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THE BUTTERFLY GUIDE 
 
THE BUTTERFLY GUIDE 
 
 A POCKET MANUAL FOR THE READY IDENTIFICATION OF THE 
 COMMONER SPECIES FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 
 BY 
 
 W. J. HOLLAND, LL.D. 
 
 Director of the Carnegie Mu s,eu tr. 
 Author of "The Butterfly Book/' "The Moth Book," etc. 
 
 With 295 Cclared f 
 Representing 255 Species and Varieties 
 
 Garden City New York 
 
 DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 
 1920 
 
BIOLOGY 
 RA 
 G 
 
 Copyright, 1915, by 
 
 PAQE & COMPANY 
 
 'AH rightfs reserved, including that of 
 . tr+rptolfim into foreign languages, 
 '/ including tie Scandinavian 
 
To the 
 
 BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA 
 I dedicate 
 this Book 
 
 The Author 
 
 506689 
 
PREFACE 
 
 RECENT advances in the arts make it possible to illustrate books at much less 
 cost than formerly. An important invention is the process of printing in three 
 colors from half-tone plates. The author of this manual was one of the first to use 
 this process in illustrating a work upon the lepidoptera. When "The Butterfly 
 Book" appeared he received letters from many scientific friends expressing their 
 wonder. Among those who wrote to him was Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, the 
 Nestor among American lepidopterists, who has since passed away. He said: "I 
 am simply astonished at the fidelity to nature displayed by the plates in your book, 
 and at the low price at which the new process permits it to be sold." 
 
 That "The Butterfly Book" met a real need is shown by the fact that more 
 than thirty thousand copies have already found purchasers. It is, however, a 
 biggish book. The publishers, Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., have asked me to 
 get up a little pocket manual of the butterflies, similar in form to the "Flower 
 Guide," which has been most cordially received by the public. I have therefore 
 prepared the following pages, to which in the gracious phrase of our forefathers I 
 now "invite the attention of the gentle reader." 
 
 There are more than six hundred species of butterflies found in North America, 
 
north of the Gulf of Mexico and the Rio Grande. Most of these are figured in 
 "The Butterfly Book." In this manual two hundred and fifty-five species and 
 varieties are depicted in their natural colors. They are mainly the commoner 
 forms, which occur in the more densely inhabited parts of the United States and 
 Canada. I have, however, included numerous forms from the Southern States, 
 and not a few of the more showy species from the Pacific Coast. 
 
 In some cases only half of the insect is shown. "Half a loaf is better than no 
 bread." In some cases only one side of the wings is delineated. Usually this is 
 sufficient for identification. The inhabitants of this earth have never seen but one 
 side of the moon, but they know it when they see it, unless they be like the tipsy 
 pair, one of whom said to the other, who was leaning against a lamp post, "Friend, 
 is that the moon, or a lamp?" and who received the reply: "Don't ask me, I'm a 
 stranger myself in these parts." By showing only one half, or one side, of a species 
 I have been able to illustrate many more than I could otherwise have done. 
 
 The figures of some of the larger species have been slightly reduced to accom- 
 modate them to the page, but as the natural size is always given in the description 
 the student need not be perplexed. 
 
 The author hopes that his readers will have as much pleasure in studying the 
 winged fairies of the woods and the fields as he has had in preparing this small 
 pocket guide for their assistance. 
 
 8 
 
INTRODUCTORY is 1 ;< :' <-.; 
 
 THE PLACE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 
 
 The Animal Kingdom is divided Into various subkingdoms. One of these is 
 the subkingdom of the Arthropoda. This word is derived from the Greek nouns 
 apBpov (arthron) meaning joint, and wovs (pous) meaning foot. The Arthropoda 
 are animals the bodies of which are made up of a series of rings or segments jointed 
 together, and the other organs of which are likewise composed of tubular bodies 
 similarly united. All arthropods are invertebrates; that is to say, they do not have 
 backbones and internal skeletons, such as are possessed by fishes, reptiles, birds, 
 and mammals, including man. Vertebrate animals have endoskeletons, "inside 
 skeletons." In a ham, for instance, the bone is internal to the muscular parts, 
 or meat, and lies near the middle. The muscles of a man clothe his bones. In the 
 arthropods, on the contrary, the hard parts clothe the muscles. Arthropods are 
 therefore said to have exoskeletons, "outside skeletons." The body, the legs, and 
 other organs of an insect or a crab consist of a series of hollow tubes held together 
 \y flexible skin at the points of union, and controlled in their movements by muscles 
 pull from the inside. The meat of a lobster is inside of the shell, or exo- 
 
 9 
 
OF PLATE A 
 
 Fig. a. Magnified scales of butterflies. 1, ordinary scale of Papilio; 2, do. of Colias; 3 
 androconium, or scale from wing of male Neonympha eurytus; 4, do. of male Pieris, 
 oleracea; 5, do. of male Lyccena pseudargiolus (Figs. 1-2 after Verity; Figs. 3-5 
 after Scudder). 
 
 Fig. b . Patch of scales on wing of Pieris napi (after Verity). 
 Fig. c . Body of Anosia plexippus. 
 
 I. Head. 1, antenna; 2, eye; 3, proboscis; 4, palpus; cl. clypeus; o, occiput. 
 II. Thorax. 5, prothoracic leg; 6, mesothoracic leg; 7, metathoracic leg; e, e, e, 
 episterna; c, c, c, coxse; tr., tr., trochanters of last two legs; f, f, femora of 
 do.; s, s, s, scuta of first, second, and third segments of thorax. 
 III. Abdomsn. 1-9 segments; sp., sp., spiracles (after Burgess). 
 Fig. d . Head and legs of (Eneis semidea, showing aborted front leg. 
 Fig. e. Palpus of Arc/ynnis aphrodite. 
 
 Fig. f . Leg of Argynnis idalia. 1, coxa; 2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, tarsus. 
 Fig. g. Knobbed antenna of Arpynnis idalia. 
 Fig. h. Clubbed anttnna of Basilarchia astyanax. 
 Fig. i. Hooked antenna ::f Amblyscirtes vialis. 
 
 10 
 
skeleton, as everybody who Las eaten a lobster knows. The arrangement is ex- 
 actly the reverse^of'tb&t whieK w$ fujd*iri<the vertebrates. 
 
 The suMmgdQnjL'of-.tne > ^r]5to/>o < ^a,is divided into six classes, one of which con- 
 sists of the Insecta (insects). It is estimated that there are three and a half millions 
 of species of insects upon the globe, not to speak of the vast number of species 
 which are now extinct, and known only by their fossil remains. 
 
 , The Class Insecta is subdivided into many Orders. To attempt even to briefly 
 speak of all these orders would take more space than the publisher has allotted to 
 the author, and it is enough to say that butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera. 
 The lepidoptera are divided into two Suborders: the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and 
 the Heterocera, or Moths. Both are characterized by having scaly wings, hence 
 the name, which is derived from the Greek words Xexis (lepis) meaning scale, and 
 n-repov (pteron) meaning wing. Lepidoptera are "scale-winged insects." Any one 
 who has ever handled a butterfly or moth, must have noticed upon his fingers a 
 dust-like substance, rubbed off from the wings of the captured insect. Upon ex- 
 amining this substance under a microscope it is seen to be composed of minute 
 scales (see Plate A, Fig. a), and upon looking at the wing of a butterfly under a magni- 
 fying glass it is seen to be covered with such scales, arranged somewhat as the scales 
 upon the sides of a fish, or as the shingles upon the roof of a house (see Plate A, Fig. 
 6\ 
 
 It 
 
Butterflies are mainly diurnal in their habits, preferring the sunshine. Moths 
 on the other hand are nocturnal, and fly in the dusk, or after dark. Butterflies are 
 therefore often called diurnal lepidoptera, and moths are spoken of as nocturnal 
 lepidoptera. There are, however, a few butterflies which fly at dusk, and there are 
 many moths which are diurnal in their habits. Such moths are generally gay in 
 color, and for the most part inhabit tropical countries, although we have a few such 
 species in the United States. Ordinarily the best way to distinguish between 
 butterflies and moths is by examining their antennae, or "feelers," as they are 
 sometimes incorrectly called. In the case of butterflies the antennae are thread-like, 
 terminating in a small knob-like, or club-like enlargement. It is this fact which has 
 led naturalists to call thern Rhopalocera. The word is derived from the Greek 
 nouns puira\ov (rhopalon) meaning a club, and Ktpas (keras) a horn. Butterflies are 
 lepidoptera having at the end of their antennae clubs, which are sometimes short, long, 
 or hooked (see Plate A, Figs, g, h, i.) The forms assumed by the antennae of moths 
 are very various. The moths are therefore known as Heterocera, the word being 
 compounded from the Greek adjective erepos (all sorts) and the noun Kepas (keras) 
 a horn. Moths are lepidoptera having all sorts of antennae, except such as are club- 
 shaped at their ends. However there is no rule without its exceptions, and there 
 are a few rare moths in tropical lands which have club-shaped antennae like butter- 
 flies, but none of these occur in the region with which this book deals. 
 
 13 
 
THE ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES 
 
 The body of a butterfly consists of the head, the thorax, and the abdomen 
 (see Plate A, Fig. c). 
 
 The head carries two relatively large eyes, one on either side. The eyes of 
 insects are compound, and if examined under a microscope are seen to have a mul- 
 titude of minute facets, which serve to gather the light from all directions, so that 
 butterflies can look forward and backward, upward and downward, as well as out- 
 ward, all at one time. Between the eyes on the upper part of the head arise the 
 antennae, of which we have already spoken. The precise function of these organs 
 in insects has been the subject of much discussion. Supposed by some to be ears, by 
 others to be the seat of the sense of smell, by others to combine within themselves 
 these two senses, and by still others to represent a sense which is not possessed 
 by vertebrate animals, their use in the life of insects is not yet clearly under- 
 stood. The weight of evidence seems to be in favor of the view that they are or- 
 gans of smell, and it is now quite firmly established by experiment that the organs 
 of hearing in insects are represented by certain pores and openings on their legs. 
 In front between the eyes and below the antennae are two little organs, each com- 
 posed of three joints, which are known as the labial palpi (see Plate A, Fig. e). 
 Between these, coiled up like a watch-spring, is the proboscis, with which the but- 
 
 .14 
 
ferfly sucks up the nectar from flowers or drinks water from moist places (see 
 Plate A, Figs, c and d). We have not the space in this little manual to go more 
 deeply into the anatomy of these organs, but enough has been said to enable the 
 beginner to recognize the various parts. The student realizes that the head in 
 general supports the principal organs of sense and the proboscis, or mouth. 
 
 The thorax carries the organs of locomotion, which consist of four wings and 
 six feet. The thorax is made up of three segments, or rings, the foremost of which 
 is called the prothorax, the next the mesothorax, and the hindmost the metathorax. 
 The subdivisions of the thorax are not easily distinguishable by examining the 
 body of a butterfly even under a microscope, because the bodies of butterflies are 
 generally heavily clothed with hairs and scales. In order to clearly make out the 
 subdivisions, which we are considering, it is necessary to take a specimen and de- 
 nude it of its scales and hairs, and even dissect it under a glass. The correctness 
 of the foregoing statements then becomes apparent. 
 
 The legs of butterflies are arranged in three pairs, the foremost of which are 
 known as prothoracic, being attached to the prothorax; the second pair are called 
 mesothoracic, springing, as they do, from the middle segment of the thorax; and the 
 last are styled metathoracic legs, rising from the hindmost segment of the chest 
 (see Plate A, Fig. c). It should be noted here that in the great family of the Nym- 
 phalidce, or "Brush-footed Butterflies," in both sexes the anterior, or prothoracio 
 
 15 
 
pair of legs, are not fully developed, being aborted (see Plate A, Fig. d) and therefore 
 do not serve for walking; and that in the families of the Eryrinidce, or "Metal- 
 marks," and the Lycoenidce, or "Blues and Coppers," the females have six legs 
 adapted to walking, while the males possess only four ambulatory legs, the front 
 pair being in the latter sex aborted in these families, as in the Nymphalidce. The 
 legs of butterflies, like those of all other insects, consist of five parts (see Plate A, 
 Fig. /) the first of which, nearest the body, is called the coxa, with which articulates a 
 small ring-like piece, known as the trochanter. To the trochanter is attached the 
 femur, and united with the latter, forming an angle with it, is the tibia. The last 
 division of the leg is the tarsus, or foot, composed of a series of joints, to the last of 
 which is attached a pair of claws, which in butterflies are generally rather minute, 
 though in other orders of insects these claws are sometimes long and powerful, this 
 being especially true of some beetles. The prothoracic legs of the Nymphalidce and 
 of the males of the Erycinidce and Lyccenidce have lost the use of the tarsus, only 
 retaining it in feeble form, and the tibia has undergone modification. In many of 
 the Nymphalidce the tibia is densely clothed with long hairs, giving this part of the 
 leg the appearance of a brush, whence the name "Brush-footed Butterflies" (see 
 Plate A, Fig. d) . The tibiae are often armed with more or less strongly developed 
 spines. 
 
 The most striking parts of butterflies are their wings, which in proportion to 
 
 16 
 
the size of their bodies are usually very large, and which are remarkable for the 
 beauty of the colors and the markings which they display both on the upper and 
 on the under side. 
 
 The wings consist of a framework of horny tubes which are in reality double, 
 the inner tube being filled with air, the outer tube with blood. The blood of insects 
 is not, like that of vertebrates, red in color. It is almost colorless, or at most 
 slightly stained with yellow. The circulation of the blood in the outer wall of the 
 wing-tubes takes place most freely during the brief period in which the insect is 
 expanding its wings after emergence from the chrysalis, concerning which we shall 
 have more to say elsewhere. After the wings of the butterfly have become fully 
 expanded, the circulation of the blood in the wings ceases almost entirely. The 
 horny tubes, which compose the framework of the wings of butterflies, support 
 between them a delicate membrane, to which upon both the upper and lower sides 
 are attached the scales. The two fore wings are more or less triangular in outline; 
 the hind wings are also subtriangular, but are generally more or less rounded on the 
 outer margin, and in numerous forms are provided with tails or tail-like prolonga- 
 tions. 
 
 Inasmuch as in describing butterflies authors generally devote a good deal of 
 attention to the markings of the wings, it is important for the student to become 
 acquainted with the terms employed in designating the different parts of the wings 
 
(see Plate B, Fig. 10). That part of the wing which is nearest to the thorax, is 
 called the base; the middle third of the wing is known as the median or discal area; 
 the outer third as the external or limbal area. The anterior margin of the wing is 
 called the costal margin; the outer edge is styled the external margin; the inner 
 edge is known as the inner margin. The tip of the front wing is called the apex, 
 which may be rounded, acute, falcate (sickle-shaped), or square (see Plate B, 
 Figs. 1-4). The angle formed by the outer margin of the front wing with the 
 inner margin is commonly known as the outer angle. The corresponding angle 
 on the hind wing is known as the anal angle, and the point of the hind wing, 
 which corresponds with the tip or apex of the fore wing, is designated as the external 
 angle. The margins of wings may have different styles of outline, and are spoken 
 of as entire, crenulate, scalloped, waved, lobed, or tailed (see Plate B, Figs. 5-8). 
 
 A knowledge of the veins which form the framework of the wings is important, 
 because authors have frequently established genera upon the basis of the wing 
 structure. It is desirable on this account to understand the nomenclature which 
 has been applied to the veins. This nomenclature is somewhat variant, different 
 writers having employed different terms to designate the same vein. In what fol- 
 lows the writer has adopted the designations which are most current, and which are 
 generally accepted by authors. The best understanding of this matter is to be 
 derived from the attentive study of the diagrams given on Plate B, Figs, 9 and 10 
 
The veins in both tne lore and hind wings of buttermes may be divided into simple 
 and compound veins. In the fore wing the simple veins are the costal, the radials, 
 the submedian, and the internal; in the hind wing they are the costal, the subcostal, 
 the radials, the submedian, and the internal. The costal vein in the hind wing is, 
 however, generally provided near the base with a short ascending branch, which is 
 known as the precostal vein. In addition to the simple veins there are in the fore 
 wing two branching veins, one immediately following the costal, known as the sub- 
 costal, and the other preceding the submedian, known as the median. The branches 
 of these compound veins are known as nervules. The median vein always has 
 three nervules. The nervules of the subcostal veins branch upwardly and out- 
 wardly toward the costal margin and the apex of the fore wing. There are always 
 from four to five subcostal nervules, variously arranged. In the hind wing the sub- 
 costal is simple. The median vein in the hind wing has three nervules, as in the 
 fore wing. In both wings between the subcostal and the median veins toward the 
 base is enclosed the cell, which may be either closed or wholly or partially open at its 
 outer extremity. The veinlets which close the cell are known as the discocellular 
 veins, of which there are- normally three. From the point of union of these disco- 
 cellular veins go forth the i adials, known respectively as upper and lower, though 
 the upper radial in many genera is emitted from the lower margin of the subcostal 
 veiu. 
 
 19 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE B 
 
 Fig. 1. Angulated or acuminate apex of fore wing (Grapta). 
 
 Fig. 2. Falcate apex of fore wing (Pyrrharuea). 
 
 Fig. 3. Square apex of fore wing (Smyrna). 
 
 Fig. 4. Rounded apex of fore wing (Euptoietd). 
 
 Fig. 5. Hind wing rounded at outer angle, twice-tailed (Thecla). 
 
 Fig. 6. Hind wing crenulate, tailed, lobed at anal angle (Papilio). 
 
 Fig. 7. Hind wing with outer margin entire (Parnassius). 
 
 Fig. 8. Hind wing with outer margin waved (Argynnis). 
 
 Fig. 9. Neuration of wings of Anosia plexippus. 
 
 Veins: C, costal; SC, subcostal; M, median; SM, submedian; I, internal; PC, pre- 
 costal; UDC, upper discocellular; MDC, middle discocellular; LDC, lower 
 discocellular; UR, upper radial; LR, lower radial. 
 Nervules: SC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, first to fifth subcostal nervules; M 1, 2, 3, first to third 
 
 median nervules. 
 
 Pig, 10. Wing of Papilio turnus, showing the names given to the different parts of the wings 
 of butterflies. 
 
 
 
PLATE B 
 21 
 
Butterflies generally hold their wings erect when they are at rest, with their 
 upper surfaces facing each other, and only the under surfaces displaying their 
 colors to the eye. In the genus Ageronia the insect prefers, like some moths, to 
 settle upon the bark of trees, with the wings spread flat, and the head pointing 
 downward. Many of the Hesperiidce, or "Skippers," have the habit when they 
 are at rest of holding the fore wings folded together, while the hind wings are ex- 
 panded horizontally. Many of the butterflies known as "Hair-streaks," belonging 
 to the genus Thecla and its allies, have the curious habit, when at rest upon the end 
 of a twig or leaf, of moving their folded wings backward and forward, first on one 
 side and then on the other, thus partially displaying with each movement the splen- 
 did blue surfaces of the upper side of the wings. 
 
 The abdomen of butterflies consists normally of nine segments (see Plate A, 
 Fig. c). In most butterflies except the Ithomiids, the end of the abdomen does not 
 extend beyond the anal angle of the hind wings. In the moths, on the other hand, 
 there are multitudes of genera in which the extremity of the abdomen extends far 
 beyond the hind margin of the posterior wings. This is particularly true of the 
 hawk-moths. A minute examination of the abdomen of a butterfly reveals in 
 each segment except the last a little valve-like orifice on either side. These openings 
 are known as spiracles (see Plate A, Fig. c). Through these the insect breathes. 
 Insects do not breathe through their mouths, like vertebrates, and their lungs, or 
 
 22 
 
what correspond to the lunge of the higher animals, are not located in the thorax 
 or chest, but in the abdomen. The last segment of the abdomen carries at its ex- 
 tremity the external organs of generation. The male may be distinguished from 
 the female by the so-called prehensores, or "claspers," two flattish, scale-like appen- 
 dages which adhere one on either side to the last segment of the body. These 
 organs are quite peculiar in their structure, and in recent years have received a great 
 deal of study, as it has been found possible by means of them to distinguish closely 
 allied species, especially among the Hesperiidce. It is, however, not possible within 
 our allotted space to go into a minute discussion of this matter. The abdomen of 
 the female is devoid of these appendages, and in this sex is generally heavier and 
 plumper, especially when the eggs, which fill the ovaries, have not as yet been de- 
 posited. 
 
 Thus far we have devoted our attention almost exclusively to the consideration 
 of the external organs of the suborder of insects which is under discussion. It may 
 be of interest to devote a few paragraphs to the internal anatomy of butterflies. 
 To do the subject full justice would require a volume; nevertheless some general 
 statements may pave the way for a more studious inquiry on the part of readers. 
 
 Butterflies take their nourishment in fluid form, principally from the cups 
 which Flora provides. The organ of ingestion is the proboscis, which communi- 
 cates with a bulb-like receptacle in the head, known as the pharyngeal sac, con- 
 
trolled by a set of muscles which cause it to alternately expand and contract, very 
 much like the bulb-syringe used by physicians. When the muscles expand a vac- 
 uum is created, and the fluid is drawn up from the honeyed chalice of the flower 
 into the receptacle in the head; when they contract, a valve in front closes, a valve 
 behind opens, and the honey in the receptacle is forced backward through the 
 oesophagus into the crop, and thence into the stomach. The stomach lies on the 
 ventral or under side of the body, but above the nervous cord, which lies still more 
 ventrad. The stomach opens posteriorly into the small intestine, which is followed 
 by the colon, the latter in turn being succeeded by the rectum. Connected with 
 the intestines are certain vesicles, which are known as Malpighian vessels, and by 
 some are thought to have the function of the liver in higher animals. 
 
 Having thus briefly spoken of the nutritive system we may turn to the circu- 
 latory and respiratory systems. The heart of a butterfly, as in all arthropods, lies 
 on the dorsal side of the body. Its location corresponds almost exactly to that 
 occupied in the vertebrate animals by the spinal cord. It is a long tubular organ. 
 It does not possess chambers ventricles and auricles such as are discovered in 
 the heart of vertebrates, but it has an enlargement in the mesothoracic region known 
 as the aortal chamber. The movement of the heart is wave-like, analogous to the 
 peristaltic movement in the intestines of the vertebrates . From the heart there go 
 out lateral blood-vessels, which ramify and intermingle with the capillary extremi- 
 
 24 
 
ties of the trache- 1 * <or bronchial tubes, through which air is imported by way of 
 the spiracles, and thus the blood is purified in a manner quite analogous to that in 
 which the blood of the higher vertebrates is purified and freed from waste matter 
 by oxydization. The process is, however, as has already been pointed out, mainly 
 carried on in the abdominal region, and not exclusively in the thorax, as in the case 
 of vertebrates. 
 
 The nervous system of butterflies consists of a cord with ganglia, or nerve-knots, 
 one for each segment of the body. As there are thirteen segments in the body of a 
 butterfly, there are normally thirteen such ganglia, or nerve centres. The nervous 
 cord lies in a position exactly opposite to that which is held by the spinal cord in 
 vertebrates. It is situated on the ventral side of the body, and more ventrad than 
 all the other internal organs. The ganglion in the head is the largest of all and 
 forms a rudimentary brain, the greater portion of which consists of two relatively 
 large optic nerves. 
 
 The internal organs of reproduction in the female consist of the ovaries, from 
 which the eggs pass by way of the oviduct to the ovipositor, which in butterflies is 
 not so conspicuous or remarkable an organ as is the case in many other insects. 
 Communicating with the oviduct are the spermatothecae, which are receptacles in 
 which is retained the fertilizing fluid received from the male at the time of coition. 
 As the eggs, one by one, are passed from the ovaries into the oviduct, they are im- 
 
pregnated through absorption of the spermatozoa, which enter their walls, imparting 
 to them vitality. The internal organs of the male are tubular vesicles, or testes, 
 which secrete the seminal fluid, which by means of the intromittent organ is intro- 
 duced into the spermatothecse of the female. Union between the sexes among 
 insects generally takes place but once, and is not recurrent. The female, having 
 been impregnated, proceeds at once to lay her eggs upon the tender leaves or the 
 bark of the plants upon which her progeny are to be nourished, and then promptly 
 dies. The life of insects in the winged form is usually very brief. Inasmuch as 
 there are great differences between the sexes in insects alike in size, form, color, and 
 markings, it is well for the collector to carefully preserve specimens which may be 
 captured in copulation. Such specimens should be designated as "Taken in coitu." 
 The writer in such cases uses the formula "A c? in coitu with B 9 ," which is put in 
 minute handwriting upon a label and placed upon the pin bearing the male insect. 
 Upon the pin carrying the female insect there is put the label "B 9 in coitu with 
 Ac? 1 ." The finding of insects in copula is sometimes the only way in which to def- 
 initely settle the question of sexual relationship between forms. So different are 
 some insects that the two sexes have in a number of cases been described by early 
 writers as belonging not merely to different species, but to different genera, and 
 even families. 
 
 26 
 
THE LIFE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLIES 
 
 Almost all insects undergo great changes, or metamorphoses, during their 
 existence. Butterflies furnish no exception to this statement. They exist first 
 as eggs; then they appear as caterpillars; the third stage is that of the chrysalis; the 
 final stage is that of the imago, or perfectly developed insect 
 
 THE EGGS OF BUTTERFLIES 
 
 The eggs of butterflies are beautiful objects when examined under a glass. 
 They have various forms. Some are spheres or half spheres, some are conical, cylin- 
 drical or spindle-shaped, others are flat and resemble little cheeses, and still others 
 have the form of turbans. There is endless variety of form displayed within certain 
 limits. Their surfaces may be quite smooth or they may be adorned with raised 
 ribs and sculpturings (see Plate C, Figs. / and g] or marked with little pittings or 
 depressions arranged in geometrical patterns. They vary in color. Some are 
 white, some pale green, or blue-green; others are yellow, orange, red, or purple. 
 They are often spotted and marbled like the eggs of some birds. 
 
 The eggs of butterflies are deposited by the female upon the plants which are 
 appropriate to the development of the larvae. Caterpillars are very rarely promis- 
 
 27 
 
cuous feeders, and most species are restricted to certain species or genera of plants. 
 Even when they feed upon different plants, observation shows that, having begun 
 to feed upon a certain plant, they prefer this to all others, and do not willingly ac- 
 cept anything else. I have noticed frequently that larvse which may for instance 
 feed in nature upon the wild plum or the lilac, having begun to feed upon the one 
 will steadily refuse the other if offered to them. On several occasions I have lost 
 broods of caterpillars by attempting to change their diet, though knowing well that 
 the species is found feeding in nature upon the plants which I have offered to them. 
 Almost every plant has a butterfly or moth which is partial to it, and one of the 
 most wonderful things in nature is the way in which the female butterfly, without 
 having received a botanical education, is able to select the plant which will best 
 meet the needs of her progeny, which she never lives to see. 
 
 The eggs are deposited sometimes singly, sometimes in small clusters, sometimes 
 in a mass. Fertile eggs, soon after they have been laid, undergo a change in color, 
 and it is then possible with a magnifying glass to see through the thin shell the form 
 of the caterpillar which is being developed within. 
 
 When the development is completed the caterpillar emerges either from an 
 opening at the side or at the top of the egg. Many species have eggs provided with 
 a sort of lid, a portion of the shell being separated from the remainder by a thin 
 section, which finally breaks under the pressure of the enlarging embryo within, 
 
 28 
 
this portion flying off, the rest adhering to the twig or leaf upon which it has been 
 placed. Many larvae have the habit, as soon as they have emerged from the egg, 
 of making their first meal upon the shell from which they have just escaped. 
 
 CATEitFlLLARS 
 
 The second stage in which the insects we are studying exist is known as the 
 larval stage. When it is reached the insect is spoken of as a larva, or caterpillar 
 (see Plate C, Fig. K). Caterpillars have long, worm-like bodies, w r hich are often 
 thickest about the middle, tapering before and behind, and more or less flattened on 
 the under side. Sometimes caterpillars ctre oval or slug-shaped. Very frequently 
 their bodies are adorned with hairs, spines, and tubercles of various forms. The 
 body of the larva, like the body of the butterfly, consists normally of thirteen rings 
 or segments, of which the three foremost, just behind the head, correspond to the 
 prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax of the perfect insect, while the re- 
 maining nine correspond to the abdomen of the imago. These three anterior seg- 
 ments bear legs, which correspond to the legs of the winged form in their location, 
 and are known as the true legs of the larva. Besides these the caterpillar has about 
 the middle of the body and at its posterior end paired pro-legs, as they are called, 
 which are its principal organs of locomotion in this stage, but which do not reappear 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE C 
 
 Fig. a . Caterpillar of Anosia plexippu ready to change into a chrysalis. 
 
 Fig. b. Do. after having partly shed its skin. 
 
 Fig. c. Do. holding itself suspended in the air by grasping the shed skin between the ^:i~^ 
 
 of the third and fourth abdominal segments, and feeling about with the crcmasuJi: 
 
 for the button of silk above. 
 
 Fig. d . Do. after having caught the button and assumed its final form as a chrysalis. 
 Fig. e . Chrysalis of Papilio philenor, held by button and girdle of silk. 
 Fig. f . Egg of Basilarchia disippus, greatly magnified. 
 Fig. g. Egg of Anosia plexippus, greatly magnified. 
 Fig. h . Caterpillar of Basilarchia disippus. 
 
 (All the figures are after Riley.) 
 
 30 
 
PLATE C 
 
in the butterfly. The mouth parts of caterpillars are profoundly different from 
 those of the butterfly. The imago lives, as we have seen, upon fluid nourishment, 
 and therefore is provided with a sucking organ, the proboscis. The caterpillar, on 
 the other hand, is armed with a pair of cutting mandibles, with which it shears off 
 tiny strips of the leaves upon which it feeci. It holds the edge of the leaf in place 
 with the three pairs of true legs, while it suuorts its body upon the pro-legs during 
 the act of eating. 
 
 When the caterpillar emerges from the egg the head is in many cases seen to be 
 very large in proportion to the rest of th<* ^dy. This relative disparity soon dis- 
 appears, however, as growth takes place- As the larva increases in size, it soon 
 reaches a point at which the skin in which *t made its appearance in the world be- 
 comes too small and tight for further coF^rt and use. Thereupon it proceeds to 
 moult, or shed, this now uncomfortable gj-raent. The skin splits along the back 
 and the caterpillar crawls out of it. Before moulting the caterpillar always takes 
 the precaution to attach this outer skin hy strands of silk to the leaf or branch 
 upon which the moult is to take place, having escaped from the cast-off garment, 
 the caterpillar sometimes turns around and eats it before resuming its vegetable 
 diet. The process of moulting takes pi ~ four or five times before the larva 
 changes into a chrysalis. 
 
 Caterpillars differ entirely from butterflies in that they are able to produce 
 
silk. Silk is a viscouy fluid secreted by elongated ^acs located in the dorsal region. 
 These sacs communicate with a minute tube-like organ, known as the spinneret, 
 which is located on the under side of the head of the caterpillar, just back of the 
 mandibles. The fluid silk, as it is ejected through the spinneret, immediately 
 hardens on contact with the air and is deposited in the form of very fine threads or 
 filaments which the caterpillar uses for various purposes, sometimes as lines with 
 which to guide itself from place to place and enable it to retrace its steps to its 
 favorite resting-place, sometimes to tie together the leaves in which it forms its nest, 
 or to weave a sort of shelter in which it conceals itself, and finally to make the little 
 buttons and the girdles by which, as we shall see later, the chrysalis is held in 
 place. Many moths weave from silk compact structures known as cocoons, in 
 which the chrysalis is lodged. Butterflies do not weave true cocoons. 
 
 The time spent by the insect in the egg is generally short. The time passed in 
 the larval state may be short or long. When butterflies hibernate, or pass the 
 winter, as caterpillars, the time spent in this state is long, and especially in the case 
 of those species which inhabit arctic regions. There are some butterflies which 
 occur north of the Arctic Circle, and we have ascertained that these, because the 
 summers are so short in the far north, pass two summers and the intervening winter 
 in the larval condition, and another winter in the pupal stage, before they emerge 
 and take wing. On the other hand, under more temperate conditions butterflies of 
 
certain species may produce two or even three broods in a summer, and in sub- 
 tropical or tropical lands there may be even more broods produced. 
 
 While it is true that almost all the larvae of lepidoptera subsist upon vegetable 
 food, there are nevertheless exceptions, one of which is that of the Harvester, 
 Feniseca tarqyinius (see Plate LXXXVIII, Fig. 1), the slug-like larva of which feeds 
 upon scale-insects, or mealy bugs, sharing the habit with certain allied species 
 which occur in Africa and Asia, as the writer has had occasion to point out a num- 
 ber of years ago in certain of his writings. 
 
 THE PUPA, OR CHRYSALIS 
 
 The third stage in the life of lepidoptera is known as the pupal stage. The 
 caterpillar, having undergone successive moults and reached maturity, is trans- 
 formed into a pupa, or chrysalis (see Plate C, Figs, d and e). From having been 
 an active, worm-like creature, greedily feeding upon its appropriate food, it reverts 
 to a form which is stationary, as was the egg, and ceases to have the power of loco- 
 motion. An examination of the structure of all chrysalids shows that they contain 
 an immature butterfly. The segments of the chrysalids enclose the corresponding 
 segments of the body of the butterfly, and in sheathing plates of chitinous matter 
 are enfolded the wings and all the other organs which are necessary to the life of 
 
 34 
 
the butterfly when it shall have emerged and taken wing. The act of transforma- 
 tion from the caterpillar stage to the pupal stage is very wonderful. The caterpillar 
 makes provision for the great change by weaving a little button of silk and, in the 
 case of many of those larvae, the chrysalids of which are not pendant, by also weav- 
 ing a little girdle of silk, which it passes around its back, and which holds it in place 
 very much as an Indian baby is held by the strap which passes over the shoulders 
 of the squaw (see Plate C, Fig. e). Having made these preliminary arrange- 
 ments the caterpillar becomes very quiet, its hind pro-legs being securely hooked 
 and tangled into the silken button to which it is attached. After a while, when the 
 proper moment has arrived, the skin of the caterpillar splits, just as in the moults 
 which preceded, and by a series of wriggling or vibratory motions the chrysalis 
 succeeds in working off the skin of the caterpillar until it has all been shed except 
 where near the end of the abdomen the skin is caught between the edges of two of 
 the horny rings which form the abdomen. Then the insect with the cremaster, as 
 it is called, a little spikelet at the very tip of the chrysalis, which is armed with 
 small hooks, proceeds to feel about until these hooks become entangled in the silk 
 of the button which has been provided on the under surface of the twig, the stone, 
 or the fence rail, where the transformation is occurring. As soon as the chrysalis 
 is securely hooked into the button of silk it lets go of the little section of the skin 
 by which it has been supported and rapidly assumes the shape in which it will re- 
 
 35 
 
main until the time of its emergence as a butterfly. These changes are illustrated on 
 Plate C, Figs a-d, which are reproduced from " The Butterfly Book " after the draw- 
 ings of the late Prof. C. V. Riley. The chrysalids of all the Nymphalidse are 
 pendant; those of the other families, except the Hesperiidse, are provided with 
 girdles, as is shown on Plate C, in the figures which represent the chrysalis of 
 Papilio philenor. The chrysalids of the Hesperiidse, like the chrysalids of moths, 
 are either formed in loosely woven coverings of leaves tacked together with silken 
 threads, or lie free under leaves and rubbish upon the ground, thus resembling the 
 chrysalids of moths. 
 
 Chrysalids are for the most part rather obscure in coloring, though some are 
 quite brilliantly marked with metallic spots as in the case of the common Milk- 
 weed Butterfly, Anosia plexippus, the chrysalis of which is pearly green in color, 
 ornamented with bright golden spots. 
 
 The forms assumed by chrysalids are very various, especially among the 
 Nyrnphalidse, and they are often ornamented with curious projections and tubercles, 
 imparting to them very odd outlines. 
 
 Some butterflies remain in the chrysalis stage for only a few days or weeks 
 others pass the winter in this state, and this is true of many of the species which 
 are found in the colder parts of North America. In temperate regions some butter- 
 flies have as many as three broods : the spring brood, which comes forth from chrys- 
 
 36 
 
alids which have over- wintered, an early summer brood, and a fall brood. In 
 tropical countries many species retain the form of the chrysalis during the dry 
 season, and emerge upon the wing at the beginning of the rainy season, when vege- 
 tation is refreshed and new and tender growths take place in the forests. 
 
 THE IMAGO, OR WINGED INSECT 
 
 We have already spoken at length of the form and structure of butterflies in 
 the preceding paragraphs, which were devoted to the anatomy of butterflies. It 
 remains for us at this point to call attention to the manner in which the butterfly 
 undergoes transformation from the chrysalis. This change is quite as interesting 
 as that which takes place when the caterpillar is transformed into the pupa; and 
 should any of my readers possess chrysalids I would advise them to watch carefully 
 and observe the curious events which follow one another rapidly when the imago 
 comes forth from the cerements of the chrysalis. The coverings which ensheathe 
 the head, the legs, and the antennae split, the head protrudes, the fore legs are dis- 
 entangled and are thrown forth, followed almost at once by the other legs, and the 
 insect proceeds to crawl out from the pupal skin, emerging with the wings as minia- 
 ture objects, the body trailing after as a long worm-like mass. Having liberated 
 itself from the shea things of the chrysalis, the insect immediately assumes a sta- 
 
 37 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE D 
 
 Fig. L. Illustration showing the way to disable a butterfly in the net by gently pinching 
 
 the body where the wings come together. 
 Fig. 2. A butterfly net. 
 Fig. 3. a, hoop made of wire, the shanks tied together; 6, ferrule, plugged at c with a piece 
 
 of cork; the shanks having been put into the top of the ferrule, melted solder is 
 
 poured into the top, and a good net-ring is made. 
 Fig. 4 . Piece of paper used to cover cyanide at bottom of jar. 
 Fig. 5 . Collecting jar, with lumps of cyanide and sawdust at bottom, covered by paper, as 
 
 shown in Fig. 4. 
 Fig. 6. Expanding block, used to expand and mount insects, the wings of which have a 
 
 tendency to droop or sink down. 
 Hg. 7. Expanding block, used to mount insects, the wings cf which have a tendency to 
 
 rise up or close 
 
 38 
 
PLATE D 
 
tionary position, head upward, body hanging downward. Then by the action of 
 the heart the fluids which fill the body begin to be rapidly sent into circulation, 
 more particularly into the wings, which expand second after second, minute after 
 minute, the fluids in the body being transferred through the circulatory system of 
 the wings until the latter, hanging downward, have assumed their full form. The 
 insect then begins gently to move its wings, to fan them, still remaining in the 
 position which it first took. After a while the wings become perfectly dry, and the 
 long worm-like body has shrunk up and has assumed the form which it will retain 
 through the subsequent life of the insect. Madame Butterfly then begins to 
 change her position. She carefully crawls a few steps to try her powers of locomo- 
 tion. She suddenly expands her wings, and, presto ! if you alarm her, she is off, 
 fluttering about the cage in which you may have her, or darting forth into the 
 room and through the open window, hieing herself forth in quest of food, which 
 awaits her in the honeyed cups of the wild flowers. 
 
 COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES 
 
 In collecting butterflies the first thing is to get a net of some kind with which 
 to catch the insects without tearing their delicate wings, and thus robbing them 
 of their beauty (see Plate D, Figs. 1 and 2). When I was a boy I made my own nets. 
 
 40 
 
1 took a stick of tough wood about four feet long, which was to serve as the handle. 
 About seven or eight inches from the upper end I wrapped it with copper wire; 
 fishing line will do as well. Then I split the stick down to the band I had made 
 around it. I then with my knife trimmed the two split portions on their inner sides, 
 so that they might be more flexible. I then fashioned out of a piece of good green 
 hickory (the white outer wood must be used) a bow or hoop about twelve inches 
 wide at its widest part, and fitting this between the split ends of the stick put in a 
 wedge at the bottom of the cleft to keep the split ends well apart and tied it neatly 
 and securely in place. Upon the frame made in this way I put a covering of green 
 mosquito netting in the form of a long bag. Many a fine insect I captured with 
 this simple device, which called only for a good jack-knife, a little ingenuity, ordi- 
 nary skill in whittling, and a supply of stout string. The cheapest and simplest way 
 to make the frame for a net is to take a long piece of brass, aluminium, or galvanized 
 iron wire about an eighth of an inch in diameter and bend it into a circle, leaving 
 two short shanks at the end. Then fit the shanks into the top of the ferrule of a 
 fishing-rod plugged in the middle with a thin piece of cork or with clay, and pour 
 in melted solder. Plate D, Fig. 3 shows how the "trick" is done. 
 
 There are many devices for making frames for folding nets, and there are a 
 number of dealers in the United States who supply such nets at moderate prices. 
 The material for the bag of the net ought to be of light stuff, and I prefer to use 
 
 41 
 
tarletan, preferably green in color, or bobbinet. The latter is more durable though 
 somewhat heavier than tarletan. The bag of the net ought to be about three times 
 as long as the diameter of the ring upon which it is placed. It is well, after the net 
 has been sewed upon the ring, to cover it with a band of stout dark-colored muslin, 
 as otherwise the edge of the bag surrounding the ring is apt to become speedily 
 worn and torn. 
 
 The collector having provided himself with a net for capturing insects must 
 also provide himself with one or more collecting jars. It is well to have several of 
 these of a size convenient for carrying in the pockets. For large specimens a larger 
 jar is required; for small specimens a smaller receptacle is better. The larger jar 
 should have the mouth about two and one half or three inches in diameter. Wide- 
 mouthed glass phials an inch and a half in diameter serve best for the smaller re- 
 ceptacles. The stopper of the larger jar should be of ground glass, of the smaller 
 jar of good cork. Jelly tumblers or glasses with tin tops make good collecting jars. 
 In preparing the jar for use place a few lumps of cyanide of potash about the size 
 of a filbert at the bottom; then put in a little clean sawdust to keep the pieces of 
 cyanide from rattling about; over the lumps of cyanide paste a sheet of strong white 
 paper perforated with a multitude of holes. In doing this the writer has resorted 
 to a simple method, which is explained in the diagram on Plate D, Fig. 4. A piece 
 of paper is placed under the jar and a circle the size of the inside of the jar is traced 
 
 42 
 
upon it. Then a disk is cut out about three quarters of an inch greater in diameter 
 than the original circle. The paper is punctured over the entire surface included 
 within the inner line, and then with scissors little gashes are made from the outer 
 circumference inward, so as to permit of folding the edge of the disk inwardly. A 
 little gum tragacanth, or paste, is then applied to these upturned edges, the disk is 
 then inserted into the jar and pasted securely over the cyanide by means of the up- 
 turned flaps. A jar thus charged will last for a long time if kept stoppered when 
 not in use. Cyanide has a tendency to liquefy in the presence of moisture, and it 
 is well therefore to take care to keep the jar closed when not in use. It must, how- 
 ever, be borne in mind that the fumes of hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid), which 
 are active in producing the death of the insect, will not be given off in sufficient 
 volume unless there is a small amount of moisture in the jar, and in very dry cli- 
 mates the writer has sometimes found it necessary to moisten the bottom of the jar 
 with a drop or two of water. Jars also may be charged with lumps of carbonate 
 of ammonia, but as this substance bleaches the wings of insects, especially those 
 which are green in color, its use is not strongly recommended. Figure 5 on Plate 
 D shows a jar prepared for use. 
 
 When a butterfly has been caught in the net it is apt to flutter about and 
 struggle violently, thus injuring its wings. It is well therefore as soon as the in- 
 sect has been captured to take hold of it at the point where the wings join the body. 
 
 13 
 
while it is stiil in the net, and by gently pinching the thorax to disable the insect. 
 The fingers are applied from the outside, as shown in the illustration (see Plate D, Fig. 
 1 ) . Then the collector, unstoppering his jar, inserts it into the net and allows the but- 
 terfly to drop into the jar. Butterflies belonging to the family of the Hesperiidce, or 
 "skippers," are best captured in the net by holding up the end of the bag. The 
 insects will then fly upward and settle near the top of the bag. The collector puts 
 the open jar with his right hand into the ring of the net and holding the bag with 
 the left hand brings the jar under the butterfly, and then claps his left hand over 
 the mouth of the jar, thus securing the insect in the jar, where after a couple of 
 seconds it will be stunned by the fumes and fall to the bottom. Death is speedy, 
 but not instantaneous, and the insect should be allowed to remain a little while in 
 the jar. Having been asphyxiated by the fumes of the jar, the insect may then be 
 removed and either mounted upon a pin and transferred to a collecting box, which 
 will presently be described, or put into an envelope. It is well not to accumulate 
 too many insects in the collecting jar, as those which are caught later will injure 
 in their struggles those which have been caught first. I make it a rule to rapidly 
 transfer the insects from the collecting jars to the collecting boxes which I carry 
 with me. The preservation of specimens in perfect freshness, without torn or 
 ragged wings, is of the utmost importance, and it is better to take fewer specimens, 
 preserving them in immaculate condition, than to accumulate a quantity of ragged 
 
 44 
 
and battered examples. The old adage, "Practice makes perfect," applies in the 
 use of the net and the poisoning jar. There will necessarily be some failures on 
 the part of the young collector at the outset, but if he is neat and quick of finger 
 he will soon acquire the art of taking and preserving perfect specimens. 
 
 The field box should be made of tin and should have a sheet of cork securely 
 fastened at the bottom. In one corner of the box, tied in gauze and securely 
 fixed in place, there should be a few lumps of cyanide. Into this box the speci- 
 mens should be pinned as they are taken from the collecting jar, and the lid 
 of this box should be kept tightly closed most of the time, being opened only 
 when the transfer of the pinned specimens to the interior of the box is ready to be 
 made. Inasmuch as pinning insects on the field is not always satisfactorily accom- 
 plished, the writer prefers not to pin them, but to carry with him a supply of small 
 pay-roll envelopes, into which the insects are put, and these envelopes are then put 
 into a box which has some cyanide secured in it, as has already been described. 
 The writer also carries with him a little phial of chloroform in his vest pocket, and 
 lie sometimes uses this to stun insects or puts a few drops into the collecting box 
 and then closes it. The objection to the use of chloroform is that it induces spasms 
 of the thoracic muscles, and butterflies killed by the use of chloroform are not 
 nearly so easily mounted as specimens which have been killed with cyanide. Bee- 
 tles, wasps, and other hard-bodied insects should not be put into the same col- 
 
 45 
 
lecting jars as those which are used for butterflies, as xhey are very apt to injure 
 the latter, tearing and spoiling the wings. If the collector is engaged in taking 
 other insects besides butterflies and moths, he should have special jars in which to 
 put the beetles and other hard-bodied and spiny things. 
 
 If the collector does not wish immediately to mount his specimens, but to 
 preserve them for mounting at a future time, they may be left in the envelopes of 
 which I have spoken, or may be "papered." The simplest way of putting up 
 butterflies in papers is to take an oblong piece of any kind of moderately good pa- 
 per and fold it as indicated in the diagram (see Plate E, Fig. 6), first folding on the 
 line a-b, then on a-d and c-b; then on the lines b-f and e-a, as marked in the dia- 
 gram. The result is the enclosure of the insect as shown in Plate E, Fig. c. A 
 hundred or more of such envelopes may be put into an ordinary cigar box. Such 
 boxes, filled with butterflies, in order to prevent mould and the ravages of pests, 
 should have some chloroform or carbon bisulphide put into them and afterward a 
 spoonful or two of naphthaline crystals. Then they should be closed and sealed 
 up by pasting strips of paper over the edges. Butterflies thus collected on journeys 
 may be safely carried for long distances without injury, or even transmitted through 
 the mails provided the boxes are strong enough to resist crushing. When on 
 journeys the writer of these paragraphs always papers his specimens, bringing them 
 home to be later carefully mounted at his leisure. It is of the utmost importance 
 
 4* 
 
to note on each envelope the place and the date of capture, so that these may later 
 be placed upon the little labels or tickets which are put upon the pins after the in- 
 sects have been expanded and mounted for display. 
 
 MOUNTING BUTTERFLIES 
 
 The writer cannot do better in dealing with this subject than to transfer from 
 "The Butterfly Book" the substance of the directions there given in relation to this 
 matter. 
 
 When the collector has time enough at his disposal he should at once mount 
 his specimens as they are intended to be displayed. The insect should first of all 
 be pinned. For this purpose "insect pins" should be used. These are made 
 either of soft steel or of pin metal. The first are to be preferred, except in very 
 damp climates, where they sometimes rust if they have not been properly enamelled 
 with shellac. The pin should be thrust perpendicularly through the thorax, mid- 
 way between the wings, and at a considerable elevation upon the pin. It should 
 then be placed upon the setting board or setting block. Setting boards or setting 
 blocks are pieces of wood having a groove on the upper surface of sufficient depth 
 to accommodate the body of the insect and to permit the wings to be brought to 
 
 47 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE E 
 
 Fig. a. Vivarium, or cage in which to breed caterpillars. 
 
 a, base, kept even by cleats, g, g; on this is placed a pan 4 inches deep made of 
 sheet zinc, and filled with earth; to the middle is soldered a tube of zinc, into 
 which a large bottle fits; the bottle is filled with water to keep the plants placed 
 in it fresh and green; b, outer case, with sides of glass, fitting closely about the 
 zinc pan; c, top, covered with wire-cloth, rabbeted on b, and easily lifted off. 
 
 Fig. b . Diagram showing way to make paper envelopes for butterflies. 
 
 Fig. c. .Envelope folded with butterfly inside. 
 
 Fig. d. Stretching board for expanding moths and butterflies. Strips of tracing muslin 
 are used on this to keep the wings down, paper will also serve the purpose. 
 
 Fig. f . Stretching board, showing how wings may be held in place by pieces of thin card- 
 board. 
 
 Fig. e . Showing the way in which the antennae and body may be held in place with inseoi 
 pins while the insect is drying. 
 
the level of the upper surface, of the board (see Plate D, Figs. 6 and 7; and Plate 
 E, Figs, d, e,f). They should also be provided either with a cleft or a hole which 
 will permit the pin to be thrust down below the body of the insect for a considerable 
 distance. As a rule the wings of all specimens should be mounted at a uniform 
 elevation of about seven eighths of an inch above the point of the pin. This is 
 known as the "continental method" of mounting, and is infinitely preferable to 
 the old-fashioned "English method," in which the insect was pinned low down 
 upon the pin, so that its wings touched the surface of the box. 
 
 Setting blocks are most advantageously employed in mounting small species, 
 especially the Hesperiidae, the wings of which are apt to be refractory. When the 
 insect has been pinned upon the setting board or setting block, the next step is to 
 set the wings in the position which they are to maintain when the specimen is 
 thoroughly dry. This is accomplished by means of what are known as "setting 
 needles. " Setting needles may be easily made by simply sticking ordinary needles 
 into wooden matches from which the tips have been removed; steel insect pins will 
 serve as well. In drawing the wings into position, care should be taken to plant 
 the setting needle or pin behind the strong nervure on the costal margin of the wing; 
 otherwise the wings are liable to be torn and disfigured. The rule in setting lepi- 
 doptera is to draw the anterior wing forward in such a manner that the hind margin 
 of this wing is at right angles to the axis of the body, the axis of the body being a 
 
 50 
 
line drawn through the nead to the extremity of the abdomen. The hind wing 
 should then be moved forward, its anterior margin lying under the opposing margin 
 of the front wing. When the wings have thus been adjusted into the position which 
 they are to occupy, slips of tracing-muslin or of paper should be drawn over them 
 and securely pinned, the setting needles being removed. 
 
 In pinning down the strips which are to hold the wings in place, be careful 
 to pin around the wing, but never if possible through it. When the wings have 
 been adjusted in the position in which they are to remain, the antennae should be 
 attended to and drawn forward on the same plane as the wings, and secured in place. 
 This may ordinarily be done by setting pins in such a position as to hold them where 
 they are to stay. Then the body, if it has a tendency to sag down at the end of 
 the abdomen, should be raised. This may also be accomplished by means of pins 
 thrust beneath on either side. Plate E, Fig. e, shows clearly what is intended. When 
 the insect has been set, the board should be put aside in a place where it will not be 
 molested or attacked by pests, and the specimens upon it allowed to dry. A box 
 with shelves in it is often used for this purpose. This box should have a door at 
 the front covered with wire gauze, and the back should also be open, covered with 
 gauze, so as to allow a free circulation of air. A few balls of naphthaline placed in 
 it will tend to keep away mites and other pests. The time which the specimen 
 should remain on the board varies with its size and the condition of the atmosphere. 
 
 51 
 
idlest butterflies and moths in dry weather will be sufficiently dried to permit of 
 their removal from the setting boards in a week; but large, stout-bodied moths may 
 require as much as two weeks, or even more time, before they are dry enough to be 
 taken off the boards. The process of drying may be hastened by placing the boards in 
 an oven, but the temperature of the oven must be quite low. If too much heat is ap- 
 plied great injury is sure to result. Only a careful and expert operator should resort 
 to the use of the oven, a temperature ab<^ v e 120 F. being sure to work mischief. 
 When butterflies or moths have been put up in papers or mounted on pins with- 
 out having their wings expanded and set, it becomes necessary before setting them 
 to relax them. This may be accomplished n several ways. If the specimens have 
 been pinned it is best to place them on pieces of sheet-cork on a tray of sand which 
 has been thoroughly moistened and treated with a good dose of carbolic acid. 
 Over all a bell glass is put. A tight tin box will serve the same purpose, but a 
 broad sheet of bibulous paper should always be put over the box, under the lid 
 before closing it, anjd in such a way as to leave the edges of the paper projecting 
 around the edges of the lid. This is done to absorb the moisture which might settle 
 by condensation upon the lid and drop upon the specimens. In a bell glass the 
 moisture generally trickles down the sides. Earthenware crocks with closely fitting 
 lids are even better than tin boxes, but they must have paper put over them be- 
 fore closing, in the same way as is done when tin boxes are used. When specimens 
 
have been preserved in papers or envelopes these should be opened a little and laid 
 upon damp, carbolized sand under a bell glass or in a closed receptacle of some kind. 
 Papered specimens may also be placed in their envelopes between clean towels, 
 which have been moistened in water to which a little carbolic acid has been added. 
 The towels should be wrung out quite dry before using them. Pieces of dampened 
 blotting paper are even better than towels. The method of placing between towels 
 should never be used in the case of very small and delicate species and those which 
 are blue or green in color. Great care must be exercised not to allow the insects to 
 become soaked or unduly wet. This ruins them. They should, however, be damp 
 enough to allow the wings and other organs to be freely moved. When the insects 
 have been relaxed they may be pinned and expanded on setting boards like freshly 
 caught specimens. It is well in setting the wings of relaxed specimens, after having 
 thrust the pin through the body, to take a small forceps and seizing the wings just 
 where they join the body gently move them so as to open them and make their 
 movement easy before pinning them upon the setting board. The skilful manipu- 
 lator in this way quickly ascertains whether they have been sufficiently relaxed to 
 admit of their being readily set. If discovered to be too stiff and liable to break 
 they must be still further relaxed. Dried specimens which have been relaxed and 
 then mounted generally require only a short time to dry again, and need rarely be 
 kept more than twenty-four hours upon the setting boards. 
 
 53 
 
The process of setting insects upon setting blocks is exactly the same as when 
 setting boards are used, with the simple difference that instead of pinning strips 
 of paper or tracing-muslin over the wings, the wings are held in place by threads 
 or very narrow tapes, which are wound around the block (see Plate D, Figs 6 and 7). 
 When the wings are not covered with a very deep and velvety covering of scales 
 the threads or tapes may be used alone; but when the wings are thus clothed it be- 
 comes necessary to put bits of paper or cardboard over the wings before wrapping 
 with the threads. Unless this is done the marks of the threads will be left upon 
 the wings. Some little skill, which is easily acquired by practice, is necessary in 
 order to employ setting blocks to advantage, but in the case of small species and 
 species which have refractory wings they are much to be preferred to the boards. 
 
 The work of mounting small insects which have been relaxed must be done 
 quite quickly and in a cool room or in a moist atmosphere. In a very dry and hot 
 atmosphere the minuter things dry so quickly that difficulties are at once encoun- 
 tered. 
 
 One of the best ways in which to secure perfect specimens is to breed them 
 from the caterpillar, or even from the egg. A stylish and very good cage for breed- 
 ing is shown on Plate E, Fig. 2. As good a cage as this is not necessary, and the 
 collector will succeed with one or more clean store-boxes covered with a lid consist-' 
 
 54 
 
ing of a frame over which gauze or muslin has been stretched. The food-plant on 
 which the caterpillar feeds is kept fresh in bottles or jars. It is important, after 
 the plants have been put into the jar of water, to stuff around the stems cotton or 
 soft paper, so that the caterpillars may not crawl down and, falling into the water, 
 drown themselves. The bottom of the box may be filled to the depth of four or 
 five inches with loam and covered with dead forest leaves. The loam should not 
 be allowed to dry out thoroughly, but should be kept somewhat moist, not wet. 
 A little sprinkling of water from time to time will suffice when done with care. 
 The caterpillars feed upon the food-plant, and finally undergo transformation in 
 the cage into the pupa, and eventually emerge as the butterfly or moth. The 
 breeding of lepidoptera in this way is a fascinating occupation for those who have 
 leisure to attend to it. For more minute instructions in reference to this matter 
 the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book." The caterpillars and chrysalids 
 themselves may be preserved in little phials, in alcohol or in a solution of formal- 
 dehyde. The latter, however, is not to be recommended, because, although it 
 preserves colors better than alcohol, and does not tend to shrivel up the bodies, it 
 makes them stiff and difficult to handle and examine. The best way of preserving 
 caterpillars is to inflate them. Directions for doing this are contained in "The 
 Butterfly Book." 
 
 55 
 
THE PRESERVATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS 
 
 In order to preserve collections of lepidoptera in beautiful condition, light, 
 moisture, and insect pests must be excluded. Light bleaches many species, espe- 
 cially those which are red, brown, or green in color. Moisture produces mold and 
 /mildew. Insect pests such as mites, Anthrenus, and Dermestes, the two latter being 
 species of beetles, devour specimens. The receptacles containing collections should 
 therefore be furnished with covers excluding the light, kept in a dry place, and be so 
 tight that insect pests will not enter. However, as an additional precaution, it is 
 well to place in every box or drawer moth balls or lumps of camphor, secured so 
 that they cannot roll about. These tend to deter predaceous insects from entering 
 the receptacles. If by any chance they have entered, neither the naphthaline nor 
 the camphor in some cases will prevent their ravages. In the great collections 
 which are under the care of the writer it is a rule from time to time to go over all 
 the cases and put into every receptacle a small quantity of carbon bisulphide. 
 The fumes of carbon bisulphide kill all grubs and matured insects which may have 
 hidden themselves in the cases, and it^s believed that it also tends to destroy the 
 life in eggs which may have been laid in the boxes. Great care should be used, 
 however, in employing carbon bisulphide, as the fumes mingled with the oxygen 
 of the atmosphere form an explosive compound. The work should never be done 
 
 56 
 
where there is danger of ignition from an open fire or light. Boxes for the preser- 
 vation of insect collections are made by many firms, and prices for such receptacles 
 vary according to their size and the materials employed in their construction. 
 All receptacles, however, should be lined at the bottom with cork or some other soft 
 material into which the pins sustaining the insects can be put. We employ in the 
 Carnegie Museum a composition cork covered with white paper, which is made in 
 sheets of varying sizes, according to requirement, by the Armstrong Cork Manu- 
 facturing Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., the largest cork-manufacturing establisE-* 
 ment in the world. This is the most satisfactory material which is made. 
 
 Large collections are advantageously preserved in cabinets, the drawers of which 
 are covered with glass through which the insects may be inspected without handling 
 them. Here again, for the details of the construction of boxes, trays, and cabinets, 
 the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book," which may be found in every public 
 library, and is in the hands of multitudes of individuals. 
 
 In arranging specimens the scientific order should be followed. The species 
 belonging to a given genus should be placed together. The little labels attached 
 to the pins should give both the generic and the specific name, the locality where 
 the specimen was taken, and the sex, if known. For the purpose of designating 
 the sex naturalists employ what are known as "sex marks," the male being indi- 
 cated by the sign of Mars, cf, while the female is indicated by the sign of Venus, 9 . 
 
 57 
 
The inscription Papilio philenor, cf' , means that the specimen is a male, and the 
 inscription Papilio philenor, 9 , means that it is a female of the same species. 
 
 The classification of the genera and species should be subordinated further to 
 the classification into families. There are five families of butterflies represented in 
 the United States and Canada. They are the following : 
 
 1. The Nymphalidse, or "Brush-footed Butterflies." 
 
 2. The Erycinidse, or "Metal-marks." 
 
 3. The Lycrenidae, or "Blues," "Coppers," and "Hair-streaks." 
 
 4. The Papilionidse, or the "Swallowtails" and their allies. 
 
 5. The Hesperiidae, or the "Skippers." 
 
 In every well-arranged collection of butterflies certain drawers or boxes should be 
 set apart for the reception of the insects belonging to these families, and they should 
 be placed under their proper genera, according to their species.. Nothing is more 
 beautiful or interesting to those who have a love of nature than a collection of 
 butterflies thus classified and displayed. 
 
 In recent years an ingenious friend of mine has devised a system of mounting 
 butterflies under glass in cases made of a shell of plaster of paris, which he backs 
 with cardboard and seals around the edges with gummed paper. Latterly he has 
 taken to mounting them between pieces of glass which he secures in the same way. 
 
 58 
 
Specimens thus preserved keep well, may be handled readily without fear of injury 
 to them, and in the glass cases both sides of their wings may be examined. A 
 collection of butterflies mounted in this way may be stored in shallow trays and 
 placed in scientific order. The process of mounting in this fashion is, however, 
 somewhat laborious and expensive, and is not generally adopted by scientific men, 
 who wish to be free to examine their specimens under the magnifying glass, occa- 
 sionally touching the wings with benzine to disclose the facts of neuration, and to 
 minutely investigate the feet and other parts of the body, which, when sealed up 
 in the way I have described, are not easily accessible. 
 
 Having thus briefly outlined the principal facts as to the nature of butterflies 
 in general, and the best methods of collecting and preserving them, we now pass 
 on to the description of the commoner species which are found on the continent 
 of North America, north of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. 
 
 Class INSECTA (Insects) 
 Order LEPIDOPTERA (Scale-winged Insects) 
 
 Suborder RHOPALOCERA (Butterflies) 
 Family NYMPHALID^E (The Brush-footed Butterflies) 
 
 The Nymphalidse may be distinguished from all other butterflies by the fact 
 that in both sexes the foremost or prottoracic, pair of legs is greatly dwarfed, useless 
 
for walking, and therefore carried folded up against the breast. This is the largest of 
 all the families of butterflies and has been subdivided into many subfamilies. 
 Some of the genera are composed of small species, but most of them are made up of 
 large or medium-sized forms. To this family belong many of the most gorgeously 
 colored butterflies of the tropics, among them the brilliant blue Morphos of equa- 
 torial America. 
 
 The caterpillars, when they emerge from the egg, have heads much greater in 
 diameter than the rest of their bodies. In the earlier stages the bodies taper from 
 before backward, and are adorned with little wart-like protuberances, which bear 
 hairs. In later stages these little protuberances in many genera are replaced by 
 branching spines and fleshy projections, which impart to the caterpillars a forbid- 
 ding appearance. The mature caterpillar generally has a cylindrical body, but in 
 the subfamilies, SatyrincB and Morphines, the larvae are thicker at the middle, ta- 
 pering forward and backward. 
 
 The chrysalids, which are generally marked by metallic spots, always hang 
 suspended by the tail, except in the case of a few arctic species, which are found 
 under a frail covering composed of strands of silk woven about the roots of tufts of 
 grass, under which the larva takes shelter at the time of pupation. 
 
 In the region with which this booklet deals all the butterflies belonging to the 
 Nymphalidce fall naturally into one or the other of the following subfamilies: (1) the 
 
Euplceince, or Euploeids; (2) the Ithomiince, the Ithomiids; (3) the Heliconiince, the 
 Heliconians; (4) the Nymphalince, the Nymphs; (5) the Satyrince, the Satyrs; (6) 
 the Libytheince, the Snout-butterflies. 
 
 KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE NYMPHALID^ OF TEMPERATE 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 I. With the veins of the fore wings not greatly swollen at the base. 
 
 A. Antennae naked, not clothed with scales. 
 
 (a) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad . . Euplceince. 
 
 (b) Fore wings twice as long as broad and often trans- 
 
 lucent, the abdomen extending far beyond the in- 
 ner angle of the hind wings ...... Ithomiince. 
 
 B. Antennae clothed with scales, at least above. 
 
 (a) Fore wings at least twice as long as broad . . . Heliconiince. 
 
 (b) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad. 
 
 1 . Palpi not as long as the thorax .... Nymphalince 
 
 2. Palpi longer than the thorax Libytheince 
 
 II. With some of the veins of the fore wing greatly swollen at the 
 
 base .."..,..." Satyrince. 
 
 61 
 
Subfamily EUPLCEIN^B (The Euplceids) 
 
 Large or medium-sized butterflies; fore wings somewhat produced at apex, 
 hind wings rounded, never with tails; fore legs greatly atrophied in the males, 
 somewhat less so in the females; hind wings of the males marked with one or more 
 sexual brands which in the American species are located on or near the first median 
 nervule; some of the oriental species are white, many are dark brown or black in 
 color, shot with purple and violet; all of the American species are of some shade of 
 reddish brown or fulvous, with the apex of the fore wings and the outer borders of 
 both fore and hind wings margined widely with darker color, and the veins and 
 nervules also darker, standing out in bold relief upon the lighter ground-color; the 
 apex of the primary and the outer border of the secondary wings are more or less 
 spotted with light color, often with white. 
 
 The adult caterpillars are cylindrical in form, adorned with long fleshy filaments, 
 and with their bodies of some light shade of yellow or green banded with darker 
 colors. The American species feeds upon the plants belonging to the family of the 
 Asclepiadacece, or Milkweeds. 
 
 The chrysalis is smooth, pale in color, often ornamented with metallic spots, 
 usually golden. 
 
 This subfamily, which is represented in the tropics of the Old World by many 
 genera and species, is only represented in the United States by one genus, Anosia 
 
 62 
 
GENUS ANOSIA HUBNER 
 
 Butterfly, large or medium-sized; fore wings triangular, pro- 
 duced; hind wings rounded, the inner margins clasping the 
 abdomen when at rest; apex, outer margins, and veins, dark; 
 male with sex-mark on first median nervule of hind wing. 
 Egg ovate conical, ribbed perpendicularly and horizontally. 
 Larva cylindrical, with long, dark, fleshy filaments before and 
 behind; body usually pale in color, ringed with dark bands. 
 Chrysalis pendant, stout, cylindrical, abdomen rapidly 
 tapering, and ending in long cremaster; pale, with metallic 
 spots. 
 
 A large genus, many species being found in the tropics of 
 both hemispheres, but only two in the United States. The 
 insects are "protected," being distasteful to other animals, 
 thus escaping attack. 
 
 (1) Anosia plexippus (Linnaeus), The Monarch, Plate I, cf; 
 Plate C, Fig. g, egg; Figs, a-c, larva pupating; Fig. d, chrysalis. 
 
 Upper side of wings reddish brown, apex, margins, and veins 
 black, under side paler; a double row of whitish spots on outer 
 borders, apex crossed by two bands of light spots. Expanse 
 of wings 3.25 to 4.25 inches. Egg pale green. Caterpillar 
 
 63 
 
 PL. 
 
PL. 
 
 feeds on milkweeds, and is found in Pennsylvania from June 
 onward. Chrysalis pale green spotted with gold. 
 
 Breeds continuously. As summer comes the butterflies 
 move north, laying eggs. The insect spreads until it reaches 
 its northern limit in the Dominion of Canada. In fall it re- 
 turns. Swarms of the retreating butterflies gather on the 
 northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario and in southern 
 New Jersey. Recently the Monarch has become domiciled 
 in many parts of the Old World. 
 
 (2) Anosia berenice (Cramer), The Queen, Plate II, 9 . 
 
 Smaller than the Monarch; the ground-color of the wings 
 livid brown. The markings, as shown by the Plate, are some- 
 what different from those of the preceding species. Expanse 
 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 This butterfly does not occur in the North, but ranges 
 through New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and southward. 
 
 Subfamily ITHOMIIN^ (THE ITHOMIIDS) 
 
 Butterflies of moderate size, though a few species are quite 
 large. Fore wings at least twice as long as wide; hind wings 
 64 
 
small and rounded, without tails. Abdomen produced beyond the margin of the hind wing. 
 Wings more or less transparent. Antennae long and very slender, with a slender club at end, 
 naked. Fore legs greatly atrophied, especially in the males. Larvce and chrysalids resem- 
 bling those of the Euplceince, the chrysalids being short,-cylindrical, and marked with metallic 
 spots. The family, with the exception of the Australian genus, Hamadryas, is confined 
 to the New World, in the tropics of which there are swarms of genera and species. Like 
 the Euploeinoe they are "protected." But two genera are reported from our territory. 
 
 GENUS CERATINIA FABRICIUS 
 
 Distinguished from other allied genera by the strongly lobed costal margin of the hind 
 wings in the male. 
 
 There are fifty species of this genus known from the American tropics, but only one occurs 
 within the limits of the United States, and only in the extreme southwestern portion of our 
 territory. 
 
 (1) Ceratinia lycaste (Fabricius), Plate III, Fig. 2, 9 (Lycaste Butterfly"! 
 
 This insect, which may easily be identified by the figure we give, is reported from southern 
 California. The plate shows the variety, named negreta, which has a spot at the end of the 
 cell of the hind wing instead of a black bar, as is the case in specimens from Panama. Ex- 
 panse 2.1 to 2.25 inches. Wright does not include this species in his list of butterflies of 
 the west coast. 
 
 ' 65 
 
PL. Ill 
 
 GENUS DIRCENNA DOUBLEDAY 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, with quite transparent wings. 
 Abdomen not as long as in the preceding genus. Hind wing of 
 male strongly bowed forward at middle, the costal vein tend- 
 ing to coalesce with the subcostal. Only one species occurs 
 in our region. There are many species in the American tropics. 
 
 (1) Dircenna klugi (Hiibner), Plate III, Fig. 1, d" (Klug's 
 Dircenna). 
 
 The wings are pale brown, narrowly margined with darker 
 brown; the fore wings have a pale yellowish diagonal bar at 
 the end of the cell, followed by two bands of similar spots, 
 curving from the costa to the inner margin. Expanse 2.5 to 
 2 75 inches. 
 
 Habitat: Southern California and Mexico according to Rea- 
 kirt. The citation of California by this authority may refer 
 to Lower California. In recent years no specimens have been 
 taken in Upper California. It may be that with the changes 
 which have taken place in the development of the country the 
 insect has become extinct about Los Angeles and San Diego, 
 where Reakirt collected. 
 
SUBFAMILY HELICONIIN^E (THE HELICONIANS) 
 
 Moderately large butterflies. Fore wings twice as long as 
 wide. Antennae nearly as long as the body; club tapering, but 
 stouter than in the Ithomiids, clothed with scales above. Fore 
 legs feeble La both sexes. Color black, sometimes shot with 
 blue, and variously marked with white, yellow, orange, or 
 crimson spots. Eggs cylindrical, twice as high as wide, taper- 
 ing and truncate above* ribbed. Caterpillar, when mature, 
 with six branching spines on each segment. Chrysalis angu- 
 lated, covered with curious projections, making it look like a 
 shrivelled leaf, dark in color. 
 
 These insects, which are strongly "protected, " abound in the 
 forests of tropical America. There are many species, but only 
 one occurs in our region. 
 
 GENUS HELICONIUS LATREILLE 
 
 (1) Heliconiuscharithonius(lAnn3sus). Plate IV, 9 (The 
 Zebra). 
 
 The figure suffices for identification. The caterpillar feeds 
 upon the foliage of different species of Passion-flower. Com- 
 
 67 
 
 PL. IV 
 
mon in the hot parts of the Gulf States, thence ranging all over the American tropics. Ex 
 panse 2.5 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 SUBFAMILY NYMPHALIN^ (THE NYMPHS) 
 
 The butterflies belonging to this subfamily are usually medium-sized or large, although 
 some are very small. Antennae usually as long as, or longer than, the abdomen, more or 
 less heavily clothed with scales. Palpi stout, densely clothed with hairs and scales. Thorax 
 stout or very robust. Fore wings relatively broad, ^xcept in certain forms which mimic 
 the HeliconiincB, produced at apex, more or less excavated on outer margin; discoidal cell 
 generally less than half the length of wing, and in most genera closed; costal vein ter- 
 minating behind the middle of the front margin of the wing; the two inner subcostal nervules 
 given off before, the outer subcostals beyond, the end of the cell. Hind wings rounded, or 
 angulated, with the outer border either rounded, scalloped, or tailed, the inner border always 
 forming a channel for the reception of the abdomen; discoidal cell often open, or closed by 
 an almost imperceptible veinlet. Eggs conoid, barrel-shaped, or globular, variously orna- 
 mented. Larva when hatched with minute wart-like eminences, each bearing a hair, the hairs 
 in later stages being replaced in many forms by branching spines. Chrysalis suspended, 
 variously ornamented, often having on the dorsal surface raised eminences, and the head 
 bifurcate. 
 
 68 
 
There are about thirty genera, containing somewhat less 
 than two hundred species, which belong to this subfamily in 
 the United States. 
 
 GENUS COL^ENIS DOUBLEDA* 
 
 The butterflies of this genus mimic the Heliconlans in form; 
 their fore wings are long and narrow. The cell in the hind 
 wing is open. There are a number of species, two of which 
 are found in the hot parts of the Gulf States. The larvae re- 
 semble those of the genera, Dione and Euptoieta, and, like 
 them, feed on the Passifloraceae. 
 
 (1) Colcenis Julia (Fabricius) (Julia). Plate V, <?. 
 
 The figure on the plate obviates the necessity for a descrip- 
 tion. The insect occurs sparingly in Florida and in Texas, 
 especially about Brownsville. It is very common in Mexico, 
 and thence southward. Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 (2) Colcenis delila (Fabricius), Delila. 
 
 Imagine all the dark markings shown in the figure of Colcenis 
 
 69 
 
 PL. V 
 
PL. VI 
 
 . 
 
 ----- -:-., 
 
 julia on Plate V effaced, and replaced by the lighter ground- 
 color, only all of the wing a shade paler and yellower, and the 
 fore wings a trifle more pointed at the tip, and you have a 
 mental picture of this species, which has the same range as 
 the one shown. Expanse 2.75 to 3.3 inches. 
 
 GENUS DIONE HUBNER 
 
 This genus has the fore wings elongated, but less so than in 
 Colcenis. The cell hi the hind wing is open. The palpi are 
 much more robust and heavily clothed with hairs than in 
 Colcenis, thus resembling those of the genus Argynnis. Like 
 Argynnis the under side of the wings of all species of Dione 
 is spotted with silver. 
 
 There are a half dozen species of Dione in the New World, 
 all but one of which occur outside of our limits. They are 
 gloriously beautiful insects. 
 
 (1) Dione vanilla (Linnaeus) (The Gulf Fritillary). Plate 
 VI, cf . 
 
 This lovely insect ranges from southern Virginia southward 
 70 
 
and westward to southern California, and thence further south, 
 wherever the sun shines and Passion-flowers bloom. The 
 figure on the plate does not show the magnificent markings of 
 the under side of the wings, but catch one, and you will see 
 that you have a beauty in your possession. Expanse 2.75 
 to 3.25 inches. 
 
 GENUS EUPTOIETA DOUBLEDAY 
 
 There are two species of this genus found in the United 
 States. The butterfly has the cell of the fore wing closed by a 
 feeble veinlet and the cell of the hind wing open. The an- 
 tennae and palpi resemble those of the genus Argynnis. The 
 under sides of the win^s are not spotted with silvery marks. 
 
 (1) Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), The Variegated Fritillary. 
 Plate VII, Fig. 1, d"; Fig. 2, under side. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of Passion-flowers and 
 violets. It is reddish yellow in color, with black spines on the 
 segments, white spots on the back, and dark broTvn bands 
 running the long way on the sides. The chrysalis is pearly 
 white mottled with black spots and streaks. The insect 
 
 71 
 
 PL. VII 
 
PL. VIII 
 
 ranges from southern New England south and west, and is 
 reported from as far north as Alberta. It goes as far as Ar- 
 gentina in the south. Expanse d\ 1.75 to 2.25 inches; 9 , 2.25 
 to 2.75 inches. 
 
 (2) Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer), The Mexican Fritillary. 
 
 Very much like the preceding species, only the wings, es- 
 pecially the hind wings, have very few dark markings, except 
 about the borders, and the insect is smaller. Expanse cf, 1.6 
 to 2.25; 9 , 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward. 
 
 GENUS ARGYNNIS FABRICIUS 
 
 Butterflies of medium or large size, generally of some shade 
 of reddish-fulvous, conspicuously marked on the upper side 
 with dark spots and waved lines, which are less conspicuously 
 repeated on the under side, and in many species in part re- 
 placed by silvery spots. In some species the males and the 
 females are dimorphic, that is, very different in appearance 
 from each other. The palpi are strongly developed and 
 clothed heavily with hairs. The antennae have a short, well- 
 72 
 
defined, flattened, somewhat spoon-shaped club. The cells of 
 both fore and hind wings are closed. Eggs cone-shaped, flat- 
 tened, and depressed at the top, rounded at the base, ribbed 
 both ways, mostly near the base. Caterpillars dark in color, 
 spiny, with the spines on the first segment the longest; feeding 
 on violets at night, and hiding during the day. Chrysalis 
 angular, adorned with more or less prominent projections, 
 head bifid. 
 
 This large genus has many species. It occurs in both 
 hemispheres. Its metropolis is North America, and we can 
 speak of only a few of the commoner and more conspicuous 
 forms. 
 
 PL. IX 
 
 (1) 
 VIII, 
 
 Argynnis idalia (Drury), The Regal Fritillary. Plate 
 
 The figure given will help the student to recognize this insect. 
 The caterpillar, when fully grown, is about 1.75 inches in 
 length, black, banded and striped with ochreous and orange- 
 red, and ornamented with fleshy spines, of which the two rows 
 on the back are white tipped with black, those on the sides 
 black tinged with orange where they spring from the body. 
 The chrysalis is brown mottled with yellow. 
 
 73 
 
PL. X 
 
 Ranges from Maine to Nebraska, and southward among the 
 Appalachian highlands into West Virginia. Expanse 2.75 to 
 4 inches. 
 
 \ (2) Argynnis diana (Cramer), Plate IX, cf; Plate X, 9 
 
 (Diana). 
 
 This lovely insect is dimorphic, the male having the outer 
 borders of the wings orange-fulvous, while the female has the 
 wings bordered with blue spots. Expanse 3.75 to 4.5 inches. 
 
 It belongs to the southern Appalachian region, and ranges 
 from West Virginia and the Carolinas to northern Georgia, 
 thence westward to the Ozarks, being found sparingly in 
 southern Ohio and Indiana, and commonly in parts of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 (3) A rqynn is leto Edwards, Plate XI, 9 CLeto). 
 
 The male of this species is in some respects not unlike the 
 two following species, but with the wings darker at their bases: 
 the female, on the other hand, is quite different, the dark spots 
 on the inner half of the wings running together and giving this 
 part of the wings a dark brown or black appearance, while the 
 outer borders are pale yellow. Expanse 2.5 to 3.25 inches. 
 74 
 
This beautiful form occurs on the western side of the Rocky 
 Mountains, in California and Oregon. 
 
 (4) Argynnis cybele (Fabricius), Plate XII, 9 , under side 
 (The Great Spangled Fritillary). 
 
 The male is bright reddish-fulvous on the upper side of the 
 wings, with the characteristic dark markings of the genus; on 
 the under side the wings are heavily silvered. There always 
 is a pale yellowish submarginal band shown on the under side 
 of the hind wings which does not appear in the next species, 
 and by the presence or absence of which they may be discrim- 
 inated from each other. The caterpillars hibernate as soon as 
 hatched, and pass the winter in this state, feeding up and ma- 
 turing in the following spring when the violets begin to grow. 
 Expanse 3 to 4 inches. 
 
 This species ranges from Maine to Nebraska and southward 
 to Georgia and Arkansas. It is our commonest species in the 
 Middle States. 
 
 (5) A rgynnis aphrodite (Fabricius). Plate XIII, 9 , under 
 side (Aphrodite). 
 
 Closely resembling the preceding species, but smaller. The 
 
 75 
 
 PL. Xi 
 
PL. XII 
 
 under side of the hind wings has the submarginal band nar- 
 rower than in A. cybele and often wholly wanting, as shown in 
 the figure. The fore wings on the under side are redder at the 
 base than in A. cybele. Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 The range is the same as that of the preceding species. 
 
 The two species A. cybele and A. aphrodite usually are 
 found flying at the same time and in the same places, and when 
 on the wing it is often very difficult to distinguish them from 
 each other. In fact they seem to intergrade into each other, 
 and in a long series of specimens such close resemblances often 
 occur that it is puzzling to decide which is which. The deeper 
 red of the fore wing of A. cybele is the best diacritical char- 
 acter. The paler outer margin of the hind wing of A. aphro- 
 dite, which is typically shown in Plate XII, sometimes occurs 
 also in A. cybele, and I have specimens of the latter which 
 very closely approximate the former in this regard. In se- 
 lecting specimens for illustration I have chosen the two extreme 
 forms in which the pale wing of A. aphrodite is seen to contrast 
 on the under side with the darker wing of A. cybele shown on 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 76 
 
It may be remarked in passing that the genus Argynnis is 
 very difficult, and the writer has been in the habit of compar- 
 ing it to the genus Salix, the willows, among flowers. Botan- 
 ists know how the willows seem to run together, and how hard 
 it is to discriminate the species. The same thing is true of 
 tkis great genus of butterflies with which we are now dealing. 
 It is particularly true of the species which occur in the region 
 of the Rocky Mountains, of which the writer has probably the 
 largest collection in existence, including all of the types of the 
 late William H. Edwards. The test of breeding has not been 
 fully applied as yet to all of these forms, and it is doubtful 
 whether some of them are more than varieties or local races. 
 There is here a field of inquiry which should tempt some young, 
 ardent, and careful student. The day for more thorough 
 work is at hand, and I hope some reader of these pages may 
 be converted to the task. Entomological study should become 
 more intensive, as well as extensive. The fathers of the science 
 have paved the way and laid foundations; it remains for the 
 rising generation to complete the work which the fathers have 
 begun. 
 
 PL. XIII 
 
 .. - 
 
 77 
 
PL. XIV 
 
 (6) Argynnis attantis Edwards. Plate XIV, d" (The 
 Mountain Silverspot). 
 
 Smaller than A. aphrodite, with narrower wings, darker at 
 the base on both the upper and lower sides. The submarginal 
 band below is pale yellow, narrow, distinct, and always present. 
 Expanse 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Ranges from Quebec to Alberta and southward, but is con- 
 fined to the Appalachian mountain ranges in southern Penn- 
 sylvania and West Virginia. 
 
 The specimen figured on the Plate is the type of the male 
 contained in the collection of the late William H. Edwards. 
 Although taken long ago, it retains all its original freshness and 
 beauty. 
 
 There used to be near Cresson on the summit of the Alle- 
 gheny Mountains a field surrounded by woodland in which 
 violets grew. When the clover was in bloom myriads of 
 Fritillaries, belonging to the species aphrodite, cybele, and 
 atlantis, congregated there. What captures we made! Many 
 a collection on both sides of the Atlantic contains specimens 
 taken in that field, but no possessor of these specimens can 
 have the happy memories of the days passed in that field by 
 their captor. 
 78 
 
(7) Argynnis callippe Boisduval. Plate XV, 9 , under side 
 (Callippe). 
 
 Wings on the upper side obscured with dark brown on which 
 the pale buff spots, margined with black, stand out conspicu- 
 ously. On the under side the wings are pale buff, with a 
 greenish cast, the spots well silvered. Expanse 2.3 to 3 inches. 
 
 Abundant in southern California, according to W. G- 
 Wright, preferring plains, and being confined mainly to the 
 little hot valleys which traverse them. According to the same 
 author the life of the insect as an imago is very brief, "the 
 shortest of any Argynnid that I know of, being only a few days 
 in length." 
 
 Many of the western species do not have the spots on the 
 under side silvered, but are none the less beautiful for that. 
 One of these species, without silvery spots, the spots being 
 creamy white, without metallic lustre, is the beautiful insect 
 figured on Plate XVI, A. rhodope, the under side of the female 
 type of w T hich we show. There are nearly a dozen species of 
 Argynnis belonging to the same group with A. rhodope, but the 
 latter is the most beautiful of all of them. 
 
 79 
 
 PL. XV 
 
PL. XVI 
 
 (8) Argynnis rhodope Edwards. Plate XVI, 9 under side 
 (Type) (Rhodope). 
 
 The wings of the two sexes are quite alike on the under side. 
 On the upper side, which we do not figure, the wings are bright 
 fulvous, dark at the base, marked with heavy, black, confluent 
 spots. Expanse 2.2 to 2.4 inches. 
 
 Found in Washington and British Columbia. 
 
 GENUS BRENTHIS HUBNER 
 
 (THE LITTLE FRITILLARIES). 
 
 Small or medium-sized butterflies, closely resembling those 
 of the genus Argynnis. The chief difference is that in Brenthis 
 only the first subcostal nervule branches off before the end 
 of the cell, while in Argynnis the first and second are thus 
 given off; palpi not so stout as in Argynnis; the basal spur 
 of the median vein of the fore wing, found in Argynnis, 
 is wanting in Brenthis. Eggs subconical, twice as wide as 
 high, truncated, vertically ribbed. Caterpillars like those, of 
 Argynnis, but smaller, and often lighter in color, feeding on 
 80 
 
violets. Chrysalis pendant, about 0.6 inch long; two rows 
 of conical tubercles on back. 
 
 Sixteen species are found in North America, all of which 
 but two are subarctic or occur on high mountains. 
 
 (1) Brenihis myrina (Cramer), Plate XVII, Fig. 1, cT, upper 
 side; Fig. 2, cf , under side (The Silver-bordered Fritillary). 
 
 Well depicted in the figures we give. Expanse 1.40-1.70 
 inch. Eggs pale greenish yellow. Caterpillar, when fully 
 grown, about 0.87 inch long, dark olive-brown, marked with 
 lighter green, and covered with spiny, fleshy tubercles. Chrys- 
 alis yellowish brown marked with darker brown spots, some 
 having a pearly lustre. 
 
 Ranges from Nova Scotia to Alaska and southward as far 
 as the mountains of the Carolinas. 
 
 (2) Brenthis montinus Scudder, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, 9 , under 
 side (The White Mountain Fritillary). 
 
 Upper side fulvous, the wings at base darker than in B. 
 myrina, the black markings heavier. Hind wings below much 
 darker than in B. myrina, the silvery spots being quite differ- 
 
 81 
 
 PL. XVII 
 
PL. XVIII 
 
 ently arranged, the most conspicuous being a bar at the end 
 and a round spot at the base of the cell of the hind wing. Ex- 
 panse, cf, 1.50 inch; 9, 1.75 inch. 
 
 A small species living on the summit of Mt. Washington, 
 New Hampshire, where a little colony has survived the glacial 
 epoch, when the northeastern parts of the United States were 
 covered with glaciers, as Greenland is to-day. 
 
 (3) Brenthis bellona (Fabricius), Plate XVIII, J 1 (The 
 Meadow Fritillary). 
 
 The only species of the genus, except B. myrina, found in 
 the densely settled portions of the continent. Easily dis- 
 tinguished from myrina by the absence on the under side of 
 the wings of the silvery spots, which make the Silver-bordered 
 Fritillary so attractive. It is generally found upon the wing 
 in the late summer and the fall of the year. In Pennsyl- 
 vania it may be found when the asters are in bloom. 
 
 Common throughout Canada and the northern United 
 States as far west as the Rocky Mountains and as far south 
 as the Carolinas. Expanse 1.65-1.80 inch. 
 
 82 
 
GENUS MELIT^EA (THE CHECKER-SPOTS) PL. XIX 
 
 Generally small or medium-sized butterflies. Palpi not 
 swollen; the third joint finely pointed; clothed with long 
 hairs. Antennae about half as long as the costal margin of 
 fore wing, ending with a short, heavy, spoon-shaped knob. 
 The cell hi the fore wing is closed, in the hind wing open. 
 The spots and markings are differently arranged from those 
 in Argynnis and Brenthis; the wings are never silvered on the 
 under side. Eggs subconical, flattened on top, fluted on the 
 sides. Caterpillars gregarious when young, then separating; 
 cylindrical, covered with short spines set with diverging 
 hairs; feeding upon the Scrophulariacece, Castileja, and allied 
 plants. Chrysalis rounded at the head, with sharply pointed 
 tubercles on back, white or pale gray, adorned with dark 
 markings and orange spots on back. 
 
 There are many species in the north temperate zone. Most 
 of the more than thirty species in North America are confined 
 to the western part of the continent, only two being found east 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 (1) Melitcea phaeton (Drury), Plate XIX, tf (The Balti- 
 more). 
 
 S3 
 
PL. XX 
 
 Easily recognized by the figure. One of the larger species, 
 the male having a width of 1.75-2.00, the female of 2.00-2.60 
 inches. Eggs brownish yellow when laid, changing to crim- 
 son, and later to black; deposited in clusters on balmony 
 (Chelone glabra). Hatching in early fall, the little cater- 
 pillars spin a web or tent of silk, where they pass the winter. 
 When spring comes, they scatter, fall to feeding, and after 
 the fifth moult turn into chrysalids, from which the butter- 
 flies soon emerge. 
 
 Found locally in colonies in swampy places, where balmony 
 grows, from Quebec to west of Lake Superior and south to 
 the Carolina mountains. 
 
 (2) Melitoea chalcedon Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate 
 XX, Fig. 1, d" (Chalcedon). 
 
 A common species in northern California, ranging eastward 
 as far as Colorado and Wyoming. One of the larger species, 
 expanding 1.75-2.5 inches. The caterpillar feeds on Mimulus 
 and Casiileja. The butterfly is variable, the females in par- 
 ticular differing ^n the size of the light spots on their wings. 
 
 (3) Melitcea macglashani Rivers, Plate XX, Fig. 2, 9 (Mac- 
 glashan's Checker-spot). 
 
 84 
 
One of the largest species in the genus, exceeding in size 
 the two foregoing, having a width of from 1.85-3.00 inches; 
 closely resembling M . chalcedon, but the outer marginal red 
 spots always bigger and the yellow spots paler and larger than 
 in that species. Occurs in Utah, Nevada, and California. 
 
 (4) M elitcea harrisi Scudder, Plate XXI, Fig. 1, 9 , under 
 side (Harris' Checker-spot). 
 
 Fulvous on upper side; base of wings and outer margins 
 black, black margins widest at apex. Five fulvous spots in 
 cell of fore wing, two below it; two white spots on apex. 
 Under side of wings well shown in the figure we give. Ex- 
 panse 1.5-1.75 inch. Eggs lemon-yellow, conoid, flattened 
 at top, ribbed. Adult caterpillar reddish, with a black stripe 
 on middle of back, nine rows of black, branching spines on 
 body. On each segment a black band in front of the spines, 
 and two black bands behind them. Food-plants Aster and 
 Diplopappus. Chrysalis pale gray or white, blotched with 
 dark brown. 
 
 Ranges from Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. 
 
 (5) Melitata perse Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 3, cT- Type. 
 (The Arizona Checker-spot). 
 
 85 
 
 PL. XXI 
 
PL. XXII 
 
 One of the very small species of the genus. The specimen 
 we figure is the type, that is to say, the specimen upon which 
 Edwards founded his description of the species. Expanse <? , 
 1.00 inch; 9, 1.10 inch. 
 
 Habitat Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 (6) Melitcea dymas Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 4, 9 . Type 
 (The Least Checker-spot). 
 
 Even smaller than the preceding, having an expanse of only 
 0.85 to 1.00 inch. It is much paler on the upper side than 
 M. perse, and the markings are different. 
 
 Ranges from southwestern Texas and Arizona to Mexico. 
 
 GENUS PHYCIODES DOUBLEDAY 
 
 (THE CRESCENT-SPOTS). , 
 
 Usually quite small butterflies, the species found in our 
 region being some shade of fulvous or reddish, above with 
 dark markings, which are less distinctly reproduced on the 
 paler under side of the wings. Of the spots on the under side 
 the most characteristic is the crescent between the ends of the 
 86 
 
second and third median nervules. This, when present, is pearly white or silvery in color. 
 Structurally these insects differ most markedly from the preceding genus in the enlarged second 
 and the fine very sharp third joint of the palpi. Eggs higher than wide, slightly ribbed on top, 
 pitted below, giving them a thimble-like appearance. Caterpillars cylindrical, with rows of 
 short tubercles, much shorter than the spines in Melitcea, dark in color, marked with paler 
 longitudinal stripes. Chrysalis with head slightly bifid, generally pale in color, blotched 
 with brown. 
 
 Numerous species occur in Central and South America, but only about a dozen in the 
 United States and Canada, most of them in the Southwestern States. 
 
 (1) Phyciodes nycteis Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, cT (Nycteis). 
 Easily mistaken on the wing for Melitcea harrisi, which it closely resembles on the upper 
 
 side, and with which it is often found flying, but an examination of the under side at once 
 reveals the difference. The redder fore wings, paler hind wings, and the crescent on the lower 
 outer border of these are marks which cannot be mistaken. Expanse o 71 , 1.25-1.65 inch; 9 , 
 1.65-2.00 inches. 
 
 Ranges from Maine to the Carolinas and westward to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Phyciodes tharos (Drury), Plate XXII, Fig. 1, d". Variety marcia Edwards, Plate 
 XXII, Fig. 2, c? (The Pearl Crescent). 
 
 A very common little butterfly, which everybody must have noticed in late spring or early 
 summer flitting about lawns and gardens, and in fall abounding upon clumps of asters. It 
 may easily be recognized from the figures given. Expanse from 1.25-1.65 inch. The variety 
 
 87 
 
marcia comes from larvae which have hibernated during the winter, and is lighter and brighter 
 in color, especially beneath, than butterflies of the later summer and fall broods. 
 
 Eggs laid on asters and related plants; greenish yellow. Matured caterpillar dark brown, 
 dotted on the back with yellow; adorned with short, bristly, black spines, yellow at base. 
 Chrysalis pale gray, blotched with spots of brown. 
 
 Ranges from southern Labrador to Florida and westward to the Pacific Coast. 
 
 (3) Phyciodes batesi (Reakirt), Plate XXII, Fig. 3, cT, upper side; Fig. 4, underside, 9 
 (Bates' Crescent-spot). 
 
 Above closely resembling P. tharos, but with the dark markings much heavier; below hind 
 wings quite uniformly pale yellowish fulvous, with a row of very pale marginal crescents; ends 
 of veins tipped with brown. Expanse 1.25-1.65 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (4) Phyciodes pratensis (Behr), Plate XXIII, Fig. 1, J> (The Meadow Crescent). 
 Closely resembling the preceding, but fore wings not as curved on the costal margin, 
 
 and relatively longer and narrower; the pale markings more whitish, not so red, and more 
 clearly defined. On the under side, especially in the female, the markings are heavier than 
 in P. batesi. Expanse 1.15-1.40 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Oregon to southern California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. 
 
 (5) Phyciodes camillus Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, cT. under side (The Camillus 
 Crescent). 
 
 Resembling P. pratensis, but the pale spots on fore wings paler, and on hind wings 
 
brighter fulvous. Below the dark markings not nearly so 
 pronounced as in P. pratensis. Expanse 1.3-1.6 inch. 
 
 Ranges from British Columbia to Colorado and Kansas and 
 south into Texas. 
 
 (6) Phydodes picta Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, 9 , under 
 side (The Painted Crescent). 
 
 Below fore wings red on median area, with base, costa, apex, 
 and outer margin pale yellow. The dark spots on thi$ wing 
 stand out prominently. Hind wings nearly uniformly bright 
 yellow. Expanse 0.8-1.25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Nebraska as far as Mexico. The larvae feed 
 on asters. 
 
 GENUS ERESIA DOUBLEDAY 
 
 Closely allied to Phyciodes, but distinguished from it by 
 having the fore wing more or less deeply excavated on the 
 outer margin about its middle, and the light spots on the 
 hind wings arranged in regular bands. There are also differ- 
 ences in the form of the chrysalids and caterpillars. The 
 genus is best represented in Central and South America, where 
 there are many very beautiful species. Only three occur in 
 our region. We have figured two of these. 
 
 89 
 
 PL. XXIII 
 
PL. XXIV 
 
 (1) Eresia frisia (Poey), Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, tf (Poey'g 
 Crescent). 
 
 Our figure of the upper side will enable any one to recognize 
 it. Below the wings are fulvous, mottled with dark brown 
 and white, and the spots of the upper side reappear as white 
 bands and markings. Expanse 1.4-1.5 inch. 
 
 Occurs in the extreme south of Florida about Key West, and 
 is not uncommon in the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America 
 
 (2) Eresia texana (Edwards), Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, 9 (The 
 Texan Crescent). 
 
 Well represented in our illustration. Below the fore wings 
 are fulvous at base, and broadly marked with dark brown be- 
 yond the middle. Hind wings at base marbled wood-brown, 
 and dark externally like the fore wings. The light spots of 
 upper side reappear on lower side, but not so distinctly. Ex- 
 panse 1.25-1.75 inch. 
 
 Ranges through Texas into Mexico, and South America. 
 The genus Eresia is undoubtedly one of those which originated 
 in the warm neotropical regions and which since the glacia\ 
 epoch have spread northward. Many of our genera have 
 come to us from the South. 
 00 
 
GENUS SYNCHLOE BOISDTJVAL (THE PATCH-SPOTS) 
 
 Medium-sized or small butterflies, often very gayly colored. Wings generally more pro- 
 duced than in the two foregoing genera, more excavated on outer margin of primaries, and 
 third joint of palpus spindle-shaped, not sharp like the point of a needle, as in Phyciodes 
 and Eresia. The lower discocellular vein in the fore wing is straight and not angled, as in 
 the two last-named genera. Eggs, which are laid in clusters upon sunflowers (Helianthus), 
 like those of Phyciodes in general appearance; the caterpillars and chry solids like those of 
 Melitcea. There are nlany species of the group found in the American tropics, and among 
 them are many curious mimetic insects, which resemble minature Heliconians and Itho- 
 miids. Three species occur in our southland, one of which we figure. 
 
 (1) Synchloe janais (Drury), Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, cf (The Crimson-patch). 
 
 The upper side of a small male specimen is well shown in our figure. Below the markings of 
 the upper side are reproduced in the fore wings. Hind wings on this side black at base and 
 on outer third. The basal area crossed by a yellow bar, on middle of wing a broad yellow 
 band, washed externally with crimson, in which are numerous black spots. There is a 
 marginal row of yellow, and a limbal row of white spots parallel to the outer border. 
 Expanse 2.50-3.00 inches. 
 
 Ranges through southern Texas, Mexico, and Central America. 
 
 91 
 
PL. XXV 
 
 GENUS GRAPTA KIRBY (THE ANGLE-WINGS) 
 
 Medium-sized or small butterflies; fore wing strongly 
 acuminate at end of upper radial, deeply excavated on outer 
 and inner border; hind wing tailed at end of third median 
 nervule; cells on both wings closed; palpi heavily scaled be- 
 neath. Upper side of wings tawny, spotted with darker, 
 under side mimicking the color of bark and dead leaves, often 
 with a silvery spot about middle of hind wing. The butter- 
 flies hibernate in winter. Eggs taller than broad, tapering 
 toward top, which is flat, adorned with a few longitudinal 
 ribs, increasing in height upward, laid in clusters, or strung 
 together, then looking like beads. Larva with squarish head; 
 body cylindrical, adorned with branching spines. Chrysalids 
 with head bifid; prominent tubercle on back of thorax; two 
 rows of dorsal tubercles on abdomen; compressed laterally 
 in thoracic region; color wood-brown or greenish. The 
 caterpillars feed upon plants of the nettle tribe, including the 
 elm and hops, though willows, azalea, and wild currants are 
 affected by different species. 
 
 The genus is confined to the northern temperate zone. We 
 have about a dozen species in America, of which five have been 
 selected for illustration. 
 
(1) Grapta interrogationis (Fabricius;, tormfabricii Edwards, 
 Plate XXV, tf (The Question-sign). 
 
 The largest species of the genus in our fauna. Dimorphic, 
 the upper sides of the hind wings in the form fabricii being 
 fulvous with dark markings, those of the form umbrosa Lintner 
 being uniformly dark, except at base. In the Middle States 
 double-brooded. The second brood hibernates in the winged 
 form. Expanse 2.50 inches. 
 
 Found throughout Canada and the United States, except 
 on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 (2) Grapta comma (Harris), form dry as Edwards, Plate XXVI, 
 d 1 (The Comma Butterfly). 
 
 Larvae feed on nettles; some are almost snow-white. The 
 species is dimorphic. In the form dryas Edwards the hind 
 wings are dark above, in the form harrisi Edwards they are 
 lighter in color. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches. 
 
 The range is much the same as that of the Question-mark. 
 
 (3) Grapta faunus Edwards, Plate XXVII, 9 (The Faun). 
 Readily recognized by the deep indentations of the hind 
 
 wings, the heavy black border, and the dark tints of the under 
 
 93 
 
 PL. XXVI 
 
PL. XXVIt 
 
 side mottled conspicuously with paler shades. 
 2.00-2.15 inches. The larva feeds on willows. 
 
 Expanse 
 
 Ranges from New England and Ontario to the Carolinas, 
 thence westward to the Pacific. 
 
 As I have remarked of the genus Argynnis that it is difficult, 
 so also I may say of the genus Grapta that it provokes much 
 discussion among those who have not had the opportunity 
 to study full series of specimens of the various species. The 
 resemblances are very great, and the differences are not ac- 
 centuated, so that the superficial observer is easily led astray. 
 The differences are, however, valid, even on the upper side 
 of the specimens, which are more nearly alike than the lower 
 side. Take the two species here presented to view on opposite 
 pages. They resemble each other closely, but the student 
 will soon see that there are differences, and these are constant. 
 On the under side they are very great, G. faunus being light 
 in color below, while G. silenus is very dark. In both species 
 at the end of the cell of the hind wing there is on the under 
 side a silvery spot which has the form of an inverted L ( r l), 
 or is rudely comma-shaped. 
 
(4) Grapta sdenus Edwards, Plate XXVIII. tf. Type (The 
 Toper). 
 
 Wings in form very much like those of G. faunus, but the 
 fore wing not as strongly produced at the ends of the upper 
 radial, and the hind wing at the end of the first submedian. 
 The wings are much darker below than in faunus, without 
 large pale spots, at most sprinkled with white scales. Expanse 
 2,00-2.30 inches. 
 
 Occurs in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. 
 
 The life history of this species is not as yet known. It is 
 highly probable that the insect has the same tastes as the other 
 species of the genus, and lives upon much the same food-plants. 
 The late W. G. Wright, who was a careful observer, states that 
 the butterfly haunts partially wooded places upon hillsides in 
 the region where it is found. It is to be hoped that some 
 bright young person in Oregon or Washington may succeed in 
 breeding the larvae to maturity, giving us an account of his 
 observations. It is a mistake to suppose that everything 
 which is worth knowing is already known about our lepidoptera. 
 There is much for the students of the future to find out. 
 
 PL. XXVIII 
 
 
PL. XXIX 
 
 (5) Grapta progne (Cramer), Plate XXIX, <? (The Currant 
 Angle- wing). 
 
 Somewhat smaller than any of the foregoing species. Fore 
 wings light fulvous shading into yellow outwardly. The dark 
 markings are smaller than in the other species, but pronounced 
 and clearly defined. Wings below very dark, sprinkled with 
 lighter scales. Expanse 1.85-2.00 inches. 
 
 The larva feeds upon all kinds of plants belonging to the 
 currant family. 
 
 Ranges from Siberia to Nova Scotia, thence south to the 
 latitude of Pennsylvania. 
 
 GENUS VANESSA FABRICIUB 
 (THE TORTOISE-SHELLS). 
 
 Butterflies of medium size. Eyes hairy; palpi somewhat 
 heavily scaled; cell of fore wings may or may not be closed, that 
 of hind wing always open. Fore wings more or less excavated 
 about middle and somewhat produced at ends of upper radial 
 and first median, but not so strongly as in Grapta. Hind'wings, 
 with outer margin toothed at ends of veins and strongly pro- 
 duced at end of third median nervule. Eggs short, ovoid 
 80 
 
tapering above, and having a few narrow longitudinal ribs, 
 which increase in depth upward; laid in large clusters. Cater- 
 pillars when mature, cylindrical, with longitudinal rows of 
 branching spines. Feeding upon elms, willows, and poplars. 
 Chrysalis not unlike that of Grapta. 
 
 The genus is restricted to the north temperate zone and the 
 colder mountain regions of subtropical lands. The butterflies 
 hibernate, and are among the first to be seen in the springtime. 
 
 (1) Vanessa antiopa (Linnaeus), Plate XXX, 9 (The Mourn- 
 ing Cloak; The Camberwell Beauty). 
 
 This familiar insect needs no description. It occurs every- 
 where in the north temperate zone. Eggs laid in large masses 
 on willows, poplars, and elms. There are two broods in the 
 Middle States, the second hibernating under eaves and in 
 hollow trees. Expanse 2.75-3.25 inches. 
 
 There is a rare variety of this insect in which the yellow 
 border becomes broad, reaching the middle of the wings. 
 Only two or three such "sports" are known, one in the posses- 
 sion of the author. There are some collectors who set great 
 store by such "freaks" or "aberrations," as they are called. 
 
 PL. XXX 
 
 97 
 
PL. XXXI 
 
 (2) Vanessa j-album Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XXXI, cf 
 (The Compton Tortoise). 
 
 No description is necessary as our figure will enable it to be 
 immediately recognized. A close ally of the European Vanessa 
 van-album. Expanse 2.60-2.75 inches. 
 
 Larva feeds upon willows. Confined to the northern parts 
 of the country, only occurring ift Pennsylvania upon the sum- 
 mits of the higher mountains, and ranging thence to Labrador 
 in the east and to Alaska in the northwest. 
 
 (3) Vanessa milberti Godart, Plate XXXII, 9 (Milbert's 
 Tortoise-shell). 
 
 Easily distinguished by the broad yellow submarginal band 
 on both wings, shaded outwardly by red. Expanse 1.75 inch. 
 The larva feeds upon nettles (Urtica). 
 
 Found at high elevations in the Appalachian highlands, 
 ranging northward to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, thence 
 westward to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, its 
 distribution being determined by temperature and the presence 
 of its food-plant, though its distribution seems to be more de- 
 pendent upon climate than upon food, as nettles abound in the 
 Southern States, where the insect is never found. 
 
PL XXXII 
 
 In addition to the three species of Vanessa, which we have 
 figured upon our plates, it should be mentioned that there is a 
 very pretty species, known as Vanessa californica, which oc- 
 curs upon the Pacific Coast. It somewhat closely resembles 
 the European Vanessa urticae. In southern California it is 
 only found upon the mountains, but about Vancouver and 
 elsewhere in British Columbia it occurs at sea-level. It is a 
 pugnacious little thing, and fights at sight any other butterfly 
 which comes near. The food-plant of the larva is Ceanothus 
 thyrsiflorus. W. G. Wright informs us that the butterfly in 
 the spring delights to feed upon the gum of Abies concolor, 
 when it is still fluid. 
 
 GENUS PYRAMEIS DOUBLEDAY 
 (THE RED ADMIRAL AND PAINTED LADIES). 
 
 The butterflies of this are like those of the last genus in the 
 structure of their wings, except that the hind wings are not 
 angulate, and below the hind wings are generally marked with 
 eye-like spots. Egg ovoid, closely resembling that of Vanessa. 
 Larva like that of Vanessa, but spines relatively not so large 
 and not so distinctly branching. Form of chrysalis very like 
 
 99 
 
that of Vanessa. The genus includes comparatively few spe- 
 cies, but most have a very wide range, Pyrameis cardui being 
 almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, having a wider range 
 than that of any other butterfly. 
 
 (1) Pyrameis atalanta (Linnaeus), Plate XXXIII, 9 (The 
 Red Admiral). .1 
 
 This familiar butterfly is found throughout temperate North 
 America, Europe, northern Africa, and temperate Asia. Ex- 
 panse 2.00-2.50 inches. 
 
 Larva feeds on the leaves of hop vines, on nettles, and 
 Bcehmeria. 
 
 (2) Pyrameis huntera (Fabricius), Plate XXXIV, cf (Hunt- 
 er's Butterfly). 
 
 Marked much like P. cardui, but easily discriminated from 
 it by the two large eye-like spots on the under side of the hind 
 wings. Expanse 2.00 inches. 
 
 Caterpillar feeds on cud-weed (Gnaphalium) and Antennaria. 
 Ranges from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Central America, 
 being comparatively rare in California, but more abundant 
 east of the Sierras. 
 100 
 
We all know Hunter's Butterfly. How many know that its 
 name commemorates that of a most remarkable American, 
 John Dunn Hunter? Captured by the Indians in his infancy, 
 he never knew who his parents were. He was brought up 
 among the savages. Because of his prowess in the chase they 
 called him "The Hunter." Later in life he took the name of 
 John Dunn, a man who had been kind to him. He grew up as 
 an Indian, but after he had taken his first scalp he forsook the 
 red men, no longer able to join them in their bloody schemes. 
 He went to Europe, amassed a competence, became the friend 
 of artists, men of letters, and scientists. He was a prime favor- 
 ite with the English nobility and with the King of England 
 He interested himself in securing natural history collections 
 from America for certain of his acquaintances, and Fabricius 
 named the beautiful insect shown on our plate in his honor. 
 His Memoirs of Captivity Among the Indians are well worth 
 reading. In that charming book, Coke of Norfolk and His 
 Friends, which recently has been published, there are some 
 most interesting reminiscences of this American gentleman, for 
 gentleman he was, although reared by savages. The pre- 
 sumption is established that his unknown progenitors were 
 gentlefolk. "Blood will tell." 
 
 101 
 
 Pl_. XXXIV 
 
PL. XXXV 
 
 (3) Pyrameis cardui (Linnaeus), Plate XXXV, $ (The 
 Painted Lady; The Thistle Butterfly). 
 
 Easily distinguished from the preceding by the numerous 
 and much smaller eye-spots forming a band on the under side 
 of the hind wings. Expanse 2.00-2.25 inches. 
 
 Found all over the world, except in the tropical jungles of 
 equatorial lands. 
 
 The caterpillars feed on various species of thistles, nettles, 
 and marshmallows. 
 
 GENUS JUNONIA HUBNEB 
 
 (PEACOCK BUTTERFLIES). 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies with eye-spots on upper side of 
 wings. Neuration almost exactly like that of the genus Pyra- 
 meis, save for the fact that the cell of the fore wing is usually, 
 and of the hind wing always, open. Egg broader than high, 
 flattened on top and adorned by ten very narrow and low ver- 
 tical ribs. Caterpillars cylindrical, longitudinally striped, and 
 with several rows of branching spines. Chrysalis arched on 
 back, curved inwardly in front, and somewhat bifid at head, 
 with the two projections rounded. 
 102 
 
There are a score of species, most of which are found in the 
 tropics of the Old World. Three occur in our region, two of 
 which are found in the extreme south. The one which is com- 
 mon we have figured. 
 
 (1) Junonia ccenia Hubner, Plate XXXVI, d 1 (The Buck- 
 eye). 
 
 The spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side, but 
 are much smaller, especially on the hind wings. Expanse 2.00- 
 2.25 inches. 
 
 The larva feeds most commonly on plantains (Plantago), 
 snapdragons (Antirrhinum), and Gerardia. 
 
 Very common in the Southern States, ranging as far north 
 as New England, west to the Pacific, and south into South 
 America. 
 
 GENUS ANARTIA DOUBLEDAY. 
 
 v ' i . * '.'... . 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, having a weak, hovering flight, 
 and keeping near the ground. Palpi have the second joint 
 thick, the third joint tapering, lightly clothed with scales. 
 Fore wings rounded at apex, the outer and inner margins 
 lightly excavated, cell closed by a feeble lower discocellular, 
 
 ' 103 
 
 PL. XXA.I 
 
PL. XXXV-li 
 
 which often is wanting, thus leaving the cell open Outer 
 margin of hind wings sinuous, produced at end of third median 
 nervule, cell open. First and second subcostal nervules in 
 fore wing fuse with costal. 
 
 There are four species of this genus, one of which occurs in 
 the United States, the rest being found in tropical America. 
 
 (1) Anartia jatrophce (Linnaeus), Plate XXXVII, cT (The 
 White Peacock). 
 
 The figure we give will readily serve to identify this insect, 
 which occurs in Florida and Texas, and ranges thence south- 
 ward to Argentina. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches. 
 
 GENUS EUNICA HUBNER 
 (THE VIOLET-WINGS). 
 
 Rather small butterflies. Antennae long and slender, with 
 enlarged club, having two grooves. Third joint of palpi of 
 female longer than that of male. The fore wing has the costal 
 and median vein enlarged and swollen at the base. The upper 
 discocellular vein is wanting, the cell is lightly closed. The 
 hind wing is rounded, with its outer margin entire. 
 104 
 
The species of the genus have the upper side of the wings 
 dark brown or black glossed with violet, blue, or purple. Be- 
 low the wings are very beautifully marked. There are about 
 seventy species which have been described, all of them from 
 the American tropics, two of which, however, come within our 
 borders, Eunica tatila, occurring in Florida, and the following: 
 
 (1) Eunica monima (Cramer), Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, cf; 
 Fig. 2, 9 (The Dingy Purple-wing). 
 
 This obscure little butterfly represents its genus in Texas 
 and Florida, and gives but a faint idea of the beauty of many 
 of its congeners. It ranges southward and is common in 
 Mexico and the Greater Antilles. Expanse 1.35-1.50 inch. 
 
 GENUS CYSTINEURA BOISDUVAL 
 (THE BAG-VEINS). 
 
 Small, delicate butterflies with elongated fore wings, having 
 the costal vein much swollen near the base, somewhat as in the 
 SaiyrinoE, The upper discocellular is lacking in the fore wing, 
 and the cell is feebly closed. Outer margin of the hind wing 
 
 105 
 
 FL. XXXVI I ; 
 
PI XXX IX 
 
 feebly crenulate; cell open; the two radials spring from a com- 
 mon point. 
 
 A number of species and local races have been described. 
 
 ,/VT' (1) Cystineura amymone Mene cries, Plate XXXIX, cf (The 
 
 Texas Bag- vein). 
 
 On the under side the gray markings of the upper side are 
 replaced by yellow, and on the hind wings there is a transverse 
 white band near the base and an incomplete row of white spots 
 on the limbal area. Expanse 1.50 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Kansas southward through Texas into Central 
 America. 
 
 GENUS CALLICORE HUBNER 
 (THE LEOPARD-SPOTS). 
 
 Small butterflies; the upper side of the wings dark in color 
 marked with bands of metallic blue or silvery green, the lower 
 side more or less brilliantly colored, the fore wings of some 
 shade of crimson or yellow, banded near the apex, the hind 
 wings silvery white or some pale tint, with circular bands of 
 black enclosing round or pear-shaped black spots. ? 
 
 106 
 
There are about thirty-five species of the genus thus far 
 known, all of which are found south of our limits, except the 
 one we figure. 
 
 (1) Callicore clymena Hiibner, Plate XL, Fig. 1, cf, upper 
 side; Fig. 2, 9 , under side (The Leopard-spot). 
 
 Found in Florida, but though quite common farther south, 
 appears to be rather local and rare in the peninsula. Expanse 
 1.75 inch. 
 
 GENUS TIMETES BOISDUVAL (THE DAGGER- WINGS). 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi moderately long, thickly 
 clothed with scales, the last joint pointed. Fore wing usually 
 somewhat falcate at apex, deeply excavated on outer margin; 
 hind wing greatly produced at the end of the third median 
 nervule, the wings being tailed in such a way as to make them 
 resemble some species of Papilio. There is also a prolongation 
 of the outer margin of the wing between the extremity of the 
 submedian vein and the first median nervule. On the upper 
 side the wings are generally dark in color, often marked with 
 
 107 
 
PL. XLI 
 
 transverse bands and lines; on the lower side they are light in 
 color, with pronounced darker bands. 
 
 Of the thirty species thus far known four occur within our 
 territory, all of them being found far south. 
 
 (1) Timetes coresia (Godart), Plate XLI, cf, under side 
 (The Waiter). 
 
 Easily recognized by the figure we give. As I stated in "The 
 Butterfly Book" it deserves the trivial name I have given it, 
 its black upper side and the white vest it wears suggesting the 
 functionary who attends us at table. Expanse 2.50 inches. 
 
 Occasionally found in Texas. 
 
 GENUS HYPOLIMNAS HUBNER 
 (THE TROPIC QUEENS). 
 
 Large butterflies, our species being one of the smallest of 
 the genus. Palpi produced, heavily scaled, rising above the 
 head. Fore wings excavated on the outer margin; costal and 
 median veins stout; upper discocellular vein wanting, and lower 
 discocellular feeble or lacking. Hind wings somewhat crenu- 
 late on the outer margin, the cell, which is relatively quite 
 small, being feebly-closed b'y an attenuated veinlet. 
 108 
 
The genus, which is quite large, reaches its greatest develop- 
 ment in the tropics of the Old World, and there is only one 
 species in the western hemisphere, which may have been in- 
 troduced in the old days of the slave trade. Most of the species 
 are mimics and the strange thing is that the mimicking form 
 is generally the female, which has the color a.**A markings of 
 some one or other of the milkweed butterflie" ~~ the African 
 and oriental tropics. The female of our species patterns after 
 the markings of Danais chrysippus, a common milkweed but- 
 terfly of Africa. This adaptation of species t~ *^e form and 
 color of "protected" insects is of course not con&**nzs. It is the 
 result of a long evolution in past ages. 
 
 (1) Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus), Plate ^ ri -TT, tf ; Plate 
 XLIII, 9 (The Mimic). 
 
 Occurs in Florida, the Antilles, and northern Jioiith America. 
 While very abundant in Africa, it seems to be scarce in the New 
 World. The female differs greatly from the male on the upper 
 side of the wings, but resembles that sex OP *-ke. lower side. 
 Expanse & t 2.50 inches; $ , 3.00 inches. 
 
 PL. XLII 
 
PL. XLIII 
 
 GENUS BASILARCH1A SCUDDEB 
 (THE WHITE ADMIRALS). 
 
 Rather large butterflies. Fore wings subtriangular, rounded 
 at the apex, and lightly excavated on the lower two thirds of 
 the outer margin. Hind wings rounded, somewhat crenulate. 
 Egg nearly spherical (see Plate C, Fig. /) pitted with large 
 hexagonal cells. The caterpillar in its mature state cylindrical, 
 with the second segment adorned with two prominent club- 
 shaped tubercles, and the fifth, ninth, and tenth segments also 
 having raised tubercles (see Plate C, Fig. h). They feed upon 
 oaks, birches, willows, and lindens, preferably the two latter. 
 The caterpillars after hatching hibernate in little winter quar- 
 ters, which they make out of the fragment of a small leaf, 
 which they tie together with silken threads, and also secure 
 to the twig by a few strands. The chrysalis has a projecting 
 boss on the back; the head is either rounded or slightly bifid. 
 
 There are a number of species in the United States, several 
 of which mimic other butterflies in a singular manner, B. 
 disippus closely resembling Anosia plexippus. The caterpil- 
 lars do not pupate until summer has come; the butterflies take 
 wing when the lindens bloom. * . * . . .- * 
 
 110 
 
(1) Basilarchia astyanax (Fabricius), Plate XLIV, 9 (The 
 Red-spotted Purple). 
 
 Our figure gives a good idea of the upper side of the wings. 
 On the lower side the wings are brown, banded with black on 
 the margins, the inner row of marginal spots being red, with 
 two red spots at the base of the fore wings, and four such spots 
 at the base of the hind wings. Palpi white below; a white 
 stripe along the sides of the abdomen. Expanse 3.00-3.25 
 inches. The egg and caterpillar are shown on Plate C. The 
 caterpillar is found on a variety of plants, but most commonly 
 on lindens, willows, and wild cherry trees. 
 
 Found all over the United States and Canada, as far west 
 as the Rocky Mountains, but not in the very hot lowlands of 
 the Gulf region. Is said to occur on the uplands of Mexico. 
 
 Between B. astyanax and the following species, B. arthemis, 
 there is more or less affinity. They represent two lines of evo- 
 lution from a common ancestry, and there are evidences cf 
 atavic reversion to type constantly occurring in both forms. 
 They even occasionally interbreed with each other, and hy- 
 brids are not altogether uncommon. The whole genus in fact 
 is in a more or less plastic state, and well deserves the careful 
 attention of biologists. 
 
 Ill 
 
 PL. XLIV 
 
pi XIV 
 
 (2) BanlarcMa arthemis (Drury), Plate XL V, tf (The Banded 
 Purple). 
 
 Our figure shows the upper side of the form which is most 
 usual. It will be seen that there are red spots on the hind 
 wings behind the white band. There is a variety called proser- 
 pina in which the white band becomes very narrow and the 
 red spots almost or entirely disappear. When the white band 
 and the red spots wholly disappear, as they sometimes do, it is 
 almost impossible to distinguish this species from B. astyanax. 
 Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches. The egg has "kite-shaped" cells. 
 The caterpillar feeds on willows, hawthorns, and wild apple 
 and plum trees. 
 
 Found in Canada, New England, and southward in Penn- 
 sylvania upon the higher ranges of the mountains. It is a 
 northern form. It has not thus far been recorded , from thf 
 western half of the continent, where it is replaced by a some 
 what similarly marked, but larger, species, known as / 
 W eidemeyeri. The latter insect is found as far east as westei 
 Nebraska and Colorado. I have taken it very frequently ii- 
 . Wyoming about Laramie Peak, where it seems to be a common 
 snsect in the wooded canyons- 
 
PL. XLVI 
 
 (3) Basuarchia disippus 
 (Godart), Plate XLVI, rf ; 
 Plate C, Fig. /, egg; Fig. 
 h, larva. (The Viceroy). 
 
 Mimics Anosia plexip- 
 pus. Range from Canada 
 to the Gulf. 
 
 This is one of the most 
 striking cases of mimicry 
 which occurs in our fauna. 
 
 (4) Basilarchia lorquini 
 (Boisdnval), Plate XLVII, 
 tf (Lorquin's Admiral). 
 
 Easily distinguished by 
 white bar at end of cell of 
 fore wing and red spot at 
 apex. Expanse 2.25-2.75 
 inches. 
 
 HL. XLV'll 
 
 113 
 
PL. XLVlll GENUS ADELPHA HUBNER (THE SISTERS). 
 
 Cell of fore wing lightly closed, of hind wing open; outer 
 margin of wings rarely excavated. The chrysalids have pe- 
 culiar forms, having bifid heads and broad wing-cases; marked 
 with metallic spots on a brown ground. 
 
 There are many species in tropical America, some of which 
 are very showy; only one occurs within our limits. 
 
 (1) Adelpha californica Butler, Plate XLVIII, 6" (The Cali- 
 fornian Sister). 
 
 The insect, well displayed in our figure, has ah expanse of 
 from 2.50-3.00 inches. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The 
 range is through southern California, Nevada, southern Utah, 
 Arizona, and Mexico. 
 
 GENUS CHLORIPPE BOISDUVAL 
 (THE EMPEROR BUTTERFLIES). 
 
 Small butterflies generally of some shade of fulvous, with a 
 submarginal row of eye-like spots on the hind wings, and in a 
 114 
 
few species with a similar spot on the fore wings. The apex of 
 the fore wing is somewhat truncated and the lower two thirds 
 is slightly excavated. Hind wings somewhat elongated pos- 
 teriorly at the anal angle. Outer margins more or less crenu- 
 late. Eggs nearly globular, broad on top, ornamented with 
 eighteen to . twenty broad, but low, vertical ribs, between 
 which are delicate crosslines; laid in clusters. Head of cater- 
 pillar squarish, crowned by two diverging spines on which are 
 many little spinules. Back of the head there is a frill of spines. 
 Body thickest at the middle, tapering fore and aft. Hind pair 
 of pro-legs long and diverging. They feed upon hackberry 
 trees (Cdtis). The chrysalis has a very remarkable arrange- 
 ment of the cremaster, which is disk-like, studded with hooks; 
 the- whole so arranged that the pupa, when suspended, hangs 
 with the ventral or belly side parallel to the supporting surface. 
 
 There are numerous species in the genus, many of them trop- 
 ical and very brilliant, only two commonly occur in the north- 
 ern portions of our territory, the others found within our limits 
 being inhabitants of the Southern States. 
 
 (1) Chlorippe celtis Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX, Fig. 
 1, c? (The Hackberry Butterfly). 
 
 Under side grayish purple, with the spots and markings of 
 
 115 
 
 PL. XLIX 
 
PL. 
 
 the upper side reappearing. Female larger, and, as always is 
 the case in the genus, with the fore wings not so pointed as in 
 the male, and the ground-color paler. Expanse cT, 1.80 inch; 
 9 ,- 2.10 inch. 
 Ranges from New Jersey west and south to the Gulf. 
 
 (2) Chlorippe clyton Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX, 
 Fig. 2, <? (The Tawny Emperor). 
 
 A larger species than the preceding; tawnier on the upper side 
 of the wings and lacking the red-ringed eye-spot on the fore 
 wing. Female much larger than the male, paler in color, with 
 the eye-spots on the hind wings black and conspicuous. Ex- 
 panse cf, 2.00 inches; 9 , 2.50-2.65 inches. 
 
 Occurs rather rarely in New England, and extends westward 
 to Michigan, thence southward to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 (3) Chlorippe flora Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 1, cT , Type (The 
 Red Emperor). 
 
 Like C. clyton this species has no red-ringed eye-spot on the 
 fore wing. The ground-color on the upper side is bright red- 
 dish fulvous; the hind wings are not heavily obscured with 
 brown, as is the case in C. clyton, and the black ocelli stand 
 forth very prominently upon the lighter ground. The hind 
 116 
 
wings are more strongly angulated than in any other North 
 American species, and are solidly bordered with black. Ex- 
 panse cf , 1.75; 9 , 2.35 inches. Ranges from Florida westward 
 along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico to Texas. 
 
 (4) Chlorippe alicia Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 2, d\ Type (The 
 Buff Emperor), 
 
 Resembles C. cettis in having an ocellus in the fore wing, but 
 it may at once be distinguished by its larger size in both sexes, 
 the paler color of the wings on the upper side, which shade from 
 pale fulvous at the base into light buff outwardly, upon which 
 the eye-spots on the hind wings show up very prominently. 
 Expanse cT, 2.00; 9 , 2.50 inches. 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 GENUS HYPANARTIA HUBNER (THE BANDED REDS) 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi well clothed with scales, 
 the second and third joints very nearly of the same size, the 
 latter blunt. Fore wings square at the apex, slightly excavated 
 about the middle, the cell being closed by a stoutdower disco- 
 cellular vein, moJe-'o^fess continuous with the third median 
 nervule. Hind wing strongly produced at the end of the third 
 
 117 
 
 PL. LI 
 
 B 
 
PL. Lit 
 
 median nervule, rounded at the outer angle, with two short 
 tooth-like projections before the anal angle. 
 
 There are less than a dozen species of the genus, most of 
 which are South American, but there are two in Africa and one 
 in Madagascar. Only one occurs within the United States, 
 and is confined to the extreme south. 
 
 (1) Hypanartia lethe (Fabricius), Plate LI, c? (The Orange- 
 banded Red). 
 
 Occurs as a straggler in our fauna in the extreme southern 
 part of Texas, but is very abundant farther south. Expanse 
 2.00 inches. 
 
 GENUS SMYRNA HUBNER 
 
 There are only two species of this genus and they closely 
 resemble each other, so that it is hard to tell them apart. The 
 one which occurs in our borders has the hind wing rounded at 
 the anal angle, the other, S. blomfildi, has the anal angle of the 
 hind wing squared, with a slight tail-like prolongation. On 
 the under side both species are marked in much the same way. 
 
 (1) Smyrna Jcarwinskii Hiibner, Plate LIT, 9 (Karwinski's 
 Beauty). 
 
 118 
 
The insect may be at once recognized by the figure we give. 
 Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches. 
 
 It occurs in southern Texas and ranges southward into Brazil. 
 
 GENUS C(EA HUBNEB 
 
 This is a monotypic genus, that is to say, it contains only 
 one species. It is therefore not necessary to take up much 
 space in describing it, because the figure we give will enable 
 the reader at once to recognize it. It is a very powerful in- 
 sect on the wing. 
 
 (1) Ccea acheronta (Fabricius), Plate LIII. <3 (The Dash- 
 wing). 
 
 This lovely insect, which has a certain resemblance to the 
 following species, is common in the Greater Antilles, Mexico, 
 and Central America. It occurs about Brownsville, Texas, 
 but is not common there. Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches. 
 
 GENUS AGANISTHOS BOISDUVAL 
 
 The genus, like the preceding, is monotypic, and contains 
 but the one species A. odius (Fabricius). It is so striking and 
 
 110 
 
 PL. LIII 
 
LlV 
 
 ? y .-r so easily recognizable by the figure we give on Plate LIV that 
 nothing more need be said, except that it has a wide range 
 through the American tropics, being found in southern Florida 
 and Texas, the Greater Antilles, and from Mexico to southern 
 Brazil. Expanse 3.75-4.00 inches. 
 
 GENUS PYRRHAN^EA SCHATZ 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies. Front wings falcate at apex; 
 hind wings tailed at end of third median nervule. Costal 
 margin of fore wing angulated at base, inner margin straight. 
 Upper side of wings generally fulvous or red; lower side mottled 
 and marked so as to resemble dried leaves.- Egg spheroid, 
 flattened at base, depressed on top, marked with a few rows of 
 raised points about summit. Caterpillar with head globular, 
 first segment behind it much smaller than head; body cylin- 
 drical tapering behind. Chrysalis short, stout, keeled on sides; 
 cremaster globular at tip, and so arranged as to cause the 
 chrysalis to hang at a slant. 
 
 This is a large genus characteristic of the American tropics. 
 The larvae feed on euphorbiaceous and lauraceous plants, after 
 the third moult making hiding-places for themselves by rolling 
 120 
 
up leaves and tying them with silk. There are three species 
 in the United States, two of which we figure. 
 
 (1) Pyrrhanoea andria (Scudder), Plate LV, tf (The Goat- 
 weed Butterfly). 
 
 Bright red above, margins dusky; on under side gray dusted 
 with brown scales. Females marked by incomplete pale bands 
 on the limbal area. Expanse cf 2.50; 9 > 3.00 inches. Larva 
 feeds on Croton capitatum. Ranges from Illinois and Nebraska 
 to Texas. 
 
 (2) Pyr.'ancea morrisoni (Edwards), Plate LVI, ? (Mor- 
 r son's Goatv eed Butterfly). 
 
 More brilliantly and deeply red on upper side than preceding 
 species. Both male and female have the wings with bands of 
 lighter color on the limbal area, but these are not solid, as in the 
 female of P. andria, but made up of spots, as shown in the 
 figure. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches. 
 
 Found in Arizona and Mexico. f 
 
 The genus which is here engaging our attention is one 
 which is wonderfully well represented in the New World, 
 where it takes the place of the magnificent insects belonging 
 
 121 
 
 PL. LV 
 
PL. LVI 
 
 to the genus Charaxes of the tropics of the Old World. On 
 the under side they closely mimic dried leaves. This assim- 
 ilation to the color of dead leaves is protective. 
 
 GENUS AGERONIA HUBNER (THE CALICOES). 
 
 Medium or moderately large-sized butterflies. Costal and 
 subcostal fused near base; cells of both wings closed. Upper 
 side of wings curiously marked with checkered spots, generally 
 some shade of blue with white; under side with broad paler 
 shades: white, yellow, or red. They are rapid fliers, alight on 
 the trunks of trees head downward, wings expanded against 
 the bark of the tree. When they fly they make a clicking 
 sound with their wings. The manner in which this sound is 
 produced is a mystery. Bates in his A Naturalist on the Ama- 
 zons writes about it but gives no explanation. In my rambles 
 in tropical forests I have heard it as the insects gyrated above 
 my head, but I do not know how the sound is made. 
 
 There are about thirty species of the genus in tropical 
 America, two of which are occasionally found in southern 
 Texas. 
 
 122 
 
(1) Ageronia feronia (Linnaeus), Plate LVII, <? (The White- 
 skirted Calico). 
 
 The ground-color of the under side is broadly white, while 
 that of the other species in our fauna, A. fornax, is yellow. 
 They may thus be easily told apart. 
 
 GENUS VICTORINA BLANCHARD 
 (THE MALACHITES). 
 
 Large butterflies, conspicuously marked with pale green 
 spots surrounded by darker color. On the under side the 
 wings are paler, and have a satiny lustre, the edges of the light 
 spots on this side marbled with brown. Neuration of fore 
 wing singular in that the upper and lower discocellulars are 
 wanting and the radials seem to spring from the lower side of 
 the subcostal before the middle; the third median is strongly 
 bowed upward. Hind wing tailed at end of the third median 
 nervule. 
 
 There are five species of the genus thus far known, all be- 
 longing to the American tropics, one of which occurs in Florida 
 and Texas. 
 
 123 
 
PL. LVII1 
 
 (1) Victorina steneles (Linnaeus), Plate LVIII, cf (The Pearly 
 Malachite). 
 
 There is no need of an elaborate description of this species, 
 as it is the only one of its genus in our borders, and the figure 
 we give is fully recognizable. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SATYRIN^E (THE SATYRS). 
 
 Butterflies generally of medium size, obscure in color, their 
 wings, especially on the under side, ornamented with dark 
 eye-like spots, pupilled in the centre with a light point and 
 ringed around with one or more circles of lighter color. They 
 have a weak flight, dancing about in the herbage and often 
 hiding among grasses and weeds. Most of them are forest- 
 loving, but some live on the summits of bleak and cold moun- 
 tains, others on the verge of arctic snows, and some on ( the 
 prairies. Veins of the fore wings generally greatly swollen at 
 the base, thus enabling them to be distinguished from almost 
 all other butterflies. Eggs subspherical, somewhat higher than 
 broad, ribbed on the sides, particularly at the apex, and 
 rounded at the base. Caterpillars, when they emerge from the 
 egg, have their heads much bigger in diameter than the rest of 
 124 
 
the body, but as they mature they lose this feature, and gen- 
 erally taper from the middle of the body in either direction. 
 Anal pro-legs bifurcating, thus readily distinguished from all 
 other caterpillars, except those of the genus Chlorippe. They 
 feed upon grasses and sedges, concealing themselves in the day- 
 time and coming forth to feed at night. Chrysalids short and 
 stout, plain both in color and outline. 
 
 There are about sixty species of Satyrince in the region with 
 which this manual deals, falling into ten genera. We shall 
 only deal with the commoner species. 
 
 GENUS DEBIS WESTWOOD 
 (THE EYED NYMPHS). 
 
 This is a large genus, especially well represented in Asia and 
 the Indo-Malayan region. Dr. S. H. Scudder set apart the 
 two species we have in our fauna from the Asiatic forms, under 
 the new name Enodia, but I have never been able to see any 
 good reason for this, and keep the generic name as it has long 
 stood. The creation of new genera upon the basis of slight 
 differences is to be deprecated and avoided. 
 
 125 
 
 PL LIX 
 
PL I X 
 
 (1) Debts portlandia (Fabricius), Plate L1X, rf (The 
 Pearly Eye). 
 
 The butterfly which is well depicted in our figure has a 
 series of beautiful ocelli on the under side. There is no great 
 difference between the sexes. In the Northern States it is 
 single-brooded, in the South it is double-brooded. Expanse of 
 wing 1.75-2.00 inches. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on grasses. The insect ranges from 
 Maine to the Gulf, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Debis creola Skinner, Plate LX, d\(The Creole). 
 Easily distinguished from the foregoing by the elongated 
 
 patches of dark raised scales upon the fore wings. Expanse 
 2.25 inches. The specimen figured is a paratype received 
 from the author of the species. 
 
 Ranges from Florida to Mexico along the Gulf. 
 
 GENUS SATYRODES SCUDDER 
 (THE GRASS-NYMPH). 
 
 This genus was erected by its author to receive the single 
 species, which we figure. As there is no likelihood of mistaking 
 it for anything else, we forego a long generic description. 
 126 
 
(1) Scuyroots canthus (Boisd'ival & Leconte), P.ate LXI, $ 
 (The Grass-nymph). 
 
 The butterfly always haunts meadows and hides among 
 tufts of tall grass in moist places. It is quite common in New 
 England and Canada, and is found in the cool regions of the 
 Appalachian uplift as far south as North Carolina. It has a 
 peculiar jerking flight and is easily captured. Expanse 1.65- 
 1.90 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on grasses, and its early stages and 
 transformations have often been described. 
 
 GENUS NEONYMPHA WESTWOOD 
 
 (THE SPANGLED-NYMPHS). 
 
 Small butterflies, rather obscure in color. Both fore and 
 hind wings evenly rounded; the fore wings with the costal and 
 median veins much swollen at the base. Antennae short 
 without a distinctly defined club. Egg globular marked with 
 polygonal cells. Caterpillar with a large head, bifid above, and 
 produced as two cones thickly studded with little raised pro- 
 jections. Chrysalis comparatively long, pointed at the head, 
 with a blunt tubercle on the thorax; green. 
 
 127 
 
 PL. LX! 
 
PL. LXIF 
 
 
 Some writers maintain that this genus is identical with the 
 genus Euptychia Hiibner, which contains over one hundred 
 species, principally found in the American tropics. Seven 
 species are found in our region, of which we shall delineate 
 five. 
 
 (1) Neonympha gemma (Hiibner), Plate LXII, Fig. 1, d", 
 under side (The Gemmed Brown). 
 
 The upper side of the wings are mouse-colored, with a couple 
 of twinned dark spots on the outer margin of the hind wings. 
 On the under side the wings are reddish gray, marked with 
 irregular rusty lines, and at the point where the dark spots 
 appear upon the upper side there is a row of silvery spots. 
 Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch. 
 
 Ranges from West Virginia to Mexico. 
 
 (2) Neonympha phocion (Fabricius), Plate LXII, Fig. 2, 9 
 (The Georgian Satyr). 
 
 A trifle larger than the preceding species, which it closely re- 
 sembles above, but from which it may at once be distinguished 
 by the form of the markings of the lower side of the hind 
 wings, which are depicted in our illustration. Expanse 1.25 - 
 1.45 inch. 
 
 128 
 
Ranges from southern New Jersey to the Gulf as far west as r, 
 Texas. Very common in Georgia. 
 
 (3) Neonympha eurytus (Fabricius), Plate LXIII, <J (The 
 Little Wood-satyr). 
 
 Readily distinguished from the other species in our fauna 
 by the two well-developed eye-spots on the fore wings, as well 
 as on the hind wings on the upper side. Expanse 1.75 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar and chrysalis are pale brown, the latter 
 marked with darker brown. 
 
 Ranges from New England and Ontario to Georgia and west- 
 ward to Kansas and Texas. 
 
 (4) Neonympha sosyUus (Fabricius), Plate LXIV, Fig. 1, cT 
 (The Carolinian Satyr). 
 
 Upper side unspotted dark mouse-gray. On the under side 
 the wings are paler, crossed by three lines, one defining the 
 basal, the second the median area, and the third just before the 
 outer margin. Between the last two are rows of ocelli, which 
 are obscure, except the first on the fore wing and the second 
 and last two on the hind wing. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. 
 
 Ranges from the latitude of New Jersey southward through 
 
 129 
 
the lower half of the Mississippi Valley to Mexico and Central 
 America. 
 
 (5) Neonympha rubricata Edwards, Plate LXIV, Fig. 2, cf. 
 Type (The Red Satyr). 
 
 Most nearly related to N. sosybius, but readily distinguished 
 by its much redder color, and by having but one eye-spot or 
 the upper side of the fore wing. Expanse 1.40-1.75 inch. 
 
 Found in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Central America. 
 
 GENUS CCENONYMPHA WESTWOOD 
 (THE RINGLETS), 
 
 Small butterflies. Costal, median, and submedian veins of 
 fore wing strongly swollen at base. Both wings evenly rounded 
 on outer margin. Egg conical, rounded at the bottom, trun- 
 cated, with low ribs and cross-lines near the top. The cater- 
 pillar has a globular head and cylindrical body, which tapers 
 backward from about the middle, and on the last segment has 
 two cone-like backward projections. Chrysalis straight ven- 
 trally, convex dorsally, with a rounded keeled eminence over 
 130 
 
the thorax, pointed at tl>e end; green or drab, marked with 
 darker spots. 
 
 The genus is found throughout the north temperate zone, 
 and we have in our fauna a number of species and varieties, 
 most of which are confined to the Pacific Coast and to Alaska. 
 
 (1) Coenonympha ochracea Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 1, cT 
 (The Ochre Ringlet). 
 
 Glossy ochreous yellow above, without dark markings ex- 
 cept as those of lower side faintly show through. On under 
 side the fore wing has an eye-spot near apex, and the hind wing 
 has a submarginal row of incomplete eye-spots, which in some 
 specimens is wanting. Ground-color of under side of fore 
 wings as above; of hind wings gray, interrupted about middle 
 by a lighter band, and lighter rays about the cell near base. 
 Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. Ranges from British Columbia to 
 Arizona eastward to Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 (2) Coenonympha inornata Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 2, c? 
 (The Plain Ringlet). 
 
 Reddish ochraceous on upper side with outer margin of fore 
 wings and hind wings laved with darker. On the under side 
 
 131 
 
 PL. LXV 
 
PL. LXVI 
 
 there is an ocellus near the apex of fore wing and on the hind 
 wing, which is dark gray, a yellow curved mark beyond the 
 cell and a couple of pale yellow spots near the anal angle. 
 Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. 
 
 Occurs in Montana, Minnesota, Ontario north of Lake 
 Superior, thence eastward to Newfoundland. 
 
 GENUS EREBIA DALMAN (THE ALPINES) 
 
 Rather small butterflies, dark in color, with eye-spots on the 
 wings, most numerous on the under side. Veins of fore wing 
 thickened at base; lower radial in some cases projected in- 
 wardly into the cell at point of origin. Outer margin of both 
 wings evenly rounded. Egg subconical, ribbed, the ribs often 
 intersecting each other. Larva with globular head, body ta- 
 pering backward, last segment bifurcate. Chrysalis convex 
 dorsally and ventrally, humped on thorax, produced at head, 
 light brown or ashen gray. 
 
 The genus is arctic and confined to the far north, or to the 
 summits of high mountains, which have an arctic climate. 
 There are many species in the northern hemisphere, of which 
 we select two for representation. 
 132 
 
(1) Erebia discoidalis Kirby, Plate LXVI, Fig. 1, tf (The 
 Red-streaked Alpine). 
 
 Easily distinguished from all other species in our fauna by 
 the plain dark wings streaked on the costa and suffused over 
 the outer three fourths of the middle of the fore wings with 
 dark red or maroon. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches. 
 
 Habitat region of Hudson Bay, thence westward to Alaska 
 and southward among snowy peaks of British Columbia. 
 Probably found on high mountains of Idaho and Montana. 
 
 (2) Erebia epipsodea Butler, Plate LXVI, Fig. 2, <? (The 
 Common Alpine). 
 
 The upper side is shown in our cut; the under side repeats 
 the markings of the upper side more or less clearly, and besides 
 has on the hind wing a broad, curved, median, blackish band. 
 Expanse 1.75-2.10 inches. 
 
 Ranges from the alpine summits of New Mexico northward 
 at suitable elevations to Alaska, where it is common. 
 
 GENUS GYROCHEILUS BUTLER 
 (THE BLACKAMOORS). 
 
 Medium-sized ^butterflies, very dark in color, with eye- 
 spots on fore wings, and hind wings bordered with brown. 
 
 133 
 
Pu. LXVIM 
 
 
 f 
 
 There is only one species found in our region, and a detailed 
 account of its structure may therefore be spared. 
 
 (1) Gyrochdlus tritonia Edwards, Plate LXVII, & (The 
 Arizona Blackamoor). 
 
 Upper side shown in our figure. The under side is much the 
 same, except that the submarginal band is purplish red sprin- 
 kled with white and dark brown scales, and has on the inner 
 side a row of imperfectly developed eye-spots partially ringed 
 about on the side of the base by yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50 
 inches. 
 
 Occurs in southern Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 GENUS NEOMINOIS SCUDDER 
 
 For a detailed account of the structure and metamorphoses 
 of these insects the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book." 
 There are only two species found in our territory and we give 
 figures of the upper side of both of them, so that the student 
 will be able to recognize them when he gets them. 
 
 (1) Neominois ridingsi (Edwards), Plate LXVIII, Fig. 1, tf . 
 Type (Ridings' Satyr). 
 134 
 
The upper side is well shown in our figure. The under side 
 is paler than the upper, and the basal and mesial areas are 
 mottled with narrow pale brown streaks, while the hind wing 
 is crossed about the middle by a dark band, the outer margin of 
 which is sharply indented. Expanse 1.50 inch. Larva pupates 
 under ground. 
 
 Inhabits the mountain states of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 (2) Neominois dionysius Scudder, Plate LXVIII, Fig. 2, c? 
 (Scudder's Satyr). 
 
 On the under side the mesial band of the hind wings is nar- 
 rower and more irregularly curved than in the preceding species 
 and the outer indentations are more strongly produced. Ex- 
 panse 1.90 inch. Occurs in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. 
 
 GENUS SATYRUS WESTWOOD (THE WOOD-NYMPHS) 
 
 Medium-sized or small butterflies. Wings marked with eye- 
 spots, or ocelli. On upper side generally very obscurely col- 
 ored with some shade of gray or brown, occasionally marked 
 by yellow bands; under side frequently beautifully streaked 
 and spotted, with the ocelli more prominent than on the upper 
 side. The veins of the fore wing are much swollen at the base. 
 
 135 
 
 FL. LXIX 
 
PL. LXX 
 
 The outer margin of the fore wing is evenly rounded, that of 
 the hind wing somewhat scalloped. Egg barrel-shaped, trun- 
 cated on top, ribbed on the sides, the ribs at the top connected 
 by a waved, raised elevation. Caterpillar with globular head, 
 cylindrical body, tapering both ways from the middle, and 
 furnished with diverging anal horns. Chrysalis in form like 
 those of many of the genera belonging to this subfamily; green 
 in color. The genus is quite large, and many of the species 
 are very variable. 
 
 (1) Satyrus pegala (Fabricius), Plate LXIX, 9, under side 
 (The Southern Wood-nymph). 
 
 Easily recognized by its large size, it being the largest species 
 in our fauna, and by the broad subterminal yellow band on the 
 fore wing marked in the male by one eye-spot, and in the fe- 
 male by two such spots. Expanse 2.75-3.00 inches. 
 
 Common in the Gulf States and occasionally occurring as far 
 north as New Jersey. 
 
 (2) Satyrus alope (Fabricius), Plate LXX, ? (The Common 
 Wood-nymph). 
 
 Closely resembling the preceding species, but only two 
 136 
 
thirds its size. The number of the ocelli is not constant, and 
 some specimens lack them entirely. This is the form which 
 is common on the Atlantic seaboard from New Jersey to New 
 Hampshire, and westward to the Mississippi. Expanse 1.75- 
 2.25 inches. 
 
 (3) Satyrus alope form nephele Kirby, Plate LXXI, Fig. 1, (? 
 (The Clouded Wood-nymph). 
 
 This form, long held to be a valid species, has been ascer- 
 tained by breeding to be a dimorphic variety characterized by 
 the partial or entire suppression of the yellow band on the 
 fore wings and the tendency of the eye-spots to disappear. It 
 is a northern form, and is common in Canada, northern New 
 England, and in corresponding latitudes from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. Expanse 1.85-2.25 inches. 
 
 (4) Satyrus paulus Edwards, Plate LXXI, Fig. 2, J>, Type, 
 under side (The Small Wood-nymph). 
 
 Somewhat smalle^ than S. nephele. Upper side dark brown 
 in both sexes; fore wings always with two ocelli, one near apex, 
 the other near inner angle; hind wing with two ocelli near anal 
 angle. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches. 
 
 Occurs in California and Nevada. 
 
 137 
 
 PL. LXXI 
 
PL.. LXXH 
 
 (5) Satyrus meadi Edwards, Plate LXXII, Fig. l f cT (Mead's 
 Satyr). ^ 
 
 Readily distinguished from all others by the bright red on 
 the limbal area above and below. Expanse 1.60-1.75 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Arizona to Montana in the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (6) Satyrus charon Edwards, Plate LXXIII, Fig. l,d\ Type 
 (The Dark Wood-nymph). 
 
 The type of the species is darker on the under side of the 
 wings than many specimens in the possession of the writer; 
 the under side is in fact somewhat variable. There may or 
 may not be ocelli on the under side. Mr. Edwards named the 
 form without ocelli Satyrus silvestris, but this form is doubt- 
 lessly a good species. Both fore and hind wings on the under 
 side are marked abundantly and evenly by little streaks darker 
 in color than the ground, and are crossed on either side of the 
 median area by dark lines, which sometimes are wanting, 
 and are quite variable. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch. 
 
 Ranges from British Columbia to New Mexico, and appears 
 to be common, wherever it occurs. 
 
 138 
 
(7) Satyrus sthenele Boisduval, Plate LXXIII, Fig. 2, cT, 
 under side (The Least Wood-nymph). 
 
 Quite small, on the upper side resembling 8. char on, but very 
 different on the under side. The distinguishing mark of the 
 species is the dark, twice-strangulated band of the hind wings, 
 bordered outwardly on either side by lighter shades. This is 
 shown in our figure. Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch. 
 
 Found in California. 
 
 GENUS PARAMECERA BUTLER 
 
 There is only one species in this genus thus far known. The 
 insect closely resembles those of the genus Satyrus, but may 
 readily be told apart by the patch of heavy, dark, raised scales 
 in the region of the median nervules of the fore wing. On the 
 under side the insect is paler, ruddy, and the fore wings have a 
 large pupilled eye-spot, followed by a blind, much smaller eye- 
 spot at the apex. ^ The hind wing has a pale mesial band bor- 
 dered by darker lines and a submarginal row of eye-spots. 
 
 (1) Paramecera xicaque (Reakirt), Plate LXXII, Fig. 2, c? 
 CReakirt's Satyr). 
 
 139 
 
 Pi_. LXXII! 
 
PL. LXXIV 
 
 The insect has an expanse of wing varying from 1.35-1.75 
 inch. It is not uncommon in southern Arizona and northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 GENUS (ENEIS HUBNER (THE ARCTICS) 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, above some shade of light or dark 
 brown; below marbled and mottled, often with a dark median 
 band crossing both wings. The fringes are brown checkered 
 with white. They live in the cold north or on the tops of 
 high mountains. One of the best-known species is the White 
 Mountain Butterfly, 0. semidea, which exists on the summit of 
 Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. The eggs are ovate- 
 spheroid, ribbed, and are laid on dry grasses near the spot 
 where grass will grow in the following spring. The caterpillars, 
 when mature, are cylindrical, tapering from the middle both 
 ways, pale green or brown, with darker longitudinal stripes, 
 feeding on grasses. The chry solids are stout, a little angu- 
 lated, and are formed, unattached, under stones or at the roots 
 of grass in a slight depression where the caterpillar has depos- 
 ited a few threads of silk. 
 HO 
 
There are a score or more of species in our fauna, of which 
 most occur on the tops of high northern mountains or near 
 the Arctic Circle. 
 
 (1) (Eneis jutta (Hiibner), Plate LXXIV, Fig. 1, & ; Fig. 2, 
 9 (The Nova Scotian). 
 
 This species, found also in Europe, is one of the most conspic- 
 uous of its tribe. It is not uncommon in the State of Maine, 
 ranging northward from Bangor through Nova Scotia, thence 
 westward to Ottawa and the Hudson Bay country. Expanse 
 1.80-2.10 inches. 
 
 (2) (Eneis semidea (Say), Plate LXXV, Fig. 1, $ (The White 
 Mountain Butterfly). 
 
 The wings are very thin and semi-translucent. Restricted to 
 the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, and some 
 of the alpine peaks in the Rocky Mountains. It is also found 
 in Labrador, and no doubt in corresponding latitudes about 
 Hudson Bay and westward. Expanse 1.75 inch. 
 
 (3) (Eneis katahdin Newcomb, Plate LXXV, Fig. 2, d 1 
 (The Katahdin Butterfly). 
 
 Closely allied to the preceding species, from which it may 
 be distinguished by its paler wings and the irregular dark 
 
 141 
 
 PL. LXXV 
 
PL. LXXVI 
 
 band on the under side of the hind wings about their middle. 
 Expanse 1.75 inch. 
 
 This insect in recent years has been found to inhabit the 
 summit of Mount Katahdin in Maine. 
 
 (4) (Eneis macouni (Edwards), Plate LXXVI, tf. Type 
 (Macoun's Arctic). 
 
 More like 0. jutta in the form of the wings, but differs in 
 coloration. It belongs to a group of species included in this 
 genus, most of which are found in the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains, which are larger and yellower on the upper side of 
 the wings than the two preceding species. Expanse 2.00- 
 2.25 inches. 
 
 Not uncommon about Lake Nipigon, north of Lake Superior. 
 
 SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEIN^E (THE SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES) 
 
 These insects may readily be distinguished from all others by 
 their long projecting palpi, and by the fact that the males have 
 only four feet adapted to walking while the females have six, a 
 fact which seems to ally them to the ErycinidcB, On the other 
 hand, the chrysalis is pendent as in the Nymphalidce. There 
 is but one genus of the group represented in our faunal region 
 142 
 
LIBYTHEA FABRICIUS (TnE SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES) 
 
 Small butterflies, the palpi enormously produced in compari- 
 son with other butterflies. The fore wings are strongly ex- 
 cavated on the outer margin, and produced at the end of the 
 lower radial. The hind wing is upwardly lobed at the base, 
 excised before the outer angle, and the outer margin is some- 
 what scalloped. The egg is ovoid, nearly twice as high as wide, 
 ribbed, every other rib'being higher than the one beside it and 
 increasing in height toward the top. The caterpillar has a 
 small head, overarched by the anterior swollen segments; it 
 lives upon the hackberry (Celtis). The chrysalis has the ab- 
 domen conical, the head pointed, with two raised ridges run- 
 ning from the head on either side to the middle of the first 
 segment of the abdomen; between these ridges is a low tubercle. 
 
 There are numerous species found in all parts of the world, 
 but only three occur within our limits. Of these we figure the 
 one which is most widely distributed. 
 
 (1) Libythea bachmani Kirtland, Plate LXXVII, o 1 (The 
 Common Snout-butterfly) . 
 
 The figure we give will enable the student to immediately 
 recognize the insect. 
 
 143 
 
 PL. LXXVII 
 
It ranges from New England and Ontario southward and westward over the whole country 
 as far as Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 FAMILY ERYCINID^E (THE METAL-MARKS) 
 
 This is a great family of small or rather less than medium-sized butterflies, which is found 
 in both the eastern and western hemispheres, but is mostly confined to the American tropics, 
 where there are known to be about a thousand species, some of them remarkably beautiful in 
 their colors and markings. The males have the fore legs aborted as in the case of the Nympha- 
 lidas, while the females have six legs for walking. In this respect they resemble the Lyccenidce. 
 The chrysalids are not pendent as are those of all the insects which we have hitherto de- 
 scribed in this book, but are held in place by a silken girdle, and are closely appressed to the 
 supporting surface. The strongest mark of distinction from other butterflies is the fact that 
 the precostal vein of the hind wing is located on the extreme inner margin of the wing and 
 sends out a little free hook, very much as is the case in many of the moths. The antennae are 
 very long and slender, distinctly knobbed at the end. Many genera have the peculiarity 
 when alighting of not folding their wings, but carrying them flat, and they have also the habit 
 of hiding under leaves, like moths. Most of the species found in our region occur in the South- 
 western States, two alone are found in the Eastern States. 
 
 GENUS CHARTS HUBNER (THE METAL-MARKS) 
 
 There are nearly fifty species of this genus found in the American tropics. There are 
 but two species in the eastern parts of the United States, and two others in California. The 
 figures we give will enable any one to tell apart the two species found in the Atlantic region. 
 
 144 
 
(1) Charis ccsnius (Linnaeus), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 3, tf (The Little Metal-mark). 
 Very small, brighter red on the under side than on upper. Wings both above and below 
 
 spotted with small steely-blue metallic markings. Common in Florida, ranging northward 
 to Virginia and westward to Texas. Expanse 0,75 inch. 
 
 (2) Charis borealis (Grote & Robinson), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 4, cT (The Northern 
 Metal-mark). 
 
 Larger than the preceding species. Upper side sooty brown marked with blacker spots 
 and a marginal and submarginal row of coppery red spots. On the under side the wings are 
 light red with a multitude of small black spots arranged in transverse rows. The metallic 
 spots of the upper side reappear below. Expanse 1.15 inch. 
 
 Range from New York to Illinois and Michigan and south to the Carolinas. Rare. 
 
 GENUS APODEMIA FELDER (THE MORMONS) 
 
 There are about ten species of this genus confined mainly to the Southwestern States 
 and northern Mexico. Some, like the one we figure, are quite small, others are larger, spread- 
 ing as much as 1.50 inch. They are rather gayly colored, usually with the wings on the upper 
 side checkered or spotted with red, black, and white, and lighter on the under side. None 
 of them have metallic markings on either side. 
 
 (1) Apodemia palmeri (Edwards), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 2, c? (Palmer's Mormon). 
 One of the smallest species of the genus, mouse-gray, spotted with white above; on the un- 
 
 145 
 
PL. LXXVII! 
 
 der side whitish gray, laved with pale red at the base of the 
 fore wings, the spots of the upper side reappearing on this side. 
 Expanse 0.75-0.95 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Utah to Mexico. 
 
 GENUS POLYSTIGMA SALVIN & GODMAN 
 
 There is thus far but one species known to belong to this 
 genus, which is marked off from all others by the fact that the 
 males have normally developed fore legs as well as the females, 
 and thus are the "exception" in the family, "which proves the 
 rule." 
 
 (1) Poly stigma nais (Edwards), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 1, 6% 
 Type (The Many-spot). 
 
 The lower side of the wings is pale red mottled with buff on 
 the hind wings; the marks of the upper side reappear below 
 and stand out boldly upon the paler ground. Expanse 1 .00- 
 1.25 inch. 
 
 P. nais occurs from Colorado to Mexico, east of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 148 
 
FAMILY LYC^ENID^E (THE HAIR-STREAKS, COPPERS, AND BLUES) 
 
 Small butterflies. The males have the first pair of legs more or less aborted, and not 
 adapted to walking. Many of the genera are brilliantly blue on the upper side of the wings, 
 others are coppery red. In Africa there are numerous genera which mimic other butterflies 
 in the form and color of their wings. The eggs are turban-shaped adorned with ridges, 
 minute eminences, and networks of raised lines. Under the microscope some of them look 
 like sea-urchins after the spines have fallen off. The caterpillars are slug-shaped, flat; and 
 while most of them feed on vegetable matter a few feed on scale-insects and aphids, and 
 some on the larvae of ants. The latter are African and Oriental forms. The chrysalids are 
 attached to the place where the caterpillar has pupated by a cincture or girdle. 
 
 The family is very large and is represented in all parts of the world, but there are prob- 
 ably more species in the American tropics than in any other quarter of the globe, unless it be 
 in the Malaysian Archipelago and New Guinea, from which a host of species have been de- 
 scribed in recent years. 
 
 A multitude of refinements in classification have been invented by recent authors and a 
 lot of generic names have been proposed which in this book we shall in part ignore, as they 
 are based upon such slight points that nobody but a man armed with a big microscope can 
 make them out. They puzzle common people, and this book is for laymen and not for the 
 supertechnical. 
 
 GENUS EUM^EUS HUBNER (THE BLUE-SPOTS) 
 
 Medium-sized or small. Dark in color, with the borders on the upper and lower sides and 
 the hind wings below beautifully adorned with spots of metallic blue or green. There are three 
 
PL. LXXIX 
 
 species in the genus, two of which occur in our territory, E. 
 atala, which we figure, and E. minyas, which may be distin- 
 guished from the former by its larger size, 
 
 4 (1) EumcBus atala (Poey), Plate LXXIX, Fig. 1, &, under 
 side (The Florida Blue-spot). 
 
 The figure accurately represents the lower side of this charm- 
 ing insect. Expanse 1.65-1.75 inch. 
 
 It is common in southern Florida and Cuba. The other 
 species, E. minyas, which is much larger and equally beauti- 
 fully marked, is found in southern Texas and thence ranges* 
 southward into Brazil. 
 
 GENUS THECLA FABRICIUS (THE HAIR-STREAKS) 
 
 Mostly small butterflies. On the upper side very often col- 
 ored with iridescent blue, green, or purple, sometimes reddish 
 or dark brown; on the under side marked with lines and spots 
 variously arranged and often very strikingly colored. What 
 has been said as to the eggs, larvae, and chrysalids of the 
 148 
 
family apply as well to this as to many of the following genera, and need not be here 
 repeated. 
 
 While students of this group have subdivided extensively, and with scientific propriety 
 have erected a number of genera which are acceptable to specialists, there seems to the writer 
 no need for going into these things in this book, as most of the distinctions drawn are too fine 
 to be appreciated by any but specialists. 
 
 (1) Thecla halesus (Cramer), Plate LXXIX, cT (The Great Purple Hair-streak). 
 
 The upper side is deep purplish blue, as shown in our figure; on the lower side the thorax 
 is black spotted with white, the abdomen orange-red; the wings warm sepia spotted with 
 crimson at their bases, in the males glossed with a stripe of metallic green on the fore wings, 
 und in both sexes adorned at the anal angle by spots of metallic green, red, and iridescent blue. 
 Expanse 1.35-1.50 inch. 
 
 Common in Central America and Mexico, ranging north through the hotter parts of the 
 Gulf States, and has been recorded from southern Illinois. Occurs in southern California 
 and Arizona. The larva feeds on mistletoe. 
 
 (2) Thecla m-album Boisduval & Leconte, Plate LXXX, Fig. 1, tf (The White-M Hair- 
 streak). 
 
 Smaller than the preceding species, bluer, and not inclined to greenish at base of wings on 
 upper side; on undf r side fore wing crossed by a submarginal and a median line of white, contin- 
 
 149 
 
PL. LXXX 
 
 ued on the hind wings, zigzagged at anal angle so as to look like 
 an inverted M; near this is a rounded crimson patch; anal angle 
 black glossed with blue. Expanse 1.35-1.45 inch. 
 Ranges from New Jersey and Wisconsin to Venezuela. 
 
 (3) Thecla crysalus Edwards, Plate LXXX, Fig. 2, tf (The 
 Colorado Hair-streak). 
 
 Upper side as in our figure, under side marked with white 
 lines edged with brown. Orange spots of upper side reappear 
 below, but at anal angle are transformed into red eye-spots 
 pupilled with black and margined with metallic green. Ex- 
 panse 1.50 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Colorado to eastern Arizona. 
 
 (4) Thecla favonius Smith & Abbot, Plate LXXXI, Fig. 1, 
 r? (The Southern Hair-streak). 
 
 On the under side the wings are marked much as in T. m- 
 album, but in the region of the median nervules is a rather 
 broad transverse carmine streak inwardly edged with dark 
 lines. Expanse 1.00-1.15 inch. 
 
 Found in the Gulf States and as far north as South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 150 
 
(5) Thecla wittfeldi Edwards, Plate LXXXI, Fig. 2, 9 , PLl LXXXI 
 Type (Wittf eld's Hair-streak). 
 
 On the lower side both wings are crossed beyond the middle 
 by two parallel pale lines bordered with darker tints, and at 
 the end of the cells have each a short whitish bar. The anal 
 angle is adorned with blue scales, before which is a red eye-spot 
 of large size, externally marked with black. Expanse 1.25- 
 1.35 inch. 
 
 Found in the region of Indian River, Florida. 
 
 (6) Thecla autolycus Edwards, Plate LXXXII, Fig. 1, cf 
 (The Texas Hair-streak). 
 
 The carmine spots on the under side of the wings are not 
 arranged across the median nervules as in T. favonius, but are 
 located in the vicinity of the anal angle crowning the black cres- 
 cents near the inner end of the outer margin. Expanse 1.15- 
 1.30 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Missouri and Kansas to Texas. 
 
 (7) Thecla melinus Hiibner, Plate LXXXII, Fig. 2, ? (The 
 Common Hair-streak). 
 
 This common little butterfly may easily be recognized by its 
 its plain slaty upper surface, marked by a large black spot 
 
 151 
 
PL. LXXXII 
 
 KMBHHfi crowned with crimson between the origin of the two tails on 
 the hind wings. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on hop vines. The insect is found 
 throughout temperate North America, thence southward into 
 Mexico and Central America on the highlands. 
 
 (8) Thecla grunus Boisduval, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 1, d 71 
 (Boisduval's Hair-streak). 
 
 Wings on the upper side are as shown in our figure, but 
 tawnier. On the under side the wings are pale tawny with 
 transverse marginal and submarginal rows of small dark spots 
 on both wings. Two or three of the marginal spots near the 
 anal angle are conspicuously black crowned with a metallic 
 green crescent. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch. 
 
 The larva feeds upon the leaves of the live-oak (Quercus 
 chrysolepis). Found in California and Nevada. 
 
 (9) Thecla edwardsi Saunders, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 2, cf 
 under side (Edwards' Hair-streak). 
 
 Our figure shows the under side; on the upper side the wings 
 are dark, brown glossed with plumbeous, with a pale sex- 
 
 152 
 
PL. LXXXII1 
 
 mark on the fore wing of the male near the costa. Expanse 
 1.15 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the young leaves of various 
 kinds of oak. The species ranges from Quebec westward to 
 Colorado and is not uncommon in New England, New York, 
 and western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (10) Thecla acadica Edwards, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 3, <? 
 (The Acadian Hair-streak). 
 
 The wings on the under side are pale wood-brown, with a 
 black bar at the end of the cells, and submarginal and median 
 bands of small black spots surrounded with white; on the hind 
 wings there is a submarginal row of red crescents, growing 
 smaller from the anal angle toward the outer angle. Near the 
 anal angle are two conspicuous black spots separated by 
 a broad patch of bluish green scales. Expanse 1.15-1.25 
 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon willows. The insect ranges from 
 Quebec to Vancouver Island. 
 
 (11) Thecla calanus Hiibner, Plate LXXXIV, Fig. 1, cT 
 (The Banded Hair-streak). 
 
 153 
 
On the upp~r side resembling T. edwardsi, but warmer brown 
 in color; on the under side wings are marked by fine white lines 
 on the outer half, which are not broken as in T. edwardsi, but 
 form continuous bands. Expanse 1.15 inch. 
 
 The larva feeds on oaks. The insect ranges from Quebec to 
 Colorado and Texas, and is common in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (12) Thecla liparops Boisduval & Leconte, Plate LXXXIV, 
 Fig. 2, 9 , under side (The Striped Hair-streak). 
 
 Dark brown on the upper side. On the under side the lines 
 are arranged much as in T. edwardsi, but farther apart, quite 
 narrow, and scarcely defining the darker bands between them. 
 The spots at the anal angle are obscure and blackish. 'Expanse 
 1.15 inch. 
 
 The larva feeds on oaks, willows, wild plum, and many 
 other plants. The insect ranges from Quebec through the 
 northern Atlantic States as far west as Montana and Colorado, 
 but is never common. 
 
 (13) Thecla damon (Cramer), Plate LXXXV, Fig. 2, o", 
 urder side; var. discoidalis Skinner, Plate LXXXV, Fig. 1, d", 
 upper side (Olive Hair-streak). 
 
In our plate we have given in Fig. 1 a representation of the 
 upper side of the form called discmdalis, which in the central 
 part of the fore wing is broadly marked with reddish fulvous. 
 In Fig. 2 we have a representation of the under side of typical 
 T, damon. With the help of these figures the student may 
 recognize both forms of the species. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on the red cedar (Juniperus virgiwiand) . 
 It is double-brooded in the North and triple-brooded in the 
 South. The species ranges from Ontario to Texas over the 
 whole eastern hah* of the United States. 
 
 (14) Thecla simcethis (Drury), Plate LXXXV, Fig. 3, d" un- 
 der side (The Brown-margined Hair-streak) . 
 
 Closely resembling in many respects the preceding species, 
 especially on the upper side, but the white band oh the hind 
 wings is straight and the outer margins are heavily marked 
 with bright reddish brown. Expanse 0.85-1.00 inch. 
 
 This pretty species ranges from Texas well into South Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 (15) Thecla augustus Kirby, Plate LXXXV, Fig. 4, 9 (The 
 Brown Elfin). 
 
 Brown above, paler below. The fore wings on the lower 
 
 155 
 
 PL. LXXXV 
 
PL. LXXXVI 
 
 side are marked by a straight incomplete median band; the 
 hind wings by an irregular curved median band. Back of 
 these lines toward the base both wings are darker brown. 
 Expanse 0.90 inch. 
 
 The insect is found in New England, thence northward and 
 westward into the British possessions. 
 
 (16) Thecla niphon (Hiibner), Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 1, 9, 
 under side (The Banded Elfin). 
 
 Our cut gives an excellent idea of the markings of the under 
 side. On the upper side the insect is plain reddish brown. 
 Expanse 1.10 inch. 
 
 The caterpillars feed upon pines. The insect ranges from 
 Nova Scotia to Colorado in the Northern States, and is only 
 found in pine woods, but is never very abundant. 
 
 (17) Thecla irus (Godart), Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 2, <? 
 (The Hoary Elfin). 
 
 Grayish brown on the upper side, on the under side of the 
 same color, but paler on the outer margins and darker toward 
 the base; small crescents appear on the outer margins of the 
 hind wings below, or they may be absent. Expanse 1.10 inch. 
 
 The larva feeds on young wild plums just after the petals of 
 156 
 
the flower have dropped away. The species ranges from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific in the latitude of New England. 
 
 (18) Theda henriri Grote & Robinson, Plate LXXXVI, 
 Fig. 3, W (Henry's Hair-streak). 
 
 Very much like the preceding species, but with the outer 
 half of the wings laved with reddish brown. The hind wings 
 on the under side are blackish brown; on the basal half of the 
 outer margin paler, the division between the dark and light 
 shades being irregular and sharply defined. Expanse 1.00- 
 1.10 inch. 
 
 This species, like the preceding, feeds on young plums. It 
 ranges from Maine to West Virginia, and is not very common/ 
 
 (19) Theda lada Edwards, Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 4, <? (Early 
 Hair-streak) . 
 
 Wings brown glossed with bright blue on the upper side; on 
 the under side pale fawn, with a band of pale red spots on both 
 wings about the middle, and a few similar spots on the outer 
 and inner margins of the hind wings. Expanse 0.75-0.85 inch. 
 
 The species ranges from Quebec to southern New Jersey 
 and westward and southward to W T est Virginia and Arizona. 
 It is a rare species, and appears in the early spring. 
 
 157 
 
 PL. LAAXVII 
 
 
.(20) Thecla dumetorum Boisduval, Plate LXXXVII. Fig. l,cf , under side (The Green 
 White-spotted Hair-streak). 
 
 Dark fawn above; on the outer third of the wings often shaded with reddish; on the 
 under side both wings are green, the fore wings with a short band of white spots on the outer 
 third; the hind wings with a white spot on the costa beyond the middle and two or three con- 
 spicuous white spots near the anal angle. Expanse 1.10 inch. 
 
 The eggs are laid on the buds of Hosackia argophylla. The insect ranges from Oregon 
 and California eastward as far as Colorado. 
 
 (21) Thecla behri Edwards, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 2, cf, under side (Behr's Hair-streak). 
 On the upper side the wings are broadly reddish fulvous on the disk, with the costa and 
 
 outer margins of both wings broadly dark brown or black. The under side is accurately 
 shown in our cut, and therefore needs no description. Expanse 1.10 inch. 
 
 This species is also found in Oregon and California, and ranges as far east as Colorado. 
 
 (22) Thecla titus (Fabricius), Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 3, d", under side (The Coral Hair- 
 streak). 
 
 On the upper side uniformly gray-brown, although occasionally specimens of the female 
 sex have a few red spots on the hind wing at the anal angle. On the under side the hind 
 wings have a conspicuous submarginal band of coral-red spots, as shown in our cut. Expanse 
 1.30 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the wild cherry and wild plum. The insect ranges 
 from the Atlantic to tne Rocky Mountains and from Maine to the latitude of northern Georgia. 
 
 158 
 
(23) Theda dyiie Edwards, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 4, d" 
 (Clytie). 
 
 The upper side of this pretty little insect is well delineated 
 in our figure. On the lower side the wings are white, with the 
 usual marginal and transverse markings quite small and faint. 
 Expanse .90 inch. The species occurs in Texas, Arizona, and 
 northern Mexico. 
 
 GENUS FENISECA GROTE (THE HARVESTER) 
 
 Small, bright orange-yellow on the upper side, the costal and 
 outer margin of the fore wings and the basal half of the hind 
 wings dark brown. On the under side more or less mottled 
 with gray and brown, the markings of the upper side reappear- 
 ing. Egg sub-globular, much wider than high, marked with a 
 multitude of fine and indistinct raised ridges disposed in the 
 form of polygonal cells. Caterpillar slug-shaped, covered with 
 bristling spines, upon which it gathers the scales of the mealy 
 bugs upon which it feeds. Chrysalis brown in color, showing 
 a remarkable likeness to the face of a monkey, a phenomenon 
 which also appears in the case of its allies of the genus Spalgis 
 found in Africa and Asia, as the writer has pointed out. 
 
 Only one species of the genus is known. 
 
 159 
 
 PL. LXXXVIII 
 
PL. LXXXIX 
 
 (1) Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius), Plate LXXXVIII, Fig. 
 1, <? (The Harvester). 
 
 There is considerable variation in the size of the dark mark- 
 ings on the upper side of the wings, and in some specimens they 
 almost entirely disappear. Expanse 1.30 inch. Ranges from 
 Nova Scotia to the Carolinas, and through Mississippi valley. 
 
 GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS DOUBLEDAY (THE COPPERS). 
 
 Small butterflies with the upper side of the wings some shade 
 of coppery red or orange, often glossed with deep purple. On 
 the under side the wings are marked with a multitude of spots 
 and lines. Egg hemispherical, flattened on the base, pitted 
 above with polygonal or circular depressions. Larva slug- 
 shaped, thickest in the middle and tapering either way, head 
 very small. Chrysalid rounded at either end, and supported 
 by a silken girdle a little forward of the middle. 
 
 The genus is found in both hemispheres. There are over a 
 dozen species in the United States, five of which we have se- 
 lected for illustration. 
 
 (1) Chrysophanus xanth&ides (Boisduval), Plate LXXXVIII, 
 Fig. 2,c? (The Great Copper). 
 16C 
 
This is the largest species of the genus in America. On the under side the wings are 
 creamy white, and the spots of the upper side reappear as black markings, which show forth 
 very distinctly on the lighter ground. Expanse 1.50-1.65 inch. 
 
 The species is confined to the western half of the continent. 
 
 (2) Chrysophanus hypophlceas (Boisduval), Plate LXXXIX, Fig. 1, 9 (The American 
 Copper). 
 
 This is one of the commonest butterflies in the United States. Everybody has seen it flit- 
 ting about upon lawns and in gardens. The figure we give is unmistakable. Expanse 1 .00 inch. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon common sorrel (Rumex acetoselld). The insect ranges from 
 Hudson Bay to the Gulf States, but does not invade the hot belt about the Gulf. 
 
 (3) Chrysophanus epixanthe (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate LXXXIX, Fig. 2, cf (The 
 Least Copper). 
 
 The smallest species in the genus, confined to the north. The male above has the wings 
 fuscous, shot with violet, with a few red spots near the anal angle of the hind wings. The female 
 is pale gray above, more profusely marked with dark spots than the male. Below the wings are 
 pale gray sprinkled with bluish scales at the base, marked as above. Expanse 0.85-0.95 inch. 
 
 Common from Newfoundland to British Columbia, never south of New England. 
 
 (4) Chrysophanus thoe (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate LXXXIX, Fig, 3, rf 1 (The Bronze 
 Copper). 
 
 The female differs from the male in having the fore wings bright coppery red, marked with 
 a number of dark spots, three in the cell, one below it, and an irregular transverse band 
 
 161 
 
PL. XC 
 
 of them crossing the limbal area. The outer margin is heavily 
 banded with fuscous. Below the fore wing is tawny red in 
 both sexes, pale gray at the apex; the hind wings are bluish 
 gray with a broad band of carmine on the outer margin. Both 
 wings underneath profusely adorned with small black spots. 
 Expanse 1.30-1.40 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Maine to Colorado, southward to northern 
 Virginia. 
 
 (5) Chrysophanus helloides (Boisduval), Plate XC, Fig. 1, tf 
 (The Purplish Copper). 
 
 The male has the wings on the upper side broadly shot with 
 iridescent purple; the female, which is larger than the male, 
 has th- wings red, with less iridescence. Below the fore wings 
 in both sexes are pale red, the hind wings reddish gray with a 
 marginal row of brick-red crescents. Expanse 1 .15-1 .30 inch. 
 
 Ranges from northern Illinois to British Columbia. 
 
 GENUS LYC^ENA FABRICIUS (THE BLUES) 
 
 The butterflies in this group are generally small, with the 
 
 upper side of some shade of pale blue. On the under side the 
 
 wings are paler in color, variously marked with spots and lines. 
 
 The genus in recent years has been subdivided into smaller 
 
 162 
 
subgenera but as an ability to discriminate these involves a knowledge of minuter anatomical 
 details, which is only possessed by specialists, the writer has not deemed it worth the while 
 in a little manual like this to go deeply into these matters. The old name Lycoena, which has 
 been in vogue for a century, and which is still applied to part of the group, is sufficiently 
 characteristic. It we were reviewing all the species of the world, of which there are many 
 hundreds in this assemblage of forms, we would be forced to use the minuter methods of classi- 
 fication. The eggs are turban-shaped; the caterpillars are slug-shaped, feeding on the petals 
 and bracts of flowers or tender terminal leaves; the chrysalids are short, rounded at either 
 end, supported by a silken girdle and closely appressed to the supporting surface. 
 
 (1) Lycama couperi Grote, Plate XC, Fig. 2, cf, under side (Couper's Blue). 
 
 On the upper side the wings of the male are pale shining blue with a narrow black border; 
 of the female darker blue broadly margined with dusky. On the under side in both sexes 
 the wings are brownish gray relieved with white spots, having dark pupils. Expanse 1.25 
 inch. It is a boreal form. 
 
 (2) Lycoena aster Edwards, Plate XC, Fig. 3, tf, under side (The Aster Blue). 
 
 On the upper side the male is pale lilac-blue, the female darker blue, with a submarginal 
 row of paler blue spots on the margin of the hind wing. On the under side the fore wings 
 have a dark bar at the end of the cell followed on the limbal area with a curved band of small 
 dark spots. This style of decoration is repeated on the hind wings, and in addition there is 
 a marginal band of pale yellow oval spots, each surrounded by a fine black encircling line. 
 Expanse 0.95-1.00 inch. The insect is known thus far only from Newfoundland. 
 
 163 
 
PL. XCI 
 
 (3) Lycoena.melissa Edwards, Plate XC, Fig. 4, 9 (The 
 Orange-margined Blue). 
 
 The male on the upper side is pale blue, with a narrow black 
 marginal line and white fringes. The female is brown 01 
 lilac-gray with a series of orange-red crescents on the outer 
 margin of both wings. The wings below are stone-gray with 
 the usual spots, but on the hind wings the orange crescents are 
 oblong tipped inwardly with black and outwardly with me- 
 tallic green. Expanse 0.90-1.15 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Arizona to Montana. 
 
 (4) Lyccena scudderi Edwards, Plate XCI, Fig. 1, cT (Scud- 
 der's Blue). 
 
 Our figure gives a good idea of the upper side of the male, 
 which is hard to discriminate from the same sex of L. melissa. 
 The female is darker, and has only a few orange crescents on 
 the outer margin of the hind wing on the upper side. On the 
 under side the wings are shining white, the spots much re- 
 duced in size, the large orange spots found in L. melissa being 
 replaced by little ochreous spots very obscurely tipped ex- 
 ternally by a few greenish scales. 
 
 164 
 
The caterpillar feeds on lupine and allied plants. The in- 
 sect is very common in the basin of the St. Lawrence River 
 and the Great Lakes. It abounds in central New York. 
 
 (5) Lycoena pseudargiolus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate XCI, 
 Fig. 2, rf ; Fig. 3, 9 . Form negle'cta Edwards, Plate XCI, Fig. 
 4, rT ; Fig. 5, 9 . Form lucia Kirby, Plate XCII, Fig. 1, rf 1 , 
 under side. Form marginata Edwards, Plate XCII, Fig. 2, <~? , 
 under side; Fig. 3, nf upper side. Form nigra Edwards, Plate 
 XCII, Fig. 4, ^ (The Common Blue). 
 
 This insect which is very common and may be found upon 
 the wing from early spring until late in the autumn illustrates 
 in a remarkable manner the phenomenon of polymorphism; 
 that is to say, it has a number of forms, some of which are sea- 
 sonal, some of which are sexual, some of which are climatic. 
 It is in fact only through the labors of the late William Henry 
 Edwards that some of the mysteries were cleared up, he having 
 by breeding established the fact that some of the so-called 
 species could be raised from eggs derived from one common 
 stock. The great series of specimens upon which his conclu- 
 sions were founded are in the possession of the writer, and have 
 from time to time been supplemented by a vast amount of 
 other material all of which confirms his teachings. 
 
 165 
 
 PL. XCII 
 
The forms lucia and marginata are winter forms, coming from chrysalids which have en- 
 dured the long cold of the winter months and are the first to appear in spring. They are the 
 only forms which occur in the far north near the Arctic Circle. 
 
 The forms pseudargiolus and neglecta are summer forms of the second and third genera- 
 tions, produced from eggs laid by lucia and marginata. Nigra is a dimorphic female form be- 
 longing to the summer broods and is melanic; that is to say, it is a form in which dark color 
 prevails. Students of biology recognize a tendency in some animals to become black, while 
 there is also a tendency to become white, or to produce albinoes. These tendencies in op- 
 posite directions in color are often observed in butterflies, and the melanic female of the 
 species under consideration illustrates it. There is still another form, piasus, which occur! 
 in Arizona and Mexico, and is climatic, or due to the influence of environment. 
 
 The winter forms are dwarfed and darkly marked on the under side as our figures show 
 the summer forms are larger, pale on the under side and dark on the outer borders above. 
 
 The species has a range in the expanse of wing of from 0.85-1.25 inch. 
 
 It occurs from Alaska to Florida, and from Anticosti to northern Mexico. 
 
 (G) Lyccena amyntula Boisduval, Plate XCIII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2, $ (The Western Tailed 
 Blue). 
 
 Male pale blue on upper side; female darker, the hind wings with a submarginal row of 
 orange crescents pupilled with black. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific in British America and southward as 
 far as Colorado. 
 
 (7) Lycaenacomyntas (Godart), Plate XCIII, Fig. 3,6"; Fig. 4, $ (The Eastern Tailed Blue). 
 
 166 
 
Somewhat closely resembling the preceding, but appreciably 
 smaller. Expanse 1.00-1.10 inch. 
 
 Ranges from the Saskatchewan to Costa Rica, and from the 
 Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (8) Lycoena isophthalma Herrich-Schaffer, Plate XCIII, Fig. 
 5, 9 (The Dwarf Blue). 
 
 Light brown above in both sexes, with a row of dark spots on 
 outer margin of hind wings; below pale brown profusely marked 
 by light spots and bands, the dark marginal spots of the upper 
 side reappearing, and defined by circlets of metallic scales. 
 Expanse 0.75 inch. 
 
 Found in the Gulf States and the Antilles. 
 
 (9) Lyccena exilis Boisduval, Plate XCIII, Fig. 6, c? (The 
 Pygmy Blue). 
 
 The smallest of North American butterflies,, closely resem- 
 bling the foregoing, but distinguished by the white spot on 
 fringe near inner angle of fore wing, and the white fringes of the 
 same wing near apex. Expanse 0.65 inch. 
 
 The Pygmy occurs in the Gulf States and in tropical America. 
 
 (10) Lyccena theona Lucas, Plate XCIII, Fig. 7, 9 (The 
 West Indian Blue). 
 
 167 
 
 PL. XCMi 
 
PL. XCIV 
 
 Male shining lavender-blue; this color also glosses the dark 
 outer borders of the wings; female white, with outer borders 
 heavily blackish; fore wings shot with shining sky-blue at base. 
 Hind wings near anal angle have conspicuous eye-spots both 
 above and below. Expanse 0.80 inch. 
 
 Occurs in the Gulf States and throughout the tropics of the 
 New World. 
 
 (11) Lyccsna acmon Doubleday & Hewitson, Plate XCIV, 
 Fig. 1, cT (Red-margined Blue). 
 
 In many respects resembling L. melissa, but somewhat smaller. 
 Male on upper side brighter blue, and female not as brown 
 as L. melissa, though darker than the male, her wings 
 broadly shot with violet-blue. In both sexes a broad deep 
 red submarginal band on hind wings, marked with black spots. 
 Expanse 0.85-1.10 inch. 
 
 Ranges from" Arizona to Washington and Montana. The 
 larva feeds on Hosackia. 
 
 (12) Lycaena ammon Lucas, Plate XCIV, Fig. 2, 9 , under 
 side (The Indian River Blue). 
 
 Male brilliant lilac-blue on upper side; female violet-blue 
 168 
 
with wide black borders on fore wings, and one or two conspicuous eye-spots near anal angle cf 
 hind wings, each surmounted by a carmine crescent. Expanse 0.95-1.10 inch. 
 
 Not uncommon in southern Florida; abundant in the Antilles and tropical America. 
 
 (13) Lycosna marina Reakirt, Plate XCIV, Fig. 4, O (The Marine Blue). 
 
 Male on upper side pale dusky lilac, the dark bands of the under side showing through ot 
 upper side. Female dark brown above, with wings at base shot with lilac-blue; the dark 
 bands on the disk are prominent in this sex, especially on fore wings. Expanse 1.10 inch. 
 
 Occurs in Texas, Arizona, southern California, and southward. The larva feeds on 
 alfalfa and allied plants. 
 
 (14) Lycosna lygdamus (Doubleday), Plate XCIV, Fig. 3, cf (The Silvery Blue). 
 
 The upper side is well shown in our illustration. The under side is pale chocolate-brown, 
 having on both wings a submarginal band of black spots encircled with white, similar spots 
 at the end of the cells, and one or two also on the costa of the hind wing. Expanse 0.85- 
 1.00 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Michigan to Georgia. 
 
 (15) Lycana heteronea Boisduval, Plate XCIV, Fig. 5, & ; Fig. 6, $ (The Varied Blue). 
 The largest species of the genus. Male blue, female brown; the markings on upper side 
 
 of latter recalling the female of the genus Chrysophanus. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch. Below the 
 wings are white marked with faint brown spots on the hind wings and more distinct spots 
 on the fore wings. 
 
 Ranges from Colorado to California at suitable elevations among the mountains. 
 
 169 
 
FAMILY PAPILIONID^E 
 
 (THE SWALLOW-TAILS AND ALLIES). 
 
 The butterflies of this group are provided in both sexes with six legs adapted to walking. 
 The internal vein of the hind wing is wanting, its place being taken by the submedian. Cat- 
 erpillars elongate, and in the genus Papilio provided with osmateria or protrusive forking scent- 
 organs, which, when excited, they thrust forth from the pouch back of the head in which they 
 usually lie concealed. Chrysalids in all the genera more or less elongate, attached at anal ex- 
 tremity to a button of silk, and held in place by a silk girdle, but 'never closely appressed tc 
 the supporting surface as is the case in the Erycinidce and Lyccenidoe. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PIERIN^E 
 (THE YELLOWS, SULPHURS, AND WHITES). 
 
 For the most part small or medium-sized butterflies, white or yellow in color, with dark 
 marginal markings. The eggs are spindle-shaped, marked with vertical ridges and horizontal 
 cross-lines. The caterpillars are cylindrical, relatively long, generally green in color, with longitu- 
 dinal stripes. The chrysalids are more or less pointed at the head, with the wing-cases greatly 
 developed on the ventral side, forming a more or less keel-shaped projection upon this surface. 
 
 The subfamily is very large, and is well represented in the tropics of both the eastern 
 and western hemispheres. Certain genera are also widely distributed in the colder regions of 
 both the north and the south, among them the genus Colias, species of which occur from Green- 
 land to Patagonia and from the North Cape to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 170 
 
GENUS TACHYRIS WALLACE 
 (THE FLORIDA WHITE). 
 
 There are about seventy species in this genus, all of which 
 are found in the Old World, except the one which occurs in our 
 fauna, and which has a very wide range throughout the tropics 
 of the New World. 
 
 (1) Tachyris Uaire (Godart), Plate XCV, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2, 9 . 
 Our plate gives such an excellent reproduction of the upper 
 side of the wings of this species that no formal description 
 seems necessary. A melanic form of the female sometimes 
 occurs in which the wings are almost wholly dull blackish on 
 both sides. Normally the under side of the wings in the female 
 is pearly white marked with bright orange at base of fore 
 wings. Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches. 
 
 Occurs in southern Florida and throughout tropical America. 
 
 GENUS PIERIS SCHRANK 
 (THE WHITES). 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, generally white in color, marked 
 on both upper and under sides with darker lines and spots. 
 Antennae clubbed; palpi short, compressed, with the last joint 
 
 171 
 
 \ 
 "-^if 
 
PL. XCVI 
 
 short and pointed. Eggs spindle-shaped, with vertical raised 
 ridges. Caterpillar elongate, head hemispherical, feeding upon 
 cruciferous plants. Chrysalis attached by anal extremity and 
 held in place by a silk girdle; concave on the ventral side, con- 
 vex on the dorsal side, with a hump-like or keel-shaped emi- 
 nence on the thorax. Head conical. 
 
 An extensive genus, confined principally to the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 (1) Pieris monuste (Linnaeus), Plate XCVI, Fig. 1, cT; Fig- 
 2, V (The Great Southern White). 
 
 Our figure gives a perfect idea of the upper side of the wings. 
 Hind wing on under side grayish saffron, crossed by a poorly 
 defined pale brown transverse band of spots, the veins pale 
 brown, between them pale brown rays on the interspaces. 
 Expanse 1.65-2.35 inches. 
 
 Has a wide range in tropical America. Common in the Gulf 
 States. 
 
 (2) Pieris protodice Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XCVII. 
 Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 (The Common White). 
 
 Our illustration of both sexes obviates the necessity for a 
 description. Expanse 1.90-2.15 inches. 
 172 
 
Ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from 
 southern Canada to the Gulf States. 
 
 (3) Pieris napi (Linnaeus), variety oleracea (Harris), Plate 
 XCVIII, Fig. 1, rf 1 ; variety pallida Scudder, Plate XCVI1I, 
 Fig. 2, cJ*; variety bryonice (Ochsenheimer), Plate XCVIII, 
 Fig. 3, ? (The Mustard White). (See p. 174.) 
 
 Occurs throughout temperate and boreal North America, 
 ranging well up to the Arctic Circle; also occurs in the eastern 
 hemisphere, ranging from north Africa to the North Cape, and 
 all over temperate and subarctic Asia. There are a multitude 
 of forms which have been named and described; we give but 
 three of those found in America. Oleracea is a winter form; 
 pallida is the common form; and bryonice is a subarctic form 
 found in Alaska, Siberia, and the Alps in Europe. 
 
 The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from 
 Alaska to the northern boundaries of the Gulf States. Ex- 
 panse 1.50-2.00 inches. 
 
 (4) Pieris rapce (Linnaeus), Plate XCIX, Fig. 1, c? ; Fig. 2, 9 
 (The Cabbage Butterfly). (See p. 174.) 
 
 This excessively common insect has been in comparatively 
 
 . 173 
 
 PL. xcvn 
 
PL. XCVIi 
 
 f 
 
 recent years introduced 
 from Europe. It first ap- 
 peared about Quebec in 
 1860; since then it has 
 come to occupy the conti- 
 nent, and wherever cab- 
 bages are grown hundreds 
 of these butterflies may be 
 seen. The loss to garden- 
 ers which it causes is 
 estimated to run into mil- 
 lions of dollars annually. 
 It feeds on all the Cruci- 
 ferce. The multiplication 
 of P. rapce has been fol- 
 lowed by the partial ex- 
 tinction of our native Pie- 
 rids just as our birds have 
 disappeared before the 
 English Sparrow. Expanse 
 2.00 inches. 
 
 PL. XCIX 
 
 
 174 
 
GENUS NATI1ALIS BOISDUVAL 
 
 Small yellow butterflies margined with black. Fore wings 
 somewhat narrow and produced; antennae quite short; upper 
 radial vein in fore wing wanting. There are three species found 
 in the subtropical regions of the New World, one of which in- 
 vades our territory. 
 
 (1) Naihalis iole, Boisduval Plate C, Fig. 1, tf ; Fig. 2, 2 
 (The Dwarf Yellow). 
 
 This little species, of which we give excellent figures, cannot 
 be mistaken. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch. 
 
 It ranges from southern Indiana and Illinois to Arizona, 
 southern California, and northern Mexico. The larva feeds on 
 Erodium cicutarium or pin-clover, and other Geraniaceoe. 
 
 GENUS EUCHLOE HOBNER 
 (THE ORANGE-TIPS AND MARBLE-WINGS). 
 
 Small butterflies, white in color, with the apex of the fore 
 wings dark brown, marked with spots and bands of orange- 
 yellow or crimson; on the under side the hind wings are gen- 
 erally more or less mottled with green spots and striae. Eggs 
 
 17/5 
 
 PL. C 
 
PL. 
 
 spindle-shaped; caterpillar relatively long, with small headJ 
 chrysalis with the head greatly produced, wing-cases compressed 
 forming a keel-shaped projection. 
 
 (1) Euchloe ausonides (Lucas), Plate C, Fig. 3, <j\ under 
 side (The Western Orange-tip). 
 
 On upper side wings at apex tipped with dark fuscous, and 
 lack altogether the orange or red which is characteristic of 
 most of the other species of the genus. On under side fore 
 wings have a very pale greenish tint; hind wings marked with 
 three irregular green bands, more or less broken up, forking in 
 various directions. Expanse 1.65-1.90 inch. 
 
 Ranging from Arizona to Alaska and eastward to Colorado. 
 
 (2) Euchloe genutia (Fabricius). Plate C, Fig. 4, tf (The 
 Falcate Orange-tip). 
 
 Readily recognized by the hooked tip of the fore wings. 
 The female has rio orange marking on the tip. Single-brooded 
 in the Northern States, but double-brooded in the Carolinas. 
 Expanse 1.30-1.50 inch. The caterpillar feeds on Sisybrium, 
 Arabis, Cardamine, and other cruciferous plants. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Texas. 
 176 
 
(3) Euchloe sara (Lucas) Plate CI, Fig. 1, ft (Lucas' Orange-tip). 
 
 There are numerous varieties of this beautiful insect. On the under side the hind wings 
 are marked with irregular patches of greenish scales having a "mossy" appearance. Expanse 
 1.75 inch. Occurs in Pacific States. 
 
 (4) Euchloe rosa (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 2, d\ under side (The Rosy Marble- wing). 
 Above pure white without any red at the tip of the primaries; a transapical black band, 
 
 broken in the middle, and a small black bar closes the cell. Under side well shown in our figure 
 except that there fails to appear a faint rosy tint in the hind wings which is characteristic of all 
 specimens which we have examined. Expanse 1.35-1.40 inch. Found in Texas. 
 
 (5) Euchloe hyantis (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 3, 9 , under side (Edwards' Marble-wing). 
 This species also is without orange at the tip of the fore wings; the wings on the under 
 
 side are as shown in our figure, heavily marbled on the hind wings with dark green bands and 
 spots. Expanse 1.65-1.85 inch. Habitat California. 
 
 GENUS CATOPSILIA HUBNER (THE GREAT SULPHURS) 
 
 Large butterflies; brilliant lemon-yellow or orange-yellow marked with a few darker spots 
 and with a narrow band of brown, especially in the female, on the outer margin of the fore 
 wings. Very quick in flight. Eggs spindle-shaped and acutely pointed, vertically ribbed. 
 Caterpillars relatively long, head small, segments resembling beads strung together, surface 
 covered with minute papillae in transverse rows. Chrysalis concave dorsally, head conical, 
 projecting, wing-cases compressed, forming a wide keel-shaped projection on ventral side. 
 
 177 
 
PL. Cll 
 
 The genus is mainly tropical; one species, however, range* 
 as far north as Long Island and western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (1) Catopsilia eubule (Linnaeus), Plate CII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2, 
 $ (The Cloudless Sulphur). 
 
 Well depicted in our plate and requiring no special descrip- 
 tion. Expanse 2.50 inches. The caterpillar feeds on legu- 
 minous plants, preferably the species of Cassia. 
 
 GENUS KRICOGONIA REAKIRT 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, whitish or yellow on upper side, 
 with some dark markings, especially in the male; fore wings 
 somewhat falcate. 
 
 The genus is confined to the New World; one species occurs 
 in our territory. 
 
 (1) Kricogonia lyside (Godart), form terissa (Lucas), Plate 
 CIII, Fig. 1, c?i Fig. 2, 9 (Godart's Sulphur). 
 
 Our plate gives a very good idea of this insect in both sexes, 
 the male being always marked near the outer angle of hind 
 wings by a short black bar. Expanse 1.90-2.10 inches. 
 
 Found in southern Texas and Mexico. 
 
 There are a number of forms of this insect, slightly variant. 
 178 
 
GENUS MEGANOSTOMA REAKIRT (THE DOG-FACE BUT- 
 TERFLIES) 
 
 Closely resembling the insects of the next genus, from which 
 they may be distinguished by the more pointed fore wings, 
 and the fact that the rude outlines of the head of a dog are 
 shown in yellow silhouette upon the fore wings. There are 
 two species in our territory, one of which, M . eurydice Bois- 
 duval, found in California, may be distinguished from the other 
 by the splendid purplish iridescence of the fore wings of the male. 
 
 (1) Meganostmna ccesonia (Stoll), Plate CIV, cT (The South- 
 ern Dog-face). (See p. 180.) 
 
 The sexes are much alike in this species, which ranges from 
 Florida and the Gulf States northward as far as southern 
 Illinois. Expanse 2.25 inches. 
 
 GENUS COLIAS FABRICIUS (THE SULPHURS) 
 
 Medium-sized butterflies, yellow, orange, and sometimes 
 white or greenish yellow with dark-bordered wings, the borders 
 generally heaviest in the female. Eggs spindle-shaped, taper- 
 ing at top and bottom, and attached to the surface where laid 
 by a flat disk-like expansion; vertically and horizontally ribbed. 
 
 PL. cm 
 
PL. CIV 
 
 Caterpillars elongated; head small; body generally green, striped 
 longitudinally. They feed upon leguminous plants, and 
 especially upon the various species of clover (Trifolium) and 
 Astragalus, though some boreal species are known to feed upon 
 the foliage of huckleberries (V actinium) and willows. 
 
 The genus is large and is found on every continent except 
 Australia. It is lacking in the very hot tropical regions of 
 both the New and Old Worlds, but is found in Greenland and 
 thence ranging south among the cordilleran uplifts to Pata- 
 gonia. It is represented from Japan to Norway, and turns up 
 at the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 (1) Colias philodice Godart, Plate CV, Fig. 1, tf\ Fig. 2, 
 albino, $ (The Common Sulphur). 
 
 This is the common "Puddle-butterfly" or "Clover- 
 butterfly" which every child has seen gathered in swarms about 
 moist places, or hovering by the score or hundreds over the 
 blossoming clover fields. There are many variations both in 
 size and color. The females are frequently albinoes, that is 
 to say they are white, rather than yellow. Now and *hen 
 melanic males turn up, but they are rare. In these the wings 
 are black, of the same color as the borders in normal specimens: 
 Expanse 1.25-2.25 inches. 
 180 
 
Ranges from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (2) Colias eurytheme Boisduval, Plate CVI, Fig. 1. & ; Plate 
 CVII, ? ; form keewaydin Edwards, Plate CVI, Fig. 2, J 1 (The 
 Orange Sulphur). (See pp. 182 and 183.) 
 
 This is a form which is known to be very strongly polymor- 
 phic, having quite as many varieties and races as Lycoena 
 pseudargiolus, for instance. C. keewaydin is a large winter 
 form, which has the wings strongly washed with orange; there 
 is a small winter form called C. ariadne, which is also laved with 
 orange, though not so strongly. There is another form called 
 C. eriphyle, which belongs to the summer brood, which has no 
 orange on the wings, but is plain yellow; and there are still 
 other forms. Expanse 1.60-2.15 inches. 
 
 The Orange Sulphur has a wide range, extending from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Canada to the northern por- 
 tions of the Gulf States, though not invading the hotter parts 
 of these states. 
 
 GENUS TERIAS SWAINSON (THE YELLOWS) 
 
 Small butterflies, generally some shade of orange or yellow, 
 with wings more delicate in structure than most of the genera 
 
 181 
 
 PL. CV 
 
PL. CVI 
 
 belonging to the Pierince. Both wings generally rounded, but 
 in a few species produced at the apex of the fore wing and at 
 the end of the second median nervule of the hind wing. Eggs 
 spindle-shaped, much swollen at the middle. Larva cylindri- 
 cal, with a very small head, and the three first segments larger 
 than those after them giving the body a humped appearance 
 in front. Chrysalis compressed laterally, with the wing-cases 
 forming a deep keel on the ventral side, more pronounced than 
 in any other American genus, except Catopsilia. 
 
 This is a very large genus represented by many species in the 
 tropical and subtropical regions of both the eastern and western 
 hemispheres. Many of the species are dimorphic or poly- 
 morphic, and there is a vast deal of confusion as to their classi- 
 fication. 
 
 (1) Terias nicippe (Cramer), Plate CVIII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig- 
 2, 9 (The Small Orange). (See Plate on p. 184.) 
 
 The species is subject to considerable variation. Rare in 
 New England, but common south of latitude 40 as far as the 
 Rocky Mountains; also reported from Southern California, 
 where it is rare. Expanse 1.50-2.00 inches. 
 
(2) Terias mexicana Boisduval, Plate CVIII, Fig. 3, 6" 
 ihe Mexican Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.) 
 
 Easily recognizable by our figure. Expanse 1 .75-1 .85 inch. 
 Found in Texas and Arizona, thence southward. 
 
 (3) Terias lisa (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CIX, Fig. 1, 
 c? (The Little Sulphur). (See Plate on p. 184.) 
 
 Allied to the three following species, but may be told apart 
 at once by the solid black outer borders of the wings and the 
 absence of the black band on the hind margin of the fore wing. 
 Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Honduras, east of the Rockies. 
 
 (4) Terias elathea (Cramer), Plate CIX, Fig. 2, cT (The 
 Florida Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.) 
 
 May be told from the next two species by the white hind 
 wings. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch. 
 Found in Florida, Mexico, and the Antilles. 
 
 (5) Terias delia (Cramer), Plate CX, Fig. 1. tf; Fig. 2. 9 
 (The Gulf Yellow). (See Plate on p. 185.) 
 
 183 
 
 PL. CVII 
 
PL. CVIII 
 
 Almost exactly like the 
 preceding species, but the 
 hind wings are yellow 
 above and red below, and 
 the apex of the fore wing 
 is red below. Expanse 
 1.25-1. 50 inch. 
 
 Common in the Gulf 
 States. 
 
 This species and the one 
 preceding and following 
 are very closely related but 
 perfectly distinct. They 
 are apt to puzzle the be- 
 ginner, but by comparison 
 he will soon learn to dis- 
 criminate them. 
 
 (6) Terias jucunda 
 (Boisduval & Leconte), 
 Plate CX, Fig. 3, tf (The 
 Fairy Yellow). 
 
 PL. 
 
 184 
 
Separable from the preceding species by the black border 
 surrounding the hind wing, and the pale under surface. Ex- 
 panse 1.60-1.75 inch. 
 
 Found in the Gulf States. 
 
 (7) Terms proterpia (Fabricius), Plate CX, Fig. 4, 6" (The 
 Cadmium Orange). 
 
 Our figure will enable the student to immediately recognize 
 it. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch. 
 
 Found in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PARNASSIIN^) 
 
 (THE PARNASSIANS). 
 
 This peculiar group of butterflies is classed with the Papilio- 
 nidse because the internal vein of the hind wings is always 
 wanting, a characteristic of all papilionine genera. The cater- 
 pillars are not provided with osmateria, or offensive scent- 
 organs, and pupation takes place upon the ground among 
 loosely scattered leaves which are interwoven by the larva 
 with a few loose strands of silk. The insects are mainly in- 
 habitants of the mountain regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 185 
 
 PL. CX 
 
PL. CXI 
 
 GENUS PARNASSIUS LATHE ILLE 
 (THE PARNASSIANS). 
 
 What has been said of the family will suffice to characterize 
 the genus. 
 
 (1) Parnassius smintheus Doubleday & Ilewitson, Plate 
 CXI, Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 (The Colorado Parnassian). 
 
 This is a somewhat variable species, but may easily be 
 recognized by the figures we give. Expanse d\ 2.00-2.50; 
 9 , 2.25-3.00 inches. 
 
 Ranges from New Mexico and Colorado west to California 
 and north to Montana. The caterpillar feeds upon Sedum and 
 Saxifraga. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PAPILIONIN^ 
 (THE SWALLOW-TAILS). 
 
 Large butterflies. As shown on Plate A, Fig. 10, the hind 
 wings lack the internal vein, its place being held by the sub- 
 median vein. There is great diversity of form in this group. 
 Many species are tailed, as are the three occurring in Europe. 
 186 
 
and the name common in England has come in popular phrase 
 to be loosely applied to the whole genus. 
 
 There are many hundreds of species and varietal forms, 
 most of which occur in the tropics of the eastern and western 
 hemispheres. There are only three species found in all Europe; 
 there are about thirty found in the United States and Canada. 
 
 GENUS PAPILIO LINN^US 
 
 (THE SWALLOW-TAILS). 
 
 
 
 This great genus has been subdivided for purposes of classi- 
 fication into a number of smaller groups or subgenera, which 
 are useful when dealing with the whole assemblage of species, 
 but which in a manual like this, dealing with only a few forms, 
 may consistently be overlooked. 
 
 (1) Papilio ajax Linnaeus. Winter form walshi Edwards, 
 Plate CXII, cf; summer form marcellus Boisduval, Plate 
 CXIII, rf 1 (The Papaw Butterfly). 
 
 The species is more or less polymorphic. Plate CXII repre- 
 sents the form which emerges in the spring of the year from 
 chrysalids which have overwintered; Plate CXIII shows the 
 form which appears in the second brood and in which the tails 
 
 187 
 
 
PL. CXII! 
 
 are twice as long as in the first. There are other forms. Ex- 
 panse 2.50-3.25 inches. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the Papaw (Asimina 
 trilobd) and wherever this plant grows the insect may be found. 
 It ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida and far 
 westward through the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Papilio turnus Linnseus, Plate CXIV, rf; Plate CXV, 
 P. glaucus Linnseus, dark dimorphic 9 , under side (The Tiger 
 Swallow-tail)* 
 
 In the Middle States and southward a large proportion of 
 the females are black, belonging to the form glaucus; in Ontario 
 and northward and westward to Alaska the females are yellow, 
 like the males. The Alaskan form is very small, dwarfed by 
 the cold and poor feeding. The figure on Plate CXIV is that 
 of a male from Alaska of the natural size; a specimen taken in 
 Pennsylvania would be nearly twice as large. The metropolis 
 of the species is the Appalachian uplift; but it ranges north- 
 westward to Alaska and south to the Gulf States. Expanse 
 3.00-5.00 inches. 
 
 The caterpillars are partial to the foliage of wild cherry trees, 
 but are found on a great variety of plants. 
 188 
 
FL. CX1V 
 
 The dark female form 
 reveals its relationship to 
 the paler form by the 
 stripes on the under side. 
 On the upper side the in- 
 sect shown on Plate CXV 
 is very black and shows no 
 stripes at all. I possess 
 females with yellow wings 
 on one side and black on 
 the other. The identity 
 of the forms named by 
 Linnaeus turnus and g Cau- 
 cus could not be more 
 forcibly shown than by 
 these specimens in which 
 the two are united by the 
 vital force which called 
 them into being. 
 
 189 
 
 PL. CXV 
 
PL. CXVI 
 
 PL. OXVM 
 
 190 
 
(3) Papilio rutulus Boisduval Plate, CXVI, rf 1 (The Pacific 
 Tiger). 
 
 Closely resembling P. turnus, which it replaces on the Pacific 
 Coast in Washington and southward. The female is never di- 
 morphic; the marginal light spots on the under side of the fore 
 wings run together forming a continuous band, and are not 
 separate as in P. turnus. Expanse 3.50-4.25 inches. 
 
 The larva feeds on alder and willows. 
 
 (4) Papilio eurymedon Boisduval, Plate CXVII, d" (The 
 White-striped Tiger). 
 
 Belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, 
 but distinguished by the pale creamy white color of the ground- 
 color of the wings, and by the fact that the submarginal spots 
 on the under side of the fore wings form, as in P. rutulus, a 
 continuous band. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on Rhamnus californicus and other 
 plants. The insect ranges from Mexico to British Columbia 
 and eastward to Colorado. 
 
 (5) Papilio daunus Boisduval, Plate CXVII1, cf (The 
 Two-tailed Swallow-tail). 
 
 PL. CXIX 
 
PL. CXX 
 
 This fine insect is even larger than P. turnus, which it some- 
 what resembles, but from which it can at once be distinguished 
 by the two tails on the hind wings, followed by a lobe at the 
 anal angle. Expanse 4.00-5.25 inches. 
 
 Found in the region of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho 
 south to Mexico, but not found west of the Sierra Nevada and 
 Coast Ranges in California. 
 
 (6) Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, Plate CXIX, d" (The 
 Three-tailed Swallow-tail). 
 
 Easily recognized from our figure. The lobe at the anal angle 
 is so much produced as to give the hind wing the appearance 
 of having three tails. Expanse 3.80-4.30 inches. 
 
 A Mexican species which occasionally is found in Arizona. 
 It is one of the most beautiful species of the group to which it 
 belongs and is rare in collections. 
 
 (7) Papilio cresphontes Cramer, Plate CXX, ? (The 
 Giant Swallow-tail). 
 
 One of the largest and most showy species of the genus found 
 in our territory. The caterpillar feeds upon Ptelea, Xan- 
 thoxylon, and Citrus. It has a wide range from southern On- 
 tario to Florida and through the Mississippi Valley to Mexico. 
 Expanse 3.75-5.50 inches. 
 192 
 
(8) Papilio troilus Linnaeus, Plate CXXI, rf 1 (The Spice- 
 bush Swallow-tail). 
 
 The caterpillar, which is green, with two big eye-spots on the 
 back a little behind the head, lives on the foliage of the sassa- 
 fras and spice-wood, where it folds together a leaf, in which it 
 conceals itself from view during the daytime, coming out to 
 feed at night. The insect is found throughout the eastern 
 United States and the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food- 
 plant occurs. Expanse 3.75-4.25 inches. 
 
 (9) Papilio palamedes Drury, Plate CXXII, c? (The 
 Magnolia Swallow-tail). (See next page.) 
 
 The upper side of this fine insect is well shown on our plate; 
 the under side is prevalently yellow. The larva feeds on the 
 foliage of Magnolia glauca and the Lauracece. Expanse 3.50- 
 4.50 inches. 
 
 Ranges from southern Virginia near the coast to the extreme 
 southern end of Florida and westward to southern Missouri 
 and eastern Texas. 
 
 (10) Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, Plate CXXIII, cf (The 
 Eastern Swallow-tail). (See next page.) 
 
 193 
 
 PL. CXXI 
 
PL. CXXII 
 
 PL. CXXIH 
 
 PL. CXXIV 
 
 194 
 
This butterfly and the three which follow belong to a group 
 of the genus which in England is represented by P. machaon 
 of the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. There are many 
 species evidently derived in past time from common stock, 
 which are found in America, and the writer believes that 
 the original centre of dispersion was this continent, and that the 
 English Swallow T -tail represents the most western range of the 
 migration, which probably began in Tertiary times, w r hen 
 the horse, the camel, and other North American animals passed 
 over into Asia and became subsequently extinct in the land 
 of their origin. P. machaon still exists in Alaska as the variety 
 P. aliaska Scudder. 
 
 P. polyxenes, more commonly known by its later name P. 
 asterius, or P. asterias, is found all over the Atlantic States 
 and the Mississippi Valley. The caterpillar feeds upon 
 umbelliferous plants, and is very partial to fennel. Expanse 
 2.75-3.25 inches. 
 
 (11) Papilio brevicauda Saunders, Plate CXXIV, ? (The 
 Newfoundland Swallow-tail). 
 
 There are two forms, one found on Anticosti, in which the 
 spots on the upper side of the wings are bright yellow, the 
 
 195 
 
 PL. cxxv 
 
PL. CXXVI 
 
 other in which they are more or less red in color. The latter 
 form is common in Newfoundland, and is shown in the Plate. 
 Closely related to P. polyxenes, but with shorter tails. Ex- 
 panse 2.75-3.00 inches. 
 
 (12) Papilio indra Reakirt, Plate CXXV, cT (The Moun- 
 tain Swallow-tail). 
 
 The resemblance to P. polyxenes is marked, but it will be 
 observed that the tails have undergone even greater reduction 
 in length than in P. brevicauda, and that the band of yellow 
 spots traversing the wings has been reduced in width. Ex- 
 panse 2.50-2.75 inches. 
 
 Found on the high mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and 
 California. 
 
 (13) Papilio zelicaon Boisduval, Plate CXXVI, cf (The 
 Western Swallow-tail). 
 
 Jn many respects like P. polyxenes, but having the median 
 bands of yellow greatly widened, until on the hind wing the 
 band covers almost the entire basal half of the wing. Ex- 
 panse 2.75-3.25 inches. 
 
 Ranges from Vancouver Island to Arizona and eastward as 
 far as Colorado. 
 196 
 
(Note. The name zolicaon, often given by authors, must 
 be replaced by the original name zelicaon.} 
 
 (14) Papilio philenor Linnseus, Plate CXXVII, tf (The 
 Pipe-vine Swallow-tail). 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of Aristolochia sipho, 
 or the "Dutchman's Pipe," a plant extensively grown about 
 verandas and porches, and native to the Allegheny Mountains. 
 It also eats the leaves of Aristolochia serpentaria, a smaller 
 plant of the same genus. The wings have an expanse of 3.75- 
 4.25 inches. 
 
 The range is from Massachusetts to California and south 
 into Mexico. 
 
 (15) Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, Plate CXXVIII, J 1 (The 
 R-ef Butterfly). (See Plate on p. 198.) 
 
 This is the sole representant in our fauna of a great group of 
 splendid butterflies peculiar to the tropics of the New World, 
 which are true papilionids, but without tails, their wings 
 generally of some shade of green, and wonderfully adorned 
 with spots of other colors, generally yellow or crimson. It may 
 
 197 
 
 PL. CXXVIl 
 
PL. CXXVIU 
 
 * - easily be recognized from our figure. Expanse 3.00-.- 
 
 inches. 
 
 It is found in the extreme southern part of Florida and on 
 
 the adjoining reefs. It also has a wide range through the 
 
 Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. 
 
 FAMILY HESPERIID.E (THE SKIPPERS) 
 
 Generally quite small butterflies, with stout thorax. Both 
 sexes have six feet adapted to walking. Tibiae of hind legs, 
 with few exceptions, have spurs. Lower radial of hind wing 
 in many genera wanting, being represented by a fold in the 
 wing. Eggs hemispherical, flat on base. Larvce cylindrical 
 tapering from the middle before and behind, with large globular 
 heads, smooth. Chrysalids generally formed on the ground or 
 among leaves and rubbish lightly tacked together with a few 
 strands of silk, in which the cremaster is caught. 
 
 A large family, most numerously represented in the tropics 
 of both the Old and New Worlds. About three thousand 
 species are known, of which over one hundred occur within our 
 limits. 
 
 198 
 
SUBFAMILY PYRRHOPYGIN.E 
 (THE RED-TAILED SKIPPERS). 
 
 Rather large butterflies when compared with others in the 
 family. The antennae terminate in a long, thick, blunt club, 
 forming a regular curve, looking in outline like the handle of 
 an old-fashioned walking-stick. Most of the species are red 
 at the end of the abdomen. Confined to the New World. 
 Only one genus and species of this family occurs within our 
 borders. 
 
 GENUS PYRRHOPYGE HUBNER 
 
 (1) Pyrrhopyge araxes Hewitson, Plate CXXIX, Fig. 1, 6\ 
 Upper side correctly shown in our figure. Below the wings 
 are prevalently yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches. 
 Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward. 
 
 SUBFAMILY HESPERIIN^ (THE HESPERIDS) 
 
 Fore wing generally provided with a costal fold, but never 
 marked with a sexual brand or raised patch of scales on the 
 disk. The hind wing may be provided with a lengthy tail 
 or simply lobed at the anal angle. Antennae terminating in a 
 
 199 
 
 PL. CXXIX 
 
PL. CXXX 
 
 fine point, which in some genera is bent backward at right 
 angles to the shaft. 
 
 GENUS EUDAMUS SWAINSON 
 (THE LONG-TAILED SKIPPERS). 
 
 Hind wings more or less produced at the anal angle in the 
 form of a long tail. There are a number of species found in 
 Central and South America. 
 
 (1) Eudamus proteus (Linmeus), Plate CXXIX, Fig. 2, $ 
 (The Long-tailed Skipper). (See p. 199.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon Wistaria and various leguminous 
 plants. Common in Florida, the American tropics, and oc- 
 casionally found as far north as New York. 
 
 GENUS EPARGYREUS HUBNER 
 
 (1) Epargyreus tityrus (Fabricius), Plate CXXX, Fig, l,cT; 
 Fig. 2, y , under side (The Silver-spotted Skipper). 
 
 A very common and beautiful insect. Expanse 1.75-2.00 
 inches. 
 
 The caterpillar usually feeds upon Robinia and Wistaria. 
 200 
 
Has a wide range from Quebec to Vancouver Island and south 
 to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 GENUS THORYBES SCUDDEB 
 (THE DUSKY- WINGS). 
 
 (1) Thorybes pylades Scudder, Plate CXXXI, Fig. 1, 9 
 (The Northern Dusky- wing). 
 
 Below wings dark brown shading into gray outwardly; hind 
 wings crossed by irregular brown bands; spots of upper side 
 reappearing below. Expanse 1.60 inch. 
 
 Common in New England, thence westward and southward. 
 
 (2) Thorybes bathyllus (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXI, 
 Fig. 2 (The Southern Dusky -wing). 
 
 Distinguished from preceding species by the larger spots on 
 fore wing. 
 
 Ranges from Connecticut to Texas. 
 
 GENUS ACHALARUS SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Achalarus lycidas (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXII, 
 Fig. 1,$ (The Hoary-edge). 
 
 201 
 
 PL. CXXXI 
 
PL. CXXXII 
 
 Upper side strongly recalls E. tityrus but the hoary edge of 
 the hind wings and the absence of the silvery spots found in 
 tityrus at once separate the two. Expanse 1.65-1.95 inch. 
 
 Rare in southern New England, common in Southern States 
 as far west as Texas. 
 
 (2) Achalarus cellus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXXXII, 
 Fig. 2, of 1 (The Golden-banded Skipper). 
 
 On upper side as shown in our figure; on under side hind 
 wings banded as in E. proteus, no silver spots. Expanse 2.00 
 inches. 
 
 Found in the Virginias and southward to Arizona and 
 Mexico. 
 
 GENUS HESPERIA FABRICIUS 
 
 (1) Hesperia tessellata Scudder, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 1, J' 
 (The Tessellated Skipper). 
 
 Paler on under side than on upper side, with spots enlarged. 
 Expanse 1.00-1.35 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Canada to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 202 
 
(2) Hesperia centaurece Rambur, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 2, 
 c? (The Grizzled Skipper). 
 
 Below darker than preceding species, white circle at end of 
 cell surrounding black spot, thus forming an eye-like spot; 
 hind wings below brown scaled with green, crossed by three 
 bands of quadrate spots. Expanse 1.15 inch. 
 
 Found in northern Europe and Asia and from Alaska to 
 Labrador; extending south on the high mountains both in the 
 West and in the Carolinas. 
 
 (3) Hesperia xanthus Edwards, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 3, cf 
 (The Checkering). 
 
 Resembling H, tessellata, but much smaller and darker at 
 base of wings, spots more crowded. Expanse 1.00 inch. 
 Found in Colorado and Rocky Mountains to west and south. 
 
 GENUS PHOLISORA SCUDDER 
 (THE SOOTY-WING). 
 
 (1) Pholisora catullus (Fabricius), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 1, 
 9 (The Common Sooty- wing). 
 
 Easily recognizable by means of our figure. Expanse 0.80- 
 1.15 inch. 
 
 203 
 
 PL. CXXXIII 
 
PL CXXXIV 
 
 HHBHBI The caterpillar feeds on " Jamb's-quarter " (ChenopodiunC, 
 
 Ranges over all temperate North America. 
 
 (2) Pholisora hayhursti (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 
 2, 9 (Hayhurst's Sooty- wing) . 
 
 Easily distinguished from preceding by white color of under 
 side of abdomen as well as by the different arrangement of 
 spots on fore wing. Expanse 0.90-1.15 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Pennsylvania to the Gulf as far as the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (3) Pholisora lybia Scadder, Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 3, tf 
 (The Mohave Sooty-wing). 
 
 Distinguished from the two preceding by the white fringes 
 of the wings and by the markings of the upper side. Expanse 
 0.80-1.40 inch. 
 
 Found from western Texas to Nevada and Arizona. 
 
 (4) Pholisora alpheus (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 4,d" 
 (New Mexican Sooty- wing). 
 
 More checkered on the upper side than the other species, tip 
 of fore wing white. Expanse 0.95-1 .00 inch. 
 Ranges from New Mexico to Arizona. 
 204 
 
GENUS THANAOS BOISDUVAL 
 (THE DUSKY-WINGS). 
 
 {I) Thanaos brizo Boisduval & Leconte, Plate CXXXV, 
 Tig. 1, 9 (The Sleepy Dusky-wing) . 
 
 The two rows of light yellow spots on the outer margin of 
 the hind wings appear more distinctly on the under side. 
 Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch- 
 
 Larva feeds on oaks and other plants. Ranges from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific, from New England to Florida and Ari- 
 
 (2) Thanaos icelus Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 2, d 1 (The 
 Dreamy Dusky- wing). 
 
 Under side paler than upper, marked with many small, in- 
 distinct yellow spots, not forming well-defined bands as in 
 preceding species. Expanse 1.00-1.20 inch. 
 
 Caterpillar feeds on aspen, oaks, and witch-hazel. Ranges 
 :from Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Florida and Arizona. 
 
 (3) Thanaos lucilius Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 3, d" 
 ((Lucilius' Dusky- wing). 
 
 Closely related to preceding, but distinguished by more 
 
 205 
 
 PL. CXXXV 
 
PL. CXXXVI 
 
 regularly checkered fringes of the fore wing and the different 
 arrangement of the spots on the under side. Expanse 1.20- 
 1.40 inch. 
 
 Larva feeds on columbine (Aquilegia). Ranges from New 
 England to Georgia, and westward through the valley of "the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 (4) Thanaos juvenalis (Fabricius), Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 1, $ 
 (Juvenal's Dusky-wing). 
 
 A large species with translucent spots arranged as an in- 
 terrupted band beyond middle of wing. Expanse 1.35-1.60- 
 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to Arizona. 
 
 (5) Thanaos petronius Lintner, Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 2, <? 
 (Petronius' Dusky- wing). 
 
 Somewhat resembling the preceding, but translucent spots 
 much fewer in number and upper side much darker. Under 
 side uniformly dusky with few light spots. Expanse 1.50-1.75 
 inch. 
 
 Confined to Florida so far as known. 
 206 
 
(6) Thanaos martialis Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 1, rf 1 
 (Martial's Dusky- wing). 
 
 Upper side paler than in most species, with a purplish gray 
 cast, all light spots of upper side repeated more distinctly on 
 underside. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Massachusetts to Georgia, westward to Mis- 
 souri and New Mexico. 
 
 (7) Thanaos horatius Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 2, tf 
 (Horace's Dusky- wing). 
 
 Smaller than T. juvenalis, which it resembles; paler above 
 on both wings, below more profusely mottled on hind wings. 
 Expanse 1.65 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. 
 
 (8) Thanaos funeralis Lintner, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 3, <? 
 (The Funereal Dusky- wing). 
 
 Hind wings very dark, partly fringed with pure white. 
 Expanse 1.35 inch. 
 
 Found from western Texas to Mexico. 
 
 207 
 
 PL. CXXXVII 
 
PL. CXXXVIII 
 
 SUBFAMILY PAMPHILIN^E (THE PAMPHILIDS) 
 
 The male never has a costal fold on the fore wing, but in 
 most of the genera has a discal stigma on the fore wing, the 
 only exceptions to this in our fauna being in the case of the 
 three genera Amblyscirtes, Pamphila, and Oarisma. The 
 antennse are short, in some genera very short, clubbed at the 
 end and provided in many genera with a little finely pointed 
 tip at the end of the club, which sometimes is bent backward. 
 The third joint of the palpi is generally small, inconspicuous, 
 and often pointing forward. The lower radial in the fore wing 
 always is nearer to the median than to the upper radial; the 
 lower radial in the hind wing is generally lacking. When at 
 rest they raise the fore wings, folding them together, while the 
 hind wings are held horizontally. This attitude is character- 
 istic of this subfamily. 
 
 GENUS AMBLYSCIRTES SCUDDEB 
 
 (1) Amblyscirtes vialis (Edwards), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 
 1, rf 1 (The Roadside Skipper). 
 
 Wings below much as on upper side, except that outwardly 
 they are lightly laved with gray. Expanse 1,00 inch. 
 208 
 
Ranges from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 (2) Amblyscirtes samoset (Scudder), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 2, rf 1 (The Pepper-and-Salt 
 Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.) 
 
 Below wings pale gray, the light spots of upper side reappearing. Hind wing marked 
 by semicircular median band of white spots, a small spot at end of cell, and conspicuous white 
 spot about middle of costa. Expanse 1.00-1.10 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Maine to Michigan and south on the Allegheny Mountains to West Virginia. 
 
 (3) Amblyscirtes textor (Hubner), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 3, cf , under side (The Woven- 
 winged Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.) 
 
 Easily recognized by means of our figure. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch. 
 Ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas. 
 
 GENUS PAMPHILA FABRICIUS 
 
 (1) Pamphila mandan Edwards, Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 4, rf 1 (The Arctic Skipper). 
 Recognizable from our figure. It is totally unlike any other species in the fauna. Ex- 
 panse 1.10 inch. 
 
 Found from Labrador to Alaska, and on the mountains of Idaho and Montana. 
 
 GENUS OARISMA SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Oarisma garita (Reakirt), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 1, tf (The Little Dun). (See Plate 
 on p. 210.) 
 
PL. CXXXIX 
 
 On the under side both wings are somewhat brighter than 
 on the upper side, the hind wings inclining to leaden gray, with 
 the inner margin bright fulvous. Expanse 0.75-1.00 inch. 
 
 Ranges from southern Colorado to Arizona. 
 
 (2) Oarisma powesheik (Parker), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 3, cf 
 (The Iowa Dun). 
 
 Larger than the preceding species and dark on upper side; 
 on under side fore wings black, edged on costa with light ful- 
 vous. Hind wings dusky below, veins and nervules white, 
 conspicuous on darker ground. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Wisconsin to Dakota and Colorado, common in 
 Iowa. 
 
 GENUS ANCYLOXYPHA FELDER 
 
 (1) Ancyloxypha numitor Fabricius, Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 2, 
 cf (The Least Skipper). 
 
 Below fore wings black, bordered on costa and outer margin 
 with reddish fulvous ; hind wings pale fulvous. Expanse 0.75- 
 0.95 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 2JO 
 
(Th< 
 
 GENUS COPCEODES SPEYER 
 
 Copandes procris (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 4, d" 
 e Golden .Skipper). 
 Below wings as on upper side, a trifle paler than on the up- 
 per side. The fore wings blackish on inner margin near base. 
 Expanse 0.80-1.00 inch. 
 
 Ranges from southern Texas to southern California. 
 (2) Copcsodes wrighti (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 5, <? 
 (Wright's Skipper). 
 
 Distinguished from C. procris by dark fringes on both wings 
 .-and different arrangement of stigma on fore wings. Expanse 
 0.85-1.07 inch. 
 
 Found in southern California and eastward as far as eastern 
 Arizona. 
 
 GENUS ERYNNIS SCHRANK 
 
 (1) Erynnis manitoba (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. l,cf (The 
 Canadian Skipper). 
 
 On the lower side all the light spots of the upper side reap- 
 pear, but more distinctly defined and pearly white in color. 
 
 Ranges north of the boundary between the United States 
 and the Dominion of Canada, descending into the United States 
 
 211 
 
 PL. CXL 
 
as far south as Colorado and northern California upon the highr 
 mountain ranges. 
 
 (2) Erynnis sassacus (Harris), Plate CXL, Fig. 2, c? (The- 
 Indian Skipper). (See p. 211.) 
 
 Below wings pale fulvous, spots of upper side feebly repro- 
 duced as faint lighter spots; fore wings black at base on this; 
 side. Expanse 1.10-1.35 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Georgia, west to Colorado. 
 
 (3) Erynnis attains (Edwards), Plate CXL, Fig. 3, rf (The 
 Wisconsin Skipper). (See p. 211.) 
 
 Below both wings are dusky, with the light spots appearing; 
 in faint gray. The female is darker. Expanse 1 .25-1 .45 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Wisconsin and Iowa, thence 
 to the region of the Gulf. 
 
 (4) Erynnis metea (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. 4, d" (Tfoe 
 Cobweb Skipper). (See p. 211.) 
 
 Below wings are brown, much darker than above, the pale 
 marks of upper side repeated as pearly white spots, and on 
 hind wings near base is a curved band of similar white spots* 
 Expanse 1.20-1.30 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Wisconsin. 
 212 
 
(5) Erynnis uncas (Edwards), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 4, cf (Uncas' Skipper). (See p. 220.) 
 Below in both sexes wings beautifully marked with pearly white spots on greenish gray 
 
 ground, the spots defined inwardly and outwardly by dark olive shades. Expanse 1.30-1.55 
 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Pennsylvania to Montana. 
 
 (6) Erynnis leonardus (Harris), Plate CXLI, Fig. 1, cf; Fig. 2, 9 (Leonard's Skipper). 
 Larger than most of the preceding species. Below wings dark brick-red. Spots of 
 
 upper side reappearing more or less faintly. Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida, west throughout the Mississippi 
 Valley. 
 
 GENUS THYMELICUS HUBNEB 
 
 (1) Thymelicus brettus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLI, Fig. 3, d"; Fig. 4, 9 (The 
 Whirlabout). 
 
 This insect, which is rare in the Northern States, is common in the South and has a wide 
 range through the American tropics. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch. 
 
 (2) Thymelicus otho (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLII, Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 . 
 
 The upper side is sufficiently well shown in our plate. Below the wings are yellowish 
 brown with outer half of the fore wings blackish; spots of fore wing repeated except last. 
 Hind wings below with an obscure yellowish band of five or six spots. A variable species. The 
 northern form, with fewer spots, is called egeremet, and is not very common in New England, 
 
 213 
 
PL. CXLII 
 
 
 but southward the species is abundant. Expanse 1.20-1.25 
 inch. 
 
 Found in New England, Florida, and west throughout the 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 (3) Thymelicus mystic (Scudder), Plate CXLII, Fig. 3, cf; 
 Fig. 4, 9 (The Long-dash). 
 
 Upper side of both sexes well shown in our plate. Below 
 fore wings fulvous on costa near base; remainder of wings on 
 this side dark ferruginous, with the light spots of the upper side 
 repeated, greatly enlarged, pale, contrasting strongly with dark 
 ground-color. Hind wings pale brown on inner margin. Ex- 
 panse 1.10-1.25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from southern Canada to Pennsylvania and west to 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 GENUS ATALOPEDES SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Atalopedes huron (Edwards), Plate CXLII, Fig. 5, cf ; 
 Fig. 6, 9 (The Sachem). 
 
 Easily distinguished from the figures we give. Expanse 
 1.15-1.35 inch. 
 214 
 
Ranges from New York to Florida, westward and south- r 
 westward into Mexico. 
 
 GENUS POLITES SCUDDEB 
 
 (1) Polites peckius (Kirby), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 1, d* ; Fig. 2, 
 9 (Peck's Skipper). 
 
 This small species is dark brown below, with the light spots 
 of the upper side reappearing, greatly enlarged, especially in 
 the middle of the wings, fused together and pale yellow, thus 
 cont rasting strongly with the rest of the wings . Expanse 1.00- 
 1.25 inch. 
 
 Peck's Skipper ranges from Canada to Virginia west to 
 Kansas and Iowa. 
 
 GENUS HYLEPHILA BILLBERG 
 
 (1) Hylephilahy ploeus (Drury), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 3, cf; 
 Fig. 4, 9 (The Fiery Skipper). 
 
 Easily recognized from our figures. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch. 
 Ranges from Connecticut to Patagonia everywhere. 
 
 215 
 
 PL. CXLIII 
 
PL. CXLIV 
 
 GENUS PRENES SCUDDEB. 
 
 (1) Prenes ocola (Edwards), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 5, d 1 (The 
 Ocola Skipper). (See p. 215.) ^ 
 
 This common southern species, which sometimes ranges as 
 far north as the latitude of Pennsylvania, ranges south as far 
 as Bolivia in South America. Expanse 1.45-1.60 inch. 
 
 The figure is that of the type. 
 
 GENUS CALPODES HUBNEB 
 
 (1) Calpodes ethlius (Cramer), Plate CXLIV, d* (The 
 Brazilian Skipper). 
 
 Easily recognized from our plate. Wings below dull olive. 
 Expanse 2.00-2.15 inches. 
 
 The larva feeds on Canna. Common everywhere in tropical 
 America and has been known to stray as far north as New 
 York. 
 
 GENUS LERODEA SCUDDEB 
 
 (1) Lerodea eufala (Edwards), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 3, cf (The 
 Eufala Skipper). (See p. 221.) 
 216 
 
On the wing looks like a small specimen of Prenes ocola, from 
 which it may be distinguished at once by the white under side 
 of the abdomen. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch. 
 
 Not uncommon in Florida. 
 
 GENUS LIMOCHORES SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Limochores thaumas (Fabricius), Plate CXLV, Fig. 1, 
 cf; Fig. 2, 9 (The Fawn-edged Skipper). 
 
 Easily distinguished by means of our figures. Below in 
 both sexes wings dull olive, with spots of upper side repeated; 
 costa of male edged with red on this side as well as above. 
 Expanse 1.00-2.07 inches. 
 
 Ranges from Canada to the Gulf, west to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 (2) Limochores pontiac (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 3, cf ; 
 Fig. 4, 9 (Pontiac's Skipper). 
 
 Well represented in our figures of both sexes . Expanse 1.15- 
 1.25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from Massachusetts to Nebraska, being very com- 
 mon about the southern end of Lake Michigan. 
 
 217 
 
 PL. CXLV 
 
 75 V 
 
PL. CXLVI 
 
 (3) Limochores palatka (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 5, rf 
 (The Palatka Skipper). (See p. 217.) 
 
 A large and rather showy species, the female expanding as 
 much as two inches. Expanse, d", 1.50 inch; 9, 1.90-2.00 
 inches. 
 
 Found on Indian River, Florida. 
 
 GENUS EUPHYES SCUDDEB 
 
 (1) Euphyes verna (Edwards), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 1, cf; Fig. 
 2, 9 (The Vernal Skipper). 
 
 Below wings paler, inclining to purplish red, about middle 
 of hind wings a semicircle of pale spots. Expanse 1.15-1.35 
 inch. 
 
 Ranges from southern New England to Virginia, west to 
 Kansas, and north to Alberta. Very common in Ohio, In- 
 diana, and Illinois. 
 
 (2) Euphyes metacomet (Harris), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 3, d"; 
 Fig. 4, d" (The Dun Skipper). 
 
 The markings of upper side reappear on lower side, the 
 ground-color below ranging from pale brown to purplish brown. 
 Expanse 1.15-1.30 inch. 
 218 
 
Found from Quebec to the Carolinas, west to Texas and 
 Alberta and Assiniboia. 
 
 GENUS POANES SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Poanes massasoit (Scudder), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 5, rf 1 ; 
 Fig. 6, 9 (The Mulberry- wing). 
 
 Below hind wings bright yellow, bordered on costa and outer 
 margin with reddish brown; the wings of the female not so 
 orightly colored as those of the male. Expanse 1 .15-1 .20 inch. 
 
 Ranging from New England to Nebraska, but not extending 
 south of Pennsylvania in the east, though occurring in the 
 west in Colorado and northern Texas. 
 
 GENUS PHYCANASSA SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Phycanassa viator (Edwards), Plate CXLVII Fig. 1, cf; 
 Fig. 2, 9 (The Broad- winged Skipper). 
 
 Below paler than above, the light spots of the upper side re- 
 appearing less distinctly; the hind wing traversed from base to 
 middle of outer margin by a light-colored longitudinal ray 
 which is not as plain in the female as in the male. Expanse 
 1.45-1.60 inch. 
 
 219 
 
PL. CXLVIII 
 
 Rare in the Northern States from New Jersey to Wisconsin, 
 but quite abundant in the Southern States as far west as 
 Texas. 
 
 (2) Phycanassa aaroni Skinner. Plate CXLVII, Fig. 3, d" 
 (Aaron's Skipper). (See p. 219.) 
 
 Below fere wings black at base, middle area tawny, paler 
 than above, with the outlines of the borders the same, but 
 their color cinnamon-brown, and not fuscous, as above; hind 
 wings below uniformly cinnamons-brown, without any spots. 
 Female like the male, but larger. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch. 
 
 Found in the salt marshes near Cape May, New Jersey, but 
 probably has a wider range to the south. 
 
 GENUS ATRYTONE SCUDDER 
 
 (1) Atrytone vitellius (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLVII, Fig. 
 4, cf;Fig. 5, 9 (The Iowa Skipper). 
 
 Below the wings are pale yellow, the inner margin of the fore 
 wings clouded with brown. Expanse 1.25-1.45'inch. 
 
 Common in the Gulf States, ranging north to Iowa and 
 Nebraska. 
 
 220 
 
(2) Atrytone zabulon (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLVIIL 
 Fig. 1, d" (The Zabulon Skipper). 
 
 Very closely related to the following species from which it 
 may be distinguished by its somewhat smaller size and the 
 presence of the heavier dark markings at the apex of the fore 
 wings above. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Georgia and westward to the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (3) Atrytone hobomok (Harris), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 2, d"; 
 variety pocohontas Scudder, Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 3, 9 (The 
 Hobomok Skipper). 
 
 In the male the small apical spots are not enclosed by a 
 band of dark color as in the preceding species, and the pale 
 area on the middle of the hind wings is more restricted, the 
 inner margin of this wing being more widely fuscous. The 
 variety of the female called pocohontas by Dr. Scudder is 
 melanic, and is, as shown in our figure, very dark with con- 
 spicuous light spots in the fore wing. Expanse 1 .25-1 .50 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England southward and westward over 
 the greater part of the Atlantic region and the valley of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 221 
 
GENUS LEREMA SCODDER 
 
 (1) Lerema accius (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 1, <f (The Grimy Skipper). 
 The wings on the under side are dark fuscous clouded with still deeper brown or black 
 
 Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch. 
 
 Occurs from Connecticut to Central America, being quite rare in the north but very 
 common in the hot lands of the south. 
 
 (2) Lerema hianna (Scudder), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 2, d* (The Dusted Skipper). 
 
 The upper side is well represented in our figure. On the under side the wings are a little 
 paler, especially the hind wings, which on their outer half are dusted with gray, in certain 
 lights having a bluish cast. Expanse 1.15-1,25 inch. 
 
 Ranges from New England to Nebraska and southward, but. so far as the writer know? 
 not reaching the Gulf States. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MEGATHYMIN/E (THE GIANT SKIPPERS) 
 
 These curious insects have been by some writers placed among the Castniidce, a family 
 of day-flying moths, but as the author stated in 1898 in "The Butterfly Book," they appear 
 to have much more in common with the Hesperiidse than the Castniidse. The proposition 
 to include them in the Hesperiidse as a subfamily under the name given above has since 
 that time been generally accepted by systematists. There are a number of species belonging 
 to the genus Megathymus, several of which occur within our faunal limits, but we shall con- 
 
 222 
 
tent ourselves with figuring only the one, which those readers 
 of this book who live in Missouri and south and west of that 
 state are likely to see. 
 
 GENUS MEGATHYMUS RILET 
 
 (1) Megathymv* yuccce (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CL, 9 
 (The Yucca Skipper). 
 
 The caterpillar of this species is a wood-borer, feeding in the 
 pith and on the underground roots of different species of Yucca. 
 The life history has been beautifully worked out by the late 
 Prof. C. V. Riley, who published a full account of his ob- 
 servations in his "Eighth Annual Report of the State Ento- 
 mologist of Missouri," pp. 169 el seq., and in the "Transactions 
 of the St. Louis Academy of Science, " Vol. Ill, pp. 323 et seq. 
 The student will do well to refer to these interesting papers. 
 The figure we give on the plate is that of a female specimen 
 bred by Professor Riley in Missouri and presented by him to 
 the late W. H. Edwards, whose collection is now the property 
 of the writer. 
 
 223 
 
INDEX OF ENGLISH OR TRIVIAL NAMES, AND COMMON TERMS 
 
 Aaron's Skipper, 220 
 
 Abdomen of butterfly, 22 
 
 Acadian Hair-streak, The, 153 
 
 Admiral, Lorquin's, 113; Red, 99,100; White, 110 
 
 Alpines, The; Common, 133; Red-streaked, 133 
 
 American Copper, The, 161 
 
 Angle-wings, The, 92; Currant, 96 
 
 Antennae, 13 
 
 Aphrodite, 75 
 
 Araxes Skipper, The, 199 
 
 Arctics, The, 140; Katahdin, 141; Macoun's 142 
 
 Arctic Skipper, The, 209 
 
 Arizona Blackamoor, The, 134; Checker-spot, 85 
 
 Bag-veins, The, 105; Texas, 106 
 
 Baltimore, The, 83 
 
 Banded Elfin, The, 156 
 
 Banded Hair-streak, The, 153 
 
 Banded Purple, The, 112 
 
 Banded Reds, The, 117 
 
 Bates' Crescent-spot, 88 
 
 Beauty, Karwinsky's, 118 
 
 Behr's Hair-streak, 158 
 
 Blackamoors, The, 133; Arizona, 134 
 
 Blues, The, 58, 147, 162; Aster, 163; Common, 165; 
 Cowper's, 163; Dwarf, 167; Eastern-tailed, 166; 
 Indian River, 168; Orange-margined, 164; Ma- 
 rine, 169; Pygmy, 167; Red-margined, 168; 
 
 Scudder's, 164; Silvery, 169; Varied, 169; West 
 ern-tailed, 166; West Indian, 167 
 
 Blue-spots, The, 147; Florida, 148 
 
 Boisduval's Hair-streak, 152 
 
 Brazilian Skipper, 216 
 
 Broad-winged Skipper, 219 
 
 Bronze Copper, The, 161 
 
 Brown Elfin, The, 155 
 
 Brown-margined Hair-streak, 155 
 
 Brown, The Gemmed, 128 
 
 Brush-footed, The, 15, 16, 58, 59 
 
 Buckeye, The, 103 
 
 Buff Emperor, The, 117 
 
 Butterflies, anatomy of, 14; how to breed, 54; cater- 
 pillars of, 29; chrysalids of, 34; how to collect 
 40; eggs of, 27; habits of, 13; life-history of, 27 j 
 how to mount, 47; how to preserve, 56 
 
 Butterfly, Papaw, 187; Reef, 197 
 
 Cabbage Butterfly, The, 173 
 Cadmium Orange, The, 185 
 Calicoes, The, 122; White-skirted, 12? 
 Californian Sister, The, 114 
 Callippe, 79 
 
 Camberwell Beauty, The, 97 
 Carrinlus Crescent-spot, The, 88 
 Canadian Skipper, The, 211 
 Carbonate of ammonia, 43 
 
 224 
 
Carbon bisulphide, 46 
 
 Carolinian Satyr, The, 129 
 
 Caterpillars of butterflies, 29 
 
 Chalcedon, 84 
 
 Checkering, The, 203 
 
 Checker-spots, The, 83; Arizona, 85; Harris's, 85; 
 
 Least, 86; Macglashan's, 84 
 Chloroform, 45 
 Chrysalids, 34 
 
 Clouded Wood-nymph, The, 137 
 Clytie Hair-streak, 159 
 Cobweb Skipper, The, 212 
 Colorado Hair-streak, The, 150 
 Colorado Parnassian, The, 186 
 Comma Butterfly, The, 93 
 Common, Alpine, 133; Blue, 165; Hair-streak, 151 ; 
 
 Snout-butterfly, 143; Sulphur, 180; White, 172; 
 
 Wood-nymph, 136 
 Compton Tortoise, The, 98 
 Coppers, The, 58, 147, 160; American, 161; Bronze, 
 
 161; Great, 160; Least, 161; Purplish, 162 
 Coral Hair-streak, 158 
 Cork for lining boxes, 45, 57 
 Couper's Blue, 163 
 Creole, The, 126 
 Crescent-spots, The, 86; Bates, 88; Camillus, 88; 
 
 Meadow, 88; Painted, 89; Pearl, 87; Poey's, 90; 
 
 Texan, 90 
 
 Crimson-patch, The, 91 
 Currant Angle-wing, The, 96 
 Cyanide of potash, 42 
 
 r-wings, The, 107 
 Wood-nymph, The, 138 
 Dash-wing, The, 119 
 Delila, 69 
 Diana, 74 
 
 Dingy Purple-wing, The, 105 
 Dog-face Butterflies, The, 179; Southern, 179 
 Dreamy Dusky-wing, The, 205 
 Dun, Iowa, 210; Little, 209 
 Dun Skipper, The, 218 
 Dusky-wings, The, 201; Dreamy, 205; Funereal, 
 
 207; Horace's, 207; Juvenal's 206; Lucilius', 205; 
 
 Martial's, 207; Northern, 201; Petronius, 206; 
 
 Sleepy, 205; Southern, 201 
 Dusted Skipper, 222 
 Dwarf, Yellow, 175; Blue, 167 
 
 Early Hair-streak, The, 157 
 
 Eastern Swallow-tail, The, 193 
 
 Eastern-tailed Blue, 166 
 
 Edwards' Hair-streak, 152; Marble-wing, 177 
 
 " of butterflies, 27 
 
 Elfin, Banded, 156; Brown, 155; Hoary, 156 
 Emperor Butterflies, The, 114; Buff, 117; Red, 
 
 Tawny, 116 
 
 Envelopes for holding butterflies, 45 
 Eufala Skipper, 216 
 Eye, The pearly, 126 
 Eyed Nymphs, The, 125 
 
 Fairy Yellow, The, 184 
 
 225 
 
Falcate Orange-tip, The, 176 
 
 Faun, The, 93 
 
 Fawn-edged Skipper, 217 
 
 Feet of butterflies, 16 
 
 Fiery Skipper, 215 
 
 Florida Blue-spot, The, 148 
 
 Florida White, The, 171; Yellow, 183 
 
 Fritillary, The Great-Spangled, 75; Gulf, 70; Little, 
 80; Meadow, 82; Mexican, 72; Regal, 73; Silver- 
 bordered, 81; White Mountain, 81; Variegated, 71 
 
 Funereal Dusky-wing, 207 
 
 Gemmed Brown, The, 128 
 Georgian Satyr, The, 128 
 Giant Skippers, The, 222 
 Giant Swallow-tail, The, 192 
 Goat-weed Butterfly, The, 121; Morrison's, 121 
 Godart's Sulphur, 178 
 Golden-banded Skipper, The, 202 
 Golden Skipper, The, 211 
 Grass-nymph, The, 126, 127 
 
 Great, Copper, 160; Purple Hair-streak, 149; South- 
 ern White, 172 
 
 Green White-spotted Hair-streak, 158 
 Grimy Skipper, 222 
 Grizzled Skipper, 203 
 Gulf Yellow, The, 183 
 
 Margined, 155; Clytie, 159; Colorado, 150; Coral, 
 158; Common, 151; Early, 157; Edwards', 152; 
 Great Purple, 149; Green White-spotted, 158; 
 Henry's, 157; Olive, 154; Southern, 150; Striped, 
 154; Texas, 151; White-M, 149; Wittfeld's, 151 
 
 Harris' Checker-spot, 85 
 
 Harvester, The, 34, 159 
 
 Hayhurst's Sooty-wing, 204 
 
 Head of butterfly, 14 
 
 Heliconians, The, 61, 67 
 
 Henry's Hair-streak, 157 
 
 Hesperids, The, 199 
 
 Hoary-edge, The, 201 
 
 Hoary Elfin, The, 156 
 
 Hobomok Skipper, 221 
 
 Horace's Dusky-wing, 207 
 
 Hunter's Butterfly, 100 
 
 Indian Skipper. The, 212 
 Indian River Blue, 168 
 Iowa Dun, The, 210 
 Iowa Skipper, 220 
 Ithomiids, 22, 61, 64 
 
 Jars for poisoning insects, 42 
 
 Julia, 69 
 
 Juvenal's Dusky wing, 206 
 
 Hackberry Butterfly, The, 115 Karwinsky's Beauty, 118 
 
 Hair-streaks, The, 22, 58, 147, 148; Acadian, 153; Katahdin Arctic, The, 141 
 Banded, 153; Bahr's, 158; Boisduval, 152; Brown Klug's Dircenna, 66 
 
 . 226 
 
ceast, Checker 
 Wood-nym 
 Legs of butterflies, 15 
 Leonard's Skipper, 213 
 Leopard-spots, The, 106 
 Leto, 74 
 
 Little Dun, The, 209 
 Little Metal-mark, The, 145 
 Little Sulphur, The, 183 
 Little Wood-satyr, The, 129 
 Long-dash, The, 214 
 Long-tailed Skipper, The, 200 
 Lorquin's Admiral, 113 
 Lucilius' Dusky-wing, 205 
 Lycaste Butterfly, 65 
 
 t, 86; Copper, 161; Skipper, 210; 
 139 
 
 Macglashan's Checker-spot, 84 
 
 Macoun's Arctic, 142 
 
 Magnolia Swallow-tail, The, 193 
 
 Malachites, The, 123; Pearly, 124 
 
 Many-spot, The, 146 
 
 Marble-wings, The, 177; Edwards', 177; Rosy, 177 
 
 Marine Blue, 169 
 
 Martial's Dusky-wing, 207 
 
 Meadow, Crescent-spot, The, 88; Fritillary, 82 
 
 Mead's Satyr, 138 
 
 Metal-marks, The, 16, 58, 144; Little, 145; Northern, 
 
 145 
 
 Mexican Yellow, The, 183 
 Milbert's Tortoise-shell, 98 
 Milkweed Rutterfly, 36 
 
 Mimic, The, 109 
 
 Mohave Sooty-wing, The, 204 
 
 Monarch, The, 63 
 
 Mormons, The, 145; Palmer's, 145 
 
 Morrison's Goat-weed Butterfly, 121 
 
 Mountain Silver-spot, The, 78; Swallow-tail, 196 
 
 Mourning Cloak, The, 97 
 
 Mulberry-wing, The, 219 
 
 Mustard White, The, 173 
 
 Nets, for taking butterflies, 40 
 Newfoundland Swallow-tail, The, 195 
 New Mexican Sooty-wing, The, 204 
 Northern Dusky-wing, The, 201 
 Northern Metal-Mark, The, 145 
 Nova Scotian, The, 141 
 
 Ochre Ringlet, The, 131 
 Ocola Skipper, 216 
 Olive Hair-streak, 154 
 Orange-banded Red, The, 118 
 Orange-margined Blue, The, 164 
 Orange, Cadmium, 185 
 Orange, Small, 182 
 Orange Sulphur, The, 181 
 
 Orange-tips, The, 175; Falcate, 176; Lucas, 177; 
 Western, 176 
 
 Pacific Tiger, 191 
 
 Painted Crescent-spot, The, 89 
 
 Painted Lady, The, 99, 102 
 
 227 
 
Palatka Skipper, 218 
 
 Palmer's Mormon, 145 
 
 Pamphilids, The, 208 
 
 Papaw Butterfly, The, 187 
 
 Parnassians, The, 185 
 
 Parnassian, Colorado, 186 
 
 Patch-spots, The, 91 
 
 Peacock Butterflies, 102 
 
 Peacock, The White, 104 
 
 Pearl Crescent, The, 87 
 
 Pearly Eye, The, 126 
 
 Pearly Malachite; The, 124 
 
 Peck's Skipper, 215 
 
 Pepper-and-salt Skipper, 209 
 
 Petronius' Dusky-wing, 206 
 
 Pinching butterflies to disable them, 43 
 
 Pins, insect, 47 
 
 Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, The, 197 
 
 Plain Ringlet, The, 131 
 
 Poey's Crescent-spot, 90 
 
 Pontiac's Skipper, 217 
 
 Proboscis of butterflies, 14 
 
 Purple, The Banded, 112 
 
 Purple, The Red-spotted, 111 
 
 Purple-wing, The Dingy, 105 
 
 Purplish Copper, The, 162 
 
 Pygmy Blue, 167 
 
 Queen, The, 64 
 Question-sign, The, 93 
 
 Reakirt's Satyr, 139 
 
 Red Admiral, The, 99, 100 
 
 Red Emperor, The, 116 
 
 Red-margined Blue, 168 
 
 Red, The Orange-banded, 118 
 
 Red Satyr, The, 130 
 
 Red-spotted Purple, The, 111 
 
 Red-streaked Alpine, The, 133 
 
 Reds, The Banded, 117 
 
 Reef Butterfly, The, 197 
 
 Relaxing dried butterflies, 52 
 
 Rhodope, 80 
 
 Ridings' Satyr, 134 
 
 Ringlets, The, 130 
 
 Ringlet, The Ochre, 131; The Plain, 131 
 
 Roadside Skipper, The, 208 
 
 Rosy Marble-wing, The, 117 
 
 Sachem, The, 214 
 
 Satyrs, The, 61, 124; Carolinian, 129; Georgian, 128; 
 
 Mead's, 138; Reakirt's, 139; Red, 130; Ridings', 
 
 134; Scudder's, 135 
 Scales on wings of butterflies, 10 
 Scudder's, Blue, 164; Satyr, 135 
 Setting blocks, 47 
 Silver-spot, The Mountain, 78 
 Sisters, The, 114; Californian, 114 
 Skippers, The, 22, 58, 198; Aaron's, 220; Araxes, 199; 
 
 Arctic, 209; Brazilian, 216; Broad-winged, 219; 
 
 Canadian, 211; Cobweb, 212; Dun, 218; Dusted, 
 
 222; Eufala, 216; Fawn-edged, 217; Fiery, 215; 
 
 228 
 
Giant, 222; Golden, 211; Golden-banded, 202; 
 Grimy, 222; Grizzled, 203; Hoary-edge, 201; 
 Hobomok, 221; Indian, 212; Iowa, 220; Least, 
 210; Leonard's, 213; Long-tailed, 200; Ocola, 216; 
 Palatka, 218; Peck's, 215; Pepper-and-salt, 209; 
 Pontiac's, 217; Red-tailed, 199; Roadside, 208; 
 Silver-spotted, 200; Tessellated, 202; Uncas', 213; 
 Vernal, 218; Wisconsin, 212; Woven-winged, 
 209; Wright's, 211; Yucca, 223; Zabulon, 221 
 
 Sleepy Dusky-wing, 205 
 
 Small, Orange, The, 182; Wood-nymph, 137 
 
 Snout-butterflies, The, 61, 142, 143; Common, 143 
 
 Sooty-wings, The, 203; Catullus', 203; Common, 203; 
 Hay hurst's, 204; Mohave, 204; New Mexican, 
 204 
 
 southern, Dog-face, 179; Dusky -wing, 201; Hair- 
 streak, 150; Wood-nymph, 136 
 
 Spangled-Nymphs, The, 127 
 
 Spice-bush Swallow-tail, The, 193 
 
 Striped Hair-streak, The, 154 
 
 Sulphurs, The, 179; Common, 180; Cloudless, 178; 
 Godart's, 178; Little, 183; Great, 177; Orange, 
 181 
 
 Swallow-tails, The, 58, 170, 186; Eastern, 193; Giant, 
 192; Magnolia, 193; Mountain, 196; Newfound- 
 land, 195; Pipe- vine, 197; Pacific Tiger, 191; 
 Spice-bush, 193; Three-tailed, 192; Tiger, 188; 
 Two-tailed, 191; Western, 196; White-striped 
 Tiger, 191 
 
 fawny Emperor, The, 11 
 
 Tessellated Skipper, The, 202 
 
 Texan Crescent-spot, The, 90 
 
 Texas, Bag- vein, The, 106; Hair-streak, 151 
 
 Thistle-butterfly, The, 102 
 
 Thorax of butterfly, 15 
 
 Three-tailed Swallow-tail, 192 
 
 Tiger, Pacific, 191 
 
 Tiger Swallow-tail, The, 191 
 
 Toper, The, 95 
 
 Tortoise-shells, The, 96; Compton, 98; Milbert's, 98 
 
 Tropic Queens, The, 108 
 
 Two-tailed Swallow-tail, 191 
 
 Uncas' Skipper, 213 
 
 Varied Blue, 169 
 Vernal Skipper, 218 
 Viceroy, The, 103 
 Violet-wings, The, 104 
 
 Waiter, The, 108 
 
 Western, Swallow-tail, The, 196; Tailed Blue, 166; 
 
 Orange-tip, 176 
 West Indian Blue, 167 
 Whirlabout, The, 213 
 Whites, The, 171; Cabbage, 173; Common, 172; 
 
 Florida, 171; Great Southern, 172; Mustard, 173 
 White Admirals, The, 110 
 White-M Hair-streak, The, 149 
 White Mountain Butterfly, The, 141 
 White Mountain Fritillary, The, 81 
 
 229 
 
White Peacock, The, 104 Woven-winged Skipper, 209 
 
 White-skirted Calico, The, 123 Wright's Skipper, 211 
 
 White-striped Tiger Swallow-tail, 191 
 
 Wings of butterflies, 16 Yellows, The, 181; Dwarf, 175; Fairy, 184; Florida, 
 
 Wisconsin Skipper, The, 212 183; Gulf, 183; Mexican, 183 
 
 Wittfeld's Hair-streak, 151 Yucca Skipper, 223 
 
 Wood-nymphs, The, 135; Clouded, 137; Common, 
 
 136; Dark, 138; Least, 139; Small, 137; South- Zabulon Skipper, 221 
 
 ern, 136 Zebra, The, 67 
 Wood-satyr, The Little, 129 
 
 INDEX OF FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, ACCORDING 
 
 TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC OR LATIN NAMES 
 
 aaroni, Phycanassa, 220 Amblyscirtes, genus, 208; samoset, 209; textor, 209: 
 
 acadica, Thecla, 153 vialis, 10, 208 
 
 accius, Lerema, 222 ammon, Lycaena, 168 
 
 Achalarus, genus, 201; cellus, 202; lycidas, 201 amymone, Cystineura, 106 
 
 acheronta, Ccea, 119 amyntula, Lycaena, 166 
 
 acmcn, Lycaena, 168 Anartia, genus, 103; jatrophae, 104 
 
 Adelpha, californica, 114 Ancyloxypha, genus, 210; numitor, 210 
 
 Agerqnia, feronia, 123; fornax, 123 andria, Pyrrhanaea, 121 
 
 Aganisthos, odius, 119 Anosia, genus, 62, 63; berenice, 64; plexippus, 10, 20, 
 
 ajax, Papiliq, 187 30, 36, 63 
 
 aliaska, Papilio, 195 antiopa, Vanessa, 97 
 
 alicia, Chlorippe, 117 aphrodite, Argynnis, 75 
 
 alope, Satyrus, 137 Apodemia, genus, 145; palmeri, 145. 
 
 alpheus, Pholisora, 204 araxes, Pyrrhopyge, 199 
 
 230 
 
Argynnis, genus, 20, 72; aphrodite, 10, 75; atlantis, 78; 
 
 callippe, 79; cybele, 75; diana, 74; idalia, 10, 73; 
 
 leto, 74 rhodope, 80 
 arthemis, Basilarchia, 112 
 Arthropoda, Subkingdom, 12 
 aster, Lycaena, 163 
 asterias, Papilio, 195 
 asterius, Papilio, 195 
 astyanax, Basilarchia, 111 
 atala, Eumaeus, 148 
 atalanta, Pyrameis, 100 
 Atalopedes, genus, 214; huron, 214 
 atlantis, Argynnis, 78 
 Atrytone, genus, 220; hobomok, 221; pocohontas, 221; 
 
 vitellius, 220; zabulon, 221 
 attalus, Erynnis, 212 
 augustus, Thecla, 155 
 autolycus, Thecla, 151 
 ausonides, Euchloe, 176 
 
 bachmani, Libythea, 143 
 
 Basilarchia, genus, 110; arthemis, 112; astyanax, 10, 
 
 111; disippus, 30, 113; lorquini, 113; Weidemeyeri, 
 
 112 
 
 batesi, Phyciodes, 88 
 bathyllus, Thorybes, 201 
 behri, Thecla, 158 
 bellona, Brenthis, 82 
 herenice, Anosia, 64 
 oorealis, Charis, 145 
 
 Brenthis, genus, 80; bellona, 82; montinus, 81; myrina, 
 
 brettus, Thymelicus, 213 
 brevicauda, Papilio, 195 
 brizo, Thanaos, 205 
 bryoniae, Pieris, 173 
 
 caenius, Charis, 145 
 
 caesonia, Meganostoma, 179 
 
 calanus, Thecla, 153 
 
 californica, Adelpha, 114 
 
 Callicore, genus, 106; clymena, 1C? 
 
 callippe, Argynnis, 79 
 
 Calpodes, genus, 216; ethlius, 216 
 
 camillus, Phyciodes, 88 
 
 canthus, Satyrodes, 127 
 
 cardui, Pyrameis, 102 
 
 Catopsilia, genus, 177; eubule, 178 
 
 catullus, Pholisora, 203 
 
 cellus, Achalarus, 202 
 
 celtis, Chlorippe, 115 
 
 centaureae, Hesperia, 203 
 
 Ceratinia lycaste, 65 
 
 chalcedon, Melitasa, 84 
 
 Charis, genus, 144; borealis, 145; caenius, 145 
 
 charithonius, Heliconius, 67 
 
 charon, Satyrus, 138 
 
 Chlorippe, genus, 114; alicia, 117; celtis, 115; clyton r 
 
 116; flora, 116 
 Chrysophanus, genus, 160; epixanthe, 161; helloides, 
 
 162; hypophlaeus, 161; thoe, 161; xanthoides, 16O 
 
 231 
 
Claudia, Euptpieta, 71 
 
 clymena, Callicore, 107 
 
 clytie, Thecla, 159 
 
 clyton, Chlorippe, 116 
 
 Ccea, genus, 119; acheronta, 119 
 
 coenia, Junonia, 103 
 
 Coenonympha, genus, 130; inornata, 131; ochracea, 
 
 Colaenis, genus, 69; delila, 69; Julia, 69 
 
 Colias, genus, 179; eury theme, 181; keewaydin, 
 
 philodice, 180 
 comma, Grapta, 93 
 comyntas, Lycaena, 166 
 
 Copceodes, genus, 211; procris, 211; wrighti, 211 
 coresia, Timetes, 108 
 couperi, Lycaena, 163 
 creola, Debis, 126 
 cresphontes, Papilio, 192 
 crysalus, Thecla, 150 
 cybele, Argynnis, 75 
 Cystineura, genus, 105; amymone, 106 
 
 damon, Thecla, 154 
 
 daunus, Papilio, 191 
 
 Debis, genus, 125; creola, 126; portlandia, 126 
 
 delia, Terias, 183 
 
 delila, Colzenis, 69 
 
 diana, Argynnis, 74 
 
 Dione vanillae, 70 
 
 dipnysius, Neqminois, 135 
 
 Dircenna klugi, 66 
 
 discoidalis, Erebia, 133 
 
 discoidalis, Thecla, 155 
 disippus, Basilarchia, 30, 113 
 dumetorum, Thecla, 158 
 dymas, Melitsea, 86 
 
 edwardsi, Thecla 152 
 
 131 elathea, Terias, 183 
 
 Epargyreus, genus, 200; tityrus, 200 
 181; epipsodea, Erebia, 133 
 
 epixanthe, Chrysophanus, 161 
 
 Erebia, genus, 132; discoidalis, 133; epipsodea, 133 
 
 Eresia, genus, 89; frisia, 90; texana, 90 
 
 Erycinidse, Family, 16, 58, 144 
 
 Erynnis, genus, 211; attalus, 212; leonardus, 213; man- 
 
 itoba, 211; metea, 212; sassacus, 212; uncas, 213 
 ethlius, Calpodes, 216 
 eubule, Catopsilia, 178 
 Euchloe, genus, 175; ausonides, 176; genutia, 176;. 
 
 hyantis, 177; rosa, 177; sara, 177 
 Eudamus, genus, 200; proteus, 200 
 eufala, Lerodea, 216 
 
 Eumaeus, genus, 147; atala, 148; minyas, 148 
 Eunica, genus, 104; monima, 105 
 Euphyes, genus, 218; metacomet, 218; verna, 218 
 Euploeinae, Subfamily, 61, 62 
 Euptqieta claudia, 71 
 eurydice, Meganostoma, 179 
 eurymedon, Papilio, 191 
 eury theme, Colias, 181 
 eurytus, Neonynapha, 129 
 exilis, Lycaena, 167 
 
 232 
 
fabricii, Grapta, 93 
 
 faunus, Grapta, 93 
 
 favqnius, Thecla, 150 
 
 Feniseca, genus, 159; tarquinius, 34, 160 
 
 feronia, Ageronia, 123 
 
 flora, Chlorippe, 116 
 
 fornax, Ageronia, 123 
 
 frisia, Eresia, 90 
 
 funeralis, Thanaos, 207 
 
 garita, Oarisma, 209 
 
 gemma, Neonympha, 128 
 
 genutia, Euchloe, 176 
 
 glaucus, Papilio, 188 
 
 Grapta, genus, 20, 92; comma, 93; fabricii, 93; faunus, 
 
 93; interrogationis, 93; progne, 96; silenus, 95 
 grunus, Thecla, 152 
 Gyrocheilus, genus, 133; tritonia, 134 
 
 halesus, Thecla, 149 
 
 harrisi, Melitaea, 85 
 
 hayhursti, Pholisora, 204 
 
 Heliconiinae, Subfamily, 61, 67 
 
 Heliconius charithonius, 67 
 
 helloides, Chrysophanus, 162 
 
 henrici, Thecla, 157 
 
 Hesperia, genus, 202; centaureae, 203; tessellata, 202; 
 
 xanthus, 203 
 
 Hesperiidse, Family, 22, 36, 58, 198 
 Hesperiinae, Subfamily, 199 
 Heterocera, Suborder, 12, 13 
 
 heteronea, Lycaena, 169 
 
 hianna, Lerema, 222 
 
 hobomok, Atrytone, 221 
 
 horatius, Thanaos, 207 
 
 huntera, Pyrameis, 100 
 
 huron, Atalopedes, 214 
 
 hyantis, Euchloe, 177 
 
 Hylephila, genus, 215; phylasus, 215 
 
 Hypanartia, genus, 117; lethe, 118 
 
 Hypolimnas, genus, 108; misippus, 109 
 
 hypophlaeus, Chrysophanus, 161 
 
 icelus, Thanaos, 205 
 idalia, Argynnis, 73 
 ilaire, Tachyris, 171 
 indra, Papilio, 196 
 inornata, Coenonympha, 131 
 Insecta, Class, 59 
 interrogationis, Grapta, 93 
 iole, Nathalis, 175 
 irus, Thecla, 156 
 isophthalma, Lycaena, 167 
 Ithomiinae, Subfamily, 61, 64 
 
 j -album, Vanessa, 98 
 
 janais, Synchloe, 91 
 
 jatrophse, Anartia, 104 
 
 jucunda, Terias, 184 
 
 julia, Colaenis, 69 
 
 Junonia, genus, 102; crania, 103 
 
 jutta, CEneis, 141 
 
 233 
 
uvenahs, Thanaos, 206 
 
 karwinskii, Smyrna, 118 
 
 katahdin, CEneis, 141 
 
 keewaydin, Olias, 181 
 
 klugi, Dircenna, 66 
 
 Kricogonia, genus, 178; lyside, 178; terissa, 178 
 
 Iseta, Thecla, 157 
 
 leonardus, Erynnis, 213 
 
 Lepidoptera, Order, 59 
 
 Lerema, genus, 222; accius, 222; hianna, 222 
 
 Lerodea, genus, 216; eufala, 216 
 
 lethe, Hypanartia, 118 
 
 leto, Argynnis, 74 
 
 libya, Pholisora, 204 
 
 Libythea, genus, 143; bachmani, 143 
 
 Libytheinae, Subfamily, 61, 142 
 
 Limochores, genus, 217; palatka, 218; pontiac, 217; 
 thaumas, 217 
 
 liparops, Thecla, 154 
 
 lisa, Terias, 183 
 
 lorquini, Basilarchia, 113 
 
 lucia, Lycaena, 165 
 
 lucilius, Thanaos, 205 
 
 Lycjena, genus, 162; acmon, 168; ammon, 168; amyri- 
 tula, 166; aster, 163; comyntas, 166; couperi, 
 163; exilis, 167; heteronea, 169; isophthalma, 167; 
 lucia, 165; lygdamus, 169; marginata, 165; marina, 
 169; melissa, 164; neglecta, 165; nigra, 165; pseu- 
 dargiolus, 165; scudderi, 164; theona, 167 
 
 Lycaenidse, Family, 16, 58, 147 
 lycaste, Ceratinia, 65 
 lycidas, Achalarus, 201 
 lygdamus, Lycaena, 169 
 lyside, Kricogonia, 178 
 
 m-album, Thecla, 149 
 
 macglashani, Melitaea, 84 
 
 machaon, Papilio, 195 
 
 macouni, CEneis, 142 
 
 mandan, Pamphila, 209 
 
 manitoba, Erynnis, 211 
 
 marcellus, Papilio, 187 
 
 marcia, Phyciodes, 87 
 
 marginata, Lycaena, 165 
 
 marina, Lycsena, 169 
 
 martialis, Thanaos, 207 
 
 massasoit, Poanes, 219 
 
 meadi, Satyrus, 138 
 
 Meganostoma, genus, 179; caesonia, 179; eurydice, 179 
 
 Megathyminae, Subfamily, 222 
 
 Megathymus, genus, 223; yuccae, 223 
 
 melinus, Thecla, 151 
 
 melissa, Lycaena, 164 
 
 Melitaea, genus, 83; chalcedon, 84; dymas, 86; harrisi.. 
 
 85; macglashani, 84; perse, 85; phaeton, 83 
 metacomet, Euphyes, 218 
 metea, Erynnis, 212 
 mexicana, Terias, 183 
 milberti, Vanessa, 98 
 minyas, Eumaeus, 148 
 
misippus, Hypolimnas, 109 
 monima, Eunica, 105 
 montinus, Brenthis, 81 
 monuste, Pieris, 172 
 Morphinae, Subfamily, 60 
 morrisoni, Pyrrhanaea, 121 
 myrina, Brenthis, 81 
 mystic, Thymelicus, 214 
 
 nais, P9lystigma, 146 
 
 napi, Pieris, 173 
 
 Nathalis, genus, 175; iole, 175 
 
 neglecta, Lycaena, 165 
 
 Neominois, genus, 134; dionysius, 135; ridingsi, 134 
 
 Neonympha, genus, 127; eurytus, 129; gemma, 128; 
 
 phocion, 128; rubricata, 130; sosybius, 129 
 nephele, Satyrus, 137 
 nicippe, Terias, 182 
 nigra, Lycaena, 165 
 niphon, Thecla, 156 
 numitor, Ancyloxypha, 210 
 nycteis, Phyciodes, 87 
 Nymphalidce, Family, 15, 16, 36, 58, 59 
 Nymphalinae, Subfamily, 61, 68 
 
 Oarisma, genus, 209; garita, 209; powesheik, 210 
 ochracea, Ccenonympha, 131 
 ocola, Prenes, 216 
 odius, Aganisthos, 119 
 
 JEneis, genus, 140; jutta, 141; katahdin, 141; mac- 
 ouni, 142; semidea, 141 
 
 oleracea, Pieris, 173 
 otho, Thymelicus, 213 
 
 palamedes, Papilio, 193 
 
 palatka, Limochores, 218 
 
 pallida, Pieris, 173 
 
 palmeri, Apodemia, 145 
 
 Pamphila, genus, 209; mandan, 209 
 
 Pamphilinae, Subfamily, 208 
 
 Papilio, genus, 10, 20, 187; ajax, 187; aliaska, 195; 
 asterias, 195; asterius, 195; brevicauda, 195; cres- 
 phontes, 192; daunus, 191; eurymedon, 191; 
 glaucus, 188; indra, 196; machaon, 195; marcel- 
 lus, 187; palamedes, 193; philenor, 30, 36, 197; 
 pilumnus, 192; polydamas, 197; polyxenes, 193' 
 rutulus, 191; troilus, 193; turnus, 10, 188; walsh . 
 187; zelicaon, 196; zolicaon, 197 
 
 Papilionidae, Family, 58, 170 
 
 Papilioninae, Subfamily, 186 
 
 Paramecera, genus, 139; xicaque, 139 
 
 Parnassiinae, Subfamily, 185 
 
 Parnassius, genus, 20, 186; smintheus, 186 
 
 paulus, Satyrus, 137 
 
 peckius, Polites, 215 
 
 pegala, Satyrus, 136 
 
 perse, Melitaea, 85 
 
 petronius, Thanaos, 206 
 
 phaeton, Melitaea, 83 
 
 philendr, Papilio, 30, 36, 197 
 
 philodice, Colias, 180 
 
 phocion, Neonympha, 128 
 
 235 
 
Pholisora, genus, 203; alpheus, 204; catullus, 203; hay- 
 
 hursti, 204: libya, 204 
 
 Phycanassa, genus, 219; aaroni, 220; viator, 219 
 Phyciodes, genus, 86; batesi, 88; camillus, 88; marcia, 
 
 87; nycteis, 87; picta, 89; pratensis, 88; tharos, 87 
 phylaeus, Hylephila, 215 
 picta, Phyciodes, 89 
 Pierinae, Subfamily, 170 
 Pieris, genus, 171; bryoniae, 173; monuste, 172; napi, 
 
 173; oleracea, 173; pallida, 173; protodice, 172; 
 
 rapae, 173 
 
 pilumnus, Papilio, 192 
 plexippus, Anosia, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63 
 Poanes, genus, 219; massasoit, 219 
 pocphontas, Atrytone, 221 
 Polites, genus, 215; peckius, 215 
 polydamas, Papilio, 197 
 Polystigma, genus, 146; nais, 146 
 polyxenes, Papilio, 193 
 pontiac, Limochores, 217 
 portlandia, Debis, 126 
 powesheik, Oarisma, 210 
 pratensis, Phyciodes, 88 
 Prenes, genus, 216; ocola, 216 
 procris, Copoeodes, 211 
 progne, Grapta, 96 
 proterpia, Terias, 185 
 proteus, Eudamus, 200 
 protodice, Pieris, 172 
 pseudargiolus, Lycaena, 165 
 pylades, Thorybes, 201 
 
 Pyrameis, genus, 99; atalanta, 100; cardui, 102; huntera- 
 
 100 
 
 Pyrrhanaea, genus, 120; andria, 121; morrisoni, 121 
 Pyrrhopyge, genus, 199; araxes, 199 
 Pyrrhopyginae, Subfamily, 199 
 
 rapte, Pieris, 173 
 rhodope, Argynnis, 80 
 Rhopalocera, Suborder, 12, 13 
 ridingsi, Neominois, 134 
 rosa, Euchloe, 177 
 
 rubricata, Neonympha, 130 
 rutulus, Papilio, 191 
 
 samoset, Amblyscirtes, 209 
 
 sara, Euchloe, 177 
 
 sassacus, Erynnis, 212 
 
 Satyrinae, Subfamily, 60, 61, 124 
 
 Satyrodes, genus, 126; canthus, 127 
 
 Satyrus, genus, 135; alope, 137; charon, 138; meadi, 
 
 138; nephele, 137; paulus, 137; pegala, 136; sthen> 
 
 ele, 139 
 
 scudderi, Lycasna, 164 
 semidea, (Eneis, 141 
 silenus, Grapta, 95 
 simaethis, Thecla, 155 
 smintheus, Parnassius, 186 
 Smyrna, genus, 20, 118; karwinskii, 1J8 
 sosybius, Neonympha, 129 
 steneles, Victorina, 124 
 
-thenele, Satyrus, 139 
 Synchloe, genus, 91; janais, 91 
 
 Tachyris, genus, 171; ilaire, 171 
 
 tarquinius, Feniseca, 34, 160 
 
 Terias, genus, 181; delia, 183; elathea, 183; jucunda, 
 
 184; lisa, 183; mexicana, 183; nicippe, 182; pro- 
 
 terpia, 185 
 
 lerissa, Kricogonia, 178 
 tessellata, Hesperia, 202 
 texana, Eresia, 90 
 textor, Amblyscirtes, 209 
 Thanaos, genus, 205; brizo, 205; funeralis, 207; horatius, 
 
 207; icelus, 205; juvenalis, 206; lucilius, 205; mar- 
 
 tialis, 207; petronius, 206 
 tharos, Phyciodes, 87 
 thaumas, Limochores, 217 
 Thecla, genus, 20, 22, 148; acadica, 153; augustus, 155; 
 
 autolycus, 151; behri, 158; calanus, 153; clytie, 
 
 159; crysalus, 150; damon, 154; discoidalis, 155; 
 
 dumetorum, 158; edwardsi, 152; favonius, 150; 
 
 grunus, 152; halesus, 149; henrici, 157; irus, 156; 
 
 fata, 157; liparops, 154; m-album, 149; melinus, 
 
 151; niphon, 156; simaethis, 155; titus, 158; witt- 
 
 feldi, 151 
 
 theona, Lycaena, 167 
 thoe, Chrysophanus, 161 
 
 Thorybes, genus, 201; bathyllus, 201; pylades, 201 
 Thymelicus, genus, 213; brettus, 213; mystic, 214; 
 
 otho, 213 
 Timetes, genus, 107; coresia, 108 
 
 titus, Thecla, 158 
 tityrus, Epargyreus, 200 
 tritonia, Gyrocheilus, 134 
 troilus, Papilio, 193 
 turnus, Papilio, 20, 188 
 
 uncas, Erynnis, 213 
 
 Vanessa, genus, 96; antiopa, 97; j -album, 98; milberti, 
 
 98 
 
 vanilfa, Dione, 70 
 verna, Euphyes, 218 
 vialis, Amblyscirtes, 208 
 viator, Phycanassa, 219 
 Victorina, genus, 123; steneles, 124 
 vitellius, Atrytone, 220 
 
 walshi, Papilio, 187 
 weidemeyeri, Basilarchia, 112 
 wittfeldi, Thecla, 151 
 wrighti, Copoeodes, 211 
 
 xanthoides, Chrysophanus, 160 
 xanthus, Hesperia, 203 
 xicaque, Paramecera, 139 
 
 yuccae, Megathymus, 223 
 
 zabulon, Atrytone, 221 
 zelicaon, Papilio, 196 
 zolicaon, Papilio, 197 
 
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