TA 
 2100 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 A Hand-Book, 
 
 of 
 
 Latin Notes. 
 
 
 Compiled and Arranged by 
 
 W. BOSWORTH, 
 
 McGUIRE^S SCHOOL, 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL 
 
 AND 
 MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL 
 

 (O . '7r . 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES, 
 
 BASED FOR THE MOST PART UPON 
 
 THE SYNTAX OF THE LATIN VERB AND CASE 
 RELATIONS OF PROFESSOR PETERS, 
 
 (UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.) 
 
 GILDERSLEEVE'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 
 
 COMPILED AND ARRANGED BY 
 
 E. W. BOSWORTH, 
 
 McGUIRE'S SCHOOL, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. : 
 
 WHITTET & SHEPPERSON, GENERAL PRINTERS. 
 1899. 
 
GIFT 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by 
 
 E. W. BOSWORTH, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washignton. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Rule of Accent. 
 
 The last syllable of a word can on no account receive the 
 accent, except in poetry. 
 
 In a word of two syllables the accent must be on the first. 
 
 In a word of more than two syllables the accent falls on the 
 penult if it is long. If the penult is short, the accent falls on the 
 antepenult. If the penult is common, i. e. f long or short, the 
 accent may fall on the penult or antepenult. 
 
 When 'one of the enclitics -que, -ve, or -ne is added, put an 
 accent on the preceding syllable. 
 
 Rule for Syllables. 
 
 1. A consonant between two vowels belongs to the second. 
 
 2. Two or three consonants that may begin a word (i. e., be 
 pronounced together) go with the following vowel. Ex. li-bri, 
 no-ster, a-per. 
 
 Kern. This rule is frequently violated. 
 
 3. A double consonant, or consonants that could not together 
 begin a word are divided, as ar-tis, col-lis, am-plius. 
 
 4. The elements of compounds are treated as separate words, 
 as db-rumpo, res-publica. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 1, The Accusative of the Terminus, or point to which, 
 
 1. In space, with a preposition, generally ad or in. 
 
 Ex. In Grasciam. In montem. In flumen. Ad portas. Ad 
 
 oram. 
 
 2. In time, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Ad secundam horam. Ad solis occasum. Ad senec- 
 tutem. 
 
 MGS6697 
 
4 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 3. In abstract relations, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. In furorem incidere : to fall into a rage. In servitutem 
 redigere : to reduce to servitude. In potestatem venire : to come 
 into power. In f ugam dare : to put to flight. 
 
 NOTE. The preposition may be in composition with the verb 
 and it may also be repeated. 
 
 But names of towns, cities and small islands, used to show 
 place whither, are put in the Accusative without a preposition. 
 Likewise observe domum, domos (home), and rus (into the coun- 
 
 try). 
 
 Note also the forms eo (thither, to that place), quo (whither), 
 alio (to another place), aliquo (to some, any place). 
 
 Ex. Legati Romam venerunt : the ambassadors came to 
 Rome. Athenas rediit : he has returned to Athens. Tarentum 
 .proficiscitur : he is starting (setting out) for Tarentum. 
 
 Rem. 1, a. The possessives meam, suam, nostram, etc., may 
 modify domum, in which case no preposition should be used. 
 
 Ex. Meam, tuam, nostram, etc., domum : to my, your, our, 
 etc., home. 
 
 1). With a Genitive of the possessor, or an adjective of like 
 force, the preposition may be used or omitted. 
 
 Ex. Domum Lucii, or in domum Lucii : to the house (home) 
 of Lucius. Domum Pompeitwn, or in domum Pomper&m : to the 
 house of Pompey. 
 
 c. With any other adjective or Genitive the preposition should 
 be used. 
 
 Ex. In hanc, aliam, gratam, domum : to this, another, pleas- 
 ant, home. 
 
 Rem. 2, a. When the name of a city, etc., in the Accusative of 
 the Terminus or End is associated with an appositive urbem, op- 
 pidum, insulam, etc., the preposition is used and precedes both. 
 
 Ex. Ad urbem Ilerdam: to the city of Ilerda. Ad urbem 
 Syracusas : to the city of Syracuse. 
 
 b. When the appositive urbem, etc., is defined by an adjective 
 or Genitive, the preposition may be used, in which case the name 
 of the city, etc., best precedes it. If the preposition is omitted, 
 the name of the city, etc., must precede the appositive word. 
 
 Ex. Thalam pervenit in oppidum magnum atque opulentum : 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 5 
 
 he arrived at Thala, a large and wealthy town ; or the large and 
 wealthy town of Thala. Demaratus se contulit Tarquinios in 
 urbem Etrurise florentissimam : Demaratus betook himself to 
 Tarquinii, a most flourishing city of Etrurian Veios ad hostium 
 urbem fugerunt : they fled to Veil, a city of the enemy. Inde 
 profectus Gergoviam Boiorum oppidum : from that place he set 
 out for Gergovia, a town of the Boii. 
 
 c. If the name of the town, etc., has an attributive, the prepo- 
 sition may be used or omitted. 
 
 Ex. Doctas Athenas, or ad doctas Athenas : to learned 
 Athens. 
 
 Rem. 3. A preposition is used with names of towns, etc., when 
 mere direction or extent is implied. 
 
 Ex. A Salonis ad Oricum portus : the harbors from Salonae 
 to Oricus. 
 
 Eem. 4. Ad is often used with the name of a town to mean 
 in (to) the vicinity of, near, before. (See 14.) 
 
 Ex. Caesar ad Genavam pervenit: Caesar arrived before 
 Geneva. 
 
 2. The place to which embraces all local designations in con- 
 nection with it. 
 
 Ex. In hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit: he led his 
 army into winter-quarters in the country of the Sequani. 
 
 Caelius ad Caesarem pervenit Thurios : Caelius came to Caesar 
 at Thurii. 
 
 Tarentum in Italiam inf eriorem proficisci : to set out for Ta- 
 rentum in Lower Italy. 
 
 8. "By," "against/" "for," "until" a certain time are ex- 
 pressed by ad or in with the Accusative. 
 
 Ex. Dixit se Roma? fore ad meum adventum : he said that he 
 would be at Rome by my arrival. 
 
 Ad pr. Nonas Maias : by the 6th of May. 
 
 In aluid tempus reservare : to keep for another time. 
 
 In tertium diem differre : to put off until the third day. 
 
 4. The Accusative is used with ad and in in a final sense, to 
 express the object or purpose for which, or the end in view. 
 
6 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. Sic ad siipplicium ISTumitori Remus deditur: thus Re- 
 mus was given up to Numitor for punishment. 
 
 Ad rem se offerre : to offer one's self for a thing. 
 
 Ad suam utilitatem hoc fecit : he has done this with a view to 
 his own advantage. 
 
 N~ec Agricola unquam in suam f amam gestis exsultavit : nor 
 did Agricola ever boast of his achievements for (with an eye to) 
 his own renown. 
 
 The Adverbial Accusative. 
 
 5. The Accusative is often used in an adverbial sense showing 
 the extent to which a statement is true. 
 
 Ex. Meam partern: for my part. Magnam partem: in a 
 great measure. 
 
 Maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt : they live for the 
 most part on milk and flesh of cattle. 
 
 Meam (tuam, suam, nostram, vestram) vicem : in my, etc., 
 place or turn. Nihil : in no wise, not at all. Aliquantum : some- 
 what. Multum, paulum, etc. 
 
 Compare the phrases ex parte (in part), aliqua ex parte (in 
 some degree, to some extent), magna ex parte (in a great 
 measure). 
 
 Rem. Sometimes aliqua parte., magna parte, etc., occur in 
 same sense. 
 
 Note also, multis partibus: in many respects. Omnibus par- 
 tibus : in all respects. 
 
 (i The Greek Accusative, or Accusative of Specification, is 
 used of the part affected or specified, with an intransitive verb, a 
 passive verb, a participle, or an adjective. 
 
 Ex. Artus tremit : he trembles in his joints. 
 
 Hannibal ipse adversum femur tragula graviter ictus cecidit : 
 Hannibal himself fell seriously wounded by a dart in the front 
 part of his thigh. 
 
 Nube candentes umeros amictus, augur Apollo : Apollo, the 
 augur, with thy shining shoulders enveloped in a cloud. 
 
 luvenis manus post terga revinctus : a young man with his 
 hands bound behind his back. 
 
 This construction is chiefly poetical, and should be avoided. 
 
HAXD-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 7 
 
 Use instead the Ablative or some other turn of expression. (See 
 24.) 
 
 The Accusative of Extent. 
 
 7. I. In space with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Per totum mare: over the whole sea. Per Alpes: 
 through the Alps. Per fines Allobrogum : through the territory 
 of the Allobroges. Trans fiumen : across the river. Secundum 
 mare : along the sea. Prater oram : along the shore. Circum 
 terram: around the earth. 
 
 2. In time with or without a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Multos (per) annos : many years, for many years, during 
 many years. (Per) magnam partem anni: during a great part 
 of the year. Per totam noctem : throughout, during the whole 
 night (cf. tota nocte). 
 
 3. In abstract relations, with the preposition per. 
 
 Ex. Per pericula : through dangers. Per tot discrimina 
 rerum : through so many hazards. Per varies casus : through 
 various accidents (chances). 
 
 NOTE. The preposition is usually per, but trans, circum, 
 secundum, praeter, intra, inter, etc., occur in proper sense. 
 
 8. Measure of distance with abesse, distare, esse, and other 
 verbs, must be expressed by the Accusative alone, or by the Ab- 
 lative alone, i. e., without a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Milia (milibus) passuum tria (tribus) ab eorum castris 
 castra posuit: he pitched camp three miles from their camp. 
 Milibus (milia) passuum sex a Caesaris castris sub monte con- 
 sedit : he encamped at the foot of the mountain six miles from 
 Caesar's camp. 
 
 a. The Ablative is the necessary construction when the point 
 from which distance is reckoned is not expressed. In this case 
 a (ab) is used, translated "off" or "away," its object being under- 
 stood. 
 
 Ex. Aciem a milibus passuum circiter duobus instruxit : he 
 drew up his line of battle about two miles off. 
 
 b. S patio and intervatto (at the distance of) with the Genitive 
 are also common. 
 
 Ex. Quod oppidum a Corfiinio VII. milium intervallo 
 
8 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 (spatio) abest: a town which is at a distance of seven miles 
 (seven miles distant) from Corfmium. 
 
 9 In comparative expressions of magnitude, number and 
 quantity, amplius, plus and minus with or without quam and 
 longius (with which no examples using quam are given) are used 
 without altering the construction. 
 
 Ex. Abest directo itinere ab Utica paulo amplius (longius) 
 passus mille (=amplius quam passus mille, or amplius (longius) 
 passibus mille) : It is a little more than a mile from Utica by a 
 direct road. Nee plus quam quattuor milia (=Nec plus quattuor 
 milia, or nee plus quattuor milibus) hominum effugerunt: and 
 not more than four thousand men escaped. 
 
 a. There were various ways of expressing "older' 7 or "younger 
 than" 
 
 (1) ISTatus plus or amplius, minus (quam) decem annos. 
 
 (2) Natus plus or amplius, minus decem annis. 
 
 (3) Maior, minor (quam) decem annos natus. 
 
 (4) Maior, minor decem annis (natus). 
 
 (5) maior, minor decem annis (natu). 
 
 (6) Maior, minor decem annorum. 
 
 10 In is used of a period of time to come, ahead, to be passed 
 over. Compare the German auf. 
 
 Ex. Indutia? Carthaginiensibus dataa in tres menses sunt : a 
 truce was granted to the Carthaginians for three months. 
 
 Frumentum in hiemem provisum non erat : grain had not 
 been provided for the winter. 
 
 In praBsens (tempus) : for the present. In perpetuum (seter- 
 num) : for ever. In futurum (posterum, posteritatem) : in, or 
 for, the future. 
 
 Sex in eum annum decretse legiones (sunt) : six legions were 
 voted for that year. 
 
 11. Dimension (length, breadth, height, depth) is expressed 
 by longus, latus, or altus, with the Accusative. 
 
 Ex. Murus quindecim pedes altus : a wall fifteen feet high. 
 
 It may also be expressed by in longitudinem, in latitudinem, in 
 altitudinem with the Genitive (sometimes the Accusative in ap- 
 position) . 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 9 
 
 Ex. Fossas pedum triginta in latitudinem complures facere 
 instituit: he determined to make several ditches thirty feet in 
 breadth. 
 
 The Descriptive Genitive also occurs, thus, Fossa sex pedum 
 (sex pedes lata). 
 
 12. In, ex, per, with the name of a people should be trans- 
 lated in, into, from., through, the country of. 
 
 Ex. In Latinis (Latinos) : in (into) the country of the 
 Latins. 
 
 13. I. Apud is used with the name of an author referring to 
 his writings. 
 
 Ex. Apud Platonem: in (according to) Plato. Apud Ho- 
 merum: according to (in) Homer. 
 
 II. In with the Ablative is used referring to a literary work. 
 
 Ex. In Phaedro : in the "Ptuedrus." In Originibus : in the 
 "Origins/ 3 In Andria : in the "Andria." 
 
 |4. "At," "near," "before," "in the vicinity of" (common in 
 military operations) is expressed by ad or apud. (See 187.) 
 
 Ex. Ad Erycem: at (before) Eryx. Ad Rhodanum: near 
 the Rhone. Ad extremas f ossas : at the ends of the trenches. 
 Pugna apud (ad) Cannas: the battle of (at) Cannae. 
 
 Observe also the common use of the adjective: Cannensis 
 pugna. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE, 
 
 15. The Ablative of the "at relation" or place where occurs 
 
 1. In space, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. In Italia. In agris. In muro. In monte. Sub monte 
 (at the foot of the mountain). 
 
 -<n* 
 
 2. In time, with A a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Eo (illo) die. Eo tempore. Eo anno. Hieme (in win- 
 ter). ^Estate. Primo vere (=in the beginning of the spring). 
 
 3. In abstract relations, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. In periculo. In potestate. In fuga. In metu. In 
 amicitia. 
 
 NOTE. The preposition in is most common, but sub, cum and 
 pro (rarely super and subter) are used in their own significa- 
 tions. 
 
10 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Names of Towns, Cities and Small Islands. 
 
 16. Names of towns, cities and small islands are used in the 
 Locative to express place where. 
 
 RULE FOR THE LOCATIVE. When the name of the town, etc., 
 is of the First or Second Declension singular, the Locative is like 
 the Genitive; when of the Third Declension or plural number of 
 any declension, the Locative is like the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Roma? (at or in Rome), Corinthi. Carthagine. Athenis. 
 Gadibus (at Gades, i. e., Cadiz). 
 
 Likewise observe the locative forms domi (at home), ruri (in 
 the country), humi (on the ground), domi militiaeque (at home 
 and in the field), belli domique (in war and in peace). 
 
 a. The form domi takes the possessive in the Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Mese, tuas, sua3, nostrae, vestrae, alienas, domi. 
 
 With a Genitive of the possessor either domi or in domo may be 
 used. Ex. Domi Caesaris, or in domo Cassaris. 
 
 With a demonstrative or other adjective, the Ablative with in 
 must be used. Ex. In hac, ilia, grata, magnifies, domo. 
 
 6. If the name of a city, town, etc., of the First or Second De- 
 clension singular is associated with an attributive, the Ablative 
 with or without in may be used; if plural or of the Third De- 
 clension, the Ablative without in is best. 
 
 Ex. In ipsa Alexandria, (in) Alba Helvia. Nova Cartha- 
 gine. Curibus Sabinis, =at Cures of the Sabines. 
 
 c. When the name of a city or town, etc., is associated with an 
 appositive urls, oppidum, insula, civitas, etc., then the Ablative 
 of both should be used with in preceding; but if the name of the 
 city, etc., is of the First or Second Declension and singular, then 
 the Locative may be used. 
 
 Ex. In insula Lemno : in the island of Lemnos. In urbe 
 Roma ( e ) . In oppido Athenis. 
 
 d. When the appositive urbs, oppidum, etc., has an adjective or 
 genitive associated with it, then the name of the city, etc., stands 
 in the Locative, while the appositive follows with or without in. 
 
 Ex. Albas in urbe opportuna: at Alba, a convenient town. 
 Antiochise celebri urbe : at Antioch, a populous city. 
 Neapoli in celeberrimo oppido: at Naples, a very populous 
 town ; or in the very populous town of Naples. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 11 
 
 Eem. 1. Domus, meaning building, family, school, or anything 
 else than home, must always be used with in and the Ablative 
 to express place where. 
 
 Eem. 2. When omnis, totus, cunctus, universus and medius 
 are used in agreement with an Ablative of place where, the prep- 
 osition in may be used or omitted. 
 
 Ex. Tota Italia. (In) media urbe. 
 
 Place Where in Light of Cause, Means, Etc. 
 
 17. In all such designations of place as may be regarded in 
 the light of cause, means, instrument, manner, or respect (re- 
 striction), the Ablative is used without the preposition in. (See 
 23.) 
 
 Ex. Domitius navibus Massiliam pervenit : Domitius arrived 
 at Marseilles by ship. 
 
 Exercitum (trans) flumen ratibus transportavit : he carried 
 his army across the river on rafts. 
 
 Vinum Tiberi devectum : wine brought down on the Tiber. 
 
 Pedibus : on foot. Bello, proelio vincere : to conquer in war, 
 in battle. 
 
 Kem. 3. Locus, meaning place or locality, with an attributive, 
 may or may not have the preposition in in the Ablative of place 
 where. 
 
 Ex. Omnibus (in) locis. (In) alio loco. (In) his locis. 
 
 Loco, meaning in a condition or situation, at the right time, in 
 the right place, in place of, instead of, is used with or without 
 more commonly without the preposition. 
 
 Ex. Loco amici (cf. numero amicorum) habere, ducere, etc.: 
 to consider as a friend. 
 
 Eem. 4. The preposition is also frequently omitted with parte, 
 partibus, and regione, regionibus associated with an attributive. 
 
 The Ablative of the Whence Relation, or Place from Which. 
 
 18. 1. In space, with a preposition, i. e., a (ab) , e (ex), or de. 
 Ex. Ex Italia. Ex agris. De muro. A porta. A Caesare, 
 
 2. In time, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Ab hora quarta. A prima luce (= from daybreak). Ex 
 eo tempore. Ab sole orto (=from sunrise). 
 
12 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 3. In abstract relations, with a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Ex terrore. E periculo. Ab amicitia. 
 
 Rem. 1. The preposition may be in composition with the verb, 
 it may be repeated, or a different preposition may be used. 
 
 Rem. 2. Substantives implying motion are treated as verbs. 
 
 Ex. Excesses e vita : departure from life. Fugitivi ab dom- 
 inis : fugitives from their masters. 
 
 But in case of towns, cities and small islands the simple Ab- 
 lative is used to express place whence. Likewise domo (from 
 home), rure (from the country), humo (from the ground). 
 
 Ex. Tarento: from Tarentum. Athenis. Carthagine. 
 Capua. Andibus : from Andes. 
 
 Rem. 3. A or ab is used with names of towns, etc., to mean 
 from the vicinity of, from before, from the port of, or simply to 
 indicate distance or direction. 
 
 Ex. A Capua: from before (from the neighborhood of) 
 Capua. Iter a Roma ad Neapolim: the journey from Rome to 
 Naples. A Brundisio : from the port of Brundusium. 
 
 Rem. 4. The point from which distance is reckoned is always 
 expressed by the Ablative with a or ab, even in case of towns, 
 cities, etc. 
 
 Ex. Bidis oppidum est non longe a Syracusis : Bidis is a 
 town not far from Syracuse. 
 
 Longe a domo : far from home. Tria milia passuum a Sa- 
 gunto : three miles from Saguntum. 
 
 19. o When a possessive adjective modifies domo, the prepo- 
 sition may be used or omitted. With any other adjective or with 
 a Genitive of the possessor, the preposition must be used. 
 
 Ex. Mea, tua, nostra, etc., domo, or a (ab), e (ex), mea, tua, 
 nostra, etc., domo. 
 
 Ex domo Yergilii : from Virgil's house (=home) ; e Pom- 
 peiana domo; ex hac, grata, domo. 
 
 b. When the name of the city or town is associated with an- 
 other word (country, province, etc.) requiring the preposition, 
 it is best to write each according to its own rule. 
 
 Ex. Ex Asia et Athenis, or Athenis et ex Asia. 
 
 Occasionally the name of the city, etc., precedes in the Ablative, 
 and the other word (country, etc.) follows without the preposi- 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 13 
 
 tion, thus conforming to the construction of the city, town, or 
 small island. 
 
 Ex. Lisso Parthenisque et omnibus castellis: from Lissus 
 and the Partheni, and from all the strongholds. 
 
 c. When the name of the city, etc., is used with an appositive 
 urbe, oppido, or insula, then the preposition precedes both. But 
 if the appositive has an adjective or Genitive modifier, it is better 
 to let the city, etc., precede the preposition. 
 
 Ex. Ab urbe Eoma : from the city of Rome. Ex oppido 
 Gergovia : from the town of Gergovia. Tusculo, ex clarissimo 
 municipio : from Tusculum, a very celebrated free-town. 
 
 20. 1. The name of a city or of a Roman tribe (family) as 
 a place of residence or birth is written in the Ablative without a 
 preposition. Ex. N. Magius Cremona: N. Magius of (from) 
 Cremona. L. Domitius Cn. f. Fabia: Lucius Domitius, son of 
 Cnseus, of the Fabian gens. 
 
 Rein. Sometimes the city is written in the Ablative with a 
 (ab) , but not in Cicero or Caesar. 
 
 2. The name of a country as a place of residence or birth is 
 always written in the Ablative with e (ex). 
 
 Ex. Mittitur Q. Junius ex Hispania quidam : a certain Quin- 
 tus Junius of Spain is sent. 
 
 3. Instead of the Ablative of city or country the adjective is 
 more common. 
 
 Ex. Cratippus Tyndaritanus : Cratippus of Tyndaris. C. 
 Blossius Cumanus : Caius Blossius of Cumaa, or a Cuma3an. 
 Alorcus Hispanius : Alorcus a Spaniard. 
 
 21 With movere, cedere, pellere and labi the omission of the 
 preposition is frequent in the whence relation. 
 
 Ex. Loco movere : to move from a place or position. Patria 
 pellere: to drive from one's country. Loco cedere: to retire 
 from a position. 
 
 22. Tho place from winch embraces all local designations. 
 Ex. Litters ex Gallia a Caesare allatae sunt: letters were 
 brought from Caesar in Gaul (=from Gaul from Caesar). Re- 
 
14 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 periebat T. Ampium conatum esse pecunias tol-lere Epheso ex 
 f ano Dianae : he found out that Titus Ampius had attempted to 
 take away money from the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 
 
 Vox ab aede Junonis ex arce exstitit: a voice arose from the 
 temple of Juno in the citadel. 
 
 23. Cause., means and instrument are expressed by the Ab- 
 lative without a preposition. 
 
 Cause sometimes allows a preposition. See following exam- 
 ples : Alii ab numero avium eum secutum numerum putant : 
 some think that he adopted that number from the number of the 
 birds. ^Eneas ab simili clade domo profugus : ^Eneas a fugitive 
 from home in consequence of a similar disaster. Certa de causa : 
 for a certain reason. Qua de causa : for which reason. Qua ex 
 re, ex quo : wherefore. 
 
 24. The Ablative of Respect or Restriction occurs with verbs, 
 adjectives and participles. (See 6.) 
 
 Ex. Et verbis, re non erat: and so it was in word, not in 
 reality. 
 
 Yerbis adhuc lenior, re asperior : as yet more lenient in word, 
 harsher in (point of) fact. 
 
 Virtute superare : to surpass in valor. Viribuspar: equal' in 
 strength. Similes moribus : alike in character. Pedibus claud- 
 us : lame in the feet. Captus oculis : blind. Captus mente : in- 
 sane. Crine ruber: red-haired. 
 
 25. The Direct Personal Agent is expressed by the Ablative 
 with a or ab. 
 
 The Indirect Personal Agent is expressed by per and the Accu- 
 sative (through the agency of). 
 
 26 The Ablative of Manner without an attributive (adjective 
 or Genitive) takes cum; with an attributive, cum may be omit- 
 ted. Ex. Cumcura; but magna cura (or magna cum cura). 
 
 NOTE. Certain set expressions omit the preposition, as ra- 
 tione, ordine, iure, iniuria, clamore, tiilentio, merito, dolo, fraude, 
 m, ioco, casu, etc. 
 
1 I A N D-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 15 
 
 27. The Descriptive Ablative, or Ablative of Quality, like the 
 corresponding Genitive, must have an attributive, i. e., an adjec- 
 tive or Genitive. Ex. Vir magna virtute : a man of great 
 bravery. But, vir fortis : a man of bravery. 
 
 a. The Descriptive Ablative must be used of form and appear- 
 ance, of characteristics of dress or person. 
 
 Ex. Mulieres crinibus passis: women with dishevelled hair. 
 Puella naso adunco: the girl with the turned-up nose. Boves 
 mira specie : cows of striking beauty. 
 
 I). The Descriptive Genitive must be used of number, measure, 
 time, space or class. 
 
 Ex. Puer novem annorum : a boy of nine years. Iter decem 
 dierum : a journey of ten days. Eiusdem generis : of the same 
 kind. 
 
 Beyond these restrictions, the two constructions coincide. 
 
 Point of View, Direction, etc. 
 
 28 The Ablative is used in certain cases with a (ab), e (ex) 
 to denote point of view, direction, side, etc. 
 
 Ex. A tergo : on the rear. A fronte : in front. Ab utroque 
 latere : on both flanks. Ab ea parte : on that side. Ab oriente : 
 on the east. Ab occidente: in the west. A dextrp cornu: on 
 the right wing. Mettius Curtius ab Sabinis princeps : Mettius 
 Curtius, the leader on the side of the Sabines. 
 
 Cum prima quies silentiumque ab hostibus fuit : as soon as 
 there was rest and silence on the part of the enemy. 
 
 Utraque ex parte : on both sides, on each side. Una ex parte : 
 on one side. Ex omnibus partibus : on all sides. Qua ex parte 
 est Hibernia : on which side Ireland lies. 
 
 29. Prae, with the Ablative expressing preventing cause, oc- 
 curs after a negative or its equivalent. 
 
 Ex. Plura pra3 lacrimis scribere non possum : I cannot write 
 more for tears. 
 
 Qui periculum fortunarum et capitis sui pra? mea salute ne- 
 glexit: who disregarded danger to his fortunes and to his life 
 for my safety. 
 
16 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 The Ablative with Verbs of Removing, etc. 
 
 30. The Ablative is used with verbs to remove, to withhold, to 
 free, to abstain, to prevent, to keep from, to cut off, to desist, to 
 cheat, to rob, to rid, to deprive, etc. 
 
 A preposition, generally ab, may often be used. 
 
 Liberare (to free), prohibere (to prohibit, to keep away), lax- 
 are, relaxare (to release), abstinere (to abstain, to hold off), 
 vacare (to be free), intercludere (to cut off, to separate), desist- 
 ere (to cease, to stand off) may have, and sometimes should have, 
 a preposition, as when Ablative is a person. 
 
 Levare, relevare (to relieve), carere (to be without), super- 
 sedere (to refrain), spoliare (to rob, to strip), nudare, exuere 
 (to strip), privare, orbare (to deprive), fraudare, defraudare (to 
 cheat) should be used without a preposition. 
 
 Ex. Metu, cura, periculo aliquem liberare: to free any one 
 from fear, anxiety, danger. 
 
 Ab insula hostes prohibere : to keep the enemy away from the 
 island. 
 
 Milites rapinis prohibere: to restrain the soldiers from 
 plunder. 
 
 Caesar proelio supersedere (abstinere) statuit: Caesar deter- 
 mined to hold off from battle. 
 
 Equites ab exercitu, ab oppido intercludere : to cut off the 
 cavalry from the army, from the town. 
 
 ISTostros commeatibus, re frumentaria intercludere (prohib- 
 ere) : to cut off our men from supplies, from provisions. 
 
 Ablative with Verbs to Differ, etc. 
 
 31. With verbs to differ, to distinguish, to separate, to revolt 
 from (or, at), to leave off; as, differre, dissidere, discrepare, dis- 
 sentire (to differ), distinguere, separare, dividere, disiungere (to 
 distinguish, to separate), deficere (to revolt from), abhorrere (to 
 revolt at), intermittere (to leave off), etc. the Ablatibe with the 
 preposition ab is the rule. 
 
 Ablative, with Verbs of Filling, etc. 
 
 32. The Ablative of Means is used with verbs to fill, to abound, 
 to enrich, to lack, to cover, etc. ; as, implere, explere, complere 
 (to fill), farcire, refercire (to stuff, to cram), cumulare (to 
 
HAXD-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 17 
 
 heap), augere (to increase), locupletare (to enrich), abundare, 
 affluere (to abound), tegere (to cover), carere, egere, indigere 
 (to be without, to lack, to need), satiare (to satisfy), saturare (to 
 saturate), ornare (to adorn), obruere (to overwhelm), etc. 
 
 Rem. Egere and indigere are also used with the Genitive. 
 
 Cicero prefers the Ablative with egere., and the Genitive with 
 indigere. 
 
 Niti and Stare. 
 
 33. Note the Ablative with and without in and the verbs niti 
 (to rest, to rely, to depend upon) and stare (to rest, abide, stand 
 firm, depend upon) . 
 
 Stare + a&, cum, pro and the Ablative means "to stand by, 
 on the side of, in behalf of." 
 
 Ablative with Opus and Usus. 
 
 34. With opus (rarely usus) esse (=to be needful, wanting), 
 the Ablative of the thing needed is used with the Dative of the 
 person who needs. In this case the phrase is impersonal. 
 
 Less frequent, but perfectly good, is the use of the thing needed 
 as the subject with opus as the predicate, and the Dative of the 
 person who needs. In this case the phrase is personal. 
 
 With neuter pronouns and adjectives (hoc, id, illud, quod, quae, 
 mnlta, pauca, etc.) the personal form should be used. 
 
 Quid and nihil are often used as adverbial Accusatives without 
 affecting the construction. 
 
 Note the frequent use of the Ablative of the perfect participle 
 here. 
 
 Ex. Mihi libris opus est, or libri mihi opus sunt : I need 
 books. 
 
 Quae nobis opus sunt : those things which are needful to us. 
 
 Maturate opus est : there is need of haste. 
 
 Facto opus est: there is need of action, something must be 
 done. 
 
 Adjectives with the Ablative. 
 
 35. Such adjectives, as a rule, follow the usage of kindred 
 verbs. The ground of the construction may be (1) Respect or 
 Restriction, (2) Cause, (3) Separation or Exemption, (4) Full- 
 ness, Abundance, etc. Hence: 
 
18 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 1. Powerful in, equal in, superior in, strong in, and the like; 
 as, potens, par, superior, validus, etc. 
 
 Ex. Par viribus : equal in strength. 
 
 Tanta opibus Etruria erat : Etruria was so strong in re- 
 sources. 
 
 2. Famous for, remarkable on account of, evident from, etc. 
 (often with a preposition, usually ex) ; as, nobilis, clarus, in- 
 signis, manifestos, etc. Also joyful at, pleased with, troubled 
 over, proud of, content with, etc. ; as, laetus, maestus, tristis, 
 anxius, sollicitus, superbus, contentus. 
 
 Ex. Prudentia clarus: renowned for wisdom. 
 Suis rebus contentus : satisfied with his own possessions. 
 Adjectives like solicitus and anxius may have de (about, con- 
 cerning, over). 
 
 3. Free from, exempt, deprived of, etc. (with or without ab, as 
 a rule) ; as, liber, vacuus, orbus, nudus, tutus, alienus, di versus, 
 immunis, etc. 
 
 Ex. Liber (a) molestiis: free from annoyances. 
 Vacuus (a) culpa: void of (without) blame. 
 Nudus agris: destitute (stripped) of lands. 
 A periculo tutus : safe from danger. 
 
 4. Full of, abounding in, rich in, loaded with, etc. ; as, plenus, 
 refertus, abundans, praeditus, dives, locuples, opulentus, onustus, 
 gravis, etc. 
 
 Ex. Lagtitia plenus : full of joy. 
 
 Vita referta bonis : a life filled with blessings. 
 
 Urbs statuis dives : a city rich in statues. 
 
 Latrones prseda onusti : robbers loaded with booty. 
 
 Naves hostilibus spoliis graves : ships heavily laden with spoils 
 of the enemy. 
 
 Graves fructu vites : vines laden with fruit. 
 
 Kem. Plenus (full) is more common with the Genitive. 
 
 Kern. 2. Eefertus (stuffed; full) is more usual with the Ab- 
 lative of things and the Genitive of persons. 
 
 5. Dignus (worthy), indignus, and fretus (relying on) take 
 the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Laude dignus : worthy of praise. 
 
 Auctoritate fretus: relying on his authority (influence). 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 19 
 
 Ablative of Excess or Difference. 
 
 36. Excess or Difference is expressed by the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Turres denis pedibus quam murus altiores sunt: the 
 towers are ten feet higher (=higher by ten feet) than the wall. 
 
 Sol multis partibus maior (est) quam terra universal the sun 
 is many parts larger than the whole earth. 
 
 So multo, paulo, tanto, aliquanto, etc. 
 
 The Accusative is irregular, but not uncommon, especially the 
 neuters tantum, multum, paulum, aliquantum, etc. 
 
 Ablative of Price. 
 
 37. 1- Definite price or value must be expressed by the Ab- 
 lative. 
 
 Ex. Decem talentis: for (at) ten talents. 
 
 2. Indefinite or general value is expressed by the Genitive, 
 less often by the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Tanti, so much; quanti, how much, as much; pluris, 
 more; minoris, less; magni, at a high price; parvi, at a low 
 price, etc. 
 
 Ablative of Material. 
 
 38. The material of which anything is made with verbs to 
 make, to fashion, to carve, to mold, etc. (facere, fingere, fundere, 
 dolare, etc.) is expressed by the Ablative with ex (rarely de). 
 When no verb or participle is expressed, use ex -f- Ablative, or an 
 adjective instead. 
 
 Ex. Naves e robore f actas : ships made of oak. 
 Anulus ex auro, or anulus aureus : a gold ring. 
 Mensae e marmore, or mensas marmoreae: tables of marble, 
 or marble tables. 
 
 Ablative with Afficere. 
 
 39. The Ablative of Means with afficere must be noted. 
 This verb literally means "to affect," but its use is idiomatic 
 
 and the translations are varied. The thing with which a person 
 or thing is affected or visited is put in the Ablative, and the verb 
 generally takes its meaning. 
 
 Ex. Aliquem laude afficere : to praise any 6ne. 
 
 Aliquem supplicio, praemio, cruciatu, timore, honore, admira- 
 
20 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 tione, morte, iniuria, etc., afficere : to punish, to reward, to tor- 
 ture, to terrify, to honor, to admire, to kill, to injure any one. 
 
 Pcena, iniuria, voluptate, laude, etc., affici: to suffer punish- 
 ment (to be punished), to receive injury, to enjoy pleasure, 
 praise, etc. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 40. 1. A Dative object is used with intransitive verbs of Ad- 
 vantage and Disadvantage, Yielding and Kesisting, Pleasure and 
 Displeasure, Bidding and Forbidding, as prodesse(to do good to), 
 favere (to favor), nocere (to do harm to), parcere (to spare), in- 
 dulgere, cedere (to give way to), servire (to serve), parere, oboe- 
 dire, obtemperare (to obey), placere (to give pleasure to), ignos- 
 cere (to pardon), invidere (to envy), resistere, repugnare (to 
 resist), credere (to believe, to trust), insidiari (to lie in wait 
 for), imperare (to order, give orders to), suadere, persuadere (to 
 persuade, to advise), irasci (to become angry at), obtrectare (to 
 oppose, injure), obstare (to stand in way of), minari, imminere, 
 impendere (to threaten, hang over), studere (to be eager for), 
 maledicere (to abuse), metuere (to fear for), consulere (to con- 
 sult for, to consult the interest of), nubere (to marry of a wo- 
 man), gratulari (to wish well, to congratulate), etc. 
 
 Rem. Such verbs are impersonal in passive, and Dative is 
 retained. (See 158.) 
 
 2. Note here also the dative with many verbs compounded with 
 the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, 
 super. 
 
 If the verb is transitive, the Accusative and Dative are used. 
 
 Ex. Adesse, interesse (to be present at or with), prasesse (to 
 be in command of), praeficere (to place in command of), ante- 
 ponere (to prefer to), succensere (to be angry at), succurrere 
 (to hurry to the aid of), subvenire (to come to the aid of), sum- 
 mi ttere (to send to the aid of), prefer re (to prefer to), occurrere 
 (to hurry to meet), obvenire (to come to meet), etc., etc. 
 
 NOTE. Fidere and confidere (to trust, to confide in) take the 
 Dative of the person and the Ablative of the thing. Dative of the 
 thing is also allowed. 
 
 Diffidere (to distrust) takes dative of person or thing; but Ab- 
 lative of thing may be used. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 21 
 
 41. Verbs of Giving and Putting take the Accusative with the 
 Dative, or the Accusative with the Ablative. There are only a 
 few of these. 
 
 (tibi librum: I present (to) you a book. 
 ( te libro : I present you with a book. 
 ( urbi murum: I put a wall around the city. 
 ^ urbem muro : I surround the city with a wall. 
 
 So with aspergere, inspergere (to sprinkle), circumfundere, 
 circumicere (to surround), circumligare (to bind around), im- 
 pertire (to endow, to bestow)^ induere (to clothe, to put on), 
 exuere (to strip of, or off), intercludere (to cut off). 
 
 Eem. ISTote the verb interdicere with Accusative and Dative, 
 or Dative and Ablative. 
 
 Alicui aliquid interdicere : to forbid anyone anything. 
 
 Alicui aliqua re interdicere: to prohibit anyone from any- 
 thing. 
 
 The Dative with Verbs of Taking Away." 
 
 42. The Dative is used with certain transitive verbs having 
 the general signification of taking away. The translation is 
 from. 
 
 The Dative can only be used when the relation of personal in- 
 terest (advantage or disadvantage) is involved; otherwise the 
 Ablative is used. 
 
 Such verbs are generally compounded with a preposition, ab, 
 ad, de, ex, prae > or sub; as, demere, adimere, eripere, auferre, de- 
 trahere, extorquere, subducere, deducere, etc. 
 
 Ex. J^duis libertatem eripere: to take away liberty from 
 the JMuans. 
 
 Somnum mihi ademit : it took away my sleep from me. 
 
 Dative with Esse. 
 
 43. Esse with the Dative (Possessive Dative) is translated "to 
 have." The possession of a quality, however, is expressed by esse 
 or inesse with in and the Ablative. 
 
 Habere -f- Accusative may be used anywhere. 
 
 Dative of the Name. 
 
 44. With esse, dare, indere, adder e, redder e, imponere, man- 
 ere, etc., and a substantive as nomen, cognomen the name is 
 
22 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 attracted into the Dative which is the case of the person or thing 
 named. 
 
 The name may be in apposition with nomen, cognomen,, etc. 
 Rarely is the Genitive of the name depending on nomen,, etc., 
 used. 
 
 Ex. My name is Marcus 
 
 Mihi nomen Marco est. 
 
 Mihi nomen Marcus est. 
 
 Mihi nomen Marci est. (Do not use.) 
 
 Dative with Licet. 
 
 45. Notice another case of attraction with licet; in late 
 Latin and in poetry with necesse est,, vacat, contingit, etc. 
 
 1. Mihi securo esse non licet : I am not allowed (I am not free) 
 to be undisturbed. 
 
 Or, 2. Mihi securum esse non licet. 
 
 3. Securum esse non licet (regular form when Dative is omit- 
 ted) : one is not allowed to be undisturbed. 
 
 4. Securo esse non licet. (Do not use.) 
 
 The Double Dative. 
 
 46. With the verbs to be, to give, to impute, to become, to have, 
 to go, to come, to lead, to send, to leave, etc. (esse, tribuere, fieri, 
 habere, ire, venire, ducere, mittere, relinquere, etc.) two Datives 
 are used, one of the object or end for which, the other of the per- 
 son (or thing) to whom. The latter is often not expressed. 
 
 The words auxilio, subsidio, and praesidio occur frequently in 
 this construction in military operations. 
 
 Ex. Sibi curaB esse : to be an object of care to one, to have a 
 care for. 
 
 Curae sibi habere: to have as an object of attention, to at- 
 tend to. 
 
 Mihi esse cordi : to lie at my heart ; to be agreeable, dear to me. 
 
 Alicui adiumento esse : to be an assistance to anyone. 
 
 Quod monumento sit posteris : which shall be a memorial to 
 coming generations. 
 
 Quod illi tribuebatur ignavias : which was imputed to him for 
 cowardice. 
 
 His odio esse : to be an object of hatred to these. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 23 
 
 Pausanias rex Lacedaemoniorum venit Atticis auxilio: Pau- 
 sanias, king of the Lacedaemonians, came to the help of the 
 Attics. 
 
 Caesar tres legiones subsidio sociis misit: Caesar sent three 
 legions to the assistance of the allies. 
 
 Septimam legionem presidio castris reliquit: he left the 
 seventh legion as a guard to the camp. 
 
 Caesar receptui cani iussit: Caesar ordered a retreat to be 
 sounded (Bordered it to be sounded for a retreat). 
 
 Kem. Instead of the Dative of the end or purpose for which, 
 an appositive Nominative or Accusative may be used, and some- 
 times the Accusative with ad or in final. (See 4. ) 
 
 Dative with a Noun. 
 
 47. The Dative should not be used depending on a noun. The 
 Objective Genitive or its equivalent is the usual substitute. 
 
 Ex. Periculum rei publicae (Genitive) : danger to the state. 
 
 The Dative does sometimes occur with nouns derived from 
 verbs requiring Dative, when the noun seems to retain verbal 
 force. 
 
 Ex. Obtemperatio scriptis legibus : obedience to written laws. 
 
 Dative with Adjectives. 
 
 48. The Dative is used with such adjectives as like, unlike, 
 different, suitable, unsuitable, agreeable, disagreeable, easy, diffi- 
 cult, near, friendly, hostile, painful, troublesome, equal, unequal, 
 useful, injurious, faithful, unfaithful, pleasant, advantageous, 
 disadvantageous, etc. 
 
 NOTE 1. Similis and dissimilis are also used with the Genitive; 
 and with persons, the Genitive is the rule. 
 
 NOTE 2. With adjectives of adaptedness, inclination, readi- 
 ness and tendency, the Accusative with ad and sometimes in is 
 common aptus, idoneus, habilis, accommodatus, utilis, facilis, 
 paratus, pronus, propensus, proclivis, intentus, promptus. 
 
 With these adjectives ad with the Accusative of the Gerund 
 is frequent. 
 
 NOTE 3. Alienus (foreign, strange) takes the Dative, or the 
 Ablative with or without ab. 
 
 NOTE 4. Note pro-pe and its derivatives. 
 
24: HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 f Prope Ace. , or Abl. with ab. \ near. 
 I Propius Ace., Abl. withal, Dat. (rare): nearer. 
 
 Adv. and Prep. <j p roxime _Acc. , Abl. with ab (rare), Dat, (rare): near. 
 
 est, next. 
 
 f Propior Dat., Ace. (not in Cic.), Abl. with ab. (rare): 
 
 nearer. 
 
 Ad J' 1 Proximus Dat., Ace. (not in Cic.), Abl. with ab. : near- 
 est, next. 
 
 Dative with Obviam and Obvius, a, um. 
 
 49. Obviam and obvius, a, um, are used in many combina- 
 tions in the sense of to meet, in the way of, against, etc., and 
 always with the Dative. They occur in a good or bad sense. 
 
 1. Alicui obviam fieri: to meet some one; alicui obviam ire, 
 venire, advenire, procedere, prodire, progredi, exire, properare, 
 proficisci, mittere, etc. : to go, come, advance, go out, hasten, 
 start, send, etc., to meet some one. 
 
 2. Alicui obvius, a, um esse, fieri: to meet some one; alicui 
 obvius, a, um ire, venire, procedere, occurrere, mittere, ferre, etc. : 
 to go, come, advance, hurry, send, bring, etc., to meet some one. 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 Subjective and Objective Genitive. 
 
 50. 1- The Subjective Genitive may be translated with "by," 
 "from," or "belonging to"; the Objective Genitive with "to," 
 "for," "over," "toward." Either may be replaced by an adjec- 
 tive. 
 
 Ex. Subj. Platonis dicta: sayings of (by) Plato. Obj. 
 Periculum rei publicae : danger to the state. 
 
 2. Instead of the Objective Genitive you may substitute the 
 Accusative with in (friendly or hostile sense), erg a (friendly 
 sense), or adversus. 
 
 Ex. Amor erga (in) Caesarem : love for Caesar. 
 Odium in ISTeronem : hatred to Nero. 
 
 3. The Genitive of personal pronouns is objective. The subjec- 
 tive must be expressed by the possessive adjectives meus, tuus, 
 suus, noster, and v ester. Alienus is also used instead of the Sub- 
 jective Genitive of alius. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 25 
 
 Ex. Hie liber meus : this book of mine. Mea benevolentia : 
 my good-will, i. e., felt by me. 
 
 But, benevolentia mei (=erga me), good- will for, towards me. 
 
 Excep. With iniuria the possessive adjective represents either 
 a Subjective or Objective Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Mea iniuria : wrong done by me, or wrong done to me. 
 
 Genitive with a Possessive. 
 
 51. The appositive of a Genitive involved in a possessive ad- 
 jective must likewise be in the Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Meo iussu consulis : by order of me the consul. 
 
 Moreover, an adjective or participle limiting such an involved 
 Genitive must also be in the Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Urbs mea unius opera f uit salva : the city was saved by 
 my exertions alone. 
 
 Nostra ipsorum libertas : our own liberty. 
 
 Nomen meum absentis mese prassentis preces: my name 
 when absent my entreaties when present. 
 
 Nostrum and Vestrum. 
 
 52. The forms nostrum and vestrum are used as Partitive 
 Genitives of nos and vos. 
 
 Ex. Uterque nostrum : each (both) of us. 
 
 Bern. Nostrum and vestrum must also be used with omnium. 
 
 Ex. Salus omnium nostrum : the welfare of us all. 
 
 53. The Partitive Genitive may be substituted by ex or de 
 with the Ablative, by inter with the Accustative, and rarely by in 
 with the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Multi ex nostris : many of our men. Decem de hostibus : 
 ten of the enemy. Inter Romanes f ortissimus : the bravest man 
 among the Romans. 
 
 Unus, when not followed by alter or alius, always takes ex or 
 de and the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Unus ex (de) tribunis : one of the tribunes. 
 
 Genitive of Characteristic, Etc. 
 
 54. The Subjective Genitive with esse=to be the mark, part, 
 duty, office or characteristic of. 
 
 The following table shows use of (1) substantives, (2) adjec- 
 
26 .HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 tives of Second Declension, (3) adjectives of Third Declension of 
 two or three endings, (4) adjectives of Third Declension of one 
 ending, (5) combination: 
 A.I. Stultitia est : it is folly. 
 
 2. Stultitiae est : it is the mark of folly. 
 
 3. Stultum est : it is foolish. 
 
 4. Stulti est : it is the mark of a fool. 
 
 B. 1. Turpitude est : it is infamy. 
 
 2. Turpitudinis est : it is the mark of infamy. 
 
 3. Turpe est : it is infamous. 
 
 C. 1. Sapientia est: it is wisdom. 
 
 2. Sapientise est : it is the mark of wisdom. 
 
 3. Sapientis est: it is the mark of a wise man. (Never, sa- 
 
 piens est.) 
 
 D. 1. Stultum ac turpe: it is foolish and infamous. 
 
 2. Stulti ac turpis : it is the mark of a fool and a dishonorable 
 
 man. 
 
 3. Stulti et amentis : it is the mark of a fool and a madman. 
 
 4. Stultum et amentis : it is foolish and silly. 
 
 5. Turpis et amentis : it is the mark of a base and senseless 
 
 man. 
 
 6. Turpe et amens : it is base and silly. 
 
 CAUTION. In case of personal pronouns, use the possessive 
 adjective in the neuter, meum, tuum, etc. Ex. Est tuum fac- 
 ere : it is yours, your part, or your duty to do so and so. 
 
 NOTE. With the Genitive above given officium, munus, pro- 
 prius and sometimes pars are used. 
 
 Genitive with Esse and Fieri. 
 
 55. The Subjective Genitive is used with esse and fieri to be- 
 long to, to be or become the property of, etc. In a personal re- 
 lation esse + Genitive may mean to belong to the party or fac- 
 tion of, to be on the side of (=cum + Ablative). 
 
 Ex. Circa omnia hostium erant: everything around was in 
 the hands of the enemy. 
 
 Praedam captae urbis edixit militum fore : he gave out that the 
 plunder of the city when captured would belong to the soldiers. 
 
 Et iam omnia trans Hiberum praeter Saguntinos Carthaginian- 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 27 
 
 slum erant : and now everything across the Ebro was in the 
 power of the Carthaginians, except the Saguntines. 
 
 Prope omnis senatus Hannibalis erat : almost the whole senate 
 was on the side of Hannibil (=cum Hannibale). 
 
 CAUTION. Totus or a possessive agrees with the subject of 
 esse, in which case totus may be translated as an adverb. 
 
 Ex. Urbs tota est nostra : the city is entirely in favor of us 
 (or, the whole city, etc.). 
 
 Note here, too, the use of facere (fieri) with ditionis or postes- 
 tatis to bring (to be brought) under the sway or power of. 
 
 Ex. Omnem oram usque ad Iberum Romanae ditonis fecit: 
 he brought all the coast as far as the Ebro under Roman sway. 
 
 Verbs of Reminding, Etc. 
 
 56. Verbs of reminding, admonishing, advising, etc., take the 
 Objective Genitive, de with the Ablative, or the Accusative of a 
 neuter pronoun or adjective (id, hoc, illud, multa, qua3, etc.) . In 
 the latter case the verb would have two Accusatives. 
 
 Such verbs are monere, admonere, commonere., commonefacere. 
 
 a. Monere and commonere. These verbs do not take the Gen- 
 itive in good prose. Use instead de with the Ablative or the 
 Accusative of a neuter pronoun. 
 
 Ex. Vos id unum moneo : I remind (warn) you of (=as to) 
 this one thing. 
 
 Oro ut Tarentiam moneatis de testamento : I beg you to re- 
 mind Tarentia of the will. 
 
 Rem. A neuter Accusative in the active construction is re- 
 tained in the passive. 
 
 Ex. Nee ea, quaa ab ea monemur, audimus: and we do not 
 heed those things of which we are reminded by her. 
 
 1). Admonere takes the Genitive, de with the Ablative, or the 
 Accusative of a neuter pronoun. 
 
 Ex. Admonitus huius alieni asris : reminded of this debt. 
 
 Legates miserunt qui admonerent fcederis eum Romani : they 
 sent ambassadors to remind him of the treaty with the Romans. 
 
 In epistola de sede Telluris et de porticu Catuli me admones : 
 in your letter you remind me of the temple of Earth and the por- 
 tico of Catulus. 
 
28 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 De quo (prcelio) vos paulo ante invitus admonui: of which I 
 unwillingly reminded you a little while ago. 
 
 Earn rem (id) nos locus admonuit: the place admonished 
 us of that event. 
 
 c. Commonefacere takes Genitive or de with Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Te veteris amicitiae commonef ecit : he reminded you of 
 your old friendship. 
 
 Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting. 
 
 57. Verbs of Eemembering and Forgetting take the Objective 
 Genitive; but the Accusative is also used, especially of things, 
 and still more particularly of neuter pronouns. 
 
 1. Meminisse: Genitive, Accusative, or de with Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Animus praateritorum meminit: the mind recalls the 
 past. 
 
 Mei memineris : you will remember me. 
 
 Constantiae tuoa memini : I remember your constancy. 
 
 Cinnam memini : I remember Cinna. 
 
 Omnia meminit : he remembers everything. 
 
 Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit: some day perhaps it 
 will be pleasant to remember even these hardships. 
 
 De Planco memini: I remember (about) Plancus. 
 
 2. Commeminisse takes the Accusatvie. 
 
 3. Oblivisci takes the Genitive of persons, and the Genitive or 
 Accusative of things. 
 
 Ex. Oblitus sum mei : I have forgotten myself. 
 
 Si nostri oblitus es : if you have forgotten me. 
 
 Nee tamen Epicuri obliviscor: and yet I do not forget 
 Epicurus. 
 
 Eecentium iniuriarum oblivisci : to forget recent injuries. 
 
 Ut nostrae dignitatis simus obliti : so that I have forgotten my 
 dignity. 
 
 Nostrum officium obliviscimur : we forget our duty. 
 
 Tu qui oblivisci nihil soles nisi iniurias : you who are wont to 
 forget nothing except (but) wrongs. 
 
 4. Recordari takes Accusative, de with Ablative, rarely the 
 Genitive in Cicero. 
 
 Ex. Recordare tuas epistolas : recall your letters. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 29 
 
 Pueritiae memoriam recorder : I recall the memory of my boy- 
 hood. 
 
 Et vocem Anchisa? magni vultumque recorder: and I call to 
 mind the voice and countenance of the great Anchises. 
 
 Invitus recorder de hoc homine: I unwillingly recollect this 
 man. 
 
 Flagitiorum suorum recordabitur : he will remember his own 
 shameful deeds. 
 
 Eem. With recordari, the Accusative is by far most common 
 with things, while de with Ablative may be used of persons. 
 
 5. Eeminisci take Genitive or Accusative. 
 
 Ex. Reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani et 
 pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum : let him remember both the old 
 disaster of the Roman people and the former valor of the Hel- 
 vetians. 
 
 Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos : dying he remembers sweet 
 Argos. 
 
 Rem. Verbs of remembering and forgetting may be used with 
 the Accusative and Infinitive. 
 
 Moreover, verbs of remembering, especially memini, are used 
 with the Present Infinitive, even of a past occurrence, when the 
 matter lies within one's personal experience, when he himself 
 was present to hear, see, etc. 
 
 Ex. Memini te mihi narrare: I remember your telling me 
 (that you told me). 
 
 Meministine me in senatu dicere? do you. remember that I 
 said in the senate, etc. 
 
 In Mentem Venire and Certiorem Facere. 
 
 58. 1. Note here the phrase in mentem venire -{- Dative of 
 person, and the Objective Genitive of a person or thing. The 
 phrase is impersonal except in case of neuter pronouns. The per- 
 sonal construction (i. e., Nominative instead of Genitive) is 
 found, but in Cicero only with a neuter pronoun or res. 
 
 Ex. Venit mihi Platoriis in mentem: I am reminded of 
 Plato, or Plato comes to my mind. 
 
 Mihi solet in mentem venire illius temporis: I am usually re- 
 minded of that time. 
 
30 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Hsec (so also, id, hoc, quod, quae, etc.) ei fere in mentem ven- 
 iebant : these things generally occurred to him. 
 
 But: Non venit in mentem pugna apud Eegillum lacum? 
 (Livy) : does not the battle of (at) Lake Kegillus come to 
 mind? 
 
 2. Certiorem facere (passive, certior fieri), "to inform," takes 
 the Objective Genitive or de with Ablative. Likewise, mentionem 
 facere (to make mention of). 
 
 Judicial Verbs. 
 
 59. A. Verbs of accusing, charging, arraigning, convicting, 
 condemning and acquitting take the Genitive of the charge 
 (crime) or punishment. Such verbs are accusare, reum facere, 
 reus esse, arguere, insimulare, arcessere (to accuse, to charge) ; 
 damnare, condemnare, convincere (to condemn, to convict) ; ab- 
 solvere (to acquit), etc. 
 
 Ex. Miltiades accusatus est proditionis: Miltiades was ac- 
 cused of treason. 
 
 Aliquem accusare capitis: to bring a capital charge against 
 any one. 
 
 Aliquem sceleris, avaritiae, csedis, furti, maiestatis, etc., accus- 
 are, insimulare, etc. : to accuse any one of crime, avarice, murder, 
 theft, high treason, etc. 
 
 Capitis damnare : to condemn to death. 
 
 Quos pecunlge captae arcessebat : whom he accused of having 
 taken money. 
 
 Improbitatis absolutus es : you were acquitted (or, stand ac- 
 quitted) of dishonor. 
 
 ludex eum furti absolvit : the judge acquitted him of theft. 
 
 B. The charge or punishment may be expressed ( 1 ) by de with 
 Ablative, (2) by nomine or crimine + Genitive (="011 the 
 charge of," "for the crime of." This is a very common turn), 
 (3) by simple Ablative. 
 
 Ex. (1) Aliquem de praevaricatione absolvere: to acquit any 
 one of prevarication. 
 
 Gabinium de ambitu reum fecit P. Sulla: Publius Sulla 
 charged Gabinius with bribery. 
 
 Aliquem de vi, de veneficiis, de pecuniis repetundis accusare, 
 etc. : to accuse (condemn, etc.) any one of violence, of poisoning, 
 of extortion. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 31 
 
 (2) Aliquem nomine (crimine) coniurationis, cadis, etc., 
 damnare (accusare, etc.) : to condemn (accuse, etc.) any one for 
 conspiracy, murder, etc. Very frequent. 
 
 (3) Damnare capite: to condemn to death. 
 
 Suspicione eum absolvere: to declare him innocent of sus- 
 picion. 
 
 Scsevola aliis criminibus condemnatus erat: Scaevola stood 
 condemned (=had been condemned) for other crimes. 
 
 NOTE 1. Multare takes Ablative always. 
 
 Ex. Aliquem morte multare : to punish any one with death. 
 
 Agri parte multatis in centum annos indutise data?: having 
 been mulcted in a part of their land, a truce was granted to them 
 for a hundred years. 
 
 NOTE 2. Definite fine is always expressed by the Ablative (see 
 Def. Price, 37-1) with damnare., multare, etc. 
 
 Ex. Damnari decem milibus: to be fined ten thousand (ses- 
 terces). 
 
 NOTE 3. Observe the expression nomen deferre de -j- Ablative: 
 to impeach, to indict. 
 
 Ex. Nomen mei amici de ambitu detulit : he impeached my 
 friend (note translation) for bribery. 
 
 The Genitive is best translated as subject or object. 
 
 60. Destination or enforced labor is expressed by damnare, 
 etc., with ad or in and the Accusative. 
 
 Ex. Ad bestias damnari : to be condemned to the beasts. 
 Ad (in) metalla damnari : to be sentenced to the mines. 
 Extremum ad supplicium : to extreme punishment. 
 Ad mortem : to death. Ad opus : to labor. 
 
 61. With the verbs to arraign, to convict, as arguere, insim- 
 ulare, convincere, etc., the charge or offence may be stated by the 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. Occidisse patrem Sex. Eoscius arguitur: Sex. Roscius 
 is charged with having killed his father. 
 
 Insimulaverunt eum dixisse: they arraigned him for having 
 said, etc. 
 
 The Genitive with Verbs of Emotion. 
 
 62. The Objective Genitive occurs with the following verbs of 
 feeling: Misereor (I pity); also the impersonate paenitet (it 
 
32 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 repents), pudet (it makes ashamed), piget (it disgusts, grieves, 
 etc.), miseret (it moves to pity), taedet (it wearies, disgusts), 
 pertaesum est (=taedet). 
 
 In case of these impersonals, the person who feels is put in the 
 Accusative, while the person or thing toward which the feeling 
 is directed, i. e. f the object of feeling, is put in the Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Miseremini sociorum : pity your allies. 
 
 Neque me tui neque tuorum liberum misereri potest: I can 
 pity neither you nor your children. 
 
 Sua3 quemque fortunae pasnitet: every man is discontented 
 with his own lot. 
 
 Neque te mei miseret : and you do not pity me. 
 
 Eum pasnitet negligentiae : he repents of his negligence. 
 
 Nos piguit stultitiae : we were grieved on account of our folly. 
 
 Eos vitas taedet : they are weary of life. 
 
 Again, the object of feeling may be expressed by the Infinitive, 
 by the Accusative and Infinitive, by a clause beginning with 
 quod., cum., or si, or by an indirect question. 
 
 Ex. Quintum pasnitet tuum animum offendisse, or Quintum 
 pienitet quod tuum animum offendit (offenderit) : Quintus is 
 sorry (regrets) that he has wounded your feelings. 
 
 Pudebat Macedones tarn praBclaram urbem a commissabundo 
 rege deletam esse : the Macedonians were mortified that so splen- 
 did a city had been (=should have been) destroyed by the king 
 carousing. 
 
 Te, quantum proficias, non psenitebit : you will not be dissatis- 
 fied with how much you are accomplishing. 
 
 Eem. Pudet with Genitive also means "it is a shame before, 
 in the sight of." 
 
 Ex. Pudet deorum hominumque : it is a shame in the sight of 
 gods and men. 
 
 Interest and Refert. 
 
 63. The impersonal verbs interest and refert (it concerns, 
 it is of importance, etc.) take the Subjective Genitive of the per- 
 son or thing concerned. 
 
 Ex. Consulis interest : it concerns the consul. 
 
 Communis salutis intererat: it concerned the common wel- 
 fare. 
 
 1. If the person interested is expressed by a personal pronoun, 
 
HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 33 
 
 then the Genitive is not used, but the Ablative singular feminine 
 of the possessive adjective, viz., mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra. 
 
 Again, when an appositive occurs, then instead of a. noun in 
 the Genitive, limiting the Genitive involved in the possessive, use 
 the relative with a finite verb. 
 
 However, it is quite proper to use the forms unius, solius and 
 ipsius. 
 
 Ex. Mea unius (solius) interest: it is of importance to me 
 alone. 
 
 Tua, qui es consul, intererit : it will be of importance to you 
 the consul. 
 
 2. Degree of concern is expressed (1) by the adverbial Accusa- 
 tive, as multum, plus, plurimum, nihil, quid, tantum, etc., (2) 
 by a Genitive of value (37-2), as magni, permagni, parvi, pluris, 
 quanti, etc., (3) by an adverb, as valde, magis, maxime, minime, 
 magnopere, etc. 
 
 Ex. Vos, quorum minime interest: you, to whom it makes 
 very little difference. 
 
 Quid nostra ref ert ? what difference does it make to us ? 
 
 Nihil refert : it matters nothing. 
 
 Magni (multum, magnopere) interest: it makes a great dif- 
 ference. 
 
 3. The object of concern is expressed by the Infinitive, the Ac- 
 cusative and Infinitive, ut or ne with Subjunctive, or by an in- 
 direct question. 
 
 Ex. Vestra maxime interest scire: it is of the greatest im- 
 portance to you to know. 
 
 Docet quantopere reipublicae communisque salutis intersit, 
 manus hostium distineri : he explains how much it concerns the 
 state and the common welfare, for the bands of the enemy to 
 be kept apart. 
 
 Utriusque nostrum magni interest ut te videam : it is of great 
 importance to both of us that I (should) see you. 
 
 Quid illius interest, ubi sis ? What difference does it ma.ke to 
 him where you are ? 
 
 Nihil nostra interest credas necne: it makes no difference to 
 us whether you believe or not. 
 
 4. The object with reference to which, with a view to which, 
 is expressed by ad and the Accusative. 
 
34 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. Magni ad honorem nostrum interest quam primum ad 
 urbem me venire: it is of great importance with a view to 
 (touching) our honor that I come to the city as soon as possible. 
 
 NOTE. Interest and refert may have hoc, id, iHud, or quod as 
 a subject, and are personal only to this extent. 
 
 64. The Objective Genitive with Adjectives. 
 
 1. With participial adjectives in -ax (not Ciceronian), -ans, 
 and -ens, such as amans, appetens, cupiens, diligens, efficiens, pa- 
 tiens, sitiens, insolens, sciens, egens, indigens, perferens, tolerans, 
 observans, persequens, retinens, metuens, capax, rapax, tenax, 
 fugax, etc. 
 
 Ex. Amans tui : fond of you. Appetens gloriae : greedy for 
 glory. Diligens officii : careful of duty. Fugiens laboris : averse 
 to labor. Negligens amicorum: neglectful of friends. Impru- 
 dens legis : ignorant of law. Sitiens glorise : thirsting for re- 
 nown. Amnis navium patiens : a river allowing ships, or a navi- 
 gable river. Perferens (patiens) injuriarum: enduring (of) 
 wrongs. Impatiens f rigoris : incapable of enduring cold. 
 
 2. Besides and including those above are adjectives denoting 
 desire, knowledge, experience, skill, memory, power, possession, 
 participation, innocence, fullness, plenty, etc., such as avidus, 
 cupidus, studiosus, conscius, inscius, gnarus, ignarus, prudens, 
 imprudens, providus, peritus, imperitus, insuetus, consultus, 
 rudis, memor, immemor, compos, potens, affinis, ex^ers, consors, 
 particeps, inanis, inops, fertilis, plenus, refertus, etc. 
 
 Ex. Peritus legis, belli : skilled in law, war. Studiosus nos- 
 tri : fond of us. Providus rerum f uturarum : heedful of the 
 future. Ignarus (inscius) omnium rerum: ignorant of every- 
 thing. Particeps consilii (criminis) : sharing (a sharer) in the 
 plan (crime). Compos mentis (animi) : in possession of one's 
 mind. Beneficiorum immemor: unmindful of benefits. Ea- 
 tionis expers: devoid of reason. Fertilis frugum: productive 
 of grain. 
 
 Bern. Many of the adjectives named and many of kindred 
 meaning allow the Ablative, the Ablative with in, de, etc., or the 
 Accusative with ad, according to the nature of the adjective and 
 the sense intended. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 35 
 
 Ex. Villa ornamentis referta (plena) : a villa filled with or- 
 naments. 
 
 In iure civili rudis : inexperienced in civil law. 
 
 In omnibus rebus diligens : diligent in all things. 
 
 Ad prospicienda cavendaque pericula peritus : skillful to f orsee 
 and avoid dangers. 
 
 Questions. 
 
 65. Questions are direct and indirect (independent and de- 
 pendent), simple and compound. 
 
 Direct and indirect questions are introduced by the same 
 particles. 
 
 A simple direct question, when it has no "other interrogative 
 word, is generally introduced by -ne, num, or nonne. 
 
 -Ne is attached to the emphatic word, which is usually placed 
 first in the sentence. It should never be attached to a preposition. 
 
 The question is one of information. 
 
 Ex. Potesne mihi iter ducis monstrare ? can you show me the 
 general's route? 
 
 Estne verum ? is it true ? 
 
 Num expects the answer, No. 
 
 Ex. Num negare audes ? Do you dare to deny it ? 
 
 Num me fefellit dies? did the day deceive me? 
 
 Nonne expects the answer Yes. 
 
 Ex. Nonne meministi me in senatu dicere, etc. ? do you not 
 remember that I said in the senate, etc. ? 
 
 Nonne animadvertis ? do you not perceive ? 
 
 Kern. 1. The -ne here is the enclitic given above, and may be 
 attached to another negative, as nemo, nihil, nullus, etc. 
 
 Ex. Nunquamne audivisti? have you never heard? 
 
 Rem. 2. Nonne is rarely continued ; the negative is carried on 
 by non. 
 
 Rem. 3. A simple direct question sometimes has no interroga- 
 tive sign. Such questions are generally passionate, expressing 
 astonishment, blame, or disgust. 
 
 Ex. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit: he lives? 
 yea, more, he even comes into the senate. 
 
 Non vident ? they do not see ? 
 
 Infelix est Fabricius quod rus suum fodit? Fabricius is un- 
 happy because he digs his own field ? 
 
36 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Compound Questions. 
 
 66. The translation is "whether or/' but the "whether" is 
 not translated in the direct form. 
 Direct. Did he go or stay ? 
 Indirect. Tell me whether he went or stayed ? 
 
 DIRECT. 
 "(whether) or" 
 
 Utrum an> 
 
 - common. 
 ne an) 
 
 Utrum anne 
 
 Utrumne an) not 
 
 Utrum ne anj" common. 
 
 INDIRECT. 
 whether . . .... . .or" 
 
 Utrum an) 
 
 -ne an} Common. 
 
 Utrum anne 
 
 Utrumne an) not 
 
 Utrum ne an| common. 
 
 ne . . ne (rare). 
 
 First particle often omitted. 
 
 - ... an (common. ) 
 
 - ... anne. 
 
 - ... ne (rare). 
 
 an (common.) 
 
 anne. 
 
 . . . ne (rare.) 
 
 NOTE. Members may be added by repetition of an. 
 
 Ex. Postrema syllaba utmm brevis est an longa? postrema 
 syllaba brevisne est an longa? postrema syllaba brevis est an 
 'longa? is the last syllable long or short? 
 
 Magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus se defenderent an ob- 
 viam irent hostibus; or mcenibusne se defenderent an obviam 
 irent hostibus ; or mcenibus se defenderent an obviam irent hos- 
 tibus : there was a great dispute as to whether they should pro- 
 tect themselves in the fortifications or go to meet the enemy. 
 
 67. A.n sometimes introduces the second member of a com- 
 pound question, the first member of which is not expressed. An 
 is then translated "or then," "or indeed," "or rather," "or per- 
 haps." 
 
 Ex. An invidiam posteritatis times ? or then do you fear the 
 odium of posterity ? or you fear the odium of posterity perhaps ? 
 
 68. Another form "whether, or not." 
 Direct. Will you go or not ? 
 
 Indirect. Tell me whether you will go or not. 
 
 Utrum annon (necne) 
 
 ne annon (necne) 
 
 First particle often omitted. 
 
 - .... annon (necne). 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 37 
 
 NOTE. Annon is more common in the direct, necne in the 
 indirect form. 
 
 Ex. Isne est, quern quasro, annon ? is that the man I am look- 
 ing for or not ? 
 
 Die mini utrum Komse eo die futurus sis necne: tell me 
 whether you will be at Rome on that day or not. 
 
 69. In every indirect or dependent question the mood is the 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Ex. Die mihi quando venturus sis : tell me when you will 
 come. 
 
 Maud scio an, Nescio an, Etc. 
 
 70. Note the use of an with the Subjunctive after hand scio, 
 nescio (I do not know), dubito (I doubt), incertum est (it is 
 uncertain), etc. 
 
 Hand scio, etc., an implies a modest affirmation, and may be 
 rendered, "I do not know but that," "I am inclined to think 
 that," or "perhaps/' When a negative (non, nemo, nihil, nullus, 
 nunquam, etc. ) is added, a mild negative is expressed. Thus, "I 
 do not know but that not," "I am inclined to think that not," or 
 "perhaps not." 
 
 Ex. Haud scio (nescio, etc.) an hoc viderim: I am inclined 
 to think that (^perhaps) I have seen this. 
 
 Hand scio an hoc nunquam viderim: perhaps (=it may be 
 that) I have never seen this. 
 
 Haud scio an ita sit : perhaps it is so. 
 
 Mea quidem sententia haud scio an nulla (senectus) beatior 
 esse possit : for my own part I am inclined to think that no old 
 age can be happier. 
 
 Rem. 1. Note also another expression, common in English, but 
 seldom occurring in good Latin. 
 
 Ex. Qua quidem haud scio an, excepta sapientia, quidquam 
 melius homini sit a dis immortalibus datum: than which, in- 
 deed, wisdom excepted, I do not know whether anything better 
 has been given to man by the immortal gods (^perhaps nothing, 
 etc.). 
 
 Rem. 2. Nescio quis, etc. (nescio qui, etc.) are often used indef- 
 initely in the sense of aliquis, etc. (aliqui, etc.), and do not affect 
 the verb. 
 
38 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. JSTescio quid accidit : something, I do not know what, has 
 happened. 
 
 Nescio quo modo (pacto) : somehow; in some way, I do not 
 know how. 
 
 Rem. 3. In case of the above verbs, hand scio, etc., when there is 
 a real doubt, with no inclination to either side, then write accord- 
 ing to rules for the indirect question. 
 
 The Rhetorical Question. 
 
 71. The Rhetorical Question is a statement in the form of a 
 question. No answer is expected, but the answer implied is op- 
 posite to the matter or substance of the question. 
 
 Surprise is often expressed by this form. 
 
 The mood is the Indicative or Subjunctive, according as the 
 language is positive or softened. (See 101.) 
 
 This question makes a statement, hence in 0. 0. it is expressed 
 by the Accusative with the Infinitive along with other leading 
 facts. 
 
 Ex. Quis tarn caecus est ? who is so blind ? 
 
 Quis hoc credat ? who would believe this ? 
 
 Nemo id tibi renuntiabat ? no one reported that thing to you ? 
 
 Romam, caput orbis terrarum, petentibus quicquam adeo as- 
 perum atque arduum videri, quod inceptum moretur? to men 
 making for Rome, the capital of the world, did anything appear 
 so hard and laborious as to delay the undertaking? (0. 0.) 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 72. Gerund and Supine. 
 
 Nom. Laudare, used as subject or predicate. 
 
 Gen. Laudandi, as any other noun. 
 
 Dat. Laudando, as any other noun. 
 
 Ace. Laudare, used as object of verbs volo, cupio, audeo, etc. 
 
 Ace. Laudandum, only after prepositions ad, inter, in, etc. 
 
 Ace. Laudatum (supine), after verbs of motion. 
 
 Abl. Laudando, expresses cause, means, etc. ; also used with the 
 prepositions ab, de, ex, in, etc. 
 
 Abl. Laudatu (Supine), only with certain adjectives good, 
 bad, easy, difficult, worthy, unworthy, pleasant, horri- 
 ble, wonderful, etc.; also with fas (right), nefas 
 (wrong), opus (need). 
 
HAXD-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 39 
 
 73. Rule for the Attraction of the Gerund. The Gerund of a 
 transitive verb is attracted with its object. The Gerund takes the 
 gender and number of the object, while the object takes the case 
 of the Gerund. 
 
 Ex. Suspicionis vitandae causa : for the sake of avoiding sus- 
 picion. 
 
 Eem. 1. Neuter adjectives and pronouns are not attracted. 
 
 Ex. Haec et similia dicendo: by saying these and similar 
 things. 
 
 Excep. The forms mei., tui, sui, nostri, and vestri are used as 
 if coming from meum, tuum, suum, etc. 
 
 Ex. Mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, cohservandi causa: for the 
 sake of saving myself, yourself, himself (or themselves), our- 
 selves, yourselves. 
 
 Infinitive Tenses Active. 
 
 74 . The Infinitive has all the tenses of the Indicative, but not 
 in separate forms. 
 
 Present. Laudare. 
 
 Imperfect. Laudare (coincident with a past leading tense). 
 
 Perfect. Laudavisse. 
 
 Aorist. Laudavisse. 
 
 Pluperfect. Laudavisse. 
 
 First Fut. from Pres. Eus, a, um esse; or, fore (futurum esse) 
 
 ut + Present Subjunctive. 
 Second Fut. from Pres. Fore (futurum esse) ut -f Perfect 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 First Fut. from Past. Kus, a, um esse; or, fore (futurum esse) 
 
 ut + Imperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Second Fut. from Past. Fore ut -f- Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 NOTE. Fore and futurum esse are not inflected. 
 
 Examples of Active Infinitive Tenses. 
 
 Present. Dicit puerum venire : is coming. 
 Imperfect. Dixit puerum venire: was coming. 
 Perfect. Dicit puerum venisse : has come. 
 Aorist. Dicit puerum venisse : came. 
 Pluperfect. Dixit puerum venisse: had come. 
 
40 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 First Fut. from Pres. Dicit puerum venturum esse : will come. 
 
 Dicit fore (futurum esse) ut puer metuat : will fear. 
 Second Fut. from Pres. Dicit fore (futurum esse) ut puer ven- 
 
 erit : will have come. 
 First Fut. from Past. Dixit puerum venturum esse: would 
 
 come. Dixit fore (futurum esse) ut puer metueret: 
 
 would fear. 
 Second Fut. from Past. Dixit fore ut venisset : would have 
 
 come (by a certain time). 
 
 NOTE. Instead of heavy circumlocutions, the construction 
 may often be varied by using proper form of posse or velle, or by 
 some other turn. 
 
 75. Infinitive Tenses Passive. 
 
 Present. Laudari. 
 
 Imperfect. Laudari. 
 
 Perfect. Laudatus, a, um esse. 
 
 Aorist. Laudatus, a,, um esse. 
 
 Pluperfect. Laudatus, a, um esse. 
 
 First Fut. from Pres. Laudatum iri; or, fore (futurum esse) 
 ut + Present Subjunctive (passive). 
 
 Second Fut. from Pres. Laudatus, a, um fore; or, fore (fu- 
 turum esse) ut -f~ Perfect Subjunctive. 
 
 First Fut. from Past. Laudatum iri; or, fore (futurum esse) 
 ut -}- Imperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Second Fut. from Past. Laudatus, a, um fore; or, fore ut + 
 Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Rem. 1. Laudatum is the supine and cannot be inflected. 
 Eem. 2. Laudatus, a, um is the perfect passive participle and 
 agrees with its subject. 
 
 Examples of Passive Infinitive Tenses. 
 
 Present. Audio puerum laudari : is (being) praised. 
 Imperfect. Audivi puerum laudari : was (being) praised. 
 Perfect. Audio puerum laudatum esse : has been praised. 
 Aorist. Audio puerum laudatum esse : was praised. 
 Pluperfect. Audivi puerum laudatum esse : had been praised. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 41 
 
 First Fut. from Pres. Audio pueram laudatum iri : will be 
 
 praised. 
 Or, Audio fore (futurum esse) ut puer laudetur: will be 
 
 praised. 
 Second Fut. from Pres. Audio puerum laudatum fore: will 
 
 have been praised. 
 
 Or, Audio fore (futurum esse) ut puer laudatus sit. 
 First Fut. from Past. Audivi puerum laudatum iri : would be 
 
 praised. 
 
 Or, Audivi fore (futurum esse) ut puer laudaretur. 
 Second Fut. from Past. Audivi puerum laudatum fore : would 
 
 have been praised (by a certain time). 
 Or, Audivi fore ut laudatus esset: would have been 
 
 praised. 
 
 Kem. 1. In case of Second Futures, the construction may be 
 varied by forms of posse and velle, or First Future forms may be 
 used. 
 
 The Accusative and the Infinitive. 
 
 76. The Accusative with the Infinitive is used as an object 
 after verbs of saying, thinking, believing, perceiving, hearing, 
 reading, learning, writing, knowing, seeing (verba sentiendi et 
 declarandi) and equivalent expressions. 
 
 It also occurs as the subject with many impersonal verbs, as 
 constat, oportet, necesse est, iuvat, apparet, convenit, decet, in- 
 terest, refert, etc. ; with adjective and substantive predicates, as 
 verum, facile, apertum, manifestum, par, aequum, mos, facinus, 
 opinio, testis, auctor, spes, fas, nefas est. 
 
 3. It occurs parallel with a quod clause after verbs of emotion 
 rejoicing, lamenting, boasting, etc. 
 
 4. It occurs with some verbs of will, desire, ordering and the 
 like, as iubere, vetare, sinere, pati, velle, nolle, malle, cupere, 
 cog ere, (See 83-4, Excep.) 
 
 5. It occurs in exclamations as the object of unexpressed 
 thought or feeling. 
 
 Ex. Mene incepto desistere ! I desist from my undertaking ! 
 
 6. It occurs in apposition with a substantive. 
 
 Ex. Hoc Ca.tilinam morte multari: this (namely) for 
 Catiline to be punished with death. 
 
42 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 . Verbs meaning to swear, to threaten, to hope and 
 to promise take the Accusative with the Future Infinite. 
 
 Ex. Sperant se maximum f ructum esse captures : they hope 
 to derive great advantage. 
 
 The English translation of the Accusative + Infinitive is reg- 
 ularly introduced by "that." 
 
 The Nominative with the Infinitive. 
 
 77. 1. The Nominative with the Infinitive of a copulative verb 
 is used after (= depending on) verbs meaning to wish, to be able, 
 to begin, to dare, to be accustomed, to continue, to cease, ought, 
 etc., as volo, cupio, nolo, malo, possum, coepi, incipio, audeo, 
 soleo, pergo, desino, deleo. 
 
 Ex. Nemo malus esse felix potest : no bad man can be happy. 
 
 ^Equi videri volumus : we desire to appear just. 
 
 Socrates parens philosophise iure dici potest : Socrates can 
 justly be called the "Father of Philosophy." 
 
 2. The Nominative with the Infinitive is used with the passives 
 of verbs of saying, thinking, etc. A noun, adjective, or parti- 
 ciple in the predicate referring to the subject is written in the 
 Nominative. Note also that the leading verb is written person- 
 ally, though often translated impersonally. 
 
 The personal construction is used throughout with videor, 
 iubeor, sinor, vetor, prohibeor, and arguor. 
 
 Generally speaking, dicor, trador, feror, existimor, putor, per- 
 hibeor, etc.., are personal in the simple tenses (Present, Imperfect 
 and Future), and impersonal in the compound tenses. That is 
 to say, in simple tenses the verb is written personally with the 
 Nominative and Infinitive ; in compound tenses, it is written im- 
 personally with the Accusative and Infinitive. 
 
 Thus, instead of "It seems that he was," write "He seems to 
 have been." It is said that Cicero was an eloquent orator : 
 Cicero is said to have been an eloquent orator = Cicero dicitur 
 orator eloquens fuisse. 
 
 Caesar dicitur esse occisus : Ca3sar is said to have been killed, 
 or, it is said that Ca?sar was killed. 
 
 Metellus dicitur esse venturus : it is said that Metellus will 
 come. 
 
 Mihi videtur fortis esse : it seems to me that he is brave (=he 
 seems to me to be brave). 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 43 
 
 Ut exstincta? potius amicitia? quam oppressae esse videantur: 
 that friendships may appear to have died out rather than to have 
 been crushed out. 
 
 Tu hoc fecisse putaris : it is thought that you did this. 
 
 The Complementary Infinitive. 
 
 78, The Infinitive is directly dependent on the following 
 verbs: Velle, nolle, matte, cupere, studere (to be eager, to de- 
 sire), audere, conari, vereri, timere (to be afraid to), coepi, in- 
 cipere, dubitare (to hesitate), scire (to know how to), nescire, 
 disccre (to learn how to), docerc (to teach how to), solere, posse, 
 quire (to be able), nequire, debere, recusare (to refuse, see 89- 
 R. 2), horrere (to be afraid), desinere (to cease), pergere (to 
 continue, proceed to), perseverare (to continue steadily, to per- 
 sist in, to persevere in doing, etc.), contendere (to hasten), pro- 
 perafe, fesiinare, maturare, animum (or, in animum} inducere 
 (to decide, to determine), parare (to get ready to), statuere (to 
 resolve), dediscere (to forget how to), oblimsci (to forget to), 
 and others not so common. 
 
 XOTE 1. Observe especially the adjective paratus (ready) with 
 the Infinitive. 
 
 XOTE 2. With a passive Infinitive the forms coeptus, a, urn 
 sum, etc., and de situs, a, um sum, etc., should be used rather than 
 coepi and desii, etc. 
 
 Ex. Veteres orationes a plerisque legi desitse sunt : the old 
 speeches have ceased to be read by most people. 
 
 Bello Athenienses undique premi sunt coepti: the Athenians 
 began to be pressed by war on all sides. 
 
 Subjunctive Tenses. 
 
 79. The Subjunctive, like the Infinitive, embraces all the 
 tenses of the Indicative, but not in separate forms. 
 
 The Present Subjunctive form embraces two tenses the Pres- 
 ent, and First Future from the Present. 
 
 The Perfect Subjunctive form embraces three tenses the Per- 
 fect, Aorist, and Second Future from the Present. 
 
 The Imperfect Subjunctive form embraces two tenses the 
 Imperfect, and First Future from the Past. 
 
 The Pluperfect Subjunctive form embraces two tenses the 
 Pluperfect, and Second Future from the Past. 
 
44 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 80. Future Tenses of the Subjunctive. 
 
 First Future from, Present. Present Subjunctive form. But 
 when the future time is not plainly shown by the context, use 
 rus f a, urn sim, etc. If the verb is passive or Jias no Future Ac- 
 tive Participle,, then use futurum sit ut + Present Subjunctive. 
 
 Second Future from Present. Perfect Subjunctive form. But 
 when the future time is not plainly shown by the context, use 
 futurum sit ut + Perfect Subjunctive. 
 
 First Future 'from Past. Imperfect Subjunctive form. But 
 when the future time is not plainly shown by the context, use 
 rus, a, urn essem, etc. If the verb is passive or has no Future 
 Active Participle, then use futurum esset ut + Imperfect Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 Second Future from Postf. Pluperfect Subjunctive form. But 
 when the future time is not plainly shown by the context; then 
 use futurum esset ut + Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Bern. 1. Futurum sit and futurum esset in these cases are im- 
 personal, and therefore cannot be inflected. 
 
 Rem. 2. The Future Active Participle cannot be used here to 
 express a Second Future. 
 
 CAUTION. Never use -rus, a, um sim., essem, etc., in a sen- 
 tence of Design or Result, nor after a verb or expression of fear, 
 danger, anxiety, or apprehension. 
 
 The -rus form is usual in indirect questions, causal and rela- 
 tive sentences, and sentences with quin. 
 
 Examples of Subjunctive tenses : 
 
 Present. Die mihi quid facias : tell me what you are doing. 
 Perfect. Die mihi quid feceris : tell me what you have done. 
 Aorist. Die mihi quid feceris : tell me what you did. 
 Imperfect. Mihi dixit quid faeeres : he told me what you were 
 
 doing. 
 Pluperfect. Mihi dixit quid fecisses : he told me what you had 
 
 done. 
 
 First Fut. from Pres. Dux militibus imperat ut oppidum mun- 
 iant: the general orders the soldiers to fortify (that 
 they shall fortify) the town. 
 
 Timeo ut amicus veniat : I fear that my friend will not 
 come. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 45 
 
 Die mihi quid facturus sis : tell me what you will do. 
 Non dubito quin futurum sit ut pluat (agatur) : I do not 
 
 doubt that it will rain (that it will be done) . 
 Second Fut. from Pres. Nemo dubitat quin, si Helvetios super- 
 
 averint Komani, yEduis libertatem sint erepturi: no 
 
 one doubts that, if the Komans conquer (=shall have 
 
 conquered) the Helvetians,, they will take away from 
 
 the vEduans their freedom. 
 Omnes credunt, nisi hoc factum sit, rempublicam in peri- 
 
 culo futuram esse: all believe that, unless this is done 
 
 (=if this shall not have been done), the state will be 
 
 in danger. 
 Hac mente laborem sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta re- 
 
 ceclant, aiunt, cum sibi sint congesta cibaria: they say 
 
 that they endure labor with this intention, to retire 
 
 in their old age into rest secure, when provision has 
 
 been (=shall have been) collected by them. 
 Promittit se nobis, quod comparare potuerit, daturum 
 
 esse: he promises to give us whatever he can (shall 
 
 have been able to) obtain. 
 Nescio num futurum sit ut redierit : I do not know 
 
 whether he will have returned. 
 First Fut. from Past. Dux militibus imperavit ut oppidum 
 
 munirent : the general ordered the soldiers to fortify 
 
 the town. 
 Timebam ut amicus veniret : I was afraid that my friend 
 
 would not come. 
 Mihi dixit quid facturus esses : he told me what you 
 
 would do. 
 Non dubitabam quin futurum esset ut plueret (agere- 
 
 tur) : I did not doubt that it would rain (would be 
 
 done). 
 Second Fut. from Past. Dux militibus praemia promisit qui im- 
 
 petum sustinuissent : the general promised rewards to 
 
 the soldiers that should (=should have) sustain (ed) 
 
 the attack. 
 Ad haec Ca?sar respondit se civitatem conservaturum esse 
 
 si, priusquam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent : to 
 
 these things (=to this) Caesar replied that he would 
 
46 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 save their state if they should surrender (= should have 
 surrendered) before the battering-ram touched the wall. 
 
 Nos omnes timebamus ne, cum satis copiarum collegisset, 
 Italiae bellum inferret : all of us were afraid that, when 
 he should collect sufficient forces, he would make war 
 upon Italy. 
 
 Nesciebam num futurum esset ut redisset : I did not know 
 whether he would have returned (by a certain time). 
 
 81. It must be noted that a Subjunctive or Infinitive tense 
 may be future with reference to, or measuring from another 
 future tense. 
 
 Ex. Donabitur ergo ne pereat : it will be presented therefore 
 lest he perish. 
 
 Tuus amicus dicet se venturum esse : your friend will say that 
 he will come. 
 
 Puerum rogabo num iturus sit : I shall ask the boy whether he 
 will go. 
 
 Final Sentences of Design or Purpose. 
 
 82. 1- Sentences of Design or Purpose are most frequently in- 
 troduced by ut or ne. (See summary given in 83.) The mood 
 is the Subjunctive. The tenses are the Present and Imperfect 
 (almost invariably.) 
 
 2. The ut of Purpose is translated in order that, in order to, to 
 or that. The negative ne is translated in order that not, in order 
 not to., not to, that not, or lest. 
 
 Bern. 1. Uti is often used instead of ut, and ut ne instead of ne. 
 
 3. The Final Sentence of Design is of two kinds : 
 
 (1) The Pure Final Sentence of Design, in which the design is 
 brought out by the particle. 
 
 Ex. ^-Edimus ut vivamus : we eat in order to live. 
 
 (2) The Complementary Final Sentence of Design, in which 
 the desire or purpose lies in the leading verb (verba studii et vol- 
 untatis), and the clause with ut or ne follows as a complement. 
 Here ut=to, or that; ne=not to, that not. 
 
 Ex. Phaethon optavit ut in currum patris tolleretur: Phse- 
 thon desired to be lifted up into his father's chariot. 
 
 4. Verbs meaning to will, to wish, to order, to induce, to impel, 
 to urge, to beg, to persuade, to warn, to advise, to decree, to per- 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 47 
 
 mit, to strive, to take care, with substantives and phrases imply- 
 ing these meanings, as orare, rogare, petere, postulare, imperare, 
 praecipere, hortari, persuadere, monere, adducere, optare, niti, 
 operam dare, negotium dare, consilium, mandatum, lex, praecep- 
 tum, etc., are followed by the Complementary Final ut or ne of 
 Purpose or Design. 
 
 Examples of Final Sentences. Scribam aperte ne ignores : I 
 will write plainly in order that you may not be ignorant. 
 
 Cura ut valeas : take care to keep well. 
 
 Nondum adducor ut hoc f aciam : I am not yet induced to do 
 this. 
 
 Abs te peto ut ad me quam primum venias : I beg you to come 
 to me as soon as possible. 
 
 Non est postulandum ut legum pcenas pertimescas : it is not to 
 be demanded (expected) that you should dread the punishments 
 of the laws. 
 
 Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne 
 quid respublica detriment! caperet : the senate formerly decreed 
 that L. Opimius the consul should see to it that the state received 
 no (nothing of) harm. 
 
 Excep. Inhere (to order), vetare (to forbid), sinere (to al- 
 low), and pati (to suffer, to allow) take the Accusative with the 
 Infinitive. Concedere (to grant) and permittere (to permit) 
 take either the Dative with the Infinitive or the Dative with ut 
 and the Subjunctive. Imperare (to order) takes the Accusative 
 with the passive (or deponent) Infinitive, otherwise ut + Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 Other exceptions cannot be given here. 
 
 Bern. Ut is occasionally omitted. 
 
 Ex. Ab eis censeo petatis qui ista profitentur: I advise you 
 to ask those who profess such things. 
 
 Velim ad me scribas : I should like you to write to me. (Very 
 common with velim.) 
 
 5. In a sentence (clause) of purpose containing a comparative 
 adjective or adverb, quo is more common than ut. 
 
 Ex. Legem brevem esse oportet quo facilius ab imperitis 
 teneatur : a law ought to be brief that it may the more easily be 
 grasped by the uneducated. 
 
 6. A transfer from the positive to the negative in the same 
 sentence may be made, or the negative may be continued by intro- 
 
48 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 ducing the new clause with neve (neu), or neque (nee) ; thus, ut 
 neve (neu) or neque (nec),ne neve (neu) or neque (nee). 
 
 Ex. Cohortatus est uti suae pristinas virtutis memoriam retin- 
 erent, neu perturbarentur animo: he urged them to retain the 
 remembrance of their former valor, and not to be disturbed in 
 mind. 
 
 7. Ne is followed by a positive pronoun, adjective, or adverb. 
 
 Ne quis : in order that no one. 
 
 Ne quid : in order that nothing. 
 
 Ne qui, ne ullus : in order that no (adjective) . 
 
 Ne unquam, ne quando : in order that never. 
 
 Ne usquam : in order that nowhere. 
 
 Summary of Purpose Constructions. 
 
 83. 1. Ut or ne with the Subjunctive. 
 
 2. The relative pronoun (also dum, donee, antequam, prius- 
 quam, and other relative words) with the Subjunctive. 
 
 3. Ad with the Gerund. 
 
 4. Supine in -um with verbs of motion. 
 
 5. Causa or gratia following the Genitive of the Gerund. 
 9. Simple Infinitive. 
 
 Future Active Participle. 
 Dative of Gerund. 
 
 Not in good use. 
 
 6. Genitive of Gerund (rare) 
 
 10. Present Participle (approximately). 
 
 11. Future Passive Participle (with restrictions. See 140.) 
 Ex. 1. Examples of ut and ne have been given 82). 
 
 2. Clusini legates Eomam, qui auxilium peterent, miserunt: 
 the inhabitants of Clusium sent ambassadors to Eome, to ask for 
 assistance. 
 
 Senex serit arbores quae alteri saeculo prosint : the old man sets 
 out trees, to do good to (in order that they may profit) the next 
 generation. 
 
 Ne exspectemus dum rogemur: let us not wait until we are 
 asked. 
 
 Hserens in tergo Eomanus, priusquam fores portarum ob- 
 icerentur, velut agmine uno inrumpit: the Eoman clinging to 
 their rear rushed in, in one and the same line as it were, before 
 the doors of the gate were (=could be) shut. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 49 
 
 3. Legati in Hispaniam missi sunt ad res sociorum inspicien- 
 das : ambassadors were sent to Spain for the purpose of looking 
 into the affairs of the allies. 
 
 4. Aquam forte ea sacris extra moenia petitum ierat : she had 
 gone outside the walls by chance to get water for the sacrifices. 
 Mula pastum est missa: the mule was turned out to graze. 
 
 5. Multi principes Roma, non tarn sui conservandi quam tu- 
 orum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt: many 
 leading men fled from Rome, not so much for the sake of saving 
 themselves as for the sake of checking your plans (as they say). 
 Colloquendi gratia : for the sake of conversing. 
 
 6. Firmandae concordia3 : for establishing harmony. 
 
 7. Legationibus Gallorum audiendis moratus : having tarried 
 to hear the embassies of the Gauls. 
 
 8. Maroboduus misit legates ad Tiberium oraturos auxilia : 
 Marbod sent envoys to Tiberius to beg for reinforcements. 
 
 9. Abiit sedem visere Minervse : she went away to visit the 
 temple of Minerva. 
 
 10. Legati a Segeste venerunt auxilium orantes : ambassadors 
 came from Segestes to beg for (begging for) aid. 
 
 1.1. Attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego : he assigns us to Ceth- 
 egus to be butchered. 
 
 Verbs of Fearing. 
 
 84. Verbs and expressions of fear, danger, anxiety, etc., have 
 a peculiar construction. 
 
 They take the Subjunctive with ne (that, lest), and ut (that 
 not, lest not) ; but ne non (that not, lest not) may be used in- 
 stead of ut, when the word of fear, etc., is associated with a neg- 
 ative. 
 
 A wish for or against underlies and explains the construction. 
 Ne shows that the negative is wished and the positive feared ; ut 
 (ne non) shows that the positive is wished and the negative 
 feared. 
 
 Any tense of the Subjunctive may be used. 
 
 Ex. Timeo ne veniat : I fear that he will come (I do not wish 
 him to come). 
 
 Timeo ut veniat: I fear that he will not come (I wish him to 
 come). 
 
50 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Non vereor ne tua virtus opinion! hominum non respondeat : 
 I am not afraid that your virtue will not answer to people's ex- 
 pectation. 
 
 NOTE. When such a verb means "to be shy of," "to hesitate/' 
 "to be afraid of," it is construed with the simple Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. Vereor aperte dicere : I am afraid to speak openly. 
 
 Nedum. 
 
 85. Nedum, "not to speak of/' "not to mention/' "much 
 less/' "still less" is used with the Subjunctive, Present and Im- 
 perfect tenses. It is regularly used in a sentence with a negative 
 expressed or implied. The verb is frequently omitted, in which 
 case nedum may be rendered "much more." 
 
 Ex. Oppidum aegre defendere possumus, nedum acie dimicare 
 possimus: we can scarcely defend the town, much less can we 
 fight in open battle. 
 
 Final Sentences of Result (Tendency), or Consecutive Sen- 
 tences. 
 
 86. 1. Verbs meaning to to make, to effect, to cause, to bring 
 about, to happen, as facer e, efficere (make, cause, effect), com- 
 mittere (cause, give occasion, act so as generally stated nega- 
 tively, non committere, etc.) ; fit, accidit, contingit, evenit, usu 
 venit (it happens, occurs) ; restat, reliquum est (it remains) ; 
 sequitur (it follows) ; est (it is the case), etc., take ut or ut non 
 of Result. 
 
 2. A sentence of Result also follows the particles ita, sic, tarn, 
 ~adeo (so), tantus (so great), toties (so often), is, liic, ille, iste, 
 talis (such), eiusmodi (of such a kind), etc. 
 
 3. The mood is the Subjunctive. The Present and Imperfect 
 -tenses are most common, but the Perfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect 
 are used when the sense calls for them. 
 
 4. The ut of Result is translated so that, so as to, as to, or that. 
 The negative is ut non, translated so that not, so as not to, as not 
 to, or that not. 
 
 Ex. Fecerunt ut consimilis fugse profectio videretur: they 
 caused that their departure seemed (they caused their depar- 
 ture to appear) very like flight. 
 
 His rebus fiebat ut minus facile finitimis bellum inferre pos- 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 51 
 
 sent : on account of these things it happened that they could 
 make war upon their neighbors less easily. 
 
 Fieri potest ut fallar: it may be (is possible) that I am mis- 
 taken, or I may be mistaken. 
 
 lam res Eomana adeo erat valida ut cuilibet fmitimarum civ- 
 itatum bello par esset: the power of Home was now so strong 
 that she was equal in war to any one of the neighboring states. 
 
 Conncior lacrimis sic ut ferre non possim: I am so overcome 
 with tears that I cannot endure it. 
 
 Eo insolentiag iam venit ut ne amici quidem eum defendant : 
 he has now come to such a (=that) pitch of insolence that not 
 even his friends defend him. 
 
 Eem. 1. A sentence of Design may follow some of the above- 
 named verbs and particles. It depends altogether on whether 
 there is a definite purpose or a natural consequence. 
 
 5. A transfer may be made from positive to negative, or a neg- 
 ative may be continued, by introducing the new clause with neque 
 (nee)', thus, ut neque (nee), ut non neque (nee). 
 
 Ex. Sed tanta moderatio fuit hominis ut contineret dolorem, 
 neque se ulcisceretur : but such was the moderation of the man 
 that he controlled his pain, and did not avenge himself. 
 
 6. The ut of Result is followed by a negative pronoun, ad- 
 jective, or adverb. 
 
 Ut nemo : so that no one. 
 Ut nihi] : so that nothing. 
 Utnullus: so that no (adjective). 
 Ut nunquam : so that never. 
 Ut nusquam: so that nowhere. 
 
 Rem. 2. Ut non may be replaced by quin after a negative, ex- 
 pressed or implied. 
 
 Ex. Nil tarn difficile est quin quaerendo investigari possit : 
 nothing is so difficult that it cannot be traced out by searching. 
 
 7. Consecutive sentences are often introduced by the Relative. 
 Ex. Ad id pastores quoque accesserant qui omnes facile spem 
 
 f acerent : to that the shepherds also had agreed so that they all 
 easily caused hope, etc. 
 
 Qua? enim domus tarn stabilis, qua? tarn firma civitas est, quae 
 non odiis et discidiis funditus possit everti? for what house is so 
 
52 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 firm., what state is so strong that it cannot be utterly overthrown 
 by hate and dissension ? 
 
 Especially after indefinite, or negative expressions. (See 88 
 and foil. ) 
 
 Ex. Stint qui dicant: there are some to (that) say. 
 
 Multi sunt qui putent : there are many that think. 
 
 Nemo est qui : there is no one to (that) . Nihil est quod : there 
 is nothing to (that). Quis est qui: who is there that (to)? 
 Quid est quod: what is there that (to) ? 
 
 8. After a comparative quam ut or quam qui is used. Cicero 
 uses quam ut. 
 
 Maior sum quam cui possit f ortuna nocere : I am too great for 
 fortune to be able to hurt me. 
 
 Clarior res erat quam ut tegi posset : the thing was too clear to 
 be (able to be) covered up. 
 
 Quod praeceptum (nosce te ipsum), quia maius erat quam ut 
 ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo: this precept 
 (know thyself), because it seemed too great to be of man, was 
 therefore attributed to a god. 
 
 (For Consecutive Sentences see further under 88.) 
 
 87. Ut with the Indicative means as or ivhen. 
 
 Ex. Ut dicitur : as it is said. Ut supra dixi : as I have said 
 a.bove. 
 
 Ut vidit : when he had seen. Ut cecidit : when he had fallen. 
 (See 144.) 
 
 The Consecutive Subjunctive CONTINUED. 
 
 88. I- This Subjunctive occurs with the "Consecutive Rela- 
 tive" after the verbs esse, hob ere, invenire, nancisci., reperire, 
 quaerere, etc., positive or negative, active or passive. 
 
 Ex. Sunt qui dicant (putent) : there are some to (that) say 
 (think). 
 
 Eeperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista cura liberarent 
 et pollicerentur : two Roman knights were found to relieve you 
 of that care and to promise, etc. (=that relieved and prom- 
 ised). 
 
 Quern sequar, non habeo : I have no one to follow. 
 
 Nil habeo quod agam : I have nothing to do. 
 
 2. The Consecutive Relative occurs also wiihindefinite, general, 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 53 
 
 and especially negative expressions, rhetorical questions, etc., as 
 multi, quidam, nonnulli, alii, pauci sunt qui; nemo, nullus 
 est qui; nihil est quod; quis est qui? quid est quod? si quis est 
 qui, etc. 
 
 Ex. Nonnulli sunt qui non videant : there are some that do 
 not see. 
 
 Nemo est qui te non metuat ; nemo, qui non oderit : there is 
 no one that does not fear you ; no one that does not hate you. 
 
 Si quis est qui hoc dicat : if there is any one to say this. 
 
 Quid est quod me impediat? what is there to prevent me 
 (=that prevents me) ? 
 
 3. Consecutive Eelative is used after dignus (worthy), in- 
 dignus (unworthy), aptus and idoneus (suitable, fit). (See No. 
 92.) 
 
 Ex. Hie est dignus qui imperet : he is worthy to command. 
 
 Quia null a videbatur aptior persona, quse de ilia aetate loquer- 
 etur : because no character seemed more fit to talk about that 
 age. 
 
 4. The Consecutive Subjunctive is used with quod, quare, cur, 
 quamobrem, ut, after est, causa est (there is a reason why, where- 
 fore, for, that) ; with ubi, unde, quo; after habeo quod, and es- 
 pecially non habeo quod, etc. 
 
 Ex. Est quod gaudeas : there is reason why you should re- 
 joice (for your rejoicing; you have reason to rejoice). 
 
 Habes quod irascaris : you have reason to become angry. 
 
 Etsi magis est quod tibi gratuler: although I have more rea- 
 son to congratulate you. 
 
 5. It is used with quod, cur, quamobrem, ubi, unde, quo, after 
 such expressions as non est, nihil est, non est causa, nulla est 
 causa, nihil causae est, quid est? quid causae est? quae causa 
 est? 
 
 (See subject treated fully Peters' Syntax of the Latin Verb.) 
 
 Ex. Non fuit causa cur postulares : there was no reason why 
 you should demand (=you had no right to demand). 
 
 Quid est quod (cur) haec me moveant: what reason is there 
 why these things should move me ? 
 
 Quid causa? (qua? causa) est cur, etc.? what reason is there 
 why. etc. ? 
 
 Note the following expressions : 
 
54 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 ( N"on habeo quod dicam : I have nothing to say. 
 
 habeo quid dicam : I do not know what to say. 
 habeo quo earn: I have no place (I have not whither) 
 to go. 
 
 Habes ubi ostentes : you have an opportunity to display, etc. 
 Quotusquisque est qui voluptatem neget esse bonum ! how few 
 are there to say that (mere) pleasure is not a blessing ! 
 
 Quotus est quisque qui somniis pareat ! how few are there that 
 heed dreams ! 
 
 Bern. Instead of qui non, quod non and cur non; quin may 
 be used after a negative expressed or implied. ( See 86, E. 2 & 
 
 91) 
 
 Verbs of Hindering, Etc. 
 
 89. 1. Verbs meaning to hinder, to prevent, to abstain, to re- 
 frain, to refuse, to omit, to delay and other words and phrases of 
 like meaning, when not strengthened by a negative, take quo- 
 minus (quo minus) or ne with the Subjunctive; but these verbs 
 strengthened by a negative, or stated interrogatively with nega- 
 tive force, take quominus or quin with the Subjunctive. 
 
 2, Verbs and expressions of doubt and uncertainty when neg- 
 atived, or stated interrogatively with negative force, should be 
 followed by quin -j- Subjunctive. 
 
 Eem. 1. Impedire and prohibere are also used with the Accusa- 
 tive and the Infinitive. 
 
 Eem. 2. Recusare with the passives of prohibere, impedire, and 
 deterrere are also followed by the simple Infinitive. 
 
 Eem. 3. Dubitare, meaning "to hesitate," should be used with 
 the simple Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. Impedior ne plura dicam: I am prevented from saying 
 more. 
 
 ^Etas non impedit (=prohibet) quominus agri colendi studia 
 teneanms: age does not hinder us from retaining (our retain- 
 ing) interest in agriculture. 
 
 Eegulus, ne sententiam diceret, recusavit : Eegulus refused to 
 express an opinion. 
 
 Quid obstat quominus sit beatus? what stands in the way of 
 his being happy? 
 
 Quis impedit quominus (quin) hoc facias? who prevents you 
 from doing (your doing) this? 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 55 
 
 Antiochus non se tenuit quin contra suum doctorem librum 
 ederet : Antiochus did not refrain from publishing a book against 
 his teacher. 
 
 Nullum diem praetermisit (intermisit) quin ad me litteras 
 mitteret : he has not let a day pass without sending me a letter. 
 
 Nemo dubitat (quis dubitat? non est dubium) quin hoc fac- 
 turus sit: no one doubts (who doubts? there is no doubt) that 
 he will do this. 
 
 90. Quin is used with the impersonal expressions non mul- 
 tum, non paulum, non (hand) procul, minimum, nihil, quid, 
 etc. abest. 
 
 Ex. Minimum afuit quin hostes nostram aciem perfring- 
 erent: the enemy came very near breaking (=very little was 
 wanting for the enemy to break, that the enemy should break) 
 through our line. 
 
 Tanta circa fuga ac trepidatio fuit ut non multum abesset, 
 quin opera ac vineae desererentur : there was such flight and con- 
 fusion around that the engines and sheds were not far from being 
 (came near being) abandoned. 
 
 Non multum afuit quin oppidum dux caperet : the general was 
 not far from taking (did not lack much of taking, etc., etc.) the 
 town. 
 
 Further Remarks on Quin. 
 
 91. 1. After a negative expressed or implied, quin may be 
 used instead of the Nominative or neuter Accusative of the rela- 
 tive -f- non, i. e., qui non, quae non, quod non. 
 
 Ex. Nemo vestrum est quin (=qui non) saspe audierit : there 
 is not one of you that has not (=but has) often heard. 
 
 Nulli ex itinere excedere licebat quin (=qui non) ab equitatu 
 Caesaris exciperetur: no one might (was allowed to) turn aside 
 from the march without being cut off by Caesar's cavalry. 
 
 Nulla fuit Thessaliae civitas quin (=rquae non) Caesari pareret : 
 There was no state of Thessaly that was not subject to Cassar. 
 
 2. It also takes the place of the Ablative after some negative 
 expressions of time. 
 
 Ex. Dies fere nullus est quin (=qui non) hie meam domum 
 ventitet : there is hardly a day that he does not come to my house. 
 
 Rem. 1. Quin is sometimes used instead of ut non after a neg- 
 ative. See note on Eesult (86, E. 2). 
 
5G HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 3. It occurs after non ignoro, negare non possum, negari non 
 polest. Also after nihil causae est, nulla causa est, quae causa 
 est? quid causae est? etc., instead of quod non,, or cur non 
 (there is no reason that (why) not, what reason is there why 
 not?). 
 
 Ex. Quid causai est quin rem ad senatum referam? what 
 reason is there why I should not lay the matter before (=carry 
 the matter to) the senate? 
 
 Eem. 2. Note also that after verbs of doubting, etc., a depen- 
 dent sentence with quin is made negative by using non. 
 
 Ex. Non dubitabat quin non posset: he did not doubt (he 
 felt sure) that he would not be able,, etc. 
 
 92. With verbs of hindering, doubting, etc., given above (see 
 89, and foil.) words like vix and aegre (scarcely, hardly) are 
 treated as negatives. 
 
 Ex. Nostri vix retineri potuerunt quin impetum in hostes 
 statim f acerent : our men could hardly be restrained from mak- 
 ing an attack upon the enemy immediately. 
 
 Facere Non. Possum and Fieri Non Potest. 
 
 93. 1. Facere non possum quin ) T 
 
 > I cannot but. I cannot help 
 Facere non possum ut non. ) 
 
 Facere non possum ut : I cannot bring it about ^( cause, make) 
 that. 
 
 Ex. Facere non possum quin sententiam dicam : I cannot but 
 express (=help expressing) my opinion. 
 
 Facere non possum ut sententiam dicam : I cannot bring my- 
 self to (make myself) express an opinion. 
 
 Instead of facer e non possum quin -\- Subjunctive, non pos- 
 sum non -|- infinitive is used. 
 
 Ex. Non possum non credere: I cannot but believe (=1 am 
 not able not to believe). 
 
 2. Fieri potest ut : it may be, can be, is possible, that. 
 
 Fieri potest ut non : it may be, can be, is possible, that not. 
 
 Fieri non potest ut : it cannot be, is not possible, that. 
 
 Fieri non potest quin. ( It cannot be, is not possible, that 
 
 Fieri non potest ut non c not. 
 
 Ex. Fieri potest ut fallar: it may be (is possible) that I am 
 mistaken ; or, I may be mistaken. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 57 
 
 Fieri non potest ut fallar: it cannot be (is not possible) that 
 I am mistaken; or, I cannot be mistaken, surely I am not mis- 
 taken. 
 
 ( fallar. It cannot be that I am not 
 Jbieri non potest qum. > 
 
 -r,. . C mistaken. (I must be mistaken, 
 
 len non potest ut non. t 
 
 surely I am mistaken) . 
 
 Fieri non potest quin veniat : it cannot be that he is not com- 
 ing, or will not come. (He must come, surely he will come.) 
 
 Kern. In sentences like those given above both facer e and 
 fieri may be omitted. 
 
 94. Per aliquem (aliquid) stare: it is owing to some one 
 (something). 
 
 The phrase is impersonal like fieri potest. 
 
 1. Per me stat ut : it is owing to me (my fault) that. 
 
 2. Per me non stat ut: it is not owing to me (not my fault) 
 that. 
 
 3. Per me stat quominus: it is owing to me (my fault) that 
 not. 
 
 4. Per me- non stat quominus : it is not owing to me (not my 
 fault) that not. 
 
 Ex. Per ducem ignavum stat ut agri sociorum vastentur : it 
 is owing to (the fault of) a cowardly leader that the fields of the 
 allies are being laid waste. 
 
 Per Trebonium stetit quominus oppido potirentur: it was 
 ov;ing to (the fault of) Trebonius that they did not gain posses- 
 sion of the town. 
 
 Caesar ubi cognovit per Afranium stare quominus proelio dimi- 
 caretur: when Caesar found out that it was owing to Afranius 
 that a battle was not fought, etc. 
 
 Bern. In 3 ne might be used, and in 4 quin might be used, 
 but quominus is far more usual. 
 
 95. Tantum abest : "so far from/' "instead of." 
 
 1. Tantum abest is used with two uts tantum abest - - ut 
 - - ut. The phrase is impersonal. 
 
 2. The first ut may be omitted, and a substantive with a or ab 
 used instead, in which case the phrase is personal. 
 
 3. The second ut may be omitted and a principal sentence used 
 instead. The phrase is impersonal. 
 
58 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. 1. Tantum abest ab eo ut malum mors sit, ut verear ne 
 homini sit nihil bonum aliud : so far is death from being an evil 
 that I fear man has no other blessing. 
 
 2. Equidem tantum absum ab ista sententia ut non modo non 
 arbitrer sed, etc. : indeed, so far am I from that opinion that I 
 not only do not think but, etc. 
 
 3. Tantum abest ut hi voluptates consectentur, etiam curas, 
 sollicitudines, vigilias perferunt: so far from (instead of) pur- 
 suing pleasures, they endure even cares, anxieties and watchings. 
 
 1. Tantum afuit ut Rhodii nostram classem tuerentur, ut 
 etiam portu prohiberent nostros milites: so far were the Rho- 
 dians from protecting our fleet that they even kept our soldiers 
 from the harbor. 
 
 3. Ehodii, tantum afuit ut nostram classem tuerentur, etiam 
 portu prohibuerunt nostros milites: the Rhodians, so far from 
 protecting our fleet, even kept our soldiers from the harbor. 
 
 Rem. In case of two uts, the first is Potential, the second is 
 the ut of Result. 
 
 THE OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 96. The Optative Subjunctive has many uses, the most im- 
 portant of which are here given. 
 Will is the characteristic. 
 
 Wishes. 
 
 Wishes are of two kinds : 1. Those that may be realized. 2. 
 Those that cannot be realized. 
 
 Tn the statement of a wish, the Subjunctive is used alone or 
 with utinam, ut (rare), si, or si (poetical), in the positive 
 form; with ne, utinam ne, or utinam non (to negative a single 
 word), in the negative form. 
 
 Wish Possible. 
 
 When the wish may be realized, when the decision is in sus- 
 pense, no matter how extravagant the wish may be, the tenses 
 are the Present and Perfect. 
 
 Ex. Huic utinam aliquando gratiam ref erre possimus : may 
 I be able at some time to make a return to him. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 59 
 
 Quod omen di avertant : which omen may the gods avert. 
 
 Utinam salvus advenerit : may it be that he has arrived safe. 
 
 Utinam ne in periculum ducatur: that he may not be led 
 into danger. 
 
 mini prseteritos ref erat si Juppiter annos : if Jupiter 
 would bring back to me the years that are past. 
 
 Note here velim and velim ne with the Subjunctive. 
 
 Ex. Velim ad me saepe scribas : I should like you to write to 
 me (=--1 wish you would write, please write) often. (Frequent 
 in Cicero's Letters.) 
 
 Wish Impossible. 
 
 When the wish cannot be realized, when the decision is ad- 
 verse a vain regret use the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunc- 
 tive, according as the time is present or past. 
 
 Ex. Utinam ne vera dicerem : would that I were not speaking 
 truth. 
 
 Utinam mihi amici crederent : would that my friends trusted 
 me. 
 
 Quod utinam minus vitas cupidi fuissemus. Wherefore, would 
 that I had been less eager for life. 
 
 Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset: would that 
 he had led out all his forces with him. 
 
 Utinam suspicionem vitare potuissem : that I had been able 
 to avoid (could have avoided) suspicion. 
 
 When the wish is impossible of realization, instead of utinam 
 or utinam ne with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive, vel- 
 lem may be used with the same tenses for the positive, and vellem 
 ne or nollem for the negative. 
 
 Ex. Vellem adesse posset Panastius: would that (or, I wish 
 that) Panaetms could be present. 
 
 Nollem Corinthum sustulissent : would that they had not de- 
 stroyed Corinth. 
 
 Mallem (I would rather, I had rather, I should have prefer- 
 red) is also used with same tenses. 
 
 Ex. Mallem divitias mihi dedisses : I would rather you had 
 given me riches. 
 
 Mallem secum suos milites eduxisset: I had rather he had 
 taken out with him as his soldiers, etc. 
 
60 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Subjunctive in Asseverations. 
 
 97. To the Optative Subjunctive belongs the Subjunctive in 
 oaths and asseverations. The negative of course is ne. The 
 tense is the Present. 
 
 The matter denied is introduced by si with a mood and tense 
 depending on the sense of the sentence. 
 
 The matter insisted upon, affirmed, is expressed by ni, nisi 
 (less often si non), sometimes ut, with the Indicative, or by the 
 Indicative alone., unless some outside influence calls for the Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 The expressions most frequently occurring are, moriar, peream, 
 inter earn, ne vivam, ne sim salvus, ita vivam (as I live), ita me 
 dii ament. 
 
 Ex. Moriar ni puto : may I die if I do not think, etc. 
 
 ISTe sim salvus si aliter scribo ac sentio : may I die if I write 
 otherwise than I feel. 
 
 Ita vivam ut maximos sumptus f acio : as I live, I am making 
 very great outlays. 
 
 Moriar si magis gauderem, si id mihi accidisset : let me die if 
 I would rejoice more, if that thing had happened to me. 
 
 The Conditional Wish. 
 
 98. To the Optative Subjunctive belongs the Conditional 
 Wish, introduced by dum, dummodo (dum modo), modo "pro- 
 vided," "provided that," "if only" ; negative dum ne, dummodo 
 ne, modo ne "provided not," "provided that not," "if only not." 
 
 When the wish may still be realized, is in suspense, use the 
 Present (and Perfect?). When it cannot be realized, is adverse 
 a regret use the Imperfect (and Pluperfect?). 
 
 Rem. 1. There seems to be no apparent reason why the Perfect 
 and Pluperfect should not be used here ; but Perfect is very rare, 
 and of Pluperfect no examples are given. 
 
 Ex. Oderint dum metuant : let them hate if only they fear. 
 
 Magno me metu liberabis dummodo inter me atque te murus 
 intersit : you will relieve me of great fear if only there be a wall 
 between you and me. 
 
 Non laboro dum ne tibi videar : I do not care provided I do not 
 seem so to you. 
 
 Rem. 2. Sometimes ut is used with modo to strengthen it. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 61 
 
 \ 
 
 Rem. 3. When the expression "if only/' implies a restriction 
 merely, and not a wish, si modo is used with the Indicative, 
 unless the Subjunctive is demanded for some other reason. 
 
 The Concessive Subjunctive. 
 
 99. To the Optative Subjunctive must be referred the Con- 
 cessive Subjunctive translated "granted that," "supposing that," 
 "though. "' Here the Subjunctive is used alone or withast ut, for 
 the positive; with ne, or ut non (to negative single word), for 
 the negative. The tenses are the Present and Perfect generally. 
 When, however, unreality is prominent in present or past time, 
 use the Imperfect or Pluperfect respectively. 
 
 Ex. Ne sit sane summum malum dolor, malum certe est : 
 granting that sorrow be not indeed the chief evil, it is at least an 
 evil. 
 
 Millia f rumenti tua triverit area centum : granted that your 
 threshing floor has yielded a hundred thousand measures of 
 grain. 
 
 Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas: though the 
 strength be wanting, nevertheless the will is to be commended. 
 
 Ut rationem Plato nullam afferret, ipsa auctoritate me frang- 
 eret: though Plato brought up no reason, he would break me 
 down by his very authority. 
 
 NOTE. The Imperative Subjunctive, the Subjunctive in sen- 
 tences of Design, and with verbs of Fearing, etc., are all embraced 
 in the Optative. 
 
 The Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 100. By this form a mere opinion of the speaker or writer 
 is expressed, a mere thought, probability, or possibility is pre- 
 sented. 
 
 Furthermore, this Subjunctive is used to soften an assertion 
 and give it the character of modesty or politeness. In short, an 
 element of modesty, hesitation, vagueness, or uncertainty is al- 
 ways present. It may be translated, by may, can, must, might, 
 could, would, and should, or by other turns apt for expressing the 
 potential idea. 
 
 The negative is non, or it may be in the forms nemo, nihil, 
 nullus f nunquam, etc. 
 
 The tenses are the Present and Perfect, when referring to Pres- 
 ent or future time ; the Imperfect, when referring to past time. 
 
62 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Bern. 1. The Potential Subjunctive often occurs with the Ideal 
 Second Person ("one," "we," etc.), with forsitan ("perhaps"), 
 and likewise in the Ideal (Potential) Condition. 
 
 Eem. 2. It is often impossible to make any distinction in trans- 
 lation between the Potential Present and Perfect. 
 
 Examples of Present and Perfect. Velim (I should wish, 
 like), nolim (I should be unwilling), rrialim (I should prefer), 
 die-as (one, we may say), credos (one would believe), dicat, dix- 
 erit aliquis (some one may say), dixerim (I may be allowed to 
 say, I may perhaps say). 
 
 Hie quaerat quispiam : here some one may ask. 
 
 Nee tamen affirmaverim : and yet I may not assert. 
 
 Non inter Germanise populos numeraverim : I may not (must 
 not) count among the peoples of Germany, etc. 
 
 Ego facilius crediderim: I should (would, might) more 
 readily believe. 
 
 Nil ego contulerim iucundo sanus amico : while in my right 
 mind I should compare nothing to an agreeable friend. 
 
 Examples of Potential of Past. Vellem (I should have 
 wished, liked), nollem (I should have been unwilling), mallem 
 (I should have preferred). 
 
 Crederes victos : one might have thought them beaten. 
 
 Haud facile decerneres utrum Hannibal imperatori, an exer- 
 citui carior esset : one could not have easily decided whether 
 Hannibal was dearer to the general or to the army. 
 
 Miraretur qui turn cerneret : any one who saw it then must 
 have wondered. 
 
 Qui equum videret, urbem captam diceret : whoever had seen 
 the horse would have said that the city was taken. 
 
 The Potential Question. 
 
 101. The Potential Question is of two kinds Deliberative 
 and Rhetorical. They often lie very close together. The tenses 
 are the Present and Perfect. The negative is non (see above). 
 
 1. In the deliberative form one is embarrassed, undecided, hes- 
 itates, deliberates what to do. 
 
 Ex. Quid faciam? what am I to do? (what shall I, can I, 
 do?). 
 
 Quo me vertam ? whither shall I turn ? 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 63 
 
 Quid facerem (agerem) ? what was I to do? 
 
 2. In the rhetorical form an answer is implied contrary to the 
 form and substance of the question. (See 71.) 
 
 The question is here stated in Potential language. 
 
 Ex. Quis hoc credat ? who would believe this ? 
 
 Quis hoc dixerit ? who would say this ? 
 
 Quis contulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes? who could 
 (would) endure the Gracchi complaining of rebellion? 
 
 Quid f aceret aliud ? what else was he to do ? 
 
 Quis putaret ? who would have thought it ? 
 
 NOTE. The question introduced by quidni (or quid ni), 
 "why not/ 7 belongs to the Potential Rhetorical Question. 
 
 Cum. 
 
 102. Cum Historical (=when) with Subjunctive Imper- 
 fect and Pluperfect tenses. 
 
 Cum Causal (=as, since) with Subjunctive any tense. 
 
 Cum Concessive (=although) with Subjunctive any tense. 
 
 Cum Temporal (=when, whenever, as often as, if) with the 
 Indicative any tense. 
 
 It has a wide use, and may be best remembered by several sim- 
 ple rules. 
 
 1. Cum (=when) depending upon a definite word of time 
 always has the Indicative. It is merely a relative. 
 
 2. Cum (=when, whenever, as often as), with any tense of 
 the Indicative. 
 
 3. Cum (=when, if), with the Present and Future of the In- 
 dicative. 
 
 (2. and 3. Cum meaning "when" with a Present or Future 
 tense, and cum meaning "whenever/' with any tense, have the 
 Indicative.) 
 
 4. Cum with periods of time (=that, since, cf. ex quo, ut, and 
 quod), with the Present, Perfect, Aorist, Imperfect, and Pluper- 
 fect Indicative. 
 
 Cum Inversum (when) takes the Indicative. In the leading 
 member are used the Imperfect and Pluperfect, usually with iam, 
 nondum, vix, commodum, etc. ; in the cum member, the Aorist, 
 Historical Present, and Historical Infinitive, frequently with 
 sulnto, repente, interim,, etc. 
 
64 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 In the case of cum inversum, the cum member really contains 
 the important statement, but is made grammatically dependent. 
 
 Cum turn (both and especially,, not only but also). Turn 
 is often strengthened by maxime, praecipue, etiam, etc. 
 
 Examples of cum 
 
 Cum Historical. Cum esses Romas : when you were at Rome. 
 Cum Romam venisses : when you had come to Rome. ( Most com- 
 mon use of cum). 
 
 Cum Causal. Quas cum ita sint: since these things are so. 
 Sed cum ille apud hostem manserit, ad vos veni : but since he has 
 remained with the enemy, I have come to you. Caesar, cum 
 sciret : Caesar, as he knew, etc. Cum venire non posset : as he 
 could not come. 
 
 Cum Concessive. Cum primi ordines hostium concidissent, 
 tamen reliqui acerrime resistebant: although the first ranks of 
 the enemy had fallen, nevertheless the rest resisted most vigor- 
 ously. Cum vellet, tamen non poterat : although he was willing, 
 yet he could not. Cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis op- 
 pressus: although you have been overwhelmed with the most 
 weighty judgment of silence. 
 
 Cum Temporal. 1. Turn cum multi principes civitatis Roma 
 profugerunt: at that time when many leaders of the state fled 
 from Rome. Illo die, cum tu ipse mihi dixisti: on that day 
 when you yourself told me. 
 
 2. Cum signum dederat, milites clamorem tollebant : whenever 
 he gave the signal, the soldiers would raise a shout. Ad te scrib- 
 am cum Athenas advenero: I shall write to you when I reach 
 Athens. 
 
 3. Cum ver appetit, milites ex hibernis mo vent: when spring 
 approaches, the soldiers move out of winter-quarters. 
 
 4. lam multi anni sunt, cum apud vos vivo : it is now many 
 years that I have been living among you. . 
 
 Cum Inversum. lam Sora capta erat, cum consules prima 
 luce advenere : Sora had already been taken when the consuls 
 arrived at daybreak. 
 
 lam locum relinquebat cum subito clamorem audivit : he was 
 already leaving the place, when suddenly he heard a cry. 
 
 In eo erat ut oppidum caperetur, cum auxilium a sociis latum 
 est. 
 
HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 65 
 
 The town was an the point of being taken, when assistance was 
 brought from the allies. 
 
 lam nona ferme diei hora erat cum Eomanus . . . signum 
 receptui dedit : it was now almost the ninth hour of the day when 
 the Eoman . . . gave the signal for retreat. 
 
 Cum-tum. Cum senatus turn populus : both the senate and 
 especially the people. 
 
 Magni cum tui f ratris turn maxime tua ipsius interest : it 
 greatly concerns not only your brother, but you yourself espe- 
 cially. 
 
 NOTE. Memini cum (I remember when, i. e., the time when) 
 takes the Indicative. 
 
 Audire cum (to hear when) takes the Subjunctive. 
 
 The Imperative. 
 
 103. The Imperative mood expresses an order, an exhorta- 
 tion, a request, a prayer, a law, or a precept. "The tone varies 
 from stern command to piteous entreaty." The time is future. 
 
 There are two forms the Short form, or First Imperative, 
 which points to the near future, to immediate fulfillment; the 
 long form, or Second Imperative, which points more or less re- 
 motely to the future: 
 
 The former is the common Imperative, the Imperative of ordi- 
 nary use ; the latter is used chiefly in laws, maxims, precepts, and 
 wills. 
 
 The short form has only the second person, the others being 
 supplied from the Present and Perfect Subjunctive. The long 
 form has the second and third persons. 
 
 104. First Imperative usual forms. 
 
 Singular. Positive. 
 
 1. Laudem: let me praise (may I praise). 
 
 2. Lauda: praise. Laudes: may you praise ; one (we) must or 
 
 should praise. (Do not use with definite subject). 
 
 3. Laudet: let him praise (may he praise). 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. Laudemus : let us praise (may we praise). 
 
 2. Laudate: praise (ye or you). Laudetis (rare). 
 
 3. Laudent : let them praise (may they praise). 
 
66 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Singular. Negative. 
 
 1. Ne laudem: let me not praise (may I not praise). 
 
 2. Ne laudaveris, or noli laudare : do not praise. Ne lauda. (Do 
 
 not use.) 
 Ne laudes : may you not praise; one (we) must or should not 
 
 praise. (Do not use with definite subject). 
 3. Ne laudet: let him not praise (may he not praise). 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. Ne laudemus : let us not praise (may we not praise). 
 
 2. Ne laudaveritis, or nolite laudare : do not praise. Ne laudate 
 
 (poetical). Ne laudetis (rare). 
 
 3. Ne laudent : let them not praise (may they not praise) . 
 Eem. 1. The negative may be continued by neve (neu). 
 
 Rem. 2. The negative also occurs in the forms ne quis, ne quid, 
 nemo,, niliil f nullus, neque (nee), nunquam, etc. 
 
 Eem. 3. The Optative translation is given above beside the 
 usual Imperative English, and may show how readily the Imper- 
 ative of these persons is derived from the Optative Subjunctive. 
 
 105. There are several other periphrases of the Imperative. 
 The second and third persons of the Future sometimes have im- 
 perative force. 
 
 Note also, cura ut + the Subjunctive, fac ut, or fac alone, + 
 the Subjunctive (Positive.) Fac ne -f- the Subjunctive, cave ne, 
 or better, cave alone -\- the Subjunctive (Negative). 
 
 The translation is "be sure to," "take care to," an emphatic 
 "do," etc., etc., 
 
 Cura ut quam primum venias : manage to come as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 Fac cogites : do reflect. Cave hoc facias : take care not to do 
 this. 
 
 106. The Second Imperative or Long Form is clearly given 
 in the grammars. Laudato : thou shalt praise. Ne laudato : thou 
 shalt not praise, etc. 
 
 CAUTION. The forms scito, scitote, memento, mementote, 
 habeto, habetote (=to know, to remember) are used exclusively 
 instead of the corresponding forms of the First Imperative. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 67 
 
 107. A sort of Imperative of the Past is expressed by the Plu- 
 perfect, less often the Imperfect Subjunctive, instead of using a 
 form of debeo -4- Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. Ne poposcisses: you should not have asked for them. 
 Pot-ins doceret : he should rather have shown, etc. 
 
 Oratio Recta and Oratio Obliqua. 
 
 108. Oratio Recta, or Direct Discourse, is the expression of 
 what some one says or thinks, in his own language. It is a direct 
 quotation. 
 
 Oratio Eecta is generally introduced by inquit, which is placed 
 parenthetically in the body of the quoted language, after one or 
 more words. It should not, however, separate words having a 
 close connection. 
 
 109. Oratio Obliqua, or Indirect Discourse, is that form of 
 speech or writing in which the substance of something said, 
 thought, or felt by A is communicated by B to C in B's language 
 or with B's inflection. A is the original speaker, B is the reporter 
 or narrator, and C is the reader or hearer. 
 
 A person may give the substance of what he himself said, 
 thought, or felt at some other time. This is Subjective Oratio 
 Obliqua. 
 
 The leading facts, i. e., the principal clauses, are expressed by 
 the Accusative with the Infinitive; subordinate clauses, with 
 verb in the Subjunctive. 
 
 Socrates dicere solebat 
 
 0. E. "Omnes in eo quod sciunt satis sunt eloquent es." 
 
 0. 0. Omnes in eo quod scirent satis esse eloquentes. 
 
 0. E. Socrates used to say, "All men are eloquent enough in 
 what they understand." 
 
 0. 0. Socrates used to say that all men were eloquent enough 
 in what they understood. 
 
 In transferring 0. E. to 0. 0. changes are made in (1) moods, 
 (2) tenses, (3) pronouns, (4) adverbs of time and place. 
 
 Now the reporter may narrate from his own standpoint or 
 from that of the speaker. The time of the speaker is the present ; 
 the time of the reporter is past (or it may be the general pres- 
 ent). To understand this, a piece of 0. E. should be changed to 
 
68 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 0. 0. from dicit and from dixit. Even when the leading verb is 
 past (dixit), the reporter often shifts to the standpoint of the 
 speaker and back again. 
 
 Speaker Socrates dicit omnes in eo quod sciant satis esse elo- 
 quentes. 
 
 Eeporter Socrates dicebat omnes in eo quod scirent satis esse 
 eloquent es. 
 
 A verb of saying,, thinking, etc., is often not expressed. The 
 transition to 0. 0. is frequently sudden and without warning. 
 
 Partial O. O., or O. O. Reference. 
 
 110. When the Accusative with the Infinitive is used in prin- 
 cipal clauses with the Subjunctive in subordinate clauses, the 
 0. 0. is evident. But the Subjunctive often occurs in a subordi- 
 nate clause when there is apparently nothing to call for it. In 
 such cases the Subjunctive may present the thought, opinion or 
 reason of some one else (than the narrator). This is called Par- 
 tial 0. 0., or 0. 0. Keference. 
 
 Ex. Nova nupta net quod ire necesse sit : the bride weeps be- 
 cause she must needs go (as she says). 
 
 Miles gloriatur quod hostem vicerit : the soldier boasts because 
 he has conquered the enemy (as he says). 
 
 As to whether the Subjunctive or the Indicative shall be used 
 in such cases depends entirely on the conception. 
 
 The Imperative in O. O. 
 
 111. In 0. 0. Imperative sentences are expressed by the Sub- 
 junctive according to the rule after verbs of ordering, because in 
 such cases the verb of saying,, etc., actually becomes a verb of 
 ordering. 
 
 The tenses are Present or Imperfect according as the lead- 
 ing verb is present or past. In positive sentences ut may be used 
 with the first only. In negative sentences ne is always used. 
 
 Ex. Pythia respondit ut mcenibus ligneis se def enderent : the 
 Pythia answered that they should defend themselves with walls 
 of wood. 
 
 Daret utrum vellet, subclamatum est : they cried out that he 
 should give (let him give) which of the two he wished. 
 
 (Dixit) proinde aut cederent animo atque virtute genti per 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 69 
 
 os dies totiens ab se victse aut, etc. : wherefore let them (that 
 they should) give way in spirit and valor to a nation so often de- 
 feated by them during those days or, etc. 
 
 Feg. Ne cederent, etc. : let them not (that they should not) 
 give way, etc. 
 
 (Dicit) . . . discedant: that they shall (let them) depart. 
 
 Eem. As is the case in sentences of Design, a transfer from 
 positive to negative is made by neve (neu) or neque (nee). The 
 negative is continued by neve (neu) rarely by neque (nee). 
 (See 82-'6.) 
 
 Pergeret porro ire, nee ultra inquireret, sineretque fata in oc- 
 culto esse : let him proceed straight on and not inquire further, 
 but suffer the fates to remain hidden. 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 
 
 112. The Conditional Sentence is composed of two members 
 the Protasis and the Apodosis. The former contains the condi- 
 tion and is introduced by si, nisi, etc.; the latter contains the 
 conclusion. 
 
 The Protasis is subordinate to the Apodosis, hence in 0. 0. the 
 Apodosis is changed to the Accusative -j- the Infinitive, and the 
 Protasis has its verb in the Subjunctive. 
 
 The Protasis is introduced by si (if), si non, nisi, ni (if not, 
 unless, etc.). 
 
 (In English and German the "if" may be expressed by an in- 
 verted arrangement. Ex. Were it so, he would act differently.) 
 
 A. Si non is used 
 
 1. When a single word is negatived. 
 
 2. When a contrast is formed by repetition of same verb. 
 Ex. Si feceris, magnam habebo gratiam; si non feceris, ig- 
 
 noscam : if you do it, I will be very grateful ; if you do not, I 
 will pardon you. 
 
 3. When there is a contrast between the Protasis and Apodosis 
 which is heightened by at tamen, certe, or saltern in the Apodosis. 
 The condition is here concessive. 
 
 Ex. Si mihi bona republica f rui non licuerit, at carebo mala : 
 if I shall not be allowed to enjoy a good government, I will at 
 least be without a bad one. 
 
 8i minus is also used here. 
 
70 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. Hominem, si minus supplicio afnci, at custodiri oport- 
 ebat : the man ought at least to have been held in custody, if not 
 punished. 
 
 B. Si minus (="if not' 7 ) occurs generally without a verb ex- 
 pressed. (See example above.) But note si minus potuissent 
 (Caesar, B. G. II., 9). If they could not (=should not be able). 
 
 C. Nisi (=if not, except, unless, but) is more usual than si 
 non after negatives. 
 
 Rem. Nisi forte (except by chance, unless per- 
 
 haps). 
 
 Nisi vero (unless indeed, in truth). 
 Nisi quod (=pra2terquam quod) : ex- 
 
 The mood is 
 
 the 
 Indicative. 
 
 cept the fact that, except that, only 
 
 that. 
 
 D. Ni (=nisi, si non) belongs rather to an early period, but 
 is quite often met with even in good prose. It is common in 
 poetry, in the language of law, in colloqual style, in oaths, 
 threats, etc. 
 
 118 If to a conditional statement a second one is opposed, 
 by which the first is cancelled or excluded, then sin, sin autem 
 (si autem, sin minus, sin aliter) are used with the meaning 
 "but if/ 7 "if not/' "if however/ 7 "if on the contrary/ 7 "but if 
 not/ 7 etc. 
 
 Ex. Mercatura, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est ; sin magna 
 et copiosa, non est admodum vituperanda : mercantile business, 
 if it is petty, is to be considered low; if however (but if) it is 
 great and abundant, it is not to be found fault with much. 
 
 114. If the verb in a Protasis, opposed to a preceding state- 
 ment or condition, is to be supplied, then si minus, sin minus, 
 sin aliter, less often si non, are used. (Also sin autem, si nihil 
 aliud, sin secus.) 
 
 Ex. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos; si minus, quam pluri- 
 mos : take out with you, too, all yours follows ; if not all, as many 
 as possible. 
 
 115. The Protasis may be variously represented. 
 1. By a relative clause. 
 
 Ex. Miraretur qui turn cerneret : any one who saw it (if any 
 one, etc.) then, must have wondered. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 71 
 
 2. By an adjective or participle, by an Ablative Absolute, or by 
 some other word or phrase. 
 
 Ex. Non potestis voluptate omnia dirigentes aut tueri aut re- 
 tinere virtutem : you can neither guard nor retain virtue if you 
 direct everything by pleasure. 
 
 Maximas virtutes iacere omnes necesse est, voluptate domi- 
 nante : all the greatest virtues must necessarily lie prostrate, if 
 pleasure rules. 
 
 Natura duce, errare nullo pacto potest : if nature is our guide, 
 we can in no wise go wrong. 
 
 Quid igitur hunc paucorum annorum accessio iuvare potuisset ? 
 how therefore could the addition of a few years have helped him 
 (=if a few years had been added) ? 
 
 3. By sine with the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. Nemo sine spe vivere posset : no one could live without 
 hope (unless he had hope). 
 
 4. By an Imperative or its equivalent. 
 
 Ex. Tolle hanc opinionem, luctum sustuleris: remove (=if 
 you remove) this belief, you will have removed sorrow. 
 
 5. By an independent sentence. 
 
 Ex. Poscit, dandum est: she demands (=if she demands), 
 he must give. 
 
 Tristis es ? indignor quod sum tibi causa doloris : are you sad ? 
 I am provoked that I am a cause of pain to you. 
 
 6. By a temporal sentence with cum. 
 
 Ex. Cum poscis, posce Latine: when (=if) you ask, ask in 
 Latin. 
 
 Eem. Note the use of nisi following a negative and without 
 a verb. 
 
 Ex. Nihil potest evenire, nisi causa antecedente : nothing can 
 happen unless a cause precede. 
 
 Labienus iuravit se, nisi victorem, in castra non reversurum : 
 Labienus swore that he would not return to camp, except as a 
 victor. 
 
 Omission of Protasis and Apodosis. 
 
 116. Either member (Protasis or Apodosis) may be omitted, 
 but may be easily gathered from the context. 
 
 Sometimes an Apodosis is stated from which must be derived 
 the real Apodosis corresponding to the Protasis given. 
 
72 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. Occasio egregie rei gerendag fuit (sc. et egregie res gesta 
 esset), si Furius protinus de via ad castra oppugnanda duxisset: 
 there was an opportunity for a successful engagement (lit., for 
 managing the affair excellently), [and there would have been 
 a successful engagement] had Furius forthwith led his troops 
 from the road to storm the camp. 
 
 There is an omission of the Apodosis in Conditional Sentences 
 of Comparison introduced by ut si, ac si, quam si, quasi, etc. : "as 
 if." (See 132.) 
 
 117. Conditional sentences are divided into three classes, 
 according to the character of the condition (1) Logical or In- 
 dicative, (2) Ideal or Potential, (3) Unreal Conditions. 
 
 118. The Logical Condition is stated positively, indicatively. 
 The mood is the Indicative, as a rule, in both members. Any 
 tense may be used. 
 
 1. Si hoc dicis, erras : if you say this, you make a mistake. 
 
 2. Si hoc dixisti, erra(vi)sti: if you (have) said this, you (have) 
 
 made a mistake. 
 
 3. Si hoc dicebas, errabas : if you said (=were saying) this, you 
 
 made (=: were making) a mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc dices, errabis: if you say (=shall say) this, you will 
 
 make a mistake. 
 
 5. Si hoc dixeris, erraveris : if you shall have said this, you will 
 
 have made a mistake. 
 
 6. Si hoc dicis, errabis: if you say this (now), you will make a 
 
 mistake. 
 
 7. Si hoc dixeris, errabis: if you say (shall have said) this, you 
 
 will make a mistake. 
 
 8. Si hoc dixisti, erras : if you say, have said (=if ever you say, 
 
 have said) this, you make a mistake. 
 
 9. Si hoc dixeras, errabas: if you said, had said (=if ever you 
 
 said, had said) this, you made a mistake. 
 Kem. The actions may be indefinitely repeated, or iterative. 
 (See 8 and 9.) 
 
 NOTE 1. In 0. 0. after a present leading tense. Dicit te 
 1. Si hoc dicas, errare : he says that if you say this, you are mak- 
 ing a mistake. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 73 
 
 2. Si hoc dixeris, erra(vi)sse: he says that if you (have) said 
 
 this, you (have) made a mistake. 
 
 3. Si hoc diceres, errasse: he says that if you said (were saying) 
 
 this, you made (=were making) a mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc dicas, erraturum esse: he says that if you say (=shall 
 
 say) this, you will make a mistake. 
 
 5. Si hoc dixeris, erraturum esse (fore ut erraveris) : he says 
 
 that if you shall have said this, you will have made a mis- 
 take. 
 
 6. Si hoc dicas, erraturum esse : he says that if you say this, you 
 
 will make a mistake. 
 
 7. Si hoc dixeris, erraturum esse : he says that if you say 
 
 (= shall have said) this, you will make a mistake. 
 
 8. Si hoc dixeris, errare : he says that if you say, have said (=if 
 
 ever you say, have said) this, you make a mistake. 
 
 9. Si hoc dixisses, errasse: he says that if you said, had said 
 
 (=if ever you said, had said) this, you made a mistake. 
 NOTE 2. 0. 0. after a past leading tense. Eespondit te 
 
 1. Si hoc diceres, errare: he replied that if you said this, you 
 
 were making a mistake. 
 
 2. Si hoc dixisses, errasse : he replied that if you had said this, 
 
 you made a mistake. 
 
 (Aorist) dixisses (dixeris), errasse if you had said (said), 
 etc., you made, etc. 
 
 3. Si hoc diceres, errasse : he replied that if you said (were say- 
 
 ing, before) this, you made (were making) a mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc diceres, erraturum esse: he replied that if you said 
 
 (should say) this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 5. Si hoc dixisses, erraturum esse (fore ut errasses) : he replied 
 
 that if you should have said this, you would have made a 
 mistake. 
 
 6. Si hoc diceres, erraturum esse: he replied that if you said 
 
 this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 7. Si hoc dixisses, erraturum esse : he replied that if you said 
 
 (should have said) this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 8. Si hoc dixisses, errare : he replied that if you said, had said 
 
 (=if ever you said, had said) this, you made a mistake. 
 
 9. Si hoc dixisses, errasse : he replied that if you said, had said 
 
 (=if ever you said, had said) this, you made a mistake 
 (in time gone by). 
 
74 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Rem. 1. Instead of bracketed periphrases of Fut. II. given 
 above (fore ut, etc.), it is best to use the other form and let the 
 context decide the exact time. 
 
 Bern. 2. The Apodosis may be in the Subjunctive if it is (1) 
 Potential, (2) Potential Question, (3) Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 Bern. 3. The Indefinite (Ideal) Second Person ("one," "we") 
 requires the Subjunctive always. 
 
 Ex. Memoria minuitur, nisi earn exerceas: memory wanes 
 unless you ("one," "we," etc.) exercise it. 
 
 Examples under the Logical Condition 
 
 Si spiritum ducit, vivit : if he draws his breath, he is living. 
 
 Si occidi, recte feci : if I killed him, I did right. 
 
 Naturam si sequemur ducern, nunquam aberrabimus: if we 
 follow (shall follow) nature as a leader, we will never go wrong. 
 
 Parvi sunt f oris arma, nisi est consilium domi : arms are of 
 little value abroad, unless there is wisdom at home. 
 
 Si feceris id ... magnam habebo gratiam: if you do (shall 
 have done) this ... I will be very grateful. 
 
 Stomachabatur senex, si quid asperius dixeram: the old man 
 used to be fretted, if I said (had said) anything rather (too) 
 harsh. 
 
 Si pes condoluit, si dens, f erre non possumus : if a foot hurts, 
 if a tooth aches (has become painful), we cannot endure it. 
 
 Si Caius absens capitis est damnatus, iudex iniquus f uit : if 
 Caius was condemned to death in his absence, the judge was 
 unjust. 
 
 Ideal or Potential Conditional Sentences. 
 
 119. The mood, when the sentence is regularly formed, is 
 the Subjunctive. 
 
 The tenses are the Present and Perfect. The time is future. 
 
 The matter is still in suspense. The condition is more or less 
 involved in fancy, which ranges from a probability to an impos- 
 sibility. The chance for realization may or may not be very re- 
 mote. 
 
 Hence we often have a mere supposition, a fancy, a possibility. 
 
 The Present is translated "were to," or "should." The Perfect 
 is translated "should" ("should have"), "should prove to" 
 ("should prove to have"), "should turn out to" ("should turn 
 out to have"), "should come to," etc. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 75 
 
 1. Si hoc dicas, erres : if you should (were to) say this, you would 
 
 make a mistake. 
 
 2. Si hoc dixeris, erres : if you should have said this, you would 
 
 make a mistake. 
 
 3. Si hoc dicas, erraveris : if you should say this, you would have 
 
 (would prove to have, etc.) made a mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc dixeris, erraveris: if you should have said this, you 
 
 would have made a mistake. 
 Eem. Actions may be iterative. 
 NOTE 1. 0. 0. after a present leading tense. Dicit te 
 
 1. Si hoc dicas, erraturum esse : he says that if you should (were 
 
 to) say this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 2. Si hoc dixeris, erraturum esse : he says that if you should say 
 
 (should have said, were to have said) this, you would 
 make a mistake. 
 
 3. Si hoc dicas, erraturum esse (fore ut erraveris) : he says that 
 
 if you should say this, you would have made (would prove 
 to have made) a mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc dixeris, erraturum esse (fore ut erraveris) : he says 
 
 that if you should have said this, you would have made a 
 mistake. 
 NOTE 2. 0. 0. after a past leading tense. Respondit te 
 
 1. Si hoc diceres, erraturum esse: he replied that if you should 
 
 (were to) say this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 2. Si hoc dixisses, erraturum esse : he replied that if you should 
 
 say (= should have said) this, you would make a mistake. 
 
 3. Si hoc diceres, erraturum esse (fore ut err asses) : he replied 
 
 that if you should say this, you would have made, etc., a 
 mistake. 
 
 4. Si hoc dixisses, erraturum esse (fore ut errasses) : he replied 
 
 that if you should have said this, you would have made a 
 mistake. 
 
 Rem. The Present and Perfect, when stated in a past 0. 0. 
 connection, become the Imperfect and Pluperfect respectively. 
 Do not confuse with unreal relations, which also employ the Im- 
 perfect and Pluperfect. 
 
 Examples under the Ideal Condition 
 
 Si hostes veniant, pro libertate pugnemus : if the enemy should 
 come, we would fight for (in behalf of) liberty. 
 
76 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Hanc viam si asperam esse negem, mentiar : if I should say 
 that this way is not rough, I should lie. 
 
 Si senatus id decernat, consul magistratu abeat : if the senate 
 should (were to) decree this, the consul would go out of office. 
 
 Si quis deus dicat . . . nolint : if some god were to say, etc., 
 they would be unwilling. 
 
 Id si acciderit, simus armati : if this were to happen, we would 
 be in arms. 
 
 Si quid ei mali ceciderit, sperare desinam : if any misfortune 
 should have befallen him, I would cease to hope. 
 
 Si gladium quis apud te sana mente deposuerit, repetat insan- 
 iens, reddere peccatum sit, officium non reddere: if any one of 
 sound mind were to deposit (=to have deposited) a sword with 
 you, and should reclaim it when mad, it would be wrong (=a 
 sin) to return it, right (=your duty) not to return it. 
 
 Ciceroni nemo ducentos nunc dederit nummos nisi fulserit 
 anulus ingens : nobody would give Cicero nowadays two hundred 
 two-pences, unless a huge ring glittered (on his hand). 
 
 120. 1. Sometimes the sentence or passage shifts from the 
 Ideal to the Unreal, or vice versa. 
 
 Ex. Si reviviscant et tecum loquantur quid talibus viris re- 
 sponderes (instead of respondeas) ? if they should come to life 
 and speak with you what answer would you make to such men ? 
 
 2. Occasionally in 0. 0. the context alone must determine 
 whether the condition independently stated would be Logical or 
 Ideal. 
 
 121. An Indicative Apodosis occurs with a Subjunctive Pro- 
 tasis when the former is stated as a fact. 
 
 Ex. Transire Tiberim et intrare, si possim, castra hostium 
 volo: I wish to cross the Tiber, and, if possible (if I should be 
 able) enter the enemy's camp. 
 
 Neque, aliter si f aciant, ullam inter suos habent auctoritatem : 
 and, if they should do otherwise, they do not have any influence 
 among their own people. 
 
 122. When the Protasis is negative (introduced by nisi or si 
 non}, the Indicative non possum., etc., is used regularly in the 
 Apodosis, rather than non possim, etc. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 77 
 
 And often the Indicative of posse,, velle, deb ere and other po- 
 tential verbs, as well as with adjective and substantive predicates, 
 is used instead of the Subjunctive. (See 126.) 
 
 Ex. Neque iustitia neque amicitia esse omnino poterunt, nisi 
 ipsae per se expetantur: neither justice nor friendship will be 
 able to exist at all, unless they (should) be sought after for 
 themselves. 
 
 Xeque amicitiam tueri possumus nisi seque amicos et nosmet 
 ipsos diligamus : and we cannot preserve friendship unless we 
 love our friends equally as (as much as) ourselves. 
 
 Difficile, longum, supervacuum, etc., est narrare : it were diffi- 
 cult, tedious, superfluous, etc., to tell. 
 
 The Unreal Condition. 
 
 12'3. An Unreal Condition is impossible of fulfillment. It 
 may be stated with reference to the present or past. The mood 
 in both members is the Subjunctive. The tenses are the Imper- 
 fect and Pluperfect. 
 
 Thus, (1) if this were so (but it is not so), something else 
 would be so (but it is not) . (2) If this had happened (but it did 
 not happen), something else would have happened (but it did 
 not). 
 
 Ex. Si scirem, dicerem : if I knew, I would say. 
 
 Non dixissem, nisi scissem: I would not have said, if I had 
 not known. 
 
 Si Hannibal Scipionem ad Zamam vicisset, Carthago non de- 
 leta esset : if Hannibal had defeated Scipio at Zama, Carthage 
 would not have been destroyed. 
 
 Si pedites fiumen transire possent, castellum ex itinere oppug- 
 narent : if the infantry could cross the river, they would storm 
 the fort on the march. 
 
 Hoc non dicerem, nisi tua et salutis communis nostrum om- 
 nium interesset : I would not say this if it did not concern you 
 and the common welfare of us all. 
 
 XOTK 1. Sometimes the Pluperfect is used in the Protasis with 
 the Imperfect in the Apodosis. On the other hand, an Imperfect 
 Protasis occurs with a Pluperfect Apodosis, when the Protasis re- 
 fers to the present, or is true of the present as well as the past. 
 
 Nisi ante Roma prof ectus esses, nunc earn certe relinqueres : if 
 
78 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 you had not departed from Rome before, you would certainly 
 leave it now. 
 
 Memoriam ipsam cum voce perdidissemus, si tarn in nostra 
 potestate esset oblivisci quam tacere: we should have lost mem- 
 ory itself together with utterance, if it were as much in our power 
 to forget as to keep silent. 
 
 Ego nisi peperissem, Eoma non oppugnaretur ; nisi filium hab- 
 erem, libera in libera patria mortua essem: had I not become 
 a mother, Borne would not be besieged ; had I not a son, I should 
 have died a free woman in a free land. 
 
 XOTE 2. The Imperfect occurs frequently in the Protasis, less 
 often in the Apodosis, rarely in both, where the Pluperfect might 
 have been expected. This is often explained as opposition to 
 continuance or repetition in the past. 
 
 Ex. Plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet, vel nostrorum 
 maiorum, qui mortuis tarn religiosa iura tribuerunt, quod non 
 fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur : with 
 me the opinion of the ancients has more weight, or of our ances- 
 tors, who observed for the dead such pious rites, and this they 
 certainly would not have done, if they had thought that nothing 
 affected them. 
 
 XOTE 3. An unreal relation may also be expressed by the Po- 
 tential of the Past, i. e., the Imperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Ex. Qui videret, urbem captam diceret: whoso had seen it, 
 had said that the city was taken. 
 
 NOTE 4. The Periphrastic Active occurs in the Imperfect and 
 Pluperfect, retaining its peculiar sense. 
 
 Ex. Etiam si obtemperasset, idem eventurum fuisset: even 
 if he had obeyed, the same thing would have been likely to occur. 
 
 The Indicative Mood in Unreal Conditions, 
 
 124. a- An Unreal Present Protasis may be used with a Pres- 
 ent Indicative Apodosis stating a fact. 
 
 Ex. Si mihi nihil aliud praestares, me hoc consolaris : if you 
 offered me nothing else, you console me in this. 
 
 1). The Pluperfect Indicative (sometimes the Aorist) occurs in 
 the Apodosis of an Unreal Past Condition, but is contradicted by 
 the Pluperfect Subjunctive Protasis. The Apodosis in this case 
 precedes. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 79 
 
 Ex. Praeclare viceramus, nisi spoliatum, inermem, fugientem 
 Lepidus recepisset Antonium : we had gained a brilliant victory, 
 had not Antony taken in Lepidus when impoverished, defenceless 
 and fleeing. 
 
 Occasio egregie rei gerendse fuit si Furius duxisset : there was 
 an opportunity for a splendid exploit (=and so there would have 
 been) if Furius had led, etc. 
 
 Peractum erat bellum si Pompeium Brundisii opprimere po- 
 tuisset: the war had been finished if he could have overtaken 
 Pompey at Brundusium. 
 
 c. The Imperfect Indicative occurs in the Apodosis of an L T n- 
 real Past Condition. The action represented by the Imperfect 
 Indicative is going on, but is interrupted or cut short by the 
 L T nreal Protasis. The Apodosis precedes. 
 
 Ex. Cascina circumveniebatur, ni prima legio se opposuisset : 
 Caecina was being surrounded (and would have been), had not 
 the first legion placed itself in the way. 
 
 Labebar longius, nisi me retinuissem : I was letting myself go 
 (was gliding on) too far, had I not checked myself. 
 
 Rem. The Imperfect and Pluperfect Indicative occur in the 
 Protasis too, but rarely. 
 
 NOTE. I. If the above sentences (with Indicative Apodoses) 
 be transferred to 0. 0., then in (a) consolaris becomes Present 
 form of Infinitive (consolari). 
 
 IT. In (b) and (c) the Imperfect (Aorist) and Pluperfect be- 
 come the Perfect form of the Infinitive, whether the leading verb 
 of saying, thinking, etc., be present or past. 
 
 ti%$~ Let it be remembered that in an Unreal Conditional sen- 
 tence a Subjunctive Protasis is never changed as regards mood or 
 tense. There may be changes of person, pronouns and adverbs. 
 
 Ex. Dicit (dixit) Caecinam circumventum esse, nisi prima 
 legio se opposuisset. 
 
 Dicunt (dixerunt) se praeclare vicisse, etc. 
 
 125. The Imperfect and Aorist Periphrastic Active Indica- 
 tive are sometimes used in the Apodosis (rarely the Protasis) of 
 an Unreal Past Condition instead of the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Ex. Si Cacus agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset, 
 ipsa vestigia quasrentem dominum eo deductura erant : if Cacus 
 
80 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 had forced the herd into the cave by driving them, the very tracks 
 would have led (lit., were likely to lead) their master thither 
 seeking them. 
 
 Mazseus, si transeuntibus flumen Macedonibus supervenisset, 
 haud dubie oppressurus fuit incompositos : if Mazaeus had come 
 upon the Macedonians when they were crossing (trying to cross) 
 the river, without doubt he would have (was likely to, etc.) over- 
 whelmed them while disordered. 
 
 Quid futurum fuit, si plebs agitari ccepta esset? what would 
 have been the result if the plebs had begun to be agitated ? 
 
 Eelicturi agios erant, nisi litteias misisset : they were about to 
 leave their lands had not he sent a letter. 
 
 NOTE. These periphrastics, when transferred to 0. 0., be- 
 come -rus, a, um fuisse, whether the leading verb is present or 
 past. 
 
 Ex. Dicit (dixit) si Cacus . . . compulisset, ipsa vestigia 
 deductura fuisse. 
 
 126. I. In case of an Unreal Present Condition, when the pre- 
 dicate in the Apodosis in a verb denoting ability., permission, obli- 
 gation, etc. (posse, licet, necesse est, oportet, debere, convenit, 
 decet, etc.), or a substantive (fas, nefas, occasio, periculum, pec- 
 catum officium, etc. esse), or an adjective (par, aequum, ini- 
 quum, rectum, iustum, dignum, pertinens, praeclarum, superb- 
 urn, deforme, absurdum, ridiculum, decorum, sequius, melius, 
 utilius, facilius, optabilius, satius, optimum, etc. esse), or the 
 Future Passive Participle then the Imperfect Indicative is 
 used, as a rule, instead of the Imperfect Subjunctive. The Im- 
 perfect Subjunctive, however, may be used, and is good Latin. 
 
 Ex. Etiam si nulla spes subesset, tamen necessitas vos stim- 
 ulare debebat (deberet) ut vinceretis : even if no hope were pres- 
 ent, nevertheless necessity ought to stimulate you to conquer. 
 
 Quid enim Heius poterat respondere, si esset improbus? for 
 what reply could Heius make if he were not upright ? 
 
 Quse si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos reipublicas 
 consulere decebat : if these were uncertain or remote, yet it were 
 (r= would be) proper for all patriotic men to consult the interest 
 of the state. 
 
 Quod si setas vacationem non daret, tamen aBquum erat me 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 81 
 
 dimitti: but if age did not grant me exemption, yet it were 
 (would be) fair for me to be discharged. 
 
 Omnino supervacua erat doctrina, si natura sufficeret : train- 
 ing were altogether superfluous if nature sufficed. 
 
 Si verum respondere velles, hasc dicenda erant: if you were 
 willing to answer the truth, this would have to be said. 
 
 Quod si Kom Cnaeus Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore, 
 tamen ad tantum bellum is erat diligendus atque mittendus : if 
 however Cnseus Pompey were at this time a private citizen in 
 Rome, yet he ought to be selected and despatched to so important 
 a war. 
 
 NOTE. I. The Imperfect Indicative of the above predicates in 
 an Unreal Present Condition, when transferred to 0. 0. become 
 the Present form of the Infinitive whether the leading verb be 
 present or past. Mood and tense of Protasis unchanged. 
 
 Ex. Dicit (dixit) quaB si ... essent, tamen omnes bonos rei- 
 publicas consulere decere. 
 
 Dicit (dixit) quid enim posse Heium respondere (Ehetor. 
 Ques. 71), si esset improbus. 
 
 II. In case of the Unreal Past Condition with the same predi- 
 cates above given, the Imperfect and Aorist (less often Pluper- 
 fect) are used in the Apodosis instead of the Pluperfect Subjunc- 
 tive. The latter however may be used. 
 
 Ex. Hostes sustineri non poterant ni extraordinarias cohortes 
 se obiecissent : the enemy could not have been checked, had not 
 extra cohorts hurled themselves against them. 
 
 Antoni potuit gladios contemnere, si sic omnia dixisset: he 
 could have despised the swords of Antony, if he had said every- 
 thing so. 
 
 Deleri exercitus potuit, si persecuti victores essent : the army 
 could have been destroyed, had the victors pursued. 
 
 Si morati essetis, moriendum omnibus f uit : if you had delayed 
 all must have perished. 
 
 NOTE. In case of the Unreal Past Condition, the Imperfect 
 Aorist (and Pluperfect) Indicative of the above predicates be- 
 come in 0. 0. the Perfect form of the Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. Dicit (Dixit) hostes sustineri non potuisse, ni . . . se 
 obiecissent. 
 
82 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Pompeium plerique existimant, si acrius insequi voluisset, bel- 
 lum eo die potuisse finire : most people think that if Pompey had 
 determined to follow up more energetically,, he could have fin- 
 ished the war on that day. (0. E. si voluisset, potuit.) 
 
 127. When in the Unreal Past Condition, the Apodosis is 
 limited by paene or prope (almost) the Aorist Indicative is used. 
 
 Ex. Caesar paene ^Ethiopia tenus ^Egyptum penetravit, nisi 
 exercitus sequi recusavisset : Caesar penetrated Egypt almost as 
 far as Ethiouia had not (but) his army refused to follow. 
 (0. 0.=rCaesarem penetrasse nisi, etc.) 
 
 Pons Sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset: 
 the Pons Sublicius (=pile bridge) well-nigh gave a passage to 
 the enemy, had it not been for one man. (0. 0. Pontem . . . 
 dedisse, ni, etc. ) 
 
 128. Pure Unreal Condition (i. e., Subjunctive in both 
 members) in 0. 0. 
 
 The Protasis of course is never changed. 
 
 In the Apodosis of the Unreal Present or Past Condition, the 
 Imperpffe or Pluperfect Subjunctive active becomes -rus, a, urn 
 fuisse. If the verb is passive or has no Future Active participle, 
 then use futurum fuisse ut -f- Imperfect Subjunctive. Observe 
 same forms for both. 
 
 Rem. The construction may be varied by using posse or velle 
 in Unreal Present, and potuisse or voluisse in Unreal Past. 
 
 Examples under Unreal Present 
 
 Si hoc crederes, diceres Dicit (dixit) te, si hoc crederes, dic- 
 turum fuisse : he says (said) that, if you believed this, you would 
 say it. 
 
 Pater proclamabat, se filiam iure csesam iudicare ; ni ita esset, 
 patrio iure in filium animadversurum fuisse : the father declared 
 that he considered his daughter had been killed in justice ; if it 
 were not so, he would punish his son by a father's right. 
 
 Scitote socios vestros Parthis tributum pependisse et adhuc 
 pensuros fuisse, si a me cessatum esset : know that your allies 
 were wont to pay tribute to the Parthians and would still be pay- 
 ing it, if remissness had been shown by me. 
 
 Num putatis, Patres Conscripti, apud (ad) vos meam causain 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 83 
 
 me acturum fuisse, nisi timerem, etc. ? do you think, Conscript 
 Fathers, that I would be pleading my cause before you, if I did 
 not fear, etc. ? 
 
 Dicit (dixit), si adesset, futurum fuisse ut puer disceret; or, 
 puerum, si adesset, discere posse: he says (said) that if the boy 
 were present, he would learn; or, that the boy could learn if he 
 were present. (Discere has no Future Active participle.) 
 
 Examples under Unreal Past 
 
 Si hoc credidisses, dixisses Dicit (dixit) te, si hoc credidisses, 
 dicturum fuisse: he says "(said), that if you had believed this, 
 you would have said it. 
 
 Apparebat ... si diutius vixisset, Hamilcare duce Poenos 
 arma Italic inlaturos fuisse : it was evident, that if he had lived 
 longer, the Carthaginians would have borne arms (made war) 
 against Italy under the leadership of Hamilcar. 
 
 Nam hoc quidem in talibus viris quid attinet dicere, si con- 
 tendisset, (eum) impetraturum non fuisse? for what does it 
 signify, to be sure, in the case of such men, to say that if he had 
 tried, he would not have obtained his request ? 
 
 Quid arbitramur (eos) in vera fuisse facturos? what do we 
 suppose they would have done in a real case? 
 
 Puer, si affuisset, didicisset Dicit (dixit), si affuisset, futu- 
 rum fuisse ut puer disceret ; or, puerum, si affuisset, discere po- 
 tuisse : he says (said) that, if the boy had been present, he would 
 have learned ; or, that the boy could have learned if he had been 
 present. 
 
 Nisi eo ipso tempore nuntii de Caasaris victoria essent allati, 
 existimabant plerique futurum fuisse ut oppidum amitteretur: 
 had not tidings of Ca?sar's victory been brought at that very 
 time, most people thought that the town would have been lost. 
 
 Kem. 1. The Apodosis of an Unreal Past condition is some- 
 times expressed by the Perfect form of the Infinitive in 0. 0., 
 but this belongs to what has already been said of Indicative 
 tenses in Unreal conditions. 
 
 Ex. Agricola solebat narrare se in prima iuventa studium 
 philosophise acrius hausisse, ni prudentia matris incensum ac 
 flagrantem animum coercuisset : Agricola used to relate that in 
 his early youth, he had ( = would have) drunk in too zealously 
 
84 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 the study of philosophy, if his mother's prudence had not re- 
 strained his eager and ardent mind. 
 
 Eem. 2. In the form -TUB, a, urn fuisse, fuisse is sometimes 
 omitted. 
 
 Subjunctive Dependency (Dependent Conditions). 
 
 129. A. When an Unreal Present Condition is dependently 
 stated in an. indirect question, or after quin, ut, etc., then no 
 change whatever is made in either member, whether the verbs are 
 active or passive, or whether the leading verb is present or past. 
 
 Ex. Non dubito (or, dubitabam) quin, si modo esset in re- 
 publica senatus, statua P. Sextio in foro statueretur: I do not 
 doubt (I did not doubt) that if only there were a senate in the 
 commonwealth, a statue would be erected in the forum to Publius 
 Sextius. 
 
 B. If, however, the predicate in the Apodosis denotes ability, 
 obligation, etc. a potential verb (as, posse, debere, etc., see 
 1J36), or if it is an adjective, etc., etc., then an Imperfect Indica- 
 tive becomes the Imperfect Subjunctive. No other change. 
 
 Ex. Honestum tale est ut, vel si ignorarent id, sua tamen 
 pulchritudine esset laudabile : virtue is such a thing that, even if 
 men were ignorant of it, it would nevertheless be praiseworthy by 
 reason of its beauty. 
 
 ISO. A. When the Unreal Past condition is dependently 
 stated, as above, the Protasis remains unchanged. The verb in 
 the Apodosis, if passive, is also unchanged and remains in the 
 Pluperfect Subjunctive. But if the verb in the Apodosis be 
 active, it is expressed by -rus, a, urn fuerim, etc. (Aorist Sub- 
 junctive Periphrastic Active). 
 
 The form -rus, a, um fuissem, etc., rarely occurs, and then 
 chiefly in the indirect question. 
 
 Ex. Nee dubium erat quin, si tarn pauci simul obire omnia 
 possent, terga daturi hostes f uerint : and there was no doubt that, 
 if so few had been able to manage everything at the same time, 
 the enemy would have turned their backs. 
 
 Adeo inopia coactus est Hannibal, ut nisi turn fugae speciem 
 abeundo timuisset, Galliam repetiturus fuerit : Hannibal was so 
 pressed by want (of provisions) that, if he had not then feared 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 85 
 
 the appearance of flight by retreating, he would have gone back 
 to Gaul. 
 
 Ea res tantum tumultum ac fugam prsebuit ut, nisi castra 
 extra urbem f uissent, effusura se omnis pavida multitudo f uerit : 
 that affair caused so much tumult and flight that if the camp 
 had not been outside the city, the whole panic-stricken multitude 
 would have poured forth. 
 
 Die quidnam facturus fueris, si eo tempore censor fuisses : tell 
 me what you would have done if you had been censor at that time. 
 
 Sequitur ut, si hoc audivisset, non venturus f uerit : it follows 
 that he would not have come, if he had heard this. 
 
 BUT NOTE. Id ille si repudiasset, dubitatis quin ei vis esset 
 allata? if he had rejected that, do you doubt that force would 
 have been brought to bear on him (used against him) ? 
 
 Rem. If the verb has no Future Active participle, then po- 
 tuerim or voluerim, etc. (Aorist Subjunctive) with the Infinitive 
 may often be used as a substitute. 
 
 B. If the verb in the Apodosis of an Unreal Past condition de- 
 notes ability, obligation, etc. (see 126), then the Aorist Subjunc- 
 tive is used, not the Periphrastic form. 
 
 Ex. Haud dubium fuit quin, nisi ea mora intervenisset, cas- 
 tra eo die Punica capi potuerint : there was no doubt that, if that 
 delay had not intervened, the Punic camp could have been taken 
 that day. 
 
 In eos versa peditum acies haud dubium fecit, quin, nisi firm- 
 ata extrema agminis f uissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades 
 f uerit : the line of infantry turned against them rendered it not 
 doubtful that, had not the rear of the column been supported, a 
 great disaster must have been received in that pass. 
 
 131. If upon either member of an Unreal Present Conditional 
 sentence another Subjunctive depend, though its time be really 
 present or future, it is attracted into the sphere of the Unreal 
 Present, and must be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 Ex. Quis esset tantus fructus in prosperis rebus, nisi haberes 
 qui illis aeque ac tu gauderet? what so great advantage would 
 there be in prosperity, unless you had some one to take pleasure 
 in it as well as yourself? 
 
86 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 132. Conditional Sentences of Comparison, introduced by ac 
 si, quasi, velut (si), tamquam (si), etc., follow the ordinary rules 
 of sequence rather than the conditional usage. 
 
 Ex. Hie est obstandum, milites, velut si ante Romana mrenia 
 pugnemus : here we must oppose them, soldiers, as if we were 
 fighting before the walls of Eome. 
 
 Tarn te diligit quam si vixerit tecum : he esteems you as much 
 as if he had lived with you. 
 
 Rem. This rule is occasionally violated and the sentence fol- 
 lows the law of conditions. 
 
 The Calendar. 
 
 133. Dates in Latin were computed backwards from three 
 date-points. These were the Calends, or Kalenciae, which fell on 
 the 1st of the month; the Nones, or Nonas, which fell on the 5th; 
 and the Ides, or Idus, which fell on the 13th. However, in 
 March, May, July, and October, the Nones and Ides fell on the 
 7th and loth respectively. 
 
 The name of the month was always associated with the date- 
 point as an adjective. The date was always reckoned as such a 
 day before a following date-point. 
 
 To Reduce an English Date to Latin. 
 
 134. If the date falls on Calends, Nones or Ides, express by 
 the Ablative. 
 
 Ex. January 1st: Kalendis Januariis (Kal. Jan.). March 
 7th: Nonis Martiis (Non. Mart.). November 13th: Idibus No- 
 vembribus (Id. Novembr.). 
 
 The day before a certain date-point is written pridie -f- Accusa- 
 tive of date-point. Ex. March 31st: pridie Kalendas Apriles 
 (prid. Kal. Apr.). February 4th: pridie Nonas Februarias 
 (prid. Non. Febr.). March 14th: pridie Idus Martias (pr. Id. 
 Mart.). 
 
 To find a date reckoning back from the Calends, add two days 
 to the current month and subtract the given date. Thus, Decem- 
 ber 28th 31+2=33. 33 28=5. Hence, ante diem quintum 
 Kalendas Januarias (a. d. V. Kal. Jan.), or quinto die ante 
 Kalendas Januarias (V. Kal. Jan.). 
 
 To find a date reckoning back from the Nones or Ides, add one 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 87 
 
 day to the date on which the Nones or Ides fall and subtract the 
 given date. Thus, March 10th 15 +1 = 16. 1610=6. Hence, 
 ante diem sextum Idus Martias (a. d. VI. Id. Mart.), or sexto 
 die ante Idus Martias (VI. Id. Mart.). December 3d 5+1=6. 
 6 3=3. Hence, ante diem tertium Nonas Decembres (a. d. 
 III. Non. Decembr.), or tertio die ante Nonas Decembres (III. 
 Non. Decembr.). 
 
 NOTE 1. Of the two forms given in the above examples, the 
 former (i. e. f the long form) is more usual. 
 
 NOTE 2. It is worthy of notice that the long form (ante diem, 
 etc.) and pridie + its date were treated as single expressions and 
 occur in the position of Nominative, Accusative and Ablative 
 cases, and also with the prepositions ad, ex, and in. 
 
 NOTE 3. Prid. Kal. Jan., etc., is sometimes written a. d. II. 
 Kal. Jan., or II. Kal. Jan. 
 
 In leap-year, February may be regarded as having 29 days only 
 up to the intercalated day which was directly after the 25th 
 counting backward from the 1st of March. The intercalated day 
 (which was really the 24th) was not counted, but the 25th was 
 repeated. Ex. February 25th 29+2=31. 3125=6. Hence, 
 a. d. VI. Kal. Mart, priorem. February 24th (the extra day) : 
 a. d. VI. Kal. Mart, posteriorem, or a. d. bissextum Kal. Mart. 
 But February 23d 28X2=30. 3023=7. Hence, a. d. VII. 
 Kal. Mart. 
 
 To Reduce a Latin Date to English. 
 
 135. From what has been said it is easy to find the corres- 
 ponding English date when in Latin it falls on a date-point, or 
 on the day before a date-point. Ex. Kalendis Martiis : March 
 1st. Pridie Nonas Octobres : October 6th. 
 
 If the date falls between the Ides and Calends, add two days to 
 the current month and subtract the given date. Ex. a. d. 
 XIV. Kal. Febr. 31+2=33. 3314=19. Hence, January 
 19th. 
 
 If the date falls between the Calends and Nones, or between 
 the Nones and Ides add one day to the date on which the None- 
 or Ides fall and subtract the given date. Ex. a. d. V. Id. Sep- 
 tember. 13 -f 1=14. 145=9. Hence September 9th. III. 
 Non. Mart. 7+1=8. 83=5. Hence, March 5th. 
 
88 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 In dating letters always date from a certain place. Rules 
 under Ablative of Whence Relation apply here. 
 
 Ex. Nonis Martiis, Roma: Rome, March 7th. 
 
 VIII. Id. Jun. Cularone ex finibus Allobrogum : Cularo, in the 
 territory of the Allobroges, June 6th. 
 
 Names of Months, January=Ianuarius, February =Febru- 
 arius, March=Martius, April ^Aprilis, May=Maius, June= 
 lunius, July^Quintilis (lulius), August =Sextilis (Augustus), 
 September^ September, October =. October, Novembers Novem- 
 ber, December=December. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 
 
 136. The Ablative Absolute is an independent, explanatory 
 phrase, having a subject and predicate, so to speak, both in the 
 Ablative. The subject is a noun or pronoun ; the predicate is a 
 participle, adjective, or substantive. The translations are varied 
 and must depend upon the sense to be conveyed. The phrase may 
 be coordinated with the sentence in which it is used and be con- 
 nected with it by and; or it may be made subordinate and trans- 
 lated by a clause beginning with because, as, since, when, al- 
 though, if, after, etc. When the predicate is an adjective or sub- 
 stantive, some form of the verb "to be" may be used in the trans- 
 lation. 
 
 Ex. rCaesare mortuo : Caesar being dead ; on the death of 
 Caesar; because, when, although, after, etc., Caesar was dead. 
 
 Sole orto : the sun having risen ; after sun-rise ; as, since, 
 when, after, etc., the sun had risen. 
 
 Xerxe regnante : in the reign of Xerxes ; as, when, while, etc., 
 Xerxes was reigning. 
 
 Hannibale duce: Hannibal being leader; under the leader- 
 ship of Hannibal ; as, though, when, etc., Hannibal was leader. 
 
 L. Domitio et App. Claudio consulibus : in the consulship of 
 Lucius Domitius and Appius Claudius; when, while Domitius 
 and Claudius were consuls. 
 
 His rebus cognitts (auditis) : upon learning (hearing) these 
 things; having learned (heard) these things; when, after, etc., 
 he had learned (heard) these things. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 89 
 
 Marcus, abolla rapta, properavit: Marcus snatched up his 
 cloak and hurried on. 
 
 Zeuxis flagitavit ut, remoto linteo, picturam ostenderet : Zeuxis 
 demanded that he should remove the cloth and show the picture. 
 
 Neque convenit quibus consulibus mortuus sit: and it is not 
 agreed in whose consulship he died. 
 
 NOTE. The subject of the Ablative Absolute pharse should not 
 be identical with any noun or pronoun already occurring in the 
 sentence. The sentence, "Manlius, having slain the Gaul, stripped 
 him of his necklace," we must write thus, "Manlius caesum Gal- 
 lum torque spoliavit ;" not like this, "Manlius, COBSO Gallo, eum 
 torque spoliavit/' 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 137. The Latin participle is used with great freedom and 
 may be translated in various ways. The time depends upon the 
 sentence in which it is used. 
 
 The so-called Present Participle may represent a Present, Im- 
 perfect, or Future tense; while the Perfect Participle often rep- 
 resents a Perfect, Aorist, Pluperfect or Second Future (= Future 
 Perfect). 
 
 Present. Aves ad silvam volantes videmus. 
 Imperfect. Nostri hostes flumen transeuntes (crossing, trying 
 
 to cross) aggressi sunt. 
 Future. Te ex urbe redeuntem videbo. 
 
 Perfect. Milites capti (who have been captured) liberabuntur. 
 Aorist. Milites eo die vulnerati (who were wounded on that 
 
 day) domos redeunt. 
 
 Pluperfect. Urbs capta (which had been taken) deleta est. 
 Future Perfect. Urbs capta (when it shall have been taken) de- 
 
 lebitur. 
 
 138. 1. The participle may be made coordinate with the 
 leading verb and connected with it by and. 
 
 Ex. Consul prof ectus in Asiam rediit : the consul set out and 
 returned to Asia. 
 
 Hostes victi fugerunt : the enemy were defeated and fled. 
 
 Consul civibus in forUm convocatis nuntiavit : the consul sum- 
 moned the citizens into the forum and announced to them, etc. 
 
90 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 2. Again, it may be subordinated and treated as a clause be- 
 ginning with who, when, while, as, since, if, although, after, etc., 
 to suit the sense. 
 
 Ex. Verum dicentibus facile cedimus: we readily yield to 
 those who speak the truth. 
 
 Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes: I fear the Greeks even when 
 they bring presents. 
 
 Voluptate dominante: as, since, if, because, while pleasure 
 reigns. 
 
 Carthago capta deleta est : after Carthage had been taken, it 
 was destroyed (or, Carthage was taken and destroyed). 
 
 Scipio Numantiam captam delevit: when Scipio had taken 
 Numantia, he destroyed it (or, Scipio took Numantia and de- 
 stroyed it). 
 
 3. Note especially the present form of the participle denoting 
 attempted action. 
 
 Ex. Gustos captivum ex urbe evadentem cepit: the guard 
 seized the prisoner when he was trying to escape from the city. 
 
 Obstitit intranti miratrix turba parumper : a wondering crowd 
 blocked his way for a little while as he was trying to enter. 
 
 4. Sundry examples of classical uses: Sicilia Sardiniaque 
 amissaa : the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. 
 
 Ante (post) urbem conditam : before (after) the founding of 
 the city. 
 
 Ab urbe condita : from (after, since) the founding of the city. 
 
 Ante (post) Christum natum: before (after) the birth of 
 Christ. 
 
 Recuperatas provincial gloria: the glory of having recovered 
 the province. 
 
 Caesare interfecto respublica est turbata: by the killing (as- 
 sassination) of Csesar the state was thrown into confusion. 
 
 Dextra data fidem futurae amicitias sanxit: he pledged his 
 promise of future friendship by giving his right hand. 
 
 Absens accusatus est : he was accused in his absence. 
 
 Flentes a Caesare petierunt : they besought Caesar with tears. 
 
 Eidens dicebat : he used to say jestingly. 
 
 Rent. It must be observed that the adjective, too, may often 
 be translated in many of the ways suggested above by supplying a 
 proper tense of the verb "to be." 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 91 
 
 Future Active and Future Passive Participles. 
 
 139. 1. The Future Active Participle (-rus, a, um) is trans- 
 lated going to, about to, likely to, intending to, etc. 
 
 The Future Passive Participle (-dus, a, um) is translated be to, 
 have to, ought to, worthy to, must or should. The idea of obliga- 
 tion, necessity, or duty always clings to this participle. 
 
 Do not suppose that these participles are corresponding forms 
 in different voices. The Future Active Participle has no corres- 
 ponding form in the passive voice, neither has the Future Passive 
 Participle any corresponding form in the active voice. Of course 
 the above remarks on participles apply to these also. 
 
 Ex. Regulus Carthaginem rediturus precibus amicorum non 
 cessit: when (although) Regulus was about to return to Car- 
 thage, he did not yield to the entreaties of his friends. 
 
 Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant: farewell, Caesar, those who 
 are about to die salute thee. 
 
 Tiberius, imperator timendus, turn regnabat: Tiberius, an 
 emperor to be dreaded, was then reigning. 
 
 2. These participles with forms of the verb esse have complete 
 conjugations. The Future Active Participle with esse is called 
 the First Periphrastic, or Periphrastic Active Conjugation; the 
 Future Passive Participle with esse is called the Second Peri- 
 phrastic, or Periphrastic Passive Conjugation. 
 
 The First Periphrastic is substituted in the passive verb by 
 futurum est, etc., ut -f Subjunctive, or by in eo est (it is on the 
 point of ) ut -j- Subjunctive. Both phrases are impersonal. 
 
 Ex. In eo est ut urbs capiatur : the city is on the point of be- 
 ing taken. 
 
 Non dubito quin futurum sit ut urbs capiatur : I do not doubt 
 that the city is going to be (will be) taken. 
 
 3. The agent (the person upon whom the obligation rests) of 
 the Future Passive Participle is put in the Dative. When, how- 
 ever, the verb takes a Dative object, the Ablative with a (ab) is 
 used, but not unless there would be real ambiguity. 
 
 If there is no definite subject expressed, or if the verb from 
 which the participle is derived is intransitive, then we must ex- 
 press 'impersonally. 
 
 The agent is not seldom translated as the subject. 
 
92 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Ex. Csesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: everything 
 had to be done by Caesar (or, Caesar had to do everything) at one 
 time (or, Cassar had everything to do at once). 
 
 Mihi epistola scribenda est : I must write a letter. 
 
 Omnibus moriendum est : all must die. 
 
 140. The Future Passive Participle in the Nominative or Ac- 
 cusative (agreeing with subject or object) is frequently used 
 with verbs meaning to give, to commit, to entrust, to send, to 
 leave, to receive, to undertake, etc., as dare, traders, mandare, 
 relinquere, accipere, suscipere, sumere, curare, locare, etc. 
 
 Ex. Dux militibus urbem diripiendam dedit : the general has 
 given up the city to the soldiers to plunder (to be plundered, for 
 plunder) . 
 
 Pueri a pastore uxori educandi sunt dati : the boys were given 
 by the shepherd to his wife to be brought up. 
 
 Caesar pontem in numine faciendum curavit : Caesar had a 
 bridge built over the river. 
 
 141. 1. With verbs of perception, conception and representa- 
 tion the Present form of the participle is used to show the object 
 in its present action or state (=present to time of principal 
 verb). 
 
 Ex. Audivi te dicentem: I heard you say (saying), etc. 
 
 Vidi puellam in horto ambulantem : I saw the girl walking in 
 the garden. 
 
 2. The Perfect Participle represents the action complete. 
 
 Ex. Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem multis Stoicorum 
 circumfusum libris : I saw Cato sitting in his library surrounded 
 by many books of the Stoics. 
 
 As there is no Present Participle Passive, the Accusative with 
 the Present Infinitive Passive is used instead. 
 
 Ex. Puerum puniri vidi: I saw the boy punished (=being 
 punished). 
 
 Isocratem Plato laudari fecit a Socrate : Plato has represented 
 Isocrates as being praised by Socrates. 
 
 Hem. Even in the active the Present Infinitive is sometimes 
 used. 
 
 Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 93 
 
 etiam in senatum venire : these whom I see flitting about in the 
 forum, standing by the senate-house, and even coming into the 
 senate. 
 
 WITHOUT. 
 
 142. The English term "without" may be expressed in many 
 ways. 
 
 1. By sine with a substantive. 
 
 Ex. Sine molestia, without trouble. 
 
 2. By a negative adjective or participle after an affirmative 
 statement. 
 
 Ex. Hamilcarem sui cives inauditum damnarunt : his own 
 fellow citizens condemned Hamilcar without a hearing. 
 
 Plus hodie boni feci imprudens quam, etc. : I have done more 
 good to-day without knowing it than, etc. 
 
 Hostes inopinantes adorti sumus : we attacked the enemy with- 
 out their expecting it. 
 
 Te non sentientem speculabuntur atque custodient : they will 
 watch and guard you without your perceiving it. 
 
 Nullo meo merito : without any merit of mine. 
 
 Multi mentiuntur ignari : many lie without knowing it. 
 
 So also the Ablative Absolute 
 
 Ex. Me insciente : without my knowledge. 
 
 Caesare invito : without Caesar's consent. 
 
 3. By qui non, quin, or ut non after a negative sentence. 
 
 Ex. Quis navigavit qui non (=quin) se mortis periculo 
 committeret? who has sailed (upon the sea) without exposing 
 himself to the danger of death ? 
 
 Apelles nullum diem intermisit quin exerceret artem : Apelles 
 did not let a day pass without practicing his art. 
 
 Octavianus nunquam filios suos populo commendavit ut non 
 adiceret si merebuntur: Octavianus never recommended his 
 sons to the people without adding (=that he did not add), "if 
 they shall be worthy." 
 
 4. By ut non after an affirmative sentence. 
 
 Ex. Potest esse bellum ut tumultus non sit : there can be war 
 without there being tumult. 
 
 5. By neque (nee) after an affirmative sentence. 
 
 Ex. Legit neque intelligit : he reads without understanding. 
 
94 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 6. By nisi after a negative sentence. 
 
 Ex. Non redibo nisi eum videro : I will not return without 
 seeing him. 
 
 7. By cum with a negative. 
 
 Ex. Discessit cum nihil cognovisset: he departed without 
 having found out anything (=:although, etc.). 
 
 Non Quod, Quia, Quo Sed Quod, Quia. 
 
 148. Non quod, non quia, non quo sed quod, sed quia : "not 
 because but because." In the first clause the Subjunctive is the 
 rule, because the reason offered is only imagined, and hence re- 
 jected; in the second the Indicative is used (unless some outside 
 influence calls for the Subjunctive) because it contains the real 
 reason. 
 
 If the first clause contains an accepted fact, the Indicative is 
 used; but the reason offered is generally fanciful., imagined or 
 conceived, hence Subjunctive is far more common. 
 
 The Subjunctive is always used with non quo. 
 
 If another negative is added to the first clause non quod non, 
 non quia non, non quo non (=non quin) :"not because not"- 
 the Subjunctive must always be used. 
 
 Ex. Pugiles in iactandis csestibus ingemiscunt, non quod 
 doleant, sed quod profundenda voce omne corpus intenditur ven- 
 itque plaga vehementior: boxers in plying the cestus heave 
 groans, not because (as you might suppose) they are in pain, but 
 because in giving full vent to the voice all the body is put to the 
 stretch and the blow comes with a greater rush. 
 
 Example of Indicative. Sum non dicam miser, sed certe exer- 
 citus, non quia multis debeo, sed quia saepe concurrunt aliquorum 
 bene de me meritorum inter ipsos contentiones : I am, I will not 
 say wretched, but certainly worried, not because I am in debt to 
 many (as I am), but because the rival claims of many who have 
 deserved well of me often conflict. 
 
 Rem. The Subjunctive may appear in the second clause by 
 reason of an Ideal Second Person, a potential idea, or 0. 0. ; but 
 these influences are entirely external to the rule and may alter 
 any construction. 
 
 A final sentence often occurs in the second clause sed ut, etc. 
 
 NOTE. Observe also m.agis quod, quia quam quo, quod, quia: 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 95 
 
 "more because than because." Here the order of moods is re- 
 versed Indicative in first, Subjunctive in second. Magis ut 
 (more in order to) also occurs in first, with Subjunctive of 
 course. 
 
 Iterative or Repeated Actions. 
 
 144. The mood is the Indicative, as a rule, both in the prin- 
 cipal and in the subordinate clause. 
 
 Various conjunctions are used to introduce the subordinate 
 clause, as si, ubi, ut, cum,, quoties, cum primum, simul ac, the 
 relative, etc. 
 
 1. When the actions of the leading and subordinate verbs are 
 iterative and contemporaneous, the same tense occurs in both 
 members, as follows : 
 
 Subordinate Clause. Principal Clause. 
 
 Present, Present, 
 
 Imperfect, Imperfect. 
 
 First Future, First Future. 
 
 2. When both actions are iterative, and the subordinate is ante- 
 cedent, then the following tenses are used : 
 
 Subordinate Clause. Principal Clause. 
 
 Perfect, Present. 
 
 Pluperfect, Imperfect. 
 
 Second Future, First Future. 
 
 Examples under 1. Cum tacent, clamant: when (ever) they 
 are silent, they cry out. 
 
 Ubi frumento opus erat, cohortes presidium agitabant : when 
 there was need of corn, the cohorts would serve as (form) an es- 
 cort. 
 
 Dum ego legam, scribes: while I am reading, you will be 
 writing. 
 
 Examples under 2. Quod non dedit fortuna, non eripit : what 
 fortune does not give (=has not given), she does not take away. 
 
 Stomachabatur senex, si quid asperius dixeram: the old man 
 used to be fretted, if I said anything rather harsh. 
 
 Qui timere desierint, odisse incipient : those who cease to fear 
 will begin to hate. 
 
 Quoties cecidit, surgit : as often as he falls he rises. 
 
96 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Quoties ceciderat, surgebat : as often as he fell, he rose. 
 Quoties ceciderit, surget: as often as he falls, he will rise. 
 
 Rem. 1. The Subjunctive sometimes occurs in the subordinate 
 clause (frequently in Livy), and is explained on the ground of 
 indefinite repetition. 
 
 Ex. Id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emittebat : when 
 he had said that, he would hurl a spear into their territory. 
 
 Rem. 2. Notice from the examples above that the English does 
 not always give the Latin equivalent. In translating English 
 into Latin the exact tense to be used must be inferred from the 
 nature of the sentence. 
 
 Postquam, Ubi, Cum Primum, Etc. Tenses. 
 
 145. Postquam (after), ubi, ut (when), cum primum, ubi 
 primum, ut primum, simulac (as soon as), etc., generally tae 
 the Aorist Indicative or Historical Present instead of the Pluper- 
 fect, though the translation is often Pluperfect. 
 
 Ex. Caesar ubi venit : when Csesar had come. 
 
 Postquam pervenit : after he had arrived. 
 
 Postquam (often written as two words), depending on a defi- 
 nite interval of time expressed, must have the Pluperfect. 
 
 Ex. Hannibal anno tertio, postquam domo profugerat, in 
 Africam venit: Hannibal came to Africa three years (in the 
 third year) after he had fled from home. 
 
 Aristides decessit fere post annum quartum (annum post quar- 
 tum, anno quarto post, anno post quarto)' quam Themistocles 
 Athenis erat expulsus: Aristides died about four years after 
 Themistocles had been banished from Athens. 
 
 Rem. The particle post is sometimes omitted. Ante, how- 
 ever, is never omitted in case of antequam (ante quam), nor 
 prius in priusquam (prius quam). 
 
 ODD NOTES AND IDIOMS. 
 
 146. Quid (because), quod (because, in that, the fact that, 
 etc.), quoniam (since, as), quamquam (although, yet) take the 
 Indicative, except in 0. 0. (total or partial; see 109 and foil.) 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 97 
 
 147. After a Present or Future leading tense a past Sub- 
 junctive or Infinitive relation is expressed by the Perfect form of 
 the Subjunctive or Infinitive, as the case may be. 
 
 Ex. Nemo dubitat quin Troia dolo capta sit : no one doubts 
 that Troy was taken by treachery. 
 
 Inter omnes constat Troiam dolo captam esse : all agree that 
 Troy was taken by treachery. 
 
 148. The Historical Present substitutes the Aorist. It is 
 translated either as a Present or as an Aorist, according to the 
 context. 
 
 149. The Historical Infinitive (= Present form) substitutes 
 the Imperfect. It is used in rapid narrative. 
 
 150. Dum (= while) with the Present substitutes the Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 Ex. Dum haec Eomae geruntur : while these things were being 
 conducted at Rome. 
 
 151. Antequam and priusquam (=before) must not be used 
 with the First Future Indicative nor the Pluperfect Indicative. 
 Instead of the Future use Present or Second Future ; instead of 
 the Pluperfect use the Aorist. 
 
 Sequence After the Perfect. 
 
 152. After the Perfect tense, the Imperfect Subjunctive is 
 more usual than the Present in a present or future connection. 
 
 Ex. Quoniam expertus sum quam essent inania, etc. : since 
 I have experienced how empty are the things, etc. 
 
 Senatus decrevit ut consules duas Gallias sortirentur, delectus 
 haberetur, vacationes ne valerent, legati cum auctoritate mitter- 
 entur, qui adirent Galliae civitates darentque operam ne eae se 
 cum Helvetiis coniungerent : the senate has decreed that the 
 consuls shall choose the two Gauls by lot, that a levy shall be 
 held, that exemptions from military service shall not avail, that 
 ambassadors having authority be sent to consult the states of 
 Gaul and take pains that they do not unite with the Helvetians. 
 
 153. 1. The Present tense is used with iam, iam diu, iam du- 
 dum and iam pridem to express what has been and still is (con- 
 
98 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 tinned from past into the present). Translate by Progressive 
 Perfect generally. 
 
 Ex. Quod te iam dudum hortor: as (which) I have now for 
 some time been urging you. 
 
 Quae iam pridem vast are studes: which you have long been 
 desiring to ruin. 
 
 Annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat : he has now been 
 reigning twenty-three years. 
 
 2. The Imperfect tense with the same particles expresses what 
 had been and still was (continued from a remote past into time 
 of Imperfect). Translate by Progressive Pluperfect, as a rule. 
 
 Ex. Iam dudum flebam : I had been weeping a long time. 
 
 Qui bellum iam pridem parabat : who had long been preparing 
 for war. 
 
 Domicilium Romae multos iam annos habebat : he had had his 
 abode at Rome now for many years. 
 
 154. After the past tenses of debeo, oportet, possum, etc., the 
 Present Infinitive should be used where in English we say ought 
 to have, could have, etc. 
 
 Ex. Volumnia debuit in te officiosior esse, et id ipsum quod 
 fecit, potuit diligentius facere: Volumnia ought to have been 
 more attentive to you, and even what she did, she could have 
 done more carefully. 
 
 Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oport- 
 ebat : Catiline, you ought to have been led to death long since 
 by order of the consul. 
 
 New Grammar, 254, R. 1. Old Grammar, 246, R. 1. 
 
 155 . In epistolary composition we see that the First Future 
 Indicative (scribam) becomes the Imperfect Perphrastic Active 
 (scripturus eram). Now the Second Future Indicative (scrip- 
 sero) becomes the Pluperfect Subjunctive (scripsissem). See 
 Peters' Syntax of the Latin Verb. 
 
 Ex. Litteras eram daturus postridie ei qui mihi primus obvi- 
 am venisset : I will give the letter to-morrow to the first man 
 that comes my way. 
 
 156. Oportet and necesse est are followed by the Accusative 
 and Infinitive, or by the Subjunctive without ut. So, too, licet. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 99 
 
 Ex. Oportet, (necesse est) eum venire : it is necessary for him 
 to come; he must, ought to come. 
 
 Oportet (necesse est) veniat : it is necessary that he come, that 
 he shall come, etc., etc. 
 
 Restrictive Clauses. 
 
 157. Quod sciam, intellegam, meminerim, etc. : as far as I 
 know, remember, etc. 
 
 Quod quidem senserim: so far as I was aware. 
 Quos quidem cognoverim : so far as I know them. 
 But, quod potes, poteris, potero: as far as you can, I can. 
 And always, quod ad me attinet (pertinet) : as far as I am 
 concerned. 
 
 Regularly, quantum (or, quoad) scio, intellego, possum, etc. 
 Note phrase, quoad eius f acere possum : as far as possible. 
 
 Intransitive Verbs in Passive. 
 
 158. Verbs which do not take an Accusative case as direct 
 object in the active must be used impersonally in passive. 
 
 If a Dative object occurs in active, it is retained in passive. 
 (See 40, Kern.). 
 
 Ex. Mihi persuadet : he persuades me. 
 
 Mihi ab eo persuadetur : I am persuaded by him. 
 
 Rem. The impersonal form of a participle or an adjective is 
 neuter. (See No. 98.) 
 
 Pronouns and Adjectives. 
 
 159. Ipse: "he himself," "he too," "he on his part/ 7 "he in 
 person," "he of his own accord" ; also translated "very," "even," 
 "precisely," "just." 
 
 Ex. Ad ipsas portas : to the very gates. 
 
 Ad id ipsum creatus : elected for just that purpose. 
 
 160. The reflexive sui, sibi, etc., may refer to the subject of 
 the principal or subordinate sentence. 
 
 It refers to the principal subject in Infinitive sentences (= Ac- 
 cusative and Infinitive), indirect questions, sentences of Design, 
 and dependent clauses in 0. 0. 
 
 But in Consecutive (Eesult, etc.) sentences reference is made 
 
100 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 to the leading subject by is, unless the two subjects are the same. 
 (See Grammar, 309, 520-521, and remarks.) 
 
 161 . The Latin Relative Pronoun may often be translated by 
 a demonstrative (this, that, etc.), or personal (he, she, it, they, 
 etc.) pronoun; or by and, but, for, if, since, etc., with the dem- 
 onstrative or personal pronoun. 
 
 This is resolving the relative. 
 
 Ex. Quae cum it a sint : since these things are so. 
 
 Quern ego miser si incolumem relinquo: for if I, wretched 
 man, leave him safe. 
 
 Quod cum fecisset : when he had done this. 
 
 NOTE. It sometimes happens that two relative pronouns oc- 
 cur in the same clause; in that case one must be resolved in 
 translation. 
 
 162. Compound or General Relatives are used with the In- 
 dicative in Latin. In English the Subjunctive or its equivalent is 
 more frequent. 
 
 Ex. Quisquis est : whoever he is, be, may be. 
 
 So, quicunque, quotquot, qualiscunque, quotiescunque. 
 
 " So-called," etc. 
 
 163. "So-called/' "above mentioned," "just named," "here- 
 after mentioned," etc., are expressed by the relative with a finite 
 verb, not by a participle as with us. 
 
 Ex. Altitudo animi, quse dicitur (or, quam dicimus, or quam 
 dicunt) : the so-called loftiness of soul. 
 
 Philosophi illi, quos modo nominavi : those philosophers just 
 named (whom I have just named). 
 
 Una cum eo quern proxime nominavi : together with the last 
 one mentioned (the one whom I have last mentioned). 
 
 Illi, qui f eruntur, labores tui : those so-called labors of yours. 
 
 164. Quis, qua, quid( adjective qui, quae or qua, quod)"some 
 one," "any one" are used instead of aliquis, aliqua, aliquid (ad- 
 jectives aliqui, uliqua, aliquod) after si, nisi, ne, num, and in rel- 
 ative sentences, unless special emphasis or contrast is intended. 
 
 Ex. Si quis, si quid : if any one, if anything. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 101 
 
 This of, That of, These of, Those of. 
 
 165. The demonstrative this, that, etc., should not be ex- 
 pressed with a following Genitive except for special emphasis. 
 A preposition may even be used referring to the demonstrative 
 understood. However, it is perfectly allowable to repeat the 
 noun already stated, or use another of like meaning. 
 
 Ex. Nostrae classes et Carthaginiensium, or nostras classes 
 et classes Carthaginiensium : our fleets and those of the Cartha- 
 ginians. 
 
 In Tuberonis : in that of Tubero. 
 
 Quas in nostris rebus non satis honeste, in amicorum fiunt hon- 
 estissime : things which in our own affairs are not quite proper to 
 do, in those of our friends most proper. 
 
 Multi aut propter victories cupiditatem aut propter glorias 
 vulnera exceperunt: many have received wounds either on ac- 
 count of the desire of victory or [that of] renown. 
 
 Nemo and Nihil. 
 
 166. For lacking cases (Genitive and Ablative) of nemo, use 
 nullius (hominis) and nullo (homine). 
 
 For lacking cases (all except Nominative and Accusative) of 
 niln.il, use nulla res. 
 
 Uterque and Quisque. 
 
 167. Uterque: each of two. Quisque: each of more than 
 two. 
 
 Uterque (each, both) is used with the Partitive Genitive of a 
 pronoun. 
 
 Uterque with a noun agrees with it in the singular. 
 Ex. Uterque nostrum, horum: each (both) of us, of these. 
 Uterque consul : each consul, both consuls. 
 Quisque militum: each (every) one of the soldiers. 
 
 168. Uterque, uter and neuter are used in the plural of 
 parties, sets, or classes, or with nouns used in plural only. 
 
 Ex. Utrique : both parties. Utraque castra : both camps. 
 
 Mille and Milia. 
 
 169. Mille (singular) is an indeclinable adjective. Milia 
 (plural) is a neuter substantive always used with the Genitive. 
 
 Ex. Mille equites. But, tria milia equitum. 
 
102 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 170. Unus, ullus, nullus, totus, solus, alius, uter, alter, neu- 
 ter, and uterque have -ius in Genitive, and -i in Dative of all 
 genders. 
 
 Gen. alius, nullius, utriusque. 
 Dat. alii, nulli, utrique. 
 
 171. The same as is generally expressed by idem followed by 
 the relative qui, etc. Idem is used in a similar sense with ut, at- 
 que (ac), ut, cum + Ablative, quam si, quasi., and poetically with 
 the Dative. 
 
 Ex. Servi moribus iisdem erant quibus dominus : the ser- 
 vants had the same character as the master. 
 
 Equidem posse vellem idem gloriari quod Cyrus : for my part 
 I would that I were able to make the same boast as Cyrus. 
 
 172. Multus with another adjective is commonly connected 
 with it by a conjunction. 
 
 Ex. Multi et graves dolores : many heavy sorrows. 
 Multse bonaeque artes : many good qualities. 
 The conjunction is not infrequently omitted. 
 Ex. Multi clarissimi viri : many most illustrious men. 
 And always, multi boni; multi improbi : many good men; 
 many bad men. 
 
 173. 1. Adjectives of inclination and disinclination, knowl- 
 edge and ignorance, order and position, time and season are fre- 
 quently used where an adverb might be expected. Kenderings, 
 however, are numerous. (Old Grammar, 324, E. 6. New Gram- 
 mar, 325, E. 6.) 
 
 Ex. Primus vidit : he was the first to see, he saw first. 
 
 Illi robur et aes triplex circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci 
 commisit pelago ratem primus: he had oak and triple brass 
 about his breast, who first trusted his frail bark to the cruel sea. 
 
 Hoc sciens f eci : I did this knowingly. 
 
 Lseti venerunt : they came gladly, they were glad to come. 
 
 Ego eum a me invitissimus dimisi : I dismissed him most un- 
 willingly. 
 
 Homines qui se totos tradiderunt voluptatibus : men who have 
 given themselves over (up) entirely to pleasures. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 103 
 
 Barus venit in cenacula miles : the soldiery rarely comes into 
 garrets. 
 
 Qui prior strinxerit f errum, eius victoria erit : whoever first 
 draws the sword, his shall be the victory. 
 
 2. Note also the adjectives summus, medius, primus, extremus, 
 ultimus, imus, infimus, reliquus, ceterus, etc., in a partitive sense. 
 
 Summus mons : the top of the mountain. 
 
 In f oro medio : in the middle of the forum. 
 
 Eeliqua (cetera) Gra3cia: the rest of Greece. 
 
 Beliqui Belga?: the rest of the Belgians. 
 
 Primo vere : in the beginning of the spring. 
 
 In extremo ponte turrim constituit : at the end of the bridge 
 he erected a tower. 
 
 Ad extremas fossas castella constituit: at the ends of the 
 trenches he erected forts. 
 
 Ab infima ara: from the bottom (lowest part) of the altar. 
 
 Ad imam quercum : at the foot of the oak. 
 
 3. Frequens (frequentior, frequentissimus) : in crowds, in 
 great numbers, crowded, full. 
 
 Ex. Mane Germani frequentes ad eum in castra venerunt: 
 early in the morning the Germans in great numbers came to him 
 at the camp. 
 
 Hue postero die quam f requentissimi conveniunt : hither they 
 assemble on the next day in as great numbers as possible. 
 
 Frequens convivium : a crowded banquet. 
 
 4. Confertus (confertior, confertissimus) in military language 
 means "in close array." 
 
 Ex. Hostes confertissimi incedebant: the enemy were ad- 
 vancing in very close array. 
 
 5. Armatus, a, um : in (under) arms. 
 Dirutus, a, um: in ruins. 
 
 174. Eeliquum, am, um -|- facere: to leave behind, to leave 
 remaining. 
 
 Aliquid reliqui (Genitive of noun reliquum) facere has same 
 meaning, and besides sometimes signifies to leave undone, to 
 omit, neglect. 
 
104 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Order of Certain Words. 
 
 175. 1. Nam, namque, etenim, itaque, sed, verum, sin, at, 
 and the relative qui, etc., should stand first in the sentence or 
 clause which they introduce. 
 
 Enim, vero, autem, and generally igitur, are postpositive, tak- 
 ing second or third place in sentence. 
 
 2. Quoque, quidem, -que, and -ve always stand after the words 
 they emphasize or to which they refer. 
 
 Etiam generally precedes. 
 
 3. Ne quidem (="not even") bestrides the emphatic word 
 or words. 
 
 4. Always write populus Romanus, senatus populusque Ro- 
 manus, civis Romania, tribunus plebis, senatus consultum, res 
 militaris, res gesta, ins civile, via Sacra, patres conscripti. Do 
 not reverse. 
 
 5. Quisque follows a superlative, a reflexive, and an ordinal 
 numeral. 
 
 Ex. Optimus quisque : all the best men, or every truly good 
 man. 
 
 Ipse se quisque diligit, quod sibi quisque carus est : every one 
 loves himself, because every one is dear to himself. 
 
 lustitia suum cuique distribuit : justice gives to each one his 
 own. 
 
 Tertio.quoque anno: every third year. 
 
 Rule for the Comparative. 
 
 176. A comparative adjective or adverb takes quam with 
 the case required by the construction, or the Ablative without 
 quam. But the Ablative occurs only when the Nominative or 
 Accusative would be used with quam. 
 
 Ex. Terra minor est quam sol, or sole : the earth is smaller 
 than the sun. 
 
 Nihil est virtute amabilius : nothing is more lovable than 
 virtue. 
 
 Aurum magis (plus) amat quam patriam, or patria: he loves 
 gold more than his country. 
 
 Ei f acilius persuadetur quam filio : he is more easily persuaded 
 than his son. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 105 
 
 Eem. 1. Avoid the Ablative if ambiguity would arise. 
 
 Eem. 2. On the other hand, the Ablative is the only construc- 
 tion in a negative relative sentence. 
 
 Ex. Cato, quo erat nemo sapientior: Cato, than whom no 
 one was wiser. 
 
 NOTE. In an expression like this, Braver than prudent, write, 
 Fortis magis quam prudens, or fortior quam prudentior. 
 
 177. "The the" in correlative comparative sentences is ex- 
 pressed by quo eo, or quanta tanto. Other expressions occur : 
 quo hoc, quo tanto, quanta eo, quantum eo, quantum 
 tanto. 
 
 The first two pairs are used everywhere; the last two should 
 be avoided. 
 
 Ex. Quo citius, eo melius : the sooner, the better. 
 
 178. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor and their compounds 
 take the Ablative, not the Accusative. 
 
 179. Modus (manner, or measure) with an adjective or Gen- 
 itive, is used in the Ablative, or in the Accusative with ad or in. 
 
 Ex. Hoc modo, ad hunc modum, or in hunc modum: in, 
 after, according to, this manner. 
 
 Servilem in modum, or servorum modo: after the manner 
 of slaves. 
 
 Humano modo, or humanum in (ad) modum: after the man- 
 ner of men. 
 
 Quern ad modum, or quo modo : in what manner, how. 
 
 Sundry Expressions of Time, 
 
 180. 1. Ante (post) decem dies. J 
 
 Decem ante (post) dies. 
 
 ,. , ,x } Ten davs before or after. 
 
 Decem diebus ante (post). 
 
 Decem ante (post) diebus. j 
 
 Eem. Instead of decem, the ordinal decimus may be used 
 agreeing with dies in the singular. 
 
 Ex. Ante (post) decimum diem, etc., etc. 
 
 2. Abhinc decem dies. \ 
 
 Abhinc decem diebus (not so good). \ Ten days ago. 
 
 Ante with Ace. or Abl. (see above). ) 
 
106 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 3. Ad decera dies. 
 
 [ Ten days hence. 
 T e). > J 
 
 Post with Ace. or Abl. (see above) 
 
 181. Aesalienum: debt. 
 
 ^Es alienum suscipere, contrahere, f acere, solvere, persolvere : 
 to incur, to contract, to make, to pay a debt. 
 
 In aere alieno esse : to be in debt. 
 
 In aes alienum incidere : to fall into debt. 
 
 Aliquem sere alieno liberare (exsolvere) : to free or relieve any 
 one from debt. 
 
 Ex sere alieno laborare, or aere alieno opprimi (premi) : to be 
 oppressed, overwhelmed (pressed) with debt. 
 
 ^Ere alieno exire : to get out of debt. 
 
 Quanto asre alieno ! how deeply in debt ! (Desc. Abl., Cic. Cat. 
 II.-2.) 
 
 Qui, magno in asre alieno, etc. : who though greatly in debt. 
 
 In aere meo: in my debt. (Cic., Cat. II. 7.) 
 
 182. 1. Mutuas pecunias ab aliquo sumere : to borrow or 
 raise money from some one. 
 
 2. Pecunias credere, commodare: to lend money. 
 
 183. Supplicum de aliquo sumere : to inflict punishment on 
 somebody. (Compare aliquem poena, or supplicio afficere. See 
 39.) Poenas (pcenam) sufferre, solvere, persolvere, luere, sus- 
 cipere, dare, etc. : to suffer punishment, or pay the penalty. 
 (Compare pcena, etc., affici, see 39.) 
 
 Pcenas ab aliquo petere or repetere : to demand or seek satis- 
 faction, or revenge, from any one. 
 
 Rem. Res repetere: to demand or seek satisfaction, or res- 
 titution. 
 
 184. Fidem dare ; servare, conserv are, praest are, liberare, ex- 
 solvere ; violare, f allere, f rangere : to give ; to keep, to fulfill ; 
 to break a promise, or faith. 
 
 In fide esse, stare, manere : to be, to remain in the confidence 
 of. 
 
 Summam fidem omnium rerum alicui habere : to have the 
 greatest confidence in any one in all things. (Note Gen. and 
 Dat.) 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 107 
 
 In fidem aliquem recipere : to receive any one under protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Aliquem in fidem tradere or permittere : to entrust any one to 
 the protection of so and so. 
 
 185. Legem ferre or rogare: to propose or introduce a bill 
 or law. 
 
 Legem perf erre : to carry through, to pass a law. 
 Legem promulgare: to publish a law. 
 
 186. (1) lus (or sententiam) dicere: to pronounce judg- 
 ment. 
 
 (2) Causam agere, or dicere: to plead one's cause. 
 
 (3) Diem alicui dicere: to appoint a day for any one. 
 
 (4) Ita, sic, talia, hsec dicere or loqui : to speak as follows. 
 
 (5) Multa (verba), or multis verbis dicere : to speak at length, 
 fully. 
 
 Note also, pauca (verba), or paucis verbis respondere : to reply 
 briefly, or make a brief reply. 
 
 187. 1. Apud, Ad, and Pro. "Before," "in the presence of" : 
 apvd (ad). 
 
 Ex. Causam apud senatum, iudicem, populum dicere: to 
 plead one's cause before the senate, judge, or people. 
 
 2. Apud also means "at the house of," "in the opinion of," 
 "with," "among." Compare the French chez. 
 
 Ex. Apud me : at my house. 
 
 Apud Graecos mos est: it is customary with (among) the 
 Greeks. 
 Apud honestos : in the opinion of honest men. 
 
 3. "At," "near," "before" in military operations is ad or apud. 
 Pugna ad (apud) Trebiam: the battle near (on, of) the Trebia. 
 
 4. Pro may mean "on the front part of," as well as "before" 
 "in front of." Ex. Pro rostris : on the front part of the rostra. 
 
 188. 1. Agmen: a line or column of march. 
 Primum agmen : the van, the vanguard. 
 Novissimum (extremum) agmen: the rear. 
 
 2. Acies: a line-of -battle. 
 
 Prima acies: the van, or first line. 
 
108 HAND-BOOK or LATIN NOTES. 
 
 IsTovissima acies : the rear, the hindmost line. 
 Acie (in acie) dimicare : to fight in open battle. 
 Aciem instmere : to draw up, to form a line-of-battle. 
 In aciem ducere, educere, producere : to lead troops into line- 
 of-battle, or to battle. 
 
 189. (1) Proelium committere cum + Ablative: to join, to 
 engage in, battle with or against. 
 
 (2) Cum Hannibal confligere: to engage with Hannibal. 
 
 (3) Proelio (pugna) contendere, dimicare, decertare, certare 
 cum aliquo : to fight or contend in battle with or against any one. 
 
 Cum hostibus (in hostes) pugnare : to fight against the enemy. 
 But, contra patriam pugnare. 
 
 Proelio, pugna, acie excedere: to retire, or withdraw from 
 battle. 
 
 Proelio vincere (superare) : to conquer (to overcome) in battle. 
 
 190. Bellum inferre (facere) + Dative: to make war upon 
 or against. 
 
 Bellum indicere -j- Dative : to declare war upon or against. 
 
 Bellum trahere, ducere : to draw out, to protract a war. 
 
 Bellum conficere, perficere : to end, to finish a war. 
 
 Bellum deponere, ponere, omittere : to give up, to discontinue 
 a war. 
 
 Bellum parare : to prepare for war. 
 
 Bellum suscipere contra : to undertake, commence war against. 
 
 Bellum gerere cum + Ablative (adversus + Accusative) : to 
 wage, to carry on war with or against. 
 
 But always : Bellum contra patriam, contra aras gerere. 
 
 ''With" or "against" in this connection may be expressed by 
 an adjective. 
 
 Ex. Bellum cum lugurtha, or bellum lugurthinum. 
 
 191. Arma capere, sumere contra: to seize, or take up, arms 
 against. 
 
 Arma f erre contra : to bear arms against. 
 Arma inferre -f- Dative (see 190 ) : to bear arms, to make war, 
 against. 
 
 Arma ponere, deponere : to lay down, to lay aside, arms. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 109 
 
 Ad arma vocare : to call to arms. 
 
 Ad arma concitare, excitare : to arouse to arms. 
 
 Arma tradere : to deliver up arms. 
 
 192. 1. Impetum in hostes facere: to attack, to make an at- 
 tack upon, the enemy. 
 
 2. Signa in hostes inf erre : to charge, to make an assault upon 
 the enemy. 
 
 Signa f erre : to put standards in motion, to break up camp. 
 
 Signa movere : to put standards in motion, to break up camp. 
 
 Signa constituere : to halt. 
 
 Signa conferre cum aliquo: to engage (in close fight) with 
 any one. 
 
 Signa reliquere, deserere, or ab signis discedere : to desert, to 
 abandon, the standards. 
 
 Signa convertere : to wheel. 
 
 Signa conversa in hostes inferre : to wheel and advance upon 
 the enemy. 
 
 193. (1) Conferre + Dative, or cum + Ablative: to com- 
 pare with. 
 
 Pedem cum pede conferre : to fight foot to foot. 
 
 Collate pede (Ablative Absolute) : foot to foot, at close quar- 
 ters. 
 
 Of. comminus : hand to hand. 
 
 (2) Manum, or manus cum hoste conserere: to join battle, 
 to engage with the enemy. 
 
 194. Castra ponere (collocare, locare) ; to pitch camp. 
 Castris locum capere, etc. : to select a place for the camp. 
 Castra movere : to move, to break up camp. 
 
 Milites castris (in castris) tenere, continere : to hold, to keep 
 soldiers in camp. (See 17.) 
 
 195. Naves subducere: to haul up, to haul ships ashore. 
 Naves deducere : to launch ships. 
 
 Conscendere navem, or in navem : to go aboard, 1 
 to embark. I 
 
 Egredi navi, or ex navi (=nave) : to disembark, 
 to land. 
 
110 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 Imponere in navem : to put on board, to embark. ^ 
 Exponere ex navi : to set ashore, to land, to dis- v Trans. 
 
 embark. ) 
 
 Vela (ventis) dare, or navem solvere: to set sail. 
 
 196. Fundere fngareque : to rout utterly. 
 Fugare, or in fugam dare : to put to flight. 
 Pedem referre, se recipere : to retreat, to withdraw. 
 In omnes partes f ugerunt : they fled in all directions. 
 
 197. Gratias agere -(- Dative: to return thanks to, to thank. 
 Gratiam referre + Dative : to reconpense, to make a return to. 
 Gratiam habere -j- Dative: to feel (have) gratitude toward. 
 Gratum (neuter adjective) facere -f- Dative : to render a fa- 
 vor to. 
 
 Veniam dare -f- Dative: to grant pardon to. 
 
 198. Latine (Grace) loqui: to speak Latin (Greek). Also 
 scribere, etc. 
 
 Latine scire (nescire) : to understand (not to understand) 
 Latin. 
 
 Latine reddere : to render or translate into Latin. 
 
 E Graeco in Latinum (e Grasca in Latinam linguam) convert- 
 ere : to translate from Greek into Latin. 
 
 Graacas (litteras) discere: to learn Greek. 
 
 Graecis litteris (Dative) studere: to study Greek. 
 
 199. ( 1 ) In libertatem vindicare : to set free. Cf.liberare. 
 
 ( 2 ) In servitutem redigere : to reduce to slavery. 
 
 (3) In potestate (or, potestatem) esse, habere: to be or have 
 in the power of any one. 
 
 (4) In custodiam, in vincula dare (tradere) : to commit to 
 prison, to chains. So with ducere, trahere, conicere, etc. 
 
 (5) Alicui custodes ponere: to place guards over some one. 
 
 200. In dies, or in singulos dies : daily, from day to day. 
 Diem noctemque, dies noctesque, noctes et dies, noctes ac dies, 
 
 etc : day and night. 
 
 Ad hunc diem: by or against this day. (3. ) 
 De nocte: while it is yet night. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIX XOTES. Ill 
 
 Ad (or, in) multam noctem: till late at night, far into the 
 night. 
 
 201. (1) Ita se res habet: thus the matter stands; such is 
 the case. 
 
 (2) Ees se bene habet, or bene habet : it is well. 
 
 (3) Quo modo te habes? how are you? 
 Bene me habeo : I am well (=valeo) . 
 
 So also, bene est : it is well. 
 
 (4) Bene alicui esse: to be well with any one. 
 
 (5) Bene facis : I thank you for doing so; or, you do well. 
 Bene dicis : I thank you for saying so ; or, you say well. 
 
 202. 1. Quod scribis, rogas, quaeris, etc. : as to your writing, 
 asking, etc. (Very common in Cicero's Letters.) 
 
 2. Quod reliquum est : as to the rest. 
 
 3. Quod ad earn urbem attinet : in regard to, as to, as far as 
 concerns, with respect to, etc. that city. 
 
 Quod ad me attinet : as far as I am concerned. 
 Kem. 1. Pertinere is also used in this sense. 
 Rem. 2. With quod, etc. (=as to, etc.) compare de + Ablative. 
 (4) Quod si (=quodsi) : but if, now if, and if, if however. 
 (Common in Cicero.) 
 
 208. (1) Ut ita dicam (ut sic dixerim) : so to speak. 
 Ut levissime dicam: to say the least. 
 Ut alia omittam : to pass over other things. 
 Vere ut dicam: to speak truly. 
 (2) Ne plus dicam : not to say more. 
 Ne longum sit, ne longum f aciam : not to be tedious. 
 Xe multis morer : to be brief, or not to detain you with many 
 words. 
 
 204. (1) To marry (of a woman) is nub ere with Dative. 
 
 (2) To marry (of a man) luliam in matrimonium ducere; 
 or, luliam uxorem ducere : to marry Julia, 
 
 Also, in matrimonium dare, collocare : to give in marriage ; 
 in matrimonium petere : to ask in marriage. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 A CHAPTER OF LOOSE NOTES, IDIOMS, AND SUG- 
 GESTIVE EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Atque (ac) : "and more," "and in addition," "and espe- 
 cially." 
 
 2. Neque (nee) : "and not;" sometimes "but not," "for not." 
 Do not use et non unless the non belongs to a particular word. 
 
 3. Neque (nee) enim: "for not." (Non enim is sometimes em- 
 ployed for special emphasis). 
 
 4. N eg are (=to say not, to deny) should be used instead of 
 dicere non. 
 
 5. Ilia vocat neque quisquam respondet : she calls and no one 
 answers. "And no one," "and nothing": neque (nee) quis- 
 quam, quicquam (quidquam). 
 
 6. Legit neque intellegit : he reads without understanding. 
 (Never use sine + Ablative of Gerund in such a sentence.) 
 
 7. Magistratu (consulatu, etc.) abire: to go out of office, to 
 retire from an office (the consulship, etc.) . 
 
 8. Magistratum inire : to enter upon an office. 
 
 9. Se pra3tura abdicare : to resign, to give up, to abdicate the 
 prsetorship, etc. (Cf. magistratum deponere.) 
 
 10. Ad populum provocare : to appeal to the people. 
 
 11. Bern ad senatum referre: to report the matter to, to lay 
 the matter before, the senate. 
 
 12. Orationem habere: to deliver an oration. 
 
 13. Dicto (Dative) audientem esse alicui: to be obedient to 
 the order of any one. Ex. Cassari dicto audiens sum: I obey 
 Cassar. 
 
 14. Mihi in animo est (or, habeo, etc.) scribere: I have it in 
 mind, intend to write. 
 
 15. Nobis cum aliquo est : we have to do with, or have dealings 
 with, some one. 
 
 16. Inter omnes const at : it is well known to all, or it is agreed 
 among all, all agree. 
 
 17. Ad aliquem litteras (epistolam) dare : to write or send a 
 letter to any one. 
 
 Also, ad aliquem scribere, mittere, etc. 
 
 18. Facultatem, locum, occasionem, potestatem facer e, dare, 
 offerre, etc. : to make or give an opportunity or occasion. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 113 
 
 The Genitive of the Gerund, and ad with the Accusative of the 
 Gerund are used with these phrases. 
 
 19. Procul (longe, multum) inter se esse, or distare: to be far 
 apart. 
 
 Also, non (haud) procul, non multum, non longe, etc. 
 
 20. Ab aliqua re incipere, ordiri, oriri, etc. : to begin with 
 or from anything. 
 
 21. Aliquem ab aliquo defendere, tueri, etc. : to defend or 
 protect any one or anything against or from any one or anything. 
 
 22. Deficere aliquem: to fail, to desert any one. 
 
 But, deficere ab aliquo : to fall away, to revolt from any one. 
 
 23. Triumphare de, or ex, + Ablative : to triumph over. 
 And, victoria + Genitive, or victoria de, or ex f + Ablative : 
 
 victory over. 
 
 24:. Fidibus, cithara, curvo calamo, etc., canere : to play on the 
 lyre, cithern, curved pipe, etc. (17.) 
 
 .25. Pila (Ablative) ludere: to play ball. (17.) 
 
 26. In eo flumine pons erat : there was a bridge over that 
 river. 
 
 In flumine pontem facere: to build a bridge over a river. 
 
 27. Sub monte : at the foot of the mountain. 
 
 28. Prima luce: at daybreak. 
 
 29. lure optimo : with perfect justice. 
 
 30. Flumine secundo : down the river. 
 Flumine adverse : up the river. 
 
 31. Ee vera: indeed, in fact. 
 
 32. Mea sententia, or ex (de) mea sentential 1 in my opinion, 
 according to my judgment. 
 
 33. More, ex more, lege, ex lege, ex fcedere, ex pacto, etc. : ac- 
 cording to the custom, law, treaty, agreement, etc. 
 
 34. Qua re, qua ex re. "1 
 
 Quo, ex quo. 
 
 }. = wherefore. 
 Qua de causa. 
 
 Quam ob rein. 
 
 35. De industria : purposely. 
 De integro : anew, afresh. 
 De improvise : unexpectedly. 
 
 36. Quae tua prudentia est. ") Such is your prudence ; 
 Qua prudentia es (Disc. Abl.). >- according to your 
 
 Pro tua prudentia. ) prudence. 
 
114 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 37. "Born of," "begotten of," "by" (of man or woman) with 
 no verb or participle expressed, is rendered by ex aliquo, or ex 
 aliqua. 
 
 38. De me actum est : it is all over (up) with me. 
 
 39. Ex equo pugnare: to fight on horseback. 
 
 40. Summa vi, or ope : with all one's might. 
 
 41. In with the Ablative frequently means "in the case of." 
 Ex. In talibus viris : in the case of such men. 
 
 42. Principio (in principio), or initio: in the beginning, at 
 first. Ab initio : from the beginning. 
 
 43. Terra marique : on land and sea. 
 
 44. Omnium opinione celerius : more quickly than any one 
 expected. 
 
 So, too, spe } exspjctatione , solito (than usual), iusto, aequo, 
 etc. (See 176.) 
 
 45. Dicer e, ducere, facer e> and ferre drop the ending in second 
 person singular, Imperative hence, die, due, fac, and fer. 
 
 Also, educ, reduc, refer, confer, perfer, etc. 
 
 46. Scire, nescire, discere, dediscere -\- Infinitive : to know 
 how, not to know how, to learn how, to forget how to do any- 
 thing. 
 
 Aliquid f acere perseverare : to persevere in doing, to continue 
 steadily to do, to persist in doing anything. 
 
 47. Persuadere meaning "to convince" is followed by the Ac- 
 cusative + Infinitive; meaning "to persuade," "to advise," by 
 ut or ne with Subjunctive. 
 
 48. Faciam ut intellegas : I will make you understand (=cause 
 you to, etc. ) . 
 
 49. Moleste ferre : to be annoyed, to be vexed, to regret. 
 Note also graviter, segre, vix, aequo animo ferre or pati : to 
 
 endure with vexation or difficulty, scarcely, with equanimity. 
 
 Such expressions may be followed by the Accusative with the 
 Infinitive. 
 
 50. Valere ad + Accusative of Gerund : to be able, or strong 
 enough, to. (Eegular construction with this verb.) 
 
 51. Consilium capere : to form or adopt a plan. 
 
 52. Beceptui canere: .to sound (for) a retreat. 
 
 53. Eeceptui signum dare : to give the signal for retreat. 
 
 54. Eeceptui cani iussit : he ordered a retreat to be sounded. 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 115 
 
 55. Inter se obsides dare : to exchange hostages. 
 
 56. Vim per angustias facere : to force a passage through the 
 narrows. 
 
 57. Vim et manus inferre + Dative : to lay violent hands on. 
 ^Estu febrique iactantur : they toss with feverish heat. 
 
 In usu vitaque communi : in the ordinary practice of life. 
 Vi et armis : by force of arms. (Examples of Hendiadys.) 
 
 58. Vir ut inter -ZEtolos facundus : an eloquent man for an 
 ^Etolian. 
 
 Ut temporibus illis : for, considering those times. 
 
 Ut inter montanos : considering that it was among moun- 
 taineers. 
 
 Ut in homine Eomano : as was natural in a Eoman. 
 
 Ut Siculi : as was to be expected being a Sicilian ; as Sicilians 
 are. (See Harper's Lex., 4. a and b., under ut.) 
 
 59. Potiri rerum : to possess one's self of chief power, or ab- 
 solute control. 
 
 60. Opera3 pretium est : it is worth while. 
 
 61. Orbis terrarum, orbis terrae, or terrae: the world. 
 
 62. Quod inter colles est campi : the whole plain between the 
 hills ( =what plain there is, etc. ) . 
 
 Per quidquid deorum est (=per omnes deos) : by all the gods. 
 Quod (cunque) militum contrahere poteritis: all the troops 
 you can bring together. 
 
 63. Ego et tu : you and I. Ego et Caesar : Caesar and I. 
 
 64. Alter idem : a second self. 
 
 65. Nihil nisi, or praeter : nothing but, nothing except. 
 Nihil aliud : nothing else. 
 
 Nihil aliud nisi : nothing else but, or than. 
 
 66. Optimus quisque : all the best men. (Earely in plural.) 
 
 67. Omnes ad unum (ad unum omnes) : all to a man. 
 
 68. Omnia : everything. Not omne. 
 
 69. Quotusquisque est qui dicat ! how few are there to say ! 
 (88.) 
 
 70. Kes gestae: achievements, exploits. 
 
 71. Consul designatus : the consul-elect. 
 
 72. Ad unguem factus homo: a perfect gentleman. 
 
 73. Res secundse (prosperae) : success, prosperity. 
 Ees adversae : adversity, misfortune. 
 
116 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 74. Sestertium: 1000 sesterces. 
 
 75. Biduum, triduum, quadriduum : a period of two, three, or 
 four days. But, quinque dies, etc. 
 
 76. In a series of words connected by "and" , et should be used 
 everywhere or omitted altogether. 
 
 77. Two or more abstract subjects in the singular generally 
 take a singular verb in Cicero. 
 
 78. Instead of in + the Ablative depending on a substantive, 
 the Genitive should be used as a rule. Thus, The towns in lower 
 Italy : oppida inferioris Italiae, not in Italia. 
 
 79. Alii in aliam partem fugerunt : some ran in one direction, 
 some in another. 
 
 80. Urbs Roma: the city of Rome. 
 
 81. Corinthi in prseclara urbe : in the splendid city of Corinth. 
 (16, d.) 
 
 82. Quidam ex meis amicis (=unus ex meis amicis) : a friend 
 of mine. 
 
 83. Vos id moneo: I give you this advice. 
 
 84. Omnes idem responderunt : all made the same reply. 
 
 85. Quidquid honestum est, idem est utile : whatever is hon- 
 orable, is likewise profitable. 
 
 86. Interrogative "when" is quando. Ex. Quando consul ad- 
 venit ? when did the consul arrive ? 
 
 87. "How" with adjectives and abverbs, and even alone in ex- 
 clamations, is quam. Otherwise use quo modo, or quern ad 
 modum. 
 
 Rein. Ut and qui sometimes have meaning how. 
 
 88. "About" with numerals is circiter or ad. Ex. Circiter 
 (ad) ducenti equites: about 200 horsemen. 
 
 89. Bene, or male audire : to hear one's self well or ill spoken 
 of, to be in good or bad repute. Ex. Ab suis civibus bene audit : 
 he is well spoken of by his fellow citizens, he is in good repute 
 with, etc. Cf. Milton : For which Britain hears ill abroad. 
 
 90. Illud Catonis: that (well-known) saying of Cato's. 
 
 91. Cum iam in eo esset ut in muros evaderent milites: when 
 the soldiers were just on the point of scaling the walls. (141, 2.) 
 
 92. Hi vos tacite rogant ut se dignos existimetis quorum sa- 
 lutem tali viro commendetis : these beg you silently that you es- 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 117 
 
 teem them worthy to entrust their welfare to such a man. (See 
 161 and 88, 3.) . 
 
 93. Itaque sibi mortem uterque conscivit: and so both com- 
 mitted suicide. 
 
 94. Themistocles de servis suis quern habuit fidelissimum 
 (servum quern habuit fidelissimum) ad regem misit: Themis- 
 tocles sent to the king the most faithful slave he had. 
 
 95. Quae non semper facultas datur: a privilege which is not 
 always given. 
 
 Amanus, qui mons erat hostium plenus : Amanus, a mountain 
 which was full of enemies. 
 
 96. Hostis : a public enemy. 
 Inimicus : a personal enemy. 
 
 97. Longe lateque (or, simply late) : far and wide. 
 
 98. Acriter pugnatum est : a desperate fight took place, there 
 was fierce fighting. 
 
 In Troianos saevitum est : fury was vented (cruelty was prac- 
 ticed) upon the Trojans. (See 158.) 
 
 99. Mirabile dictu : wonderful to tell. 
 Miserabile visu : pitiable to behold. 
 
 Optimum factu: the best thing to be done. (72.) 
 
 100. Videre est credere: seeing (to see) is believing (to be- 
 lieve). (72.) 
 
 101. Sed haec hactenus : but so much for this. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 iT Heavy numbers refer to sections. Numbers marked * refer to odd notes 
 and examples at the end. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE 
 Arma, etc:, 191 
 
 Asseverations, oaths Subjunctive 
 in, 98 
 
 Attack, etc., 192 
 
 ABLATIVE 15 to 39, inclusive. 
 
 Ablative of Place Where, 15 
 
 Locative, 16 
 
 Place Where in light of cause, etc., 
 17 
 
 Place Whence, 18 
 
 Domo, etc., 19 
 
 Place of Kesidence, Birth, etc., 20 
 
 Movere, etc., 21 
 
 Local designations, 22 
 
 Cause, Means and Instrument, 23 
 
 Respect, 24 
 
 Agent, 25 
 
 Manner, 26 
 
 Descriptive Ablative, 27 
 
 Ab. ex, Point of View, 28 
 
 Prae with Ablative, 29 
 
 Verbs of Removing, etc., 30 
 
 Verbs of Differing, etc. , 3 1 
 
 Verbs of Filling, etc. , 32 
 
 Niti and Stare, 33 
 
 Opus and Usus, 34 
 
 Adjectives with Ablative, 35 
 
 Excess or Difference, 36 
 
 Ablative of Price or Value, 37 
 
 Ablative of Material, 38 
 
 Ablative with Afflcere, 39 
 
 Ablative Absolute, 136 
 ACCUSATIVE, 1 to 14 
 
 Terminus, 1 
 
 Local Designations, 2 
 
 "By," "against," 3 
 
 Ad and in Final, 4 and 10 
 
 Adverbial Accusative, 5 
 
 Greek Accusative, 6 
 
 Accusative of Extent, 7 
 
 Measure of Distance, 8 
 
 Comparative expressions, 9 
 
 Time to come, 10 
 
 Length, breadth, etc , 11 
 
 " Country of," 12 
 
 Apud, 13 and 187 
 
 "At" "near," 14 and 187 
 
 Accusative with Infinitive, 76 
 
 Adjectives like adverbs, etc., 173 
 
 Agmen and acies, 188 
 
 Antequam and priusquam, 151 
 
 Bellum, etc., 190 
 "Borrow," "lend," 182 
 
 Calendar, 133 and foil. 
 Castra, etc., 194 
 Cause, means, etc., 23 and 17 
 Causal Particles, 146 
 Comparative, Kule for, 176, *44 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 112-132 
 Protasis represented, 115 
 Omission of Protasis and Apodosis, 
 
 116 
 
 Logical Condition, 118 
 Logical Condition in 0. O., 118. 
 
 Rems. 1 and 2 
 Ideal Condition, 119 
 Ideal Condition in O. O., 119. 
 
 Rems. 1 and 2 
 Indicative in Ideal Condition. 121, 
 
 122 
 
 Unreal Condition, 123 and foil. 
 Indicative in Unreal Condition, 124, 
 
 126, 127 
 Same in O. O., 124, C. Note; 126, 
 
 Note; 127 
 Periphrastic Active in Unreal Past 
 
 Condition, 125 
 
 Pure Unreal Condition in O. 0., 128 
 Subjunctive Dependency, 129, 
 
 130, 131 
 
 Conditional Sentences of Compari- 
 son, 132 
 
 Concessive Subjunctive, 99 
 Conditional Wish, 98 
 Consecutive Subjunctive, 86, 88 
 CUM, 102 
 
 D 
 DATIVE, 40-49 
 
 Dative with Intransitive Verbs, 4O 
 Dative with verbs of giving and 
 
 putting, 41 
 
120 
 
 HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 DATIVE 
 
 Dative with verbs of taking away 
 
 42 
 
 Dative with esse (to have), 43 
 Dative of the name, 44 
 Dative with licet, 45 
 Double Dative, 46 
 Dative with nouns, 47 
 Dative with adjectives, 48 
 Dative with obvius and obviam, 49 
 Debeo, possum, oportet, etc., 154 
 Debt, 181 
 Dum with Present Tense, 150 
 
 Facere non possum. 93 
 
 Fieri non potest, 93 
 
 Fearing, verbs of, 84 
 
 Fides, etc , 184 
 
 Fight, etc., 189 
 
 Future Perf. Tense in Letters, 155 
 
 GENITIVE, 50-64 
 
 Subjective and Objective Genitive, 
 
 50 
 
 Possessive Genitive. 51 
 Partitive Genitive, 52, 53 
 Characteristic Genitive. 54 
 Genitive with esse and fieri, 55 
 Genitive with verbs of Reminding, 
 
 etc., 56 
 
 Genitive with verbs of Remember- 
 ing, etc., 57 
 In mentem venire, 58 
 Certiorem facere, 58 
 Genitive with Judicial Verbs, 59 
 Genitive with Verbs of Emotion, 62 
 Genitive with Intereat and Refert, 
 
 63 
 
 Genitive with Adjectives, 64 
 Gerund, 72, 73 
 
 Hendiadys, examples of, *57. 
 HINDERING, PREVENTING, DOUBTING, 
 
 ETC , Verbs of, 89-95 
 Historical Present, 148 
 Historical Infinitive, 149 
 
 Jam, iam diu, iam pridem, with 
 Present and Imperfect Tenses, 153 
 
 IMPERATIVE, 103-107, 111 
 
 INFINITIVE, 72-78 
 Gerund, 72, 73 
 Infinitive Tenses, Active, 74 
 Infinitive Tenses, Passive, 75 
 Accusative with Infinitive, 76 
 Nominative with Infinitive, 77 
 Complementary Infinitive, 78 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 Historical Infinitive, 149 
 Intransitive Verbs in Passive, 158 
 and *98. 
 
 r, 159 
 ative Action, 144 
 
 Latine, etc., 198 
 Lex, etc, 185 
 
 M 
 
 Marry, 204 
 
 Miscellaneous, 186 196, 199, 
 200, 201, 202, 203 
 
 Mille and milia, 169 
 Modus, 179 
 Multus, 172, 200 
 
 Navis, 195 
 
 Nedum, 85 
 
 Nemo and nihil, 166 
 
 Non guia, quod, etc., 143 
 
 Oportet and necesse est, 156 
 Order of certain words, 175 
 Oratio Recta and Oratio Obliqua, 
 
 108-111 
 Partial O. 0., or O. O. Reference, 
 
 110 
 Imperative in O. O., Ill 
 
 Participles, 137-141 
 Per aliquem stare, 94 
 Postquam, ubi, ut, etc., 145 
 Purpose or Design, 82 
 Purpose constructions, 83 
 Punish, 183 
 
 a 
 
 Quando, *86 
 QUESTIONS. 65-71 
 Simple questions, 65 
 Compound questions, 66 
 "Whether or not," 68 
 An -"or then," 67 
 Mood of Indirect questions, 69 
 Haud scio, nescio, an, 70 
 Rhetorical questions, 71, 101 
 Quin, 89-95 
 Quis (aliquis), 164 
 Quisque, 167, 175 
 
 Reflexive, 160 
 RELATIVE, 161-163, 83, 88 
 
 Reliquum, 174 
 Restrictive Clauses, 157 
 RESULT, TENDENCY, etc., 86, 88 
 
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN NOTES. 
 
 121 
 
 s 
 
 Sequence (Past) after Present or 
 Future, 147 
 
 Sequence after Perfect, 152 
 
 "So-called," 163 
 SUBJUNCTIVE (Tenses), 79-81 
 
 Optative Subjunctive (Wishes), 96 
 
 Asseverations, 97 
 
 Conditional Wish, 98 
 
 Concessive Subjunctive, 99 
 
 Purpose, 82 ; With Verbs of Fear- 
 ing, 84 ; Imperative Subjunctive, 
 103-107 
 
 Potential Subjunctive, 100-101 
 
 Sundry expressions of Time, 180 
 
 Supine, 72, 83, *99 
 
 Tantum abent, etc. , 95 
 
 " Thank," 197 
 
 " The-the," 177 
 
 " The same as," 171 
 
 " This of," "that of," etc., 165 
 
 TJ 
 
 Units, Uttus, etc., 170 
 Ut with Indicative 87, 145 
 Uterque, etc., 167, 168 
 Utor, fruor, etc., 178 
 
 W 
 
 " Without," 142 
 
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