i THE HISTORY OF A TRADE-MARK RAND M'NAILY & CO., ENGRAVERS AND PRINTERS, CHICAGO EDWARD W. NOLAN THE HISTORY OF A TRADE-MARK BY OLIN D.JVHEELER i go i Copyrighted^ igoi, by CHAS. S. FEE General Passenger and Ticket Agent Northern Pacific Railway Si. Paul This book will be for- warded to any address upon receipt of four cents in postage sta?nps ^s f % z- i V/TANY have wondered whether I the peculiar design used as a trade-mark by the Northern Pacific Railway Company was adopted by them in a haphazard manner, or whether a real signifi- cance attaches to it ; whether it is f| simply an ingenious geometric device, or whether in its origin, meaning, and adoption there is hidden a story. It is not a creature of accident — in the sense referred to — and there is a tale and history back x>f it. It is not hard to relate its origin ; it is easy to tell the story of its adoption ; but when it comes to con- veying to the general reader a clear idea of its original and ancient meaning, a somewhat difficult task con- fronts the relator, for reasons which will appear. The original symbol, of which the trade-mark is an adapta- tion, is Chinese in invention. The diagram itself was evolved in the eleventh century A. D., but the ideas which it represents date back to more than 3,000 years before the Christ child was cradled in the manger at Bethlehem. It is really, therefore, more than 5,200 years old, and may, indeed, be much older. It is known as the Great Chinese Monad, or more commonly, perhaps, as the Diagram of the Great Extreme. ITS ADOPTION. The design was discovered and adapted to its pres- ent use in 1893. Mr. E. H. McHenry and Mr. Chas. S. Fee, then, as now, the Chief Engineer and General (5) 6 WONDERLAND IQOI. Passenger and Ticket Agent of the Company, respect- ively, are principally to be credited with its discovery and adoption. The Northern Pacific was in search of a trade-mark. Many designs had been considered and rejected. Mr. McHenry, while visiting the Korean exhibit at the World's Fair, was struck with a geometric design that appeared on the Korean flag. It was simple, yet effective — plain, yet striking. At once the idea came to him that it was just the symbol for the long-sought-for trade-mark. With but 'slight modification it lent itself readily to the purpose. After Mr. McHenry returned to St. Paul, Mr. Fee sent to him several designs bearing on the trade- mark idea, for elaboration in his drafting-room. Mr. McHenry added to them the Korean figure. Mr. Fee was at once impressed with this, added the words, "Yellowstone Park Line," and sent the trade-mark forth into the world emblazoned upon the company's folders. The symbol im- pressed every one favorably, and has, from the first, attracted universal attention. Upon the organization of the Northern Pacific Rail- way— the old company having previously been under a receivership — the design was formally adopted as a trade-mark. Mr. Edward D. Adams, chairman of the Board of Directors, adopted it for the corporate seal of NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 7 the new company, and had it engraved upon the com- pany's securities. Mr. McHenry naturally supposed, from the circum- stances under which he discovered the figure, that it bore an Oriental significance, and began a quiet search to ascertain what it was. As it happens, one may examine a good many volumes of Oriental lore and discover no reference whatever to this symbol, or to anything like it, and these researches were rewarded, temporarily, with little success. In the meantime the design had been imprinted upon the documents, stationery, and advertising of the com- pany ; and from the windows of its ticket offices in all the large cities between the Atlantic and the Pacific the unique device attracted the attention of the passer-by. ITS HISTORY AND MEANING. It may be that the fact that the trade-mark was first seen on the Korean flag diverted investigation, at the start, into rather unproductive channels. The symbol is not original, apparently, with the Koreans, but was appropriated by them from the Chinese. The first authentic and definite information, in de- tail, relative to the Monad came from Rev. W. S. s' Holt,D. D.,of Port- /' land, Ore. Mr. / Holt had been, / for twelve f years, a Pres- / byterian mis- ' sionary in | China, and was l familiar with \ the symbol and \ its meaning there. \ As he was walking \ along the street he s noticed the trade-mark painted upon the windows of the office of the com- pany. It struck him as peculiar, and entering the Sample of Bead Work of American Plains Indians, exhibiting crude resemblance to Monad and Tah Gook. WONDERLAND igoi." office he made some inquir- ies, and then, in conversa- tion with Mr. A. D. Charl- ton, Assistant General Pas- senger Agent, informed him of the general character and meaning of the design. Through Mr. Holt's efforts much additional information of value was secured, and now that a start was made in the right direction, investigation was also successfully pushed through other channels. At first sight the figure appears to be rather an in- volved one. An analysis of it soon corrects this im- pression. It is really quite simple. On the vertical diameter of a circle, inscribe on opposite sides of this diameter and one above and one below the center thereof, semi-circles having diameters of one-half the larger diameter, or the radius of the large circle, and the symbol is outlined. As previously stated, the symbol itself may be said to be an ideographic or pictographic representation of ideas or principles enunciated many centuries before. In A. D. 1017 a young Chinaman, Chow Lien Ki, was born. As a young man he delighted in nature, and roamed the hills and dales, and to this we owe the existence of the trade-mark, and Chow Lien Ki the fame to which he attained. One day in his rambling he found a cave. The cave ran through a hill and had an entrance on each side of it. Both entrances were double crescent shaped, but the cave itself was round as a moon inside. Out of these crescentic entrances and the moon-shaped cave he evolved the diagram that has become noted among the Chinese. This diagram, the Great Monad, he used NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 9 to illustrate a system of philosophy established by Fuh Hi more than 3,000 years B. C, and, of course, 4,000 years before Chow found his wonderful cave. From the mysteries of an ancient Chinese philoso- phy it has now been dragged forth to illustrate the modern American system of transportation. It has, so to speak, leaped across a gulf of nine centuries, be- come a modern invention, as it were, and now does duty as the trade-mark of the Northern Pacific Rail- way Company. But what was the strange philosophy that such a symbol was designed to illustrate, and how did it illustrate it ? This involves a plunge into the sea of metaphysics, from which let us hope to emerge " clothed and in our right minds." We can hardly explain the ratiocinations of this young Chinaman's mind by which he came to believe that the figure really did represent what he intended it should, but we can at least try to state the case as lucidly as it will allow, and let the reader draw his own conclusion. It will be noticed that, however much the Chinese may deserve to be called heathen, they could, even in Fuh Hi's time, hold their own in abstruse speculation. Rev. Dr. W. A. P. Martin, evi- dently a close student and 1 authority on things Chinese, observes in his "The Chi- nese " (p. 277) that the Jesuits long ago pointed out that the only way in which Europeans could claim preeminence over the Chinese was in their mathematical knowl- edge and " the verities of the Christian faith." Fuh Hi's philosophy is stated as follows : " The Illimi- "^^ ^F" 'Design table produced the Great Extreme ; found on the Great Extreme produced the ,ndFa7p°tter7° Two Principles; the Two Principles resembling Tah Gook. 10 WONDERLAND IQOI. ^^(tfjj 1^^. produced the Four Figures," ^^K^TSf^^^^^^ and from the Four Figures j ^^m&?'' : '' _mW^^L_l^K_ were developed what the JKt^' ,$^^ ' J "'****||^^ Chinese call the Eight ft • V *^ -^jfefes* *^^^ Diagrams of Fuh Hi, P I' -j >J&*^ ^^s, ^^^k * n 33 22 **• ^-' ac cord- ,. f° und in Anam - they have a small black eye in the white or red, and a white eye in the black portion. These eyes are in- tended to show, according to Rev. Doctor Du Bose, WONDERLAND igoi. w that there is a male germ in I X the female and a female germ in the male prin- ciple. Although the Two Principles, or the Dual Powers as they are also called, are now almost universally un- derstood in China in a phallic or sexual sense, Doctor Martin insists that the primitive meanings were : Yang, Light, and Yin, found in a Mound Darkness, and that philosophically of the Mound Builders they stood for certain positive and in Tennessee, negative forces. As, however, they resembling Tan Gook. , - ., , . .... stand for the creative principle in every sense of the word, the phallic signification attached to them would seem to be a corollary of the meanings light and darkness. In stating that the Yang and Yin stand for light and darkness and the sexual or creative idea, practically about all that there is to say as to the original notion and its pictorial expression has been said. The expan- sion or elaboration of the idea, however, is quite another matter, and the changes have been rung upon it in every conceivable form. Dr. S. Wells Williams, Pro- fessor of the Chinese Lan- guage and Literature at Yale College, in remarking upon Chu Hi's (not Fuh Hi) philosophical notions, well says, regarding the universal application of the Dual Powers, or Yang and Yin : " His system of mate- rialism * * * allows scope for the vagaries of every individual who thinks he understands and Prehistoric Can apply it to explain whatever American Indian Emblem, showing resemblance to Chinese Monad. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 13 The Cycle of Cathay. The Chinese cycle consists of sixty years, each with a separate name. Their names are here ranged in the outer circle, and read from the top towards the left hand. The present year (1896) is the thirty-second of the seventy-sixth cycle from the beginning of the cyclic era. The figures in the inner space are the dual forces, Yin and Tang, sym- bolized by darkness and light, which form the starting point of Chinese philosophy. phenomena come in his way. Heat and cold, light and darkness, fire and water, mind and matter, every agent, power, and substance known or supposed, are regarded as endued with these principles, which thus form a simple solution for every question. The infin- ite changes in the universe, the multiform actions and reactions in Nature, and all the varied consequences seen and unseen are alike easily explained by this form of cause and effect, this ingenious theory of evolution." Note.— The above illustration and explanation are taken from "The Chinese," by Rev. Dr. W. A. P. Martin. 14 WONDERLAND igOI. This expresses it in a nut shell. It were easy to quote page after page of varied ren- derings of the idea to fit pretty- nearly everything under the sun. A few of these are here reproduced. Those who are given to such speculations will read them with interest; others, while looking upon them as vagaries and curiosities, will see how pervasive among the Chinese are the ideas symbol- ized by this peculiar trade- mark. To quote again from Doctor Williams : " Heaven was form- less, and utter chaos; the whole mass was nothing but confu- sion. Order was first produced in the pure ether, and out of it the universe came forth ; the universe produced air, and air the milky way. ''When the pure male principle Yang had been diluted, it formed the heavens ; the heavy and thick parts co- agulated, and formed the earth. The refined particles united very soon, but the union of the thick and heavy went on slow- ly; therefore the heavens came into existence first, and the earth afterward. From the subtle essence of heaven and earth, the dual principles Yin and Yang were formed ; from their joint operation came the four seasons; and these putting forth their energies gave birth to all the products of the earth. The warm effluence of the Yang being condensed, NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 15 produced fire ; and the finest parts of fire formed the sun. The cold exhalations of the Yin being likewise condensed, produced water ; and the finest parts of the watery substance formed the moon." It is not difficult to detect, in the foregoing, a strik- ing similarity to the "nebular hypothesis" of the present-day astronomy. A glance at a statement of this theory will disclose the resemblance at once. Sir John F. Davis, in his " History of China," quotes from the commentator Choo Foo Tsz, already men- tioned, as follows : "'The celestial principle was male, the terrestrial fe- male ; all animate and inani- mate nature may be distin- guished into masculine and feminine. Even vegetable pro- ductions are male and female, as, for instance, there is female hemp, and male and female bamboo. Nothing exists inde- pendent of the Yin and Yang.' Although the Chinese do not characterize the sexes of plants, and arrange them systematically as we do after Linnaeus, they use the above phraseology in regard to them ; nor do they confine it to the vegetable and animal creation only, but extend the same to every part of Nature. Numbers themselves have their genders. A unit and every odd number are male ; two and every even number, female. "The above might, with no great impropriety, be styled 'asexual system of the universe.' They main- tain that when from the union of the Yang and Yin all existences, both animate and inanimate, had been pro- duced, the sexual principle was conveyed to, and became inherent in, all of them. Thus heaven, the sun, day, etc., are considered of the male gender; earth, 16 WONDERLAND igoi. the moon, night, etc., of the female gender. This notion pervades every department of knowledge in China. It exists in their theories of anatomy and medicine, and is constantly referred to on every subject." Doctor Martin says (p. 126, "The Chinese"): u Woo Kieh produced Tai Kieh, Tai Kieh produced Yin and Yang, and these dual principles generated all things. This is the lucid cosmogony of the Chinese, and it adds little to its clearness to render the above terms, as they are usually translated, by the 'great extreme,' the 'male and female powers,' etc." Again, he says (pp. 162-3): "The common statement given in Chinese his- tories may be freely rendered in the following form : 4 The indefinite (1— Woo Kieh) produced the finite or definite (2 — Tai Kieh), the elements of Nature as yet in a chaotic state. This chaos evolved the principle of Yang, or light. The Yang produced Yin, i. e., dark- ness followed in the way of alternation ; and the Yin and Yang (3) together produced all things from the alternations of day and night, and the succession of the seasons.' " Commenting on this, he says: "Commencing with this simple idea, the Yin and Yangh&ve been gradually metamorphosed into mysterious entities, the founda- tion of a universal sexual system, and incessantly active in every department of Nature — at once the fountain of the deepest philosophy and the aliment of the grossest superstition." Without dipping deeper into this recondite discus- sion, an idea has been given, I hope, of the significance of the Great Monad, or the Trade-mark, to the 400,000,000 of Chinese. Metaphysicians have noted a parallelism between the Yang and Yin and the mundane egg of the Egyp- tians; have seen coincidences between it and its philo- sophical elaboration and the philosophies of still other nations, Persia, India, etc., and even between it and the Christian Scriptures. The symbol is very generally used by the Chinese in the ordinary affairs of life. It is suspended over the doors of residences as a charm ; it is used to ward off evil influences ; it is much used by fortune-tellers and NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 17 necromancers. The Japanese form of the Monad is also used as a symbol of good luck. A common form in which it is found is shown in the illustration on the following page, where will be seen the Tat Kieh, or Yang and Yin, with the eyes sur- rounded by the Eight Diagrams. The symbol was obtained from a Chinese store in Portland, is circular, and ys^ measures five and one- eighth inches in diameter, f | the Yin and Yang in the The Great Chinese Monad, Used a Charm by the Chinese. center measuring two and one-eighth inches across. The design is most commonly seen, though, on a board six to eighteen or twenty inches square, or one foot wide by two feet long, having the Eight Diagrams painted around it, as in the illustration of the circular Monad, so as to leave the Great Extreme in the center, which is used as a charm to ward off evil spirits. In this country these charms can be found in great numbers 18 WONDERLAND I90I. in some of the mercantile houses on Second Street, Portland, and in similar establish- ments in S an Francisco. The small ones can be carried around, while the larger ones are placed over doors and at other conspicuous places as a guard against evil spirits. Yin and Yang in the figure here shown are black and red; the field surrounding them is green, and the Eight Diagrams are raised char- acters gilded. As the Chinese use the figure, the colors of Yang and Yin are not important. While red and black are com- mon, so also are white and black — used also by the Northern Pacific in one-color work — and red and green. THE KOREAN TAH-GOOK. Although the trade-mark is of Chinese origin, it was, as stated, first seen by a Northern Pacific official on the Korean flag. There seems to have been perfect free trade between the Orientalists, at least so far as philo- sophic ideas and symbols go. The emblem is found not only among the Koreans, but also in Japan. In Korea it is known as the Tah-gook — the Korean pro- nunciation of Tai Kieh — and its meaning is practically identical with that in China. It is the national emblem of Korea. The word Korea, Mr. Holt says, is derived from Kao, the first king, "Kaoli" being the form in which it appears among the Koreans. The Koreans, in speaking of their country, also use two Chinese words, "Chao Sien," pronounced by the Koreans, "Chosen," NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 19 and meaning "before the dawn," or "morning calm." The name Korea, rather freely translated, means, therefore, "the land of the morning calm," from all of which is evolved our word Korea. The two principles of Nature — the Yang and Yin of the Chinese — are represented by red and blue in the Tah-gook. Red is the royal color ; blue is the color of the east, the morn- ing. The Tah-gook, therefore, to Koreans, means "The Kingdom of the Morning." The Koreans arrange the Yang and Yin horizon- tally or angularly instead of vertically. The Japanese use three heads instead of two, and the colors are red, blue, and green. The Japanese, the common people at least, regard the symbol with superstitious awe, and it is made in silver discs the size of a half-dollar and carried in the sleeve of the " kimono " as a charm. Mr. Forster H. Jenings, late of the Korean legation at Washington, says of the Tah-gook, after a careful investigation of Korean classical works: "It is found on graves dating back thousands of years B. C, and in every kind of cli- mate, from the rattan groves I of Anam to the icy shores of ' Yezo in the north of Japan. In the various countries the shape of the symbol has under- gone but little change." Mr. Holt mentions having seen the Eight Diagrams that usually accom- Monad. pany the Chinese emblem engraved on eight large and very ancient stones within the city limits of Hang Chow, China. The eyes of the Yang and Yin in the Chinese Monad are wanting in the symbols as used by other nations. In Korea the use and mean- ings of the Tak-gook seem nearly or quite as diffused and various as those of the Tai Kieh Modification of Chinese Monad, as used in Japan. 20 WONDERLAND I90I. in China. On the Korean national flag the red and blue (Yang and Yin) are found upon a white field. Accompanying this paper are certain illustrations drawn in colors, and kindly furnished by Mr. Jenings. Some of these are of the Monad and Tah-gook and its modifications in the east ; others are of ancient draw- ings of other countries resembling them, more or less ; while still others show a similarity in design to the eastern figures, in the work of our own American Indians. This is not the place for discussing these drawings, and the question as to whether the recurrence of the scroll or spiral is anything more than a very natural and varied use of a simple, easy, and ornamental geometric element is one for ethnologists and arch- aeologists. As used here the designs afford a curious and interesting comparison for the general reader. In the reports of the United States Bureau of Ethnol- ogy many instances can be found of the use of the spiral in ornamentation by the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest, and shell ornaments covered with them have been taken from mounds made by the Mound builders, as shown in one of the illustrations. Enough has been written to show the wide influ- ence exercised among Oriental peoples by the Monad, Tai Kieh, Tah-gook, or Trade-mark, however one wishes to speak of it ; how it permeates all life, actu- ally and practically ; how beautifully it lends itself to the mysteries of eastern philosophical speculation. But note how appropriately it takes its place as the symbol or trade-mark of a great transportation com- pany. Light and darkness, force and matter, motion and rest, fire and water, all are contained within this mysterious figure — and all are so closely related in the calling for which the emblem stands. Day and night the great freight and palatial passenger trains of the Northern Pacific Railway, through the agency of fire and water, are now in rapid motion and again at rest throughout the mid-continent region of the great republic of the Occident. Where could a more appropriate emblem for a great transportation company be found than in thii . NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 21 lesign? "Motion and rest," "force and matter," of which the figure conceives, are most effectively exem- plified and manifested in the pursuit which it sym- bolizes. It would almost seem that Chow Lien Ki, with the far-seeing vision of the Yang and Yin, looked forward to that time in the nineteenth century when the Northern Pacific Railway, in need of a device emblematic of its calling, would be drawn to "The Fig. 1 Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Diagram of the Great Extreme" formulated by himself and which had been awaiting its com- ing for five thousand years. It would thus ap- pear that one of the great trans- continental railway companies of the United States has, by the adoption of its unique trade-mark, linked closer together the old Chinese, Japanese, and Korean civilizations with the newer one of America ; that the steel rails of the Northern Pacific, in connection with the steamships of its copartner in commerce, the Northern Pacific Steam- ship Company, have established a new bond between the young republic and the old empire, the Occident and the Orient. ris still another and an interesting phase of 22 WONDERLAND igoi. the subject. Mr. Sam Loyd, the puzzle genius of New York City, in a letter to Mr. McHenry, calls attention to the facility with which this emblem lends itself to the working out of geometric problems and puzzles. I call attention to one only, but that is peculiarly sig- nificant, considering the use made of the Monad by both the Chinese and Japanese. It will be recalled that they use the symbol to ward off evil, etc., or in other words to bring them good luck. If the Yang and Yin are cut — in two strokes each — as shown in figures i and 2, and the pieces re- arranged or refitted, as shown in figures 3 and 4, it will be seen that the Chinese emblem of good luck becomes, at once, the Yankee symbol of good luck, the horseshoe, of which there are, of course, two in each Northern Pacific trade-mark. Mr. Loyd states also, that he knows that the method in vogue of covering base-balls, the peculiarity of which has doubtless attracted universal attention, was suggested to the patentee by the Yang and Yin of the Monad or trade-mark. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. RATES AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TOURIST SEASON (Subject to change without notice.) ROUND TRIP SUMMER EXCURSION RATES Minnesota, North Dakota and Manitoba Resorts. S3 J? 1 . § H rS'C.2 3 £ »- *Deerwood, Minn Glen wood (Lake Minnewaska) Minn Battle Lake, Minn Fergus Falls, Minn Perham, Minn... Detroit Lake, Minn. _ Pine River, Minn Backus, Minn. Walker, Minn Bemidji, Minn Minnewaukan (Devil's Lake), N. D. . Winnipeg, Man. *$3-8o tf 5-25 7-5Q 7-5o 7-75 9-15 7.85 8.35 8 65 10.10 18.65 22.50 7-5o 7-5o 7-75 I I5 0.90 6.90 6 90 6.90 18.65 22.50 $ 9.00 9.00 9-25 10.65 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 20 15 22.50 * From Duluth and West Superior only. No stopovers allowed. Tickets are limited to October 31st. (23) NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. SUMMER EXCURSION RATES To 11 Duluth Short Line" Points. St. Paul, Minneapolis or Stillwater to A B Forest Lake and return $ -75 .90 1. 10 115 1 15 1 20 + 1 ' 35 T 1.50 1.60 1.90 $ 1 00 Wyoming and return Chisago City and return _ 1 45 i-55 1 55 Russell Beaeh and return. Lindstrom and return. ._ Centre City and return Taylors Falls and return 1.80 Taylors Falls and return Rush City and return 2.15 2-55 Pine City and return Column U A" tickets on sale Saturdays and Sun- days; limit Monday following. Column " B " tickets on sale daily; limit 10 days. t On sale daily, going and returning on date of sale. From St. Paul, Minneapolis or Stillwater to White Bear Lake points and Bald Eagle and return : On sale week days, going and returning on date of sale $ . 35 On sale Sundays, going and returning on date of sale. YELLOWSTONE PARK RATES. $5 Tickets.— Livingston to Mammoth Hot Springs and return, via rail and stage. $47.50 TICKETS.— From St. Paul, Minneapolis or Duluth to Livingston or Mammoth Hot Springs and return. Good going thirty days, returning ten days ; final limit, forty days. Stopovers allowed within limits of ticket. $49.50 Tickets.— ($44.50 from Mammoth Hot Springs) — Rail, Livingston to Cinnabar and return; stage, Cinnabar to Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris, Lower, and Upper Geyser Basins, Yellowstone Lake, 2G WONDERLAND I90I. Grand Canon and Falls of the Yellowstone and re- turn, and five and one-half days' board at the Park Association hotels. Tourists who are not going west of Livingston should purchase the $47.50 tickets to Mammoth Hot Springs and return, as the round-trip rates to Livings- ton and Mammoth Hot Springs are the same, while the rate from Livingston through the Park and return is $5 higher than the rate from Mammoth Hot Springs. $105 TICKET.— From St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth or the Superiors to Cinnabar ; stage Cinnabar to Mam- moth Hot Springs, Lower, Fountain and Upper Geyser Basins, Yellowsto e Lake, Grand Canon, Falls of the Yellowstone and Monida ; six and one-quarter days' board and lodging between Cinnabar and Monida, and rail from Monida to Missouri River terminals. Limit thirty days going to Mammoth Hot Springs, thirty days returning, final limit sixty days from date of sale. $85 Ticket.— This ticket covers rail and stage transportation only (no meals or lodging being in- cluded therein) for the same tour as the $105 ticket. For $3 extra, the $44.50, $49.50, $85, and $105 Park tours will be made to include steamboat ride on Yel- lowstone Lake, from the Thumb to Lake Hotel, via Dot Island. Tickets on sale at St. Paul, Minneapolis or Duluth, up to and including September 12th, and at Livingston up to and including September 14th. The trip through the Park must be completed by September 19th. The Northern Pacific Railway MONTANA, EASTERN has on sale, at greatly reduced WASHINGTON, rates, round-trip excursion AND EASTERN tickets from St. Paul, Minne- BRITISH COLUMBIA apolis or Duluth to Billings, POINTS Springdale, Livingston and Bozeman, Mont.; Helena, Butte and Anaconda, Mont, (choice of routes return- ing, via Northern Pacific or Great Northern Railway Lines; Missoula, Mont. ; Spokane, Wash, (choice of routes, returning, via Oregon Railway & Navigation Company and its connections, or via the Great Northern NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 27 or Northern Pacific Lines); Medical Lake, Pasco, Kennewick and Toppenish, Wash. ; Nelson, Trail, Rossland, Ainsworth, Kaslo and Sandon, B. C, and Coulee City, North Yakima and Ellensburg, Wash. These tickets are of iron-clad signature form; require identification of purchaser at return starting point. Any of the above tickets may read to return via Billings to the Missouri River, either direct or via Denver and any direct line except the Union Pacific Ry. $90 from St. Paul, Minneapolis or NORTH Duluth toTacoma,Portland,Seattle, PACIFIC COAST New Whatcom, Vancouver or EXCURSIONS Victoria and return. Tickets limited to nine months from date of sale, good, going trip, sixty days to any one of North Pacific Coast termini named, returning any time within final limit. These tickets may be 28 WONDERLAND I90I. purchased for return via any authorized direct lines, to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Winnipeg, Port Arthur, or Missouri River terminals. An excursion ticket will be sold from ALASKA Eastern termini named to Sitka, Alaska, EXCURSIONS at $150, which rate includes meals and berth on the steamer. Tickets on sale May 1st to September 30th. Limit, nine months; going to Tacoma, sixty days, returning within final limit, holder to leave Sitka on or before October 31st. Tickets will be issued to return either via the Northern Pacific, Soo-Pacific, or Great Northern lines to St. Paul or Minneapolis, or via Canadian Pacific Railway to Winnipeg or Port Arthur, or via Billings to the Missouri River, either direct or via Denver and any direct line except the Union Pacific Ry. Usual stop- over privileges granted. Steamer accommodations can be secured in advance by application to any of the agents named on appended list. Diagrams of steamers at office of General Passenger Agent at St. Paul. , Steamers call at Glacier Bay during June, July and August only. r/UIFORNIl The Northern Pacific Railway FXriIRSION RATF^ wiU Sel1 round " tri P excursion EXCURSION RATES tickets from gt pau ^ Minne _ apolis or Duluth as follows : To San Francisco, going via the Northern Pacific, Puget Sound and steamer, or Portland and Shasta Route or the ocean to San Francisco ; returning via • rail or steamer to Portland, or via steamer to Puget Sound, thence authorized direct routes to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Winnipeg, Port Arthur, or Missouri River terminals ; or returning by the southern lines to Council Bluffs, Omaha, Kansas City, Mineola or Hous- ton, at $103.50; to New Orleans'or St. Louis, at $109.50. To Los Angeles, going via Portland and Shasta Route, .and returning via rail, Portland and authorized direct routes to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Winnipeg, Port Arthur or Missouri River, $122.50 ; or going via Port- land and Shasta Route and returning via San Fran- cisco and Ogden to Council Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City, at $113 ; to St. Louis, at $119. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 29 To San Diego, $6.50 higher than Los Angeles via the above routes. Tickets via ocean include meals and berth on steamer. At the eastern termini of the southern transconti- nental lines excursion tickets will be sold, or orders exchanged, for tickets to San Francisco, returning via either the Shasta Route, the all-rail line to Portland, or the ocean and the Northern Pacific to St. Paul, Minneapolis or Duluth, at a rate $13.50 higher than the current excursion rate in effect between Missouri River points, Mineola, or Houston and San Francisco. The steamship coupon includes first-class cabin pas- sage and meals between San Francisco and Portland or Puget Sound. These excursion tickets allow nine months' time for the round trip ; sixty days for west-bound trip up to first Pacific Coast common point ; return any time within final limit. Double daily transcontinental passenger train serv- ice. The '* North Coast Limited " is the most complete railway train in the country. GENERAL AND DISTRICT PASSENGER AGENTS. BOSTON, MASS.— 279 Washington Street. C. E. FOSTER District Passenger Agent. BUFFALO, N. Y.— 215 Ellicott Square. W. G. Mason .District Passenger Agent. BUTTE, MONT.— Cor. Park and Main Streets. W. H. Merriman General Agent. CHICAGO — 208 South Clark Street. F. H. Fogarty General Agent. C. A. Matthews District Passenger Agent. CINCINNATI, OHIO — 40 East Fourth Street. J. J. Ferry District Passenger Agent. DES MOINES, IOWA — 503 West Locust Street. Geo. D. Rogers District Passenger Agent. DETROIT, MICH.— 153 Jefferson Avenue. W. H. Whitaker District Passenger Agent. DULUTH, MINN.— 332 West Superior Street. J. O. Dalzell General Agent. EVERETT, WASH.— 1514 Hewett Avenue. C. F. M. TINLING Agent. HELENA, MONT.— Main and Grand Streets. A. D. Edgar General Agent. INDIANAPOLIS, IND.— 42 Jackson Place. J. E. TURNER. District Passenger Agent. LOS ANGELES, CAL— 125 West Third Street. C. E. Johnson Traveling Passenger Agent. MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Room 2, Mack Block, Cor. Wis- consin and East Water Streets. Chas. C. Trott District Passenger Agent. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.— 19 Nicollet Block. G. F. McNeill. City Ticket Agent. MONTREAL, QUE.— 116 St. Peter Street. G. W. Hardisty District Passenger Agent. NEW YORK CITY — 319 Broadway. W. F. MERSHON.. General Agt. Passenger Dept. (30) NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 31 PHILADELPHIA, PA.— 7 n Chestnut Street. I. M. Bortle District Passenger Agent. PITTSBURG, PA.— 305 Park Building. Ed. C. Schoen District Passenger Agent. PORTLAND, ORE.— 255 Morrison Street. F. O'Neill District Passenger Agent. E. L. Rayburn Traveling Passenger Agent. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— 647 Market Street. T. C. Stateler Gen'l Agt. Passenger Dept. SEATTLE, WASH.— First Avenue and Yesler Way. I. A. Nadeau General Agent. SPOKANE, WASH.— Riverside and Howard Streets. Jno. W. Hill ...General Agent. ST. LOUIS, MO.— 210 Commercial Building. P. H. Noel.. ..District Passenger Agent. ST. PAUL, MINN.— 5 th and Robert Streets. O. Vanderbilt City Ticket Agent. vST. PAUL, MINN.— 4 th and Broadway. Harry W. Sweet District Passenger Agent. TACOMA, WASH.- 925 Pacific Avenue. A. Tinling General Agent. TORONTO, ONT.— 6 King Street, West. G. W. McCaskey District Passenger Agent. VANCOUVER, B. C— 419 Hastings Street. J. O. McMullen General Agent. VICTORIA, B. C. C. E. Lang.. General Agent. WEST SUPERIOR, WIS.— 821 Tower Avenue. F. C. Jackson.. Assistant General Agent. WHATCOM. WASH. C. M. Hunter Agent. PORTLAND, ORE.- 255 Morrison Street. A. D. Charlton Asst. Gen'l Passenger Agt. ST. PAUL, MINN. A. M. Cleland Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent. Chas. S. Fee Gen'l Passenger and Tkt. Agt. J. M. Hannaford Third Vice-President. * %* ..*.<**■