f. J^ JJ cat), rebacked, corners worn, First Edit*) f-'5 * names of two previous owners on titleY -i jf. J £ages are rather browned, otherwise good at '-£? tall copy, 1656 25 1 r /^^/mFHw^'tHE f r t*r* 7^ Comrtion-Wealtt OF OCEAN A Tantalus a labm Jttiens, fagientia capiat Flumina : quid rides? mutato nomine \ dete I v Fabula narratur.- Hor. L03{T>03\Co Printed by f.Streater 9 fotLive^eSQh nuut x and are to be fold at his Shop at the CroWn in ¥opes-Head z JHey 2 16^6 THE COMMONWEALTH O F Oceana. ^Dedicated To His H I G H N ESSE THE Lord Prote&or O F The Common- Wealth of England^ Scotland^ and Ireland. jKT .ii n.M»-fY i By fames Harrington. C_.: l ' ' L.JL «^iJ|M_» **? I SSLF * £/?//£/ the Modell hath bid perfect: tonco&ion. Errors of the Tmpi tffion Page. Line, to be thus Comtfedi Introduction. "Thee? thy. The Government. Forsaking fiff the Toske* The tftributed them into. Wave overwhelmed. Vavofor. ^-Mediately the Teutons. Vavofor vavojory. Vavofor s vavofaryes. Tie mighty creaturs. Freinds, That mak^es. Mamalines. Through, Corrupt : in a people. That prudence of. Had nothing. it. 1 6 6 8 9 9 14 16 \6 17 18 21 22 22 26 3 2 33 33 34 35 35 38 40 43 43 43 45 46 47 Mode Cnavan. 56 Either the pom. 57 Senfe. 57 Vnto. 5 7 Be r fa ve that the King was not elective, till the people received their liberty, the yokeoi the Nobility being broken by the Common-wealth of Oceana: which in grateful return is thereby provided with an inexhauftible Magazeen of Auxiliaries : Panopea, the (oft mother of a flothful and pufillanimous peo- Thenatureof pie, is a neighbour Ifland, anciently fubje&ed by the Arms of thc Pt * t '- Oceana; fmce,almoft depopulated for fhaking flflf the Yoke, *"*** and at length replanted with a new Race. But (through what venues oi the loyl, or vice ol the air foever it be) they come (till to degenerate: wherefore feeing it is neither likdy to yield men hefor Arms, norneccfl'ary itthouldj ithadbcen v e intereft ol Oceana^ (o to have dilpoled of this Province, bung both rich in the naiurcof the foyl, and full of commodious Ports for Trade, that it mkht have been orlered for the beft m relation unto her purle: Wnichinmy opinion ( if it isd been thought upon in time) might have bien be(t done by planting it with Jewes, allowing them their own Rites and Lawes, for that would havebroughc tlicui fuddau ly from all parts of the World, and in fufficient numbers ; and though the Jews benow altogether for Merchandize, yet in the Land of Canaan (fince their exile from whence they have not been Landlords) they were altogether for agriculture $ and there isnocaufewhy amanfhould doubt, but having a fruitfuil Cduhtry and good Forts too, they would be good at both. Panopea well peopled, would be worth a matter of four mil- lions dry rents, that is, belides the advantage of thc agricul- ture and Trade, which with a Nation of that induflry comes at leaft unto as much more. Wherefore Panopea being farm'd out unto the Jews, and their heirs for ever, for the pay of a Pro- vincial Army to protect them during the term of feven years, and for two millions annual revenue from that time forward; belides, the Cuftoms, which would pay the Provincial Army, would have been a bargain of fuch advantage,both unto them and this Common-wealth, as is not to be found otherwife by ci- ther. To receive the Jewes after any other manner into a Common-wealth,Weretomaim it : for they of all Nations ne- ver incorporate, but taking up the room of a Limb, are of no ufe or office unto the body, while they fuck the nounihment which would fuftain a natural andufeful member. liTanopea had been fo difpofed of, that Knapfack, with the LMarpefian Auxilliary, had been an ineftimable treafure ; the fuuation of thefe Countries being Iflands, (as appeaas by Ve- nice how advantagious fuch an one is to the like Government) B 2 feemetb The Introdu&ion. Situation of f ccme th to have been defigned by God for a Common- wealth : SonSth and yet that through the itreightnefle of the place, and defect oiQctax*. of proper Arms, can be no more then a Common-wealth for pre- fervation j whereas this reduced unto the like Government is a Common-wealth for encreafe ; and upon themightieft foundation that any hath been laid from the beginning of the World un* to this day. (Illam arfta capiens Neptttnw compete firingit : Hancautem glaucif captm compleftitur ulnis.~) * . The Sea givcth law unto the growth of Venice ', but the growth of Oc f4#<*giveth law unto the Sea. Thefe Countries having been anciently diftinft and hoftile Kingdoms, came by CMorpheus the ijttarpefian, who fucceeded by hereditary right unto the Crown of Oceana, not onely to be joyned under one head 5 but to be caft, as it were by a charm, into that profound fleep, which broken at the_ length by the Trumpet of Civill War, hath produced the-effe&s^hathavo given the occafion unto the enluing Difcourfe, divided int» Four Parts. i. The Oceana. i. The Preliminaries , {hefting the ^Principles of (jovernment. 2. The Councill of Legiflators 9 {hewing the <*Art of making a Common- Wealth. 3. The Modell of the Common- Wealth o/Oceana, fhefting the effeft of fuch <*j[rt. 4. The Corollary, {hefting fome conferences of fuch a Govern- ment. The Preliminaries 3 {hewing the ^Principles of government. JAnotti, the moft excellent defcriber of the Common- wealth of Venice, divideth the whole Series of Government into two Times or Periods. The one ending with the liberty of Rome, which was the courfe or Empire, as I may call itj of antientpudence, firft difcovered unto mankind by God him- felf, in thefabrickofthe Common-wealth oi Ifrael, and after- ward picked out of his footftepsin nature, and unanimoufly followed by the Greeks and Romans. The other beginning with the Anns of Gefar ; which extinguifhing liberty were the Transition of ancient into modern /^a^/z^introduced by thofe inundations of Huns, Goths, Randalls, Lombards, Saxons, which breaking the Roman Empire, deformed the whole face of the world, with thofe ill features of Government, which at this time are become far worfe in thefe Weftern parts, except Venice, (which efcaping the hands of the Barbarians, by vertue of her impregnable fituation, hath had her eye fixed upon an- cient Prudence ; and is attained to a perfe&ion even beyond her Copy.) C Relation z Oceana, Definitions of Relation being had unto thefe two Times, Government (to Government. Refine it ( de jure) or according to ancient Prudence) is an Art whereby a Civil Society of men is inftituted and preferved upon the foundation of common right crintereft, or (to fol- low tArifiotle and Livf) it is the Emfire oi Lanes and not of Mm, And Government (to define it (de feBo) or according unto modem Prudence) is an Art whereby fome man, or fome few men, fubje&aCityor a Nation, and rule it according unto his or their private intereft : wh«icb,becaufe the Lawes in iuch cafes are made according to the intercft of a man, or of fome few Families, may be faid to be the Empire of Men, and not of Lawes. The former kind is that which Machiavill ("whofe Books are neglected) is the oneh Politician that hath gone about to re- Page 1 80. treive: and that, Leviathan (who would hive bit Book impofed upon the Uhherfi ties) goes about to deftroy. For, It is (faith he) Page 377. another errour of AtiftotWs'Politicks, that in a well ordered Com- mon-wealtb, not Men jbould govern,but the LaweS : What man that hath his natural Senfes, though he can neither write nor readies not f nd him f elf governed by them he fears, and believes . can kill or hurt htm when he obeyeth not $ or, who believes that the Law can hurt him, which is but words and paper, without the hands and f words of men I I confefle, that (Magijhatus eft lex armata) the Magiftrate upon his Bench, is that unto the La w> which a Gunner upon his Platform is unto his Cannon. Neverthelefle I fhould not dare to argue with a man of any ingenuity a after this manner ; An whole Army, though they can neither write nor read, are not afraid of a Platform, which they know is but Earth or Stone $ nor of a Cannon, which without a hand to give fire unto it, is / but cold Iron; therefore a whole Army is afraid of one mao. But of this kind is the ratiocination of Leviathan (as I fhall fhew in divers places that come in my way ) throughout his P tee in w ^°^ c Politicks, or worfe j as where he faith of Ariitotle and '* ' of C icero, of the Greeks and of the Romans, who lived under popu- lar States, that they derived thofe rights not from the principles of Nature, but tranferibed them into their bocks, out of the praBice of their own Common-wealths, as Grammarians defcribe the rules of Language out of Poets. Which is as if a man fhould tell famous Hervey-, that he tranferibed his Circulation of the bloud, not out of the Principles of Nature,but out of die Anatomy of this or that body. To goon therefore with this Preliminary Difcourfe : I fhall divide it according Unto the two definitions of Government relating unto Janottfs two Times), into two parts: the firft treating of the Principles of Government in general, and ac- cording to the Ancients j the fecond treating of the late Go- vernments Oceana. j vcrnmcnts of Oceana iti particular, and in that of Modern Pru- dence, Government, according to the Antients, and their learned Divifon of Difciple CMachia-dill, (the onely Politician of later Ages,) is of three kinds j The Government of One man-, or of the better forty or of the whole people : which by their more learned names are called Monarchy, Ariflocracy, and Democracy; thefe they hold, through their proncneffe to degenerate;, to be all evil/. For whereas they that govern, fhould govern according to reafon; if they govern according unto paflion, they do that which they fhould not do ; Wherefore as reafon and paffion are two things, fo Government by Reafon is one thing, and the cor- ruption of Government by Pailion is another thing, but not al- waies another Government: as a body that is alive is one thing, and a body that is dead is another thing, butnotalwaies an- other Creature, though the corruption of one come at length unto the generation of another. The corruption then of Mo- narchy is called Tyranny ; that of Aristocracy -Oligarchy ; and that of Democracy, Anarchy. But Legi/lators having iound thefe three Governments at the belt to be naught, have invented an- other conlifting of a mixture of them all, which onely is'good ^ this is the doclrtne of the Ancients. But Leviathan is pofitive, that they are all deceivcd,and that there is no other Government in Nature then one of the three ; as alfo that the tiefh of them cannot (link, the names of their corruptions being but the names of mens phanfies j which will be underftood when we are fhown which of them was Senatm Pepulufq; Rornantts. To go mine own way,and yet to follow the Ancients : The Principles of Governments are twofold, Internal jot the goods of the Mind ; and External,or the goods of Fortune. The goods Goods of the of the mind arc natural or acquired virtues, as Wifdom,Pru- Mind andef dence and Courage, &c„ The goods of Fortune are Riches. ortune ° There be goods alfo of the Body, as Health,Beauty, Strength, but thefe are not to be brought unto account upon this fcore,be« caufeif a man or an Army acquire Victory or Empire , it is more from their Difcipline, Arms, and Courage, then from their natural health, beauty,or ftrengthj in regard that a peo- ple conquered may have more of natural ftrcngth, beauty and health, and yet find little remedy. The Principles of Govern- ment then are in the goods of the mind, or in the goods of for- tune. To the goods of the mind, anfwers Authority ; to the .goods of fortune , power er Empire. Wherefore Lev/athan, Empire and though he be right where he faith, that Riches are Power ; is Authority, miftaken where he faith, that Prudence, or the reputation of Pru- dence is power : for the learning or prudence of a man is no more power, then the learning or prudence of a book or Authour, C 7, which Cmpire. Dlvifwn of Empire. Dominion. Domefiick, Empire. Ballance iu Lands. 4 Oceans which is properly Authority $ a learned Writer may have authority though he have no power 5 and a foolifh Magiftrate may have power, though he have otherwife no citeem or au- thority j the difference of thefc two is oblervcd by Livy in Evander, of whom iaith hc^regebat magis Authoritate qu*m Im- perio) he ruled rather by authority then power. To begin with Riches, in regard that men are hung upon thcie, not of choice as upon the other, but of neccflity and by the teeth : for as much as he who wanteth bread, is his Ser- vant that will feed him ; if a man thus feed an whole people, they are under his Empire. Empire is of two kinds, Domeflick and National, or Forr&in and Provincial/. Dome[lick Empire is founded upon Djminion. Dominion is Propriety rcall or perfonall, that is to fay, in Lands, or in money and goods. Lands, or the parts and parcels of a Territory, are held by the Proprietor or Proprietors, Lord er Lords of it, in ionic pro- E onion; and fuch(exccpt it be in a City that hath little or no and, and whofe revenue is in Trade) as is the proportion or ballance of dominion or property in Land, fuch is the nature of che Empire. Abfihtc If one man be fole Landlord of a Territory, or overbalance Monarchy, the people, for example, three parts in four, he is Grand Sig- nior; for fo the Turk is called from his Property, and his Empire is abfolute CMonarchy. Mixed Mo- If the Few or a Nobility, or a Nobility with the Clergy be mrchy, Landlords, or overbalance the people unto the like propor- tion, it makes the Gothick ballance (to be fhewn at large, in the fecond part of this Difcourfe) and the Empire is mixed Monar- chy, as that of Spain, Poland, and late of Oceana. Popular Go- And if the whole people be Landlords, or hold the Lands fo vernment. divided among thcm,that no one man,or number of mcn,with- in the compafle of the F ew 01 Aristocracy, overbalance them, the Empire (without the interposition of force) is a Common- wealth. Tyranny. If force be interpofed in any of thefe three cafes, it muft ei- Oligarchy. ther frame the Government unto the foundation, or the foun- Anarchj. dation unto the Government ; or holding the Government not according unto the ballance,it is not natural, but violent • and therefore if it be at the devotion of a Prince, it is Tyranny 5 if at the devotion of the Fepp, Oligarchy ; or if in the power of the People, Anarchy : each of which confufions, the ballance {landing other wife,is but of fhort continuance ; becaufe againft the nature of the ballance,which not deftroyed,deftroyeth that ; which oppofeth it. But there be certain other confufions, which being rooted in the Qceand. hath caught hold of the publick fword, unto which hereduceth all manner and mat- ter of Government ; as, where he affirms, this opinio/?, ( that Page 8^„ any € Oceand* > any Monarch recelveth his power by Covenant, thai is to fay, upon conditions) to proceed from the not undemanding the eafie truth, That covenants being but words and breathy have no power to oblige, con- tain, conflrain orprcteil any man, but what they have from the pub- lick fword. But as he faid of the Law, that without this fword it is but paper; io he might have thought of this fwor«J, that without an hand it is buc cold iron. The hand which holdf cth this fword is the Militia of a Nation; and the Militia o- a Nation, is either an Army in the field, or ready for the field upon occafion. But an Army is a beaft that hath a great bel- ly and muft be fed ; wherefore this will come unto what pa- stures you have, and what paftures you have will come unto the baliance of propriety, without which thepublick fword is but a name or nicer fpit-frog. Wherefore to fee that which Arms and Leviathan faith of Arms and ot Contracts a little freighter; Contrails, he that can graze this beaft with the great belly, as the Turk doth his Timariots, may well deride him that imagines he received his power by covenant, oris obliged unto any fuch toy : it being in this cafe onely that covenants are but words and breath. But it the propriety of the Nobility ftocked with their Tenants and retainers be tne paftureof that beaft, the Ox knovves his Matters Crib ; and it is impoflible for a Kin&y in fuch a conftitution,to raign othcrwife then by Covenant; or if he break it, it is words that cornel to blowes. Pate 9 o % ut > f a ^ ^ c > w ben an Afi'embly of men is made Soveraign, then. A no man imagineth any fuch Covenant to havepaji in the Institution. but what was that by Publicola, of appeal unto the people, or that whereby the people had their Tribunes ? Fy, faith he y No body is fo dull as to fay, that the People of Rome made a Covenant with the Romans, to hold the Soveraignty on [uch or fuch conditions-^ which not performed, the Romans might depofe the Roman people.- In which there be remarkable things ; for £tfk, he holdeth the Common-wealth of Rome to have confifted of oneaflcmbly 3 whereas it confifted of the Senate and the People ; That they were not upon covenant, whereas every Law enacted by them was a covenant between them. That the one AfTembly was made Soveraign, whereas the people who onely were So vc- raign, were fuch from the beginning, as appears by the ancient ftyle of their Covenants or Laws (ce«fuere patres,jufftt Populm); That a Councill being made Soveraign, cannot be made fuch upon conditions ; whereas the Decemviri being a Council that was made Soveraign, was made fuch upon conditions. That all conditions or covenants making a Soveraign, the Soveraign Page. $9. being made, are void ; whence it muft follow, thatthe Decem- virs being made, were ever after the lawful Government of Rome , and that it was unlawful for the Common-wealth o£ Rome to depofe the Decemvirs ; as alfo that Cicero, if he writ otherwife out of his Common-wealth, did not write out of Nature. Oceana. 7 Nature. Bat to come unto others that fee more of this bat» lance. You have &4rif}otle full of it in clivers place*, efpecially B, j. 3* where he lakh, that Immoderate wealthy where One man or the » ^ # Few have greater pofsefsions than equality or the frame of the Com- mon-wealth will bear, is an occnfion of Sedition, which ends for the greater part in {^Monarchy; and that for this caufe the Ofkracifme hath beenreceived in divers places, as in Argos And Athens. But that it were bettet to prevent the growth in the begi/.ningythen, when tt hath gotten lead, tofeek the remedy offuch an evil. CMachiavili hath milled it very narrowly and more dange- D. B. I. roufly, for not fully perceiving, that if a Common-wealth be C. 5 $« galled by the Gentry, it is by theiroverballancejhefpeaksof the Gentry as hoftile to popular Governments,and of popular Governments as holtile unto the Gentry j andmakesus be- lieve, that the people in fuch are fo enraged againft them, that where they meet a Gentleman they kill him 5 which can never be proved by any one example, unlefle in civillWarrj feeing that even in Swit-z the Gentry are not onely fafe, but in honour. But the ballance as I have bid it down, though un- feen by CMachiavill, is that which interpreteth him, and that whichheconfirmethbyhis Judgment in many other as well as in this place, where he conclude?, That he who will go about to make 'a Commonwealth where there be many Gentlerjften,unle^e he firfl deftroy them, undertakes an impofsibility : and thai he who goes about to introduce Monarchy where the condition of the people u equal, fhali never bring it to pajje, unlefje he cull out fuch of them as are the mofl turbulent and ambitiowi, and make them Gentlemen or Noble- wen, not in name but in ejfe3,that if, by enriching them with Lands, Caftles, andTreafureS, that may gain them power amongft the reft, and bring in the reft unto dependence upon tbemf elves, to the end that they maintaining their ambition by the Prince, the Prince may main- tain his power by them. Wherefore as in this place I agree with MachiaviU, that a Nobility or Gentry overbalancing a popular Government, is the utter bane and deftru&ion ot it ; fo I {hall {hew in an- other, that a Nobility or Gentry in a popular Government not overbalancing it, is the very life and foul of it. By whathach been faid, it {hould feem that we may lay The right of afide farther difputes of the publick Sword, or of the right of the MUti* the Militia ; which,be the Government what it will, or let it ftated, change how it can, is infeparable from the overballance in do- minion : nor, if otherwife ftated by the Law or Cuftome as in the Common-wealth of Rome (Confules fine lege Curiata rem mi- litarem attingere non potuerunt) where the people having the fword, the Nobility came to have the overballance j availeth it unto other end than deftru&ion • for as a building fwaying trap 8 Oceana. from the foundation muft fall, fo the Law fwaying from rea- fon, and the Militia from the ballance of Dominion. And fo much for the ballance of Nationalloz Domejlick Empire which is in Dominion. » EaHance of T ne ballance of Forraign or Provincial Empire is of a con- firm,™ tra . r y nature. A man may as well fay that it is unlawfull for Lmt.re. him who hath madca fair and honeft purchafe to have tenants, as for a Government that hath made a jult.progreiTe, and in- largement of it lelf,to have Provinces.But how a Province may be juftly acquired,appertaineth to another place ; in this I am to Ihew no more, then how or upon what kind of ballance it is to be held j in order whereunto, I lhallfirftfhew upon what kind or ballance it is not to be held. It hath been laid, that National or Independent Empire, of what kind foever, is to be exercifed by them that have the proper L allance of Dominion in theNation j wherefore Provincial or dependent Empire is not to be exercifed by them that have the ba.ll an ce of Dominion in the Province , becaufe that would bring the Government from Provinciall and dependent, to National and independent. ho{o\w£.)¥■ j wherefore thefe never durft plant themfelves upoa De,i,tMon } which growing Daturally up into the National in* tereft, Oceana. tereft muft have diflblvcd the forraign yoke in that Province. The like in Come fort may be faid of Venice,the Government ivhcrcof is nfually miftaken: for Venice, though lhe do not take in the people,never excluded them . This Common-wealth, the Orders whereof are the moft Democratic al or Popular of all others, in regard of the cxquifite Rotation of the Senate, at the firft institution took in the whole people ; they that now live un- der the Government* without participation of it, are fuch as have fince cither voluntarily chofen fo to do, or were fubdued by Arms. Wherefore the Subje&of Venice is governed by Trovinces, and the ballance of Dominion not Handing, as hath been faid, with Provincial Government : as the cfttamaluc's durlt not caft their Government upon this ballance in their Provinces, left the National intcreft ihould have rooted out theforraign -, fo neither dare the Venetians take in their Sub- jects upon this ballance, left the forraign intereft ihould root out the Nationall, which is that of the 3000 now governing j and by diffufing the Common- Wealth throughout her Terri- tories, lofe the advantage of her ftuation, by which in a great part (he fubfifteth. And fuch alfo is the Government ot the Spaniard in the ladies, unto which he deputeth Natives of his own Country,not admitting the Creolios unto the Government of thofe Provinces; though defcended from Spaniards, But if a Prince ox. & Common-wealth may hold a Territory that is forraign in this,it may be asked,why he may not hold one that is Native in like manner > To which I anfwer,becaufe he can hold zforreign by a Vjttive territory ,but not a Native by a For- reign ; and as hitherto I have (hewn what is not the Provinciall baltance,{o by this anfwer it may appear what it is, namely the overbalance of a nativeTcrritory to a forraignjfor as one Coun- try ballanceth itfelf by the diftribution of propriety according unto the proportion of thefame,fooneCountry overballanceth another,by ad vantage of divers kinds.For example jtheCo?wwo#- wealth of Rome overbalanced her provinces by the vigour of a more excellent Government oppofite unto a crazier, ot by a more ex- - quifite Militia oppofytfrmioone inferior in Courage or difciptine z SA/ *' t The like was that of the Mamaluc's being an hardy, unto the a,£- pgytians that were a [oft people. And the ballance ot afituationisia this kind,of wonderfull effe<5t;fceing the King of Denmark, being none of 'the mofy potent Princes,is able at the Sound to take Tole of the greateft: and as this King by the advantage of the Land can make the Sea tributary ; fo Venice j by the advantage of the Sea, in whofe arms (he is impregnable, can make the Land to feed her Gulph. For the Colonies in the Indies, they are yet babes that cannot live without fucking the bceafts of their mother-Cities, but fuch as, I miftake, it when they come of age they do not wean themfelves : which caufeth me to won- der at Princes that delight to be exhaufted in that way. And D fo id Oceana. fo much for the principles of power whether National or Pro- vincial^ Domejtick cr Forraign -j being fuch as are External, and founded in the goods of Fortune. Authority. I come unto the principles of Authority, which are Inter- nally and founded upon the goods of the Mind 3 Thefethe Lt- gi/lator that can unite in his Government with thofc of fortune, cometh neareft unto the work of God , whofe Government confifteth of Heaven and Earth: which'" was faid by Plato, though in different words, as,when Princes (hould be Philofo- phers, or Philofophcrs Princes, the world would be happy ; Eccl. 1 o. and faith Solomon, Then is an evil which lhavefeen under the Sun, * 5- which pro ceedeth from the %uler, (enimvero neqz, nobtlem, neq- D in- Tacit, genuum, nee libertinum quidemarmis prxponere, regia uiilitas ejij urot. filly isfet in great dignity, and the rich (either in vertue and wii- dome, in the goods of the mind, orthofeof fortune upon tha* ballance which giveththema fenfeof the National! intereft) Jit in love places. I have feen [ervants upon horfes, and Princes walking as fervants upon the earth. Sad complaints, that the principles of Power and of Authority, the goods of the mind, andoffortune,donot meet and twine in the wreathe or Crown of Empire! Wherefore if we have any thing of Piety or of prudence, let usraife our felvesoutof the mire of private in- tereft, unto the contemplation of Virtue, and put an hand un- to the removal of this Svilfrom under the Sun j this evil againft which no Government that is not fecured,can be good j this evill from which the Government that isfecure, muft be per- fect. Solomon tells us, that the caufe of it is from, the 'Mjtler, fromthofe principles of power which ballancedupon earthly tram, exclude the heavenly treasures of Virtue, and that in- fluence oi it upon Government, which is Authority. We have wandered the Earth to find out the ballance of power: but to find out that of Authority, we muft afcend, as I faid, nearer Heaven, or to the Image of God, which is the Soul of man. . ., The Soul of man{ whofe life or motion is per petual contempla- tion ci thought) is the Mifiris of two potent rivalls y the one Reafon, the other Pa/ion, that are in continuall fuit 3 and ac- cording as (he gives up her will to thefe or either of them, is the felicity or mifery which man partakes in thw mortall life. For as what ever was pafsion in the contemplation of a man , being brought forth by his will into a8tJP> is vice and the bon- dage of Sin j fo what ever was reason in the contemplation of a man , being brought forth by his will into aBion, is virtue and the free dome of Soul, Again, asthofen-wealth Jfrael: and unto the world'xn the univerfal Series ol ancient pru- ™ e *peri- dence. But in regard the fame Common-wealths will be open'd ""*' M that at large in the Council of Legiflaturs, I mail touch them for the prefent,but fleightly; beginning with that of Ifrael. Hhe Common-wealth of Ifrael conflfted of the Senate, the People, °f tfrael, and the /?, fend their D^M^WCommiflioned and inftrudted by themfelves (wherein they referve rhe refult in their own power) unto the Provincial or general Convention or Senate, where the Deputies debate, but have no other power of refultthcn what was conferred upon them by the people, or is farther conferred by the fame upon farther occafion. And for the executive part they have C^Cagijl rates ot Judges in every Canton Province or City ; befides thofe which are more pub- lick, and relate unto the league, as for controversies between one Canton, Province or City, and another, or the like between fuch perfons as are not of the fame Canton Province or City. But that we may obferve a little farther how the Heathen Polititians have written, not onely out of nature, butas it were out of Scripture : As in the Common-wealth of Ifrael,God is faid to' have been King ; lb the Common-wealth where the Law is King, is faid by Ariftotle to be Kingdom of God. And where by the lufts or pajsions of men, a. power is fet above that of the Law de- riving from reason, which is the dilate of God ; God in that fenfe ' is rejected or depofed that he fhould not reign over them, as he was in Ifrael. And yet Leviathan will have it, that by reading >f theft Greek and Latine ( he might as well in this fenfe have Pa £ e 1 7°? faid, Hebrew) Authors, young men and all others that are unprovi- ded of the antidote offohdreafon, receiving aflrong and delightful impression of the great exploits of war, atchievedby the Conductors of E % theit zo Oceana* their Armies > receive withall a pleafmg Idea of all they have done be- sides : and imagine their great profperity, not to hate proceeded from the emulationof particular men, hut from the virtue of their popular form of Government : not confdering the frequent feditions and Civil wars produced by the imperfection of their Policy. Where firft the blame he layes to the Heathen Authors, is in his fenfe laid unto the Scrtptme ; and whereas he holds them to be young men, or men of no antidote that are of like opinions, it ihould ieem that Mac hiavill the fole retreiver of this ancient Prudence, is to his folid reafon a beardleffe boy that hath new- ly read Livy : and how folid his reafon is, may appear; Where he grants the great profperity of ancient Ccmnw/,-wealths:which is to give up the controveriic : For fuchan effect mu ft have fome adequate caufe ; which to evade, he infinuates, that it was nothing elfe but the emulation of particular men ; as if fo great an emulation could have been generated without as great virtue; fo great virtue without the beft education; the beft education without the beft Lawes ; or the beft Lawcs any otherwife then by the excellency of their policy. But if fome of thefe Common-wealths as being leffe perfect in their policy then others, have been more feditious, it is not more an argument of the infirmity of this or that Common- wealth in particular, then of the excellency of that kind of Policy in generall, which if they that have not altogether reached, have neverthelefTe had greater profperity ; what would befall them that fhould reach? In anfwer to which queftion, let me invite Leviathan, who of all other Governments giveth the advantage unto Monar- chy for perfection, to a better difquifition of it, by thefe three aflertions •• The firftj That the perfection of Government lyeth upon fuch a libration in the frame of it, that no man or men, in or under it, can have the intereft; or having the intereft,can have the power to difturb it with fedition. The fecond, That Monarchy reaching the perfedtion of the kind, reacheth not unto the perfection of Government, but muft have fome dangerous flaw in it. The third, That Popular Government reaching the per- fection of the kind, reacheth the perfection of Government^ and hath no flaw in it. The firft aflertion requireth no proof. Fct the proof of the fecond ; Monarchy, as hath been fhewn, is of two kinds, the one by Arms, the other by a Nobility ; and there is no other kind in art or nature : for if there have been anciently fome Governments called Kingdoms, as one of the Gothesin Spain, and another of the Sandals in Africa , where the King ruled without a Nobility, and by a foancil of the peo- ple Oceana. zi pie only j it is exprefly faid by the Authors that mention them, thattbe.KV#gs were but the Captains, and that the people not onely gave them Lawes, but depoied them as often as they picafed ; nor is it poflible in reaion that it fhould be other- wife in like calcs : wherefore theie were cither no Monarchies, or had greater fiawes in them then any other. But ior a Monarchy by Arms as that of the Turk, ( which of all models that ever were cometh up unco the perfection of thekind) it is not in the wit or power of man to cure it of this dangerous flaw,That the Janizaries have frequent interelt and perpetual power to raife [edition, and to tear the M*gipate^ even the prince himlclf, in pieces. Therefore the (Jtfonarchy oiTurky is no perfect Government. And for a Monarchy by a Nobility as of late in Oceana (which of all other models before the declination of it came up to the perfection in that kindj it was not in the power or wit of man ro cure it of that dangerous flaw; That the Nobility had fre- quent intereft and perpetual! power by their retainers and tenants to raife fe dition, and (whereas the Janizaries occalion this kind of calamity, no fooner then they make an end of it) to levy a lafting War, unto the vaft effufion of blood, and that even upon occafions wherein the people, but for their dependance upon their Lords had no concernment, as in the Fewd of the Red and white. The like hath been trequent in Spain, France, Germany, and other ^Monarchies of this kind j wherefore Mo- narchy by a Nobility is no perfect Government. For the proof of the third Aflertion, Leviathan yieldeth it unto me, that there is no other Common-wealth but (Monarchical or Popular-, wherefore if no Monarchy be a ^erkA Government, then cither there is no perfect Government, or it muft bepopular$ for which kind of conftitution I have fomething more to fay, then Leviathan hath faid, or ever will be able to fay for Monar- chy ; as, i. That it is the Government that was never conquered by any Monarch, from the beginning of the World unto this day « for if the Common-wealth of Greece came under the yoke of the Kings of CMacedon, they were firft broken by themfeives. 2. That it is the Government that hath frequently led migh* - ty Monarchs in Triumph. 3. That it is the Government, which if it have been Seditious, it hath not been from any imperfection in the kind, but in the particular conflitution ; which where ever the like hath hap- pened, muft have been unequal!. 4. That it is the Government, which if it have been any thing near equall,was never [editions j or let him fhewme what [edition hath happened in Lacedemon or Venice. 5. That it is the Government, which attaining unto perfect equality^ 2 z Oceana. equality, hath fuch a libration in the frame of it, that no man living can fhew which way any man or men in or under it^can contract any fuch iaterejl or power as fhould be able to difturb the Common-wealth with ^edition ; wherefore an equal Common- wealth is that onely which is without flaw, and containcth in it the full perfection of Government. But to return. By what hath beenfhewnin rejfon and experience it may appear,that though Common-wealths in gencrall be Governments of the Senate propofmg, the people refolvwg-, and the Olfagiflracy executing - y yet {omearcnotio good at thefe orders as others, through fome impediment or deleft in the frame, ballance, or capacity of them, according unto which they are of divers kinds. Divifion of The firft divifion of them is into fuch as are ilngle as Ifrael, Common- Athens, Lacedemon, &c. andfuchasareby leagues, as thofe of Wealths. l ^ e c/^«w»$ 3 ^/EtoUans, Lyceans, Switz. and Hollanders . Tne fecond (being Machiavtl's) is into luch as are for pre- fervatton, as Lacedemon and Venice, and luch as are for encreafe, as Athens and "Rome, in which lean fee no more, then that the former taketh in no more Citizens then are neceffary for defence, and the latter fo many as are capable of encreefe. The third divifion (unfeeu hitherto) is into equo.ll and un- equally and this is the main point efpecially as to domeftick peace and tranquillity j for to make a Common-wealth unequally is to divide it into parties, which fetteth them at perpetuall variance, the one party endeavouring to preferve their emi- nence and inequality, and the other to attain unto equality 5 whence the people of Rome derived their perpetuall ftrife with che Nobility or Senate ; but in an equal Common-wealthy there can be no more ftrife then there can be over-ballance in equal 1 weights ; wherefore the Common- wealth of Venice, being that which of all others is the raoft equalin the constitution, is that wherein there never happen'd any ftrife between the Senate and the people. An equall Common-wealth is fuch an one, as is e quail both in ; the ballance and foundation, and in che fuperftruMionsy that is to fay, in her Agrarian Law, and in her Rotation. EqttalAgra- An equal Agrarian is a perpetuall Law cftablilTiing and rian, ' preferving the ballance of dominion, by fuch a diftribution,thac no one man or number of men within the compafle of the lew or Ariftocracy, can come to overpower the whole people by their pofleflions in Lands. As the Agrarian anfwereth unto the Foundation, fo doth Rotation unto the Superftru&ures. RiMion, Equal Rotation is equall vicifsitude in Government, or Sue. eefsion unto Magistracy conferred for fuch convenient terms, en- joying equall vacatiow&s take in the whole body by parrs/uc- ceeding Oceana* z) ceeding others through the free elehlionot fuffrsgeoh. the Peo- ple. The contrary whereunto is Prolongation of Magijlracy, which Prolongati- trafhing the wheel of Rotation, dettroyes the life or natural °» °f Magi-> motion of a Common-wealth. ftracy. The election or fuj] rage of the people, is freeft, where it is #*#*« made or given in fuch a manner, that it can neither oblige (qui benepcium accepit Ubertatem vendtdii) nor dlfoblige another ; or through fear of an enemy, or bafhf ulnefTe towards a friend,im- pair a mans liberty. Wherefore faith Cicero, (Grata populo efl tabella qux frontes aperit homiuum-, mentes tegit, datq; earn Ubertatem ut quod veliat faciant) the Tablet (or Ballot of the people ol Rome, who gave " their votes by throwing tablets or little pieces of wood fe- cretly into Urns marked for the negative or affirmative) was a welcome constitution, unto the people, as that which not impairing the aflurance of their browes, encreafed the free- dom of their Judgment. I have notftood upon a more par- ticular defcription of this Ballot, becaufe that of Venice exem- plify'd in themodcll is of all others the moft perfect. An equal Common-wealth (by that which hath been faid) is a Go- Definition of vernmeat ejtablijbed upon an equall Agrarian, arifing into the fu- an '?»<*# perjtruBures or three orders, the Senate debating and propofing, the C 0mm °»~ people refolving) and the Magifracy executing by an equal Rotation wea(t "* through thefujjrage of the people given by the Ballot. For though Rotation may be without the Ballot, and the Ballot without Ro± tation, yet the Ballot not onely as to the enfuing Oriodell inclu- dethboth, but is by far the moft equal way ; for which caufe under the name of the Ballot I fhall hereafter underftand both that and Rotation too. Now having reafon'd the principles of an equall Common* wealth, I fhould come to give an inftance of fuchan one in ex- perience, if I could find it; but if this work be of any value, it lyeth in that it is the firft example of a Common-wealth that is perfectly equall. For Venice though fhecome the neareft 3 yet is a Common-wealth for prefer -vation ; and fuch an one, confi- dering the paucity of Citizens taken in, and the number not ta- ken in, is external \y unequal : and though every Common-wealth that holdeth Provinces mull in that regard be fuch ; yet not unto that degree. Neverthelefle Venice internally and for her capacity is by far the moft equall ; though fhe hath not in my judgment arrived at the full perfection of equality 5 both becaufe her Lawes fupplying the defect of an Agrarian, are not fo clear nor effectual at the foundation, nor hevfuperjlruBures by the ver- tueofher BalUt or Rotation exactly librated, in regard that through the paucity of her Citizens, her greater Magifiracies arc continually wheeled through a few bands* As is con felled 14 Oceana. by Janotti, where he faith, that if a Gentleman come once to be Savio di terra fema, ic fcldom happens that he failcth from thenceforward to be adorned with fomeone of the greater Magijlracies,as Savi di mare, Sarui di terra ferma , Savi Grand), ■ Coutfellorty thofeof the Decern virate or DiBatorian Council, the Aurogatori or Ceniors which require no vacation or inter* r Jal : wherefore it this in Venice, or that in Lacedemon, where the Kings were hereditary, and the Senators (though elected by the people) for life, caufe no inequality (which is hard to be conceived) in a Common-wealth for preservation, or fwchanone as conlirteth of a few Citizens ; yet is it manifeft,that it would caufe a very great one in a Common-wealth for encreafe, or con- fifting of the Many, which by the engrofling the Cfrtcgi (trades in a few hands, would be obftru&ed in their Rotation. But there be that fay, (and think it a ftrong Objection) let a Common-wealth be as equal &$ you can imagine,tvvo or three men when all is done will govern ic : and there is that in it, which notwithftanding the pretended fufficiency of a popular State, amounteth unto a plain confeflion of the imbecillity of that Policy, and of the prerogative of Monarchy ; for as much as popular Governments in difficult cafes have had recourfe un- to DiBatorian power, as in Rome. To which I anfwer. That as truth is a Spark whereunto ob- jections are like bellowes, fo, in this,our Common-wealth (bines: for the eminence acquired by fujjr age o{ the people in ^Common- wealth, efpecially if itbc popular and equall, can be afcended by no other fteps then the univerfall acknowledgment of virtue 5, and where men excellin Virtue,the Common-wealth is ftupid and unjuft, if accordingly they do not excell in Authority : where- fore this is both the advantage of Virtue, which hath her due encouragement, and the Common-wealth which hath her due fer- vices. Thefe are the philosophers which Plato would have to be Princes 3 the Princes which Solomon would have to be mount- ed,and their Steeds arethofe oi Authority not Empire ^oxyii they be buckled to the Chariot of Empire, as that of the DiBatorian power, like the Chariot of the Sun it is glorious for terms and vacations or intervals. And as a Common-wealth is a Govern- ment of Lawes and not of Men j fo is this the Principality of the Virtue, and not of the Man ; ifthatfailor fet in one, it ri- feth in another, which is created his immediate SuccefTour, (-— Uno avulfo non deceit alter, *Aurew, etjimihfrondefcit virga met alio J) And this taketh away that vanity from under the Sun, which is an errour proceeding more ot leffe from all other Rulers under heaven but an equal Common-wealth. Thefe things confidered, it will be convenient in this place to fpeak a word unto fuch as go about to infmuate to theT^o&f- Oceana. lj lity or Gentry a fear of the people ; or into the people a fear of the Nobility or Gentry as if their interests were each deftru&ive unto other, when in truth an Army may as well confiftof Soul- diers without Officers, or of Officers without Souldiers, as a Common-xpealtb,ci'$ecia.\\y fucivan one as is capable of grcatnefs, of a people without a Gentry, or of a Ge/tiry without a people. Wherefore this(though not alwaies fo intended,as may appear by MaektaviL'iwtio clic would be guilty) is a pernicious crrour. There is fomcthing firft in the making of a Common-wealth) then Difc. i.i the governing of her, and laftolall in the leading of her Ar- B. i. mics, which, though there be great Divines^gteajt Lawyer s^xeSLX. C. 55. men in all profcffions,feems to be peculiar unto the Genius of a Gentleman. For foit is in the univeriall ieries of Story,that if any man have founded aCommon-vvcalthjhe was firft a Gentle- man, (jitofcs had his education by the daughter of Pharaoh j Ti>ie[eni and Solon of noble birth, were held by the Athenians worthy ro be Kings $ Lycttrgm was of the blood-Royal, Romu- Im and Numa Princes, Brutm and Publuola Patricians, the Graccli that loft their lives for the people of Rome, and the restitution of that Common-wealth, were the forines of a Father adorned witiitwo Triumphs , and of Cornelia the daughter of Scipio y who being fought in marriage by King Ptolomy, dis- dained to be the Q«een of zs£gypt. And the moft renowned Olphaui Mega'etor; lole Legiflator fas you will fee) of the Com- mon-wealth of Oceana, was derived from a noble Family ; nor will it be any occafion of fcruple in this cafe, that Leviathan affirms the politicks to be no ancienter then his Book De cive. Such alfo as have gotten any fame in the Civill Government of a Common-Health, or by the leading of her Armies,have been Gentlemen j for fo in all other refpe&s were thofe plebeian Magilfrates elected by the people of Rome, being of known de- fcents, and of equall virtues, fave onely that they were exclu- ded from the name by the ufurpation of the Patricians. Holland, through this defect at home, hath borrowed Princes for her Generals, and Gentlemen for her Commanders, of divers Na- tions : And Switz, if fhe have defeci in this kind, rather lend- eth her people unto the Colours of other Princes, then maketh that noble ufe of them her felf , which fhould after t the liber- ty of mankind. For where there is not a Nobility to bolt out the people, they are flothfull,regardlefle of the world and the publick intcreft of liberty, as even that of Rome had been with- out her Gentry : wherefore let the people embrace the Gentry in peace, as the light of their eyes, and in War as the trophy of their Arms. And it Cornelia difdained to be Queen of Egypt, it a Roman Conful looked down from his Tribunal upon the greateft King ; Let the Nobility love and cherifh the people that afford them a Throne fo much higher in a Common-wealthy F and z6 line quail Common- wealth. Deut. I. Oceana. and in the acknowledgment of their Virtue, than the Crown? of Monarchs. But if the equality of a Common-wealth confift in the equality firftof the ^Agrarian, and next of the Rotation jthen the inequa- lity oisLCommon-vpealtb muft confift in the abfence or inequality of the Agrarian, or of the Rotation, or of both. Ifrael and Lacedemon, which Common-wealths (as the people of this in, Jofeplw, claims kindred of that) have great relem- blance, were each of them e quail in their Agrarian, and un- equall in their Rotation, efpecially Ifrael, where the Sanhedrim or Senate firft elected by the people, as appeareth by the words oicMofes, took upon them thenceforth without any precept of God to iubftitute their Succefors by Ordination ; which ha- ving been there of Civil life, as excommunication, community of goods,and other cufomes of the Efieans ,who were many of them converted,came afterwards to be introduced into the Chriflian Church. And the ele&ion of the Judge, Suffes,ov1)iclator was irregular, both for the occafion, the term, and the vacation of that Magiflracy ; as you find in the Book of Judges, where it is often repeated, thatinthofe dayes there was no King in If- rael, that is, no Judge : and in the firft of Samuel, where Cly judged Ifrael fourty years, and Samuel all his life : In Lacede- mon the ekdion of the Senate being by fuffrage of the Teople 5, though for life was not altogether fo unequal, but the heredita- ry right of Kings, but for the Agrarian, had ruin'd her. ^Athens and Rome were unequall as to their Agrarian, that of Athens being infirm, and that of Rome none at all ; for if ic were more anciently carried, it was never kept. Whence by the time of Tyberim Gracchus the Nobility had almoft eaten the people quite out of their Lands, which they held in the occu- pation of Tenants and fervants : Whereupon the remedy be- ing too late, and too vehemently applyed, that Common-wealth was ruin'd. Thefe alfo were unequal in their Rotation, but in a contrary manner : Athens, in regard that the Senate chofen at once by Lot, notby fuffrage, and changed every year not in part,buc the whole, confuted not of the naturall Ariflocracy, nor fitting long enough to underftand, or be perfect in their office, had no fufficient Authority to withhold the people from that perpetual turbulence in the way which was ruine in the end, in defpighc of Nicias, who did what a man could do to help it. But as Athens by the headinefle of the people, fo Rome fell by the ambition of the Nobility, through the want of an equall Rota- tion, which if the people had had into the Senate, and timely into the UWagiflracies ; whereof the former was alwaics ufur- pedby the patricians, and the latter for the moftpartj they had both carried and held their Agrarian, and that had rcn- dred that Common-wealth immoveable But Oceand. z~j But let a Conmon-wealth be equallot une guall,it muft confutes hath been {hewn by reafon and all experience, of the three^e- nerd Orders, that is to lay, of the Senate debating and proposing, of the People revolving, and of the Magistracy executing ; wherefore I can never wonder enough at Leviatban,who without any rea- fon or example will have it, that a Common-wealth confifteth of a finglePerfon, or of a fingle AJiemlly •, nor fufficiently pity that tboufand Gentlemen, whofe minds which otherwife would haze wa- ver d, be bath framed (as is ajjirmed by bimjelj ) unto a confcienttom obedience (far fo he is pleafcd to call it) of fuck a Government. But to finifh this part of the Difcourfe, which I intend for as compleat an Epitome of ancient Prudence, and in that of the whole Art of the Politicks,as I am able to frame in fo fhorta time. The two firft Orders, that is to fay, the Senate and the Teople are Legi/lattve, whereunto anfwers that part of this Science which by Politicians \s intituled DE LEG1BUS, orofLrfw^j and the third order is executive, to which anfwers that pare of the fame Science which is ltylcd DE JU DICIIS,orof the frame, and courfe cf Courts or Judicatories ; A word unto each of thefe will be neccflajy. And firft for Lawes, they are either Scclefiaflicalot Civil,(\ich DeLegibm. as concern Religion or government. Lawes Ecclejiajlicat or fuch as concern Religion,according un- to the univcrfal courfe of ancient Prudence, are in the power of the Magistrate ; according unto the common practice of mo* dern prudence, fincethe Papacy, torn out of his hands. But,asa Government pretendingunto Liberty,and fupprefllng the liberty of confeience, which (becaufe Religion not according to a mans confeience, can as to him be none at all) is the main, muft be a contradiction j fo, a man that pleading for the li- berty of private confeience, refufeth liberty unto the National con- feience, muft be abfurd. ACommon-weaUhh nothing elfe but the National Confeience. And if the conviction of a mans private confeience, produce his private Religion : the conviction of the national confcience,mu& produce a national Religion. Whether this be well reafon'd,as alfo whether thefe two may ftand together, will beft be fhewa by the examples of the ancient Common-wealths taken in their order. In that o{lfrael the Government of the National Religion ap- pertained not unto the Priefts and Levites , othcrwife then as they happen'd to be of the Sanhedrim or Senate, to which they had no right at all but by eleBion. It is in this capacity there- fore that the people are commanded under pain of death, to jy hearken unto them, and to do according to the fentence of the Law ' ' which they fhould teach; buc in Ifrael the Law Ecclefiafiicall and Civill was the fame, therefore the Sanhedrim having the power F 2 of 2,8 Oce&nd. of one, had the power of both. But as the Nation al%eligion appertained unto the JurifdiBion of the Sanhedrim, fo the liberty of confaenc e appertained from the fame date and by the fame right, unto the Prophets and their difciples j as where it is faid, Deut. 1 8. I will raife up a Trophet • and whofoevtr mil not hearken unto io. my words which he w all f peak in my Name, I will require it of him ; The words relate unto prophetick right,which was above all the a Kings I. Orders of this Common-wealth', whence Elijahnot only refufed to obey the King, but deftroyed his mcflengers with fire : And whereas it was not lawfull by the National Religion to facrifce in any other place then the Temple, aProphet was his ownTemple, iKing. 1 8. and might fac rifice where he would, as Elijah did in Mount Car- i?. mel. By this right John theBaptift and our Saviour, unto whom it more particularly related, had their difciples, and taught- the people ; whence is derived our prefent right of GATHERED CONGREGATIONS i Wherefore the Chriftian Religion grew up according unto the Orders of the Common-wealth oj ? Ij rae I, and not againft them. Nor was Liberty of Confcience infringed by this Government, till the civil liberty of the fame was loft, as under Herod, pilate, and Tiberim, a three pil'd Tyranny. , ? To proceed, Athens preferved her Religion, by the teftimony of Paul, with great fuperflition : If Alcibiades that Aiheiflicall fellow had not fhew'd them a pair of heeles, they had (haven off his head for (having their CMercuries, and making their Gods lookridiculoufly upon them without beards. Neverthelefle, it Paul reafoned with them, they loved news, for which he was the more welcome ; and if he converted Dionyjim the Areopa- gite, that is, one of the Senators, there followed neither any hurt unto him, nor lofle of honour to Diohyfitts. And for Rome 6 if Cicero in his moft excellent book,Pe natura ZfcwwWjOvcrthrew the National Religion of that Common-wealth, he was never the farther from being Conful. But there is a meanneffe and poor- nefiein modern prudence, not only unto the damage of Civil Go- vernment, bat of Religion it felf : for to make a man in matter of Religion, which admitteth not of fcnfible demonftration ( jurare in verba Magiflri') engage to believe no otherwife then is believed by my Lord Bifhop, or Goodman Presbyter, is a Pedantifme,that hath made the fword to be a rod in the hands of School-matters: by which means,whereas Chrijlian Religion is the fartheft off any from countenancing War, there never was a war of Religion but fincc Chriftianity. For wh ich we are beholding unto the POPE ; for the Pope not giving liberty of confcience unto Princes and Common-wealths, they cannot give that unto their Subjects which they have not.-whence both Prin- ces and Subjects either through his inftigation , or difputcs among themfclves,have introduced that execrable cuftom, ne- ver known in the world before, of fighting for Religion, and denying Oceana, z$ denying the Magif rale to have any JurifdiBion of ir ; whereas the ° *frul\ to which on o c Ancient anfvvers that of the Moralifts, Nemo ncceturmfi exfe,as alfo the into Modem whole matter of the Politicks; at prefent this Example of the Prudence. "Romans , who, through a negligence committed in their Agra- rian Lawes, let-in the link of Luxury , and forfeited the inefti- mabletreafure of Liberty for themlllves and poftcrity. Their Agrarian Laws were fuch, whereby their Lands ought The Aqta- to have been divided among the people , either without men- rian L)twes tion of a Colony, in which cafe they were not obliged to change of the Ro- their abode; or with mention and upon condition of a Colony, mans. in which cafe they were to change their abode , and leaving Sigontfu de x \ ac q-^ [q pj ant chemfelves upon the Lands fo afligned. The Ant. Ro. L an cl s afligned, or that ought to have been afligned in either of thefe wayes, were of three kinds. Such as were taken from the enemy and diftributed unto the people; or fuch as were taken from the enemy, and under colour of being referved un- to the publick ufe , were by ftealth pofTefledby theUpbility % ot fuch as were bought with the publick Money to bediftribu- red. Of the Lavves offer'd in theie cafes, thofe which divided the Lands taken from the Enemy , or purchafed with the pub- lick money, never occafioned anydifpure; but fuch as drove at difpoflefling the Nobility of their Ufurpations, and dividing the common pur chafe of the fword among the people , were never touched but they caukd Earthquakes , nor could ever be ob- tained by the people ; or being obtained , bcobferved by the Nobility, who notonely preierved their prey, but growing vaftiy Oceana. p vaftly rich upon it, bought the people by degrees quite out of thofe {hares that had been conferred upon them. This the Gracchi coming too late to perceive, found the BAance of the Common-wealth to be loft j but putting the people (when they had leaft force) by forcible means unto the recovery of it, did ill, feeing it neither could, nor did tend unto any more then to ihew them by worfe effects, that what the Wifdome of their Leaders haddilcovered was true : for (quite contrary unto what hath happened in Oceana, whereof ballance falling unto the people,they have overthrown the Nobility) the Nobility of Rome under the conduct oiSylla, overthrew the people and the Common-wealth ; feeing Scylla firft introduced that new ballance, which was the Foundation of the fucceeding ^Monarchy, in the plantation of Military Colonies ; inftituted by his diftribution Military of the conquered Lands not now of Enemies, but of Citizens Colonies. unto fourty feven Lesions of his Souldiers ; fo that how he came to be DICTATOR PERPETUUS,or other Magistrates to fuccced him in like power, is no Miracle. ThcicUiUlitary Colonies, in which manner fucceeding £mpe- The Ballance rours continued (as nyiugufiw by the diftribution of twcVete- oftheRoman rans, whereby he had overcome Brutus and Cajim) to plant Ew P ,re ' their Souldiery, confifted of fuch as I conceive were they that arc tailed Milnes Lenefciarii ; in regard that tl e Tenureot their Lands was by way of Benefices, that is for life, and upon con- dition of duty or iervice in the War upon their own charge. Thefe Benefices Alexander Severus granted unto the Heirs of the Incumbents, but upon the fame conditions; And fuch was the Dominion by which the Roman Smperours gave their Ballance. But to the Beneficiaries, as was no lefle tnan necefla- ry, for the fafety of the Prince, a matter of eight thoufand, by the Example of Augufiw, were added, which departed not from his fides, but were his perpetuall guard, called Pretorian Bands ; -though thefe,according to the incurable flaw already obferved in this kind of Government, became the moft frequent Butchers of their Lords that are to be found in Story. Thus far the Roman ^Monarchy is fo much the fame with that at this day in Ta/fyconfiftingofa Camp,and an Horfe-quarter-,a. Camp in regard of her Spahies and Janizaries, tne perpetuall Guard of the Prince, except theyalfo chance to be Liquorifh after his blood; and an Horfe-quarter. in regard of the diftribu- tion of his whole Land unto Tenants for life upon condition of continuall iervice, or as often as they fhall be commanded at their own charge by Timars, being a word which they fay -fignifies Benefices, that itfhaUfavemea. labour of opening the Government. But the Fame of Mahomet and his Prudence is efpecially foun- ded in this, That whereas the Roman CMonarchy (except that of 3* Oceana* of Ifratl) was the raoft imperfect, the Tarkifh is the molt per- feB that ever was. Which happened in that the %oman (as the Ifraelitif}} of the Sanhedrim and the Congregation) had a mixture of the Senate and the people ; and the Turkish is />»re : and that this was pure, and the other mixed, happened not through the wifdome of the Legiflators, but the different Ge- 72/Vm of the Nations ; the people of the Eaftern parts, except the Israelites, (which is to be attributed to their Agrarian) having been fuch as fcarce ever knew any other condition than that of Slavery. And thefe of the tveftern having ever had fuch a Relifh of liberty, as through what defpair foever could never be brought to (land (till, while the Yoke was putting on their Necks, but by being fed with fome hopes of refer ving unto themfelves fome part of their Freedome. Wherefore Julius fafar (laith Suetoniw, comitia cum popultr fortitusejt) contented himfelf, in naming half the Ulfagijtrates, Di on to leave the reft unto the Suftrage of the people. And Maecenas, though he would not have Auguftmxa give the people their libercy,would not have him take it away j (for faith hc,Neq; id ex/Jtimare debes autorem me tibi ejje, ut tyrannidem in S.p. Q.R. infervitutemredaBum teneas : quod neqz, die ere me urn, neq;facere tuumejl) whence this Empire being neither Hank nor Buzzard, made a flight accordingly ; and having the avarice of the Souldiery on this hand to fatisfie upon the people ; and the Senate and the people on the other to be defended from the Soul- diery ; the Prince being perpetually toffed, felcom dy'd any Prince,cap. other death than by one Horn of this Dilemma, as is noted i p. more at large by Machiavill. But the Pretorian Bands, thofe Beftiall executioners of their Captains Tyranny upon others, and of their own upon him ; having continued from the time of esiugujluf, were by Conftantine the Great (incenfed againft them for taking part with his Adverfary CMaxentim) remo- ved from their rtrong Garrifon which they held in Rome , and diftributed them into divers Provinces. The Benefices of the Souldiers that were hitherto held iotlife, and upon duty, were by this Prince made Hereditary, fo that the whole Foundation whereupon this Empire was nrft built, being now removed, iheweth plainly, that the Empcrours muft long before this have found out fome other way of fupport; and this was by Stipendiating the Gotbes, a people that deriving their Roots from the Northern parts of Germany, ov outoi Sweden, had (through their Victories obtained againft Domitian ) long ftnee fpread their branches unto fo near Neighbourhood with the Roman Territories, that they began toOverfhadethems for the £m- perours making ufc of them in their Arms (as the French do at this day of the Sw/i2,)gave them that, under the notion of fti- pend, which they received as Tribute, coming ( if there were any Oceand. 55 any default in the payment) fo often to dirt rein for it, that in the time oiHonorius they lacked Rome, and pofiiiled themfelves of Italy. And fuch was the transition of Ancient into Modern prudence -, or that breach which being followed in every part of the Roman Empire with inundations of Vandals, Huns, Lom- bards, Franks, Saxons, have overwhelmed ancient Languages, Learning, Prudence, CManners, Cities, changing the Names of Macbiavil, Rivers, Countries, Seas, Mountains and Men > Camillm, CArms. The lowed order of Feuds were fuch as beiri^ confer'd by thofe of the fecond Order upon private men, whether Noble± or not 2v(o£/f jobliged them in the like duty unto their Superiors, thefe were called Vavofors • And this is the Gothick Ballance, by which all the Kingdoms this day in Chriflendome were at firft ereBed$ for which caufe if I had time, I fhould open in this place the Empire of Germany, and the Kingdomes of France, Spain, and Poland ; but fo much as hath been faid being fufficient for the difcoveryof the principles of Modern Prudence in general-, I mail divide the remainder of my Difcourfe, which is more particular, into three parts. The firft, (hewing the Conftitution of the late ^Monarchy of Oceana. The fecond, the Dissolution of the fame. And the third , the Generation of the prefent Common- wealth. The Conftitution of the late Monarchy of Oceana,is to becon- fldered in relation unto the different Nations, by whom it hath been fucceffively fubdu'dand govern'd. The firft of thefe were G the 34 Oceana. the Romans, the fecond the Teutons, the third the Scandiums, and the fourth the T^uflrians. *> The Government ot the Romans, who held it as a Province, I lhall omit, becaufe I am to fpeak of their Provincial Go\,em- ment in another place , onely it is to be remembred in this, that if we have given over running up and down naked and with dappled hides, learn' t to write and read, to be inftru&ed with good Arts, for all thefe we are beholding to the Romans either immediately or mediately the Teutons ; tor chat the Teutons had the Arts from no other hand, is plain enough by their language, which hath yet no word to fignifie either writing or rcading,but what is derived from the Latine. Furthermore, by the help of thefe arts fo learn't, we have been capable of that Religion which we have long fince received j wherefore ic feemeth unto me, that we ought not to detrad from the Me- mory of the Romans, by whofe means we are as it were of Beafls become Men, and by whofe means we might yet of obfeure and Ignorant men (if we thought not too well of ourfelies) become a wife and a great 'People. For the proof The Romans having govern'd Oceana, Provincially,thc Teutons difcMrfcouuff were the ^ r ^ tliat i ntr °duced the form of the late Monarchy : to Records and thefe fucceeded the Scandians,o{ whom fbecauie their Raign Antiquities, was fhorr, as alfo becatifc they made little alteration in tne fit! fof Ho- Government as to the FormJ I fhall take no notice. But the nour, from Teutons going to work upon the Cothick Ballance, divided the page J93. to whole Nation into three forts of Feuds ; that of Ealdorman, F&* 37 ' that of Kings-Thane, and that of Middle-Thane. The Teuton When the Kingdom was firft divided into PrecinBs, will be Monarchy. as ^ arc ^ t0 fo e **> as wnen it began firft to be governed j it be- ing impoflible that there (hould be any Government without fome Divifton. The Divifton that was in ufc with the Teutons, was by Counties, and every County had either his Ealdorman, or high Reeve. The title of Ealdorman came in time to Eorl, or £ rle, and that of high Reeve to high Sheriff. Earles. Earl of the Shire or County denoted the Kings Thane, or Te- nant by Grand Serjeantry or Knights Service in chief ot in Capite, his poffeflions were fometimes the whole Territory, from whence he had his Denomination, that is, the whole County, fometimes more then one County, and fometimes lefle, the remaining part being in the Crown. He had alfo fometimes a third, or fome other Cuftomary part of the profits of certain Cities, Boroughs, or other places within his earldom. For an Example of the poffeflions of Earls in ancient times, Ethelred had unto him and his Heirs the whole Kingdom of tMttch* containing three or four Counties ; and there were others that had little leffe. KlngtTbane Kings Thane was alfo an honorary Title, unto which he was • — qualify 'd Oceana* 35 qualifyM that had jn*J/«/« of Land held immediately of the Kingby fervicc of perfonal attendance ; infornuch that if a Churle or Country Man had thriven unto this proportion, ha- ving a Church, a Kitchin, a Bell-houfe, (that if, fin Hall reith a Bell in itto.call his Family to Dinner) a Borough-gate with a feat (that is,a Porch )ot his own ; and any diltincl office in the Kings Courts then was he the Kings Thane. But the proportion of an Hide-Land, othcrwifc called Caruca, or a Plough-land, is d iffi- cult to be underllood, becaufe it was not certain, neverthcleilc it is generally conceived to be fo much as may be managed with one Plough, and would yield the Maintenance of the fame, with the appurtenances in all kinds. The Muldle-Thane xvzsfeudalt, but not honorary $ he was al- Olfiddle- {o call'd afa'-ofor, and his Lands a Vavofory, which held of Thane. iocnetJliefne Lord, and not immediately of the King, Pofleflions and their tenures being of this Nature,("hew the Sallance of the Teuton Monarchy ; wherein the riches of Sarles was lb vaft, that to arile from the Ballance of their Dominion Unto their power, they were not oncly called Reguli or litt.c Kings, buc were fuch indeed j their jurifdiftion being of two forts, either that which was exercifed by them in the Court of their Counties, or in the high Court of the Kingdom. In the Territory denominating an Edrl, if it were all his shiremoot own, the Courts held, and the profits of that Jurifdi&ion were to his ownufe and benefit. But if he had but fome part of his County, then his Jurifdi&ion and Courts ffaving perhaps in thofe poflelfions that were his own) were held by him to the Kings ufe and benefit j that is, he commonly fupply'd the Of- fice which the Sheriffs regularly executed in Counties that had no Earls ; and whence they came to be called Vice^comites. The Court of the County that had an Earl, was held by the Earl and the Bi]boj> of the DioceJJe, after the manner of the Sheriffs Turns unto this Day ; by which means both the Ecclefiaflicall and Temporal Lawes were given in charge together unto the Country : the caufes of Vavofors or f r aVofories appertained to the Cognizance of this Court, where Wills were proved, judg- ment and Execution given ; cafes criminall and civill deter- mined. The Kings Thanes had like jurifdi&ion in their Thain-Lands Halymoot., as Lords in their CManours, where they alfo kept Courts. Befides thefe in particular > both the Earls and Kings- Thanes-, togetb.er with the Bijbops, Abbots, and Vavof'ors., or Middle-Thanes had in the High Court or Parliament of the King- dome a more publick jurifdi&ion ; confifting, firfi , of Detibe- weidena- rative power for advifmg upon, and aflenting unto new Lawes. gamoots. Secondly, of giving Counfel in matters of State -, andthirdly, of Judicature upon Suits, and Complaints. I fhall not omit to cn- G 2 enlighten 3* Oceana* lighten the obfeurity of thefe times, in which there is little to be found of a ^Methodical conjlitutioa of this High Courtjby the addition of an Argument, which 1 conceive to bear a ftrong tcftimony unto it felf, though taken out of a late Writing that conceals the Authour. M It is well known (faith he) that in cc every quarter of the Realm a great many Boroughs do yet .^. ABs of Parliament, which runs as that of Magna Chart a in the Cap. 1. Kings name only,feeing the fame was neverthelefTe enacted by the King, Peers,and Commons of the Land,as is teftified in thofe words by a fubfequent AB. Monarch The Monarchy of the Teutons had ftood in this pofture about oftheNeu- two hundred and twenty years, when Turbo Duke of Neupia (Inans making his claim to the Crown of one of their Kings that dyed Childletfe, followed it with fuccefieful Arms; and being pof- feflcd of the Kingdom, ufed it as conquered ; diftributing the Earldomes, Thane Lands, Bijhopricks and Prelacies of the whole Realm amongft his Neuftrians. From this time the Earl came to be called Comes, Co„ful, & Dux; (though Conful (t*'I';namely,that zThrone luppor- red by a Nobility, is notfo hard to be afcended, as kept warm. "Wherefore his fecret jealoufie left theDiflention of the Nobi- lity, as itirought him in, might throw him out, travelled in wayes undifcover'd by them, unto ends as little fofefeen by himfelf : while to eftablifh his own fafety, he by mixing wa- ter with their Wine, firfl began to open thofeSluces that have fince overwhelmed not the Kingonely, but thcThrone : For whereas a Nobility ftriketh not at the Throne without which they cannot fubfift, but at fome Kingthat they do not like ; Popular power ftriketh through the King at the Throne, as that which is incompatible with it. Now that Panurgui in abating the power of the"Hpbility,was the caufe whence it came to fall into the hands of the people, appears by thofefeverall Statutes that were made in his raign ; as that for Population ; thofe againft Retainers; and that for Alienations. By the Statute of "Population, AllhoufesoT husbandry that were ufed with twenty Acres of ground and upwards, were to 4° Oceana. to be maintained,and kept up for ever with a competent pro- portion of Land laid to them, and in no wife, as appears by a lubfequent Statute to be fevered. By which means the houfes being kept up, did of ncceflity intorce dwellers ; and the pro- portion of Land to be tilled being keptup, didofnecefiity in- - force the dweller not to be a beggar or Cottager ; but a man of fomefubflancethat might keep friends and fervants, and fct the Plough on going : this did mightily concern (faith the Hi- ftorian of that Prince) the might and manhood of the Kingdom, and in effect amortize a great part of the Lands unto the hold and pofTeflionof the Yeomanry, or middle people, who living not in a (ervile or indigent fafhion, were much unlinked from de- pendance upon their Lords, and living in a free and plentiful! manner, became a more excellent Infantry -, but fucii an one upon which the Lords hadfo little power,t hat from henceforth they may be computed to have been difarmed. And as they loft their Infantry after this manner, fo their Cavalry and Commanders were cut off by the Statute of Retai- ners-, for whereas it was the Cuftome of the Nobility to have younger Brothers of good houfes, metali'd fellows, and fuch as were knowing in the feats of Arms about them -, they who were longer followed with fo dangerous a train, efcaped not fuch punifhments, as made them take up. Henceforth the Country-lives, and great tables of the Nobi- lity which no longer nouriffied veins that would bleed for them, were fruitleffe and loathfome till they changed the Air, and of Princes became Courtiers, where their Revenues, never to have been exhaufted by Beef and ^Mutton, were found nar- row, whence followed wracking of Rents, and at length fale of Lands', the riddance through the Statute of Alienations being rendred far more quick and facile, than formerly it had been through the new invention oiintails. To this it happened, that Coraunm the Succcffour of that King diflblving the ^Abbeys, brought with the declining eftate of the Nobility fo vafta prey unto the Induftry of the people, that the Ballame of the Commonwealth was too apparently in the popular party, to be unfeen by the wife Councel of Queen Parthenia, who converting her reign through the perpetual I Love-tricks thatpafled between her and her people into a kind of Romanze -, wholly neglected the Nobility. And by thefe de- grees came the Houfe of Commons to raife that head, which fince hath been fo high and formidable unto their Princes ;thnt they have looked pale upon thofe afTemblies. Nor was there any thing now wanting unto the deftruction of theThrone, but that the people not apt to fee their own ftrcngth, fhould be put to feel it •, when a Pr/»c*, as ftiffe indifputes as the nerve of Monarchy was grown flack, received that unhappy encourage* ment Oceanti. 4$ mcnt from his Clergy ^ which became his utter Ruine, while trufting more unto their Logick, than the rough Ptilofophy of hhTarli anient, it came unto an irreparable breach ; for the houie of Peers which alone had ftood in this Gap, now linking down between the King and the Commons, (hewed chat Crap'w was dead,and Ijthmus broken. But a rJMonarcby diveilcd of her Nobility, hath no refuge under Heaven, but an Army, wh re- fore the dissolution of this Government caufed lb e war, not the war the dij ''solution of this Government. Of the Kings iucceffe with his Arms it is not neccflary to give any furcher account, than that they proved as ineffectual L as ins Nobility ; But without a. Nobility or an <>Army (as hath been fhew'd) there can be no ^Monarchy. Wherefore what is there in Nacure,that can arile out of thefe allies ; but a Popular Government, or a new Monarchy to be erect cd by the victorious Army ? To erect a Monarch) be it nevt j r fo new, unlefle like Levia- than you can hang it (as tie Country felioib fpeaks) by Geome.ry , (for whacelfeisit to fay, that every ether man mult give up his will unto the will of this one man without any other Foundation ?) it muft ftand upon old principles, that is, upon Nobility or an Army planted upon a due fiallanceok 'Dominion'',. ^Autviaminveniamaut faciam, was an Adage of C was lomewhat different in circumftanccs,but of the fame Nature. Nevcrthelelle Catiline, who had a fpirit equall to any of thefc in his intended mifchief, could never bring the like to paffe in Rome. Tlie head of a fmall Common-wealth, fuch an one as was that oiSyracuJa or Fermo, is ealily brought unto the Block j but that a populous Nation fuch as Rome, had not fuch an one, was the grief of Nero. If Syllaor C*far attained to be Princes, it was by Civ ill War,and fuch civil War as yielded rich fpoils; therebeingavaft Nobtltty to be confiscated ; which alfo was the cafe in Oceanaj when it yielded earth by Earldoms and Ba- ronies to the Neuflrian, for the plantation of his new Potentates. Where a Conquerour finds the riches of a Land in the hands of the Few, the lorfeitures are eafie, and amount to vaft advan- tage ; but where the people have equall ihares, the confifcation of many comes to little ; and is not only dangerous, but fruit- lcffe. The Romans in one of their defeats of the Volj'ci found among the captives ccxtainTufculans, who upon examination conleft, that the Arms they bore, were by command of their State : whereupon information being given to the Senate by the Ge- neraW Camtllw,hc was forthwith commanded to march againft Tufculum ', which doing accordingly, he found the Tufculane fields full of Husbandmen, that ftirred not otherwife from the plough, than to furnifh his Army with all kind of accommoda- tionsand Vidtualls j drawing near to the city, he faw the Gates wide open, the UWagiftrates coming out in their Gowns to fa- lute and bid him welcome : entnng, the Shops were all at work, and open: the ftreets founded with the noife of School- boyes at their books, there was no face of war. Whereupon Ctfww7/«*caufing the Senate to aflemble, told them. That though the Art was underftood, yet had they at length found out the true tArms whereby the %$mans were mod undoubtedly to be conquered, for which caufe he would not anticipate the Se- nate, unto which he defired them forthwith to fend, which they did accordingly ; and their Dictator with the reft of their AmbajSadours being found by the Roman Senators as they went into the houfe ftanding fadly at the Door, were fent for in as friends, and not as Enemies. Where the Dictator having faid, If we have offended, the fault was not (o great as is our peni- tence, and your virtue. The Senate gave them peace forthwith, and loon after made the Tufculanes Citizens of Rome. But putting the cafe, of which the World is not able to {hew an example, that the forfeiture of a populom Nation, not conquer'd, but friends, and in cool blood, might be taken ; Your Qcednfa 45 Your ArmyaaxsAh. be planted in one of the wayes mentioned: To plant it in the way of abfolire Monarchy that is upon feuds for life, fuch as the Timars, a Country as large and fruitfull as that of Greece, would afford you but fixteen tboufand Tima- riots, for that is the moft the Turk ( being the beft husband that ever was of this kind) that makes of it at this day : and if Oceana, which is lefle in fruitfulnefle by one half, and in ex- tent by three parts, fhould have no greater a force, whoever brcakcth her in one battle, maybe (mcjhe fhall never rife ; for fuch fas was noted by Machiavili) is the Nature of the Turkilh Monarchy, if you break her in two battles, you have deftroyed her whole Militia j and the reft being all flaves, you hold her without any further refiftance : Wherefore the erection of an abfolute monarchy in Oceana, or in any other Country that is no larger, without making it a certain prey unto the firlt invader, is altogether impoflible. To plant by halves as the Roman Smperours did their Benefi- ciaries, or military polonies, it muft be either for life ; and this an lArmyof Oceaners in their own Couniry, (efpccially having ftates of inheritance) will never bear, becaufe fuch an Army lb planted is as well confifcatcd as the people, nor had the Ma- malincs been contented with fuch ufage in !s£gy$t, but that they were Forraigners, and daring not to mix with the Na- tives,it was of abfoluteneceffity to their Being. Or planting them upon inheritance , whether Ariftocratically as the Neuftrtans,ot Democratically, as the Jfraelites , they grow up by certainc confequence into the Nation all inter eft,, and this if they be planted popularly comes unto a Common-wealth 5 if by way of Nobility unto a mixed Monarchy, which of all other will be found to be the only kind of Monarchy, whereof this Nation or any other that is ot no greater extent hath beene or can be capable : for if the Israelites (through their Democratic all Bal- lance being fixed by their Agrarian flood firme,) be yet found to have elected Kings, it was becaufe their Territory lying operi they were perpetually invaded, and being perpetually inva- ded turned themfelves to any thing, which through the want: of experience they thought might be a remedy ; whence their miftake in elecf ion of their Kings , (under whom they gain'd nothing , but to the contrary loft all they had acquired by their Common-wealth , b§th £ ftates and Liberties ; ) is not only apparent, but without parallell. And if there have beene (as Was fhewnc) a Kingdom of the Goths in Spain , and of the Van- dalls in Afia, eonftfting of a fingle perfon, and a Parliament, {tak- ing a Parliament to be aCouncill of the people only, without a Nobili- ty) it is expreflcly faid of thofe Councills , that they depofed their Kings as often as them pleafed : nor can there be othet confequence of fuch a government 3 feeing where there is a H 2 Council! 44 Oceana* Councillofrhe^o^, they do never receive Lames, but give them; and a Councill giving Lowes unto a fengle perfon , he i - hath no meanesin the World, whereby to be any more than a fubordinate Msgifrate , but force : in which cafe, he is not a [mgle perfon and a Parliament, but afingle perfon and an Army, which Ar%y again muft be planted as hath been fhewn, or can be of no long Continuance. It is true, that the Provincial Ballance being in Nature quite contrary unto the National, you are no wayes to plant a Provin- ciall Army upon Dominion. But then you muft have a native Territory in ftrcngth , Situation, or Government able to overbal- /tfwetheforreign, or you can never hold it. That an tArmy fhould in any other cafe be long fupported by a meer Tax, is a nicer Phanfie as void of all reafon and Experience, as if a man fhould think to maintain fuchanone by robbing of Or- chards : for a meer Tax is but pulling of Plumbtrees,the roots where- efare in other mens grounds, who fuffering pcrpctuall violence, come to hate the Author of it : And it is a Cbfaxime, that no Prince that is hated by his people can be fafe. Arms planted upon Dominion extirpate enemies, and make friends; but main- tained by a meer Tax, have enemies that have roots, and friends that have none. To conclude, -Oceana 3 or any other Nation of no greater ex- tent muft have a competent Nobility, or is altogether incapa- ble of Monarchy : for where there if equality ofeflates, there muft be equality of power ; and where there is equality of power, there can be no Monarchy. Thegener*- To come then to the generation of the Common-wealth ; it hath tion of the been (hewn how through the wayes and means ufed by Panur- Common- gm to abafe the Nobility, and fo to mend that flaw which we wealth, have afierted to be incurable in this kind of Constitution, he fuf- fered the Ballance to fall into the power of the people, and fo broke the Government ; but the Ballance being in the people ■> the Common-wealth (though they do not fee it)is already in the Na- ture of them : (Cornua nota prius Vitulo , qukmfrontibw extant) there wanteth nothing elfe but time 3 ('which is flow and dan- gerous) or art, ( which would be more quick and fecure^) for the bringing thofe native Arms (whcrewithall they are found already) to xefift they know not how every thing that oppofeth them, unto fuch maturity as may fix them upon their own ftrength and Bottom, what pru- But whereas this Art is Prudence ; and that part of Prudence? dence is. which regards the prefent work, is nothing elfe but the skill of laihngfach SuperftruBures o£ Government, as are natural to the ' known Foundations : they never mind the Foundation , but through certain animosities, (wherewith by driving one againft another they arc infected) or through freaks by which not re- garding Oceana* 4^ garding the courfc of things, nor how they conduce unto their purpolc, they are given to building in the Air, come to be di- vided and fubdivided intocndlefle parties and tactions, both Civilly and Ecclefiaftical j which briefly to open, I (hall firft fpeakof the people in general I, and then of their divilions. A people (faith Machiavill) that is corrupt, is not capable of a Common-wealth : but in fhevving what a corrupt people is, he hath either involved, himfclf or me ; nor can 1 otherwise come out of the Labyrinth^ than by laying, that the Ballance altering a people as to the foregoing Government , mult of ncccflity he corrupt ; but corruption in ents fenfe lignifieth no more then tnat the corruption of one Government^ in natural bociies)u> the genera- tion of another ; wherefore if the Bdlance alter from Monar- chy the corruption oithepeople in this cafe is that which maketh them capable ol a Common-wealth : But whereas I am not igno- rant, that the corruption which he meancth is in Manners, this alio is irom the Bdlance. For the Ballance iwaying from Mo- narchical into Popular, abateth the Luxury of the Nobility, and inriching the people, bringeth the Government from a morcpV- vate unto a more publkk intereft, which coming nearer, as hath been (hewn, unto Jufticeand right Reafon, the^o/;/^ up- on a like alteration is lo far from fuch corruption of Manners, as fhould render them uncapableof a Common-wealth, that of ne- ceflity they muft thereby contract: fuch reformation of vianners as will bear no other kind of Government. On the other fide, where the Ballance changeth from Popular to Oligarchical, or Monarchical; the publick intereft .with the reafon and juftice included in the fame, becometh more private, Luxury is intro- duced in the place of Temperance and Servitude in that of Free- dome; which caufeth fuch a corruption of manners both in the 'Nobility and the people, as by the Example of Rome in the time of the Triumvirs, is more at large difcovcred by the ^Author to have been altogether incapableofa Common-wealth. But the Ballance of Oceana changing quite contrary to that of Rome, the manners of the people were not thereby corrupted but on the contrary fitted for a Common-wealth. For differences of opinion ma. people (not rightly informed of their Ballance,) ordivifion into parties , while there is not any common lige- went of power fufficicnt to reconcile or hold them, is no fnffi- cient proof of corruption in a people : NevcrthelefTe, feeing this muft needs be matter of Scandall and danger, it will not be amilTe in (hewing what were the parties, to fhew what were their errours. The.parties into which this Nation was dividcd 3 were Tem~ poral or Spiritual; and the Temporal parties were efpecialiy two, the one the Royalifs, the other Common-wealths-men ; each of which aliened their different Caufes, either out of Prudence cr Ignorance; out of intereft or Confcienee* For 4* Oceana. For prudence, cither that oi the Ancients is inferiour unto the CModern, ( which we have hitherto been letting face to The Royalifi face, that any one may judge; or that of the Royalijis mult be inferiour unto that prudence ol the Common-ueatths-man : and forintereft, taking the Common-wealths-man to have really intended the publick (for otherwilc he is an hypocrite, and the worftofmen) that of the Royalift mult of ncceflityhave been moreprivate : wherefore the whole difpute will come upon matter of Consciences and this, whether it be urged by the right of Kings, the obligation of former Lawes, or of the (tab of Allegiance ,is abfolved by the Ballance. For if the right of Kings were as immediately derived from the breath oiGod, as the life of man 5 yet this excludeth not death and dijjolution. But,that the dijiolution of the late Monar- chy was as natural as the death of a man, hath been already fhevvn: wherefore it remains with the Royalijis to difcover by what reafon or experience it is poflible for a Monarchy to itand upon a popular Ballance; or,the Ballance being popular as well the Oath of. Allegiance, as all other Monarchical Lane pimply an impof- fibility, and are therefore void. The Com- To the Commonwealths-man I have no more to fay, but that monwealths if he exclude any party, he is not truly iuch; nor mall ever man, found a Common-wealth upon the natural principle of the fame, which is Jufiice : and the Royaltfi for having oppofed a Common- wealth in Oceana (where the Lawes were io ambiguous, that they might be eternally difputed, and never reconciled) can neither be juftly, for that caufe, excluded from his full and equall ihare in the Government ; nor prudently, for this, that a Common-wealth confuting of a party will be in perpetuall la- bour of her own deftruetion : whence it was,thatthe Romans having conquered the Albans incorporated them with equall right into the Common-wealth : and if the Royallifts be fiefh of yourfleth, and nearer of blood then were the Albans to the Romans, you are alfo Chrijlians : neverthelcfle there is no rea- fon that a Common-wealth (hould any more favour a party re- maining in fixed oppofition againft her, then Brutus did his fons. But if (he fix them upon that oppofition, it is her fault, not theirs, and this is done by excluding them. Men that have equall pofTeffions, and the fame fecurityof their eftates and of their liberties that you have, have the fame caufe with you to defend ♦, but if you will be trampling, they fight for liberty, though for Monarchy; and you for Tyranny, though un- der the name of a Common-wealth ; the nature of orders in a Common-wealth rightly inftituted being void of all Jealoufie, becaufe let the parties which {he imbraceth be what they will, her orders are fuch , as they neither would refift if they could, nor could if they would, as hath in part been already ihewn j Oceand. 47 fhcwn, and will appear more at large by the enfuing lMo- dell. .The parties thac are Spiritual are of more kinds then I reed Religions mention ; fome tor a National Religion, and others lor liberty parties,, of Confcience, with luch animofity on both (ides, as it" thclc two did not confirt,of" which I havealready fufficicntly fpoken, to fhew) that theone cannot well coniiit without the other. But they of all the reft are the mod dangerous, who holding that the Saints muit govern, go about to reduce the Common- wealth unto a party, as well tor the reaions already fhewn, as that their pretences are againft Scripture, where the Saints are commanded to lubmit unto the higher porters, and be fub- ■jeB unto the Ordinance of man. And,- that men pretending; under the notion ot Saints or Religion, nntoCivil Power, have hitherto never failed to dishonour that profeflion ; thewwWis full of Examples, whereof I fhall confine my fclf at the prefent unto tiro, the one oiold, the other of new Rome, In old Rome the Patricians or Nobility, pretending to be the Saints, godly party, were qucftioncd by the People tor ingroifing all the Magistracies ot that Common-wealth, had nothing to fay why they did lb, but(j2jW nemo plebeivuaufpicia halerei) that CMa- gijlrac) required a kind oiholinejje which was not in the people, {plebs ad id maxima indignatione exarfit, quod aufpicari tanquam Livy 4, 8 C invifi Diis immortalibw negarentur pofie) at which the people were tilled with fuch indignation, as had come to cutting of 'throats, if the Nobility had not forthwith laid by the infolcncy of thztplea : which neverthelefTe when they had done, the people tor a long time after continued toeled none other than Patrician Magistrates. The Example of new Rome in the rife and practice of the Hie- rarchy, (too well known to require any further illufiiution) is far more immodeft. This hath been thecourfeof Nature-, and when it hath plea- fed, or fhall pleafe God to introduce any thing that is above the courfe of Nature, he will as he hath alwayes done, confirm it by miracle ; for fo in his Prophejie oi thcraign ot Pbtift upon earth, he exprefly promifeth •, feeing that the fouks of them that were beheaded for Jefuf, {hall be feen to live and raign with him, which will be an objeB of fenfe ; the rather, becaufe the reft of the dead are not to live again untill theThoufand years be finifh- ed. And it is not lawful! for men to perfwade us that a thing is, though there be no fuch objeB of our fence, which God hath told us fhall not be, untill it bean objeB ot our fence. The Saintjhip of a people as to Government confifteth in the election of Magiflrates fearing God, and hating covetuoufnejje , and not in their confining themfelves , or being confined unto men of this, or that party or profefsion. It confifteth in ma- king 48 Oceana. tsours. ing the moRprudent and religious choyce that they can, but not in trufting unto men , but, next God, in their orders. Givem gooa 'men and they mil make mgood Latves , is the CMaxime of a Demagogue , and ('through the alteration which is cowmonly perceivable in men, when they have power to work their own wills) exceeding faliille. But give w good orders , and they mil moke w good men, is the A laxime of a Legijhtor , and the moft infallible in the Tolitickes. Butthefedivilions., (however there be fome good men, that lookefadly on them,) are trivial! things; frjt (as to the civi 11 concernment) becaufe the Government whereof this "Hjtionh ca- *the Errors paple* once fcene takethinall interefts. And fecondly , (as to of the people the fpiritualt) becaufe as pretence of Religion hath alwaies are from bcene turbulent in broken governments , to where the Govern- their Cover- went i iatn bcene found and fteddy, Religion hath never fhew'd her fcife with any other face tb.an that of her naturallfweeinefje, and tranquillity ; nor is there any reaion why fhefhould; Wherefore the errours or the people are occafioned by their Governors. If they be doubtfull of the way , or wander from it, it is becaufe iheir guides milled them ; and the guides of the people are never fo well qualified for leading by any vertue of their own, as by that ot the Government. The Government of Oceana , fas it flood at the time whereof wedifcourfe con lifting of one fingleCouncill oi the people , to the exclusion of the Kwg^knd of the Lords, ) was called a Par- liament, how be it the "Parliaments of the Teutons and of the Neujtrians confifted as hath beene (hew'd of the King , Lords and Commons ; wherefore this under an old name was a new thing. A 'Parliament confifting of a Jingle afjembly eie<5ted by the people and inverted with the whole power of the Govern- ment, without any Covenants , Conditions, or orders whatfomer. So new a thing that neither auncient nor modeme Prudence can ihew anyavow'doww^ofthe like : And there isfcarceany thing that fcemeth unto me fo ftrange as that (whereas there waf nothing more familiar with tbefe Counsellors than to bring the Scrip- ture to the Hc«/>) there fhould not be a man of them , that fo much as offerd to bring the houfe unto the Scripture , wherein as fcath beene fhewne is contained that Original!, whereof all the reft of the Common-wealths feeme to be copies. Certainly if Leviathan (who is lurerof nothing than that a popular Common- wealth confilkth, but of one Councill) tranlcribed hisdodlrine out of this *Af\embly, for him to except againft Arifiotle and Ci- cero for writing out of their own Common-r.ealihs, was not fo fair play ; or if the Parliament tranferibed out of him, it had beene an honour better due unto tjfiofes. But where one of them fhould have an Example, but from the other, I cannot imagine; there being nothing of this kind that I can find in ftorybutthe ,_- Oligarchy Oce&nd. 4p Oligarthy of Athens, the thirty Tyrants of the fame , and the Ro- man Decemvirs. For the Oligarchy, Thucidides tells us that it was a Senate, or rv c Councill of foure hundred, pretending to a Ballancing Councill of the people confuting of five thoufand but not producing them, wherein you have the definition of an Oligarchy, which is a jingle Councill both debating and refolving, dividing and choofmg; and what that mull come co,was thewne by the Example oi the dries, and is apparent throughout all experience j wherefore the thirty fet up by the Lacedemonians , Cwhen they had con- quered Athens) arc called Tyrants by all Authors ; Leviathan only excepted, who will have them againft all the World to have been an Ariflocracy ; but for whac reafon I cannot ima- gine, thefcalfo as voyd ofany Ballance having been void of that which is cflentiall to every Common-wealth , whether A- rijlocraticoM or Popular; except he be plcafed with them in rhatjby the Testimony of Xenophon , they killed more men in eight (Jlfoneths, thenthc Lacedemonians had done in tenyeares: opprcfiing tUeffople (to ufe Sir.fVa-. Raleighs words) with ali bale and intolerable Jlaiery. The ufur ped Government of the Decemvirs in Rome was of the fame kind. Wherefore in the fcare of cWIct Chriftian Legi/la- fm,('fettingthe/>4m7v;f,given in the Mount on the one fide, and thefe execrable Examples on the other) know the right hand from the left ;and fo much the rather becaufe thofe things , which do not conduce to the good of the Governed, are falJaci- ous,if they appeare to be good for the Governours.God in chaiti- zing a people is accuftomed to burne his Rod. The Empire of thefe Oligarchies was not fo violent as fhort,nor did they fallupon the peoplebut in their own immediate ruiue. A Councill without a Ballance is not a Common -wealth , but an Oligarchy,S>c every O* ligarchy, except the be put to the defence of her wickednefs , or power,againll fome outward danger,is factious: Wherfore the errours of the people being from their Governours (which Maxim in the Politicks bearing a fufficient teftimony unto it felfc, is al- io proved by MachiaviL) if die people of Oceana have beene facti- ous,the caufe is apparent ; But what remedy > Inanfwer to this t]ue(tion , I come now to the Army-, of The Gene- which the mod victorious Captaineand incomparable patriot ral. Olpham Megaletor was now GeneraU : Who being a much grea- ter matter of that art, whereof I have made a rough draught in theie' Preliminaries, had fofad reflections upon the waiesand proceedings of the Parliament, as caft him upon books , and all other meanes of diverfion, among which he happened upon this place 01 CMachiavill. '^Thrice happy is that people which chances to " have a man able to give them fuch a Government at once, as with- I « out ^o Oceana. cC out alteration may fecure them of their liberties ; S eeingit is cer- " taine 9 that Lacedemon in §bferning the Lawes of Lycurgui, conti- <■' '■ nued about eioht hundred y ear es without any danger om tumult or cC corruption. My Lord G enerall fas it is faid ofThemijlocks , that he could not flcepe for the glory obteined by Miltiades at; the battle of Maratho) took fo new, and deepe impreffionat thefe words of the much greater glory of Lycurgm , that being on this fide aflaulted with the emulation of his illuftrious object, on the other with the mifery of the Nation, which feemed, (as ic were ruined by his Victory) to call her felfc at hisfecce, he was almoft wholly deprived of his naturall reft, untill the de- bate he had within himfelfe , came to a firme refolution, that the greateft ad vantages of a Common-wealtharQ,fr[l that the Legiflator fhould be one man : and fecondly that the Government r, r r r ihould be made altogether, or at once. For the firftitiscer- J ' taine faith MachiaviU, that a Common-wealth is feldome cr never well turned or conftituted, except it have been the work of one That a Le- raan : * or which caufe a wife Legiflator, and one whofenund is oiflatoristo firmelyfet,nocupon/;>7W#£//V£ intcreft, not Upon %eone his /w/fcr/ty 'but upon his Country*, may /uftly endeavour to get the foveraigne power into his own hands; nor (hall any man that is matter of rcafon blame luch extraordinary meanes as in that cafe (hall be neceifary, the end proving no other, than the conftitution of a well ordered Common-wealth. The reafon , , of this is demonftrable^for the ordinary meanes not failings the I U Co>ww3/z-B? to whom it was lawiull ioi any man to offer any thing in order to the Fabrick of the Com-mni iatjpi for which caufc, that they might not beopprefkj Ly the throng, there was a Rail about the Table where they fate, and on each fide of the fame a Pulpit j that on the right hand for any man twat would propofe any thing j and that on the left for any other that would oppofc him 5 and all parties ( being indemmty'd by Proclamation of the Archon) were invited to dilpute their own interefts, orpropoie whatever they thought fit (in order to the future Government) to the Council of Che Prytans, who (having a guard of a matter of two or three hun- dred men, leit the heat of the difpute might break the pea«.cj had the right of Moderators, and were to report Irom time to time fuch ^Proportions or Occurrences as they thought ht, to tne Couhtil of Legi/lators fitting more privately in the Pullace tailed Alma. This was that which made the people (who were neither fafely to be admitted unto, nor conveniently to be excluded lrom the framing of their Common-wealth) verily believewhen it c.iine forth, mat it was no other than that, whereof they thcmfelves ha been the makers. - Moreover, this Council fate divers Months after the publifh- ing, and during the promulgation of the Modell unto the peo- ple > by wliich means there is fcarccany thing was faid or writ- ten for oragainftthefaidyWeaW/, but you fhall have it with the nc st i'nprefsionoi this Work by way of Oration acdreffed unto, and mode-rated by the Pry tans. By this means the Council of Legi/lators had their ne- cefiary lolitude and due aym in their greater Work, as be- ing acquainted from time to time with the pulfe of the peo- ple, and yet wituout any manner of interruption or diilur- bance. Wherefore every Common-wealth in her place having been opened \ y her due cMethod} that is, firfl, by the people; fe- condly, by the Senate^ and thirdly , by the Magijtracy - 3 The Council upon mature debate took fuch refults or orders, ouc of each one, and out of each part of each one of them, as upon opening the fame they thought fit ; which being put from time to time in writing by the clerk orSecretary, there remained no more in the conclusion, than put Jng the Orders fo taken to- gether, to view and examine them with a diligent Eye,to the end thatit might be cleiirly difcovered whether they did en* terfere, or could any wile come to interfere or jo(tle one the other 5 for asfnc 1 orders jofilt^g, or coming to joflle one ano- ther, are the certain diflblution of the Common-wealth ;{q taken upon V ?4 Q£i^£' upon the proof of like experience, and neither joflling, nor (hewing which way they can poflibly come to joftle one ano- ther, make a perfect, and ( for ought that in humane prudence can be forefeen ) an immortal Common-wealth. ►~~ J ~-^^~_>— And fuch was the Art whereby my Lord. Archon (taking Counfel of the Common-wealth of Ifrael as oiMofes -, and of the reft of the Common-wealths, as o£ Jethro) framed the Modell of the Common-wealth of Oceana^ THE Oceana. 55 THE M O D E L L • OF The Common-Wealth OF O / ceana. yr TT ^T "Z"Hcreas my Lord Arcbon, being, from Mofes % i \f and Lycurgitt,ihe firft Legislator that hither- *f V to is found in Story to have introduced or Ere&ed an Entire Common-wealth at once, happened, like them alio, to be more intent upon putting the fame into Execution or Action, then into Writing; bywhich means the tjitodell came to be promulgated or publifhed with more Brevity and lelTe illuftration then is neceffary for their understanding who havenot been acquainted with the whole proceedings ot the Council o£Legi/latprs,& of the Prytans, where it was afferted and cleared from all objections and doubts: Unto the end that I may fupply what was wanting in the pro- mulgated E pitome,unto a more full and perfect Narrative of the whole, 1 fhall rather take the Common-wealth practically, and as the hath now given Account of her felf in fome years Revolutions, (as Dicxarchm is faid to have done that of Lacede- Suidas, won, firft tranferib'd by his hand fome three or four hundred years after the Inftitut ion) yet not omitting to addc for proof, unto every order fuch Debates and Speeches of the Legislators in their Council^ or at lead fuch parts of them as may beft difco- ver the realon of the Government^ nor fuch wayes and means as were ufed in thelnftitution or Rife of the Building , not to be fo well Conceived, without fome knowledge given of the Engines wherewithal! the mighty Weight was moved. But through the intire omiffion of the Councefoi Legiflators ot Work- men that fquared Every ftone unto this Structure in the quar- ries of Ancient Prudence^ the proof of the firft part of this Difcourfe will be lame, excepc I infert as well for illuftration, as to avoid frequent Repetition, three remarkable Teftimonics in this place. The ^ Oceana. Lxo. 1 8. The fir ft is taken out of the Common-wealth of Ifrael ; So Mo- 24. fes hearkened unto the 'voice of f Jethro) his Father in Law, and did Numb. I . all that he had fed. &4nd Mofes chefe able men out of all Ifrael,and 1 6. made them heads oxer the people, ( Tribunes as it is in the vulgar Math. Latine j or Phylarches, that is) Princes of the Tribes , iitting (Sellis Curulibui, faith Grotiw ) upon twelve Thrones, and judging the twelve Tribes of Jj'rael ; and next unto thefe he chole Rulers of Thoufands, Rulers ot Hundreds, Rulers ot Fif- ties, and Rulers of Tens, which were the fteps or rile of this Common-wealth, irom her foundation or root, unto her proper Elevation, or accomplishment in the Sanhedrim, and the Con- gregation, already opened in the Preliminaries. The Second is taken out of Lacedemon, as Lycurgm ( for the greater impreflion of his Inftitutions upon ti;c minds of his Citizens) pretended to have received the Modell ot that Common-wealth irom the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos, the words whereof are thus recorded by Plutarch in the Lite of that famous Legiilator, [ W hen thou Vhalt have divided the Pto- Crag. de pic into Tribes, (which were hx) and Obas, (which were five Rep. in every Tribe) thcu fhalt Conttitute the Senate, confifting Lac. Lib. 1. with the two Kings of thirty Counfcllours, whoaccording as Cap. 6. occation requireth, fhall caufe the Congregation to be Alkm- bled between the Bridge and the River Gnavcn, where the Senate (hall propole unto the People, and difmiflc them with- out futfering them to debate. The Ob& were linages into which every Tribe was divided, and in each Tribe there was one other Divifion containing all thofc of the lame that were of military Age j which being called the CMora, was fubdivi- ded into Troops and Companies that were held in perpetuall discipline under the Command of a Magitlrate called the Tolemarche. The Third is taken out of the fimmon-neahfi of Rcme,or thofe parts of it which are comprized in the firft and fecond book of Livj, where the people according to the Inftitution by Romu- lui, arc firft divided into Thirty £urias or Parifhes, whereof he Elected (by three out of each Curia) the Senate, which from Halicar. his Reign unto that oiServiw Tullw propofed unto the Parifhes or Parochial Congregations, and thefe being called the Comi- tia Curiata, had trie Election of the Kings, {Quirites, Regem create; ita patrilm itfum eft. Again, Tult/um Huftilium Regem Populus Jujfit, Patres authores faBi ) the Confirmation of their Lawes(/^ ab Romulo traditum,fujjragium vintim eademii, to- demq; jure omnibm Datum eft); and the laft appeal in matters of Judicature, as appears in the Cafe of Horatim that killed his Sifter j Till in the Raignof Serviw ( non enim ut ab Romulo traditum Oceana* 57 traditum azteri fenuiverunt reges) the people being grown fomc- whar, either the power of the Curiata was tor the greater pare tranflatcd unto the Centurtata Comitia inftituted by this King, which diftributed the people according to the fenfe or valua- tion of their Eftates unto fix ClafTes, every one containing about fourty Centuries, divided into Youth and Elders 5 the Youth for field-fcrvice,the Elders for the defence of their Ter- ritory, all armed and under continual Difcipline, in which they aflembkd both upon Military and Civil! occaiions. But when the Senate propoicd unto the People, the horle onely v. hereof there were twelve Centurics,con{ifting of the Richetf. fort over and above thole of the foot enumerated, were called with the firft Claffis of the loot unto the fuffrage j orifthefe accorded not, then the fecond Claffis was called to them, but f( ldom or never any of the reft: Wherefore the people after ti e cxpullion of the King", growing impatient of this inequa- lity; refted not till they had reduced the Suffrage as it had been in the £omitia Curiata to the whole People again ; But in another way, that is to fay, by the Comitia Trduta, which thereupon were inftituted, bcinga Council where the People in Exigencies made Lawes without the Senate; which Lawes were called Plehifcita. This Councill is that in regard where- of cie era and other great Wits fo frequently inveigh againft, the People, and fometimes even Livy, as at the Inftitution • (Hunc Annum injignem maxime Comitia Tributa ejjiciunt^res major tvifloriafufcepti cert ami nis quam ufu, plus enim dignitatis Comi- tiis ipfis de trail um efl, patribus ex Concilio fubmovendis , quam Virium aut plebi additum aut demptum patribus) To fay trutflj it was a kind of Anarchy, whereof the people could not be ex- cufable, if there had not, through theCourfes taken by the Senate, been otherwife a neccflity that they muft have feen the Common-wealth run into Oligarchy. The Manner how the Comitia Curiata, Centuriata, or Tributd sigonias were called, (during the time of the Common-wealth to the Suf- frage, was by lot: the Curia,Ccntuiy or Tribe whereon the firft lot fell, being ftyled Principium, or the prerogative; and the ether Curix, Centuries, or Tribes, whereon the fecond, third, fourth Lots, Sec. fell, the Jure vocat Cttf jens, ana Jnto Free- SMttoants, tobjle fact, ; foj jDct Bfffrf butetb Cttf fens f nto ^outfe ant> ClDers Into Youth (fuctjas arc from 18. pears of Sec to 30, being atcounteo 23ontl);aM> and Elders, f t\f as are of 30. anD uptoarts ©locta) ano eftabUftjetft trjat tlje i^oiitt) OiaU be the matching #tmfe*, ano the ©lowa the trancing ©atrKens of tl)te Jftatfon. A Common-weabh whofe Arms are in the hands of her fer- vants, had needbefcituated (as is elegantly laid of Venice by Cof>tari/>i Lo/ttana, daliafede dtgli huomini) out of the reach of fuch Clutcnes ; witneffe the danger run by that of Carthage in the Rebellion oiSpendim and CMatho. But chough a City ( if j| one fwallow make a Summer) may thus chance to be fate, yet fha II (he never be great; for if Carthage or Venice acquired any fame in their Arms,it is known to have happened through, the meir virtue of their Captains, and not of their Orders : wherefore Ifrael, Lacedemon, and Rome mtailed their Arms upon the prime of their Citizens, divided (at lcaft in Lacede* Ocednd. won and Rome) into Youth and Elders ; the Youth fcr the Field, and che Elders for defence of the Territory. ?s> 3Df»c tfafto ;©joct uffittbntctrj the Cttt jens into ^ajfc ano JFoot bp 3 . 0«/. tfae Cenfeojfaaltiatfon oftfaeit Cttate© ; tljcp fobo fjatse abobc erne Int0 Hor; e fetmBjeo pounce a peat in tlaniw, d5.Bt>0,oj sponcps, being obligee to c " be of tbe ^ojfe ; am> tbep tobo rjat>e unset >to be of the JFmt» ISnt if a man fcabc pjooigallp toatteo ano fpent bis |Dattf monp, be is ncitfaec capable of spagfttracp, Office, noj Suffrage in tbe Common^ tocattb. Citizens are notonely to defend the Common- wealth, but according to their Abilities, as the Romans-, under ServimTul- //>(regard had unto their E{laces)wcre fome inrolled in the Horie Centuries, and other of the Foot, with Arms enjoyned accordingly ; nor could it be otherwife in the reft of the Com- mon-wealths •-, though out ot Remains that are fo much darker it be not fo clearly proveable. And the neceffary prerogative to be given by a Common-wealth unto Eftates in fome mca- iure is in the nature of induftry , and the ufe of it to the Pub- lick, (' Populus Romanus, (faith Julius £xuperantius) per fl a fi e% Divifus erat 3 et pro Patrimonii facultaie ce^febantur;exiis 3 omnes quibmreserat-, admilitiam Ducebantur : diligenter enimpru victo- ria labor abant qui ex libertate bo/, a patriae deft •ndeba.nl: I Hi autem quibmnulltf opes erant y Caput fuutn, quod folum pofiidebant, cenfe- bantur etbehi tempore in minibus rejidebant-^ facile enim poterant exiflere proditores , quia egefa-s baud facile habetur fine Damno. Hos igitur Marim, quibus non fuerat %e[p. committenda, duxit ad helium : and his fuccefle was accordingly) : There is a mean in things ; as exorbitant riches overthrow the ballance of a Common-wealth, foExtream poverty cannot hold it, nor is by any means to be trufted with it. The claufe in the Order concerning the Prodigall is Athenian, and a very Laudable one 5 for ne that could not live upon his patrimony, if he. come to touch the publick money, makes a Common-wealth Bank-rupt. SDfae jFourtb ®wt fcifftfbnteth tbe people accosting unto tbe , 0r ^ places of tbeir habitation, f nto ^atiftee, ^anB^og ano %tibes. into Pari- ihes, Hun-i For except the People be methodically distributed, theydreds, and cannot be method ically Colle&ed : butchebeingof a Com- Tribes. Hion-wealth confifkth in the methodical! collection of the people 5 wherefore you have the Ifraelitijb Divifions into Ru- lers of Thoufands, of Hundreds,of Fifties, and of Tens 5 and of the whole Common-wealth, into Tribes. The Lacomick into K a Obas, 6o Oceana. O&as, (.Moras and Tribes ; the Roman into Tribes,Centurics, and Clafles j and fomething there muft of neceflicy be in eve- ry Government of like nature; as that in the late (J^to/.archy^bv Counties : But this being the onely Inftitution in Oceana, (except that of the Agrarian) which required any charge, or included any difficulty, engageth me unto a more particular defcription of the manner how it was performed, as follow- eth. The uf e and One thoufand Surveyors Commiffionated and inftru&ed by method -of t | ie ]^ Ql ^ ^rchon and the Qounc ill } ,being divided into two equal rve 7~ numbers, each under the infpe&ion of two Surveyors general ors. were diftributed into the Northern and Southern parts of the Territory, divided by the River Hemifua, the whole whereof containeth about Ten thoufand Parifhes, fome ten of thole be- ing affigned unto each Surveyor ; For as to this matter there needed no great exactnefle, it tending onely, by fhewing whi- ther every one was to repair, and whereabout to begin ; un- to the more orderly carrying on of the work: The nature of their Inftru&ions otherwife regarding rather the number of the Inhabitants, then of the Parifhes. The Surveyors there- fore being every one fumifhed with a proportion convenient of Urns,Balls and Ballotting Boxes,(in the ufe whereof they had been formerly excrcifed ) and now arriving each at his respe- ctive Parifhes, began with the People by teaching them their firft leflbn, which was the Ballot ; and albeit they found them in the beginning fomewhat Frowardasat toyes, with which, while they were in Expectation of greater matters from a Coumill of LegiflatorS) they conceived themfelves to be abufed, they came within a while to think them pretty fport, and at length fuch as might very foberly be ufed in good Earneft ; whereupon the Surveyors began the Inftitution inclu- ded in 5 . Orel. acjje jf f ftfe <©>&w tcqnftfng, Efeat upw tbe firft $ant>ap nett en. of^h U p° n Mtt& t&e laft 0f ® umhtt ' t])Z W0get Va f " Et5Wp ^ atia * ttoWfc- rifheJofche outt & e Ration, be tangatetgbtof tbeClocfefn tbe mojntng, am> Ballot and eontfnae IRingf ng fo* the fpace of one l£ont ; ano tbat all tbe CUlDero of the De- { t|e JBatiOj tefpettibelp tepatr unto tbe Cbnteb befoje tbe 25ett babe pUnes ' Done tinging 5 fobete Bibfof ng tbemfelbes Into ttoo cquaH jpambew, o? as neat CrjnaUasmap be, tljcp ftall take tbeit places accojofng to tbeit SDtgnitf cs, If trjep be of fitters qualities, ant> accojoing to tbeit rento}ft£, tbe time being, (inftead of thefe the Surveyors was to officiate at the Inftitution or firft Oceana. 6% IBfl Affcmbly) bp boloing up tbeit bancs, to matte a fair election at* caning unto tbe Hatoes of the 3!8aflot,a6 tljep be bereafter Crplatneo, of fuebperfons amounting untoa jftftbpart of tbeir toboie number to be their JPcputfcs, ano to erercife tbeir power in manner hereafter crplatueD, asthep walltbink in tbelt Confcicnces to be fittett foj tbat truff , ano toill acquit tbemfelbes of it to tbe beft aotiantage of tbc Comment tocaltb, #no, oatb being tljus maoe, tbep (ball pjoceeo unto ©lection , if the Cloers of tbe$Jarifl» amount unto one 2Dbou< fanobptbc Ballot of tbc SCrtbC (as it is in due place Explained): $nO if tbcCloers of tbc JpariQj amount unto JFiftp o? upiuatDSj but teftfc* in tbe jjiumber of one JOjoufann, bp tbc Fallot of tbc ^mtD?eo ( as it is in the due place explained); But if tbc ClOCrs amount not unto if iftp, tben tbcp wall pjoceeo unto tbc Ballot »( tbc J^arifij as it is in tbts place, ano after tbts manner crplainco . %bt ttoo &berf ecrs f o? tbe time being, fliali feat tbcmfelOrs at tbc upper eno of tljc mfoole Bllrp, luitb a Sable befojetbem, tbeir faces being tofoatos tbc berfeers, unto eberp one of tbe Cl- oers, \chofballbolD up a pellet maoe of linncn rags, bet rooen bis fir ger ano bis tbumb, ano put it after fucb a manner into tbe bo*, as tbourtb no man can fee into tubtcb uoe be puttetblt ; pet any man map fee tbat be puts in but one pellet ,ojfuff rage; ano thefuffrageof tbe Congregation being tbusgiben, (ball be retntneo With tbe Bor o? SBoreu unto tbc £>berfeers, tobo opening tbe fame (ball pout tbe arTitmattbe Balls into a tobtte Bowl ftanoing upon tbe SCable on tbe rfgfct 6z Oceana* tfgbt bano,to be numb? cd bp tbe fitff Abetter ; anb tbe $egattbe f n* to a dDreen JlSatol ftanBing on tt>c left bam>, to be numbjeo bp tbc fe= cono £>berfeer : anotbe fuffrages being nambjeo, be tobobatb tbe jitajoj.pattfntbe#ffirmattbe, is one of tbe ^Deputies of tbe |Barfftj; am> toben fo manp deputies arc ebofenaa amounts unto a full fiftb part oftbetobole number of tfte @loers tbe 315allot foj tbat time (ball ccafe. SOjc deputies being ebofen are to be lifteo bp tbe jSDbcrfars inojoetaBtbeptoere Cbofcn, fabe onlp tbat fucb as are^ojfeareto belifieointbetirft place toitb tbe reft pjopojtionablp to tbe number of tbe Congjegation, after tljts fanner: Anno Do.m. The Lifi of the fit jt Mover. A. A. ord. ecj; i. Dep."j of tbe JSarift) of — in tbe ^«u> B. B. 2.Dcp. njeoof — anotbei&ribeof C C. 3 .Dtp. ItoWcb fBartto at tbe pjefent p D . Dc j ©lectien contatnetb 20 ClDers, 5 ' C ^' J ©gucftrian ®mu %%t firft ano feeons in tbe ILift ate Abetters bp Confcquencc : tbe ibirofstbeConftable, anMbefourtbanofiftbare Cburcb* MaroenS; tbe perfons fo ebofen arc SDeputies of tbe |3arift) foj tbe fpace of one peat from tbeir ©lettf on, ano no longer, noj map tbcp be (Eletteo ttoo year© togetber. SCbis &tff, being tbe Primum Mobile, t>% firft mebet of tbe Common, toealtb, istobeftegiateoinalBiib,Bilfgcntip kept snopjeferbeBbptbe^berters, toboare llefponfib'.ein tbeir places foj tbeteanBotbet duties to be beteafter mentioneo, unto tbe €m* fojsof tbeffirtbe, ano tbe Congregation is to obferbe tbe pjefent ^oer,astbepiDill^nftoertbccontrarpuntotbe Phylarch, 01 tyiz-. rogatibc&roopof trje SEtfbe ; iabfcb,fncp.feof failure in tbe fobole oj anppatt of it, babe potoer to ifinetbesn oj anp of tbem ; at Bffcre* tion, but unoer an Appeal unto tbe parliament. For proof of this Ordcr,in Rcafon • it is with all Politicians paft difpute, that paternal power is in the right of nature ; and this is no other then the derivation of power from Fathers of Families, as the naturall Root of a Common-wealth; and for Experience, if it be otherwife in that of Holland, I know no Oceana. 63 no other Example of like kind. In Ifrael, the Soveraign power came clearly from the natural root, the Elders of the whole people, and Rome was bom Comitus Curiat is in her Parochial Congregations, out of which Romulm firftraifed her Senate, then all the reft of the Orders of that Common-wealth, Jof.24.i, which rofe fohigh; For the depth of a Common-wealth is the juft height of it. If/fa h&fet Scopulis et tantum Venice ad auras l&tbereas, quantum Radtce adTartara, tendit. She raifes up her head unto the Skies , Nee r as her Root unto the center lies. And if the Comraon-wealth of Rome were born of thirty * Pariflies, this of Oceana was born of Ten thoufand. But whereas mention in the Birth of this is made of an Equestrian Order, it may ftartle fuch as kriow that the divifion of the people of Rome atthelnftitutionof that Common-wealth into Orders, was the occafion of her ruine. The d lftin&ion of the Tatrician as an hereditary order from the very Inftitution, en- grofling all the Magiftracies, was indeed the deftruction of Rome-, but to a Knight or one of the Equeflrian Order, faith borate. Si quadringentU fex, feptem millia defuhi plebs em. By which it fhould feem that this order was no other wife hereditary then a man's Eitate, nor gave it any Claim to Ma- giftracy 5 wherefore you lTiall never find that it dilquieted the Common -wealth ; nor doth the nairie denote any more in Oceana, then the Duty of fuch a mans Eftate unto the Pub- lique. But the Surveyors both in this place and in others, for as much as they could not oblerveall the circumftanccs of this Order, efpecially that of the time of Election, did for the firft as well as they could ; and the Elections being made and Regiftred,took each of them Copies of thofe Lifts which were within their allotments ; which done, they produced, ©be &frtb£DjDer,ofre(tfng,fn cafe aj&atfen o* tSfcat of a fjtotiftj «ome to be temebeo bp oeatb, o% bp trje Cenfoja, tbat tbe Congregate on of tbe 10atf ft) #ffemble ano Depute one o% t too CDloers of tbe Wab lot, toboapon tbe cbarge of tbe patifti ftraH repair unto one of the mnfbetfitfea of this Ration toftb a Certificate figneB bp tbe SS>\>tu titxe, am> aQBtefceo tmto tbe tEUc^ChanceUoj ; tobkb Certificate gi- bing 6j\. Oceand. tine; notice of ttjebeatb oj ftcmofcali of tbc Jlatfon o» Witat, of tbe nalnc of tbc parfc-nage 0} diccriucc, ana of tbc ecfi're of tbc Con's Qjcra ton to mctbc a |Bjobationer from tbat SSnfbcrutp ; tbe THuc-- Cbancclloj upon tbe IRcccfpt thereof fliaii taH a Convocation, ano fta\ tits maoc cbopcc of a nt pctfon, (ball return bim in Due time unt* tbe laariA, toJjere tbc pcrfon fo returneD (ball receive tbe full frufts of t\)t Benefice oj mtcariDge, anDaotbe Dutp of tbc $arfon oj TCicar, fojtbefpaceof oncpear,as2Pjobatioucr; anotbefpace of one peat oetng crpfrco, ibeCoagjcgattonef tbc ClDcts (ball put tbeir JBjoba* tioner to tbc Ballot; anuif be attain not unto ttoo parts in tbjee of the Suffrage afTirmalibe be fballtaKebisleabeof tbe parfft), anb tbcp ftallfeno in like manner foj another l^obattoner : but if tbeir ^jolaiionec attain unto ttoo parts in tbjee of tbe Suffrage affirma* tibe, be is tbe paftoj of tbat |parf flh 3no tbe ^aftottr of tbc §0ariili iball pjap toitb tbe Congregation, pjcarb tbe Winn, ano aimfnrffcr tbe &at>aments unto tbe fame, accojoing unto tbe SDircttojp to be hereafter appof nteo bp ; tbe parliament, jliebcrtbelctte fucb as arc of gatber'o Congregations, ej from ime to time (ball jopn foftb anp of tbem,are in no totfe oblfgeo to tbts foap of© ecting tbtir ffieacbers, vi to give tbeir tSotcs in tbis Cafe, buttobotfp left unto tbe libertg of tbeir Confcience, anoun'otba: tospof teo?ibfp tobicb tbep (ball tb-fe, being not Popifb, letoiJb, no; 3ioolatrcus awto tbccnD that tbcp map be tbe better pjetecteo bptbe &tate in tbe jFret (Ejtercife of tb« fame, tbcp ate DcBreD to mafee cbepce in fucb manner as tbep belt like of certain spagffiracs tit everp one of tbctr Conpjegarions, tobfeb toe coulo toiflj migbt be if our in eacb of tbem, to be #uoito?s f n Cafes of Differences, 0; Diftatrc if anp tbjougb barfctp of opinions, tbatmapbegriebous, 0; injurious unto tbem, (boulo fallout #n& fucb Stabttow 0? #agf Urates (ball babe potoer to examine tbe mattet ano inform tbemfelbes, totbeenD tbat if tbcp tbfnfe it of fufffcient toeigbt tbep map acquaint tbe Phylarcb, oj in nrtuec it info tbe Councill of ftelfcton ; tobcre all fucb Caufes as fucb #agiffrates fballinttoouce, (ball ftom time to time be bears ano aetcrmfneo ac* coding u.ito fucb latoes as ?.rc o? (ball bcreaftcr be pjovioeo bp tbe fBatUament for tbe jutt Defence of tbe ttfbettp of Con' cicncc This Order conlifteth of three parts, the firft reftorirg the power ot Ordination unto the people, width that it . rigi- nally appertained* untotnem, is clear (though not in Engrift£ Aft. 14. yet) in Scripture, where the Apoftles ordatntdElden by J>e 2 3. holding up of bands in every Congregation, that is, by the iufrrage ' of Oceana. 6% of the people which was alfo given in fome of thofe Cities by the Ballot ; and though it may be fhewn that the Apoft!es ordained fome by the Laying on of hands, it will not befhew- en that they did lb in every congregation. Ex:ommur.iciition as not clearly proveable out of Scripture being omitted. The fecond part of the order implyes and e- ftablilhcth a nationall Religion; for there be degrees of know- ledge in Divine things, true Religion is not to be attained un- to without fearching the Scriptures j the Scripture cannot be fearched by us unlcflc we have them .to fearch \ and if we have nothing elfc or (which is all one) underftand nothing clfe but a translation we may be fas in the place alleadged, we have been) beguiled or milled by the translation , while we iliould be karcning the true fence of the Scripture,which can- not be attained unto in a naturall way (and a C.ommoa-rredtb is not to prcfume upon that which is lupernaturall) but by the knowledge of the originall, and of Antiquity acquired by our own Itudics , or thole of iome other , for even Faith comeib by bearing. Wherefore a Common-wealth not making provifion of men from time to time , knowing in the originall languages wheiein the Scriptures were written and verfed in thole Anti- quities whereunto they fo frequently relate, that the truelenfe of tnem dependeth in a great part upon tnat knowledge , can never be fecure that fhe fhall not lofethe Scripture , and by confequence her Religion, which toprefervefhe mull inftitute fome method of tnis knowledge, and fome uleof fuch as have acquire J it, which amounteth unto a Nationall Religion. The Common-wealth having thus performed her duty towards God,as a rational Creature by the beftApplication ot her rea- fon unto Stripcure,for the prefer vation of Religion in the purity of the (a me, yet pretendeth not unto infallibility, but comes in the third pairtof the order, eltablifhmg Liberty of Conference according to the inftruclions given unto her Councell of Re- ligion > to raife up her hands to Heaven, for further light , in which proceeding fhefol'oweth that (as was fhewen in the preliminaries) of Ifrael who though her Nationall Religion were evermore a part of her Civil Law gave unto her Pro- phets the upper hand of all her Orders. But the Surveyours having, now done with the Pariihesi tooke their Leaves fo , A parijh is thefrft divifion of Ldndoccafi- oned by tbefirjt ColleBionof the people of Oceana, vhefe funBion pro- De fi nit £ n "f per unto that pUce is comprised in the fix foregoing Orders. " * The next ftep in the progrcfle of the furveyours was to a meeting of tbe neereft of them, as their work lay, by twenties i„a; tttt ; 0Ht f where conferring their lifts and computing the Deputies con- thcHundred tained therein 3 as the number of them in Parifhcs 3 being neer-i L eft 66 Oceana. eft neighbours , amounted unto one hundred, or as eavenas might conveniently be brought with that account, they caft them and thole Parishes into the precinft which (be the Depu- ties ever fince more or fewer) is itill called the hundred and un- to every one of tl.cle Precincts they appointed a certaine place being tne molt convenient Towne within the fame for trie Annuall R&adez>VQ#,Zi ; wnich done, each Surveyour re- turning unto his hundred and lummoning the Deputies con- tained in uis lifts unto the Randczvouz, they appeared and re- ceived, 7. Ord. 2Cl)c ^ebentb J©i&cr, requiring, SCftat upon tljc firff fljkmrj&p ncit enfuingtbelattof 3anuarp, U}c2Dcpaie0Qf eberp QaxiQ) #niwal!p ailcmblc in #tms at tbe Iftanoeiiou? of tbe f£unojcr>, anu trjerc (Elect out of tijett number one Suffice of tbe peace one 3iuvp=man, one Captain, one (Enfign of tljeit SErsp oj Ccnturp, eaclj of tbcfc cut of tbe 3£ojfe ; ano one 3urp*»tan, one Crctonct, one ^glj Conftable out of tbe jFjot ; tljc ©\ection to be maoe tip ttjc ©allot in trjt'0 man- ner trjc 3iarp=mcn foj tbe time being are to be £>iacrfars of tlje 3J5aU lot,(initead of theie, the Surveyors are to officiate aj the firlt Ailembly) ano to lask unto tlje performance of tlje fame accojotng to toijat inag DitcucoiJitbc ©allot of ttjc parfftjea, ralietbattbe ^isb Conftable fctttngfojtb tfjcTCm,ftjallbato&bc feucraU faites of £olt>JI5all0,anD oneSDofen of eberp fufte, tobcrcoftbe firftfbattbcmarkco foitb tlje fetter a. tbe fecono Uiittj tbe letter B. tbe trjitD toitbC tbe fourth toitbD, an^tbcfiftbtoitrjE, # n oof cacbofthefc fut'iabe (ball caft one ©attfntobfs bat, o? into a little Strn, ant) fbabi ng tbe15atl0 to= getber pjefent tljem unta tlje firft Abetter, tnbo ftjall *>?ato one, antt ttjc fuit iobicbis fo ojaton fcp tbe £>ijcrf.xr fbaU be of nfe foj trjat Dap, ano none otber : foj (Example, if tlje Starter ojctoanA. tbe !£fg& ConffableftjatipatfebengolD=©allsmarUcDtoitb tbe letter A. tmo tbe tttm, toitb fo manp filter one0 as fbaU bjing tbem caben foitb tlje number of tbeEPeputie©, tcbo being fioojn an befo?e, at tlje Fallot of ttjc ipartCti, to mafee a fair ©lection, fbaU be eallct) unto tbe dim ; ano jeucrp man coming in manner aa toas tberefbetocu, ftsall 2Djaia one OlBaU, tobicbtfitbeftltoer, ijcfljal' cafttt fnto a ©otal trancing at tfee fatoftbc^lrn, ano return unto bts place; but tbe irtttbat Djatoctft a?olt>©att (Ojetolngft unto tbe jSDttettere toboif it bate not tbe Irttrr of tbepjefent ©allot, batlj potoet to appicbenu ano punflb Mm), ia tbe firft (Elect % • tbe fee omi tbe feconu (Elector, ano fo to tbe [u bentb, tobicb 3>^t *bcp are to, obfetbe in tbeir ftmctfon. jx&e €lecto*s as tbcp aw ojafcmfbaUbe placeaapon tbe ©encb bp tbe 3Di?cr< Oceans 6j jflDfcct f ttts, t til the toholc number be Corapleat, an & then be ConDRtt. to tai tb the ifft of the Officers to be ebofen, into a place apart, tobm being private, the firft (Elector fljaU name a perron nnto the firft office in the %itt , ano if the perfon fo namco being JlBallotteo bp the reft of the Cledojg, attain not unto the better half of the Suffrages in the affirmative, the firft elector ftmll continue nominating others, untf 11 one of them fo nominates bp him attain unto the plurality of the &nf> frages in the affirmative, ano be ivjttten firft Competitor to the firft office. Eljisotme thefecomreiector (ball obfetvc tn bis turn the Itkeeroet; ano fo the reft of the (Electors naming Competitor eac!) unto bis refpectiVe office in tbellttt, till one Competitor be tbofeit unto ever? office: ano tohenone Competitor is ebofen nnto ever? office, the firft elector fbaU begin again to name a fecono competitor unto the firft office, ano the reft fucceffivelp ftwU name unto the reft of the Offices till ttoo Competitors be ebofen unto everp office, the like ftjall be repeateo till three Competitors be chofen to everp office: Stootohen three Competitors be chofen to everp office, the lift (ball be returnee unto the £>tosrtets, or furh as the ,£Dberfeers, in cafe t hep or cither of them beppeneD, be electors, have fabttttnteb in his or their place or places: ano the Abetters ©r ^nbftttutes havfngcan* feo the Hi ft to be read unte the Congregation, (ball put the Compete tors fnoroetastbep are torftten, unto tbeSBallot of the Congrega* tio«; ano the reft of the procecotngs being carrieb en in the manner VfrectcD in the iFittb ^>jber, that Competitor of tbe three torftteti unto each office, fobohatb moftof the Suffrages above half in the affirmative, is the Officer. JEbe JLift beinfc after this manner (Bom* pleateo, (nail be entree into a IRegitter, fo be kept at the Kanoevouf ofthe^nnoreo,unvcrinfpectfon of the $agf Urates of tbe fame, af res this manner: L % Anno 68 Oceana. Anno Domini. Tbe Lift of the d^ebulofa. A.A. orJ.cq. Jufticc of chc peace ~\ B. B. ord. cq. Firft Jury-man | eftbc^inrojerjof — -• CC. orJ. eo. Captain of che Hundred I in tbe SDribc of D.D.ord.eq. Enfign j>tobtcb ^anojcD con, E. E. Second Jury-man F. F. High Conftable G.G. Crowncr j fittetb at tbfa (Election of io5 2Depatte0. Stljc ILtft being cntteo, tbe ^fg&Conirablc (ball take tteee Copies of tbe fame, tobcrcof bclballfojtbWtb ftetutn one unto tbe Hojo |igb J&betfffe of tbe &ribe , a fecono onto tbe 3Ujo Cuflos Rotuloruro, ant a tbf to unto tbe Ccnfojs (oj tbefe tb jougb tbe iuant of fucb 9&a* gftttates at tbe fittt mufter,map be returned unto the Orator, to be ap- pointed for that Tribe.) %o tbe obferbatf on of all ano efcerp part of tbts £>juct, tbe iMiccrs ano ^Deputies of tbe ^untrjeo are all ano eberp of tbcm obligee, ae tbep tolll #nftoer It to tbe Phylarch, tobo batb polrrr t'n rafe of failure in tbe tobole o% anp part, toJFtnealloj anp of tbem fo failing at oifcretfen, o> accojoing tmtoftrtb Haloes as filatl beteafter be pjobiueD in tbat Cafe; bnt nnoer an Appeal unto tbe parliament. There is little in this order worthy of any further account , then that it anfwers unto the rulers of hundreds in Ifrael 3 to the Mora or Military part of the Tribe in Lacedepion , and to the Century in Rome. The Jury-men, being two in a hundred , and fo forty in a Tribe, give the Latitude allowed by the Law for exceptions. And whereas the gold-balls at this Ballot be- gin to be marked with Letters , whereof oue is to be drawn immediately before it begin • This is to the end that the let- ter being unknown, men may be frustrated of Tricks, or foul play, whereas otherwife a man might bring a gold ball with him and make as if he had drawn it out of the Urn. The Sur- veyors when they had taken Copies of thefeliftsj had accom- plished their worke in the Hundreds. Definition of So^An Hundred if tbefecond divifion of Land occafioned by tbefe- the Hundred con d Collision of tbe people jvbofe Civilland Military funftions proper unto Oceana. 6$ unto ibis place are comprifedin the foregoing order Ha. ving {fated the hundreds, they nut once againe by twenties, where there was nothing more caly then to call every twenty hundreds, as they lay moil conveniently together into one Tribe, fo the Inftimionof whole Territory of Oceana ^ coniiiiing of about ten thoufand, theTribe, Parifhes, came to be call into one thouiand hundreds , and in- to fifty tribes. In every Tribe at the place appointed for the Annuall Randevouzeofthe lame, were then, or foone after, put in hand, thofe buildings which are now called pavilions, oftbePavi* each of them Handing with one open fide, upon fair Columnes lioni > » like the porch of fome ancient Temple , and looking into a field, capable of the mutter otfomc foure-thoufand men .* be- fore each Pavilion, ftand three pillars iurtamiiigurnesforthe. . Ballot, that on the right hand equall in height to the brow of an Horfe-man , being called the Horfeum, that on the left hand, with Bridges on either fide to bring it Equall in height with the brow of a foot man, being called the Foot-urn; and the middle urne , with a bridge on the fide towards the Foot-urn , the other fide, as left for the horfe, being without one: and here ended the whole worke of the Suneyours who returned unto the Lord Archon with this jiccompt of the Qharge* Imprimis, Urns, Balls, and Rillotting Boxes? 1. s. The whole for ten thouiand Parifhes, the fame being>2oooo. — o Charge of the woodden ware,- ■ -3 lnfiitHtio» t Item, Provifions of like kind for a thou- 7 fand Hundreds— S 3 °°° ~ ° 2000 — Item, Urns and Balls of Metall, with Bal- lotting Boxes for Fifty Tribes ■ Item, for erecting of Fifty Pavilions, £ 60000 — o Item, Wages for Four Surveyors General 7 . at 1 000 1. a man ~ S ~~ ° Item, Wages for the reft of the Surveyors, 7 being iooo, at 250 1. a man j*5"«oo Sum Total!, 33^000-^-0 No great matter of charge for the building of a Common* ■wealth , in regard that it hath coft (which was pleaded by the Surveyors) 70 Oceand. Surveyors) as much to rigg a few {hips, heverrheleiTe thdf proveth not them to behoneit, nor their accompt tobejuit ; but they had their money for once , though their reckoning be plainly guilty of a Crime, to coft him his neck that Commits it another time, it being impoffible for a Common-uealth, with- out an exact provision,, chat fhe be not abufed in this kind , to fubfift, if it were not in regard of the charge (though that may goe deepc) yet in regard of the debauchery and corruption , whereunto , by negligence in her accounts, fhe infallibly cx- pofeth her Citizens, and thereby flakeneththepublique Faith, which is the Nerve and ligament of Government. But the Surveyors being difpatched, the Lord zArchon was very curi- ous in giving names unto his Tribes , which having caufed to be vvricten in fcroles calt unto an urnc, and prefented unto the Counccllours , each of them drew one, and was accordingly fentunto the Tribe in his Lot, as Orators of the fame, a magi- itracy no othcrwife instituted, then for once and Protempre^ to the end that the Councill upon fo great an occafion might both Congralute with the Tribes, and airlift at the firft multer in fome things of neceffity to be differently carried from the eftablifhed administration and future courfe of the C om ~ mon-rveahb. The Orators being arrived, every one as foone as might be^ at theRandevouze ofhis Tribe , gave notice to the hundreds , and fummocied the multer , which appeared for the raoft part upon good horfes,and already indifferently well Armed; as to inftance in one for all, the Tribe of Nubia, where Hermes de Caducea , Lord Orator of the lame, afterafhort falutationand an hearty welkome, applyed himfcli uuto his bufineffe, which began with 8. Orel. %ty ©icjljtlj ;©jB£t ; teqnftfng, 2Cbat t&e 3lojt> l£fg!j &bcrftTc as CommanDer fn Cbfef, anDtfeeHojo Cuff os JRotPlojttm as fynitcu tnaffetof tbeSCtibe, (orthe Orator forthefirlt Muller) uponKcccp* tfon of tfie &ffts of tbjir ^anDjess, retumeD mito tljem bp the ^{grj Conffablesof tljefame, fojtbtoitbcaufetfjemtobecattnp, Dftoiofag tlje ^ojfe from tlje iFot, ano Ifffing tbe ^ojfe bp tbeit names fn SEraops, each SCrap containing about a bunojeo in number, to be ut- fcriben firft, feions oitbJrt>£rfflp,sc, accojDingtotlje£Djoer0gra:s uponbpttjefaiD spagiffrates : totjica none, tljepuiaU lift trjeiFcot fn lite manner, ana infetibe the Companies in lifee ojoer. JC&efe llffis upon trjc etc of tbe Rafter (ball be BelftereD unto certain SErnmpCi tojs ann Summers, fotjeteof tbere ffjall b* .fifteen of eac& fojt ( aa lucll fo? thcpjcrciU as otbet ufes to be hereafter mentions) ft/pen-. Diateo, Ocednd* 71 siateo bp the cribc : ano the crumpeters ano JDjuinniers ftjall be in the iFfcia befoje the pftilfon, upon the cap of tbe mutter, fofam as it is light, tobcrctbep ftmllftano eberponc toftlj bis jLtJ£ in bis bans, ataoueoittanee, placco acco?oing tmtotbcfljecr of tlje 3Lffi ; the trumpeters tuitb the 3ttfts of tbc^ojfecntbc right banc, ano tt)e SDjumrners U)itb the lifts of tbe feat on the left ftano ; tube re ha"- tingfounoco a labile, each of tbem (ball begin to call, ano tonttnuc calling tbe names of tbe ^Deputies, as tfjcp come into tbe jfielo, till both tbe l^ojfc ano .foot be gatberco bp that means into tbeit cue o?= oer. fflje ^o?fc ano iFcot being in ojoet, tb; 3Lojo iLtcbtcnant of tbeSErtbe (ball raft fa manp CDolQ Balls markco tottb tbe figures 1,2. 3.4. ic. astbcrcbe2Lrapjof ^ojfcintbe J^ielo, together uutb fo maup filter Bale as tberc be Companies, marfeco in tbe fame man- ner into a little tEirn, tebcrcunto be Uoatl call tfc Captains j ano tbe Captains ojatuing tbe (Solo Balls ftjall commano tbe l£o?fe ; ano tljofe that Qjato tbe filter tbe fat, cacb in the ojocr of bis 3Lot. 2Dbe like ftjali be Bone bp tbe Conouctoj at the fame time fo? the (Enfigns, at another 23 rn ; ano tbep that ojato the <25oID Balls ttjaii be Cc;ncts> the reft enfigns. This order mayTrafh the reader, but tends unto a wonder- full fpeed of the Mutter, to which it would be'a great matter, to loie a day in ranging and martialling, whereas by venue of this the Tribe is no fooner in the feild then in Battalia, nor fooner in Battalia then called unto the Urns or the Ballot by vertue of 2Cbe $intb £>jDcr ; iobctebp tbe Cenfojs (or the Orator for the o Orel. firft MuHer ) upon deception of tbe J4ffs of the ^unoseos from the ^igb Canftables, accojoingasfsofreaeDbptbc&erjentbjaDjoer, are to make their notes foj the tarns befojebano, toitij rcgaro bao nnto tbe ILiSs of tbe Sj&aglftrates, to be electee bp tbe enfuing iDjoers j that is tofap, bp tbefirtt lift cnlleo tbe $?ime ^agnituQc,fiic j ano bp the fecono calleo the (Dallarp, nine. Mhercfoje tbe Cenfojs are to put into the intoole Sm fo* the Election of the firtti-tft t toentp four <©olo Balls, toith ttoentp fit: blanks qi Sifter Balls, in all firtp j ano into the fioe tarns Irrtp golo^balls Otoioee unto each arco?ofng unto the Oifferent number of the ^ajfe ano the fat ; that is to fap, if tbe ^ojfeano tbe jFsotbc equall,rqHallp ; ano if tbe^ojfe ano the JFcot beunrquall; unequalip,bpan Arithmetical! pjopojtiort: 2£he like (halt be oone the fecono oap of the sputter, fo>tbe fecono 3L{ft, faue thai 72. Oceana. UjattljeCcnfojsfviall put into thcmiaaie navti 36.. <25olB= Balls toU|> 24. Bianfts, in all firtp ; ana urtp ©olo=Balls into tlje aaemrns DttiocD refpettitalp unto tfte number of the ^o;fe ana tlje iFmt : ant> tljc gola-Balls in tljc uae Urns at ettftcr Ballot arc fep tlje aaoitfon of BlanKstobcbjougtjt ea"bcn toftrj tlje number of tlje Ballottants at rfttjer mm rcfpectibelp. SLrje Cenfojs baling prepares ttjeft i^otes> eg tjatlj btxn fticum, ana being come at tl)C Pap into tlje JFfelo, ttjall fjefent a little mm unto tlje loja^fglj Sheriff, fctjo is to ajato tioicc fo j tbc letters to be nfca tljat Dap, tljc one at tlje fiae mrns, ana tlje ottjer at ttye mf aole. 3na tljc Cenfojs rjaWng fittco tlje mrns acco?ainglp,fliall place ttjcmfcltics in certain moveable &eats oj |0al. #ts, (to be kept foj. that ure in trjc j^atjilion) tljc firft Cenfo; befoje tljc ^ojfe mm, tlje fecono befoje tljc Jfot mm, tljc Blojo Jlfetrtes nantootng tfce office of Cenfoj pro tempore at tljc miaaie mrn ; Where all ana efcerp one of trjem ftiall caufc the Blatoes of the Ballot to be aitf gcntlp obferfcea, taking a fpeciaU care, tljat no man be fuffe* rca to come abotje once unto tljc mm (totjereof it mo?e particular!? concerns tlje &nb»Cenfojs, tbatiste tap, tbe j©'oerters of etoerp $arfft), to becarefuU, ttjep being cbcjj in tljis regara refponSMc fej. ttjclt refpectitie |9arifots) oj to ajato abofce one Bail, toWcij if it be CDoia, be is to pjefent unto the Ccnfoj, Vubo Cqall look upon tlje &ef* ter ; ana if it be not ttjatof the BDap, ano of tlje refpectibe Urn, appje* Ijena tbc partp, uibo fo> ttjt's o^ anp otfcer like cifojaer, isobnor-ions unto tfce Phylarch. This order being obferved by the Cenforsit is nor poflible for the People, if they can buc draw the Balls, though they underfland nothing at all of the Ballot to be out. ToPhilofo- pnize further upon this. Art, though there be nothing more ra- tional^ were not worth the while , becaule in writing it will beperplext, and the firft pradtife of it gives thedemonftrari- on, whence it came to pafle, that the Orators after fome need- kfle paines in the explanation of the two foregoing Orders , betaking himfelfe to exemplify the fame,found the work done unto his hand j for the Tribe as eager upon a bufwefTe of this nature , had retained one of the Surveyors , out of whom (before the Orator arrived)they had gotten the whole myftery by a ftolen mutter, at which in. order unto the Ballot, they had made certaine Magiftrates fro tempore } wherefore he found not onely the Pavilion , (for this time a Tent) erected with three polls fupplyingthe place of Pillars unto theurnes ,, but the urnes, being prepared with a juft number of Balls for the firft Oceana. 73 firft Ballot, to become the field, and the occafion very gallant- ly, with their covers made in the manner of Helmets , open at either Eare to give paflage unto the Hancbof the Ballottants , and fianting with noble Plumes to direct the March of the peo- ple; whcretore he proceeded to %\)t CeHtb £>;ocr, tc quiring of tbc HTcputtes of trjc ^arilfas, IO - 0ra? ° 2Cbat upon eticvp #anoap ucjct cnrufngtrje laft of ifcb?uarp. trjcp mate tfair pctfonall appearaiicr,^o;ic anQ if cot fa £nns accojofaglp, at trjc Hanoetionj of tbcSEribc, tofarc being in cifciplinc trje ^ojfc upon tfa rijjbt ano tfa if cot upon tlje left , befojc tbc |D;ailion ; ana batting maoe i©atb bpboloing up tfair fanes, up@u tfatenoctof it l\> tbe ILoio ^igb &>fatirt"e, to make (Election trutfaut fattour,ano of fitch ondpastfap fbaUiUBgC fitteftfo?. tbc Common-wealth; tfa Coin Durtojffaflta!\e r . 3i5alls,trjc one infetibcu toftb tfafc toojos [outwird files,] anotfat toitbtfafefoOJBS [inward files,] aitD tfa tbitO toftf) tfafe [middle files;] tobfeb Balls fa ftjallcaft into a little Wlxn, ano picfCHtittotfa&ojobigb&fatfff, toboojaVuing one, (fall gfuc tfa teojosof Commano, as tfap arc thereupon tnfcribeo, snathe Ballot ftiaU begin accojainglp : if e; example, if I be Ball be inferibco mid- dle-files, tfa Ballot wall begin bp tfa mfoolc ; tbat te, tfa ituo files that are mioale to tfa ^o?fe, OiaS ajato out fitft to t-fa f^ejfe <2lru,am> tfatfoo files that arc mfaolcto tfa if cot, ftiall ojafej out fitft to tfa if cot Mm ano be follofoeo bp all tfa reft of tfa if iles as tfap are ncr-t unto tfam in e;oer. 2Cfa like fhaU be Bone bj? tfa intoata, oj bp tfa onttoato if iles, in cafe tfap be fitft calico, #ns trje if iles, as cfcerp wan bath ojaton bis Ball, ifitbculfcet, ftiall begin at tbc mm to Countermarch unto tfair places ; but be tfat hath ojaton a golo=Ball atafioe »2lrn, ftiall p?occca unto tbc mioble tarn ; toherc if tfa Ball faajatoetb be Giber, bcalfo ftiall Countermarch ; But if it begola, fa wall take bis place upon a fojmfct cjoffe tbc JJabilion, toitb fas face totoarb tbc 5LojtJ i^icirj ^rfariff, foho ftiall be feareaintbemiooie cf tfa fBafcilfon, toltb certain Clerks bp Sim, one of tobicb ftiall tojtte ootontbe names of cfcrrp C'lettoj, tfat is, of eOerpone tfat ojeiu a goto Ball at tfa mioble THrn, ano fa tbc ^DjDcr, bis Bali teas ojaton> till tfa (Electojs amount unto fir in number • ano trje firft fir Clect o;s ^ojfe ano ifcotpjomifcuounp,a;c tfa fitft ojber of Clettojs; tbc fe= conn ft* (ftM accompting tfam as tbep ate o?aton) tfa fecono £>mt i tfa trjtro fijr, tfa f hito mttt ; ano tfa fourth fir, tfa fourth £)joer of ©lettojs : ebcrp ®1 ectoj fcabf ng place fa hfs o>ocr, acco jofag unto the ty ojoer 74 Oceana. Wjer toherefn be foasDjafon : IBut fo fam as thefaft oroet of map not enter into the 56 Uot of 2Crfbe. 3f there atife anpBifputc in an orDet of ©lectors, one of tbeCenfojs .,©r fukCenfojs atpetntcobp thew, in cafe thep be ©lectors, {ball enter into tbe SLent of tbat iD;ocr; anu tbat £Djoet ftaU fianttunto his 3ln?gment in tbe teciuouof tbe Controtetue. SLbe like fljall be Done tractlp bp rath otber, oraer of .©lectors, being fent as thep are Draton; eatb toitb anotber Crpp of tbe fame lLtff,f nto a Dfffiuct SCent, till, there be rrturneo unto tbe HojD ^igb Sheriff four Competitors unto ehcxg ^gifltatp in tbe lUtt ; that is to fap, 8)nt of the&ribe of Nubia, tontaining at this pre- sent Rafter ,7 co ^orfe> anD 1S00 jFmt, in all i2oo ^Deputies, Oceans 75 iDnc Competitor Clccf c& anto eberp office in etscrg one of the Tout jBDjoers; tabid) Competitors tbe Jtor-D ^igb Sheriff ttialltaufe to be pjonpunceo or reao bp a Crper unto the Congregation, ant) the Con., grega ion hairing bearo the tobole&ittstepeate:), tbe names ftrll be put bp tbe &oro^f0b Sheriff unto the SLrfbe, one bp one, bcrirming truth the firft Competitor in tbe firft j©jocr, tbence procecDing to tbe firft Competitor in tbe fecono £>rocr, ano fo to tbe firft in tbe thiro ano fourtb £>jucrs : ant> tbe Suffrages being taken in bores Bp bopes as bath ban alreaop fteinn) ttiaU be pouret into tbe 315jiulcs ttanoing before tbe Cenfors, tobo Uiall be featco at each cno of the Stable in tbe ^atjilion , tbe one numbring tbe J3iTirmatfbes , anc tbe other the jjJcgatite ; an9be,of tbe four Competitors to tbe firf. $9 ciCracp, that hath mottaboticbf?lf tbe Suffrages of tbe 2Cribe in tbe 3rTirma« tifce, If it be objected againft this ordcr,that the Magiftrates tbbc elected by it, will be men of more interior rank then thofeofthe hundreds, in regard that thofe are chofen firit $ It may be re- membred , tnac fo were the Burgefles in the former Govern- mentjnevertheleffe the Knights of the Shire were menofgrea- terqualicy;And the election at theHundredis made by aCoun- celotEkctors,ofwhom lefs cannot t>e expected thenthedifcre- tion of naming perfons. fictcft for thofe capacities, with an eye upontheletobeekvtedattheTribe. For what may be ob- jected in the point or difficulty , it isdemonftrable by the fore- going orders, that a man might bring ten thoufandmen (if tnere wereoccalion) with as much eale, arid as fuddainly to performe the ballot, as he can make five thoufand men (draw- ing them out by double files) to march a quarter of a mile: but becaule at this Ballot, to go up and down the field , distri- buting the Linnen pellets unto every Man, with which he is to ballot or give fuffrage would lofe agreatdealeoftime, there- M 2 fore 76 Oceana. fore a Mans wife , his daughters or others make him his pro- vifion'of pellets before the ballot; and he cometh into the Held with a matter of a fcore of them in his pocket. And now I have as good as done with the fport. The next is, 1 1 .Ord. SCtjc CEIcbcntb £Droer, Crplalnfngtbe Duties ano junctions of the Fun&ions gpagifrratcs, container in tbe 3litt of tftc prime Sj^arittfbe : #n& of the Magi- tbofeof the ^ttnDjees, beginning toltbthc 3Lori> 3£t£b ^bctirt, tobo Unites ot the Prime ^wanu abotie bis more ancient iDfftccs ano tbbfe aaocDbp tbe for* Magnitude, met jSDjDet is tbe fittt #agfttratc of tbe Phylarch, oj prerogative Strop : tbe &or-D Blietitenant otier ano abohc bis SDutp mcntioneMs CommanDctfnCbiefof the mutters of the ;Pontb, ant> fecono S£agt= ttrate of tbe Phylarch ; tbe Cuflos Rotulorum is to return tbe pearlp $Pafter4Holies of theSCttbc, as toell tbat of tbe f^outb as of tbe (£u Dtrs untotftz IR-oUsfn Emporium, ana is tbe thfro ^agfttrateof tbe Phylarch : tbe Cenfojs bp tbcmfelfccs, ana tbeit fukCenfsrs, tbat ie f tbe jDBerteew of tbe ^arfftjes, ate to fee that tbe refpectttie 3latoes of tbe JBaBot be obferfceo in all tbe popular 0«emblies -of tbe 2Dribe : tbcp bauc potocr alfo to put fneb $ationaU SS?iniffcrs, as in preaching foal! intermeoole foftbtbc matter of dDohernment, out of tbeir litings; Crcept tbe partp appeal unto tbe Phylarch, o; unto tbe Counciii of S&eltgton tobere in tbat cafe tbe Cenfojs wall profecuie #U ano cberp one of tbefeSl&agtttrates, togetber toftb tbe iufitecs of $3eace : and tbe 3!urp=men of tije ^unt^ees, amounting in the fcbote number un- to tbreefcoje anBfi*, are tbe^erogatiue^rip or Phylarch of tbe SCrfbe. • i . %\>t functfon of tbe Phylarch oj prerogative 2Ertop is fibe=felo ; Functions jf^tbeparetbeCeunciUoftbeSCrtbe, anoas fucb to d&obem the uJb CPiym gutters of tbe fame accojoing to tbe fojcgofngi2>rDcrs, babfng Cog. ntjance of tobat batb paffeB f n.the Congregations, or elections maoe fntbepatftbeso;tbe ^unareBs, toftb potoer to punfw anp nmm practifesoj Variation fremtbefr refpectffce 3&ulcs ano £?rBefs, utr= oer an Appeal to tbe parliament, £ marriage legitimately is to be proneunceBbp tbe parocbfall Congregation, tbe gutter oftbe^un* Brea, oj tbe Phylarch j ano if a SCrfbe base a Bcttre (tobicb tbep are to wprette at tbe gutter bp tbefr Captains, ehcrp SLrcop bp bis oten) to petition tbe parliament, tbe Phylarch as tbe CounfeU fbaU frame tbe petition in tbe'paDilion, anapropofettbpClaufes, unto tbe Ballot of t^etoboUSCrtbe,anBtbeClawtestbat(baUteaif(rmet) bp tbe jBai* lot 0' Oceana. lot of tbeSCribc, ano be figneo bp tbe ftanosof tbeCt SgtogffiraitiS of tbeJMmcSpagnltuDe, fbaUbcrcceibcDanD cflameD bp tbe £)arlta ntcnt as tbe petition of tbe2Eribe,anDnootber. &econBlp, t|e Phylarch batb potoer to call unto tljett at'ittance iubat otber Strops of tbeSCribetbeppleafe (betbcpCBioersoji^ouib, lofjofe Difcipline tofli be hereafter Directed) ano totttj tbefe to recede tbe 3trt>ges Itinerant fnt^ett Circuits, to^omtlje Qfogtfitatcs of tbe Phylarch ftjaUaffiftupontbe)15eritrj,arjotrjc3iunesc!fctorjcrcm tbcfr pjoper functions acceding unto tbemejc Ancient ILavces ano Cu* flom0of tbfei^atton. 23tfrolp, tbe Phylarch ttmll boia tt>e Court caUcatbe €5uartcr*&cf» Gone accosting unto tbe Ancient Cuftom, ano tljerctn fijall alfobear CaufC0fn ejoer unto tbe Protection of 3libcrtpof Confc?encc,bp fuel) a&ules as arc o i fljaU bcreaf tcr be appointeD bp tbe parliament. 5Fourtblp> aUComrftiffions fffaeD into tbe bribes bptbc parlia* ^ menr, c^bp tbe Chancerp, atetobcDfrccteo unto tbe Phylarch, o; fomc of tfjat SDrajp, aha crccuteo bp tbe fame refpecttbelp. jFtftblp , In ibe Cafe of &ebfC0 of monrp ttjc parliament % 0jaU taic tbe pbplarcJjs, tbe J9ftplarc!js (ball tsr tbe ^unD?cD0, tbe ^widjcds tbe parifbes, ano tbe pariftjes Cbaa 3Lebp ft upon ibeinfclbes : tbe pari iocs babfng 3Lcijiet» tbe Car monep, accojafngip (ball return it unto tbe Officers of tbe ^untjjeus, tbe ^untjjeus unto tfee Phy larchs, anB tbe Phylarchsunto tbe Exche- quer: buttfamanrjatictcnCbttDjen libfng, fee (ball pap no tares; if be babe fibe lining, bt wall pap but balf caro ■ if be babe been #ar* riea tb?ee pears ojbeabobcttoentpfiae pear0 of age, ano babe no Cbila ©* CbilDjen llatofuBp begotten, be (ball pap Double tares : ano if tbere bappen to groto anp oifptttebpon tbcfe »% fucb otber jSDjDcrs as wall oj map bctctmto be aaoeD bereafter, tbe Phylarch iball juage tbe crtbes, ana tbe parliament fbaH tubge tbe Phylarchs ; foj tbe rcCt'f anp man (ball go about to introouce tbe rigbt oj potoer of Debate info anp Popular Council 01 Con&cgation of tbis Ration, tbe Phylarch oj anp fpagittrafe of tbe ^iinajeo o* of tbe cribe, fbaWtaufe him fojtbtrjftb to be fent in CnttoDp unto tbe ComtciU of War* The part of the Order relating unto the Rolls in Emporium, ^f'^Zf be ing of lingular ufe, is not unworthy to be fomewhac better UdrhePUlar Opened - 9 of Nilus. 78 , Oceana. opened ; In what manner the lilU.of the Parifhes , Hundreds ana Tribes arc madej hath been ftiewen in their rdpective,or« ders, whereafter theparties elected, they giveaccount of the whole number of the Elders or Deputies in their, r^fpedive aflembliesormufters} the like iorthis part exaclly , is done by the youth in their discipline (to be hereafter fhewen): wherefore tt.e hils of the Parifhes Youth and Elders being fummedup, give the whole number ofthe people able to beare Armes3 and the lifts of the Tribes Youth and E lders be- . ing fummed up, give the whole number of the people , bear- ing Armes. Tnis account being annually recorded by the Ma- fter ofthe Rolls is called the Pillar of Nilus, becaufe the peo-' pie being the riches ofthe Common-wealth, as they are found to rife or fall by the degrees of this Piliar like that River, give account of thepubliqueHarveft. Thus much for the defcription of the firft daies work at the Mufter,which happened, as hath been fhc.ven, to be done as fooneasfaid ; for as in pra&ife it is of fniall dificulty , fore- quires it not much time, feeing the great Council! of Venice conliftingofa like number, begins at i2.^)f the Clock, andE- le&s nine Magiftrates in one attcrnoon : But the Tribe being difmifTed for this night,repaired unto their quarters,under the conduft of their new Magiftrates. The next morning return- ing into the field very early, the Orator proceeded to 1 2 .0 rd. %& jSCtoelf f 9 <©joet ; Dtectf ng tfee SpaQtt of tfe %xi\)t in W ft- Inftitution COMD Dap00 ©lettfOtT, befog t&at Of t^e 3Utt calleD t^C Gallaxy ; in ohhcGal- toWc^tljeCenfojgfljallfjeparetfteliarttsaccojtstttgto the Direction© ***' gtten in tfe* #intb £»oct (t>% m tetonc Mot, tbat is to tap, tottft 36. golD.UBallBfn tbe miM)le®tn, matting feat JDinew, ant> nine fiElediojs in eljetg 4E>}Det accojuf ng ut|to the rnimbet of tfce ^agtftratcat in t&elUttof tfte ©allaicp, fobJcbJsasfoUotoetb: 1. Knight, T> £» Tobechofenoutof theHorfe. 2. Knight ^ 3. Deputy , 4. Deputy C To be chofen out of the Horfe, 5. Deputy J & Deputy-. 7. eputyr ^^^^ outo f t h e Foot. 8. Deputy^ 9. Deputy J *&S Oceana. qy %\yz teffef t&c ilSallot (tjall pjoceeo Cfractlp aecoj&tng unto t!;at of trje firft Bap ; 3l5ut f oj as mucrj as tlje Commonwealth SPcwaHWtf) as tDCll|,tl)e jfrutis of a mans bosp as of fjts mino, be that Ijatt) not ban raarrico frjall not be Capable of ttjcfc spagiffract'cs untiilrjcb;; ;rat= rico ; if a SPcputp alrcaop ctjofcn to be an £D.f tccc in tl)c parhl) in iljc i9unD3C3 o; in t'ac 2Erf be, be aHertoaros ctjofcn of tftc (Sallarp, it tlialt be laMullfojbim to HDcIcgatc bis ilDfficc in ttjc parift), in \\)C i£:m^ c;cd, c; in tfjc c= nats% ano continue fn full JJotuer ano Commiffion as &enato;s foj the full term of thjee pears ncrtenfuing tbc Date of tljctr election. SCtie deputies of tlje dPallarp arc to repair bp trjc fame cap (erccpt as fcefoje ereepteo) unto the ^all fituatco in Emporium, teljrre tbcp nrctobcltffeooftbcJJjeroeatirjecribco; equall Hcpjcfcntattve of tbc people; ano to continue in fullpotocr ano Conxmiaion as tbct'r deputies foj tbc full term of trr.ee pears, ncrt enfuf ng tbeir ©lection. Xntfo* as mucbasthe term of etorp ^igifiracp, m office in tbis Commomtoealtferequtretr) ancquall Vacation, aiitnigb', a SPeputp of tbedJallarpftabfngfulfiHeobis term of tteee pears {ball not be TfcelecteD unto the fame o; anp otljcr %xibt, till be bate alfo fulfilled Wstbjec pears toacatfoir. Who> So Oceana, Who ever (hall rightly coniider the foregoing orders, will be as little able to find ho .v icis poiTible , tnat a worihipfull Knight thould declare himielle in Aieand Biefe , worthy to 1*. rve his Country , as how my Lord High Sheriff's honour, in caie he were preceded from the Law , could play the Knave. But though the forgoing Orders io far as they reguard the con- itituuon„oi the Senate and the people , requireing no more as to an ordinary ele&ion men is therein explained , that is but one third part of.their Knights and Deputies , are perk ft; -yet muit wee in this place , and as to tnelniticution, ot ncccflity erect a fcarfold : For the Commonwealth to the tuft Creati- on other Councills infullnumber,requircd thrice as many as are eligible by the foregoing Orders; wherefore the Gratour whole ay J in this place was moll neceflary, rightly informing the people of the reafon , ftaid them, two dales longer atthe Mutter, and tooke this conrfe. One lift containing two Knigiits and feven D^ puties, he eatfied to be chofen upon the fecond day, which hit being called the firft Gallaxy, qualified ti.e parties elected ot it, with power for the Termeof oneyeare and no longer; another lift containing two Knights and feven Deputies more, he eau fed to be choic-n the third day, which lift being called the fecond Gallaxy , qualified the parties'e- Iccfced of*itwitn power, for the terme of two yearesandno longer. And upon the fourth day hechofe the third Gallaxy according as it is directed by the Order, im powered for three yeares, which Lifts fucceflively falling ('like the fignes or con- ltc-llarionsofoneHemifphere, thatfetting caufe thofe of the ot.it r io rife) caft the great Orbs of this Common-wealth into an A.nuall Tnenial and Perpetual Revolution. Tie ' ufinefle of the Mufter being thus happily finifht, Hermes (eCA'lttceO) Lord Orator of the Tribe of Nubia , being now put into her firft Rapture , caufed one of the cenfors Pul- pits to be planted in front of the fquadron , and afcending into tue fame,(pake after this manner : My Oceana. St My Lords the Magiftrates , and the People of the Tribe of N^WEIA, X T\ TE have this day folemnizfd y V th e happy 3\(upt tails of (be two great ejl Trinces that are upon the Earth, or in Mature', Arms and v oun- cills : in the Mutual Embraces whtrcof conjijlethyour whole Common wealth: Whofe Councills upon their perpetuall Wheelings ; ^Marches , and (Counter- marches, create her Armies; and who fe <*Armies with the golden Follies of the 'Ballot, at once create and Salute her Councills. There be ( fuch is the World now adaies) that thinks, it ridiculous to fee a Nation exercijing her Chill fun- Bions in military T>ifcipline ; while they committing their Bujfe unto their Ser- vants, come themfehes to hold Tr en- char ds : For what avai let hit fuch as are unarmed, (or, which is all one , whofe Education acquainteth them not With the proper ufe of their SWords)to be cal- led Qiti\ens \ What Were two or three thoufand of you, well affe&ed to your Country, but nailed, unto one Troop of Mercenary Souldiers ? If theyfbould N come 8z Oceana. come upon the Field and fay, Gentle- men, It is thought jit that fuch and fuck men fhould he cbofen. by you ; where Were your Liberty I Or, Gentlemen , 'Parliaments are exceeding good, but you are to have a little patience.^ thefe "Times are not fo jit for them ; where were your Common -wealth ? What caufeth the Monarchy of the Turks but Servants in Arms ? IF hat was it that begot the glorious Qommon-wealth of Rome, but the Sword in the hands of her Qiti^ens ? wherefore my glad Eyes falute the Serenity and bright neffe of this day with a ' fhowr that fhall not cloud it. 'Behold, the Army tf/ Ifrael become a Common- wealth ,andthe Common- wealth of Ifrael remaining an Army ' With her 'Rulers of Tens and of Fifties \ her 'Rulers of Hundreds, and her Rulers of Thoufands , drawing near, (as this day throughout our happy Fields') unto the Lot by her Tribes, encreafed aboye threefold, and led up by her 1-hylarchs* or Princes, to fit (Sellis Curulibus ) upon Fifty Thrones, judging the Fifty Tribes of Oceana. Or, Is it Athens, breaking from her Iron Sepukhre;where fhe hath been fo long Trampled upon by Jrfojts of Janizaries ? For certainly that Oceana. 8} that ( nee vox hominem fonat) is the voice of 1 hefeus, having gathered his fcattered Athenians into one City. ~ — Hax juris fui Parere Domino Civitas vni negat: Rex ipfe Populus annuas mandat Honoris huic, illive. (vices This Free-horn 3\£ation liveth not upon the 'Dole or 'Bounty of one A4an>- hut dijlributing her <*yinnuall Magiflracies and Honours with her oWnhand is her felf King ^People — (At which the Orator was a while interrupted with fhouts, but at length proceeded) — Is it grave Lacedemon in her Armed Tribe divided by; her Ob as and her Mora, which appears to chide me that I teach the people to talk^ or con- ceive fuch Language as is dreft like a Woman, to be a fit Ufher of the foyes of Liberty into the hearts of men ? Is it Rome in her Vi&orions Arms (/or fo /he held her Concio or (Congregation^) that Congratulateth with us for finding out th*t which fhe could not hit on ana binding up her ComitiaCuriata, Cen- turiata, and Tributa in one inviolable League of Union ? Or is it the Cfreat N 2. Qoun- 84 Oceana* Council/ of incomparable Venice fowling forth by the f elf -fame 'Ballot her immor- tall £ ommon-Wealth ? For neither by 'P^ajon nor by her Experience is it impof- fble that a Qommon-Wealth fhould be immortal I ; feeing the people being the materials never dyes^and the form which is motion mull Without oppofition, be end- leffe * The Bowl which is thrown from your hand, if there be no rub, no impedi- ment O flo all never ct afe : for which caSfe the glorious Luminaries that are the Bowles of God, Were once thrown for ever ; and next thefe, thof of Venice. But certainly, my Lords., whatever t he fe great Examples may b#ve fljeWn us, We are the fir ft that have fheWn unto the World a Common-Wealth €'flablifhed in hh rife upon Fifty fuch ToWers, and fo Cjami%imed as are the Tribes of Oceana, containing one hundred thou- fand Elders upon the Annuall Lift, and yet but an out -guar dJate fides her march- ing Armies to be e quail in the difc-pline, and in the number of her Youth. <*jfnd for as much as Siverahn pow- ers is a necejfary, but a formidable crea- ture , not unli\e the ^Powder, which ( as you are Souldiers^) is at once your fafety, and your danger, being fubjeB to take fee Oceana. 2% fre againftyou as for you ; how Well and fecurely is She by your Gallaxyx, fo col- lected as to be in full force and Vigo&fj and yet fo dijtributed, that it is impofsi- ble you fliould be bloWnirp by your oWn Magazeen. Let them who Will have it that power if fhe be con find cannot be Soyeraign, tell ns whether our fivers do not enjoy a more fecure and fruit full raign Wit bin their proper banks , then if it Were lawful for them, in rawfhing our haryefls, to fpill themfches ? whether foules not confin>dunto their peculiar bo- dies do govern them* any more thenthofe of Witches in their Trances f Whether 'Power not conjimd unto the bounds of Reafon and Virtue , have any other bmnds then thofe of Vice and Patfion ? or //Vice and PafTion be boundlejfe, and Reafon andX T irtuehave certain Limits, on Which of the feThrones holy menfljould anoint their Soveraign ? *But to blow ,-i"ivay this dufl, The Soyeraign power of .. ^ommon : wealth is no more bounded \ that is to fay, St r eight ened, then that of a Monarch, but is "Ballanced. The Ea- gle mount eth not unto her proper pitch, if floe be bounded\nor ,if fhe be not ballanced. And left a Monarch fhould thinl^that he can reach farther With his Scepter, the Roman 86 Oceana. Roman Eagle upon her "Ballance fpread her Wings from the Ocean to Euphrates. c J\ecehe the Soveraign PoTPer ; you have received her ; hold her fajl em- brace her for ever in your fhwing Arms'- The "virtue of the JLoadjlone is not impaired or Limited but receheth jlrength and nourijhment by being bound in Iron. And fo giving your Lord/hips much joy 1 take my leaye of this Tribe. The Orator defcending, had the period ofhisfpeech made with a valtappjaufe, and exultation by the whole Tribe, at- tending him, for that nighc unto his quarter, as the Phjlarcb , witti fome commanded Troops, did the next day unto the Frontires of the Tribe, where Leave wat taken on both fides with snore Tcarcs then Grief. 2 . ien r So, A Tribe is the third division of LMd occasioned by the third the Tribe. CvlleQion of the People } whofe fun 8 ioi-.s proper unto that place are con- tained in the fve foregoing Orders. The Inftitution of the Common-wealth was fuch as needed thofe props and ScaffolJs, which may have troubled the Reader^kut I [hall here rake them away and come unto the Conftitution which ftands by it felte and yeelds a clearer profpect. Conftiwt'o* Tne Motions by what hath been already (hewn , are if the Com- Spncrical,and fphcricall motions have their proper Center , mon-mrtth. for wnicn caufe, (ere I proceed further) it will be neceffary for the better underftanding of the whole, that Idifcover the Cen- . ter whereupon the motions of this Common-wealth are formed. The Center or Bafis of every Government, is no othcrth.cn the Fundamenfall Lawes of the fame. Fundnmentull Lawes are fuch as ftate what it is that a man may call his own, that is to fay , Proprietie ; and what the meanes be whereby a man may enjoy his own , that is to fay Prote&ion:the firft is alio called Dominion,and fecond Empire orSoveraigne power, whereof this (as hath been fhewn)is the naturall product of the former , for fuch as is the Ballanccof of the Dominion in a Nation, fuch as ; the nature of her Em- pirc ' X. ^ wherefore the Fundamentall Lawes of Oceana, or the Center of this Common-Health are the Agrarian , and the Ballot. The Agrarian Ocednd. Sy ,1* /<&•;. i, * by the Bailance of dominion prefer ving equaliric in theReme, and the Ballot by an cq.ua ll rotation conveying it into rht branch, or exercile of S'oveHignc power : as co begin With the iorft-er apj-earcci- , by ffibr SC&trtec-ntfc Dioer , Conflicting tlje Agrarian Blafoes of x^On/. Oceana, Marpeha anD Panopea, feijerebp ft is OJSaineD, JFtrft, foj-afl foe!} Ilanssas are iptnganB being tott^tii tlje pzopet Ccrcftojles of Oceana, ttmtcVcrpman tobo is at pzefent poffeffea, ©j ftjall thereafter fte poSfeffea of an deflate f n 3ianD crcocoing tfjc IRettcnue of tino tijou= frsne pounos a pc?.r, anotjattng mojetfjen onc@>on, ftiall leafce tjts ILanos rf ttjet eqnaltp DibiScB among tfjem , in cafe tlje llanos amount mtto above 2000 t. a pear uato cac'j ; oz fo near equallp f n cafe t^ep comeunctr, tfeattlje greater part o% portion of tlje fame remaining unto tlje clocft, crc#3 not Ujc Value of ttoo tljoufano pounos 3Ste venue. SnOKomannot in pzefent poffeffion of Pianos aboVc tbc Value of ttootbonfanopounosbptlje pear, ©all receive, enjop, (er* ctpt bp UnMul inheritance) acquits oz purcbafe unto fjimfelf, Planes taitbin tr)e fata JEerritozies amounting toiti) ttjofe aireaop in bis . poffeffion, above tbe fafo JfteVenue. #uo if a man IjaVc a Daughter, n Daughters, except ffoe be an ^eir, o% thep be limits, be fliall not leave oj give unte anp one of them tn Carriage oz otbettutfc foz ijer pojtion aboVc tbc Value of one tboufano fibe bunojeo pounos in&ancg tate. A qr art m SS Oceana. Agrarian Lawes of all others have eyer been the grcateft Bugbears, and fo in the Inftitution were thefe, at which time icwas ridiculous to fee,how ftrange a fear appeared in every body of that which,being good for all., could hurt no body. But inlkad of the proof ot this Order, I fhall out of thole many . debates that happened ere it could be paft, infert two Speeches that were made at the Council! of Legiflators, the firft by the Right Honourable Pbthutui de Garbo, a young man, being Heir apparent unto a very Noble Family, and one of the Counfellours, whoexpreffedhimfelf asfolioweth • • May it pleafe your Highnefle, S\dy Lord <^Archon OF Oceana, IF I did not (to my Capacity") know from how profound a Counfehor Idif- fent ; it Would certainly be no hard taskjo make it as light as the day ; Fir ft, that an Agrarian is altogether unneces- sary : Secondly, that it is dangerous unto a Common-Health • Thirdlyjhat it is in- Sufficient to keep out Monarchy:Fourth~ ly, that it dejiroyes Fpmilies: Fifthly, that it deftroyes indujlry *. And lafl of all, that, though it Were indeed of any good ufe, it will he a matter of fuch difficulty to introduce in this 3\(ation, and fo to fettle that it may be lajling, as is altoge- ther invincible. i. Firft, that an Agrarian is unnecessary unto Oceana. 8$ unto a Common-wealth, what clearer te- stimony can there be, than, that the Com- mon-Wealths which are our Contempora- ries (Venice, whertunto your Highnejfe giyeth the upper hand of all Antiquity i , being one) have no fuch thing i And there can be no reason why they haye it not, feeing it is in the Soyeraign VoWer at any time to eflablifhfuch an Order, but that they need it not ; wherefore no Won- der if Ariftotle who pretends to be a good Common-Wealths-man , haye long fince derided Phaleas, to whom it Was attributed by the Greeks,/iw this inden- tion. Secondly, "That an Agrarian is dange-^ t. rous unto a Common-Wealth, is affirmed upon no fleight Authority, feeing Ma- chiavill ispofttiye , that it was the *Dif- fention which happened about the Agra- rian that cau fed theT>e fir uBionoj Home; Z\£or do I thinks that it did much better in Lacedemon, as I/hall fheW anon. Thirdly, That it is inefficient to 5. keep out Monarchy, cannot Without im- piety be denyed,the holy Scriptures bear- ing IVitneffe, that the Common-Wealth of Ifrael notwithstanding her Agrarian, Submitted her neck^ unto the Arbitrary To\e of her ^Princes. Where- oo Oceana, 4. Wherefore 'to come unto my Fourth Afsertion That it is defruclive unto Fa- milies ; this alfo is fo apparent that it needeth pity rather then proof* Why alas do you bind a 3\{j)bility which no (feneration foal I deny to have been the fir ft that freely facripced her blood unto the ancient Liberties of this 'People, up- an unholy Altar 1 Why are the People taught , That their Liberty Which except our noble Anceftors had been born mufh have long fince been buried, cannot now be born except We be buried h A Com- mon-Wealth fhould have the innocence of the hi (ion can be introduced, the Lands being already in the Oceana. the hands of Proprietors, and fuck wfofe €ftates lye very rarely together,, hut mixed one With another being alfo of Tenures in nature fo different ; that -as there is no experience that an Agrarian Was ever introduced in fuch a cafe, fo there is no appearance how , or reafon why ^ it fhould : but that which is again ft Reafon and Experience is impofsible. The Cafe of my Lord pbilautus Was the moft conccrn'd in the whole Nation j for he had four younger Brothers, his Fa- ther being yet Living unto whom he was Heir of ten thouiand pounds a year : Wherefore being a man both of good parts and eftecm, his words wrought both upon Mens Rcalbn, and Paflions, and had born a ltroke at the head ot the bufinefTc, if my Lord A t ebon had not interpofed th« Buckler, in this Ora- tion : My Lords, the Legiflators of Oceana, 1 N\^ Lord Philautus hath made a thing which is e a fie jo feem hard; if he ought the thanks unto his Eloquence, it would be Worthy of lejfe Traife, then that he oWeth it unto his merit, and the Love he hath mo ft defervedly pur chafed of all men'* nor is it rationally to be fear- ed, that he who is fo much before-hand in his Private, fhould be in An ear in his V ubli que capacity Wherefore my Lord's tenderneffe throughout his Speech ari- 9) 5>4 Oceana. fing fromno other principle then his foli- citude, lejl the Agrarian fhould be hurt- full unto his Country i It is no lejfe then my duty to give the befl fatisfaftion I am able unto Jo good a Patriot, taking every one of his doubts in the Order propo- sed : And, i. Fir (I, Whereas my Lord, upon Obfer- v at ion of the Modem Common-Wealths ; is of opinion, that an Agrarian is not ne- cefsary ; It muft be confejfed, that at the jjirft fight of them there is fome appea- rance favouring his Affertion: but upon Accidents of no pre ft dents unto us. For the Common wealths of Switz and Holland, I mean of thofe Leagues, be- inz (ituated in Countries not allurinz the t i J i ■ r i i r- ■ inhabitants unto Wantonnejs,but obliging them unto univerfal Indujlry have an implicit e Agrarian in the nature of them *• and being not obnoxious unto a growing 3\(obility, which as long as their former Monarchies fpread the wing over them, could either not at all be hat- ched, orWasfoon broken ; are of no Ex- ample unto us, whofe experience in this point hath been unto the Contrary. *But what if even in thefe Governments there be indeed an explicit e Agrarian? For when the Law Commands an e^mU, or Oceana. or near equall diflribution of a mans Eflate in Land among his Children, as in tbofe Countries^ Nobility cannot grow , and fo there needeth no Agrarian, oris one* And for the growth of the 3\(j)bility in Venice, (Jf ' fo it be, for Machiavill obfcrves in that I^epublicl^, as a caufe of it, a great mediocrity of Eflates') it is not a point thatfhe is to fear, but might Rudy , feeing She conjtjleth of nothing elfe but 3\Q)bility ; by •which > What ever their Eflates fuc\ from t he Teop [espe- cially if it come equally, is digeftea in- to the better blood of that Common- wealth, which is all or the great eft be- nefit they can have by accumulation ; for how une quail foever you will have them to be in their Incoms, they have Officers of the Pomp, to bring them e quail in ex- pences, or at leafl in the oftentation or fhew of them : <^Andfo unleffe the ad- vantage of an Eflate con Jiff more in the meafure then in the ufe of it, the Autho- rity of Venice, but enforcethour Agra- rian ; nor fhall a man evade or elude the prudence of it, by the authority of any other Common- wealth; For if a Com- mon-wealth have been introduced at once as thofe o/Ifrael and Laced emon, you are certain to find her underlayd with y» 1.3- c. $. $6 Oceana. with this as the mam foundation ; nor if {he have owght more unto Fortune then Prudence , hath fhe raifed her head without mujing upon this matter, as ap- peareth by that of Athens ,which through Arift. Pol. her T>efeft in this pointy faith Ariftotle, introduced her Oftracifme, as mo ft of the Democraties of Greece. [ Ob hanc itaq; caufam civitates qux Democra- tice adminiftrantur Oftracifmum in- ftituunr.]/ "But not to refrain a Funda- mental offuch latitude unto any one kind of Government. T>o we not yet fee, that if there be a fole Landlord, of a vafl Territory, he is the Turk I That if a few Land-Lords overbalance a ^Po- pulous Qountrey, they haveftore of Ser- vants I That if a People he in e quail ballance, they can have no Lords ? That no Government can otherwise be ereB- cd, then upon fomeone of thefe Foun- dations I That no one of thefe Founda- tions, {each being el fe apt to change into fome other') can give any fecurity unto the Government, unleffe it be fixed? That through the Want of this fixation, potent Monarchies , and Common- wealths havefalne upon the heads of the People, and accompanied their own fad ^uines with vafi effupons of innocent Blood? Oceana. P7 "Blood I Let the Fame, as Was the merit of the ancient Nobility of this Ration, he e quail unto, or above what hath been already [aid, or can be fpokgn->yet have We feen not only their Cflory, but that of a Throne, the mofl indulgent to,and leajl inva five for fo many <*j[ges upon the Li- berty of a Teople that the World hath kno^n, through the meer want of fixing her foot by a proportionable Agrarian up- on her proper Foundation, to have falne With fuch horrour, as hath been a Specta- cle of aftonifhment unto the whole earth. And were it well argued from one Cala- mity, that We ought not to prevent ano- ther \ 3\C or is Ariftotle fo good a Com- mon-Wealths-man for deriding the inven- tion of Phaleas, as in recollecting himfelf, Where he faith , That Democraties PoI.i. 5 . when a Lefser part of their Qitizgns c * 3 ' overtop the reft in Wealth, degenerate into Oligarchies, and Principalities: And, which comes nearer unto the pre- fent purpofe, that the greater part of the 3\(j)bility of Tarantum coming accidentally to be ruind, the (govern- ment of the Few came by confequence to be changed into that of the Ma- ny. Thefe things con fidered, I cannot fee V how 2$ Oceana* hew an Agrarian as to the fixation orfe- curity of a CjoDtrnmentcan be leffe then necefsary. ®And if a Cure be necefsa- ry, it excufetb not the Vat tent bis dtf- eafe being otherwife defperate that it is dangerous ; which Was the Qafe of Rome '] not jo flared by MachiaviU, Where be faith/ That the ft rife about the Agrarian caufed the Deftruclicn of that Common-wealth. As if when a Senator was not rich (as CrafTus held) except he could pay an Army, that Qcm~ mon-weakh could have done other then ^uine; whether in flrife about the Agra- rian, or Without if. (Nuper divide avaritiam 6c abundances voluptates defiderium per luxum atq>, libidi- nem pereundiperdendiq; omnia in- Liv. in vexere:) // the greateft Security of a P rsh Common-Wealth con ft ft in being provided With the proper ^Antidote again ft this Voifon, her greatefl danger muft be from the ab fence of an Agrarian; which is the whole truth of the Roman ex- ample : For the Laconick, I /hall re- feree the farther explication of it, as my Lordaffo did to another VI ace : and fir ft fee whether an Agrarian proportioned untoaVopular Government, be Effici- ent to keep out Monarchy t My Lord is Oceana. pg is for the negative, and fortified by the Veopleof Iirael electing a King. To Which I fay, That the Aclion of the 'Peo- ple therein exprefsed is a full Anfwer unto the Qbje&ion of that example ; For the Monarchy neither grew upon them, nor could by reafon of the Agrarian pof- fibly have invaded them, if they had not pull d it upon themfehes by the election of a Kjng ; which being an Accident, the like whereof is not to be found in any other 'People Jo planted , nor in this, till as it is manifejl, they Were given up by GOD unto infatuation, (for faith be to Samuel,They have not reje&ed Thee, but they have rejected if]oluti- on of it, which happened in the^aign of the Emperour Adrian itf. years after the Incarnation. A ^People planted up- on an equall Agrarian, and holding to it, if they part With their liberty, muft do it upon good Will, and make but a bad title of their bounty. As to in fiance yet far- ther in that which ispropofedby the pre- fent Order to this Station, the Standard whereof is at zoco 1. a year. The whole Territory of Oceana being divided by this proportion, amount eth unto 5000. Lots. So the Lands of Oceana being thus dijlributed, and bound unto this di- (irtbution, can never fall unto fewer then Five thoufand Proprietors. 'But Vive thoufand ( P roprtetors fo feafed will not agree to breaks the Agrarian ; for that Were to agree to rob one another ; 3\£or to bring inaKir,£, becaufe they muft maintain him, and can have no benefit by him:3\(or to exclude th&Y eople , becaufe they can have as little by that, and mufl fpoyl their Militia. So the Common- wealth Ocednd. ioi wealth continuing upon the bdl/dnce pro- pofed, though it fljould come into Five thoufdnd hands can never dlter ; And thdt it [ho uld ever come into Five thou- fdnd hands, is ds improbable ds anything in the World thdt is not dltogether im- pofsible. My Lords, other Conjiderdtions are more private : As that this Order de- ft royes Families chichi s as if one fhould lay the mines offome ancient Cajlle unto the Herbs which do ufually grow out of them ; the defruBion of thofe Families being that indeed which naturally pro- duced this Order. For We do not now argue for that which we would have, but for that which We are already pojfefsed of; as Would appear, if a note were but taken of all fuel? as have at this day above Two thou f and pounds a year in Oceana. If my Lord fhould grant {and I will put it With the mo ft) that they who are 'Pro- prietors in Land, exceeding the propor- tion, exceed not Thret hundred ; with what brow can the Inter eft of fo few be bal/anced With that of the whole 3\(a- tion ? Or rather, what Interejl havewey to put in fuel? a bdlldnce . ? 'They Would live ds theyhdve been dccuflomedto do ' Who hinders them I They Would enjoy theif 2C2. Oceana. their EJlates, Who touches them \ They Would aifpofe of what they haye accord- ing unto the Inter eft of their Families ; It is that which We' de fire. A man hath one Son, let him be called ; Would he enjoy his Fathers Spate ? It is his, and his Sons, and his Sons Sons after him. <^A man hath jive Sons, let them be called, Would they enjoy their Fathers Spate? It is divided among them ; for We have four Votes for one in the fame Family, and therefore this mufl be the Inter ep of the Family ; or the Family kgoweth not her oWn Interejl. If a man floall difpute otherWife, he mu/l draw his Arguments from Cm pom , and from (j rear neffe, which Was the interest of the Monarchy, not of the Family, and we are now a Common- wealth. If the Monarchy cojtld not bear With fuch dhifions becaufe they tended to a Common-wealth; neither can a Common-wealth connive at fuch accumulations , becaufe they tend to a Monarchy. If the Monarchy might make bold with fo many for the good of one ; We may make bold with one for the good of fo many i nay, for the zood of all. A/Jy Lords, if cometh into my head, that upon occafion of the variety of 'Parties enumerated in our late Chill Wars, Was [aid Oceanfc J aid by a Friend of mine coming home from his Travels? about the latter end of thefe Troubles? That he admired how it came to paiTe, that Younger Bro- thers, efpecially being fo many more in number then their Elder , did not make one againfl a Tyranny, the like whereof hath not been exercifed iri any other Nation. And truly? when I conjider that our Country-men are none of the Worjl naturd ? I muft confejfe I marveil much how it comes to paffe? that We fbould ufe our Children? as We do our Puppies ; take one? lay it in the ldp?feed it With eYery good bit? and drown five ! 3\£jiy Worfe {for as much as the 'Puppies are once drown d? whereas the Children are left perpetually drowning, Really? my Lords? it is a flinty Cuftome ! and all this for his cruell Ambition? that Would raife him f elf a Pillar? a golden Pillar for his Monument ? though he have Children? his own reviving Flefh? and a \ind of immortality . And this is that In- tereft of a Family? for which We are to thinkjll of a government that Will not endure it. "But quiet your f elves. The .Land through which the ^iver Nilus wanders in one fir earn ? is barren ? but where he parts into Seven? he multiplies his 1 03 104 Oceana. his fertile fbores by dijlributing , jet keeping and improving f itch a ^Proprie- tyand3\(utrition as is a prudent Agra- rian unto a Well ordered Common- wealth. 3\[or ( to come unto the fifth Ajfer- tion) is a ^Political body rendred any fit- ter for Indujlrj , by having one (/owty, and another withered Lez, than anatu- rail : It tendeth not unto the improye- ment of Merchandise that there be fome who hay e no need of their 'Tradings and others that are notable to follow it. If confinement difcourage Induftry , an Sjlate in money is not confined ; and lejl Indujlrj fhould want whereupon to Work^ Land is not engrojfed nor entailed upon anj man, but remains at her ( Deyo- i tion. I Wonder whence the computation can arife that this fhould difcourage In- duflrj . ? Two thoufand pounds a jear a man maj enjoj in Oceana, as much in Panopea, Fiye hundred in Marpeiia: there be other Plantations;^^ the Com- mon-Wealth Will haye more : Who know- eth how far the Arms of our Agrarian may extend themfeh est and whether he that might haye left a ^Pillar, may not leaye a Temple or many ^Pillars unto his more pious Memory . ? Where there is Oceana. toi tifome meafure in riches ? a man may be rich ; but if you Will haye them to be in- finite, there will be no end of fiery ing himfelf, and Wanting what he hath : and what paws does fuch an one take to bt poor • Furthermore if a man fhall thinks, that there may be an Indujlry leffe grea- fie, or more noble , and fo cafl his thoughts upon the Common -wealthy he Will have JLeifurefor her, and fhe^iches and Honours for him',his fweat fhallfmell like Alexander's. JViy Lord Philau- tus is a young Man, who enjoying his Ten thou f and pounds a year, may keep a noble Houfe in the old Way , and have homely (juejis : and haying but Two, by the means propo fed, may takgtbe upper hand of his great Jnceflors;With reve- rence unto whom, I may fay, there hath not been one of them Would haye difpu- ted his place with a Roman ConfuL iSAy Lord do not breaks my heart ; the Stability fhal I go unto no other Ploughs then thole from which We call ow £on- fuh. "But faith he, it having been fo With L^cedemon,, that ntither the City nor the L iti^ens was capable of increafe, a blow was giyen by that Agrarian D 7J?fe'c& Ruined both. <*Jfnd what are We con- cerned wkh that Agrarian, arthat blow, while io£ '. Oceana. while our Qti^ens and our City (and that by our Agrarian ) are both capable of encreafe . ? The Spartane // he made aQonquefl had not Qiti^ens to bold it, the Oceaner will have enow : the Spar- tane could have no Trade, the Oceaner may have all. The Agrarian in Laco- nia D that it might bind on tyapfacks , forbidding all other Arts but that of War , could not make an <*JLrmy of above 30000. Citizens. The Agra- rian in Oceana, without interruption of Traffiqut %' provides us in the fifth part of the Youth an annuall fource or frefh fpring of 1 00000. be fides our. Provincial I Auxiliaries ; out of Which to draw marching Armies ; And as many Elders, not feeble, but men mojl of them in the floWr of their Age, and in Arms for the defence of our Territo- ries. The Agrarian in Lacoriia, ba- nifht money ; this, multiply es it. That, allowed a matter of twenty or thirty Acres to a man ; this, two or three thou- sand : There is no Comparifon between them. And yet I differ fo much from my Lord, or his opinion , that the Agra- rian Was the \uine of Lacedemon; that I hold it no lejfe then demon fir able to have been her main fupport ; For if banifh- Oceana. 107 banifhing all other diver (ions it could not make an Army of above 30000 ; then let- ting in all other diver fions, it muji have broken that Army : Wherefore JLyfan- der bringing in the golden fpoyles of Athens, irrecoverably ruin d that Com- mon-wealth; and is a Warning to us, that in giving encouragement unto In- dufry, we alfo remember, that Cove- toufnefle is the root of all Evill. And our Agrarian can never be the caufe of thofe Seditions threatened by my Lord, but is the proper cure of them as Lucan not eth Well in the State o/Rome, before the Civil Wars, which happened through the want of fuel? an Antidote ; Hinc ufura vorax, rapidumq; in tempore Foenus, "Hinc concuffa fides, et multis utile bellum. Why then are We mi /taken, as if We intended not equall advantages in our Common-Wealth unto either Sex,becaufe We Would not have Womens fortunes con- fifh in that met all, which expofeth them unto Cut-pur fes ? If a man cut mypurfe, I may have him by the heels, or by the necl^forit; Whereas a man may cut a 1 Womans io8 Oceana* Womanspurfe and have her for his pains in fetters. How bruitifh, and much more then bruitifh, is that Common- wealth, Which pref err eth the Earth before the fruits of her Wombl If the people be her treafure, the ftajfe by which Jhe isfufiai- ned and comforted, With what fa/lice canfhe fuffer them, by whom fhe is moil inriched, to be for that caufe the mofi impoverifhed ? and yet n>e fee the gifts of God, and the bounties of Heaven in fruitful Families, through this Wretched cuflome of marrying for money? become their infupportable grief and poverty'- nor fallethtlmfo heavy upon the lower fort* being better able to fhift for themj elves, as upon the^h[obility or Cj entry:? or What availeth it in this cafe, from whence their veins have derived their blood ; while they fh all fee the T allow of a Chandler, fooner converted into that beauty which is required in a 'Bride ? I appeal, whe- ther my Lord Philautus or my f elf be the Advocate of Nobility ; again jl which in the Cafe propofed by me, there Would be nothing to hold the ballance* And why is a Woman, if fhe may have but fifteen hundred pounds, undone! If fhe be un- married, what 3\(obleman alloWes his ^Daughter in that cafe a greater Reve- nue, Oceana. nue, then fo much mony may command i And if {he marry, no 3\(obleman can give his daughter a greater portion then {he hath. Who is hurt in this cafe f nay, who is not benefitted? If the Agrarian give us the fweat of our brows Without diminution; if it prepare our table, if it make our Qup to overflow ; and above all this, in providing for our Children, anoint our heads With that oyl which taketh away the greatefi of Worldly cares, what man, that is not befottedwith a Covetouf- nejfe as vain as endlejfe,can imagine fuch a Conjlitution to be his ^Poverty, feeing where no Woman can be con fider able for her portion, no portion Will be conjidera- ble With a Woman ; andfo their (children Will not only find better preferments Without their brocage, but more freedom of their own affe&ions. IVe are wonder- full fevere in Laws, 'That hey fhall not marry without our confent ; as if it Were care and tender neffe over them: "But is it not, left we j})Ould not have the other thou f and pound With this Son , or the other hundred pound a year more infoyn- ture for that i) aught er? Thefe when We are cro/lin them are the fins for which We Water our couch with tears, but not of Penitence ; feeing whereas it is ami f- chief io, no Oceana. chief beyond any that w?e can do unto our enemies^ We perjift to make nothing of breaking the ajfe&ion of our Children. "But there is in this Agrarian an homage unto pure and fpotlefje Love> the confe- rence whereof I will not give for all the Romances. An Alderman maketh not his 'Daughter a CountefTe till he have given her 2,0000 1. nor a Romance a considerable MiftrifTe till fhe be a PrincefTe ; thefe are characters of ba- ftard Love. 'But if our Agrarian ex- clude Ambition and Qovetoufnefs we fhallat length have the care of our oWn breed i in which we have been curious as to that of our Dogs and our Horfes. The marr iage bed will be truly Legitimate •-, and the ^aceof the Common-wealth not fpurious. But (imparmagnanimisaufis im- parq, dolori ) lam hurldfrom all my hopes by my Lords laft Affertion of Im- pofsibility that the %pot from Whence We imagine thefe fruit should be plant- ed or thrive in this foyl. And why ? be- caufe of the mixture of 8fbates^ * and va- riety of Tenures. 3\(e'verthelefs there is yet extant in the Exchequer an old Survey of the whole Station ; Where- fore fuch a thing is not impofsible: 3\[oW Oceana. i \\ if a new furvey Were taken at the pre^ fent tytes, and the Lam made that no manfhould hold hereafter above fo mm h Land as is valued therein at 2.000 L, a year ; it would amount unto a good and fujficient Agrarian. It is true, that there Would 'remain fome difficulty in the different kind of f(ents ; And that it is a matter requiring not only more leifure then We have; hut an Juthvrity whxh may he better ahie to how wen unto a more general I (^onfent , then is to be Wrought out of them by fuch as are in our capacity - Wherefore , as to the £Adjinner , it is neceffary that we re- fer it unto the I arliament ; hut as to the Matter 3 they can no otherWife fix their government upon the right "Ballance. I fh all conclude with a few Words > to fome parts of the Order which my Lord hath omitted. As firfl to the Consequen- ces of the Agrarian to be fettled in Mar- pefia , which irrepairably breaks the Ariftocracy of that Station ; being of fuch a nature , as /landing, itisnotpof- fible that youfhoufd (/overn. For white the People of that Country are little better in Oceana. better then the Cattle of the 3\(obility, you muft not wonder if according as thefe can make their Markets with Forreigifr princes , yon find thefe to be driven upon your grounds : oAnd if you befo tender now you have it in your Power, as not to hold an hand upon them that may prevent the Slaughter that mufl other - Wife enfue in like Cafes ~, the bloud will lye at your door* "But in holding fuch an hand upon them, you may fettle the Agrarian ; and in fettling the Agrarian, you give the People not only Liberty, but Lands ; which makes your Prote&i- on neqejfaryto their Security ; and their Contribution due unto your PtoteBion, as to their own Safety. For the Agrarian of Panopea, it al- lowing fuch Proportions offo good Land, men that conceive themfelves ftreight- ned by this in Ocezm,will begin there to let themfelves forth, where every Citi- zen Will in time have his Villa. <^And there is no quejlion, but the improvement of that Country by this means, mufh be far greater then it hath been in the bejl of former times. I have no more to fay , but that in thofe Oceana. iij tbofe ancient and hcroicall Ages , "When men thought that to he neceffary which Was virtuous ; the or afhovellfull of his Earth, and that all We can do, is but to make a Virtue of ne- cefsity : We are disputing whether We floould have **Peace,or War ; ForVeace, you cannot have Without fome (jovern- .ment , nor any government without the 'proper Ballance : Wherefore if you Will not fix this which you have, the re II ^ is -\ 1x4 Oceana. is bloocL, for without blood you can bring in mother. • • By thefe Speeches made at the Inftitution of the Agrarian , you may perceive what were the Grounds of it. The next 14 Ord SGfrJFowtewtfrjDjMt , COBtftntftlg tf»C J5aBot of Venice, as ft fa JttteD 65 fetieraU alteration© , ant appointee unto etoetp #ttrmbip , tobetbeconftantaODonlptttap of siting fnfiftage in t $9 Common* toealty. This is the generall Order , whence thofe branches of the Ballot , fome whereof you have allready feen are derived , which with thole that follow were all read and debated in this place at the Inftitution ; when my Lord Epimonm de Gar- rula being one of the Counfdlors , and having no farther pa- tience, ( though the Rules were compofed by the Agent of this Common-wealthy refiding for that purpofe ax Venice) then to. hearethe direction for thePariihes 3 flood up 3 and made way for himfelie in this manner : May Oceana. 11? £K£ay it pleafe your Highzejfe 9 my Lord Archon, UNder Cor reft ion of Mr. Peregrine Spy our very Learned Agent and Intelligencer ; I have fecn the World a little Venice^ and (as Gentlemen arc permitted to do) the Great Councill Ballotting. And truly, I muft needs fay, that it is for a dumb (hew the goodlkft that lever beheld with mine Eyes. You fhould have fome would take it ill, as if the noble Vene tia/.s the ught themfelvcs too good to fpeak to Strangers , but they otferved them not fo narrowly : The truth is, \\\y have nothing to fay unto their Acquaintance; or, M>.n thac are in Council fure would have tongues : For, a Council} and not a word fpoken in it, is a Contradict on But there is fucha puJJer with thiif Marching and Counter ma rcl ing,a^> though never a one of turn draw a SworJ, you would think they were Training ; which till 1 found that they did it onely to entertain ftrangcrs, I came from among them as wife as I went thither But in the Parliament of Oceana you had no Balls, nor Dancing, tut fobtr Converfation, a Man might know and be known ; lhew his parts, and inprove 'em. Arid now if you take theadvkeof this fame Fellow you will fp yl all with his Whimfies. Mr. Speaker >- Cry you men y, my Lord Archon I mean 5 Set the wifeft Man of your Houfe in the Great Council of Venice^ and you will not know him, from a Fool; Whereas nothing is more certain, then tha'c flat and dull fellowes in the Judgment of all iuch as ufed to keep Company with them before , upon Election into our Houfe, have immediately chitted like Barley in the fat, where it acquires a new Spirit, and flow'd forth into Language, that I am as confident as lam here, if there were not fuch as de- light to abufe us, is far better then Tullfs : Or, let any boiy but tranflatconeof his Orations, and fpeak it in theHoufc,and fee if every body do not laugh at him. This is a great matter, n6 Oceana. Ctfr. Speaker, they do not cant it with your book-Learning* your Orbs,'your Centers, your prime Magnitudes, and your 1 Nebulones, things I profefle that would make a fober man run ftarkmad to hear 'em ; while we, who {hould be confidering } the Honour of our £ountry, and that it goes now or never Upon our hand, whether it (hall be ridiculous to all the world; are going to nine-holes , er ttoxv-Afadam for our Bufinefle, like your dumb Venetian, whom this fame Sir Politick your Refident that never faw him do any thing but make faces, would infinuate into you, at this diftance, to have the onely krTack of State : Whereas if you (hould take the pains as I have done to look a little nearer, you would find thefe fame wonderful things to be nothing elfe, butmeer naturall Fop- peries or Capricio'Sy as they call them in Italien, even of the meaneft of that Nation : For, put the Cafe you be travelling in Italy j ask your Contadino, that is, the next Country-fellow you meet fome queftion, and prefently he ballots you an an- fwer with a nod, which is Affirmative; or a (hake with his head, which is the Negative box: Oraihrug with his fhoul- der, which is the Bofjolo di nonfinceri, Good ! You will admire Sandes for telling you, that Grotta di cant is a Miracle : and I (hall be laughed at for afTuring you, that it is nothing elfe but fuch a damp (continued by the neighbourhood of cer- tain Sulphur-mines) as through accidental heat doth fome- times happen in our Coal-Pits. But ingratitude muft not difcourage anhoneft man from doing good. There is not, I fay, fuch a tongue-'ty'd Generation under Heaven as your Ita- lian ; that you fhould not wonder if he make figns. But our People muft have fomething in their Diurnalls, we muft ever and anon be telling 'em our minds ; or if we be at it when we raife Taxes like thofe Gentlemen with the finger and the thumb, they will (wear that we areCut-purfes. -Come, I know what I have heard 'em fay, when fome men had mo- By that wrought hard enough for it : and do you conceive they will be better plcafed when they (hall be told, that upon like occafions you arc at Mum-chance or Stool-ball? I do not fpeak Oceana. 117 fpcak for my felf •> for though I (ball alwaies acknowledge, that I got more by one years fitting in the Houfe, then by my three years Travels ; it was not of that kind. ButI hate that this fame Spy for pretending to have plaid at Billiards with the moft Serene Common- Wealth of Venice, tTiould make fuch fools of us here; when I know that hemuft have had his intelligence from fome Corn-Cutter upon the Rialca; for a noble Venetian would be hang'd if he lhould keep fuch a lei- low Company. And yet if I do not think he hath made you all dote, never truft me, my Lord Arcbon is fometimes in fuch ftrange Raptures. Why good my Lord let me be heard as well as your Aple Squire , She hath frefh blood in her Cheeks, I muft confeffe, but fhe is but an old Lady ; nor has he pickt her Cabinet ; thefe he fends you are none of her Re- ceipts I can allure you, he bought them for a Julio at St, CKarks of a Mountebank.* She hath no other waih upon my knowledge for that fameenvy'd Complexion of hers but ler Marfbes, being a little better fented, faving your prefence,then a Chamber-pot.- My Lords, I know what 1 fay, But you will never have done with it, That neither the great Turk, nor anyofthofe little Turks her Neighbours have been able to fpoyl her ! Why you may as well wonder that we efi Is do not fuck Eggs in Swawj-Nefts. Do you think that it hath layn in the Devotion of her Beads j which you that have pcu- ked fo much at Popery, are now at length refolv'd, fhall Con- fecrate CM. Parfon, and be dropt by every one of his Congre- gation, while thofe fame whimficall Intelligences your Sur- veyors (you will break my heart) give the turn unto your/vi- mum CMobile ? and fo I think they will, for you will find, that Money is the Primum Motile, and they will turn you thus out of fome three or four hundred thoufand pounds. A pretty Summe for Urns, and Balls, for Boxes and Pills, which thefe '" 4 'fame quackfalvers are to Adminifter unto the Parifhes, and for what difeafe I mervail ! Or how does it Work ? Out comesa Conftable, an Overfecr, anda Church-warden I Mr. Spegker 3 I am amai'd J Never n8 Oceana. Never was there Goofe fo ftuck with Lard as my Lord £/>/- rnonu%\ Speech with laughter , The At ebon having much ado to recover nim fclf, in fuch manner as might enable him to re- turn thefe thanks : I,5\£ your whole lives {my Lords) Were you never entertained Withfo much Ingenuity; my jLorrfEpimonus having at once mended all the faults of Travel- lers. For fir ft, whereas they are abomin- able Liars, he hath not told you {except fome malicious body have mi f -informed him, concerning poor Spy)one fy liable of falfehood. And Secondly, whereas they never fail to give the upper hand in all their&ifcourfesuntoForraign3\(ationSi flill juftling their own into theJ^ennell , he bears an Honour unto his Country that Will not dif solve /#Gephalonia, nor be corrupted with Figs, and Melons, which 1 can affureyou is no ordinary Obligation : and therefore hold it a matter of public^ concernment, that We be no occafion of quenching my Lords Affe&ions ; nor is there am fuch great matter between us 9 but might me thinks be eafily reconciled : for 'though that which my Lord gained by fitting in the Houfe, I fledfafily believe, as he can affirm, was gotten fairly ; yet dare I not, nor do I thinly,, that upon confederation, he will promife fo much for Oceana. n y for other Qameflers efpecially when they were at itfohigh as he intimates not only to have been in ufe but to be like enough to come about again, therefore {fay I) let them throw With boxes ; for un- lefje We Will be below theV oliticks of an ordinary , there is no fuck barre unto Cog- ing. It is known unto his Lordjloip^ that our Cfame is^Mojl at a throw , and that every caft of our "Dice &; in our Suffra- ges ; nor Will he deny that partiality in a Suffrage is downright Cogging. 3\[oW if the Venetian boxes be the mo ft fove- raign of all Remedies againjl this fame Cogging : Is it not a ftrange thing that they fhould be thrown fir ft into the fire by a fair (jamefier I Men are naturally fubjeU unto all kinds of \P aj si on ; Some you have that are not able to with ft and the brow of an Enemy ; J nd others that make nothing of tlm are lejfe of proof again ft that of a Friend ; So that if your Suffrage be bare- faced I dare fay you fhall not have one fair caft in twenty. 'But What ever a mans fortune be at the box he neither knoWeth whom to thank^ ? nor Whom to Challenge. Wherefore ( that my Lord may have a Charitable opinion of the choice Affe&ion which I confeffe to have above all other beauties^ for that of no Oceana, of incomparable Venice) there is in this Way of Suffrage no lejfe then a demon- fir at ion that it is the mo ft pure ; and the purity of the Suffrage in a popular (go- vernment is the health if not the life of it; feeing the Soul is no otherwife brea- thed into the Soveraign Power, then by the Suffrage of the People. JVherefore no Wonder z/Poftellus be of opinion, that this ufe of the "Ball is the very fame With that which Was of the "Bean in Athens ; or, that 'others , by the Text concerning Eldad and Medad, derive it from the Common-wealth o/Ifrael. There is another thing , though not fo mateniall unto us, that my Lord Will excufe Me, if I be not Willing to yield, which is that Venice fubfifteth only by her Situation; It is true, that a man in time of Warre, may be more fecure from his Enemies, by being in a Citadell ; but not from his $)ifeafes; Wherefore the fir ft caufejfhe live long J s his good Conftitution, With- out which his Citadell Were to little pur- pofe ; and it is no otherwife with Ve- nice. With this fpeech of the oArcfai? , I conclude , the proofe of the Agrarian j and of the UaHot , being the Fundamental! Lawcs of this Common-wealth • and come n >>w from the Center to the circumferences or Orbes, whereof" fume have been already lhewn; AshowrheParifhes annually penire themfclvcs into the Oceana, ui the'Hundreds, the Hundreds into the Tribes , and the Tribes into toe Gdllaxy'Sy the Annudl Gallaxy of every Tribe confifting of two Knights, and fcaven Deputies, whereof the Knights conftitutc the Senate; the Deputies, the Prerogative Tribe commonly called the people : and the Senate and the people conftitutc the Soveraigne Power , or Parliament of Oceana. Wherefore to fhew what the Parliament is, I muft firft open the Senate, and then the people, or Prerogative Tribe, To begin with the Senate , of which (as a man is differently reprefented by a Picture drawer,and by an Anatomift) I fhall The face of firft difcover che face or afpcd,and then the parts, with the ufe t hc Senate, of rhem.Evcry Munday-Morning in theSummer,atfeaven,and in the Winter at eight, thc great Bell in the Clockhoufeat the Pantheon bcginnetii , and continued Ringing for thefpace of one houre^in which time tht Magiftratesof the&vwte, be- ing attended according to their quality, with a refpe&ive number of the Balotincs, DoOfe-keepcrs,and MefTengers, and having thc Enfignes of their Magiftracies borne before them, as thc Sword before the Strategus , the Mace before the Orator, a Mace with the Scale before the Commifsioners of the Chancery, the like with thc Purfe before the Commifsioners of thc Teafury, and a Silver wand, like thofe in ufe with the Uni- vcrfiries, before each of the Cenfors .being Chancellors of the fame. Thefc with the Knights, in all Three hundred,AflLm- ble in thc Houfe or Hall of the Senate. The Houfe or Hall of the Senate , being (cituated in the Pantheon or Pallace ofjuftice, is a roome confifting of a Square and a halfe.in thc middle of the lower end is the doore, at the upper end hangeth a rich State overfhaddowing the greater part of a large Throne, or halfe pace of two Stages , the firft afcended by two fteps from the floore , and the fecond about the middle , rifing two fteps higher. Upon this ftand two Chaires, in that on the right hand tits the Strategttt, in the other the Oratory adorned with Scarlet Robes, after the faihion that was ufed by the Dukes in the Ariftecracy. At the right end of thc upper Stage , ftand three Chaires , in which, the three Commifsioners of tne Sealc are placed, and at the other end (it the three Commimoners of the Treafur% every one in a Robe, or habit like that of the Earls, of thcic Magiftr#esof this upper Stage conllfteththeSignory. At cither end of the lower Stage ftands a little Table, to which the Sacreteries of the Senate are fee with their tufted flee ves in the tiabitofci- vill Lawyer.s^Jnto thc foure ftepps, whereby the two Stages of the Throne are afcended , anfwer foure long Benches , which fuccefltvely deriving from every one of the ftepps con- taine their refpeftive height, and extend themfelves by the fide Walls towards thc lower end of the houfe , every bench • S being i z,2,' Oceana* being divided by numcrall Characters into the Thirty feaven parts or places." Upon the upper benches fit the Cenfors in the Robes of Barons ; the firft in the middle of the right hand bench, and thefecond directly oppolite unto him on theothcr fide. Upon the reft of the Benches fit the Knights, who if they be called unto the Urnes diftributing themfelves by the figures come in cquall files, either by the fir If feale which con. fifteth ofthe two upper benches on cither fide ; or by thefe- cond feale confiftmg of the two lower benches on either fide j beginning alfo at the upper, or at the lower .-. . ends ofthe fame according to the Lot whereby they arc called for which end the benches are opcn,and afcended at either end witheafy ftaires, and large paflages. The reft ofthe ballot is conformable unto that ofthe Tribe; the Cenfors of the houfe fitting at the fide Urnes, #nd the youngeft Afagiftratc of the Signory,at the middle ; the Urnes being placed before the Throne, and prepared according unto the number of the Ma- giftrates to be at that timcchofen by the rules already given unto the Cenlors ofthe Tribes. But before the benches of the Knights on either fide ftands one being fhortcr; and at the up- per end of this,fit the two Tribunes ofthe Horfej at the upper end ofthe other, the two Tribunes ot the foot in their Amies ; the reft of the benches being covered" by the judges of the Land in their Robes ; but thefc cj^agiftrates have no fuffrage, neither the Tribunes, though they derive their prcience in the Senate,from the Romans y nor the Judges, though they derive theirs, from the ancient Senate of Oceans. Every Monday, this aiTembly fits of courfe; at other times , if there beoccafi- on,any cjl/agiftrate ofthe Houfe by giving order for the Bell or by his liftor, or enfigne-bearer calls a Senate; And every ikfagiftrate or Knight during his feflion hath the Title, Place , and Honour of a Duke, Earle, Baron or Knight refpc&ively. And every one that hath borne the fame Magiftracy (tertib) by his third ieffvon , hath his refpecHve place , and Title during , the terme of his Life, which is all the Honour conferr'd by this Common-wealth, except upon the Mafter ofthe Ceremonies , the Mafter ofthe Horfe, and the King of the Hcraulds,who are Knights by their Places. And thus you have the Face ofthe Sen^e, in which there is fcarce any feature that is not Roman ot Venetian^ nor do the Homes of this Crefcent qxtend them- felves much unlike thofe ofthe Sanbedrimpn either hand ofthe Prince, and of the Father of that Senate. But upon Beauty in which every Man hath his phanfy , we wilftnot otherwife Phylofophizethen to remember that there is lornthing more then decency in the Robe of a judge , that would not be well fpared from the Bench j and chat the gra veil /Wagiftrate unto whom Oceana* 113 whom you can commit the Sword of Juftice,will find a quick- nefle in the fpurrs of Honour , which if they be not laid unto virtue, will lay themfelves unto that which may rout a Com- mon-wealth. To come from the Face of the Senate, unto the Conftitution OnflitHtien and ufe of the parts: It is contained in the peculiar Orders, e/WkSenace. And the Orders which are peculiar unco the 5enace,are either of Election, or Inftru&ion. EleBions in the Senate are of three forts , Annual! , Bienni- ally and Extraordinary. Annuall EleBions are performed by the Schedule called the Tropick: and theTropick, conhfteth of two parts; the one containing the Magiftrate? ; and the other the Councells, to be yearly elected. The Schedule or Tropick oi the Magi- ftrates,is as followeth in SDtje jFifteentl) jDjoer , requiting, SEfcat upon etjerp ^anaap mxt j y ord. enfarngtbelaftof^arctj, tlje iimig&ts of the Annuall Gallaxy's ta* Tropick •/ fefngtbefr plates In ti>e &enate,be calico the fittt Ilegion of the fame; 'j* ^ a ? 1 " ano trjat the ■tfonfe beroing ofimfffeD the thfrD JRegion, ant> receftoe* fhe fittt, pjoctcunnto election of the $togf Urates container fn the 8ttt part of the SEr opicft, bp the enfuing $chetmle> 7k Lord Strategus. 1 The Lord Orator. 1 Annuall Tve firftQcnhr. 1 Magistrates; Tbefecond Cenfor. j Tfr that no one ^m beat abotoc one of trjofe honours During ttjc term of one &e(Ff on ) map be electee out of anp IRcgion, 3!5ut the SLriennfaH JJBagfttrates map not be clcctca out of an}? other, tb.cn tlje trjfrD IRcgion onlp, left tlje tern of their £effion erpite befojetbat of their honour ; ano ( ft being an* latofal to* anp man to bear Spagtttracp anp longer then be is tbcrcun* toqnalifieo bp tlje (Election of tlje people ) came a fraction in the fto< ration of tbjs Commonwealth, §5 2, %U 124 Oceana, SCfjcStnte^'usfsfittt pjcfiDcnt of the Senate, an&dDenetaU of ttjt O/rfoStra- ^ ffttbecomntantJCBto^atcb; in tohich cafe ijjcre (ball be a tegus, c fecono Strategy clcctcD to be firtt|9jeftijent of tl)c Senate, aim c©c s neralloftbefeconD fltnunanuff tbtoalfo be Commanoeo toSlSatcf), a t^fro Stratcgus fljali be cljofen; ano fo as long as the Commontoealtb fcnDctbfojtb#tmte0. %\)t ilLojo Orator is fecono anfi mo;c peculiar 33jcrtaent of tbe &e* c ^ r 3e ra nate , unto tobom it appertained to fcccp tbe ^oufe unto ^>jucrs» Of the Cen- %\)t Cenfors, thereof tbe firft b\> confequence of W (Election i0 fors - CbanceUoj of the flUmberfitp of Clio , ano the fttono of ttjac of Calii. ope ; ate$jcttDent0 of tbe Council foj Religion ano SiDagiflratcs , un- to tobom it belonged to fteeptbc ISoufe unto tbe ojoet of tbe Fallot. 2Cheparealfo3inquttt tojs into tbe tnapeo ano meanes of acqufrfng spagfttracp j ana bate po\eet to punifb fnoltect pjocccoing fn tbe fame, b? t cmotif ng a i&nf gbt oj spagf tttate out of tbe |Joufe> unset ap= peale unto tbe Senate. of the Com- jEbe CommttRonet0 of tbe ^eale being thjee , iobctcof tbetbirttis «f fL°Seal' annuaII 2 t ^ ofcn cut of *& c ^ ixti ^ r £i cn ' arE 3"Dge0 in Cftanutp*' 0/f|&* Com- ^ c cbesuU, tatb ttgbt to pjopofe unto tbe Senate* Of the Sig- nory. 315tittbe Stracegus totrfe tbe' ft* Comntiu"ionet0 arc tbe Signory of ibis Commomtoealth bating tight of g>cfl"ton ano gmfftage f u ebetj? Council of tbe Senate , ant potocr citber fopntlp oj fefceral!p,to p;o s pofc in all oj any of tbem, I have little in this Order to obfvrve or prove, but chat the Straiegm is the lame honour both in name and thing that was borne, among othcrs,by R\:ilo\>&nen and Arattu in the Comrnoru Wealth or the Ach&aKS ; the like having been in ufe'alfo with the z/Etoliarjs {Quern ut- Achat Strategon ftowhiakant', fzhhEmmi- ui.). The Orator, catted otherwife the Speaker, is with fmall al- teration the lame that had been of former ufcin this Nation. ThefetwOj if you will, may be compared unto the Cor-fuh hi Rome, or the Sujjetes in Carthage , for their Magiftracyisfcarce different. The Cer.fon derive their power of removing a Senator, from InTJfe of Rome ; the Government of the Ballot, from thofeof Venice i Gee and* ti$ Venice \ and that of-animadverfion upon the AmhitM } orcan- vaceforMagiftracy,from both. IhcSignory with the? whole right and ufe of chat Magiftracy, to be hereafter more fully explained, is almoft purely VenpUm. The fecond part of the Tropick is directed by jCfje&frt«nti) ;©;t>cr, tttycrebp ttjc constitution of trjc Councils , feeing foure , tljat fsto fap, ttjc Council of &>tatc, t5)C Council of colft'itmiph 3K3arre,ttje Council of Kcligion, ano tf>e Council of SEraac; fsreir oftheCoan- areu conformable in ttjefr ^Rctiolutfons unto ttjat of tfjc §>enate. #5 cils - fittt, bjj tlje annnall election of fitjc ISnigljts , out of tt)c tfjiro Kegton council of of tlje Senate ,' info tlje Council of £>tate , conufting of fiftecnc Srate. l&nfgtjts, tttiefneticrplRcgion. £>ecom>lp bp tlje annuall election ofttjjeelisnigtjtsout of tlje ttjiro Hcgion of tlje Council of ^tatc, to be pjopcfeo bp tlje }0jol3ott6 ano electee bp tljat Council , into tlje f . Council of ®Earr, conufting of nine iisnigtjto , tbjee trtcbcrv; Kegion Council of not ercluocD bp trjt's election from remaining members alfc /of Warr. tt)e Council of &ratc ■• ttjc foure 2DjtbUnes of tlje people itjato rt'rjv< of ^ettionanti&uffwge in t&e Councill of OTarr. SCljiriHp bp the mv- nuall election of fourc&m'gtjts out of tlje ttjlro Region of tlje £»c, dftbeCbHa- natc into tlje Council of Heligton, conufting of tttjclije linigtjts , ciiotReli- foure in etocrpHcgf on : of ttjis Council, tljcCenfojs are tpjeuoents . ° 10 "* JFourrjlp bp tlje annual! election of foure fcnigUts out of tlje tljfra lie* gion of ttje Senate, into tfee Council of SDjaoe, eonuftingoftlpeltie ftnfgtjto , four in etoerp Region. j3riD eaclj IRegion in cUctp one of t t, e r ov „„ of ttjcfe Councils tljus conttitutco, ftjaUtoccklp ano tntercbangeablp ell of Trade. elect one ^ofcott, to&ofc 3?agfftracp ujall continue fejonc isttke ^f the P ro * nojujautjebere^lectcomto t&efame till etjerp fcntgrjtofttjat3Rcgi = vo1 s * cut in tfcc fame Council tjafce once borne tlje fame $£>agfftracp. Sinn ttje^rotiofts bring one in etarp llcgfon , trjjee in eticrp Council!, anottoelfceinaU, beSnes ttjeir ottjer Capacities + ftall affcmblc ara9t the 9°^ a " be a Council ojratljer an ScaDcmp apart, toccrtainc cnos ann paflproyoffs:' pofestobe thereafter farttjet eyplatnco toitt) trjofe of ttjc reft of tlje Councils. This Order is of no Other ufe then for the frame and tyrr.c of theCouncils, and yet of no (mall one : for in morion confift- eth Life, and the motion of a 6orn&ihn-maltb will never be currant, unlefio it be circular. Men that, like my Lord Epir/io- nus , noo induring the refemblancc of this kinj of Govern- ment unco Orbes and Spheres, fall on Phyficking andpurging of it , do no more then is neecflary j for if it be not in Rotati- on, n6 Oceana. on both as to Perions and Things, it will be very fick. The People of Rome , as to Perfons, if they had not been taken up by the vvheele of Magiftracy, had overturned the Charriot of the Senate. And thofe of Lacedemon as to Things , had not been fo quiet when the Senate trafht their bufinefle, by incroaching upon the rcfult , if by the inftitution of the Ephors they had not brought it about againe. So that if you allow not a C om ~ mon-weahh , her Rotation, in which confifts her equality, you reduce her to a party, and then it is neceffary that you be Pny- fitians indeed, or rather Farriers; for you will have ftrong Pa- tients, andfuch as muft be halterd andcaft, oryourfelves may need bone-fetters. Wherefore the Councils of this Com- mon-wealth, both in regard of their Elections, and, as will be fhewn, of their Affaires, are uniforme with the Senate in their Revolutions, not as Whirle-pits, to fwallow, but to bite , and with the fcrues of their Rotation, hold and turne a bufineffe likethe Viceof a Smith, unto the hand of the Work-man; Without Engines of which nature it is not poflible for the Se- nate, much leffe for the people, to be perfeel Artificers in a Politicall capacity. But I mall not hold you longer from i-j.Ord. IC6eS>ertcnteentft£>jBw,ftftetffng'3l0fennfaBeletfion0ojt|ecwi- ConjUtHtton fttttttf on of ibe £>jbe of CmbaffaoonHf fit ;©>*f natp,confitttng of foure niaiEicuZ ^ eawncesi > tbe ftetjolntfon tofceteof fgpetfojmeo in efgbt pearea> or Orbe of anD pjefemo tfcougb the election of one ^mbaffaoour in tvuo pcarcs Embaiia- fy ty Z ballot of tbc Senate to repafre onto tbe Contt of France ano re* UDCtbcrefo; tbe terme of ttoo peaces; ano tbc terme oftteo pcatce being empires, to remote from t ben cc unto tbc Contt of Spaine , tbere to continue foj tbc fpacc of ttoo pcares; ano tbence to remote unto tbc £>tatc of Venice ; Sim after ttoo peaces reKoence f n tbat Cittp,toj conduce tottb fits reuoenee at Conttantinople , foj a iffce terme of time , ano fo to rcturne. % ttnigbt of the Senate oj a SDeputp of tbe pjerogatfte map not be dEletteo jambaffaOont in ;©£Df narp, becsufe s ftnfgbt 01 SDcputp focbofen, mnft eitfcer lofe hls&effion, tohicfj tooulQcaufe an unetenneffe in tl>c motion of tbis Common* total t&, oj accumulate Sj&agifiracp, tobitb agjeetb not toftb tbe cqualitp of tbe fame. jjioj map anp man be electee into tbis Capacitp tbat is sbote fite ano tbirtp pcares of age , left tbe Common=toealtb lofc tbe Cbarge of bis education, bp being tepriteo atbisreturne of tbe fruit of it , o % elfe enjop it not long, t^ougb tbe Defects of nature. This Order is the perfpedtive of the Common-wealth whereby fhe iorcfecth danger; or the Traffick , whereby ihc receiveth dors in or dinary. Oceana. 117 rcceivet'u every two yeares thc-returne of a States-man enrich- ed with eight years experience, from the prime Partes of Ne- gotiation in Europe. And (o much for the Elections in the Senate chat are ordinary , fuch as are extraordinary follow in SEhe Cightcc-nth <3Djter , appofntfng all ft~tccr of the €r chequer bp the &crutenp of the Commiffioncrs of the SDreafurp. &>cn in 3&agf fftacp , o? out of it are eqaallp capable of e< lection bp the ^crutenp ; 316ut a q&agf Crate or Officer electee bptbc ^crtitenpuntoaSPilftarpimplopment ; if he be neither a fenigbt of the Senate, nor a SDeputp of the p%zt ogatibc ought to batic his ®tticc confirmed bp the |Brerogatibe , becaufe the Militia in a Common. iuealtb, tohere the people ate £otierajgn,te notlatotuUtobetoucb* SO injuffuPopuli* The Romans were fo curious that though their Confuls were clec-led CtuturUtU , they might not toucn the Militia, except they were confirmed Cunatis Comitiis .-.for a'^/agiftrate not receiving his power from the People, takes it from them; and to take away their Power is to take away their Liberty. As to the Election by the Scruteny it may be eafily perceived to be Venetian,there being no fuch way to take in the knowledge, which in all reafon muft be bed in every Council of fu^ch men as are moft fit for their turnes, and yet to keepe them from the bias of particular affeftion or intcreft under that pretence; For the caufe why the great Council, ip Venice fcarce evere- lefts any other then the Name that is brought in by theScrute- ny , is very probable to be ; that they may. This election » the laft of thofe appertayning unto the Senate 3 the Coun- cils Oceand. dls being chofen by the Orders already flicwn ; It remainetb thar we come unto thole whereby they are inftru&ed ; and the Orders of Inftru&iou unto the Councils are two; Thefirft tor the fubjed Matter, whereupon they are to proceed; and the iecond, for the Manner of their proceeding. The fubjed matter of the Councils,is distributed unto them by r X n'°^ &fc ilifnetecntfj ^jDcr, Dfffttbntfng unto titty Council fnth bu^ luftruttions for the neffesasare pjoperlp to belong unto their Cognisance, tt>bcrcof fome Councils^ tfcep wall reccfbeanD Determine; #nDotbcratbep wall receive , pje* f ^^ t u e b r "j>areanDtntroDuce into the ^ as#rlf, For the %bcCouncil of ^tatefs to utiU all Emetics, Blntcllfgcnces ana Council of ILettersof jiiegotiatfon ; to gibe auDtencc to Cmbaffaoors rent urn State. to , ana to Drato up 3]nftrutttons for fuel) as wall be rent bptbts Com. mon.toealtb; to tecetbc pjopofttfons from , ana nolo intelligence tof lb tbc $}oatnlall Councils; tpconfiDcr upon all iilatos to be <£nad* * ed, amenaea, oj IRepealcD ; anu upon all Jleaties of mcn,o;monep, Watt, o% peace, leagues o; #{Toeiations to be mane bp this Com- mon-tocaltb, fofarre wtUast'sconouctbleunto ttjc ojacdp picpara* , tion of tbe fame to be inttoDucco bp tbem into tbc Senate. I^ettfii Council of * D ttwt all fucb affaires, as.otbEttoife appertaining unto tbe Council War. of^tateatc,fojffcegcBDoftbeCommon-toealtl), to be tarrpco toftfe greater &ectefp, be mannagea bp tbe Council of Mart , toftft potoct to receTbe ana fena fojtb Agents, &pps, <£mf Carps, intelligencers , iFtigots ; £na to mannage affaires of that nature , if it be neceffatp toftbont communication unto t&e Senate, till rucb time as it may be fcaofoffbttit Detriment unto tbe buuneffe, 3l5at tbep wall "batoe na power to engage tbe Common tocaltb in a Mart, tortbout tbe con* fent of tbe Senate ana tbe people. 3t appertained alfo unte i|fs Council to take Charge of the jFleet as #amfral ; ana of all &tore* Routes, #rmoutps, 8rfenalls, anD ^agajines appertaining unto tbfs Commonwealth. %%ty wall fecep a Diligent tceoja of tbe #i* litarp eypeDitioHSftom time to time tepojteobp bim that iuas &tra» teguso&OenetaU, oj-one of tbe |Bolemarchs in tbat action; o> at leaftfo fare fojtb as tbe experience of fucb Commanecrs map tcna mi* to the implement of the ^(litarp Dffcfpline , which tbep wall Df* fell, anDinttoDneefnto the Senate : ano if the Senate Wall tbcrrup* on frame anp Article, tbep wall fee tbat it be obfetbeo in tbc gutters oi education of the |*out&. £nD toheteas tbc Council of Warr is tbe Ccnttneltt^coutoftbfs Commonwealth , if anp Perfon oj Pm Ocednd. iz$ ~* ;: Um tbafl see about to introduce \ SDebate, Into Srip JBoputat sflemblp - ■ of tbe fame; ojotbettoffe to alter tbe patent Government, o^ttrfke at tbe root of it, tbeyfbaU sppje&enB, ©j caufe to be appjebenoeo, feljeo, ImptffoneO; ano examine, arraigne, acquit, oj conoemne , ano caufe to be t*ecuteo anp fncb |3etfon, or j9«troR» ; of tbeir pjoper ho- tter ano flutborf tp, ano ferttbout appeale. 2Ltje Council of Religion; as the Arbiter of tbf« Common4»eaitb For the in cafes of conference mojepeculiarlpappertapnfngunto Religion, Co »» cl1 °f Cbrifffan Cbarf tp , ano a pious 3Lf fe ; ftiaU bal?e tbe care of tbe n?.tfo= e 121 ° n " rtaH Religion, ano tbepjotcction of tbe * ?rtp of Cottfcience, toitb tbe Cegntjanre of all eaufes relating m, Jjer of tbem» #nofirtt as to tbe jpattanall Religion ; SDJjcp (ball caufe all places ojpjefer* ments of tbe bed lleticnuc tn ettber of thc^nf betfities to be conferred upon none otber tben fneb of tbe mail leameo ano pious men, as babe tcoicnteo tbemfelttes unto the ftuop of SCbeologp. g&bep (ball alio take an efpcciall care tbat bp Hub Augmentation* as be, o% (ball bete* after be appointeobp tbe Senate, eOerp benefice tn tbis Ration be impjovcoattbeleattunto tbetoalurof jSDne bunBjeo pounos a pear. SnBtotbccnotbat tbrrebenointcrottat all, tortjerebp tbe SDibines oj SCeaebets of tbe Rational Religion, map be corrupted, ej corrupt Religion , ti>cp (ball be capable of no other kf no of Blmplopment 03. deferment in tbis Common.Mealtb. #no fobereas a iBDirectojp f 0? tbe asmf nfftratf on of tbe #att onall Religion, is to be pjepareo bp tbis Council, tbeptbad in tbis ano otbec debates of tbis nature pjo= cat in manner following : fl quettfen arifing in matter »f Religion (ball be put ano ttateo bp tbe Council in touting ; tobicb Waiting tbe Centos (ball feno bp tbeir H5eaoies (being p jo co js cbofen to atteno tbcm) eacb unto tbe tBniberutp tobereofbeis Cbancelloj; ano tbe tftice'Cbancello? of tbe fame receibing tbe touting, (ball wll a Con* location of all tbe SDiblnes of ttjat tanibertttp being abobe fourtp pears of age ; #no tbe Slnfberttttefl upon a J^ofnt fo pjopofeo, (ball bate no manner of intelligence 01 Cojtefponoence one totb anotber, unttll tbeir debates be zmts, ana tbe? babe maoe return of t|eit 23nf tocrs unto tbe Council of Religion bp ttoo 0% tbjee of t&eft oton ^embers, tbat map cleat tbeit fenfeifanp ooubt fboulbarife, unto tbe Council; fobfel Oone, fbep (ball return, ano tbe Council laving receiteo fucb information, (ball f&aeaeo Meowing unto tbeit otow Bluogments, in tbe Reparation of tbe tobole matter for tbe Senate. SCbatfotbeintettftoftbe&mneo being temobee, tfym map be a % tfgbt r3o Oceand. rfgbf £ppltcatfott of iReafon tmto ^crtptate^tf cl) is t|»e if ontiunf f orr of t^e Rational Heiigion, g>cconBlp,tfei0 Council as to the protection of the Itbettp of Con* fcience,fi;aDfuffer no coercive ^ofcer in the matter of Religion to be rrcrcifcB in this j&ation, %\)t SCcaebersof the Rational IHcli* gion being no other then fuel) asfcoluntartlp undertake Catcalling; ano their Janitors or fearers, no other then arc alfo fcolantarp. #cj. fhall anp gathereo Congregation be molcftcaor iitterniptec in their toay of Morfyip [htins neither 3lclniftj nor 3oolatrcu3) but fctgi* lantip,anu tiigorouflp pjoiecteoano Defences in t&c enjopment pra* dice ano pjofeffion of the Tame, 0no if there be jSMTictta or 8a3i* tors appointe&bp anp fuch Congregation, for the introduction of Caufes into the Council of Religion, all fuel) Caufes fo ttt'.rotwce& fbaUbercceirjeo, hearDano DetcrsHinco bp the fame, (tilth recourfe haa if neet> be unto the Senate.) SChirclp, efcerp petition afcDreffee unto the Senate, eyceptthatGf aSCribe ihattbe reccitjcD, eraminet), anuoebatco tip this Council ; ana fuch onlp as thep upon fuch examination ana Debate hao thali think fit map be f ntroDuce* f nto the Senate. ■For the ®& c Council of Trade being the Vena Porta ef this Ration fhall Council of hereafter receive Blnftruetf owb more at large : iFor the piefent, therr Trade. experience attaining unto a right mnoerftanoing of tbofe SDraoes, ant» %'fterfes that fao the fcefns ef this Commonwealth &m a irue Stflinftten «f them from tbofe that fuck, or crbauft the Tame ; thep feall acquaint the Senate foitb the Contx*?fcncie<*,am> BlncoMjenien* ties, t« the enu that encouragement map be sppSpco unto the one, ana remeop to the other. For the SChe Academy or" the Prov.ofts being thcatfabiu'tp of the CoimiiOu* Academy of ^ e& \^ c^all affemble cberp sap toiaaros the evening in a fair IRmrn, vofts Pr °* |ahfngcertafn!»ithorauJing3&tf>«;s thereunto belonging. &m all forte of Cowpanp that iuill repair thither for Cotttorfation or oif* comfc, to it be upon tl>c matter of ©owernmei.t, $tm, or 3totelU» gence, or to pjopote anp thing unto the Councils, Cball be fralp ana affablpreceitoflin the £>utcr Chamber mt&ljeara in the imv of ci'oii Confcetfatiow , tsftich is tobemanageo toftbout anp other £U)C o?. Ceremonp, t&enttereuntois«faallpappettaim»^i to the ena that etjerp Ocean 6. 131 ebcrp man map be ft* ; am tbat toljat is pjopofc© bp one, map be at* guco c& otfcourfca upon bp tbe tell, except ttje mat .ct be of fetxede; in tobtcb Cate t^c ^jofcotts, oj fome of tbem ftafl take Web as oeSre jauotctuc into one of the toitbijatoing litems ; #no tbe |5?or of tbe tpjobotfs, in a fetter ugneo oi not Cgneo ; tobkb letter ftaB be left vultb U ; * ocj*K*per of tbe Acaoemp ; j£oj tball anp jpctfon Delivering fucb a 3Leticr be feijeo, molefieo, oj Detainee, tbougb it ftoalo -pjobc to be a 3Ltbcll : XBat t^e letters fo DeliVereo OjaU be .f leftntcB unto tbe gjoVotts ; ano in cafe tbep be fo manp tbat t&ep cannot toeft be examine? bp tbe ^ jotofts tbemfelvcs, tbep ftall oiltrf bate tbcm as tbep pleafe to be reao bp tbe ©enHemen of tbe jaraoewp, tobo finotng anp tbing in tbem material], tofU fino matter of SDtfr courfc: iDjif tbep barren upon a bufineffe tbat teqnfrcSpjfVaip tCs tnrn it toitb a note npon it unto a JDjoVott. #no tbe JSjoVoCs bp tt e Secretaries atten&fng (ball caufe fucb notes out of SWconrfes oj betters to be taken as tftcp pleafe, to tbe enb tbat tbep map pjopofe as occaKon Tertctb tobat anp ttoo of tbcm fball tbfnft fit out of t&efe KotcsfotafeenHntotbeir refpeoibe Councils : to tbe eno tbat not onlp tbe (Ear of tbcCommonstoealtbbe open onto all, but ;bat mn of fucb Coucatiort being in bet Cpe, £>bc map upon emergent d£ieaf« ens oj oecaftons, be olteat cs pjooioeo -of bet Cboice of fit |9etfong. evcrp Council being soojneo toftb a State fo* ttje Sfgnojp fljall p ot t h e j t : be attcnoeobp ttoo Secretaries, ttoo E>aj?*fcapers, ano ttoo 3&eu*em tendance »f jersinojuinarp, au* babe |Botoet to Commanomojc upon emergen* *S Cqvt *~ ties, as occafion tequttjetb, #m> tbe flcaoemp (baH be attenoen C " toitb ttoo Secretaries, ttoo^effengers, ano ttoo SDaj^feapers; tbis 'toW^tbcotber Councils being pjobiteo toitb t&eft fattbet Content* enciesat tbe cbatge of tbe State,. <• » 35ut tobereas it isfntfoenf unto Commomtoealtbs uponebnet* F genccs, tegufrfng erttao*oinarp fp*o» o> tejefie, eftbet tfcougfc Dlaii i}z Gee ana. tbcirrtatuTalocIapcs, o? tmnctural taile to farm rqtiai canr« fctfle bolting unto tbe floUi pace of tbctr £>jtcrs t^cp tome not in time to ocfeno tbemfclt>r0 ; from fomc fuwaln bloto : oj bjcafcinjj tbrm foj tbe grcatir fptt3,tbcp but feafte nnto ttjeir oton JDettrualou: If the Senate Hall at anpttjncmafec Election of nine J&nfobto crttaojofnarp to bcaiDro unto tbc«Ic«.!cHof ©Hat, as a Junfta fo: tl>c term of l\)icz menctba. JCbe Council of ^ffilar, toftfe tbe Junch fo aauo. fa fo? tbe term of tbe fame-; .Diftacor of Oceana babing potocr to lebp men ano monrp to mate Mar ano tyzatz , sa alfo to cnaa iaUieo, tobt tb ftia.lt tie ga o fo; t be fpacc of one pear, (if tbcp be not fanst repcalec bp % Senate anb tbe |fropIt) anbfojno longer time, cxttpt tbrpbc con* ttrmtb bp tbe Senate ano tbe $tecp!c, 3no tbe tobole flurrf ritflrn- tionof tbe Commonwealth fo; tbe term of tbefaiMb?a ^onetbo 'fbnllbr In tbeSTictatoj j ^?oVtt)co, tbcttbe SDfttatcj ftall bate no poVucr toDoaripibtncrtbattrnDettjnotnnteWa proper tno ant tnftfr tutfon : rutaiiuKtotl,c|E>nfftYaticnoftbeCommen=towilfb as ft fa ellablfftteb ; Sins, fo} tbe t ncoaf n trtttntf en of tbe fame unto tbe natural tb?r r el/.no cortnon conrfe of ©ottrnirtnt, flno all Acre, tftowra, 8>rc»ea oj BLaVeca of tbe tonnsf I of Iffiat tofty tbe Jun&a, -jbef ng tbro ejeateft, ftall be ftgneo. Dictator Ocean*. This Orderof Inftru&ions unto the Councils, being (as in a mautr of that nature is requifite) very large, I have ufed my bill iki 1 1 to abbreviate, in iuch manner as might {hew no more of it then is oeccfTary unto the underftandiiig oi the whole ; ii ougfi as to the parts, or further duties of the Councils- I have omitted many things oi lingular ufc in a Common- wealth. But it was fpok.cn to at the Council by the Arcfan in thii manner: Oceana, iff My Lords, the Legiflators, % YOur Qouncits ( except the Dila- tor only) are proper and native Springs and Sources you fee? which {banging afewjlicks and flraWes^that?^ lejfe con/iderablf ? Would otherWife be more trouble fome? upon the banks of their peculiar channels} derive the full ftream of bufinejfe into the Senate^ jopure?and Jo far from the pofsibility of beinz trou- bled^ or fteined {ks will undeniably ap- pear by the Courfe contained in the en- fuing Order} With any kind of private inter eft or partiality 6 that it fb all never bepofsible for any AJfemblie hearkening unto the advice or information of this or that Worthy Member? either infiruBed upon his *L J illoW? or while he Was making hm j elf ready ? or by the Petition or Ticket which he received at the Door; t< have half the Security in his Faith? or i iv ant age by his Wifdome : Such a Se- nate, or Council being through the in- cerrainty of the Winds? like a Wave of the Sea • nor (hall it otherwife mend the .matter by flowing up into dry ditches? or referring "Bupnejfes to be better exa- mined by Committees, then to go farther about 134 Oceana. about with it to leffe purpofe ; if it do not ebbbac\again with the wore mud din it. ' For in a Cafe referred to an occaji- 'onall Gommktee,.of which any Member that is defirous. may get bimfelf named, and to winch no body Will come, but either for the fake of his Friend, or his own Jn- tereft ; It fareth little better as to the Information of the Senate , then if it had been referred unto the ^Parties. Where- fote the Athenians being diftributed in- to four Tribes, out of which by e quail numbers they Annually chofe Four hun- dred men, called the Senate of the Bean, {becaufe the ballot at their EleBion Was performed by the ufe of 'Beans') divided them by Fifties, into eight parts . And .every Fifty in their turn ; for one eight part of the year Was a Council apart called the Fry tans: the Pry tans in their diflinB Council receiving all Com- triers^ and giving ear unto every 3\dan 'that had any thing to propofe concerning 'the IQommon-Wealth , had power to de- bate and prepare all the 'Bufineffes that fyere to be introduced into the Senate* Tfe Achaeans had ten fele&ed <±Adagi- f rates called the Demiurgs, conftitu- 'ting a Council apart called the Synar- thy jibhicb With the Strategus prepared • >"--' all Oceana. $■$? all the Bufinefs that was introduced in- to their Senate: 'But neither the Se- nate of the Athenians, nor of the Achse- ans, hut Would have Wondred if a mdh floould have told them, that they had been to receive all Comers, and'Di fcour- fes to the end that they might refer them afterwards unto the Pry tans or the Sy~ narchy: much leffe unto an occaftonall Committee , expojed unto the catch that catch may, of the parties mterejled. And yet Venice in this (as in mofl of her Or- ders, ) cxcellsthem all by the constitution of her Councils, that of the Col/edge, and the other of the Dieci. The courfe of the Co/ledge is exa&ly described m the enfuing Order: And for that oftheDieci it fo little differs from what it hath be- ftoWed upon our Dictator, that I need not to make any particular defer iption of iWButto Dicliatorian power in general, and the ufe of it, becaufe it muft needs be of difficult digefion unto fucli ds,peu~ king ftill at ancient Prudence , JheTP them/elves to be in the 3\£urfery of Adother-wit ; it is no lefs then necefsa- ry to fay fometbing* ^jtnd fir ft , in a Common-wealth that is not wrought up, nor perfected, this Vowet 'Will be of very frequent , if not continual ufe', Where- j$6 Oceana. Wherefore it is faid more then once upon defe&s of the government inthe "Book^of Judges, That, in thofe dayes there was no King in Ifrael ; «5\£or hath the Tranflator (though for no King, he fhould have faid no judge) abufed you fo much ; feeing that the Dictator, (and fuch Was the Judge of Ifrael ) or the Dictatorian Power being in a jingle ¥ erf on, fo little differs from Monar- chy, which followed in that, that from the fame caufe there hath been no other ejfeft in any Common-wealth,^ in Rome was manifeft by Scylla and Cae- far, who to make themf elves Abfoluteor Soveraign,had no more to do, then to pro- long their Aiagiflracy ; for Dictatoris Livy - imperium quaii Numen. 3\(ever- thelefs,fo it is, that Without this ^oWer Which is fo dangerous, andfub'jeBto in- troduce Monarchy,^ Common-wealth cannot be fafe from falling into the like *Di fsolution ; For unlefs you have an Expedient in this Qafe of your oWn, and bound up by your providence from recoyl- ing ; Expedients infome Cafes you mufb not only have, but be beholding for them unto fuch whom you muft trujl at a pinch- when you have not lei jure tofland with themf or Security ; which Will be a thou- sand Oceans. 137 fand times more dangerous. And there can never be a Q%mmon~Wealtb otherwise then by the Order in debate Wrought up unto that perfection ; but this necefsity mufhf onetimes happen in regard of her natural floWnejfe and opennefs and the fuddainefs of Afsaults that maybe made upon her asalfo the fecrefie which in fome cafes may be of abfolute necefsity unto her affairs Whence Machiavil con- cludes itpofitivelyfTbat a Commonwealth unprovided offuch a Refuge mufi ruine; for her courfe is either broken by the bloW in one of thofe cafes; or by her felf while it Jlartles her out of her Orders. And indeed a Common-Wealth is like a Grey-hound, which having wee coajl- ed, will never after run f air but grow [loathful ; and when fhe comes to make a common praBice of taking nearer wayes then her orders^ f\)e is di [solved ; for the being of a Common-Wealth confifts in her Orders. Wherefore at this lift^you Will be expo fed unto danger ', if you have not provided before-hand for the fafety of your re fort in like cafes : nor is it fuffi- 'cient that your refort be fafe unlefs it be asfecret, and quickj> for if it be flow or open your former inconveniences are not remedied. 3\(ow for our imitation V in ij8 Oceana. in this part, there is nothing in experi- ence like that of the Council of 1 en in Venice ; the benefit whereof Would he too long to befheWn in the whole Viece, and therefore I fhall take but a pattern out of Janotti : In the War (faith be} Which the Venetians had With Florence in Cafentine, the Florentines finding a necefsity in their affairs far from any other inclination in them f elves to asf^ their Peace, fent Ambafsadours about it unto Venice, where they Were no fooner heard^ then the bargain Was flruck up by the Council of Ten ; and every body ad- miring (feeing this Common-Wealth flood upon the higher ground) what jhould be the reafon offuch hajle ; the Council up- on the return of the Embafsadours im- parted Letters unto the Senate, where- by it appeared, that the Turk had newly launched a formidable Fleet againfl their State ; which had it been known to the Florentines, it Was Well enough Iqiown they would have made no Peace : Wherefore the fervice of the Ten was highly applauded by the Se- nate, and celebrated by the Venetians. Whereby may appear ? not only in part 'What ufe there is of Di&atorian Tower in that Government, but that it is af~ fumed Oceana', fumed at the discretion of that Council ; Whereas in this of Oceana it is no other- Wife intruded then when the Senate, in the Ele&ion of nine Rights extraordi- nary giveth at once the Commifsion and taketh fecurity in a baUance aaded+unto the Qouncilof War? though fee urer be- fore by the Tribunes of the People//?^ that of Venice; which yet never incurrd Jealoufie : For if the younger Mobi- lity have been often girding at it^ that happened not fo much through the ap- prehenfion of danger in it unto the Qorn- mon-Wealth, as through the Awe of it upon themfehes : Wherefore the (fra- t>er have doubtlefy fheWn their Pru- dence in the Law : Whereby the Ma- gistracy of thefe Counfellors being to la ft untill their Succeffours be created, the Council is efablifhed. The Inftru&ions of the Councils for their Subject matter being l"hewn, it rcmaineth that I fhew the Inftru&ions for the manner of their proceeding, as they follow in %\>t SCtoetftfety 4D^ct, Containing the q&efljoo of Debate, to be 20 0r j ©btcrtoobptbespafifttratea, ana the Council*, fucceffibelp, in ojner Intrusions to a Decree Of tbc &enat£. ftrtheCoun- SOjeSpactfrtatcBof tbe &»enojp as CounfcUojs of tftfs Common their mL- toealtb,CbaU take into tbettConfioeratf on all matter of &tate, o% of nerof Pro- . ©obernment; ana baling rfebt to pjopofe t n anp Councfl ^apanp ""%• oneojmojeof tbem pjopofe tobat 3l5u8neffe be oj tbeppleafemtbat Council fobfireunto it molt pjoperlpbelongctb: 0notbat the Conn* cils map be belo unto tbeit out?, tbe fain Sj&agitttates ate fopcMnten* M. 2 oents i/j.6 Oceana. tents, artt fnfpedo?sof the fame, toitbtigbf topjopofe unto tbc Se< natc &heCenfo*sbal)erqnallpofoertoitbtbefe £}9agiffratcs, bntin re- lation unto tbe Council of ^Religion onlp. #npttooof tbe thjiee $?ot>otts in efcerp Council map pjopofete ant) arc tbe moje peculiar J^jopofers of,ffe6 fame Council ■, to tlje cno trjat tbere fag not onlp an fnfpjction ant> fuper-fntenBenep of IBnGneffe in general, but trjat eticrp too:-te be alfo committee unto a peculiar rjano. Stnytmzo} mojeof the SPagifiratcs. oj anpttooof tfie $;etous refpcctiDelp baling pjopofea ; ibe Council ftall Bcbate tbc buftneffe fo pjopofc3,totnl)icl)trjepof tbclbirD IRegfon lbat are roilling ftall fpcaft firftin tbeir ojter; tbcp of tbc feconu, ncyt -, snotfaepef ftctbirtj, lafti ano tbe opinions of tbofetbatpscpofePoj fpofce as tfeep fijafl be tbougbt tbe moft conGcerable bp tbc Council, ftall be taken bp tbc Secjetarp of tfjc fame in tojitt'ng, ana cacb of tbem figneo toitb tbe name of tfjc #utbour. SEbeopinfonsbcfngtbuapjcpareB, anp ^agtttratc of tbeSignojp, Ccnfo?,oj anpttooof ttje $pjofcoffs of tbat Council, upon tbis occa? Con map affembtetbe Senate. SCbc Senate being affemblco, tbe Opinions (foj tyample, if tbcp be four) ftafl be reaaln tbeir fl>joer, tbat is, accojoing unto tbe ojuer 03- Bignttp of tbe spagf Crates oj CounfeUojs bp toljtcb tbcp toere figneo. #no being rcao, if anp of tbc Council introducing tfaem toill fpcafc, tbcp as bett acquaint eo toitb tbc ISufineffc, ft all batje p;cccoencc, ana after tbem tbe Senat ojs ftall f peak accojuing unto tbeir Regions , be* ginning bp tbe ttjiro firft, ana fo continuing till cberp mart tbat toill, batiefpotan : anBtoben tbc opinions bafce been fufficientlp ocbatcD, tbep ftaU be put altogetber unto tbe Fallot after tbls manner. JFour Secretaries carrping tacb af tbem one of tbe opinfons fn one tjano, toitbatobfteboie in fte otber, anBeacb follotofng another, (ae* cojof ng unto tbe ojser of tbe opinions) ftafl p?efent bis i5oy, naming tbe Slutbo; of bis opinion unto cijerp Senator ; anu one Secretarp 0* 31Baflotine toitb a gran S5or ftall folloto tbc four tobite ones ; anu one Secretarp of iBallotine toitb area HBox ftall folloto tbe graenone: ana ctterp Senate* ftall put one J5all into fome one of tbefe Ux boxte. &be Suffrage being gatbereo ano openeo befoje tbe Signojp : 3lf ttje rca box 0* $on«fincer bao aboBe balf fte Suffrages, tbc opf n ions ftall beattcattout, fo*tbe$Pajojpartof tbel^oufefs not clear in tbe bn- fineffc. Oceand. 141 Gncffc, 31f no one of tbe font opinions ba& abetie &slf tbe ^nfftagea fntbe £fftrmatitje, tbat toljfcti Ijao fetoettiball be call oat, am tbe otber tfett (ball be IBallotteo again. 31 f mo one oftbe tbjee ban abobe balf , tbat tobicb baa fetoclt Cball be caft cut , ana tbe otber ttoo (ball SBallottco again. 3!f neitber of ttje ttoo baa abofce balf, that tobicb baafctoeftfball be raft out, ana the remaining opinion fball beS5al» iottco again. #naiftbe temaining option babe not abobe balf, ft HjaUaUobecafiout. 3B5ut tbe Irft of tbe opinions tljat arrives at mofiabotiebalfintbeMtrmatiWistbe JDctreeof tbefeenatr. SCbe epfnians being all of tbem caft out bp tlje jjion.rinccr map bcreWcto'D (if eccaScn permit) bp tbe Council, ana b;ougbt in rgain. 3|f tbep be caJt out b? tbc $egatibe,tbc Cafe being of #afcfce enlp,tbc !£oufe appjototh not, ana tijere is an cna of it : ibc Cafe being neccffarp,ano cemit rftfjs oclap, tt;e Council is to ttjirst; again upon tt)c 3I5uuneffc,ano to bjfngfnncto opinions ; but tbe Cafe being neceffarp, atianotac* mitring arts? ; the Senate fojtbtoitb electing tbe Junfta wall create tbeDifhtor. (fit videatDifLuor nequidRe'p. detrimenti capiat.) Stbfs in rare the SDebarr conduce not in a SDectac: but if a 2De= eras be pad, it is either in matter of &:ate o? (©obcrnment accojaf ng to ilnte cnactco alreaop, ana tbcu it is gso toitbout going anp far* tber ; oj it is in matter of llato to be enactea, rcpealea, oj amenaea, ana tben tbe 2Dceree of tbe Senate, efpcctallp if it be foj a tWBar, oj fo?. a3lebpof#euo;fPonep, is inbalio, toitfjout tqe rcfult of tbe Com* mon.toealtb, tobtcb is in tbe Pjerogatibc 2£ribe, oj JUcpjefentattbs af the people. . %bt Senate babing pjepatea a decree f o be pjopofea unto tbe $eo* pic, wall appoint tbciriBjopofers: ana no other mappjopofe fojtbe Senate unto tbe people but tbe $.igf Urates of tbe f^oufe ; tbat is to Tap, tbe tbjee Commtfsieners of tbe &eal, oj anp ttoo of tbem ; tbe tbjee of tlje SCreafarp, oj anp ttoo of tbera ; oi tbe ttoo Cenfojs, SCfje Senate babingappointea tfjefr pjopofcts, wall require of tbe SCribuncsa muffer of tbe People at afet time ano place; ano tbe tribunes, oj anp ttoo of tbem bating mufter'D tbe people accojo* inglp ; tbe 2B?opofcrs ftau pjopofe tbe fenfc oj BDectee of m 9s>u natebp Claufes unto tbe people, Hnotbat tobfcbisp?oporcobptbe 2utbojttpof tbe Senate, ana refold bptbc Commanoof tbej^eas pie, f g tbe iatoof Oceana. To a 142, Oceana. To this Order, implicitely containing thefum very near of the whole civil part of the Common-wealth ; My Lord Archon fpoke thus in Councill : MyVear Lords, THere is a faying, That a man muft cut his Coat ac- cording to his Cloth. When Iconfider what God hath allow'd or furnilhed unto our prefeni Work, I am amazed. You would have .a Popular Government, He hath weighed it unto you in the prefentballance as I may fay to a dragme ; you have no more to do,but to fix it. For the Superftruclures of fuch a Government, they require a good Ariflocracy : You have,or have had a Nobility or a Gentry the belt ftudied, and the beft Writers, at leaft next that of Italy, in the whole World ; nor have they been inferiour when fo exercifed, in the leading oi Armies. But the people are the main body of a Common-wealth; ihew me (*>Gadibut ufa AurorametGangem) from the treasuries of Snow (as it is in Job ) unto the burning Zone, a people whofe fhoulders fo uni- verfally and fo exa&ly fit the Corfelet. Neverthelefle it were convenient, to be well provided with Auxiliaries : There is Marpefia through her fruitfulnefle inexhauftible,of men, and men through her barrennefle not only inured unto hardfhip, but bucked in your Arms. It may be faid that Venice, favc only that fhe taketh not in the People, is the moft incompara- ble Situation of a Common-wealth. You are Venice taking in your People and your Auxiliaries toe. My Lords, the chil- dren of Ifrael were makers of brick, before they were builders of a Common-wealth : But our brick is made, our morter temper'd, the Cedars of Lebanon are hew'd and fquared unto our hands. Hath this been the work of man ? or is it in man to withftand this «work ? Shall be that contendeth with the Almighty inflruB him ? HethatreprotethGod, let him ar.fxer it. For our parts, every thing is fo laid, that when we come to haveufeof it, it is the next at hand; and unlefle we can con- ceive thatGod and Nature do any thing in vain, there is no more Oceana* snore for us to do 3 but to difpatch. The Piece which we have reached to us in the foregoing Orders,is the Ariftocracy. Athens^ as hath been fhewn, was plainly loft through the want of a good Ariftocracy : but the fufficiency of an Ariftocracy goes demonftrabjy upon the hand of the Nobility or Gentry : for that the Politicks can be mafter'd without ftudy, or that the people can have lcifure to ftudy, is a vain imagination ; and what kind of eyfrijlocracy, Divines and Lawyers would make 3 let their incurable run upon their own narrow bias 5 and their pcrpctuall invectives againft Machiavill (though ip fome pla- ces juftly reproveable, yet the only Polititian, and incompa- rable Patron of the people) ferve for inftruttion. I will ftand no more unto the Judgment of Lawyers and Divines in this work, then unto that of fo many other Tradefmen 5 buc if the Modell chance to wander abroad, I recommend it unto the Roman Speculativi, (Garbatiftimi Signori) the moft Com- pleat Gentleman of This Age j for their cenfure; or, with my Lord Epimonus's his leave, fend three or four hundred Co- pies unto the Agent at Venice^ ro be prejfented unto the Magi- strates there ; and when they have confidered them,to be pro- pofedunto the debate of the Sen&te> the moft competent Jud« ges under Heaven ; who though they have great Affairs, will not refufe to return you the Oracle of their Ballot. TheCoun- fellours of Princes I will not truft, they are but Journy-men. The wifdom of thefe later times in Princes Affairs (faith Verulamini) is rather fine deliveries and fhif tings off dangers when they be near) then folid and grounded courfes to keep them aloof. Their Coun- fellours do not derive their proceedings from any found root of Government, that may contain the demonftration, and allure the fuceefTe of them, butareexpcdient-mongers,givers of themfelves to help a lame dog over aftilej elfehowcom- meth it to pafle, that the fame of Cardinal %jchelieu hath ' been like thunder, whereof we hear the noife, but can make no demonftration of the reafon ? But to return, if neither the - People, nor Divines and Lawyers can be the Ariftocracy of a Nation, there remains .only the Nobility $ in which ftyle, to '4 j I I. £44 Oceana. to avoid farther repetition, I fhall understand the G entry &\io^ as the French do by the word Nollifse. Now to treat of the Nobility, in fuch fort as may be Iefie ob. noxious unto miftake; it will be convenient, and refponfible unto the prefent occafion, that I divide my difcourfe into four Parts. The firjl treating of Nobility 3 an d the Hinds of it. Thefecond of their capacity of the Senate. The thirds of the dhers kinds of Se-. nates. The fourth of the Senate,- according unto the foregoing Orders. Nobility may be defined divers waves, for it is either an- cient riches, or ancient virtue, or title confer'd by a Prince or a Common-wealth. Nobility of the firft kind may be fubdivided into two other 3 fuch as hold an over-ballance in Dominion or Propriety unto the whole People .- or fuch as hold not an over-ballance. In the former Cafe a Nobility ( fuch was the Gotbicks, of which fufficient hath been fpoken ) is incompatible with popular Government j for unto popular Government it is effeBtial , that power fhould be in the people, but the overbalance of a Nobility in Dominion, draweth the power unto themfelves ; wherefore in thisfenfeit is that CMacbiavill is to be under- ftood, where he faith, (Queftitalifonopernitiofi in ogni Repub- lican & in ogni Provincial that thefe are pernicious in a Com- mon-wealth j and of France, Spain, and Italy, that they are Nations ( leqaali tutte infciemefono la corruttela delmondo) which for this caufe are the corruption of the world: for otherwife Nobility Oceandl Nobility may according unto his definition^ which is, Tb#t they are fuch .is fifWe upon their own revenues in plenty, without en- gagement either unto the tilling of their Lands >cr other work for their livelihood^ hold an underballancc unto the people: In which cafe they are not oncly fafe, but neceflary unto the naturall mixture of a well-ordered Common- wealth. For how elfe can you have a Common-wealth that is not altogether Me- chanic!; ? or what companion is' there of fuch Common- wealths, as are or come ncareft to Mecharikk; for example, Athens, Switz, Holland, unto Lacedemsn, Rome, and PVMrttjplu- roed with their Ariftocracies. Your mechanicks,tiii they have rirft feather'd their nefts, like the Fowles of the Ayr , whofe whole imployment is to feck their food, are fobufied in their private concernments, that they have neither leifureto ftudy rhe publick, nor are fafely to be trufted with it, ( quia egeflas baud facile habetur fine damno) becaufe a man is not faithfully imbarqued in this kind of fhip, if he have no fhare in the freight. But if his fhare be fuch as gives him leifure by his private advantage, to refled upon that of the Publick : what other name is there for this fort of men (being a leur ayte) bui (as Michiavill you fee calls them J) Nobility > especially when their families come to be fuch as arc noted, for their fervices done unto the Common-wealth, and fo take into their ancient riches ancient .virtue, which is the fecond definition of No- bility, but fuch an one as is karce poffible in nature without the former. For as the Baggage (faith Verulamhu) is to an Jrmy, / are riches to Virtue ; they cannot befpared nor left behind, though they be impedimenta, fuch as not onely hinder the march, but fore- times through the care of them lofe or difiurb the FiBory. Of this later fort is the Nobility of Oceana -, the beft of all other, be- caufe they having no ftamp whence to derive their price, can have it no other wife then by their intrinfick value. The third definition oi'Hpbility, is Title, Honour, or Diftin&ion from the people, conferr'd or allow'd by the Prince, or the Common- wealth ; and this may be in two wayes, either without any ftamp or priviledge as in Oceana^ or with fuch priviledges as X are i4< Occam. are inconsiderable > as in Athens after the battel of Plate*, whence the Nobility had no right, as fuch, but' unto religious offices, or infpedtion of the pubjick games, whereunto they were alfo to be elected by the people ; or with priviledges, and thofe considerable ones, as the Nobility in Athens before the battel of Plate*, and the 'Patricians in Rome, each of which had right, or claimed it, unto theSenate and all the Magistra- cies ; wherein for fome time they only by their ftarap were current. But to begin higher, and fpeak more at large of Nobility in their feveral capacities of the Senate j (« Jove Prinripium ) The Phylarchs or Princes of the Tribes of Israel, were the moft renowned j or,as the Latine,the Oioft noble of the Congrega- tion, (Numb. \.\6.) whereof by hereditary right they had the leading, and judging. The Patriarchs or Princes of Fa- milies according as they declared their pedigrees, ( Numb. i. j 8.) had the like right as to their Families 5 but neither in thefe nor the former was there any hereditary right unto the Sanhedrim j though there be little question but the wife men, and understanding and known among their Tribes which the people took' or ele&ed into thofe or other Magistracies, and Mofes made Rulers over them, (Deut. i . 1 3 ;) rauft have been of thefe, feeing thefe could not choofe but be the moft known among the Tribes, and were likelieft by the advantages of education to be the moft wife and understanding. Solon having found the Athenians neither Locally nor Ge- nealogically, but by their different wayes of life, divided in- to four Tribes, that is, into the Souldiery, the Tradefoaen, the Husbandmen, and the Goat-herds, inftituted a new distribu- tion of them, according unto the Cenfe or valuation of their Eftates into four Claries j the firft/econd, an3 third consisting of fuch as were Proprietors in Land, diftingiiithed by the rate of their freeholds, with that ftarnp upon them, which ma- king them capable of honour unto their riches, that is to fay, of the Senate and all the Magistracies, excluded the fourth, being the body ofc the people, and iar greater in number then the Oceana. 147 the former three, from other right as to thofc capacities, then the election of chefc, who by this means became an hereditai y jirificcracy or Senturian Order of Nobility. This was that courfe which came afterwards to be the deitru&ion of Rotse^ and had now ruin'd Athens -, the Nobilny,according to the in- evitable nature ot fuch an one, having laid the plot how to de- vcrtthe people of the refult, and fo to draw the whole power ofthe Common-wealth unto themfclves ; which in all like- lihood they had done : if the people, coming by mecr char.ee to be victorious in the battel of Plate*, and famous for defend- ing (jreece againft the Perfi on, had not returned with fuch cou- rage, as irrefiftibly brake the Clafles, unto which of old they had born a white tooth, brought the Nobility unto equall terms, and the Senate with the Magtftracies-to be common unto both j the Magiftracics by SufFragc,and the Senate which was the mifchief of it, as I ihallfhew anon in that conftitu- don, by lot only. The Laceden.onians were in the manner, and for the fame caufe with thePenetians at this day,no other than Nobility-javeu according to the definition given of Nobility by MachtaviJI j for they neither cxercifed any Trade, nor labour'd their Lands or Lots, which was done by their Helots ; wherefore fome Nobility may be far from pernicious in a Common-wealth, by Mackiavilt's own teftimony, who is an admirer of this ; though the fervants thereof were more then the Citizens. To thefe fervants, I hold theanfwer of Lycurgtts^hcn he bad him who asked, why he did not admit the people unto the Go- vernment of his Common-wealth, go home and admit his fervants unto the government of his Family, to relate ; for neither were the Lacedemonians fervants, nor farther capable of the Government, unleffe, whereas the Congregation had the refult, he fhould have given them the debate alfo 5 every one of thefe that attained unto fixty years of age, and the ma- jor vote of the Congregation, being equally capable of the Senate. X 2 The 148 Oceana. The Nobility of Rome and their capacity of the Senate, 1 have already defcribed by that o£ Athens, before the battaile of Pl&tea, (ave only that the Athenian was never eligible into the Senate without the fuffrage of the people , till the intro- duction of the lot, but the Roman Nobility everj for the patri- Patricians were elected into the Senate by the Kings , by the Confuls,ortheCenfor$j or if a plebeian happened to becon- fcribed, he and his pofterity became patrician : nor, though, the people had many difputes with the Nobility,did this ever come in controverfy , which if there had been nothing elfe might in my judgment have been enough to overturne that Commonwealth. The Venetian Nobility, but that they are richer, and not mi- litary, refemble at all other points the Lacedemonian , as I have already (hewn ; thektMacbtavill excepts from his rule, by faying, that their Eftates are rather perfonal then real, or of any great revenue in Land : which comes unto our account, and fhews, that a Nobility or party of the Nobility not over- balancing in 'Dominion, is not dangerous^ butofneccfiary ufe in every Common- wealth, provided that it be rightly order- ed j forif it befoordered as was that of Rome , though they do not overbalance in the beginning, as they did not there, it will not be long ere they do, as is clear both in reafon, and . that experience towards the later end. That the Nobility be capable of the Senate* is there only not dangerous, where • there be no other Citizens; as in this Government, and thax of Lacedemon, The Nobility of Holland and Smtz though but few, have pri- viledges not only diftind from the people, but fo great, that in fome Soveraignties they have a Negative voice ; an exam- ple which I am far from commending, being fuch as if thofe Governments were not Cantonized, divided and ftibdivided into many petty Soveraignties that ballance one another, and in which the Nobility except they had a Prince at the head of them, can never joy n to make, work, would be themoft dan- gerous Oceanfo *4j? gerous that ever was j but the Gothick, of which it favours. For in ancient Common- wealths you fhall never find a Nobility tohavehad a negative bufby the pole, which, the people be- ing far more in number,came to nothing ; whereas thefe have it, be they never io few, by their ftamp or order. Ours of Oceana, have nothing elfe but their education and their lcifure for the publick, furniihed by their cafe and com- petent riches ; and their intrinfick value, which according as it comes to hold weight in the Judgment or Suffrage of the People,is their only way unto honour and preferment ; where- fore I would have your Lordthips to look upon your Children as fuch, who if they come to fhake off fame part of their baggage, (hall make the more quick and glorious march : for it was nothing elfe but the baggage fordidly plunder'd by the Nobility of Rome, that loft the victory of the whole World in the midft of her Triumph. Having follow'd the Nobility thus clofe, they bring us,ae- cordingunto their natural courfe and divers kinds, unto the divers Conftitutionsof the Senate. That of Ifrae I (as was ihew'd by my right noble Lordpfo- fpborus de Auge in the opening of the Common- wealthy confut- ed of feventy Elders, elected at the firft by the people j but whereas they were for life, they ever after (though without any Divine precept for it) fubftituted their Succeflours by Ordination, which ceremony was moft ufually performed by impofition of hands, and by this means a Common-wealth of as popular inftitution as can be found, became, as it is ac- counted by Jcfephusy Ariftocratical. From this ordination, de» riveth that Which was introduced by the Apoftles into the Chriftian Churchy for which caufe I think it is, that the Tresbyterians would have the Government of the Church to be tAriftocraticall j albeit the Apoftles, to the end, as I conceive, that they might give no occafion unto fuch a miftake, but fhew, that they intended the Government of the Church to be popular, Ordained Elders (as hath been fiiewn) by the hold- ing * 5° Oceana. ing up of hands (or free Suffrage of the people,) in every Congre- gation , or Ecclep a ; for that is the word in the Original, being borrow'd from the civil Congregations of the people in Athens and Lacedemon, which v.ere fo called ; and the word (or hotel- ing up of hands in the Text, is alio the very fame, which signi- fied the Suffrage of the people in Athens, x^ejTwnmvTu ; and the Suffrage of the Athenians was given per x-ey™'™, faith Smmius. The Council of the Bcanfas was fhewn by my Lord JVazarchtu de Parah, in his full difcourfc) being the propofing Senate of Athens (for that of the Areopagites was a Judicatory) confut- ed of four, fomc fay five hundred Senators ,clecled annually, all at once, aid by a meer lot without fuffrage ; wherefore a 1- beit the Senate^ to correct the temerity of the lor, had power to caft out fuch as they fhould judge unworthy of that honour; this related to manners only, and was not fufficient to repair the Common-wealth, which by fuch means became impo- tent j and for as much as her Senate confiftcd not of the natu- ral Aristocracy, which in a Common-wealth is theoncly fpur and rein of the people, was caft headlong by the raflinefle of her Demagogs or Grandees into ruine ; while her Senate,like jr-v the Roman Tribunes, (qui fere femper regeb&ntur a muhitudine magis quam regebant) propofed not unto the Refult only, but Unto the Debate alfo of the peopIc,who were therefore called unto the Pulpits, where fome vomited, and others drunk poi- fon. The Senate of Lacedemon (moft truly difcover'd by my Lord Loco de Scytale") ccmGfedbxiiot 30 for life, whereof the two Kings having but fingle votes, were hereditary, the reft ele- ctive by the free Suffrage of the people, but out of fuch as were fixty years of age ; thefe had the whole debate of the Common-wealth in themfelves, and propofed unto the refulc only of the people: and now the riddle which I have hereto- fore found troublefome to unfold, is out; that is to fay, why Athens and Lacedemon confifting each of the Senate and the People^ the one ihould be held a Democracy, and the other an Ariftocracy, Aristocracy or laudable Oligarchy, asicis termed by Iterates j (for that word is not, where ever you meet it, to be branded, feeing it is ufed alfo by Art ft otic, Plutarch, and others, fame- times in a good fenfe) The main difference was, that the peo- ple in this had the refult only, and in that the debate and re- mit too. But for my part, where the people have the election of the Senate, not bound unto a diftin«t order, jand the refult which is the Soveraign power, I hold them to have that Chare in the Government, (the Senate being not fox life,) whereof, withthefafetyof the Common-wealth, they are capable in nature, and fuch a Government for that caufe to be Democracy, though I do not deny, but in Lacedemon the paucity of the Se- nators conlidered, it might be called Oligarchy, incorftparifon of Athens ; or,if we look upon thek continuance for Iife,though they had been more, Ariftocracy. The Senate of Rome (whofe fame hath b.cen heard to thunder in the Eloquence of my Lord Stolo de Enyo) confirming of 300, was in regard of the number, lefte oligarchic all then that of La- cedemon, but more in regard of the Patrician, who having an hereditary capacity of the fame were not eledted unto that honour by the people : but being Confcribed by the Cenfors, enjoy'd it for life : wherefore thefe if they had had their wills, would have refolv'd as well as debated j which fet the people at fuch variance with them, asdiflblv'd the Common-wealth, whereas if the people had enjoy'd therefult,as well that about the Agrarian, as, all other ftrifej muft of neceffity have cea- fed. The Senates of Smtzs and Holland (as I have learnt of my Lords Alpefter, and Glaucus) being bound up, like the fheaf of Arrowes' which this givesjby leagues, lie like thofe in their quivers j But Arrowes when they come to be drawn, fly fome this way, and fome that „• and I am contented that thefe concern us not. That of Vemce (by the iaithful teftimony of m^ moft excel- lent i$i Oceana. lent Lord Li nee us de Stella) hath obliged a world, fufficiently punifht by its own blindneffe or ingratitude, to repent and be wifcr : for whereas a Common-wealth in which there is no Senate, or where the Senate- is corrupt, cannot ftand : the Great Council ol Venice like the Statue of Niliu, leans upon an Urn or Water-pot, which poureth forth the Senate in fo pure and perpetual a ftream, as being unable to ioftagnate, is for ever uncapable of corruption. The fuller dcicription of this Senate is contained in that of Oceana ; and that of Oceana in the foregoing Orders. Unto every one of which, becaufc (omething hath been already faid, I fhall not fpeakin parti- cular. But in general, your Senate (and the orhcr Aflembiy, ci the Prerogative, as I fhall Ihew in due place) arc perpe- ruall, not as Lakes or Puddles, but as the Rivers of Eden - y and are beds made, as you havefeen, to receive the whole people, by a due and faithful Viciffitude into their current. They are not, as in the later way, alternate. Alternate life in Government, is the alternate death of it,. tit fratrem Pollux alter r,* morte redemit. This was the GothickSNoxY, whereby the former Govern- ment was not only a (hip, but a gufttoo j could never open her failes, but in danger to overfet her (elf : neither make any Voyage, nor lye fafe in her own Harbour. The Wars of later Ages (faith Verulamm) feem to be made in the dark,in refped of the glory and honour, which reflected upon men from the Wars in ancient times. Their (hipping of this fort was for Voyages, ours dare not launch : nor lye they fafe at home.- Your Gothick Polititians feem unto me rather to have invent- ed fome new ammunition, or Gunpowder, in their King and Parliament {dyo fulmina helli) then Government. For what is become of the Princes (a kind of people)in Germany ? blown up. Where aretheEftates, or the Power of the people in France > blown up. Where is that of the people in Aragon, and the reft of the Spanijb Kingdoms ? blown up. On the other Oceana* 155 other fide, whereis the King of Spain's power in Holland J blown up. . Where is that of the Aupian Princes in Smtz> blown up. This perpetual peeviihneffe and jealou fie, under the alternate Empire of the Prince and of the People, is ob- noxious unto every Spark. Nor fhall any man {hew a reafon that will be holding in prudence, why the people of Oceans, have blown up their King, but that their Kings did not firft blow up them : The reft is difcourfe for Ladies. Wherefore your Parliaments are not henceforth to come out of the bag of tyEolw, but by the Gallaxfs, to be the perpetual food of the fire of Pejia. Your Gallaxy's which divide the Houfe into fo many Re- gions are three, one of which conftituting the third region is annually ehofen, but for the term of three years ; which catl- ieth the houfe having blooms, fruit half ripe, and others drop- ing off in full maturity, to refemble an Orange-Tree • fuch as is at the fame time an education or fpf ing, and an harveft too £ for the people have made a very ill choice in the man, who is not eafily capable of the perfect knowledge in one year of the Scnatorian Orders ; which knowledge allowing him for the firft to have been a Novice, brings him the fecond year unto pra&ice, and time enough 5 for at this rate you muftalwaies have two hundred knowing men in the Government : and thus the viciffitude of your Senators is not perceiveable in thefted- dinefle and perpetuity of your Senate, which, like that of Ve* Tike, being alwaies changing, is for ever the fame : and though otner Policitians have notfo well imitated their pat- tern, there is nothing more obvious in nature, feeing a maa who wears the fame fleih but a ihort time,is neverthelefle the fame man, and of the fame Genius 3 and whence is this but from the conftancy of nature in holding a man unto her Orders ? Wherefore hold alfo unto your Orders; but this is a mean requeft, your Orders will be worth little, if they do not hold you unto them : wherefore imbarque. They are like a fhip,if you be once aboard, you do not carry them, but they you j Y andl ?S4 Oceana. and fee how Venice ftands unto her tacklin, you will no more forfake them, then you will leap into the Sea. But they are very many, and difficult. O my Lords, what Seaman cafts away his Carde becaufe it hath four and twenty points of Compaffe? and yet thofeare very near as many, and as difficult as the Orders in the whole Circumference of your Common- wealth. Confider j how have we been toffed with every wind of Doctrine, loft by the glib tongues of yourDema- gogs and Grandees in our own Havens <; A Company of Fid- lers that have difturbed your reft for your groatj two to one, three thoufand pounds a year to another, hath been nothing : and for what? is there one of them that yet knowes what a Common-wealth is ? And are you yet afraid of fuch a Govern- ment in which thefe fhall not dare to fcrape,for fear of the Sta- tute I Tbemiftocles could not fiddle, but could make of a frh'all City a great Common-wealth: thefe have fiddled, and for your money, till they have brought a great Common-wealth toafmallCity, It grieves me, while I confider how, and from what caufes* imaginary difficulties will be aggravated, that the foregoing Orders are not capable of any greater clearncfle in difcourfc or writing : But if a man fhould make a book, defcribing every trick or paffage, it would fare no otherwife with a game at Cards; and this is no more, if a man play upon the fquare. There is a great difference (faith Verulamius) between a cunning wan and a wife man, ( between a Demagog and a Legislator) mt onely in point ofhonejty, but in point of ability : As there be that tan pack the Cards , and yet cannot play nek j fa there be fome that are good in canvajjes and factions, that are otherwife weak men. Allow me but thefe Orders, and let them come with their Cards in their fleeves, or pack if they can. Again, (faith he) it is one thing to understand perfons, and another to understand mat- ters \ for many are ptrfeB in mens humours, that are not greatly ca- pable of the re all part of hufweffe : which if the conftitution of one that both ftudicd men, more then books: but there is nothing more hurtful Oceana. *y$. hwtfullin a State, than that cunning menpafjefor wife. His words are an Oracle. As Dionyfw, when he could no longer exer- cife his tyranny among men, turned School-mafter, that he might exercife it among boyes : Allow me but thefe Orders, and your Grandees fo well skilled in the baites and palates of men,lliall turn Ratcatchers. And whereas Councils (as is difcreetly obferved by the fame Authour in his time,) are at this dap inmofl places but familiar meetings, (fomewhat like the Academy of Provofts) where mat- ters are rather talked on then debated ; and run too fwift to order an Aa of Council \ Give me my Orders, and fee if I have not trafh- ed your Demagogs. It is not fo much my defire to return upon haunts, as theirs that will not be fatisfied ; wherefore if notwithftanding what wasfaid of dividing and choofing in our Preliminary difcour- fes, men will yet be returning unto the queftion, Why the Se- nate muft be a Council apart ; though even in Athens, where it was of no other conftitution then the Popular Aflembly,the diftfn&ion of it, from the other, was never held leile then ne- ceflary : this may be added unto the former reafons, that if the tArifiocracy be not for the Debate, it is for nothing j bu c if it be for the Debate, it muft have convenience for it ; and what convenience is there for debate in a crowd, where there ■ is nothing but joftling, treading upon one another, and ftir- ring of blood, than which in this cafe there is nothing more dangerous ? Truly 3 it was not ill faid of my Lord Epmonm, That Venice playes her Game as it were at billiards or nine- holes ; and fo may your Lordfhips, unleffe your ribs be fo ftrong, that you think better of football ; for fuch fport is de- bate in a Popular Aflembly, as, notwithftanding the diftin&i- onof the Senate, was the deftruct-ion of ^Athens. This Speech concluded the Debate which happened at the Ioftitution of the Senate : the next AfTembly is that of the Peo- ple, or Prerogative Tribe. The Face, or nimeofthe Prerogative Tribe for the Arms, TbtPactaf the Horfes, and the Discipline, but more efpecially for thefe- fA*Preroga- Y 2, left tiveTrib^ 1^6 Oceana. left Men, is that of a very noble Regiment, or rather of two; the One of Horle, divided into three Troops, (befides that of the Provinces, which will be (hewn hereafter) with their Captains, Cornets, and two Tribunes of the Horfeat the head ot them. Tlie other of Foot in three Companies (befides that of the' Provinces) with their Captains, Enligns, and two Tri- bunes of the Foot at the head of them. The firft Troop is cal- led tne Photoix ; the fecond the Pelican ; and the third the Swallow. The firft Company the Cyprejje - y the fecond, the Mir- th j and the third the Spray. Ot ttneie; again, (not without a near refemblanceof the Roman Divilion of a Tribe) the Thus- nix and thec?v/w]/ SCfoentfetfc jSDmr, SDfrectf ng, that upon etjer? ^on» T f,e < ;h *?g e > Bapnejrtenfnfng t&elattof#arct>, tfic SDeputfes of tfte annual! (Dal* the Trie°n- la *l? attiDfngat tbe PabtUon in tbe Halo, ana electing one Captain niaiofficers ano one Cojnet of tbe Swallow (aCtfennfall j©fffcero) op ano out of of the^ Pt e- fy t cataltp at tbe ©ojfe 3&w, acco;of ng unto tbe Iftules contained r ° sauve ' in m Mot ef tbe ^unoieo : flno one Captain toitb one C'nCgn of tbe Spray (SttfennfaU £>fffcers ) b? ano out of tbe 3nfantrpattbe JTcot ®tn, after tbe fame toap of baliottfng: Conttftnte ano become tbe tbfw Ciaffte of tbe Pnro^mtKiibc. Seven Deputies are annually returned by every Tribe,' whereof three are Horfe, and four are Foot ; and there be fifty Tribes, fo the Swallow mult conlift of 1 5 o Horle, the Spray of 200 Foot j and the reft of the Clafles being two, each of them in number equal 5 the whole Prerogative (befides the Provinces, that is, the Knights and Deputies of LMarpefia and Pdhopea->) muft confiftof 1050 Deputies, It is right. And thefe Troops and Companies may as well be called Centuries as thofe of the Romans^ for the Romans related not,in fo naming theirs, unto the number : And .* .ereas they were diftributed according unto the valuation oi ti eit Eltates, lb are thelej which by virtue of the laft Order, are now accommodated with their Triennia 1 Officers; but there be others appertain- ing unto this Tribe, whole Elc&ion ueing of far greater Im- , portance is Annual, as followeth ia TkeChtnze, ^ jBtoentp fetono £>im ; W&b,mbv tbe fitff Claffffi babfng or Election ef _ the Annual ®1 *«*»> tbcit SMennfafl j©fficets, anomeoc ®aib unto tbe £>lo 2*1* Migrates fames, SDbat tbeptoitt neftbet fnttooaee caufe nojtotbefr potoet ef the Pre- mn 0ej „ te t0 be t ntt05ricc6 int0 a „p populat flffemblp of tbfo @o« ro fi» Uve « bernment, Oceana. 157 bcrnment, but to tbeir utmott be apaf ng ana afsifiing to fetje aw> be-, liter aHp getfon oj |9erfons in that toap offenning ano ttrflxtng at ttje list of tbfs Commen^tocaltl) unto tbc CouncfU of Mat; ; are to pjc= c&d u>it& tbc otber ttoo Claffes of ttjc derogative Erf be to (Election of tbc $eto Erfbuncs, befng four Annual S?)agiftrates> tobercoftfow are to be clecteQ out of tbeCatialrpattbc ^ojfe-tttrn, anottoo out of t&e 3lnfar.trp at the jtfaiUWm, accojoing unto the Common ballot of the Eribes : #n& tijep map be pjomf fcuoufp Chofen out of anp Claffis, pjotttoca that the fame $erfon fljall not be capable of bearing tlje SCrtbunitian honour tfoicc in the term of one (Ballajtp. 2Dbe SCrfbunes thus chofen ttiall mcifec the cribe (in reference to tlje po&u er of sputtering ann SDifcfplining the fame) as Commanwrs in Chief: ano foj. tlje reft as Sjitagltttates, iuhofe pjoper function is pje= fcrlbeo bp tlje nejt jfiDjaer. %he SLribunes map gibe leave unto anp number of the tJJjerogatHje not eweebfng one ijunojea at a tfme, to be abfent, fo thep be cot ^agiftrates, noj Officers, ano return tofthln t&ce moneths ■, 3t a ^iftrate oj iMtcer, bate neceffarp occatton, he map alfo be abfent fojujt fpaceof one monetfj, pjotlBes, that there be not above tfoee Cojncts o j €nugns,tioo Captains oi one Erfbune fo abfent at one time. To this the Archon fpoke at the Inftitution, after this man- ner : My Lords, If is affirmed by Cicero in his Oration for Flacm, That the Common-wealths of Gre ece were all fhaken or ruined by the intemperance of their Comma, or AlTemblies of the People. The truth is, if good heed in this point be not taken^ a. Common-wealth will have bad Leggs. But all the World knowes he fhould have excepted Lacedemon, where the People (as hath been {hewn by the Oracle) had no power at a\\ of De- bate, nor ("till after Lj fancier, whofe Avarice opened a Gulph, that was not long ere it fwallowed up his Country) came it ever to be exercifed by them : Whence that Common-wealth ftood longeft and firmed of any other , but this, in our dayes, of Venice; which having underlaid her Self with the like In^ ftitutiou 158 Oceana. ftitution, ovyesafgreat, if not the grcateft part of her fteadi- nefleunto the fame principle ; the great Council, which is With her the People 5 by the Authority of rny Lord Epimontu, never fpeaking a word. Nor fhallany Common-wealth where the People in their political capacity is talkative, ever fee halfthedayesof oneof thefe: But being carried away by Vain-glorious Men (that, as Overbury fayes, Pifle more then they drink) Swim down the fink; as did Athens, the moft prating of thetc Dames, when that fame ranting fellow Ala- blades fell on Demagoging for the Sicilian War. But where- as Debate by the Authority and experience of Lacedemon and Venice, is not to be committed unto the People in a well orde- red Government j It may be faid, That the Order fpecify'd is but a flight barre in a matter of like danger ; For fo much as an Oath, if there be norecourfe upon the breach of it, is a weak tye for fuch hands as have the Sword in them. Where- fore what fhould hinder the People of Oceana if they happen nor to regard an Oath, from afluming Debate, and making themfelves as much an Anarchy as thofe of Athens ? To which I anfwer. Take the Common fort in a private Capacity, and except they be injured, you {hall find them to have ( Verecun- diam Patrum) a baihfulneffe in theprefenceof the better fort, or wifer Men ; acknowledging their abilities by attention j and accounting it no mean Honour to receive refpect from them. But if they be, injured by them , they hate them, and the more for being wife, or great, becaufe that makes it the greater injury. Nor refrain they in this Cafe from any kind of intemperance of fpeech, if of Action. It is no otherwife with a People in their political Capacity; You[ftiaIl never find that they have aflum'd Debate for itfclf, but for fome- thing elfe : Wherefore in Lacedemon where there was, and in Venice where there is,nothing elfe for which they fhould af- funie it, they have never fhewn, fo much as an inclination to it. Nor was there any appearance of fuch a defire in the Peo- ple of Home, (who from the time of Romulus hid been very well Ocednd* i$£ well contented with the Power of Refult either Cowitiis Curia- tis, as it was fettled upon them by him; or Centuriatis> as it was alter'd in their regard for the worfe by Servius Tulliw) till news was brought fome fifteen years after the exile oiTarquine their late King (during which time, the Senate had govirned palling well) that he was dead at the Court of tArifiodemui the Tyrant of Cum*. ( Eo nuncio ereHi patres 3 ereBa Tlebs. Sed ^ Vt /, a?,- 'Patribw nimis tuxuriofa eafuit l&titia : plebi^cui adeam diemfum- rna ope infervitum erat 3 injuria a Primori bus fieri ccepite) Where- upon the Patricians, or Nobility began to let out the hitherto diflembled Venom, which is inherent in the root of Oligarchy , and fell immediately upon injuring the People beyond all mo- deration : For whereas the People had ferved both gallantly and contentedly in Arms, upon their own Charges, and though joynt Purchafers by their Swords of the conquer'd Lands, had not participated in the fame, to above two Acres a man, the reft being fecretly ufurped by the Patricians ; they through the mcanneffe of their fupport, and the greatnefTe of their ex- pence, being generally indebted , no fooner returned home with Victory to lay down their Arms, then they were fnatcht up by their Creditors the Nobility, to cram Goales: Where- upon (but with the greateft modefty that was ever known in the like cafe,) they firft fell upon debate {Se f oris pro libertate & imp erio dimic antes, dornia civibm capos & epprefios ejfe: tu- tioremq; in hello quaminpace, inter bofies quam inter cives-, liber to- tem plebis efe) : It is true, that when they could not get the Se- nate (through fear, as was pretended by the patricians) to af- femble and take their grievances into Confideration , they grew fo much warmer, that it was glad to meet: Where Ap. Claudiui, a fierce Spirit, was of opinion, That recourfe -fhould be had unto Confular power, whereby fome of the fcrands of Sedition being taken off, the flame might be extin- guifnt : Servilim being of another temper, thought it better and fafer to try if the People might be bow'd, than broken.But . this debate was interrupted by tumultuous news of the near approachj i66 Oceana. approach of the Volfci, a cafe in which the Senate had no re- courfe but to the People, who contrary unto their former cuftom upon like occafions would not ftir afoot, but fell on laughing, and faying, {Patres milittrentpatres arma capevent^ut penes eofdem pericula Mli 3 penes quos pr attributing the prudence of them unto Chance, that he w°ulcj have touched up his admirable work unto that perfe&ion, which, as to the civil part, hath no pattern in trie univerfall World, but this of Venice. Rome, fecurebyher Potent and Victorious Arms from all external caufes of commotion, was either beholding for her, peace at home, unto her Enemies abroad, or could never reft her head. My Lords, you that are Parents of a Common- wealth, and fo freer Agents then fuch as aremeer natural* ha ve a care. Fo,ras no man (hall (hew me a Commonwealth born ftreight, that ever became crooked ; fo, 1,0 man fhall {hew me a Common- wealth born crooked, that ever became ftreight : Rome was crooked in tier birth, cr rather prodigious, h between tl 6k Orders in Lacedemon, or is in Venice. Wherefore .*, et cornupedum curfu [imuUrat Equorum) in her Military part could beat it better, beyond all compari- fon, upon the founding hoof; Venice for the Civil,hath plainly had the wings of Pegafut. The whole Queftion then will come upon this Point, Whe- ther the People oiRome could have obtained thefe Orders: And firft, to fay, that they could not have obtained them without altering the Common-wealth, is no argument ; fecing,neither could they, without altering the Common-wealth, have ob- tained their Tribunes ; which neverthelefle were obtained : And if a man confider the pofture that the people were in when they obtained their Tribunes, they might as well, and with as great eafe, ( for as much as the reafon why the Nobility yielded unto the Tribunes, was no other, then that there was no remedy) have obtained any thing clfc. And for experience, it was in the like cafe, that the Lacedemonians fet up their Ephors, and the Athenians after the battel of Plate*) bowed the Senate ( fo hard a thing it is for a Commonwealth that was born crooked to become ftreight) as much the other way. Nor, if it be objected, that this muft haveruin'd the Nobility, and in that deprived the Common-wealth of the Greatnefle which fhe acquired by them ; is this opinion hol- ding, but confuted by the fequell of the ftory 3 fhewing Oceana* 173 plainly, that the Nobility tbrougMrie defect, of fuch Orders, thatis tofay,of Ro a tie Ur^iati) irn toiafuptfye people ; and battening in Ip nry . ( s I, ft fpeaketh of them, / .< u ,,.,.< a m&* ter ftomen-fiibil er : g to migl ;\. a Common- wealth, fo huge a glory, unto i tplorat c an end. Whcre- fore,means migl t hai . found, wi crcl y t! e enmity chac was between the Senate and tiic l^cc pic ot Rome might have been removed. MyLorJs, If I have argued well,! have given you the comfort and aflu- rance, thatnotwithftanding tlie judgment of Macbi#vi/i 3 yom Common-wealth is both fafe and found : but if f have not argued well, then take the comfort and alfurance which he gives you, while he is firm, That a Legiflatoris to lay afide all other examples, and follow that of Rome only, conniving and temporizing with the enmity between the Senate and the People, as a neceflary ftep unto the Roman Greacnefle. t Whence itfollowes, that your Common-wealch at che worftj is that which he hath given you his word is the beft. I have held your Lordfhips long, but upon an account of no fmall importance, which I can now fum up in thtfe few words : Where there is a lickerrifhneflc in a popular Affem- bly to Debate, it proceedeth not from the conftitution of the People, but of the Common-wealth: Now that the Com- mon-wealth isoffuch Conftitution as is naturally free from this kind of intemperance, is that which to make good, I muft divide the remainder of my Difcourfe into two Parts. The 147 Ocednffi. The Firfl, /hefting the federal Con- ftitutions of the Assemblies of the ^People in other Qommon- Wealths. The Second^ comparing of Our Af- fembly of the People With Theirs; and [hewing how it excludeth the inconveniences , and embraceth the conveniencies of them all, IN the beginning of the firfl Part I muft take notice, that among the Popular error of our dayes it is no fmall one 3 That men imagines the ancient Governments of this kind to have confifted for the moft part of one City, that is, of one Town 5 whereas by what we have learnt of my Lords that open'dthem, it appears that there was not any co fiderable tineof fuch a conftitution but Carthage, till this in our dayes bf Venice. For to begin with Ifrael> it confifted of the twelve Tribes j locally fpread or quartered throughout the whole Territory j thefe being called together by Trumpets, conftituted the Church or AfTcmbly of the people. The vaftneffe of this weight, dsalfotheilownefte, thence inavoidable, became fc great caufe (as hath been fhewn at large by my Lord Phofyho- rw) of the breaking that Common-wealth j notwithftanding, that the Temple, and thofe religious Ceremonies for which the people were at leaft annually obliged to repair thither j were no fmall ligament of the Tribes 5 otherwife but flightly tack'd together. ^Athens confifted of four Tribes, taking in the whole People both of the City, and of the Territory ; not fo gather'd by Thefeut into one Towib as to exclude the Country, but to the end end that there might be Tome Capital of the Commonwealth' though true it be, that the Congregation confifling of the In- habitants wichin the Walls, was fuflicient to all intents and purpo/es, without thofe of the Country; thefealfo being ex- ceeding numerous, became burdenfome unto thetnfelves, and dangerous unto the Common- wealth ; the more for their ill education, as is obferved by Xenophqn and Tolybm, who compare them unto Marriners 5 that in a calm are perpetually disputing and fwaggering one with another, and never lay their hands unto .the Common tackling or fafety, till they be all indangered by fome ftormj Which caufed Thucydides 3 when he faw this people through the putchafe of their mifery, become fo much wifer,as to reduce their Comitia or Aflemblies unto five thoufand, to fay, (as in his eighth Book; And now (at leaft in my time) the Athenians feem to have ordered their State aright ; confining of a moderate temper hb of the Few ( by which he means the Senate of the Bean) and of the Many , or the five thoufand ; and he doth not only give you his judgment, but ehebeft proof of it; for this ("faith he) teas the firfi things that after fo many misfortunes pafi } made the City again to raife her head. The place I would defire your Lordftiips to note, as the firft example,*: .at I find,or think is to be found,of a popular Aflcm- bly by way of Reprefentative. Lacedemon confiftedof thirty thoufand Citizens difperfed throughout Laconia , one of the greateft Provinces in all Greece, and divided (as by fome Authors is probable; into fix Tribes; of the whole Bodyofthefe being gather'd, con- futed the great Church or Aflembly, which had the Legifla- tive power ; s the little Church, gather'd fometimes for mat- ters of concernment, within the City, confifted of the Spar- tans only : thefe happened like that of Venice to be good con- ftitutionsof a Congregation,!: ut from an ill caufe the infirmity ©f a Common-wealth which through her Paucity was Oligar- ehtial. Wherefc]re,g;© which way you will, it flipuW feem, thas without 1^6 Oceana. without a Reprefentative of the people, your Commonwealth confifting of an whole Nation, can never avoid falling either into Oligarch) or confulion. This was Teen by the Romans, whofe ruftick Tribes extend- ing themfclvesfrom the river Arno, unto the Vulturnw, that is, from Feful* or Florence unto Oa^vinventeda way of Re- prefentative by Lots; the Tribe upon which the firft fell, be- ing she prerogative, and fome two or three more that had the reft, the Jurfvocata : Thcfe gave the Suffrage of the Com- mon-wealth (hints Comittisy 9 the Prerogative at the firft Aflem- bly, and the Jure vacate at a fecond. Now to make the paralel, All the inconveniences chat you haveobferved in thefe Aflemblies arc fhut out, and all the conveniences taken in, to your prerogative ; for firlt it is that for which Athens, fhaking off the blame of Xe-nophon and Poly- biw, came to deferve the praifc of Thucydides^ Reprefentativej arid fecondly, net as I fufpc&in that of Athens, and is paft fufpitjpn in this of Rome, by lot, but by furfragc, as was alfo the late Houfc of Commons, by which means in the preroga- tives, all the Tribes of Oceana are Jure Vac at & \ and if a man {hall except againft the paucity of the (tending number, it is a wheel, which in the revolution of a few years turneth every hand that is fit, or fitteth every hand that it turns, unto the publick work : Moreover, I am deceived, if upon dueconfi- deration, it do not fetch your Tribes with greater equality and eaie untothemfelves, and unto the Government, from the frontiers of Marpefia ; than Rome ever brought any one of hers out of her Ponntria, or thenearcft parts of her adjoyning Ter- ritories. To this you may adde, That whereas a Common- wealth, which in regard of the People is not of facility in execution , were fure enough in this Nation to be caft off through impatience j Your Muftcrs and Gallaxy's arc given unto the people, as milk unto babes, whereby when they are brought up through four dayes election in an whole year,(one at the Parifh, one at the Hundred, and two at the Tribe) unto their ftrongeft meat^ it is; of no harder digeftion, then to give their Oceana. 177 \ their Negative or Affirmative as they fee caufe. There be gallant men among us that laugh at fuch an appeal or umpire^ but I refer it, whether you be more inclining to pardon them or me, who I confeffe have been this day laughing at afober man, but without meaning him any harm, and that is Petrus Cu/ntus, where fpeaking of the nature of the people, he faith, that taking them apart ^ they are very fimple y but yet in their Af- fmlslies they fee and know Something, and fo runs away without troubling himfelf witli what that fomething is. Whereas the people taken apart, are but fflnany private intcrefts, but if you take them together, they arc the publick intcreft j the publick intereftof a Common-wealth (as bath been (hewn) is neareft that of mankind, and that of mankind is right reafon 5 but with the An flocracy, whofe reafon or intereft when they arc all together, as appear'd by the Patricians^ is but that of a party, it is quite contrary ; for,as taken apart they are far wi- fcr then the people, confidcred in that manner j (0 being pu» together, they are fuch fooles, that by depofing the people, as did thole of Rome^ they willfaw off rhe branch whereupon they fir, or rather deftroy the root of their own greatneffe : Wherefore CMacbiaviti following &4riftotle 3 and yet going be- fore him, may well afTert (Chela multitudine e piu favia et piu coftuntechevn Prencipe) the Prerogative of Popular Govern- ment for wifdome. And hence it is, that the Prerogative of your Common- wealth, as for Wifdom, fo for Power, is in the People : which (albeit I am not ignorant, that the Roma?: Prerogative was fo called a Prarogando, becaufc their S uffrage was firft asked) gives the denomination unto your Preroga- tive Tribe. The Ele&ions whether Annual or Triennial, being fhewn by the Twenty fecond, that which comes in the next place to be considered, is ■ 35 b Sft '7 s . Oceana. 23. Qrd. The Consti- tution Fun- Bion and Manner of Proceeding of the Pre- rogative. 2Ebe SDfoentp tbiro ®mt , fijcfoing f be Power, function, ana manner of procccDing of tbe prerogative 2Eribe, SDbe potoeroj function of tbe prerogative is of ttoa parts, tftc one of JHefuit, in tebUb it is tlje HegiflaMe Potoer, the ottjer of Suoieaturc, in tobitb regaro it its tfjc ibfgfeeft Court, anotbelatt a^ peale in this Commonwealth fo% tbe former part, che people bp tfeis Conttitutfon, being uot obligee bp anp llato, tbat is not of tbeir oton making; 0? Confir* matfon bp tbe 3Refult of tbe prerogative, tfecir cqnall aRrpjcfcn* tattt»c a : 3itlbaUnotbelaU)fnUfeih)e Senate to require fifttQizmc, from tbe people, nor fo? tbe people to give obe obeotence unto ttjc Senate in or bp anp 3Lato tb?.t batb not teen promulgates 0? prtntea 3 pubfiftt for tbe fpace of u* toeefcs : 9 aftertoaras porpofeo bp tbe £u« iborftp of tbe ^enateuntotbePrerogatiVEjErfbe anBrefollietJbptbe Sg)a)or tdote of tbe fame in the afffrmBrifee. jjJo: rtjall tbe Senate bate anppotoer tolevp .Mar, s^en , or s^onep, oi>;cru)ire tben bp tbe content of tbe people f« given or bp a llato fo C-nnctco,erxcpt in cafes of exigence, in tobtcb it is agrceD^b-jr tbe Ponxr bottj of tbe Senate, ntTD tljc people fbati be in tbeSDictator, fo qualifier ano fo? fucb a ictinc of time as is according unto tbat Conflitut ion alrearjp pre* fcrlbeo. ©a bile alLato is in promulgation tbe Cenfors frtall aiii maovcrt upon tbe Senate ; ano uje SLribunes upon tbe people, tbat tbere be no laping of bcaes togecber ; Convent teles , 0? CanVaffing to catrp on, 0? oppofeanptbing • but tbat all mj? be Bone in a ft« ano open toap. Jfo> the latter part of tbe power of tbe Prerogative 0? ffjat &berebp tbeparetbe &upream Btasf catojp *f tbfs Ration, ano of tbe Provinces of tbe fam% , tbe Cognisance of Crimes agafntttb* S^ajeftp of tbe people, asbfgb&reafon, asalfoof Peculate tbat fs* robcrp, of tbe SLreafurp, 0? SDcfrauDatfon of tbe Commomtocaltlj appertafnetbunto tbfs&tfbc, ana if anp pcrfonor Pcrfons, p?o, Vfncfalis or Citizens tbaH appealeunto tbe people, it beiongerb unto tbe prerogative to HuBgcanu Determine tbe Cafe, ProVioci tbat if tfee &ppeale be from anp Conrt of juttfee in tbis jetton or tbe p?e< Vfnces, tbe Appellant ftjattfitfcoepofite oncbunureo pounssfn tbe Court from tobfeb be appealetb to be forfefteD unto tbe fame, if be be caft in bis &uite bp ; be people. ,-JBat tbe Poteer of tbe C^oncf I of War being tbe erpebftion of tbisCommon*toealtb, ano tbe Martian iato Oceana. , 179 jutoof t^e Srrategas fit t^e JFteio, arethofeonelp ftomtobfcb tljete ibaU Ipe no Appeals unto tbe People 2Cl)CJ3;o£ESDttT3of tbe $jerogatibe in cafe of apjopoGtfon,fsto be tljusj©jDcte»j -. 2Cf}C ^agift rates] propoftng bp #ntbo;itp of % Senate, IbaU rebcarfc tbe tobole fatter , am> etpouno ft unto tbe people,- toblcbt>one,tbepiballpattbe tobolc together untotbc &aU frage, fottb tbrec : JBorcs, tlje $egatibc, tbe Mirmatibe, ano tbe jl*on=uncere : ano tlje Suffrage being returnee unto tbe 2£rtbuncs,ano iiumtaco in tbe pjefence of tbe ^jopotets, if tbe#ajoj ^ofebeiti tbe J>ou=uncete, tbe ^jopofers (ball oeuff, ano tbe Senate (ball re* fume tbeSDcbate. 3f tbe ^ajoj tlllote be in tbe iliegatibe, tbe §9?opofers fballoeuff, ano tbe Senate ten. 3l6nt if tbe ^ajoj mote be in tbe #ffftmatitie, :tben tbe 2Cribe is clear,anDtbe|9jopofer8 (ball begin ano put tbe tobole matter, toitb.tbc $egattbc ano tbe Mtx> matibc, (leading ont tbe ^on=8ncere) bpClaufes; ano tbe ^uffra' ges being taken ano numb;eo bp tbe tribunes in tbe pjefence of tbe p;opofcrs,(baU be tojitten ano repojteo bp tbe SCrf bunes unto tbe &enate,ano tbat fobicb fspjopofeo bp tbe autbojitp of tbe Senate, awo confirmee bp tbe Commaffl) of tbe |3eople,is tbe JLato of Oceana. Cbe^oceeoingof tbe|3jcrogatibe in a cafe of luoicature is to be tbus ojoereo. cbe crlbunes being tfuoitojs of all Caafes appertaining unto tbe Cognisance of tbe people, (ball babe notice of tbe^uteo* ^rpall, tobetberof appeale oj. otberfotfe, tbat is to be Commeneeo, ano if anp one of tbem (ball accept of tbe fame, it appertained unto bim to fntrot>uccit,;3 Caufe being introeuceo, ano tbe people Sj&nftereo o% #aembleofo&tbe£Dectuonof tbe fame, tbe cribunesare iweftoents of tbe Court, babingftoiuer to fceep it; unto 4Djocrs, ano (ball be featee upon a ^caffole crecteo in tbe mfu* file of tbe ctibe : upon tbe rigbt bane (ball ttano a feat , oj large pulpit affigneo unto tbe^lainttffe, oj tbe &ccufer;ano, upon tbe left,anotber foj tbe SDefensant , cacb if tbep fpleafe tof tb bfs Counfei + fluo tbe tribunes being attcneeo upon fucb occations toitb fo manp 5l5alIotines, g>ecretatpcS)^ooj*eekers,ant) Sj9cO"engers of tbe Senate as tbaU be requf lite ; £>uc of tbem (ball turn up a (©lade of tbe nature of an bour=glaffe, but fucb an one as is to be of an boure ano a balfe's running; tobicb being turncD up, thepattp, oj Counfefl on tbe rigbt bano map begin tofpeaU to tbe people; if tbere be papers to be reao, oj foftneffes to be eraminee, tbe Officer (ball lap tbe CSlaOe fine, toapesuntiH tbe papers be reao, ano tbe OTftnelfes examines), ano tben tarn it up again ; ano fo Ion gas tbe<£laffefs running tbe f?ats tp on tbe rigbt bano batb Ubertp to fpeafc. , ano no longer. %\& 3l5b a . apart? j8o Oceana. Jparfp on f be tfgbt banD bating liao bis tf me, tbe It'ke Cbatt.bc Done fit eberp refpect, foj tbe JDattp on the left, #ns tbc Caute being tbws Seats , tbe JErfbunes wall put tee queftfon unto rbc ?Crf be toitb a tobfte, ablacft, anna reo iBojc (ej non*uncere), Wbetbcr^ufltp o* not d&ufltp # #ns tf , tbe Suffrage being tafccn,tbe Spnw mm be in tbe $on?uncere,tbe Caufe wall be repeats spon tbe ncrt juri&icaE sag following; ans put unto tbe qucftton in the fame manner. 3Bf tfec $>ajoj Siote come tbe fecons tfmefntbe,$Gn>0nc£re, tbe Csufe tball be heart) again upon the tbirs sap : but at the tbirs bearing ttjc qucGf= onujaU be pnt lnitrjout ttje jpomfincerc. tlpontbEfirflcf trjc tbree sapesin totjicb ttjc ^ajojtHote comes in tbetobtte bo*, the pajtp aecufcuis abfoltt'o ; ana upon tfic fitff of tbem in fobicb ft comes in the black boy, tbe party atcufes is conDcmnes, %%z ^attp accnfeD being conoemnes ; tbe tribunes (ball put lutt b tbe tobite ans ttjc black 315or,tbefcqucttions,oj fach of tbem,a0,tegatDhas unto tbe Cafe, tbeg Sball conceltic mettproper. i . Mbetber be frail bate a tort tt of eafe, »♦ OTbetbet be ttjall be fines fo much, orfomncb. 3. Mbetbet be fball be Confiscated 4. OTbetbwbefbaubcnnDtei) incapable of ^agiCrac^ 5> Whether be (ball be bantftjeo. 6 . Whether be (ball be pat to W'tsX b> SLhefc oi anp three of tbefe questions VBbctbet fimple 0; (neb as waif be thought fitlv miiceo,befng put bp tbe tribunes tbat tobtclbatb mott abobe half tbetllJotesfntbeblack Jl5o*fstbefentenceef tbe people, tobfcbtbeSCroopof the tbirs ettthem,)caufeatt oration to be mafic unto thereto* Satibe bpfome!ftnfgbto*$p*gfffrateof tbe Senate, to be cbofen ont of the ablett men, ans from time to time, appointeo bp tbe Orator of tbetijoufe; in tbe great l£all of tbe Pantheon, fobflefbe ^atlfa* ntenttefisetbfn thetoton ; oj fn fomeCDjobe 01 ftocet place in the fiels, tohtletbe f>atltamentfo* tbe beat of tbe peat tball rettse in the connttp; upon ebetg SCuefoap,mo>nius 02 afternoon, #n* Oceana. 18* $no tbc i3D?atoj appointed pro tempore nnfottyg office (ball fitft repeat itjeojocraf of tbc Common=iDraltrj tof tb aH polTtble bjeWtp; anatbcnmaWngtbofccof one, ojfomc part offt,Der; the later in the Supream Judicature of the Common-wealth anfwers unto their Conftitution. Machiavill hath a *Dif- courfe where he puts the queftion^W he- ther the guard of liberty be with more fecurity to be committed unto the Nobility, or to the People. Which doubt of his arifeth through the Want of explaining his term ; for the guard of li- berty can fignifie nothing elfe but the re- fult of the Common-wealth ; fo that to fay , that the guard of liberty may be committed unto the ^Mobility, is to fay, that the refult may be committed unto the Senate, igz Oceana. Senate, in which cafe the People fignifie nothing'- 3\[oW tofheW it Was amiftake, to affirm it to have been thus in Lacede- mon, J Efficient hath beenfpoken ; and Whereas he Will have it to he jo in Venice alfo ; (Quello,/d/t^Contarini,appref~ fo il quale e la fomma autorita di tutta la citta, el dalle leggi, et decreti de i quali pende Lautoritata cofi delSenato come ancora di tutti i Magiftrati, e il Configlio Grande.) it is institutive ly in the great Council by the Judgment of aU that know that Qommon-wealth ; though for the reafons fheWnit be fometimes ex- ercifed by the Senate. 3\£or need 1 run over the Common- wealths in this place for theproofof a thing fo doubtlejfe, and fuch as hath been already made fo appa- rent % as that the refult of each Was in the popular part of it. The ^Popular part of yours, or the Prerogative Tribe con- ftjleth of [even 'Deputies (whereof three are of the Horfe) annually eleBedout of every Tribe of Oceana, which being fif- ty y amount eth unto one hundred and fifty Horfe, and two hundred Foot ; and the ^Prerogative confining of three of thefe { JLi/ls, conftjlethoffour hundred and fifty Borfe, and fix hundred Foot, (be fides thofe of the 'Provinces to be hereafter mentioned) Oceana. i§| mentioned) by which means the over-bal- lance in the Suffrage remaining unto the Foot by one hundred and fifty Votes , you have unto the fupport of a true and natu- ral Ari ftocracy-ji 'he deepejl root of a De- mocracy that hath beenplantedWhere- fore there is nothing in Art or Stature better qualify d for the refult then thtf Jfsembly. — It is noted out of Cicero by Machiavill, That the People,, albeit they are not fo prone to find out truth of t he m f elves as to follow Qujlome or run into err our ; yet if they be fhew d truths they not only acknowledge and embrace it very fuddenly but are the mofh conftant and faithful (guardians and Conservators of it. It is your T> uty and Ojf ice ^here- unto you are alfo qualify d by the Orders of this Common-Wealth 6 to have the^Peo- ple as you hay e your Hawks and Cjrey- houndss in leafes and flips , to range the fields 3 and beat the bufhesfor them ; for they are of a nature that is never good at this /port, but when you fpring or part their proper quarry : think not that ^they Will jland to ask^you what it is, or leffe know it then the Hawks and (greyhounds do theirs ; but forthwith make foci? a flight or courfe that aHuntfmanmay as Well undertake to runwith his dogs, or a Faulkoner 184 Oceana. Faulkgner to fly with his Hav>\ ? as an Ariftocracy at this game to compare with the People. The People o/Rome Were fei^ed upon no lefsprey then the Empire of the Worlds when the d\[obility turned tailes and pe arched among 'Dawes upon the Tower of Monarchy. For though they did not all of them intend the things they Would none of them indure the re- medy C, which was the Agrarian. But the Prerogative Tribe hath not only the ^efult but is the Supream fu- dtcature and the ultimate Appeal in this Common -wealth. For the Popular (joy eminent that makes account to be of any ftanding mujl make fure in the fir ft place of the Appeal unto the People- (/^nte omnes de provocatione adver- fus Magiftratus ad Populura, facran- doq; cum bonis capite ejus, qui regni occupandi concilia ineffet.)^ anSflate in truft becomes a mans oWn if he be not anfwerable for it fo the Power of a Ada- giflracy not accomptable unto thePeople from whom it Was received becoming of private ufe the Common-Wealth lofes her Liberty ; Wherefore the right of Su- pream judicature in the People (^with- out which there can be no fuch thing as 'Popular Qoyernmentys confirmed by the conflant Oceana. 185 conjiant ^Practice of all Common-wealthy as that of Ifrael in the Cafes of Achan., • and of the Tribe of Ben jamin, adjudged by the Congregation, "the Dica ft e r ion or Court called the Heliaia in Athens,, Which (the Comitia of that Common- wealth con fifing of the whole 'People? and fo being too numerous to be a Judi- catory) Was conftituted fometimes ofFhe hundred \ at others of One thoufand or according to the greatneffe of the [aufe^ of Fifteen hundred \ elected bytheJ^oi out of the whole body of the People, had With the nine Archons, that Were Q Pre- ftdents, the Qogni\ance of fuch Qaufes as Were of highefl importance in that State. The Five Ephors in Laced e- mon, which Were ^Popular Magi fit at es> wight quefiion their Swings, as appears by the Qafes of Paufanias and of Agis, who being upon his Tryall in this Courts Was cryed unto by his Mother ', to appeal unto the People, y which example you may fee in what cafes the Dictator may prevent the blow, which is ready fometimes to fall ere tbe People be aware of tbe danger* • Wherefore there lyes no Appeal from tbe Dieii in Venice unto the (j re at Coun- cil, nor from our Council of War to the *People. For the way of proceeding of this Tribe , or the'B allot ,it is, as was once faidfor all, Venetian. ThisT>ifcourfe (de Judiciis)^/^re- upon We are fallen, bringeth us rather naturally then of deflgn from the two ge- neral Orders of every Common-Wealth ; C c z that igp Oceana. that is to fay, from the 'Debating part> or the Senat^andtbe^efolving part, or the People ; to the third, which is the Exe- cutive part or the Magiftracy ; where- upon IJhall have no need to dwell : For, the Executive Ad agifl rates of this Com- mon-Wealth are the Strategus in <*Arms, the Signory in their federal Courts ; {as the Chancery, the Exchequer)as alfo the Councils in divers Cafes within their In- fir u ft ions , the Cenfors as Well in their proper Magi f racy, as in the Council of y^ligion: the Tribunes in the Qovern- ment of the 'Prerogative, and that judi- catory. And the Judges with their Courts ; Of all which fo much is already faid or known as mayfuffke. The Tuefday-Le&ures or Orations unto the People, will he of great benefit unto the Senate, ^Prerogative, and the whole Station. Unto the Senate, becaufe they Will not only teach your Se- nators Elocutionjbut keep the Syfteme of the (government in their memories. Elo- cution is of great ufe unto your Senators', for if they do not under jland Rhetor icl^ ? {giving it at this time for granted, that the Art Were not otherwife good) and come to treat With, or vindicate the caufe of the Common-wealth againft fome other Oceana* 190 other 3\(ation, that is good at it ; the ad- vantage will be fubjeB to remain upon the merit of the Art, and not upon the me- rit of the Caufe. Furthermore, the Qe- nim or Soul of this (government, being in the whole and in every part ; they Will never be of ability in determination upon any particular unleffe at the fame time they have an Idea of the whole. That this therefore mujl be, in that regard, of equal benefit unto the Prerogative, is plain ; though thefe have a greater con- cernment in it. For this Common-Wealth is the Eftate of the People : and a man Qyou knoW) though he be virtuous, yet if he do not under /land his Eftate, may run out or be cheated of it. Lafl of all, the tredfures of the Politicks Will by this means be fo opened, rifled, and difperfed, that this 3\£at ion will as foon dote, like the Indians, upon glaffe 'Beads, as di- Jlurbyour Government with whimjies, and freaks of mother-Wit ; or fuffer them f elves to be flutter d out of their Li- berties. There is not any reafon why your Cjrandees , your Wife men of this Age, that laugh out, and openly, at a Com- mon-Wealthy as the mo >jl ridiculous thing, do not appear to be, as in this regard they are, meer Ideots ; but that the ^People have not Eyes. There i number, ) in tbe Rebate ano refalt of ttjis Corcmon4uealtb : IpjofchcD tbat tbep £>jferue tije Coutfc oj dotation of tbe fame bp t%»e #imuall JHetoro of 10. JimWs, 20. SDepntpcs of tbel^jfe, ano 40. of tbe if At %fje like f n all refpectefe latofnll for Panopea ano tbc^ojfe of bott) the pjot)(trcc0 amounting unto one SEroop, anuria JTuit ante one Companp •, one Captcfn, ano one Cojnctof the ^oifc fljall be an* nuallp ebofen bp Marpefva ; ano one CaptafnanooneflEnGgncof ttyi JFet ftall b; annnallp cfcofen bp Panopea. The Orb of the Prerogative being thus Compleat is noc unnaturally compar'd unto that of the Moon, either in con- federation of the Light, borrowed from the Senate as from the Sunjor ofthe ebbs and floods of the People,which arc marked Conftimioii ty c ^ c Negative or Affirmative of this Tribe, And the Con- efftaParli- ft" u "onot the Senate and the People being fhewn, You have anient. tr) at of the Parliament of Ocear/a, Confuting of the Senate propofing, and of the People refolving- which, amounts unco an A& "of Parliament. So the Parliament is the Heart 4 which confifting of two Ventricles j the one greater and repleniflied with agrotTcr ftore ; the other lefkanu full of a purer ; fucketh in, and gufheth torch the life blood of Oceana by a pcrpetuall Circulation. Wherefore the lite of this Government is no more unnaturall or obnoxious for this,unr» diflolution, then that of a Man ; Nor unto giddineffe then the World, ( feeing the Earth whether it be it felf, or the Hea- vens that arc in Rotation, is fo farr from being giddy that it could not fubfiif without the motion.) But why fhould noc this Government be much rather capable of duration and fteddi- ncfle by a motion ? than which GOD hath ordained no other unto the univerfall Common-wealth of Mankind ; feeing one Generation cometh,& another goeth, but the Earth remaineth firme for everjthat is in her proper Situation orPlacc,whether fhec be moved or not moved upon her proper Center. The Se- nate the People and the Magiftracy, or the Parliament fo Con- ftituted fas you have fcen) is the Guardian of this Common- wealth* Oceana, i$i wealth, and the Husband of fuch a Wife as is elegantly dc- fcribed by Solomon. Sbee U like tbe Merchants Sbtp 3 Sbee hying. 'Prov. 31. etb her food fromfarre. She confideretb a Field and iuytb it: y/itb the fruit of her bands Sbee Planteth a Vine ford : Sbee concei- ved that her Merchandize is good: She ftretcbetb forth her bands to the poor-.Sbee is i.ot afraid of tie bnowfor berHoujlolci^for a'!' her boujjjotd are clothed with Scarlet : Sbee maketh her [elf Coverings of her Tapejtry ; Her cloathing is Silke and Purple 5 Her Husband is kngwn(J?y bis RoUs) intheGates> when i.ept. etb amongft the Sena- tors cfti.e Land. The Gates, or inferiour Courts were branches as it were of" the Sanhedrim or Senate ot Jfael. Nor is our Common-wealth a worle houlwife, or hacul'hee kffe regard unto her Ma^iftrates ; as may appear by, SPicS&iDcntp flft|)£>joer. Sftjat, tobereas tfje^abltquelRettentie Ord. 25. is tbjourt) t\}t late CMU OTatfi otlapf DateD; t!)c Crci ;je,be< ng firrpjoU- co oj fmfsoteablc to tbe Ketoenuc ot £Dic£?Ooit , be applpeo foj. i'qc fpacc of ©Icatien peats to comc,anto tlje rep .ration ot tbe fame, ano tbe pjefent spatntenatice of tbe spagittiatcs, iiinf gbt0 SDcputtes, ano ber Officers , tobo accojBf ng onto theft feberall SDtgnfties ana iFunatonsttjaU annnallp recetbe totoatos tbc^uppojt at tbe fame, aafoBotoetfe The Lord Strategus Marching, is upon another accompt to have Field *Pay as Generall. \\. per Annum. The Lord Strategus fitting- 002000, The .Lord Orator . 002000. Tbe three Commiflioncrs of tbe Seal — • 004500. Tbe three Commiflioners of the Trcafury 0045 00. Tbe two Cenlors — — — ^-003000. The 2510. Knights, at 500 J. a tJMan «- 14500D. The 4. EmbafTadors in Ordinary — »,- ■ ■» ■ 012000. Tbe Council of War for Intelligence 003000. The Matter of th e Ceremonies 000500. The Maker of the Horfe . — 000500. ■His SubiUtute — *** m r . J-J2H' ■ ■ 000150. Tbe Ipl OOI 509. Oceana. Tfje 12. Ballotines/er their mater Liveries —000240. For their Summer Liveries — 000120. For their board-wnges __ — 000480. For the keeping of three Coaches of State, 24 Coach- horfes with Coach men, and Pojlilicns For the Grooms, and keeping of 16 y great Horfes for the Ma Ret of the Horfe, and for the Ballotines whom >. he is to govern and inftruft in the I Art of %iding, , j The 20. Secretaries of the Parliament The 20. Door-keepers who are to attend with Pole-axes ; For their p. Coats, For their Bgard-wages — — . — The 29. MefTengers , which are Trumpeters ; For their Coats, For their Board-wages, ; 000480, -002000. 0002CO. I OOIOOO. 000200. OOIOOO. For Ornament of the cjlfuflers of the Youth- — 005000, Sum, — 189370. ^Datof tbePctfonallflEffatcsoi; eberp matttorjo atbte ccatf) bt-. queatbetb nof abofce JFo?tp CMfUnjp unto trje spatter cf tbat ^hrcjcb tDberefn f t Ipes.tbaU be lebieD one per Cent, untfU ttje folio IRebenne of tbe gutter of tbe^unojeo amount unto 50. 1, per annum; f»j tbe$K$esof tbej^outb, 'SCbe ttoelbe Mottoes are to be Dittoes into tbjee IRegions accoj< BfHguHtotbeConrfcof tbe&enate, fyz four of tbefirtt 3Region to beelscteoattbe&ropfekontof f«cb CbfHijenastbe iSnf £l)t0 of tbe fameftafl offer, not being ;unocr ©letien peers of age, no* abotje 13. anatbeit Ciccjon tUallbfimaoebptbe&otatan t2l;n fet bp tbe &erjant of tbe bonfc foj tbat purpefe to tbc ^all cf tbc Pantheon. %\z 3Lifeerp of tfc* CommonAcealtfc f o? t&e falbi on \ tbe colour mag be cbangeo at tbe (Election of tbeStntegus acmning unto bis pban« tafic. Oceana. taf?. 15nt ebetp Iwfgbt oatfng bte &c(Kon foal! be bontto to giuc tmtebfo jFootman ejfomeone of bfo jfa>t=men, tbe Uttetg of tbe Common=foealtb, The Prerogative Tribe {hall receive as followeth : li. ly the Week. The 2. Tribunes of the Horfe - • — 000014 The 2. Tribunes of the Foot - ■ — 0000 1 2 The 3. Captains of Horfe 000015 The 3. Cornets 000009 The 3. Captains of Foot — — 000012 The 3. Enfigns 000007 C" v. The 442 Horfe at 2 I. a wan ■— 000884 The 592 Foot at I 1. 10 s. a man — 000888 The 6. Trumpeurs 000007.10 s, The three Drummers 000002—5 s. [ 9i Summjy the wee k—o o 185 o— 1 5 . Summ^by the Tear — 0962 3^ — ! TheTotaiiof the Senate,} 1. s. the People, and the £"287459—15, Magiftracy, J Wht trfgnffp of trjc Commoti'tocaltfj, ano apea of tbe feberall ^.igittrattcsano iDfffccs ttjercunto belonging being pjot)fDe0fo2 as afotefaia , t^c iDjcrplas of tbe €%ti\z totffj tbe tyioma. of tbe §>a mme rtffng (ban be caret' ullp mannages b? tbe Senate ano tbe J0-o, pie tbjonib tbe Diligence of be ^D.Tfcets of tbe Ciccbcguer ; till it amount a. tcCEtgb ^t.Uons*, 01 to tbe patcbafe of about four ban? oieotboufano |5,unos folio IR^enae. #c tobjeb tfine^tbetermeof eleben peers being eppiteo, tbe €ni \z, (except if be otbeitoife ojoereo bp tbe Senate ano tbe people) (ball be totallpcemitteo, ano aboUflje fritter. Dd At u>4- Oceana. At tiiis Infticution the Taxes (as willbettcr appear in the Corollary) were abated about ont half, which made the Order when it came to be tafted, to be of good relilh with the People in the very beginning j though the Advantages then were no- wife comparable unto the Confequences to be hereafter fhewn. Neverthekfle, my Lord' Epimornn^ wfeo with much ado had been held till now, found it Midfummer Moon, and broke out oi Bedlam in this mood. My Lord Archon, I Have afinging in my head likg that of a Qart wheel? my brains are upon a rotation ; andfome arefo merry, that a man cannot fpeakjois griefs ; but if your high-Jhod Prerogative, and thofe fame flouching Fel/oTfresyour Tribunes, do not take my Lord Strategics, and myJ-,ord Orator's heads, and jole them together tinder the Canopy, then let me be ridicu- lous unto all Voflerity : For here is a Common -wealth, to which if a man fhould take that of the Prentices in their ancient adminijlration of fuflice at Shrove-tide, it Tpere an Ariftocratie. Y'ou have Jet the very gabble with Tron- cheons in their hands, and the (gentry of this u\(jtion li^e C oc k s with fear let gills 9 and the golden combs of their Salaries to boot, left they fhould not be thrown at. iJ\£ot a Slight can I fleep for fome horrid Apparition or other ; One 'while thefe ^Myrmidons are meafuring filks by Oceana* i<^ by their quarter-Staves :; another fluf- fing their yea fie Poutches with my Lord High -1 rcafurer's Jacobus's : For they are 'above a thou f and in <^Arms to three hundred, which, their CfoWns being pulbd oyer their ears, are but in their doublets and hofe. 'But What do I fpeat^ of a Thou f and I there be two thou fond in every Tribe ? that is an hundred thoufand in the whole Station, not only in the Vo- fture of an Army? but in a Chill capaci- ty fufficient to give us what Lawes they pleafe : S\£ow every body knoWes, that the lower fort of People regard nothing but money ; and you fay it is the duty of a Legiflator to pre fume all men to be Wicked, wherefore they mujl fall upon the richer 6 as -they are an Army ; or lefl their minds fhould mi f give them in fuch a villany , you have given them encou- ragement that they have a nearer Way, feeing it may be done every whit as Well by the overbalancing T*oWer which they have in S'le&ions. There is a Fair which is annually kept in the Center of thefe Territories at Kiberton, a Town famous for Ale and frequented by (food Fet- loWes ; where there is a folemnny of the Vipers, and F idlers of this Ration, ( I know not Whether Lacedemon, where T> d z the \$6 Oceana. the Senate kept accompt of the flops of ■ the Flutes and of the Fiddle firings of that Common -wealth , had any fuch Cujlom) call' d the "Bull-runnings and he that catcheth and holdeth the "Builds the annuall and Supream Adagijlrate of that Comitia, or Congregation, called Kjng- ;ate,t;hct\ thai: theCommonSouldiers fhould beequdl with the Captains: it is enough to the common SouLUer that his vircue may bring him to be a Captain, and more unto the Prerogative, that each of them is nearer to be a Senator. If my Lord think our Salaries too great, and that the Com- mon«-wealth is not Houfwife enough; whether is it better hufwifcry that fhe fhould keep her family from the fnow, or E e fuffer 2.02, i ' Oceana. fuffer them to burn her houfe that they may warm thcmfelvcs> for one of thefe wil bejdo you think that flic came offat a chea- per rate, when men had their rewards by a thoufand,two thou- fand pounds a year in Land of Inheritance? If you fay,that they will be more godly then they have been, it may be ill taken ; and if you cannot promife that, it is time we find out fome way of ftintingatleaft,if not curing them of that fame Sacra. Fames. On the other fide, if a poor man (as fuch an one may favea City) give his fweat unto the publick, with what con- fcience can you fuffer his Family in the mean time to fterve. But he.thatlayes his hand unto this plough, fhall not lofe by taking it off from his own : and a Common-wealth that will mend this, fhall be penny-wife. The Sanhedrim of ffrael be- ing the Supream, and a conftant Court of Judicature could not choofe but be exceeding gainful. The Senate of the Bean in Athens^ becaufe it was but annual, was moderately fala- riated, but that of the t^reopagites being for life bountifully; which advantages the Senators of Lact 'demon had, where there was little mony or ufe of it, was in honour for life. The Pa- tricians having no profit took all; Venice being a fituation, where a man goes but to the door for his imployment, the ho- nour is great, and the reward very little ; but in Holland a Counfellour of State hath fifteen hundred Flemifli pounds a year, befides other accommodations. The States General have more. And that Common-wealth looketh nearer her penny, then ours need to do. 9 For the Revenue of this Nation, befides that of her indu- ftry, amounts, as hath been fhewn, unto ten millions , and the Salaries in the whole, come not unto three hundred thou- fand pounds a pear ; thebeauty they will adde unto the Com- mon-wealth will be exceeding great, and the people delight in the beauty of their Common-wealth, the encouragement they will give unto the ftudy of the publick very profitable, the accommodation they will afford unto your Magistrates, very honourable and eafie. And the fum, when it or twice as much much was fpenc in hunting and houfe- keeping, was never any grievance unco the people. I am aihamed, to ftand buck- ling upon this pointjit is for did. Your Magiftrates are rather tobe provided with farther accommodations. For what if there fhould be fickncfle ? whither will you have them to re- move ? and this City in the foundeft times, for the heat of the year, is no wholfome aboad : have a care of their healths un- to whom you commit your own. I would have the Senate and the People, except they fee caufe to the contrary j every firft of Ja^, to remove into theCountry ayr, for thefpace of three moneths : you are better fitted with Summer houfes for them, then if you had built them to that purpofe ; there is fome twelve miles diftant the Convallium upon the River Hah cionid, for the Tribunes and the Prerogative, a Pallace capa- ble of a thoufand men j and at twenty miles diftant you have UXountCelia, reverend as well for the antiquity asftate of a CaftIe,compleatIy capableof the Senate, the Propofers ha- ving lodgings in the Convallium^ and the Tribunes in Celt a; it holds the correfpondence between the Senate and the People exadly. And it is a fmall matter for the Propofers, being at- tended with the Coaches and Officers of State, befi es other conveniences of their own, to go amattcrof five or ten miles (thofc Scats arc not much farther diftant) to meet the people upon any Heath or Field that fhall be pointed: where having difpacched their bufineffe, they may hunt their own Venison, (for I would have the great walled Park upon the Halcionia to belong to the Signory, and thofe about the Convallium unto the Tribunes) and fo go to fupper. Pray my Lords,fee that they do not pull down thefe houfes to fell the lead of them; for when7ou haveconfider'don it, they camot befpared. The founders of the School in Hiera, provided that the boyes fhould have a Summer feat. You {hould have as much care of thefe Magiftrates.' But there is fuch a felling,fucha Jewifh humour in our Republicans, that I cannot tell what to fay to it 5 onely this, any man that knowes what belongs to a Com- E e 2 mon-wealthi Oceana. mon-wealth, or how diligent every Nation in that cafe hath been, to prekrve h£r'ornaraents,'and fhall fee vvafte lately made, the Woods adjoyning unto this City which fcrved for the delight and health of it, cut down to be fold for three pence j will tell you, that they who did fuch things would never have made a Commcn-wealth :The like may be faid of theruine or damage done upon our Cathedrals, ornaments in which this Nation excels all others : nor fhall this ever becx- cufed upon the fcore of Religion ; for though true it be, that God dweileth not in houfes made with hands, yet you can- not hold your Affemblies but in fuch houfes, and thefc are of thebeft that have been made with hands. Nor is it well ar- gued that they are pompous, and therefore prophane, or leflb proper for Divine fcrvice, ieeing that the Chriftians in the Primitive .Church chofc to meet with one accord in the Temple j fo far were they from any inclination to pull it down. The Orders of this Common-wealth, fo far, or near fo far forth, as they concern the Elders, together with the feverall Speeches at the Inftitution, which may fervetinto the better underftanding of them as fo many Commentaries, being fhewn ; I (hould now come from the Elders unto the Youth, or from the Civil Conftitution of this Government unto the Military, but that I judge this the fitteft place ; whereinto by the way to infert the Government of die City, though fer the prefent but perfunctorily. The Oceana. 2.0^ THe Metropolis or Capital! Citty of Oceana is commonly TheGo- called Emporium , though it conpfl of two Cities dijlinB, m vernmenc neiiinnameas in Government) whereof the other is called Hiera : oiEmfori' For which caufe I jhall treat of each apart , beginning with Em- 1im ' porium. Emporium with the Liberty es, is under a twofold divifion, the one The City regarding the Na'-ionall and the other ^ Urbane or 0ty Govern- Tribes and ment', it is divided in regard of the Nationall Government into Wards. three Tribes,andin refpeB of /tallrbane intoTwentyfx,w\)ich for di- ftinBion fake are called wards , being contained under the tinee Tribes but unequally, wherefore the firft Tribe containing ten wards is called Scazon, the fecond containing eight Metoche, and the thud containingas many, Tclicouta : the bearing of which names in mind cone ernes' the better understanding of the Government. Every ward) hath'her Wardmot, Court or Inquefc , confining Wardmot:, of all that are of the clothing or Liveries of 'Companies, rejidi-ng within the fame. Such are of the Livery or Clothing as have obtained unto the dig-. TheLive- nifj to weare Gowns and Tarticolour'd Hoods or Tipets according ries. unto the Rules, and ancient Cuftemes of their refpeBiveCompanies. A Company is a Brotherhood of Tradefmen , prof effing the fame TheCom» Art , governed , according unto their Charter, by a (JMafter and P anies » Wardens : Of thefe there be a matter offixty , whereof twelve are of greater dignity then the rejl,that is to fay the ^Mercers,GrocerS, Dra- pers , Ffymongers, Gold-Smiths, Skinners , (JUerchant-Taylors , ffaberdafhers , Walters , Ironmongers, Vintners , Cloth-workers, x-hich with moft of the reft have common Halls, divers of them being of ^°" 1mon ° antient and magnificent StruBure , wherein they have frequent meetings at the fummons of their Makers , or Wardens, for the ma- naging and regulation of their refpeBive Trades aud (Jl?y(leries. Thefe (fompmues^ as ifhallftew , are the roots of the whole govern- ment of the City ■. for the Liveries that refide in the fame ward, meet- ingattlx Wardmot inqueft, unto which it belongeth to take cog- nizance of a 'I forts of moyfances,and violations of the cufloms and Or- ders of the City, and to prefenl them unto the Court of Aldermen $ have alfo power to make eleBion of two forts of cMagiflrates or Offi- cers $ the firf of Elders or ^Aldermen of the ward') the fecond of De- puties of the fame, otherwife called Common-Council men. w * fc j Election of The wards in thefe EleBions, be caufe they do not eleB all a 1 - once, but a ^ q^™ forr.e one yeare , and fome another , obferve the dijtinBton- of the Common three Tribes ; for example , the Scazon confining of ten Tribes , Coundll . maketh men> %o6 Oceand, maketh eleBion thefirfi yeare of ten Aldermen , one in each ward , and of one hundred and fifty Deputies, fifteene in each ward: all which are Trienniall M*giftrates or Officers , that is to- fa]} are to be are their dignity fur thefpace of three years. Thefecond year , the Metochc, con fifing of eight wards eleBeth eight Aldermen, one in each ward ; and an hundred and twenty De- puties , fifteen in each Ward j being alfo Tnenniall (JiUgiff rates. The third yeare Telicouta , confifting of a like number of wards , eleBeth an equall aumber of like Magif rates for a like terme : So that the whole number of the Aldermen , according unto that of the Wards-, amounteth unto twenty- fix ; and the whole number of the Deputies , unto three hundred and ninety. The Court The Aldermen that eleBed have divers capacities ; forfirfi , they of Alder- are Juflices of the Peace , for the term , and by cor,feijuence of their raen. eleBion ; fecondly , they are Pre fide ots of the' Wardmot , and Go- vernours > each of that Ward , whereby he was elected j and la.fl of all thefe Magifirates being afiembled together , conjlitute the Senate of the Citty, otherwife called the Court of Aldermen : but no man is ca- pable of this eleBion , that is. not worth ten thoufand pounds : this Court upon every new EleBion maketh choice of cenfors out of their owm number^ The Com- The Deputies in like manner being afjembled together , conflitute mon-Coun- the Prerogative Tribe of the City, otherwife called, the Common- cill. Councill % by which meanes the Senate and the People of the City were caught in as it were by the rapture of the Nationall (government , to the fame tfheele of annuall > triennial^ and perpetuall revolution. The Com- Sut *b e Liveries over and above the right ofthefe eleBions by their mon-Hall. divifions mentioned ; being afiembled alltogether at the Guild of the City 3 conjlitute an other Afjembly called the Common-Hall. The Ele&i- The Common-Hall hath right of two other eleBions; the one of the onofthe Lord Mayor, and the other of the two Sheriffs being annuall Magi- Lord Maior firates. The Lord Major can be eleBed out of no other then out and Sheriffs, of the twelve Companies of thefirfi ranks,ind the Common Hal agree eth by the plurality of Suffrages upon two names ; which being prefer- red unto the Lord Mayor, for the time being, and the (fourt of Alder- men % they eleB one by their fcruteny , for fo they call it , though it differ from that of the Common-wealth : The Orator or Affiflant ur. to the Lord Major in theholdingofhis Courts isfome able Lawyer eleB- ed by the Court of Aldermen, and called the Recorder of 'Empo- rium. The Oceans toj * The Lord Major being thm deBed , hath two capacities ; the one regarding the Nation , the ether the City: in that which regards the City , he is Prefident of the Court of Aldermen , having power to affemtle the fame > or any other Council of the City , as the Commou- Councillor Common-Hall , at his will and pleafure; and in that which regards the Nation 3 he is Commander inCheif, of the three Tribes, vthereinto the City is divided j one of which he U to bring up inperfon at the Nationail Mufier unto the Ballot 5 »w his Vice Co- in ices, or High-S berijj s , are to do by the other two, each at their di- ftinti pavdiou , where the nine Aldermen eletled Cer.fors , are to officiate by three in each Tribe , according unto the Rules and Orders already given unto the Ce»fors, of the rafiick Tribes : And the Tribes cftlu City have no other then one common Phylarch 5 which is the Court of 'isildermen, and the Conmon-Ciuncill; for nhich caufe they eletl not at their mufter thejtrjt Lijle called the Prime Magnitude. The Conveniences of this alteration of the City Government, be fides some con- the be at of it unto conformity with that of the Nation, were many* veniences whereof 1 \h all mention but a few ^ of firjl, where.ts men under the in thisalte- former admimjlr ation , when the burden of fame ofthefe LMagiftra- ration. eyes , lay for life } were oftentimes chofen not for their ptneffefbut ra- ther unptneffe, or at leafl uawilliagneffe to undergo fuch a weight , whe-eby th tbe education oftbat one &onnc fballbe tob*oWp at tlje oifpofing of tbat parent, but (tobereas tbere be 5Ftec=&cb:ols crrctea ano f nuoto'B , or to be erectea ana inooto'e in ebcrp SCribe of tfjfs jfia« tton,toafufficientpjoportton foj tbe Caucation eftheCbtlajenof the fame -, tobfeb ^cbooles , to t&e ena tbat were be no Detriment ej. bf na;ance unto ttjc &>cbollcrs npon cafe of remobef ng from one unto anotber , are eberp of tbem to be(H5obernca bp fbe ttrf ct fufpectton of tbe Centos of tbe SLrfbes, botfc npon tbe ^cbcDb^atfers tbeir man* iter of life ana teacbing, ana tbe pjoftciencp oftbeCbtlajen; after tbe ftnlro ana metboa of ttjat in Hiera) . 3f a patent babe mo jc ^ons then one, tbe Cenfo^s of tbe SErtbes watt animaobert upon ana pun* ntw btm that fenaetb not bis &ons tof tbf n tbe nintb peare of tbeir age nnto feme one of tbe fccbooles of a SLvibc , tbere to be Kept ana taugbt if be be able at bis Charges , an o if be be not able , Gratis tin tbrp ar< ribe at tbe age of fifteen peares. iina a parent map uffpofe of bis £ons at tbe fifteenth peare of tbetr age, accoutring unto bis cbofce o> abilitp, tobetberttbeurrtoSwrbice in tbe toap of Apprentices unto fome%raae, oj otbertotfe, o* nnto farther fiuop , ssbp fencing tbem unto tbe Unns of Court, of Cbanccrp , oj unto one of tbe taniberfitf cs of tbis Ration, but be tbattafeetb not upon bint fome one of tbepjo* fefftonspjapet unto fome one of tbofe places, ftsnil not continue Ion, gerfnanpoftbem ttU tbep babe attafnea unto tbe age of eigbteen peares; ana eberp man bating not at that age of 1 8. peares tafeerr upon btm, oj aaafctea bimfeife unto tbe pjofefffon cf tl ; c into SLbeolc. gp> ojPbpftclt; ana being no f&erbant, wall be capable of tteCffsp of tbepoutb, ano no otber pctfon tobatfoeber ; ercept a man babe= tng tafeen upon btm fucb a pjefefffon , bepprn to lap it bp, ere be ar= ribe at tbjee o? four an a t toentp peares of age , ano be aamfttea unto this Capacitp bp tbe refpectibe pbplarcb, being fatfsfpea tbat be feept not Oceana. %ii ttot oat fo long fe»ttb anp oefigne to ctjasc the ferticc oftl)C Comma*!- tocaifh, but tljat being nofooncr at bis eton aifpoffng ft teas nof^ncE at bis ota.n choice Jo come in Sno if anp l^outb o; other perfon of this Ration babe accfirc to tratreU. into jfojjaignc Countries upon occaS 5 onofbufineirc, Dtltf t)t , oj farther implement ofbis (Education ; the fame fbali be lawful! foj hi m upon a paffc obtainea from the Ceil* pjs in parliament, putting a convenient limit unto the time, ano recommencing bim unto the €mbatfaDoursbpim>)m be foaUbe afufts eDHnauntotobomb; fball jielo honour ana obcoience in their re- fpectibe rc&oenccs. CEbcrp i^eutb at bterctarnc from bis irafecil, is top;cfeutt§cCenfojstoitba]?apcr, of bis oton Writing, contapn* iug tl)C interest of &tate o> fojme of ©ebcrnment of tbe Countries o% fomc one of the Countries tobcte be bath been; ano if it be gooo,tije Cenfojsiijall caufe it to be pjintco ano publitbea, p?eSj:tng n iMnc in Comracnoatton of the 0wtr)oj. ©'jerp MeoncfDap^neyt enfuing the laft ofiiDcccmfccr, the tubals i^outb of cberp pari ft , that is to fap eticrp man (not crccptea bp the fojegofngpart of the £>jacr) being from eighteen pcarcs of age to 30^ Osali repair cat tljefoana of tfcc Bell unto tbc tefpccU'cC Church, ana being t'ocrc aSemblco in pjefence of tftc otierfeers, tobo arc to goticrne tlje Ballot ; ano the Confiablcwhois to officiate at fbellrne, KjaU after the manner of tbc (Bluets , elect etierp fifth man ofibcirtobole tiamber , (pjo1;ioe3tbattbepcb;ofenctabofoconcofttociJi5:otbcrsat t one (Election , noj abobebalfc if tbcp be foujeoj upwan) to be a ^tratiot 0; SDcpufp of the i^outb ; JSna the lift of tbe &>iratiots fo e- Icaeu being taken bp t&e oberfecrs Chall be entreu in ibe parift 3l5oo' } ana oiligentlp pjcfertieu as a rceora, caiieo the fcrft ©.rap. SDtjep tobofcrfiatcsbp tbc 3Lato are able, 03. Wbofc JFrtenos arc Willing to mount them, (hall be of the ^ojfe , the reft arc of the JFoot, #nDbc tot)o ijath been one pcare of this lift is not capable of being re^eiectca till after one pears tntcrbalU e&crp ^teinefBapjiCFt enfuing the laft of Januar p, tbc §>tratiots icing ^uftreo at the Rcnoetjouj of their rcfpectitie &anojco,OiaU in tbe pjcfenccofU}c3larp*mert, Who are otorfecrs of that Mot , ano of fbc^ig^Ccnftablewj&ois to officiate at tbe t3ltne, elect out of the ^o;fe of their 2Cjoop, o;Companp one Captain,, ano one CDitfigne oj Cojnct , onto the Commana of the fame ; 3m tbc %m?*m$ having cntctw thellitf of the ^ihidjm into a JHecojo to be Dili* # I a gently 2i2 Oceana. gent!p kept at the Renocrjouj of tbe fame •, the firff pablfque (Dime oftbi0Commontocalrb OjaU begin ano be pejfojmco in tbfs manner. MbercastbejeistobeateberplRenDekouj ofan^mtojeu, one Cannon, CulbevfnjOj&aKre,; SCbc pjije #rmes,being fojgco bp ftoo?nc 0.rmo?ours of tbfs Common=tocaKb , ano foj tftctr pjoof , bcBoes tbeir beaut p,tf etob ana trpeo at tbe 2Cotoer of (Emporium, (Sail be Cfpofco, bp tbe Sluffice of J3cace appettapnfng unto tbat l^anojeo ; the faiD Suffice, toitbtbe 3Jurp*men being Biuuge of tbcdJamc: J3n0 tbc Siaagcsftjall Deliver unto tbc ^o;fe*man tbat gafnestbe|9rf$eat tbc carrier, one futeoftfrmesbetngof tbe Mueof ttoentppounos: ta,ito tbepfceman tbat gafnes tbe f0jf?eattb;otoingtbe315iillct,one futt of #rmesoftbcbalue of ten.pounss •• flanto tbe spufquetfet tbat gaines tbe 3$?f je at tbe spark toitb bfs SPufquet , one'fate of .Srmes of tbefcalue of ten pounos; #no unto ttjc Canoneer ttjat gaines tbe 2pjf je at ttjc sparfce toitb-tbe Cannon Culfcerin, oj ^afcre, one Cbafne of §>fltier being of tbe balue of ten pounus. f^oDtoeo , tbat no one span at tbc fa:ote fuller plap abotie one of trje Pji?es. MbofoeOct gatncttjaiPMjctsbouHDtotocare it (.if it be bis lot) upon&erbice . ano no man QjaH fell, o% gibe atoa? an fttmom tbustoon, eyecptbs &rbe latofullp attatneo uKto ttoo n moje of tfjem , at tbe (Dames. SLbe Barnes being cnoco, ano tbc spatter offmitt, tbe Captaine of tbe SLj-oop oi Companp (ball rcpafre toitb a Cop? of tbc 5tift unto tbe BLojn5Lietitcnantoftbe2Ejibe, ano be ^fgb=Conttable toitb a SDn* plicate of tbc fame unto tbc Cuftos Iftotuloru.n, oj #jfter«spattcr ©£= ncrall, to be alfo communicatee toitb the Ceufo?s,ineacboftobicfj £bc3mrp=men giving a note upon eberp name ofanonlp&onttiall cCrtifp tbat ttje ILtfc is toftboat fabterfuge JUetitenant, Cuftos IRotulojum , tbc Cenfojs ano tbe Conoucto?. ftmU rccet'oc tbc tobolc quitter of tbe l^outb of tbat SCjibe at tbc Heu, Dstiouf of tbe fame , Distributing tbe !£o?fe ano iFoot toitb tbeir j©fft= ecrs , accojotngunto tbe cirecttons gttei in tbe like cafe foj tbc of* ftrtbutionof tbeClbers, anu tbe tobolc fquaoron being put bptbat mcancsin315atalia; tbe fccoim C:mc of tbis Common toealtbfbaft begin, bptbccjcercifeof tbe Poutb in all tbe parts of tbeir military tifctplineaccojoinguntotb^^cers of parliament, oj Direction of tbc Council of 5SEarr in tb? : ; Cafe : #nD tbe bunbjcD ponffis a' otoco- bpttjelSarltamentfojtbeojnament of t^c Rafter in etwp %ilto? Oceana. 2.15. ftati be efcpeniieo bp tbe 3Bbpiarcb> upon fucb artfficiaa Caftles , Ctta* aels, oj lffceDet)iccs,a0 map make tbe bcfiaiio moft profitable fpojt foj tljc i^outljano t^cfr fpcctatojs. tSSUjicb being, cnrico, the Ccnfois batting pzepareo tbc J3rncsbp putting into tbc l£o;fc Slrne ,2:0, (S5oln Balls, tobcrcof ten are to be martes toitb tbe better M, ano tber ten toitb 'be better P, 3into tbc i^ttamc, 700. ©olo Balls ^ labereof ; 5 o. are to be markeo tot'tbtbc letter Mi ano 50, toitbtbe BLetterP, ano maoe up the d5olt> Balls in cacb tttrnebp tbeaooitiorc cf&flbcr HBaiis unto tbe fame, in number rqtialltoftbtbe^GjfcanB #oot of tbe &tratiots : trje 3Lo?t> lieutenant ftali call tbe S>tratiotS unto tbc ZBrnes , tobcre tbep tbat Draio tbe &ilfcer Balls ftiall returnc unto tbeir places ; am> tbep tbat orato tbe ©olo Balis ftall fall off to tbcpabtlton, tobcrc, fo* tbc fpace of one boure tbep map cbopp ano tbangefbeir Balls accojoing as one can agree tof tlj anotber , tobofc 3Lot be likes better; but tbc boure being out tbc conouctoj fcperat* ing tbcm , tobofe <25olo Balls bafoe no letter, from tbofc totjofe Balls aremarkcB; ftall caufc tbe Crper to tall tbc Alphabet, as firtt A. lobereupan all tbep tobofc€5olo Balls are not markeo , ana tobofeur* names begin tof tb tbc letter A. ftall repafre unto a Clerk appertapn* jngunto tbe Cuttos Kotulorum, tobo ftall firft take tbc names of tbat ^Letter : tben tbofe of B. ano fo fortf) , till all tbe names be #lpbabcti s tallp enrolles j ano tbc poutb of tbis lift being ft j bunoreo in a SCribe ifot, tbat is 3 0000 iFiot in all tbe SDribes; ano ttoo buncjeo ina %libzl$nft, tbat fs 10000. ^o;fefn all tbe SDiibes, are tbefecono Cffap ot tbc £>tratiots ,ano tbc ftannt'ng #rmp of tbis Commontoealttj to be altoatcs reaop upon Commano to marcb 2Lhcp tobof : Balls at«snarkeD toitbM.amountingbp^o^orfcano 50. j?a>tina:2Lrifc;e unto 2500 ifootanu sec ^o?feinalltbc3Lribes; #no tbeptobofe Balls are markeo tottb P» in etierp point tojjefponocnt are parts of \\)t tbim Cftap; tbep of M, bring fojtbtoitb to marcb fo; ^ajpefta ano tb:p of P. fej JJanopca, to tbc enos ano accoutring to tbc further Directions foilotoing in tbe ejoerfojtbe i^joWnciall j©ibs. 31 E tbc ^o'.cmarcbs , o? £ ielD Officers be electeo bp tbe &crutcn£ oftbs Council of 25Rarr,anB the £>trategus Commanoco bp thenar* liament oj tbc Dictator to marcb, the lojos If cbtcnants (tobo bate potoer to gutter ano SDifciplinc tbe ?outb fo often as tbep receitie £>^ersfoj tbc fame fjom tbe Council of iMarr, ) are to oelibcrtbe feconu CBffiap , 0* fo manp of tbem as ftall be Commanoeo unto tbc Coneuctojs , tobo ftall pjefeut tbem unto' tbc 3Loro &frategusat tb0 time anu place appofnteo bp bis %cellencp ta be tbe ©enerall Hen« Betiouf 2i4 Ocean-. * Debea^e of Oceana foberc tbc Council of &&xt fball babe ttye aceom* tuoQationof^ojfcsanc #rmesfoj bis men in teaefnefte, ano tbc ioja ^cratecus , habing armco, mountcD, ano oitribnteo tbem> iobetberaceojoing unto tbe recommendation of t^rit pjtjr $rmrs oj otlietfcoifc ; (ball leas tljem atuap unto bis pipping, being alfo rca* Dp, anapjctsiueotoitl) UtituaHs Ammunition, #rtiglierp ana all otber neeeffarps , commanding, tbem, an3Ei r pofingof tbctobclecou* curt of tlje mart bp bis f ole potocr ano autbotitp : ano ttjis is tbc tl>ir» Cflapoftbc §>tratioto, tobiebbsing^fpp's , o; mareb'o cutoftbrit bribes, the ILoj&s&icbtcnantsfiiaU reelect the fcconD (HJiTap oat of; the remaining part of tbc firft j ana tfce £>cna .c another ©tratcgus: Slfanp beteranc oj bcterancs oftbi3 Ration, tbc tenncoftebefe: l^cutb, oj militia is expiree , habing a ccfirc to be cntcrtaince in iIjje fur.ber§>erbice of tbc Commontocaltb (ball pjefent bim ej tfeenr f clues at tbe Iftcnocbou? of 0;eana, unto tbc ^tratcgus, itislubis potocr to tafte on fuel) ano fo manp of tbcm as (ball be confenfea unto bp tbc polcmarcbs •, ana to fenb back an equall number of tbe £>tratiots. £no foj tbe better managing of tbe proper Jfojccsof tbisjiJafioit tbe ILoji fetrategus bp appoint ment of tbc Council of tElarr, anu out offucblUbiesas tljeg Cfcjail babe maec in eitfect o^botftof tlje^jo^ binccs, unto that cno,fi)all receive £anlfarps ai&ca, o?. clfctobere at fonts certatne place, not eycecaing bis pjopcr Arnica, in num* ber- ime tobofoebet (ball tefufe anp one of bfs tfjjcc ©flaps , erxept up., oncaufefbetonbebeoifpenfeo tottfeallbp tbc pijplarcb, oj fftbcJJbp* larcb be not affembleo, bp tbe Cenfojs cf bis SEjibe , (ball be beeme* 1 an ^ciot or pabliquc&>ctbant,. pap one ftftiiof bis pearelp rebenue be. (iocs all otbet Stares unto tbe Commontocaltb for bis Protection* ano be incapable of bearing $|&arifirarp rrccpt fucb as is proper to tbc 3lato. $ebertbelcffeifamanba'cCbut tmo §>ong, the lojo&tcb* tenant (ball not fufferabobe one cf tbcm to come unto tbc tame at one election of tbc fecon J GEftap • ana ■ bougb be babe abobe ttoo g>ons 5 tbcrefball not come abobc rjaife tbc JlBjotbcrsat onc<£lcrtfcm ; ano if aman babe but one &on , be (ball no 5 : come unto tbctlrncataU tofibout be content of bis Parents , or bis ©tiatoians no; (bail ft be' sup reproach unto bim, or f mpe&imcm unto bis beating of ^giftrar p. this Oceana* 2,15 This for Expeditions thatare Forraignc will bepr6ved 3 and explained together with ' ' Ebc2Ctocntp&eal3entb:©?Det,J0jobfoing in cafe of i nbalion ap 4 27. Ord„ pjcbcnDea.tijattlje ilojus ^igb*&I)eriffs of tbe&jtbcs upon Com* inanos rcceikeofrom i\)t parliament , oj tbe SD< ctatoj, ofttrfbute the fcanos of tbe ©leers f nto olMfions after tbe nature of the ©(Tapes of tbe ^ontb, ana that tbe feconu ofbf&on oj ©flap of tbe ©leers bsf ng maoc ano confining of 30000 $$>t, ano 10000 !£ojfe be reaepte marcb luttb tbe fecone ©u"ap of ttjc Poutb 9 ana be bjougbt aKo up tbe Conouctojs unto tlje &trategus. SEijp fecone ©flap of tbe ©leers ano l^outb being marcbt ont of tbeir 2C?tbes,tbe3Lojes ; l£fc>8>bcrffFs ano 3lfet)tenants flwfl babe tbere s inapning part of tbe annnall JBanos , both, of ©toejsanolPoutiMrt reaoincfle , " toblcb if tbe HBeacons be fireo > fljall marcb unto t&e Ken* ocfcou? to be in that cafe appointco bp tbe parliament 0} tbeSPitfatof, ano tbc Beacons being flrco , tbeCuriata Comitia oj J&arocbiall Congregations ftmll elect a fourtb, botb of ©leers ano Poutbtobe immeeia . elp upon tbe d3uaro of tbe SEjibcs, ano Dittoing tbcmfeltics as afojefaia to marcb alto in tbeir eiblKons accojefng untoUDjoers^ tobfeb metboe in cafe of ejetreniitp ttmll pjoccco unto tbe election of a tbin , o;tb3lcalberifffl;to tbe eno tbat tbe Common* tocaltr> in bet utmoft pjeffure map fbeto bee trutt that ©ooinbfs tufiiec totu remember mercp ; bp bumbling ber felfe, ano petpje* forking ber courage, oifcf pline ano conftancp, etienunto tbe laft ojop ofberbloDD, anDtbeutmottfartbfng. 2Dbe Vertices perfojmeobp tbe poutb, oj bp tbe©loetsfncafeof Inbauon, ano accojofng unto tbfs £>jecr, (ball beat tbeir proper coft ano charges ttjat are anp toapejf able to inoure it , but if tbere be fucb as are tutoton in tbeir #artO)es to be fo tnoigent tbat tbep cannot marcb out of tbeir SCjibcs , no; unoergoe tbe buroen, in ttais cafe in= turobent , tbe Congregations of tbeir parlifces ftjatt futniftj tbem tottb fuff icient fummes of moncp to be repap'o upon tbe (Certificate of tbe Tame bp tbe parliament token tbe action fljall be ober. &no of tbat tobfeb is refpedibelpenjopn'obptbis;©jeer, anp3£*fbe,|torluV ^agiftrate, oj^erfon tbat OaU faile, jsto anfujer foj it at tbe Councilrof Marr,asa2Defertoj.ofbfsCountrp. i; oii ..... 1 <\n The zt6 Oceana. The tArchon being the greatcft Ciptain of his, ( if not of any) Age, added much unto the Glory of this Common- wealth , by interweaving the {JMilixia. with more Art and Luftre then any Legiflatof from, or before, the time of Sen tin Tullhu. But as the bones or Skeleton of a man, though the greatcft part of his beauty be contained in their proportion or Symmetry,yee ihewn without fiefh/are a fpe&adc that is ra- ther horrid ; fo without Difcourfes, the Orders of a Com- mon-wealth : which if i"he go forth in that manner 5 may com- plain of her friends that they ftand mute, and flaring upon her ; , Wherefore this Order was thus flefhed by the Ar- chon: My Lords, D ! iogeneSy feeing a young Fellow drunk, told him that his Father was drunk when he begot him : For this in na- tural, I muftconfefielfeenoreafonj but in Political Gene. ration,it is right; The Vices of the People are from their Go- vernors. Thofe of their Governours, from their Lawes or Orders j and thofe of their Lawes or Orders, from their Le- Cicero giflators, (Ut malt pefuimm initu, fie cetera Jeqttuntur ; ) What ever was in the womb imperfect as to her proper work, comes veVy rarely, or not at all to perfection : And the formation of a Citizen in the Womb of the Common-wealth, is his Edu- cation. Education by the firft of the foregoing Orders is of Six kinds; At the School, in the Mechannicks, at the Univcrfi- ties, at the Innes of Court or Chancery, in Travels, and in Military Difcipline : Some of which I (hall touch, and fome I fhall handle. That which is propofed For the erecting, and endowing of Schools throughout the Tribes capable of all the Children of the fame, and able to give unto the Poor the Education of theirs gratis* is only matter of direction in a cafe of very great Charity, aseafing the needy of the Charge of their Children from the Ninth to the Fifteenth year of their Age;*during which time their work cannot be profitable , and refloring them Oceana. 517 them when they may be of ufe, fi^rnifhed with tooles, where* of there be advantages to be made in every work, feeing he that can read, and ufe his pen, hath fome convenience by it in the meaneft Vocation ; and if cdnnot be conceived, but that which comes ( chough in fmall parcels) to the advantage of every Man in his Vocation, muft amount unto the advantage of every Vocation ; and fo unto that of the Comtnon-vfe-dtb \ Wherefore this is commended unto the Charity of every wife- hc-arced, and well-mindc* man to be done in time ; and as GOD fhall ftir him up or inable him : there being fueh pro- vision already in the Cafe, as may give us leave to proceed without obftru&ion. Parents (under anirnadver (ion of the Cerfors) are todifpofe of their Children at the fifteenth year of their Age unto foroe- thing ^ but what, is left, according to their abilities or incli- nation,in their own Choice : This,with the Many,muft be un- to the Mechanicks, that is to fay, unto Agriculture or Huf- bandry j unto Manufacture^; or unto Merchandize. Agriculture is the Bread of the Nation, we are hung upon ic by the teeth j it is«a mighty Nurfefy of Strength, thebeft Ar- my, and the ino'ft afliircd Knapfack ; it is managed' with the lcaft turbulent or ambitious, and the moft innocent hands of ail other Arts. Wherefore I am of Ari$otl£s opinion, That a Common- wealth of Husband-men f and fuch is ours) muft be the beft of all others. Certainly, my Lords, you have ner naeafureof what ought' to be, but what can be done for the encouragement of this Profeffion : I could wifh I were Huf- band good enough to direct fomething to this end ; but rack- ing of Rents is a vile thing m the richer fort, an uncharitable one to the poorer j a mark of flavery, and nips your Com- mon-wealth in the faireft BlofTom : On the other fide, if there fhould be too much eafc given in this kind, it would oceafion Sloathyand fo deftroy Induftry the nerve of a Commonwealth But if ought might be done to hold the baliance ceven be- tween thefe two, ic would be a Work in this Nation equall . O g unto* Cicero. nS Oceana. unto that for which V abiw was call'd CMaximus by the Ro- mans. In (JlSanufaBures and ^Merchandize the Hollander hath gotten the ftart of us; but at the long-run it will befound,that a People Working upon a Forraign Commodity, doth but firm the Manufacture 4 and that it is entailed upon them only, where the growth of it is native : As alfo that it is one thing to have the Carriage of otheurnens Goods, and another for a man to bring his own unto the beft market. Wherefore Nature having provided encouragement for thefe Arts in this Nation above others, where the people growing, they of ne- ceffity muft alfo increafe, it cannot but eflablifh them upon a fdr more fure and effectual Foundation then that of the Hoi- lahdett. But their Educations are in order unto the firft things or needfities of nature ; as Husbandry unto the Food ; ky oi the Stoicks, from the pbarifees 5 that of the EiHcureani, from the Sadduces ; and froifl tfett Learning oi the jfaw, fo often quoted by our Acts 17.. SAVIOUR and fulfilled in Him, the Chriftian Religion^ l °° >«to wasfhefiibft famous Unheffiiy in her dayes and her senators, that is to faf, the Arrtfegitft were all Philofophcrs. Lacedemott Oceans *-i$ L4cedemon(to(pcak truth) though fhc could write and read, was noc very bookilh. But who difputerh hence agflinft Uni- verfities, difputcth in the fame Argument againft Agriculture., ManufaBure ) and Merchandize, every one of thefe having been equally forbidden by Lycurgw, not for it felf, (for if he had not been Learned in all the Learning of Crete, and well tra- vcll'd in the knowledge of other Governments, he had never made his Common-wealth) but for the diverfion which they muft have given his Citizens from their Arms, whobeingbut few, if they had minded any thing elfe, muft have defer ted the Common-wealth. For Rome, (lie (had ingenium par impe- rio ) was as Learned as Great, and held her Colledge of Augurs in much reverence. Venue hath taken her Religion upon cfult : Holland) cannot tend it to be very ftudious : Nor doth Switz. mind it much ; yet are they all addicted unto their Univerfities. We cut down Trees to build Houfes, but I would have forne body fhew me, by what reafon or experi- ence, the cutting down of an Univerfity, fhould tend unto the fetting up of a Common-wealth. Of this I am fure, the per- fection of a Common-wealth is not to be attained unto with- out the knowledge of ancient Prudence ; nor the knowledge of ancient prudence without Learning; nor Learning with- out Schools of good Literature j and thefe are fuch as we call Univerfities. Now though meer Univerfity-Learning of it felf, be that which ( to fpeak the words of Verulamim) Crafty men contemn, and fimple men onely admire, yet is it fuch as mfe men have ufe of; for Studies do not teach their own ufe, but that is a wif- dome without, and above them> won by obfervation. Expert men ■may execute, and perhaps judge of particulars one by one j but the general Counfds and the plots, and the marfhalling of affairs, come beflfrom thefe that are learned. Wherefore if you would have your children to be Statefmen, let them drink by all means of thefe Fountains , where perhaps there was never any. But whavhough the water a man drinks be not nouriihmenc ? it is the vehiculum without which he cannot be nourifhed . Nor is Religion lefle concerned in this point than Government ; For Gg 2 take zzo Oceana. take away your Univerftties, and in a few years you lofe it. The Hely Scriptures are written in Hebrew and in Greek, they that have neither of thefeLanguages may think Icight of both 5 But find me a man that hath one in perfection, the ftudy of whofe whole Life it hath not been. Again, this is apparent to us in daily Convcrfation, that if four or five Pcr- ions that have lived together be talking, another fpeaking the fame Language may come in, and yet undcrlland very little of their Difcourfe, in that it relatcth unto Circumftances, Perfons, Things, Times and Places which he knpwcth not. Ic is no otherwife with a Man, having no in-light of the times in which they were written , and the Circumftances unco which they relate, in the reading of ancient Books, whether they be Divine or humane. For example, when we fall up- on the difcourfe about Baptifme and Regeneration, that was between our Saviour and Nicodemw, where Cbrift rcproacheth him of his Ignorance in this manner : Art thou a DoRcr in If- rae! 3 and under ft andeft not tbefe things ? What ilia 11 we thinK of ic? or, Wherefore lhould a Do&or in Ifrael have under- ftood thefe things more then another, but. that both Baptifme and Regeneration fas was fhewed at large by my Lord Pbofyho- na) were Doctrines held in Ifrael? -Inftanceinone placeofa hundred, which he that hath not mattered the circumftances unto which they relate, cannot underftand. Wherefore to the understanding of the Scripture, it is receflary to have ancient Languages, and the knowledge of ancient times, or theaydof them who have fuch knowledg:and to have fuch as may be al r waies able and ready to give fuch ayd,(unlefle you would bor- row it of another Nation, which would not only be bafe, but deceitful)itisneceflary unto a Common-wealth thatShehave Schools of good Literature, or Univerfitics of her own. We are Commanded (as hath been faid more then once) to fearch theScripturesj And whether do they fearch the Scriptures that take this pains in ancient Languages and Learning.? oj they that will not, but trufting unto Translations ondy, and to words as they found unto prefent Circumftances ? than which nothing Oceana. iz\ nothing is more fallible, Or certain to *lofe the true fenfe of Scriptures, pretend to be above humane underftanding, for no other cauie then that they are below it ? But in fearching the Scriptures by the proper ufe of our Universities', we have been heretofore blefled with greater Victories and Trophies againft the purple Hofts, and golden Standards oftheRomiih. Hierarchy, than any Nation 5 and therefore, why wefhould relinquish this upon the prefumption of fome, thatbecaufe there is a- greater Light they have it, I do not know. There is a grcacer Light then the Sun , but it doth not extin- guifn the Sun, nor doth any Light of GOD's giving cx- nnguiiTi that of Nature , but encreafe and San&ifie it. Wherefore, neither the honour borne by the Ifraeliiijh, Ro- • man, nor any other Commonwealth that I have Shewn, unto their Eclefiaftuks confided in being governed by them, buj; in confuting them in matter of Religion - 3 upon whofe refpov- fa 7 or Oracles, they did afterwards as they thought fit. Nor would I be miftaken , as if by affirming the Universities , to be in order both unto Religion and Government, of abfolute ncceflity , I.declared them or the Miniftry in any wife fit to be trufted {o far as-to exercife any power not derived from the ci- ! vill Magiftrate , in the adminiftration of either. If the Jewilh Religion were directed and eftabliihed by Mofes, it was directed and eftablifhed ;by thecivill Magistrate; or if Mofes exercifed this adminiftration as a Prophet , the fame Prophet did inveft with the fame adminiftration ) the Sanhedrim , and not the Priefts •, and fo doth our Commonwealth, thcScnate and not the Clergy. They who had the fupreme Adminiftra- tion or Government of the Nationall Religion in Athens; were the firft ts^rcbex, the (Rex Sacrifice, or J High Prieft,and Pole- march ; which Mag iftrates were ordained or ele&ed , (per (xt/poTOKiav) by the holding up of Hands, in the Church, Con: gregation , or Comitia of the People; The Religion of Lacede- mon was governed by the Kings , who were alio high Priefts 3 and officiated at the facriEce* thefe had power to fubftrtute their .Li Ocedna. their Pjtkiiy Embafladors or Nuncios by which not without concurrence of the Senate they iicld intelligence with the Ora- cle of Apollo at Delphos. And the Ecclcfiafticall part of the Commonwealth ofl(j>me was governed by the' Pontifex Maxi- mM , the Rex.Sacrificulm, and the FUmi/.w, all crdained or cle&ed by the people , the Potti/ex, Tribuiis ; the K'w^Ce/ituri- at is ; and the F lam i/je sot Parifh Preifts, CuriatUComitiis. I do not mind you of thefe things , as if for the matter there were any parallel to be drawn out of their fuperftiuons to our Reli- gion 5 but to (Lew that for the manner, ancient prudence is as wellarulein divine as humane things ; nay , and fuchan one as the Apoftles themfelves, ordaining Elders by the hold- ing up of hands in every Congregation, have cxad ly folio w'd.$ for fome of the Congregations where they thus ordeined Elders were thofe of Antiocb, Ic omumy Lyfira , Derbe, the Country of Lycaonia , Pifidia , Pa?7ij>hjlia> Perga , with Attalia. Now that thefe Cittys and Countrys when the Romans propagated their Empire into Afia, were found rood of them Commonwealths, and that many of the reft were indued with like power, fo that the people living under the protection of the Romane Empe- rors, continued to the efect their own Magiftrates,is fo known a thing 5 that I wonder whence it is^men quite contrary unto the univerfall proof of thefe examples , will have Ecclefiafti' call Government to be neccflarily diftinft from civill power, when the right of the Elders ordained by the holding up o£ hands in every Congregation , to teach the people , was plain/- ly derived from the fame civill power by which they ordained the reft of their Magiftrates. And it is no otherwife in our Commonwealth; where the Parochiall Congregation elcð orordaincth her Paftor. To object the Commonwealth of Venice in this place were to (hew us that it hath been no other- wife , but where the civill power, hath loft the liberty of her Confcicnce by embracing of Popery : as alfo that to take away the liberty of confeknee in this adminiftration from the civill power , were a proceeding which hath no other prefident,than fuch Oceana* filch as is Popifh. Wherefore your Religion is thus fettledjthc Universities are the feminaries of that part which is nationall, by which meanes others withall fafely may be permitted to fol- low the liberty of their confcienccs, in reguafd thatJiowevcr they behave thcmfelvcs, the ignorance of the unlearned in this cafe cannot lofe tne religion, nor dillurb the Government} which othcrwifc it would moft ccrtainely do , and the univer- sities with theirEmoluments,as al'fo the Benefices of the whole Nation are to b'e improoved by iuch Augmentations, as may makea very decent and comfortable fubfiftance for the Mini- ftry , which is neither to be allow 'd Synods nor Aflemblies (but upon the occafion fhewn in the Univcrfities , they are confulted by the Councill for Religion,fuffred to meddle with affaires of State) nor to be capable of any other publick pre- ferment whatfoever j by which means the intereft of the lear- ned can never come to corrupt your Religion, nor diflurb your Government; which othcrwife it would riaoft certainly do. rtaice, though the do not fee, or cannot help the cor- ruption of her Religion, isyetfo circumfpeftto^voiddiftur- bance in this kind of her Government, that her Council* pro- ceeds not unto election of Magiftraces, till it be proclaimed, Fera P*palm,by which words fuch as have confanguinity with red hats, or relation unto the Court of Rome, ate warned to withdraw. If a Mmiftcr in Holland meddle with matter o£ State, the Migiftrate fendeth him a pair of fbooes , where- upon if he do not go, he is driven away from his charge. I wonder why Minifters of all men Should be perpetually tam- pering with Government, firit becaufe they as well as others lia ve it in exprefTe charge to fubmic themfelves unto the Or- dinances of men; and fecondly, becaufe thefe Ordinances, of men muft go upon fuch Polit kail Principles j as they of all others (by any thing that can be found in their writings or actions) leaft underhand .• whence you have the f uffrage of all Nations unto this fenfe ; An ounce of wifdom is worth a pound of Clergy r Your gjeateft Clerks are not your wifeft men; and when tome foul abfurdity in State is committed; it is' 2Z,J 114 Oceana* is common with the French, and even the Kalians, to call ic Pasdederc, or, govemodu Prete. They may Jbear with men that will be preaching without nudy, while they will be go- verning without Prudence. My Lords, if you know not how to rule tne Clergy, you will moft certainly be like a man that cannot rule his Wife ; have neither quiet at home, nor ho- nour abroad. Their h©neft Vocation is to teach your Chil- dren at the Schools and the Universities, and the people «iu the Parifhes -, and Yours is concern'd to fee that they, do not play the (hrevves : of which parts confifts the Education of your Common- wealth, fo far forth as it regards Religion. To Jufiice, orthat par^f it whichjs commonly executive, anfwers the education of the Inns of Court, or Chancery. Upon which (to Philbfophize) requires a peculiar kind of Learn- ing that I have not. But they who take upon them any Pro- feflion proper unto the Educations mentioned, that is,Theology, Phyfick, Law, are n©t at leifure for the Eflayes : Wherefore the Effays being Degrees, whereby the Youth Commence for all Magistracies, Offices and Honours in the Parifh, Hundred, Tribe, Senate, or Prerogative 5 Divines, Thy fie fans, and Law- yers, not taking thefe Degrees, exclude themfclves from all fuch Magistracies, Offices, and Honours. And whereas Law- yers are iikeft to exaci farther reafortfor this:They growing up from the moft gainful Art at the Barr, unro thofe Magiftracies upon the Bench, which are continually appropriated to them- fclves -, and not onely endowed with the greateft Revenues,, but held for life j have the leaft reafon of all the reft to pre- tend unto any other ; Efpecially in an equal Commonwealth, yvhere Accumulation of Magistracy, or to take aPerfon en- gaged by his Profit unto the LaWes as they ftand, into the Power which is Legiflative, and Should keep them unto what they were, or ought to be, were a Solaecifme in Prudence. It is true, that the Legiflative power may have need of Advice and -Afli'ftahce from the executive Magistracy, or fuch as are learned in the Law ; for, which Caufe the Judges are, ( as they have Oceana* it^ have heretoforebeenj Afliftants in the Senate. Nor,hovve ver it came about, can I fee any rcafonwhy a Judge, being but anAfliftant, a Lawyer, {houldbea member of a Legiftative Council. \ I deny not, that the Roman Patricians were all Patrons, and that the. whole People were Clients, fome untoone family,and fome unto another, by which means they had their Caufes pleaded and defended in'fome appearance gratis; for the Pa- tiapn took no money j though if he had a daughter to marry, his Clients were to pay her portion : nor was this fo much. But if the Client accufed his Patron, gave teftimony or Suf- frage a gain ft him, it was a crime of fuch natures that any man might lawfully kill him as a'Traytor ■ and this,as being the nerve of the Optimacy, was a great caufe of mine unto that Common-wealth : for when the people would carry any thing thatplcafed not the Senate 3 the Senators were ill provi- ded if they could not intercede, that is, oppofe it by their Clients ; with whom, to vote otherwife then they pleafed, was fo high«a Crime. Theobfervation of this bond till the time of the Cjracchi (that is to fay, till it was too late, or to no purpofe, to break it) was the ca.ufe, why in all the former heats and difputes that had happened between the Senate and the Peo- ple, it never came to blowesj which was good: butwithall, the people could have no remedy, which was Evil : Where- fore I am of opinion, that a Senator ought not to be a Patron or Advocate ; nor a Patron or Advocate to be a Senator ; for if his practice be gratis, it debauchcth the people ; and if it be mercenary, it debauchethhimfelf: take it which way yofl wills when he fhouldtoe making of Lawes, he will be knitting of Nets. Lycurgw, as I faid, by being a Traveller, became a L'egifla- tor ; bur, in times, when Prudence was another thing: Ne- verthelefle we may not {hut out jhis part of Education^ in a Common-wealth which will be her Self a Traveller j for thofe of this make, have feen the World ; efpecially, becaufe this H h (though zz6 Qceana. (though it be not regarded in our times, when things being left to take their chance, it fares with us accordingly,) is cer- tain j No man can be a Polititian, except he be .firft an Hi- ftorian or a Traveller j for except he can fee what Muft be,cr what May be, he is no Polititian : Now if he have no know- ledge in ftory,he cannot tell what hath been; and if he hath not been a Traveller ,he cannot tell what is: but he that neither knoweth what hath been, nor what is ; can never tell what muft be, or what may be. Furthermore, the Efnbafftes^n ordinary by our conftitutioni are the Prizes of young men, more efpecially fuch as have been Travellers. Wherefore they of thefe inclinations,having leave oitheCenforSjowe them accompt of their time, and cannot choofe but lay it out with fome ambition of Praife, or Reward, where both are open : whence you will have eyes abroad, and better choice of Pub- lique Minifters : your Gallants fhewing themfelves not moye unto the Ladies at their balls, than unto your Commonwealth at her Academy, when they return from their Travels. But this Common-wealth being conftituted more, efpeci- ally of two Elements, Arms, and Councils^ driveth by a natural inftind, at Courage and mfd'ome, which he who hath attained, is arriv'd at the perfection of humane nature; It is true, that thefe Virtues muft have fome naturall root in him that is ca- pable of them ; but this amounteth not unto fo great a matter as fome will have it. For if Poverty make an induftrious; a moderate Eftate, a temperate; and a Laviih fortune, a Wan- ton Man j and this be the common courfe of things j Wifdom m rather of neceflity, than Inclination. And that an Army which was meditating upon Flight, hath been brought by Defpair to win the Field, is fo far from being ftrange, that like Caufes will evermore produce like Effects. Wherefore this Common-wealth driveth her Citizens like Wedges,thcre is no way with them but through ; nor end, but that Glory whereof Man is capable by*Art or Nature. That the Genius of the Roman Families prefcrved it felf throughout the line . as to inftance in fome, that the CMwlii were ftjll fevere ; the PublicoU Oceanfa 'PubUcoU lovers; and the Appii haters of the people} is attri- buted by CMachiaiill unto their Education ; noryif intereft might adde unto the reafon, why the Geniuspfa Patrician was one thing, and that of a plebeian another* is the like fo apparent between different Nations, who according unto their different Educations have yet as different manners. It was "anciently noted, and long confirmed by the F 'reach, that iri their firffcaffau Its their courage was more then that of men • and for the reft lefle then 'that of women : You muft have fome other Education for your Youth ; or they, like that paffage, will (hew better in Romance;, then true Story. TheGuftom of the Common-wealth. of Rome in diftribti- ting her Magiftracies without refpeft of age, happened to do well in Corvinm and Scipio ; for which caufe CMachiavill (with whom'that which was done by Rome^ and that which is well done, is for the moft part all one,) commendeth this courfe. Yet how much it did work at other times,is obvious in Pompey &: Op^examplcs b'y which Bocalini illuftrateth the Prudence of Venice in her contrary pra&'ice, affirming it to have been nofmallftepurtto the ruine oiibz Reman Liberty, that thefc having tafted in their Youth of the Supreath Honours j had no greater in their age to hope for, but by perpetuating of the fame in themfelves, which came to Blood, and ended inl Tyranny. The opinion „of . Kerulamim is fafe , The Errours (faith he) of Toung Men are the"ruine of £ujiitefle$ whereas th6 errours of aged men amount hut to this , that more might have hem Hh z Aorii %±Z Ocean*. done or fooner. But though their Wifdome be little, their Courage is great. Wherefore (to come untothe main Edu- cation of this Common-wealth) the Militia of Oceana is the Pro- vince of Youth. The diftribution of this Province by the Eflays is fo f ully defcribed in the Order, that I need repear nothing. The Or- der it felf being but a Repetition or Copy of that Originall, which in ancient Prudence is, of all other, the faireft; as that from whence the Commonwealth of Rome , more efpecially de- rived the Empire of the World ; Arid there ismuch more rea- fon in this age, when Governments are univerfally broken, or fwerved from their Foundations, and the People groan under Tyranny, thatthefame caufes (which could not be withftood when the World was full of Popular Governments) {hould have the like effect. . The Caufes in the Common-wealth of Rome } whereof the Em- pire of the World was not any miraculous, but a naturall(nay I may fafely fay neceflary) confequence are contained in that part of her difcipline which was domeftick , and in that which (hce cxercifed in her provinces or coaqucft. Of the latter Ifhall have better occafion tofpeak when we come unto 6ur .Provinciall Orbes ; the former divided the whole Peo- ' pic by Tribes , amounting, as Livy fhewes, at their full growth unto thir y five ; and every Tribe by the Cenfe or va- luation of Eftates into five Clafles,for the fixth being Proletary that is, the Nurfery, or fuch as through their Poverty contri- buted nothing to the Commonwealth but Children , was not reckoned nor ufed in Armes : And this is the fi rft point of the Militia; in which Moderne Prudence is quite contrary unto the Ancient; Tor whereas we excufingthe rich , and arming the Poore , become the vaflalls of our Servants , they by ex- cufing the Poor and Arming fuch as were rich enough to be • Preemen,became*Lords of the Earth. (The Nobility and Gentry of thisNatioa, whouiwkiftand fo little what it is tobeLords of Ocedna. of the Earth, that thgy have not been able to keep their Lands; will think it a (Iran ge.edueat ion for their Children to be com- mon Souldiers, and obliged unto all the duties; of Armesj ncverthelefle it is not for 4,s. a week, but to be capable of being the beft man in the Feild or in the City : the latter part of which confederation makes the Common Souldier in this, a better man then the General of any Mbnarchicall Army. And whereas it may be thought, that tliis would drink deep of Noble Blood j I dare boldly fay , take the Roman Nobilityin the heat of their fierceft Warrs, and you (hall not Hud fuch a fliambles of them as hath been made of ours by inter luxury and flothfullneffe ; which killing the body, ( Animaffo in vainer e format 1) f kill the Soiil alfo; Whereas Common right is that which who ftands in the vindication of, hath ufed that Sword of Juftice for which he receiveth the purple of Magiftra- cy : the glory of a man on Earth can go nohigher , and if he fall he rifeth, and comes fooner unto that reward which isfo much higher as Heaven is above Earth. To return # unto the Ro- rian example.) E very clafis was divided(as hath been more then onte (hewn) into Centurys , and every Century v»as e- cpally divided into Youth and Elders; the Youth 'for For- raigne Service, and the Elders' for the Guard of the Territo- ry. In the firft clafih were a matter of eighteene Centurys ofHorfe being thofe which by the JuftitutiJ*of&r;wweje ftrft called unto the fuffrage (Centuriatis.) But the deleBm, or Levy of an Army (which is the prefent bufintflcj proceeded according to Polybim in this manner. ■ Upon a Warr decreed, the Confuls elected four and twen- ty military Tribunes or Colonels j whereof ten, being fuch as ha*d merited their tenth Stipend , were younger Officers. The Tribunes being chofen , the Confuls appointed the day unto the Tribes, when thofe in them of military Age were to ap- pear at the Capitol ; The day being come , and the Youth Affembled accordingly , the Confuls afcended their Tribunal, and zjo Oceana. and the younger*Tribunes were forthwith divided into four parts after this manner ' fofcre were afiigncd unto the firft Legion^ (a Legion at the moft confided of 6000 Foot, and 300 Hor(e) three unto the fecdhd , four unto the third , and three unto the fourth ; the younger -Tribunes being thus di- stributed, two of the Elder wereaffigned unto the fir ft Legion, three unto the fecond , two unjo the third, and three unto the fourth. And the Officers of each Legion thusafligned,having drawn the Tribes by Lots , and being feated according unto their divifions at a convenient diftance from each other ; the Tribe ofthe firft Lot Was called: whereupon they that were of it knowing the bufinefle, and being prepared, presently bolted out four of their Number, in the choice whereof iuch care, was taken, that they offered none that was not a Citizen ;. no Citizen that was not of the Youth ; no Youth that was not of fome one of the five Clafles, nor any one of the five Clafles that was not expert at his Exercizes. Moreover, they ufed fuch diligence in matching them for age and ftature , that the Officers of the Legions , except they happened to be accjuaint- ed with the Youths io bolted , were forced to put themfelves upon fortune, while they of the firft Legion chofe one ; they of trje fecond, the next ; they of the third, another; and the fourth Youth fell to the laft Legion, and thus was the election (the Legions and the Tribs varying according unto their Lots) carryed on till the Foot were complcat. The like Courfe with.little alteaMjion was taken by Horfe Officers till the Horfe alfo were complect. This was called giving of Names (which judK 20. the Children oilfrael did alfo by Lot) and ifany Man refufed to 9' give his Name, he was fold for a (lave, or his Eftateconfif- N cated to the Commonwealth {Mar cm CurimCorful cumfubitum delefium edicere coaBmeQet & juniorum nemo refpondifiet conjeB/s in fortem omnibus , PoliU (it is the name of a Tribe J qu« Confular Army with the Legions and Auxiliaries, amount- ed to about Thirty thoufand : and whereas they commonly levy'd two fuch Armies together, thefe being joyned made a matter of 60 thoufand. The Steps whereby our Militia followes'5/w/w_/?* will be of greater Revenue unto you, then if you had the Indies % for whereas heretofore She hath brought you forth nothing but her native Thiftle ; plough~ ing out the rankneffe of her Anflocracy by your Agrarian^yo'a will find her an inexhauftible Magazine of Men, and to her own advantage, who will make a far better Accompt by the Arms, then by the Pins of Poland : Wherefore as a Confu lar Army confifted of about an equall number of Auxiliaries added unto their Legions by their Latine or Italian Afibciates, you may addeunto a Parliamentary Army an equall number of Maryefians, or Panopeans , as that Colony fhall hereafter be able to fupply you. By which means the Common-wealth will be able to go forth to Battail with Fourfcore thoufand Men. To make Wars with fmall Forces is no Husbandry, but a wafte, a difea'fe, a lingr ing and painful Confumption of Men and Money ; the Romans making theirs thick,made them jfhort, and had little regard unto money, as that which they -who have men enow, can command where it is fitteftthat it rfhould-be Levied. ■ All the ancient ^Monarchies by this means got on wing, and attain'd untovaft Riches. Whereas your Modern Princes being dear Purchafers of fmall parcels, have but empty Pockets. But it may be that fome will accufe the Order, of rafhneflc jin that it committeth the fole Conduct of the War unto the General - 3 and the Cuftom ojf Venice by her Proueditori) or Checks upon her Commanders in Chief, may I i feern *34 Oceana. fcetn to be of greater Prudence j but in this part of our Go- vernment neither Venice^ nor any Nation that maketh ufe of mercenary Forces,is for our Inftruftion. A mercenary Army, with a ftanding generally is like the fatall Sifter that Spins: But proper Forces, with an annuall Magiftrate,are like Her that cuts the thread. Their Interefts aTe quite contrary, and yet you have a better Proveditor then the Venetian^ another Strategy fitting with an Army Handing by him ; whereupon ■ that which is marching, if there were any probability it lhould , would find as little pofiibility that it could recoyl, as a Forraign Enemy to invade you. Theie things confidercd, a War will appear to be of a contrary nature unto that of all other reckonings, in as much as of this, you muft never look tohavcagoodaccomptif you be ltri&in impofing C necks. J-eta Council of Huntsmen affetnbled before-hand, tell you which way the Stagg (hall run, where you (hall caft about ac the fault, and how you (hall ride to be in at the Chafe all the day : but thefe may as well do that, as a Council of War direct a General. The hours that have painted wings, and of different colours, are his Counfel : he muft be like the eye chat maketh not the fcene, but hath it fo foon as it changes,. That in many Counfellors there is ftrength, is fpoken of civil! Adminiftrationsj As to thofe that are Military ,there is nothing more certain,thenthat in manyCounfellors there is weakneffe. joynt Commiflions in Military affairs are like hunting your Hounds in their Couples ; In the Attick War, cleomenes and Demaratus, Kings of Lacedemon^ being thus coupled, tugg'd one againft another; and while they fhould have joyn'dagainft ■ the Perfiao, were the Caufe of the calamity : whereupon that Common- wealth took better Counfel, and made a Law; whereby from thenceforth there went at once but one of her Kings unto Battail. The Fidenati beinginrehellhn^ and having flaw the Colon) of the Romans j four Tribunes mtb Confute fomr if ere created ty the people of Rome, thereof mt hring left for the guard of the City the Oceana. f3? • the other three were fent againft the Fidcnatij who through the d'i- lijion that happened among them? brought nothing home" but difoo- nour: whereupon the Romans created the Di8ator$ ( and Livy gives his judgment in thefe words : Tres Tribuni, potejlate Confu- l&ri, documento fuhe^ qukm plurimum imperium bello inutile eflet; tendffido adfua quifq? conflia 3 cum alii aliud videretur, aperuerunt ad occafwnem, locum hofli ) when the Confuls , Qui&ius and Agrippa, were fent againjl the iEqui, Agrippa/or this reafon re- fufed to go forth with his Colleague-, (faying j Saluberrimum in ad- miaijlratione magjiarum rerum? fummayn imperii apud union efse} And if the ruine of Modern Armies were well confidered , mojl of it would be found to h Ave fallen upon this Point: it being in this cafe far fafer to trujl unto any one Man cf common Prudence ', then to any two or more together of the greatefi Parts. The Confuls indeed being equal in Power, while one' was prefcnt with the Senate, and the other in the Field with the Army, made a good Bal- lance; and this with us is exa&ly follow'd by the Ele&ion of a new Strategic upon the march of the old one. The Seven and twentieth Order, Whereby the Elders in cafe of Invafion are obliged untoequall duty with the Youth, and each upon their own Charge, is fuicablc unto reafon; (for every Man defends his own Eftate^and unto our Copy,as in the War with the Samnites 'and Tufcans. (Senates jufitium indict, deleBum omnts generis hominum haberi jujTit : nee ingenui modo, et juqiores Sacramento adaBi funt, fed feniorum etiam co- hort es faBjt)Et ; flJHbetetip tfte Council of a pjotince oftheOv,ii bcfngcontttttiteooftttielbelJinigbts, oibttca bp four into rljjre 5Rc e pan of the 0{otTS , f ^ rf tmm aRJJ re ,j 0lllt f on con fo;mable unto the ^atlia, Provinciall " v • . . " Orb*, ment) is petpetuatci} bp tbe annuall election at the SDjopicfcoffout Jmfgbts (being tttcnnfaU ^agittrates) out oftljclRegtonofttje^e* nate tobofe tctme e*ptretl); am of one Knight out of ttje fame ^Region to be &trategus , oj dUenerall of tbe |a?ofcincc , tobt'eb ^agfttracp is annuall. %fc ^tratcgus oj ^gfttrate tbus tWct* , fijail be as toeU JDjefiocnt of tiK ^jotilnetatt Council toitb potoer te pjopofc unto tbe fame , as fafcf p) fljafl refutst; fudjanfujcra, aoiice, oj £);Ecrs, as in anp of the toaps mcntf onto fijall be Determines upon the Cafe. She 3P?orjinciatt Councils of Marpdia ano Panopea rcfptctifcelp wall take cfpeciall care that the Agrarian JLates , C0 alfo all other 3lato5 that be ojwall from time to time be cnaitcobpUje parliament of Oceana, foj either of them, be Daelp pat in execution ; ^hepwaflmamtaccanoretcikctheCuttorfiS of either Ration foj the pipping of CXeana being tfje Common \ CDuaro, t&cp wall ha'oc a care tbat moat rate ano fufficient pap upon the refpc£iiue|)jOi;intcbcouclprapfcD foj iijc fuppojtanD maintenance of tijc Officers ano &oult>icrs, o> Srmp of the fame in the molt cffcctuall co nftant ano convenient toap f SEhcp wall receive the Re- gaiia , cjpubliquelRctanuco of trjofc Rations, out of Which eberp Counfcilc; tt)all rjaDc foj his tcrme , ano unto hi3 pjopcr ufe , the fyhmraz of 500 /. per'annum ; aKD the Sorajfegoi soo t /. as $J?cuocnt , tefiOES bis par as dSencrall, Vubf cb wail be 1 000 pcunoo: the remain* tjcrtorountathcufe of tlje Isnfgbts ano 2DepufiC0 oftherefpectfbc |3joVinccs ; to be paio if it toill react), accojojng unto fl)C rates of Occam; if not, bp m squall oiftrfbutton , refpedifcclp ; ojtbeofcer= plus, if there beanp, to bcrcturneo unto tlje SCrcafurp of Oceana* 2Iljep wall mannaac tlje llanos (if trjere be anp fucb bolocn in cftber. cfthc^orjinccsbptbc Commonwealth of Oceana, in dominion ) ana return the Kcnts into the (Exchequer. 3if tbe Commonwealth come to be poffeCcD of richer pjofoirtces , tlje pap of tlje dDenerall 0; Strategus , ano of the Councills map be refpectittelp encreafcD. SChe iOcbplc foj tijc reft ffcall elect ttjefroWn #actttrate0, ano begotetn= C3 bp tijciv Wn 3UWes baking poWer alfo to appealc from their $a= tiuc, o> P;o'oiticiali SPagittratcs if tljep plcafe unto tlje people of Oce ina . #110 Whereas there map be fucb as receiving 3njurp arc not able to p?ofccute tljeir appeales at fo great a oiftancc : Cigbt ^erjants at HlaW feeing f leojne bp tbe Commtffioncrs of the ^cale wall befent tpfctire into each |3?ot)ince once in two peaces, Who DfbfDingtbe fame bp Circuits, wall rjcare fuel) Caufcs , ano baking gatbercoano intjoouceo them wall rcturnc unto tlje felurall Appellant©, Gratis , tbe SDetciminationo ano SDecrcc© of tbe people in their febcrall Cafes. 2CbetermcofaiHnightin a |ajot)fitcfaU £>rbe as to Oomefffrt ^a* giStacies wall be cfteemco a tillacatton ano no ban unto pjefent Ciectfort *}& Oceand.- ©lectfonfntoanp other honour, bis JDjottrtctall $p.i£ittraep bring rrplrco. &bc Quorum of a fSjoinnciall Council,as alfo of cbcrp otber €oun- ril o> #flemblp in Oceana, fballfn tfmeof bealtb conGtt of ttoo parts fntbjee, of tbrtobole number pjop:r nnto ttjat Council oj fltTemblp ano,fn a time of &>fctuieffe , of *>nz pajt in t!);ee ; Wat of tfte Senate tberecan be no Quorum toltbout tbrie of tfje*>t£no?p: no? of a Conn- till toftbout ttoo of tbe ^jotoofts. The Civil part of the Provinciall Q'rbe beiri^ declared by the foregoing Order ; The military pare of sv.e lame is conltiriv- ted by i?.Orrf. %ty SCtocntp $i ntb £)jt>et ; Mbetclp tbc grtratiots oftbetbio Conftitufion Cffa? , batting oraton tbe ©olo Balls market) toitb tbc letter M„ llry'pantf an0 betratc= gus , oj dUenerall, at fucb a time ano pl?cc oj IRcnoctiou? acbcOjall appoint bp £)}t)CT ana Certificate of bis (Election;, nno tbx Stnregu s . ftatiingteccitjeotbc^ojfe ano iFoot mentioned, tobfeb arctbetbtro* Clafffs of bis J?;oMnciau ©uara, oj 2lrmp, ffiail fojtbtoitb lean tbem atoap unto Marpena , toberctbc ^Irmp conttfling oftb^ee Claffcs eacl) Claffis containing tbjie tboufano $$zn , tofiercof fitec bunajeo are ^ojfe; ano receiving tbe neto Strategic toitb tlje ttjiro CtatTt's ; tbc eloStrategus toitb the firtt Claris tbaB be Difmift bp tbc JBjotiinciaU Council. %be fame mctbeo toiib tbe Stratiots of tbc letter P. is to> be obfertet) foj tbe gjobinciall ®ibz of Panopea : ano tbc Common* toealtb coming to acquire neto pjoUfnccs , tbc Senate ano tbc |Bco s - pie map erect neto ;©;bs in like manner conutting of greater oj telle numbers acceding as is rcqufreo bp tbc refpectfr-c occafion. 3fs StratiotbaDe once fettoc bister me in a |9?otiinciaU *D;bc, ano bap* pen aftertoatos to orato tbe letter of a |Ho«ncc at tbe CEiection of tbe fecono ©Tap ; be map refute bis lot, ano if be refute f t , tfec Curs to? of tbat mm (ball caufe tbc files balloting at tbe fame to mate are bault; anDiftbcStratiotpjotmce tbe Certificate of bis St-ategmoj ©cnerall, tbat be batft fcrUco bis time aceojringlp ; tbe Cenfos tbjotoing tbe Ball tbat be arcto into tbe mrn againc, ano taking «Ht a blank , tall trtfmfffe tbe i^ontb , ana cwfc tbc Ballot to »««* ' To Oceana. £39 To pcrfcft the whole ftrudture of this Common-wealth: fomc drcftions are given unto the third EiFay , or Army marching, in %\Z fflbfttietb £)jBCr ; When thougoeft to battel againft thins enemie s Q q ^ andfecft Horfes and Chariots , and a people more then thon-Jbe not affraid of t Z) e ut- * ° t hcm , for the Lordthj Godish»that goeth with thee to fight for thee a. 2 Sam} 30. gain ft thine enemies .And when then divide ft thefpoile , it ftiaH be as a Ft a- ^* tute and an Ordinance unto thee , that as his part is that goeth down to the battle, fofoAllhis part be that tarrjeth by the Stuffe: tbatfS, 30 totbe Commonfecaltb of Oceana; %%z fpetle tabenof tbe enemp (except Clotbcs, fltmes^ojfes, ^mmanftfon anoSUfctaall, tobeoivfoea nnto tbe J&oulDferp bptbe Strategus ano tbe Polemarchs bpon tbe place according nnto tbcit 2Dffctetlon) (ball be belfbereo nnto font Commfflarfes of tfjc &poiles electee ano ftoo>n bp tbcCanncfiiof Wat , tobf rb CommttTatf es ttiall be allotuo fbfppf ng bp tbc jatat c anD tomjopesaccojbing as occaflon (ball require bp t^e Strategus ; tottjc sno tfcat basing a bill of laefeg Qgneo bptbjdc oj mote of tbe Pole- marchs tbcp mar £>btp ano bjtng oj canfeTucb fpoiles tobebjongbt unto tbe 23tf$e Office fn Oceana, tobcre tbep (ballbefelo, anD tbc pjontatiftngbprucbCpofleslbaJlbeBibfoeo Into tljcee pacts tsbereof one ft all go unto tbc Etcafarp, anotbet iqall be paio to tbc &>ontot erp cftbisj^attesi, a tbftoantetbe gatfifatfes , at tbeft cetacn from tl)£it fettofce, pjoUfocB tijat the fart SLuttlitato be tqtiall in number: unto tbe pjoper fojees of tbfs jptatton , otbcttotfe tbcit (bare (ball be fo niucblcfleastbcparcfctoerin number : ttje reft of tie ttoo tbfros to 90 unto tbe Officers ano J&onlofers of tbe proper fojees; ant> tbe JpotleaCooHaloeu unto tbe proper fojees (ball be fuboibfoeo fnto tbree equall parts, tobcteofoncfballgo unto tbe JDfffcerg, ano (too unto tjje common &culDfers , tbeUfce foj tbe £nrfUatfes: ano tbe (bare allottee unto tbc Officers, (ball be efbtoeo fnto foure equall parts tobcrcof one (ball go to tbe Strategus, another nnto tbe Polemarchs , a tbirB nnto tbe Colonels, anoafonrtb nnto tbe Captafnes, Cornets, enfignes ano nnoer 4DrTtcers,receM ng tbefr (bate of tbe fpofle as com- mon &onlofers. ffibe If be to* t|e Slnrilfatf es : ano tbfs upon paf nc fn tbc cafe of failure, of tobat tbe people of Oceana , nnto tobom tbe Cognisance of gecnlateo* Crimes of tbfs nature fsp>operlpappet^ raining, (ballaQjnBgeo}Bectet+ s# ej?^ Oceana, i$$ Upon thefe three laft orders the Archon feemed to bee ha- ranging at the head o: his Army, in this manner. My dear Lords and Excellent Patriots \ Government ofthis make,is a Combnwealth for increafei ji\. Of thofe for prefervation,the inconveniences,and frailties have been fhewn •• their rootes are narrow , fach as do dot runne , have no fivers, their tops weak and dangeroufly expo- fed unto the weather •, except you chance to finde one (as Pf- nice) planted in a flowerpot , and if fhee grow, iliee grows top - heavy, and falls too. But you cannot plant an Oak in a flowerpot : She muft have earth for her root, and heaven for her branches* Imferium Ocea.no famant qu* terminet aftrifi Kerne was faid ( Mole fua mere ) to bee broken by her own weight, but Poetically. For that weight by which fhe was pretended to bee ruined, was fupported in her Emperors, by a farre {lighter foundation. And in the Common experience of good Architecture , there is nothing more known , than that buildings, ftand the firmer and the longer for their own weight ^ nor ever fwerve through any other internal caufe, than that their materials are corruptible-, but the people ne- ver dyes, nor, as a Political Body, are fubjeft unto any other corruption than that which deriveth from their Government • Unleffe a man will deny the chain ofcaufesin which hee de- nies God , hee muft alfo acknowledge the chain of effects ; wherefore there can bee no effeft in Nature, that is not from the firft Caufe, and thofe fucceflive lincks of the chain, with- out which it could not have been. Now except a man can fhew the contrary in a Commonwealtlyf there bee no caufe of cor- ruption in the firft make of it , there can never bee any fucb effect. Let no mans fuperftition, impofe prophanenefTe up. on this affertion j for as Man is finful,but yet the world is per- fe6t,fo may the Citizen'bee finfull,and yet the Commonwealth beeperfeft. And as man feeing the World is perfect, can K k never 2 5 6 Oceana. never commit any fuch fin as can render it imperfeft, or bring it unto a natural diffolution, fo the Citizen,where the common Wealth is perfect can never commit any fuch crime,ascan ren- der it imperfect, or bring it unto a natural difTolution.To 'corue unto experience, Venice, notwithstanding that wee have found fome flaws in it, is the only Comonweakh, in the make wher- of,no man can find a caufe of diflolution , for which reafon wee behold her (albeit me confift of men that are not without fin)at this day with ore thoufand years upon her back,for any internal caufe, as young, as frefh, and free from decay, or any appea- rance of it, as fhee was born, but what ever in nature, is not lenfible of decay by the courfe of a thoufand years , is capable of the whole age of nature : by which calculation for any check that I am able to give my felfj a Commonwealth rightly or- dered, may for any internal caufesbe as immortal, orlong- iived as the World. But if this be true, thofe Commonwealths that are naturally fallen,muft have derived their ruine from the fife of them, l/raeland Athens, died not naturall , but vio- lent deaths, in this manner the World is to dyej wee are fpeaking of thofe caufe s of diffolution which are naturall unto government 5 and they are but two, either Contradtftion or Inequality, ifaCommon-wcalth be a eontradi&ion fhe muffc needs dellroy her felf; and if fhe be unequal, it tends to ftrife, and ftrife to ruine. By the former of thefe fell Lacedemon t by the latter Rome. Lacedemon being made altogether for war, and yet not for increafe, her natural progrefTe, became her natural diffolution, and the building of her own victori- ous hand, too heavy for her foundation; fo fhee indeed fell by her own weight. But Rome through her native Inequality , which how it inveterated the bofomes ofthe Senate and the people each a- gainft other, and even unto death hath been fhewn at large. Look well unto it my Lords ', for if there be a contradiction or inequality in your Commonwealth it muft fall,but if it have neither of thefe, it hath no principle of mortality , do not *hink mee impudent 5 if this be truth, I mould commit a grofs Ocean*. \ $? grcfle indifcretion,in concealing it. Sure I am that Machiavtl^ r i z : , is for the immortality of a Commonwealth upon far weaker principles, if a Ccn.tncnwealth(fa\th he^erefo happy as to be pro- Dif.B. 3. vidad often with menjhat whence is fwarvmg from her principles Z" ll ' '* fhould reduce her unto herinfiituuon^ fbee would he immortall. But a Common- wealth, as we have demonftrated, fwarveth not from her Principles, but by and through her inftitution, if (he brought no byafTe into the W orld with her, her coiirfe for any internal caufe, muft be (freight forward, as we fee is that of Venice fi\z cannot turn unto the right hand, nor to the left, but by fome rubs , which is not an internal 6ut an external cau(e,a~ gainft fuch (he can be no way fortifyed, but through her fitua- ticn as is Venice^ or through her Militia as was %emc; by which examples a Common- wealth may be fecure, ofthofealfoj Think me not vain,fcr I cannot hold-,a Common- wealth that is rightly inftituted can never fwarve b nor one that is not rightly inftituted be fecured from Iwarving by reduction unto her prin- ciples, wherefore it is no lefs apparent in this place, that Machi- Avil underftood not a Common-wealth as to the whole peice. As where having told you, That a Tribune or any other Citizen of Dif.B. i.C, Rome, might propofe a Law unto the people , and debate it with them,headds this order wot good wb/Je the people were good, but when the people became evil, it became mofl pernicious-, as if this Order, through which with the like, the people rood appa- rently became evil, could ever have been good j or that the people, or the Commonwealth could ever have become good, by being reduced unto fuch principles as were the Original of their evil. Thedifeafeof Rome was,as hath been (hewn, from the native inequality of her' ballahce,ahd ho otherwife from the Empire of the World, which then as this falling into one fcale, that of the Nobility (an evil in fdch a Fabrick inevitable ) kickt out the People, wherefore a man that could have made her to throw away the Empire of the World j might in that have reduced her unto her principles, and yet have been fo far from rendering her immortal, that going no farther hee fhould ne- ver have cured her. But your C. W. is founded upon an equal Agrarian-^and if the earth be given unto the Sonnes of mentis bal- Kk> lance J58 Oceana. Prov.ao v i4 lance, is the ballance of juftice, fuch an one as in having due regard "unto the different induftry , of different men, yet faithfully judgeth the poor. And the King that faithfully judgeth the poor^bis Throne fball be eft obliged for ever, much more the Com- monwealth* feeing that equality which is the ncceflary diflblu- tionof Monarchy,is the generation, the very life and foul of a Commonwealth 5 And now,if ever,I may be excufable, feeing that the Throne of a Commonwealth may be eftabliihed for ever, is confonant unto the holy Scriptures. The ballance of a Commonwealth that is equal, is of fuch nature>that what ever falleth into her Empire,muft fall equally, and if the whole earth fall into your fcales,it muft fall equally, & fo you may be a greater people , and yet not fwerve from your principles one hair. Nay you will be fo far from that,that you muft bring the world in fuch a cafe, unco your ballance , even unto the ballance of Juftice. But hearken, My Lords, Are we on earth? Do we fee the Sun? or are we vifuing thofe ihady places which are fained by the Poets i (Centime audita voces, vagitus dr ingens.) Thefe Gothick Empires that are yet in the world , were at the firft, though they had legs of their own, but an heavy and un- vveildy burden , but their foundations being now broken , the Iron of them entereth even into the fouls of the opprcfTed, and hear the voice of their Comforters. My father hath c baft i fed you with whips, but I will chaftife, you with fcerpions. Hearken, I fay if thy brother cry unto thee in affliction, wilt thou not hear him • This is a Commonwealth of the fabrick, that hath an open ear, and a publick concernment, fhe is not made for her felf only,but given as a Magiftrate of God unto mankinde , for the vindica- tion of common Right, and the law of Nature. Wherefore faith Cicero of the like,that of the Romans ( Nos magis patron a- tum orbfs terrarwm fufcepimw, quam Impcriuw) we have rathei undertaken the Patronage rhan the Empire of the woild. If you, not regarding this example, like fome other Nations that are upon the point to fmart for it , fhall, having attained unto your own liber ty Jteartfofwerd of your common Magiftracy, tn vain , fit frilly and fold yfc-ur aims, or which is worfe> let out the blood S A ■ Oceana. ifp blood of your people unto Tyrants to be lhed in the defence of their yoaks, like water , and fo not only turn the grace of God into wantonnefs, but hisjuflice into wormwood. You are not now making a Commonwealth^*/ heading cods of pre upon your own heads. A Commonwealth, I fay,ot this make is a Minifter of God upon earth ^ to the end that the world ; may be gcverned rvith righteoujnefs. For which caufe ( that I may come at length unto our prefent bufinefs) the orders laft rehear fed are buds of Empire, fuch as with the bleffing of God,may fpread the arms of your Commonwealth ,like an holy Afylum unto the diftreffed world , and give the earth her Sab- bath of years , or reft from her labours under the (hadow of your wings. It is upon this point where the writings of Md- cbiavil having for the reft excelled all other Authors, come as far to excel themfelves. {Commonwealths, {iv^Ctit, have had three wayes of propagating themfelves,Ont after the manner of Monarchies, byimpofingthe q£ '*' yoak,which was the way of Athens , and towards the latter times of Lacedemon •, Another by equal leagues, which if the way of Switz (Ifhalladde of Holland though fince his time) A third by un- equal leagues, which to the frame of the world, was never pratfifed; nay nor fo much as feen,or minded by any otherCommonwealthJbut that only c/Rome. They will each of them either for caution or imitation , be worthy to be well weighed, which is the proper work of this place. Athens and Lacedemon, have been the oc- casion of great fcandat to the world, in two , or at leaft one of two regards. The firft their emulation, which involved Greece in perpetual wars, the fecond their way of propagation, which by impofing yoaks upon otherSj was plainly contradicto- ry to their own principles. For the firft, Governments bee they of what kin.de foe- ver, if they bee planted too clofe, are like trees, that impa- tient in their growth to have it hindredj eat out one another. It was not unknown unto theft , in contemplation, or {if you read the ftory of Agefilaus) in aclrion ," that either of then; with thirty thoufand men might have mattered the Eaft, and i6o Oceana. and certainly ,if the one had not ftood in the others light, Alex- ander had come too late to that end, which was the means (and would be if they were to live again) of mine, at the leaft unto one of them : wherefore with any man that underftandeth the nature of Government , this is excufable 5 fo it was between Oceana and CWarfefta - 7 fo it is between France and Spam (though lefle excufable) and fo it ever will bee in like cafes ; But to come unto the fecond occafion of fcandal by themgi- ven$ which was in the way of their propagation, it is not ex- cufable: for they brought their confederates under bondage; by which means Athens gave occafion of the Peloponeftan warre, the wound of which fb.ee dy'd ftinkiug, when Lacede* men, taking the fame infection from her carkafles, foon fol- lowed. Wherefore my Lords, let thefe bee warnings unto yOti,not to make that liberty which God hath given you, a fnare un- to others, in ufing this kind of mlargement of your felvcs. The Second way of Propagation or inlargement ufed by Commonwealths, is that ofSwits, and Holland,eq\ia\ leagues^ this,though it be not otherwife mifchievous, is ufelcfle to the world, and dangerous unto themfelves ; ufelefle unto the world, for as the former governments were Storks, thefe are blocks, have no fenfe of honour, or concernment in the fufferings of others. But as the v/EtoliansaRueof the like fabrick, were reproached by Phillip of CWaceden, proftratc themfelves, by letting out their arms unto the lufts of o- thers: while they have their own liberty barren, and with- out legitimate iffue. I do not defame the people, the Swttz. for valour have no fuperior, the Hollander forinduftry no e- qual: but themfelves in the mean time (hall fo much the lefs excufe their Governments,feeing that unto the Switz. it is well enough known, that the Enfigns of his Common- wealth have no other Motto then {in te convene mantu) and that of the //f thefe Leagues, were governed by their own Laws and Magistrates , having all the Rights, as to liberty of Citizens of Rome, yeelding and pay- ing to the Commonwealth as head of the League, and having the Conduct of aU Affairs appertaining to the Common Caufe, fuch aid of Men and Monies as were particularly agreed upon the merit of the caufe , and fpecified in their refpe&ive Leagues, whence fuch Leagues came to be called equal or un- equal accordingly. FrovineUl leagues Were of different extention \ according unto the Merit and Capacity of a conquered people , but of one kinde, for every Province was governed by Roman Magi- ftrates,asaPr4tferoraC«*/»/, according to the dignity of the Province, for the Civil Adminiftration , and conduct of the Provincial Army : And a g&fivr for the gathering of the publick Oceana, %6\ publick Revenue , from which Magistrates, a Province might appeal unto Rome. For the better understanding of thefe particulars,I (hall exern- plifie in as many of them as is needful : And firft, in Macedom The Macedonians were thrice conquered by the Romans } firft under the conduct of T . ^uinttts Flaminius^ fecondly un- der that of L.tABmilitts Paulus •, and thirdly , under that of c^C&ciUus MetclluS) thence called Macedonictts. For the firft time (Pax pctenti Philippo data , GrAcik lihertas) Philip of Macedon y who (poflefled of Aero Corinthus) boafted no lefs than was true, that he had Greece in fetters, being over- come by Flaminius, had his Kingdome reftored unto him, up- on condition that he fhould forthwith fet all the Cities which he held in Greece , and in Afta at liberty -, and that he mould not make war out of Macedon , but by leave of the Senate of Rome, which Philip ( having no other way to fave any thing) agreed mould be done accordingly. The Grecians being at this time aflembled at the ifimian Games, where the concourfe was mighty great, a Cryer, ap- pointed unto the office by Flaminius , 'was heard among them proclaiming all Greece to be free $ to which the people being amazed, at fo hopelefs a things gave litrle credit , till they re- ceived fuch teftimony of the truth as put it part all doubt, whereupon they fell immediately on running unto the Pro- conful, with Flowers and Garlands, and fuch violent expreffi- ons of their admiration and joy , as if Flaminius a young man (about fome thirty three ) had not alfo been very ftrong, hee muft have dyed of no other death then their kindnefs , while every one ftriving to touch his hand , they bore him up and down the field with an unruly throng,full of fuch Ejaculations as thefe j How / Is there a people in the world , that at their own Charge , at their own Peril, will fight for the liberty of another! Did they live at the next door unto this fire! Or what kinde of men are thefe , whofe bufinefs it is to pafs Seas, that the World may be governed with righteoufnefs ! The Cities of Greece and of aJia ihake off their Iron fetters at the L 1 voyce 2 H Oceand. voyee of a Cryer ! Was it madnefs to imagine fuch a things and is it done ! O Vertue ! O Felicity ! O Fame ! ■ In this example your Lordfhips have a Donation of Liberty; or of Italian Right unto a people, by reftitution to what they had formerly enjoyed , and fome particular Meri, Families, or Cities , according unto their merit of the Romans, if not upori this, upon like occafions were gratified with Latinity. But Philips fhare by this means did not pleafe him j where- fore the League Was broken by his fon Perfeus. And the Ma- cedonians thereupon for the fecond time conquered by o£mi± litts Paulust their King taken , and they fometime after the Victory , fummoned unto the Tribunal of the General ; where remembring how little hope they ought to have of par- don , they expefted fome dreadful fentence. When t^milius in the firft place declared the Macedonians to be free , in the full poffeffion of their Lands, Goods , and Laws , with light to elect annual Magistrates , yeelding and paying ttnto the people of Rome one half of the Tribute which they were ac- euftomed to pay Unto their own Kings. This done he went on> making fo skilful a divifion of the Gountry,in order to the me- thodizing of the people , and cafting them iato a form of po- pular Government. That the Macedonian* being firfl- forprized with the vertue of the Romans , began now to alter the fcene of their Admiration , that a ftranger to them (hould do fuch things for them in their own Country , and with fuch facility, as they had never fo much as once imagined to be poffible* Nor was this all, for ^Smilias, as if not dictating to conquered Enemies,but to fome well-deferving friends , gave them in the laft place Laws , fo fuitable , and contrived with fuch care and prudence, that long ufe and experience ( the only Correftrefs of works of this nature ) could never finde a fault in them. In this Example you have a Donation of Liberty , or of Italian Right, unto a people that had nottafiedof it before^ but were now taught how to ufe it. umj Lords, The Royallifts mould compare what we are do- ing, and we what hitherto we have done for them-, vviththis example, Oceana. i6f fxample.lt is aftiame that while wee are bo'afting up oorfelm above all , we mould be fo far from imitating fueh examples asthefe, that we do not fo much as underftand, that if Go- v ernmcnt be the parent of manners , where there be no HeroL- cal Vertues, there is no JHeroical Government. But the ^Macedonians rebelling ( at the name of a falfc Philip) the third time againft the Romans, were by them judged incapable of Liberty, and reduced by Metellus unto a Province. Now whereas it remains, that I explain the nature of a Pro- vince, I (hall rather chobfe that of Steely , becaufe having been the firft that the Romans made \ the defcriptions of the reft re- ^atexoiu- " Wl have- f 6 received the Sicilian Cities into amity (faith Cicero) that.tkey enjoy their ancient Laws, and upon no other condition than of the fame obedience unto the people o/Rome, which they formerly yeeldid ttnto their own Princes or Superiors. So the Sicilians , whereas they had been parcelled forth unto divers Princes,and into divers States, the caufe of perpetual Wars, whereby hewing one another down , they became Sacrifices unto the ambition of their Neighbours,or of fome Invader , were now received at the old rate iuto a ' new Protection, which could hold therri,and in which no Enemy durft touch them -, nor was it pofsibte (as the cafe flood with fuch ) for the Sicilians to re- j ceive,or for the Romans to give more. A Roman Province is ^defined by SigoniUs, a Region having Provinciall p]ight. Provinciall Right in general, was to bee Governed by af Roman Pr&tor, or Confull, in matter; at left,of Srate, arftf tiFtSe dwiftm. And by a J£»,guftn of the earthy Arife holy Spoufe of $efa , ForlotheWwtjr&pafi,, the Rain is ever and gone. The Flowers appear on the earth , the tme Oceana^ VJ\ tim? of ftnging of birds is come, and the My Lords, permit me to give you the fiim or brief Epitome of the whole Common-^Vealtll. Qt centre 0; f unBamental latojs ate fittt T Epitome of the tfce %*artan pjopojtioneD at ttoo tyoufon&wfaoie com- pound a peat in tM 3 lpmgaaDbeingt»it^ monw " llh * in t|c p}opet tmitoy?rf Oceana, anDfo Hate* ins $£0p£tet? in lanD at tucfc a ballance, flat tye *74« ^Oceana. I&otoee tm nmt Ctoaebe out of tbe Ijanog of fye ma np, £>econblp, €fce ballot conbepmg ttyg equal Cap, from tbe tootbp an equal election o^ rotation ? into tbe hpmoberaign potoer* Cbe £>£bc£ of tbtf common«toealtb being ctbil > #nitatp, 0} pjobtncial, ace a$ tttoere caft upon tbi* i^olD op center, bp tbe i^fotflons of tlje peoples fitft into Cittrenjat anb ©erbantjs : &econblp , into £outb anbiBiberg: cftroip, into fucb a? babe enebuntyeo pounb a pear in LanO&<$ooo$, 0£ ponies, toboareof tbe f!)o?tc, anofocb a$ babeunOet, toijo ateof tbe foot, tf ou«blp,bp tyeir ufual reuDence into pariflbejs, bunojcb& anocribetf. Cbe Cibtl £Wconaft of tbe £ttiet& ano are tW Createo, eberp gaonbap nertenfuing tbe iaft of decern* bee, tbe &lxt$m e&erp paritb, elect tbeffftb man to be a&eputp, balf a oap$ toojfe, eberp s^onbap nert en Cuing tbe lad of January, tbe deputies: meet at tbeir re* fpectibebuntyeo, anb elect out of tljeir number one 3(u : ftieeoftbe peace, one Imp-man, one Coroner , ani one$Mgb=Conf!abte of the 4Poof ; otictmpgtoojfe- #berp ^onbapnert enCutng tbe lad of f ebjuarp, tbe ^unD?cO0 meet at tbeir retpectibe Cribe, anb tbere c= lect tbe totfjgfofgb^beriffe, lieutenant, <£ulWSo= ttrtojum, tbe contuctoj, tbe ttoo cento;* out of tbe $>o$te, tbe ^agillratesi of tbe Cttbe, anb of tbe bun= tyeD£, tottb tbe 3iur?*men conftftutmg tbe pbplarcb, afftft in tbeir retpectibe jSDfficc^ at tbe 31Iijej8, bolb tbe Quarter &eaion& $c. 'SPje Dap following tbe 'Cribe elects, tbe annual dBalarp, confitting of ttoo ftnigbtsr, anb tb?ee deputies; out of tbe |)Ojfe, tottb four 3©eputie0 of tbe foot, tberebpinbueo tottb i£otoet,a£^agiftrateja; of tbe tobolc lotion foj tbe term of tbjee peatg : an €>ffo ccr cbofrnattbetpuntyeb, map not bee electeb a ^agi- ftrate of tbe 'Cribe but a gpagtttrate oj SDrTicer, eityetof tbe Oceana, » % j« tbe pmtyet) oitftfy etibcbemg elette&mto ffje&ala= xv map fubflitute an? one of W oton C^fccc, unto bjg stgagifltacp oj. €>fftcetn ttje pmtyeo, oj in tbecttbe* t£ijt$oftl)e^uftettsttooDapsmojfc , Co tfce toOpoftlje people ties annually at tnc charge of t\,M fcapg too?ft ant>anb,alf, intljeit oton etibe$> Co? tlje perpetuation oftfjeitpotoer, teceftmg ouetano about tb,e 3jpagtftra= cie$(b DttnoeD among tb,em. *5*)etp s^onoap nwt enfumg tbe lalt of apatck Cfce ftnigfjttf being an ^untyeo in all t&e €tibe& tafce tijefc placet mtlje Senate, %\}z nmgl)t£ tyaufng tafcenttjett placed in tbe Senate, matte tbe tbtto Region of tlje fame, ant) tb,e feouCewoeeeDg unto tljeS>enat«jian £* lection?, ^cnatottan Election? ate annuaynenmal, o$ emergent* Cty annual ate petfojmeo bp the ^ropicft* W Ctopicfe fg a eceoule confiding of ttoo patt& t^e fit ft bp toljtcb, ti?e ^enatojian ^agi0tate£ ate elected fte CeconD , bp tobicn tlje $>enato jian eounettf ate petpe ttiatek Cbe fitft patt is: of ttjig 'Eeno?, ^eLordStrategus.^annual^agifttatejgj anU tyetfoje eat # uaejcpitel)* j C^c Sttategug auofyeStyato* fitting ate Conftfl& 9£$$tuoent$ of tye Senate, 2j6 Qceam. WM g>ttategu# matching iff ^eneta! of tljc Mmp\ ft! W)it\} cafe a neto £>trategug i$ clcctets to fit in fjte room, fCl) c ^trati?gu^ fitting toitytfcetyc Cotiimiffionertf be- ing counfdlois of t\)t Ration, ate t&e£>fgno#>oftrje Commontoeaitt). Ctye eenfo&s are^agiflrateg of nje 05aliot,#jettfcentg of fl&e- council foj i&eligton, ant chancellors of tljetmf* itftfitie& eoe feconO pact of rt)e €ropicn,perpetuaw& tljt Coun- cil of £>tate, bp ^election of fibeMg&t& out ofttjefirf! Region of tbc senate, to be tb e fitft Region of tnat Coun= tH, confiding of fifteen &nfgty#, ftoe in ebetpiaep> on. €i)e Itfec is Done bp ttye election of four into $e Council of Religion, anO four int o ftje council of crate, out of toe fame ftegiontn nje Senate, catty of ttscfe Council^ confiding of ttoelbe fcnigtytS, four in mtv ftegi* on* Xuc tfee council of wmt confiding of nine &tngftt& ttyct in euerr Region, to electeO op anD out of ttye Coun- cil of £>tate> as? tlje ottyer councils are electeD Op ano out Of tbc a»e*»fttc Gnfc tf *b» ^pnatp aDO aimtrtaof nine fcnigtytg mo^e, electeO out of tbeie oftm number, foj tlje term of tl#ee montttf, ttye Council of flDatrebpfccttue of tW aOO(tion, i03©ictatojof Oceana fo? tfce faiOtemu Ct)e^igno^iopnt!poj feberallp ^atorigljtof^ef^ on, ant> suffrage in eberp Senatojian Council, ano to p;opofe etttyer unto toe senate, o? anp of ttjem. and eberp ilegtontn a Council electing one toeefclp^oijott? an? ttooof tljofc ^obotts , uabe potoeralfoto pjopofe unto tbeir eefpectfoe council , a£ tlje proper anO pecultat P^opofetaoft&e fame: fojtobic&caufettyepfcoiO an 3lca- Oemp, toljeteanpmaneitoer bptoojo of mouty,o? &>#'*< ing, map pjopofe unto toe $?opofet& ^ejctuntot^eelectionjBiof ttyecropicfe, i$ toe 'Bienni- al Election of one £mba(TaOour in otfunatp,bp ttje ballot of Oceana. • ; • ■ ijj of .t&e sconce, unto t&e&ceDente of France, atto&fc&time tyeUeUOent Of France, remote t0 Spain, ^C of Spain, tO Venice, l)ee Of Venice, fO Conftantinople, anb bee Of Cons ftamicopie returns . g>o tbe ®jbe of tije meOticm^ , ig tobeeleb about in eiqfyt pear&bpt^e 'Biennial election of one iSmbaffabour in SDjbinarp I Cbe laft feino of Election i# emergent. Emergent £lec- bon$ are maoe bptbe &>cruten?\ Election by ^crutenp; i$tobe» a Competitor being ntabe bp a Council , an& tyougbt into tbe Senate : Ctye Senate cboofttb four mo?e Competitor unto btm, ana putting all tbc fine unto tbe 'Ballot, bee tolio b*tl) molt abobebalf tbe suf- fragette tbe ^agifttate, ' &De #oIemarc^e& oj fielb 4Dfficec$, are cbofen ijHfaScrutettp of tbe council of naarre : M *5mbaft*aboue ertraojbinarp bi> tfj . scru- ten? oft&e Council of £fctate : tbe Jtibgeg anbs .tfeantg at iLatobptbe &>crutetfp ■of fye^eai, anb tbe *Baron& ano p$ime Ofticerg of tbe 0,wb«tjuec, bp tlje £>ctuten? of tlje Creator?, to** ' tf t«c Cbe opinion, oj opinfonjst^tare legttimatelp p$opo* CeD unto anp Council muft bee bebateb b? the fame, an& Co manp as are tefoi Wfc *«po« t%* trciiatc, are tntTODUCCb into tbe Senate, toberetbep are iiebatcD ano tefotoeo, o^reiecteb bp tbetoljole boufe: tbat tobwbig refolbeDbjr tl>e Senate i£ a Beccce,tol)icb tggoob in matter of^rate, but no lata ciccept it bee pjopofeb unto, anb refolbeb bptty prerogative. Cbe J^eputiejai oftbe dSalarp being t&jeetyojfe anb four foot in a 1£rf be, amount in all tbe €ribeg unto one ^un= o^banbfiftpbojCe, ano ttoo Santyea foot \ tobity bas- ing entrefc^e ^erogattoe, antr cbefen tbeir £aptain$* (£o*net ano *£n«gn i ttiential Sffixwtji ma%e t^e ttyirb t Ciaffigf toti&ftmg ofoni -croop, anyone company, ano Co iopning toirb tbe totyole ^trbgatibe, elect four an'= nual ^agtftttetegr, catted TObuntfcfj hereof ttdo aifeof tjje «fe, anb tmoof tbe; foot, tfetti tjata : t^mmanlf »?$»1 if 17 8 Oceana. of ttjc #jerogattoe £>effton$ anb Suffrage * ft* court* cilof boar, anb ^cffion? fcrirtjout Suffrage in t&e £>e= nate. €ty Senate Wing paftaBecrre &tyidj tljep tooulb pjopotc unto tl^e people, caufc tt to be p?t ntcb tnt) publtffr- cD, ojpjomulgatebfo^fpaceofu'jcto)ec!t& to&fctj be- ing €>joeteb, ttjep c^oofe t&eir |D?opofcr$ 3 Ci)c #*o- pafettfmu& bee $£agiftrftte& tbat i^t!)e comnUffidnetiS of tbe^eai,tyofeoftt)e SDeeafurp, o^tbecenfe^^efe being etjoCen, befite tbe gutter of tbe €ribune& anb ap» point tbe bap* Cb« people being aflembleb at the bap ap- pointee, anbtbc decree gjopofeb, ttyat totjiclM$P?o* pofcbbp auttjo^itp of tlje Senate., anb commanbeb bp tJje people i$tl?e lab) of Oceana, ojan act of parlia- ment. , ,- ;: \ sot^e parliament of Oceana conflftety of tfie Senate pjopofing, nnt) tty people reCblbmg. % tje people, oj ^#rogatibe ate aifo tl?e sapjeam lubi- tato*p of tW Ration, babmg potter of Searing anb be- tc tmining ail £auCe£ of appeal f torn all 3f)agiatate$ , o; Courts ^obmciall , oj Jaomefttcb, ag auVto qneftfon etu if ttjc £afc be mtrofcuceb bp tlje CeibuneS ojanp one ofjtbem* .Cfce 3£iHtatp £>#$ tonftft of t&e £outfc tljat f&.fucfe a# are front eighteen to t&tttp peatf of age : anb are tytt£ ereateo. #berp ODebnegbapnert enfufng tlje lad of December, tty £out& of eberp #3tifb aflembUng, elect tfce fiftb of tfjefr number to be t&eir 3aeputie*> tfceJ&eputietfof ty* ^outWare caileb s tratiot&anbtytjtfte t&e fitft£ffap, -£berp a&ebneg&ap-twjrrenftifog t&e las of 3anuarp,t!je sttatiot$affembiingatt&e fcuabjeb, elect tyefc Captain anb tbetr £nflgn, anb fail to ttjefc game, £berpt©cbne#bapnej;t enftiingttie latt of f eb*uarp,t!;e #trattot$i are receftebbpt Wojb lieutenant t&efr Com, manbei Oceana.. ijfy manner in Cbjef, toftb, tlje conDucto^anb t&e Cenfo$& anD tyattng been Difcipltn'D anD cntcrtamcD tottb, ottjcr dSameisi, are calleDunto t&eUtneg, toljcre tbep elect tl;c feconD igflfap, contftttng of ttoo ^unDjeD ^ojfe anD % IjunDjcD foot tna eribe, t\)dX\$> often tljoufanb jpojfo anDtturtp tljouCano foot inaU tlje Ctibe& tofitcb, igtfce ftanDing atmp of thj$ Nation, to matc& at anp teaming; ttjepalfo elect at t\)t fame time, a part of tfce t&irD £ffap, bp ttjc nurture of ballg matfteD bDitb.tb.e letter #♦ anb tlje letter &. foj Marpefia anD Panopea, tbep of either marts being ten j;)o?fc ant) ft'ftp foot ma'Enbe,tbatiS J fine I)tiut»jctit)o L iCc anD ttoo tljoufanb foot tn ali t&eCribeg, Saljtcb are f ojtytottb, to matcb, to tl>ctr refpectibe p%$* tinted "But tije t&irD £u~apof tW Ration moje pjoperlpfo called, ig toftcn tin &>trategu$ txiitli tl)e ^olcmaretjeg (ttje Senate anD tfoe people , o$ tlje ©tctatoj tjaDing decreed a t©artc ) recede in return of W SBattantg tije feconD ieaap from tije ijanbg of tlje conbucto^ at tlje J&mbefbou? of Oceana, tobicb, attmp marching toitb, all accommobation& ^oiiibel) by tne Council of »f>atre, tbe Senate elects* a neto ^ttatesuj* anti tbe %o$D£ lieutenants, anctofeconb jEffap* a agouti) ercept be bee an oneij? fotme, rcfuSng anp one of W tt)Kc JBfav$ totttiout lurTictcnt caufe, Ibcton unto tlje^plarcb^ oj tl)c£enro$s,is(uncapabie off)agittra= cp, anD t£ fineDafift part of && peatlp rent, ojof i)te 2£ttate fo? ^lotectton. Kin cafe of 3Jnbau'ontfje*£iDet# are obligeD unto uKc out? toottb ttje £outl), anD upon ttyeirotonCfjarge* Cbe ^obmcial £>ibe confiding in part of tlje *£lDer& anD in part of tb,e £outb,, i$ tyn$ createD, four &ntgb,tsout of tlje firftiiiegton falling, are elect- eD in ttje Senate, to bee tljefirft Region of tbe^obtn* cial €)jbeof Marpefn, ttjefe being triennial ^agiftrafetf, taltetljeir placed intty #}ot»nctal council, confiding 0n of i8o Oceana. of ttoelbt fcuigtyg, foj tn cucrp iaegton 3 cac!j iScgi on c^oofmg t&eft toeefelp $;obo(t& ofttjc council tlm£ eonftttuteb , one ^nig!)t moje ctyofen out of toe Came Begton tn the Senate, being an annual tfpagtfltatetjS ^efibent, toitl) potoet to p^opofe,, anb tlic opinions PjopofeU by tlic f> jefiDent , o % an» ttoo of the ^$ob oftgate Bebnteb bp the Council, anb tf occauon bee of farther potoec oj fofttuction, tfcan tbep pet fcabe tranfmitteH unto tbe Council of &tatc, toitb wtyti) ttye ^jobincial i$to bolb intelligence , *Cbe PtefiEbentofthig counciU in alfo g>ttategu£, oj general of tlje Pjobinctal 3rmp, tofceteftye t&econ- Huctojg upon notice of W Election, anb appointment of W liianbc?bou& beltoetunto liimthc£vtratiotSDfbifj letter, tohicl) Ijee tafee£ftutl) htm mto h# i jobinceianb t\)t p?obincial arm? feabing teeeibeb tl>e neto ^tcate- 5U^tottbt^etbtrb€lam$,tl)e council mCtmfletb the clbAtcategu$ft»(tl)tbefitftClaffti8;. C^e lifee tjaf Uoue fOJ Panopea, 0£ 8Up OtW #JObince. QButi^emSt&etewnofebetpotljet ^agifttacp oj e* lection in t&i£ Commonwealth together annual o* ttfen* ttialj eecmltettj an equal «*««*ttott , tv term of a pjtonea- cfal Counfello j o$ ^agifttate,requicetij no vacation at all . Ci)e£o;amofa Pjobmciaf, agalfo that of ebetp otbec Council anbaflemblp, tequitetb ttoo tbtfDg in a time of bealtb, anb one ttyitb in a time of tttbmt £. {Infala Portum Efficit objeffu laterum, geminique minantur In ccclum fcofuli) quorum Juo vertice Uti t/£quora tutafilent) I think I have omitted nothing, but the Props and Scaffolds which are not of ufe but in building. And how much is h ere i Shew me another Commonwealth in this compafs f How ma- ny things i Shew me another intire Government confining buc Oceana. i 2 81 but cf thirty Orders. If you go to fuit there lye unto fome of your Counts two hundred original Writs $ If you ftiryour hand, the e go more nerves an J bones unto the motion-, If you play, you have more Cards in the pack-, nay you could not fit with your eafe in that chair , if it confided not of more parts , will you not allow unto your Legiflator , what you can afford your Upholdfter •, unto the Throne,what is neceflary to a Chair? My Lords , If you will have fewer Orders in a Common- wealth you will have more, for where ftie is not perfeft at firft every day, every houre will produce a new Order , the end whereof is td have no Order at all , but to grinde with the clack of fome Demagoge -, Is hee providing already for his golden Thumb < Lift up your heads j Away wit h Ambition, 7 that fulfome complexion of a Statef-man, tempered like Syllas (Luto cum fanguine) with blood and muck. \^4nd the Lord give unto his Senators wifdome , and make our faces to fhine 1 that we may be a light unto them that [it in darknefs, andthejhadow of death, to guide their feet in the may of peace, — In the Name of God, What's the matter .' — Philadelphus the Secretary of the Council , having per- formed his task in reading the feveral Orders, as you have feen, upon the receit of a Packet , it mould feem from his cor- refpondent Boccalwi, Secretary of Pnrnafl'us, in reading one of the letters , burft forth into fuch a violent paflion of weeping and down-right howling , that your Legislators being Startled with the apprehenfion of fome horrid news - y one of them had no fooner fnatched the letter out of his hand, then the reft crying Read,Read, he obeyed in this manner. The third inftant, bkPhJtbean Majefty, having taken the future of free States into his Roya 1 consideration , and being Steadily perfwaded , that the Laws in fuch' Governments are incomparably better, and more affuredly directed unto the 1 good of mankinde, than 1 in any other, that the courage of fucti Tmjno y * a people is the apteft tirtdar, unto noble fire, that the genius of Cmli*' fuch afoylis that wherein the roots of good literature^are leaft x*£w*/.%tl Nni worm- *8a Oceana, worm-eaten with Pedantifme, and where their froits have ever come unto the greateit maturity, and higheft reliih, conceived fuch a loathing of their Ambition and Tyranny, who ufurping the liberty of their native Countries, become ilaves tothera- felves , in as much as be it never fo contrary unto their own na- ture or confciences, they have taken the earneft of fin, and are ingaged toperfecute all men that are good. ( For, Nemo un- quam imfcrittm flagitio qud-fitum bonis artibus exercuii) with the fame or greater rigor,than is ordained by Laws for the wioked, alTembled all the Senators refiding in the learned Court at the Theater of Melpomene, where he caufed Ctfar the Dictator to come upon the Stage, and his Sifter Affia- 7 his Nephew Au- gustus , J-ulia his Daughter , with the children which fhe had by Marctts \yigrippi, Lucius, and Cajus Ctifars , Agrippa Poftbumus, falia, and Agrippina , with the numerous Progeny which fhe bare unto her renowned husband Germanic**, to en- ter. A miferable Scene in any , but moft deplorable in the eies of Crf/4r,thus beholding what havocfc his prodigious ambi- tion, not fetisfied with his own bloody gheft,had made upoh his more innocent Remains, even unto the total extinction of his Family. For it is (feeing where there is any humanity j there muft be fome companion ) not to be fpokefl without tears, that of the. full branches deriving num uita-vu, the elder lifter, and Apulia the Daughter of Attgufim , there ftiould not be one fruit orbloffome that was not cut off, or blafted, by the Sword, Famine , or Poyfon. Now might the great foul of Cfjar have been full 5 and yet that which powred in as much or more , was to behold that execrable race of the claudti, ha* v 'ng hunted, and fucked his blood with the thirft of Tygars 4 to be rewarded with the [Roman Empire , and remain in full polTeflion of the famous Patrimony : A fpectacle to polltrt* the light of heaven. Neverthelefs as if Ctfar had not yet enough , his Phtbean Majefty caufed to be introduced on the » ,%«prt other fide of the Theater,the moft illuftrious and happy Prince j*\« .*** Andrea Doria , with his (dear pofterity , imbraced by the lpft '! c >*^ aR(i conftant arms of the Gity G^fl^into whole bofane, ever ow ' truit- Ocean*. »8j fruitful in her gratitude , he had dropp'd her fair liberty like the dew of heaven , which when the Roman Tyrant beheld, and how much more frefh that Lawrel was worn with a root in the hearts of the peoplejthan that which hee had torn off; he fell into fuch horrid diftortion of limbs and countenance 5 that the Senators who had thought themfelves fteel and flint at fuch an obje<& , having hitherto flood in their reverent fnow like thawing Alpes , now covered their faces with their large fleeves. My Lords (did the Archon rifing) witty Philadelphia , hath given us a grave admonition in a dreadful Tragedy ( Difcitc jufiitiam mtniti , & nontentnere dhos) Great and glorious C*far , the higheft character of flefli , yet could not rule but by that part of man, which is the beaft, but a Common- wealth is a Monarchy, to hear God is King , in as much as i'eafon his dictate, is her Soveraign Power. Which faid , he adjourned the Council. And the Model being foon after promulgated {guodfoMmfeiUxt faufiumque fit huic Reifub, Agiteqnirites , tenfuere fatres t \nheat fofnlfts) The Sea r tared, and the F lends daft their hands. -^.1 . UBERTAS ?8+ Oceana. nit* See the courfc of the Decemvirs in the pro- mulgation of the firft ten of theit twelve Tables in Livy. mm ;etff» tafra evjo, :fl ■cfSfi. m LIBERTAS The Proclamation of his Highnefle the Lord Archon of Oceana, upon Promulgation of the Model.. g| $erea$ (w fcfcSttefe aub w council, in t{)e framing of tl)e ttiooel! pjomulgateb, fjabe not ftab anppHtoate uttered, oj ambition, buttftefearof niof Prytansfate, During tlje framing of tlje mobel, to reccibc from time to time, fatty pio* pontons as tt)oulb be offcreb , bp an? unfe Ijcarteo 0? pub lick fpttitcb man, toiDarb 5 ttyt mftttutton ofaruell ojbereb Common- rbcait!;, fo tlje fatb Council f*to fit m fomrrly m tfje great ^all of tfjc ^antDcon, During promul- gation Oceana. 185 gatton, fl)t)iclj is to continue foj tljefpace of ttymnontys , to receibe,tiieigl) 5 anD astljere Cljail bee occafton, ftanTmfl* unto fyt council offlegiflatojs, all fuel) objerttons agnail bt mane again!* t$t faib ©oDel, fc&ctljet in %, Mjole, 0? tn anv part* OTijerefoje tfjat w* ■*« -wk tjing bee bone rafftly, 0; Xbttgout cmifcnt of t&e people, fuel) of U)f)at party foetoeti ttntft ttljom tftete map remain anp Doubts 0? Diffi< cutties, are DtftreD ttJttft all conbenieut fpeeD, to aDDjefs tljemfelbes unto $e fait) Prytans, M)ttt if fucb objections. Doubts, 0; Difficult ties receibe folution unto tt)e fatisfaction of tfyt aumto^. tftepOjaU ftatoepublicft tftanfts,but tf tlje faib objections, Doubts, oj Difficulties, tccetbe no folution unto tlje fattsf action, of t&t auDitorf, tJ&tn tl)e mooei pjomulgateD fftail bee rebteibeD, anD tfte part? $at ttms fte oc* cafton of tiic reuitttj, qjau recctbc publtcft tftan&s , together KbttD tfte beft f)o;fe m t>i$ ^igtmefles Stable, anD bee one of t JjeCoun* cil of flegiflatojs. 3foD fo &od jjabe pot? in ftiS Keeping- I fhould now write the fame Council of the Prytans, bat for tworeafons, the one, that having had but a fmall time for that which is already done, I am over-laboured 5 The other , that there may be new objections: Wherefore if my Reader have any fuch as to the Model, I intreat him to addrefs himfelf by way of Oration, as it were unto the Prytans that when this rough draught i%6 Oceana. draught comes to be a work,his fpeech being faithfully inferted in this place, may give, or receive correction unto amendment. For what is written will be weighed but converfation, in thefe dayes is agame^at which they are beft provi ded that have light Gold i It is like the iport of women that make flowers of ftraws, which rauft be ftuck up, but may not be touched? Nor, which' ■drift. Rbct. jsworfe, is this the fault of converfation onely. But to the Enaminer, I fay, If to invent method^and to teach an art, be all one^ Let him (hew that this Method is not truly invented,or this Art is faithfully taught. I cannot conclude a Circle, (and fuch is this Common" wealth,) without turning the end into the beginning. The time of Promulgation being expired, the Surveyors were fent down , who having in due feafon made report that their work was perfe6t,the Orators followed, under the adminiftration of which officerSj&Magiftrates theCommonwealth was ratified and eftabltfhedby the whole body JPthe people, turiatk,Cen- turiatisjmd Tribute ComitiU. And the Orators being by vertue of their Scroles or lots , members of their refpe&h/e Tribes were elected each firft Knight of the third Lift, or Galaxy: Wherefore having at their return , affifted the Arcbon in put- ting the Senate , and the People or Prerogative into motion, they abdicated the Magiftracy both of Orators and Legif- lators. THE Oceana. 189 The Corollary. OR. the reft f fayes Plutarch cloGng up the ftory of LycHrgH* ) when he fawthac his Government had taken root, and was in the very Plantation ftrong enough to (land by it felf • he conceived fuch a de- light within him, as God is defcribed by Plato to have done, when he had filli- ped the Creation oi the World, and faw hisowne Orbes move below him: For in the Art of Man,being theimitati- onornature,whichisthe *Arc of God, there is nothing * Hobbes. fo like the firft Call of beautifull Order, out of Chaos and Confufion, as the Architecture of a well order 'd Common- wealth. Wherefore Lycurgtts feeing in efFe&,that his Orders were good, fell into deep Contemplation how he might render them, fo far forth as is in humane providence, unal- terable and immortall. To which end he aflembled the Peo- ple, and remonftrated unto them, that for ought he could perceive,their Policy was already fuch, and fo well eftabii- fhed,as w§ r fuflicient to entayle upon them and theirs, that virtue arm felicity whereof humane Life is Capable. Neverthelefle, there being another thing of greater Con- cernment then all the reft, whereof he was not yet provided to give them a perfect accompt, nor could,till he had con- futed theOracle of Apollo j he defired that they would ob- serve bis Lawes,without any change or alteration whatfoe- ver till his return from T>dphos\ unto which all the People chearfullyand unanimoufly engaged themfelves by pro- mife. defiring him that he would make as much haft as he could. But Lycurgus before he went, began with the Rings and the Senators, and thence taking the whole People in Order, made them all fwear unto that which they had pro- niifed, and then took his Journey. Being arrived at Delphffi, hefacrificed unto Apollo, and afterwards enquired if the po- licy which he had eftablifhed, were good and fuflicient for a virtuous and an happy Life. (It hath been a Maxime with Legiflatorsnottogive Checks unto the prefentSu- perftition,butto make the belt ufe of it, as that which iaal- wayes the moft powerfull with the People ? otherwife though Plutarch being a Prieft,was interefted in the caufe, there is nothing plainer then Cicero in his Book DeDivina- fnwehath (hewed it, that there was never any fuch thing as p p an t$6 Oceana. an Oracle, except in the Art of the Priefts. But to be civil! unto the Author. ) The God anfwered Lycurgus, that his policy was exquifite, and that his City holding unto the ftricl: obfervation of his forme of Government,fhould attain unto the height of fame and glory. Which Oracle Lycurgus caufing to be writ ten, failed not to fend unto his Lacidemon. This done, that his Citizens might be for ever inviolably bound by their Oath,that they would alter nothing till his return, he took fo firm a Refolution to dye in the Place, that from thence forward receiving no manner of food, he foone after performed it accordingly. Nor was he deceived in the Confcquencc, for his City became the firft in gl ory and excellency of Goverment in the whole World. And fo much for' Lycurgus according to Plutarch. My Lord Archon when he beheld not onely the rapture of motion, but of joy and harmony, into which his Sphears without any manner of Obftru&ion or enterfering,but as it had been naturally were caft,conceived not les of exultation in his Spirit, but faw no more necefilty or reafon why he ihould adminifter an Oath unto the Senate and the People, that they would obferve his Inftitutions, then unto a Man in perfect health, and felicity of Conflitution that he would not kill himfelf. . Nevertheleffe whereas Chriftianity though it forbid violent hands, confifteth no leffe in Self denial then any other Religion, he refolved that all carnall Concupifence fhould dye in the Place, to whicW end that no manner of Food might be left unto ambition, he entred into the Senate with an unanimous Applaufe, And having fpoken of his Goverment as Lycurgus did when he alTem- bled the People, abdicated the Magistracy of Archon. The Senate as ftrucken with aftonifhment continued filent,Men upon fofuddainan Accident being altogether unprovided of what to fay ^tWl the Archon withdrawing, and being al- moft at the doore, divers of the Knights flew from their Places offering as it were to lay violent hands on him, while he efcaping left the Senate with the tears in their eyes of Ghildren that had loft their Father, and to rid him- felf of all farther importunity, retired unto a Country houfe of his, being remote afid very private, in fo much that no Man could tell for fome time what was become of him. Thus the Law-Maker happened to be the firft objeft and reflecti- on of the La w made : For as Liberty of all things is the moft . welcome unto a People, fo is there nothing more abhorrent from their naturethcrv ingratitude. Weaccufing thcRomav People of this Crime againft fame of their greateft Benefa- ctors, as Camjtius, heap miftake upon miftake, for being not fo competent Judges of what belongs unto Liberty as they were. Oceana, 191 were, we take upon us to be more competent Judges of vir- tue. But whereas virtue for beinga vulgar thing among them, was of no lefle rate then Jewels are with fuch as wt ar themoft} we are felling this ftone which wehavei^norant- ly raked out of the RomanxwAers, at fuch a rate as the Svoitit did that which they took in the Baggage of Charles of Bur- gundy: For that Camillas had ftood more finns againftthe Ruine of Rom: then her Capitol, was ackno a ledged : Bur. on the other fide that he ft od as firme tor the ?a>.ncuns againft the Liberty of the People was as plain} wherefore he never wanted of the People that vvould dye at his f >oc in the Field, nor that would wichltand him to his beard in. the C'uy. An example in which they that think that CamL- tut had wrong,neither doe themfelves right no; tne People of Rome, who in this flgnifie no kffethen that thev had a fcorn offluvery bey >nd the fear of Ruine, which is the height of Magnanimity . The like might be fhewn by other exjmples,obj"Cfedag!inft this, and otner Popular Govern- ment, as in the Banifhmentof Arijiida the Jult from Athenr, by the Oitracifms, which firft was no punifhment, nor ev'nr underftood for lo much as a dif parngement, but tended on- ly to the Security of the Common-wea!<-h, through the re- mova!l of a Citizen, whofe Riches or Power with a party was fufpe&ed, out of harms way for the fpace of ten years, neither to the diminution of hi? Elfate or Honour. And next tho ugh the virtue of Ariflides might in it felf be unqueftio- ned, yet for him under the name of the Juftto become II- niverfall Umpire of the People in all cafcs,even to the neg- lect of the Legall wayes and orders of the Common wealth, approached fo much unto the Prince D that the Athenians do- ing Ariflides no wrong,did their Government no more then right in removing him, which therefore is not lo probable to have come to paffe as Plutarch prefumeth,through the en- vy of ih mittocks: feeing Arijiides was far more popular then 'Ihcmijhcles^ who foon after took the fame walk upon a worfe occafion. Wherefore as CM achiavill fox any thing fincealleadged hath irrefragably proved that Popular Go- vernments are of all other the leaft ingratefull,fo the obfeu- rity ( 1 fay ) into which my Lord Archon had now with- drawn him felf, caufed an univerfall fadneffe and cloud in the minds of Men upon the glory of his rifing Common- wealth. Much had been ventilated in private difcourfe, and the People C for the Nation was divided into Parties that had not yet loft their animofities ) beiag troubled, bent* their eyes upon the Senate, when after fome time fpent in devo- P p 2 tio% i$i Oceana. mod, and the folemn AdVjon of Thankfgiving., his Excellen- cy Vjivarc hw de Varalo in the Tribe of Dorean^ Lord Strate- gy of Oceana ( thmgh in a_new Common- wealth a very Prudent Magiftrate) propofed his part Or Opinion in fuch maimer unto the Council of State, that palling the Ballott ofthe fame with great unanimity and applaufe, ic was in- troduced into the Senate, where it paft with greater. Wherefore the Decree being forthwith Printed and Pub- lished, Copies were returned by the Secretaries unto the Phylarches ( which is the manner of Promulgation) and the Commiflioners ofthe Seal, that is to fay, the Right Honou- rable Phofphorus de Attge'mthc Tribe oiEiidia^ DoUbellad* Enyo in the Tribe of Turv/4, and Linceus de Stella in t he Tribe of Nubia being elefted Propofers pro tempore^ btfpoke ofthe Jribunet a Mufter ofthe People to be held that day 6 weeks, which was the time allowed for Promulgation, at the Halo. The Satisfaction which the People throughout the Tribes received upon promulgation of the Decree,loaded the Carriers with weekly Letters between Friend Sc Friend, whether Magistrates or private Perfons. But the day for Propofition being com^, and the Prerogative upon the Place appointed in Difcipline, Sanguine diRingvoood in the Tribe otSaltum Captain ofthe Phcemx marched by Order of theTribuneswith his Troop unto the Piazza ofthe Panthe- on, where his Trumpets entering into the great Hall by their Blazon gave notice of his Arrivall, at which the Ser- vant ofthe Houfe came downe, and returning informed the Propofers, who defcending were received at the foot ofthe Staires by the Captaine, and attended unto the Coaches of State, with which Calcar de Cilvo in the Tribe ofPhakra. Mafter ofthe Horfe, and the Ballotins upon their great Hor- fes flood waiting at the Gate The Propofers being in their Coaches, the Traine being for the Pompe the fame that is ufed at the reception of Em- baffadors, proceeded inthisorderjn the Front marched the Troop with the Cornet in the van, and the Captaine in the rearmext the Troop came the twenty Meffengers or Trum- jpets 3 the BaUotim upon the Gorvet with their Uflier in the van, and the Mafter of the Horfe in the Rear: Next the Ballotins Bronchw deRanco in the Tribe ofBcJiia King of the Herraulds with his fraternity in their Coats of Arms ^ And next unto S r Erocbut 3 BoriJienesdeHoliwjter'm the Tribe of Ave Mafter ofthe Ceremonies : The Mace and the Seale of the Chancery went immediately before the Coaches, and on either fide the doore- keepers or Guard ofthe Senate with their Pole-axes, accompanied with fome three,or four hun- dred Oceana. 193 dred Footmen, belonging unto the Knights or Senators j The Trumpeters Ballot ms^ Guards, Poftilions, Coach-men, and Foot- men being very gallant in the Liveries of the Common- weal tb,but all except the Ballotins without hatts, in lieu whereof they wore black velvet calots being poin- ted with a little peake at the forehead. After the Propo- fers, came a long file ofCoaches full of fuch Gentlemen as ufe to grace the Commonwealth upon like occafions. In this pofture they moved (lowly through the Streets, affoar- ding in the Gravity of the Pomp, and the welcomneile of the end, a mofr reverent and acceptable Profped unto the People from the Pantheon to the Hdo^ being about half a mile, arrived at the Halo^ where they found the Prerogative inaclofebody inviron'd with Scaffolds that were covered with Spectators : The Tribunes received the Propofers, and conducted them intoa feat placed in front of the Tribe,like aPulpir, but that it was of fome length, and well adorned by the Herraulds, with all manner of Birds and Beafts, fave that they were ill Painted, and never a one of his naturall colour. The Tribunes were placed at a Table that ftood be- low the long feat, thofe of the Horfe in the middle, and thofeofthe Foot at either end, with each of them a bowle or bafoo before him, that on the right hand being white, and the other green: in the middle of the Table ftood a third which was red. And the Houfe-keeper of the PavillU on who had already delivered a proportion, of linnen balls or pellets unto every one of the Tribe,no»"prefented boxes unto the Eallotines. But the Propofers as they enter'd the Gallery, or long Scat, having put offtheir Hats by way of Salutation, were anfwered by the People with a (hout, whereupon the younger Coramiflioners feated themfelves at either tnd^nd the firfl ftanding ia the middle, fpakc after this manner. *S\fy Lords, i94 Ocejva. <£My Lords > the Teople of Oceana. jHILE I find in my fclfwhat a felicity it is to Saluteyouby this Name, and in every face anointed as it were with the Oyleof GladneiTe, a full and fuffi- cient tetrimony of the like fenfe. To goe about to feaft you with words, who are already filled with that food of the mind, which being of pleafing and wholefome digeftion, taketh in the difinirion oftrue joy, were a needlefleenterprize. I (hall rather remember you of that thankfulnefle which is due, then puff you up with any thing that might feeme vaine. Is it from the annes of flefh that we derive thefeBltffings? Behold the Common wealth o£Rome falling upon her owne victorious Sword. Or is it from our own Wiledcme, whcfeCounfells .had brought it even tothatpaffe that we began to repent cur felves of Vi&ory?Far be it from usfmy Lords)to Sacri- fize unto our owne Nets, which we our Selves havefo nar- rowly efcaped 3 Let us rather lay our mouths in theduif, and look up, ("as was taught the other day when we were better inftru&ed in this Leflbn ) unto the Hills with our gratl ude. Nevertheleffe feeing wc read how GOD upon negleft of his Prophets hath been provoked unto wrath 5 it muff, needs follow that heexpeð Honour mould be gi. ven unto them by whom he hath chofen to workeas his In- ftruments. For which caufe nothing doubting of my war. rant,I (hall proceed unto that which more particularly con. cerneth the prefent occafion, the difcovery of my Lord Ar- chons virtues and meiit to be ever placed by ihis Nation in their true Meridian. j\dy Lords, I Am not upon a fubjeft which perfwadeth metobalk, butneceffitatethme tofeekout the greateft exam- ples.To begin with Alexander erefting Trophies com- mon with his Sword and the Peftilence^to what good of Mankind did he infecf the ayre with his heaps of carkafes ? The fword of war,if it be any otherwife ufed then as Oceana* 195 as the fword of magiftracy for ihefeare and punifliment of thole that doe evil,is as guilty in the fight of God, as the Sword of a Murderer ; nay more, for if the blood ot Abel 9 o{ one iunocent Man, cry ed in the ears of of the Lord for Ven- geance, What mall the blood of an innocent Nation? Of this kind of Empire, the Throne of Ambition , the quarry of a mighty Hunter, it hath been truly fayd,that it is but a great Robbery. But if Alexander had reftored the Liberty ofGreece, and propagated it unto Mankind,he had done like my Lord Archon, and might have been truly call'd the Great. Alexander cared not to fteale a victory, that would be given. But my Lord Archon hath torne away a victory which had been itolne, while we were tamely yeelding up Obedience unto a Nation reaping in our Field?, whofe fields he hath fubjedted unto our Empire, and niyledthein with his victorious Sword unto their native Caucafu*. UWachJ&vill gives an handfome Caveat, Let no man ( fayth he ) be circumvented with the Glory of fafarfiom the falfe reflection of their pens, whothrough the longer continuance of hisEmp re in the name then in the family, changed their freedome for flattery. But if a man would know truly what the %ovuns thought of Ctfar, lett him obferve what they faid oiCatiline. And yet by how much he who hath perpetrated fome heighnous Crime, is more execrable then he who did but attempt it :by fomuch is Cafar more execrable then Catline. \ To the contrary let him that would know what ancient and heroicall time?,* what the Greek; and Romans would both 1 have thought and iayd of my Lord Archon 5 Obferve what they thought and fayd of Solon? Lycnrgus, Brutus , and Publi- cola. And yet by how much his vertue that is crown'd with the perfection ofhisworke, is beyond theirs, whowereei- ther inferiourin their ayme, or in their performance, by fo much is my Lord Archon to be preferred before Solon, Lycur- gttf. Brutus^ and TublicoU. ',"•— —j- Nor will we fhun the molt illuftrious example o£sripio$ this Hero, though never fo little leffc, yet was henot the founder ofaCommon-wealth,and for the reft allowing his tue to have been of the moli untainted ray, in what did it out thine this of my Lord Archon ? But if dazling the eyes of t he Magift rates it oyer-awedLiberty,K^/emight be allowed fome excufe that She did not like it, and I, if I admit not of this comparifon. For where is my Lord Archon} Is there a Genius, how freefoever,whichin his prefence would not find it felf to be under power ? He is (hrunk into Clouds, he feeks obfeurity ins a Nation that fees by his light. He is iaa- ig6 Oceana] impatient of his own Glory, leaft it fhould frand between you and your Liberty. Liberty! What is that,ifwe may not be grateful! ? And if we may,we havenone :For who hath any thing he doth not owe ? My Lords, there be fome hard conditions of virtue: If this debt were exacted, it were not due } whereas bting cancel'd, we are all entred into Bonds. On the other fide, it wemakefuch payment as will not ftand with a free People, we doe not enrich my Lord Archon, but Rob him of his whole eftate , and of his immenoe glory. Thefe Particulars had in due deliberation,and mature de- bate,according unto the orders of this Common- wealth.// is propofed by Authority of the Senate to yon my Lords tb: People of Oceana. I. '"T"* 1 Hat the Dignity and Office of Archon^ or Protetier J of the Common- wealth oiOceaha^ be : and i> hereby confer'd by the Senate and the People of Ocemt, upon the in oft Tlluftrious Prince,and fole Legiflator of this Common- wealth, Olphaus Megaletor (Pater Tutrix) whom God pre- ferve, for the teime of his naturall Life. I I. That three hundred and fifty thoufand pounds per annum yet remaining of the ancient Revenue, be eftated upon the faid illuftrious Prince,or Lord Archonfox the faid terme, and to the propper and peculiar ufe ofhisHigh- neffe. III. That the Lord Archon have the reception of all Forreigne Embafladprs, by and with the Councill of State, according unto the orders of this Common- wealth. I V. That the Lord Archon have a {landing Army of twelve thoufand Men 9 defrayed upon a monethly tax,dure- ing theterme of three years,for the Protection of this Com- mon-wealth, againftdiilenting Parties, to be govern 'd, di- rected, and Commanded by, and with the advice of the Council of War, according unto the Orders of this Com- mon-wealth. V. That this Common* wealth make no distinction of Perfons or Parties,but every man being Elected and fworn, accordingunto the Order s.of the fame, fhall be equally ca- pable of Magiftracy $ or not Elected, (hall be equally capa- ble of Liberty, and the enjoyment of his Eftate tree from all ether then common Taxes. V I. That a man putting a distinction upon himfelf, re- futing the Oath upon Election, or declaring himfelf of a party,not conformable to thecivil Government, may with- in any time of the three years ftandlng of the Army, trans- port himfelf and his Eftate, without moleftation or impe- ding em, into any other Nation. VII. That Oceana. 197 VII. That in cafe there remain any diftin&ion of Parties not conforming unto the civil Government of this Com- mon-wealth, alter the three years of the Handing Army be expired,and the Common- wealth be thereby forced to pro- long the terme of the faid Army, the pay from thenceforth of the faid Army, (hall be levied upon the Eftates of fuch parties fo remaining unconformable unto the Civil Govern- ment. The Propofer having ended his Oration, the Trumpets founded, and the Tribunes of the Horfe being mounted ro view the Ballot f,\x\{z& the Tribe which thronging up to the Speech, came almoft round the Gallery, to retreat a matter of twenty paces, when Linceus de Stella receiving the Pro- positions, repaired with Bronchus de Rauco the Heralt,unto a little Scaffold erefted in the middle of the Tribe, where he feated himfelf, the Herrault (landing bare upon his right hand. The Ballotines having their boxes ready s (food before the Gallery, and at the Command of the Tribunes marched, one unto every Troop on Horfback, and one unto every Company on foot, each of them being followed by other Children that bore red boxes, ( this is putting the Queftion whether the Queftionfhould be put.^ And the Suffrage being very fuddainly returned unto the Tribunes of the Ta- ble, and number'd in the view of the Propofers, the Votes were all in the Affirmative ; whereupou the red, or doubt- full Boxes were laid afide, it appearing that the Tribe whe- ther for the Negative or Affirmative, was clear in the mat- ter. Wherefore theHerrault began from the Scaffold in the middle ofthe Tribe to pronounce the firftPropofition, and the Ballotines marching with the Negative and Affirmative only: Bronchi** with his voyce like Thunder, continued to repeat the Propofition over and over again fo long as it was in Balloting: The like was done for every Claufe, till the Ballot was finilht , and the Tribunes affembling had figned the points, that is to fay, the number of every Suf- frage, as it was taken by the Secretary upon the tale of the Tribunes, and in the fight ofthe Propofers - for rhis may not be omitted, it is the pulce ofthe People. Now whereas it appertaineth unto the Tribunes to report the Suffrage ofthe people unto the Senate, they caft the Lot for this Office with three fil ver Balls, and one gold one.and it fell upon the R} Worfhipfull Argus decrookhorne, in the Tribe of Pafcua s firff Tribune ofthe Foot. Argus being a good fufficient Man in his own Country, was yet ofthe mind thathefhould make but a bad fpokes man, and therefore became fome- thing blank at his Luck, till his colleagues perfwaded him that it was no fucb great matter, if he could but read, have- 198 Oceana. ing his Pjper before him. 1 he Propofcrstakeing Coach, received a volley upon the Field, and returned in the fame Order, fave that being accompanied with the Tribunes, they were alfo attended by the whole Prerogative unto theJV* azza of the Pantheon, where with another volky they took their leaves. Argvs } who had not thought upon his Wife and Children all the way, went very gravely up, and every one being feated, the Senate by their filence feemed to call for the Report, which Argus (landing up,delivered in this wife. Ifygbt Honourable Lords and Fathers ^Affembled in Parliament;, 'O it is, that it hath falneunto my Lot to report unto your Excellencies the Votes of the People, taken upon the third in- ftant, in the firft year of this Common- wealth, at the Halo$ the R r Honourable Vhofphorm de Attge, in the Tribe of Eudia, DolabelU d' Enyo, in the Tribe of 'turm& % and Linceus de Stella^ in the Tribe ofWubij, Lords Commif- fioners of the Great Seal of Oceana^nd Propofers pro tempo- ribus — • Together with my Brethren the Tribunes, and my Self being prefent. Wherefore thefe are to certifie unto your Fatherhoods, that the faid Votes of the People were asfolloweth; that isto fay. Unto the firft Proposition, 'Kstnine Contradicantc— Unto the fecond i^omine Contr&dittante-- Unto the third, the like. Unto the fourth 311 above half. Unto the fifth 201 above half. Unto the fixih 1 50 above half, in the Affirmative. Unto the feaventh, Nomine again, and fo forth — \ .' My Lords, it is a Language that is out of my Prayers.and if I be out at it, no harm- But as concerning my Lord Arch on fas J was faying]) thefe are to Hgnifie unto you, the true-hcartedneile, and goodwill which is in the People, feeing by joining with you, as one Man, they confeffe that all they have to give, is too little for hhHighnefTe. For truly ( Fathers^ if he who is able to doe harm, and doth none, may well be called ho- neft. : ~ Oceana. 199 neft. What fi~all we fay unto my Lord Archons Highneffe, who having had it in his power to have done us the great . eft mifchief that ever befell a poor Nation, fo willing to truft fuch as they thought well of, hath done us fo much good, as we fhould never have known how to doe our idvti } which was f > fweetly delivered by my Lord Chan- cellor Thofophorus , unto the People, that I dart fay here W3S never an one of them could forb ar to doe as I doe ■ An't plealc your Fatherhoods thty be tears of Joy. Ah my Lord Archm fball walk the ftreets ("an it be for his eafe I mean) with a Switch, while the People run afterhim, and pray for him : he fhall not wet his foot, they will ftrew flowers in his way : he fhall fie higher in their hearts, and in the judgement of all good Men, then the Kings that goe up ftairs unto their feats, and one of thele had as good pull two or three of his Fello wes out of their great Chaircs, as wrong him, or meddle with him 5 he ha's two or three hundred thoufand Men, that when you fay the word, fhall fell thetnfelv.es unto their fhirts for him, and dye at his foot. His Pillow is of Down, and his grave fhall beas foft, over which they that are alive fhall wring their hands. And to come unto your Fatherhoods, moft truly fq called, as being the loving Parents of the People 5 truly you doe not know what a feeling they have of your Kind neffe, feeing you are fo bound up, that if there come any harm, they may thank themfelves: And ( alaffe ! poor fouls) they fee that they are given to be of fo many minds, that though they always mean well, yet if there come any good, they miy thank them that teach them better. Wherefore there was never fuch a thing as this invented, they doe verily believe that it is none other then the fame which they always had in their very heads, if they could have but told how to bring it out : As now for a fample,My Lords the Propofers had no fooner faid your minds, then they found it to be that which heart could wifh. Andyour Fatherhoods may comfort your felves, that thereisnotaPfopleintheworldmorewillingto learn what is for their own goods, nor more apt to fee it, when you have fhew'd it them : Wherefore they dee love you as they doe their own felves, Honour you as Fathers, refolve to give you as it were Obedience for ever } and fo thanking you for your moft good and excellent Lawes, they doe pray for you as the very Worthies of the Land, Right Ho- nourable Lords and Fathers affembled in Parliament. Argus came off beyond his own expectation, for thinking right, and fpeaking as he thought, it was apparent by the Houfe, and the thanks they gave him, that they efteemed Q_« had accepted of his Dignity and Office, caufedathird Chair to befetforhisHighnefs, between thofeof the Stra- tegy, and the Orator in the Houfe, the like at every Coun- cil ; to which he repaired, not oftoeceflity, but at his plea- fure, being the beft,and as Argus not vainly (aid, the great- eft Prince in the World ; for in the Pomp of his Court he •was not inferiour unto any, and in the Field he was follow- ed with a force that was formidable unto all : Nor was there a caufe in the Nature of this conftitution, to put him unto the charge of Guards, fpoyle his ftomack or his deep : Infomuch as being handfomely difputed by the wits of the Academy, whether my Lord Archon, if he had been ambiti- ous, could have made himfelf fo great, it was carried clear in the Negative; not only for the Rcafons drawn from the prefent ballance, which was Popular, but putting the cafe the ballance had been Monarchical!. For there be fome Na- tions ("whereof this is one^ that will bear a Prince in a Common-wealth, far higher then itispoffible forthemto bear a Monarch. Spain looked upon the Prince of Aurange as her moft formidable Enemy, but if ever there be a Mo- narch in that Country, he will be her beft friend. For where- as a Prince in a Common- wealth,deriveth his greatnes from the root of the People, a Monarch deriveth his from one of tbofe ballances which nip them in the root ; by which means the Low Countrcjes under a Monarch, were poor and inconfiderable, but in bearing a Prince could grow unto a miraculous height, and give the glory of his actions by far the upper hand of the greateft King in Chrifterrdome.There are Kings in Europe, to whom a King of Oceana would be but a Tetit Companion. But the Prince of this Common- wealth is the terror, and the Judge of them all. That which my Lord Archen now minded moft 3 was the Agrarian, upon which debate he unceffantly thruft the Se- nate, and the Council of State, to the end it might be plant- ed upon fome firm root,as the main point and Balis of per- petuity unto the Common-wealth. And thefe are fome of the moft remarkable PafTages that happened in the firft year of this Government. About the latter end of the fecond, the Aimy was difbanded, but the Taxes continued at thirty thoufand pounds a month, for three \ears and an half. By which means a piece of Artigli- ei y was Planted, and a portion of Land to the value of 50./. a year purchafed for the maintenance of the Games, and of the Priz-armsfor ever, in each Hundred. With Oceana % 203 With the tUventh year of rhe Common-wealth, the terme of the Excife, allotted for the niayntenance of the Senate and the People, and for the ray fing of a Publique Revenue, expired. By which time the Exchequer over and above the annual) Sallaryes, amounting unto three hundred thoufand pounds, accumulating every year out of one MilHon income, Seaven hundred thoufand pounds, in Bancho, brought it with the Product of the Su:nme,ri fl- ing to about eight Millions in the whole, whereby at Seve- ral times they had purchafed unto the Senate and the Peo- p!e ; Foure hundred thoufand pounds per *»»»«?, follid Re- venue : which befides the Lands holden in Pa»t?pea ) toge- ther with the Perquifites or either Province, was held fuf- ficient for a publique Revenue. NeverthelefTe, Taxes be- ing now wholly taken off, the Excize of no great burthen, andmany fpecious Advantages not vainly propofed in the heightening of thePublique Revenue, the Excife was very chearfuily efrablifhed by the Senate and the People, for the termeof ten years longer : and the famecourfe being taken, the Publique Revenue was found in the One and twentieth of the Common- wealth, to be worth :me Million in good Land , Whereupon the Excife was (o abollifbed for the prefent } as with all nfolved to be the befr rhe molt fruit- full and eafie way of railing Taxes, according unto future Exigencies. But the Revenue now fuch, a - was able to be a yearly Purchafer, gave a jealoufiethrv b, thismeansthe ballance ofthe Common- wealth, confuting in privateFor- tunes,might be eaten out 5 whence this y are is famous for that Law whereby the Senate St the People forbidding any farther Purchafe of Lands unto the Pnblique, within the Dominions of Oceana^ and the adjacent Province?, put the Agnrian upon the Common- wealth her felf. Thefe encrea- fes are things which men, addicted unto Monarchy, deride as irnpoflible, whereby they unwarily urge a ftrong Argu- ment, againft that which they would defend : For having their eyes fixed upon the Pomp and Expence,by which not only every Child of a King being a Prince, exhaufteth his Fathers Coffers 5 but f.ivorites and fervile fpirits devoted unto the flaiteryof thofe Prince?, grow infolent and pro- fufe, returning a fit Gratitude unto their Matters, whom while they hold ir honourable to deceive, they fuck and keep eternally poor. It followes that they doe not fee how it (hould be poffible for a Common-wealth to cloath her felf in Purple, and thrive fo ftrangely upon that which would make a Prince's haire grow through his hood, and not afford him bread. As if it were a Miracle that a carelefs and Prodigall Man fhould bring ten thoufand pounds a year 264 Oceana. year to nothing, or that an induftrious and frugall Man brings a little unto ten thoufand pounds a year. But the fruit of a mans induftry and frugality, can never be like that of a Common- wealth, firft becaufe theGreatneffeof the encreafe, followes the greatneffe of the Stock or princi- pall : and fecondly, becaufe a frngall Father is for the moft part fucceeded by a Lavifh Sod, whereas a Common- weakh isherowneHeire. This year a part was propofed by the Right Honourable tAureu* de if'oolfacfy in the Tribe of Peotf, firft Commiffio- nerof the Treafury ; unto the Council of State, which foon after paft the ballot of the Senate and the People.- by which the Lands of the Publique Revenue amounting unto one Million, were equally divided into five thoufand Lots, en- ter'd by their names 'and parcells into a Lot- bookeprefer- ved in the Exchequer 'and if any Orphantbeinga Mayd fhould caft her Eftate into the Exchequer for Fourteen hundred pounds, the Treafury was bound by the Law to pay her quarterly Two hundred pounds a yeare., free from Taxes for her Life, and to afligne her a Lot for her Security 5 if fhe marryed, her Hufband was neither totakeont the Principall without her confentf acknowledged by her felfe unto one of the Commiffioners of the Treafury who ac- coridng as he found ii to be free, or forced, was to allow or difallow of it ) nor any other way engage it, then to her propper ufe : But if the Principall were taken out, the Treafury was not bound to repay any more of it then One thoufand pounds 5 nor might be repay *d at any time,fave within the firft year of the Marriage : the like was to be done by a halfe or quarter Lot refpe&ively. This was found to be a great Charity nnto the weaker Sex, and as fome fay, who are more fkilfullinlike Affairs then my felf, of good Profit to the Common- wealth. Now began the Native Spleen of Oceana to be much pur- ged, and men not to afTecl: fullennefle and Pedantifme. The Elders could remember that they had been Youth. Wit and Gallantry were fo far from being thought Crimes in themfelves,that care was taken to preferve their innocence. For which caufe it was propofed unto the Council for Re- ligion, by the Right Honourable Cadifcut deClero, in the Tribe of stamnum, firft Cenfor, That fuch women as living in Gallantry and view about the Town, were of evil fame, and could not (hew that they were maintained by their own Eftates or Induftry 5 or fuch as having Eftates of their own, were yet waftfull in their way of life, unto others, fhould be obnoxious unto the animadverfion of the Council of Religion, or of the Cenfors : In which the proceeding fhould Oceana, 205 mould be after this manner. Notice (hould be firft given of the fcandall, unto the party offending, in private } if there were no amendment within the fpaceot fix Months, (he (hould be fummoned and rebuked before the faid Council or Cenfors : And if after other fix Moneths it were found that neither this avayled, She (hould be Cen- fured not to appear at any Publick Meetings, Games or Recreations, upon Penalty of being taken up by the Door- keepers, or Guards of the Senate, and by them to be detain- ed, untill for every fuch offence, five pounds were duly paid for her enlargement. Furthermore,if any Common-Strumpet (hould be found, or any fcurrility or prophaneffe reprefented at either of the Theaters , the .Prelates for every fuch offence (hould be fined Twenty pounds, by the faid Council,and the Poet for every fuch offence on his part, (hould be whipt. This Law relates unto another, which alfo was enafted the fame year upon this occafion. The Youth and Wits of the Academy having put the bu- fineffe fo home in the defence of Comedies, that the Pro- vofts had nothing but the Confequences provided againft by the fore-going Law to objecf, prevailed fofar, that two of the Provofts of the Council of State, joy n'd in a Propofi- tion, which afters much adoe came to a Law, whereby one hundred thoufand pounds was alotted for the building of two Theaters, one on each fide of the Piazza of the Halo^nd two annuall Magiftrates called Prelates, chofen out ot the Knights , were added unto the Tropick, the one called the Prelate of x\\e Buskin s for infpecfion of the Tra- gick Scene called Melpomene, and the other the Prelate of the Socke, for the Comtek called Thalia, which Magiftrates had each of them five hundred pounds a year, allowed out of the Profiis of the Theaters, the reft ( except 800 a year to four Poets) payable into the Exchequer. APoetL<*«- reate created in one ofthefe Theaters, by the Strategic re- ceives a wreath of five hundred Pounds in Gold,paid out of the faid Profits. But no man is capable of this Creation,that had not two parts in three of the Suffrages at the Academy, affembled after fix weeks warning^ and upon that occafion. Thefe things among us are fure enough to becenfured, but by fuch only as doe not know the nature of a Common- wealth i for to tell men that they are free, and yet to curb thegenious of a People in a lawfull Recreation unto which they are naturally inclined, is to tell a tale of a Tub. I have heard the Proteftant Minifters in France, by men that were wife, and of their own profeilion, much blamed in that they forbad Dancing, a Recreation to which the genious of that R r aire ao6 Oceana. aire is fo enclining 3 that they loft many who would not loofe that ; nor doe they lefle then blame the former determina- tion of rafbneffe, who now gently connive at that which they had fo roughly forbidden. Thefc fports in Oceana are fo Governed, that they are pleafing for private diverfion, and profitable unto the Publique : For the Theaters foon defrayed their own Charge, and now bring in a good Reve- nue. AH this fofar from the Detriment of virtue, that it is to the improvement of it, feeing Women that heretofore made havock of their Honours, that they might have their pleafurcs,arenow incapable of their plea lures,if they loofe their Honours. About the one and fortieth year of the Common- wealth, the Cenfors according unto their Annuall.C«ftome, repor- ted the Pillar ofHjlw, by which it was found that the Peo- ple were encreafed very near one third. Whereupon the Council of War was appointed by the Senate to bring in a State of War, and the Treafurers the State of the Trea- fury. The State of War, or Pay, and Charge of an Army, was foon after exhibited by the Council,in this Accompt. The Field Taj of a Tarlamentary sJrmy. L. perann. The Lord Strategus, (-Marching • - ooioooo « /r Generall of the Horft 0002000 •** ft Lievtenant-Generall- 0002000 000 1 000 — •—coo 1 000 " ocoiooo -cooiooo 000 IOOO ■" ■ 0040000 0050000 — —0090000 OOIOOOO ^Generall of the Artiglicry .1 Commiffary • Generall *c u. Major. Generall °« Quarter- Mafter- Generall ■— Two Adjutants to the (Major Generall — Forty Colonells- 100 Cap fames ofHor/e, at 500. 1. a man — %OOCaptaiuej of Foot, at 300. 1. <* m-an - 1 00 Cornet s t at looA.aman •■ — 300 Enjignes, at 50. 1. d man rQuarter-Mafters" 8ooX er J ants jl rum peters (Drummers 1 OOOO Horfe i at 2. s. 6. d. a day each- 30000 Foot^ each at 1 . s. the day • Chyrurgeons , -0015000 -C020C00 -0470000 -0500COO - 0000400 Su m- — ■ • 1 114 400 40000 Auxi- Oceana. unto ( within alittle as much i qhe Charge of mounting 20000 Horfe < ihelrayne of Art igliery, holding a %* to the whole- Summa totalis- 207 ■1100000 -O2,coo66 -0900000 •\ 41 4400 Armes and Ammunition are not reckoned, as thofe which are furnifht out of the Store or Arfenall of Emporium. Nor Waftage, as that which goes upon the Accompt of the Flee^maintained by the Cuftomes,whichCuftomes through the Care of the Council for Trade,and growth of Traffique, were long fince improved unto about a Million Revenue. The Houle being informed of a State of War, the Commif- fioners brought in The ttate of the Treafury this prefent year, being the One and fortieth of the Common-wealth. REceived from the one and twentieth of this< Common- wealth, by 700000./. a yearin< bank, with the Product of the fum rifing- > L. '1 6000000 Expended from the one and twentieth ofthk Common-wealth. ICMpimis^ For the Addition of Arms for? 100000 Men, unto the Arfenall, orTower/ of Emporium— • • 3 For the ftoring of the fame with Artigliery — For the ftoring of the fame with Ammunition— For beautifying the Cities, Parks, Gardens,, Publick Walks, and Places for Recreati-/ on, of Emporium and Kiera, with Publick; Buildings, Aquaduets, Statues, and Foun- taines, &c. Extraordinary Embaffies 01 000000 ■00300000 -00200000 ■01500000 -00150000 Sum- -03150000 Remaining in the Treafury, the Salaries of the? f 2000000 Exchequer being defaulked — — . o R r 2 By 2o8 Oceana. By Companion of which Accompts, if a War with an Army of 80000 Men were to be made by the penny 3 yet was the Common- wealth able to maintain fuch an one above three years, without levying a Tax. But it is againft all experience,fenfe and reafon, that fuch an Army fhould not be foon broken, or make a great ProgrefTe$ in either of which Cafes the Charge feafetb, or rather if a right courfe be taken in the latter, Profit comes in ; for the Romans had no other confiderable Way,but Vi&ory, whereby to fill their Treafury, which nevertheleffe was feldome empty. Alex- ander did not confult his Purfe, upon his defigne for Pcrjta, It is obferved by Machiavill, that Livy arguing what the, evCnt in reafon rnuft have been, had that King invaded Rome, and diligently meafuring what on each fide was ne- ceffary unto fuch a War, never fpeaks a word of Money. No man imagines, that the Gaules, Gothes, Randalls, Huns, LoMbfirds^Saxons^ Normans^&de their inroads or Conquefts by the ttrength of the Purfe 5 and if it be thought euough according unto the Dialed of our age, to fay in Anfwer un- to thefe things, that thofe times are paft and gone. Whst money did the late Gstjiavus, the mod vidorious of modern Princes, bring out of Sweden with him into Germany? An Army that goes upon a golden Leg, will be as lame as if it were a wooden onej but proper Horfes have Nerves and Mufcles in them, fuch for which having four or five Milli- ons, a fumea fie, with a Revenue like this of Oceana, to be had at any time in readineffe, you need never, or very rarely Charge the people with Taxes. What influence the Com- ifcfett- wealth by f\*ch Arms hath had^upon the world,I leave unto Hiftorians, whofe cuftome it hath b. en of old, to be as diligent Obfervers of Forraigne Aftions, as careleffe of thofe Domeftiquc Revolutions, which ( lefiepleafantitmay be J as not partaking fo much of the Ro-mmce} are unto Statef- rnen of far greater profit ^ and this fault if it be not mine, is fo much wore frequent with Modern Writers, as hath cau- fed me to undertake this work, on which to givemyown judgement, it b performed as much-above itretimel have been about «, as below the dignity of the matter. But I cannot depart out of this Country, till I have taken Ieaveof my Lord Arcbon^z Prince of immenfe felicity, who having built ashigh with his Councels, as he diggfd deep with his Sword, had now feen fifty years meafuredwith his own unerring Orbes. Plutarch in Timoleon, fo great a hater of Tyrants, that not able to did the Life of fwade his Brother Timophanes^o relinquish the Tyranny of Timolcon. Cfrinth, he flew him $ was afterwards Elected by the People, ("the Sicilians groaning unto them from under the like bur- den ) Oceana* 2©^ den) to be fent kunto their relief: Whereupon Teleclidcs the Man at that time of moft Authority in theCommon- wealth oi'Cormth 3 ftood up,and giving an Exhortation unto 'Iimokon i how he fhould behave himfelf in his Expedition, told him that if he reftored the Sicilians unto Liberty, it would be acknowledged that he had deftroyed a Tyrant $ if otherwife, hemuft expefr to hear that he had murdered a King, 'ltmo'.eon taking his leave, with a very fmall Provifion for io great a defign, purfued it with a Courage not inferi- or to, and a felicity beyond any that had been known unto that day in mortal! fl-uS, having in the fpace of eight years utterly rooted out of all Sicely, ihofe Weeds of Tyranny, through the defection whereof Men fled in fuch abun- dance from their Native Country, that whole Cities were left defolate 5 and brought it unto fuch a paffe,that others through the fame of his Virtues, and the excellency of the fcyle, flockt a^ .aft from all Quakers unto it, as to the Gar- den of the World. While he being prefented by the peo- ple of Sn-aenfa^ with h'u Town houfe, and his Country re- treat, the fwetreft Places in either, lived with his Wife and Children, a moft quiet, happy, and holy life 5 for he attri- buted no part of his fucceffeunto himfelf, but all unto the blefling arid providence of the Gods. Ashe pa ft his time in this manner,admired and honoured by mankind, Laphyftius an envious Demagogy going to fummon him upon fome pre- tence or other, to an fwet for himfelf before the Affembly the people fell into fuch a Mutiny, as could not be appeafed but byTimokon, who underftanding the matter, reproved them, by repeating the pains and trayail which he had gone ihrougK, unto na other end then that every Man might have the free ufe of the Lawes. Wherefore when &etn<£}it- tm another Demagogy had brought the dime defign about again, and blamed him impertinently unto the people, for things which he did when he was Generall, Timokon anfwe- red not hing, but railing up his hands, gave the Gods thanks for their return unto his frequent prayers, that he might but live to fee the Syracuftns lb free. that they might quefti- cn whom they pleafed. Not long after being old , through fome naturall imperfection, he fell blind ■, bm the Sj/racufansby their per- petuall vifits held him,though he could not fee,their great- eft objett 5 if there arrived ftrangers. they brought them to fee this %ht. Whatever came in debate attheaflembly, if it were of fmall confequence, they determined it them- felves,but if of importance, they alwayes fent ioxTimokon^ who being brought by his Servants in a Chair, and fet in the middle of the Theater.there ever follow'd a great (hour, after aio Ocean d\ after which Tome time was allow'd fur the Benediclionr, of the People ; and then the matter propofed when Tjmokon had fpoken to it s was put to the Suffrage, which given, Iris Servants bore him back in his Chair, accompanied by the People, clapping their hands,and making all exprtllions of joy and applaufc, till leaving him at his rioufe, they retur- ned unto the difpatch of their bufineflfe. And this wasthe life ofThimoleen, till he dyed ofage, and dropped like a ma- ture fruit, while the eyes of the people, were as the fhowrcs of Autumne. The Life and Death of my Lord Archcn^ fave that he had his fenfes unto the laft, and that his Character is not ?he Reftorer, but the Founder of a Common- wealth,was great- er^ fo exactly the fame again, that ( feeing by Men whol- ly ignorant of Antiquity, I am accufed of writing Romance') I (hall repeat nothings but tell you that this year the whole Nation of Or^/w, even unto the women and children, was in mourning, where fo great or fad a pomp of Funerall,had never been Teen or known. Sometime after the performance of the Exequies, a Colojfus mounted upon a brazen Horfe, of excellent Fabrick, was erected in the Tiazza of the Tantheot? ingraved with this Inscription on the Eaftern fide of the Pe- deftall. NAME l S A S Precious Oyntment. And on the Weftern, with this. Grata (jrata Tatra Pbe et perpetuae memoriae D. D. Olphaus Megaletor Lord Archon , and fole Legiflator OCEANA. Pater Patriae. Jnvincible in the Field- Jnviolable in his Faith- Ihifained in his Xeale. JmmortaH in his Fame. The Greateff nf Captaines. The Beii of Princes. The Happieft of Legijlators. The MoH Sincere of Christians. Whofetting the Kingdomes of the Earth at Liberty, Tooke the Kingdome of the Heav'ns by Violence. iEtat: fuse: \\6. Anno