97 1:3.234 Grams. 31.70 Subperiod 2 7.23 23.20 1:3.209 31.00 First day 15.26 49.17 1:3.225 65.70 Subperiod 3 . 8.02 25.40 1:3.167 33.94 Subperiod 4 8.69 27.39 1:3.152 36.59 Second day . . 16 71 52.79 1 : 3. 159 70.53 Average 15 99 50 98 1:3.188 68.11 Period 16: Subperiod 1 7 67 25 36 1:3.306 33.88 Subperiod 2 7.06 23. 24 1:3.292 31.05 First day . 14.73 48.60 1 : 3. 299 64.93 Subperiod 3 8 49 25.73 1:3.031 34.38 Subperiod 4 7.15 23.14 1:3.237 30.92 Second day . . . . . . 15.64 48.87 1 : 3. 125 65.30 Average 15.19 48.74 1:3.209 65.12 12237 Bull. 10107- 18 T11E AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TAUI.K If). Composition of combustible gates Continued. Period and .-uliperlods. Ilydro- gen. Carbon. Ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Methane com- puted from carbon. IVn.Hl I la: Stihperiod 1 Grams. 9.92 Gram*. 31.40 1:3.165 Ommi. 41.95 Sl|l'|Tli>-| J 13.19 41.68 1:3. 160 55. 69 First day . . 23.11 1:3.162 97.64 Sufiperiod :i 12.36 38.45 1:3.111 M .; Subperiod 4 7.91 25.43 1:3.215 33.98 Second nd 55.41 : . .IK 74.03 Hubperiod U . . 10.40 31.94 I 1.071 42.67 Hubperiod 4 11.06 34.35 1:3.106 I.".. V Second day 21.46 " : 1:3.089 88.56 Average I 1 ' > 60 85 ; 1. 140 81.30 " Includes a correction. It will ho observed that in every instance the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is lower than that in methane. The average ratio for all the periods is almost exactly the same as that found in the experiments of the previous year, as reported in Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, viz, 1 :3.17, which corresponds to the following composition as compared to the theoretical: Found. In mi ih- IIIH-. Hydrogen rr trnl I'rr .| Htnl -ii1'i-ni"l TltlM'. Petition. Total boat. !! .it |" r 111,11111.-. lvn.l 116: Suhnrriod 1 Minvtn. 471 Standing CaloHfs. 3,271.84 Calorim. 5 Lying 32.56 ft. 5120 1 M m to 3 2V a m 93 Standing 665.08 7. 1514 137 Lying .,> X., 5.0425 1 46 A m to 6.00 a. in 14 Standing 115.70 X. 2642 ' Siip*>rinperiod 3 A 00 p in. to 7.5V p. m 119 Standing 788.46 6.62.17 7 SO p m to 10 3X p in IV Lying K61. 70 5.4195 II) 38 p. in to 11.4- p. ill A4 Standing 485.74 : :.VH, 11 42 p. m. to LSI 11. in. 129 Lying 739.81 5. 7349 206 Standing ami 1,192.22 (") .1 17 a ni to 6 00 a. in 43 lying." Standing 333. 94 7. 76HO Suliperiod 4- 6 00 a in to X Vi a in . 179 Standing 1,231.48 6. K797 x 59 a. ni. to 10.26 a. in 87 Lying 454. 05 5.21X9 17X Standing 1,202.65 6. 7.164 1.24 p. in. to 2.3) p. in 56 Lying 260.11 4. V44,s 2 'X p. in. to 6.(l(l p. in 220 Standing 1,590.73 7. U1 ivi-i-l 111'. Siitiperind 1 6.00 p. n to 10.27 p. m 267 Standing 1,815. 36 6.7991 10.27 p. n. to 12.21 n. irt . . 114 Lying 574. 49 5.0394 1'' 21 a n to 2 05 u in KM Standing 751. 12 7 2223 2 0.1 a. in. to 3.31 a. in N6 Lying 4.57. 29 5.3173 3 31 a. n . to 6.00 a. in U 1 ' Standing 1,04.1.05 7. 0137 Siihpericxl - 6.00 a. n to 10.33 a. m 273 Standing 1,587.45 .1.8148 10.33 a. n. to 12.3.1 p. in 120 Lying 551.84 4..KW6 12 33 p. m. to 1..V4 p. in ... 81 Standing. . . . 4G7.03 6. i:u,l 1. 54 p. m. to 2.44 p. in U Lying 215. 99 1 4..'U9X 2 44 p in to 6.00 p. in 106 Standing 1,302.02 .H42* Sutippriod 3 - 6 (I) p in to X 07 p. in 127 Standing 792. 65 6.2405 8.07 p. m. to 9.30 p. ni 83 Lying 394.36 4.7513 9.30 p. in. to 1.25 a. in 235 Standing 1,612.37 6.8611 1 J-'i .1 in to 2..1X a. in 93 Lying 483.30 5. 1967 2 58 a in to 3 47 a in 49 312 72 6.3X20 3.47 a. m. to .1.44 a. m 117 Lying 5. 1(1X7 .'i.44 a. ni. to 6.00 a. m. . . Rut>period 4- 6 00 a. m to 9. IS a m . 16 198 Standing Standing 139.12 1,286.64 8.6950 6.49X1 (UN a. m. to 11 28 a. m 11.28 A. m. to 1.43 p. m 130 135 Lying Standing 574. 65 927.79 4.4203 6.872.1 1 43 p. m. to 1.4.1 p. m 2 Lying 2.38 I. 1900 1. 4.1 p. m. to 6.00 p. m 255 Standing 1,674. 18 . 5654 The animal lay down > quietly that it wan not notiwd at the time, rnadr Iwtwpon 1.5) aii 1 1. 5264 Period Ilia: Minutes 1,096 1,784 Totalheat calories.. 4,719.8 11,428.7 Heat per minute .do. . . . j 4. 30(54 6. 4062 Ratio ! 1 1. 4876 Period 16 (subperiods 1, 3, and 4): Minutes 1 2, 160 Total heat calories. 15,086. 64 Heat per minute do : 6. 9846 Period lib (suhperiods 1 and 2 only): Minutes ." 274 1,166 Total heat calories.. 1,305.2 7,802.2 Heat per minute do 4. 7636 6. 6914 Ratio 1 1. 4047 Period I lib: Minutes 795 2,085 Total heat calories.. 3,862.5 13,743.4 Heat per minute do 4. 8585 6. 5915 Ratio... 1 1.3566 The differences in rate of heat emission, although slightly smaller, are still quite comparable with those observed in the previous year with the same animal (Bui. 74, p. 24), while both are larger than those observed in the first year's experiments (Bui. 51, p. 37). In the results of the last two years there appears a distinct effect of the amount of feed consumed, the difference in the heat emission standing and lying tending to be greater on the heavier rations. In this year's experiments, too, the difference seems to be less in the trials at the lower temperature, although the results for periods 16 and 116, as noted, are somewhat incomplete. While we should naturally ascribe these differences in heat emission chiefly to the increased muscular exertion required in standing, it would seem that there are other factors affecting it. HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. The figures of the preceding tables show the amounts of heat given off by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is equal to the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial and final states of the animal are the same. Consequently there may be, according to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the body or an emission of heat produced in a previous period. In this respect there are two principal sources of error first, variations in the body temperature of the animal; second, a storage or loss of mat- ter by the body. As regards the first of these sources of error, it has been assumed that under normal and uniform conditions the body 24 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. temperature would be substantially the same at the same hour of the day. We have not been able as yet to make systematic determina- tions of the body temperature of cattle as a check upon this assump- tion, but the rectal temperature of the animal was taken daily dining the digestion periods proper of Periods I and II, except when the steer was in the calorimeter, and also during the preliminary feeding of Periods II and III and on one day during the digestion period proper of Period III. The observations were made immediately before watering, by means of a self-registering mercurial thermome- ter, with the following results: TABLE 19. Temperature nf the animal. Period I. Period II. Period III. Date. Tempera. Date Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. January 15 C. 38. 3 February 3 C. 38.3 Kelmmry 28 C. 38.2 16 38.1 4 38.2 29. 38.3 17 38.1 5.. March 1.. . 38.3 18 38.2 fi 38 2 2 38.4 19 37.9 7 38.3 3 . 38.3 22 38. 8 38.2 4.. . 38.3 9 38. 1 5 38.2 A veruffp 38.1 12. 38. 1 (i 38.3 13 3S.2 38.3 14 38. 1 12. 38.3 15 38.'' 16... 38.1 Average 38.3 19 38.3 Average 38.2 In but two cases does the difference between two successive days exceed 0.1 (.'. With an average live weight of about 5SO kilograms, assuming a specific heat of 0.8 for the body, this difference is equiva- lent to 40 calories. If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily be a corresponding retention of a portion of the heat arising from body metabolism, since the matter which is stored was consumed in the food at a temj>erature considerably below that of the body. On the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the body in any one of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter is reduced (either actually or by calculation"! to that of the surrounding air before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was previously stored up in the body is measured along with that actually produced during the experiment. The above statements are of course true whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off; but the ineome and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect, both because of its large amount and because of the high specific, heat of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that in these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry matter doe-, not materially affect the computation of the balance of APPROXIMATE WATER BALANCE. 25 energy, and that consequently only the income and outgo of water need be considered. From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix are compiled the following tables, showing the income and outgo of water by the animal and the corresponding gain or loss of heat on each day of the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has been assumed to be represented by the average for the period (Table 19), while that of the calorimeter was 19.0 C. and!3.5C. in the series a and 5, respectively, except in Period III6, when it was 13.8 C. In the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter the water remaining in them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days. TABLE 20. Approximate water balance. PERIOD I. Income. Outgo. Inc ome. Outgo. Period la: January 13 Hay Grams. 272 Grams. Period 16: January 20 Or Hay ims. Grams. 289 Water 11,330 Water 3,554 Feces 2,908 37 3,963 4,029 605 Feces ' . . 4,936 Feces spilled Feces spilled 4 Urine ! Urine 3 599 Water vupor Water vapor . . 2,638 Balance Balance r.334 January 14 Hay 11, '(302 11,602 11,177 11,177 296 Januarv 21 Hay 270 .. Water 7iK) Water 1 1,895 : Feces 4,718 37 2,984. 3,812 Feces . . . 5,102 Feces spilled 4 Urine Urine 2,583 Water vapor Water vapor . . . . . . 2,876 Balance 10, 495 Balance 1,600 11,551 11,551 12,165 12.165 PERIOD II. Period I la: February 10 Hay 536 Period 116: February 17 Hav 4 49 .. Water 11,952 Water . . 25, t 70 Feces 9,856 Feces 7,658 54 14 Urine "> 209 Urine .... . . . 5. 242 4 666 3. 334 Balance 7 297 Balance 9.871 HI. Vs:, 19,785 26, 1 19 26, 119 February 11 Hay 507 February IS Hay. - & 04 .. Water 17 470 Water 14, -J 60 8 696 . . 6,921 Feces spilled 54 Feces spilled 14 Urine . r > 584 Urine ...: 5,071 4 736 Water vapor . . . . . 3, 560 Balance 1 003 Balance 6 02 19,070 19,070 15, 66 15,566 12237 Bull. 10107- THK AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABI.K 20. Approximate wattr balance Continued. PERIOD III. 1 110 ! II.'. Outgo. Income. Outgo. IVriod 11 l.i UarcbD Hav fr'nii/i... IV* lirtliii.*. Period 11 16: March n. Hay... (irtinit. 412 Oramtt. Water 5, 205 Water 18.100 '-, Fecea '..'II S, 7>2 FPOPH spilled . . 4 7 Urine 4,461 1'riro- 4,578 Water vapor 3,379 l.'vU Balance 4,057 Balance 9,416 15,070 15,079 18,512 18,512 March 10 Hav 451 March 17 Hay 387 Water Hi, 020 Water 11,200 53 Feces 5,779 5,100 Feces spilled 4 7 Urine 4,548 Urine 4,503 Water vapor 3, 545 4,551 Balance 2,28d Balance . . 2,257 1(1, 471 16, 471 13,870 13,876 Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has boon computed, as shown in the following table, the difference be- tween the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being multiplied by the difference between the average body temperature for the period and the temperature of the calorimeter to obtain the correction. With the exception of Period Ila, the results for the two days of each period where such a comparison is possible show a very close agreement in the amount of heat actually produced. TABI.K 21. Heat production. Period. M'-.i-nr. ! in calorim- eter. (.'orntion for water halancr. Heat pitv dlKvd. Period In: Klmt dav Calories. 10,881.7 Calories. + 12 7 Calorie*. 10 -'II ffcvond d"ay , 11,127.9 -200.5 10,927. 4 A vrrajp> 11,004.8 - 93.9 10,910.9 I'nrtod Ifc: First dav S-orvl day 11,696 9 + 39 4 11 73<> 3 ivrirxl IIo: First day 11,405.2 140 1 11 265 1 Swond nav , . . 11 623.9 19 3 11 604 > A vrraic' 11 514.5 79 7 11 434.0 l>nod 116.- Flmt day 11 073.8 +243.8 11 317 fi ftnrond day I'-no.' ': - 69. 1 10 "23. 6 r-rio.i nifc Flmt day 10 798.2 4- 99. 4 10 897 ii ."Vpood d*y 10 906.8 56.1 10 >v^. Avwra^B 10 883.6 a. 21 7 10 874.2 NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 27 THE BALANCE OF MATTER. Considering the figures for epidermal tissues in Table 10 to repre- sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat of the body, as has been done in the computations which follow. THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the following table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason that, as stated on page 15, the results for water were not found to be entirely satisfactory. In Period 116, as noted on page 19, the results on methane were apparently too low, and therefore those of Period Ila, on the same ration, have been substituted. TABLE 22. Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period la: Hay Grams. 65. 12 Qrams. Grams. 1.. 363. 70 Grams. Feces 25.85 50 75 546. 98 112.15 3.69 50.98 1,079.03 Urine. . . . Brushings . ! 0.60 Methane : Carbon dioxid ... 1 Balance 12.08 429. 13 Period 16: Hay.. 77.20 77.20 1,792.83 1,792.83 65.12 1 363 70 Feces 5> r . 85 546. 98 111.61 3.69 48.74 1.092.38 Urine 50 75 Brushings . . . n fin Methane 1 Carbon dioxid Balance 1 2 ns ; 439 70 Period I la: Hay 77.20 77.20 1,803.40 1,803.40 112.06 43.45 69 05 2,323.71 931. 83 Feces Urine 168.76 3.69 68.48 1 259 75 Brushings n fin Methane . . . Carbon dioxid Balance 1. 04 108.80 113. 10 i 113. 10 2. 432. 51 ' 2, 432. 51 Period 116: Hay 1 12. 06 2. 323. 71 Feces 43. 45 : 931. 83 Urine ii9. 05 168. 76 Brushings 0. 60 a 69 Methane 1 68. 48 Carbon dioxid ' 1,239.30 Balance 1.04 .. 88.35 .. 113.02 113.02 i 2,412. 06 2,412.06 28 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K '2'2. Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head Continued. rerlon dioxid a 12 2ia44 97.89 97. SG 2, 121. 48 2.121.48 GAIN OF PROTEIN AND FAT. Excluding the brushings, the gain of protein and fat, which was of course negative in every instance, has been computed in the usual manner, using Kohler's figures for the composition of the nitrogenous tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 10.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 per cent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by (>. Tn the computation of fat from carbon the usual factor (1.3) has been employed. TABLE 23. Gain of protein and fat per Hay iinri head. Period ' ..mi of nitro- Kqiiiva- lent pro- (ialn of carbon. Kquiva- lent gain Compute*! energy of gain. gen. (NX6). Total. AM fat. of fat. I'rotein. Fat. Total. firnm*. Gramt. Gram*. Grnm*. G ram*. Grnmt. Cnlorir*. Calorif*. Calorir*. la -12.08 -72.48 -429. 13 -38.08 -391.05 -508.4 -413.2 -4.K29.8 -5.243.0 16 12. ON -72.48 -439.70 -38.08 -401.62 -522.2 -413.2 -4.960.9 -5.374.1 Ila - 1.04 6.24" -108.80 - 3.28 -105.52 -137.2 - 35.6 -1.303.4 -1,339.0 11'. . - 1 04 - 6.24 - 88.35 - 3.28 - 85.07 -110.6 - 35.6 -1,050.7 - 1 . 086. 3 Ilia... - 6 12 -36. 72 -222. 15 -19.29 -202.86 -m 7 -209.3 -2.714.5 III6 -6.12 -36.72 -210.44 -19.29 -191.15 -248.5 -209.3 -2,. 'WO. 8 -2,570.1 T1IK HALANCK OF ENERGY. In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the factors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy <>f the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. I In- nrrgy <>f the methane, however, may be safely computed from ii> amount, its bent of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344 caloric* ]>cr gram. The energy of the gain of tissue by the animal "Zfit. f. Phv.-iol. Thriii.. 31. 479. THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 29 may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 calories and 9.5 calories per gram, respectively. Having done this, we are in position to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The fol- lowing table contains such a comparison for each period. The differ- ence between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table under the heading " Error," shows, of course, the extent to which our results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the con- servation of energy. TABLE 24. Balance of energy per day and head. Period I. Period II. Period III. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Series a, at 19 C.: Hay Calories. 13, 170. 7 Calories. Calories. Calories. 22,557.7 Calories. 18,535.1 Calories. Feces 5,403.3 9,132.0 1,522.3 7,666.1 1,247.2 41.3 1,021.0 10,723.6 Urine 1,046.4 41.3 908.9 10,910.9 41.3 1,221.0 11,434.9 Methane Heat Loss by body- 413.2 4, 829. 8 35.6 1,303.4 209.3 2,505.2 Fat Error 102.9 545.2 550.4 Series b, at 13.5 C.: Hay 18, 413. 7 18, 413. 7 23,896.7 23,896.7 21,249.6 21,249.6 13 170.7 22, 557. 7 18, 535. 1 Feces 5,403.3 9, 132. 7,666.1 1,247.2 41.3 1,084.8 10,874.6 Urine 1,046.4 1,522.3 41.3 ol, 221.0 Brushings. . 41.3 868.9 11,736.3 Methane Heat Loss by body Proteids 413.2 4,960.9 551.4 35.6 1,0.50.7 11,317.6 209.3 2, 560. 8 Fat ""m.s 191.2 Error. . . . r 19,0%. 2 19,096.2 23,644.0 23,644.0 21,105.2 21,105.2 Assumed to be the same as in Period Ila. See p. 19. With the exception of Periods la and III&, the agreement between the results computed from the energy balance and those computed from the balance of carbon and nitrogen is much less satisfactory than in previous years. A direct comparison of the gains or losses, however, is somewhat misleading, because all the errors of the experi- ments are concentrated in a single relatively small number. It seems on the whole fairer, therefore, to compare the total heat pro- duction as measured with that computed from the balance of carbon and nitrogen, as has been done in the following table: 30 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OK RED CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K 25.- Unit pr^luctiou ptr day ami hrad. IVriml. l'.'lll|>llt.'.|. < >!- r\.-.|. Com- puted -^-ob- served. | a Calorifi. 11,012.9 Ca(orfe. 10,910.9 Per cent. 100.9 16 11,184.9 11,736.3 96.3 II.! 11,960.1 11,434.9 104.8 116 11,727.4 11,317.6 103. fi Ilia 11,274.0 10, 723. 6 105.1 Illti . ' 11,066.8 10,874.6 101. 8 The computed heat production exceeds more or less that actually observed in even' instance but one. This is practically equivalent to saying either that the results for the carbon excretion are too high, or those for heat too low, or else that some nonnitrogenous body sub- stance other than fat was being oxidized. As regards the first alternative it may be said that according to the results of our alcohol check tests in each year the tendency of the apparatus seems to be in precisely the opposite direction, viz, to give results slightly too low for carbon dioxid and too high for heat. As regards the nature, of the body substances oxidized, it is of course possible that it may have consisted in part of stored-up carbohydrates (glycogen) which would evolve more CO, in proportion to the energy liberated than would fat. It is hardly possible, however, that this can have been the case to the large extent required to account for the observed discrepancies. It should be noted further that the results in Periods 116 and III6 are somewhat uncertain, owing to various disturbances during the runs. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. DIGESTIBILITY. The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized also under the several periods are brought together in the following table: TAHI.K 2I. I'rrrtntatje Utility. Cormtlturiits mill i-ru-rx> IVricxl I. I'rrindll. IVriml 1 1 1. Per cent. Drv matter 61.41 Per cent. A1.39 Per cent. HI I* Ann . . . 44.04 40 92 .. M 'nCt'iir nmttrr . . 02.70 i.j 62.43 rp.t- :!- M 56 M ON :.. i 4M NotiiimU-iilii. a 100. (10 a 100. 00 a ion. on < rii't- m.-r 55.37 .V). 97 M. 81 Nitf'uf'-ti-fr"' < i tract >- 157. 90 6H. A) Kth-r it run 2 24 fM.OK ftS. 62 Kn>>nry ,W.7 69. .11 .vi. m Tin- slight differences between the several periods attest the accu- racy >f this part of the experiment. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 31 METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta or to what is often called "fuel value." The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metab- olizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 12.08 grams of body nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 72.48 grams of protein. Accord- ing to Rubner's results, the potential energy of the urine is increased by about 7.45 calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine contained approximately 12.08 X 7.45 = 90 calories of energy not derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy of the urine must be diminished by this amount before it is subtracted from the gross energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, com- puted in this way, are as follows : TABLE 27. Energy of urine. Period. Observed. Gain of nitrogen. Equiva- lent inergy. Corrected energy of urine. I... Calories. 1, 046. 4 Grams. 12.08 Calories. 90.0 Calories. 956.4 II 1,522.3 1.04 7.8 1,514.5 III 1, 247. 2 (i. 12 45. 6 1,201.6 Using these corrected values the metabolizable energy of the clover hay fed is computed in the following table: TABLE 28. Metabolizable energy of clover hay. Period I. Feed. Excreta. Feed. Excreta. FeedT Excreta. Hav Calories. 13 170.7 Calories. Calorics. 22 557.7 Calorics. Calories. 18 535.1 Calories. Feces... . 5, 403. 3 9, 132. 7, 666. 1 Urine (corrected ) 956. 4 1,514.5 1.201.6 Methane 888.9 1 221.0 1.053.0 Metabolizable 5, 922. 1 10. 690. 2 8,614.4 13, 170. 7 13, 170. 7 22, 557. 7 22, 557. 7 18, 535. 1 18,535.1 Period II. Period III. "Period IIo onlv. The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter in the food may be expressed in terms of calories per gram of the 32 THK AVA1LABLK KNKROY OF RED CLOVER HAY. total or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the results are as shown in the following table: TABI.K *>.-- .Vrtaboliznblc nieriiy j>rr tjram of organic matter. Period. I... II.. Ill >rganio matter of hay. Met !il.<>li/:i!.|.' energy. Total. Grams. 2,730.3 4,668.0 Ml o Digested. Total. Per gram of total organic matter. Per gram of digest- ible organic matter. ilrmiif. 1,712.0 2,939.0 2, 407. Caloriet. 5,922.1 10. ' ('., these being designated as series n and series /;, respectively. The results have already been given in the description of the experiment, but are brought together here for more convenient comparison. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION. TABLE 31.- Heat production. Series a, at 19 C. ! Series b, t it 13.5 C. Period. Given off by radi- ation and conduc- tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Correc- tion for water balance. : Given off by radi- Total. Ration and conduc- tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Correc- tion for water balance. Total. I Calories. 8, G84. 1 Calories. 2, 320. 7 Calories. 93.9 Calories. Calories. 10, 910. 9 9, 994. 4 Calories. 1.702.5 Calories. + 39. 4 Calories. 11,730.3 II. . .. 8,731.6 2, 782. 9 -79.7 11,434.9 9,100.3 1,973.5 +243.8 11,317. (> Ill 8.0743 2, 718. 3 -69.1 10.723. 6 8,803.0 2.049.5 + 21.7 10, 874. 2 In Period Ifr, as shown in Table 17, the animal stood constantly for forty-eight hours, and as would be expected the heat production appears to be abnormally high. In the other cases the difference of 5.5 C. in temperature seems to have made but a slight difference in the total heat production. But, while this is true as regards the total amount of heat produced, the difference in temperature made a striking difference in the chan- nel of excretion by which the body rid itself of its heat. A much less proportion of it was removed as latent heat of water vapor and correspondingly more by radiation and conduction at the lower temperature, as is shown clearly in the following table, based on the figures for heat production just given. The correction for the water balance is taken as representing heat stored temporarily in the body. TABLE 32. Percentage distribution of heat produced. Series a, at 19 C. Series 6, at 13.5 C. Period. Given off , by radi- | ation and , conduc- ' tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Stored in body. Given off by radia- tion and conduc- tion. Given oft as latent j heat of water vapor. Stored in body. I Per cent. \ 79. 59 Per cent. 21.27 Per cent. -0.86 Per cent. 85. Hi Per cent. 14.51 Prr cent. 0.33 II 76.36 24.34 -0.70 80.41 17. 44 2. 15 HI 75.29 25.35 0. G-i ,sO. 95 18.85 0.20 The relative humidity of the air does not appear in this case to have been an important factor in bringing about the marked decrease in the evaporation of water at the lower temperature. The relative humidity of the ingoing and of the outcoming air, and also the aver- age relative humidity of the four residual samples taken at the end of each subperiod, were as follows: ,'J4 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OP RED CLOVER HAY. TABI.K :W.- Ktlativt humidity. IVriixl. Ingoing air. Outcomingj Realdiial air. samj.los I o Per cent. 2.3 2.4 2.2 4.9 4.7 2.3 Per cent. 28.2 32.1 30.0 29.9 33.8 31.2 Per cent. 27.2 29.7 29.7 28.7 34.7 32.3 11,, II In 16 116 HP, Apparently the difference in the method of excretion of the heat was a direct effect of the lower temperature. NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of /tint z and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metab- oli/able energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus ex- pended represents the net contribution which the food has made to the maintenance of the stock of potential energy in the body. This portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy. In other words, it is energy available for maintenance. As explained in previous bulletins, the availability of the energy of a feeding stuff is determined by a comparison of the losses of energy by the animal in periods in which different amounts of the feed in question are consumed. In this experiment three different amounts of clover hay were fed to the animal, and consequently a comparison of the three periods should give us two results regarding availability in Series a and two in Series />. The losses of protein and fat by the animal as tabulated on preced- ing pages do not take account of the amounts of matter and energy contained in the brushings, which are tabulated separately. It is dear, however, that these ought to be included in a computation of availability, since a portion of the energy of the food was expended in tlx-ir production. Furthermore, since the metabolizable energy of the food has been corrected in Table '27, for the gain or loss of nitrogen by the animal, the figures for the gain or loss of engery >honld be similarity corrected by adding to the gain (i. e., subtracting from the lo>s) 7.\~> calories for each gram of nitrogen lost by the AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 35 animal. Indicating gain or loss by the mathematical signs + and , the corrections and the corrected gains were as shown in the following table: TABLE 34. Corrected gains. Gain ac- cording to previous tables. Correction for Corrected gain. Brush- ings. Gain of protein. Computed from balance, of nitrogen and carbon: Period la Calories. -5,243.0 -1,339.0 -2,714.5 -5,374.1 -1,086.3 -2,570.1 -5,140.1 - 793. 8 -2,164.1 - '676^5 -2,378.9 Calories. + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 Calories. +90.0 + 7. 8 + 45.0 + 90.0 + 7.8 + 45. f> +90.0 + 7.8 + 45.0 + 90.0 + 7.8 + 45.6 Calories. -5,111.7 -1,289.0 -2,627.6 -5,242.8 -1,037.2 -2,483.2 -5,008.8 - 744. 7 -2,077.2 -5,794.2 - 627.4 -2,292.0 Period Ila Period Ilia Period 16 Period 116 . Period III6 ... Computed from balance, of energy: Period la Period Ila ... . . Period Ilia Period 16 Period 116 . Period III6 As already noted, there was no marked difference between Series a and Series b as regards heat production or loss except in Period METABOL/Z4BLE ENERGY DIAGRAM 2. Availability of energy. U. In this period for some reason the animal refused to lie down at all. It is presumably in consequence of this fact that the observed heat production was considerably higher than in the corresponding \\\\ TIIK VVAII.ABI.K KX F.ROY OF RKI> CLOVER HAY. Period In. although this is not true of the heat production as e.oin- puted from the balance of nitrogen and carbon. If we arbitrarily reject Period \b as having been under abnormal conditions and plat the data of the remaining experiments as in previous bulletins, we have the results for the two series separately and for their average, which are shown in Diagram 2. While the losses as computed from the rarhon and nitrogen balance are greater than those deduced from the energy balance, the average results of Series a and Series 6 are quite closely parallel. If. on the other hand, again omitting the results for energy of Period I/*, we average for each series separately the results as com- ! GAIN f+/ Oft L0JJ /-/ BY AN/MAL fCALO#'N | s ^ - / ^ II -3000 -vooo / ^ % ries n and those of A- previously stated, the results if the calorimeter exj>eriments > mill 1 1// were not a.s satisfactory us the others. In both cases the l.jiUn.e of energy was obtained for twenty-four hours only, owing i.. van. HI-, disarrangements of the apparatus, and in subjwriod AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 37 4 of Period lib the methane determination is lacking. On the whole, therefore, we incline to attach considerably more value to the results of Series a than to those of Series 6. CORRECTIONS FOR STANDING AND LYING. The average number of hours per day during which the animal lay down in the several periods was, as shown in Tables 17 and 18: Period la, 3 hours, 12 minutes. Period I la, 7 hours, 47 minutes. Period Ilia, 9 hours. 8 minutes. Period 16, - Period lib, 2 hours, 17 minutes. Period Illh, 6 hours, 38 minutes. In view of the very marked influence of standing as compared with lying upon the metabolism of the animal, as shown in all our experiments, it is evident that the results of the several periods are not strictly comparable. Unfortunately, the data available for com- puting a correction are not fully sufficient, because, although the variations in the rate at which heat was given off by radiation and conduction are shown by the records of the experiment, as sum- marized in Tables 17 and 18, the apparatus does not permit similar determinations of the rate at which heat was carried off as latent heat of water vapor. The best approximation! which is available appears to be that outlined in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau, page 38. This consists in assuming, on the one hand, that the rate of elimination of water vapor varied at the same rate as that of the radiation of heat, and, on the other hand, that it was unaffected by the position of the animal. It would seem that these two hypotheses may be fairly regarded as representing the extremes of probable variation, and if, as appears to be the case, the results when corrected on these two hypotheses are substantially concordant, we shall be inclined to regard them as probably correct. In place of computing the metabolism for the entire twenty-four hours either standing or lying, as was done in Bulletin 51, wo have preferred in this case to compute the results, on the two hypotheses above stated, to a uniform period of seven hours passed lying down. The method of computation may be illustrated by the results of Period la. In this period, as appears from Table 19, the average rate at which heat was given off by radiation and conduction and brought out of the calorimeter in the water current was: Standing, 6.2700 calories per minute. Lying, 4.4747 calories per minute. 38 THK AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. If the animal had lain down for seven hours out of the twenty- four, the total heat given off through these channels would have been : Standing 17 hours, (5.2700 .4 calories. 0.7891 Upon the second hypothesis, that of unchanged elimination of water vapor, the total heat emission would have been: 8.274.8+2,320.7 = 10,595.5 calories. To find the actual heat production, the above figures must be cor- rected as in Table 21 for the results of the water balance, the cor- rection in this period being 93.9 calories. Accordingly the heat production computed for Period la on the assumption that the animal lay down for seven hours is: On the first hypothesis. 10,392.5 calories. On the second hypothesis, 10. 501. G calories. Identical computations for the other periods give the results stated in the following table. In the case of Period 16 of course no data are available for such a computation. TABLE '.fa. Coin pitted hrat production Seven hoiirr lying. ., On the we- I'-ri.Ki. L'. 1 .'. 1 .::^;.",' nd n f - pothnsls. ! Calorift. Catorit*. la 10,392.0 10, .101.1' II. i ... ll.SHO.ft 11.M.S.:. Ilia . 11,083. 2 , 10,992. -' 116 . 10.9Ki.fi 11,043.2 1116 10,S2fi.7 10.J The corresponding (negative) gains by the animal computed, of course, from the energy results, since we have no corresponding data for the carbon and nitrogen balance would be as shown in the fol- lowing table, in which the corrections for the brushings and for the gains of protein have been included in the same manner as in Table 34: AVERAGE RESULTS OF ENERGY BALANCES. TABLE 36. Computed gains Seven hours lying. 39 Period . On the first 0" the sec- hypothesis. Calories. 4.489.9 lo Ho Ilia | 2. 436. 8 lib I - - 293. 4 Illft 2. 244. 1 Calories. 4. 599. 5 - *. 3 2,345.8 353.0 2, 252. 5 6A/N f+) Off LOJS. f-J BY /IN/M^iL fC4LO#/EJJ -/OOO -2000 -3000 -4000 SOOO s vl Ci 1 X Jft Je. iesb 'iesO. ^ X '/ & / ?3r ^r PERIOD HI PER/OD II 6000 7000 8000 sooo /oooo //ooo METABOL/Z4BLE EMEftGY (C/i 'LORIES) DIAGRAM 4. Average results from energy balances computed to 17 hours' standing. The averages of these results compared with the amounts of met- abolizable energy supplied in the feed are expressed graphically in Diagram 4 and are computed numerically in the following table, which includes also the amounts of total and of digested organic matter consumed by the animal in each period. 40 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K 37. Availability of mttabolizablf energy. SffiM Mllll JWlllHl. Srno.o o . ivniftVriw. . . S.TT- b: IVricxi 11 ivrii*! III l>i(Ti'ivno'. . . 12,345.8 812.0 531.4 . 07.1 - 1 M. 74.48 1,480.5 71.32 1 -v. .. 72.90 1 .0 it 3. K56. - 2. 407. f. 8.614.4 2.075.8 293.4 -2,244. 1 1,950.7 . - 353.0 323.2 -2.252.5 -2,248.3 812.0 531.4 93.96 | 1,899.5 91.51 1,925.1 92.74 It must be admitted that the results as they stand do not appear esjxN'ially satisfactory. Tn particular, the correction to a uniform period of lying has the effect of destroying the approximate corre- spondence between the results at different temperatures which was indicated by Diagrams 2 and 3. The corrected results show appar- ently a considerably smaller loss by the animal in Period II&, at the lower temperature, thali in Period II. This result seems unlikely, and. as already noted, both Periods Ib and lib were not altogether satisfactory. Strictly speaking, the results should be corrected also for differences in the weight of the animal. Our apparatus does not permit taking the weight of the animal during the respiration period, but the weight is taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving (lie calorimeter. If we may assume that the average of the last two weights before the respiration period and the first two succeeding it represent approximately the average weight of the animal during the trial, we have the following as the live weights in the different periods: Lire trritjht* <>( annual iliiriny respiration ft* 'noils. I . II III Srri'!t 6. . Kilogmm*. 571.1 .VW.7 .V*V 7 57f.. .VV5. H It must be remembered, however, that these variations in weight wen- doubtless due to a considerable extent to variations in the mil-Hint of material contained in the digestive tract on the different W can hardly suppose that the actual radiating surface of flu- body wus materially different in the different periods, although, HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 41 on the other hand, the metabolism incident to the maintenance of the standing position would naturally be greater the greater the weight of the animal, as was indeed found to be the case. Any probable corrections for the influence of the live weight, however, are so small as to be insignificant as compared with other sources of error and are therefore not taken account of in these computations. HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. If we confine our attention to the results of Series a as being on the whole decidedly more satisfactory than those of Series &, we have apparently a greater average availability between Periods I and III than between Periods III and II. A similar result was noted in Bul- letin 51 in the results computed for the lying position. This differ- ence was there interpreted (page 57) as indicating an indirect utiliza- tion by the animal of the heat resulting from the digestion and assimilation of the light ration. This view assumes that at a given temperature a certain minimum amount of heat is required by the animal organism to maintain its temperature, and that if this amount of heat is not produced by the ordinary activity of the internal organs and the muscles it will be supplied by a direct combustion of food or tissue for the purpose of heat production. In the case observed in Bulletin 51 it was believed that when the animal was lying down the necessary production of heat aside from that resulting from the inges- tion of food was insufficient to supply the demands of the animal. On the heavier ration a part only of the heat resulting from the work of digestion and assimilation was required, in addition to that pro- duced by the internal work, to supply the demand for heat. As the amount of food was decreased, however, a point was reached at which all the heat produced by digestion and assimilation was 'required for this purpose, while with a still smaller amount of food a portion of the animal tissue had to be metabolized to supply the necessary heat. At or below this point, then, the entire metabolizable energy of the food was of use to the animal and the apparent availability became 100 per cent, represented graphically on Diagram III of Bulletin 51 by the dotted lines, making an angle of 45 degrees with the coor- dinates. It is of some interest to apply the same interpretation to this experiment and to compare the results obtained with those found in the previous experiment. In the experiments of 1901-2 tlia average live weight of the animal in Periods A and B, the ones to be compared, was 401.8 kilograms. The computed heat production, lying, in Period A was: On the first hypothesis 7, 920 calories. On the second hypothesis S, '250 calories. Average S, OS5 calories. 4'J THK AVAIIJVBLK KNKROY OF RED CLOVER HAY. 'Phis average amount we may regard as representing the minimum of heat required by the animal. In tin- present ex|>eriments the average live weight for Periods I and III was ">74.:{ kilograms. The heat production in Period la, computed to seven hours lying, was, as previously shown: < >n tin- lir*t hyiNtthtwix ..... .................... 10, 392 raloritw. On tin- HiitncI liypnthivi* .............. 10, 502 caloric*. A viT.i^r'i' ...................................... 10, 447 calorics. which we may regard as being the minimum required for the older and larger animal. It seems to he fairly well established that the requirement of the animal body for heat is substantially proportional to its surface, or, what is approximately the same thing, to the two-thirds power of its volume or weight. On this hypothesis we can compute from the observed results the probable minimum requirement of an animal weighing ~>00 kilograms as follows: RrjMrirufnt of t'Mrt-2. ("i< X ) \ ? ) 3 !, 1(3 calories. 401 .o/ On tin- sccinid hyjx it ln-si.s S,2">0 cal< tries X( )*=9, 545 raloriw. Avt-nu.'"' .................................... >. :t54 caloric*. Kxptrimfni <> ( >n th<- firvt hyjx.th.^i-. IO.S!5 raloriiX =, 478 -:il(irics. \574.3y On th<* MHxmd hypotheeiiti, lo.- r >o:{ calorionXJ = )*=9, 576 caloricw. \ 574. 3y A vi-raK' ...................................... !>,527 ralorif 1 *. The close agreement of the.se iigun's s<>eins to support strongly the view advanced above, namely, that on the lighter ration of Period I the animal was consuming its own tissue for heat production and that up to a point between this and the ration of Period III the food would show an apparent availability of 100 per cent. In other words, we conclude that the availability would be represented approx- imately by the dotted line in Diagram 4. The point at which the relation changes is indicated on the diagram at X, and could, of course, b<- computed numeric-ally by the methods of analytical geometry. If thi> interpretation of the results is correct, the loss of tissue in Period I//, at 1.'{."> ('., should be greater than in Period \a, at 19 ('., and. u> a matter of fart , that appears to be the tendency, although the rr-ult- are uncertain. On the same hypothesis the losses in Periods I and III should be the same at both temperatures. Such an MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 43 equality was observed in Period III, but not in Period II. In the latter, as already noted, the loss, computed for seven hours lying, was less at the lower than at the higher temperature. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. Another method of comparing the results of the two experiments is to compute the maintenance requirement of the animal for a uni- form weight of, say, 500 kilograms. The maintenance requirement may be denned as the amount of food which supplies sufficient avail- able energy to make good the losses incident to the vital activities of the animal. Owing to the varying degree of availability of differ- ent foods, the total weight of food or the total metabolizable energy required will vary with the feeding stuff used. The main- tenance requirement, therefore, is most logically expressed in terms of available energy, and its amount will be found graphically by producing,, the line representing the availability of the food until it intersects the vertical -axis.. The distance from the origin to this point of intersection will represent the maintenance requirement in terms of available energy, or, in other words, it will be the theoretical fasting metabolism of the animal at the given temperature. Per- forming the same operation arithmetically, we have, on the basis of the average results of Period Ila, the following: (10,(>90 calories X 0.729)-(-878 calories =8, 671 calories, maintenance requirement. For the experiments of 1901-2 the computation is not so simple, because the rations employed contained in each case 400 grams of linseed meal, a material whose net available energy has not yet been determined. Its utilizable energy (production value), however, compared with that of maize, as computed by the use of Kellner's factors", is: 100 pounds linseed meal=78,929 calories. 100 pounds maize=88,847 calories. If we assume that the net available energy of the two materials is proportional to their utilizable energy, we may compute the net available energy of linseed meal per kilogram of dry matter from that of maize, as given in the first table on page 40 of Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, as follows: 78 929 2.679 caloriesX UQ 'o% = 2.381 calorics per "rum of drv matter. oo.cH / a Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 71 (.revised), page 16. 44 THK AVAILAHLK ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. t"j>on this assumption the maintenance requirement of the animal in Periods A and R of the exj>eriment of 1901-2 would be as follows: TAIII.K HS. l'n nf mtiintcnancf w/uircmrnl according In experiment of 1901-t. n _ .,_- Net avail- Net avall- Lt, M energy able energy jer gram. ( ration. IVrto.1 A Oramt. Calories. Calorir*. 357. 8 1. 381 883 IXMW from |KM|V 2,678 MHlnlifiitiMt* 1 7,083 IVrtod li Hay 4,018.0 l.-t.x L007 :K4. 7 i'. :8i 848 I.OAH from IMH! V 791 MmiitfiiHiui* r.,73:< I>.ON 1 The time sj>ent standing in the experiment of 1901-2 was, on the average of Periods A and H, fifteen hours. This does not differ suffi- ciently from the seventeen hours to which the results of HMKi-4 have been computed to rentier a correction necessary for the purposes of the present approximate comparison. The reduction of the above figures to a live weight of 500 kilograms gives the following results: Kxiwrim.-nt of 1903-4, 8,671 nil{ 19.06 Stored as gain by animal 14.74 ! 33. 79-j 19.28 41.39 * ^ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Available for maintenance. 27.84 33.79 60.4.5 TABLK 40. Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow- hay. Maize meal. In urine. Per cent. 6.00 Per cent. 11.53 Per cent. 9.66 Per cent. 4.22 In methane 7.42 10.08 11.57 10.25 In digestion and assimilation. . . 32.10 21.15 18.97 In tissue formation 25. 64 1 ._ _,( 46.08J 20 99 Stored as gain. 28.84 } >7 - 24 { 32.69 4,5. .57 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Available for maintenance 54.49 27.61 66.55 The same results may also be computed in calories per unit of dry matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients. The total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy hay, clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general sam- ples, was as follows: I . Total or yrosn cnenjij of materials. Tor kilo- Per kilo- gram di- gram dry gested or- matter. ganic matter. ' Calories. Calories. Timothy hay 4,554 " 4,382 Clover hay . . 4,492 ft 4, 476 Maize meal 4,431 c 4, 327 German meadow hay. 4. 413 4,437 a Preliminary period, steer No. 1. & Average of Periods I and II. c Average of Periods III and IV. On this basis have been corhputed the figures of the tables follow- ing, showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its dis- tribution in accordance with the percentage figures already given. 4t> THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K I'J. Energy /T kilogram of total dry matter. Timothy hay. Calorim. 2,227 < 'lover hay. M, , :..,v hay. M list moil. Color ir. 1,840 306 267 561 } l,- r >18| Color it 1,807 252 200 } i,ao4{ 851 Caloriti. 407 170 413 763 K44 1.834 130 173 K\|'t 'll in iligrstion "nil assimilation .... 747 Kspcntln! In ttMiir (onniition. .567 Stun*! as pun 671 Tot Hi . . 4,554 4,492 1. 1! , 1. I..I 1,358 1,518 _>,fi70 1 TAHI.K -W. KIUTIJIJ /r kilogram of digestible oryanic matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Mai* meal. U>t ill llrillr. ... Ciilorirx. 1362 Calorir*. 516 Culorir*. 429 Ctilorir*. Iv.: l."-l ill iiipthilllr 32. r > "'! 513 11 K xprri'lml in M<>n and ii.ssii!iilatii| . (ION Sti>n" 567.8 23.7 26.. 576.8 18.8 578.6 2.0 27 582.8 15.1 /ft 572. 1 590. 8 23.0 28 584.8 25.6 9 29... 594.9 14.0 5. 205 16. 020 1.4 22.2 7.8 16.1 7,306 ( , 504 8.082 ",768 ".810 ",710 6, 392 8,449 7,385 8,287 4, ;70 4, 697 5, 287 4,735 4,452 <"[3. 097] 4.707 4. 657 4. 735 5. o: Period II. Jan., 1904. 30 31 d 583. (i 573.8 .560. 2 569. 8 597. 8 .507. 4 13.0 40.8 11 12 13 14 564. 2 .51)7. 4 15 Feb., 1904. 1 596 2 25 2 16 is. ioo 17 d.MBi 2 11.200 14.4 2 : 596. 4 5.4 IS 562. 2 3 584 6 99 i Total 1 594.9 5 594. 8 19. 5 6.2 75, 693 37. 46, 175 111 Spilled in calo- rimeter Mar. HI Spilled in stall Mar. 14 li .584. 2 22.8 7 589. 3 8... 585. 13.9 11.3 9 fl> 597. 2 V584.5 10 15. 4 11.952 17. 470 12. 1 12,165 10,807 8, 725 5, 446 5, 825 7,468 Spilled in calo- rimeter Mar. 17 . - 20. 6 11 d587.1 578.1 12 a Including wash water, b Taken at 7.30 a. in. c Taken at 1 p. m. d Taken at 6 p. in. ' Small loss of urine. 47 48 T11K AVAILABLE KNERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K II. -Com {Haitian of dry matter offtfet. i"..i:titu-tit. and oni'rgy. A h IVrtod I. I'tr rent. Ill Ui 14.25 32.90 39.56 3.26 IVriod II. Per crnl. 10.88 14 IM. 31.95 39.91 3.30 P.TI...1 III. Constituent* and energy. IVriod I. Period Period II. III. Per cent. 10.99 14.01 33.86 38.21 2.93 l . Cnidf fllwr NUrogrn - five rx- tntct Hydrogen Heat of combustion Klhrr rxtrart . . . 100.00 100.00 TABI.K III. Digestibility of rations. 1 Nitro- ; mat- 1 tor. Ann. ganic mat- Pro- teids. Non- pro- teids. Crude fiber. gen- free ex- Ether ex- tract. Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Ener- gy. tract. Period 1 \ f)rmf Grm*. firm*. Grm*. Grm*. Grm*. Grm*. Grm*. Grm*. Grm*. f'al*. Hay 2,933.3 2O3.o;2, 79). 3 355. 2 39.6 834.81.403.0 97.7 65.2 1,366.1 13,170.7 Fn-ra . 1,131.9 161.4 372.6 448.2 36.9 25.9 547.0 5.403.3 Digested.. .. .1,801.4 89. 4!l, 712.0 39.6 39.3 193.8 !' ' MM - 60.8 819.1 7,767.4 Coefficient. p.ct. 61.41 44. 04 ; 62.70 54.56100.00 55.37 tvvll 62.24 60.36; 59.96 58.97 Period 11 llav.. ...5,025.3 357.34.668.0 .194.0 81.9 1,408.12,411.1 172.9 112.5 2.323.722..V.7.7 Keren 1,940.1 211.1 1,729.0 272.8 619.9 774.'.' 62.1 43.5 931.8 9.132.0 IHgi-fttal 3.0KV2 146.22.939.li 321.2 81.9 788.2 1,636.9 110.8 69.(i 1. :U. 9 13,425. 7 Coefficient, p.ct. 61.39 40.92 62.96 . r >4. (18 100.00 55.97 . . ..t us r,i .;: 59.51 Period III Hay.. 4,139.1 283.1 :<. S.V..M ri i 60.0 1,193.0 1,974.2 138.7 91.2 1, MH. ii 18,535.1 Free* 1,627.2 178. K 1,448. 4 228.0 551.0 621.7 47.7 36.4 980.0 7,666.1 l>igrU"d. . . .2.511.9 104.32,407.6 . 2 ' 60.0 642.01..V.-J..-- 91.0 54.8 1,131.0 10,869.0 Coefficient, p.ct., 60.68 36.83! 62.43 63.48 100.00 :,.i. si 68.51 60.08 59.18 .58.64 TAHI.K IV. l{mtillx on iiriiif (inrlusii'f of wash water). I'lTilwI. Prrioil I Km-rg>'. Avcr- i age W eight. I specinc Total nitrogen. I Total <-rbon. ,,. ,.,, grav- Total. Itv. gram. loUlnillii-ti-'l . (Ira mo. .'2, 157 Prr d. liMllyavoragi- (ICldaym f.,215.7 I 1.UC9 prrio>t II (tram*. 507. 53 Per ti. Gram*. Calorie*. > Calorie. t. 1.797 1,121.48 ' 112.15 i 17. ti l.o#i. *l Total itillwtpd 65. 79ft I . l50 ' rtW). .1 'J. &*> 1 . '*7. 6 I 'ally average (lO'laym A.S79.K ; I. (Mil ! np.0.1 l8.7i 231.4 1,522.25 /Vnorf /// (lOdayij 4.fift|.ii, 1.04'U 1.299 .1.11*1 i. 41 vo 0. 55 141.80 i 267.6 1.247.16 APPENDIX. TABLE V. Residual air. 49 Period Ilia. At end of preliminary run. At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Period Ib. At end of preliminary run . At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Period lib. At end of preliminary run. At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Period Illb. At end of preliminary run. At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Period. Period la. At end of preliminary run. . .' At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Period Ila. At end of preliminary run. At end of subperiod 1 At end of subperiod 2 At end of subperiod 3 At end of subperiod 4 Liters Mm. 25 713. 44 25 710. 29 25 701. 80 25 701. 56 25 705. 37 25 723. 33 25 724. 72 25 724. 17 25 723. 97 25 720. 98 25 706. 43 25 710. 71 25 713. 05 25 717. 18 25 712. 37 25731.04 25 724. 46 25719.80 25 717. 81 25 713. 40 25 720. 25 25 720. 49 25 724. 84 25 725. 20 25 722. 80 25 712. 67 25 715. 66 251721. 80 25726.14 25 719. 79 Weight. Corre- sponding volume at and 760 nun. Total vol- ume of sample reduced. a . Total in chamber. C. Oms. Gms. \Liters Liters Liters, Liters Liters' Gms. Gms. 15.60. 1104 [ 0. 1064! 0. 14| 0.05 22.24[ 22.3810,753 53.0451.12 .05 21.891 22.0110,759 49. 03' 52. 11 .051 21.55S 21.6910,646 53.40,50.07 .05 21.58 21.7110,636 50.6648.94 19.0 .1003 .1066 20.2 .1088 .1020 19.61 .1034 .0999 19.1! .1041 .1122 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.4 19.2 .1159 18.8 17.2 18.9 14.1 18.0 15.6 16.2! 16.8 15. 7i 19.1 16.6; 15. 6 17.5 .1129 .1218 .1169 .1156 .1093 .1189 . 1173 13.2 .0832 16.0 .0657 15.6 .0900 14. 6 ! .0867 10.01 .0856 .0715 .1165 .0921 .0961 .0933 ,0830 ,0771 .0879 , 1054 .0981 1211 1103 1198 1096 1142 1046 1010 1111 1010 1090 .1106 .1066 .1087 .1117 . 1088 1031 1121 1152 1171 1130 1043 0980 1047 1065 1156 .06 21.75 21.8810,687 50.8454.80 .06 22. 46 22.6010,917 54. 54 ; 58. 50 .061 22.46 22.6110.941 58.94,53.37 .06 22.39! 22.5410,944 56.76:58.17 22.5110,945 56. 21153. 29 22.37 22.22 22.3610,911 56.5555.72 21.79 21.9310,693 53.3051.00 22. 07 22. 21 10, 726 53. 80 48. 78 22.12 22.2610,766 56.54.53.73 22.27 22.42110,825 57.4148.76 21.97 22.12110,778 57.1653.11 23.00 22.56 22.45 22.47 22. 22 22.58 22.29 22.61 22.58 22.46 23.1011,254 40.5353.88 22.64,11,198 32.50:52.73 22.5611,068 44.1653.33 22.5811,028 42.3454.55 22.3310,979 42.09 ! 53. 49 22.67 11,068 34.9H50.34 22. 43J10.959 56.9254.77 22.7211,143 45. 17 56. 50 22.70ill,142; 47.1757.48 22.5811,128 45.9855.69 .05 22.22 22.3210,954 40.7351.19 .05 22.05 22.1511.051 as. 4648.90 . 05 22. 43; 22. 54 11 . 084 43. 22 51. 49 .05 1 22.65 22.7811.143 51.5652.10 .06 ! 22.31 22.4311.077 48.4557.09 a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. fiO THK AVA1LABLK KNF.HGY OF RKD CLOVER HAY. TAHI.K \\.--Venlilatioit. Volume IVri'-l :il mrtrr pump. Average iMtrtime- ter. Average t.-n-i.'ii of Mi | 111'' MIS vapor. Average tempera- ture. Reduced volume at meter pump, dry. S.uii|.|.> of resid- ual air. Methane pro- duced. Volume of entering air, dry. Period la. IMtrt. Mm. Mm. r. Liters. Liter*. Liter*. Liter*. Subpenod 1 4V4.41'.' 726. 6 1.66 16.8 inv .III 21.89 48.61 408,317.6 Sul'i-TH-l J 462.239 722.0 1.20 18.0 411,279.9 21.55 43.44 411.258.0 SubpertodS.. . 463. 42X 718.8 1.09 18.0 410.587.3 21.58 60.78 4 10. .588.1 Siil'|.Ti.l 4 4A3.923 719.9 1.13 18.2 411,347.4 21.75 51.26 411.317.9 Period I la. Kubperlod 1... 471.503 739.0 1.75 15.3 433,076.6 22.46 58.79 433, 040.3 Sul>period2.. 4HH.WO 740.9 1.50 16.3 448,937.8 22.39 7x u; 44H.8H2.2 Sul>|M>riod .1. 4K8.247 739.9 1.48 15.5 11^ s.s7 1 22.37 71.99 44K.837.7 Sul'|TiiM iv "!' 739.0 1.60 17.8 444,520.9 22.22' 47.60 444.495.6 Period Ilia. Subperiod 1... 48*. 147 ?J4. 3 1.69 16.fi 437. 473. 2 22.07 52.46 437.442.8 Subperiod 2 4tW.Srt 727.3 2.37 16.6 444,206.9 22.12 63.77 444, 165. 2 Subpertod 3.... 4U5.677 730. 6 2.04 15.3 450.045.0 22.27 i>, U 450.020.3 Subperiod 4 49K.936 731.8 1.68 15.5 453. .543.0 21.97 51.23 453,513.8 Period Ib. Subperiod 1... 453,669 740.4 1.31 12.4 422,112.0 22.56 47.47 422,087.0 Subpertod 2 459.415 735.4 1.02 14.0 422.2S8.6 22.45 43.50 09 - 1 ' Subperiod 3 4A3.719 731.7 1.10 14.3 414.500.4 22.47 48.18 414,474.7 Suliperiod 4.. 4.54.164 728.4 1.00 14.6 412,627.8 22.22 43.33 412,606.7 Period lib. Subperiod 1.... 487.850 734.5 1.50 14.2 447,273.2 22.29 36.92 447.258.6 Sul>|M>hod 2 491,883 737.2 1.00 15.1 451,481.2 22.61 41.28 451 . 462. Suliperiod 3 4K7.751 738.6 1.10 13.6 450,851.2 22.58 .vs. 41 450,815.3 Subperiod 4. 492.110 737. 5 .98 14.1 453,460.5 22.46 26.84 4.53, 456. 1 Period Illb. Subppriod 1... 498.006 729.1 1.77 'l5.1 451.671.8 22.05 45.17 451,648.6 Su bprriod 2 408, 848 734.4 2.35 15.4 454.774.7 22.43 58.57 454,738.6 Kubprriod 3 493,74.') 738.0 1.60 14.1 454.1M2.ff 22.6.5 .59.79 454,905.8 Ku>>ppriod4.... i" 31 737.9 1.45 15.4 455,316.7 22.31 64.31 455,274.7 APPENDIX. 51 TABLE VII. Inqaing air. Period. Aspi- rator read- ing. Ba- rome- ter.o Tem- pera- ture. Re- duced aspira- tor read- ing, dry. Vol- ume of car- bon diox- id. Total volume of sam- ple re- duced and dry. Ratio of sam- ple to total ventila- tion. Water. Carbon diox- id. In sam- ple. In total venti- lation. Into- ta ~ tion. Period la. Subperiod 1 Liters 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Mm. 711.1 700.2 703.0 706.5 725.7 724.7 726.5 722.7 710.2 712.2 718.6 714.4 726.2 720.3 718.1 714.4 722.3 724. 5 726.6 724.3 718.7 722.0 726.8 720.8 C. 20.4 21.6 21.2 20.6 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.8 18.8 18.6 18.2 20.4 17.4 17.0 15.4 17.2 19.4 16.4 18.0 17.8 20.4 16.6 17.4 19.0 Liters. 174. 12 170. 76 172.25 172. 87 178. 43 177. 95 178. 14 176. 72 174.84 175. 47 177.28 174. 92 179.66 178. 44 178. 89 176.86 177. 47 179.85 179. 39 178. 95 175.99 179. 10 179.80 177. 34 Liters 0.05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .0.5 .06 .06 .06 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 Liters. 174. 17 170. 81 172.30 172. 92 178.48 178.00 178. 19 176. 77 174. 89 175. 52 177.33 174.97 179. 72 178.50 178. 95 176.91 177. 52 179.90 179. 44 179.00 176. 04 179. 15 179.85 177. 39 1: 2,344.4 2, 407. 7 2,382.8 2,378.7 2, 426. 3 2, 521. 8 2, 518. 9 2,514.5 2,501.3 2,530.6 2,537.8 2, 592. 2,348.6 2,365.6 2,316.2 2,332.3 2. 519. 5 2,509.5 2. 512. 4 2,533.3 2,565.6 2,538.3 2,529.4 2, 566. 5 Gram. 0.0927 .0622 .0646 .0664 .1244 .0623 .0644 .0547 .0761 .0679 .0679 .0668 .1188 .1653 .1146 .0582 .1217 .2228 .0590 .0365 .0562 .0558 .0527 .0551 Grams. 217.3 149.8 153.9 157.9 301.8 157.1 162. 2 137.6 190.4 171.8 172.3 173.1 279.0 391.0 265. 4 135.7 306.6 559.1 148.2 92.46 144.2 141.6 133.3 141.4 Gram. 0.1064 .1092 .1061 .1049 .1062 .1047 .1013 .1053 .1053 .1040 . 1043 .1074 .1143 .1176 .1133 .1057 .1030 .1040 .1069 .1072 .1040 .1060 . 1065 .1092 Gms. 294.4 262.9 252.8 249.5 257.7 264.0 255.2 264.8 263.4 263.2 264.7 278.4 268.4 278.2 262.4 246. 5 259.5 261.0 268.6 271.6 266.8 269.1 269. 4 280.3 Subperiod 2 . . Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Ila. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 ... Subperiod 4 Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 ... Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Ib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 . . Period lib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Illb. Subperiod 1 Subpiriod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 52 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABLB VIII. Carbon dioxid. Period. Carbor in M (conw Pan No. t. dioxid BtplM cU>d). Pan No. 1 ToUl, Nos. 1 and 2X100 and cor- rected.* In sam- ple of rvM.l- ualair. Correc- tion for residual air. Total COt Total In out- COt in coming ingoing air. air. COi inni. ! in cham- Iwr. Equivn- Vnt r;i rln ill Gram*. 533.2 53ao 5415 5514 m i 6413 6415 ...-. a 587.3 668.7 581.7 563.1 533.8 539.2 r 545.3 615.3 6213 < 623.0 A18.0 568.2 -,1 ^ M8.D m i Period la. Subperiod 1 ( ; r, t 10.964L' 11.0263 11.1844 11.36W U VV~ 13.0521 13.0874 12.7990 12.1124 11.6727 ;: Ml 11.6808 11.1265 11.3118 11.2516 11.5985 12.5948 12. 7031 12.7993 116649 11.7520 11.5499 11.8184 11.8825 Qrnmt. 11.0337 11.0203 11.2001 U .-'.vi 12.4076 13.0508 13.0205 U.MH 12.0378 11.7236 11.9922 11.6693 11. 1061 11. 1981 11.3297 11.5990 114758 12.6671 12. 11885 _ ma 11.7364 11. ti3X) ll.flflOS 11.81&S Gram*. 2.203.4 2.20S.3 2.243.0 .'. J..s -1 2.483.7 2.614.6 2,616.0 2,568.7 2,419.0 2.343.5 2,4017 2.338.9 2.226.9 2,254.7 2.261.9 2.323.6 2.511.2 2. 541. 2 2,553.0 2. 539. 6 2.352.7 2.32Z7 2.354.8 2.3717 (Srnin. n. 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 Grams. + 1.0 -10 -LI +5.9 -5.1 + 18 -4.9 +14 -2.2 +5.0 -5.0 + 4.4 -L2 + .6 + 1.2 -1.1 + 4.4 + 1.7 + 1.0 -L8 -13 +16 + .6 + &0 Gramt. 2,204.5 2,206.4 2,2410 2,275.3 2,47&7 2,619.5 2,611.2 2.57L2 2. 416. 9 2.348.6 2.397.8 2,343.3 2.225.9 2.255.4 2.263.2 1322.6 2,515.7 2,543.1 2.554.1 2.538.0 2.35a5 2.325.4 2.355.5 2,378.9 Gram*. 249.4 2618 2518 249.5 257.7 264.0 255.2 264.8 .'A 4 263.2 264.7 278.4 26&4 278.2 2614 246.5 259.5 .'.I. it XH. 6 271.6 26d8 269. 1 269.4 280,3 Gram* 1.955.1 1.94i.C, 1.9W.2 I 008 > 2,221.0 2.355.5 2.35K.1 2,306.5 2,153.5 2.085.4 2.133.1 2,064.9 1,957.5 1,977.2 2.ooa8 2,078.1 ?.25&2 2,2811 2.28&5 2.2Atl4 2.0Ki7 2.056.3 2.08A.1 2.008.6 Sut>|Tiod 2 Subperiod 3. . . Subperiod 4 Period Ila. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period 1 1 la. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 . . Period Ib. Subperiod 1 . . . . Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subpcriod 3 . Suhperiod 4. . Period I lib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2. . Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4.. For iiniiiiT of pump strokes. '- For a alight Uwkage from the pans, amounting to about O.lfi5 per cent of the total volume. 'Correction applied for man entering chamber, 0.3 gram carbon. APPENDIX. TABLE IX. Water. 53 Water in sam- Total Period. ples (cor- rected)^ Total, Nos.l and 2X100 (cor- rect- ed)^ In cans. On ab- sorb- ers. In sam- pie of resid- ual air. Cor- rec- tion for resid- ual air. Cor- rec- tion of hy- grom- eter. HjO in out- com- ing air + ab- sorb- ers. Total HjO in in- going air. Water added in cham- ber. Equiv- alent hydro- gen. Pan No. 1. Pan No. 2. Period la. Gins Gms. Gms Gins. Gin. Qm. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. flm.x Subperiod 1 3. 7923 3.8547 766.0 1,440.0 0.0 0.1 - 4.0 -5.0 2, 197. 217.3 1,979.7 220.0 Subperiod 2 2. 8452 2.8766 573.1 1,626.0 .0 .1 + 4.4 -5.0 2, 198. 6 149.8 2,048.8 227.7 Subperiod 3 2. 5353 2.5547 509.8 1,577.0 .0 .1 + 2.7 5.0 2,079.2 153.9 1,925.3 213.9 Subperiod 4 2. 6640 2.6476 532.0 1, 517. .0 .1 + .2 -5.0 2,044.3 157.9 1,886.4, 209.6 Period I la. Subperiod 1 41 329 4. 1775 832.4 1, 740. .0 .1 + 4.4 5.0 2, 571. 9 301.8 2,270.1 252.2 Subperiod 2 . . 3. 6795 3.6035 3.6654 3. 6398 735.7 725.5 1,824.0 1,820.0 .0 .0 .1 .1 - 2.2 - .6 -5.0 -5.0 2, 552. 6 2,540.1 157.1 162.2 2, 395. 5 266. 2 2,377.9 264.2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 . 4.0213 4.0380 807.3 1,693.0 .0 .1 + .3 -5.0 2, 495. 7 137. 5 2. 358. 2 262. Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 6.3729 6.4288 1,282.3 1,262.0 .0 .1 + .5 -5.0 2, 539. 9 190.42,349.5 261.1 Subperiod 2 5.9328 5.9024 1, 185. 5 1,272.0 .0 .1 + 2.7 -5.0 2, 455. 3 171.82,283. 5 ! 253.7 Subperiod 3 5.1046 5. 1016 1,022.3 1,340.0 .0 .1 + .9 -5.0 2,358.3 172. 3 2, 186. 242. 9 Subperiod 4 4.2235 4.2406 847.8 1,695.0 .0 .1 - .3 -5.0 2,537.7 173.12,364.5 262.7 Period Ib. Subperiod 1 . 3. 0157 3. 0425 606.8 928.0 .0 .1 - 8.0 -5.0 1,521.9 279.0 1.242.0 138.1 Subperiod 2 2.3775 2.3810 476.6 1,303.0 .0 .1 + 11.7 -5.0 1,786.4 391.01,395.4 155.0 Subperiod 3 . 2.5541 2.5526 511.5 1,138.0 .0 .1 1.8 -5.0 1,642.8 265.41,377.4: d53.0 Subperiod 4 2.3299 2.3264 466.4 1,173.0 .0 .1 - .3 -5.0 1,634.2 135.71,498.5 166.5 Period lib. Subperiod 1 3.6076 3.6374 725.7 1,248.0 .0 .1 +22.0 -5.0 1,990.8 306.61,684.2 187.1 Subperiod 2 2.4445 2.4589 491.2 1,734.0 .0 .1 -11.8 -5.0 2,208.5 559. 11, 649. 4' 18?. 3 Subperiod 3 2.7217 ; 2.7077 543.8 1,390.0 .0 .1 + 2.0 -5.0 1,930.9 148.21,782.7 c!98.0 Subperiod 4 2.4214 2.4335 486.3 1,385.0 .0 .1 - 1.2 -5.0 1,865.2 92.5 1,772.7 197.0 Period Illb. Subperiod 1 4. 4379 4.4660 891.9 1,016.0 .0 .1 - 2.3 -5.0 1,900.7 144.21,756.5 195.2 Subperiod 2 3.6533 3.6412 730.7 1,034.0 .0 .1 + 4.8 -5.0 1,764.5 141.61,622.9 180.3 Subperiod 3 3.9753 3.9933 798.2 1,025.0 .0 .1 + 8.3 -5.0-1,826.6 133.31,693.3 188.2 Subperiod 4 3.6247 3.6324 726.9 1,274.0 .0 .1 - 3.1 -5.01,992.9 141.41,851.5 205.7 For number of pump strokes. For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. Correction applied for man entering chamber 0.05 gram hydrogen. 54 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABLE X. Carbon and hydrogen in nmtbtistiblt gae. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Kubprriodl. Suhperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Suhperiod 4. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Suhperiod 1 . Suhperiod 2 . Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Period. ratal COt .;/!.. 1 . _,., (cor- rected).* Correc- tion for ingoing air. Carbon as hy- drocar- bon. I..1..I 11,0 weighed . j,,, (cor- n-rt.-.l . Correc- tion (or ingoing air. Hydro- gen an hydro- carbon. Methane. co,x .3643. 'mod /a. Gram*. ^ .-,. drum* -3.04 Oramt. 25.97 Gram*. -', ,, , OrWu -7 42 l,r,, ,. a 03 Gram*. 35.80 88.15 -3.06 23.20 72.54 -7.47 7.23 32 11 ... .11 -3.05 25.40 79.65 -7.46 ao2 35.05 103.47 3.06 27.39 v'. 7J -7.47 X 1 ', .; mod I la. lias? 3.22 31 40 97 12 -7 86 9 92 43 12 1 ' 18 -3.34 41.68 126.83 -8. 15 13. 19 H '.i 144.34 -3.34 38.45 119.36 * 1.1 12.36 52.58 , -,i 3.30 25.43 79.23 -a07 7.91 35. 17 riod ///a. 106.02 -3.25 H M v '', -7.94 &89 3a62 128.22 -3.30 34.07 108 00 -8.07 '.M ^ 46.71 H n -3.35 25.08 79.17 -8.17 -; v, 34.73 103. 71 -3. 37 27.36 85 92 -8.24 a 63 37 78 mod lb. 96. 12 -3.14 76. 67 -7.07 7.67 35.02 vx ..:. -3 14 23.24 71.18 -7.67 7.06 32. 19 97.74 87.94 -3.37 -3 07 25. 73 23.14 84.68 71 86 -8.24 -7.49 a49 7.15 35.61 32.04 friod lib. 75.64 -3.33 19.72 88 I -8. 12 6.09 27.56 84.22 -3.36 22.05 75 10 -8.20 7.43 30 68 117.75 -3.35 31.20 96.36 a 19 9.80 1 '' nod lllb. 91.83 -3.36 24.13 73.50 -a20 7.26 33.45 118.09 -3.38 31.28 - M -R2 10.03 43.02 120.50 -3.38 31.94 101. 83 -8.26 10.40 43.90 129.35 -3.39 34.35 107.78 -8.27 11.06 47.12 For slight leakage from pans, aw previous table. APPENDIX. TABLE XI. Heat measurements. 55 Period. R ela ti ve rate of flow. Average temperature of water current. Total water. Average s p e c f i c heat of water. Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20. Ingoing. Outcoming. Difference. Correct i o n for "pres- sure. Corre ct e d difference. Difference of pressure. Equivalent heat. PERIOD la. Subperiod 1. 6 p. m. to 6.51 p. m 6.51 p. m. to 11.59p.m.. 11.59 p. m. to 12.40 a. m. 12.40 a. m. to 1.08 a. m . . 1.08 a. m. to 2.13 a. m.. 2.13 a. m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water vapor 29.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 28.0 30.0 "C. 7.5062 6.8605 6.6220 6.8814 6.0665 5.0205 C. 12.5308 10. 7945 12.0500 13. 5243 12. 2594 9.6850 C. 5.0246 3. 9340 5.4280 6.6429 6.1929 4.6645 C. +0.0008 .0010 .0006 .0004 .0006 .0010 C. 5.0254 3.9350 5.4286 6.6433 6.1935 4.6655 Liters. 59.00 490.00 35.00 16.00 55.00 349. .50 1.0030 1.0035 1.0033 1.0030 1.0035 1.0044 Cm. 0.40 .0 .30 .20 .30 .50 Cat. 0.01 .08 297.38 1,934.82 190.64 106.61 341.82 1,637.71 .01 .06 4,608.98 1,171.99 -13.05 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat 5,667.92 Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 8.17 a. m 8.17 a. m. to 9.06 a. m.. 9.06a.m. to 10.14 a.m.. 10.14a.m. to 11.39 a.m. 11.39 a. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 28.0 5.2237 5.4425 5. 7324 6. 4975 6.2513 9.3171 10. 1983 11.4200 13. 6640 12. 8185 4.0934 4. 7558 5.6876 7. 1665 6. .'5672 .0010 .0008 .0006 .0004 .0006 4.0944 4.7566 5.6882 7.1669 6. ,5678 209.00 60.00 60.00 44.50 331.50 1.0044 1.0041 1.0038 1.0031 1.0033 .50 .40 .30 .20 .30 .03 .01 .01 859.46 286.55 342.58 319.92 2,184.38 .03 1 3,992.89 1,212.91 + 8.00 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat i 5,213.80 Subperiod 3. 6 p. m. to 6.42 p. m 6.42 p. in. to 7.46 p. m.. 7.46 p. m. to 7.61 p. in.. 7.51 p. m. to 12.58 a. m. . 12.58 a. m. to 2 a. m 2 a. m. to 3.08 a. m 3.08a.m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water vapor 28.0 6.3282 29.0 6.0525 28.0 6.1400 29.0 6.0323 28.0 6.2820 27.0 6.6006 29.0 5.9584 12.9191 11.4269 11.4200 11.6083 12.0880 13.5171 11.1751 6. 5909 5.3744 5.2800 5. 5760 5.8060 6.9165 5. 2167 .0006 .0008 .0006 .0008 .0006 .0004 .0008 6. 5915 5.3752 5. 2806 5. 5768 5. 8066 6.9169 5.2175 38.00 1.0032 76.50 1.0036 5.00 1.0036 351.50 1.0036 51.00 1.0034 41.00 1.0030 220.50 1.0037 .30 .40 .30 .40 .30 .20 .40 251.28 412.67 26. 50 1,967.26 297.14 284.44 1,154.69 . 01 .04 .03 4, 393. 98 1,139.76 -11.41 Correction for feed , water, excreta, and vessels Total heat 5,522.33 Subperiod 4. 6 a. in. to 9.40 a. in 9.40 a. in. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 251.0 6.012!) 25). 6. 1229 10.9675 11.2345 4. 1)546 5.1116 .0008 .0008 4. !)554 5. 1124 27;). 00 1.0037 .40 602.00 1.0031 .40 .04 .08 1,387.63 3.087.13 4.474.70 1.116.73 + 14.07 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels. . . Total heat 5.605.56 56 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABI.K XI. Heat meamrementt Continued. - I Period. C M Average temperature of water current. 1 3 2 Average apecf tc beat of water. Heat pro- duced In absorbers. ToUl heat, calories at 20. Ingoing. Outcoming. i o Correct I o n for pres- sure. Corre ct e d difference. Differen c e of pressure. Equivalent heat. PERIOD IIo . Subperiod 1. 6 p. m. to 7.23 p. m 7.23 p. m. to 2.36 a. m . . 2.36 a. m. to 3.04 a. m . . 3.04 a. m. to 5.01 a. m . . 5.01 a. m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water vapor . . . 28.0 ." n 28.0 27.0 29.0 Liter*. 67.50 517. aol 26.00 62.00 73.00 1.0037 1.0046 1.0044 1.0038 1.0040 On. 0.30 .40 .30 .20 .40 Col. 498.68 2,854.44 149.58 494.09 430.50 5.067612.4276 4.1681 9.6580 3.9163 9.6438 4. 5355 12. 4741 3.44211 9.3100 ; Him B i-" 5.7275 7.9386 5.8679 +0.0006 .0008 .0006 .0004 .0008 7.3806 5.4907 5.7281 7.9390 5.8687 0.07 .01 4,427.29 1,343.90 -5.28 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total beat 6,760 U Subperiod! 6 a. m. to 9.41 a. m 9.41a.m. to 12.46p.m.. 12.46 p. m. to 2.46 p. m. 2.46 p. m. to 4.29 p.m.. 129 p. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 29.0 27.0 29.0 27.0 3.2498 4.1857 ft, MM 4.8046 3.9145 8.4346 5.1848 11.9750 7.7893 9.6357 6.0867 12.9669 8.1623 9.8082 5.9637 .0008 5.1856 .0004 7.7897 .0008 6.0875 .0004 8.1627 .0008 5.9545 277.00 102.00 140.00 50.50 105.83 . J . .03 1,443.85 797.73 856.32 413. 74 033 05 0048 .40 .0037 .20 .0046, .40 .02 .01 4,144.69 1,418.1.5 + 76.44 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat 5.639.28 SvbperiodS. 6 p. m. to 8 -55 p. m 8.55 p. m. to 9.23 p. m. . 9.23 p. m. to 10.42 p. m. 10.42 p. m. to 2.06 a. m.. 2.05 a. m. to 2.35 a.m... 2.35 a. m. to 4.33 a. m... 4.33 a. m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water vapor 29.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 29 3. 85.51 4.6557 4.1.560 3. .502.5 3.8671 4.6323 3.4147 9.0025 6.0474 12.5771 7.9214 11.2200 7.0640 9.7694 6.26 10.0114 6.1443 13.2696 8.6373 9.2357 5.8210 .0008 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0006 .0004 .0008 = 6.0482 7.9218 7.0846 6.2677 6.1449 8.6377 5.8218 198.00 12.00 60.00 230.00 26.00 61.00 108. 75 .0046 .40 0038 .20 .0042 .30 0048 .40 0046 .30 .0037 .20 .0050 .40 .02 1.203.03 95.42 425.66 1,448.46 160 50 528. 85 636.28 .03 .01 4,498.20 1.407 70 -3.94 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat U 11 ' Subprrind 4- 6s. m. t 8.12s. m 129.0 8.12 a. m. to 9.48a.m... 27.0 9.48 a. m. to 10.33 a. m 28. 10.33 a. m. to 10.36 a. m. 27.0 10.36 a. m. to 1.07 p. m..BB.( 1 .07 p. m. to 1 .42 p. m . . &7 1.42 p. m. to 2.49 p. m. 2V( 2.49 p. m. to 6 p. m 29.0 Latent heat of water 3.4053 8.9379 4. 7X0; 13. 1496 4.0182l0.9fiOn 4.370011.9800 3.7216 ft. 6248 :>. 1844 12. 5688 4 706211.0456 4.804.' .5.: 532ft .0008 8.4100 0004 6.93)8 .0006 7 filOO .0004 .5. 9032 . 0008 7.3844 .0004 6. 24W4 . 000ft .5. 1838 . 0008 .5. .5334 8. 4104 .324 7.0104 5.9040 7.3848 6.2500 5. 1846 160. 00 . (WO 46.00 .0037 34.00 .0043 1 00 .0040 177.75! .0047 17.25 .0037 .56.00 .0040 239.00 .0043 .40 .20 ..to .20 .40 .20 .3fl 02 .02 8KB. 7.5 388.31 236.72 7.64 1.054.01 127.86 351.40 1.244.42 4,300 11 1.306.04 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessel! Total het ^ + 25.76 . . APPENDIX. TABLE XI. Heat measurements Continued. 57 Period. Relative rate of flow. Average temperature of water current. Total water. Average s p e c f i c heat of water. Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20. bi a SP 's a o 'o O Difference. Correct i o n for pres- sure. Corre ct e d difference. Differen c e of pressure. JL 11 o 1 W Cal. 0.03 PERIOD Ilia. Subperiod 1. 6 p. m. to 8.57 p. m 8.57 p. m. to 9.23 p. m. . 9.23 p. m. to 9.36 p. m. . 9.36 p. m. to 2. 53 a.m... 2.53 a. m. to 4.24 a. m. . 4.24 a. m. to 4.55 a. m . . 4.55 a. m. to 4.58 a.m.. 4. 58 a. m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water vapor 29.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 27.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 C. 6.4284 6.3200 6.6400 5.6846 6.1169 5.7100 5.7000 5.2827 C. 11.4346 12.2583 13. 1300 11.3675 13. 7538 12. 2987 12.2000 10. 6780 C. 5.0062 5.9383 6. 4900 5.6829 7.6369 6.5887 6.5000 5. 3953 C. +0.0008 .0006 .0004 .0008 .0004 .0006 .0004 .0008 C. 5.0070 5.9389 6.4904 5.6837 7. fi373 6.5893 6.5004 5.3961 Liters. 215.00 21.00 5.50 351.50 47.00 26.00 1.50 75.50 1.0035 1.0034 1.0029 1.0037 1.0028 1.0035 1.0035 1.0040 Cm. 0.40 .30 .20 .40 .20 .30 .20 .40 1,080.24 125.14 35.80 2.005.17 359. 95 171.92 9.78 409.02 4, 197. 02 1,390.93 -.98 .04 .01 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat 5, 586. 97 Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 8.31 a. m 8.31 a. m. to 9.16 a. m. . 9.16 a. m. to 10.10 a. m . 10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m. 11.46 a. m to 12.06 p. m.. 12.06p.m. to 12.32 p.m. 12.32 p.m. to 1.31 p.m.. 1.31 p. m. to 2.27 p. m.. 2.27 p. m. to 5.46p.m.. 5.46 p. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 29.0 4.168410.6034 27.0: 6.520833.7475 27. 5 : 6.280013.5908 29.0 5.440811.2941 27.0 6.102013.4140 27.5 6.088613.3714 27.0 6.452114.2535 27.5 6.245713.1750 29.0 5.919211.4074 27. Oj 6.450012.5867 5. 2581 4.2267 7. 3108 5.8533 7. 3120 7.2828 7.8014 6.9293 5. 4882 6. 1367 .0008 .0004 .0005 .0008 .0004 .0005 .0004 .0005 .0008 .0004 5.2589 4.2271 7.3113 5.8541 7. 3124 7.2833 7.8018 6.9298 5.4890 6. 1371 178.00 22.00 34.50 110.50 10.00 17.00 28.00 38.00 230.50 7.50 1.0040 .40 1.0030 .20 1.0031 .25 1. 0038 . 40 1.0032 .20 1. 0032 . 25 1.0030 .20 1.0031 .25 1.0036 .40 1.0032 .20 .02 939.80 93.27 253.02 649.32 73.35 124.21 219. 10 264. 14 1,269.47 46.17 .01 .29 3,931.85 1,351.83 + 39.23 Correction for feed water, excreta, and vessels Total heat 5,322.91 Subperiod S. 6 p. m. to 7. 46 p. m 29.0 7.46 p. m. to 8.23 p. m.. 27.0 8.23 o.m. to 9.20 p.m.. 27. 5 9.20 p. m. to 9.54 p. m . . 29. 9.54 p. m. to 10.24 p. m . 30. 10.24 p. m. to 11.22 p. m. 27. 5 11.22 p.m. to 11.58p.m. 28.0 1 1 .58 p. m. to 12.22 a. m . j29. 12.22 a. m. to 12.25 a. m . ,30. 12.25 a. m. to 2.09 a. m.. 27. 5 2.09 a. m. to 2.18 a. m . . 29. 2.18 a. m. to 3.04 a. m . . 30. 3.04 a. m. to 4.59 a. m..i27.5 4.59 a. m. to 5.34 a. m. . 30.0 5.34 a. m. to 5.44 a. m.. 29.0 5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m 27.0 6. 0941 ill. 6382 6.026713.5767 6. 4292 13. 2823 6.060011.6722 5. 8562 10. 6737 6.469313.6950 6. 0555 12. 9766 5.576711.6950 5.500011.2200 5. 8604 13. 6731 5.230012. 1500 4. 6850 10. 0817 5. 0235 12. .5089 4.170010.0089 4.195010. 1000 4. 8325 12. 4875 5. 5441 6.9500 6.8531 5. 6122 4.8175 7.2257 6.9211 6.1183 5.7200 7. 8127 6. 9200 5. 3967 7. 4854 5.8389 5.9050 7.6550 .0008 .0004 .0005 .0008 .0010 .0005 .0006 .0008 .0010 .0005 .0008 .0010 .0005 .0010 .0008 .0004 5. 5449 6. 9504 6. 8536 5.6130 4.8185 7. 2262 6. 9217 6. 1191 5. 7210 7. 8132 6. 9208 5. 3977 7.4859 5.8399 5. 9058 7.6554 119.00 20.50 41.50 39.00 47.00 33.00 27.00 29.00 2.50 62. 50 10.00 67.00 75.00 46.00 10.50 7.25 1. 0036 1.0030 1.0031 1.0036 1.0038 1.0030 1.0033 1.0037 1.0038 1.0032 1.0037 1.0043 1.0037 1.0045 1.0045 1.0038 .40 .20 .25 .40 .50 .25 .30 .40 .50 .25 .40 .50 .25 .50 .40 .20 .01 "~."6i .01 662. 20 142.91 284. 30 219.68 227. 32 239. 17 187.50 178.11 14.35 489. 8S 69. 46 363. 19 5(13. 52 269. S3 62. 2-. 55. 71 "".'6i "".~6i Latent heat of water vapor 4,029.42 1.294.10 + .96 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels i j Total heat 5, 234. 48 58 THE AVAILABLE ENEROY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABLE XI. Htat mtamrrmrnt* Continued. Period. Relative rate or How. Average temperature of water current. Total water. c Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calorics at 20. Ingoing. Outcoming. Difference. Correct i o n for pres- sure. Corrected difference. Differen c e of pressure. Equivalent heat. I'F.Rinn llln Confd. Smbperiod 4- ft &. m. to 7. 16 a. in 7.16 a. m. to 9.30 a. m . . 9 JO a. m. to 10.07 a. m . 10.07 ii. in. to 10.46a.m. KI.4-, a ni to 11 36 a. in. 11.36a.m. to 12.22p.m. 12.22 p. m. to 1.37 p. m. 1 .37 p. m. to 1 .58 p. m . . 1.58 p. m. to 3.56 p. m. . 3.56 p. m. to 5.27 p. m. . 5.27 p. m. to 6 p. m. ... Latent heat of water 28.0 27.0 27.5 27.0 28.0 29.0 >7.0 27.5 28.5 Lilert. 82.00 102.00 16.00 23.00 23.00 33.00 68.00 7.95 G1.2S "..!> 28.75 1.0043 .0039 .0034 .0032 .0033 .0036 .0040 .0034 .0032 .0039 .0037 On. 0.40 .30 .20 .25 .20 .30 .40 .20 .25 .40 .35 Col. 0.01 .01 543.62 764.46 135.73 189.26 197.46 270.93 487.04 62.24 498.21 591.32 181.81 4. 1-184 10. 7689 4.550012.0151 5. 3700 13. 8244 5. 1550 13. 3570 5.520814.0777 4. 9227 13. 1027 4.682011.8158 5.410013.4140 5. 8213 13. 9290 5.219611.3545 5.410011.7100 - SOU 7.4651 8.4544 S.2020 &.6MO 8.1800 7.1332 8.0040 8.1077 6.1350 6.3000 ,. > is ,,UM:; .0006 7.4657 .0004 & 4548 .0005 8.2025 .0004 8.5573 . 0006 8. 1806 .0008 7.1340 .0004 8.0044 .0005 8.1082 .0008 6.1358 .0007 6.3007 .01 .01 3.922.08 1 399.81 Correct ion for feed, waUr, excreta, and vessels + 29.07 Total heat J 3K - PERIOD 16. Subprriod 1. 6jr m. to 6.23 p. m 6.23 p. m. to 12.11 a. m . 12.11 a. m. to 1.14a. m . 1.14 a. ni. to 6. a. m I.:it--nt heat of water vapor 45.0 47.0 49.0 51.0 3. 1883 2.8401. 4.2750 3.9274 3. 9106 3.8159 1.0867+0.0162 1.1029 148.00 1 . 0868 .01% 1 . 1064 2. 236. 00 1.0493 .0230 1.0723 416.00 .9884 .0266 1.01501.969.00 1.0064 1.0067 1.0067 1.0062 9.15 10.25 11.25 12.25 . 43 163. 84 7.27 2,492.75 1.48 447.58 7.60 2,003.33 1 5. 107. 50 735. 76 -15. '.'7 6,827.99 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and Total h'-at fivbpfriod 2. ft a. m. to 6.20 a.m. ... 510.. - 130. 00 6.20 n. m. to 8.28 a. in v, n 114.00 29KOO 88.00 470.00 200. on 300. 300.00 100.00 44.00 32.00 35.00 200.2.1 8.28 a. m. to 9.10 a. m. . 9 Z, ed pj -. <|j a Total heat, calories ce a a 1 i ffi i!i og O M "3 Si*' '-. ~J. 11 at 20. a to 3 g o** S3 > S a a 1 tf O 5 o 0* c-i -"c W PERIOD 16 Cont'd. Subperiod S. Cont'd. Latent heat of water "C. a c. C. C, Liters. Cm. Cal. vapor 815. 39 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels 18.09 Total heat.. _ 5, 956. 95 Subperiod 4- 6a.m. to 9.31 a. m 49.0 3.5877 5. 0707 1.4830 0.0230 1.5060 932.00 1.0062 11.25 3.32 1,408.57 9.31 a. m. to 10.10 a. m J47.0 4.2560 5.7180 1.4620 .0196, 1.48161 168. OOi 1.00561 10.25 .55 249. 75 10.10 a. m. to 11.38 a. m .43.0 3.9250 5.8359 1.9109 .0134: 1.9243 300.00 1.0057 7.75 .74 579. 84 11.38a.m. to 1p.m.... 43.0 3.2415 5.8280 2.5865 .0134; 2.5999 200.00 1. 0059 7. 75 .49 522.56 1 p. m. to 6p. m 47.0; 2.3776 5.2708 2.8932 .0196|,2.9128 718.00 1.0064 10.25 2.33 2, 102. 45 4, 863. 17 Latent heat of water vapor 887.11 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels 4 10.32 Total heat 5, 739. 96 PERIOD 116. Subperiod 1. 6 p. m. to 6.35 p. m 32.0 2.5389 5.3778 2.8389 +0.0020 2.8409 78.00 1.0063 1.00 .02 222.97 6.35 p. m. to 6.55 p. m . . '33. 2.4440 4.9800 2.5360 .0024 2.5384 55.00 1.0064 1.50 .03 140.48 6.55 p. m. to 7.17 p. m.. 34.0 2.3800 4.6200 2.2400 .0032 2.2432 67.00 1.0066, 2.00 .04 151.25 7.17p.m. to 11.05 p.m. 35.0 2.449li 4.4033 1.9542 .0040 1.9582 800.00 1.0066; 2.50 .63 1,576.27 11.05 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. 36.0 2.2898 4.1261 1.8363 .0050 1.8413: 645.00 1.0068 3.00 .61 1.195.10 1.51 a.m. to 1.56 a.m .. 33.0 2.2650 4,0600 1.7950 .0024 1.7974 18.00 1.0068 1.50 ,01 32.56 1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m ..36.0 2.1744 3.9557 1.7813 .0050 1.7863' 370.00 1.0068 3.00 .35 665.08 3.29 a. m. to 3.49 a. m . . 33. 2. 2875 4. 1850 1.8975; .0024 1.8999 .50.00 1.0067 1.50 .02 95.61 3.49 a. m. to 4.39 a. m . . 34. 2. 2138 3.8938, 1.6800 .0032 1.6832 160.00 1.0069 2.00 .10 271.07 4.39 a. m. to 4.53 a. m . . 32. 2. 3300 4.4766 2.1466 .0020 2.1486 31.00 1.0066 1.00 .01 67.04 4.53 a. m. to 5.46 a. m . . 30. 2. 5114 5.5164 3.0050: .0010 3.0060 85.00 1.0063 50 .01 257.11 5.46 a. m. to 5.52 a. m .. 133.0 2. 1800 4.8500, 2.6700, .0024 2.6724 16.00 1 1.0066 1.50 .01 43. m 5.52 a. m. to 5.57 a. m . .35. 2. 0500 4.1300: 2.0800 .0040 2.0840 23.00 1.0069 2.50 .02 48.24 5.57 a. m. to 6 a. in 37.0 1.9850 3.8450, 1.8600 .0062 1.8662 13.00 1.0069 3.50 24.43 Latent heat of water vapor. . . 1 4.790.24 ' 997 05 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels. . . 14.23 Total heat 5,773.06 Subperiod .?. 6 a. m. to 7.33 a. m 7.33 a. m. to 1.14 p. m.. 1.14 p. m. to 1.29 p. m.. 1.29 p. m. to 1.43 p. m.. 1.43 p. m. to 2.06 p. m.. 2.06 p. m. to 3.26 p. m.. 3.26 p. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 37.0 1.9696 36.0 2.4865 34.0 2.7550 33.0 2.7833 32.0 2.8850 30.0 3.2140 37.0 2.7226 i 3.7492 1.77% .0062 4.1986 1.7121 .0050 4.6325 1.8775 .0032 4.7466 1.9633 .0024 5.1383 2.2533 .0020 6.4190 3.2050 .0010 5.4550 1.7324 .0062 1.7858 1.7171 1.8807 1.9657 2. 2553 3.2060 1.7386 1 383.00' 1.0070 1, 238.00: 1.0067 44.00 1.0064 35.00 1.0064 46.50, 1.0048. 100.50 1.0057 597.50 1.0062 \ ?. 50 . 43' 688. 32 5.00 1.18 2,138.83 2.00 .03 83.25 .50 .02 69.22 .00 .01 105.36 .50 .02; 324.02 J.50 .66 1,044.59 * ' 4.453.59 976. 42 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels 1 1 -129.24 Total heat .'.. 300. 77 60 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. TABLE XI. Heat meiuurnncnt* Continued. Period. 5 I >I C = c - 37.0 34.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 34.0 32.0 37.0 Average temperature of water current. Total water. u - l\ ! Q > < Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total beat, calorie* at 20. i | 1 1 1 c i c S & . b i* 1 ""c - ; o . t- tfi S* .? eg - 5 o 5 |i 5-5 11 s PKRIOD 116-Cont'd. Subptriod 3. 6 p. m. to 7.59 p. m 7.59 p. m. to 10.38 p. m . 10.38p.m. to 10.56 p.m. 10.56 p. m. to 11.07 p. m. 11.07p.m. to 11.42 p.m. 11.42p.m. to 12.42 a.m. 12.42a.m. to 1.51 a. m.. 1.51 a. m. to 2.02 a. m. .. 2 02 a m. to 2.4N a. m . C 2.5843 1 MH 2.4100 2.3650 2.3478 2. 4747 2.4647 2.2533 c 4.2926 4.4635 4.1220 3.9200 3.7645 4.4027 t suu- UNO c .7083 WTJ .7120 .5550 .4167 .9280 2. 4018 2.1367 "C 0.0062 .0032 .0082 .0086 .0110 .0032 .0020 .0082 c .7145 MM .7182 .5636 .4277 .9312 2.4038 2.1429 Liter*. 472.00 454.00 74.00 55.00 189.00 184.00 158.00 23.00 2 00 .0066 .0065 .0069 .0068 .0089 .0066 .0065 .0087 Cm. 4.78 6.30 2.00 1.00 3.50 Col. 0.52 . .08 .08 .38 .12 .05 .03 814.07 801.70 127.94 88.50 271.32 157. 57 382.22 49.59 2. 48 a. m. to 3.16 a.m... 3.16a.m. to 3.34 a. m... 3.34 a. m. to 5.17 a. m... 5.17 a. m. to 6a. m Latent heat <>f water 37.0 > .1 40.0 42.0 3.2729 3.0420 2.6096 i tea 6.2943 5.2260 3.7540 3.0214 2.1840 1.3492 1.3720 odea .0074 .0098 .0122 3.0276 2. 1914 1.3590 1.3842 89.00 .0058 3.50 62.00 .0082 4.00 538.00 .0087 5.60 240.00 .0068 7.00 .10 .08 .98 .53 136.63 735.08 333.94 . 4.427.48 1,058.32 -25.61 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total beat .. 5.400.19 Subperiod 4. 6 a. m. to 7.10 a. m 7.10 a. m. to 8.11 a. m . . 8.11 a. m. to 8.59 a. m .. 8.59 a. m. to 9.16 a. m .. 9.16 a. m. to 10.26 a. m . 10.20 a. m. to 1.24 p. m.. 1.24 p. m. to 1.26 p. m. . 1.36 p. m. to 2.20 p. m. . 2.20 p. m. to 2.40 p.m.. 2.40 p. m. to 2.53 p. m . . 2.53 p. m. to 6 p. m . . . . Latent beat of water vapor 42.0 40.0 38.0 33.0 32.0 37.0 35.0 31.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 2.3500 2.4373 2.5150 2.6275 2. 7522 2.6136 J s- ( 3.1177 2.8380 2. 8075 2.7161 3.7078 3.8406 4 0800 4. 6525 5.0872 4.3141 i < 5.6615 4.6020 4. 2975 3.9972 1.3578 1.4033 1.5650 2.0250 2.2850 1.7005 1.5400 2.5438 1.7640 1.4900 1.2811 .0122 .0098 .0074 .0024 .0020 .0082 .0040 .0012 .0082 .0088 .0110 1.3700 409.00 .0069 1.4131 308.00! .0068 1.5724 207. Off .0067 2.0274 35.00 .0065 2.2870 160.50' .0083 1.7067 700.50 .0086 1.5440 6.00 .0065 2.5450 98.00 .0056 1.7702 78.00 .0064 1.4886 64.00 .0065 1.29211,003.75 .0066 7.00 5.60 4.00 1.50 1.00 3. 50 2.50 .75 3.50 4. 75 6. 30 .91 .55 .20 ' .02 .53 .78 563.29 434.80 327.41 71.40 382. 6, r . 1,202.65 9.32 250.79 138.87 96. 43 1 . 303. .Vi 4,781.11 1.049.46 -42.00 .02 .09 .10 2.00 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and VeMPiS Total heat 5 7NX 4X PERIOD I lift. Subpfriod 1. 6 p. m. to 10.27 p. m 10.27 p. m. to 10.45 p. m. 10. 45 p. m. to 12.21 a. m. 12.21 a. m. tol2.38a.ro. 12.3* 8. m to 2.05 a.m.. 2.05 11. m. to 3.31 a. m. . . 3.31 a. m. to 4.18 a.m.. . 4.1h a. m. to 6 a. m Intent heat of water vapor Correction fur feed, water excreta, and vessels Total heat 762. 50 43. 50 135.00 40.00 2*4 00 177.00 130.00 315. 34 1.833.7(1 99 91 474.. 'iN 121 61 21 51 457.29 346 51 098.54 35.0 33.0 30 [35 .' 35.0 3ft 2. 4247 2 5340 2.9704 , . . 2.M4I 2 0033 2. MO5 2. 14im 4.8101 4 8140 6.4647 5.2W10 4.7613 5 22HO 4. 7758 4.3400 2.3*54+00040 2. 2HOO . 0024 3. 4943 .0010 26240 .0040 2.1H72 0062 25657 .0020 24733 .0040 2.1964 .0050 2 3894 2 2824 3. 4953 2.6280 2.3034 2. 577 2 4773 2.2014 .0085 2.50 .0065 1.50 . 0058 . 5O 0063 2. .10 0065 3. 50 . 0063 1 . 00 . 0066 2. 50 .0067 3.00 .60 .02 .02 .04 .32 .08 .11 .30 4.061 II 1 . 039 Xt - 17.80 5 683 14 . . APPENDIX. TABLE XI. Heat measurements Continued. 61 Period. "o e 2 ' > . C +a 03 '- tf 36.0 31.0 30 29.0 34.0 33.0 29.0 33.0 Average temperature of water current. Total water. Average s p e c f i C heat of water. Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20. I bo a Outcoming. Difference. Correction for pres- sure. Corrected difference. Differen c e of pressure. Equivalent heat. PERIOD 1116 Cont'd. Subperiod 2. 6a.m. to 10.33 a. m.... 10.33 a. m. to 11.34 a. m. 11.34a.m. to 12.25 p.m. 12.25p.m. to 12.33 p.m. 12.33p.m. to 1.47 p.m.. 1.47 p. m. to 1.54 p. m .. 1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m.. 2. 44 p. m. to 6 p. m. ... Latent heat of water vapor .... a 2.4933 3. 0787 3.1423 3.2250 2.7544 2.7450 3.1108 2.7171 C. 4.5211 5.7440 6.2508 0. 7150 5.1600 4.9400 6.8450 5. 4371 C. 2.0278 2.6653 3.1085 3.4900 2.4056 2.1950 3.7342 2.7200 C. .0.0050 .0012 .0010 .0008 .0032 .0024 .0008 .0024 C. 2.0328 2.6665 3.1095 3.4908 2.4088 2. 1974 3.7350 2.7224 Liters. 839.00 106.00 76.00 8.50 190.50 16.00 57.50 458.50 1.0066 1.0060 1.0058 1.0057 1.0063 1.0063 1 0057 1.0062 Cm. 3.00 .75 .50 .40 2.00 1.50 .40 1.50 Cat. 0.80 .03 .01 1,715.98 284.32 237.68 29.84 461.6.') 35.38 215.99 1,255.74 .12 .22 4,236.58 960.73 -82.25 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels . . . . ... Total heat 5,115.06 Subperiod 3. 6 p. m. to 8.07 p. m 8.07 p. m. to 9. 30 p. m . . 9.30 p. m. to 9.36 p.m.. 9.36 p. m. to 10.02 p. m. . 10.02 p. m. to 1.25 a. m. . 1.25a.m. to 2.58 a.m... 2.58a.m. to 3.14 a.m... 3.14a.m. to 3.47 a.m... 3.47 a. m. to 5.14 a. m. . . 5.14 a. m. to 5.27 a.m... 5.27a.m. to 5.44 a.m... 5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m Latent heat of water 33.0 29.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 32.0 35.0 37.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 35.0 2.7809 3.2067 2.8800 2. 7743 2. 8249 3.2100 3.0925 2.8613 2.6382 2.4400 2. 7725 2.0300 5.5312 2.7503 7.3129 4.1062 6.1000 3.2200 5.3029 2.5286 4.9000 2.0751 5.9000i 2.6900 5.4850 2.3925 5.0451 2.1838 5.3873 2.7491 5.9600 3.5200 7.7125 4.9400 5.2225; 3.1925 .0024 .0008 .0024 .0040 .0062 .0020 .0040 .0062 .0020 .0010 .0006 .0040 2. 7527 4. 1070 3.2224 2.5326 2.0813 2.6920 2.3965 2.1900 2. 7510 3.5210 4.9406 3.1965 293.00 95.50 11.50 73. .50 663.00 178.50 47.50 90.00 169. 50 7.00 23.00 43.25 1.0062 1.0055 1.0060 1.0062 1.0063 1.0059 1.0061 1.0063 1.0063 1.0062 1.0056 1.0065 1.50 .40 1.50 2.50 3.50 1.00 2.50 3.50 1.00 .50 .30 2.50 .14 .01 811.40 394.36 37,28 187. 24 1,387.85 483.30 114.48 198. 24 469. 18 24.80 114.27 139. 12 .06 .74 .06 .04 .10 .05 .03 4,361.52 1,002.44 -18.85 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels . . Total heat | ! 5.345.11 Subperiod 4- 6 a. m. to 9.04 a. m 9.04 a. m. to 9.18 a. m .. 9.18 a. na. to 11.28 a. m . 11.28a.m. to 1.43 p.m.. 1.43p.m. to 1.45 p. m... 1.45 p. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor 37.0 36.0 29.0 36.0 29.0 36.0 1.9639 2.1700 3. 0169 2.6065 2.6600 2.855"! 4.1550 4. 1975 7. 1572 4.9512 5.0300 5. 0764 2.1911 .0062 2.0275 .0050 4. 1403 . 0008 2. 3447 . 0050 2. 3700 . 0008 2. 2213 . 0050 2.1973 575.50 2. 0325 40. 50 4.1411 138.00 2. 3497 392. 50 2.3708 1.00 2.2263 731.50 1.0069 3.50 1.0068 3.00 1.0056 .40 1.0064 3.00 1.0064 .40 1.0063 3.00 .64 1,272.63 .04 82.83 .02 574. 65 .37 927.79 .... 2.38 .70 1,638.09 4.498.37 1.096.07 -32.73 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and 1 Total heat 5,561.71 O UTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 001 120 188 6