I 
 
 I 
 
 J^^A 
 
 GIFT or 
 
 FeTix Fltlgel 
 
UNIVERSAL BIGCiflAFHY; 
 
 C015[TAINII^G 
 
 A COPIOUS ACCOUNT, 
 
 CRITICAL AND HISTORICAE^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE AND CH ARACTER, LABORS AND ACTIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS, 
 
 IN 
 
 ALL AGE« AND COUNTRIES, CONDITIONS AND PROFESSIONS. 
 
 ARRANGED IN AliPHABETIGAL ORDERr 
 
 BY J. LEMPRIERE, D, D. 
 
 M 
 AUTHOR OF THE CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUJflES. 
 
 VOL. L 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. SARGEANT, 86 BROADPf^AV, 
 
 OPPOSITE TRINITY CHURGHf 
 
 i8ia 
 
r 
 
 Printed byl). & G. BRUCE, 
 Slote-Lanei 
 
Q..T/03 
 
 THE RIGHT HONORABLE ^ 
 
 CHARLES ABBOT, 
 
 SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 
 
 4'c. S^c. <5)-c. 
 SIR, 
 
 The attempt to delineate the character of those who 
 have distinguished themselves by their genius, their 
 services, or their virtues, may modestly claim the notice 
 of the learned, and of the great. In the pages which I 
 have the honor of presenting to you, among the many 
 who are entitled to the praises and gratitude of posterityy 
 there are not a few whom integrity as well as talents, arid 
 perseverance as well as success, have raised to high emi- 
 nence. While we view with interest and with respect, 
 the glorious achievements, and the honorable labors of 
 the departed great, we can dwell with pleasing satisfaction 
 on the survivors, and rejoice that the present times have 
 not^sunk in comparison with the heroic exertions, the vir- 
 tuous deeds, and the patriotic efforts of our forefathers. It 
 will be the office of biography hereafter, to celebrate the 
 superior virtues of these exalted characters, and among 
 them your name will shine with peculiar lustre. Your 
 contemporaries may admire the disinterestedness of your 
 conduct, the zeal, the abilities, the moderation, and the 
 firmness with which you guide the debates of the most 
 illustrious of all assemblies, they may re-echo the unani- 
 mous applauses of the whole empire, who have seen you 
 repeatedly and honorably raised to the chair of the 
 House of Commons, but it will be for the future biogra- 
 pher to appreciate your real merits, to separate the per- 
 son from the office, and to view you distinguished by 
 
 Tik^M^n. 
 
 a^ii^U 
 
4 DEDICATION. 
 
 unshaken integrity, by wisdom of counsel, by indepen- 
 dence of character, by sincere devotion to the greatness 
 and glories of the nation, actuated by the purest princi- 
 ples of senatorial impartiality, and respected not more 
 for dignified public consistency, than for the amiable and 
 endearing virtues of private life. 
 
 Long may you enjoy the distinction to which your 
 merits have elevated you. Long may you adorn the 
 chair of the Commons, and, as you are the first in rank, 
 so may you continue the first in the high pre-eminence of 
 virtue and of public services, and contribute the power- 
 ful assistance of your abilities, and of your example, to 
 support the spirit, and animate the loyalty of the nation, 
 and prove to the world that Britain, though surrounded 
 with unparalleled dangers, has not degenerated from the 
 patriotism, and the independence of former ages. 
 I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, 
 
 Sir, 
 Your most obliged 
 
 and devoted Servant, 
 J, LEMPRIERE^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XHE advantages which a biographical work offers to the reader are so 
 numerous and so important, that it is hoped every endeavor to enlarge the 
 knowledge of mankind, and impartially to develope the character of those 
 who have contributed to the happiness or to the calamities of the world, 
 will be received by the public with indulgence and candor. More minute 
 than history, biography regards the person, the acquirements, and the con- 
 duct of the individual, and cursorily passes over those more general details 
 of public transactions which are more properly the object of the historian's 
 research. While in the history of nations, and in the poUtical changes of 
 states, the reader views the consequences of successful intrigue, of diplomatic 
 dexterity, or of military prowess, it is in the details of private and of domes- 
 tic life where he seeks for instruction, and for the minute documents which 
 may conduct his footsteps, and hold out the lamp of experience to warn 
 him against the dangers of ill-directed passions, or of misguided ambition. 
 In the following work, every character, it may generally be said, has 
 been included which might have strong claim on the notice of posterity, 
 either from public notoriety, or from lasting celebrity. Those who have 
 benefited dieir fellow creatures by their exertions either in the walks of 
 science and literature, or in the improvement of the polite arts, in the 
 extension of commerce, or in the useful labors of industry; or those who, in 
 the field of honor, have fought with superior valor for the glories and for the 
 independence of their parent state, all are strongly entitled to the gratitude 
 of mankind. Those likewise, whose vices and crimes have rendered them 
 too celebrated in the annals of time, have a claim to the notice of the biog- 
 rapher ; and though to pass over the foibles as well as the enormities of his 
 fellow-creatures might be a pleasing omission, yet the sacred character of 
 truth requires that the irregular passions of men should be curbed, by 
 observing the fatal effects and the everlasting disgrace which misapplied 
 talents have produced, and the many calamities which the indulgence of 
 criminal desires in pubhc life, as well as in domestic society, has always 
 entailed on the world. To be useful, we must paint impartially the conduct 
 of individuals, whether laudable or reprehensible ; and those who have cau- 
 sed the miseries of their fellow-men, are to be held up to public notice, and 
 to public detestation, that, in their history, if we cannot find consolation, 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 \ve may at least discover those striking lessons of instruction and of precau- 
 tion with experience never fails to afford to the sober and the contemplative 
 mind. 
 
 While, however, the desire of gratifying curiosity has been fully permitted 
 to prevail, it must be observed, on the other hand, that great and remarka- 
 ble characters only can be entitled to more minute details. In this particular, 
 the assistance of judgment, and the rules of proportion, are, in a composition 
 of this nature, materially essential. It is within the general observation, that 
 voluminous works have been written todevelope the history, and to portray 
 the characters of many who, as public men, have, by their intrigues, their 
 labors, or their virtues, commanded the general attention for a long course 
 of years ; and it is equally known, that even not a few of those whose great 
 merits have but shone upon the world, and, like the momentary dazzling of 
 a meteor, have rapidly disappeared, have foimed the subject of long and de- 
 sultory literary investigation. To examine, therefore, and to select the most 
 prominent features, to compress the materials copiously scattered around him, 
 and to assign to each, to the mighty conqueror, to the vigilant politician, 
 to the popular writer, to the persevering philosopher, and to the humble but 
 ingenious mechanic, his due proportion of attention and of respect, forms 
 not the least difficult of the labors of the biographer. He may indeed be 
 forgiven if he is more diffuse in painting the struggles of virtue and of inno- 
 cence against the inventive powers of oppression and of persecution ; if he 
 expresses with warmth his detestation against successful vice, and prospe- 
 rous profligacy ; and if he is alive to all the keen sufferings which learning 
 has often to endure from the sneers of pride, and the clamors of ignorance 
 and prejudice. It is frequently not a little consolatory to the virtuous and 
 to the truly great, to reflect that their labors will not be in vain. Posterity', 
 though late, may replace in their native dignity and honor, with perpetuated 
 fame, the merits and services which the jealousy or the malice of contempo- 
 raries may have endeavoured to blot out of the historic page. It is pleasing 
 to contemplate the differerent destinies which accompany merit, and its at- 
 tendant envy. The man whose genius, whose industry, whose talents, or 
 whose honorable labors in the cause ofscience, of literature, and of humani- 
 ty, have been often exposed to ridicule and contempt; who has pined in the 
 shade of indigence or ill-deserved obscurity, rises gradually in the good 
 opinion of the public, and ranks with the dignified benefactors of mankind; 
 while those who treated him with supercilious indifference, who prided 
 themselves in the transitory advantages of rank, of birth, or of opulence, no 
 longer occupy the attention of the world, and in the course of a few years, 
 sink into merited, into everlasting oblivion. 
 
PREFACE. 7 
 
 In the composition of his biographical work, the author acknowledges 
 himself indebted to those, at home and abroad, whose labors have been di- 
 rected to the same pursuits. He has freely drawn his materials from the 
 researches of former historians and biographers, and the accuracy and the 
 impartiality of their statements, which concurrent testimonies fully prove 
 and corroborate, are entitled to no small share of praise. From this min- 
 gled mass, and from various sources of information, he has endeavored to 
 form one general whole, and to exhibit, with tlie judicious brevity which so 
 numerous a class of objects requires, rather *' characteristic sketches, in 
 pleasing miniature, than a series of finished and full-sized portraits." 
 However anxious he may have been to notice every one who has risen to 
 temporary or to lasting eminence in the long lapse of so many ages, he may, 
 perhaps, in the opinion of some, have selected the subjects of his biogra- 
 phical labors with too sparing a hand, while by others he may be charged 
 with tedious prolixity. He trusts, however, that in whatever he has done, 
 he has been actuated by the purest motives of impartiality; and in deline- 
 ating the life, and in enumerating the productions of men of various coun- 
 tries, he has sacrificed nationality at the altar of truth. He trusts that he 
 has spoken of the Christian and the Pagan, of the Catholic and the Pro- 
 testant, of the Churchman and Sectary, with the bold language of an un- 
 prejudiced narration, which would not condescend to flatter the great and 
 the powerful, when in the height of authority, at the expense of historical 
 veracity, and which disdains to insult their memory after they have de- 
 scended to the tomb. 
 
 With tliese sentiments he commits, to the judgment of the public, his 
 biographical labors, as a companion to the Classical Dictionary, in 
 anxious confidence, that they will not be deemed unworthy of the same 
 flattering patronage, and of the same extensive circulation, with which that 
 work has so long and so liberally been honored. 
 
 Abingdon J March Sth^ 1808. 
 
 I 
 
y 
 
 BIO GRAPHS. 
 
 6iV. 8(c, 8(c. 
 
 AA 
 
 A A, Peter Vander, a bookseller of Ley- 
 den, who, under the title of Galerie du 
 Monde, published in 66 vols. fol. an atlas of 
 ZOO charts, as explanatory of the various voy- 
 ages made between the 13th and the close of 
 the 17th century. These, though accompa- 
 nied with prints to represent the customs, ed- 
 ifices, and curiosities of different nations, dis- 
 play rather the labor and perseverance of the 
 compiler, than either his judgment or accu- 
 racy. Aa made a continuation of Graevius' 
 Thesaurus of Italian writers in six other vol- 
 umes. He was still living in 1729. 
 
 Aagard, Nicholas and Christian, two 
 brothers, born at Wiburg in Denmark in the 
 beginning of the 18th century. The eldest, 
 ■who Mas distinguished for the acuteness of 
 his philosopliicai writings, died 1657, and the 
 other, known for his poetical talents, died 
 1664. 
 
 Aalam, an astrologer of the ninth centu- 
 ry at the court of Adado Daula. 
 
 Aals T, Everard, a Dutch painter born at 
 Delft 1602. His talents were displayed with 
 peculiar success in the representation of 
 shields and military accoutrements, of dead 
 birds and inanimate subjects, and his paint- 
 ings, few in number are now highly valued for 
 superiority of execution. He died in 1658. 
 His nephew William became the rival of his 
 uncle, and in his travels through France and 
 Italy he deserved and obtained the friendship 
 and patronage of the great, and particularly 
 of the grand duke of Tuscany, who liberal- 
 ly rewarded his merit. His fruit and flower 
 pieces were most admired. He died in Hol- 
 land in 1679 aged 59, leaving several children 
 by his servant maid, to whom he was mar- 
 ried after his return fromltaly. 
 
 Aaro?j, elder brother of Moses, son of 
 Amram, of the tribe of Levi, was born A. M. 
 2434. He was the fx-iendand the assistant of 
 his brother, and as being more happily gifted 
 ^^ith the powers of eloquence, he attended 
 him in all his interviews with Pharaoh in 
 Egypt, and in his conferences with the peo- 
 ple of Israel. Though he grievously offend- 
 ed God by making a calf of gold, as the repre- 
 sentative of the divinity, which had conduct- 
 ed his nation safe through the Red Sea from 
 the perils of Egypt, b e was permitted to be- 
 come the first high priest. This sacred of- 
 fice bestowed upon liim excited discontent 
 among the friends of Koi^ah and his asso- 
 ciates, but Aaron exercised it Milh nonoiir Snd 
 VOL. T. '2 
 
 AA 
 
 fidelity, and after investing; his sen Eleazai* 
 as his successor, he died m his 123d yeai-, 
 without being permitted to enter the prom- 
 ised land. 
 
 Aaron Raschid, a caliph of the Abas- 
 sides, distinguished by his conquests, and he 
 eccentricity of his character. Valiant ia 
 battle, he showed himself inhuman and per- 
 fidious towards the conquered, and ever made 
 the sacred dutiesof the sovereign subservient 
 to caprice, intemperance, or resentment. At 
 once master of the finest provinces of Asia 
 and Africa, his power extended from Spaia 
 to the banks of the Ganges, and exacted a tri- 
 bute from Nicephorus the Roman emperojc 
 of the East. He deserves our admiration for 
 the patronage which he afforded to literature 
 and to the arts. He was eight times victori- 
 ous in battle, and eight times paid his adora- 
 tion at the tomb of the prophet. Charle- 
 magne respected his character, and Aarou 
 in token of friendship presented to the Euro- 
 pean prince a clock the mechanism and con- 
 struction of which were regarded among the 
 prodigies of the age. He died A. D. 809 ia 
 the 23d year of his reign. 
 
 Aaron Schascou, a rabbi of Thessalo- 
 nica, celebrated for his writings. 
 
 Aaron, a British saint, put to death witli 
 his brother Julius, during Dioclesian's perse- 
 cution of the Christians, and buried at Caer- 
 leon in Wales. 
 
 Aaron, a presbyter and physician of Al- 
 exandria in the eighth century, who wrote 30 
 books or pandects on medicine in the Syriae 
 language. He is the first author who makes 
 mention of the small-pox and of the measles, 
 diseases which were introduced into Egypt 
 by the conquests of the Arabians about 640. 
 He was particularly explicit on the symptoms 
 and on the progress of these disorders; but 
 as his compositions are lost, and only scatter- 
 ed fragments are to be seen in the collec- 
 tions of Mohammed Rhazis, the moderns 
 must ever remain in ignorance of the origin, 
 and probable causes of these dreadful scour- 
 ges of the human race. 
 
 Aaron, Hariscon, a Caraite rabbi who 
 Mas known as a physician at Constantinople 
 in 1294, and who wrote a learned commenta- 
 ry on the pentateuch, besides annotations on 
 some of the books of the old testament, a He- 
 brew grammar, kc. 
 
 Aaron, Hacharon or Posterior, another 
 learned rabbi, whose -Nvritings are highly es- 
 
-; ... , . . AA ^ 
 
 teelutd by*tlie;Cai*ait& Jfcws. He was Lorn 
 . in Nicomedia 1.3^6/ Mfe wrote on the law of 
 ; J^to$eg,;diwI' particularly, on. the custoras of 
 ■his a'aiibn,' in' a treatise* ^t'ltlbd the Garden 
 of Ederi. ' I . . ," -* * '. ., . 
 
 A ARO N, Isaac, an interpreter of languages 
 at the court of Constantinople under llie 
 Commeni. He abused the confidence repo- 
 sed in him, and with unparalleled inhumanity 
 recommended to Andronicus, the usui'per 
 of his master's throne, to put out the eyes 
 and cut off the tongue of his enemies, a pun- 
 ishment which was afterwards inflicted on 
 himself by Isaac Angelas 1203. 
 
 Aaron Ben-Chaim, the chief of the 
 Jewish synagogues at Fez and Morocco in 
 the beginning of the 17th century. He wrote 
 commentaries on Joshua, the law, the pro- 
 phets, &c. 
 
 Aaron Bkn-aser, a learned rabbi in the 
 fifth century, to whom the invention of the 
 Hebrew points .and accents is attributed. 
 He wrote a Hebrew grammer, printed 151.T. 
 
 Aaron, a levite of Barcelona, who wrote 
 613 precepts on Moses, printed at Venice 
 1523. He died 1292. 
 
 Aarsens, Francis, a celebrated statesman, 
 son of the register of the United Provinces. 
 He was early initiated in politics, and at the 
 court of France, where he was the first hon- 
 ored and recognised as the ambassador of 
 Holland, he enlarged his understanding, and 
 acquired the knowledge and the arts of ne- 
 gociation under Henry IV. and his ministers 
 Villeroi, Rosni, Silleri, See. Flattered by 
 the people, esteemed by the monarch, and 
 raised to the honors of nobility, he contin- 
 ued 15 years the representative of his na- 
 tion, till either the popularity or tlie jealousy 
 of the court procui'ed his recall. He after- 
 wards was employed in the same capacity at 
 Venice, and in other lUdian states, and he 
 was one of those who negociated in England 
 for the marriage of William of Orange with 
 the daughter of Chai-les I. A persuasive elo- 
 quence and the arts of dissimulation and in- 
 trigue were united in Aarsens with an im- 
 posing appearance of bluntness and rustic 
 simplicity, and rendered him at once dan- 
 gerous and successful, so that Richelieu, who 
 knew and employed his abilities, acknowledg- 
 ed that he shared with Oxenstiern of Swe- 
 den and Viscardi of Montserrat the honor 
 of being the most consummate politician of 
 his age. He died in an advanced age, and 
 his son had the singular reputation of being 
 the most opulent citizen of Holland. He 
 left behind him an account of all the embas- 
 sies in which he was engaged, and from the 
 accuracy,, the judgment, and the exactness 
 in which his papers are drawn up and ar- 
 I'anged, we derive a further proof of his 
 genius and his perseverance. Memoirs of 
 hixn were published by Bu Maurier. 
 
 Aarsens or Aert sen, Peter, surnamed 
 Longo from his tallness, was born at Amster- 
 dam 1519, where he also died in his 6Gth 
 year. Though brought up like his father to 
 the profession of a stocking maker, he was 
 at last permitted, by the entreaties of Jiis 
 
 AB 
 
 mother, to follow the bent of his genius, and at 
 1 8 he began to study painting, architecture, 
 and perspective. At Antwerp, were he mar- 
 ried, and where he was admitted a member 
 of the academy of painters, he gave proofs 
 of his superior talents, and in his first pieces 
 particulai-ly excelled in representing the 
 utensils of a kitchen. A painting of the 
 death of the Virgin for an alter piece at Am- 
 sterdam was highly esteemed, and another 
 equally deserved the warmest admiration, 
 in which he represented the crucifixion with 
 the executioner in the act of breaking with 
 an iron bar the legs of the two thieves. 
 This last was torn to pieces in a public in- 
 surrection 1566, and so unguarded was the 
 painter in his complaints and reproaches on 
 the occasion that the ferocious populace were 
 with difficulty prevented from murdering 
 him. He left 3 sons who also engaged ia 
 his profession. 
 
 Aartgen or Aertgen, the son of a 
 wookomber at Leyden, who, after following 
 his father's occupation, turned his thoughts 
 to painting, in the prosecution of which he 
 acquired reputation and consequence. Re- 
 gardless of the conveniences of life he was 
 visited by Floris of Antwerp, and rejected 
 the patronage and society of this amiable and 
 disinterested friend, declaring he found great- 
 er gratification in his mean cottage than in 
 the enjoyment of opulence. He was habit- 
 ually intemperate, and as he never touched 
 his pencil on Mondays, he devoted those'days 
 with his pupils to festivity and drunkenness. 
 He was drowned in the canals of the city in 
 tlie night as he amused himself according to 
 his usual custom in playing through the 
 streets on the gerraan flute. 
 
 Aba, brother in-law to Stephen tlie first 
 Christian king of Hungary, defeated Peter 
 who had succeeded his uncle on the throne, 
 and after he had banished him to Bavaria he 
 usurped the crown. 1041 or 1042. He dis- 
 graced himself by his cruelties, and after be- 
 ing conquered in a battle by the emperor 
 Henry III. he was saci'ificed to the resent- 
 ment of his oftended subjects, 1044. 
 
 Abaffi, Michael, son of a magistrate of 
 Hermanstad, rose by his abilities and in- 
 trigues, to the sovereignly of Transylvania, 
 in 1661. He bravely assisted the Turks, and 
 became formidable to the emperor of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Abaca or Abaka, a king of Tartary 
 whose ambassadors were introduced in 1274 
 to the ecclesiastical synod of Lyons. He 
 conquered Persia, and proved a powei'ful 
 and formidable neighbor to the Christians 
 whohad settled at Jerusalem. He died 1282. 
 
 Abano, vid.AvoNO. 
 
 Abaris, a Scythian philosopher, the his- 
 toiy of whose adventures as mentioned by 
 Herodotus and others appears more fabulous 
 than authentic. 
 
 Abas, Schah, was seventh king of Persia 
 of the race of the Sophis. He v. as brave and 
 active, and enlarged the boundaries of his 
 dominions. He took conjointly with the En- 
 glish forces 1622 the island of Oi mus which 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 had been in the possession of the Portuguese 
 122 years. He died 1 629 in the 44th year 
 of his reign, and obtained from his grateful 
 and admiring subjects the surname of great, 
 and of restorer of Persia, He had made 
 Ispahan his capital. 
 
 Abas, Schah, the great-grandson of the 
 preceding, succeeded his father in lG42in 
 his 13th year. He took Candahar from the 
 Moguls, and valiantly resisted the attacks of 
 300,000 besiegers. Blessed with an enlarged 
 understanding he patronised the Christians, 
 and promise*! by deeds of benevolence and 
 liberality to rival the greatest heroes of an- 
 tiquity, when he was cut oft" by the lues ven- 
 erea in his 37th year, Sep. 25, 1666. 
 
 Abassa, an officer who revolted against 
 Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, and af- 
 terwards was employed against the Poles 
 1634 at the head of 60,000 men. The cow- 
 ardice of his troops robbed him of a victory 
 -which his courage, his abilities, and his am- 
 bition seemed to promise, and he was stran- 
 gled by order of the Sultan. 
 
 Abassa, a sister of Aaron Raschild, whose 
 hand was bestowed by her brother on Giafar 
 on condition that she abstained from the 
 marriage rights. The promise was forgot- 
 ten : the birth ef a son that was secretl} sent 
 to Mecca to be brought up incensed the em- 
 peror, and the husband's life was sacrificed 
 by the tyrant, and Abassa reduced to pover- 
 ty. There are still extant some Arabic ver- 
 ses which beautifully celebrate her love and 
 her misfortunes. 
 
 Abas SON, an impostor, who, under the 
 character of the gi-andson of Abas the great, 
 obtained the patronage of the court of 
 France and of the grand seignior by whose 
 orders he Avas at last beheaded. 
 
 Abats, Andrew, a painter born at Na- 
 ples and engaged in the service of the Span- 
 ish king. He died 1732. His fruit pieces 
 and landscapes were admired. 
 
 Abaxj2.it, Firmin, born at Uzes 11th 
 November 1679, fled from the i^ersecution 
 Avhich attended his parents on account of 
 their profession of protestantism, and retired 
 to Geneva where he found protection and 
 peace. As he had early lost his father, his 
 education was promoted by the care of his 
 mother, who had the happiness to discover 
 tliat the small remains of her shattered for- 
 tune were amply compensated by the im- 
 provement of her son. Geneva was tlie seat 
 of literature as well as of freedom, and 
 Abauzit was soon distinguished for his su- 
 perior progress in every branch of polite 
 learning, but particularly mathematics and 
 natural history. In Holland he became the 
 friend of Bayle, of Jurieu, and Basnage ; in 
 England he was honored with the friendship 
 of St. Evremond and the correspondence of 
 Newton ; and William HI. invited him, by 
 offers of liberal patronage, to settle in his 
 dominions; but the remembrance of Geneva, 
 the asylum of his infant yeai's, made him 
 decline the generosity of the monarch. The 
 fruits of his literary labors were few, un- 
 ambitious to appear before the pubticj he 
 
 chose rather to assist his friends than solicit 
 fame in his own person. He however applied 
 himself to antiquities, and as he was now 
 enrolled among the citizens of Geneva and 
 appointed public librarian, he showed his 
 gratitude by republishing Spon's history of 
 this favorite city, which he enriched with 
 two dissertations, and other valuable explana- 
 tions. As he grew in years, he continued to 
 increase in fame, and it must be mentioned 
 to his praise that he was flattered by Vol- 
 taire and complimented by Rousseau, He 
 was an Arian in religion, but his sentiments 
 were liberal and humane. He died March 
 20th 1767. 
 
 Abb AD IE, James, D, D. a celebrated 
 protestant minister born at Nay in Berne 
 1654, or according to others 58. After im- 
 proving himself in France and Holland, he 
 visited Prussia and settled at Berlin, at the 
 solicitation of the elector of Brandenburgh, 
 where, as minister of the French church, he 
 enforced the duties of religion and morality, 
 and gained by persuasive eloquence the favor 
 of the prince and people. After his patron's 
 death he iiccompanied the duke of Schom- 
 berg to Holland and to England, and after 
 the battle of the Boyne, he was patronised 
 by king William, whose cause he ably sup- 
 ported by his pen, and was made minister 
 of the Savoy, and afterwards advanced to the 
 deanry of Killaloe in Ireland. He died in 
 London soon after his return from a tour to 
 Holland, Sept. 23, 1727. Well informed as 
 a writer, eloquent as a preacher, and as a 
 man virtuous and charitable, he was univer- 
 sally respected ami beloved. His writings 
 were mostly on divirjty, and they acquired 
 unusual popularity, especially his treatise on 
 the Christian religion. He also published a 
 defence of the revolution, and, at the request 
 of William, an account of the late con- 
 spiracy in England, com])iled from the ma- 
 terials furnished by the earl of Portland 
 and secretary Trumbull. 
 
 Abbas, Kalli, a physician, and one of the 
 Persian magi, who followed the doctrines 
 of Zoroaster. He wrote A. D. 980, a book 
 called royal work, at the request of tlie ca- 
 liph's son, to whom he has dedicated it, in 
 the pompous and bombastic language of the 
 East. It was translated into Laliji by Ste- 
 phen of Antioch 1127, Avhich is now extant. 
 Abbas, the uncle of Mahomet, opposed 
 the ambitious views of the impostor, but 
 when defeated in the battle of Bedr, he was 
 not only reconciled to his nephew but he 
 warmly embraced his religion, and thanked 
 heaven for the prosperity and the grace 
 which he enjoyed as a mussulman. He ac- 
 quired fame as the interpreter of the verses 
 of the koran, and more powerfully served 
 the cause of Mahomet at the battle of Ho- 
 nain by recalling his dismayed troops to the 
 charge, and inciting them boldly to rally 
 round their prophet who Avas near expiring 
 under the scymetars of the infidel Thake^ 
 sites. His son, of the same name, became 
 still more celebrated by his knowledge of 
 the korau. Abbas was regarded with so 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 Jiiucli veneration that the caliphs Omar and 
 Othraan never appeared before him without 
 «iismounting from their horses, and saluting 
 him with the most profound humility. He 
 died in the 32d year of the hegira; and 
 100 years after, Abulabbas Saffa, his grand- 
 son, investing himself M'ith sovereign power, 
 laid the foundation of the dynasty of the 
 Abbassides, which continued to be transmit- 
 ted in his family from father to son 524 
 years, during an uninterrupted succession of 
 37 caliphs, till they were dispossessed by 
 the Tartars. Abbas Abdallah, the grand- 
 son of Abbas, the uncle of the prophet, was 
 also distinguished as a teacher of the sacred 
 book : as, before he was 10 years of age, he 
 was said to have received inspiration from 
 the angel Gabriel, whose communications 
 "with Mahomet were frequent and numerous. 
 He died in the 68th year of the hegira, and 
 ■was univei'sally lamented as the most learn- 
 ed doctor of mussulmanism. 
 Abbassa, vid. Abassa. 
 Abbategio, Marian d', an ecclesiastic 
 of the 14th century, who rose by his abilities 
 to be governor of Aquila. 
 
 Abbatissa, Paul, a famous Sicilian poet 
 horn at Messina 1570. He translated into 
 Italian verse Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and 
 Ovid's Metamorphoses. 
 
 Abb I ATI, Philip, an historical painter of 
 Milan, who died 1715, aged 75. 
 
 Abbon, a monk of St. Germain des Pr^s, 
 Avho was present at the siege of Paris by the 
 Normans at the close of the 9th century. 
 lie wrote an account of tliis event in 1200 
 verses in execrable Latin, but, however, va- 
 luable for its fidelity and impartial minute- 
 ness. It is in Duchesne's collection, and 
 it has since been edited by Duplessis, 1753. 
 Abbon, de Fleury, an ecclesiastic of Or- 
 leans, who after dis])laying his superior abili- 
 ties in every branch of polite literature at 
 Paris and Rheims, became abbot of Fleury, 
 and supported with vehemence and energy 
 the rights of the monastic order against the 
 intrusions of the bishops. He was employed 
 by king Rol)ert to appease pope Gregory V. 
 vho wished to place the kingdom of France 
 imdcr an inter(lict, and he proved successful 
 at Rome. He was killed in a quarrel between 
 the French and Gascons 1004, whilst he en- 
 deavored to introduce a reform in the abbey 
 of Reole in Gascony. Besides canons in 
 which he explained the duty of kings and 
 subjects, there is a volume of his letters ex- 
 tant, printed 1087, in folio. 
 
 Abbot, George, son of a -clothworker 
 and archbishop of Canterbury, was born at 
 Guihlford in Surrey 29th Oct. 1562. After 
 receiving his education at the grammar 
 school in his native town he became a mem- 
 ber and fellow of Baliol College in Oxford, 
 where he soon after distinguished himself as 
 a preacher. His popularity recommended 
 him tn favor ; he was chosen master of 
 University College in 1599, installed dean 
 of Winchester, and after serving three times 
 with dignity and moderation the office of 
 Tice-chancclloi', he was consecrated bishop 
 
 of Lichfield and Coventry 1609. His learn- 
 ing was universally respected, as before hia 
 elevation to the episcopal chair, he was the 
 second of the Oxford divines Avhom king 
 James appointed to translate the new testa- 
 ment, except the epistles ; and as a negocia- 
 tor he was employed ta estabUsh and ce- 
 ment an union between the churches of 
 England and Scotland, where his address^ 
 his eloquence, and moderation were par- 
 ticularly conspicuous. After a rapid trans- 
 lation to the see of London he was, on the 
 death of Bancroft, 1610, raised to the pri- 
 macy, and in this high situation he main- 
 tained his character unspotted, and neither 
 submitted to the arbitrary mandates of des- 
 potic power, nor exercised the ecclesiastical 
 authority in the establishment of unmeaning 
 ceremonies, or in shackling the judgment or 
 devotion of the people. In his zeal for the 
 protestant faith he promoted the union of 
 the ])rincess Elizabeth with the elector pala- 
 tine, and he strenuously withstood the influ- 
 ence which James exerted to make him de- 
 clai»e in favor of the divorce between the 
 daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and the royal 
 favorite Robert earl of Essex. He refused 
 to sanction the mandate by which James 
 permitted sports and pastimes on the Lord's 
 day, and he forbad it to be publicly read at 
 Croydon, where he then was. The evening 
 of his life was darkened by a melancholy 
 event, which his enemies wished to convert 
 to his disgrace and degradation. As he 
 amused himself wit-li a crossbow in the 
 grounds of lord Zouch at Bransill in Hamp- 
 shire, where he retired for recreation every 
 summer, he accidently killed the park keep- 
 er by an arrow which he aimed at a deer. 
 This homicide was attended with a settled 
 melancholy in the archbishop, who, as aa. 
 atonement for the accident, granted an an- 
 nuity of 20^. to the widow, and ever alter 
 once a month observed the fatal day, Tues- 
 day, in penitence and prayer. His conduct 
 howev'er was misrepresented, and though 
 James remarked that " an angel might have 
 miscarried in this sort," a commission of ten 
 persons was directed to inquire whether he 
 was incapacitated from performing the duties 
 of his office. He was honorably restored to 
 his functions, the king passing a pardon and a 
 dispensation by which he was cleared from, 
 all scandal, irregularity, or infaraation. From 
 infirmity he was unable to attend the coun- 
 cils, though he was present at the last illness 
 of the king, and he assisted at the corona- 
 tion of Charles I. But his influence now 
 began to decrease at court ; the intrigues of 
 Buckingham poisoned the ears of the young 
 monarcli; and when the archbishop in 162r 
 refused to license a sermon of Dr. Sibthorpe, 
 which justified, by unconstittitional means, 
 the raising of a loan, he was disgracefully 
 dismissed "from the powers of primate, and 
 ordered to withdraw to Canterbury, while 
 the episcopal authority was exercised by 
 commission by five prelates. He was how- 
 ever soon after restored to his full preroga- 
 tive ; but neither the threats of his powertul 
 
AB 
 
 enemies, nor the enmity of Latid and Buck- 
 ingham, could prevail against his determi- 
 nate zeal in support of the rights of the sub- 
 ject, and the liberty of conscience. He did 
 not long preserve the royal favor, he died at 
 Croydon on the fifth of August 1G33, in his 
 71st year, and was buried according to his 
 . direction in the church of Holy Trinity at 
 Guildford, where a stately monument was 
 erected over his grave by his brother Mau- 
 rice. In his general character Abbot was 
 moderate and inoftensive ; though a rigid 
 Calvinist, he recommended to his clergy ra- 
 ther to gain the public esteem by morahty 
 than claim it as a due to their office. He was 
 benevolent and humane, and among other 
 acts of chai'ity he endowed, with an income 
 of 300Z. a year, a hospital at Guildford for the 
 support and maintenance of the poor. His 
 publications were chiefly divinity, besides 
 some treatises occasioned by the situation of 
 the times. 
 
 Abbot, Maurice, youngest bi'Other of the 
 archbishop, acquired consequence in com- 
 mercial affairs, and was employed in the di- 
 rection of the East India company's concerns, 
 respecting the Molucca Islands, which were 
 in the hands of the Dutch. He was employed 
 in 1624 in establish! g the settlement of 
 Virginia, and he was the first person on 
 •whom Charles I. conferred the honor of 
 knighthood. Raised by industry to opulence 
 and distinction, he was elected representative 
 for London, and in 1038 was raised to the 
 mayoralty of the city, a high office, which he 
 adorned by the amiableness of his manners, 
 and the goodness of his heart. He died Jan. 
 10th, 1640. His son George was of Merton 
 college, where he took the degree of LL.13. 
 1630, and. he distinguished himself during 
 the civil wars in defending Caldecote Hall in 
 Warwickshire, against the attacks of prince 
 Maurice and Rupert. He died 1648, Feb. 4, 
 aged 44. He published a paraphrase on Job 
 1640, — Vindicise Sabbati 1641,— brief notes 
 on the Psalms 1651. 
 
 Abbot, Robert, D. D. eldest brother of 
 the two preceding, was born at Guildford, 
 and educated at Baliol college. After a short 
 residence at Worcester, and at Bingham in 
 Nottinghamshire, he was elected master of 
 his college 1609, where he supported the 
 respectability of his station by enforcing obe- 
 dience, regularity, and temperance in the 
 society. His eloquence as a preacher re- 
 commended him to further patronage ; he 
 •was appointed chaplain to the king, and re- 
 gius professor of divinity at Oxford, and in 
 this office he neglected np opportunity to sup- 
 port the reformation, and warn his audience 
 against the insinuations of popery. Laud 
 •was one of those who felt the severity of his 
 orator)', and in a discourse in which the prea- 
 cher inveighed against the arts of the puri- 
 tans and the friends of the Romish church, 
 the eyes of the audience were fixed upon the 
 future archbishop, and created confusion and 
 shame. On the vacancy of Salisbury, 1615, 
 ihe king rewarded the labors of Abbot by 
 nominating him to ^e see, and he was con- 
 
 S' 
 
 AB 
 
 secrated by his brother at Lambeth. The 
 infirmities of a sedentary life however check- 
 ed the intended improvements and reforma- 
 tions of the new prelate. He died March 
 2d, 1617, in his 58th year, and was one of 
 the five bishops who in six successive years 
 Avcre installed at Salisbury. He was buried 
 in his cathedral. His writings though few 
 were principally controversial, and some of 
 his manuscripts were presented to the Bod- 
 leian Library, by Dr. Corbet, who had mar- 
 ried one of his daughters, and who was recr 
 tor of Haseley, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Abb'; Thomas, the German translator of 
 Sallust, and the admired author of a treatise 
 *' on merit," and of another '* of dying for 
 one's country," was born at Ulm and died at 
 Buckeberg 1766, aged 28. 
 
 Abdalcader, a Persian, who was great- 
 ly revered by the mussulmans for his learn- 
 ing, his piety, and the sanctity of his manners. 
 His prayers breathed the spirit of Christiani- 
 ty : Almighty God, said he, in his devotions, 
 I never forget th}^ bounty ; my adoration is 
 perpetually directed to thee, deign therefore 
 sometimes to remember and pity my infir- 
 mities. 
 
 Abdallah, father of Mahomet, was a 
 slave and a driver of camels, who however 
 possessed such merit according to the follow- 
 ers of the prophet, that his hand was solicited 
 in marriage by the fairest and the most vir- 
 tuous of the women of his tribe. He was thea 
 in his 75th or 85th year, but so universally 
 admired that on the night of his nuptials 100 
 young females expired in despair His wife, 
 though long barren, at last became mother 
 of Mahomet. 
 
 Abdallah, son of Zobair, was proclaim- 
 ed caliph of Mecca and Medina, after the 
 expulsion of Yesid. After enjoying the sove- 
 reignty for four years he was besieged ia 
 Mecca by the successor of Yesid in Syria, 
 and he was sacrificed to the ambition of his 
 rival, 733. 
 
 Abdallah, a son of Yesid, celebrated 
 as a mussulman lawyer in the 7th century. 
 
 Abdallah, son of Abbas, endeavored 
 to raise his family on the ruins of the Ommi- 
 ades. He was defeated by his rivals, and -A- 
 terwards, on pretence of reconciliation, he 
 was perfidiously murdered 754. 
 
 Abdalmalek, son of Marvan, was 5th 
 caliph of the Ommiades, and began to reiga 
 685. He surpassed his predecessors in mili- 
 taiy exploits, and extended his power as far 
 as Spain in the west and India in the east. 
 His avarice however was unbounded. He was 
 called Abulzebab, because his breath was so 
 offensive that it killed the very flies that set- 
 tled on his lips. He reigned 21 years, and 
 was succeeded by Valid the eldest of his 16 
 sons. 
 
 Abdalmalek, the last of the caliphs of 
 the race of the Samanides, was dethroned 
 and murdered by Mahmoud 999, after a 
 short reign disgraced by effeminacy and 
 weakness. 
 
 Abdalkahman or Abderames, vid. 
 Abderames., 
 
AB 
 
 (h 
 
 AB 
 
 Abdas, a bishop in Persia, who, hy incon- 
 siderately abolishing a Pagan temple of the 
 «un, excited the public indignation against 
 himself and his religion. He was the first 
 victim of a persecution which called for the 
 interference of Theodosius the younger in 
 favor of the Christians, and which during 30 
 years produced war, carnage, and desolation, 
 between the Roman and Persian empires. 
 
 Abdemelek, king of Fez and Morocco, 
 was dethroned by his nephew Mahomet, but 
 by the assistance of the troops sent him by 
 the Sultan Selim, he defeated Sebastian king 
 of Portugal, who had landed in Africa to sup- 
 port the usurper. The two African mon- 
 archsand Sebastian fell on the field, 1578. 
 
 Abderames, a caliph of the race of the 
 Omniiades. He was invited into Spain by the 
 Saracens who had revolted from Joseph, and 
 after he had conquered the whole kingdom 
 he assumed the title of king of Corduba, and 
 the surname of Just, though his cruelties and 
 ravages were unequalled in the Spanish his- 
 tory. He died 790, after reigning 32 years. 
 
 Abderames, a Saracen general of the 
 caliph Hescham, who after conquering Spain 
 penetrated into Aquitain and Poitou, and 
 ■was at last defeated by Charles Martel near 
 Poitiers, 732. 
 
 Abderames, a petty prince in the king- 
 dom of Morocco. He murdered Amadin his 
 predecessor and nephew, and was himself 
 after a long reign assassinated by a chieftain 
 whose death he niediUUed because he presu- 
 med to court his daughter, 1505. 
 
 Abdias, a native of Baby Ion, who preten- 
 ded to be one of the 72 disciples of our Sa- 
 viour. He wrote a legendary treatise called 
 Historiacertalninis Apostolici, which was ed- 
 ited and translated into Latin by Wolfgang 
 Lazius, 13asil 1571, and is full of contradic- 
 tion aud absurdity. 
 
 Abdissi, a patriarch of Assyria, who 
 paid homage to pope Pius IV. 1562, and ex- 
 tended the power of the Romish church in 
 the east- 
 
 AbdoI'Onymus, a Sidouian of the royal 
 family, taken from the obscure occupation 
 of gardener and placed on the throne by Al- 
 exander the Great. 
 
 Abdon, a Persian, v/ho suffered martyr- 
 dom in support of Christianity under the per- 
 secution of Decius, 250. 
 
 Abdulmumen, a man of obscure origin, 
 but of superior talents, who seized the crown 
 of Morocco, by destroying the royal family 
 of the Almoravide race, and who extended 
 his dominions by the conquest of Tunis, Fez, 
 and Tremecen. He meditated the invasion 
 of Spain, when death stopped his career 
 1156. His son Joseph H. carried his views of 
 ambition into effect. 
 
 Abeille, Gaspard, a native of Riez in 
 Provence, 1648. His wit procured him the 
 friendship of the marechal de Luxembourgh, 
 who at his death recommended him to the 
 prince of Conti, and the duke de Vendorae. 
 His animated conversation proved agreeable 
 to his patrons, and his witticisms were at- 
 tended Avith peculiar effect when delivered 
 
 with all the grimace of a wrinkled and de- 
 formed countenance, artfully distorted, to ex- 
 presss the most ludicrous and comic ejacula- 
 tions. He was at the head of a priory, and 
 had a place in the French academy. Besides 
 odes and epistles he wrote several tragedies, 
 one comedy, and two operas, in a style lan- 
 guid, puerile, and uninteresting. He died at 
 Paris, 21st May, 1718. 
 
 Abeille, Scipio, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was surgeon in the regiment of Picardy, 
 and he published an excellent history of the 
 bones, 12mo. 1685, besides some poetry and 
 a treatise relative to the employment which 
 he held in the army, in 12mo. 1G69. He died 
 1697. 
 
 Abel, second son of Adam, was cruelly 
 massacred by his brother Cain, because his 
 sacrifice was accepted by the Almighty with 
 greater favor than that of his murderer. 
 This remai'kable portion of sacred history 
 has been beautifuly enlarged ui)on in the ele- 
 gant and interesting performance of Gesner 
 the German poet- 
 
 Abel, king of Denmark, and son of Val- 
 diraar H. quarrelled with his eldest brother 
 Eric, and when he had invited him to a re- 
 conciliation he ferociously murdered him and 
 usurped his throne 1250. He was killed in 
 battle two years after, during an insurrection 
 of the Prisons, occasioned by his extortions 
 and the severity of his taxes. 
 
 Abel, Frederick Gottfried, a native of 
 Halberstadt, who abandoned divinity for the 
 pursuit of medicine, and took his doctoi*'s de- 
 gree at Konigsberg 1744. He published a po- 
 etical translation of Juvenal in German 1788, 
 and after practising with great success in his 
 native town died there 1794 aged 80. 
 
 Abel, Charles Frederick, an eminent mu- 
 sician whose performances on the viol di- 
 gamba were much admired. He died 20th 
 June 1787. 
 
 A B e L a, John Francis, a commander of the 
 order of Malta, known by an excellent work 
 called Malta illustrata in four books in folio 
 1647, in which he gives an account of the 
 island. 
 
 Abelard, Peter, a native of Palais near 
 Nantz in Britany, born 1079, who became 
 celebrated for his learning and his misfor- 
 tunes. Blest with a retentive memory and 
 great acuteness of genius he made unusual 
 progress in logic, and wielded the weapons 
 of subtile disputation with admirable dexter- 
 ity. After being the pupil and friend of 
 William de Champeaux, a famous professor 
 of philosophy at Paris, he declared himself 
 his rival, and opened a school at Melun, 
 which he afterv/ards removed to Cabeil, 
 where the display of his abilities drew num- 
 bers of pupils, and added stability to his re- 
 putation. Illness, however, interrupted his 
 career, and after two years spent with his 
 family in Britany he returned to Paris, and 
 by the superiority of his mental powers he 
 had the interest to gain the professorial 
 chair which the successor of Champeaux re- 
 signed to become the pupil of this famous 
 logician. But envy soon drove hiin from his 
 
AB 
 
 ■r 
 
 AB 
 
 elevation, and after violent strug:gles with 
 Champeaux and his partisans, Abelard aban- 
 doned the field and retired toLaon, where he 
 applied himself to the study of divinUy. 
 Here he brought on himself the resentment 
 of Anselm, who delivered lectures on theol- 
 ogy, and he again retired to Paris, where 
 las explanations'of Ezekiel gathered around 
 liim the respect and the attention of a crowd- 
 ed audience. Naturally vain of his person, 
 which was elegant, graceful, and engaging, 
 and not unconscious of the' reputation which 
 his learning had acquired, he listened to the 
 applauses of one sex, and received with avid- 
 ity the admiration and the praises of the 
 other. His success had rendered him opu- 
 lent ; but amongst those whose favors he boas- 
 ted he could gain, he selected Heloise, whom 
 her uncle Fulbert, a canon of Paris, was am- 
 bitious to render as superior to her sex in 
 learning as she was in personal charms. With 
 this view the artful Abelard was easily per- 
 suaded to board in the house, and he was 
 now intrusted with the education of the ob- 
 ject of his heart, whose improvement he 
 was exhorted by the unthinking Fulbert to 
 promote by compulsion and even by stripes. 
 The moments intended for mental instruc- 
 tion were soon devoted to love, and, as he 
 says himself, our studies now furnished us 
 •with that privacy and retirement which our 
 passion desired. In this enjoyment of un- 
 lawful pleasures Abelard forgot the duties of 
 his public life for the company of Heloise ; his 
 lectures were delivered with unconcern and 
 remissness, and soon his pupils ceased to fre- 
 quent his school. The passion of the lovers 
 however was unveiled to the public eye, but 
 Fulbert alone remained unconscious of the 
 guilt of the preceptor until the situation of 
 the unfortunate Heloise at last filled him with 
 I'emorse and resentment. Abelard fled from 
 the house, and persuaded soon after Heloise 
 to retire to his sister's house in Britany, 
 where she gave birth to a son, whom she cal- 
 led Astrolabus. The indignation of the un- 
 cle was pacified by offers of marriage from 
 Abelard, who wished probably to recover 
 the public esteem rather than to regain the 
 confidence of Fulbert ; and Heloise, though 
 actuated by the singular wish of being the 
 ' mistress rather than the wife of the man she 
 loved, with difiiculty consented. The nup- 
 tial blessing was pronounced in private ; but 
 whilst Fulbert wished the union to be pub- 
 licly known, Heloise disdained to acknow- 
 ledge it, and even solemnly denied it with an 
 oatli. Her conduct irritated Fulbert, and 
 Abelard removed her from his pursuit to the 
 convent of Argenteiiil, where „she assumed 
 the religious habit but not the veil. This 
 however incensed the resentment of her 
 family, who seemed to dread further treach- 
 ery from the lovers, and ruftlans were hired 
 by their intrigues, who in the dead of night 
 introduced themselves into the unsuspecting 
 husband's chamber and inhumanly depi'ived 
 him of his manhood. Abelard fled upon 
 this to a cloister, where he concealed his 
 fonfusion from the public eye by assuming 
 
 the habit of St. Dennis. Here the immoral- 
 ity of the monks roused his indignation, and 
 after he had wandered on the territories of 
 the count of Champagne, and been exposed to 
 the persecution of an ecclesiastical council at 
 Solssons, he retired to a solitary place in the 
 diocese of Troyes, where he built an orato- 
 ry ; to which he gave the name of the Pa- 
 raclete. His reputation and his misfortunes 
 here drew around him a number of pupils, 
 and by his eloquence the solitude of his re- 
 sidence was converted into a populax* assem- 
 blage of theologians and philosophers. Ne>(>- 
 persecutions however again awaited him ; 
 St. Bernard attacked him with such viru- 
 lence and envy, that he left Troyes and fled, 
 to the abbey of Ruis in the diocese of Vali- 
 nes, where the monks had elected him their 
 superior. Itmighthowever be some conso- 
 lation to him in his misfortunes to dedicate 
 the Paraclete to the residence of Heloise and 
 her sister nuns, who had been driven from 
 Argenteuil. He had scarcely entered upon 
 his office at Ruis than the monks, whose dis- 
 sipated morals he wished to reform, began to 
 persecute him, and even to attempt his life 
 by poison. His writings on the Trinity like- 
 wise brought upon him the accusation of 
 heresy from the archbishop of Sens, and as 
 he demanded to make his defence, a council 
 was assembled, in which Lewis VII. assisted, 
 and St. Bernard appeared as the accuser. 
 Abelard was terrified at the solemnity of the 
 scene, and, instead of defending himself, he 
 (leclared, that he appealed to Rome, and im- 
 mediately left the assembly. His conduct 
 was considered as irreverent, and as a prooC 
 of his guilt; and pope Innocent II. was so- 
 licited by the council to condemn his wri- 
 tings to the flames, and his person to perpet-' 
 ual imprisonment. The sentence however 
 was delayed by the intercession of Peter the 
 venerable abbot of Clugni. Abelard was re- 
 ceived again into the bosom of the church 
 and even reconciled to his persecutor St. 
 Bernard. In the peaceful retreat of Clugni, 
 in the company and friendship of Peter, who 
 had received the melancholy Avanderer with 
 hospitality and compassion, the husband of 
 Heloise forgot his misfortunes, and in his in- 
 tercourse with the monks he exemplified the 
 virtues of humility and resignation, which he 
 frequently enforced to them with the elo- 
 quence of youth. He died soon after at the 
 abbey at St. Marcelluson the Saon near Cha- 
 lons, April 21st, 1142, in the 63d year of his 
 age, and his remains were claimed by the un- 
 fortunate Heloise, who deposited them ire 
 the Paraclete, and -who, while she paid 
 honor to his memory as the founder of her 
 house, still remembered him -with the keen- 
 ness of anguish as the former object of her 
 love. She survived him till the 17th May, 
 1163, and was buried in the same tomb, where 
 her bones still repose, though removed to a 
 diflerent part of the church ; and an inscrip- 
 tion and monument, raised by madame de 
 Courcy, the abbess, in 1780, point out the 
 venerated spot. The loves of Abelard and 
 Heloise have been immortalized by the X)cn 
 
6f Pope ; but the geniusfof the poet however 
 brilliant cannot throw a veil over the failings 
 of the man. If we execrate the conduct of 
 Abelard to Heloise while in the house of Ful- 
 bert, we cannot but contemplate with in- 
 creased indignation the coldness and indif- 
 ference with which he treats in his letters the 
 affections and the friendship of the abbess of 
 the Paraclete. Whilst he languished during 
 the decline of life under the unmanly ven- 
 geance of Fulbert, he forgot that Heloise 
 once virtuous had sacrificed her name, her 
 honor, and happiness to his passion. The 
 ■writings of Abelard are mostly on divinity or 
 logical subjects, but his letters excite inter- 
 est from the sensibility, the animation, and 
 the elegance which Heloise has infused into 
 thera. A voluminous life of these two lov- 
 ers has been published in English by Bering- 
 tou. 
 
 Abell, John, an English musician, known 
 for a fine countertenor voice, and his skill on 
 the lute. Charles IT. in whose service he was, 
 intended to send him to Venice, to convince 
 the ItaUansof the musical powers of an Eng- 
 lishmaii, but the scheme was dropped, and 
 Abell at the revolution was dismissed from 
 the chapel royal for his attachment to pope- 
 ry. He quitted England, and after various 
 adventures in Holland and German)', in the 
 midst of opulence and of poverty, he at last 
 reached Warsaw where he was invited to 
 court. He evaded the invitation, till obliged 
 to attend in consequence of a second order, 
 he found himself in the midst of a large hall, 
 seated in a chair which was suddenly drawn 
 up opposite a gallery were the king appeared 
 ■with his nobles. At the same instant a num- 
 ber of bears were let loose below, and the ter- 
 rified musician was ordered by the king to 
 choose either to sing or be let down among 
 the ferocious animals. Abell chose to sing, 
 and afterwards declared he never exerted 
 liimself with such successful powers before. 
 lie returned to England, where he published 
 a collection of songs dedicated to king Wil- 
 liam 1701. He visited Cambridge in queen 
 Anne's reign, but did not meet with the pat- 
 ronage he expected The time of his death 
 is unknown. He is supposed to have had 
 some secret by which he preserved the natu- 
 ral powers of his Aoice to his last moments. 
 
 Abell A, a female writer born at Salerne 
 in the reign of Charles of Anjou. Among 
 other books on medicine she wrote a trea- 
 tise dc atni hili. 
 
 Abelli, Lewis, a native of Vexin Fran- 
 cois, who was made bishop of Rhodes. Af- 
 ter three years' residence he abdicated his 
 episcopal office, and chose rather to live in 
 privacy at St. Lazare in Paris, in the bosom 
 of literary ease. He died thtre 1691 in his 
 88th yeai*. He published among other works 
 Medulla theologica, and his works are often 
 quoted by the protestants against the elo- 
 quence of Bossuet and of the catholics, in 
 the support of their worship of the virgin. 
 The style of Abelli was Jiarsh and inelegant, 
 
 Abend.A-NA, Jacob, a Spanish Jew who 
 died 16S5, prefect of the .synagogue in Lon- 
 
 fy 
 
 AB 
 
 dou. He wrote a Specilegium, or Hebrew- 
 explanation of select passages in the scrip- 
 tures, much esteemed, and published at Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Abenezra, Abraham, a Spanish rahbi, 
 surnanied the wise, great and admirable, for 
 the extent of his learning. Though skilled 
 in geometry, astronomy, and poetry, he pre- 
 ferred the explanation of the scriptures, in 
 which his zeal was often manifested by th© 
 boldness of his conjectures. His commenta- 
 I'ies are highly valued, and also his Jesud 
 mora, in which he recommends the study of 
 the Talmud. He died 1174, aged about 75, 
 after liaving acquired and deserved the re- 
 putation of one of the greatest men of his 
 age and nation. 
 
 Abexgnefil, an Arabian physician of 
 the l'2th century, who wrote a treatise de 
 virtutibus medicinarum and ciborum, little 
 known, folio, Venice 1581. 
 
 Abenmelek, a learned rabbi who wrote 
 in Hebrew a commentary on the bible which 
 he called the perfection of beauty, Amster- 
 dam 1661 in folio, translated into Latin in 4to. 
 and 8vo. 
 
 Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, au English 
 general celebrated for his bravei-y. He ear- 
 ly devoted himself to the military service, 
 and in 1760 obtained a lieutenancy in the 
 third of dragoon guards, and two years af- 
 ter he became captain of the third regiment 
 of horse, and in 1773 lieutenant-colonel of 
 that corps. As his ambition was to distin- 
 guish himself in the service of his countrj 
 he studied the duties of the military profes- 
 sion, and when he rose to the title of major- 
 general in 1787, the rank was due to his mer- 
 its and to his experience. When, in the re- 
 volutionary war of France, England deter- 
 mined to support the cause of Austria and 
 of humanity, Sir Ralph was one of the gal- 
 lant officers employed, and in the famous 
 action on the heights of Cateau he conduct- 
 ed himself with such bravery that he was 
 particularly noticed in the dispatches of the 
 royal commander in chief. Ever foremost 
 in feats of danger or gloiy. Sir Ralph was 
 slightly wounded at the affair of Nimegucn ; 
 and in the winter of 171)6, when the treache- 
 ry of the Dutch rendered the conti.manceof 
 the English troops no longer necessary in 
 Holland, he had the care of the retreat of his 
 brave countrymen. So much valor did iiot 
 pass unrewarded Avith the ministry; after 
 supporting the honor of the British arms in 
 the West Indies as commander in chief and 
 reducing several of the enemies colonies, he 
 was made a knight of the bath, governor of 
 the Isle of Wight and forts Geoi-ge and Au- 
 gustus, and raised to the rank of lieutenant- 
 general. When Ireland was distracted by- 
 faction, and a jirey to seditious leaders, no 
 officer seemed better calculated to restore 
 order and confidence, and to suppress rebel- 
 lion than Sir Ralph : and during his resi- 
 dence in the sister island his whole time was 
 laudably devoted to the health and discipline 
 of his troops and to the re-estabhshment of 
 concoi'd and mutual attachment among tlic 
 
AB 
 
 jaative Irish. In the attack made on Holland 
 by the English Sir Ralph bore a conspicuous 
 part, and the landing at the Helder and the 
 subsequent actions evinced not only the bra- 
 very of his troops, but the judicious arrange- 
 ment and military skill of their heroic leader, 
 ■whose abilities even tbe French themselves 
 ■were eager to admire and commend. In the 
 Egyptian expedition, the popularity of the 
 veteran chief niarked him as destined to 
 gather li'csh laurels for his country. After 
 a long delay on the shores of the Mediter- 
 ranean, which seemed to argue almost timi- 
 dity, Sir Ralph soon convinced the enemy 
 that every noble exertion in the field of hon- 
 or and glory can be expected from a British 
 army. He landed at Aboukir, in spite of the 
 obstinate opposition of the French, eighth 
 March 1801, and advanced boldly towards 
 Alexandria. On the 'ilst March a bloody 
 battle was fought between the two armies, 
 and the French, who had attempted to seize 
 the English by surprise, found themselves 
 unable to withstand the impetuosity of their 
 opponents, and retired dismayed and con- 
 quered. This brilliant victory however was 
 dearly bought; Sir Ralph, whilst animating 
 his troops, received a musket bail in the hip, 
 and dietl seven days after on board the fleet. 
 His remains were conveyed to Malta, and 
 there interred in the great church, where a 
 noble monument with a becoming inscrip- 
 tion records his meritorious services. This 
 illustrious hero, whose character was so 
 well delineated by his brave successor Lord 
 Hutcliinson, received in his decendants the 
 noblest marks of respect which a grateful 
 people can pay. The a[iplauses of the na- 
 tion were seconded by the appi'obation of 
 the king and the parliament; and the hon- 
 ors of the peerage were granted to his wi- 
 dow and to his children. Sir Ralph was des- 
 cended from an ancient and respectable fa- 
 mily in Scotland, and one of his brothers, 
 likewise engaged in the military service of 
 his country, fell at the melancholy affair of 
 Bunker's hill in the American war. Anoth- 
 er brother has also acquired high distinction 
 in the army. Sir Ralph was member of 
 parliament for Kinross from 1774 to 1780. 
 
 Abercrom BY, Thomas, M. D. a native of 
 Forfar, who after studying medicine in the 
 imiversities of Saint Andrews and Leyden, 
 became physician to James 11. by renouncing 
 the protcstant religion. Tbe revolution soon 
 after dismissed him from the court, and he 
 applied himself to celebrate the martial 
 achievements of Scotland in 2 vols. fol. in the 
 1st of which he isfabulous and disgusting, but 
 in the 2d learned and instructive, and well 
 acquainted with the history of the l4th and 
 15th centuries. He wrote besides a treatise 
 on wit, no longer known; but he never dis- 
 tinguished himself in his profession. He di- 
 ed 1726 aged 70, and was buriedin Holyrood- 
 house abbey. 
 
 Ab ERNE THY, John, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born at Coleraine in Ireland, October 
 19th, 1680. He was early removed to Scot- 
 *bnd where he escaped the miseries vhich 
 VOL. T. 3 
 
 7 
 
 AB 
 
 his family endured at the siege of Derry ; and 
 after he had finished his studies at the uni- 
 versity of Glasgow, and obtained the degree 
 of M. A. he returtied to Ireland, and was"Sooa 
 after appointed minister of the dissenting con- 
 gregation of Antrim. His attempts to convert 
 the catholics in his neighborhood met with 
 success; but the concerns of religion were 
 for a while disregarded whilst he pursued with 
 more zeal than prudence the views of the 
 Belfast nonconformists, a society whose mea- 
 sures would have eventually proved dange- 
 rous to the peace and tranquillity of the coun- 
 try. Unpopularity was the consequence of 
 these rash proceedings, and Abernethy, aban- 
 doned by his congregation and forsaken by 
 his friends, retired to Dublin, where he be- 
 came the pastor of a small society in Wood- 
 street, and for ten years displayed modera- 
 tion in opinions and exemplary manners. 
 He died of the gout December 1740 in the 
 60th year of his age. He left several vol- 
 umes of sermons much esteemed, which 
 were published 1748, and to which an ac- 
 count of his life was prefixed. 
 
 Abgarus, a king of Edessa, famous for 
 the letter which he is said to have sent to our 
 Saviour, and for the answer he received. 
 This legend, first divulged by Eusebius, who 
 asierted that he copied it from the public 
 recoi'ds of Edessa, has been sufficiently re- 
 futed by Spanheim, Du Pin, and Lardncr, 
 though supported by Cave and Pearson as 
 founded on fact. 
 
 Abgillus, son of the king of the Frisii, 
 was surnamed Prester John. He was in the 
 Holy land with Charlemagne, and afterwards 
 it is said went to Abyssinia where he made 
 extensive conquests. He is the reputed au- 
 thor of a history of his journey and of that of 
 Charlemagne into the East. 
 
 Abiafhar, son of Abimelech, was the 
 high priest of the Jews, and the friend and 
 fellow sufferer of David. After that mon- 
 arch'sdeath he espoused the cause of Adoni- 
 jah, in consequence of which he was depo- 
 sed from his office by the successful prince 
 Solomon and sent into banishment 1014 B. C. 
 
 Abigail, wi.fe of Nabal, averted by her 
 submissive demeanor the vengance which 
 her husband's insolence towards David had 
 brought upon him. The monarch, struck 
 with her beauty, married her after Nabal's 
 death 1057 B. 0. 
 
 Abijah, son of Rehoboam, was king of 
 Judah after his fatiier 958 years before 
 Christ. He made war against Jeroboam 
 king of Israel, and defeated him, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Asa one of his 22 sons. 
 
 Abiosi, John, an Italian physician and as- 
 tronomer, at the beginning of the 16th cen- 
 tury. His dialogue on astrology was in great 
 esteem. 
 
 Ablancourt, wV/. Perrot. 
 
 Able or Abel, Thomas, a chaplain at the 
 court of Henry VIII. His attachment to the 
 cause of queen Catherine, whose innocence 
 he ably supported, brought upon him the re- 
 sentment of the tyrant. He was accused as 
 conQerned in the affair of the holy maid of 
 
AB 
 
 y^? 
 
 AB 
 
 Kent, and afterwards by the king's order he 
 ivas sentenced to die on pretence of deny- 
 ing his supremacy. He was executed July 
 SOth, 1540, His writings are now lost. 
 
 Ab:^er, son of Ner, was Saul's uncle, and 
 bis faithful general. After the monarch's 
 death, he wished to place lahbosheth on the 
 throne, but afterwards followed the cause of 
 David, whom he served with fidelity and 
 lion or. He was i>ei*fidiously slain by Joab, 
 and buried with great magnificence by his 
 master, who honored his remains with an 
 epitaph, 1048 13, C, 
 
 Aboubeker, vid. Abubeker. 
 
 Abougehel, one of the enemies of Ma- 
 homet and of his religion. Though his son 
 Acraraas became a convert to the tenets of 
 the impostor, yet the father was fo^ ever 
 shut out from the blessings of paradise ; and 
 so violent is the reseutment of the mussul- 
 maus against this first enemy of their pro- 
 phet, that they call the fruit coloquintida, or 
 cucumis asiniaus, in contempt, the melon of 
 Abougehel. 
 
 Abou-hanifah, surnamed Al-nooman, 
 a celebrated doctor among the raussulmans, 
 born in the SOth year of the hegira. Though 
 he was imprisoned at Bagdatby the violence 
 of a caliph, and though he died in his con- 
 finement, yet his learning, his virtues, and 
 moderation found partisans in the east, and 
 335 years after his decease the sultan Me- 
 likshah erected a noble mausoleum in the ci- 
 ty where his remains M'ere deposited ; and 
 there were not wanting enthusiasts who de- 
 clared that his name was enrolled in the old 
 testament, and that his birth had been fore- 
 told as well as that of the proi)het. What- 
 ever honors however Abou hanifah received 
 from this zeal of posterity and from his ad- 
 mirers who assumed the name of Hanifah- 
 ites, they were due to his temperance, to 
 his exemplary life and the mildness of his 
 character. 
 
 Abo ir-josEPH, a learned mussulman, ap- 
 pointed supreme judge of Bagdat by the ca- 
 liphs Hadi and Aaron Raschid. He suppor- 
 ted the tenets of Aboa-hanifali, and main- 
 tained the dignity of his office by impartiality. 
 When he Avas one day reproached for his 
 ignorance of one of the causes brought be- 
 fore him, for the decision of which he re- 
 ceived an ample allowance, he jocosely re- 
 plied, that he received in proportion as he 
 knew ; but, says he, if I was paid for all I do 
 not know, the riciies of the caliphat itself 
 ■would not be sufficient to answer my de- 
 mand. 
 
 Aboulaina, a mussulm.an doctor, cele- 
 brated for his wit. When Moses, son of 
 the caliph Abdalinalek, put to death one of 
 his friends, and afterwards spread a report 
 that he had escaped, Aboulaina, on hearing 
 the circumstance, said in the words of the 
 lawgiver of the Hebrews, Moses smote him 
 and he died. The sentence was reported to 
 the prince, and Aboulaina was summoned to 
 appear. Instead of dreading the threats of 
 the oppressor of his friend, he boldly replied 
 ill the words of the following verse in Exo- 
 
 dus, Wilt thou kill me to-day as thou killedsfr 
 the other man yesterday ? The ingenuity of 
 the expression disarmed the anger of Moses, 
 who loaded him with presents. 
 
 Abou-lola, an Arabian poet, born at 
 Maora in 973. Though he lost his sight ia 
 the 3d year of his age by the small-pox, yet 
 his poetry was animated, and his descriptions 
 beautiful and interesting. He became a 
 brahmiuj and devoted himself faithfully to 
 the abstinence and mortifications of that sect, 
 and died 1057, 
 
 Abou-navas, an Arabian poet, whose 
 merit was protected and encourage*l at the 
 court of A»aron Raschid. 
 
 Abou-rihan, a geographer and astrono- 
 mer, who employed 40 years of his life 
 in travelling through the Indies. Though 
 highly Cateenied by the mussulraans, he 
 has few pretensions lO superiority of merit. 
 
 Abrabanei., Isaac, a Jew of Lisbon, 
 who pretended to be descended from David 
 king of Israel. He was employed in offices 
 of importance by Alphonso V. king of Por- 
 tugal ; but on the accession of John II. he 
 shared the disgrace of the ministry, and 
 either, from the consciousness of guilt or 
 the apprehension of persecution, he fled 
 to Spain, where he applied himself to liter- 
 ature. His fame recommended him to Fer- 
 dinand and Isabel, but when the Jews were 
 banished from Castillo, he yielded to the 
 storm which neither his intrigues nor his 
 influence could avert. He found an asylum 
 at the court of Ferdinand king of Naples, but 
 upon the defeat of the next monarch Al- 
 phonso, by the French armies under Charles 
 VIII. he retired to Corfu, and at last to 
 Venice, where he died in 1508 in his 71st 
 year. He was buried with great pomp at 
 Padua without the walls of the city. Though 
 engaged during the best part of his life in 
 the tumult and the intrigues of courts^ Abra- 
 banei cultivated literature in his hours of 
 privacy and retirement. Blessed with a 
 strong mind, he wrote with facility, but the 
 persecutions which his nation had suffered, 
 and which he himself had shared in all their 
 bitterness, envenomed his pen, and scarce 
 any thing was composed which did not 
 breathe the most violent invectives against 
 Christianity, and tlie most vehement desire 
 of revenge. His writings are chiefly com- 
 mentaries or explanations of scripture. 
 
 Abraham, the patriarch, was born at 
 Ur in Chaldea, A. M, 2004. He lived at 
 Haran in Mesopotamia with his father Te- 
 rah wlio was an idolater, and there he M'as 
 informed by God that he should become the 
 progenitor of a great nation. He left Haraa 
 and went with his wife Sarah and his ne- 
 phew Lot to settle at Sichem, and from 
 thence in consequence of a famine passed in- 
 to Egypt. On his return to Bethel he sep- 
 arated from Lot, as their flocks were too 
 numerous to continue in the same 'company, 
 and he afterwards rescued him when violent- 
 ly seized and plundered by the princes of 
 the country. Despairing of raising children 
 by Sai'ali, he had a son, Ishraael, by Hag-, 
 
AB 
 
 // 
 
 AB 
 
 >.is Egyptian slave, and aftei' wards was pro- 
 mised by the message of an angel that his 
 wife, tiiough 90 years old, should bear him 
 a son, and his name was by divine command 
 changed from Abram, into Abraham, or the 
 father of a great multitude. The promised 
 son, Isaac, was born in due time, and the 
 rites of circumcision established ; but no 
 sooner had Isaac readied his 25th year than 
 God, to try the fidelity of the fatljer, de- 
 manded the sacrifice of his favorite son. 
 Abraham obeyed, and seized the knife to 
 slay his son, when an angel from heaven 
 stopped his hand, and substituted a ram for 
 the burnt sacrifice. After Sarah's death 
 Abraham married Keturah, by whom he had 
 six sons. He died in his I75th year. 
 
 Abraham, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit in 
 the diocese of Toul in Lorraine, who was for 
 17 years divinity professor at Pont a Mous- 
 son, where he died September 7th, 1655, in 
 his GGth year. His writings were on theolo- 
 gical subjects, besides some commentaries on 
 the classics. 
 
 Abraham, Ben-choila, a Spanish rabbi 
 skilled in astrology. He prophesied that 
 the coming of the Messiah expected by 
 the Jews would be in 1358. He died 1303. 
 He was author of a treatise on the figure of 
 the earth. 
 
 Abraham, Usque, a Jew of Portugal, 
 though Arnaud considers him as a Christian. 
 He undertook with Tobias Athias to trans- 
 late the bible into Spanish in the 16th cen- 
 tury ; but though accuracy seems to per- 
 vade the whole, yet it is justly viewed as a 
 compilation from preceding Chaldee para- 
 phrases and Spanish glps.saries. Another 
 edition was published for the use of the Span- 
 ish Christians, and the difference of the two 
 translations is j>articularly observable in 
 those passages which appeal to the faith and 
 belief of the readers. 
 
 Abraham, an emperor of die Moors of 
 Africa in the 12th century. He was dethron- 
 ed by his subjects, and his crown usurped 
 by Abdulmumen. 
 
 Abrosi, John, an Italian physician. He 
 ■wrote a dialogue on astrology, 4to. Venice 
 1494, which is to be found in the index ex- 
 purgatorius. 
 
 ABRU2.XO, Balthasar, a Sicilian, known 
 for his abilities as a philosopher and a civil- 
 ian. He died 1665, aged 64. 
 
 Abru2.^o, Peter, a Neapolitan architect, 
 in the 17th century. His taste and genius 
 were displayed in the beautiful edifices he 
 erected in several cities in Italy. 
 
 Absalom, son of king David, was dis- 
 tinguished for his pei-sonal acquirements, his 
 popularity, and his vices. He became the 
 murderer of his brother Ammon who had 
 defiled his sister Tamar, and he afterwards 
 headed a rebellion against his father. He 
 was slain by Joab, and his death was bitterly 
 lamented by David, about 1030 B. C. 
 
 Absalom, archbishop of Lunden in Den- 
 mark, is celebrated as the minister, the fa- 
 vorite, and the friend of Waldemir. He 
 displayed his abiUties not only in the cabinet 
 
 but in the field as a general, dnd at sea a* 
 the commander of the fleet. To these 
 great qualities he added the virtues of a most 
 humane and benevolent heairt. He died uni- 
 versally regretted 1202. 
 
 Abstzmius, Laurentius, a native of Ma- 
 cerata, in the march of Ancona, who lived 
 at the time of the revival of learning in Eu- 
 rope. His abilities recommended him to 
 the duke of Urbiuo who patronised him. 
 His writings were chiefly explanations of 
 difficult passages, besides a collection of 100 
 fables after the manner of JEsop, Phaidrus, 
 Avienus, kc. in which he frequently, lashes 
 the vices of his age, especially the immoral- 
 ity of the clergy. 
 
 A BUBEKER, father-in-law of Mahomet, 
 was elected his successor, in opposition to Ali 
 the son-in-law of the prophet. He suppor- 
 ted with energy the fabric erected by the 
 arts of the impostor, and reduced by con- 
 quest several of the Arabian tribes who 
 wished to abandon the new doctrines to re- 
 turn to the religion of their fathers. After- 
 wards Abubeker turned his arms against 
 foreign nations, and by the valor of his ac- 
 tive general K haled at the head of 36,000 
 men, he defeated an army of 200,000 men 
 whom the Greek emperor HeracHns had sent 
 to ravage the borders of Syria. His victories 
 however were of short duration, a slow fe- 
 ver wasted his vigor, but before he died he 
 appointed for his successor Omar a valiant 
 chieftain, and after a reign of two years and 
 six months he expired in his 63d year. He 
 was buried in the tomb of Mahomet. 
 
 Abucara, Theodore, the metropolitan 
 of Caria, who abjured the tenets of Photius 
 to which he had some time adhered, and 
 obtained a seat in the synod held at Constan- 
 tinople 869. He wrote several treatises 
 against the Jews and Mahometans, which 
 have been published. 
 
 Abudhaher, the father of the Carma- 
 tians in Arabia, spread his doctrines by his 
 eloquence as well as by the SM'ord. He not 
 only opposed the religion of Mahomet, but 
 plnndered and insulted the temple of Mecca, 
 and carried away the black stone which 
 was superstitiously believed to have fallen 
 from heaven. His violence was not checked 
 by the Mussulmans, and he died in j)eaceful 
 possession of his extensive dominions 953. 
 
 Abulfaragius, Gregory, son of a Chris- 
 tian physician, was born at Malatia near the 
 source of the Euphrates. He followed liis 
 father's prejfession, but afterwards applied 
 himself to the stud}^ of the eastern languages 
 and of divinity, and so great was his progress 
 that he was ordained bishop of Cuba in his 
 20th year, from whence he was afterwards 
 translated to Lacabena and Aleppo. Though 
 he gave way to the su])erstitions of his time, 
 he is to be remembered with gratitude for 
 the Arabic history which he wrote, divided 
 into dynasties. This excellent book, whitJi 
 is an epitome of universal history from the 
 creation to his own time, has been published 
 with a Latin translation 1663 by Dr. Pocoke, 
 who has added a short continuation on the 
 
AG 
 
 y^ 
 
 AC 
 
 history of the east. Abulfaragius died in his 
 60th year 1286, and bis memory was deser- 
 vedly honored with the highest encomium 
 which liis nation could bestow. 
 
 Abulfeda, Ismael, succeeded liis bro- 
 theras kipgofllaraath in Syria 1342. When 
 a private man he distinguished himself by his 
 researches in geography, and published in 
 Arabic an account of the regions beyond the 
 Oxiis, which was first edited by Grsevius 
 with a Latin transhition, London 1650, and 
 more recently by Hudson, Oxfbrd 1712. 
 Abulfeda, who had passed some part of his 
 life in England, died in 1345 in his 72d year. 
 
 Abulgasi-bayatur, khan of the Tar- 
 tars, Mas descended from the great Zingis, 
 and as his youth was spent in the school of j 
 adversity, misfortunes and experience fitted " 
 him for the government of a state. After a 
 reign of 20 years, during whicli he was res- 
 pected at home and abroad, he resigned the 
 sovereigntT to his son, and retired to devote 
 him self to (iterature. He wrote a genealogi- 
 cal history of the Tartars, which though oc- 
 casionally disfigured by conceited terms, and 
 various interpolations from the Koran, is 
 truly valuable, as the only Tartar history 
 known in Europe. It has been translated 
 into German and French. Fie died 1663. 
 
 Abulola, wc?. Abo u LOLA. 
 
 Abu-meslem, a mussulman governor of 
 Khorasan, who in 746 transferred the dignity 
 of ctdiph from the family of the Ommiades 
 to that of the Abbassides, and by that revo- 
 lution occasioned the death of above 600,000 
 men. The caliph Almansor, whom he had 
 supported by his services, cruelly seized him 
 and threw him into the Tigris, 754. 
 
 Abun^dius, a bishop of Come in Italy, 
 who assisted at the council of Constantinople, 
 as the representative of Leo, and died 469. 
 
 .'S BUNOWAS, an Arabian poet, deservedly 
 patronised with other learned men by Aaron 
 Kaschid. He died 810. His works are still 
 extant. 
 
 Abu-obeidah, a friend and associate of 
 Mahomet. He extended his conquests ove^ 
 Palestine and Syria, and died 639. * 
 
 Abu-said-ebn-aljaptu, a sultan, the 
 last of the family of Zingis-khan. After his 
 death 1335, the empire Mas torn by civil 
 dsicord and ambitious chieftains. 
 
 Ab''SA1d-mirza, a man of enterprise, 
 "who, during the civil dissensions between 
 Uleg Beg and his sojis, placed himself at the 
 head of an army, and declared himself inde- 
 pendent. He fell at last in an ambush, and 
 was killed 1468, aged 42. 
 
 Ing hut one eye, was the founder of the sect 
 of the Acaciani. When elevated to the epis- 
 copal dignity, he opposed Athanasius, and 
 hastened the banishment of Liberius from 
 Rome. He was himself deposed by the 
 coimcil of Sardica, and died 365. He wrote,- 
 among other works, the life of Eusebius 
 whose pupil and successor he was at Ciesarea. 
 
 AcACius, patriarch of Constantinople af- 
 ter Genriadius 471, established the superi- 
 ority of his see over the eastern bishops, by 
 his adulation and his intrigues with the em- 
 peror Zeno. He was opposed by pope Fe- 
 lix, but secure in the imperial protection he 
 derided the thunders and the excommunica- 
 tions of Rome. He died 489. 
 
 AcACius, a bishop of Berea in Syria, 
 who, though distinguished by learning and 
 piety, persecuted Chrysostpm and Cyril ot* 
 Alexandria. He assisted at the council of 
 Constantinople 381, in which were present 
 150 bishops. He died 432 in a very advan- 
 ced age. 
 
 AcACitJS, a bishop of Amida on the Ti- 
 gris, who sold the sacred vessels of his 
 churches to ransom 7000 Persian slaves, 
 which generous action produced a peace be- 
 tween the Persian king and Theodosius the 
 younger. 
 
 AccA-LAURENTiA, a womau celebra- 
 ted in Roman history as the nurse of Romu- 
 lus and Remus. She was the wife of the 
 shepherd Faustulus, or according to others 
 she was a common prostitute. 
 
 AccA, bishop of Hexham, was author of 
 treatises on the sufferings of the saints, and 
 other divinity works. He was a great pa- 
 tron of learned men, and contributed much 
 to the embellishment of his cathedral. He 
 died at Hexham 1740. 
 
 AccARisi, James, a native of Bologna, 
 professor of rhetoric at Mantua. He pub- 
 lished some learned works and died October 
 1654. 
 
 Accetto, Reginald, an Italian, author of 
 a thesarus of the Italian tongue, died at Na- 
 ples 1560. 
 
 AcciAiOLi, Donatus, a native of Flo- 
 I'ence, who distinguished himself by hi» 
 learning, and by his pohtieal services to his 
 country. Besides several treatises he M-rote 
 commentaries on the ethics of Ai'istotle, 
 and translated some of the lives of Plutarch, 
 He died 1478 in his 50th year at Milan in his 
 journey to France as ambassador from the 
 Florentines to Lewis XI. to implore his as- 
 si.stance against the ambitious views of pope 
 i Sixtus IV. His fortune was discovered to* 
 
 Abv ieman, apoetin high repute among ! be so small that his daughters Mere portion* 
 
 the -(\rabians, and said to be inferior only to 
 Almotanabbi. The liberality of the cahphs 
 wht» patronised him was the constant theme 
 of his muse. He was born at Yasem be- 
 tween Damascus and Tiberias about 846. 
 The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Abvuese, wrote an history of Chaldea 
 and Assyria of which valuable composition 
 only a few fragments have been preserved by 
 Eusebius. 
 
 AcAcius, surnamedLuscus, from hav- 
 
 ed for marriage at the public expense, as a 
 mark of the gratitude of the country to the 
 virtues of the father. 
 
 AcciAioLi, Renatus, a noble Florentine 
 who conquered Athens, Corinth, and Bceo- 
 tia in the beginning of the llth century. As 
 he had no male issue by Eubois his wife, he 
 divided his conquests, and gave Athens to 
 the Venitians, Corinth to Theodorus Pal^o- 
 logus who had married his eldest daughter, 
 and Boeotia to his natural son Antony, who 
 
AC 
 
 ^S 
 
 AC 
 
 afterwards seized Athens, of •which his suc- 
 cesors were dispossessed by Mahomet II. 
 1455. 
 
 AcciAioLi, Zenobio, a learned ecclesi- 
 astic of Florence, who for 19 years was li- 
 hrai-ian to Leo X. at Rome. Besiiles seve- 
 ral treatises and sermons he published a col- 
 lection of Politian's epigrams. He died 1537. 
 
 AcciAioLi or AcciAUOLi, Angelo, a 
 learned cardinal, aixhbishop of Florence, 
 ■who wrote in favor of Urban VI. He re- 
 tained by his influence the Florentines faith- 
 ful to Rome^ against the opposition of f)e 
 Prata, who wished to seduce them to the 
 side of Clement VII. He died 1407. 
 
 AcciAioLi, Magdalen, a native of Flo- 
 rence, celebrated for her beauty, but more 
 for the powers of her mind. She was in 
 great favor with Christina duchess of Tusca- 
 ny, and wrote verses in a very pleasing and 
 elegant style. She began a heroic poem on 
 the persecutions of David, but died before its 
 completion 1610. 
 
 A c c I u s, Lucius, a Roman Latin poet about 
 170 B.C. 
 
 Ace I us Zuchus, an Italian poet of the 
 16th century, who has paraphrased some of 
 the fables of jEsop. He is highly commen- 
 ded by Jul. Scaliger, but perhaps undeserv- 
 edly. 
 
 AccoLTi, Benedict, a lawyer of Flo- 
 rence, but originally of Arezzo, secretary to 
 the republic. Besides an account of the 
 great men of his time, he has written an ele- 
 gant account in three books of the war of 
 the Christians against the Infidels, for the re- 
 covei'y of the Holy Land, from which Tasso 
 has drawn the foundation of his Jerusalem 
 delivered. His memory was so retentive 
 that he repeated verbatim the Latin ha- 
 I'angues of the Hungarian ambassador, on 
 his'introduction to the Florentine senate. He 
 died 1466, aged 51. 
 
 AccoLTi, Francis, brother to Benedict, 
 acquired an extensive reputation by the clear- 
 ness of his judgment, the graces of his elo- 
 quence, and his knowledge of jurfsprudence. 
 He aspired to the purple, but X^xtus VI. in 
 refusing it, flattered him with the compli- 
 ment that such a promotion would deprive 
 his pupils and the woi'ld of the advantages of 
 his instruction. He died in 1470, leaving a 
 large property accumulated by excessive par- 
 simony. He wrote some ill digested law 
 hooks, and incorrect translations of St. Chry- 
 sostom. As he was a native of Arezzo he is 
 sometimes called Are tin. Vid. A re tin. 
 
 AccoLTi, Peter, a son of Benedict, pa- 
 tronised by the popes, and raised to the dig- 
 nity of cardinal. He defended in his treati- 
 spes the right of tlie pope over the crown of 
 Naples, and died at Florence 1549, in his 52d 
 year. His brother Benedict, duke of JVepi, 
 distinguished himself as a poet; and his Vir- 
 ginia, a comedy, and some small poems are 
 mentioned as deserving celebrity. 
 
 AccoLTi, Benedict, a roan of violent pas- 
 sions, who conspired with five others to mur- 
 der Pins IV. on pretence that lie was not 
 lawfully elected. The frequent audiences 
 
 that he demanded of the pope rendered him 
 suspected ; he was seized, and with his com- 
 panions suffered capital punishment, 1564. 
 
 Accords,^ Stephen Tabourot, Seigneur 
 des, an advocate in the parliament of Uijon, 
 who distinguished himself by writing some 
 sonnets, and other light pieces of poetry. 
 His " Bigarrures," and " les Touches,'* 
 though filled with wit anil humor, yet con- 
 tain indelicate passages, under the name of 
 acrostics, rebuses, leonine verses, &c. His 
 title Avas imaginary, and borrowed from the 
 arms of his ancestors, which was ^a drum, 
 with the motto of " a tous accords." He died 
 July the 24th 1561, in his 46th year. 
 
 AccuRSE, Francis, a native of Florence 
 who became a professor of law at Bologna. 
 Though surnamed the idol of laAvyers, his 
 glossary, printed at Lyons, in 6 vols. fol. 
 1627, is both inelegant and incorrect. He 
 died about 1229, in jhis 78th year. His son 
 also distinguished himself as a lawyer at Tou- 
 louse. 
 
 AccuRSE, Marius Angelo, a native of 
 Aquilia in the 16th century, eminent for his 
 critical and literary abilities. His Diatribse 
 on ancient and modern authors, are a monu- 
 ment of his extensive erudition, and of the 
 delicacy of his taste. He also published Am- 
 mianus Marcellinus, besides notes on Ovid, 
 Solinus, Ausonius, and other classics; and he 
 made a valuable collection of MSS. 
 
 AcERBO, Francis, a native of Nocera, who 
 published some inferior poems at Naples, 
 1666, to sooth the pangs of his indisposition. 
 
 Ac ESI us, bishop of Constantinople, rigid- 
 ly maintained at the council of Nice, that 
 'those who had committed any sin after be- 
 ing baptised, ought not to be again admitted 
 into the church, though they might repent. 
 Constantine felt the severity of the remark, 
 and told the austere prelate, Acesius, make 
 a ladder for yourself and go to heaven alone. 
 
 AcH Van or AcHEN, John, an eminent 
 historical painter born at Cologne. He died 
 1621, aged 55. 
 
 AcHARDS, Eleazar Francis des, a native 
 of*Avignon, distinguished as much by his 
 learning as by his piety and great humanity to 
 the poor during a plague. He was nominated 
 bishop of Halicarnassus by Clement XII. and 
 soon after sent to China as apostolic vicar to 
 settle the disputes of the missionaries. Af- 
 ter four years of labors and danger, he died 
 at Cochin in 1741, aged 62. A tedious ac- 
 count of his mission had been published ia 
 three vols. 12mo. by Fabre his secretary. 
 
 AcH ALE N, a British sovereign in the sixth 
 century. When di-iven from his dominions he 
 took refuge in Wales. He is mentioned with 
 some commendation by Owen in his Cambri- 
 an biography, for having with his brother 
 Arthanad performed a difficult journey on 
 horseback up the Maelwg hills in Cardigan- 
 shire to avenge their father's death. 
 
 AcHERY, Dom Luc d', a native of St. 
 Quintin in Picardy, Avho displayed his learn- 
 ing as an ecclesiastic and an antiquary by sev- 
 eral valuable publications, particular!}^ edi- 
 tions of the Fathers. In private life he was 
 
AC 
 
 M 
 
 AC 
 
 ricispecteil and admired. He died at Paris 
 1685, aged 70. 
 
 AcHiLLiNi, Alexander, a Bolognese phy- 
 sician known by liis useful publications on 
 anatomy and medicine, published at Venice 
 1568 in folio. He gave the name of hammer 
 and anvil to two of the auditory bones, and 
 distinguished himself as the follower of Aver- 
 I'oes. He died in his 40th year 1512. 
 
 AcHiJ.LiNi, Philothcus, a relation of the 
 preceding, who wrote *' il viridario," a res- 
 pectable poem, to honor the memory of 
 Italian genius, and recommend morality. He 
 died 1538. 
 
 AcHiLLiNi, Claude, grand nephew of 
 Alexander, was distinguished for his know- 
 ledge of medicine, theology, and jurispru- 
 dence. As a professor of law he acquired re- 
 putation and honor at Parrna, Ferrara, and 
 Bologna, and gained the applauses of the sov- 
 ereign pontif. In poetry he shone amoiig 
 the learned of his age, and his well known 
 sonnet on the conquests of Lewis XHI, in 
 Piedmont, procured from Richelieu the lib- 
 eral present of a chain of gold worth 1000 
 crowns. He died at Bologna 1640 in his 66th 
 year. 
 
 AcHMET, I. emperor of Turkey, son and 
 successor of Mahomet HI. made war against 
 the Hungarians, and afterwards was engaged 
 in quelling the commotions of insurgents and 
 of rivals. He died 1617 in his SOth year, and 
 l4th of his reign. 
 
 AcHMET H. succeeded his brother Soly- 
 man III. 1691, on the throne of Constanti- 
 nople. He was unfortunate in his wars against 
 the Venetians and the Austrians, but his pri- 
 vate character was amiable. He died in 1695. 
 
 AcHMET III. son of Mahomet IV. was 
 placed on the throne by the heads of a fac- 
 tion which had deposed his brother Musta- 
 J»ha II. After he had artfully destroyed those 
 dangerous subjects, he endeavored to in- 
 crease the revenues of his empire by new 
 taxes and by an alteration of the value of the 
 current coin. He granted a friendly asylum 
 to Charles XU. of Sweden, after the battle 
 »f Pultowa, and the kindness and the hospital- 
 ity which marked the whole of his inter- 
 course with that uniortunate monarch are 
 entitled to the highest encomiums. Ach- 
 jnet made war against the Russians and Per- 
 sians, and conquered Morea from Venice, 
 but his armies were less successful against 
 Hungary ; and he was defeated by prince Eu- 
 gene at the battle of Peterwaradin. He was 
 preparing another expedition against Persia, 
 when an insurrection hurled him from his 
 throne, and exalted his nephew Mahomet V. 
 from a prison to assume the sovereign pow- 
 er. He died of an apoplexy 23d June 1736, 
 in his 74th year. 
 
 AcHMET Geduc, or Acomet, a cele- 
 brated general of the Ottoman empire, who 
 assisted Bajazet II. in obtaining the throne 
 1482,'by whom he was afterwards inhumanly 
 assassinated. 
 
 Ac II MET Bacha, a general of Solyman, 
 •who, when appointed governor of Egypt, re- 
 volted from his sovereign 1524, and assumed 
 
 the dignity of independent 6mperor, which 
 he deserved by his popularity, the firmness 
 of his government, and the amiablffness of his 
 character. He Avas soon after defeated by 
 Ibrahim the favorite of Solyman^ and his 
 head sent to Constantinople. 
 
 AcHMET, an Arabian, who wrote on the 
 interpretation of dreams. The original of this 
 puerile performance is now lost, but a trans- 
 lation of it was made in the ninth century, 
 and it was published in Greek and Latin by 
 Rigault 1603 in 4to. 
 
 AciDALius, Valens, a native of Wistock 
 in Brandebourg, who distinguished himself 
 by his extensive erudition, and published 
 learned notes on Q. Curtius. He died of a 
 fever before his 30th year 1595. 
 
 AcoLUTHus, Andrew, a learned profes- 
 sor of languages at Breslaw. He published 
 a treatise de aquis amaris, 4to. besides a La- 
 tin translation of the Armenian version of 
 Obadiah, 4to. Leipsic, and died 1704. 
 
 AcoNTius, a native of Trent, eminentas 
 a philosopher, divine, and civilian. He be- 
 came a convert to the protestant religion, 
 and found an asylum in the court of Engr 
 land, which he repaid by fulsome adulation! 
 to queen Elizabeth. His books met witlt 
 great popularity, especially his works of the 
 Stratagems of Satan, in which he wished to 
 reduce to a small compass the fundamental 
 doctrines of the Christian faith, and introdu- 
 ced an universal toleration in religious tenets. 
 He possessed extensive abilities and deep pe- 
 netration, but as he carried his ideas on re- 
 ligion too near scepticism, he drew upon 
 himself the odium of the clergy. The time 
 of his death is unknown. He was still living 
 in 1566. He wrote other works besides, but 
 his best performance is a treatise on the me- 
 thod of studying, printed Utrecht 1658. 
 
 AcosTA, Gabriel, divinity professor at 
 Coimbra, wrote a Latin commentary on the 
 old testament, published in folio, and died 
 1616. 
 
 AcosTA, Joseph, a provincial of the Je- 
 suits in Peru, was born at Medina del Cam- 
 po, and died at Salamanca 1600, in his 60th 
 year. Among his writings, his history natu- 
 ral and moral of the West Indies in Spanish 
 and translated into French, is particularly ce- 
 lebrated. As a missionary he laboured as- 
 siduously aiul successfully in the conversion 
 of the Americans. 
 
 AcosTA, UrieJ, a native of Oporto, edu- 
 cated in the Romish religion, which his fam- 
 ily tliough of Jewish extraction had embra- 
 ced by compulsion. Naturally of a timid and 
 superstitious mind, he directed his inqXiiries 
 to comprehend the means by which he might 
 escape eternal death, but finding himself be- 
 wildered in the writings and the spiritual 
 creeds of professors, he sunk under his ap- 
 prehension, and despaired of salvation. He 
 was at that time only in his 22d year, when 
 the passions often mislead the judgment; 
 but instead of pausing in silence and medita- 
 tion, he flew to Judaism, and expected to 
 find in the law of Moses what the religion of 
 Christ seemed to deny. With this view he 
 
AC 
 
 ys 
 
 AD 
 
 frerailed on his mother and brothers to 
 leave Portugal, Avhere the inquisition para- 
 lysed the powers of the mind, and to accom- 
 pany him to Holland. Here he was circum- 
 cised and admitted into the synagogue, but 
 soon found that the rabbis were followers of 
 Moses more in appearance than reality. He 
 exclaimed against their profanation of the 
 law, and his complaints were answered by 
 excommunication. Under this dreadful sen- 
 tence, in which he was not even permitted 
 to salute his brothers, Acosta maintained an 
 unyielding character, and even published a 
 treatise against the immortality of the soul, 
 and attempted to prove that the laws of Mo- 
 ses were not derived from God, but were a 
 mere political institution. His intidelity was 
 resented by the Jews, he was accused before 
 the magistrates, and the payment of a fine of 
 300 florins at last delivered him from the 
 horrors of imprisonment. Reflection now 
 operated upon his mind, and after an exclusion 
 of 15 years, he was again reconciled to the 
 synagogue, and renounced his errors. Fresh 
 imprudences however tarnished his sinceri- 
 ty, he was accused by his own nephew of not 
 conforming to the rites of Moses, in his eat- 
 ing and other particulars, and a second time 
 excommunicated. Seven years of persecu- 
 tion at last re-opened the door of the syna- 
 gogue ; but while he was promised forgive- 
 ness, he was artfully drawn into a submission 
 to the severest discipline, which produced 
 not only a public recantation of past errors, 
 but the infliction of the 59 scourges of the 
 law. This disgraceful treatment probably 
 roused his passions to the commission of sui- 
 cide. He attempted to shoot one of his prin- 
 cipal enemies as he passed through the 
 street, but missing in his aim, he immediately 
 shot himself ia the head with another pistol 
 1640, or according to others 1647. A few 
 days before his death it is supposed that he 
 wrote his exemplar humanse vitae, a bold in- 
 cc^erent composition. 
 
 AcQ^uAvivA, xid. Aquaviva. 
 
 AcRON, a physician of Sicily whoteheved 
 Athens during a plague by burning perfumes. 
 He lived about440B. C. One of the commen- 
 tators on Horace. His scholia were pubhsh- 
 ed in the edition of Basil in 8vo. 1527. 
 
 AcRONius, John, a mathematician of 
 Friesland, who wrote on the motion of the 
 earth. He died at Basle, 1563. 
 
 AcRONius, John, a Dutch writer of the 
 17th century, who wrote against the Romish 
 religion." 
 
 AcROPOLiTA, George, one of the Byzan- 
 tine historians in the 13th century, celebra- 
 ted for his knowledge of poetry, mathema- 
 tics,and rhetoric. He was emidoyed as am- 
 bassador and as governor at the court of 
 Constantinople, and was the means of a re- 
 conciliation and reunion of religion between 
 the two churches of the east and west, to 
 which he gave his solemn sanction in the 
 name of the emperor, at the second council 
 of Lyons 1274. His history was discovered 
 in the east by Douza, and published 1614. It 
 rs a faithful narrative of the public transac- 
 
 tions from 1205 to 1265. Acropolita is gene- 
 rally called Logothete, the name of the place 
 or chancellorship which he held. He died 
 about theyear 1283, aged 62. His sonConstan- 
 line distinguished himself also by the public 
 ofiices he filled at the court of the Palajologi. 
 
 AcTius or Azz.0, Yisconti, sovereign of 
 Milan, distinguished himself by his valor, 
 and the integrity of his government. He 
 died in his 38th year after a reign of 16 
 years, in 1355. 
 
 Act uarius, a Jew physician, who prac- 
 tised at Constantinople in the 13th century. 
 His treatises in Greek are chiefly drawu 
 from Galen, Paulus, and preceding medical 
 writers. He is the first who recommended 
 the mild purgative medicines of manna, sen- 
 na, cassia, &c. usedby the Arabians about 300 
 years before his time. His works on the- 
 rapeutics, on urines, and on the animal spi- 
 rits, kcare inserted in Stephens's medicse 
 artis principes, fol. 1567. It is said that in 
 honor of him the name of Actuarius is still 
 given to the physicians of the court. 
 
 AcuNA, Christopher, a Jesuit of Burgos, 
 employed as a missionary in America. He 
 published an interesting account of the Ama- 
 zon river on his return to Madrid 1641, and 
 the work has been translated into French, ia 
 4 vols. 12mo. 1G82. 
 
 Adair, James, an English lawyer of em- 
 inence, son of an army agent. He was in 
 parliament for Cockermouth in 1780, and 
 afterwards for Higbam Ferrers. He suc- 
 ceeded Serjeant Glynne as recorder of Lon- 
 don, and afterwards resigned that situation, 
 in which he had displayed integrity as well as 
 ability ; but his expectations of superior pre- 
 ferment were disappointed. He was one of 
 the lawyers employed in the prosecution of 
 the persons accused of high treason in 1794, 
 and conducted himself with great candour 
 and Hberality. He died 1798. Two extract* 
 were published by him called thoughts on 
 the dismission of ofiicers for their conduct in. 
 parliament, and observations on the power 
 of alienations of the crown, before the first 
 of queen Anne. 
 
 Adalard, or Adelard, son of count 
 Bernard, and grandson of Charles Martel, 
 was related to Charlemagne. On the di- 
 vorce of Ermengarda by the emperor, Ada- 
 lard left the court in disgust, and assumed 
 the religious habit at Corbie. He was how- 
 ever still patronised by the great, and made 
 prime minister of Pepin king of Italy ; but 
 he preferred solitude to the turbulence of an 
 elevated station, and founded the abbey of 
 New Corbie, or Corwey, in Saxony. He 
 died 2d Jan. 826, in his 72d year greatly la- 
 mented, as his virtues had procured him the 
 respect of the world, and his learning the ti- 
 tle of the Augustine of his age. Only frag- 
 ments of his writings remain. 
 
 Adalbe RON, archbishop of Rheims, and 
 chancellor of France, was known for his 
 great services as an ecclesiastic and as the 
 minister of Lothaire. He died 988. 
 
 Adalberon, Ascelin, bishop of Leon, 
 , meanly betrayed into the hand of Hogh Ca- 
 
AD 
 
 /e 
 
 AD 
 
 pet, Arnoul arch-Lishop of Rheinis, anil 
 Charles of Lorraine, tiie king's rival, who 
 had taken refuge under his episcopal protec- 
 tion. He diedlOSO. He published a satiri- 
 cal poem in 430 verses containing some cu- 
 I'ious historical facts. 
 
 Adalbert, archbishop of Prague, 
 preached the gospel among the Bohemians^ 
 and afterwards among the Poles, by whom 
 
 he was murdered 29t!» April 997. Another 
 
 of the same name, bisliop of Magdeburg, 
 converted the Sclavonians, and penetrated 
 far into Poraerania, as a Christian mission- 
 ary. He died at Presburg 20th June 981. 
 
 Another archbishop of Bremen, who became 
 very powerful in Denmark, and even obliged 
 the king to divorce his wife Gutha, because 
 she was somewhat allied to hini. Though 
 intriguing and violent, he possessed some 
 good qualities, and in 1072, he formed some 
 •wise regulations for the conduct of the cler- 
 gy and for the government of the kingdom 
 in civil and ecclesiastical aftairs. 
 
 Adalgise, son of Didier king of Lom- 
 bardy, opposed the power of Charlemagne 
 after the defeat of his father, but was at last 
 conquered, though supported b}- the troops 
 of Constantinople, and he was put to death 
 788. 
 
 Adat.oald, a king of Lombardy, who 
 ■was deposed by his ^nbjects for his oppres- 
 sion, as well as his incapacity, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his sister's husband Ariovald. He 
 died 629 in a private station. 
 
 Adam, the father of the human race, was 
 formed from the dnst, on the sixth day of 
 the creation, and placed in the garden of 
 Eden, from which he was banished for his 
 disobedience. This lera is fixed 4004 years 
 B. C. Adam lived 930 years after his ex- 
 pulsion from paradise ; and besides Cain, 
 Abel, and Seth, he had several other chil- 
 <lren whose names are not mentioned m 
 scripture. The name of Adamites was as- 
 .sumed in the 13th century, by some enthu- 
 siasts of Antwerp, who appeared naked in 
 their meetings, and pretended that since the 
 death of Christ men were restored to the 
 original innocence of Adam. These tenets, 
 which opened the door to eveiy lascivious- 
 riess, were also followed in Bohemia in the 
 15th century, and from thence passed into 
 Poland, where it is said they still exist. 
 
 Adam, Melchior, a protestant of Grot- 
 kaw in Silesia, remarkable for his learning 
 and his perseverance. After being appoint- 
 ed rector of a college at Heidelberg, he 
 published in four volumes the lives of illus- 
 trious men, who had flourished in Germany 
 and Flanders, during the 16th and 17th cen- 
 tury. Though the lives are not numerous, 
 yet the execution was laborious. Jle is how- 
 ever accused of partiality by the Lutherans, 
 vho consider him as too insignificant to pass 
 judgment on the merit and demerits of the 
 literati of Germany. He died in 1622. 
 
 Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, an ingenious 
 sculptor born at Nanci. He improved him- 
 self at Berlin, but the labors of his chisel 
 were rcserAed for the admiration of hiscoun- 
 
 tryrziea, aud to adorn the palaces of St 
 Cloud and Versailles. Kis Prometheus, and 
 Mars caressed by Love are most admired. 
 He died 17.59 aged 59. 
 
 Adam, Nicolas, brother of Lambert, imi- 
 tated and equalled him. He executed the 
 mausoleum of the queen of Poland at Bonse- 
 cours, besides other works equally admired. 
 He lost his sight some years before his death, 
 which happened 1778. 
 
 Adam, Francis Gaspard, younger brother 
 of the two preceding, excelled also like them 
 as an artist. He resided for some years in 
 Prussia, and died at Paris 1757, aged' 49. 
 
 Adam, Thomas, an English divine, born 
 at Leeds in Yorkshire, and educated in his 
 native town and at Wakefield school. He 
 was of Christ college Cambi-idge, but remo- 
 ved to Ilar-hall Oxford, where he took his 
 bachelor's <legree. He afterwards obtained, 
 the living of Wintringham, Lincolnshire, 
 where he resided for 58 years, an active, pi- 
 ous, and benevolent parish priest, and where 
 he died 1784 aged 83. He published lectures 
 on the church catechism, sermons, a pa- 
 raphrase of the 11 first chapters ot the Ro- 
 mans, and after his death appeared a collec- 
 tion of thoughts, to which his life is prefixed. 
 
 Adam, Billaut, a joiner of Nevers, better 
 known by the name of Master Adam. He 
 wrote poetry wJiile employed at his tools, 
 and his effusions wei'e often elegant and hap- 
 py. He was flattered by the great, and pa- 
 tronised by Richelieu, but he had the great- 
 ness of mind to refuse the pomp of Ver- 
 sailles for the tranquil obscurity of Nevers * 
 where he died 1662. His poems, though 
 once very popular, are now seldom perused. 
 
 Adam, Robert, an architect, born at Kir- 
 kaldy in Scotland, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh.*- He was possesed of a strong genius, i 
 and he improved himself by study and ap- 
 plication, and acquired in Italy a taste for 
 whatever is great, bold and magnificent. He 
 was patronised by George HI. but resigned 
 his employment of royal architect in 1768, on 
 being elected member for Kinross. The , 
 breaking of a blood ressel put a period to 
 his labors Marf h 3d, 1792, and he was buried, 
 in Westminster abbey. His talents had been 
 happily called into ac{ion by the public voice, 
 and not less than eight great public works 
 and 25 private buildings were designed the 
 year preceding his death, to remain as mon- 
 uments of his superior powers. 
 
 Adam, a canon of Bremen in the 17th 
 centui-y, who published an ecclesiastical his- 
 toryDf Bremen and Hamburg, in four books, 
 from the reign of Charlemagne to that of 
 the emperor Henry IV. edited 1670, in 4to. 
 
 Adam, St. Victor, an ecclesiastic at Par- 
 is, who published some theological treatises. 
 He died 1177. 
 
 Adam, Scotus, a monkish writer born in 
 Scotland and educated at the monastery of 
 Lindisferna, now Holy Island south of Ber- 
 wick, at that time famous for the learning 
 of its professors. He went to Paris and 
 taught divinity at the Sorbonne, but after- 
 wards becaipe a resident monk at Melross 
 
AD 
 
 y 
 
 7 
 
 AD 
 
 and Durham, where he wrote, besides an 
 account of David I. of Scotland, the lives of 
 Columbus and of some of the saints of the 
 sixth century. He died 1180. His works 
 were published at Antwerp, fol. 1659. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jesuit of Bourdeaux, who 
 wrote several treatises against the new dis- 
 ciples of St. Austin. He died 1684. 
 
 Adam, d'Orleton, a native of Hereford, 
 who became bishop of Winchester. He was 
 intriguing and turbulent, and it is said that 
 the life of Edward II. was sacrificed to this 
 ambiguous expression which he used : Ed- 
 wardum regem occidere nollte timere bo- 
 immest, which, with and without punctuation 
 after nolite, Avill adn^it of two very different 
 meanings. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jesuit of Limosin, profes- 
 sor of philosophy. He wrote several works 
 on theological subjects, little esteemed, and 
 died at Bourdeaux 1684. 
 
 Adams, Sir Thomas, a native of Wem in 
 Shropshire, who after receiving his educa- 
 tion in Cambridge, became a draper in Lon- 
 don, and rose to the high honor of lord 
 mayor of London 1645. He was well ac- 
 quainted with the privileges of the city, 
 which he maintained with the spirit of inde- 
 pendence. His partiality however to the 
 royal cause rendered liim suspicious, and the 
 republicans searched his house for the un- 
 fortunate Charles. His affection was after- 
 wards transferred to the son, to whom du- 
 ring his exile he sent as a present 10,000/. 
 He accompanied Monk to Breda, to con- 
 gratulate the monarch on his restoration, 
 and for his loyalty he received the honor of 
 knighthood and a baronetcy. His liberality 
 in public and private life was unbounded ; he 
 erected and nobly endowed a school at his 
 native place, founded the Arabic professor- 
 ship at Cambridge, and at his sole expense 
 printed the gospel in Persian, which he dis- 
 tributed in the east. He died in his 81st 
 year, 24th Feb. 1667, of the stone, and after 
 death his body was opened and a calculus of 
 the extraordinary weight of 25 ounces ex- 
 tracted, which is still preserved in the labo- 
 ratory of Cambridge. His honors were en- 
 joyed by his descendants till the late Sir 
 Thomas who died captain in the navy. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, a fellow of Brazen Nose, 
 distinguished for his earning. He was tu- 
 tor to persons of rank and respectability du- 
 ring Cromwell's usurpation, and officiated as 
 chaplain to Sir Samuel Jones of Shropshire, 
 and to lady Clai'e of Northamptonshire. He 
 pixblished ** Protestant Union, or Principles 
 of Religion," a valuable work, and died Dec. 
 11th, 1670. 
 
 Adams, Richard, a member of Brazen 
 Nose, minister of St. Mildred, Bread-street, 
 from which place he was ejected 1662. He 
 wrote *a few sermons, and assisted in the 
 completion of Pool's annotations, and in the 
 editing of Charnock's works. He died 1698. 
 
 Adams, William, D. D. fellow and after- 
 wards master of Pembroke College, Oxfoi-d, 
 was the friend of Dr. Johnson, and distin- 
 guished no less for the urbanity of his man- 
 VOL. I. 4 
 
 ners than the extent of his learning. He 
 Avrote some tracts and sermons, and acqui- 
 red celebrity by tlie manner in which he at- 
 tacked the tenets of Hume. It Avas during 
 this controversy that the historian observed 
 that \\z was the only opponent who main- 
 tained the dispute with the spirit and the 
 manners of a gentleman. He died 1789, be- 
 loved and respected by the society over which 
 he presided for fourteen years. 
 
 Ad AM80 N, Patrick, a native of Perth, who 
 after studying at St. Andrews, travelled into 
 France, as tutor, and with difficulty escaped 
 the persecuting spirit which at the massacre 
 of Paris, doomed totortUFe and to death the 
 unfortunate protestants of every age and ot' 
 every station. On his return to Scotland he 
 was appointed minister of Paisley, and af- 
 terwards, by the favor and interest of lord 
 Moreton, he was raised to the archbishopric 
 of St. Andrews. In this elevated situation 
 he was surrounded with dangers and difficul- 
 ties, and the virulence of the presbyterians 
 was'successfully directed against him as the 
 firmest pillar of episcopacy. James VI. how- 
 ever patronised him, and sent him as his 
 ambassador to England, where his eloquence 
 and his address gained him admirers, and 
 raised such a tide of popularity in faA'our of 
 the young king his master, that the jealousy 
 of Elizabeth forbade him again to ascend the 
 pulpit while at her court. In 1584 he was 
 recalled home, and so violent Avas the irrita- 
 tion of the presbyterians against him, that, 
 at a provincial synod, he Avas accused and ex- 
 communicated ; and neither appeals to the 
 king and to the states, nor the protestations 
 of innocence, would have saved him from, 
 this disgraceful sentence, if he had not yield- 
 ed to the storm, and implored for pardon by 
 the most abject submission. His life contin- 
 ued a scene of persecution ; even the mon- 
 arch grew deaf to his petitions, and alienated,- 
 the revenues of his see in favour of the duke 
 of Lenox, so that Adamson had to add to the 
 indignities offered to his office, the more 
 poignant sufferings of indigence and Avretch- 
 edness, in the midst of a forlorn, a deserted, 
 and starving family. He died 1591, in his 
 48th year. A 4to. volume of his Avorks Avas 
 published containing translations of some of - 
 the books of the bible in Latin verse, fre- 
 quently composed to alleviate his grief, and 
 disarm the terrors of persecution. 
 
 Addison, Lancelot, D. D. son of a cler- 
 gyman of the same name, born at Maulds 
 Meaburne in Westmoreland, Avas educated 
 at Queen's College, Oxford, where his satiri- 
 cal reflections on the pride, ignorance, and 
 hypocrisy of his superiors, in an oration 1658, 
 caused such irritation that he obtained for- 
 giveness only by a public I'ecantation on his 
 knees. He was afterwards engaged as cha]>- 
 lain at Dunkirk and at Tangier, and in con- 
 sideration ofjiis services, and of what he Iiad 
 suffered for his loyalty, he Avas deservedly 
 preferred to the living of Milston and a Sa- 
 rum prebend, and in 1683 to the dcaniy of 
 Lichfield and the archdeaconry of CoAentry. 
 He died April 20tli 170;J, aged 71, and was 
 
AD 
 
 yr 
 
 AD 
 
 buried at Lichfield. He wrote several valu- 
 able treatises, among which were his histori- 
 cal observations, while resident in Africa, an 
 account of the present state of the Jews, &c. 
 Addison, Joseph, son of Dr. Lancelot 
 Addison, was born May 1st, 1672, at Mil- 
 ston near Ambrosbury, Wiltshire, of which 
 place his father was rector. He appeared so 
 weak and so unlikely to live that he was chris- 
 tened the same day. After passing through the 
 rndiments of his education under Mr. Naish 
 of his native place, Mr. Taylor of Salisbui'y, 
 and Mr. Sbaw of Lichfield, He was placed at 
 the Charter-house under Dr. Ellis, where 
 an intimacv began with Sir Uichard Steele, 
 >vhich genius and reciprocal friendship have 
 immortalized. At Oxford he entered at 
 Queen's College, but the accidental perusal 
 of some Latin verses recommended him to 
 Dr. Lancaster, by whose patronage he was 
 two years after, 1689, elected demy of Mag- 
 dalen. His academical hours were not here 
 devoted to bacchanalian orgies, or disgrace- 
 ful intrigues ; but the powers of the mind 
 were ciUtivated and improved, and the fre- 
 quent composition of Latin verses produced 
 such correctness of style and elegance of dic- 
 tion tliat the Muste Anglicante alone would 
 give celebrity to the name of Addison. He 
 next, in his 22d year, displayed his powers 
 in English poetry, by some verses addressed 
 to Dry den, and by a translation of part of 
 Virgil's fourth georgic on the bees ; and as 
 the number of his friends increased with 
 l)is popularity, the student was gradually 
 converted into the courtier, and introduced 
 by Congreve to Montague chancellor of the 
 exchequer, a man who in discerning merk 
 did not wish it to be forgotten that flattery is 
 a tribute paid to power. By the advice of 
 Montague, Addison laid aside his intention 
 of taking orders; and, studying the temper 
 of the times, he published a poem addressed 
 to king William, and two years after cele- 
 brated the peace of Uyswick in Latin verses, 
 which paved the way to a pension of 300^. 
 H year, and claimed the still more houoi-able 
 merit of being, in the opinion of Smith, the 
 best Latin poem since the iEneid. Raised 
 now to easy circumstances, he travelled to 
 Italy, and with the eyes and the genius of a 
 classical poet surveyed the monuments and 
 the heroic deeds of ancient Rome, which he 
 described in his famous epistle to lord Hali- 
 fax, the most elegant if not the most sub- 
 lime of his productions. He wrote here 
 also his dialogues on medals, and accoi*- 
 ding to Tickell, some acts of his Cato ; 
 and after a residence of two years returned 
 to England 1702, with a meanness of appear- 
 ance, which proclaimed aloud that he la- 
 bored under pecuniary distresses. He now 
 published his travels, with a dedication to 
 lord Somers, and so great was its popularity 
 that the book rose to five times its original 
 price before it could be reprinted. When 
 the victory of Blenheim was obtained. Go- 
 dolphin looked out for a poet equal to ce- 
 lebrate the glory of his country, and Addi- 
 son was recommended by Halifax ; and soon 
 
 after, when he had read to his patron whsit 
 he had written, as far .as the simile of the 
 angel, he was appointed commissioner o£ 
 appeals. On the following year he accom- 
 panied Halifax to Hanover, and was the next 
 year made under-secretary of state. About 
 this time he tried the opera of Rosamond on 
 the stage, but the audience were regardless 
 of the poet's fame, and it was condemned 
 only because it was an English performance. 
 When the duke of Wharton went as viceroy 
 to Ireland, Addison accepted the place of his 
 secretary, and with a salary of 300 pounds a 
 year as keeper of the records of Birming- 
 ham, he made a rule, as Swift observes, of 
 never returning to his friends, out of polite- 
 ness, the fees due to his office. During his 
 residence in Ireland tlie first paper of the 
 Tatler was published by Steele, April 22d, 
 1709, unknown to him, though he soon dis- 
 covered by the insertion of a remark on. 
 Virgil, which had originated in himself, who 
 the author was. The Tatler was succeeded 
 in about two months by the Spectator, a 
 series of essays of the same nature, but writ- 
 ten with less levity, and upon a more regu- 
 lar plan and published daily. In 1713 the 
 Cato was pi^oduced on the stage, and was 
 the grand climacteric of Addison's reputa- 
 tion. The last act was composed with 
 hastp, and a house, was assembled by the 
 intrigues of Steele to judge of the merits of 
 his friend's performance. As the nation was 
 at that time heated by party spirit, the 
 production of an historical play was consi- 
 dered as political craft. The whigs ap- 
 plauded every line which extolled libei-ty, as 
 a satire on the tories ; and the tories echoed 
 every clap to show that the satire was unfelt. 
 When the play was printed, the queen ex- 
 pressed a wish it might be dedicated to her, 
 but as Addison had promised it elsewhere, as 
 a man of lionor he could not retract, and Cato 
 appeared without a patron ; but such was its 
 popularity, that it was translated into several 
 languages, and introduced upon some of the 
 other theatres of Europe. During the re- 
 presentation of Cato, Steele published ano- 
 ther daily paper called the Guardian, to 
 which Addison contributed much of his as- 
 sistance. In this publication his papers were 
 distinguished by a hand ; in the Spectator 
 they are marked by one of the letters which 
 compose the name of the muse Clio. Suc- 
 cess in literature did not i-ender Addison in- 
 dolent or conceited, and Steele has atti-ibu- 
 ted to him the comedy of the Drummer, 
 which he said he carried for him to the play- 
 house, and of which afterwards he sold the 
 copy for 50 guineas. These circumstances 
 are denied by Tickell; but as no writer has 
 claimed the Drummer, it is deservedly con- 
 sidered as the production of t!ie author of 
 Cato. Political discussions occasionally en- 
 gaged the attention of Addison, and on tem- 
 porary topics he wrote the present state of 
 the war — the whig examiner — the trial of 
 count Tariff; pamphlets which disappeared 
 with the subjects which gave them birth. 
 Some time after, an attempt Mas made t« 
 
AD 
 
 ^/ 
 
 AD 
 
 vevive the Spectator, and 80 numbers were 
 publislicd of which a fourth part was by 
 Addison; and these papers, perhaps more 
 valuable than the others, for tlie religious 
 and moral topics which they discuss, were 
 collected to form an 8vo. volume. On the 
 death of queen An^e, Addison, who had 
 been appointed secretary to the regency, 
 ■was officially required to announce to the 
 elector of Hanover his accession to the 
 English throne. He was however so over- 
 powered by the greatness of the event, that 
 the Lords grew tired while waiting for the 
 niceties of his expressions, and Southwell, 
 one of the clerks of the office, was directed 
 to close the dispatches, which he immedi- 
 ately completed in the common style of busi- 
 ness, not a little elated that he could do what 
 seemed so difficult for the gigantic powers of 
 Addison. Never loosing sight however of 
 his public character, he published the Free- 
 holder twice a week, from December 23d, 
 1715, to the middle of the followmg year, in 
 support of the government, full of the most 
 convincing arguments, and with humor forci- 
 ble, singular, and matchless. T}» August 1710 
 he married the countess doAvager of War- 
 ■wick ; but if it added to his elevation, it di- 
 minished bis happiness, for it neither found 
 them nor made them equal. She remem- 
 bered her rank, and treated with so little 
 ceremony a husband who had been tutor to 
 her son, that the example of Addison can 
 hold no great encouragement to ambitious 
 love. In 1717, he was raised to his highest 
 dignity, being made secretary of state, a 
 place to which he was unequal, as he pos- 
 sessed not either boldness or eloquence to 
 defend the measures of govei'nment in the 
 house of Commons, but rather wasted away 
 his time in his office in quest of fine expres- 
 sions. He therefore soon solicited and ob- 
 tained his dismission with a pension of 1500 
 pounds a year. His friends indeed palliated 
 this relinquishment, but they as well as his 
 enemies knew well that it was not on account 
 of declining health or from the necessity of 
 relaxation and repose. In his retirement he 
 now laid plans for literary labors : be wrote a 
 defence of the Christian religion, part of 
 which was published after bis death, and he 
 proposed a tragedy on the death of Socrates, 
 besides an English dictionary, and a version 
 of the psalms. It is painful to relate that, in 
 the decline of life, this illustrious man gave 
 way to the suggestions of malice, and treat- 
 ed with unkindness Steele, whose friendship 
 had been cemented by the lapse and trial of 
 a long sei'ies of years. Lord Sunderland at- 
 tempted to introduce a bill to limit the crea- 
 tion of peers, and this supported by Addison 
 was vehemently opposed by Steele, so that 
 various pamphlets replete with rancor and 
 acrimonious expressions were issued from 
 the press, and a perfect I'econciliation could 
 never be effected. But now he felt his end 
 approach from shortness of breath, aggra- 
 vated by a di'opsy, and, like a Christian, de- 
 termined to die at peace with all the world, 
 fee sent for Gay, and told him tliat he hsd in- 
 
 jured him, for which he would reconapensc 
 him. Of the nature of this offence Gay was 
 ignorant, and Addison did not mention it, 
 though it was supposed that some prefer- 
 ment had by his influence been withheld 
 from him. Anxious still to do another kind 
 office, he sent for Lord Warwick whose mor- 
 als were dissipated, and whose » principles 
 were most licentious ; and as he had often 
 endeavored in vain to reclaim him by ad- 
 vice, he now wished to raise in him reflec- 
 tion and repentance. When he begged to 
 know his last injunctions, I have sent for yon, 
 said the expiring man, that you may see how 
 a Christian can die. The effect of this on the 
 conduct of the earl is not known, as he died 
 shortly after. When he had given direc- 
 tions to Tickell about the publication of his 
 works, and on his death-bed dedicated theiu 
 to his friend Mr. Craggs, he expired June 
 17, 1729, at Holland house, leaving only one 
 daughter, who died unmarried 1797. Of 
 Addison's character as a poet and a moral 
 writer little more can be added, he was not 
 only the ornament of his age and country, 
 but he reflects dignity on the nature of man. 
 He has divested vice of its meretricious or- 
 naments, and painted religion and virtue in 
 the modest and graceful attire which charm, 
 and elevate the heart. In Dr. Johnson's and 
 Dr. Anderson's lives, from whom the above 
 is exti'acted, a fuller account may be found- 
 
 A DEL AIDE, daughter of Rodolphus kmg 
 of Burguntly, married Lotharius II. king of 
 Italy, and .iftor his death the emperor Otho I. 
 Her manners were exemplary, and her judg- 
 ment and benevolence were exerted for the 
 good of her subjects. She died aged 69, in 999. 
 
 Adelaide, wife of Frederic prince of 
 Saxony, conspired with Lewis, marquis of 
 Thuringia, against her husband's life, and 
 married the murderer, 1055 
 
 Adelaide, daughter of Humbert count 
 of Maurienne, was queen to Lewis VI. of 
 France, and mother of seven sons and a 
 daughter. After the king's death she marri- 
 ed Matthew of Montmorenci, and died 1154. 
 
 Adelaide, wife of Lewis II. of France, 
 Avas mother of Charles III. surnamed the 
 simple, who was king 898. 
 
 Adelard, an English monk who, in the 
 12th Eentury, visited Egypt and Arabia, and 
 translated into Latin Euclid's Elements, be- 
 fore the Greek manuscripts of the work were 
 known in Europe. Several other translations 
 by him from mathematical as well as medical 
 writers, are still preserved in Corpus Christi 
 and Trinity College libraries at Oxford. 
 
 Adelbold, bishop of Utrecht, and author 
 of a life of the emperor Henry II. died 1207. 
 
 Adeler, Curtius, called also Sei-visen, a 
 native of Norway, who served in the Dutch 
 navy, and then went to Venice, where he 
 was raised to the rank of admii-al, and made 
 knight of St. Mark, with a pension for his me- 
 ritorious services against the Turks. Ht; 
 mai'ried a woman of rank at Amstei'dam, and 
 spent the latter part of his life at Copenhagen, 
 where he died 1675 aged 53, universally res- 
 pected. ' 
 
AD 
 
 ^O 
 
 AD 
 
 Adelgre I FF, John Albrecht, natural son 
 of a priest near El bing, was known for the 
 eccentricity and madness of his conduct. 
 He pretended to be the vicegerent of God 
 on earth, an office m hich he said he had re- 
 ceived from seven angels, and he was at last 
 condemned to death at Koningsberg for blas- 
 phemy and magic in 1636. He ridiculed his 
 judges, and asserted that his body would rise 
 again in three days. 
 
 Adelman, a bishop of Bresci in the llth 
 century, who wrote a letter on the eucharist 
 to Berenger, in a style argumentative and 
 dispassionate, and printed at Louvaine 1501 
 in 8vo. He died 1062. 
 
 Adelphus, a philosopher of the third 
 century, who mingled the doctrines of Plato 
 with the tenets of the Gnostics. He was op- 
 posed by Plotinus. 
 
 Adeodatus or Godsgift, a Roman 
 priest, elevated to the papal throne 672. He 
 died four years after universally respected 
 for piety and many virtues. 
 
 Ader, William, a learned physician of 
 Toulouse in the 17th century who wrote a 
 book to prove that the diseases and infirmi- 
 ties which our Saviour cured could not have 
 been removed by human art. Vigueul Mar- 
 Tille says, this book was written to disprove 
 what the author had before asserted, when 
 he maintained a contary opinion. 
 
 Adhab-Eddoulat, an emperor of Per- 
 sia, after his unole Amad Eddoulat. He was 
 not only warlike but humane, and a great 
 patron of letters and of arts. He embellished 
 Bagdad and other places which he had con- 
 quered, by magnificent public edifices, and 
 died 982 aged 47. 
 
 Adhelme, William, nephew to Inaking 
 of the West Saxons, was the first bishop of 
 Sherborne, and so learned that he is said to 
 liave been the first Englishman who wrote 
 Latin, and introduced poetry into England. 
 CBis life was written by William of Malmes- 
 bury. He died in 709. His works were edited 
 1601 at Mentz. 
 
 Adhemar, William, a native of Pro- 
 vence, who dedicated his book on illustrious 
 ladies to the empress Beatrix wife of Frede- 
 ric Barbarossa, whose patronage and esteem 
 he experienced. He died about 1190. 
 
 Adimantus, a Manichcean sectary at 
 the close of the third century, who denied 
 the authenticity of the old testament, in a 
 treatise which was ably combatted by St. Au- 
 gustine. 
 
 Adimari, Raphael, an Italian historian, 
 born at Rimini in the 16th century, not so 
 highly esteemed as Clementini. He wrote 
 the history of his country in 2 vols. 4to. 1616. 
 
 Adimari, Alexander, a Florentine, ad- 
 mired for his poetical genius. He died in 
 his 70th year, in 1649. 
 
 Adlerfeldt, Gustavus, a learned 
 Swede, who was in the suit of Charles XH. 
 of whose battles he has given a faithful and 
 minute account. He was killed by a cannon 
 ball at the battle of Pultowa 1709, and on 
 that fatal day his history concludes. The 
 - work was translated into French by his son, 
 four vols. 12iao. J 740. 
 
 Adlzreitter, John, chancellor of Ba- 
 varia, in the 17th century, wrote in Latin 
 the annals of his country, printed, Leipsic, 
 folio, 1710. > i' > 
 
 Ado, w</. Adon. 
 
 ApoLPHus, count of Nassau, wascrown- 
 ed king and emperor of the Romans 1292. 
 He showed himself violent and oppressive, 
 and was killed six years after in a battle near 
 Spires by his rival Albert of Austria, who 
 succeeded him July 2d, 1298. 
 
 Adolphus, a count of Cleves, whoinsti- 
 tuted an order of chivalry in 1380, which has 
 long since been abolished. 
 
 Adolphus, bishop of Mersburg, opposed 
 the doctrines of Luther, but afterwards fa- 
 vored their establishment. He died 152;6, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Adolphus Frederic H. king of Swe- 
 den, showed himself the patron of learning 
 and science, the dispenser of justice, and 
 the friend of merit. He founded the acad- 
 emy of inscriptions and belles lettres, at Tor- 
 neo, and died 12th of Feb. 1771, in his 61st 
 year, and in the 20th of his reign. 
 
 Adolphus, duke of Sleswick, refused 
 the crown of Denmark after the death of 
 Christopher IH. and placed it on the head of 
 his nephew Christiern I. He died in 1459, 
 after a life of benevolence and wisdom. 
 
 Adon, archbishop of Vienne in Dauphine, 
 died 16th December 875 at the age of 76, af- 
 ter a life devoted to the care of his diocese 
 and the regulation of his clerg}'. He wrote 
 a useful chronicle, printed at Paris, folio, 
 1322, and at Rome 1745, folio, besides amar- 
 tyrology, published 1613. 
 
 Adorne, Francis, a Jesuit of a Genoese 
 family, wrote on ecclesiastical discipline at 
 the request of Charles IX. He died 13th 
 Januar)' 1586 aged 56. 
 
 Adorne, Antony, a Genoese, of a plebe- 
 ian family, raised to the dignity of doge in 
 1383. His reign was in the midst of tumults 
 and insurrections, which the Genoese at- 
 tempted to appease by resigning their inde- 
 pendence into the hands of Charles VI. of 
 France in 1396. Adorne was appointed gov- 
 ernor, but Genoa regained her Hberty after- 
 wards. 
 
 Adorne, Gabriel, a Genoese, who dur- 
 ing the tumultuous times of his country be- 
 came doge, 1336. He was driven from pow- 
 er four years after by Fregose a more suc- 
 cessful rival. 
 
 Adorne, Prosper, a Genoese, made doge 
 after the expulsion of the French in 1460- 
 He afterwards betrayed his power into the 
 hands of the duke of Milan, to avenge him- 
 self against his rivals in the state ; but the 
 love of independence prevailed, the Milan- 
 ese were banished, and Prosper declared 
 the defender of Genoese liberty. His ene- 
 niies at last prevailed, and at the end of a life 
 chequered by popularity and by misfortunes 
 he fled to Naples, where he died i486. 
 
 Adorne, Jerome, a Genoese of the same 
 family, who opposed the party of the Freg-o- 
 ses, who aspired to the supreme powrr. IJis 
 abilities were of great service to his country, 
 
AD 
 
 &y 
 
 AD 
 
 and Genoa, placed by his means in 1522 un- 
 <ler the protectioa and in the alliance of 
 Charles V. enjoyed peace and prosperity. 
 He was much respected as a negociator, as 
 an admiral, as a politician, and as a public 
 magistrate. 
 
 Adorni, Catherine Ficschi, a Genoese 
 lady who married her countryman Julian A- 
 dorni, a dissipated youth, whom by her mod- 
 est and virtuous conduct she reclaimed. 
 After his death she retired to Geneva, where 
 she devoted herself to acts of piety and be- 
 nevolence. She died there l4th December 
 1510 aged 63. She wrote several works on 
 divinity subjects. 
 
 Adrets, Francis Beaumont des, a de- 
 scendant of an ancient family in Dauphine, 
 possessed a bold enterprising spirit. He 
 embraced the cause of the Huguenots in re- 
 sentment to the duke of Guise, and glutted 
 his vengeance by inflicting the most barba- 
 rous punishments and tortures on those who 
 fell into his hands. It is said that he often 
 compelled his prisoners to leap from the bat- 
 tlements on the pikes of his soldiers. One 
 of these wretched victims, being severely re- 
 proved for having twice shrunk from the fa- 
 tal leap, answered. As bold as you are, I de- 
 fy your leaping in the third attempt. The 
 reply saved the devoted man. Even his 
 friends feared him, and Coligny palliated his 
 licentiousness by comparing him to a lion 
 whose fury was accidentally converted to the 
 good of his party. He died despised and ne- 
 glected in 1587, leaving two sons and a 
 daughter in whom the family became ex- 
 tinct. One of the sons was engaged in the 
 murders of St. Bartholomew, and he showed 
 himself as cruel and vindictive as his father. 
 The life of Adrets was published by Guy Al- 
 lard, Grenoble 1675, in 12mo. 
 
 Adria, John James, a physician in the 
 service of Charles V. He wrote some trea- 
 tises on his profession, and died in his native 
 town of Mazara 1560. 
 
 Adrian, Publ. JElius, emperor of Rome 
 after the death of Trajan, died in the 6.3d 
 year of his age, and the ii2d of his reign, 
 A. D. 139. 
 
 Adrian, a Greek author in the 5th cen- 
 tury, who wi'ote an introduction to the 
 scriptures in Greek, printed at Augsburg,' 
 1602, in 4to. and in Latin 1650, fol. 
 
 Adrian, a learned Carthusian, who like 
 Petrarch wrote an admired treatise called 
 de remediis utriusque fortunae, pubUshed at 
 Cologne 1471 in 4to. 
 
 Adrian I. a Roman patrician raised to 
 the pontificate in 772. He highly embel- 
 lished St. Peter's church, and showed him- 
 .self very benevolent and humane, during a 
 famine occasioned bv the inundations of the 
 Tiber. He died 26th December 795. 
 
 Adrian H. was raised to the popedom 
 ^67. He was in this character artful and in- 
 triguing, and was deeply engaged in making 
 the patriarch of Constantinople bow before 
 the chair of St. Peter, and in subjecting un- 
 der the papal power the kings and princes of 
 western Europe, by the threats of excom- 
 munication. He died S72. 
 
 Adrian IH. w'as elected Pope 884, and 
 enjoyed his dignity only one year. He died 
 as he was going to the diet to be held at 
 Worms. 
 
 Adrian IV. a native of Langley in 
 Hertfordshire, the only Englishman raised 
 to the papal chair. His name was Nicholas 
 Brekespere. In his youth he was employed 
 in mean offices in the abbey of St. Alban's, 
 and after his being refused admission in a 
 superior order, he travelled though in ob-^ 
 scui'e circumstances into France, where his 
 orderly behaviour and his engaging appear- 
 ance recommended him to the monks of 
 Paris, and jjrocured. him an acquaintance 
 with the most essential branches of litera- 
 ture. He afterwards I'ctired to the abbey of 
 St. Rufus in Provence, where he was made 
 superior, but the turbulence of the monks 
 carried accusations to Rome against him, 
 and the pope, Eugenius III. who admired, 
 the eloquence of Adrian, removed him from 
 his persecutors, and created him cardinal 
 and bishop of Alba, 1146. Under this pa- 
 tronage he was sent as legate to Norway and 
 Denmark, and his popular preaching and his 
 influence were successful in spreading the 
 light of the gospel in these uncivilized coun- 
 tries. On the death of Anastasius he was 
 elected to the papal chair November 1154, 
 and he received on his elevation by the em- 
 bassy of three bishops and an abbot, the con- 
 gratulations of Henry II. of England, who 
 thus paid homage to a man who a few years 
 before had left his kingdom as a mendicant. 
 Henry was the favorite of the pope, and he 
 received the papal permission and apostolic 
 blessing, when he undertook the conquest of 
 Ireland. In his government of Rome, Adrian 
 was jealous of his power, he repressed the 
 insurrections of the consuls Avho aspired to 
 the independence of ancient times, and by 
 the terrors of excommunication he rendered 
 the king of Sicily submissive to his temporal 
 authority. The emperor of Germany like- 
 wise acknowledged his power, and after 
 holding the stirrup whilst his spiritual mas- 
 ter mounted on horseback, he owned his de- 
 pendence on the see of Rome, and humbljr 
 received consecration in the church of St. 
 Peter. Yet in the midst of prosperity, A- 
 drian felt the oppressive weight of greatness, 
 and in a familiar conversation with his friend 
 and countryman John of Salisbury, he bit- 
 terly complained that an elevated situation is 
 not always the parent of happiness. He 
 died September 1st, 1559, in the fourth year 
 and tenth month of his pontificate, and was 
 buried in St. Peter's church. He showed 
 himself an able and prudent pontiff", and his 
 short reign added mucli to the securitj'^ and 
 to the happiness of the Roman state. 
 
 Adrian V. a native of Genoa, raised to 
 the pontificate in 1276. He died 38 days af- 
 ter. He had been employed in 1254 and in 
 1265 as papal legate in England, to settle the 
 disputes between the king and his rebellious 
 barons. 
 
 Adrian VI. a native of Utrecht, of ob- 
 scure birth. His abilities gradually raised 
 
AD 
 
 H^ 
 
 M^l 
 
 Jiim to consequence ; lie was prcceptoi to 
 the cmpei'or (Jliai'les V. and procured in the 
 Spanish dominions the highest honors in 
 church and state whicli could gratify his am- 
 bition. He was elected pope in 1522, and 
 died after a short and turbulent reign of one 
 year, in which like his predecessor Adrian 
 IV. he lamented the misery of greatness. 
 
 Adrian de Castello, born at Cornetto in 
 Tuscany of obscure parentage, was employed 
 by the popes as legate in Scotland and Eng- 
 land. His great abilities recommended him 
 to the fi'iendsiiip of Morton the primate and 
 to the patronage of Henry YH. by whom he 
 was raised to the bishopric of Hereford, and 
 afterwards of Bath and Wells. He chiefly 
 resided at Rome, while the care of his dio- 
 cese was intrusted to Wolsey, and in this 
 place of intrigue and treachery he forgot the 
 dignity of his character, by conspiring against 
 pope Leo X. from the ambitious expectation 
 of being raised to the pontificate, according 
 to a prophecy which declared the name of 
 the successor to be Adrian. He was fined 
 12,500 ducats, and forbidden to leave Rome; 
 but afterwards, upon the discovery of the 
 plot, Adrian fled from the city, and in con- 
 sequence was solemnly stripped of all his ec- 
 clesiastical honors 1518. The place of his 
 retreat, and the time of his death, are un- 
 known, though some imagine that he con- 
 cealed his disgrace amon^ the Mahometans 
 of Asia. Polydore Virgil, who shared his 
 friendship and his liberality, has bestowed 
 the highest encomium upon his character, 
 as a man of taste and judgment, and as the 
 first since the age of Cicero, who had revi- 
 ved the classical style of chaste latinity and 
 pure diction. According to Polydore, he 
 died at Riba in the bishopric of Trent. 
 
 Adrian!, John Baptist, a noble of Flo- 
 rence, who was secretary to the republic, 
 and distinguished himself as a statesman and 
 a man of letters. He died 1579 in his 68th 
 year. He wrote an histoi*y of his own times, 
 which is a continuation of Guicciardini's, va- 
 luable for its candor and authenticity, and 
 highly commended by the indefatigable Thu- 
 anus. He composed, besides, six funeral 
 orations upon the first characters of the 
 times, and was the author of a letter on an- 
 cient painters and sculptors prefixed to Va- 
 sari. 
 
 Adriani, Marcellus, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who left a manuscript translation of 
 Plutai*ch, andof Demetrius Phalereus. This 
 last was publislied by the able Gczi at Flo- 
 rence 173S. He died 160i. 
 
 ADRiciiOMf A, Cornelia, a nuti in Hol- 
 land of the Augustine order, who published a 
 poetical version of the psalms in the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Adrichomius, Christian, a native of 
 Delft, who died at Cologne in 1585 in his 
 .52d year. He was for some time director of 
 the nuns of Barbara ; and afterwards, when 
 civil commotions drove him from his coun- 
 try, he presided in the same capacity over 
 the canoncsses of Nazareth. He published 
 a description of Judtea, called Thcatrum ter- 
 
 ra; sanctoe, with a chronicle of the old and 
 new testament, fol. 1593, in which he de- 
 pends too much on the authority of Annius 
 of Viterbo. 
 
 A DSD N, an abbot of Luxeuil, in 960, au- 
 thor of the miracles of Saint Vandalbert, 
 third abbot of the place, a work full of super* 
 stitious and legendary tales. 
 
 jEdesius, succeeded Jamblichus, as 
 teacher of Platonic philosophy in Cappado- 
 cia in the 4th century. 
 
 iEoEATES, John, a priest of the Nesto- 
 rian sect, who flourished 483, and wrote a 
 treatise against the council of Chalcedon, 
 and an ecclesiastical history from the reign 
 of Theodosius to that of Zeno. 
 
 J^GiDi us, Peter Albiensis, a writer sent 
 by Francis I. to examine and to give an ac- 
 count of the most celebrated places of Asia, 
 Greece, and Africa. He was seized by pi- 
 rates, but made his escape, and died of a 
 surfeit in his 65th year, 1555. He published 
 an account of his travels besides other 
 works. 
 
 ^GiDius, Atheniensis, a Grecian physi- 
 cian in the 8th century, who became a Bene- 
 dictine monk, and published sevei-al learned 
 treatises, especially de pulsibus, and de ve- 
 nenis. Some imagine there was another au- 
 thor of the same name. 
 
 iEciDius, de Colouna, divinity professor 
 at Paris, was general of the Augustines, and 
 for his learning received the ajipellation of 
 Doctor fundatissimus. His works are now 
 deservedly forgotten. He died 1316. 
 
 JRoiNETA, Paulus, a physician of .SIgina 
 in the 7th eentury, who first was acquainted 
 with the cathartic powers of rhubarb. His 
 works appeared at Paris in fol. 1532. 
 
 -SIginhard, a German, educated by- 
 Charlemagne of whom he became the faith- 
 ful secretary. He retired from the active 
 scenesof life after the loss of Imma his belo- 
 ved wife, whom some have falsely cahed 
 daugliter of the emperor, assei-ting that she 
 conveyed her husband on her shoulders 
 from her house through the snow, that his 
 escape might not be traced by the jealousy 
 of her father. J^ginhard is the author of a 
 valuable life of Charlemagne, besides annals 
 from 741 to 839, and letters. He died 840. 
 His works were first edited at Paris, 2 T0I5. 
 fol. 1576. 
 
 iELFRED, vid. Alfred. 
 
 iELiAN, Claudius, an historian born in 
 Italy in the first century. He wrote in the 
 Greek language an histoiy of animals, a va- 
 rious history, &c. published by Gesner 1556. 
 
 JElianus, Meccius, a physician before 
 Galen, the first who used treacle against the 
 plague, and with success. 
 
 jElst, a Dutch painter, vid. Aalst. 
 
 JEmiliani, Jerome, a noble Venetian, 
 one of the founders of the regular clerks of 
 Saint Maicul, in the 16th century. 
 
 .Emilianus, C. Julius, a Moor wJio, 
 from the lowest station, rose to the imperial 
 dignity, which he enjoyed only four months. 
 He was succeeded by Valerian. 
 
 iEwiLius, Patdus, a Roman general, cd- 
 
JEN 
 
 ^3 
 
 MT 
 
 lebrated for \m victory over Perseus king of 
 JVIacedonia. He died aged 64, B. C. 164. 
 
 ^MiLius, Paulus, a native of Verona, in- 
 vited into France by Lewis XII. by the ad- 
 vice of Poncher bishop of Paris, and engaged 
 to write a Latin history of the French mo- 
 narchy. The work, which employed 18 or 
 according to others 30 years of his life, was 
 left unfinished at his death, is divided into 
 ten books, from the reign of Pharamond to 
 the fitth year of Charles VIII. in 1488. The 
 whole is written with judgment and precision, 
 and though the author was delicate even to a 
 fault in the choice and collocation of his 
 words, yet his style is elegant and correct, if 
 ■we except a studied affectation of antiquity 
 in the names of men and of places. This his- 
 tory was continued by Arnoldus Ferronius 
 who completed it by the addition of nine 
 books to the death of Francis I. JEmilius 
 died in 1529, and left behind him the amia- 
 ble character of a man of learning, virtue, 
 and integrity. He was buried iu the cathe- 
 dral at Paris. 
 
 .^.NEAS, Gazeus, author of a dialogue on 
 the immortality of the soul, and the resur- 
 rection, printed Greek and Latin, 1560, 
 Basil, and Leipsic 1655, was a platonic phi- 
 losopher of the fifth centui-y converted to 
 Christianity. 
 
 .^NEAS, Sylvius, a native of Corsigny in 
 Sienna, of the family of the Piccolimini. 
 After struggling with poverty in his younger 
 years, he rose to consequence by his abili- 
 ties and was employed as secretary to car- 
 dinal Capranica, at the council of Basil in 
 1431. He came to Scotland to mediate a 
 peace between that country and the Eng- 
 lish crown, and at his return was promoted 
 tr) the dignity of secretary to the council of 
 Basil, an assembly which he defended a- 
 gainst ihe usurpation of Rome by his elo- 
 quence as well as by his writings. He was 
 afterwards engaged in several embassies to 
 Trent, Franktort, &c. and in one of these, 
 at Strasburg, he had an intrigue with a lady, 
 fey whom he had a son ; a circumstance 
 which he endeavors to palliate and ridicule in 
 a letter to his father, with more affectation 
 than vivacity. About 1439 he was sent as 
 ambassador to the imperial court, and so 
 high was his reputation that the emperor 
 Frederic not only received him with kind- 
 ness, but crowned him with the poetical lau- 
 rel, promoted him to the highest dignities, 
 and honoi'ed him with his friendship and con- 
 fidence. During the schism which distrac- 
 ted Rome, he wished to stand neuter ; but 
 he at last followed the example of Frederic, 
 and espoused the cause of Eugenius, to Avhora, 
 after a recantation of his errors, he was re- 
 conciled. His elevation to the rank of cardi- 
 nal as a rew ard for his services, was followed 
 in 1458, by his election to the papal chair, on 
 the death of Callix'tus, and by the publication 
 of a bull which condemned and I'enounced 
 all that he had said or written in the defence 
 of the council of Basil, and exhorted the 
 members of his church to reject ^neas Syl- 
 vius and submissively to reeeive Pius II. the 
 
 name which he assumed. The character of 
 firmness and dignity which he had maintained 
 ill private life, he displayed at the head of the 
 church. He expelled tyrants, supported the 
 election of princes, and every where estalr- 
 lishcd and eonfirmed the temporal power of 
 Rome over the Christian worhl. He died in 
 his 59th year, 14th of August 1464, after a 
 reign of nearly seven years, during which he 
 deserved the eulogium which was passed 
 upon him in the conclave by the cardinal of 
 Pavia, by his zeal for religion, his integrity 
 of manners, his solid judgment and profound 
 learning. His works, which consist of let- 
 ters, ofmemoii's of the council of Basil — 
 of two books on cosmography — of Euryalus, 
 and Luci'etia a romance — of a poem on the 
 crucifixion — of a history of the Bohemians, 
 — of memoirs of his own life, ike. were prin- 
 ted at Basil in fol. 1551, and at Helmstadt 
 1700, fol. His life was published by Gobelin 
 his secretary, at Rome 1584 and 1589, and at 
 Frankfort 1614. 
 
 JEneas, TaotJcus, author of a Greek 
 treatise on the art of war, flourished 336 B. C. 
 
 Aertxen, vid. Arsens. 
 
 .*:rius, a presbyter of Sebastia, who is 
 supposed by some to be the founder of 
 the presbyterians. He separated from the 
 church, because Eustathius was raised to the 
 bishopric of Sebastia in preference to him- 
 self, and in asserting that presbyters and 
 bishops were the same in rank in the Chris- 
 tian church, he established a sect which was 
 branded with the name of heresy, and his 
 supporters expelled fi'om towns and villages 
 to the fields and woods, where their doctrines 
 were propagated. He flourished about 385. 
 
 ^SCHINES, a disciple of Socrates, au- 
 thor of some dialogues, of which only three 
 ai'e extant. 
 
 iEscHiNES, a celebrated orator knowa 
 particularly as the rival of Demosthenes. 
 He flourished 842 B. C. and died at Saraos 
 or Rhodes. 
 
 -SEscHYLUs, a celebrated tragic poet of 
 Athens, of whose plays only seven are ex- 
 tant. He died iu the 69th vear of his age, 
 456 B.C. ' 
 
 tEsop, a Phrygian, well known as a fabu- 
 list. He lived in the age of Solon and Croe- 
 sus, about 600 B. C. 
 
 .SIso p u s, Clodius, a famous actor at Rome 
 in the age of Cicero. 
 
 -Etion, a Grecian painter of celebrity. 
 
 -S^THRius, an architect in the sixth cen- 
 tury, raised to the confidence of Anastasius 
 I. He is supposed to have built the wall 
 which extended from Selembria to the sea 
 to check the inroads of the barbarians of the 
 north. 
 
 iExius, an able general under Valentinian 
 III. He demoted himself to military affairs, 
 and at one time weakened the Roman power 
 by espousing the cause of the barbarians. 
 His valor at last however was exerted no- 
 bly in the defence of the tottering empire, 
 and he obligeil the victorious Attila to retire 
 beyond the Rhine. He was stabbed by Va- 
 lentiiuam 454, who was jealous of hisxniiitaiy 
 
AG 
 
 ^if 
 
 AG 
 
 glory, and suspected that he aspired to the 
 injperial throne. 
 
 j^Tius, a Syrian, whofr'^m a menial ser- 
 vant rose to consequence, and was made bish- 
 op by Eudoxus the patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple. He was the founder of a sect called 
 3:i:tians, which adopted the tenets of the 
 Arians, and besides maintained that faith 
 alone without good works was sufficient for 
 salvation. He nourished 336, 
 
 ^Tius, a physician of Amida in the fifth 
 century. His work called Tetrabiblos, in 
 Greek, is divided into 16 books, containing- 
 the opinions of preceding physicians, with 
 occasional observations of his own. He stu- 
 died at Alexandria. 
 
 Afer, Domitius, an orator born at Nis- 
 Mies. He was in consequence of his flattery 
 noticed by Tiberius and by Caligula; and 
 raised to the consulship. He died A. D. 59. 
 
 Afflitto, Matthew, an able civilian, 
 born at Naples 1443, he wrote various books 
 on the civil and canon law, and died 1553. 
 His family produced other men of celebrity. 
 
 Afranius, a Roman comic poet, who 
 florJshed 100 B. C. 
 
 African us, Julius, wrote a chronicle of 
 ■which some fragments I'emain, besides a let- 
 ter to Origen, censui'ing the history of Su- 
 sanna as a romance, and another to reconcile 
 the apparent contradictions of the genealo- 
 gies of St. Matthew and St. Luke. 
 
 Agapetus I. was made pope 535. He 
 died at Constantinople the following year. 
 The second of that name was elected pope 
 946, and died 965. 
 
 Agapetus, a deacon of Constantinople, 
 who wrote a valtiable letter to the emperor 
 Justinian on the duties of a Christian prince. 
 
 A GAPius, a Greek monk of mount Athos, 
 in the 17th century. He wrote a treatise in. 
 modern Greek in favor of transubstantiation 
 called the salvation of sinners, printed at 
 Venice 1641. 
 
 Agard, Arthur, an English antiquai-y, 
 born at Toston in Derbyshire. He held the 
 respectable employment of deputy cham- 
 berlain in the exchequer office, which afford- 
 ed him the means of conaiilting valuable 
 books and records, and his inquiries on po- 
 litical and constitutional subjects were aftei-- 
 ivards made public by Mr. Hearne, among 
 the papers of the antiquarian society, to the 
 establishment of which he himself contribu- 
 ted. He died August 2'2d, 1615, in his 75th 
 year, and was interred in Westminster Ab- 
 bey. Some of his papers were bequeathed 
 for the use of his successors in the exchequer, 
 but 20 volumes of his excellent collections 
 were left by his will to his friend Sir Hobert 
 Cotton. 
 
 Agatharcidas, a Cnidian, 180 B. C. 
 author of a Greek history of Alexander's 
 wars. 
 
 Agatharcus, a Samian, engaged by ^s- 
 chylus as a stage paintei-. 
 
 Agathemer, Orthonis, wrote a Greek 
 compendium of geography, edited by Hud- 
 son, Oxford 1703. 
 
 Agathias, a Greek historian, author of 
 
 an account of Justinian's reign, published in 
 Greek and I Jitin, Leyden 1594, and Paris 
 1658. 
 
 Agathocles, a Sicilian, who rose from, 
 the obscurity of a potter to the sovereign 
 power of all Sicily. He died 289 B. C. aged 
 72. 
 
 Agathon, a tragic poet, crowned at the 
 Olympic games, B. C. 419. 
 
 Agathon, a native of Palermo, elected 
 to the papal chair 679. In his time the Eu- 
 tychians or Monothelites were condemned 
 at the council of Constantinople. He died 
 682. 
 
 Agelias, Antheny, bishop of Acemoin 
 Italy, published commentaries on the psalms, 
 and some of the prophets. He died 1608. 
 
 Agelnoth, archbishop of Canterburj^, 
 refused- to crown Harold king, though he 
 had enjoyed the patronage of his father Can- 
 ute. He died 1038, after being seventeen 
 years in the see of Canterbury. 
 
 Agesilaus, a king of Sparta, celebrated 
 for his victories against the Persians. He 
 died B. C. 363. 
 
 Aggas, Robert, called Angus, a landscape 
 painter, one of whose pieces is still preserv- 
 ed in the hall of the paper-stainers' compa- 
 ny. He died 1679, in London, in his 60th 
 )'ear. 
 
 Agila, king of the Visigoths in Spain, 
 was murdered by his nobles in the fifth year 
 of his reign, 554. 
 
 Agilulf, duke of Turin, was appointed 
 on the death of Antharic king of Lorabardy, 
 his successor, and married his widow Theu- 
 delinda. He abandoned arianism for the 
 catholic faith, and displayed great abilities 
 as a warrior and a statesman. He died 616 
 after a reign of 25 years, and was succeeded 
 by his son Adalnald. 
 
 Agis, the name of some Spartan kings. 
 The most famous are the second of that 
 name who was engaged in the Peloponnesiau 
 war, and died 427 B. C. and the fourth who, 
 in consequence of his attempts to restore 
 Lacedajmon to her ancient discipline and glo- 
 rious independence, was put to death 241 
 B.C. 
 
 Aglionby, John, D. D. a native of Cum- 
 berland, educated at Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, and known for his great learning and 
 his knowledge of school divinity. He was 
 head of St. Edmund's Hall, chaplain to 
 James I. and one of those who translated the 
 new testament. He died at Islip, where he 
 was rector, 1610, February 6th, in his 43d 
 year, and was buried in the chancel there. 
 His son of the same name, was dean of Can- 
 terbury, an honor which he enjoyed but a 
 few months, and died 1643. 
 
 AGNELbus, an abbot of Ravenna, in the 
 ninth century, often confounded with a bish- 
 op of Ravenna of the same name in the sixth 
 centur}'. Agiiellus wrote an history of tlrt; 
 lives of the prelates of Ravenna, which is of- 
 ten quoted by Jerome Rubens, and is full of 
 uninteresting matter but deserved sarcasm 
 upon the debauchery of the monks. 
 
 Agisesi, Maria Gaetaua, a learned Italian 
 
AG 
 
 US 
 
 AG 
 
 ^ lady, bora at Mibn, and made in conse- 
 «. quence of her great merit, and her many 
 '^ -virtues, mathematical professor in the uni- 
 versity of Bologna by Benedict XIV. She 
 died about 1770, aged 52, universally res- 
 pected. Her analytical institutions appear- 
 ed atMilan, 2 vols. 4to. 1748, and were trans- 
 lated into French by Consia 1775, and lately 
 into English 2 vols. 4to. Avith her life from 
 Montucla. 
 
 A GO BARD, archbishop of Lyons, support- 
 ed the revolt of Lothaire against Lewis the 
 debonnaire. In consequence of this violent 
 opposition he was deposed at Thionvilje, but 
 afterwards restoi-ed to his ecclesiastical hon- 
 ors, on being reconciled to Lewis. He died, 
 840. His Avorks were edited by Baluze in 
 1666, 2 vols. 8vo. They contain able ai'gu- 
 ments against image worship, against witch- 
 craft, and against duelling. 
 
 Agostino, Paolo, a musical composer, 
 master of the papal chapel at Rome. His 
 chorusses are much commended. He died 
 1629, aged 36. 
 
 AoouLT, Guillaume d% a poet of Prov- 
 ence in 1 198. His ballads were most esteem- 
 ed in those times of chivalry and hospitable 
 rusticity. 
 
 Agreda, Mary d', superior of a convent 
 at Agreda in Spain, wrote a fanatical book 
 on the life of the virgin Mary, which she 
 said had been revealed to her from heaven. 
 A translation of this nonsensical book, which 
 was censured by the Sorbonne and prohib- 
 ited at Rome, was published at Brussels 
 1717 in 8 vols, 12mo. She died 1665, aged 
 63. 
 
 ACRESTI, Licio, an historical painter, 
 whose abilities were employed by Gregory 
 Xm. in adorning the Vatican. He died 1580. 
 
 Agrestis, Juhus, a Roman general un- 
 der Vespasian, who destroyed himself. 
 
 Agricola, Cn. Julius, an illustrious Ro- 
 man, known for his humanity when gover- 
 nor of Britain, and immortalized by the pen 
 of his son-in-law the historian Tacitus. He 
 died A. D. 93, aged 56. 
 
 Agricola, Rodolphus, a native of Gro- 
 ningen who travelled into France and Italy, 
 ■where he was honored with the patronage 
 of Hercules d'Est duke of Ferrara. He di- 
 ed at Heidelberg 1485. His works on histo- 
 rical subjects were published at Cologne in 
 4to. 1539 ; but though flattered by the com- 
 pliments of Ei-asmus, and called in prose and 
 poetry the Polition and Virgil of his time, 
 the)' are not possessed of superior merit. 
 He had the singular merit of first introdu- 
 cing the study of Greek into Germany, and 
 he himself gave lectures at Worms and Hei- 
 delberg. 
 
 Agricola, George, a physician of Glau- 
 cen in Misnia, known for his learning and 
 his works on metallic substances and miner- 
 als. He died 1555, November 21, aged 61. 
 
 Agricola, Michael, a minister of Abo 
 in Finland, the first who translated the new 
 testament into the language of the country, 
 and thus greatly favored the doctrines of 
 Luther. 
 
 VOL. T. .'; 
 
 Agricola, a learned bishop of Chalons- 
 sur-Saone. He died in his 83d year, 530. 
 
 Agricola, John, a German divine, born 
 at Isleb. He was the friend and the disciple 
 of Luther, but afterwards violently opposed 
 him, and became the head of the Anomeans, 
 a sect Avhieh regarded faith as the whole of 
 the duties of man. He was also engaged \\\ 
 a dispute Avith Melancthon, but Avith the 
 most laudable motives he endeavored to ef- 
 fect a reconciliation between the cathoUcs 
 and protestants. He died at Berlin 1566 
 aged 74. His commentaries on St. Luke 8vo. 
 his historia passionis J. C. fol. and his collec- 
 tion of German proverbs, have been printed, 
 and possess merit. 
 
 Agrippa, Menenius, a Roman patrician, 
 known in history for appeasing a sedition by 
 the fable of the belly and the limbs, B. C. 492. 
 
 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman 
 general celebrated for his military exploits, 
 but more for his intimacy Avith Augustus. 
 He died 12 B. C. 
 
 Agrippa, Herod, grandson of Herod the 
 Great, was noticed by the Roman emperors, 
 and made king of all Judsea and some other 
 neighboring provinces. He persecuted the 
 Christians, and Avas the person represented 
 in scripture as struck Avith death on his thi^one 
 by an angel for his impious vanity, A. D, 44. 
 
 Agrippa II. son of the above, and his 
 successor on the throne, and last k-'ng of Ju- 
 dtea, was the monarch before Avhoni Paul ap- 
 peared as a prisoner, and Avhom he persua- 
 ded almost to be a Christian. He died at 
 Rome A. D. 94. 
 
 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, a native of 
 Cologne descended from a noble family. He 
 was in the armies of the emperor Maximil- 
 ian, and distinguished himself so much by 
 his courage and mHitary abilities, that he was 
 knighted after seven years* service in Italy. 
 Eager to add to his laui-els the honors of learn? 
 ing, he applied himself to the study of the 
 more abstruse sciences, and took degrees in 
 law and medicine. The fickleness of his 
 temper, however, and his irritable passions, 
 prevented him from acquiring that distinc- 
 tion which is due to superior genius and vir- 
 tue. His Avritings, often severe, drew upon 
 him the resentmentof the monks, and though 
 liberally patronised by the great, he led a 
 fugitive and solitary Ufe. After reading lec- 
 tures in several places in France, and at Pa- 
 via, where his eloquence commanded admi- 
 ration, he retired to Metzby the solicitations 
 of his friends ; but his engaghig in the pue- 
 rile disputes about St. Anne, whether she had 
 one or three husbands according to the opin- 
 ion of the ecclesiastics of the times, render- 
 ed him so unpopular that he fled to Cologne, 
 and afterwards to S witzerland. Fortune here 
 seemed to fevor him, Francis I. granted him 
 a pension, and he Avas made ph)'sician to the 
 queen mother ; but his unwillingness to ap- 
 ply his knowledge of astrology to foretell suc- 
 cess to the arms of France, incensed the court, 
 and he was dimissed in disgrace. He reti- 
 i"ed with difficulty to Antwerp, and after re- 
 ceiving inA'itations fromHeniy king of Eug- 
 
AG 
 
 HG 
 
 AG 
 
 !and and from other powerful princes, he 
 preferred the protection of Margaret of Aus- 
 tria, governess of the low countries, and as 
 historiographer to the emperor, he began 
 the history of the government of Charles V. 
 The death of his patroness occasioned a 
 change in his affairs, and though he was per- 
 mitted to pronounce her fnneral oration, 
 he found that his enemies were inveterate 
 against him, and that from their malevolence 
 the favors of the emperor were for ever for- 
 feited. After being persecuted and impri- 
 soned at Brussels, and at Lyons, he at last 
 retired to Grenoble, where he died 1535 in 
 his 49th year. By his first wife, who died 
 in 1521, he had one son ; and by his second, 
 whom he married in 1522 and who died 1529, 
 he had five sons. It is worthy of remark 
 that he has been lavish of his praises on the 
 merits and virtues of these two amiable wo- 
 men, and if he met persecution, enmity, and 
 ingratitude in the world, he had the singular 
 happiness to find peace, support, and conso- 
 lation in the bosom of his family. He lived 
 and died in the Romish church, according to 
 Eayle, though others suppose that he favor- 
 ed the cause of Luther. Of this celebrated 
 reformer he speaks with harshness, some- 
 times even with contempt, and only once 
 •with respect in the ISth chapter of his apol- 
 ogy. He opposed the divorce of Henry VHL 
 from queen Catherine, and ridiculed the 
 meanness of his contemporaries, whose re- 
 ligious opinions yielded to the gold and the 
 lust of a tyrant. The most celebrated of his 
 Avritings were, his treatise on the excellence 
 of women, which recommended him to the 
 favor of Margaret ; his commentary on St. 
 Paul's epistles, written in England ; his oc- 
 cult philosophy, and his key to it ; a disser- 
 tation on original sin, his letters, &c. His 
 great learning and extensive information 
 probably procured him in these ages ofdark- 
 jiess and barbarism the fame of magician 
 and astrologer, and hence his enemies have 
 been fond of recording his frequent inter- 
 course with departed spirits, and with all the 
 demons of the infernal regions. His works 
 were published at Lyons 1550, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Agrippina, the virtuous wife of Ger- 
 manicus Caesar, was banished, after her hus- 
 band's death, by Tiberius, and died in exile, 
 A. D. 33. 
 
 Agrippina, daughter of the preceding, 
 took as her third husband the emperor 
 Claudius, whom she poisoned, to raise her 
 son Nero to the throne. She perished by 
 tlie order of that ungrateful son. 
 
 Aguesseau, Heiiry Francisd', the de- 
 scendant of a noble family of Saintonge, was 
 born at Limoges 1668, and after completing 
 his education, which was begun under the 
 direction of his father, he cultivated poetry 
 with taste and elegance, and acquired the es- 
 teem and fi-iendship of men of letters, par- 
 ticularly of Boileau and Racine. In the of- 
 fice of advocate-general of Pai-is in 1691, 
 and, nine years after, of procurer-general, 
 he «li8played all the energies of his nature ; 
 he gav-Q vigor and support to the laws, ban- 
 ished corruption from the tribunals, aad 
 
 distributed justice with an impartial hand. 
 His attention was particularly directed to 
 the management of the hospitals ; and in the 
 enlarged views of a benevolent heart, he often 
 resisted with boldness and success the in- 
 trigues of favorites and even the prejudices 
 of Lewis XIV. After this monarch's death 
 he was appointed by the duke of Orleans, 
 the regent, to succeed Voisin as chancellor, 
 and by his eloquence and firmness he oppo- 
 sed and rejected the schemes of Law, which 
 w ere afterwards too fatally adopted, and hurl-, 
 ed the whole kingdom into rwin and despon- 
 dency. The machinations of enemies vvere 
 however too powerful against integrity of 
 conduct, and Aguesseau was twice obliged 
 to resign the seals, and retii'e in disgrace to 
 his seat of Fresnes, and twice again he ^vas 
 solicited by the regent to resume a situation 
 which he adorned and dignified. The wishes 
 nearest to his heart were, to be useful to his 
 country, to maintain her liberties, and not 
 to accumulate wealth by oppression or dis- 
 honorable measures. On the tribunal, his 
 moderation and his equity were ever appa- 
 I'ent, and in his retirementat Fresnes where, 
 as he says, he passed the fairest days of his 
 life, the chancellor of France was employed 
 in the education of his children, in literary 
 pursuits, and often amused himself in digging 
 the ground. Temperance and cheerfulness 
 added to the pleasures of science, and con- 
 tributed to the health of the body and vigor 
 of the mind, and till his 80th year he enjoyed 
 a robust constitution. At this advanced age 
 infirmities came upon him, he resigned the 
 office of chancellor, and died soon after, oa 
 the ninth of February 1751. He married 
 1694 Anne le Fevre d' Ormesson, who died 
 at Auteuil 1735, mother of six chiidren, and 
 leaving him disconsolate for the dissolution of 
 mutual tenderness. D'Aguesseau was humane 
 and religious from his childhood, he never 
 spent a day without reading the scriptures 
 which he called the balm of his life. From 
 the vast conceptions of his genius, France 
 derived new regulations, which tended to 
 strengthen the liberties of the subject, check 
 the rapacity of the nob'es, and unite the 
 whole kingdom in paying reverence to the 
 laws, which he wished to see adminstered. 
 witii impartiality and withoutunnecessary de- 
 lay. His memory was quick and retentive, 
 and besi<les a perfect knowledge of tiie dead 
 languages, he spoke with ease the Arabic, 
 Portuguese, English, ItaUan, and Spanish. 
 His works have been published in 9 vols. 4to. 
 M. Thomas has written his eulogy, which 
 obtained the prize of the French academy 
 in 1760, and from it this article is extracted. 
 
 Agui, a king of Bantam in Java, at the 
 end of the 17th century, who, after succeed- 
 ing to the throne on the resignation of his 
 father Agouin, extended his power by means 
 of the Dutch, and imprisoned the old mon- 
 arch, who wished to check the career of his 
 ambition. 
 
 Aguillon, Francis, a mathematician of 
 Brussels, who published a treatise on optics, 
 and another on spheric projections, aod died 
 1617 at SeviUe in lils 50th rear. 
 
AI 
 
 £'/ 
 
 AI 
 
 ACuiRTiK, Joseph, a learned Benedictine, 
 a native of Spain who was raised to the rank 
 of Cardinal by Innocent XI. His writings 
 -were on tlieological subjects, besides a collec- 
 tion of the councils of vSpain 6 vols. fol. He 
 died at Rome 1699 in his Cgth year. 
 
 Agylaus, Henry, a native of Bois-le-I)uc, 
 who made an inelegant translation of Photius' 
 :Monocanon. He died 1595 in his 62d year. 
 
 Ahab, son and successor of Omri as king 
 of Israel, was remarkable for his impieties, 
 wickedness, which 
 
 AiDAN, bishop of Lindisfarne or Holy 
 Island in Northumberland, was a prelate hu- 
 mane, mild, and benevolent, who by his 
 exemplary zeal converted many of the north- 
 ern heathens of Britain to Christianity. He- 
 died 651. 
 
 A I KM AN, William, son of an advocate 
 of Scotland of the same name, was brought 
 up to the profession of his father. A natur- 
 al bias for the arts, however, pi'evailed upo« 
 the son to relinquish the honors of the 
 Scotch bar for distinction in the cultivation 
 
 his oppression, and his wiciteuness, wmun | 
 
 were increased by the influence of his wife i of painting, and an absence of five years la 
 Jezebel. He was killed in a battle which he ' visiting Italy and Constantinople and Smyrna, 
 fought against the Syrians, and, according ; served -to improve and adorn his mind, and 
 to the propliecy of Elijah, the dogs licked his j enlarge and correct his taste. As his fortuae 
 blood on the very spot vvherehe had cruelly j was independent he did not court the patron- 
 shed the blood of the innocent Naboth, | age of the great by flattery, and to his merit 
 
 ■whose vineyard he had unjustly seized, about 
 898 B. C. 
 
 Ahaz,, son and successor of Jotham on 
 the throne of Judah, B. C. 742, defeated 
 Rezin king of Syria, but afterwards was rout- 
 ed by him, and became tributary to Tiglath- 
 pileser king of Assyria, whose assistance he 
 had implored. He afterwards defaced the 
 holy vessels of the temple, and forbad the 
 
 alone he was indebted for the esteem of John 
 duke of Argyle, and of the earl of Burling- 
 ton, and for the affectionate friendship of 
 Allan Ramsay, Thomson, Swift, Pope, Ar- 
 buthnot, Gay, Somerville, and the other 
 wits of the age. His genius was exerted ia 
 portrait painting, and many of those who 
 then shone in rank and fashion will receive 
 more celebrity from his pencil, than from 
 
 people to assemble there for the offering of ^ the possession of beauty destroyed by incon- 
 prayers and oblations ; and such was his im- j tinence, and of riches wasted in riot and ef- 
 piety that, at his death, his remains were • fcminacy, A picture of the royal family 
 deemed unworthy to repose in the tomb of; of England, now in possession of the duke of 
 his ancestors. Devonshire, and several pox-traits )f the earl 
 
 Ahaziah, succeeded his fother Ahab on | of Buckinghamshire's family, were among 
 the throne of Israel, and reigned two years, ; the last of his pieces. He died in Leicester 
 in which he followed the impious examples ; Field 1731, the 7th of June, in the 49th year 
 of his rebellious house. — Another Ahaziah, ' of his age. His son, aged 17, liad died the 
 son of Jehoram, was king of Judah, and January preceding. He left two daughters. 
 
 reigned but one year, and was killed by Je- 
 hu, who succeeded him 889 B. C. 
 
 Ahlwardt, Peter, a native of Griefs- 
 ■walde in Germany, who, though but the son 
 of a shoemaker, rose by his abilities, and be- 
 came an eminent professor of logic and me- 
 taphysics. He wrote some treatises on the 
 liuman understanding, on the immortality 
 of the soul, and thoughts on thunder and 
 lightning, and died 1791 aged 81. 
 
 Ahmed Khan, son of Hulagu, succeeded 
 his brother Abaka on the throne of the Mo- 
 guls, and was the first emperor who embra- 
 ced the Mahometan religion. This change, 
 so displeasing to his family, excited an insur- 
 rection against him, which proved victorious, 
 and in dooming him to death placed his 
 nephew Argoun on his throne 1284. 
 
 AjALA, Martin Perez d', a native of Car- 
 thagena, who, though of obscure birth, dis- 
 tinguished himself by his abilities, and ser- 
 ved Charles V. at the council of Trent. 
 He >vas promoted to two bi.shoprics, and was 
 at last made archbishop of Valencia, where 
 he died, universally respected 1566, in his 
 62d year. He wrote a Laiin treatise in 10 
 Uboks on apostolic traditions. — There were 
 of the same name Gabriel a physician of 
 Louvain, who wrote popularia epigram matn, 
 — &de lue pestilenti, &c. — and Balthazar of 
 Antwerp, author of a treatise de jure & offi- 
 ciis beUicis ac militari diciplina. These two 
 wercTbrothers, and lived in the 16th centurv. 
 
 His abilities and the virtues of his heart hqd 
 the singular honor of being celebrated by his 
 poetic friends, Thomson, Sornerville, Smol- 
 let, and Ramsay. 
 
 AiLHAun, John, a Fi-ench surgeon of 
 Cadenet in Provence, who acquired some 
 celebrity and fortune by the selling of a pur- 
 gative powder, which he, with all the ait of 
 an empiric, declared capable to cure all dis- 
 eases. He died in a good old age 1756. 
 
 AiLLY, Petdrd', born of an obscure fami- 
 ly, rose by his merit to the highest honors in 
 the sei'vice of Charles VI. and was made 
 chancellor of the university of Pans, and af- 
 terwards bishop of Puy and Cam bray. His 
 eloquence was exerted to heal the wounds 
 which existed in the Romish church, though 
 lie presided over the council of Constance, 
 and shared their guilt when they condemned 
 John Huss to the flames. He was rewarded 
 by John XXIII. with a cardinal's hat, and 
 the ofiice of legate to the holy see. He di.-id 
 the eighth of August 1419. His works on 
 theological subjects were published at Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 AiLRED, or Ethelred, authorof a ge- 
 nealog}-^ of English kings — of a life of Ed- 
 ward the confessor, Sec. was abbot of Reves- 
 ly in Lincolnshire, and florished about the 
 middle of the 12th century. 
 
 AiMoiN, a Benedictine of Aquitaine, au- 
 thor of an inelegant and puerile history of 
 France in fire books found in the third vol- 
 
AI 
 
 ^r 
 
 AK 
 
 urae of Duchesne's collection. He died 
 about the beginning of the 11th century. 
 
 AiNSwoRTH, Henry, a nonconformist, 
 known for his leai'ning and for the conotnen- 
 taries which he wrote on the holy scriptupes. 
 As he embraced the tenets of the IBrown- 
 ists, he shared their persecutions and fled to 
 Amsterdam, where, with Johnson, he erec- 
 ted a church of which he became the minis- 
 ter. This union however was soon produc- 
 tive of a quarrel : Johnson was violent, and 
 he was banished by the congregation ; and 
 Ainsworth afterwards shared his fate, and 
 retired to Ireland. He soon after returned to 
 Amsterdam, where he died, as it is supposed, 
 a violent death. He had found a diamond 
 of great value, and he asked of the Jew to 
 whom it belonged, no other reward but a 
 conference with the rabbis of his synagogue, 
 concerning the prophecies relating to the 
 Messiah. The Jew had not interest sufficient 
 to fulfil his wishes, and in his disappointment 
 he caused Ainsworth to be poisoned, in the 
 beginning of the I7th century. His treatises 
 were admired for their ingenuity as well as 
 their profound learning, and so great was his 
 name that Dr. Hall bishop of Exeter wrote 
 against him and refuted his arguments in fa- 
 vor of the Brownists. Dr. Lightfoot is said 
 to have derived much assistance from his 
 writings. 
 
 A.INSWORTH, Robert, was born at Wood- 
 5'ale, four miles from Manchester, in Sep- 
 tenaber 16G0, and educated at the grammar 
 school in Bolton, founded by Robei't Lever, 
 of which he afterwards became master for a 
 few years. Fi-om thence he retired to Lon- 
 don, anfl opened a school at Bethnal Green, 
 at Hackney, and other places, where his pupils 
 were numerous and respectable. His great 
 application procured him a comfortable com- 
 petence, and he sometime after retired from 
 his laborious occupation to the enjoyment of 
 literary ease. Tn 1714 a plan was proposed 
 to the booksellers for the compilation of an 
 English and Latin dictionary, after Faber's 
 plan, and Ainsworth was invited to the un- 
 dertaking, as his abilities were known, and 
 his judgment mature and cori'ect. The task, 
 however, was soon discovered to be more 
 difficult than was expected, his labors were 
 suspended for some )'^ears, but at last appli- 
 cation succeeded, and the book was publish- 
 ed in 4to. in 1736, dedicated to Dr. Mead. 
 The second edition was improved by Patrick, 
 and published 10 years after. The other 
 publications by Ainsworth, were a treatise on 
 grammar, and other small classical compo- 
 sitions, besides some specimens of English 
 and Latin poetry. He died at London on the 
 fourth of April J 743, in his 83d year, and 
 was buried, according to his desire, in Pop- 
 lar chui'ch-yard, under art inscription written 
 by himself. 
 
 AiRAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, 
 born at Angers, where he also died 1601, Ju- 
 ly 21st, in his 65th year. As a magistrate 
 he behaved with firmness and integrity, and 
 was deservedly called the rock of the accu- 
 sed. He left ten children, the eldest of 
 
 whom, Rene, -was intrusted to the Jesuits 
 for his education, and induced to enter into 
 the order, from w hich he never could extri- 
 cate himself, though his father procured the 
 interest of the king of France and of the pope. 
 Rene died at la Fleche, December 18, 1644, 
 in his 77th year. His father wrote some 
 treatises, especially on the power of fa. 
 thers, &c. 
 
 Air AY, Henry, a native of Westmoreland, 
 l)atronised by Bernard Gilpin, who was na- 
 med the northern apostle. He became 
 member of St. Edmund Hall, and afterwards 
 of Queen's, Oxford, of which he was elected 
 provost 1598. He was vice chancellor of the 
 university, and published some tracts and 
 sermons. He died 10th of October 1610, 
 aged 57, and was buried in the college chapel 
 He was a strict Calvinist, and was author of 
 some theological pieces. 
 
 Air AY, Christopher, a native of Clifton, 
 Westmoreland, student of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, and afterwards vicar of Milford, 
 Hants. He published a logical treatise and 
 other pieces, and died at Milford 19th Oct. 
 1670, aged 61. 
 
 AiSTULFE, a king of the Lombards, af- 
 ter his brother Rachis. He laid siege to 
 Rome, from which he was driven to Pavia 
 in disgrace, by Pepin king of France, at the 
 solicitation of the pope Stephen HL He was 
 killed in hunting, 756. 
 
 AiTON, William, a native of Lanarkshire, 
 first recommended by the friendship of Philip 
 Miller, and known as a botanist and gardener 
 in the royal gardens at Kew, to which he was 
 appointed 1759. The high patronage which he 
 received was due to his merit and taste, for, 
 under his attentive eye and directing hand, 
 Kew soon exhibited the most curious and valu- 
 able plants, collected from every part of the 
 world by the munificence of his patron. He 
 published in 1789 an useful catalogue of the 
 plants of the gardens, called Hortus Kewen- 
 sis, and died of that dreadful distemper » 
 schirrous liver, Feb. 1st, 1793, after enjoy- 
 ing the friendship and esteem of men of 
 rank, of virtue, and literary eminence. The 
 king, with that liberality which distinguishes 
 and rewards merit, appointed his son suc- 
 cessor in the care of the gardens. 
 
 AiT2j2MA, Leovan, a noble of Dorciim 
 in Friezland, employed as representative of 
 the Hanseatic towns at the Hague. He 
 wrote in ^.Dutch in seven volumes fol. an 
 history of the United Provinces — and an 
 history of the peace of Munster, valuable for 
 the public acts and authentic records which 
 it contains, but otherwise inelegant and in- 
 judicious. The work Avas continued by other 
 hands to 1692. He died at the Hague, 1669, 
 in his 69th year. 
 
 Akakia, Martin, a native of Chalons> 
 professor of medicine- at Paris. He was 
 surnamed Harmless, which he altered to the 
 Greek word Akakia. He published transla- 
 tions of Galen's writings, and died 1551, 
 His son of the same name was physician to 
 Henry IH. He wrote medical treatises de 
 morbis inulieribus — consilia medica, &c. 
 
AK 
 
 and died 1588, in his 89th year. There were 
 other persons of tiie family who gained dis- 
 tinctions by their talents in various profes- 
 sions. 
 
 Akbar, a sultan of the Moguls, after his 
 father Hemayun, 1556. He enlarged his do- 
 minions by the conquest of Bengal, Cash- 
 mere, and Scindi, and showed himself a 
 ■wise and powerful monarch. Selim his son 
 rebelled against him and was pardoned. He 
 died by ignorantly taking poison which he 
 had prepared for the destruction of his 
 enemies, 1605. 
 
 Akenside, Mark, M. D. son of a butcher 
 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was educated in 
 his native town, and at the age of 18 went 
 to Edinburgh to study divinity and en- 
 ter into holy orders. Here, however, his in- 
 tentions changed ; but he no sooner applied 
 himself to medicine, than he honorably re- 
 placed the contribution which he iiad recei- 
 ved from the fund established to promote 
 the education of dissenting ministers. In 
 1741 he went to Leyden, and in taking his 
 degree three years after he published a 
 much admired dissertation on the growth of 
 the human foetus. His genius unfolded itself 
 in his early years, and his greatest work, 
 the Pleasures of the Imagination, was pub- 
 lished in 1744. Dodsley, to whom it was of- 
 fered for sale, at a high price, seemed reluc- 
 tant till he had consulted Pope, who admired 
 the composition, and advised the hookseller 
 not to make a niggardly offer, as it was no 
 every day writer. The publication was at- 
 tacked by Warburton, as a note on the 
 third book maintained, after Shaftesbury, 
 that ridicule is the test of truth, and though 
 defended anonymously by Dyson, Akenside 
 had the sense or timidity to omit the objec- 
 tionable passage in an other edition. He pub- 
 lished some odes afterwards, and virulently 
 attacked lord Bath under the title of Curio, 
 as the betrayer of his country ; but the phi- 
 lippic was afterwards expunged. He first 
 practised as physician at Northampton, af- 
 terwards at Hampstead, and then at London, 
 where his friend Dyson supported his ap- 
 pearance by an allowance of 300^. a year. 
 His abilities began now to recommend him ; 
 he published several medical treatises, espe- 
 cially on dysenteries &c. read the Gultonian 
 lectures, and was elected fellow of the col- 
 lege of physicians, and physician to the 
 queen. His hopes however were cut short 
 by a putrid fever which terminated his life 
 23d June, 1770, in his 59th year. He was bu- 
 ried in St. James's church, Westminster. 
 Akenside possessed great powers of mind ; 
 his poem was published before he was 23 
 years old, and afterwards altered and revi- 
 sed ; but so excellent was the original con- 
 sidered, that it is printed separately with the 
 corrections, to show that whatever comes 
 from the hand of a master is never devoid 
 of elegance or dignity. It is an embellish- 
 raent'of Shaftesbury's characteristics,and he 
 has done for him what Lucretius did for 
 the founder of the Epicurean sect. 
 
 Akiba, a learned rabbi, who quitted the 
 
 AL 
 
 obscure life of a shepherd, and at the age of 
 40, through his love for his master's daugh- 
 ter who esteemed learned men, devoted him- 
 self to literature. He joined himself to Bar- 
 chonebas the false Messiah, and was, with 
 his son Pappus and his family, flayed alive 
 by the Romans, 135. He was one of the 
 first who began the compilation of the caba- 
 listic ti'aditions of the Jews. 
 
 Alabaster, William, a protestant, bora 
 at Hadleigh in Suffolk, and educated at Trin- 
 ity, Cambridge. He went to Cadiz with Es- 
 sex, and after embracing the Catholic doc- 
 trines, returned to the English church, and 
 was canon of St. Paul's. He wrote a He- 
 brew lexicon Pentaglotton, folio, and some 
 theological tracts, besides Roxana, a Latin 
 tragedy performed at Cambridge. He died 
 1640. 
 
 Alagon, Claude, a native of Provence, 
 who foolishly attempted to introduce the 
 Spaniards into Marseilles, for which he was 
 put to death in 1705. 
 
 Alain, de Lisle, a divine of Paris, sur- 
 named the universal doctor. His works 
 were printed folio, 1653. He died 1294. 
 
 Alain, John, a Dane, author of a trea- 
 tise on the origin of the Cimbri, and other 
 works. He died 1630 aged 61. 
 
 Alain, Chartier, secretary to Charles 
 VII. of France, was born 1386. He distin- 
 guished himself by his writings, particularly 
 his chronicle of Charles VII. valuable for 
 the elegance of the composition, and the im- 
 portant and interesting details which it con- 
 tains. He has been compared to Seneca for 
 the beauty of his sentences. 
 
 Alain, Nicholas, son of a cobler at the 
 beginning of the I8th century, known as the 
 writer of some comedies. His Epreuve Re- 
 ciproque is still admired on the stage. 
 
 Alaleona, Joseph, a native of Macera- 
 ta, professor of civil law in the university of 
 Padua. He wrote some admired treatises, 
 and died 5th April 1749, aged 79. 
 
 Alamanni, Lewis, a native of Florence* 
 who opposed the power which Julius de 
 Medici and his partisans exercised at Flo- 
 rence. The conspiracy into which he had 
 entered was discovered ; one of the accom- 
 plices was punished with death, and he him- 
 self saved his life by flight. The election of 
 Julius to the popedom by the name of Cle- 
 ment VII. seemed to forbid his restoration 
 to his country ; but the success of Charles V. 
 at Rome, and the confinement of the pontiff* 
 in the castle of St. Angelo, encouraged the 
 Florentines to break their chains ; the Me- - 
 dici were banished, and Alamanni recalled. 
 The leader of a party, however, is always in 
 dangei', and whilst Alamanni wished to solicit 
 the patronage and alliance of the emperor, he 
 became unpopulai', and he again fled before 
 the general odium of the city. His good 
 offices, in the mean time, were not v^ranting 
 to his ungrateful countrymen, but in vain, as 
 after a few struggles the power of the Me- 
 dici was re-established. Alamanni found an 
 asylum in the French court, and was employ- 
 ed as ambassador by Francis I. to the cmpe- 
 
AL 
 
 0^ 
 
 AL 
 
 ror. Charles V. received him -with coldness, 
 and in answer to his fulsome but eloquent 
 atldress repeated the ludicrous verses which 
 he had written against him. Alamanni vin- 
 dicated himself, and by his firmness and the 
 dexterity of his speech he changed the em- 
 peror's displeasure into admiration and es- 
 teem. After being employed in another em- 
 bassy to Genoa, he died at Amboise, 18th 
 April 1566, in his 66th year. Hip, poems and 
 other compositions in Italian are highly com- 
 mended. His son Baptist was almoner to the 
 queen, and also bishop of Bazar and Maion, 
 and died 1581, author of some letters and 
 other pieces. 
 
 Alamos, Baithazai*, a Spanish writer in 
 the service of Anthony Perez, the secretary 
 of state under Philip II. He shared his 
 master's disgrace, and was imprisoned for 11 
 years, till his abilities were called into action 
 by Olivarez the favorite of Philip IV. He 
 ■was made counsellor of the council of the 
 Indies, and honored with knighthood. He 
 died in his SSth year. He published an excel- 
 lent translation of Tacitus 1614, besides apho- 
 risms much admired, written during his con- 
 finement. Some of his works are still unpub- 
 lished. 
 
 Alamundir, a king of the Saracens 509, 
 whom the bishops of his age endeavored to 
 convert to Christianity. 
 
 A14AN, Allen, Allyn, William, a na- 
 tive of Rossal in Lancasbirg, educated at O- 
 riel College, and made principal of St. Mary 
 Hall in his 24th year. As he was a warm 
 defender of the pope, he left his preferment 
 in England on the accession of Elizabeth, and 
 retiretl to the English college of Louvaine, 
 ■where he supported the tenets of his reli- 
 gion by his writings. The intenseness of his 
 application, however, endangered his health, 
 and his physicians advised his return to Eng- 
 land. There, with more zeal than pru- 
 dence, he publicly avowed his principles, and 
 attempted to make converts ; but neither 
 Lancashire, nor Oxford, nor London could 
 long conceal the author of virulent attacks 
 against the established religion of his country, 
 and he fled with difficulty to Douay. Here 
 preferments were heaped upon him by the 
 Guises, as he Avas considered the champion 
 and martyr of the catholic cause, and he 
 ■was soon after raised to the dignity of car- 
 dinal, and the archbishopric of Mechlin. 
 His resentment kept pace v-ith his elevation; 
 In 1586 he published a book to explain the 
 pope's bull, for the excommunication of Eli- 
 zabeth, and to excite, the people of England 
 to re'»t)lt against their lawful sovereign, and 
 espouse the cause of Philip of Spain, and of 
 the invading catholics ; and several thousand 
 copies of tliis unnatural composition were 
 sent on board the Armada, but were happily 
 destroyed with the projects of the tyrant. 
 Elizabeth indeed complained of the indigni- 
 ty by Dr. Dale sent as ambassador to the 
 Low Countries ; but the duke of Parma re- 
 ceived the messenger with supercilious indif- 
 ference. Alan died at Rome, 26th Oct. 1594, 
 inlusJ63d year. His old age was not free from 
 
 disquietudes; his person ■was surrounded by 
 the spies of the English court ; he grew un- 
 popular among the Jesuits, who are even sus- 
 pected ot poisoning him; and to his sufferings 
 must be added that inward torment, which 
 persecutes and harrows up the heart that 
 has formed the homicidal design of making 
 his country bend to the yoke of foreign usur- 
 pation. His publications were mostly on 
 controversial or political subjects, one partic- 
 ularly in answer to Lord Burleigh. 
 
 Alan, of Lynn in Norfolk, a divine 
 known as the author of useful indexes to the 
 books he read. He wrote a book called Mo- 
 ralia Bibliorum, &c. He florished in the 
 I5th century. 
 
 Aland, Sir John Fortescue, was descen- 
 ded from Sir John Fortescue lord chancellor 
 under Henry VI. Naturally endowed with 
 strong powei'sbf mind, he cultivated his un- 
 derstanding with successful industry, and after 
 being honored with a degree at Oxford, and 
 called to the bar, his abilities were further 
 distinguished by being made solicitor to the 
 prince of Wales, and afterwai'ds to George I. 
 and the next year 1716-7, raised to the dig- 
 nity of a baron of the exchequer. In his ju- 
 dicial capacity, he displayed integrity of heart 
 and firmness of conduct ; but his services 
 were neglected, and either fi-om private re- 
 sentment, or the spirit of misrepresentation 
 which too often poisons the ears of kings, he 
 was the only judge whose patent was not re- 
 newed on the accession of George II. This 
 apparent disgrace however was momentary, 
 he was restored the following year to his pro- 
 fession, and he continued to dignify the bench 
 and to benefit the public by his wisdom till 
 1746, when he resigned, and as a reward for 
 his long and laborious services as a judge for 
 30 years, he was created a peer of Ireland. 
 Sir John had assumed the surname of Aland 
 in compliment to the virtues of an amiable 
 wife, of the Aland family at Waterford, and 
 he maintained through life the dignity of 
 character which had been so much admired 
 in his great ancestor, and which received 
 fresh lustre from the merits and eminent 
 services of his descendant. He was remark- 
 able for a small, short, flat nose, which how- 
 ever was made to disappear in his portrait, 
 either by the adulation or the dexterity of 
 the pencil of Sir Godfrey Kneller. This de- 
 formity exposed him once to the sarcasm of 
 a barrister, whom he censured for treating 
 his cause rather ob.scurely : — My lord, repli- 
 ed the undismayed lawyer, if you will have 
 patience I will make it appear as plain as 
 the nose in your lordship's face. His wri- 
 tings, which were on judicial subjects, have 
 been published, and are held in esteem. He 
 was born 7th of March 1670, and died 1746.. 
 The family is now extinct. 
 
 Alankava, daughter of Gioubire, mar- 
 ried her cousin Doujoun king of the Mon- 
 gouls in the North of Asia, by whom she 
 had two sons. Some miraculous i-eports 
 concerning her conception are related among 
 the nations over which she reigned, and tend 
 to prove that in all ages and cotintries the 
 
AL 
 
 sy 
 
 AL 
 
 .thpone is supported by the fiction of super- 
 natural events, and by imposture, if it rests 
 not on the love of the people, and the hap- 
 piness of tlve subject. 
 
 AI.ARD, a priest of Amsterdam, author 
 Cf some learned works, especially selectse 
 similitudincs, or collationes, exbibliis, 3 vols. 
 8vo. Paris 1543. He died at Louvaine \'S?>\. 
 
 Alaric I. a celebrated king of the Visi- 
 g0ths who made war against Arcadius,land 
 dfter spreading his devastations over Gretce, 
 entered Italy and laid siege to Rome. Though 
 Ids retreat was repeatedly purchased with 
 gold, he at last plundered the imperial city 
 400, A. D. and extorted the heaviest con- 
 tributions from the inhabitants of Italy. He 
 died soon after at Cosenza. 
 
 Alaric II. made king of the Visigoths 
 484, was slain in a battle by the hand of 
 Clovis king of France at Vougle in Pictou 509. 
 
 Alasco, John, a Roman Catholic bishop, 
 uncle to the king of Poland. He became af- 
 terwards a convert to the protestant princi- 
 ples, and came to England under Edward 
 VI. and took care of a Dutch congregation 
 in London. His piety and his virtues ren- 
 dered him popular, but the reign of Mary 
 drove him to the continent, where he died 
 1560. He was much esteemed by the learn- 
 ed of the times, and particularly by Erasmus, 
 whose library he bought. 
 
 Ala VA, Diego Esquivel, a learned bislic.p, 
 born at Vittoria in Biscay. He was at the 
 council of Trent, and published a valuable 
 work on councils and the regulations neces- 
 sary to reform the Christian religion. He 
 died March 17th 1562. 
 
 Ai.AViN, a chief of the Goths who set- 
 tled on the banks of the Danube, by pel-mis- 
 sion of Valens, and afterwards rose against 
 the imperial troops, and defeated them near 
 Adrianople 378. 
 
 A LB AN, St. a native of Verulam, thepro- 
 tomartyr of England. He travelled in his 
 youth to Rome, and served as a soldier in 
 Dioclesian's array for seven years. On his 
 I'eturn to England he renounced the Pagan 
 religion by the advice and influence of his 
 friend Amphibalus, a monk of Caerleon, and 
 during the persecution of Dioclesian, he was 
 martyred for the Christian faith 286 or 296, 
 or seven years later according to Usher. 
 Nearly 500 years after his memory was hon- 
 ored by Offa king of the Mercians, who 
 built a stately monastery over him, from 
 which the modern town of St. Albans re- 
 ceives its name. 
 
 Albani, Francis, son of a silk merchant 
 at Bologna, forsook his father's profession 
 for painting, in which nature had formed hini 
 to excel. He was tlie school-fellow and after- 
 wards the pupil of Guido, by whom he was 
 introduced to the Caracchis ; and after he 
 had studied amongst the monuments of 
 Rome for some years he returned to Bologita, 
 where he married for his second wife Dora- 
 lice, a woman of matchless beauty, and of 
 superior understanding. la her he found a 
 most perfect model, and the Venus, the 
 Ivymphs and the Graces, which came from 
 
 Ids pencil, possessed all her charms, and 
 though remarkable for too much uniformity, 
 yet tlKiy were universally admired. She be- 
 came mother of twelve children, who 
 equally inherited her personal accomplish- 
 ments, and were made by the fond father 
 the originalsof his Cupids in the most playful 
 and enchanting attitudes. Albani particu- 
 larly excelled in expressing the graces of the 
 fair sex ; in his imitation of men he was less 
 fortunate ; but into every thing which he drew 
 he transfused the happiness anil serenity of his 
 disposition, and all the mild virtues of aa 
 amiable character. He died in his 82dyear, 
 October 4, 1660, and the whole city of Bo- 
 logna testified their grief for the loss of a 
 man who during life had been honored with 
 the esteem not only of the most eminent of 
 his fellow- citizens but even of monarchs. 
 Charles I. of England was one of those who 
 invited him to his don^inions. His pieces are 
 highly esteemed, and are dispersed in the 
 cabinets of Europe. His brother, J ohn Bap- 
 tist, was his pupil, and excelled as a landscape 
 painter. He died 1668. 
 
 Albani, John Jerome, a learned civilian, 
 made cardinal after the death of his wife 
 1570. He wrote treatises on ecclesiastical 
 affairs, &c. and died 1591. 
 
 Albani, Alexander, a Roman cardinal, 
 who died 2d December, 1779, aged 87. He 
 was a man of great merit, well acquainted 
 with the records and monuments of antiqui- 
 ty, and a liberal patron of men of letters. 
 
 Albany, John duke of, a Scotch noble- 
 man in the service of Francis I. king of 
 France. He was intrusted by that monarch 
 with an army of 10,0p0 men to attack Naples, 
 but the fatal battle of Pavia obliged him to 
 return to France, where he died, 1536. 
 
 Albategnius, an Arabian astronomer, 
 who died 929. He wrote a treatise on the 
 knowledge and the obliquity of the zodiac of 
 the stars, printed 4to. at Nuremberg 1537, 
 and at Bologna 1545. 
 
 Albemarle, Monk duke of, nid. Monk. 
 
 Albemarle, Anne Clarges duchess of, 
 daughter of a blacksmith, was brought up as 
 a milliner, and retained the vulgarity of her 
 manners in her highest elevation. She was 
 first the mistress of general Monk when con- 
 fined in the tower, and afterwards his wife ; 
 but so clear was her understanding, that she 
 Avas often consulted in the greatest emergen- 
 cies ; and there is little doubt, but that by fa- 
 vor and bribery, she filled up the list of pri- 
 vy counsellors which was presented to the 
 second Chai'les on his landing. Her animo- 
 sity was so great against Clarendon that she 
 prevailed upon her husband to join in the 
 ruinof his former friend ; and as the viru- 
 lence of her temper was unbounded, the 
 general was often forced to comply under her 
 threats, as he dreaded her invectives more 
 than the cannon's mouth. 
 
 Albemarle, Keppel Lord, a native of 
 Guelders, one of the favorites of William. 
 HI. by whom he was raised to an earldom. 
 Ill the last of queen Anne's M'ars he Avas 
 made commander of the Dutch forces, affd 
 
AL 
 
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 AL 
 
 tpas defeated by marshal Villars at Denian 
 1712, and made prisoner. He died six years 
 after. 
 
 Albergati, Capacelli Marquis, a native 
 of Bologna, who devoted the first years of 
 Jus life to dissipation and licentiousness, and 
 at the age of 34 began to make amends for 
 fn spent hours, by the severest application 
 to literary i>ursuits. Nature had endowed 
 Iiim with great talents, and the knowledge of 
 the world had enriched his mind with salu- 
 tary reflections, so that at the age of 40 he 
 burst upon the public not only as a dramatist, 
 elegant, correct, and sublime, but as an actor 
 lively, interesting, and judicious. Honored 
 ■with the appellation of the Garrick of Italy, 
 he displayed his abilities with effect, and ac- 
 quired deserved reputation by the wit and 
 facetiousness of his compositions. He died 
 1802. His works were published together 
 1783, in 12 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Albergotti, Francis, an ancient civil- 
 ian born at Ax'ezzo, where he practised till 
 his removal to Florence. At Tlorence he 
 was raised to the honor of nobility, and de- 
 served for his abilities the name of *«the 
 teacher of solid truth." His treatises on the 
 Digest and the Code were much read in his 
 time, but are now little known. He died at 
 Florence 137G. 
 
 ALBERicor Albert, a canon of Aix 
 in Provence, who not being able to accom- 
 pany the first Crusaders, wrote from the 
 best authorities an account of their adven- 
 tures from 1095 to 1120 under the title of 
 Chronicon Hierosolyraitanum, published in 
 two vols. 8vo, 1584. 
 
 Alberic, a French monk of Cluny, 
 bishop of Ostia and a cardinal, was legate in 
 England, Scotland, France, &c. and died 
 1147. ^ 
 
 Alberic, of Rosata, a learhed lawyer of 
 Bergamo, who wrote commentaries on the 
 six books of the Decretals, in the 14th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Alberic, a monk in the abbey of Trois- 
 fontaiues near Chalons, wrote a chronicle 
 from the creation to the year 1241, soon after 
 ■which year he died. The work was edited 
 by Leibnitz, 4to. 1698. 
 
 ALBERiNi,Rodiana, a lady born at Par- 
 ma 1530, distinguished for her jwetical 
 Tvorks both in Latin and in Italian, as well 
 as for her many amiable and virtuous qual- 
 ities. 
 
 Alberoni, Julius, son of a gardener in 
 the suburbs of Placentia, worked with his 
 father till his 14th year, but afterwards being 
 admitted to the meaner employments of the 
 cathedral, he was ordained priest, and pre- 
 ferred to a benefice. At that time the poet 
 Campistron, the favorite of the duke of Ven- 
 dome, was plundered in his way to Rome, 
 and in his distress he found a hospitable asy- 
 lum in the house of the new ecclesiastic, 
 ■who supplied him with clothes and money 
 for his journej. The kindness was not for- 
 gotten ; Campistron mentioned the generous 
 treatment to the duke, and Alberoni soon 
 after gained his protectiou and confidence. 
 
 by discovering to liim, in the -wars of Italy, 
 the places where the inhabitants had con- 
 cealed their corn fro»n the plunder of the 
 soldiery. Obliged therefore to fly from a 
 neighborhood whose secrets he had betrayed, 
 he followed the army, and when Vendome 
 was placed at the head of the military for- 
 ces "n Spain, his abilities were cmploved to 
 negotiate between the duke and the princess 
 of Ursino, whose wit and whose intrigues 
 had gained an ascendency over the Spanish 
 monarch. He behaved with such dexterity, 
 that he became the favorite of the princess ; 
 and to appear with greater dignity he assu- 
 med the character of agent of the duke of 
 Parma to the court of Madrid, and employed 
 his influence to fix a daughter of that house 
 on the throne of Spain. The task was 
 dangerous, but the princess of Ursino was 
 soothed and flattered into compliance with 
 the artful representation that the intended 
 queen was given to gaiety and pleasure, and 
 of a -weak insignificant character which could 
 easily be governed. Alberoni used all possi- 
 ble dispatch in this deUcate affair, the prin- 
 cess of Ursino had already changed her 
 mind, and a courier was sent to stop the ne- 
 gotiation, but the minister forbad his appear- 
 ance on pain of death, the treaty was signed, 
 and Philip V. received his new queen. The 
 consequent disgrace of the princess of Ur- 
 sino made room for Alberoni, the beauty and 
 the wit of the queen were made, with the 
 king, subservient to the elevation of the fa- 
 vorite, who became prime minister, and was 
 raised to the purple. -His abiUties deserved 
 the lionoi's he held ; he gave vigor to the 
 nation, and in a little time infused such a 
 spirit of activity and enterprise into the in- 
 dolent Spaniards, that after a lethargic repose 
 of a century they rose to the hardihood and 
 heroic deeds of their forefathers. Madrid 
 became the centre of negotiation, and of in- 
 trigue, and the gigantie mind of the cardi- 
 nal formed the design of seizing Sardinia and 
 Sicily, of replacing the pretender on the 
 English throne by the hands of Charles XH. 
 and the czar of Russia, whilst in the east the 
 Turks were to arm against Germany, whose 
 sceptre in Italy was to be broken, Avhilst the 
 duke of Orleans was to be deprived of the 
 regency 'of France. These vast projects how- 
 ever were defeated by the arts of Orleans, 
 who with George I. declared war against 
 Spain 1719, and made it one of the conditions 
 of peace, that the cardinal should be ban- 
 ished from the court. Alberoni yielded to 
 the storm, and retired to Rome, where he 
 was basely accused of intrigues and corres- 
 pondence with the infidel Turks, and confi- 
 ned for one year. He however still retained 
 some share of influence at Madrid ; but his 
 old age was tarnished by the attempt to des- 
 trov the independence of the little republic 
 of St. Marino. He died at Placentia, 26th 
 June 1752, in his 89th year, with the char- 
 acter of a great and ambitious statesman. 
 He left his estntes to the college of Lazarus. 
 His testament politique was published at 
 Lausanne 1753, though some consider it as a^ 
 
JiX. 
 
 ^S 
 
 AL 
 
 ilteraiy fraud imposed on his name. His life 
 ■was published by J. Roussfet in 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 Albert I. son of the emperor Rodol- 
 phus, was chosen emperor of Germany, af- 
 ter the defeat of his competitor Adolphus of 
 Nassau. He was frequently guilty of injus- 
 tice in his attempts to extend the power of 
 his family, and to his oppressions the Swiss 
 were indebted for the assertion of their in- 
 dependence. He was killed by his own ne- 
 phew John duke of Swabia 1308, leaving five 
 sons and six daughters. 
 
 Albert II. emperor of Germany, was 
 •ailed grave or magnanime, and he possessed 
 the milder virtues which render a prince pop- 
 ular and beloved. He married tlie daughter 
 of Sigismund king of Hungary, and thus suc- 
 ceeded to that kingdom. He died 27th October 
 1439, in the second year of his reign, aged 45, 
 
 Albert, archduke of Austria, sixth soa 
 of the emperor Maximilian, was at first a 
 cardinal and archbishop of Toledo ; but in 
 1583 he was made governor of Portugal, 
 and some time after governoi* of the Low 
 Countries. He here distinguished himself 
 by the reduction of Calais, Ardres, and oth- 
 er towns ; and afterwards he undertook the 
 siege of Ostend, which lasted three j'ears, 
 three months and three days, and which, 
 when taken, 22d September 1604, was only 
 a heap of ashes, after the slaughter of more 
 than 100,000 men. The archduke had re- 
 signed the purple in 1598 to marry Elizabeth 
 daughter of Philip H. of Spain, and he ob- 
 tained as her portion the sovereignty of the 
 Netherlands. He made a peace with the 
 Dutch in 1600, and the last years of his life 
 were usefully devoted to the happiness of 
 his people, and to the encouragement of 
 the arts. He died 1621, in his 62d year, 
 
 Albert I. son of Otho prince of Anhalt 
 was made elector of Brandenburg 1150, and 
 he immortalized himself by converting vast 
 forests into cultivated lands, where he built 
 churches and towns for the comfort and se- 
 curity of grateful subjects. He died univer- 
 sally regretted 18th November 1168. 
 
 Albert V. duke of Bavaria, deserved 
 and obtained the surname of the Magnani- 
 mous. He was a wise, humane, and enlight- 
 ened prince, the liberal patron of literature 
 and of the arts, and himself a pattern of ev- 
 ery amiable virtue. He died 1579, aged 50. 
 
 Albert VI. duke of Bavaria was known 
 for his learning. He died at Munich 1666. 
 
 Albert, Charles d', duke of Luynes, 
 was the descendant of a noble family of 
 Florence who settled in France. He was 
 much noticed by Henry IV. and rose by de- 
 grees from inferior offices to be the favorite 
 and the counsellor of Lewis XIII, His pow- 
 er over the monarch was so great that the 
 kingdom obeyed him as their sovereign ; but 
 his tyranny became so odious that, when he 
 died of a fever in the camp of Longueville 
 1621, the soldiers plundered his tent^ so that 
 there could not be found a cloth to cover the 
 remains of the i-oyal favourite. 
 
 Albebt, Joseph d', of Luynes, was am- 
 b«ssador from the emperot Charles VII. in 
 
 France, and distinguished himself as a raan. 
 of letters. His different pieces, amongst 
 which are Le Songe d' Alcibiade — Timan- 
 dre instruit par son genie, kc. have been 
 collected and published 1759 in 8vo. 
 
 Albert, Honored', duke of Chaulnes, 
 was indebted for his greatness to the favors 
 and intrigues of his elder brother the duke 
 of Luynes, as well as to the partiality of 
 Richelieu. He died 1649 in his 6'Jth year. 
 
 Albert, king of Sweden, succeeded to 
 the thi-one on the deposition of Magnus IL 
 by his rebellious nobles 1363, Though for 
 some time he weathered the storms of op- 
 position, he was at last taken prisoner 1387 
 by Margaret queen of Norway and Den- 
 mark, who had listened to the intrigues of 
 his disaftected barons ; and though he re- 
 covered his liberty, it was to see his attempts 
 to regain the sovereign power utterly fail, 
 and himself an exile at Mecklenburg, where 
 he ended his days 1412. 
 
 Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, first 
 duke of Prussia, was for some time eiigagejd 
 in a war with Sigismund king of Pokmd, but 
 at last he consented to hold Prussia as a fief 
 of Poland. He married a Danish princess, 
 and declaimed himself a protestant. He died 
 1568, aged 78. 
 
 Albert, of Brandenburg, surnamed the 
 Alcibiades of Germany, was son of Casimir 
 margrave of Culerabach, and he distinguished 
 himself by his opposition to the views of 
 Charles V. against whom he made war witk 
 other confederated states. A reconciliation 
 at last was eftected, but it was of short con- 
 tinuance, as he provoked the resentment of 
 his late allies, even of his friend Maurice 
 elector of Saxony, by retaining in his hands 
 the plunder of the ecclesiastical states. A 
 battle was fought by the rival powers, and 
 Maurice was slain and Albert severely wound- 
 ed. He was afterwards deprived of his pos- 
 sessions by the decree of the diet of the em- 
 pire, and died 1558. To the intrepidity and 
 manliness of his character were united ar- 
 rogance, violence, and licentiousness of man*- 
 ners. 
 
 Albert, Erasmus, a native of Frankfort 
 preacher to Joachim II. elector of Branden- 
 burg. He was the pupil of Luther, and he 
 assisted his cause by collecting the greatest 
 absurdities of the conformities of Saint Fran- 
 cis with Jesus Christ, which he published iu 
 German and Latin under the name of the 
 Alcoran of the Cordeliers. This satirical 
 work, to which Luther wrote a preface, high- 
 ly promoted the cause of the reformation, 
 Albert was at Magdeburg during its siege, 
 and died at New Brandenburg, 1551. The 
 last edition of his work is that of Amster- 
 dam, 2 vols. 12mo. 1734. 
 
 Albert, Krantz, author of the history 
 of Saxony find of the Vandals, and of a 
 chronicle of Charlemagne up to 1504, was 
 divinity professor at Hamburgh, and died 
 1517. 
 
 Albert, of Stade, author of a chronicle 
 from the creation to 1286, was a BeHed,ictiue 
 moak; of the 13tli eentury. 
 
AL 
 
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 AL 
 
 Albert, of Strasburg, author of a chroai- 
 '«le from 1270 to 1378, florished in the mid- 
 dle of the 14th century, 
 
 Albert, archbishop of Meiitz, revolted 
 against his friend and benefactor the empe- 
 i'or Henry V. He died 1137. 
 
 Albert, called the Great, was born at 
 Lawiugen in Swabia, and put on the Domi- 
 nican habit after visiting Pavia, Cologne, and 
 Paris, where he read lectures with credit 
 and reputation. He was called to Rome by 
 pope Alexander IV. and appointed master of 
 the sacred palace, and afterwards raised to 
 the archbishopric of Ratisbon. A life of 
 case was, however, his delight, and the cro- 
 sier was soon resigned for the monastic hab- 
 it. His studies Avere eagerly pursued in bis 
 retirement, and the great knowledge which 
 he possessed in an age not famous for inqui- 
 sitiveness or information, soon passed among 
 the vulgar and illiterate for magic and en- 
 chantment. Albei-t not only labored in 
 quest of the philosophers stone, but he was 
 said to have formed a human head of bt-ass, 
 which, like an oracle, guided all his actions. 
 His works were voluminous, without contain- 
 ing much information. They wei'e publish- 
 ed at Lyons 1G15 in 21 vols, folio ; but some 
 treatises of an unchaste or licentious tenden- 
 cy have been falsely ascribed to him, such as 
 the master of sentences — de natura rerum 
 -de secretis mulierum, &c. He died at Co- 
 logne November loth, 1280, in his 87th or 
 according to others in his 75 year. Matthae- 
 ■us has improperly attributed the invention 
 of fire-arms to him, 
 
 Albert, Jane d', daughter of Margaret 
 of Navarre, was married, at the age of 11, 
 to the duke of Cleves, bijt this union was an- 
 nulled by the pope, and in 1548 she gave her 
 hand to Antony duke of Vendome, and five 
 years after gave birth to a son who became 
 Henry IV. of France, In 1555 she was maile 
 queen of Navarre on her father's death, and 
 she became zealous to promote the refor- 
 mation thexe. She was present at Paris at 
 the nuptials of her son with Margaret of 
 Valois, and died there suddenly, as it is sup- 
 posed, in consequence of poison, 1572, in 
 her 44th year. She had written some works 
 ^vhich are still pi'eserved, 
 ' Albertet, a mathematician and poet 
 In the ISlh century, whose amorous verses 
 ■were perfidiously published after his death 
 by one of his friends, to whom he had in- 
 trusted the eare of committing them to the 
 flames, 
 
 Alberti, Cherubino, an Italian painter 
 and engraver of eminence, who died 1615, 
 »ged 63. 
 
 Alberti, Giovanni, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was equally eminent in the per- 
 sipective, 2xA in historical pieces. He was 
 Ijorn near Florence, and died 1601, aged 43. 
 Alberti, Dominico, a native of Venice, 
 Vhose musical powers were displayed in 
 Jjondon in the suite of the Spanish ambassa- 
 dor, and also at Rome, and other places:^ 
 the continent. In 1737 he set to music Me- 
 ia-^tasio's Endymioo, aiid published other 
 
 things. Asa pei'former on the harpaielioifi 
 he was particularly admired. 
 
 Alberti, Andrew, was author of an ad- 
 mired treatise on perspective, printed in fo- 
 lio at Nuremburg 1670. 
 
 Alberti, John, a German lawyer surna- 
 med Widman Stadius. His knowledge of the. 
 oriental languages enabled him to abridge 
 the Alcoran, and illustrate it with learned 
 notes ; a work which procured him the 
 chancellorship of Austria. He also publish- 
 ed a beautiful edition of the New Testament 
 in Syriac at the expense of the emperor, ia 
 which the Apocalypse was omitted and St. Pe- 
 ter's second epistle, Jude's, and Saint James* 
 second and third. Of this work 1000 copies 
 were printed, half of which were kept by the 
 emperor, and the others sent in to the east. 
 
 Alberti, Leander, a Dominican of Bo- 
 logna, who wrote some interesting worka, 
 especially a history of Italy 4to. — biographi- 
 cal memoirs — the history of Bologna— 
 and that of illustrious Dominicans, kc. He 
 died 1552 in his 74th year, 
 
 Alberti, Leon Baptista, a Florentine^ 
 author of a valuable work on architecture ia 
 10 books. He was well acquainted with paint- 
 ing and sculpture, and was employed witk 
 commendation by pope Nicholas V. in orna- 
 menting the buildings which he erected.. 
 He died 1485. 
 
 Alberti-Aristotile, called also Ri- 
 dolfe Fioravente, a celebrated mechanic of. 
 Bologna in the 16th century, who is said to 
 have i-cmoved one of the steeples of his na- 
 tive city, with all the bells, to the distance 
 of 35 paces. He extended his fame in Hun- 
 gary, where he built a remarkable bridge, 
 and where he received the highest honors. 
 He was also employed in erecting churches 
 in Russia, 
 
 A LB ER tint, Francis, a Calabrian Jesuit, 
 author of some theological works in 2 vols, 
 fol. and a treatise, in which he asserts that 
 brute animals have their guardian angels. 
 He died 1619. 
 
 Alberti NO, Edmund, a Calvinist min- 
 ister, born at Chalons-sur-Marne, who wrote 
 a treatise against the eucharist, which excit- 
 ed violent opposition, and was ably refuted. 
 He died 5tli April 1052. 
 
 Alberiino, Francis, a Florentine, au- 
 thor of a book on the wonders of ancient and 
 of modern Rome, &cc.at the beginning of the 
 16th century. 
 
 Albertinus, Nussatus, an Italian, au- 
 thor of a history of the emperor Henry VIL 
 and of some poetical pieces, &c. 
 
 Albert us, archbishop of Mentz, was 
 known for a conspiracy which he formed 
 against the emperor Henry V. whose favors 
 and liberality he ha<l repeatedly experienced. 
 He was imprisoned for four years, but he 
 was so popular that the inhabitants rose ujv 
 in arms against the emperor and restored 
 him to liberty. He died June 23d, 1137, 
 
 Albi, Henry, author of an uninteresting 
 history of illustrious cardinals, besides sev- 
 eral lives, was a Jesuit of Bolene in the Ver 
 naissin, and died at Aries 1&59-- 
 
AL 
 
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 Al»icus, was made archbishop of Prague 
 by Sigismund king of Bohemia. His partial- 
 ity to John Huss, and the followers of Wick- 
 lifF, have exposed hira to tlie severe censures 
 of the catholics. He wrete three treatises 
 on medicines, printed, Leipsic, 1484. 
 
 Albinovanus, a Latin ])oet in the age 
 of Ovid. Only two of his elegic are extant. 
 Alb IN us, Dec. Clodins, a Roman, who 
 assumed the imperial purple in opposition to 
 Severus. He was slain in battle, A. D. 19r. 
 Albinus, a. Posthum. a Roman, author 
 of an history of his ow^i country in Greek, 
 florished about 150 years B. C. 
 
 Albinus, Bernard, a celebrated physi- 
 cian, born at Dessau in Auhalt. He studied 
 at Leyden, and after travelling over the Low 
 Countries and France for improvement, he 
 was raised to a professor's chair, at Frank- 
 fort on Oder, and 22 years after enjoyed the 
 same dignity at Leyden. He died 7th Dec. 
 1731, in his 09th year. He was a great favo- 
 rite of the elector of Brandenberg, who gave 
 him ecclesiastical preferment which he soon 
 resigned. The list of his numerous medical 
 treatises, is in the Bibliotheque de M.Carrere. 
 Albinus, Bernard Sigfred, son of the 
 preceding, was professor of medicine at Ley- 
 den, and surpassed all former masters in the 
 knowledge of anatomy. He published three 
 volumes folio in 1744, 1749, and 1753, with 
 elegant and accurate plates of the muscles, 
 ligaments, and bones of the human body. 
 He married in his 73d year a young girl, and 
 died 1771 aged 88. His brother, Christian 
 Bei'nard, who was professor at Utrecht, 
 equally distinguished himself by his history of 
 spiders and insects, with engravings. 
 
 Albinus, Eleazar, was author of a natu- 
 ral histoiy of birds, with 30 copper-plates 
 colored, of which a French translation ap- 
 peared at the Hague 1750 in two vols. 4to. 
 The work is in less estimation than that of 
 Edwards. 
 
 Albinus, Peter, an historian and poet of 
 the 16th century, professor at Wktemberg, 
 and afterwards secretary to the elector at 
 Dresden. He was author of some esteemed 
 historical treatises, especially the chronicles 
 of Misnia his native country. 
 
 Alb IS, Thomas, or White, a catholic 
 priest and eminent philosopher of Essex, 
 He was intimate with Hobbsof Malmesbury, 
 and in their dissertations it was often ac- 
 knowledged that White was superior. He 
 died 1676, aged 94. 
 
 Albiii, Bartholomew, a native ofRiva- 
 no in Tuscany, distinguished by his preach- 
 ing, and the works of his pen. He is author 
 of the conformity of St. Francis with Jesus 
 Christ, a pei*formanc€ in which he equals 
 the saint to the Sou of God. He died at Pi- 
 sa in 1401, in the convent of the Cordeliers, 
 an order to which he belonged. 
 
 Alboin or Albovinus, succeeded his 
 father Audoin as king of Lombardy. From 
 Pannonia, where he had fir.st settled, he ad- 
 vanced towards Italy and carried every thing 
 before him, and ea*ised himself to be pro- 
 claimed king of the counti^ in 570, and niade 
 
 Pavia the capital of his new domhiions. H« 
 was assassinated by order of his wife Rosa* 
 mond, whom he had insulted by sending her 
 Avine in the skull of her father Gunimond. 
 He had slain in battle Gunimond, who was 
 king of a neighbouring horde ; but while he 
 took his captive daughter for his wife, lie 
 wished to retain a monument of his victory 
 by converting the head of her f'lther into a 
 drinking cup. 
 
 Albon, James d', a famous French gen- 
 eral, known as mareschal Saint Andre, He 
 distinguished himself in the campaigns of 
 1552 and 1554, at the retreat of Quesnoj', 
 and at the battles of Renty and St. Quintin. 
 He was a Calvinist, and at last favored the 
 party of the Guises. He was shot at the bat- 
 tle ofDreux, 1562. 
 
 Albon, CamiHe, a descendant of the 
 preceding, was born at Lyons, and died at 
 Paris 1788, aged 35. He published various 
 treatises, &c. which possess some merit, but 
 with many good qualities be united some dis- 
 agreeable singularities, and an affectation of 
 misanthropy. 
 
 Albornos, Giles Alvarez Carillo, a na- 
 tive of Suena, archbishop of Toledo. He re- 
 signed his preferment when raised to the 
 rank of cardinal, and taking up arms, he re- 
 duced Italy to the obedience of the church, 
 and recalled the pope from Avignon to 
 Rome. When questioned about the money 
 with which he had been supplied, he brought 
 to the pope's palace, a waggon loaded with, 
 locks, keys, and bars, and declaimed that the 
 money had been expended in obtaining pos- 
 session of the cities to which those belonged. 
 This truly great man founded the splendid 
 college of Barcelona, and retired to Viterbo, 
 where he died 1367. 
 
 Albornos, Diego Philip, an ecclesiastic 
 of Carthagena in Spain, author of a Spanish, 
 book called Elements of Politique, which at- 
 tracted the notice of Ferdinand son of Philip 
 V. though a youth only ten years old, and 
 drew on the author the patronage of the 
 court. 
 
 Albret, a noble and illustrious family ia 
 France, which has given generals and states- 
 men to the kingdom. Charles commanded 
 the French forces at the battle of Agincourt; 
 against Henry V. of England, and he perish- 
 ed in the field. 
 
 Albricus, a native of London, known as 
 a learned philosopher and physician. He 
 studied at Oxford about 1217, an<l travelled 
 for improvement. Bayle has given a cata- 
 logue of his writings, which however were 
 never made public. 
 
 Albucasa or Albucassis, an Arahiaa 
 physician of the 11th century, who wrote 
 some valuable tracts on medicine, oi'nament- 
 ed witli cuts of chirurgical instruments iu 
 use of that time. 
 
 Albumaxar, an Arabian physician of 
 the ninth century, known also as an astrolo- 
 ger. His works — de magnis conjunctioni- 
 bus, annorum revolutioiubus, ac eorum per- 
 fectionibus, appeared at Venice 1526, 8vo. — ■ 
 and his iatroductio ad astTonoruiarn, 148^. 
 
AL 
 
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 Albu<;5.uerque, Alfonso, a native of Lis- 
 bon, >\hose great genius laid the foundation 
 of the Portuguese ^lower in India. He.was 
 sent by Emmanuel king of Portugal, in 1503, 
 with his brother Francis, to forni an estab- 
 lishment in the east ; and by his spirited bra- 
 very, he suppox'ted his allies, and maintain- 
 ed the superiority of his nation. He gained 
 large possessions on the coast of Cochin, 
 ■which -was secured by strong and impregna- 
 ble fortifications. His return to Europe was 
 attended by the death of his brother, who 
 perished in the voyage ; but private sorrow 
 gave way before public concerns, and Albu- 
 querque in 1508, invested with new power 
 By his sovereign, sailed back to India. In his 
 way he plundered the coast of Arabia, and 
 with unparalleled boldness, with a corps of 
 only 470 men, he undei'took the siege of Or- 
 Tn\iz, an island at the e-.itrance of the Persian 
 gulf, subject to a king of its own, and defen- 
 ded by numerous forces ; and after some 
 months' obstinate resistence, the place sub- 
 mitted to the conqueror, and the king in 
 despair became tributary to Portugal; but 
 ■when the Persian monarch demanded the 
 tribute which Ormuz paid to his superior 
 power, Albuquerque threw down bullets and 
 arms before the ambassadors, and exclaimed, 
 to their consteination. Those are the trib- 
 utes which my master consents to pay. His 
 arras were now directed against Goa, which 
 he subdued ; but the dissentions of his offi- 
 cers, who, in sharing his victories were yet 
 jealous of his glory, disturbed for a while the 
 career of his triumphs. He retired from his 
 new conquest, but unbroken by misfortune, 
 and the ingratitude of his countrymen, now 
 he soon returned to Goa, which after the loss 
 of 3000 of its defenders, again submitted to 
 his superior valor. His power was now ex- 
 tended over the whole coast of Malabar, and 
 therefore he sailed towards the east, and 
 made the island, of Sumatra, Malacca, and 
 the neighbouring cities tributary to the Por- 
 tuguese government. On his return to Goa, 
 he meditated fresh conquests, when he sud- 
 denly fell sick, and died 1515, in his 63d year. 
 In him were happily united the valor of a 
 hero, and the more amiable virtues of mild- 
 ness and humanity ; but this great, this il- 
 lustrious character, whose genius reared the 
 power of Portugal in the east, and whose 
 memory was cherished even to adoration by 
 the native Indians, felt the persecution of en- 
 vy, and on his death-bed he had the morti- 
 fication to learn> that the monarch whom he 
 had so faithfully served had the ingratitude 
 t- recall him by the appointment of a sue- 
 cessor. 
 
 AiiBUQ_UERQUE, Blaisc, son of Alphonso, 
 v/ as born in 1500. The merit of his father, 
 and the regret of Emmanuel for the loss of 
 the conqueror of the east, raised him to the 
 first honors of the state, and to the rank of 
 nobility. He published an account in Por- 
 tuguese of his father's victories, Lisbon, 
 1576. 
 
 ALBU(iTJERQXJE CoELHO, Edward, ano- 
 bleman in the service of Philip IV. of Por- 
 tugal, who wrote a journal of the war of the 
 
 Brazils begun in 1630, printed at Madriti 
 1654. He died at Madrid, 165 ». 
 
 Albutius, Caius Silus, a Roman orator 
 in the age of Augustus, who starved himseli- 
 to death. 
 
 Albutius, Titus, a Roman philosopher, 
 banished by the senate for corruption. 
 
 Alc.£us, an ancient poet of Lesbos, who 
 florished 600 before Christ. 
 
 Alcasar, Louis d', a Jesuit of Seville, 
 author of a commentary on the Apocalypse 
 and other works. He died 1613, aged 59. 
 
 Alcendi, James, an Arabian physician 
 about the year 1145, supposed to be the same 
 as Alchindres a peripatetic philosopher, in 
 the reign of Almanxor king of Morocco. 
 His works are mentioned in the Biblioth. de 
 medicine de M. Carbere. 
 
 Alchabitius, author of treatises ontkc 
 judgment of the stars — on optics — on the 
 conjunction of the planets, printed Venice 
 1491, and Seville 1521, was an Arabian as- 
 trologer of the 12th century. 
 
 Alchindus, an Arabian physician and 
 astrologer, considered by Jerome Cardan as 
 one of the 12 men who possessed superiov, 
 genius and learning. He florished before the' 
 twelfth century, and was accused of magic' 
 He wrote several tracts often quoted. 
 
 Alciat, Andrew, a native of Milan, 
 who after studying the law at Pavia and Bo- 
 logna was advanced to the professor's chair 
 at Avignon. Francis I. knew his merit, and 
 prevailed upon him to remove to Bourges, 
 where his lectures on law were frequented 
 and admired. His abilities however were 
 too great to be lost in a distant country, and 
 therefore the duke of Milan invited him back 
 to his native town, and welcomed his return 
 by the grant of a large salain- and the dignity 
 of senator. These honors were not bestow- 
 ed in vain, Alciat labored with indefatigable 
 zeal in the service of science, and at Pavia, 
 at Bologna, and afterwards at Fei'rara, his 
 lectures were delivered to crowded and ap- 
 plauding auditors. The pope, Paul HI. treat- 
 ed him with kindness, but he modestly re- 
 fused the preferment which he offered. The 
 emperor also raised him to the rank of count 
 palatine and senator, and Philip king of Spain 
 gave him a gold chain as a mai-k of his favor. 
 He died at Pavia 12th Januai*y 1550, in his 
 58th year. It was his intention M'ith his im- 
 mense wealth, to found and endow a college ; 
 but the insolence of some students to his per- 
 son irritated him, and he adopted for his heir 
 his distant relation Francis Alciat. His pub- 
 lications were chiefly on law, besides notes 
 on Tacitus, and some emblems which have 
 been justly commended for their elegance, 
 purity, and the flow of genius which they 
 display. He was succeeded in his profession- 
 al chair at Pavia, by his heir, whose law lec- 
 tures were equally learned and equally ad- 
 mired. Francis was recommended to the 
 patronage of pcpe Pius IV. by his pupil car- 
 dinal Barromeo, and he was raised to a bish- 
 opric, the chancellorship of Rome, and the 
 dignity of cardinal. He died at Rome, A- 
 pril 1580, in his 50th year. 
 
 At.cibiades, ua illustrious Athenian-, 
 
AL 
 
 iliaciple of Socrates. He for a while enjoy 
 ed popularity, and afterwards felt the op 
 pressive hatred of his fickle countrymen, 
 and was at last assassinated in Persia about 
 404 B C in his 46th year. 
 
 AlcidamaS, a Greek rhetorician about 
 420 vears B C. 
 
 aIcimus, called also Jachim, was made 
 high-priest of Judea by Antiochus Eupator. 
 He rendered himself unpopular by his op- 
 pression and avarice, and died two or three 
 years after his elevation, about 1G5 B. C. 
 
 AbCiMUS, Alethius, an historian and po- 
 et of Agin, in the 4th century, who wrote 
 the history of Julian, and of Sallust, prefect 
 of Gaul. This work is lost, and only an epi- 
 gram on Homer and Virgil preserve his 
 name in Maittaire's Corpus Poet. 1714. 
 
 Alcinous, a Platonic philosopher in the 
 second century. 
 
 Alciphrox, a Greek philosopher in the 
 age of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Alcm^eon, a disciple of Pythagoras, who 
 dwelt at Crotona 
 
 Alcman, an ancient Greek poet, about 
 672 B. C. There was another of the same 
 name who wrote lyrics about 612 B. C. 
 
 Alcock, John, an English divine born at 
 Beverley, and raised in 1471 to tlie see of Ro- 
 chester, and afterwards translated to Wor- 
 cester and Ely. His great learning recom- 
 mended him to the king's favor, by whom 
 he was appointed president of Wales, and 
 chancellor of England. He was the founder 
 of Jesus College, Cambridge. He wrote sev- 
 eral theological tracts, and died 1st Oct. 1500. 
 He was buried at Kingston upon Hull in the 
 chapel, which, besides the grammar school, 
 he had ei'ected there and liberally endowed. 
 
 Alcuinus or Albinus, Flaccus, a na- 
 tive of Yorkshire, educated by venerable Be- 
 de and Egbert archbishop of York, He was 
 made abbot of Canterbury, and afterwards 
 passed to the continent on the invitation of 
 Charlemagne, whose favours he experien- 
 ced, and whose confidence and friendship he 
 fully enjoyed. He instructed his royal pat- 
 ron in rhetoric, logic, divinity, and mathe- 
 matics, and labored to diffuse through Eu- 
 rope the learning and the genius which he so 
 eminently possessed. With difficulty he ob- 
 tained permission from the fondness of the 
 emperor to retire from court, to the abbey 
 of St. Martin at Tours, where he devoted 
 the rest of his life to study, and the duties 
 of religion. He died on Whitsunday 804, 
 and was buried at Toui's, and a Latin epi- 
 taph of iJ4 verses of his own composition was 
 placed on his grave. His writings, most of 
 which are extant, are nnmerous ; his style is 
 elegant and sprightly, and his language suf- 
 ficiently pure for the age ; and he may be con- 
 sidered as one of the learned few, whose ge- 
 nius dissipated the gloom of the eighth cen- 
 tury. Andrew du Chesne published his 
 works in one volume folie, 1617. 
 
 Ai.CYONius, Peter, an Italian, for some 
 time corrector of the yjress for Aldus IManu- 
 tius, and author of some learned publications. 
 He translated eorae of Aristotle's treatises, 
 
 37 
 
 AL 
 
 nd was severely censured by Sepulveda fqr 
 inaccuracy. In his work on banishment he 
 displayed such a mixture of elegant and bar- 
 barous words, that he was suspected of large- 
 ly borrowing from Cicero's treatise de Glo- 
 ria ; and it is said that to avoid detection of 
 this illiberal deed, he burnt the only extant 
 manuscript of Cicero, which had been given 
 by Bernard to the library of a nunnery, of 
 which Alcyonius was physician. At Flo- 
 rence he was promoted to a professor's chair, 
 but the ambition of rising to higher emi- 
 nence drew him to Rome, where he lost all 
 his property, during the insurrection of the 
 Columnas. When the imperial troops took 
 the city 1527, he espoused the cause of the 
 pope, and though wounded he joined him la 
 the castle of St. Angelo, and afterwards in 
 bold and elegant language he arraigned, ia 
 two orations, the injustice of Charles V. and 
 the barbarity of his soldiers. When the 
 siege was raised, he abandoned the pope, and 
 with a fickleness that deserves the name of 
 ingratitude, he retired to the house of car- 
 dinal Pompeius Columna, where he fell sick 
 and died a few months after. Alcyonius has 
 been in some instances highly applauded for 
 his many accomplishments, though his vani- 
 ty, self-conceit, and abusive language, have 
 tarnished his private character. 
 
 Aldan A, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor, 
 of Lippa on the confines of Turkey, which, 
 in a fit of panic, he set on fire 1552. He was 
 pardoned for his cowardice by the interfer- 
 ence of Mary queen of Bohemia, and after- 
 wards behaved with great valor at Tripoli. 
 
 Aldebert, an impostor in P'rance, who, 
 by bribes and pretended visions, raised him- 
 self to a bishopric. He asserted that he had 
 a letter written by our Saviour which had 
 been brought to him by St. Michael. His 
 opinions were condemned by two genera! 
 councils in 744 and 746, and he died in pri- 
 son. 
 
 Aldegraff, Albert, a painter and en- 
 graver of Zoust in Westphalia, born 1502. 
 His nativity was highly admired. He made^ 
 however, engraving his principal pursuit. 
 
 Alderette, Bernard and Joseph, Je- 
 suits of Malaga at the beginning of the If th 
 century, in their features and Toice very 
 much alike. They were authors of antiqui- 
 ties of Spain, 1C14, in 4to. — a book on thp 
 Castilian language, 4to. 1606. 
 
 Alderoti, Thadeus, aFlorentine,known 
 for his great abilities as a physician. He set 
 so high a value upon his skill, that only prin- 
 ces and prelates could be admitted as his pa- 
 tients. He died 1295, aged 80. His life has 
 been wi'itten by Villani. 
 
 Aldhelm, or Adelm, Saint, an English, 
 divine during the heptarchy. He was rela- 
 ted to the king of the West Saxons, by whom 
 he was raised to the bishopric of Shireburn, 
 over the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Dor- 
 set, and Wilts. He travelled in France and 
 Italy, and he is said to be the first English- 
 man who ever wrote in Latin, and introdu- 
 ced poetry into the island. He led a most 
 exemplary life ; and in those ^mcs of barba-. 
 
Air 
 
 ffS^ 
 
 AL 
 
 riitt and ignorance, he often gained auditors 
 fey stopping on the bridges and in the high- 
 ways, and commanding their attention to his 
 religious discourses by mixing ballads and 
 Songs to grave and serious exhortations. lie 
 died May the 25th 70a. 
 
 Aldhukt, a bishop of Holy Island, who 
 left his habitation because infested by the 
 Danes, and retired with the body of St. Cuth- 
 bert to Durham, where he became the first 
 bishop of that see. He built the cathedral, 
 and died 1018. 
 
 A1.DINI, Tobias, a physician of Cesena, 
 author of a botanical work, printed at Rome 
 1525, in folio. 
 
 Aldobrandin, Sylvestei', a native of 
 Florence, professor of law at Pisa. He was 
 banished for his opposition to the Medicis, 
 and he died at Rome 1558, aged 58. His 
 
 son Hippolytus became pope. Another 
 
 son, John, was made cardinal 1570, and died 
 at Rome three years after. 
 
 Aldred, abbot oi Tavistock, and after- 
 waixls bishop of Worcester, 1046. He was 
 a great favorite of Edward the confessor, and 
 his influence produced a reconciliation be- 
 tween that monarch and Griffith king of 
 Wales, and also with Swaine son of Godwin, 
 who had invaded the kingdom. He was the 
 first English bishop who visited Jerusalem, 
 and after his return he was raised to the see 
 of York; an elevation which, when he ap- 
 peared at Rome, the pope refused to ratify, 
 on account of his ignorance and simony. Al- 
 dred's solicitations however prevailed, and 
 he received the pallium from the pontiff'. On 
 the death of Ed ward he crowned Harold, and 
 afterwards the conqueror, whose esteem he 
 enjoyed, and whose power he made subser- 
 vient to the views of the church. When he 
 had received some indignities from a gover- 
 nor of York, he flew to London, and with all 
 the indignation and haughtiness of an offend- 
 ed prelate, demanded vengeance, and pro- 
 nounced a curse on the head of William. 
 His wrath was with difficulty paciiied by the 
 entreaties of the sovereign and his nobles, 
 and the curse was recalled, and changed in- 
 to a blessing- It is said that he died with 
 grief in seeing the north of England desola- 
 ted by the ravages of Harold and Canute, 
 sonsof Swayne, 11th Sept. 1068. 
 
 Aldric, Saint, bishop of Mans, distin- 
 guished himself by his learning, and collected 
 the decrees of the popes, &c. He died 856, 
 after enjoying the favors, and feeling the per- 
 secutions of the nobles, in the courts of Char- 
 lemagne, Louis, Clotiiaire, and Charles It. 
 
 Aldrich, Robert, a native of Burnham 
 in Buckinghamshire, educated at Eton, and 
 King's College, Cambridge. He was elected 
 paster of Eton and provost, and afterwards 
 in 1537, raised to the bishopric of Carlisle. 
 Xicland, who enjoyed his friendship, has com- 
 mended his learning and piety. He wrote 
 epigi-ams, &c and died March 25th, 1555, at 
 liorncastle in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Aldrich, Henry,a native of Westminster, 
 «ducated under Busby, and admitted at Christ 
 CJhurch^ where he distinguished himself as a 
 
 tutor. He was made canon in 1681, and dt?^ 
 the I'evolution he replaced Massey the popish 
 dean of Christ Church. In this dignified sit- 
 uation he supported discipline, promoted re- 
 ligion, and encouraged learning. He pub- 
 lished, vith Dr. Sprat, Clarendon's history* 
 not however without being charged by Old- 
 mixon with improper interpolations ; an ac- 
 cusation which Atterbury proved to be false 
 and invidious. He was fond of music, and 
 collected materials for the history of it, which 
 are still preserved ; but as an architect he 
 gained deserved praise, and to his liberality as 
 well as to his taste, Christ Church is indebted 
 for the erection of three sides of Peckwater 
 quadrangle, Trinity College ft)r its elegant 
 chaple, and the parish of All Saints for its 
 beautiful church. Dr. Aldrich was author 
 of a compendium of logic, and several other 
 useful publications ; but he particularly dis- 
 tinguished himself by editing several of the 
 Greek classics, which generally appeared an- 
 nually for the benefit of the students of his 
 society. He also passes as the composer of 
 those popular catches, "Hark the bonny 
 Christ Church bells," and a smoking catch. 
 He was rector of Wem in Shropshire, and 
 died at Christ Church, Dec. 14th, 1710. 
 
 Aldringer, a native of Luxembourg, 
 who from a common soldier was raised by 
 merit to be a general of Ferdinand II. His 
 abilities were exerted in raising the siege of 
 Constance, but avarice and cruelty tarnished 
 a great and illustrious military character. He 
 fell at Landshut in Bavaria 1634, and it has 
 been doubted whether he died by the hand 
 of his own soldiers or of the Swedes. 
 
 Aldrovandus, Ulysses, a native of Bo# 
 logna, professor of physic and philosophy. 
 His inquiries into the history of nature were 
 so ardent that he visited the most distant 
 countries in search of minerals, plants, me- 
 tals, animals, and birds, and he spared no ex- 
 pense that he might procure exact figures 
 taken from the life. It is to be lamented 
 that so noble a spirit of liberality should have 
 been checked ; but the resources of Aldro- 
 vandus failed, and he ended his days in an 
 hospital at Bologna, at the great age of 80, 
 and after surviving the loss of his sight 1605. 
 About six large volumes folio, containing the 
 history of birds and insects, where published 
 during his life, and the work was continued 
 on the same scale after his death and under 
 his name, as it certainly derived a high re- 
 commendation for the illustrious undertaker 
 of the plan. 
 
 A L D R u D E, countess of Bertinoro, is cele- 
 brated in Italy for her courage and her elo- 
 quence. When Ancona was besieged by the 
 arms of the Venetians, and of the emperor 
 Frederic I. in 1172, she pitied the situation of 
 the distressed inhabitants, and with heroic in- 
 trepidity flew to their relief, at the head of her 
 dependants and friends, ai»d supported by 
 William Degli Adelardi, of Ferrara. Her 
 troops were animated by her eloquence and 
 her example, and the enemy fled at lier ap- 
 proach ; and though on her return home she 
 was Httuckcd by some parties of the euragod 
 
Ah 
 
 ^/ 
 
 AL 
 
 IbieSiegers, she routed-them in every encoun- 
 ter, and added fresh laurels to her fame. The 
 jhistory of that memorable siege has been 
 published by Buon-Campagnono of Florence. 
 
 Aldus, Manutius, a native of Bassano, il- 
 lustrious as a correct printer, and as the re- 
 storer of the Greek and Latin languages to 
 Europe. He is the inventor of the Italic let- 
 tei*, and was alone permitted by the pope 
 the use of it. He wrote a Greek grammar, 
 «nd published learned notes on Horace, Ho- 
 mer, &c. ; and his editions of the classics are 
 admired for neatness and elegance. He di- 
 ed at Venice 1516, in a good old age. For 
 liis son, &c. Tyiii. Manutius. 
 
 A LEAN DEB, Jerome, was born in a 
 small village of Isti'ia, and recommended 
 himself by his great abilities and his learn- 
 ing to pope Alexander VI. and Lewis XII. 
 under whose patronage he taught belles let- 
 tres at Paris. He was afterwards in the ser- 
 vice of Leo X. at Rome, and as nuncio of the 
 holy see he acquired great reputation by the 
 eloquent harangue which he delivered in 
 the diet of Worms, agamst the doctrines of 
 Xuther, the burning of whose books he pro- 
 cured, though he could not silence his preach- 
 ing. On his return to Rome he was made 
 archbishop of Brindisi by Clement VIII. and 
 his services were again emi)loyed in Germa- 
 ny against the protestants, whose opinions 
 he attacked with virulence, not however 
 without being loaded in his turn with sarcas- 
 tic reflections and invectives, but all l.is in- 
 trigues were unable to prevent the truce 
 which Charles V. at last made with these 
 persecuted men. Aleander was made a car- 
 dinal by Paul III. and died 1st February 
 1542, by a mistake, as some say, of his phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Aleander, Jerome, gi-eat nephew of 
 the preceding, was born at Friuli. He dis- 
 tinguished himself as an antiquarian, a poet, 
 and a lawyer, and died at Rome 1631, in con- 
 sequence of an excess of eating at the table 
 of one of his friends. He was one of the 
 original members of the academy of Humor-- 
 ists, and enjoyed the friendship of i)Ope Ur- 
 ban VII. by whose means he passed from the 
 family of the Bandini into that of the Barbe- 
 rini, who honored his remains with a most 
 magnificent funeral. 
 
 A LEG AM BE, Philip, 8 native of Brussels, 
 who attended the duke of Ossuna, when 
 Spanish viceroy of Sicily, and entered into 
 the society of the Jesuits at Palermo. Af- 
 ter studying divinity at Rome, he retired to 
 Gratz, where his good conduct and his abil- 
 ities raised him to the professorial chair. 
 He afterwards, as tutor to the prince of 
 Eggem berg's son, travelled for five years 
 through Germany, Fi'ance, Spain, Portugal, 
 and Italy, and obtained offices of trust and 
 respectability near his patron, and in the col- 
 lege of the Jesuits. He died at Rome of a 
 dropsy, 6th Sept. 1652. The few books 
 which he wrote were in high estimation. 
 
 Alegre, Yves d', an officer of an ancient 
 family ia the service of the kings of France. 
 We wa5 killed at, the battle of Rnvenna^ 1512. 
 
 •-Another of the same faraily,died saareschai 
 of France 1733, aged 80. 
 
 Alegrinus, John, a native of Abbeville, 
 made a cardinal and patriarch of Constanti- 
 nople, and enfitployed as legate in Spain and 
 Portugal. His works were once in public 
 esteem. He died 1240. 
 
 Aleman, Lewis Augustine, a lawyer of 
 Grenoble, born 1653, author of two volumes 
 of an historical journal of Europe, and other 
 works. 
 
 Aleman, Lewis, archbishop of Aries, 
 and a cardinal, was Wn at the castle of Ar- 
 bent, 1390, His abilities were employed as 
 legate to Sienna, to procure the removal of 
 the council of Pavia to Sienna ; but at the 
 council of Basil, where he presided, his'op- 
 position to Eugenius IV. was followed by his 
 degradation from the purple, and his excom- 
 munication. He was restored to his honors 
 by Nicholas V. and sent as legate into Ger- 
 many. He died 1450, and was canonized. 
 
 Aleman, Maeto, a Spaniard, born near 
 Seville. He was nearly twenty years in the 
 service of the court of Philip II. and then re- 
 tired to privacy, and employed himself ia 
 writing tlie history of Guzman d'Alfarache, 
 a romance, which has been through more 
 than 30 editions in Spain, and has been trans- 
 lated into most of the languages of Europe. 
 
 Alembert, John le Rond d', an illustri- 
 ous philosopher, born at Paris 16th Nov. 
 1717. He was exposed as a foundling, and 
 from the church, near which he almost per- 
 ished, he received the name of le Rond. His 
 father, however, listened to the cries of na- 
 ture and humanity, and to reward the neces- 
 sary comfort which he provided for his son, 
 he had the satisfaction soon to learn that his 
 abilities were brilliant, and his improvement 
 unusually rapid. As the flashes of his genius 
 were early displayed, he was encouraged by 
 his friends to seek reputation and opulence/ 
 in studying the law ; but that pursuit as well 
 as the study of medicine was quickly aban- 
 doned, and retirement and geometry seem- 
 ed the only ambition of the young philoso- 
 pher. In the house of his nurse, whose ig- 
 norance and po%'erty did not diminish tlie 
 flow of his affections, he passed 40 years, and 
 refused to quit this humble and peaceful 
 dwelling for the splendor of a palace. Fred- 
 eric of Prussia, whose friendship he enjoyed 
 through life, wished to invite him to Berlin, 
 with the most liberal ofi^ers of patronage and 
 literary ease, but he refused ; and when the 
 empress Catharine solicited him to take the 
 care of the education of her son, with the 
 promise of a pension of a hundred thousand 
 livres, besides the most distinguished honors, 
 he declined the princely offer in firm but 
 respectful teriirtr, and devoted the strong 
 powers of his mind to the service of the 
 country which gave him birth. His labors 
 were usefully exerted on philosophical sub- 
 jects. He examined the power of fluids oa 
 the motion of bodies, he wrote a discourse on 
 the general theory of the winds, which ob- 
 tained the prize medal at Berlin in 1746, he 
 solved tbe problem ef the prpcessioa of t^e 
 
AL 
 
 /^d 
 
 AL 
 
 equinoxes, and explained the rotation of the 
 terrestrial axis ; and in these and other nu- 
 merous philosophical works, he enriched 
 science with new facts, produced original 
 ideas, and explained the various phenomena 
 of nature in the most interesting and satis- 
 factory point of view. Few but select were 
 the friends to whom this great man was 
 known ; and it must be considered as not the 
 least striking part of his character, that he 
 who was flattered by the learned, courted by 
 the great, and admired by princes, did not 
 pay his adoi'ation to power; but with a grati- 
 tude which deserves the highest encomiums, 
 he dedicated his work to the count d'Argen- 
 son and his brother, two men who had been 
 banished from the court, but wlio in their 
 prosperity had seen and respected the phi- 
 losopher, and rewarded his genius by the 
 grant of a small pension. D'Alembert is to 
 be considered also in a different light from 
 that of a mathematician. Besides geometri- 
 cal calculations, his mind was stored with all 
 the powers of literature, and of a refined 
 taste, and it has been said, with exactness and 
 truth, that what he expressed on every sub- 
 ject, could by HO other man have been ex- 
 pressed with greater elegance, more preci- 
 sion, or stricter propriety. To his gigantic 
 powers, and those of Diderot and others, we 
 are to ascribe the plan of the Encyclopedie ; 
 and he adorned this stupendous work, by 
 ivriting the preliminary discourse prefixed 
 to it, so deservedly aumired for the master- 
 ly recoi-d which it unfolds, concerning the 
 rise, progress, connections, and affinities of 
 all the branches of human knowledge, and 
 the gradual improvement of the arts and sci- 
 ences. Every thing which tends to meliorate 
 the condition of man, is entitled to the bles- 
 sings of posterity ; but the best friends of 
 d'Alembert could not perceive in the philos- 
 opher, and in his coadjutors in the Encyclo- 
 pedie, the supporters of virtue and morality ; 
 and latter times have too fatally, too bitterly 
 proved that a work which in explaining the 
 mysteries of philosophy, disarms providence 
 of her powers of benevolence and govern- 
 ment, and obscures the views of salvation, 
 ■which religion holds forth to her votaries, but 
 ill deserves the applauses of mankind- Besides 
 his contributions to the Encyclopdie which 
 were veiy large and numerous, d'Alembert 
 published a dissertation on the fall of the Jes- 
 uits, which in adding to his fame increased 
 the number of adversaries which ever dep- 
 recate the merits of literary labors. His 
 opuscules or memoirs, in nine volumes, con- 
 tained among other things the solution of 
 problems in astronomy, mathematics, and 
 natural philosophy. After enjoying the high- 
 est honors in the French academy, and the 
 friendship of the literati of the age, and the 
 veneration of Europe, this great man died, 
 29th Oct. 1773, still in the full possession of 
 all his faculties, leaving behind him a high 
 character for learning and disinterestedness, 
 in which liowever it must be confessed were 
 united profound dissimulation, affected can- 
 dor, and imposing moderation. His eulo- 
 
 giam as an academician, and after the man- 
 ner that he had honored 70 of his predeces- 
 sors, has been drawn up by Condorcet, Hist, 
 de I'Academie Roj des Sciences, 1783. 
 
 Alen, John Van, a Dutch painter of Am- 
 sterdam, eminent in representing birds, 
 landscapes, and still Ufe. He died 1698, 
 aged 47. 
 
 Alenio, Julius, a Jesuit of Brescia, who 
 went as a missionary to China, where, for 36 
 years, he preached the Christian religion and 
 built several churches. He died August 1049. 
 He left several works in the Chinese language 
 on theological subjects. 
 
 Aleottt, John Baptist, an Italian, who, 
 from the mean occupation of carrying bricks 
 and mortar to workmen, rose to eminence 
 as an astrologer and geometrician, by the 
 strength of his genius, and even wrote books 
 on the subject. He was concerned in th6 
 hydrostatic controversies about the inunda- 
 tions se frequent at Bologna, Ferrara, and 
 Ilomagna. He died 1630. 
 
 Ales, or Hales, Alexander d', a native 
 of England, who taught philosophy and di- 
 vinity at Paris, where he was much admired, 
 and called the irrefragable doctor. His vo- 
 luminous works, however, are now little 
 known. He died 1245. 
 
 Ales, Alexander, a native of Edinburgh, 
 who warmly opposed the tenets of Luther, 
 which he afterwards as eagerly embraced, 
 when he had suffered persecution for his re- 
 ligion, and seen the firmness with which his 
 countryman Patrick Hamilton was burnt to 
 deatli by Beaton archbishop of Saint An- 
 drews for protestantism. He came back to 
 London from Germany, when Henry VIH. 
 abolished the papal power in England, and 
 he there enjoyed the friendship ot'Cranmer, 
 Cromwell, and Latimer. He afterwards re- 
 tired to Germany, and was appointed to a 
 professorial chair at Frankfort upon Oder, 
 and afterwards, when persecuted by the 
 court of Brandenburg, at Leipsic, where he 
 died March 17th 1565, in his 65th year. His 
 works were on controversial subjects. 
 
 Alesio, Matthew Perez d', a native of 
 Rome, skilful in the exercise of the pencil 
 as well as of the graver. His most curious 
 piece is the colossal Saint Christopher iti 
 fresco, in the great church of Seville, the 
 calf of whose leg is an ell in thickness. He 
 <lied 1600. 
 
 Alessi, Galeas, an architect of Perusia, 
 whose plans were the result of great abilities, 
 and a fertile genius. He decorated many of 
 the towns of Spain, France, and Germany 
 with palaces, churches, and extensive baths ; 
 but the noblest monuments of his taste and 
 judgment are the public edifices of Genoa, 
 and the monastery of the Escurial. He died 
 1573, in his 72d year. 
 
 Aleti>"o, Benedetto, a professor in the 
 Jesuits' College at Naples, who, in 1688 ia 
 elegant language refuted the Cartesian sys-^- 
 tem, and undertook to re-establish the phi- 
 losophy of Aristotle, as more congenial to 
 the catholic faith, but not with the sxicccs* 
 he expected. We died 1719. 
 
AL 
 
 ^y 
 
 AL 
 
 Alexander, the Great, son of Philip of j 
 Macedouia, was born at Pella 355 years | 
 B. C. After extending his power with uii- i 
 usal rapidity over Greece, and destroying '■ 
 Thebes, lie' invaded Asia. The defeat of | 
 the Persian forces at the three celebrated ; 
 bailies of the Granicus, of Isas, and of Arbe- '■, 
 la, rendered him master of the country ; ' 
 and after he had laid the foundation of Alex- ; 
 andria in Egypt as the future capital of his 
 extensive dominions, and after he had wan- j 
 dered over Asia in quest of more enemies, j 
 he returned to Babylon, Avhere he died of j 
 intemperance B. C' 3iJ3, in his 33d year, j 
 His vast empire, wliich his wisdom and the ' 
 great energies of his mind, if not corrupted 
 by flattery and success, miglit have consoli- 
 dated, was divided at his death among his 
 generals. 
 
 Alexander, Balas, an iraposter who 
 pretended to be the son of Antioclius Epi- 
 phanes. He was slain 146 B. C. by Deme- 
 trius Soter. 
 
 Alexander, Severus, aRoman empei*or, 
 hy birth a Phoenician. He was distinguished 
 by great virtues in public and private life. 
 lie was cruelly murdered by his mutinous 
 soldiers A. D. 235, after a glorious reign of 
 13 years 
 
 Alexander, Janneus, a king of the 
 Jews, warlike but cruel and oppressive. He 
 died of intemperance B. C. 79. 
 
 Alexander H. son of Aristobulus, was 
 carried to Rome pi-isoner by Pompey. When 
 afterwards restored to liberty and made king 
 of J udsca, he proved ungrateful to the Ro- 
 mans, and was put to death B. C. 49. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Hierapolis in the 
 fifth centurv, maintained after Nestorius 
 that there were two natures in Christ. He 
 was banished, and died an exile. 
 
 Alexander, a bishop of Alexandria, 
 who opposed the tenets of Arius, and dis- 
 played in his office the most exemplary pi- 
 ety with every Christian virtue. He died 
 about 525. 
 
 Alexander, a bishop of Jerusalem, 
 known for his virtues and his sufferings. 
 He was exposed to the persecutions of Se- 
 verus and also of Ueeius, and died in prison, 
 inconsequence of ill treatment, about '■li\. 
 He wrote some letters, now lost, and foun- 
 ded a library at Jerusalem. 
 
 Alexander, of Lycopolis, sti'ongly op- 
 posed the Manichsean system in a work edi- 
 ted at Paris 1672 in folio. Some call him a 
 Pagan and others a Christian. 
 
 Alexander, Traliianus, a philosopher 
 and physician in the sixth century, whose 
 works were edited at Paris 1543, and at Lau- 
 sanne 1772, in two vols. 8vo. 
 
 Alexander, Polyhistor, a Latin histo- 
 rian about 80 B. C. His works are all now 
 lost. He was burnt to death at LaureiTtum. 
 Alexander, Aphrodiscens, a Peripa- 
 tetic philosopher, called also the commenta- 
 tor, in the second century. His wofk " de 
 fato" appeared at London 1688, and his com- 
 mentaries on Aristotle were edited at Venice 
 by Aldus. 
 
 VOL. I. 7 
 
 Alexander, of JEgea, a philosopher, 
 pi'eceptor to Nei'o. Ke wrote a commen- 
 tary on Aristotle's meteorology. 
 
 Alexander, the Paphlagonian, an im- 
 postor who gained the respect of his credu- 
 lous and ignorant countrymen, and thus ac- 
 quired such celebrity that Marcus Aur^liua^ 
 himself, deceived by his artific e, hjf iorably 
 invited him to Rome A. D. 174. He died 
 at the age of 70. 
 
 Alexander, an abbot of Sicily in the 
 12th century, author of a history of Roger,' 
 king of Sicily, edited 1578 at Saragossa "" 
 
 Alexander, an English abbot, who 
 boldly supported the rights and honors of 
 his master Henry H. at the court of Rome, 
 for which he was tyrannically excommunica- 
 ted by Randolph the papal legate 1217. 
 He wrote victoria a Proteo — de ecclesia 
 potestate — de cessatione papali — de potes- 
 tate vicaria, &c. 
 
 Alexander succeeded his brother John 
 Albert as king of Poland 1501. He died five 
 jears after, aged 45, and left heliind him 
 the respectable character of a man of cour- 
 age, virtue, piety and- benevolence. 
 
 ALKXANDERl.king of Scotland, ascended 
 the throne 1107 after his brother Edgar, and 
 merited by hif severity the appellation of 
 " the fierce," though in private life he had 
 been distinguished for meekness, benevo- 
 lence, and moderation. He had the good 
 fortune to suppress all the insurrections rai- 
 sed against his tyranny, and died 1124. 
 
 Alexander H. king of Scotland 1214, 
 after his father William the Lion, was enga- 
 ged in war with John of England, whose do- 
 minions he boldly invaded. Peace was res- 
 tored to the two kingdoms in 1221, by the 
 marriage of Alexander with the sister of 
 Henry HI. He died 1249, aged 51. 
 
 Alexander in. king of Scotland, son 
 of the preceding by a second wife, succeeded 
 his father 1249, when eight years old. He 
 married Margaret daughter of Henry HL 
 He was successful in his defeat of the Nor-' 
 wegians who had invaded his kingdom, and 
 he assisted his father-in-law against his rebel- 
 lious barons. He was killed in hunting 1285, 
 and left behind him a high character for 
 courage, for benevolence, and magnanimit}-. 
 
 Alexander I. bishop of Rome, 109, 
 after Saint Evaristus, died 3d May 119. He 
 is mentioned as a saint and a martyr in the 
 catholic calendar, and according to Platina, 
 he first introduced the use of holy water in 
 the Roman church. The epistles attributed 
 to him are spurious. 
 
 Alexander H. pope, succeeded 1061. 
 His elevation was opposed hy the imperial 
 court, and Cadalous, bishop of Parma, wns 
 appointed, under the title of Koncrius H. 
 Alexander, however, though of dissolute 
 manners, prevailed, and banished his rival 
 from Rome, and then employed himself in 
 securing his pow er, and in extending the pa- 
 pa! authority over the neighboring princes. 
 His humanity towards the Jews, whom he 
 px'otected against their [)ersecutors and mur- 
 derers, is deservedly commended. He died 
 21st April 1073. 
 
AL 
 
 ^^ 
 
 AL 
 
 Alexaxbes III. pope, was n native of 
 Sienna, and M'as raised to the papal chair 
 ifter Adrian TV. 1159. His election, though 
 acknowledged by England and France, was 
 disputed by the empei-or Fredei'ic, who 
 caused Victor to be nominated in his room 
 at 1' a Via. Alexander for a while yielded to 
 tlie storm ;~^nt after the death of Victor his 
 imperial persecutor elected another succes- 
 sor, cardinal Guy, under the name of Pas- 
 chal III. xVlexander, who had fled into 
 France, and who had hurled the thunders 
 of excommunication against Frederic, and 
 even absolved his subjects from their oaths 
 of allegiance, now determined to maintain 
 his cause by force, and to arm the Venetians 
 in his favor. These bold measures might 
 have succeeded, but Frederic either tired 
 •of the contest, or terrified by the prepara- 
 tions, acknowledged Alexander as the lawful 
 pontiff, and was reconciled to him at an in- 
 terview at Venice. Alexander died at Rome 
 30ih Aug. 1181, beloved by his subjects and 
 respected by the world. 
 
 Ai.exa.nder IV. bishop of Ostia, was 
 raised to the papal chair at the death of In- 
 nocent IV. 1254, He opposed the settle- 
 ineut of the emperor's natural son as king 
 of Sicily, and bestowed the crown on Ed- 
 mund son of the king of England. He 
 wished to re-unite the Greek and Latin 
 churches, but did not seriously attempt it. 
 He died at Viterbo 25th May 1261. 
 
 Alexander V. pope, was born of mean 
 parents at Candia near Milan. While beg- 
 ging his bread from door to door, an Italian 
 monk noticed his engaging manners, and 
 l)rocured his admission into his order. Thus 
 enabled to cultivate his mind, he devoted 
 himself laboriously to study, and after dis- 
 tinguishing himself at Oxford and Paris, he 
 obtained preferment by the patronage of the 
 duke of Milan, was made bishop of Vicenza, 
 and then archbishop of the Milanese, and 
 ( I'aised by Innocent VII to the purple, and 
 named legate in Lombarbv. He was elected 
 pope at the council of Pisa 1409, but he died 
 the next year, 3d May, not without suspi- 
 cions of poison administered by his fiivoritc, 
 cardinal Cossa. He was a man of great 
 firmness, and in his character Hberal and 
 munificent. 
 
 Alexander VI. pope, a native of Va- 
 lencia in Spain, originally called Roderic 
 Borgia. The elevation of his uncle Caiixtus 
 Ilf. to the pontificate paved the way to his 
 greatness; he was made cardinal, and after- 
 wards archbishop of Valencia. On the 
 death of Innocent yill. his intrigues ensu- 
 red him the papal chair, though he was then 
 infamous for his debaucheries, and offensive 
 to the purity of the holy conclave, as the 
 adulterous father of four sons and one daugh- 
 ter, by a Roman lady of the name of Vano- 
 zia. These children followed the example 
 of their dissolute father, and became mon- 
 sters of profligacy. The two eldest, the 
 duke of Candia and Caesar, disputed about 
 the incestuous favors of their sister Lucre- 
 tia, and the hoary father himself is said to 
 
 have increased the abomination hy a h^rritZ. 
 commerce with his own daughter. Though 
 thus devoted to the grossest licentiousness, 
 Alexander found the time and the means to 
 raise cabals, and to create intrigues in the 
 courts of Eui^pe, and to convert their dis- 
 sentions to the advantage of the holy see, 
 and the enriching of his favorite Caesar. His 
 death which happened 8th Aug. 1503, was 
 such as might be expected to conclude an in- 
 famous life. The great opulence of cardi- 
 nal Corneto and others, wei'e strong temp- 
 tations to the avaricious pope and his- profli- 
 gate son Casar. These innocent victims 
 were invited to a banquet, but by some mis- 
 take ibe poison intended for them was taken 
 by the guilty prmtifi'and his son. The pope- 
 immediately expired, but Cticsar survived 
 tbe accident some years to perish by the 
 hands of an assassin. This account of the 
 manner of his death is doubted by some.r 
 His life has been written in English by Alex- 
 ander Gordon 1729 folio, and by Burchari 
 in Latin. 
 
 Alexander VII. pope, a native of Sien- 
 na, whose name was Fabio Chigi. He grad- 
 ually rose through the ofiices of inquisitor, 
 legate, bishop, and cardinal, to the papal 
 chair 1G55, on the death of Innocent X- 
 Thus elevated by dissembled humility to the 
 head of the church, he confirmed by a bull 
 his predecessor's measures against the Jan- 
 senists 1656. But while much was expected 
 from him, he showed himself, as has beeit 
 observed by a biographer, little in great 
 things, and great in little ones. In his con- 
 duct towards men of letters he was liberal 
 and munificent, and he embellished Rome 
 with some splendid buildings. He died 22d 
 May 1667, aged 68. 
 
 Alexander VIII. pope, Mark Otto- 
 boni, was a native of Venice, and became 
 bishop of Brescia and Frescati, and cardinal, 
 and in 1689 succeeded to the papal chair, on 
 the death of Innocent XI. He died two 
 years after, 1st Feb. 1691 aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, ab Alexandre, a native of 
 Naples, who applied him.self to the law, but 
 afterwards left it that he might more seri- 
 ously devote his time to polite literature. 
 He possessed genius and abilities, and his re- 
 marks on mankind arc judicious and interes- 
 ting. The particulars of his life are related 
 in his Genialiun Dierum, a work in the man- 
 ner of Gellius' Attic nights, which was pub- 
 lished with a learned commentary by Tira- 
 queau 1587. Alexander died in the begin- 
 ning of the 16th century, and was buried ia 
 the monastery of the Olivets. 
 
 Alexander, Neckam, a native of St. 
 Albans, who, after studying in England, 
 France, and Italy, gave public lectures at 
 Paris, which at that time was the most cele-' 
 brated university in Europe. / He returned 
 to England, where his genius and learning 
 recommended him to preferment. He died 
 1227 abbot of Exeter. His works, which 
 were written in elegant language for the 
 time, have never been published, but remain 
 in manuscript in public libraries. 
 
AL 
 
 ^3 
 
 AL 
 
 Ai.EXANBER, Noel or Natalis, an emi- 
 nent writer born at Houen in Normandy. For 
 12 vears he tauglit philosophy at the great 
 €on'vent at Paris, and as a Dominican 'liiar, 
 propagated the doctrines of his order from 
 the pulpit, but as he did not possess in a high 
 degree the fluence and eloquence required 
 in a popular preacher, he afterwards devo- 
 ted himself to ecclesiastical history, and 
 %vas created a doctor of the borbonne in 
 1675. Colbert saw his abiiities, and patron- 
 ised them, by intrusting him with part of 
 the education of his son. The life of Alex- 
 ander spent in seclusion contains no ])articu- 
 lar events ; his studies were laborious, and 
 his works many. His ecclesiastical history is 
 chiefly admired for its accuracy, moderation 
 and fidelity. It was published in 24 vols. 
 Svo. or 8 vols. fol. Though for a little while 
 persecuted by the poi)e for some of his opin- 
 ions, yet he was beloved and respected. He 
 bore with infinite resignation the loss of his 
 sight in the latter part of his life, and died of 
 a decay of nature in his 8Gth year 1724. A 
 catalogue of his works was printed at Paris 
 J716. 
 
 Alexander, William, a native of Scot- 
 land, who, after his return fi-om the conti- 
 nent, where he had attended the duke of 
 Argvie, as tutor, celebrated in a poem called 
 the Aurora, the charms of a lady to whom 
 he had unsuccessfully paid his addresses. 
 When this unkind mistress was married, he 
 extinguished his former flame by imitating 
 her example, and in the retirement and pat- 
 ronage which James VI. granted him, he de- 
 voted himself to more serious pursuits by 
 vriting plays on the ancient models of Greece 
 and Rome. Alter being flattered by the po- 
 ets of the age, he became a regular atten- 
 dant on the cou:"t, was knighted, and in 1G21 
 received a grant of Nova Scoti -., which he 
 proposed to colonize at his own expense, and 
 that of those who wished to embark on the 
 enterprise. The death of James prevented 
 the creation of baronets to the number of 
 150, who wei'e to contribute to support the 
 views of the favorite ; though Charles I. in 
 some degree pursued the intentions of his 
 ftither by granting patents of knight baronet 
 to the chief promoters of the settlement. 
 The original scheme was defeated, and Sir 
 W^illiam sold his property in Nova Scotia to 
 the French, Sir W^illiam served Charles 
 with fidelity as secretary for Scotland, and 
 was created Lord Stirling. He died 12th 
 Fehruary 1G40 in his 60th year. His poeti- 
 cal works appeared in one vol. fol. three 
 years before his death. - 
 
 Alexander, de Medicis, first duke of 
 Plorence in 1530, was the natural son of Lo- 
 renzo de Medicis, and nephew to pope Cle- 
 ment VII. He owed his elevation to the arts 
 of his uncle and the influence of Charles V. 
 iuthis power, however weak, became odious 
 by his cruelty, the debauchery of his man- 
 ners, and his incontinence. He was at last 
 murdered by his relation Lorenzo, w ho had 
 gained liis confidence by promising him an 
 interview with «. woman «f wfeom he was 
 
 I euflmored. He died in Jiis 26th year 1537, 
 and the duchy passed into the hands of Co;.- 
 I mo de Medicis. 
 
 Alexander, Farncse, duke of Parma, 
 
 distinguished himself in the 16th century by 
 
 his military valor. He was engaged in the 
 
 . wars of Flanders and of France, and died of 
 
 i a wound which he received at the siege of 
 
 I Rouen, 2d Dec. 1592. 
 
 j Alexander, Farnese, imcle to the pre- 
 ; ceding, was a cardinal, and the favorite of 
 ; pope Clement VII. He was engaged in differ- 
 ent embassies in France, Germany, and V\x\\- 
 ders, and afterwards retired to Rome, where 
 he lived in great splendor, the friend of tlie 
 indigent, and the patron of the learned. He 
 died 1589, aged 69. 
 
 Alexander, a Norman, nephew to Ro- 
 ger bishop of Salisbury in the reign of Hen- 
 ry I. and Stephen. liy the interest of his 
 uncle he was made bishop of Lincoln, and 
 he rebuilt his cathedral, which had been de- 
 stroyed by tire, and added to its security by 
 making the roof of stone. Like the barons 
 in tiiose turbulent times, he raised the castles 
 of Hanbui-y, Sleaford, and Newark for his 
 defence, and founded two monasteries whIcU 
 he liberally endowed. After visiting the 
 pope three times on the contincHt, he return- 
 ed to England where he died 1147 in the 
 24th year of his prelacy. 
 
 Alexander, a native of Asia Minor, who 
 retired from the emperor's court, and be- 
 came the founder of the sect called Aceme- 
 tus (non-Sleepers) because one of the com- 
 munity was always awake to sing. He died 
 about the 430th year of the Christian era, 
 near the shores of the Euxine. 
 
 Alexander, St. Elpide, a hermit of St. 
 Austin, archbishop of Amalfi, author of an 
 incorrect and partial treatise of the papal 
 power, &c. in the beginning of the 14th cen- 
 tury. His book was printed 1624. 
 
 Alexander, Dom. James, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. Maur, born at Orleans, author of 
 a treatise on elementary clocks, printed Svo. 
 1734. He died 1734, aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, of Paris a poet of the 12th 
 century, who introduced in a poem on Alex- 
 ander the Great, verses of 12 syllables, which 
 from him have been called Alexandrines 
 
 Alexander, Nicholas, a Benedictine of 
 St. Maur, known for his charitable charac- 
 ter, as well as his extensive knowledge of 
 simples. He is author of two useful works, 
 " Physic and Surgery for the poor," publish- 
 ed 1738, " and a Botanical and Pharmaceuti- 
 cal Dictionary," Svo, He was horn at Paris, 
 and died at St. Denys, 1728, in an advanced 
 age. 
 
 Alexander, Neuskoi, grand duke of 
 Russia, horn 1218, signalized himself by u 
 victory which he obtained over the northern 
 powers on the banks of the Neva. His miii* 
 tary and political character, which procured 
 him the title of saint, was, five centui'ies after, 
 more highly honored by the policy of Peter 
 the Great. The spot where the victory had 
 been won was consecrated for a monastery, 
 where tiie boaes of the saint were deposited 
 
AL 
 
 -^^ 
 
 AL 
 
 with religious pomp, and which is hecome 
 the mausoleum of tht; sovereigns of Russia. 
 There is an order of kuightliuod instituted 
 in honor of tlie saint, which consists now of 
 about 135 knights. 
 
 A1.EXANDKINI, Julius deNcustain, a na- 
 tive of Trent, physician and favorite of 
 Maximilian 11. He died 1590 in his 84th 
 rear. lie was autljor of some medical trea- 
 tises in prose and verse, which display his 
 genius, sense and erudition. 
 
 Alexis, William, a Benedictine monk of 
 Ijyra, author of some poems of considerable 
 luerit. He was prior of Jiussiau Perche, and 
 was living in 1500. 
 
 Alexis, a Piedmontese, who applied him- 
 self to study, but with the determination 
 of not revealing the discoveries he might 
 make in philosophy. After 57 years of trav- 
 els, he saw a poor man die of a disorder 
 which might have been removed, if he had 
 imparted his knowledge to the surgeon, and 
 ■with such remorse was he visited, that he 
 retired from the world, and set in order for 
 the benefit of mankind, the result of his re- 
 searches, which were afterwards published 
 under the name of his secrets at Basil 1536, 
 and dispersed through Europe. 
 
 Alexi us, Michaelovitch, son of Michael, 
 Czar of Russia, succeeded to the throne at the 
 age of sixteen, and distinguished hinjself by 
 las wars against the Turks, the Swedes, and 
 Poles. Respected abroad, he was beloved at 
 home, as the inaprovement of his barbarian 
 subjects was the sole wish of his heart. The 
 laws of the empire were printed for public 
 information, and no longer trusted to the in- 
 correctness of manuscripts ; commerce was 
 encouraged, and manufactures of silk and lin- 
 en were introduced ; and the munificence of 
 the emiperor was supported by economy, and 
 hy the prosperity of the state. Alexius died 
 in his 46th year 1677, and was succeeded by 
 his son the famous Czar Peter. 
 
 Alexius, Petrovitch, only son of Peter 
 the Great and Eudocia Lapukin, was born 
 1690. His early youth was neglected in the 
 hands of women, and of ignorant priests ; but 
 when in his eleventh year, he was intrusted 
 to the care of baron Huysen, the instructions 
 of this able and meritorious man Avere coun- 
 teracted by the intrigues and infernal policy 
 of Mentshikof one of the Czar's ministers. 
 The young prince, permitted to indulge eve- 
 ry passion by the example and encourage- 
 ment of the meanest and most debauched 
 of the valgar, Avho were his constant associ- 
 ates, grew unprinci^jled and vicious, and soon 
 converted the contempt he felt for restraint 
 upon the conduct and the character of his fa- 
 ther. This mutual hatred between the Czar 
 and his son was fomented by trie arts of ene- 
 mies, and at last Alexius renounced all his 
 rights to the succession, that he might spend 
 in the retirement of a convent the remains of 
 H life already shortened by drunkenness and 
 intemperance. Persecution however at- 
 tended him ; though protected by the em- 
 peror t)f Germany, he was betrayed b)' his 
 Finlandish mistress, whom he is said to have 
 
 married, and conveyed to Petersburg, where 
 he was tried by secret judges, and condemned 
 to death 1719. This cruel unfeeling conduct 
 of the father, which not all the impruden- 
 cies and provocations of a licentious son 
 could justify, has been palliated by his pane- 
 gyrists, who attribute the death of the prince 
 to an apoplectic lit, brought on by his vio- 
 lent irregularities. 
 
 Alexius or Alexis I. Commenus, born 
 at Constantinople 1048, was nephew to the 
 emperor Isaac Commenus. He usurped 
 the throne in 1081, after banishing Niceph- , 
 orus, and distinguished himself by his wars 
 against the Turks, and other nothern invaders. 
 He received with coldness the crusaders ; 
 but, intimidated by their numbers and conse- 
 quence, he signed a treaty of peace with them, 
 and promised them support. He died in 
 his 70lh year 1118. His daughter Anna Com- 
 raena, has written a Gi-eek aecount of his 
 reign ; but her history is a panegyric on the 
 virtues of her father, and not the record of 
 truth. 
 
 Alexius H. Commenus, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Michael on the throne of Constantino- 
 ple 1180, in his 12th year. His tender age 
 was the cause of disl^ention and tumult, and 
 he was murdered with his mother Mai*y two 
 years after by Andronicus who usurped the 
 throne. 
 
 Alexius HI. Angelus, dethroned his 
 brother Isaac Angelus 1195, and put out his 
 eyes. An effeminate life rendered him des- 
 pised at home and abroad ; he was defeated 
 by the Turks and Bulgarians, and his capital 
 was soon besieged and taken 1 203, by an ar- 
 my of Venetians and French crusaders, head- 
 ed by Alexius the son of the deposed mon- 
 arch, who had fled to the court of Vienna. 
 A lexius received from Theodore Lascaris the 
 same cruel punishment which he had inflict- 
 ed on his brotlier, and the ^ oung conquer- 
 or placed his blind father from the dungeon 
 on the throne, and reigned with him as Alex- 
 ius IV. ; but his elevation was succeeded by 
 a vebellion, because he wished to raise great 
 contributions upon his subjects, and his life 
 was sacrificed to the fury of the people 1204. 
 
 Alexius IV. wJ Alexius III. 
 
 Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphle or Mour- 
 zoufle, from his black eyebrows, an officer 
 at the court of Isaac Angelus and Alexins IV. 
 who dethroned and murdered his master, 
 and usurped the throne of Constantinople. 
 He was attacked by the crusaders, who took 
 his capital, and after putting out his eyes 
 threw him down from the topof Theodosius* 
 pillar, 147 feet high, and killed him, 1264, af- 
 ter a reign of only three months, of extor- 
 tion, arrogance, and cruelty. The conquer- 
 ors elected two emperors ; Baldwin was ap- 
 pointed by the Latins, and Theodore Lascaris 
 by the Greeks. 
 
 Alexius, an impostor, who for some 
 time assumed the name and character of 
 Alexius son of Michael Commenus emperor 
 of Constantinople, and raised an army in A- 
 sia, with which he ravaged the country and 
 spread terror to the gates of the capital. He 
 
AL 
 
 4 6 
 
 AL 
 
 was murdered by a priest as he ungtiardedlj- 
 retired from a banquet, at a time when he 
 mig^it have overturned the empire and seated 
 himself on the throne. 
 
 A L E Y N, Charles, an English poet wlio pub- 
 lished in 1631, in stanzas of six lines, two po- 
 ems on the battles of Cressy and Foictiers, 
 and seven years after another poem on Bos- 
 worth field, besides the history Euryal us and 
 Lucretia, tran»!ate.l from -^^neas Sylvius. 
 He was educated at Sidney College, Cam- 
 bridge, and was assistant to Thomas Farnaby 
 in St. Giit'S, Cripplegate, London, a.d after- 
 wards tutor to the son of Edward Sherburne 
 esquire, who was clerk of the ordnafice to 
 Charles I. He died in 1640, and was buried 
 in St. Andrew's church Holborn. 
 
 Al-farabia, a mussulman pliilosopher 
 in the 10th century, remarkaiilefor the gen- 
 erality and greatness of his talents. He was 
 killed by robbers in Syria in 9.54. His works 
 on various subjects are said to be in the Ley- 
 den library. 
 
 Alfargan, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, or 
 Alfraganius, an Arabian astronomer of the 
 ninth century, author of an introduction to 
 astronomy, printed by Goliusin 1669 at Am- 
 sterdam, with curious notes. 
 
 Alfenus Varus Publius, a native of 
 Cremona, who rose from the mean occupa- 
 tion of a cobler to the dignity of consul. 
 
 Alfes, an eminent rabbi, who epitomized 
 the Talmud. He died 1103. 
 
 Alfonso, vid. Alphonsus. 
 
 Alford, Michael, author of " Britan- 
 nia illustrata" — " Annales Ecclesiastici Bri- 
 tannorum", and other works, was an En- 
 glish Jesuit, born in London, arid educated at 
 liome anfl in Spain. He resided in England 
 as Jesuits' missionary for above 30 years, and 
 died at St. Omer's 1G52, aged 65. 
 
 Alfred, the Cireat, fifth and yoiingest 
 son of Elhelwolf, king of the west Saxons, 
 was born at Wantage in Berkshire 849. His 
 father sent him early to Rchne, where he was 
 confirmed, and according to some privately 
 anointed king by pope Leo IV. who saw and 
 admired his manly character. After the 
 death of his brother, Alfred mounted the 
 throne of England in his 22d year in 871, 
 at a time when the kingdom was a prey to 
 domestic dissensions, and to the invasion of 
 the Danes. His valor was soon called into 
 the field, battles were followed by battles : 
 but the slaughter of thousands seemed not to 
 heal the wounds of the country or to remove 
 the ra.-tacious foe from the coasts. After a 
 dreadful overthrow Alfred concealed his 
 misfortunes for a year, under tlje dress of a 
 peasant, till the success of one of his chiefs, 
 Odun earl of Devon, in defeating a body of 
 the Danes, drew him from his retirement. 
 AVith unusual boldness he examined the fwlse 
 security of the enemy's camp, he was admit- 
 ted into the presence of the chief under the 
 disguise of a harper, and returned to his 
 friends to inspire them with courage and 
 lead theut to victory. The ]>anes were to- 
 tally routed at'Eddington : and Guthrumtlieir 
 chief despairing of further opposition, con- 
 
 sented to renounce Paganism, and was pre* 
 sented at the font by his conqueror. From 
 that period the kingdom became more set- 
 tled, and though the Danes occasionally re- 
 peated their predatory attacks, the mind of 
 Alfred was not shaken from its noble purpose 
 of enlightening his subjects, and giving stabil- 
 ity to their independence, and protection to 
 their property. He published laws to the 
 number of 51, which were partly collected, 
 as he himself sai ^ in the preface, from those 
 of his predecessor king Ina, and from the 
 Trojan and Grecian codes. He not only «ii- 
 vided his dominions into counties, and other 
 smaller subdivisions, but he made each house- 
 holder i-esponsible for the behaviour of his 
 family, and as the tythings consisted of tea 
 fami'iies, each became a pledge for the peace- 
 ful conduct of the rest, so that the whole 
 kingdom was but a large family eager to pre- 
 serve the public security, while they ensured 
 domestic concord. As a niiin of lettei's, Al- 
 fred gained reputation, he not only transla- 
 ted and wrote several books, particularly Bo- 
 ethius' Consolations of Philosophy : but that 
 learning raighb find an asylum in England, 
 he endowed several schools in the kingdom, 
 and founded, or according to others restored, 
 the university of Oxford, and filled the pro- 
 fessorial chairs with men of taste, genius, 
 and erudition. In his own conduct he was a 
 pattern of regularity, so that he divided the 
 24 hours of the day into three equal portions, 
 one of which was set apart for religious du- 
 ties, the other for repose, recreation, and 
 literatui-e, and the third for the affairs of the 
 state. To his wisdom and foresight, England 
 may look back with gratitude for the first be- 
 ginning of her naval greatness. Alfred not 
 only built ships, and enured his subjects to 
 the toils and dangers of the sea, but he had 
 the^oldnessto attempt to discover the north- 
 east passage. Tliough by profession and the 
 circumstances of the times a soldier, the hu- 
 mane monarch, who had been personally en- 
 gaged in 56 battles for the defence and inde- 
 pendence of his country, viewed M-ith detes- 
 tation the scenes of carnage which ambition 
 or tlie love of plunder might exhibit, and 
 considered his glory as better cemented by 
 the peaceful occupations of his subjects than 
 by war, and by the promotion of industry and 
 mutual confidence tlian by the use of arms. 
 After a reign of above 28 years, in which 
 every moment had been devoted to the hap- 
 piness of his people, this magnanimous prince 
 died on the 28th of Octoher 900, and was 
 buried in Winchester cathedral. History 
 does not present a man mere amiable in his 
 public and private character, or whose vir- 
 tues entitled him to a throne more than this 
 great and benevolent hero. He left by his 
 queen Eiswitha two sons and three daughters, 
 and was succeeded by his second son, Edward, 
 surnamed the elder. 
 
 A LF RET) or A L TIRED, SOU of Ethel red by 
 Emma daughter of Richard duke of Norman- 
 dy was sent by his father Avith his brother 
 Edu'ardto the Norman court, during the 
 invasions of the Danes. Alter Canute's death 
 
AJL 
 
 ^e 
 
 ja. 
 
 he landed in England with a force, and 
 might have succeeded in the expulsion of 
 Harold, if not thwarted by the arts of God- 
 win, ye fell into tlie hands of his enemies, 
 -who cruelly put out his eyes and eoiifined liim 
 in Ely monastery, where he was murdered, 
 as it is supposed, 10.3?" in his 34lh year. 
 
 Alfred, a learned lienedictine monk of 
 Malmesbury, made bishop of Exeter in the 
 10th century. He was intimate with St 
 Uunstan, and wrote severjd learned books, 
 particulary the life of Adehnus — the history 
 of Malniesbury abbey — de naturis reruni. 
 
 Alfred, of Berverley, an historian. Fid. 
 Alredus. 
 
 Alfred, an Englishman, surnamed the 
 Philnsophei', much respected at Rome. He 
 died 1270, and left four books on the meteoi-s 
 of Aristotle — one on vegetables— and five on 
 the Consolations of Boethius. 
 
 Alfride, or Elfrid, the natural son 
 of Oswy king of Northumberland, fled to Ire- 
 lantl, or as some suppose to Scotland, to 
 avoid the persecution of his brother Egfrid, 
 whom he had succeeded, on the throne. In 
 ids exile he still felt the virulence of his ene- 
 iTiies and at last the two brothers met to de- 
 cide their fate by arms. Egfrid was slain, 
 and AJfride ascended the vacant throne 68G, 
 and deserved the love and the applauses of 
 his subjects bv his benevolence and mildness, 
 and the libtitil patronage which he afforded 
 to literature. He died 705. 
 ' Algardi, Alexander, an architect and 
 sculptor of Bologna, pupil to Lewis Carrachi, 
 and intimate with iJominichiiio. He died at 
 Rome IG54. There is at Bologna, a group of 
 the beheading of St. Paul by him much admi- 
 red, besides a bas-relief in the Vatican repe- 
 senting St. Leo in the presence of Atiila. 
 
 Algarotti, Francis, son of a Venetian 
 merchant, who, after improving himsi^f «t 
 Rome and Bologna, came to Paris where be 
 published his Nevvtonianistn for the ladies, 
 in Italian, a woi'k which was translated into 
 French by Du Perron, but was of inferior 
 merit to Fontenelle's plurality of worlds. 
 From thence Algarotti visited England and 
 Germany, and received repeated marks of 
 esteem and honor from t!ie kings of Poland 
 nnd Prussia. After some residence in the 
 Polish court as privy counsellor for the af- 
 fairs of war, he returned to Italy, and died 
 Tmex])ectcdly at Pisa 23d of May 1761, in 
 his 5'-Zd year. As a connoisseur in painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture, be possessed 
 taste and judgment, and his genius as a poet 
 is fully proved in the elegant trifles which he 
 wrote in Italian. His works were publislred 
 in 4 volumes 8vo. in ITG5, and translated into 
 French at Berlin 1772, 8 volumes 8vo. They 
 consist chiefly of historical and philosophical 
 dissertations, essays and poetry. 
 
 Algaxali, an Arabian, horn at Thous 
 in Khorassan, author of a treatise on tlie dif- 
 ferent classes of science which concern reli- 
 gion. He made the ]»ilgrlmage of Mecca, 
 and died in the 504th year of the hegira. 
 
 Algeh, a monk of Liege, author of a 
 ^ook on t!ie •«aoramc?ifs. Wc rficd tit (;'in- 
 ny, 1131. 
 
 Alghisi, Thomas, an emincttt surgetij 
 and hthotomist of Florence. He died in con- 
 sequence of being severely wounded by the 
 bursting of his gun 1713. He published 
 Lilliotomia in 4to. 1708, &c. 
 
 Algiert, Peter, a Venetian, whose ta- 
 lents in painting were usefully employed in 
 the decorations of the opera at Paris. He 
 died 1760. 
 
 Alhazen, an Arabian who wrote on op- 
 tics, about the year 1100. 
 
 Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, 
 was opposed in his view to succeed the pro- 
 phet, by Othman and Omar, and retired in- 
 to Arabia where his mild and enlai-ged inter- 
 pretation of the Koran increased the num- 
 ber of his proselytes. Aftter the death of 
 Othman he was acknowledged caliph by the 
 Egyptians and Ai-abians, but in less than five 
 years after he was assassinated in a mosque 
 660. Ali, after the decease of his beloved 
 Fatima, claimed the privilege of polygamy, 
 and left 15 sons and IS daughters. His memo- 
 ry is still held in the highest veneration by the 
 Persians, who pronounce with contempt the 
 names of Othman and Omar, whilst the Turks 
 despise him ai»d pay adoi-ation to his oppo- 
 nents. 
 
 Ali-bassa, a distinguished general of 
 tJie Ottoman empire, to whom Achmet IV. 
 gave his sister in marriage. He died lOGS 
 in his 70th year. 
 
 Ali Beg, a Pole, born of Christian par- 
 ents, wlien youTig he was made prisoner by 
 the Tartars and sold to the Turks, who edu- 
 cated him in the Mahometan faith. He rose 
 toeovisequencc in the Turkish court and was 
 a])pointed interpreter to tlie grand signior. 
 lie employed himself in tranh.ting the Bible 
 and the Englisli catechism into the Turkish 
 language ; but his great work is on the liturgy 
 of the Turks, tlieir pilgrimages to Mecca, 
 and Other religious ceremonies. This work 
 was translated into Latin by Dr. Smith. Ali 
 died 1675, at a time when he intended to ab- 
 jure the Maiiometan tenets for Christianit}^ 
 
 Ali Bev, a native of Natolia, son of sf 
 Greek priest. In his 13th year he was car- 
 ried away by some robbers as he was hun- 
 ting, and sold to Ibrahim, a lieutenant of the 
 Janissaries, at Grand Cairo, who treated him 
 with kindness, and from a slave raised him 
 to power and consequence. AU distinguish- 
 ed himself against the Arabs, and his militaiy 
 vjilor rendered him feared and respected ; 
 but when his friend and patron was basely 
 assassinated 1758, by Ibrahim the Circas- 
 sian, he avenged his death, and slew the 
 murderer with his own hand. This violent 
 measure raised him enemies, and his flight 
 to Jerusalem and to St. John of Acre with 
 difljculty saved him from the resentment of 
 the Ottoman porte, that had demanded his 
 head. Time, however, paved the way to 
 his elevation to the supreme power of Egypt. 
 Those who had espoused the cause of the 
 Circa.ssian were sacrificed to the public safe- 
 ty ; and Ali, recalled by the public voice, 
 governed the country with benevolence and 
 equity. The chiefs of each village were de- 
 efsrved r*fspBffsil»ler<i)r fhe H) cenducf ot Vatic 
 
J^ 
 
 V 
 
 AL 
 
 a^Ighbors, and -whilst the general link was 
 extended through every province, security 
 was restored, and confidence I'evived. But 
 the power of an eastern prince is always 
 precarious; ingratitude was found among 
 those on whom Ali had heaped favors, and 
 ■when he assisted the Turkish government 
 with 12,000 auxiliary troops in the Russian 
 war of 1768, his conduct was viewed with a 
 jealous eye, and his death determined at 
 Constantinople. He however evaded the 
 blow, and in declaring war against the Porte 
 to avenge his wrongs, he intrusted the com- 
 mand of his armies to Abou Dahab, a per- 
 fidious Mameluke, who, in extending the con- 
 quests of Ali over Arabia and Syria, hoped 
 to establish his reputation over the ruins of 
 his patron. The traitor revolted and was 
 followed by the beys, whose fidelity was 
 shaken either by jealousy or by bribes; but 
 Ali was not deserted though he fled from 
 Cairo to Gaza, and he marched into the field 
 at the head of a numerous army. But trea- 
 son pervaded his ranks, and when the deci- 
 sive battle was fought 13th of April 1773, 
 Ali saw some of his troops desert, and, un- 
 willing to survive a defeat, he defended him- 
 self with the fury of a lion, till he was cut 
 down by a sabre and carried to the conquer- 
 or's tent, where eight days after he expired 
 of his wounds. Ali died in his 45th year, and 
 left behind him a chai'acter unrivalled for 
 excellence, for courage, and magnanimity. 
 As governor of Egypt he behaved with the 
 tenderness of a parent ; and to the love of 
 his country were united humanity, a gener- 
 ous heart, and an elevated genius. 
 
 Ali Berg, a learned Turk in the IZtli 
 «entury, acquainted with 17 languages. He 
 translated the Bible into the Turkish lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Alice, daughter of Theobald IV. count 
 of Champagne, married Lewis VII. king of 
 France, by whom she had, 1165, a son called 
 Philip Augustus. During her son's absence 
 in the holy land, she was appointed queen 
 regent of the kingdom, and her government 
 was marked by prudence, moderation, and 
 justice. She died at Paris universally res- 
 pected 4th June 1206. 
 
 Aligre, Etienne, a native of Chartres, 
 who rose by his merit to be chancellor of 
 France. He did not however possess the 
 firmness required for an elevated station. 
 He died 1635 in his 76th year. His son of 
 liie same name, was raised to the same dig- 
 nity as his father, and enjoyed the character 
 •f a great and upright magistrate. He died 
 1677 in his 85lh year. 
 
 Alimentus, Cneius, a Roman historian 
 B. C. 150. 
 
 Alipius, a bishop of Tagaste in Africa, 
 394. He was the friend of Augustine, and 
 was baptised together with him at Milan by 
 tJie hands of St. Ambrose. He was an ac- 
 tive and zealous prelate, and assisted at sev- 
 eral councils, especially those of Carthage, 
 where he opposed the Donatists. He died 
 4S0. 
 
 Alipus, a geographer of Antiocli, com- 
 
 missioned by Julian to rebuild the temple ot' 
 Jerusalem. It is unknown whether he is 
 author of the system of geography publish- 
 ed under his name in Greek and Latin, Ge- 
 neva I6i;i8, in 4to. by Jac. Godefroi. 
 
 Alkmaar, Henry D', an eminent Ger- 
 man of the 15th century, author of the fa- 
 ble of Reynard, an ingenious poem whicl* 
 lashes the vcies and foibles of mankind ia 
 the character of beasts especially the fox. 
 Gottsched has given a magnificent edition of 
 this valuable book. Some suppose that Alk- 
 maar is the fictitious name assumed by Nich- 
 olas Baumaun of Friesland, who died 1503. 
 
 Allainval, Leonor Jean-Christine Sou- 
 las d', a native of Chartres, author of several 
 comedies of considerable merit. His best 
 piece was I'embarras des richesses. D' Al- 
 lainval was, hke most men of genius, indigents 
 He died of the paisy in the Hotel-dieu, where 
 he had been admitted a patient, 2d May 1753. 
 
 Allais, Denys Vaii'asse d', a native of 
 Allais in Languedoc, who served in 1665 in 
 the duke of York's fleet, and afterwards 
 taught the English language in Paris. His 
 writings were not much esteemed, except 
 his history of Sevarambia, apolitical romance 
 first printed 1677 in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Allam, Andi'ew, born at Garsington in ^ 
 Oxfordshire, was of St. Edmund -hall of which 
 he became theyice principal. He translated 
 the life flf IpMHlktes, and assisted Wood in 
 his Atraifee Oxonienses. He died of the 
 small-pox 17thJunel685,inhis 30th year, and 
 was buried in St. Peter's in the east. 
 
 Allard, Guy; was author ot sereral 
 scarce treatises on the history of Dauphine 
 valuable for provincial and genealogical an- 
 ecdotes ; and also of the history of prince 
 Zizim, an amorous romance. He died 1715, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Allatius, Leo, a native of the Island of 
 Scio, who studied belles lettres and the lan- 
 guages at Rome. After visiting Naples and 
 his native country he returned to Rome, 
 where he applied himself to physic, in which 
 he took a degree, but htcrature was his fa- 
 vorite pursuit, and as his erudition was 
 great, he distinguished himself as a. teacher 
 in the Greek college at Rome. He was af- 
 terwards employed by pope Gregory XV. to 
 remove the elector Palatine's library from 
 Germany to the Vatican, in reward for 
 which services, though for a while neglected, 
 he was appointed librarian. Though bred 
 and employed among ecclesiastics, he never 
 entered into orders because, as he told the 
 pope, he wished to retain the privilege of 
 marrying if he pleased. His publications 
 were numerous but chiefly on divinity^, and, 
 thoagh full of learning and good sense, re- 
 markable for unnecessary digressions, la 
 the controversy of the gentlemen of the 
 Port Royal with (/laude concerning the eii- 
 charist, he greatly assisted the former, for 
 which he was severely abused by their bold 
 antagonist. It is said by Joannes Patriclus 
 that he wrote Greek for 40 years with the 
 same pen, and that when he lost it, he ex- 
 pressed his concern even to the shedding «f 
 
AL 
 
 ^ P 
 
 AL 
 
 tears. Allatius died at Rome in his 83d vear, 
 1669. 
 
 Allectus, prefect of Bi*itain murdered 
 Carausius 294, and made himself emperor, 
 He was defeated by Asclepiodotus three 
 years after. 
 
 Allegrain, Christopher Gabi'iel, a 
 French sculptor, admitted into the academy 
 for the masterly execution of the figure of a 
 young man. Amougother pieces his Venus 
 and his Diana were much admired. He w as 
 in his private character very modest and 
 amiable. He died 1795. His father and 
 grandfather before him had been members 
 of the academy of painting. 
 
 Allegri, Antonio, an illustrious paint- 
 ei', better known by the name of Corregio, 
 from the place where lie was born. As he 
 was born to poverty, his education was neg- 
 lected, and he was not able to see and to stu- 
 dy the beautiful models of ancient thnes, or 
 the productions of the Roman or Venetian 
 schools. Nature however had formed him 
 for a painter, and his genius burst through 
 the shackles of ignorance and povert3^ It 
 is to be lamented that he never visited Rome, 
 as his residence at Parma procured him 
 neither patronage nor fame. His most cele- 
 brated paintings were the Virgin and child, 
 •with Mary Magdalen, St. Jerome, and the 
 Notte or Night, which is so well described 
 by lady Millar in her letters from Italy ; but 
 in every thing that he did there was superior 
 execution, great judgment, and infinite taste. 
 The encomiumsof Annibal Caracci who, fifty 
 years after his deatb, admired and imitated 
 him, are strong but just. " Every thing," 
 says he, *' that I see astonishes me, particu- 
 larly the coloring and the beauty of the 
 children. They live — they breathe — they 
 imile with so much grace and so much reali- 
 ty, tliat the beholder smiles and partakes of 
 tiicir enjoyments." Corregio was employed 
 l>y the canons of Parma to paint the assump- 
 tion of the Virgin on the cupola of the cath- 
 edral ; but when the work, which will ever 
 immortalize his name, was completed, the 
 artist was indignantly treated by the proud 
 and ignoimnt ecclesiastics, who abused his ex- 
 ecution, and refused to fulfil their agreement. 
 The painter was meanly forced to except 
 the small pittance of 200 livres ; and, to load 
 him with greater indignity, it was paid in 
 copper. Corregio hastened witlAhe money 
 to his starving family, but as he had six or 
 eight miles to travel from Parma, the weight 
 of his burden and the heat of the climate, 
 added to the oppression cfhis breaking heart, 
 and he was attacked with a pleurisy which in 
 three days terminated his existence and his 
 sorrows 1534, in his 40lh year. Titian was 
 the cause that this great work was not des- 
 troyed. As he passed thx-ough Parma, he 
 visited and admired the cathedral, and told 
 the ignorant priests who thi-eatened speedi- 
 ly to efface the painting, that they ought to 
 \alue it as most inestimable, for, added he 
 emphatically, *< were I not Titian, I would 
 vish to be Corregio." Corregio was the 
 first who happily introduced in his pictures 
 
 fore shortenings, an attitude ■which expres- 
 ses boldness of conception, and is attended 
 with striking efiiict. 
 
 Allegri, Gregorio, an eminent compo- 
 ser, whose works are still used in the pope's 
 chapel at Rome. His *' miserere" is always 
 used on Good Friday, and is much admired. 
 Clement XIV. sent a copy of this beautiful 
 composition to George HI. in 177S. Allegri 
 died 1G72. 
 
 Allein, Richai'd, was born atDitchet in 
 Somersetshire, where Ids father was rector 
 for 50 years. He studied at St. Alban and 
 New Inn Halls, in Oxford, and afterwards 
 obtained the living of Batcomb in Dorset- 
 shire. As he favored the puritanical doc- 
 trines of the times, he was employed as 
 commissioner by parliament for the ejecting 
 of scandalous ministers, and on the restora- 
 tion he was expelled from his Uving, as he 
 refused to subscribe to the act of conformi- 
 ty. His peaceful behaviour, however, enti- 
 tled him to respect and popularity; he 
 preached frequently in private houses, and 
 though sometimes reprimanded as the hold- 
 er of a conventicle, yet his learning and ex- 
 emplary life shielded him against persecution 
 a:.d imprisonment. His writings were most- 
 ly on theological subjects. He died Decem- 
 ber 22d, IGSl, in his 65th year. 
 
 Allein, William, son of the above, was 
 of Corpus Christi, Oxford, where he took 
 his degi-ees. He afterwards settled at Bland- 
 ford, Dorset, from which he was ejected as 
 a non conformist. His millennium, among 
 other curious theological tracts, was much 
 admired. He died 1677. 
 
 Allein, Joseph, son of Tobias Aliciii 
 was born at Devizes 1623. He was a mem- 
 ber of Lincoln and Corpus Christi colleges, 
 in Oxford, and took orders, and afterwards 
 went to Taunton in Somersetshire, where 
 he married, and where as minister he appli- 
 ed hhnself with indefatigable zeal to his of- 
 fice. His income was small, but it was in- 
 creased by the industry of his wife, who 
 kept a boai'ding school. At the restoration 
 he was ejected as a non-conformist, but as he 
 continued his ministry in private, he was 
 committed to Ilchester gaol, and sentenced 
 at the assizes by judge Foster to pay a fine 
 of 100 marks, and to remain in prison till 
 tlie payment. His confinement which was 
 extended to one year, ruined his constitu- 
 tion, and though the liberality of his friends 
 enabled him to visit, different places for the 
 re-establishment of his health, all his care 
 was ineftectual. He died in November 1668 
 in his 36th year, and was buried in St. Mag- 
 dalen's church, Taunton. Anthony Wood 
 has seve re 1}' lashed him as a non-conformist; 
 but his leai'ning, his piety, his inoffensive 
 manners, cast an amiable light on his charac- 
 tei'. His alarm to unconverted sinners lias 
 often been republished. 
 
 Allen, John, arclibishopof Dublin, took 
 his degree of LL. B. at Cambridge though 
 educated at Oxford. He was nine years at 
 Rome as commissioner from Wareham the 
 primate, and at his return he entered into 
 
AL 
 
 ^/ 
 
 AL 
 
 first Ticeroy of India. After a perilou's voy- 
 age he crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 proceeded aloBg the coast of Africa, where 
 he spread conquest, terror, and desolation. 
 He took Quiloa and Mombassa, and made 
 their inhabitants as well as those of Onor, 
 Cananor, and Narsinga, submit to the yoke 
 of Portugal. With only 700 men he storm- 
 ed the fort of Panama, which was defended 
 by a strong rampart and a garrison of 4000 
 men of tried and desperate ralor, and instead 
 of sharing a booty which might have rendered 
 Jiis soldiers inactive and checked the torrent 
 of his ambition, he destroyed it by fire. 
 When his son was killed in an engagement 
 ■with the Arabians, the father refused to 
 mourn with his friends, but declared that he 
 liad obtained a short but glorious life. The 
 tame of Albuquerque, and the malice of en- 
 emies at home, however, soon stopped his 
 career ; but he refueed to accept the orders 
 of his recall, and on pretence of avenging his 
 .son's death he sailed to Dabul in quest of 
 iVesh laurels, and in an engagement with the 
 enemy's fleet, he killed 4000 men. The ani- 
 miosities between the rival governors were 
 appeased by the friendship and interference 
 of Contigna ; and Almeida, after resigning 
 .his power to Albuquerque, set sail for Eu- 
 rope. In his way he landed near the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and in an unfortunate quai^rel 
 with the natives he was wounded in the 
 throat with a javelin, and immediately expi- 
 red. Some of the Portuguese who were his 
 companions, and had shared his toils and 
 }us glory, attempted to recover his body, 
 but they shared his fate. 
 
 Almeida, La wi'euce, son of the prece- 
 ding, accompanied his father to Indin, and 
 was employed by him in many bold and haz- 
 ardous enterprises. He destroyed the ships 
 of Caulan, and in visiting Ceylon he made it 
 tributary to Portugal, and brought away 
 250,0001bs. of cinnamon as the first annual 
 jiayment. He was sent with eight ships to 
 attack the Arabians, who were supported by 
 the sultan of Egypt ; but the superiority of 
 the enemy's vessels and the dangers of the 
 coast proved fatal to his views. His ship ran 
 aground, and whilst the other vessels at- 
 tempted in vain to relieve him from the 
 pressure of a more powerful adversai-y, he 
 fought with undaunted courage, regardless of 
 the wounds he had received. A ball at last 
 struck him on the breast, and put a period to 
 his brilliant career. His sailors, now redu- 
 ced to 20 in number, unwilling to submit, 
 were boarded and overpowered, and met 
 from their conquerors that humanity and at- 
 tention Avhich their valor and fidelity de- 
 served. 
 
 Almeida, ApoUinarius de, a Portuguese 
 bishop of the order of the Jesuits who went 
 as missionary to ^Ethiopia, but was treated 
 with great indignities there. Though ban- 
 ished by the inhabitants, he had the bold- 
 ness to return with two other cccleaiastice, 
 who together with him were cruelly mur- 
 dered by the barbarous natives, 1568. 
 
 Almeida, Manuel d', a P(l>rtu«fues.e Je- 
 
 suit who, after a "residence of 40 years as 
 missionary in the Indies, died at Goa 10th 
 May 1646. He published historical obsci*- 
 vatioHS on Ethiopia. 
 
 Almeloveen, Thomas Janssen d', a 
 Dutch physician, author of the Hortus Mal- 
 abaricus, and Flora MalabarJca, ilescriptive 
 of the Malabar plants, pubUshed in 13 vols, 
 fol. 1678, & seq. 
 
 Almeloveen, Theodore Janssen d', a. 
 professor of Greek, of history, and physic 
 at Harderwick in Holland. He wrote learn- 
 ed notes on ancient authors, and puUlibhed 
 the Fasti Consulares — AmKnitates — Ono- 
 masticon — Vitse Stephanorum, &c. He died 
 at Amsterdam 1742. 
 
 Almici, Peter Camillus, an ecclesiastic 
 born at Brescia in Italy. He was well ver- 
 sed in classical literature, and published 
 some critical reflections on Febronius, kcv 
 He died 30th Dec. 1779 aged 65, 
 
 Alomuyadad, Ismael, an Arabian his- 
 torian who gave a chronological account of 
 the Saracen aft'airr. in Sicily froni 842 to 
 904. This is preserved in the Escurial with 
 Marc. Uobelius Citero's Latin translation of 
 it, and a further account of the Saracens to 
 1040. It is also inserted in Muratori's Scrip- 
 tores Ital. 
 
 Aloadin, a Mahometan, prince of the 
 Arsasides or Assassins, was called the old 
 man of the mountain. He lived in a castle 
 between Damascus and Antioch, and was 
 surrounded by a number of intrepid youths, 
 whonn, he intoxicated with pleasures, and 
 rendered subservient to his views, by pro- 
 mising still greater voluptuousness in the next 
 world. As these were too successfully em- 
 ployed to stab his enemies, he was dreaded 
 by the neighboriiig princes. From the 
 name and chai'acter of his followers the 
 word assassin is derived. 
 
 Alon^o, John, an eminent architect of 
 Spain. The church of the Hieronymitcs at> 
 Guadaloupe, ni Estramadura, is a beautiful^ 
 monument of his genius and al)ilities. 
 
 Alpago, Andrew, an Italian physician, 
 who visited the East, and some tiffie residetl 
 at Damascus. On his return he was made 
 professor of medicine at Venice, and died 
 there 1555. He translated Avicenna, Aver- 
 roes, and Serapion, and enriched the work 
 with notes, some of which now remain in 
 manuscript. 
 
 Alp AIDE was the beautiful wife of Pepin 
 Heristel, after his divorce from Plectrud« 
 his first consort. This union was censured 
 by Lambert bishop of Liege, and Alpaide 
 had the meanness to excite her brother Do- 
 don to murder the bold ecclesiastic. Alpaid« 
 became mother of Charles Martel, ami 
 after her husband's death she retired to a con- 
 vent near Namur, where she died. 
 
 Alp Arslan, second sultan of the race 
 of Seljuk, after his uncle Togrul Beg 1063. 
 He was successful against the Greek empe- 
 ror Iloraanus Diogene-:, and at last perished 
 by the dagger of a Carizmian whom he had 
 condemned to death 1072. 
 
 Alphanl'S, Benedict, archbishop of Pa- 
 
AL 
 
 £rt^ 
 
 AL 
 
 lermo, better knov/n as a physician and a 
 poet. He died 1086, authoi* of the lives of 
 some stunts in verse, &c, 
 
 Alphery, Mekepper or Nicephorus, a 
 native of Russia, descended from the impe- 
 rial family. During the civil dissensions of 
 his country he came to England \i'\\\\ his two 
 brothers, and by the care of Mr. Bidell, a 
 Russian merchant, he studied at Oxford, 
 where his brothers fell victims to tlie small- 
 pox. In 1618 he succeeded to the living of 
 Wooley in Huntingdonshire, and though he 
 was twice invited to return to Russia with 
 the certainty of being placed on the throne, 
 he preferred the character of a parish priest 
 in England to the splendor of the purple. 
 He was ejected from- his living during the 
 civil wars, and ill treated by the republican 
 soldiers, though his presbyterian successor 
 behaved towards him with humanity. He 
 saw the restoration, and was replaced in his 
 living, but retii'ed to Hammersmith Avhere 
 his son Iiad settled, and there died aged 
 above 80. The last descendant of this fallen 
 family married a Johnson a cutler at Hun- 
 tingdon, by whom she had eight children. 
 She was living in 17C4. 
 
 Alphesius, a rabbi who abridged the 
 Talmud, and died 1103. 
 
 Alphius, a Vitus, a Roman poet in the 
 third century. 
 
 Alphon'so or Alphonsus, surnamed 
 the Catholic, king of Asturias, was of a war- 
 like character, which he displayed against 
 the Moors, from whom he took upwards of 
 SO towns. He died iu the 18th year of his 
 reign, 757, aged 64. 
 
 Alphonso H. surnamed the Chaste, 
 king of Asturias, was the friend of Charle- 
 magne, and signalized himself against the 
 Moors. He took Lisbon, and died 842, after 
 I'eigning 50 ycai's. 
 
 Alphonso III. or the Great, king of As- 
 turias, succeeded his father Ordogno, 866. 
 He waged successful wars against the Moors, 
 bat the insurrections of his subjects, headed 
 by Froila count of Gallicia, drove him from 
 his throne. The usurper's tyranny became 
 soon so odious, that he was murdered by the 
 people of Oviedo, and Alphonso was recalled. 
 Alphonso afterwards abdicated the crown in 
 favor of his eldest son Garcias, who had 
 some time before ungratefully raised an in- 
 surrection against him, and then been par- 
 doned ; but when the Moors threatened the 
 kingdom, he quilted his retirement, and, at 
 the head of his brave countrymen, he obtain- 
 ed a most signal victory over the enemy. He 
 died soon aftei' at Zamora, 20th Dec. 912, 
 universally respected for valor and benevo- 
 lence. He wrote a chronicle of the Spanisli 
 monarchs. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Leon and Castillo, 
 jnade war against the Moors, and took To- 
 ledo. He died llOU. 
 
 Alphonso VIII. or IX. king of Leon and 
 Castille, surnamed the good or noble, came 
 to the throne Avhen only four years old, 1158. 
 When of age he waged war against the 
 Moors, and retook the places lost during his 
 
 minority. He "defeated his enemies at the 
 great hattle of Muradat where the Moors 
 lost near 200,000 men. He died 1212 aged 
 60, universally mourned by his affectionate 
 subjects. 
 
 Alphonso X. king of Leon and Castille, 
 surnamed the Wise, succeeded his father 
 Ferdinand HI. in 1252. He married loJante 
 daughter of the king of Arragon, whom he 
 was going to divorce for a Danish princess, 
 because she was barren; but the qneen at 
 last b)-ought him nine children. He was 
 elected emperor of Germany in 1258, but as 
 he delayed visiting the empire, Rodolplius 
 was chosen in his room, and all opposition 
 proved fruitless. Though respected for his 
 eloquence and politicai knowledge, he was 
 not free from domestic dissensions. His son 
 conspired against him and dethroned him ; 
 and though he fled among the Saracens for 
 protection, and gained a victory over this un- 
 natural child, yet lie was not reinstated. 
 He died of a broken heart 1284. As an as- 
 tronomer and a man of letters, Alphonsus 
 obtained greater fame than as a monarch 
 He perceived the errors of Ptolemy's tables 
 and under his direction at Toledo, those ta- 
 bles, called the Alphonsine tables, were 
 drawn up by the skill of Hazan a Jew, and 
 their epoch fixed on the 30th May 1332, 
 the day on Avhich he began his reign. It 
 has been said of Alphonsus that, in viewing 
 the Ptolemaic system, he declared, that if 
 God had consulted him in the formation of 
 the universe, he could have given him di- 
 rections for a more pefect whole ; a bold ex- 
 pression which, if it does not breathe the 
 spirit of profane scepticisns, at least conveys 
 severe censure upon the ignorance of pre- 
 ceding astronomers. — Alphonsus was the 
 first Castilian king who had the public laws 
 drawn in the vulgar tongue, and the scrip- 
 tures translated into the same language. 
 
 Alphonso II. king of Leon and Castille, 
 succeeded Ferdinand IV. in 1312. He de- 
 feated the Moors 1340, and killed not less 
 than 200,000 of them. He died of the plague 
 at the siege of Gibraltar 27th March 1350, 
 aged 38. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Arragon, surnamed 
 the magnanimous, succeeded his father Fer- 
 dinand the Just 1416. He extended the 
 Spanish influence over Italy, rtnd made liim- 
 self master of Naples and of Sicily, wliere 
 he was acknowledged king 1442. He died 
 1458 aged 74, leaving the kingdom of Na- 
 ples to his natural son Ferdinand, and those 
 of Spain, Sax'dinia, and Sicily to Juan his 
 brother, king of Navarre. He was not only 
 a brave prince, but a man of learning, the 
 patron of literature, and llic father of his 
 people. He gave a welcome asylum to the 
 muses which persecution banished from 
 Constantinople, and every where encouraged 
 the cultivation of science. He walked with 
 the greatest familiarity among his subjects, 
 observing to his courtiers, who fancied dan- 
 gers and conspiracies, that a father has no- 
 thing to fear among his children. Seeing 
 once one of his vessels ready to perish, he 
 
AL 
 
 sv 
 
 AL 
 
 hastened in a small boat to the assistance of 
 the crew, exclaiming, I had rather die with 
 v-ou than see you perish. His mosf remar- 
 kable sayings have been published under the 
 name of " Genie," by Meri de la Canorgue, 
 1765. 
 
 Alphonso I. king of Portugal, son of 
 Henry of Burgundy of France, by Theresa 
 daughter of Alphonso king of Leon, was on- 
 ly three years old at his father's death. He 
 defeated five Moorish kings at the battle of 
 Ourique, 25th July 1139, though M-ilh a very 
 inferior force ; and thus he raised his coun- 
 try from a dependent state to a powerful 
 raonarcliy, of which he was proclaimed the 
 iirst sovereign b.^ his victorious soldiers in 
 the field of battle. He was afterwards de- 
 feated and taken prisoner by Ferdinand H. 
 of Castille, who nobly set him at liberty. He 
 died 6th December 1185, aged 76. 
 
 Alphonso H. king of Portugal, succeed- 
 ed his father Sancho 1211. He was engaged 
 in war with the Moors, and his reign was 
 unfortunately disturbed by a quarrel with 
 his brothers. He died 25th March, 1223, 
 aged 38. 
 
 Alphonso IH. king of Portugal, brother 
 of Sancho II. succeeded 12 i8. His reign 
 •was disturbed by dissentions with his clergy 
 and with the pope. He died 16th February 
 1279, aged 69. 
 
 Alphonso IV. king of Portugal, succeed- 
 ded his father Denys, 1325. He was enga- 
 ged in war with the king of Castille, but af- 
 terwards assisted him against the Moors. 
 He was an able prince, popular and. benevo- 
 lent, and under him justice was administered 
 with great impartiality. He died 28th May 
 1357, aged 66. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Portugal, surna- 
 med the African, succeeded his father Ed- 
 ward, though only six years old, 1438. He 
 made war in Africa, and took Arzilla and 
 Tangier from the Moors, and he was also 
 engaged in a quarrel with Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella of Castille. He died of the plague at 
 Sintra 24th August, 1481, aged 49. During 
 his reign the Portuguese discovered Guinea, 
 and began to spread Christianity in that part of 
 Africa. Alphonso was a great patron of learn- 
 ing and in his character was very amiable. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Portugal, succeed- 
 ed his father John IV. His intellects pro- 
 ved to be v/eak, and in his conduct he exhib- 
 ited the tyrant and the madman. He abili- 
 cated the crown in favor of his brother Don 
 Pedro, who presided over the state with the 
 Title of regent. He also married the queen, 
 who asserted that her union \vith a madman 
 was not legal. Alphonso died at Cintra 12ih 
 September 1G83, aged 41. 
 
 Alphonso, duke of Ferrara and Mod,e- 
 na, died 1534. 
 
 Alphonsus, Peter, a Jewish writer of 
 Spain. He was converted to Christianity, 
 and had Alphonso king of Arragon for his 
 sponsor 1 106. He wrote a vindication of the 
 Christian religion, which was edited Cologne 
 1536. 
 
 Alpjni, Prospero, a native of Marostica 
 
 in the Venetian territory, born 1553 Novem- 
 ber 23d. He left the profession of arms, and 
 by the persuasion of his father applied him- 
 self to the study of botany and physic, and 
 obtained preferment in the university of 
 Padua. In 1580 he embarked for Egypt 
 with his fi-icnd George Emo or Hemi,' the 
 consul of the republic, and for three years 
 he was employed along the banks of the 
 Nile in learned researches, and in examining 
 the nature of plants. On his return he was 
 a])pointed physician to AndrewDoria prince 
 of Melli, but his residence at Genoa was dis- 
 pleasing to his countrymen, who were unwil- 
 ling to be deprived of his great services and 
 abilities, and he was recalled in 1593, and 
 honorably placed in the professorial chair 
 of Padua, which he filled with dignity and 
 credit. As his health had been injured by 
 his travels he died at Padua, 5th of Febru- 
 ary 1617, in his G4th ycflr, and was burigd - 
 in St. Anthony's church without pomp. His 
 works, which are in Latin, are cJuefly on bo- 
 tanical and medicinal subjects, valuable for 
 the curious itiformation which they contain. 
 Thcyare,demedicinaiEgyptJorum, libri4, — 
 de plantis iEgypti, — de balsamo, — de proesa- 
 gienda vita and morte segrotorum, — de me- 
 dicina methodica, — de raphantico disputatio 
 in gymnasio Patavino habita, — de plantis ex- 
 oticis, &ic. 
 
 AlrEDUS, AlFREDUS, OrALUREDUS, 
 
 a native of Beverley in Yorkshire, who after 
 studying at Cambridge became a secular 
 priest and treasurer of St. John's church in 
 his own town. He is styled the English Flo- 
 rus, from the Latin history which he wrote 
 of the Britons from king Brutus, and which 
 he afterwards brought down to his own times. 
 This work is highly esteemed for its elegance 
 and perspicuity, and for the accuracy of dates 
 and authorities. It was published by Hcarne 
 at Oxford 1716 with a preface. Alrediis 
 wrote besides an histoiy of Beverly, not 
 printed, but preserved in the Cotton library. 
 He died ll2fi, or according to others two or 
 three years later. 
 
 Alsaharavius, an Arabian phy.sician, 
 author of Altasrif, a treatise in 32 books on 
 medical practice. He is supposed to be the 
 same person as Abulcasem. He lived about 
 1085, or according to Dr. Friend, in 1404. 
 
 Alsop, Anthony, received his education 
 at Westminster school and at Christ Church, 
 where dean Aldrich noticed his superior 
 abilities. After holding the offices of the 
 college with credit, he Avas recommended 
 to Trelawney bishop of Winchester, who 
 with a prebend promoted him to a tranquil ' 
 retirement in the rectory of Brightwell in 
 Berks. In 1717 he was sued by Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Astreyof Oxford, for a breach of mar- 
 riage, and damages for 2000/. were given 
 against him ; so that he retired abroad to 
 avoid the sneers of the censorious, as well as 
 to elude contributing wilh his purse to the 
 triumph of his fair one. The time of his 
 absence is not known. His death was occa- 
 sioned by a fall into a ditch from near his 
 garden door June V')\h, 1720 He posses- 
 
AL 
 
 s-^ 
 
 AL 
 
 setl a poetical genius, which, however, was 
 not frequently exerted. He published early 
 .^sop's Greek fables, in the preface to 
 which he attacked Bentley. Some of his po- 
 ems are preserved in Dodsley's and Peach's 
 collections, and in the Gent, magazine. 
 
 Also p, Vincent, a native of Northamp- 
 tonshire, who, after taking his first degree at 
 St. John's, Cambridge, and entering into or- 
 ders, became assistant in Oakham grammar 
 school. He married Mr. King's daughter, 
 by whose persuasion he left the church for 
 the presbyterian tenets. In his writings he 
 attacked Dr. Sherlock Avith humor and spi- 
 rit, and after residing at Wilby and Welling- 
 borough, and suftering imprisonment for six 
 months during the prevailing persecution of 
 the times, he settled in London, where his 
 neighborhood to the court exposed him to 
 misrepresentation and unkindness. After 
 _ the death of Charles II. he was reconciled to 
 Kingly power, when James pardoned his only 
 son, whose life might have been forfeited 
 for treasonable practices. His life was spent 
 in the exercise of piety, and in the discharge 
 of his ministry ; but in his writings, which 
 were all on theological subjects, he displayed, 
 with a mixture of seriousness, powerful flash- 
 es of the wit with which nature had sostrong- 
 Iv gifted him. He died in an advan<»ed age. 
 May 8th 1703. 
 
 Alstedius, John Henry, a protestant, 
 public professor of divinity at Nassau, and 
 afterwards at Alba Julia in Transylvania, 
 where he died 1638 in his 50th year. He is 
 best known for his Encyclopedia, which, 
 though in many places not sufficiently accu- 
 rate, yet obtained unusual iwpularity, and is 
 hecome the foundation of all modern works 
 of the same kind. His Thesaurus Theolo- 
 gicus and his treatise on arithmetic are 
 equally esteemed, and show him to have 
 jK)ssessed a mind well stored with all the 
 treasures of literature. He defended the 
 doctrine of the millennium, and fixed the be- 
 ginning of Christ's reign on earth in 1694, 
 
 Alston, Charles, a Scotch physician, 
 ■who studied at Glasgow, and after taking his 
 degrees at Leyden, settled at Edinburgh, 
 where he lectui'ed on the Materia Medicaand 
 Botany. He is author of Tyrocinium Bo- 
 tanicum Edinburgense, in which he censured 
 Linne's sexual system, 1753, — Lectures on 
 the Materia Medica, 2 vols. 4to. 1770, besides 
 some essays in the Edinburgh Medical Es- 
 says. He died 1760, aged 77. 
 
 Althamner, Andrew, a Lutheran min- 
 ister of Nuremburg, author of notes on Ta- 
 citus' treatise de German. Moribus, 4to. 
 1529, and 8vo. 1609, besides controversial 
 works. He died the latter part of the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Althusius, John, a German lawyer in 
 the 17th century, who inveighed against^king- 
 ly power, and proved the sovereignty of the 
 people. His great opponent was Boeder. 
 
 Altilujs, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet, 
 preceptor to Ferdinand son of the king of 
 Naples. He was a favorite of the court, and 
 his learniiigrecommended him to the bishop- 
 ric of rdicastro, in l-i7L Thov.qh some 
 
 imagine that he forsook the nouses when liais- 
 ed to the episcopal throne, it is certain that 
 he wrote after that the first of his poems, his 
 epithalamium on the marriage of Isabella o£ 
 Arragon, found in the Deliciae Italor. Poet. 
 Altilius died in 1484, or according to Bayle 
 not before 1501. 
 
 Alting, Menson, aburgomaster of Gro- 
 ningen, author of the best description of 
 the Low Countries now extant, in folio 1697. 
 He died Aug. 2d, 1713, aged 7^. 
 
 Alting, Henry, was born atEmbden ia 
 1583. He was the preceptor, the friend, and 
 the minister of the elector palatine, and sat 
 as one of the deputies of the palatinate at 
 the synod of Dort. He nr.arly escaped be- 
 ing killed by a soldier at the taking of Hei- 
 delberg, in 1622. He filled the theological 
 chair of Groningen from 1627 till his death 
 in 1644. His works, which are on religious 
 subjects, are numerous but little read. 
 
 Alting, James, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Heidelberg 27th Sept. 1618". 
 He studied at Groningen and Embden, and 
 afterwards passed into England, where he 
 was ordained by Prideaux bishop of Wor- 
 cester. His deternaination to reside in Eng- 
 land was altered by the offer of the Hebrew^ 
 professorship at Groningen, which he accept- 
 led. In this new office it was his misfortune 
 to quarrel with Samuel des IMarets, divinity- 
 professor, who with obstinate zeal maintain- 
 ed the doctrines of the schoolmen, against 
 the simpler method of teaching which his 
 antagonist wished to introduce. Alting who 
 followed the scriptures, acquired popularity 
 by his lectures ; but he was soon impeached 
 by des Marets as an innovator, and the 21 ar- 
 ticles of his accusation, were cari-ied before 
 the divines of Leyden, who acquitted the ac- 
 cused of heresy, though not of imprudence^ 
 and passed a censure upon his accuser for 
 want of moderation. These differences which 
 had embittered his life, were at last, after 
 some little difficulties and objections settled 
 by the kind interference of their friends, on 
 the death-bed of des Marets, and though Al- 
 ting saw some illiberal passages still preserv- 
 ed in the new editions of the works of his an- 
 tagonist he might reflect with pleasure that 
 he had obtained his i*econciliation before he 
 died. The three last years of his life were 
 subject to constant pain and disease, and he 
 died at last of a fever in August 1679. His 
 works were printed in five vols, folio, Am- 
 sterdam 1687 containing practical philosoph- 
 ical, and problematical tracts. 
 
 Alton, iRichard count d', an Austrian 
 general, who had the command of the Low 
 Countries in 1787. Though a strict disci- 
 plinarian and a man of braver}^, he betrayed 
 weakness during the insurrections in Bra- 
 bant 1789, for Avhich he was sent for to Vi- 
 enna, to clear his character. He died on the 
 journey 12th Dec. 1789. His brother dis- 
 tinguished himself against the Turks, and also 
 against the French at the siege of Valencien- 
 nes. He was killed near Dunkirk 24th Aug. 
 1793, much regretted as a good soldier and 
 an amiable man. 
 
 Altoviti, Marseille d% a Florentine 
 
Al, 
 
 jr^ 
 
 AM 
 
 laUy, who settled at Marseilles, and devoted 
 herself to the writing of Italian poetry. Her 
 pieces have been published. She died 1609. 
 
 Alured, of Beverly, vid. Alredus. 
 
 Alva, Peter d', a Spaniard who travel- 
 led through Peru, and in difterent countries 
 of Europe. He died in the Low Countries 
 in 1667, leaving a curious life of Saint Fi*ati- 
 «ts, the saint whose order he had assumed. 
 
 Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, duke of, a fa- 
 mous general descended from a noble and 
 ancient family in Spain. He early followed 
 the profession of arms, and was noticed by 
 Charles V. for his intrepidity at the battle of 
 Pavia and at the siege of Mentz, He was 
 intrusted witli the expedition against the 
 holy see, and after he had obliged the pope 
 to sue for peace, he repaired to Rome, and 
 witli superstitious mockery threw himself at 
 the feet of the humbled pontiff, and implo- 
 red his forgiveness. When the flame of lib- 
 erty was kindled in the Low Countries, no 
 general was considered as better calculated 
 to repress the insurrection than Alva, and he 
 was accordingly sent with full powers by 
 Philip II. 1567. His measures were at first 
 crowned with success, the undisciplined for- 
 ces of his opponents sunk before his veterans, 
 but the minds of the people, which mildness 
 and humanity might have soothed and recon- 
 ciled to a foreign yoke, were alienated by the 
 carnage and devastation that spread over 
 their fields, under the direction of the gover- 
 nor and of his council, deservedly denomina- 
 ted the bloody tribunal. Alva hated for his 
 cruelties soon felt the tide of fortune, and of 
 unpopularity, set against him, and after ren- 
 dering his memory execrable in the Low 
 Countries for his inhumanity he solicited and 
 obtained his recall 1573. His abilities were 
 afterwards employed against Portugal, and he 
 had the good fortune to drive Don Antonio 
 from the throne 1581, and thus to add fresh 
 laurels to his military fame. He died 1582 
 aged 74, respected for his valor and presence 
 of mind as a general, but despised and de- 
 tested for his atrocities as a civil governor. 
 
 Alvares, Francis, a Portuguese priest 
 at the court of Emanuel. He was sent as 
 •ambassador to David king of Abyssinia, and, 
 after a residence of six years in that distant 
 country, he returned to Europe, and pub- 
 lished an account of his adventures, and of 
 the country which he had visited. This his- 
 tory was translated into French, and abridged 
 also by liamusius. Alvares died in 1540. 
 
 Alvares de Luxa, or Alvaro, natural 
 son of Don Alvaro de Luna by a common 
 prostitute, was boi^n in 1388. He was in his 
 20th year introduced at the court of John II. 
 king of Castille, and so great was the power 
 which he gained over the mind of the mo- 
 narch, that the whole empire was at his dis- 
 posal. The nobles rose indignant against the 
 fovorite, and he was banished one j'ear and 
 a half, but such was the king's partiality tliat 
 he was recalled and loaded with greater hon- 
 ors. For 30 years out of the 45 which he 
 spent at court, he possessed such an ascen- 
 dancy that the king could not change a min- 
 
 ister, or even alter his diet or his clothes, 
 without the approbation of the favorite. Acts 
 of tyranny and extortion, however, hastened 
 his ruin, he was artfully seized by his ene- 
 mies, and though he tried by letter to soften 
 the king to mercy, he was tried and senten- 
 ced to lose his head. His punishment was 
 attended with every possible ignominy. On 
 the scaffold observing a liook on a pole he 
 asked the executioner what it meant, and be- 
 ing informed it was to suspend his head up- 
 on it, you may, says he, do Avhat you please 
 with my body after I am dead, death can 
 bring no disgrace to a man of courage, nor 
 is it untimely to a man who has enjoyed so 
 many honors. He be»it his neck to the axe 
 with the coolest intrepidity 4th of June or 5th 
 of July 1453, exhibiting in his life and death 
 the danger and the uncertainty of royal fa- 
 vor improperly bestowed, and unworthily 
 enjoyed. 
 
 Alvarez,, Emanuel, a Portuguese Jesuit^ 
 born at Ma.deii'a 4th of June 1526. He dis- 
 tinguished himself as a gramn^arian and plii- 
 lologist at the head of the colleges of Coira- 
 bra, Evora,. and Lisbon. He died at Evora 
 3pth Dec. 1582. His grammar is highly es- 
 teemed. 
 
 Alvarez, de Paz, James, a Jesuit born 
 at Toledo, author of some divinity tracts. 
 He died Jan 17th 1620. 
 
 Alvarez, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, 
 who engaged in the controvery of the Thom- 
 ists against the Molmists. He was arch-- 
 bishop of Trani in Italy and died 1635. His 
 writings are all on polemical divinity. 
 
 Alvarotto, James, a learned law pi'o- 
 fessor at Padua, whose authority is frequent- 
 ly quoted by Italian lawyers. He died 1452 
 aged 68. His commentaria in libros feudo- 
 rum, appeared, Frankfort 1587, folio. 
 
 Alviano, Bartholomew, an illustrious 
 general in the service of Venice, who obtain- 
 ed some signal advantages over the arms of 
 the emperor Maximilian. He died 1515 in 
 his 60th year at Brescia, and so poor that his 
 son was maintained and his daughters mar- 
 ried, at the public expense. 
 
 Alyattes, a king of Lydia, who died in 
 the 57th year of his reign B. C. 562. 
 
 Alypius, a Platonic philosopher of the 
 fifth century, small in stature but gigantic i» 
 mind. 
 
 Alypius, a geographer, employedin Bri- 
 tain and at Jerusalem, by theemperor Julian. 
 His description of the world Avas published 
 1628 at Geneva 4to. 
 
 Amadeddulat, the son of a fisherman, 
 rose by his abilities to the command of the 
 armies of Makan, Sultan of Decan, and a?j 
 last obtained possession of Persia, Irack and 
 Caramania, which he divided Avith his two 
 brothers. He fixed his residence at Shiraz 
 933 ; and was the first of the dynasty of the 
 Buides. He died 949 much regretted by his 
 soldiers and his subjects. 
 
 Amadeus V. count of Savoy, surnamed 
 the great, bravely defended Rhodes againsf 
 the Turks, and for this celebrated exploit 
 added to his arms the ctass of Malta witl» 
 
AM 
 
 i^« 
 
 AM 
 
 these letters F. E. R. T. foi'titudo ejus Rho- 
 dnm tenuit. It is said that he iKsiei^cd 32 
 towns and took tliem all. He died at Avis?- 
 non 132.3. 
 
 Amadeus VI. count of Savoy 1343, assis- 
 ted the French king John against the arms 
 of Edward III. of England, and afterwards 
 distinguished himself in Greece, by support- 
 ing John Palseologus, against the king of Bul- 
 garia. He presented tlic Patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople, to the pope Urban V. at Viterbo, 
 and for his services was properly regarded 
 as the ai'biter of the aftairs of Italy. He died 
 of the plague 1383. 
 
 Amadeus VIII. count of Savo3',surnamed 
 the pacificator, succeeded Amadeus VII. in 
 1391. After he had erected Savoy into a 
 dutchy 1416, he retired from his family to a 
 hermitage called Ripaille, where he institu- 
 ted 1434, the order of the secular knights of 
 the annunciation. In this retreat, in the 
 midst of every luxury, with no appearance 
 ©f seclusion from the woi'ld, except in name, 
 he passed his time till 1439, when the coun- 
 cil of Basil elected him pope, in opposition to 
 Eugenius IV. He quitted his hermitage for 
 th'S elevation, and cutoft'the venerable beard, 
 ■which he had affectedly permitted to grow 
 to a great length, and assumed the name of 
 Felix V. but as he found his enemies detcr- 
 Hiined to support his rival, he abdiwated the 
 tiara in favor of Nicholas V. the successor of 
 Eugenius, and remained satisfied with a car- 
 dinal's hat, and the office of dean of the sa- 
 cred college. He died 1451 aged 69, at 
 Geneva. 
 
 Amadeus IX. duke of Savoy succeeded 
 Lewis 1465, and was a brave as well as a pop- 
 ular, and charitable prince. His subjects, 
 who knew the goodness of his heart, gave 
 him the surname of the blessed. He had 
 married Yolande of France, and he died 1472, 
 universally lamented. 
 
 Amadeus, a Franciscan monk, in Portu- 
 gal. He drew the public attention upon him 
 by his publication of some mystical revela- 
 tions at Rome, and died 1482. 
 
 Amadeus, bishop of Lausanne, died 1153. 
 He is author of a panegyric on the blessed 
 virgin, edited 1537 Basil. 
 
 Am A J A, Francis, a Spanish professor of 
 civil law at Ossuna and Salamanca. He died 
 at Valladolid about 1640. His commerttary 
 on the eight last books of tlie Code, printed 
 Lyons 1 6.39 folio, and his other treatises, wei-e 
 highly valued. 
 
 Amak, a PersL-in poet of the fifth century, 
 at the court of the sultan Khedar Khan, who 
 made him president of the academy of poets, 
 •which he had established. His poem on tlie 
 loves of Joseph and Zoleiskah was mucl» ad- 
 mired. He lived to a great age. 
 
 Amalaric or Amaury, king of the Vi- 
 .sigoths, sonof AlaricII. succeeded his grand- 
 lather Theodoric in 526. lie married Clo- 
 tilda the daughter of Clovis king of France, 
 -whom he attempted to convert to Arianism, 
 at firt by cai'esses, afterwards by threats and 
 violence, but in vain. The injured queen 
 flt last conveyed., as a token of her misery, a 
 
 handkerchief covered with her blood to her 
 brothers, in conseqy^nce of which Childebert 
 king of Paris marchtd against her oppressor, 
 and defeated him near Narbonne. Amala- 
 ric was put to <leath either as he fled from 
 the battle, or afterwards, by the hand of one 
 of his soldiers, 531. 
 
 Amalarius, Fortuuatus, archbishop of 
 Treves, was ambassador of Charlemagne to 
 Constantinople. He died 814, and left a trea- 
 tise on baptism. 
 
 Amalarius, Symphosius, an ecclesiastic 
 of Mentz, author of a valuable book on the 
 offices and antiquities of the church. He di- 
 ed about 837. 
 
 Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric 
 king of the Ostrogoths, was mother of Atha- 
 laric, by Eutharic. She inherited her fath' 
 er's possessions as tlic guardian of her son, 
 but while, with the most enlightened views, 
 she wished to educate him in the manners 
 and learning of her polished neighbors of 
 Rome, she ofi'ended her nobles, who conspi- 
 red against her, and obtained the government 
 of the young prince. Athalaric was now no 
 longer instructed in the arts and habits of 
 polished life, but inured to debauchery, and 
 he sunk under the fatal power of licentious- 
 nesin his 17th year 534. The afflicted mo- 
 ther knew not how to support herself against 
 her rebellions subjects, but by taking as her 
 husband and her partner on the throne, her 
 relation Theodatus, but such is the force of 
 ingratitude, that (his tavored villain dispatch- 
 ed his unsuspecting queen, by causing her to 
 be strangled in a bath 534. She was univer- 
 sally regretted, as for learning and humanity 
 she had few equals. 
 
 Amalek, son of Eliphaz, the son ofEsau, 
 was the founder of a nation which settled in 
 Idumea, and made war against the Israelites, 
 under Saul and David. 
 
 Amai.ric, Augeri, author of a historj- of 
 the po])es, dedicated to Urban V. fiorishcd 
 in the l4th century. 
 
 Amai.kic, Arnold, archbishop of Xar- 
 bonne, animated the princes of Spain againsl 
 the Moors, and obtained a victory over them, 
 1212, nf wliich, as an ocular witness, he has 
 given an history. He died 1225. 
 
 Amalih;ka, the name of the Sibyl of 
 Cumie, who sold her books to Tarquin. 
 
 Am ALT HE us, Jerome, John Baptiste, 
 and Cornelius, three brothers born at Oder- 
 zo, in Italy, equally celebrated for their poe- 
 try. The fii-st studied philosophy and medi- 
 cine, the second was secretary at the coun- 
 cil of Trent, and the last applied himself to 
 literature, and translated the catechism of 
 the council into Latin. Among their poems 
 printed at Amsterdam 1685, and in 1728, in 
 8vo. is the following delicate epigram on two 
 beautiful children who had lost each an eye. 
 
 L%uni)ie .icon dextro, capia est Leonilla 
 sinistro ,• 
 Et poteret forma, vincere ittergue Deos- 
 
 furze pner, lumen quod habes, concede 
 sororiy 
 
 Sic til c<ecus Amor^ sic erit ilia Venus. 
 They are said by L'advocat to have died all 
 
AM 
 
 sjr 
 
 AM 
 
 three in 1574. Tliere was an archbishop of 
 Athens of the same name, Attilius,who died 
 about 1600, illustiious for his learning and 
 disinterested spirit. He went as nuncio from 
 Paul V. to Cologne. 
 
 Am A MA, Sixtinus, a Hebrew professor at 
 Franeker, who refused the Uberal offers of the 
 University of Leyden, which wished him to 
 succeed to the vacant chair of Erpenius. 
 He was long employed in the great design of 
 refuting and censuringthe vuIgate translation 
 •which had received the sanction of the council 
 of Trent. This learned work called " Anti- 
 barbarus Biblicus" was to consist of two 
 parts, but only one was published before 
 Amama died, and so powerful were his ar- 
 guments, that some synods refused to admit 
 candidates to holy orders except they per- 
 fectly understood Hebi'ew and Greek origi- 
 jials. His precepts and example were suc- 
 cessfully employed in checking the dissolute 
 and iiitemperate manners which prevailed 
 in the university of Franeker, and after 
 liis death in 1629, the gratitude of the people 
 of Frieslaiid for his memory was shown in 
 their generous conduct towards his children, 
 as his son Nicholas acknowledges in a dedi- 
 cation to his Dissertat. raarinaruai decas. 
 He was in 1613 at Oxford, and taught for some 
 time Hebrew in Exeter College. 
 
 Am AND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de 
 St. born at Rouen in Normandy 1594, distin- 
 guished himself as a poet on comic, burlesque 
 and amorous subjects. His father had the 
 command of a squadron of ships under Eli- 
 zabeth of England for 22 years, and he him- 
 self employed the greatest part of his life in 
 travelling. He was one of the first members 
 of the French academy, and instead of spea- 
 king a public oration, he undertook to make 
 a collection of bux'lesque terms and expres- 
 sions for the dictionary which that learned 
 lK)dy intended to publish. His *' Moise 
 Sauve" and his " SoUtude" were much ad- 
 mired, but have since been neglected or for- 
 gotten. In a poem on the moon it is said 
 that he praised the skill of Lewis XIV. in 
 swimming, a compliment which the mon- 
 lirch disdained, and which so affected the 
 poet that he did not long survive the indiffer- 
 ence with which his muse was treated. He 
 died 1661 in his 67th year. 
 
 Am AND, St. a bishop ofBourdeaux404. — 
 Another, bishop of Maestrichtwho converted 
 the Low Countries to Christianity. He died 
 679. 
 
 Am ARAL, Andrew d', a Portuguese of the 
 order of Malta who betrayed Rhodes to So- 
 lyman. He was put death 1522. 
 
 Amaseus, Romulus, a learned professor 
 of Bologna, author of some orations, and of 
 a translation of Pausanias. He died 1558. 
 His son Pompilius published a translation of 
 part of Polybius, and was professor of Greek 
 at Bologna. 
 
 Amasis, a king of Egj^pt who died abotrt 
 525 B.C. 
 
 Am AT us de Portugal, a physician about 
 1550, whose real name was John Rod de 
 ^■'astelbranco. He travelled through Europe, 
 VOL. r. O 
 
 and wrote commentai^M on Diosco^rlde?, 
 Avicenna, &c. ,^m|?W 
 
 Amauri, de Chartresy ^professor of phi- 
 losophy born at Bonne near Chartres in the 
 13th century. He formed a new system of 
 religion on the metaphysics of Aristotle, and 
 acknowledged three persons in the Godhead, 
 which he considered as the primary cause of 
 matter from which all beings are created. 
 He supposed that there would be three 
 epochs in tho government of the world as 
 there were thvee persons in the trinity. 
 The reign of GodVe limited to the extinction 
 of the law of Moses, lb at of the Son was to 
 last as long as the Chri^ian religion, after 
 Avhich would succeed the empire of the Holy- 
 Ghost when men would offer only a spiritual 
 worship to the Supreme Being. These opin- 
 ions were violently resisted, and Amauri 
 having appealed to the Pope was condemned 
 by him, and for fear of punishment retracted 
 his pernicious doctrines, and soon after died 
 at St. Martin des Champs of disappointment. 
 His most zealous disciple was Dizant. 
 
 Amauri, king of Jerusalem after Bald* 
 wva. in 1162, was unsuccessful in an expedi* 
 tion against Egypt, and died 11th July, 1173, 
 in'his 38th year. In his character he was brave 
 and warlike, but avaricious and cruel. 
 
 Amauri II, was king of Cyprus and of Je- 
 rusalem, after his brother Guy de Lusignan 
 1164, and he married Isabella the second 
 daughter of the preceding, who had laid 
 claims to his crown. He was unsuccessful 
 in his wars against the Saracens, and died 
 1205, before succours arrived from the Chris- 
 tian princes of Europe to support him against 
 the infidels. 
 
 Amaziah, succeeded his father Joash, 
 as kingof Judah, in his 25th year. He made 
 war against the Edomites, and with the as- 
 sistance of Israel, conquered them in the Val- 
 ley of Salt, but grown proud of his victory, 
 he thi-eatened his allies and attacked them. 
 The invasion proved fatal to himself. He 
 was taken prisoner, and at last put to death 
 by his subjects, 810 B. C. 
 
 A MB oiSE, Francois d*, son of a surgeon 
 of Charles IX. of France, rose to the rank of 
 counsellor of state by his learning and indusr 
 try. He published the works of Abelard, 
 and wrote several pieces for the theatre, 
 which he refused to print. One of these, 
 however, the Neapolitans, was published by 
 the intei'ference of his friends, and was most 
 universally applauded. He died in the be- 
 ginning of the 17th century. — His brother 
 Adrian, author of the tragedy of Holofernes, 
 was bishop of Tregulier, and died 1616. — 
 James, another brother, studied medicine, 
 and was rector of the university of Paris. 
 Some of his orations are preserved. He di- 
 ed of the plague 1606. 
 
 Amboise, George d', of the house o^ 
 Amboise in France, was born in 1460 and 
 educated for the church, and at the age of 
 14 elected bishop of Montauban. After the 
 death of Lewis XI. he favored tlie party of 
 the duke of Orleans, and for a while shared 
 his disgrace, but his abilities were, however^ 
 
AM 
 
 f^^ 
 
 AM 
 
 regarded by the arcli bishopric of Narbonne, 
 ■\vhich he exchan^ilrjFor Rouen. As deputy 
 of Orleans he re'sforfetJ tranquillity and confi- 
 dence in the province of Roueu, and for his 
 great services was promoted to the dange- 
 rous office of prime minister, when his pat- 
 ron, after the death of Charles the VIII. as- 
 cended the throne, under the name of Le« is 
 XII. In this high situation he deservedly 
 ac(j[uired popularity. Instead of rasing the 
 taxes, he diminished the bu^^ens of the 
 people, and, by mixing ecowomy with pru- 
 dence, he maintained the honor and glory 
 of the French name. The Milanese was 
 conquered, and added to the kingdom. Abu- 
 ses were corrected, and the administration 
 of justice was rendered more quick and im- 
 partial, so that no longer power or opulence, 
 but equity, guided the decision of the judge. 
 AnaboisCj who had obtained a cardinaf's hat, 
 aspired to the papal chair, but the intrigues 
 of the Italian bishops were too powerful for 
 his integrity, and he was disappointed. He 
 died of the gout in his stomach at Lyons, in 
 his 50th year, 1510. He left behind him a 
 popular character, and though his genius 
 was not gigantic, nor his counsels guided by 
 ambition, yet he possessed firmness and enex-- 
 gy, and he exhibited disintei-estedness which 
 awed c.bal and intrigue into admiration. 
 His nephew George succeeded him in his 
 archbishopric, and was raised also to the dig- 
 nity of cardinal. He died 1550. 
 
 Amboise. Michael d', of Chevillan, au- 
 thor of several epistles, complaints, ballads, 
 epitaphs, &c. florished in the 16th century. 
 Amboise, Aimery d', brother to the car- 
 dinal, was famous for the naval victory which 
 he obtained over the Sultan of Egypt 1510. 
 He died in his 78th year, 8th November, 
 1512. 
 
 Amboise, Frances d', a lady celebrated 
 for the impi'ovement which she introduced 
 in the manners and the sentiments of the 
 Bretons. She was wife of Peter II. duke of 
 Britanny, whose great inhumanity towards 
 her she bore with Christian resignation. 
 After his death, 1437, she refused to marry 
 the duke of Savoy, and retired to the tran- 
 quillity of a convent, where she died 1485. 
 
 Ambrogt, Antony Marie, professor of 
 eloquence at Rome, was eminent for his 
 learning, his taste, and his eloquence. He 
 published various works, and died at Rome 
 1788, aged 75. 
 
 Ambrose, Saint, archbishop of Milan, 
 died 4th April 397, aged 57. He is famous 
 for his zeal in the cause of Christianity, for 
 his learning, and for the noble severity with 
 ■which he censui'ed and corrected the empe- 
 ror Theodosius, who had barbarously order- 
 ed several innocent persons to be put to 
 death at Thessalonica. He is said to have 
 composed that pious hymn *' Te deum." 
 
 Ambrose, deacQn of Alexandria, was of 
 an opulent family. He was the patron of 
 Origen by whose eloquence he had been 
 convei'te<l t(> Christianity. He died 250 at 
 Alexandria. His letters mentioned bj Saint 
 Jerome, are Idst. 
 
 Ambrose, of the order of Camaldoli, wai 
 born at Portico in Romania, and distinguish- 
 ed himself by his fluency in the Greek 
 tongue at the councils of Basil, Ferrara, and 
 Florence. He translated several Greek au- 
 thors, and died 21st October, 1439. 
 
 Ambrose, de Lombez, Pere, a capuchin, 
 author of a tract on inward Peace, and of 
 letters spirituelles esteemed for their good 
 sense, moderation and piety. He is extolled 
 as a man of uncommon meekness and hu- 
 manity. He died 25th October 1778, at St. 
 Saviour near Bareges, aged 70. 
 
 Ambrose, Isaac, descended of the Am- 
 broses of Ambrose-hall in Lancashire, was 
 of Brazen Nose college, Oxford, 1621, and 
 took orders, Avhich however he renounced, 
 to adopt the principles of the presbyterians 
 in the civil wars. As he was in indigent cir- 
 cumstances he was often, says Ward, re- 
 lieved by William earl of Bedford, and he 
 became a preacher at Garstang and Preston, 
 and distinguished himself by his vehement 
 zeal in ejecting the ministers of the estab- 
 lished church. He published a few tracts, 
 one of which *' looking unto Jesus" was in 
 high repute among Calvinists, and died of an 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Ambrosini, Bartholomew, was profes- 
 sor of medicine and botany in his native city 
 of Bologna, and published several learned 
 books on the studies which he so much loved 
 and adorned. The best known of his works 
 are Panacea ex herbis quse a Sanctis deno- 
 minantur, 8vo. 1630 — Historia capsicorum 
 cum iconibus, 12mo. — The odorica medicina 
 1632, 4to.— He died 1657. 
 
 Ambrosini, Hyacinth, brother and sue., 
 cessor of the preceding, in the care of the 
 botanical garden of Bologna, wrote some 
 treatises on the names and synonimes of 
 plants discovered in the 17th century. 
 
 Ambrosius, Aurelianus, a prince of Ar- 
 morica who came, 457, to assist the Britons 
 in the expulsion of the Saxons, whom Vor- 
 tigern had invited into the kingdom. After 
 the death of Vortigern, he was placed on the 
 throne of Britain, as the reward of his me- 
 ritorious services, and he reigned with great 
 popularity. He died at Winchester 508. 
 Arthur is said to have been his eleve 
 
 Ambrosius, Catharinus Politus, a learn- 
 ed Dominican, afterwards archbishop of 
 Compsa, in the kingdom of Naples. In his 
 works, which are scriptural, some of his 
 tenets are erroneous, and he is, therefore, 
 according to Bellarmine, to be read with 
 caution. He died at Naples 1552. 
 Ameoeus, w</. Amadeus. 
 Amelius, Gentilianus, a Platonic philo- 
 sopher in the third century, disciple to Plo- 
 tinus. 
 
 Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham 
 Nicolas, a native of Orleans 1634, sent as 
 secretary to the French ambassador at Ve- 
 nice. His writings were numerous, but some 
 of them gave such offence that he was con- 
 fined in the Bastile. His most popular 
 works were his translation of father Paul's 
 history of tlie council of Trent, and his 
 
AM 
 
 ^r 
 
 AM 
 
 "Courtier," translated from Baltasaf-'s 
 Gratian's oraculo manual. He also transla- 
 ted Machiavel's Prince, and the six first books 
 of Tacitus's annals, and wrote a preliminary 
 discourse for the treaties of peace between 
 the French kings and the princes of Europe, 
 &c. He died at Paris 1706, aged nearly 73. 
 
 Amelot, Denis, a French writer born 
 .it Saintonge 1606. In his life of Charles de 
 Gondren, one of the superiors of the Oratory 
 founded by Philip of Neri, he spoke with 
 severicy of the abb6 St. Cyran, and drew 
 upon himself the hatred of the gentlemen of 
 Port Royal. He however disregarded the 
 sarcasms ot their attack, and had influence 
 enough in the Sorbonne, and with chancellor 
 Seguier to prevent their obtaining the royal 
 license to print the translation of the New- 
 Testament, which they had just completed. 
 Further, to thwart their views, he published 
 a translation himself in 4 vols. 8vo. which 
 though not free fi-om error had yet its ad- 
 mirers. In his old age, Amelot solicited his 
 friends in power for a bishopric, but though 
 he had supported their cause against the so- 
 ciety of Port Royal he was refused in his ap- 
 plication. He became member of the Orato- 
 ry 1650, and died there 1678. He published 
 besides, a harmony of the gospels, 12mo. — 
 an abridgment of theology, 4to. 
 
 Amerbach, John, a native of Swabia, 
 distinguished for his learning, and more as 
 being one of the first printers, who, instead 
 of the Gothic and Italian, recommended 
 the round and perfect Roman letter. He 
 settled with success at Basil with Froben, 
 anddiedin 1515.. His son John was professor 
 of law at Basil, and Syndic, and the friend of 
 Erasmus. He died 1562, aged 67. 
 
 Amerbach, Vitus, a native of Bavaria, 
 
 } professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, where 
 le died 1550, aged 70. He translated into 
 Latin, the orations of Demosthenes, and Iso- 
 crates, and wrote besides Commentaries on 
 Cicero, the Tristia of Ovid, Horace's Art of 
 Poetry, &c. 
 
 Americus, Vesputius, a native of Flo- 
 rence, whose mind was eai'ly bent to mathe- 
 matics and navagation. The fame of Colum- 
 bus attracted his notice, and determined to 
 rival his glory, he obtained from Ferdinand 
 king of Spain a squadron of 4 ships, with 
 which he sailed from Cadiz 1 497. During 
 this voyage, which lasted 1 8 months, he visited 
 the coast of Paria and Terra Firma along the 
 Mexican gulf, and in a subsequent enter- 
 prise the following year with six ships, he ex- 
 tended his discoveries to the Antilles and the 
 shores of Guiana and Vennezuela. On his 
 return in 1500, he was received by the Span- 
 ish court with a coolness which his services 
 ill deserved ; but his discontent was forgotten 
 wnder the patronage of Emanuel of Portu- 
 gal, who furnished him with three ships in 
 May, 1501. In this third voyage, Americus 
 discovered the Brazils from La Plata to the 
 coast of Patagonia, and he returned to Lis- 
 bon September 1502. A fourth voyage was 
 undertaken with six ships, with the in- 
 tention of proc^edijig to the Molucca isJands 
 
 in a southern direction along the American 
 coast, but he was detained by contrary winds 
 for five months near the river Curabado, and 
 the want of provisions obliged him to return 
 to Europe. Americus died in the island of 
 Tercera in 1514, aged 6.3. He published an 
 entertaining account of his voyages, but he 
 is become illustrious as he obtained the sin- 
 gular honor of giving his name to the new 
 world, and thus monopolized the glory which 
 was due to the genius, and the enterprises of 
 the great Columbus. He has been accused 
 by the Spanish writers ©f giving false dates to 
 his writings, that he might establish aprior- 
 ity of discovery before his rival. The remains 
 of bis ship, the Victory, wei'e preserved by 
 the king of Portugal in the cathedral of Lis- 
 bon. 
 
 Ames, William, a native of Norfolk, who, 
 after being educated at Christ's college Cam- 
 bridge, left his country, where hisCalvinisti- 
 cal tenets were becoming unpopular, and 
 settled as professor in the university of Fran- 
 eker in Holland Here he enjoyed fame and 
 independence, but as the air of the place was 
 too shai"p for his asthmatic constitution, he 
 removed to Rotterdam with the intention of 
 passing into New England. He, however, di- 
 ed at Rotterdam Nov. 16.33, aged 57. He 
 was a learned divine, and his writings were 
 voluminous, and all on controversial subjects, 
 the principal of which is Medulla Theologica. 
 His son William was ejected for nonconfor- 
 mity, from theliving of Wrentham in Suflfolk 
 in 1662, and died 1689, aged 66. He publish- 
 ed a sermon, " the saint's security against 
 the seducing spirits," Sec. 
 
 Ames, Joseph, a ship-chandler of Wrap- 
 ping, who, in an advanced period of life, studi- 
 ed antiquities, and rose by his genius and ap- 
 plication to consequence, and to the secreta- 
 ryship of the society of Antiquaries. He 
 pubished an account of the earliest printers, 
 with a register of the books which they prin- 
 ted, in 4to. 1749, besides the list of English 
 heads engraved and mezzotinto, &c. in 8vo. 
 He also compiled the " parentalia", from 
 Wren's papers. He died Oct. 7,1759, and 
 the following year his curious collection of 
 fossils, shells, medals, &c. was sold by pub- 
 lic auction. His daughter married Captain 
 Dam pier in the East India sea service, r. 
 
 Amherst, Jeftery lord, an English gene- 
 ral of considerable celebrity, descended 
 from an ancient family seated at Sevenoaks 
 in Kent. He was born 1727, and at the age 
 of 14 embraced the military profession, ifn 
 1741 he was aid-de-camp to general Ligonier 
 at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and 
 Rocoux, and in 1756 he obtained the colo- 
 nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His 
 abilities and experience were now called into 
 action; he was employed 1758 at the siege of 
 Louisboui'g, and was made governor of Vir- 
 ginia, and commander in chief of the forces 
 in America, and, in this ]>art of the world, 
 the fall of Niagara, Ticonderago, Quebec, 
 and Montreal, with the submission of all 
 Canada, marked th(^ progress of his judicious 
 and succcs&fnl naensures. His great services 
 
AM 
 
 i^r 
 
 AM 
 
 were houoi'ably rewai-ded by the court ; lie 
 was made a knight of the bath, in 1771 ap- 
 pointed governor of Guernsey, the next year 
 lieutenantgeneralof theordnance,an'l in 1776 
 created baron Amherst of Helmsdale. In 
 1778 he was made comiuander in chief, and 
 in 1782 appointed goldstick, and, though upon 
 the change of ministry, these offices were 
 ■withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793, 
 when two years after, he resigned the com- 
 mand of the forces to the duke of York, and 
 •was raised to the rank of field marshal. 
 He died 1798, and was buried at Sevenoaks. 
 Though twice married, he had no issue, and 
 his titles therefore have devolved to his ne- 
 phew. 
 
 Amhurst, Nicholas, a hative of Marden 
 in Kent, educated at Merchant Taylors' 
 school, and St. John's Oxford, from which 
 last he was expelled on a charge of irregu- 
 larity. This disgrace, wliich he attributed to 
 the liberality and freedom of his opinions, 
 and to his attachment to the Hanover succes- 
 sion, he severely resented, and all his powers 
 of satii'e and abuse were exerted against the 
 university and its members, in his " Oculus 
 Britannise," and ** Terrae fiiius," published in 
 two vols. 12mo. 1726. After his expulsion he 
 settled in London as a professional writer, 
 hut his most successful undertaking was the 
 conducting of the " Craftsman," a paper of 
 which 10 or 12 thousand copies were daily 
 dispersed, and which for a series of years 
 guided the public taste in politics, and awed 
 the adrainstration into measures of populari- 
 ty. In this he Avas occasionally assisted by 
 lord Bolingbroke, and Mr. Pulteney, and 
 others ; but his own productions were little 
 inferior to the papers of these celebrated 
 leadei'S of opposition. When the act for li- 
 censing plays was passed, a letter in the 
 name of Colley Gibber appeared in the Crafts- 
 man, July 2d, 1737, to ridicule the check 
 which the law had placed upon the eff'usions 
 of poetr}', and this so offended the ministry 
 that the printer was siezed, but Amhurst sur- 
 rendered himself, and after being imprisoned, 
 and refusing to give hail for his good beha- 
 viour, he obtained his release by bringing his 
 habeas corpus, and the prosecution was drop- 
 ped. On the reconciliation of the opposition 
 to the court, his services, which for 20 years 
 Iiad been exerted in the cause of his parlia- 
 mentary friends, were forgotten, and the ne- 
 glect M'ith which he was treated Oepi'essed 
 liis spirits, and probably hastened his dissolu- 
 tion. He died of a fever at Twickenham A- 
 prii 27th 1743, and was buried at the expense 
 of Richard Franklin, his printer. Though 
 his morals were impeaehable, and his integ- 
 I'ity of a doubtful appearance, yet the in- 
 gratitude which marked the evening of his 
 days, reflects dishonor on the name of Bo- 
 lingbroke and Pulteney, and prove that vir- 
 tue and honesty are seldom found with the 
 great, anjnixed with interested and ambittous 
 views. 
 
 Ami CO ni, Giacomo, a Venetian who came 
 to England in 1729, and was employed with 
 Success as a portrait and history painter. 
 
 He adorned the staircase of Powis houie-i 
 Ormond street, with the story of Judith and 
 Holofernes, and the hall of More-park house 
 in Herts with the fable of Jupiter and lo. lu 
 1736 Amiconi went to Paris, and marrying 
 an Italian singer, he returned three years 
 after to his own country. He afterwards visi- 
 ted Spain, and was made painter tothe king, 
 and died at Madrid, Sep. 1752. 
 
 Amicus, Antony, an ecclesiastic of Paler- 
 mo, historiographer royal to Philip IV. of 
 Spain, and author of a chronological history 
 of the bishops of Syracuse, of SiciUse regum 
 annales ab anno 1060, usque ad prsesens secu- 
 lum. He died at Palermo 1641. 
 
 Amin-Ben-Haroun, the sixth calif of 
 the house of the Abbassides, was son of 
 Aaron Raschid, to whom he succeeded. He 
 WHS wantonly cruel, and imprudent in his 
 general conduct, and was at last conquered 
 and put to death by Thahcr, his brother Al- 
 mamoun's general 822, after a short reiga 
 of five years. 
 
 Amiral, Henry, a native of Auzolet in 
 Auvergne, known during the French revolu- 
 tion for his attempt to assassinate Collot d' 
 Herbois and Robespieri'e, and thus to rid 
 France of her tyrants. He was seized in the 
 fact and condemned to die. He suffered 
 with great intrepidity 1792. 
 
 Amman, Paul, of Bi'eslau, was professor 
 of medicine at Leipsic. He wrote some bo- 
 tanical tracts, and died 1600. 
 
 Amman, John Conrad, a Swiss physician 
 successfully employed in teaching the deaf 
 to speak in France and Holland. He pub- 
 lished a curious account of the method he 
 pursued in two tracts called Surdus loquens, 
 and died at Amsterdam about 1730. 
 
 Ammanati, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Florence, eminent as a sculptor and archi- 
 tect. Many of the Italian cities, especially 
 Rome, contained specimens of his labors and 
 genius. He wrote a work called Cita, with 
 designs for all the public and ornamental 
 buildings necessary in a capital. He died 
 1^86 in his 75th year, or according to some 
 in 1592. 
 
 Ammanati, Laura Battiferri, wife to the 
 preceding, was daughter of John Antony 
 Battiferri, and borfl at Urbino. She became 
 celebrated for her genius and learning. Her 
 poems^ which abound with excellent morality, 
 are esteemed high among the productions of 
 the Italian muse. She was one of the mem- 
 bers of the Intronati academy at Sienna, and 
 died at Floi'ence, November 1589, aged 70. 
 
 Ammianus, Marcellinus, a Latin histo- 
 rian. He wrote in 31 books the Roman histo- 
 ry from Nerva to the death of Valens, and 
 died about 390. 
 
 Ammirato, Scipio, a native of Lucca in 
 the kingdom of Naples. He was intended 
 for the law, but he took orders, and, after a 
 wandering and unsettled life through Italy, 
 he fixed his residence at Florence under the 
 patronage of the grand duke who gave him 
 a canonry in the cathedral. He wrote the 
 history of Florence in 2 vols, folio, besides nu- 
 merous other tracts of Italidp botli in prose 
 
AM 
 
 ^y 
 
 AM 
 
 Slid verse, and died there, the 30th January 
 1600, in his 69th year. 
 
 Ammo x, the progenitor of the Ammonites, 
 the turbulent enemies of Israel, was sou of 
 Lot and lived about 1900 B. C. 
 
 Ammo Ni us, a Peripatetic philosopher, 
 preceptor to Plutarch. — Another philoso- 
 pher in the 6th century, son of Jierraias of 
 Alexandria, disciple of Proclus, and author 
 of commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, 
 and also of a Lexicon of Greek synonymes, 
 printed Venice 1497. 
 
 Ammonius, Saccus, a philosopher in the 
 3d century, founder of the Eclectic sect. He 
 is said to have rejected the Christian religion 
 in which he Avas educated, and to have estab- 
 lished a school at Alexandria, in which he at- 
 tempted to reconcile the tenets of Aristotle 
 and Plato. Longinus was in the number of 
 his pupils. He died A. D 243. 
 
 Am mo NI us, Livinus, a Carthusian monk 
 of Flanders esteemed by Erasmus for his 
 learning, piety, and other excellent qualities. 
 He died at Ghent 1556. 
 
 Ammonius, a surgeon of Alexandria sur- 
 named Lithotoraist because he fir^t adopted 
 the present mode of extracting the stone 
 from the bladder, 
 
 Ammonius, Andrew, a native of Lucca 
 ■who settled in England and lived for a while 
 under the patronage and in the house of Sir 
 Thomas More. He was intimate with Eras- 
 mus and corx'esponded with him. He was 
 made secretary to Henry VHI. and employ- 
 ed in a public character by pope Leo X. Pie 
 died of that dreadful disease the sweating 
 sickness, in 1517 in his 40th year, and was 
 greatly lamented by Erasmus. He wrote 
 some poetical trifles in Latin of considerable 
 merit. 
 
 Amontons, William, an eminent me- 
 ohanic, born in Normandy 31st August 1663. 
 When at school at Paris he was siezed with 
 such deafness that he gave up all pursuits 
 of a public nature, and devoted himself to 
 the study of geometry, and of the invariable 
 laws, which regulate the motion of the plan- 
 ets. He suggested some improvements in 
 ihe structure of barometers and thermome- 
 ters, on which he published a treatise, and 
 he invented a method for the rapid commu- 
 nication of intelligence from one place to the 
 other, which has lately been adopted under 
 the appellation of telegraph. Much of his 
 time was employed in constructing a new 
 hour-glass for the use of the navy, which 
 might not be subject to the irregularities 6f 
 sudden and violent motion, and in his new 
 theory of friction which he read to the royal 
 academy in 1699, he evinced the penetration 
 of his genius, the delicacy of his judgment, 
 and the exactness of his experiments. He 
 died of an inflammation in his bowels, llth 
 October 1705, aged 42, 
 
 Amort, Eusebius, a learned ecclesiastic 
 of Bavaria. His works are in Latin, and 
 chiefly on theological subjects. He died 25th 
 l»fovember 1775, aged 82. 
 
 Amory, Thomas, D. D. in the university 
 of Edinburgh, was son of a grocer at Taun- 
 
 ton in Somersetshire, and distinguished him- 
 self as a preacher among the dissenters- 
 After passing the greatest pai't of his life 
 near the place of his nativity, as public teach- 
 er, and as instructor of youth, he removed to 
 London where he formed an intimate ac- 
 quaintance with the most respectable mem- 
 bers of his persuasion. He was a bold as- 
 sertor of toleration, and therefore, warmly 
 espoused the cause of those who solicited 
 the repeal of the test act. In his general 
 conduct Ur. Amory was exemplaiy, his dis- 
 courses fi'om the pulpit were excellent, but 
 perhaps too serious and philosophical for the 
 vulgar apprehension, liis writings, Avhich 
 were mostly on theological subjects, have 
 been enumerated by Dr. Kippis, Biogr. Brit. 
 I. p. 178. He died on the 24th of June 1774 
 in his 74th year, and was buried in Bunhilt 
 fields burial grounds. 
 
 Amory, Thomas, Esq. an eccentric cha- 
 racter, son of counsellor Amory who went 
 with king Williarii to Ireland, and acquired 
 considerable property in the county of 
 Clare. Young Amory was not born in Ire- 
 land though he resided there, and frequently 
 accompanied dean Swift in his walks and ex- 
 cui'sions round I)ublin, without being known. 
 He afterwards lived in Orchard-street, 
 Westminster, about 1757, with his Avife and. 
 a son who acquired reputation as a physician 
 during a residence of 27 yeai^s at Wakefield, 
 The most remarkable of his publications are 
 his " memoirs on the lives of several ladies," 
 Svo. 1755, and in 12mo. 2 vols, and his life of 
 John Buncle, Esq. 4 vols. 12mo. In this last 
 he is supposed to give a description of him- 
 self. He is said by a person who knew him 
 to have had a peculiar look, though not with- 
 out the deportment of the gentleman. His 
 application to his studies was intense, and his 
 walks through the most crowded streets 
 exhibited him wrapped in the deepest me- 
 ditation and inattentive to what surrounded 
 him. He died at the advanced age of 97, in 
 May 1789. 
 
 Amos, the third of the 12 minor prophets, 
 was a shepherd at Tekoa. He prophesied 
 in the reigns of .Tehorara king of Israel and 
 Uzziah, king of Judah, and his prophecies 
 contained in 9 chaiJters are Avritten in a very 
 plain unadorned style. He died about 785 B. 
 C. The father of the pi'ophct Isaiah is also 
 called Amos. 
 
 Amour, William de St. a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and canon of Bouvais, was born at 
 St. Amour in Tranche Comie. His book on 
 the perils of latter times was condemned by 
 pope Alexander IV. and he himself was 
 banished to his native town. He was author 
 of several other works, and died September 
 13, 1272, 
 
 Amour, Louis Gorin de St. a doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, author of a journal of what 
 passed at Rome dui'ing his attendance there 
 before the pope in favor of some French 
 bishops of the persuasion of the Jansenisls. 
 He was expelled from the Sorbonne for not 
 signing Ai'uaud's condemnation, and died 
 1G87. 
 
AM 
 
 <^^ 
 
 AM 
 
 Amoureux, N. 1% an eminenl sciilptor 
 'whose works are preserved in his native ci- 
 ty of Lyons. He was unfortunately drown- 
 ed in the Soane in the beginning of the 19th 
 century. 
 
 Amphibilus, a native of Briton, said to 
 have been born at Exeter, and to have been 
 bishop of Anglesea. He studied at Rome, 
 and is said to have exerted his eloquence in 
 the cause of Christianity, and in making con- 
 verts in England and in Scotland. Accor 
 
 A MURATH III. succeeded his father Se^ 
 lim n. 1575, and to secure himself in the 
 possession of the throne, lie caused his five 
 brothers to be assassinated. This act of 
 cruelty so affected his motlier that she des- 
 troyed herself. Amurath like the race of 
 Mahomet was valiant, and he added severa! 
 of the Persian provinces to his dominions. 
 He died 18th Jan. 1595, aged 50. 
 
 Amurath I. succeeded his uncle Musta- 
 pha in 1622, and was like his predecessors 
 
 ding to some, he suftered martyrdom about j given to cruelty, and engaged m war. He 
 291. took Bagdad, 30,000 of whose inhabitants he 
 
 Amphilochus, bishop of Iconium, was I put to the sword, though he had promised 
 
 the friend of Gregory Nazianzen and Basil 
 and the opposer of the Arians. He offend 
 ed Theodosius by pretending not to pay suf- 
 ficient respect to his son Arcadius, upon 
 -which he observed that if he thus vindicated 
 liis son's character, surely God would vindi- 
 cate that of his son and punish his blasphe- 
 mers. This reproof was felt by Theodosius 
 who favored the Arians, and laws were 
 soon enacted to prevent their assembUes. 
 Amphilochus died S'Ji. 
 
 them protection. He died in 1640, aged 31, 
 of excessive intoxication. 
 
 Amy, N. advocate of the parliament of 
 Aix, was author of some very useful works 
 in natural science, particularly observations 
 on the waters of the Seine, &c. 12mo. — new 
 filtrating fountains, 12mo. — reflections on 
 lead, copper, and tin utensils, 12mo, &c. He 
 died 1760. 
 
 Amyot, James, was born at Milan 151.'), 
 i of an obscure family, but though of a dull 
 
 Amphinomus and ANAPius,two broth- j understanding, he improved himself by in- 
 crs of Catana, whose names are immortali- I defatigable application, and after studying at 
 zed for saving on their shoulders their aged [ Paris, he acquired independence and repu- 
 parents, during an eruption of JEinn. ', tation, as tutor to the children of persons 
 
 Ampsingius, John Assuer, a pi'ofessor I of respectability. His merit I'ecommended 
 of physic at Rostock, in the beginning of the ■ him to Margaret of Berry, sister to Francis 
 
 17th centur}', author of several medical trea- 
 tises, printed 1619. 
 
 Amru Ebn-al-as, a celebrated mussul- 
 man, at first the enemy and afterwards the 
 friend of Mahomet. He extended his con- 
 quests in Egypt, and Syria, and Africa, and 
 died governor of Egypt 663. 
 
 I. and he was promoted to a public professor- 
 ship in the universitj'^ of Bourges. His time 
 was here usefully devoted to literature, and 
 he published translations of the loves of The- 
 agenes and Chariclea, besides Plutai'ch's lives 
 and morals. He visited Venice and Rome, 
 and in his return to France, he was at the re- 
 
 Amsdorf, Nicholas, a spirited follower commendation of cardinal de Tournon in- 
 of Luther and bishop of Nuremburg. He ' trusted with the care of the king's two 
 died at Magdeburg 1541, and the sect who ' younger sons, and for his meritorious servi- 
 adhered to his tenets, and supported in op- . ces he was raised by Charles to the bishop* 
 position to Malanethon, that good works are ric of Auxerre, the abbey of Cornelius de 
 not necessary to salvation, were called Ams- | Compiegne, the high office of great almo- 
 dorfians. ner and curator of the university of Paris, 
 
 Amurath I. an Ottoman emperor, who | and commander of the order of the Holy 
 succeeded his father Orchan, and was known i Ghost. He died sixth February 1593, in his 
 for his cruelties towards his son, and those i 79th year. He also translated the seven 
 
 ■who espoused his cause. He was a great 
 warrior, and obtained 37 victories, in the last 
 of which he perished, 1389, aged 71, by the 
 hand of a soldier. He was the first who es- 
 tablished the formidable force of the Janissa- 
 ries. 
 
 Amurath H. was son and successor of 
 Mahomet, as Ottoman emperor, and his ar- 
 mies were directed against the falling em- 
 pire of the east. He was the first Turk 
 who used cannon in the field of battle. He 
 resigned the crown in favor of his son Ma- 
 homet 1443, and retired to the seclusion of 
 the derviscs; but the invasion of the Hunga- 
 rians, roused Iiim from his solitude to con- 
 quer at the dreadful battle of Varna. He 
 afterwards reduced the rebellious Jannissa 
 ries to obedience, and defeated the famous 
 Scanderbeg, and finding his son incapable to 
 hold the reigns of a turbulent empire, he 
 abandoned his retirement again for the throne 
 and again routed the Hungarians, He died 
 1451, aged 75. 
 
 first books of Diodorus Siculus, some trage- 
 dies from the Greek, the pastorals of Daph- 
 nis, &c, 
 
 Amyrault, Moses, a French protestant 
 divine born at Bourgueil in Tourraine 1596. 
 He studied the law, but afterwards entered 
 the church, and was divinity professor at 
 Saumur, and distinguished himself by his 
 zeal and activity so much, that he was depu- 
 ted by the national council of Charenton, to 
 pi'esent an address to the French king, con- 
 cerning the inspection of edicts in favor of 
 the protestants, without however paying 
 homage upon his knees. Richelieu, who 
 was present at this interview, saw and admi- 
 red the bold character of Amyrault, and he 
 wished to use his abilities to procure a re- 
 conciliation between the Romish church and 
 the protestants, but in vain. His life was 
 passed in the midst of theological disputes, 
 in which he displayed much firmness and 
 composure, and as he enforced by his wri- 
 
AN 
 
 ^y 
 
 AN 
 
 tings as well as his discourses the obedience 
 dae tea lawful sovereign, and the impropri- 
 ety of resisting the constituted authorities in 
 matters not of conscience, he was esteemed 
 by persons of different persuasions, and by 
 the ministers of the king themselves. This 
 humane, virtuous, and charitable man died 
 the 8th Feb. 16G4, leaving one son, who dis- 
 tinguished himself as an advocate at Paris, 
 l)ut retired to the Hague, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes. His works, which 
 are very numerous, are chiefly theological. 
 The following quaint lines were written by 
 M- du Bosc under his portrait : 
 Jl JVLose ad JHosetn par JVlosi nonfuit ullus. 
 JHore, ore, et calamo, mirus uterquefidt. 
 
 Amyrutxes, a philosopher of Trebizond, 
 who was carried to Constantinople with Da- 
 vid emperor of Trebizond, when that city 
 was reduced 1461. He renounced the Chris- 
 tian faith for Mahometanisra, and assumed 
 the name of Mahomet Beg. He translated 
 several books into Arabic at the desire of 
 lyiahometn. whose favor he enjoyed. 
 
 Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 
 who V. sited Athens in the age of Solon. On 
 his return to Scythia he wished to intro- 
 duce the laws and customs of the more pol- 
 islied Greeks into his country, but was 
 thwarted in his views by the king, aud at last 
 perished by the hand of this cruel sovereign. 
 Anacletus, abishop ofRome after Linus 
 79. He sufFered martyrdom 13 years after. 
 
 Anacletus, an antipope, supported in 
 his election by Roger king of Sicily, against 
 Innocent H. the favorite of the emperor 
 Lotharius n. The influence of Innocent at 
 last prevailed, and his rival died in obscurity 
 1138. 
 
 Ana CO ana, queen of Xiragua, in the 
 island of St. Domingo, was cruelly put to 
 death by Ovando, who owed her, agreeable 
 to the promises of Bartholomew Columbus, 
 both friendship and protection. 
 
 •Anacreon, a lyric poet of Teos, who 
 iiorished about 532 years B. C. His morals 
 were licentious, and his odes, therefore, ex- 
 hibit the character of a man basely devoted 
 to every intemperate indulgence, and who 
 considers life as best spent in riot and de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 Anagnosta, John, one of the Bizantine 
 luistorians, whose work, de rebus Constanti- 
 nopolitanorura Macedonicis, was edited in 
 frreek and Latin at Cologne 1653. 
 
 Anastasius I. the Silentiary, emperor 
 of the east, was born of obscure parents at 
 Duras in Illyricum, but his engagements 
 about the imperial family rendered him 
 known, and by marrying Ariadne, the widow 
 of the emperor Zeno, he was enabled to as- 
 cend the throne 491, He possessed merit 
 and valor, and his reign might have been 
 prosperous if he had not embraced the te- 
 nets of the Eutychians, and thus offended 
 his subjects. He at last perceived his error, 
 and withdrew his protection from these 
 heretics. He died 518, aged 88. 
 
 Anastasius II. was raised to the throne 
 fl'om a private station by the acclamations of 
 
 the people 713. Three years after, how- 
 ever, he wished to abdicate the sovereign 
 power for a x-eligious habit, but with equal 
 levity he sighed again for the imperial pur- 
 ple; and, assisted by the Bulgarians, he be- 
 sieged Constantinople, where his rival Leo 
 the Isaurian was seated on the throne. His 
 hopes of success soon vanished, he was be- 
 trayed by the Bulgarians into the hands of 
 Leo, and erueily pul to death 719. 
 
 Anastasius I. pope, succeeded Siricius 
 in the papal chair 398. He excommunica- 
 ted the Origenists, and brought on a recon- 
 ciliation between the eastern and western 
 churches. He died iUiJ, much respected foe 
 his sanctity and virtues, 
 
 Anastasius II. pope, afiterGelasius 496, 
 died after a short reign of two years. 
 
 Anastasius III. pope, after Sergius HI. 
 911, was eminent for wisdom and moderation. 
 He sat in the papal chair only two years. 
 
 Anastasius IV. pope, after EugeniUs 
 III, 1153, died the following year Dee. 2, 
 He showed himself very charitable and hu- 
 mane during a famine. 
 
 Anastasius, an antipope, against Bene- 
 dict III. 855. Though for a while supported 
 by the Imperialists, he at last gave way to his 
 more fortunate rival, and died in obscurity- 
 
 Anastasius, Bibliothecarius, a learned 
 Greek of the 9th century, librarian of the 
 church ot Home, and abbot of St. Mary be- 
 yond the Tiber. lie wrote. Liber Pontili- 
 calis, four vols. fol. 718, containing the lives of 
 some of the popes ; and assisted at the eighth 
 general council of Constantinople, whose ca- 
 nons he translated from Gi-eek inio Latin. 
 Bishop Pearson places him in the.sixth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Anastasius, Sinaite, a monk of mount 
 Sinai, intlie seventh century, author of some 
 theological tracts, published at Ingoldstadt,. 
 4to. 1606. 
 
 Anastasius, Theopolitanus, bishop of 
 Antioch, was banished from his see 570, for 
 supporting, against the sentuuents of Justin- 
 ian the opinion of the incorruptibles, which 
 asserted that the body of our Saviour was 
 incapable of corruption, even before his re- 
 surrection. He was i-estored 593, and died 
 six years after. His successor was of the 
 same name, and was author of some religious 
 discourses. 
 
 A N AT o LI us, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 yielded, after some dispute, with respect to 
 the equality of the two metropolitan churches^ 
 superiority in ecclesiastical aftairs, to Leo 
 pope of Rome, and died 458. 
 
 Anatolius abishop of Laotlicea about 
 269, eminent for his knowledge of arithme- 
 tic, geometry, and literature.*" His tract on 
 the time of celebrating Easter, is in the Doc- 
 ti-ina Temporum, printed, Antwerp^ 1634. 
 
 Anaxagoras, a celebrated philosopher 
 of Clazomenaj, who had Euripides and Peri- 
 cles among his pupils. He was accused of 
 impiety at Athens and banished. He died 
 at Lampsacus 428 B. C. aged 72. 
 
 Anaxandrides, a king of Sparta about 
 550, B. C. father of Cleomenes and Leonidas. 
 
AN 
 
 (^t 
 
 AN 
 
 Anaxandrides, u comic poet of Rhodes 
 ahout 350, B. C. starved to death for censur- 
 ing the Athenian government. 
 
 An AX ARCH U6, a philosopher of Ahdera 
 said to have been pounded to death by Nico- 
 creon king of Cyprus. 
 
 Anaxilaus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
 banished from Italy in the age of Augustus. 
 
 Anaximander, a philosopher of Mile- 
 tus, successor to Thales. He was tolerably 
 well acquainted with geography and astrono- 
 my for tlie times. He died 547 B. C aged 
 fi-i. There was also an historian of the same 
 name. 
 
 Anaximenes, the pupil and successor 
 ©f Anaximander, florished 550 B. C. 
 
 Anaximenes, an historian of Lampsa- 
 cus who accompanied Alexander the great 
 in his expedition. He wrote the histor}^ of 
 Greece, besides the lives of Philip and of his 
 son Alexander. 
 
 Ancharano, Peter, a native of Bologna, 
 chosen in 1409 by the council of Pisa, to de- 
 fend the rights of that assembly during the 
 schisms of the popes. He wrote several 
 hooks on civil and canon law, and on the 
 decretals, and died 1417. 
 
 Ancharano, James, or Paladino, author 
 «r two curious hooks, on the temptations of 
 the virgin Mary, and of Christ, hy the devil. 
 
 ANCIL.LOX, David, a protestant divine 
 horn at Metz, who in his youth refused to sa- 
 crifice his religion to the solicitations of the 
 Jesuits. He studied divinity and piiiiosophy 
 at Geneva under Du Pin, Spanheim, the 
 Deodati, &cc. and deserved to be r»?commend- 
 ed hy the synod of Charenton to the church 
 of Meaux. After the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and set- 
 tled at Hanau, where his discoui'ses were 
 heard and admired by the most crowded audi- 
 ences. His colleagues in the ministry, how- 
 ever, were jealous of his popularity, and their 
 Uttle intrigues forced him to abandon the place 
 He came to settle at Berlin, where he was 
 received with kindness by the court, and had 
 the satisfaction to see his family promoted to 
 places of honor and trust. He died in his 
 75th year, 3d Sept. 1692. As his learning 
 •was very extensive, he published several use- 
 £al works, and from the affluence of his cir- 
 cumstances, he made so judicious a collec- 
 tion of books, that it was frequently visited 
 as a curiosity by foreigners who travelled 
 trough Metz. The best known of his works 
 are a relation of the controversy concerning 
 te-aditions, 4to. 1G57, — an apologj' for Luther, 
 Zuinglius, and Beza, 1660, — the life of Wil- 
 I4am Farel, — Conversations, two vols. 12rao. 
 published by his son. 
 
 Ancillon, Charles, eldest son of the 
 foregoing, was born at Metz, July 29th, 1659, 
 and was made inspector of the French courts 
 of justice in Berlin, and historiographer to 
 the king. He wrote on the edict of Nantes, 
 and the persecution of the protestants, &cc. 
 and died at Berlin July 5th, 1751. 
 
 Anckwitz, a Pole of considerable abil- 
 ities. After being employed by his country 
 as arabassader at the court of Denmark, and 
 
 negotiating a treaty with the Uusiaus, he was, 
 at the insurrection of Warsaw in J.794, seiz- 
 ed and imprisoned. His enemies accused 
 him of attempts to betray his country to the 
 Russians, and they endeavored to prove 
 the assertion by the papers which they found 
 in his possession. He was in consequence 
 condemned and hanged at Warsaw with the 
 gi*eatest ignomy. 
 
 Ancourt, Florent carton d,' a French 
 actor and dramatic writer, born at Fontain- 
 bleau, October 1661. The Jesuits tried in 
 vain to gain him into their society, but he 
 preferred the study of philosophy and law to 
 divinity, and at last turned his thoughts to 
 the stage by marrying in his 19th year an ac- 
 tress. Not satisfied with the unbounded ap- 
 plause given to his popular exertions, he 
 commenced writer for the stage, and obtain- 
 ed by his pieces credit to himself and wealth 
 to the actor. His conversation was so agree- 
 able that he was universally courted, and 
 Lewis XIV. bestowed many marks of his 
 favor upon him, as also the duke of Bavaria, 
 whose arrival at Paris was celebrated by the 
 poet, hy a particular entertainment written 
 on the occasion. Ancourt, after being the 
 hero of the stage, retired in 1713 to his es- 
 tate at Courcelles le Roy, in Berry, that he 
 might devote himself to religion. He there 
 transited the psalms into verse, and wrote 
 a sacred tragedy never printed. He died 6tli 
 December 1726, in his 65th year. His i)lays 
 were 52 in number. His works appeared in 
 9 vols. 12mo. 1729. 
 
 Angus Martiug, fourth king of Rome, 
 gained victories over the neighboring states, 
 and extended the confines of his kingdom to 
 the sea shore, and built Ostia. He died after 
 a reign of 24 years, B. C. 646. 
 
 Anderson, Alexatider, professor of ma- 
 thematics at Paris, and author in the 16th 
 century of a book called Supplementum 
 ApoUoniilledivivi, dedicated to cardinal Per- 
 ron, 1592. 
 
 Anderson, Andrew, a Glasgow printer, 
 Avho obtained by clandestine means a patent 
 from Charles II. to print every thing in Scot- 
 land for 41 years. After his death, his pa- 
 tent was disputed, and though restricted to 
 the printing of bibles and acts of Parliament, 
 it sunk into contempt. 
 
 Anderson, Adam, a Scotchman, for 40 
 years employed as clerk to the South-sea 
 house, and also trustee for the colonization 
 in America, &c. He is known as the author 
 of an historical and chronological deduction 
 of trade andcommei'ce, a most valuable book 
 published in 1763, and since re-published, 
 four vols. 4to. He was married three times, 
 and died at his house. Red Lion-street, 
 Clerkenwell, Jan. 10th, 1775. 
 
 Anderson, James D. D. brother to 
 Adam, was minister of the Scots presbyte- 
 rian church in Swallow-street, London, and 
 editor of the Diplomata Scotise, and Royal 
 genealogies. He was a thoughtless impru- 
 dent man. 
 
 Anderson, James, esq. an advocate at 
 the Scotch bar, and clerk of the Scotch par- 
 
A^ 
 
 C3 
 
 AN 
 
 liament 1700. He was author of a masterly 
 vindication of the independence of the Scotch 
 parliament, for which he was publicly thank- 
 ed by that body, and rewarded with a pen- 
 sion of 400 pounds per annum. He made a 
 collection of records from king Duncan to 
 Robert Bruce, which were beautifully en- 
 graved and published in one vol. fol. by Rud- 
 diman. He died at Edinburgh 1712, aged k&. 
 
 Anderson, John, A. M. was born near 
 filasgow, and was educated at St. Andrews. 
 He was a popular preacher, and a nervous 
 and spirited writer in favor of the presby- 
 terians, against the episcopalians. He was 
 much abused by his antagonists especially 
 Calder. He was minister of Dumbarton 
 1704, and in 1710 removed to Glasgow. He 
 died aged 42, 1720. 
 
 Anderson, Edmund, a native of Lin- 
 colnshire, descended from a Scotch family. 
 He studied at Lincoln college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards at the Inner Temple, and was 
 promoted to the dignity of judge under Eli- 
 zabeth, 1578. He was advanced to the office 
 of chief justice of the common pleas in 1582, 
 and knighted, and four years after he sat in 
 judgmer>t upon the unfortunate Mary of Scot- 
 land, whose life was sacrificed to the jealousy 
 and ambition of lier rival. He afterwards 
 presided at the trial of Davison, who had is- 
 sued the warrant for the execution of that 
 wretched queen. During the time that he 
 served his country in the capacity of judge, 
 he was esteemed for his firmness and im- 
 partiality. He maintained the dignity of the 
 throne, and the rights of the people; but he 
 never sacrificed his private feelings to influ- 
 ence and cabal, and he resisted Elizabeth her- 
 self, when she was advised to act contrary to 
 the laws of the land. He was continued in his 
 office under James, and died first of August 
 1605. His works, which are all on law, and 
 which fully evince the integrity of his heart, 
 and the depth of his judgment, were publish- 
 ed by I. Goldesborough, esq. 1653, in 4to. 
 
 Anderson, John, author of the natui'al 
 history of Iceland, Greenland, Davis's straits, 
 &c. was syndic of his native city, Hamburgh, 
 and acted as its commercial agent and nego- 
 tiator in various courts of Europe. He died 
 1743. 
 
 Anderson, George, a native of Weston, 
 Buckinghamshire, who, though for some 
 time engaged in the humble occupations of 
 a day laborer, distinguished himself by the 
 powers of his genius, and his self-taugfit 
 knowledge of mathematics. A neighboring 
 clergyman saw and noticed the powers of his 
 mind, and with friendly humanity enabled 
 him to receive instructions at a grammar- 
 school, and to enter at New College, Oxford, 
 where he took his master's degree and took 
 deacon's orders. From Oxford he came to 
 London, and obtained the appointment of 
 clerk in the board of control, under the 
 present Lord Melville ; 'but so indefatigable 
 was his application, that he brought on a 
 disorder which proved fatal, 30th April 1790, 
 in his 36th year. His widow received a pen- 
 sion, as the reward due to the merits of her 
 VOL. T. 10 
 
 husband. He was author of a general vlew 
 of the variations in the affairs of the East 
 India Company, since the conclusion of the 
 war of 1784, and he also translated Archime- 
 des' treatise on measuring the sand. 
 
 Anderson, Larz, a minister of Gustavus 
 Vasa, whose abilities and intrigues raised him 
 from obscurity to the dignity of chancellor 
 of Sweden. He was the means of the intro- 
 duction of Lutheranism into Sweden. 
 
 Anderson, James, L. L. D. a native of 
 Scotland, and formerly of Monk's Hill, 
 Aberdeenshire. Distinguished by superior 
 talents for experimental husbandry, he 
 was employed by government to examine 
 into the state of the western coasts and isl- 
 ands of Scotland, and confirmed by his rela- 
 tions the accounts which had been given of 
 the melancholy poverty and depression of 
 the inhabitants. Dr. A. was the author of 
 numerous works on agriculture and political 
 economy ; and was conductor of the Bee, a 
 periodical publication, consisting of essays, 
 philosophical, philological, and miscellane- 
 ous, pubhshed some years ago at Edinburgh, 
 and discontinued upon the completion of 
 eighteen small octavo volumes. He was also 
 the author of several articles for tlie Ency- 
 clop. Brit. 1st. vol. Edin. which are, under 
 the heads dictionary, winds and monsoons, 
 language, sound. He contributed numerous 
 essays, under a variety of signatures, in the 
 early part of the Edinburgh Weekly Maga- 
 zine, the principal of which were, Agricola, 
 Timoleon, Germanicus, Cimon, Scoto Bri- 
 tannus, E. Aberdeen, Henry Plain, Impar- 
 tial, a Scot. He reviewed the subject of 
 agriculture for the Monthly Review for sev- 
 eral years. He was born about the year 1739, 
 at Hermiton, a village about six miles from 
 Edinburgh, and died at West Ham near 
 London in 1808. 
 
 Andier des Rochers, John, a French 
 engraver born at Lyons, known for his en- 
 gravings after Corregio, and particularly for 
 his portraits in busts of persons distinguished 
 by birth or talents, amounting to upwards of 
 700, with descriptive verses at the bottom by 
 Ga^on. He was rewarded with a fine gold 
 medal by the emperor Charles VI. for a ptjr- 
 trait of his majesty. He died 1741, very 
 advanced in years. 
 
 Andocides, an Athenian orator, four of 
 whose orations are extant. He florished 
 B. C. 460. 
 
 Andrada, Diego de Payva d', a Portu- 
 guese, born at Conimbria. He was sent by 
 king Sebastian to the council of Trent, 1562, 
 and there in defending the canons against 
 Chemnitius, he distinguished himself by his 
 eloquence as a preacher, and his vivacity in 
 reasoning as an author. Though a warm 
 catholic he is universally quoted by the pro- 
 testants, and deservedly admired for his 
 great erudition, deep penetration, and un- 
 corrupted judgment. 
 
 Andrada, Francis d', brother to the 
 above, and historiographer to Philip III. of 
 Spain, was author of an history of John III. 
 of Portugal, piinted 1533 iu 4to. 
 
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 Akbuaha, Thomas d', reformer of the 
 barefoot Augustines, was called Thomas of 
 Jeslis. He was with Sebastian in Africa, and 
 being taken by the infidels, was confined in 
 a cave, where he wrote his " Sufterings of 
 Jesus," translated into English by Welton. 
 lie refused to purchase his liberty according 
 to the offers of his sister, but preferred con- 
 soling the captivity of his fellow slaves. He 
 died 1682. 
 
 Andkada, Anthony d', a Jesuit of Por- 
 tugal, who when missionary discovered Thi- 
 bet and Cathay, of which he has written an 
 account. He died 1634. 
 
 Andre, Nathaniel St. a surgeon intimate 
 w ilh Pope. He was poisoned by drinking a 
 glass with an unknown patient, 1725, but un- 
 expectedly recovered. He died advanced in 
 life 1776 at Southampton. He was imposed 
 upon in the affair of Mary Tofts, but he af- 
 terwards discovei'cd it, and publicly ac- 
 knoAvledged his error. 
 
 Andre, John, a British officer, who from 
 the compting house, entered the army, and 
 embarked for the new continent under gen- 
 eral Clinton, during the American troubles. 
 He rose by his merits to the rank of major, 
 and when general Arnold made an ofi^er of 
 surrendering a strong position to the British 
 forces, Andre was intrusted with the deli- 
 cate negotiation. When challenged by the 
 American out-posts, he had the imprudence 
 to betray hiscommissionby offering the sen- 
 linal his watch and money if permitted to 
 return. The ofler was indignantly rejected, 
 and Andre examined before the American 
 officers, and discovered by the papers which 
 he had in his pocket, was regarded as a spy, 
 and tried by a court-martial, by order of 
 general Washington. He was found guilty, 
 and sentenced to be hanged. Though he 
 requested to die like a soldier, the ignomi- 
 nious sentence was executed upon him 2d 
 October 17SX), and he fell with great ijitrepi- 
 dity at the age of 29. The American gene- 
 ral was censui'ed for the severity of his con- 
 duct, and not only Englishmen, but the 
 Americans themselves, murmured at the 
 cruel conduct of the new government, and 
 pitied the fate of a deserving officer. A 
 jnonument was erected to his memory by 
 tlie king, in Westminster Abbey, with every 
 mark of respect vvhich could honor his 
 virtues and commiserate his misfortunes. 
 
 Andreas, James, an eminent Lutheran, 
 born 1528, at Wai-bling in the dutchy of Wir- 
 temberg. His parents, who were poor, had 
 bound him to a carpenter, but he was re- 
 lieved from this humble situation by some 
 persons of distinction, who had observed his 
 promising genius, and in two years of close 
 application he made himself master of Latin, 
 Greek, and logic. He took his degrees at 
 Tubingen, and was in 1540 made minister 
 of Stutgard, which soon after he resigned. 
 In those turbulent times of tlieological con- 
 tention he took a bold and active part, and 
 was employed either as a writer or as a de- 
 puted divine, at the public conferences held 
 at Worms, Katisbon, Ans;sburg, he. In 
 
 1561 he was made chancellor and rector of 
 the university of Tubingen, and from his 
 learning and eloquence he acquired the 
 friendship of the dukes of W^irtemberg and 
 Brunswick, and of the emperor Maximilian 
 H. His works are numerous, and all on 
 polemical divinity, the most famous of which 
 is that on Concord. He died 7th January, 
 1590, 61 years and 9 months old. On his 
 death-bed he made a solemn profession of 
 his faith in protestantism, though the catho- 
 lics have asserted falsely, that he expressed 
 wishes of being reconciled to the Roman 
 church. 
 
 Andreas, John, a native of Mugello 
 near Florence, who studied the canon law 
 at Bologna, and by his application obtained 
 there a professor's chair. He gained great 
 popularity by his learning, as well as by the 
 austerity of his life, as much of his time was 
 devoted to prayer and fasting, and he lay 
 upon the ground for 20 years, covered only 
 with a bear skin. Poggius, however de- 
 tracts from his merits, by mentioning a story 
 highly subversive of his great continence. 
 His daughter, called Novella, was carefully- 
 instructed in the learning of the times, anil 
 when her father was employed, she was in- 
 troduced in his room to read lectures to his 
 scholars ; but that her great beauty might 
 not dx'aw off the attention of her audience, 
 a curtain was placed before her. Novella 
 married John Calderinus, a learned canon- 
 ist. The works of Andreas were numerous 
 and all on law. He died of the plague at 
 Bologna in 1348, after enjoying his profes- 
 sorship 45 years. In his epitaph he was 
 styled " Uabbi doctorum, lux, censor, nor- 
 maque morum ;" and pope Boniface called 
 him *' lumen mundi." 
 
 Andreas, John Valentine, a Gerraai^ 
 protestant divine, author of some mystical 
 books in Latin. Some call him falsely the 
 founder of the sect of the Rosicrusians. He 
 died 1654. 
 
 Andreas, John, a Mahometan of Xativa 
 in Valencia, converted to Christianity on 
 hearing a sermon in tl)e great church of 
 Valencia. He was instantly baptized and 
 called John Andreas, from the calling of St. 
 John and St. Andrew. He was afterwards 
 admitted into holy orders, and exerted his 
 abilities and his zeal in the conversion of the 
 Moors, with wonderful success. He translated 
 from the Arabic into Spanish the laws of the 
 Moors, but his most valuable work was the 
 *' Confusion of the sect of Mahommed" in 12 
 chapters, in Avhich he throws into view all 
 the stories, fables, absurdities, and contra- 
 dictions which the impostor has used as wea- 
 pons to i^ropagate his religion among the 
 credulous Arabians. This work has been 
 translated into several languages, and is fre- 
 quently quoted by Christian writers. 
 
 Andrew, John Gerhard Reinhard, a 
 native of Hanover, son of an apothecai-y. 
 He was brought up to his father's profession 
 and followed the l)ent of his inclination in 
 travelling over different countries to ascer- 
 tain their natural history and their* pro- 
 
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 ductions, thus to enlarge his knowledge of 
 chemistry and botany. He died 1793, aged 
 69. He wrote various works on his favorite 
 studies, the best known of which are his 
 Tour in Switzerland, 4to. 1776— -a treatise 
 on the several kinds of earth found in Han- 
 over, 1769, &c. 
 
 Andreini, Isabella, a famous actress 
 born at Padua 1562. She distinguished her- 
 self not only on the stage but also as a poet- 
 ess, and the eulogiums passed upon her as 
 •well as her writings shew that she possessed, 
 uith great personal beauty, wit and genius 
 in a superior degree. She visited France, 
 where she was received by the court with 
 particular attention. She died of a miscar- 
 riage at Lyons, 10th of June 1604, in her 42d 
 year, and her husband Francis Andreini 
 praised her virtues in the following epitaph : 
 ** Isab. Andr. Patavina mulier magna virtute 
 prsedita, honestatis ornamentum, maritalis- 
 que pudicitise decus, ore facunda, mente 
 fiecunda, religiosa, pia, mnsis arnica, et artis 
 scenicse caput, hie resurrectionem expectat.'^ 
 Her compositions were, sonnets, songs, raad- 
 x-igals, eclogues, &c. printed at Milan 1605. 
 Her husband, who quitted the stage on her 
 death, wrote some dialogues which possessed 
 merit. 
 
 Andrelinus, Publ. Faustus, a native 
 of Forii in Italy, professor of philosophy at 
 l*aris, and poet laureat to Lewis Xl[. and to 
 his queen. He was dissolute in his manners, 
 but neither his life nor his_sapres against 
 the clergy, as Erasmus observes, brought 
 him into trouble. His epistles were learned, 
 ■witty, and useful, and his verses elegant, 
 especially those on Livia his mistress, which 
 procured him the prize of Latin poetry 
 from the Roman academy. He died 1518. 
 His works consist of four books of love-let- 
 ters, miscellaneous elegies, about 200 dis- 
 tichs, and the 12 eclogues published by Opo- 
 linus in his collection of 38 Bucolic poets. 
 
 Andrew, St. a fisherman of Bethsaida 
 in Galilee. After being for some time a dis- 
 ciple of John the Baptist, he was called with 
 his brother Peter to witness the holy life and 
 to learn the doctrines of our blessed Saviour. 
 It is supposed that he preached the gospel in 
 Scythia, and that there he was put to 
 death on a cross of the figure of the let- 
 ter X. 
 
 Andrew, a native of Damascus, bishop 
 of Aleria in Crete, and thence called of 
 Crete, and of Jerusalem, because he re- 
 tired thei'e and died 720, or 723. He wrote 
 commentaries on some books of scriptures, 
 besides sermons, published at Paris 1644, 
 folio. 
 
 Andrew, a native of Pisa, known as a 
 sculptor, architect, painter, and musician. 
 He was highly honored by the Florentines, 
 many of whose edifices were built on his 
 plans, as also the arsenal of Venice. He 
 died at Florence 1330, aged 60. 
 
 Andrew, bishop of Samosata, ably de- 
 fended Theodoret against Cyril, in the 5tli 
 ^•entury. Some of his letters ai'e still extant. 
 
 Andrew, John, secretary of the Vatican 
 
 and bishop of Alei-ia in Corsica, published 
 editions of Livy, Aulus Gcllius, Herodotus, 
 Strabo, &c. and died 1493. 
 
 Andrew, of Ratisbon, was autlior of a 
 chronicle of the dukes of Bavaria, and of an 
 history of Bohemia, in the 15th century. 
 
 Andrew, Tobias, autlior of Methodi 
 Cartesiante assertio. printed 1653, was a bold 
 defender of the Cartesian philosophy. He was 
 professor of Greek and of history at Gronin- 
 gen, and died 1676. 
 
 Andrew del Sarto, a painter born 
 at Florence 1483, son of a taylor. He was 
 a great favorite of Francis I. of France, who 
 wished to retain him, but in vain, as his wife 
 insisted upon his residence in Italy. He is 
 particularly commended for the coloring of 
 his pictures, and the correctness and ele- 
 gance of his figures, though there is a cold- 
 ness and uniformity in all. He possessed the 
 happy talent of copying pictures to such 
 perfection, that Julio Romano, who had 
 finished the draperies of Raphael's Leo Xth. 
 took a copy of that celebrated piece by Del 
 Sarto for the original. He died 1530. ". 
 
 Andrew, Valerius, a native of Brabant, 
 born 1588, professor of civil law at Louvain, 
 and author of Bibliotheca Belgica, or account 
 of Belgic worthies, valuable for the informa- 
 tion it contains, though occasionally inaccu- 
 rate, published 1643. He was still living in 
 1652. 
 
 Andrew, Ives Mary, a native of Cha- 
 teaulin in Cornouailles, professor of mathe- 
 matics at Caen for 33 years. He was a man 
 of great learning and genuine vivacity. His 
 poetry is admired, but his chief work is 
 his essay sur le beau, as also his traite sur 
 I'homme. He retired from his laborious 
 office 1759, and died 1764, February 20lh, in 
 his 89th year. His works were published to- 
 gether 1766, five vols. 12ino. 
 
 Andrew I. king of Hungary, eldest son 
 of Ladislaus the bald, left his native country 
 with Bela his brother in 1044, when Peter 
 was raised to the throne. He was afterwards 
 invited back by the people, wlio wished to 
 restore the Pagan religion, but when invest- 
 ed with the royal ])ower he violated his pro- 
 mise, and obliged his barbarous subjects to 
 embrace Christianity. He was attacked by 
 his brother and slain in battle, 1059. 
 
 Andrew II. king of Hungary, succeeded 
 his nephew Ladislaus 1204. He was in the 
 crusades, and behaved with such valor that 
 he obtained the surname of lerosolymitan. 
 He was successful in the wars m which he 
 was engaged, and he endeavored to melio- 
 rate the situation of the midiUe ranks of his 
 kingdom. He died 1235. 
 
 Andrew III. king of Hungary, grandson 
 of the preceding, succeeded on the death of 
 Ladislaus, 1299. His elevation was opposed 
 by Charles of Sicily, son of Ladislaus' sister, 
 and a civil war and all its terrors wei'e the 
 consequence. The troubles continued till 
 the death of both the rivals, who died the 
 same year 1305. 
 
 Andrew, son of king Charobert of Hun- 
 gary, king of Naph'S, Avas called by the Nca- 
 
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 politans Andreasso. He married Joan II. 
 queen of Naples his cousin, but such was 
 the dislike which was kindled between these 
 youthful sovereigns, that the queen was at 
 last persuaded by her favorites to consent to 
 the assassination of her husband in his 19th 
 year, 1345, 
 
 Andrews or Andrewe, Eusebius, a 
 barrister of good family in Middlesex, se- 
 cretary to lord Cape), and on the breaking 
 out of tlie civil wars, a colonel in Charles' 
 service. After the loss of Worcester, he 
 attempted the recovery of the island of Ely, 
 and being taken prisoner by the republican 
 army he was prosecuted before Bradshaw 
 and the high court of justice. He was con- 
 demned to be hanged and quartered, but on 
 his petition the sentence was changed to be- 
 heading, which he sutlered with great forti- 
 tude on Tower Hill, 22d August 1650. 
 
 Andrews, Lancelot, an English divine, 
 born in liOndon 1565. Ai'ter being educated 
 at Merchant Taylors', he entered on one of 
 Dr. Watts' scholarships at Pembroke-hall, 
 Cambridge, where he distinguished himself 
 as a public lecturer in divinity. His abilities 
 Avere made known to Walsingham, secretary 
 to Elizabeth, who procured for him, on the 
 death of Fulke, St. Giles Cripplegate in Lon- 
 don, and a prebend aitd residentiaryship of 
 St. Paul's. He was afterwards chosen mas- 
 ter of his college, and on the decease of 
 Elizabeth he gained the favor of James so 
 much by his pulpit eloquence, that the mon- 
 arch employed him to defend his knightly 
 right against the attack of cardinal Bellar- 
 mine, under the name of Matthew Tortus. 
 Andrews supported his cause with firmness 
 and spirit in his Tortura torti, and the king 
 rewarded his zeal with the rank of privy 
 •counsellor, and the place of almoner, the 
 deanery of the royal chapel, and the bishop- 
 ric of Chichester 1606. He was afterwards 
 advanced to Ely, and then to Wmchester ; 
 but though he enjoyed in the highest degi'ee 
 tJie favors of the monarch, he did not forget 
 the dignity of his character, or his indepen- 
 dence as an Englishman; and when James 
 wished to know the sentiments of his coui*- 
 tiers with respect to raising money without 
 parliamentary authority, he found Andrews 
 decidedly severe against the unconstitutional 
 measure. He died at Winchester-house in 
 South wark, September 27, 1626, and was 
 buried in St. Saviour's church, where a 
 neat monument is erected. Milton has writ- 
 ten an elegant elegy on him. Besides the 
 Tortura torti, he wrote a manual of devo- 
 tions in Greek, translated by Stanhope into 
 English, a volume of sermons printed after 
 his decease by Laud and Buckeridge, and 
 he had a share in translating the Pentateuch 
 and the books from Joshua to 1st Chronicles. 
 
 Andriscus, an impostor who pretended 
 to be the son of Perses the last king of Ma- 
 cedonia. After reigning some time over the 
 country, he was defeated by the Romans, 
 and put to death by order of the senate, 
 B. C. 147. 
 
 Andromachus, a Cretan, physician to 
 the emperor Nero. 
 
 Andronicus I. son of Isaac Commenus, 
 was imprisoned for his rebellious conduct 
 against the emperor Manuel, but after 12 
 years confinement, he escaped into Russia, 
 and on the elevation of yo«ng Alexis U. he 
 hail the art to cause himself to be received 
 as a protector, and as partner of the throne. 
 Thus armed with power he strangled the 
 unsuspecting youth, and seated himself sole 
 emperor on the throne of Constantinople 
 1183, in his 71st year. His cruelties however 
 rendered him odious, and he was two years 
 after seized in an insurrection, and put to 
 death in the most ignominious manner, and 
 Isaac Angelus placed in his room. 
 
 Andronicus Pal^ologus II. suc- 
 ceeded his father Michael VIII. 1282 His 
 feeble rule was unable to withstand the at- 
 tacks of barbarians from without, and the 
 dissentions of contending chiefs from within ; 
 and he was banished from the throne by his 
 grandson of the same name, and finished his 
 days in a monastery 1332, aged 74. 
 
 AxDRONicus Pai^^ologus ni. grand- 
 son of the preceding, was warlike, bold, and 
 enterprising. He died of a fever occasioned 
 by intemperance, universally regretted by 
 his subjects, June 1341, in his 45th year. 
 
 Andronicus IV. was associated to his 
 father John V. on the Constantinopolitan 
 throne, 1355. His perfidy irritated his father, 
 who put out one of his eyes, and raised his 
 brotherManuel in his place. He died in exile. 
 
 Andronicus, founder of a sect of the 
 same name, adopted the errors of the Seve- 
 rians, and supported that the upper part of 
 a woman was the work of God, but the lower 
 the work of the devil. 
 
 Andronicus, a learned man of Thes-sa- 
 lonica, who took refuge in Ital}^ after the 
 fall of Constantinople, and taught Greek at 
 Rome, Florence, and Paris. He died at 
 Paris 1478. 
 
 Andronicus, Livius, the oldest of the 
 Roman dramatists. His first piece was pre- 
 sented before the Roman people about 240 
 B.C. 
 
 Andronicus, Cyrestes, an Athenian, 
 said to be the inventor of weather-cocks, and 
 the architect of the famous octagon temple 
 built at Athens in honor of the winds, 
 
 Andronicus, a Rhodian philosopher, 
 who published the collected works of Aris- 
 totle. He florished in the age of Sylla, 
 about 63 B. C. 
 
 Androuet du Cerceau, James, an 
 architect at the end of the 16th century, who 
 furnished the designs for the grand gallery 
 of the Louvre, the Pontneuf, &c. He pub- 
 lished some works on his profession, and 
 died abroad, whither he had retired as a 
 zealous disciple of Calvin. 
 
 Andrv, Nicholas, a professor of philoso- 
 phy, and dean of the faculty of medicine at 
 Paris, was a native of Lyons, and author of 
 several treatises now little known, except 
 those on medicine, which preserve his fame, 
 especially a treatise on the generation of 
 worms in the human body — on phlebotomy 
 — on orthop.sedia, or the method of correcting 
 
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 deformities in children. He died 1742, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Aneau, Bartholomew, a native of Bour- 
 ges, principal of the college of Lyons. In 
 1565, during a procession, a stone was 
 thrown from the college upon the priest 
 ■who carried the consecrated bread, and im- 
 mediately the place was stormed, and 
 Aneau, whose Calvinistical opinions were 
 Unpopular, being found alone and suspected, 
 ■was dragged, and inhumanly murtlered by 
 the populace. He was author of some satires 
 and other pieces in French and in Latin. 
 
 Anello, Thomas, called commonly 
 Massaniello, a fisherman of Naples, born 
 1623. He felt for the wrongs of his country, 
 ■when the Austrian government, to Avhich 
 Naples was subject, laid a fresh tax upon 
 fruits which the already oppressed people 
 ■were unable to bear. A number of boys, to 
 the amount of 2000, between the age of 16 
 and 17, were armed with canes by the de- 
 magogue, the viceroy was attacked, and the 
 government was suspended. Anello posses- 
 sed firmness and popularity, and he was in- 
 vested with the supreme powei', and saw 
 himself suddenly at the head of 150,000 
 people, who with the most implicit obedi- 
 ence bowed to his v?ry nod. In his elevation 
 Jie did not forget the right of the nation, he 
 signed a solemn convention with the terrified 
 government, and after he had secured tbe 
 freedom of the subject, he nobly determined 
 to lay aside his power, and to retire to a 
 private station. The thought was heroic, 
 but the solicitations of his wife and kindred, 
 or the more powerful calls of ambition, for- 
 bad it; and he still continued his authority, 
 lost in debauchery and interaperance, till 
 the dagger of four assassins rid the world of 
 a man whom the intoxication of splendor 
 began to render cruel and vindictive, 1G47. 
 
 Aneurin, a British poet, celebrated as 
 the king of bards, and also as the heroic 
 leader of the Olidinian Britons at the battle 
 of Cattraeth. The valor displayed on this 
 bloody day was celebi'ated by the warlike 
 hard in a poem which is still preserved 
 nmong the records of Welch literature, as 
 also his odes of the months. He died about 
 570. Some suppose that this famed poet 
 vas the same as the venerable historian 
 Gildas. 
 
 Ange de St. Joseph, le Pei'e, a Car- 
 melite of Toulouse, whose real name was la 
 Brosse. He travelled into Persia as mis- 
 sionary, and translated the Persian pharma- 
 copjeia into Latin, printed 1631, Svo. Paris, 
 besides a treatise on the language of the 
 country, a useful and very valuable per- 
 formance, edited Amsterdam, 1684, folio. 
 He died at Perpignan, 1697. 
 
 Ange de Ste. Rosalie, a learned 
 Augustine born at Blois. He died at Paris 
 1726, aged 71, before he had completed the 
 new edition of the history of the royal family 
 of France, &c. by Anselm. This valuable 
 work was afterwards edited by Simplicien 
 his associate, in 9 vols, folio. Ange had 
 written before TEt-at de la France, 5 vols. 
 1 -Jmo. 
 
 Angeli, Bonaventure, a native of Fer- 
 rara, and professor of the law, author of the 
 history of Parma, printed 1591. He died 
 1576, at Parma, where he had settled. 
 
 Angeli, Baldus, an Italian physician of 
 reputation, author of a Latin treatise on 
 vipers 1589, 4to. He lived at the latter end 
 of the 16th century. 
 
 Angeli, Peter, a Latin poet of Barga 
 in Tuscany. After teaching the learned 
 languages at Reggio in Lombardy, he came 
 to Pisa, where Cosmo I. patronised him, and 
 seated liim on a professorial chair. When 
 the town was suddenly besieged by Strozzi 
 in 1554, Angeli animated the students by his 
 example, and withstood the enemy till suc- 
 cours came from Florence. He wrote two 
 poems, Cynegeticon or of the Chase, in six 
 books, printed in 8vo. 1568, which cost him^ 
 20 years labor, and Syrius or the expedition 
 of Godfrey de Bouillon, in 12 books, 1591, 
 4to. He died 1596, aged 79. 
 
 Angelic, John, a Dominican of Fiezo- 
 la, known as the painter of pope Nicholas 
 V's chapel, for which he refused the arch- 
 bishopric of Florence. He is said to have 
 left designedly some inaccuracies in his great 
 works, that he might not draw too much the 
 admiration of mankind. He died 1455, 
 aged ^?>. 
 
 Angelis, Dominicode, a native of Leccc 
 in Otranto, whose learning procured him ad- 
 mission into the most celebrated academies, 
 when he travelled through France and Spain. 
 When Philip V. of Spain was master of 
 Naples, he was appointed historiographer, 
 and afterwards was made secretary' to the 
 duke of Gravina. He deserved every dis- 
 tinction, as his services in literature show. 
 His compositions are l4'in number, mostly 
 upon historical, biographical, or critical sub- 
 jects, in Italian. He died at Lecce, 9th Au- 
 gust 1719, in his 44th year. 
 
 Angelo Buonaroti, Michael, a great 
 painter, sculptor, and architect. He was 
 born 1474, at the castle of Chiusi in Tuscan} , 
 and was nursed by a woman of Settinianno, 
 whose husband was eminent as a sculptor, 
 so that he was said to have sucked sculptor 
 with his very milk. His genius Avas early 
 displayed, and it raised such jealousy among 
 his youthful rivals, that one of them, Tor- 
 rigianno, struck him with such violence on 
 the nose, that he carried the mark to his 
 grave. The protection of Lorenzo de Me- 
 dicis raised him to consequence. An acade- 
 my Avas erected, but the painter fled Avith his 
 patron during the troubles of Florence, and 
 retired to Bologna. It is said that, about 
 this time, he made and buried an image of 
 Cupid at Rome, Avhich Avas soon after dug 
 up, and considered by cardinal Gregory as a 
 most valuable antique, till Michael Angelo 
 proved it to be his OAvn, by fitting to it the 
 broken arm Avhich it had lost, and which ho 
 had kept on purpose. The most celebrated 
 of his pieces is his last judgment, painted 
 for Paul III. though it is perhaps to be lamen- 
 ted, that the artist's revenge had been cruel- 
 ly immortalized, by his representation of a 
 
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 cardinal, who was his enemy, in the number 
 of the damned. His architectural abilities 
 are best displayed in the public buildings of 
 '^Florence, and particularly of Rome, where 
 Ihe completed the building of St. Peter's 
 church, in the execution of which he spent 
 17 laborious years without salary. He M'as 
 also an elegant poet, as his sonnets, canzonets, 
 3cc. published by his grand-nephew at Flor- 
 ence 1627, fully show. He died 1564,aged 90. 
 
 Angelo, Thomas de, an ecclesiastic, 
 author of an history of Sicily for the first five 
 centuries, and of other works. He died in 
 an advanced age at Messina, 17'20. 
 
 Angel ONI, Francis, born at Terni in 
 Spolatto, was author of an history of his na- 
 tive town, and of a valuable Augustan histo- 
 ry by medals, from J. Csesar to Constantine 
 the great, the best edition of which is Rome 
 1685, fol. He wrote also the history of Ter- 
 ni, and died 16.52. 
 
 Angelus, Christopher, a learned Greek, 
 <lriven from Peloponnesus by the Tui'ks. 
 He came to England, and studied at Cam- 
 bridge under the patronage of the bishop of 
 Norwich. He afterwards went to Baliol col- 
 lege, 0.\ford, where he proved very useful 
 in instructing the students in Greek. He died 
 1638. He was author of several works, the 
 most valuable of which is his account of his 
 sufferings, printed 1617, in Greekand English. 
 
 Angier, Samuel, a native of Dcdham, 
 in Essex, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge. Pie was ejected for nonconformity 
 from hisliving at Denton, Lancashire, in 1662, 
 and died 1677, aged 72. He was author of 
 a theological treatise called a help to better 
 hearts for better times. 
 
 Angilbert, St. descended from a no- 
 ble family of Neustria, studied under Alcui- 
 nus with Charlemagne, and not only became 
 his minister and favorite, but married his 
 daughter Bertha. He was made governor 
 of the coast from the Scheld to the Seine, 
 hut he resigned his honors and the company 
 of his wife for the monastery of Centula or 
 St. Requier of which he became the abbot. 
 He was often drawn from his religious re- 
 tirement to affairs of state ; he went three 
 times to Rome, and sav/ Charlemagne crown- 
 ed emperor of the West. Of his works few 
 remain. He was so elegant a poet that Char- 
 lemagne called him his Homer. He died the 
 18th of February 814. 
 
 Angiolello, born at Vicenza, wrote 
 in the Italian and Turkish tongue an history 
 of Mahomet I. which he inscribed to him. 
 He had been slave to Mustapha in an expe- 
 dition to Persia 1473, and therefore his his- 
 tory is that of an eye witness. He wrote also 
 the history of Usson Casson. 
 
 Anclicus, Gilbertus, physician to Hei*- 
 bert, archbishop of Canterbury, was author 
 of a compendium of physic, the earliest ex- 
 tant, of which Dr. Freind has spoken at 
 length. He lived according to some at the 
 latter end of the 13th century. 
 
 Anglic us, Ricardus, an English medical 
 writer, who studied at O.xfoi-d, and after- 
 wards at Paris. He was a very early author 
 
 •n medicine, and eminent in his proFeasiqn. 
 A list of his works is preserved in Aikin'a 
 Biog. Mem. of medicine. He lived about 1230. 
 
 Anglus, Thomas, an English priest, the 
 friend of Sir Kenelm Digby, known by the 
 several names of Albius Candidus, Biauchi, 
 Richworth, White, and Vitus, which he as- 
 sumed in the different countries of Europe, 
 where he spent the greatest part of his fife. 
 He distinguished himself by his learning and 
 genius, but his fondness for the Peripatetic 
 philosophy, and his attempts to api)ly the 
 principles of Aristole to explain the mysteries, 
 of religion, created him many enemies, who 
 procured the condemnation of his writings, 
 both at Douay and at Rome. He died after 
 the restoration of Charles II. but the year is 
 unknown. 
 
 Anguier, Francis and Michael, two bro- 
 thers, natives of Eu, in Normandy, whoa- 
 dorned Paris by their beautiful sculptures. 
 The former died 1699, aged 95, and the other 
 1686, aged 74. The tomb of James Souvre 
 at St. John de Lateran, the ornaments of St. 
 Denis, &c. are among the most admired pie- 
 ces of Michael ; and of those of Francis, the 
 large crucifix over the high altar of the church 
 of the Sorbonne, the mausoleum of the duke 
 of Montmorency, at Moulines, of De Thou. 
 
 Anguillari, John Andre del', an es- 
 teemed Italian poet, whowrqte a tragedy on 
 ffidipus, notes on the Orlando of Ariosto, 
 and a valuable translation of Ovid's Meta- 
 raoi'phoses, printed Venice 1554 in 4to. He 
 lived in the 16th century. 
 
 Angusciola, Sophonisba, a native of 
 Almona in Italy, eminent for her historical 
 and portrait paintings. She bestowed sucli- 
 attention to her profession that she became 
 blind. She died 1626, aged 93. Her sister 
 Lucia and Europa, also excelled in the exe- 
 cution of the pencil. 
 
 An I GET us, pope of Rome, after Pius, 157, 
 suffered martyrdom under M. Aurelius, 168. 
 
 Anich, Peter, son of a turner, was born at 
 Oberpersuf near Inspruck 1723, and after 
 being employed as a laborer and a shepherd, 
 his genius for mechanics burst forth, and was 
 improved and corrected by the friendly as- 
 sistance of father Hill a Jesuit. He was ad- 
 mired for his knowledge of astronomy, for 
 the elegance and accuracy of the maps and 
 charts which he drew ; and the pair of globes 
 which he made for the university of Inspruck 
 were justly considered as of superior beauty 
 and value. He died early in life 1766, seri- 
 ously lamented, and the empress queen hon- 
 ored his memory by bestowing a pension of 
 50 florins on his sister. 
 
 Anichini, Lewis, a Venetian engraver, 
 much celebrated for the deUcacy and preci- 
 sion with which he engraved even the min- 
 utest objects. It was at the sight of his pie- 
 ces tlmt Michael Angelo exclaimed, that the 
 art of engraving under his hand had reached 
 the summit of "perfection. His best pieces 
 was a medal of Alexander the great, pros- 
 trating himself before the high-priest at Je- 
 rusalem, the head of pope Paul III. and Hen- 
 ry HI. of France on the reverse. 
 
AN 
 
 ^ 
 
 AN 
 
 Anibllo, Thomas, x'/V/. Anello. 
 
 Ankerstaoom, John James, a Swedish 
 office r who, in the war carried on by Sweden 
 against Russia, suffered himself to be gained 
 over against the intei-ests of his country. 
 He was discovered and sentenced to death, 
 but the pardon of hisking. Instead of producing 
 gratitude and loyality, rendered his hatred 
 more inveterate. He conspired against Gus- 
 tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch en- 
 tered a room where a masked ball was assem- 
 bled, the assassin discharged at him a pistol 
 containing two balls and some nails. The 
 •wound was mortal and the king expired, 29th 
 3Iarch 1792. The 27th of April following 
 the bloody murderer was led to execution, but 
 instead of contrition he gloried in his deed. 
 His riglit hand and his head were cut off, 
 
 Anna Commena, daughter of Alexis 
 Commenus emperor of Constantinople, and 
 celebrated for the Greek history which she 
 has written, in which, with great elegance and, 
 spirit, though often with partiality, she 
 records the events which distinguished her 
 father's reign. 
 
 Anna Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan A- 
 lexiovitch, emperor of Russia,'married in 1710 
 Frederic William duke of Coui-land, and suc- 
 ceeded Peter II. on the throne 1730. At 
 the death of her husb^tnd, 1719, she took for 
 l»er favorite Biren, a person of low bii-th, but 
 great duplicity ; and when raised to the throne 
 her subjects were ruled by this capricious 
 and cruel minion, who it is said banished no 
 less than 20,000 persons to Siberia through 
 pique, malice and revenge. Anna died 1740, 
 aged 47. She was succeeded by her grand- 
 nephew Ivan, whose minoi-ity was intrusted 
 to the care of the guilty Biren, now raised 
 to tlie digiiity of duke of Courland. 
 
 Annan D, William, A. M. a native of 
 Edinburgh, who was chosen one of the min- 
 isters and became a popular preacher there. 
 He behaved with great kindness towards the 
 persecuted presbyterians, and opposed James 
 ■when he wished to dispense with the penal 
 laws. At the revolution he was made dean 
 of Raphoe in Ireland, where he died 1710, 
 aged 64. He wrote a volume of valuable ser- 
 mons, little known. 
 
 Annat, Francis, a native of Rouergue, 
 of the order of the Jesuits, teacher of phil- 
 osophy at Toulouse, and afterwards employed 
 at Rome and in France, iu the service of the 
 pope. He was made confessor to the French 
 king 1654, which office he held 16 years, and 
 then solicited his dismission from increasing 
 infirmities. He is known for his great zeal 
 in opposing the Jansenists, and for his un- 
 eiommon modesty and disinterestedness which 
 never employed the influence he possessed 
 at court to promote his family. His wri- 
 tings, which are controversial, are admired 
 for great judgment, learning, and modera- 
 tion. He died at Paris 1670, aged 80. 
 
 Anne, of Austria, daughter of Philip II. 
 of Spain married Lewis XIH. 1615, and was 
 mother of Lewis XIV. of France. The in- 
 trigues of Richelieu rendered her marriage 
 sjLate uuhappy,butdariiig the minority of her 
 
 son, she was permitted to govern the kingdom- 
 by means of Mazarine ; but though she offend- 
 ed the nation by means of this favorite, her 
 power was rendered popular by the victories 
 of the great Conde. When Lewis XIV. suc- 
 ceeded to the government In IGGO, she retired 
 to a convent, and died 1GG6, aged 64. 
 
 Anne, of Beaujeu, daughter of Lewis XII. 
 of France, mairied the duke of Bourbon, and 
 Mas regent during the minority of her brother 
 Charles VIII. Her government was marked 
 by prudence, firmness, and wisdom^ though 
 in her private character she was vindictive 
 and violent. She died at Chantelle 1592, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Anne, of Britany, was daughter and heir- 
 ess of the last duke of thatdutchy. She was 
 wife of Maximilian of Austria, and next 
 married Charles VIII. of France, and after 
 his death Lewis XIT. She -was celebrated 
 for her beauty, her modesty, and her patron- 
 age of the learned and the indigent. She 
 died 1514 in her S8th year. 
 
 Anne, of Cleves, n. daughter of John III. 
 duke of Cleves. Her picture by Holbeia 
 ■was shewn by lord Cromwell to the licentious 
 Henry Vlll. and he demanded her for hi* 
 queen. The painter had flattered the prin- 
 cess, and Henry, soon disgusted with the 
 Flander's mare, as he called this ill treated 
 womaft, obtained a divorce from bis obsequi- 
 ous parliament. Anne, without struggle, and 
 indeed with unconcern, left England, and 
 retired to Cleves, where she died 1557. 
 
 Anne, daughter of James II. succeeded 
 William III. as queen of England. Her reign 
 forms a brilliant epoch in the English history 
 from the victories of Marlhoi-ough ; but she 
 possessed not the firmness required to dis- 
 tinguish the merits and virtues of her sub- 
 jects; and while she suffered herself to be 
 ruled by a cabal, she lost the power of de- 
 stroying the dissensions which agitated her 
 courtiers. Under her administration, Scot- 
 land was united to England. The queen 
 possessed the peculiar felicity of having for 
 her ministers the ablest statesman that ever 
 lived, and among her subjects the most learn- 
 ed, sublime, and eloquent writers in the walks 
 of poetiy, science, and general literature; 
 and therefore ■with truth her reign has been 
 denominated the Augustan age of England. 
 In 16S3 she married prince George of Den- 
 mark, by whom she had several children who 
 all died young. She died August 1714 aged 50. 
 
 Anne, dutchess of the Viennois, after the 
 death of her brother John I. defended her 
 rights with great courage and equal success 
 against the claims of Robert duke of Bur- 
 gundy. She died 1296. 
 
 Anne, ofFerrara, daughter of Hercules II. 
 duke of Ferrara, married 1549 Francis duke 
 of Guise, and behaved Avith great spirit and 
 courage during the unfortunate quarrels of 
 the league. She was afterwards for some 
 time imprisoned at Biois. 
 
 Anne, of Russia, daughter of Jaraslaus, 
 married Henry I. king of France 1044, after 
 his death she married Raoul, who was allied 
 to her firsthusband ; in consequence of which 
 
AN 
 
 /^ 
 
 AN 
 
 :=lie was excommunicated, and at last repudi- 
 ated, and obliged to return to Russia. 
 
 AxxE, of Cyprus, married in 1431 Lewis 
 duke of Savoy, and showed herself able, 
 active, and discriminating at the head of pub- 
 lic affairs. She died 11th Nov. 1462. 
 
 Anne, of Hungary, daughter of Ladislaus 
 VI. married Ferdinand of Austria, and 
 placed him uponthe throne of Bohemia. She 
 died 27th Jan. 1547. 
 
 Anne de Gonzague, wife of Edward 
 count Palatine, died at Paris 6tb July 1684 
 aged 68, and was honored with an eulogium 
 by the celebrated Bossuet. 
 
 Annebaut, Claude d', of an ancient 
 family in Normandy, was taken prisoner 
 vith Francis I. at the battle of Pavia. He 
 ■was afterwards marshall and admiral of 
 France, and distinguished himself by his 
 bravery and wisdom. He died 2d Nov. 1552. 
 
 Anneix de Souvenel, Alexis Francis, 
 a learned advocate of the parliament of Bri- 
 tany, known by an elegant epistle in verse 
 to the shades of Boileau. He died at Ren- 
 Kes 1758 aged 69. 
 
 Annesley, Samuel, LL. D. a native of 
 Cumberland, educated at Queen's college, 
 Cxford, and afterwards chaplain of a man of 
 Avar, and then minister of Bhsse in Kent, 
 where his services as a pastor were of the 
 most benevolent nature. He afterwards, in 
 consequence of his violent sermons against 
 the monarchy, obtained St. GilesCripplegate, 
 London, from which he was ejected by the 
 act of uniformnity 1 662. He died 1696, Dec. 
 .11, aged 77, author of several sermons. It 
 is said John Wesley was his grandson by the 
 mother's side. 
 
 Annesley, Arthur, earl of Anglesey, 
 a native of Dublin 1614, educated at Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, which he left to study 
 the law at Lincoln's Inn. In the beginning of 
 the civil warshefavored the royal, cause and 
 satin the parliament held at Oxford in 1648; 
 but he afterwards espoused the republican 
 side, and was employed with success as a com- 
 missioner in quelling the disturbances of Ul- 
 ster, and in withdrawing the command of 
 Dublin from the hands of the duke of Or- 
 mond. The violence of his party, hOM ever, 
 displeased him, and, after the death of Crom- 
 well, he began to favor the re-establishment 
 of regal authority, and on Charles's return 
 he was made a peer for his signal services, 
 as his patent mentions, in effecting the resto- 
 ration. He was made treasurer of the navy 
 1667, and 1672 commissioner to examine the 
 affairs of Ireland, and the next year privy 
 seal; but his political quarrel with Lord Cas- 
 tlehaven and the duke of Ormond, with res- 
 pect to the insurrections in Ireland, rendered 
 him unpopular with the king, to whom, in 
 1682, he ventured to present a petition a- 
 gainst the succession of the duke of York, 
 and he resigned, and retired to his seat at 
 Bleachingdon, Oxfordshire. He was marked 
 out by James II. for the office of chancellor, 
 but his death prevented his elevation to this 
 dignity, April 6th, 1686, in his 73d year. He 
 was a man of abilities, and great sagacity 
 
 and leai'ning. He wrote, besides politica! 
 pamphlets, a valuable history of the troubles 
 of Ireland, from 1641 to 1660, said to have 
 been destroyed. He was the first of those 
 spirited nobles, who considered a choice li- 
 brary as an ornament to their splendid 
 equipage, and he made a valuable but expen- 
 sive collection. On the sale of his books, a 
 memorandum was found on a leaf, to men- 
 tion that the 'Emm Bo6c«wx»i was not the work of 
 the unfortunate Charles, but of Dr. Gauden, 
 which circumstance produced a war of con- 
 troversy. His interesting memoirs were 
 published 1603, 8vo. 
 
 Annius, de Viterbo, a Dominican, whose 
 real name was John Nanni, master of the 
 sacred palace of Alexander VI. He wrote 
 commentaries, &c. besides 17 books of anti- 
 quities, a foolish and injudicious collection of 
 the spurious works attributed to Xenophon, 
 Archilochus, Philo, Fabius Pictor, Berosus, 
 &c. a mean artifice, which for some time suc- 
 ceeded upon the unsuspecting judgment of 
 the learned. He died 1502 at Rome, aged 70. 
 
 Anscharius, a Frenchman, bishop of 
 Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for the 
 success of his preaching in the conversion 
 of the Danes to Christianity. He died 865, 
 aged 64. 
 
 Ansegisus, abbot of Lobbes in the dio- 
 cese of Cambray, made a collection of the 
 capitularies of the emperor Charlemagne, 
 and Lewis his son, in 2 vols, folio. He was 
 a man of great learning and application, and 
 died 833. 
 
 Ansegisus, a learned priest of Rheims, 
 often confounded with the preceding. He 
 was made archbishop of Sens, and died 883. 
 
 ANSELM,a native of Aost hi Savoy, who, 
 after travelhng ti rough France, where he 
 was prior of Bee, and abbot of Caen in Nor- 
 mandy, came over to England in 1092, and 
 was with dijficulty prevailed upon by king 
 Rufus to fill the vacant see of Canterbury. 
 Though gratitude might have influenced the 
 conduct of a subject, Anselm looked with 
 indifference upon the monarch, and refused 
 to receive the metropolitan pall from his 
 hands. A quarrel thus begun, was more 
 strongly fomented, while the one wished to 
 abridge, and the other wished to enlarge, 
 the powers of the church, and therefore, 
 Anselm had no sooner left the kingdom to 
 repair to Rome, than the king seized the re- 
 venues and privileges of the archbishop. 
 The pi'elate complained Lo Urban II. who, 
 while he wished to defend the rights of his 
 ofiice, did not fail to listen to the more pow- 
 erful arguments of his rival, accompanied 
 by presents and promises, and the dispute 
 remained undecided till the death of the 
 monarch, and the pope. On the accession 
 of Henry I. Anselm, who had resided at Ly- 
 ons, received an invitation to return, and his 
 arrival was marked with the most extraor- 
 dinary respect, both from the king and the 
 people ; but when re-investiture was demand- 
 ed, and the homage generally paid to a new 
 monarch, the haughtV prelate refused, and 
 found his conduct applauded at Rome. The 
 
AN 
 
 r/ 
 
 AN 
 
 ^ 
 
 king was firm in his determination, and An- 
 gelm was bound to obey the commands of the 
 pope, who regarded the claims of the king 
 as intrusive. The bishops, who had before 
 espoused the cause of the king, now changed 
 their sentiments, and Anselm, who had re- 
 tired into Normandy, at last had the gratifica- 
 tion to see the king come to solicit a recon- 
 ciliation, which was effected in the abbey of 
 Bee. Anselm returned to England before 
 the final settlement of this dispute, and died 
 21st of April 1109 in his r6th year. He was 
 author of several theological treatises. He 
 ■was the first prelate who insisted upon the 
 celibacy of his clerg)', in the synod of West- 
 minster 1102. In Ids time, it is remarkable, 
 that the archbishop of York attempted to 
 throw off" the dependency on the see of 
 Canterbury, in which, however, he failed. 
 Anselm was canonized under Henry Vll. at 
 the instance of his successor cardinal Morton. 
 His works were published at Cologne 1612, 
 and at Lyons 1630. 
 
 Amselm, an Augustine monk, author of 
 a chronological history of France, &,c. 1694, 
 continued afterwards and swelled, by Ange 
 and Simplicien, to nine vols, folio 1726. He 
 died at Paris 1694, aged 69. 
 
 Anselm, Anthony, son of a surgeon of 
 Armagnac, distinguished himself as a prea- 
 cher and poet. His panegyi'ics and funeral 
 orations were much admired. He died 1737, 
 aged S6. 
 
 Anser, a Latin poet, the friend of Anto- 
 ny, in the age of Horace and Virgil. 
 
 Anson, George lord, was son of William 
 Anson, esquire, of Hnckborough, the descen- 
 dant of an ancient family in Staffordshire. 
 His fondness for naval history and bold ad- 
 ventures was perceived and encouraged by 
 his father, and after receiving a becoming 
 education he distinguished himself in the na- 
 y so much that he was senMv^'th a squadron 
 of five ships to annoy the ^ppaniards in the 
 southern ocean, and he sailed from Ports- 
 mouth 18th Sept. 1740. He was 40 days in 
 crossing Cape Horn, March 1741, in the most 
 tempestuous season, but undismayed he pro- 
 ceeded and reached Juan Fernandez with on- 
 ly two ships and two smaller attendant vessels 
 and 2)2>S men. From thence he set sail to 
 attack Paita, and after he had destroyed his 
 ships as unserviceable, except the Centurion 
 of 64 guns, he crossed the Pacific ocean, and 
 after refreshing for some time in China, he 
 returned towards the east, and took the fa- 
 mous Acapulco galleon, offjlhe Philippine 
 islands. He touched at Canton, where he 
 supported the dignity of the British flag, and 
 returning by the Cape of Good Hope, he 
 passed during a fog through a French fleet, 
 and arrived at Spithead the 15th June 1744, , 
 after a voyage of three years and nine months. 
 His riches were conveyed to London in 32 
 waggons, with music playing, and amidst 
 the shouts of the rejoicing populace, and 
 the booty was divided among those bi'ave 
 men who had shared his glory and his toils. 
 Some years after, his good fortune next led 
 him among a French fleet of six men of war 
 VOL. 1. 11 
 
 and four East India ships which he took. 
 It was on this occasion that the French ad- 
 miral said to him, in presenting his sword 
 and pointing to two of his ships " monsieur, 
 vous avez vaincul'invincible, et la gloire vous 
 suit." His great services were rewarded by 
 George II. with a peerage, and he was 
 placed at the head of the admiralty, nomi- 
 nated vice admiral of England on the death 
 of sir John Norris, and became the naval 
 oracle of his country. He afterwards pro- 
 tected with a squadron the descent made in 
 1758 at Cherbourg and St. Maloes, but his ex- 
 ertions were too great for the languid state of 
 his health, and the last office he performed 
 was the conveying of Charlotte, the coiiBort 
 of George III. to England. He died June 
 6th, 1762, at his seat Moor park Herts, la- 
 mented by the whole nation. He had no issue 
 by his lady, who was daughter of Earl Hard- 
 wicke, and who died before him. Lord Anson 
 Avas a great and popular character, he posses- 
 sed such inoffensive artless manners, that it 
 was jocosely said of him by a person who ob- 
 served how he was imposed upon by charac- 
 ters of whose company he was too fond, that 
 he had been round the world but never in it. 
 His voyage round the M^orld was a well exe- 
 cuted performance, compiled by Benjamin 
 Robins ; and so popular that four large im- 
 pressions were sold in 12 months, and it was 
 translated into several languages. 
 
 Anstts, John, a native of St. Neots in 
 Cornwall, born 2Sth Sept. 1659, and educated 
 at Exeter college Oxford, and at the Middle 
 Temple. He was in 1702 member for St. 
 Germain's, and opposed the bill for occasion- 
 al conformity, for whicli he was ridiculed 
 among the Tackers. He was commissioner 
 of prizes under queen Anne, and was garter 
 king at arms from 1714 to his death, which 
 happened March 4th, 1744. He was buried 
 at Dulo in Cornwall. He Avas distinguished 
 by his great knowledge of heraldry, a science 
 which he enriched by many learned publi- 
 cations, as well as other genealogical trea- 
 tises, &:c. some of which were left in ma- 
 nuscript and purchased by All Souls college. 
 The best known of his publications were a 
 letter on the honor of the earl marshal, 8vo. 
 1706 — the form of the garter installation, 8vo. 
 1720 — the register of the noble order of the 
 garter, 2 vols, folio, 1724— observation intro- 
 ductory and an historical essay on the knight- 
 hood of the bath, 4to. 1725. His eldest sou 
 John was also acquainted with heraldry. He 
 was of Corpus Christi, Oxford, where he took 
 his degree of L. L. D. He was associated with 
 his father as garter king 1725, end made ge- 
 nealogist and register of the bath. He died a 
 bachelor Dec. 5th, 1754. 
 
 Antagoras, aRodianpoet, in the service 
 of Antigonus of Macedon. 
 
 xVn TEL MI, Joseph, a canon of Frejus in 
 Pi'ovence, author of some theological tracts, 
 among which is a dissertation on the church 
 of Frejus, and an inquiry concerning the 
 author of St. Athanasius's creed. He died 
 1697 aged 49. 
 
 Antesignan, Peter, a native QfRaba.s- 
 
AN 
 
 n 
 
 AN 
 
 teinsin the 16th centurj'-, author of a Greek 
 and an universal grammar, and editor of 
 Terence. 
 
 Anthemius, Procopius, of the family of 
 the tyrant Procopius, married Flavia Euphe- 
 inia, daughter of Marcian. His alliance as 
 ■well as his valor procured him the title of 
 Augustus 467. He gave his daughter in mar- 
 liage to Ricimer, a general, who soon after 
 attacked Rome and imbrued his hands in the 
 blood of his father-in-law 472. 
 
 Anthemius, an architect of Lydia, in the 
 Gth century, who was also an able mathema- 
 tician, and good experimental philosopher, 
 ' and invented several machines to imitate 
 thunder, earthquakes, &c. He M-as employ- 
 ed by Justinian in the erection of St. Sophia's 
 cljurch, Constantinople, and other edifices. 
 
 Anthony, Saint, the founder of monastic 
 life, was born at Coma in Eg^pt, 251 . He sold 
 his possessions, which he distributed to the 
 poor, and retired into the desert, where, for 
 i.'0 years, say the catholics, his virtue was 
 exposed to the greatest temptations from the 
 wiles of Satan, till he prevailed, and saAv him- 
 self at last surrounded by a crowd of follow- 
 ers, zealous to merit his blessings and to imi- 
 tate his piety. He twice visited Alexandria 
 to give assistance to the suffering Christians 
 under the persecution of Arius. He died 356, 
 in the 105th year of his age. St. Athanasius, 
 to whom he gave his tunic, has Avritten his 
 life. Two orders of chivalry have been insti- 
 tuted under his name. 
 
 Anthony, Francis, was boi'n in London 
 April iGth 1550, and studied at Cambridge, 
 were he laid the foundation of that chemical 
 knov.'ledge which enabled him to impose upon 
 the credulous and the unwary, by seUing his 
 panacea of potable gold, on which a treatise 
 was printed at Hamburgh 1598. His success 
 as an empiric was great, but he was violently 
 opposed by Drs. Gwinne and Cotta, and it 
 was confidently asserted that his nostrum was 
 poisonous, and many on their death bed attri- 
 buted their death to it. The inoftensiveness 
 of his manners, his learning and his private 
 virtuesj'however, stemmed the torrent of un- 
 popularity, and though he was fined and im- 
 prisoned for practising without a license, his 
 reputation and his fortune increased. He 
 died in Bartholomew Close, May 26th, 1623, 
 aged 74, and was buried in the church there, 
 leavibg two sons both physicians, one of 
 •whom, John, succeededhis father as the pro- 
 prietor of his medicine, and the other prac- 
 tised at Bedford with deserved applause. 
 
 Anthony, John, son of the above and ven- 
 der of his AurumPotabile, was author of "Lu- 
 cas redivivus," or gospel physician, &c. prin- 
 ted 4to. 1656. He died April 2Sth 1655, aged 
 70. A monument is placed over him and his fa- 
 ther in St. Bartholomew the great in London. 
 
 Anthony, king of Navarre, was son of 
 Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and 
 married Joan d' Albret 1548, who brought 
 him the principality of Bearne and the king- 
 dom of Navarre. He was a weak and irre- 
 solute pi-ince. He abandoned the protestant 
 tenets for the catholic faith, and then formed, 
 
 with the duke of Guise and the constable 
 Montmorency, the famous league called the 
 triumvirate. During the civil wars, in 1562, 
 he took the command of the army, and Blois, 
 Tours and Kouen surrendered to his arms. 
 He was wounded on the shoulder at the siege 
 of this last place, and died 35 days after at 
 Andeh, 17th Nov. 1562. His son was after- 
 wards the celebrated Henry IV. of France. 
 
 Anthony, titular king of Portugal, was 
 son of Lewis the second son of king Emanuel. 
 His pretensions to the throne were opposed 
 by Philip II of Spain, who sent the duke of 
 Alva against him 1580, and obliged him to fly 
 from his dominions. Anthony was a wretch- 
 ed fugitive in Holland, France and England, 
 and died at Paris, 2d May 1595, aged 64. 
 
 Anthony, illegitimate sonof Philip duke 
 of Burgundy, deserved by his valor the name 
 of the Great. He was engaged in Africa 
 against the Moors, and in Switzerland, and 
 was taken prisoner at the battle of Nanci. 
 Lewis XI. of France and Charles VIII. hon- 
 orably rewarded his services. He died 1504 
 aged 83. 
 
 Anthony, a native of Andalusia. Vid. 
 Antonius called Nebrissensis. 
 
 Anthony, Paul Gabriel, a learned Jesuit, 
 born at Luneville. He was professor of phi- 
 losophy and theology, and died at Pont-a- 
 Mousson 1743. He wrote theologiauniversa 
 dogmatica, 7 vols. 12mo. and theologia moi*a- 
 lis, four vols. 12mo. 
 
 Anthony, a Sicilian, who when taken 
 prisoner by Mahomet II. at the Negropont 
 1473, set fire to the arsenal of Gallipoli, for 
 which he was ordered to be sawed in two by 
 the vindictive Turk. 
 
 Anthony, N. an architect who settled at 
 Paris, from Switzerland, duryig the revolu- 
 tion, and adorned the capital with several 
 beautiful edfices. He died of an apoplexy 1801. 
 
 Anthony, of Padua, a Franciscan monk, 
 born at Lisbon. He taught in the Italian 
 universities and died at Padua 1231 aged 36. 
 His works appeared at the Hague 1641. 
 
 Anthony, of Pratovecchio, a law} er of 
 Tuscany, professor at Bologna. He publish- 
 ed his course of feudal law 1428, besides 
 other admired works on the same subjects. 
 He died about 1464. 
 
 Anthony, St. a native of Lisbon 1195, 
 professor of divinity at Toulouse, Moutpel- 
 lier, and Padua, where he died 1231, aged 36. 
 His memory is still so much venerated in 
 Portugal, that he is looked upon as the gen- 
 eral of the armies of the kingdom. Some of 
 his woi-ks, especially his sermons, are extant. 
 
 Anthony, a native of Palermo, sent by 
 Alphonso V. king of Naples to purchase the 
 bone of the arm of the historian Livy, which 
 the people of Venice pretended they posses- 
 sed. He was known as a poet and writer. 
 He died 6th Jan. 1471 at Naples, aged 78. 
 
 Anthony, of Messina, called also Anto- 
 nello, was the first Italian who painted in oil, 
 about 1430. He had received the secret 
 from Van-'eyck, and he was basely murde- 
 i-ed by Andrew del Castagno, who wished 
 to possess alone the valuable information. 
 
AN 
 
 Z3^ 
 
 AN 
 
 Antigenides, a Thebau musician who 
 instructed Alcibiades and others in playing 
 on the flute. 
 
 Antigonus I. a Macedonian general, 
 who after Alexander's death obtained for his 
 share Pamphylia, Lydia, Phrygia major, kc. 
 He was slain at the battle of Ipsus 301 B. C. 
 
 Antigonus, Gonatas, grandson of the 
 above, was remarkable for his aifection to 
 his fiuher Demetrius Poliorcetes. He fought 
 against the Gauls and Pyrrhus, and died B. C. 
 2i3. 
 
 AjfTiGONUS, Doson, king of Macedonia 
 after Demetrius Tl. took Sparta and defeated 
 the Illyrians. He died B. C. 221. 
 
 Antigonus, Carystius, a Greek philoso- 
 pher about 300 B. C. author of a collection 
 of wonderful stoi-ies, 
 
 Antigonus, Sochseus, founder of the 
 sect of the Sadducees about 300 B. C. in op- 
 position to the Pharisees. 
 
 Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II. king 
 of Judiea, was led in the procession when 
 Pompey triumphed over Jerusalem. He at- 
 ^ tempted in vain to recover the kingdom by 
 soliciting the favors of Cxsar, and then had 
 recourse to Pacorus king of Parthia, who 
 placed him ou the throne of Jerusalem. He 
 was afterwards driven from his power by the 
 generals of M. Antony, and iguominiously 
 put to death 2>7 B. C. - 
 
 Antimacho, Mark Anthony, a native 
 of Mantua, author of some Latin poems, and 
 of some Italian translations from the Greek, 
 He died 1552 at Ferrarn, where he was 
 much respected as a Greek professor. 
 
 Antimachus, a Greek poet, author of 
 the Thebaid, or theWar of Thebes, B. C. 408. 
 
 Antine, Maur Fi'ancois d', a Benedic- 
 tine who was born at Gouvieux in Liege, and 
 died 1746, aged 58. He was highly admired 
 for his piety, and the mildness of his man- 
 ners. He published the first 5 vols, of Du 
 Cange besides other valuable historical works, 
 especially the art of verifying dates, 1750 in 
 4to. re-printed folio 1770. 
 
 Antiochus I. succeeded his father Se- 
 leucus on the throne of Antioeh, ami died 
 B.C. 261. 
 
 Antiochus II. surnamed Theos, last a 
 great part of his dominions by the revolt of 
 the Parthians and other nations, and was poi- 
 soned by his wife Laodice, B. C. 246. 
 Antiochus III. or Great, son of Seleucus, 
 succeeded his brother Seleucus Ceraunus. 
 He recovered some of the provinces which 
 had been taken from him fcy the king of 
 Egypt, but his war with the Romans proved 
 disastrous, and he was concjuered by the 
 Scipios, and died soon after, about B. C. 187. 
 
 Antiochus IV. son of the Great, succeed- 
 ed B. C. 176, after his brother Philopater. 
 He was successful against Egypt, and after- 
 wards invaded Judaea, where he behaved 
 with unparalleled cruelty to the inhabitants. 
 He died B. C. 1G5. 
 
 Antiochus V. was slain by Demetrius in 
 the 2d year of his reign aged 1 1. 
 
 Antiochus, Sidetes, obtained the crown 
 of Syria by putting to death Tryphon. He 
 
 was slain in a battle against the Parthians 
 B.C. 130. 
 
 Antiochus, Grypxis, sonof Sldetcs, cau- 
 sed his mother Cleopatra to drink a cup of 
 poison which she had prepared for him. He 
 fell by the hand of one of his subjects B. C. 97. 
 
 Antiochus, a Stoic philosopher ofAs- 
 calon B. C. 100. 
 
 Antiochus, author of homilies on the 
 scriptures printed in the Bibl. Patrum, was 
 a monk of Seba in Palestine in the 7th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Anti PATER, one of Alexander's gene- 
 rals, who obtained for his share, at the divi- 
 sion of the empire, the European provinces. 
 He died B.C. 318, aged 80. 
 
 An tipater, Ltelius Ciel. a Latin histo- 
 rian, who wrote an account of the Punie 
 wars, now lost. 
 
 A.N tipater, a Stoic philosopher of Si- 
 don. 
 
 Antipater, a Jew, minister to Hyrca- 
 nus, the brother of Aristobulus the high- 
 priest. By the friendship of the Romans he 
 obtained the sovereign power over his coun- 
 try, but his conduct rendered him unpopular, 
 and he died by poison B. C. 
 
 Antipater, a bishop of Bostra in Ara- 
 bia, who wrote against Eusebius' defence of 
 Origen in the 5th century. 
 
 Antiphilus, a painter of such emi- 
 nence that he was the rival of the great 
 Apelles. 
 
 Ant I ph ON, the Rhamnusian, an orator 
 of Athens, put to death B. C. 411, for his as- 
 sisting in the establishment of the 400 tyrants 
 
 Antisthenes, a philosopher of Athens, 
 founder of the sect of the Cynics. 
 
 Antoinette, queen of France, vid. 
 Marie. 
 
 Antoni de Sceaux, a famous rope 
 dancer on the French stage, who died 1732. 
 
 Anton I A, daughter of Mark Antony 
 and Octavia, married Drusus, by whom she 
 had three children, and proved a virtuous 
 Avife in the midst of a dissipated city. She 
 died in the reign of her grandson Caligula. 
 
 Antoni ANO, Silvio, a man of extensive 
 learning, born of obscure parents at Rome 
 1540. When he was but ten yeai's old, he 
 could compose verses with uncommon fa- 
 cility, and as a proof of this, he was produ- 
 ced at the table of the cardinal of Pisa, 
 where Alexander Farnese gave him a nose- 
 ga}', and desired him to give it with an ap- 
 propriate address to the man whom lie con- 
 sidered as likely to be pope, which he im- 
 mediately did to the cardinal of Medicis, 
 afterwards Pius IV. with a delicate poetical 
 eulogium. These uncommon talents Avere 
 improved by the patronage of the duke of 
 Ferrara ; and when Pius IV. was seated in St. 
 Peter's chair, he remembered the youthful 
 poet, and gave him an honorable situation in 
 his palace. Antoniano was professor of belles 
 lettres at Rome, and saw not less than 25 car- 
 dinals among his auditors; and afterwisrds as 
 rector, and under Pius V. secretary to the 
 sacred college for 25 years, he preserved t'^c 
 same dignity of character and the S4»i^ 
 
AN 
 
 /^ 
 
 AN 
 
 popularity. He Avas as last made cardinal 
 by Clement VIII. but he refused the hon- 
 ors of a bishopric, satisfied with literary 
 ease and retirement. He died through ex- 
 cessive application 1003, in his 6.3d year, 
 leaving several admired pieces both in prose 
 and verse. 
 
 Antonides, VA^'^DER Goes, John, a 
 poet born at Goes in Zealand, April 3d, 1547. 
 The early part of his life was past at Am- 
 sterdam, and he was bred up as an apothe- 
 cary ; but the fondness w hich he had for the 
 classics proved more powex'ful than the pes- 
 tle and mortar, and though he pursued his 
 medical studies, and took a degree at Ley- 
 den, under the patronage of Buofero, he ap- 
 plied himself to cultivate poetry. His first 
 attempt was a tragedy called Trazil or the 
 invasion of China. His modesty would not 
 permit him to make it public ; but Vondel, 
 who was engaged on a similar play, read it 
 •with raptures, and as it was to be devoted to 
 the flames, obtained the pei'mission to adopt 
 as his own some of the most striking and 
 beautiful passages. On the conclusion of 
 the war with England, in 1697, the poet 
 •wrote his Bellona chained, and afterwards 
 his beautiful poem called the river Y, in 
 lour books. In this he has displayed his ge- 
 nius as a poet. The river on which Amster- 
 dam is built, is a fertile subject for superior 
 talents, and as such it has been treated. 
 The 1 st books give a description of every 
 thing worthy of admiration on the banks of 
 the Y, on which the city stands. In the 2d, 
 he contemplates the navies which repose on 
 its bosom, and spread commerce and know- 
 ledge through the woi'ld. In the .3rd, in a 
 masterly episode, he transports himself to 
 the bottom of the river, and sees the divini- 
 ties of the ocean going to celebrate the an- 
 niversary of Thetis's marriage with Peleus ; 
 and in the last, he paints the wonders of the 
 other side of the river ; and concludes with 
 a delicate compliment to the magistrates of 
 the city. After Vondel, Antonides hole's 
 the palm of poetical excellence, and for his 
 sweetness of expression and elegance of style 
 he is deservedly admired, though correct- 
 ness and majesty are often sought for in 
 vain. He married, 1678, Susanna Bermans, 
 "who was also fond of poetry, and died of a 
 consumption 18th Sept. 1684. His woi-ks 
 ■were edited at Amsterdam 1714 in 4(.o. 
 
 Antoninus Pius, a celebrated Roman 
 emperor, who succeeded Adrian 138, and 
 died universally lamented 101. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelins, surna- 
 xned the Philosopher, succeeded the prece- 
 ding, and rnaiTied his daughter Faustina, 
 His conduct on the throne was so universal- 
 ly popular that the gratitude of Rome pla- 
 ced him at his death among the number of 
 the gods, 180. He was succeeded by his 
 •worthless son Coramodus. 
 
 Antoninus, a geographer, whose age is 
 unknown. IIi.s Itinerarium was edited by 
 Gale, London, 4to. 1709. 
 
 Antonio, Nicolas, a native of Seville, 
 who, after studying at Salamanca, retired to 
 his native (own, where he composed his use 
 
 ful Bibliothec?. Hispanica, in four rols. folio 
 1672, containing an account of all the Spa- 
 nish writers. As he was an ecclesiastic, 
 he washai)pily patronised both in Spain and 
 at Rome, and the whole of his income was 
 spent either in acts of charity, or in the pur- 
 chase of books, which at last swelled his 
 collection to 30^000 volumes. Besides his 
 Bibliotheque he projected other works, and 
 wrote a treatise on exile, &c. He died 1684 
 aged 67, leaving nothing behind him besides 
 his valuable collection of books. 
 
 Antonius, Marcus, a Roman orator of 
 great celebrity, and much commended by 
 Cicero. He was killed in the civil wars of 
 Marius and Cinna, B. C. 67. 
 
 Antonius, Marcus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, grandson of the orator. He distin- 
 guished himself in war, and, as the friend of 
 Julius Csesar, he obtained consequence at 
 Rome and in the armies. On the death of 
 Cajsar he conducted himself with great art, 
 and by his dissimulation obtained a share of 
 the Roman empire, in the triumvirate which 
 he formed with Augustus and Lepidus. He 
 had married Octavia the sister of Augustus, 
 but his partiality for Cleopatra, the lieautiful 
 queen of Egypt, occasioned a civil war, and 
 Antony, crushed at the battle of Actium, 
 fled to Egypt, there to perish by his own 
 hands B. C. 30. 
 
 Antonius, Marcus Junius, son of the 
 triumvir, debauched Julia the daughter of 
 Augustus, and destroyed himself when his 
 disgrace was made public. 
 
 Antonius, Liberalis, a Greek author, 
 of whom nothing is known. He wrote in 
 Greek, metamorphoses, inserted in the My- 
 thologi Grseci, and printed, London 1676, 
 and Amsterdam 1688. 
 
 Antonius, Honoratus, bishop ofCon- 
 stantine in Africa, author of a letter to Ar- 
 cadius 435. 
 
 Antonius, called Ncbrisscnsis, or Laxi- 
 bra, his native ■rillage in Andalusia. He stu- 
 died at Bologna, and was afterwards for five 
 j^ears professor at Salamanca, which he left 
 to teach in cardinal Ximcnes' university of 
 Alcala. He Avas coucerne<l in tJje cardinal's 
 polvf^lot and in some coi.'imentarie.s, kc. and 
 historical works. He ciied July 11th, 1522. 
 
 Antony, rid. Anthony. 
 
 Anvari, called king of Khorassan, from 
 the superiority of his poetical talents, was the 
 favorite of the suUan Sangiar, and the rival 
 of the poet Raschidi, who had espoused the 
 cause of Alsitz. "Whilst the tAvo princes 
 wei-e engaged in w ar, the two poets assailed 
 one another by rhymes sent on the point of 
 arrows; but this amusement was of short du- 
 ration. Anvari was accused for his predic- 
 tions as an astrologer and fled to Balke, 
 where he died 1200. He possessed genius, 
 and to his correct judgment the Persiarjs 
 owed the repression of licentiousness among 
 their poets. 
 
 Anville, John Eaptistc Bourguignon d', 
 a celebrated geographer, whose early genius 
 tended to that superiority which he has so 
 justly acquired. While at school he drew 
 chai'ts and globes for his amtisement: hetra- 
 
AP 
 
 Zi 
 
 AP 
 
 eed with indefatigable zeal the mafch of gen- 
 erals, and in his ripei' age he applied himself 
 daily foe 15 hours during 50 years to give cor- 
 rectness, accuracy, and perfection to his la- 
 hors. His maps are highly and deservedly 
 esteemed, as modern discoveries are careful- 
 ly marked out. lie is author of several very 
 valuable works on geography and history, 
 besides learned papers in the academy of 
 inscriptions. The best known of his works 
 are — a dissertation on the extent of ancient 
 Jerusalem — some particulars of ancient Gaul 
 from the remains of the Romans — an abridg- 
 ment of ancient geography, 3 vols. — on an- 
 cient and modern Egypt, with a description 
 of the Arabian gulf — the governments es- 
 tablished in Europe after the fall of the Ro- 
 man empire in the west — a treatise on itine- 
 rary measures ancient and modern — geogra- 
 phical analysis of Italy, &c. — He died at Paris 
 :^8th Jan. 1782, aged SO. 
 Anyta, a Greek poetess. 
 Anytus, a rhetoi'ician of Athens, who 
 caused the condemnation and death of So- 
 crates. He was afterwards stoned to death 
 at Heraclea. 
 
 Apell.es, the prince ofpainters, was born 
 at Cos. He was patronised by Alexander 
 the Great, and the genius of the painter was 
 equal to the greatness of the hero. 
 
 Apelles, a heretic of Syria in the £d 
 century, who, upon beingdisgraced for incon- 
 tinence, became the tool of Philumena, a 
 •woman who pretended to be inspired. He 
 •wrote the revelations which she dictated as 
 oracles and by which she presumed to deny 
 the resurrection of the body, to reject the law 
 of Moses, and to disbelieve the authority of 
 the prophets. He lived to a great age, and 
 exercised much authority over his followers, 
 -who were called Apellites, or Apelleians. 
 
 Apellicon, a peripatetic philosopher, 
 who, by purchasing the works of Aristotle, 
 was the means of their preservation, about 
 DO B. C. 
 
 Aper, Marcus, a Roman orator, said to 
 be author of the dialogues of orators, printed 
 generally with Tacitus and Quintilian. He 
 died A.'D. 85. 
 
 A P H T H o N I u s, a rhetorician of Antioch 
 in the third century, author of some treati- 
 ses, a system of rhetoric Upsal 1670, 8vo. — 
 fables printed with those of Esop, Frankfort 
 1610, 8vo. 
 
 Apicius, the name of three Romans, in- 
 famous for their gluttony, the first of whom 
 lived in Sylla's age, the second under Augus- 
 tus, and the last under Trajan, of these the 
 2d is best known. 
 
 API EN, Peter, a mathematican of Ingol- 
 stadt, born at Misnia. He was author of a 
 cosmography, published 1539, and other 
 works, for which he was ennobled by Charles 
 V. He died 1552, 
 
 Apien, Philip, son of the preceding, was 
 born atlngolstadt, and died atTubingen 1589, 
 aged 58. He wrote a treatise on sun-dials, 
 and other works, and applied himself to the 
 study of medicine, which he practised with 
 snceess. He was a great favorite of CharU's 
 V. 
 
 Apion, an ancient grammarian of Oasis 
 in Egypt, who proved a great enemy to Jo- 
 sephus, and also to the Jewish nation. 
 
 Apocauchus, a Greek of mean origin, 
 who became the favorite and the master of 
 the emperor Andronicus. He built prisons 
 to confine his enemies, and he was at last cut 
 off by some of those whom his cruelty had 
 incensed, 1345. His son, who was governor 
 of Thessalonica, perished in a sedition. 
 There was a man of the same name of some 
 consequence in letters in the 13th century, 
 to whom Actuarius dedicated his works on 
 medicine. 
 
 Apollinaris, C. Sulpit, a native of Car- 
 thage, professor of grammar at Rome in the 
 second century. 
 
 Apollinarius, a presbyter of Alexan- 
 dria in the 4th centuiy. His son, bishop of 
 Laodicea, wrote a book against paganism, 
 which he sent to Julian. Julian sent it back 
 with " I have read, understood, and condem- 
 ned; " to which the bishop answered " You 
 have read but not understood, or you would 
 not have condemned." His assei*tion that 
 Christ did not assume human flesh, but pas- 
 sed through the body of the virgin as through 
 a canal or pipe, was condemned by two coun- 
 cils. He wrote some learned works in poet- 
 ry as well as prose, and died about 380. 
 
 Apollodorus, a grammarian of Athens 
 B. C. 104. 
 
 Apollodorus, an architect of Damas- 
 cus under Trajan. He built tl»e bridge over 
 the Danube, and was put to death by Adrian. 
 APOLLOnoRUS, a painter of Athens, the 
 rival of Zeuxis, B. C. 408. 
 
 Apollonia, St. a martyr of Alexandria, 
 who in her old age was threatened with death 
 if she did not renounce the Christian religion. 
 She threw herself upon the funei*al pile, 
 which was prepared to destroy her 248. 
 
 Apollonius, a Greek poet of Rhodes, 
 author of the poem on the argonautic expe- 
 dition under the Ptolemies. 
 
 Apollonius, a geometrician of Perga 
 in Pamphylia, B. C. 240. 
 
 Apollonius, a grammarian of Alexan- 
 dria, in the 2d century, author of a work oa 
 Syntax. 
 
 Apollonius, a Roman senator who suf- 
 fered martyrdom for the Christian religion 
 in the 2d century. 
 
 Apollonius, a Stoic philosopher of 
 Chalcis, who was preceptor to the emper«r 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Apollonius, a grammarian, author of 
 a lexicon on Homer in the age of Augustus. 
 Apollonius, a Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher of Tyana, in the first century, whose 
 life was written by Philostratus. 
 
 Apollonius Collatius, Peter, a 
 priest of Navarre in tlie 15th century, who 
 wrote an indifferent poem in four books on 
 Vespasian's siege of Jerusalem, besides Da- 
 A'id's battle with Goliath, &c. 
 
 Apollos, a Jew of Alexandria, who be- 
 came a convert to Christianity, and employ, 
 ed his eloquence with snch effect, especially 
 at Corinth, that his powers of preaching 
 
AQ 
 
 > 
 
 AQ 
 
 were more regarded and admired than those 
 of Paul. Though a schism was almost fox'm- 
 cd by the adherents of these two holy men, 
 they wei*e themselves united by the fii-mest 
 bonds of charity and friendship. 
 
 A PC NO, Peter d', wns born near Padua, 
 find studied at Paris, where he took his de- 
 grees in medicine and philosophy. As his 
 abihties were great, his advice was eagei'ly 
 solicited ; but he was high iu his demands for 
 attendance, and he refused to go to pope 
 Honoi'ious IV. without receiving 400 ducats 
 ibr each day's visit. His learning and suc- 
 cess in his profession procured him enemies, 
 he was suspected of magic, and was said to 
 possess the power of calling back to his pock- 
 et the money which he had spent, and to 
 have enclosed in a crystal bottle the spirits of 
 seven familiar demons, who were devoted 
 to his wishes. These were serious crimes in 
 a barbarous agej and before a sanguinary in- 
 quisition ; but he died before the prosecu- 
 tion was completed, in his 80th year, 1.S16. 
 His body was, however, ordered to be burnt, 
 in Padua, butas it was removedby his friends, 
 only his effigy was thrown into the fire ilis 
 remains were at last suffered to repose in 
 the church of St. Austin without a memento. 
 He published some works on medicine and 
 necromancy, &c. particularly Heptameron, 
 printed with the first volume of Agrippa'.s 
 works — Elucidarium necromanticum, — li- 
 ber experimentorura mirabilium dc annulis 
 secundum 28 mansiones lunK — de medicina 
 omnimoda, See. His statue was afterwards 
 honorably placed by the duke of IJ rhino be- 
 tween tliose-of Liv)', Albert, and Julius 
 Paul us. 
 
 Apostolius, Michael, a learned Greek, 
 author of a collection of apophthegms of 
 wise men, and of proverbs, in the 15th cen- 
 turv. Only extracts from these have been 
 published ; the first 1619, and the last 1538. 
 
 Appian, a native of Alexandria, author 
 of a history of Rome, in Greek. 
 
 A p PI AN, Peter, a mathematician, vid. 
 Apien. 
 
 Apries, a king of Egypt, after Psammis 
 594 B. C> He is supposed by some to be 
 the Pharaoh Hophra of the scriptures. 
 
 Aprosio, Angelico, an Augustine, born 
 at Ventimigila in the Genoese, 1G07, a place 
 which he greatly adorned by a beautiful and 
 valuable collection of books, of which he 
 published an account. He had disguised 
 himself under various appellations in that 
 book, from an excessive delicacy for his cha- 
 racter as an ecclesiastic. After travelling 
 through Italy, he settled at Venice, and was 
 honored with a place in several academies, 
 in reward for his learning and his services to 
 literature. He has been greatly praised by 
 authors, and his life is written in the Mibli- 
 otheca Aprosiana, which he printed 1673. 
 He died about If) Se. 
 
 Apuleius, Luciu.s, a Platonic philoso- 
 pher of the 2d century, who settled atRome, 
 and was author, among other things, of the 
 "Golden Ass." 
 
 A(i.LAviVA, Octavio, cardinal, legate, 
 
 and archbisiiop of Naples, was descended 
 from an illustrious family. He is eminent as 
 the friend and patron of science and learned 
 men, and he was particularly attached to the 
 famous Peiresc. He obtained from Clement 
 VIII. the legation of Avignon, where his 
 government was guided by justice, wisdom 
 and moderation. He died 5th December, 
 1612, aged 52. 
 
 Aq_uaviva, Andrew Matth. d', duke of 
 Atri, and prince of Teramo, a Neapolitan 
 nobleman, who patronised literature. He 
 was also fond of militaiy glory, and served 
 ut»der Ferdinand of Arragon with great cre- 
 dit. He wrote an imperfect encyclopedia, 
 besides commentaries on Plutarch's Morals, 
 and died 1528, inhis72d year. 
 
 Aq^uaviva, Claude, son of Andrew, was 
 governor of the Jesuits, and was eminent 
 for his moderation and meekness. He wrote 
 several letters and lectures on his religion, 
 and also a tract on tlie cure of mental diseas- 
 es. He died 1615, aged 72 years. 
 
 AqviJ-.A, a mathematician of Pontus, em- 
 ployed by Adrian to rebuild Jerusalem. He 
 embraced Christianity, and afterwards be- 
 came a Jew, and was circumcised. He was 
 engaged in translating the biBle from He- 
 brew into Greek; and though he was in 
 some instances very, incorrect and partial, 
 the work was generally approved by the 
 Jews. Only a few fragments of it remain. 
 
 Aq^uilano, Serasino, a native of Aqui- 
 la, known by his sonnets, eclogues, and 
 other poetical trifles, published at Rome 
 1503. He was the rival of Tebaldeo dc 
 Ferrara. He died at Rome, 1500, in his 
 35 th year. 
 
 Aq^uilanuS, Sebastian, an Italian physi- 
 cian, whose real name is unknown. He was 
 born at Aquila of Abruzzo, and was profes- 
 sor at Padua. He was a follower of Galen, 
 and obtained reputation and success in his 
 profession. Among his treatises is one de 
 Galico morbo. He died 1543 at Padua. 
 
 Aq^uinas, St. Thomas, called the angelic- 
 al doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, 
 descended from the kings of Arragon and 
 Sicily. He was educated by the monks of 
 Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but 
 the inclination which he had to embrace an 
 ecclesiastical life was opposed by his mother, 
 who, after great difliculties, obtained him 
 from the power of the monks, and confined 
 him in her castle for two years. He howev- 
 er escaped, and fled to Naples, and after- 
 wards to Rome ; and when improved by stu- 
 dy, and the famous lectures of Albertus 
 Magnus at Cologne, he appeared at Paris, 
 and read public lectures to an applauding au- 
 dience. On his return to Italy, he became 
 divinity professor to several universities, and 
 at last settled at Naples, where he led anex- 
 emplar}"^ life of cliastity and devotion, and 
 refused the archbishopric of the city, in the 
 most disinterested manner, when offered by 
 Clement IV. Gregory X. invited him to the 
 council of Lyons, to read the book which he 
 had written against the Greeks ; and he died 
 on his way to join the pontifl' at the monaste- 
 
ryof Fossanova, near Terracina, 7tli March i 
 1'274, in his 50th year. He was cnnouized | 
 13^3. His writings, which are numerous, 
 and mostly upon theological subjects, prove 
 him to have been a man of great learning, 
 and extensive knowledge. They have often 
 been published, in 17 vols, folio. His author- 
 ity in religion became decisive in the catho- 
 lic schools, and he approached so near to 
 the erudition of St. Augustine, that he was 
 said, in the true spirit of the metempsycho- 
 sis, to possess the transmigrated soul of that 
 celebrated saint. It was in defence of Tho- 
 mas Aquinas that Henry VHI. composed the 
 book which procured him from the pope the 
 title of Defender of the Faith. 
 
 Aq,uino, Philip, a Jew of Carpentras, 
 converted to Christianity, and professor of 
 Hebrew at Paris. He wi'ote a Hebrew tal- 
 mudical, &c. dictionary, and corrected Le 
 Jay's polyglot Bible. He died 1650. His son, 
 Lewis d' Aquino, was author of several val- 
 uable books in Oriental literature. Antoine, 
 son of Lewis, was physician to Lewis XI V^ 
 and died 1696. 
 
 AttABSCHAH, author of a history of Ta- 
 merlane, and of a treatise on the unity of 
 God, was a Mahometan historian of Damas- 
 cus, who died there 1450. 
 
 Aragon, Jane d', wife of Ascanius Colon- 
 na, was illustrious for her virtues and her 
 fortitude during tlie quarrels which her hus- 
 band's family had with Paul IV. She died 
 1577, in an advanced age. Her memory was 
 honored by the poets of the times, and the 
 verses were published in one volume. 
 
 Aram, Eugene, a native of Ramagill, 
 Yorkshire, son of a gardener. His genius dis- 
 played itself whilst he iollo\yed the humble 
 occupation of his father; mathematical calcu- 
 lations and geometrical knowledge were quic- 
 ly acquired, and, with the most indefatigable 
 zeal,LilIy's grammar, though in unintellgible 
 language, was learnt by heart, and afterwards 
 Camden's Greek, till this self-taught classic 
 unfolded the nv^aning of a few Latin lines, 
 and then with rapid steps advanced to the 
 comprehension of more difficult authors, till 
 the Avhole stores of Latin and Greek litera- 
 ture were familiarized to his understanding. 
 He also studied and made himself perfect in 
 Hebrew, and with these great acquirements 
 he gained his livelihood, by engaging in seve- 
 ral schools in the south of England. In 1757 
 he came to the free school at Lynn, a per- 
 fect master of the most abstruse studies, and 
 acquainted with heraldry and botany. He 
 had begun to make collections for radical 
 comparisons between the modern languages 
 and ancient tongues, and already more than 
 3000 words were selected to establish this 
 surpi'ising affinity in a comparative lexicon, 
 ■when his labors were arrested by the hands 
 of justice. He was taken up at Lyim, 1758, 
 for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoe- 
 maker of Knaresborough, who had been 
 murdered thirteen years before ; and, after 
 a trial, in Avhich he defended himself with 
 coolness and ability, he was found guilty of 
 the crime, ^nd after attempting to commit 
 
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 suicide, he suffered death at York, August, 
 1759. He acknowledged the justice of hi» 
 sentence, and attributed the crime to a sus- 
 picion of adultery between his wife and 
 Clarke. 
 
 Arantius, Julius, an Italian physiciaa 
 and anatomist of eminence, the pupil of Ve- 
 salius and Bart. Magus, known by a learned 
 treatise on the human fcstus, printed Venice 
 1595. He was born at Bologna, and died 
 there 1581, aged 61. 
 
 Aratus, a Greek poet, author of phe- 
 nomena, still extant, about 300 B. C. 
 
 Aratus, a native of Sicyon, illustrious 
 as the deliverer of his country, and as the 
 heroic promoter of the Achaean league. He 
 died about 216 B. C. and it is said that he 
 was poisoned. 
 
 Arbogastes, a Roman general, wlio 
 murdered Valentinian, and placed Eugenius 
 on the throne. He was attacked and defeat- 
 ed by Theodosius, and destroyed himself 
 A. D. 394. 
 
 Arbrtssel, Robert d', a native of Bri- 
 tany, who founded the monastery of Fon- 
 tevrault, and separated his male and female 
 disciples. He has been accused of inconti- 
 nencv, but ably defended by his followers. 
 He died 1117. 
 
 Arbuckle, James, M. A. a native of 
 Glasgow, master of a school in the north 
 of Ireland. He possessed genius, and his 
 merit was acknowledged in his poems. 
 He proposed a translation of Virgil, but did 
 not finish it. He died 1734, aged 34. His 
 poems were published in I vol. 12mo. 
 
 Arbuthnot, Alexander, son of lord 
 Arbuthnot, was eminent for his learninaas 
 a scholar, and his piety as a divine. He|wa5"— 
 a zealous defender of the reformation, Tind 
 published Buchanan's history of Scotland, 
 besides some poetical trifles, and orations on 
 the origin of law, printed 1572. He died at 
 Aberdeen, 1538. 
 
 Arbuthnot, John, M. D. son of an epis- 
 copal clergyman, was descended from the 
 coble family of the same name, and born at 
 Arbuthnot, near Montrose. After finishing 
 his education at Aberdeen, he came to Lon- 
 don, where he acquired reputation by at- 
 tacking " Woodward's essay towards a na- 
 tural history of the earth ;" and he soon rose 
 in the medical prefession, when he had suc- 
 cessfull}' attended prince George of Denmai'k, 
 who was taken suddenly ill at Epsom. He 
 was made physician to queen Anne, 1709 ; 
 and, soon after, his acquaintance was formed 
 with the most celebrated wits of the age, 
 with two of whom. Swift and Pope, he en- 
 gaged, in 1714, to compose, in the true Cer- 
 vantic style, a satire on degenerated taste and 
 the abuse of learning. Of this plan only the 
 first book was published, under the name of 
 " memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus." The 
 queen's death in some degree overturned the 
 hopes and fortunes of Arbuthnot. He felt 
 the blow, and passed some time with his 
 brother, tlie banker, at Paris. In 1727, he 
 published in 4to. his tables of ancient coins, 
 i-cc. and afterwards employed his pen in med- 
 
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 ical tracts, one of •which, ** effects of air on 
 human bodies," was unhappily suggested by 
 the asthmatic complaint under which he la- 
 bored. He died under this dreadful disorder, 
 at his house, Cork-street, February 1735. 
 His son George enjoyed a place in the Ex- 
 chequer, and was one of Pope's executoi's ; 
 and his daughter Anne was a legatee in the 
 poet's will. In praise of Arbuthnot, too 
 much cannot be said. His benevolence was 
 equal to his wit, and it is admitted that he 
 was inferior to none in learning, vivacity, 
 and genuine humor. The letter which he 
 wrote to Pope on his death bed is a strong 
 instance of the goodness of his heart, the pu- 
 rity of his principles, and the constancy of 
 his religious faith. His miscellaneous works 
 have been frequently edited, but not in a cor- 
 rect form. 
 
 A R c, Joan of. Vid. Joan. 
 
 Arcadius, succeeded his father, the 
 great Theodosius, as emperor of the east, 
 595, whilst his brother Honorius became em- 
 peror of the West. He died 408. 
 
 Arcadius, an African bishop, put todeath 
 by order of Genseric, the Vandal king, 437, 
 because he opposed with great violence the 
 Ai'ians. 
 
 Arcere, Anthony, a native of Marseilles, 
 who was a priest of the oratory. As he was 
 skilled in the Oriental languages, he travelled 
 into the east, where he made a valuable col- 
 lection of manuscripts. He began a French 
 and Turkish dictionary, the compilation of 
 which was unfortunately prevented by aferer, 
 which proved fatal, I6y9, in his 35th year. 
 
 Arcere, Lewis Etienne, a priest of the 
 oratory of Marseilles, known as a poet, but 
 more as the historian of -Rochelle and of A- 
 miens, in a work published, 2 vols. 4to. in 
 1756. He died 1781, in extreme old age. 
 
 Arcesilaus, a Greek philosopher, who 
 succeeded Crates in his school. He was born 
 about 316 B. C. 
 
 Archelaus, son of Herod the great, 
 kingof Judsea, disputed with his brother An- 
 tipas for the sovereignty, on his father's death. 
 Augustus, as umpire, divided the dominions 
 between the two brothers ; but Archelaus 
 showed himself so oppi'essive, that the em- 
 peror banished him to Gaul, A. D. 6, where 
 he died. 
 
 Archelaus, king of Macedonia after 
 Perdiccas H. was an able prince, and a great 
 encourager of learning. He died about 398 
 B.C. 
 
 Archelaus, a philosopher, successor to 
 Anaxagnras at Lampsacus. He afterwards 
 settled at Athens. 
 
 Archelaus, a bishop of Mesopotamia, 
 278, known for opposition against the Mani- 
 chseans. A Latin translation of his work is ex- 
 tant. 
 
 Archelaus, a geographer in tlie age of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Archtas, a native of Antioch, known for 
 the oration which his friend Cicero spoke in 
 his defence. 
 
 Archidamus, kiugof Sparta after Age- 
 silaus, his father, B. C. 5^1. 
 
 ARCHiGENfis, a Greek physician in the 
 age of Trajan. 
 
 Archilochus, a Greek satirist of Paros, 
 the inventor of iambics, B. C. 640. 
 
 Archimedes, a celebrated mathemati- 
 cian of Syracuse. He defended his country 
 against the besieging Romans, and at last per- 
 ished by the hand of a soldier, who would not 
 respect his literary retirement and peaceful 
 occupation, B. C. 208. 
 
 AncHJNTO, Octavius, descended of a no- 
 ble family in the Milanese, is known for his 
 " antiquities," in 1 vol. folio. He lived in the 
 16th century. 
 
 Archon, Lewis, a chaplain of Lewis XIV. 
 born at Riom in Auvergne. He was patron- 
 ised by the cardinal of Bouillon, and made 
 himself known by his entertaining history of 
 the French king's chapel, in 2 vols. 4to. 1711. 
 He died at the abbey of St. Gilbert-neuf-fon- 
 taines, of which he was the head, 1717, in 
 his 72d year. 
 
 Archytas, a Pythagoi'ean philosoplier, 
 and mathematician of Tarentum, known 
 also as the general of his country, about 400 
 B.C. 
 
 Argons, Csesar de' a Gascon, advocate 
 in the parliament of Bourdeaux. He died 
 1681, author of some treatises on the flux and 
 reflux of the sea, and longitude, dissertations 
 on the scriptures, &c. 
 
 Ar c Q., Philip Auguste de St. Foi d', an inge- 
 nious Parisian, said to have been the natural 
 son of count Toulouse. He is known for his 
 history of commerce and navigation — his tem- 
 ple of silence — letters of Osman, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — his general history of war, 2 vols. 4to— his 
 Loisirs, &c. The last years of his life were 
 spent at Gentilly in great devotion. He di- 
 ed 1774. 
 
 Arcudi, Alexander Thomas, a Dominican, 
 of Venice, author of Galatino literata ; — the 
 history of Athanasius — and other historical 
 and biographical works. He dMd about 1720. 
 
 Arcu Di us, Peter, a Greek ecclesiastic of 
 Corfu, employed in Russia hy Clement VUI. 
 He was patronised by the pope's nephew, 
 cardinal Borghese; and he distinguished him- 
 self as a writer on controversial works against 
 the Greek and Protestant churches. He di- 
 ed of an accident at Rome, 1635. 
 
 Arculphus, a French divine, who in the 
 7th century, travelled to the holy land, of 
 which he wrote an interesting account, pub- 
 lished in 4to. at Ingoldstadt, 1619. 
 
 Arcy, Patrick d', an Englishman. Vid. 
 Darcy. 
 
 Arden, Edward, a native of Warwick- 
 shire, of a respectable family, who mari'ied 
 Mary, daughter of Sir George Throgmorton, 
 and lived a retired life on his estate, both 
 from inclination and from his attachment to 
 the catholic religion. He had frequent quar- 
 rels with his neighboi', the great earl of 
 Leicester, whose pride looked doAvn with 
 contemx)t on the independence of a country 
 gentleman, and his ruin was determined. 
 Somerville, a rash, thoughtless young man, 
 who had married one of his daughters, was 
 drawn into, a supposed conspiracy against 
 
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 the queen's life ; and though no evidence ap- 
 peared against hira, except the report of a 
 letter which had been tlirowu into the fire 
 by his father-in-law, not only he, but Arden, 
 his wife, his daughter, wife of Somerville, 
 and Sonierville's sister, were conveyed to the 
 Tower, and after torture had been barba- 
 rously used to draw confessions from Arden 
 and from Hale a priest, who was supposed 
 to have been concerned, this unhappy family 
 were condemned to suffer death. Soiaerville 
 ■was found strangled the night before his ex- 
 ecution, as was supposed, that he might not 
 accuse his persecutors, and Arden expired by 
 the hand of the executioner iu Smithfield, 
 December 20, 1583, in his 52d year, amidst 
 the tears of pitying thousands. The rest 
 ■were pardoned, but the mangled heads of the 
 father and of the son in-law were exposed on 
 London bridge. The dignity of this respect- 
 able family was restored by the prudence 
 and good fortune of the two next heirs, and 
 became nearly allied to the Fieldings, earls 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 Ardern, John, an early medical writer, 
 settled at Newark from 1348 to 1370, after 
 ■which he «ame to London. He was eminent 
 in his profession, and thence his cures were 
 attributed to magic and superstition. He 
 wrote a treatise on the fistula in ano, pub- 
 lished by Read, 1588, and left a MS. in the 
 Sloane Library, de re herbaria, physica et 
 ohirurgica. 
 
 Areagathus, a Greek physician, at 
 Rome, R. C. 269. 
 
 Arena, Anthony de, a native of Soliers 
 near Toulon, author of some inferior trea- 
 tises on jurisprudence. He alsowrote maca- 
 ronic verses, a farago of barbarous languiige, 
 partly French, and partly Latin, and partly 
 provincial, first brought into fashion by Mer- 
 lin Coccaio. His chiet work is his war of 
 Charles V. in Provence, reprinted in 1747. 
 He was judge of St. Remi, near Ai-les, and 
 died 1544. His other peices appeared 1670, 
 12mo. 
 
 A RE SI, Paul, a native of Cremona, bishop 
 of Tortona, and author of some theological 
 works, in Latin and in Italian. He encou- 
 raged learning, and distinguished himself in 
 tlie order of Theatins. He died at Tortona, 
 1645, aged 71. 
 
 Are ryRus, a Greek physician, in the 
 age of Vespasian, whose works were edited 
 by Wigan, Oxford, 1723. 
 
 r\.RETAPHiLA, a woman of Cyrene, who 
 avenged the death of her husband, Phsedi- 
 mus, on his murderer, Nicocrates. 
 Arete, daughter of Aristippus, of Cyrene, 
 acquired reputation as a teacher of philoso- 
 phy. 
 
 Arethas, a bishop of Cappadocia, in 
 the 10th century, author of a commentary 
 on the Revelations, still extant. 
 
 A re t 1 N, Guy, a Benedictine monk, known 
 for his discovery of a new method to learn 
 music, which he published under the name 
 of " Micrologns." He is the inventor of six 
 notes in music, "ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la," 
 borrowed, it is said, from the hymn to St. 
 VOL. I. 1^ 
 
 John, by taking the first and sixth syllables : 
 
 UT queatit laxis REsonare fibris 
 
 Mira gestorum FArauli tuorum 
 
 soLve polutis LAbiis reatum. 
 
 Some attribute the word ganimut to him, 
 
 which he borrowed from the 3d letter of 
 
 the Greek, in the marking of his notes, and 
 
 with the ideathat music originated in Greece. 
 
 One of his letters was printed by Baronius 
 
 in the annals under 1022. 
 
 Are TIN, Leonard, a native of Arezzo, 
 from whence his name, better known thaa 
 his family appellation of Bruni. He was one 
 of the mostleai^ned men of the 15th century, 
 and he may be considered as the restorer of 
 the Greek language to Italy. He was em- 
 ployed as secretary of the briefs under five 
 popes, after which he became secretary to 
 the republic of Florence. He translated 
 some of Plutarch's Lives, and wrote some 
 historical pieces, admired for their elegance 
 and accuracy. His history of the Goths ac- 
 quired him also fame and patronage ; but 
 his reputation suffered, when Christopher 
 Perrona discovered it to be nothing but a 
 compilation or translation of Procopius. He 
 died at Florence, 1443, in his 74th year. Pog- 
 gius, who had cultivated his friendship for 
 40 years, spoke his funeral oration. 
 
 Aretin, Francis, a man eminent for his 
 ler.rning, and his knowledge in Greek. He 
 studied at Vienna, and afterwards taught 
 there with such success that he Avas called 
 prince of subtleties, and his wit became pro- 
 verbial. In law, his opinion was considered 
 of such weiglit, that whatever cause he pre- 
 viously condemned was generally lost. He 
 read lectures also at Pisa and Ferrara ; but 
 he was disappointed in his expectations at 
 Rome, though Sextus IV. declared he would 
 have honored him with a cardinal's hat, which 
 was due to his merits, where he not afraid 
 that by so doing he should rob the public of a 
 most incomparable professor. Aretin, whose 
 temper was choleric, never kept his servants 
 more than one or two months, as he expected 
 better attendance from new ones. He was par- 
 simonious, and as he lived in celibacy, his for- 
 tune became immense and was divided among 
 his relations. He died about 1470. 
 
 Aretin, Peter, natural son of Lewis Boc- 
 ci of Arezzo, became so celebrated for his ^ 
 satire, that he was called the scourge of prin- 
 ces. His friendship was courted b}' Charle.s 
 V. and Francis I. who no doubt dreaded the 
 venom of his pen more than they esteemed 
 his merits; and he grew so arrogant, that he 
 represented himself on a medal as a god, and 
 on the reverse received the presents of ob- 
 sequious monarchs. His lampoons, as it was 
 observed, subdued more princes than the 
 most powerful conqueror ever had done. It 
 is to be lamented, that a genius, which so 
 strongly possessed the powers of satire and 
 genuine humor, was not fully employed in 
 lashing the vices of men. The name of Are- 
 tin will be execrated by the modest and the 
 virtuous, for the obscenities, the profane, and 
 immoral writings with which he has insulted 
 the world. His comedies were highly ap- 
 
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 plauded, lils letters are valuable, and his 
 works of devotion may be read with satisfac- 
 tion and surprise. Some have said, but falselj, 
 that he abandoned his lascivious principles. 
 He ridiculed Peter Strozzi, who threatened 
 revenge, not that of the pen, but that of supe- 
 rior manual strength, wliich so terrified the 
 poet, that he confined himself whilst his an- 
 tagonist remained at Venice. Aretin is said 
 to have died, by falling from a chair, and in- 
 juring his head, upon laughing immoderately 
 at some indelicate conversation at which he 
 was present. He died 1556, aged 65. 
 
 Aretin, John, an able writer of Berne, 
 in the 1 5th century. He is author of examen 
 theologicum — a catalogue of comets — ser- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Aretin, Angelo, a learned professor of 
 law at Bologna and Feri*ara. He wrote four 
 treatises on his profession, and died 1480. 
 
 Argall, John, an eminent scholar, edu- 
 cated at Christ-church, and rector of Hales- 
 worth, SufTolk. He died suddenly at a feast 
 at Cheston, one mile from his parsonage, Oc- 
 tober 16U6. He published two tracts in Latin. 
 
 Argellata, Peter, a physician of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1423. His treatises on sur- 
 gery was printed, folio, 1480, at Venice, 
 
 Argellati, Philip, an indefatigable wri- 
 ter, born at Bologna, and died at Milan, 25th 
 January 1755, aged 70. He wi^ote a cj;ta- 
 logue of Milanese writers, 2 vols. fol. and of 
 Italian translators, 5 vols. 4to. besides edi- 
 tions of various Italian authors, &c. 
 
 A r gens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Mar- 
 quis d', a native of Aix in Provence. He 
 followed for some time the military profes- 
 sion, andafterwardsdistinguished himself as a 
 writer, and as the friend of the king of Prus- 
 sia, with whom he lived 25 years as chamber- 
 lain. He returned to his native countrj-, and 
 died there, at the end of 1770, aged 60. He 
 was a man of strong sense, and great learn- 
 ing, as hislettres Juives, Chinoises, Cabalis- 
 tiques, and his philosophy of good sense, &c. 
 sufficiently prove, though it is to be lamented 
 that he occasionally disgraced his pages by 
 expressions of licentiousness and infidelity. 
 
 Argensola, Leonard and Bartholome w, 
 two Spanish poets of meiit. The conquest 
 of the Moluccas was the admired work of 
 Bartholomew. 
 
 Argenson, Mark Rene le Voyer, Mar- 
 quis d', celebrated as the first who introduced 
 lettres de cachet, during his admin.stration of 
 the police at Paris, 1097, was born at Venice, 
 where his father was ambassador from the 
 French court. He was highly respected for 
 his abilities, and the firmness of his cliarac- 
 ter. He succeeded d' Aguesseau in the office 
 of chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced the 
 following year, and died of a broken heart in 
 1721, aged 69. 
 
 Argental, Charles Augustus count d', 
 a foreign minister at the French court, known 
 as the friend of Lekain, Voltaire, and other 
 learned men, and as the author of some ele- 
 gant verses. He died 0th January 1788, 
 aged 88. 
 
 Argent I er, John, born atCastlenovoin 
 
 Piedmont, died at Turin, 1572, aged 58, He- 
 studied medicine, and acquired high reputa- 
 tion in the theory, but not in the practice, 
 of his profession. He was called Censor Medi- 
 corum, because he censured Galen. His 
 works appeared in 12 vols, folio, Venice, 1592. 
 
 Argentina, Thomas d', a learned head 
 of the Augustinesin 1345, author of commen- 
 taries on the master of the sentences, prin- 
 ted, folio, Strasburg, 1490. 
 
 Argentre, Bertrand d', a native of Vi- 
 tre, eminent for his knowledge of jurispru- 
 dence and history. He died 1590, in his 71st 
 year, of a broken heart, on account of the 
 disasters brought upon his country by the 
 plague. He wrote an account of Britany, &c, 
 
 Argentre, Charles Duplessis d', 'a na- 
 tive of Britany, doctor of the Soi*bonae, alo- 
 moner to the king, and bishop of Tulles, and 
 known for his valuable and interesting col- 
 lectio judiciorum de novis erroribus, &c, 3 
 vols, folio, a work much resembling Bossuet's 
 histoire des variations. He died in 1740^ 
 aged 67. 
 
 Argenville, Anthon. Joseph Dezel- 
 lier d', a French writer, son of a bookseller 
 at Paris. He wrote several useful works, 
 especially his lives of painters, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 1755, of which Horace Walpole does not 
 speak with sufficient encomium — a valuable 
 treatise on gardening, 4to. 1747 — a catalogue 
 of French fossils — and other curious and val- 
 uable works. He was also one of the com- 
 pilers of the encyclopedia. He died Novem- 
 ber 30, 1765, 
 
 Argoli, Andrew, a native of Tagliacoz- 
 zo in Italy, patronised by the senate of Ve- 
 nice, and made professor of mathematics at 
 Padua, with the title of chevalier He died 
 1657, author of a book, dediebuscriticis, 4to, 
 1652 — ephemerides from 1640, after his 
 death continued to 1700, 4 vols,4to. — proble- 
 m.ata astronomica. 
 
 Argoli, John, son of the preceding, pub- 
 lished an idyllium on the silk w orm, at the age 
 of 15. With the desire of attaining further 
 applause, he shut himself up, and at the ex- 
 piration of seven months, at the age of 17, 
 he produced his Endymion, in 12 cantoes, a 
 poem so elegant that it was attributed to the 
 abilities of the father, and not of the son. He 
 wrote other pieces, equally admired and fol- 
 lowed the profession of jurisprudence at Bo- 
 logna for five vears, with great credit. He 
 died about 1660. 
 
 Argon VE, Don Bonaventure d', a na- 
 tive of Paris, author of some useful works, 
 especially miscellanies of history and litera- 
 ture, replete with entertaining anecdotes, 
 and valuable reflections, published under 
 the name of Vigneul de Mai'ville, i-e- 
 printed, 3 vols. 12mo. 1725. He died a 
 Carthusian monk at Gaillon, near Rouen, 
 1704, aged 64 He wi*ote also a method of 
 reading the church fathers, 12mo. 1697. 
 
 Argou, Gabriel, an advocate of the par- 
 liament of Paris, born at Vivarez. He died 
 at the beginning of the 18th century, author 
 of an excellent work, I'institution au droit 
 Fi'aacois, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
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 Argues, Gerard des, a geometrician, in- 
 timate witii Descartes. He was born at Ly- 
 ons, 1597, and died there 1661. He Avrote 
 treatises on conic sections, on perspective, 
 on stone-cutting, on the practice of draw- 
 ing, &c, 
 
 Argyre, Isaac, an eminent mathema- 
 tician of the 14th century, author of some 
 works on geography and chronology. 
 
 Argyeopyj.us, Joannes, a learned man 
 who fled from Constantinople when taken 
 by Mahomet II. and contributed to the re- 
 vival of Greek literature in Europe. He 
 was received with kindness by Cosmo de 
 Medicis, duke of Tuscany, placed in the 
 professor's ^lair at Florence, and made tutor 
 in the prince's family, lie retired from 
 thence, during the plague, to Rome, where 
 he lectured on Aristotle. He died of a fever 
 occasioned by eating melons, iu his 70th 
 year, about 1478. He translated several of 
 Aristotle's works, in a manner which pro- 
 ved him to be an able Grecian, and a scholar 
 of the most comprehensive erudition. He 
 was said to be an intemperate epicure, so 
 that the whole of his fortune was squandered 
 in suppl3-ing the delicacies of his table. He 
 treated the character of Cicero Avith con- 
 tempt, because he had said of his favorite 
 Greek, that it is a language verborum inops. 
 He left some sons, equally learned. His 
 commentary on Aristotle's ethics was print- 
 ed 1541, folio. 
 
 Ariadne, daughter of Leo I. married 
 to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, 474. 
 She was so disgusted with the intemperance 
 of her husband, and so eager to enjoy the i 
 company of her favorite Anastasius, that she j 
 forgot Jier dignity and character in barba- i 
 
 gaged by Philip II. of Spain, to publisli aa 
 edition of the polyglot Bible, which he com- 
 pleted, and published at Antwerp, 1569-72, 
 in 8 vols, folio. The monarch liberally of- 
 fered the author a bishopric, but it was mo- 
 destly refused, and only a pension of 2000 
 ducats accepted, and the honor of being 
 chaplain to the king. Arias wrote some 
 biblical and historical treatises, besides 
 translating the Psalter into Latin verse. He 
 died 1598, in his 71st year. 
 
 Arias, Francis, a learned Jesuit, author 
 several of theological treatises. He died 1G05, 
 aged 72, 
 
 Aribert, son of Clotaire II. king of 
 France, obtained part of Aquitaine as his 
 patrimony from his elder brother, Dago- 
 bert I. He caused himself to be crowned 
 king at Toulouse, and died two years after, 
 630. 
 
 Arieh, Jacob Juda, a learned rabbi of 
 Amsterdam, in the 17th century, author of 
 a description of the tabernacle, which has 
 been translated from the Hebrew into 
 Flemish, Spanish, and Latin. 
 
 Ariobarzanes I. king of Cappadocia, 
 B. C. 91, was replaced on his throne by the 
 Romans, after his expulsion by Tigranes. 
 
 Ariobarzanes II. king of Cappadocia, 
 was put to death by Cassius, as being the 
 friend of the murdered Ctesar. 
 
 Ariobarxanes hi. brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was put to death by Antony, and his 
 dominions seized by the Romans. 
 
 Ariosti, Attilio, a musician, horn at 
 Bologna. He was at first of the order of the 
 Dominicans, but quitted the society with the 
 permission of the pope, and distinguished 
 himself as a composer at Bologna, and Ve- 
 
 rity. Zeno, when intoxicated, was shut up nice, and in Germany, lie afterwards came 
 
 in a sepulchre, where he was suffered to 
 die; and Anastasius, though of obscure 
 origin, was placed on the throne. She 
 died 515. 
 
 Ariarathes I. a king of Cappadocia, 
 engaged on an expedition against Egypt with 
 Darius Ochus. 
 
 Ariarathes II. nephew of the prece- 
 ding, was defeated by the Macedonians, and 
 put to death 321 B. C. 
 
 Ariarathes III. son of the lid. reco- 
 vered his kingdom by the conquest of the 
 Alacedonians. 
 
 AriarathesIV. son of Ariamnes, mar- 
 ried the daughter of Antiochus, and died B. 
 C. 220. 
 
 Ariarathes V. king of Cappadocia, 
 died B. C. 160, after a reigu of 62 years. 
 lie was learned and humane. 
 
 ArIxVrathes YI. son of the preceding, 
 perished in battle, B. C. 130. 
 
 Ariarathes VII. son of the Vlth. was 
 murdered by his brother-in-law, Mithridates. 
 Ariajiathes Vlll. son of the Vllth. was 
 slso murdered by Mithridates, who placed 
 on the vacant thi'one his own son, whom he 
 called the IXth Ariai-athes. 
 
 Arias Montanus, Benedict, a native 
 of Seville, eminent for his knowledge of mo- 
 de)-n and aiiciont literature. He was en- 
 
 to England, where his abilities, especially 
 his masterly execution on the viol d'amore, 
 a new instrument, gained him applause and 
 opulence. He published by subscription, a 
 book of cantatas, 1725 ; but how soon after 
 he died is not ascertained. 
 
 Ariosto, Lodovico, or Lewis, an illus- 
 trious poet, born at Reggio, 1474, of a family 
 allied to the dukes of Ferrara. His early 
 genius displayed itself in the composition of 
 the play of Pyramus and Thisbe, which he 
 acted with his brothers and sisters ; but his 
 father, like the father of Ovid, viewed his 
 studies with a jealous eye, and bade him for- 
 sake the muses for the bar. After his fa- 
 ther's decease, lie returned to his favorite 
 pursuits, and, under the friendly patronage 
 of Hippolito, cardinal d'Este, he began the 
 plan of a poem, which was to immortalize 
 the Italian muse. He was invited to write 
 in Latin l»y cardinal Beml)0 ; but with the 
 ardor of a poet be replied, that he aspired 
 to the first rank of Italian composition, and 
 knew he must be placed only second as the 
 votary of the Latin muse. He re.id with at- 
 tention the works of Homer atid Virgil, and, 
 with a mind stored with all the learning of 
 ancient times, he borrowed a subject from 
 Bojardo's Orlando Inamoi-ato, and produced 
 his incomparaijle poem of Orlando Furioso. 
 
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 Tliough peculiarly devoted to poetry, Ariosto 
 however, was employed in negotiations; and 
 •when, on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso, 
 duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron of the 
 poet, he showed his regard for him by ap- 
 pointing him governor of Graffignana, a post 
 ■which he discharged with honor and fidelity. 
 For his retirement, he built a house at Fer- 
 fara; and when questioned why he, who 
 shone in the description of magnificent halls, 
 and splendid palaces, had made it so small, 
 he replied, that words were cheaper placed 
 together than stones. He read his poems 
 xifhh so sweet a voice, that his friends were 
 enraptured to hear him; and he possessed 
 So delicate an ear, with so choleric a temper, 
 that he once entered into a potter's shop, 
 who had been repeating some of his verses, 
 with an improper accent, and broke a great 
 number of the pots exposed to sale The 
 man expostulated in vain at the violence of 
 the sti'anger. I have not sufficiently reveng- 
 ed myself on thee, exclaimed Ariosto; I have 
 broke ^only a few pots, and you have spoiled 
 the most beautiful of compositions to my 
 face. Ariosto was of a sickly constitution, and 
 was frequently -attended by physicians. He 
 died at Ferrara, 8th July, 153.3, in his 59th 
 year. A bust was erected to his memory, 
 with an epitaph written by himself. He had 
 two sons by a favorite, called Alexandra, 
 whom he would have married, had he not 
 been apprehensive of losing his benefices. 
 The Orlando Furioso has been deservedly 
 extolled, and it ranks high after Homer. 
 Ariosto possesses all the fire of poetry ; he 
 passes with incredible rapidity and ease 
 from the terrible to the tender, from the 
 soft to the sublime ; every character i.s in- 
 teresting ; his heroes are valiant without 
 rashness; and his heroines are feminine 
 without vulgarity ; and nature appears in all 
 her native majesty, adorned by all the graces 
 of art, and recommended by the most en- 
 chanting language of poetry. Besides the 
 Orlando, Ariosto wrote seven satires, five 
 comedies, sonnets, ballads, he. His life has 
 been written by Sir John Harrington, pre- 
 fixed to a translation of the Orlando Furioso, 
 in 1634 ; and in 1733, Hoole gave a spii'ited 
 and elegant version of this admired poem. 
 
 Ariosto, Gabriel, brother to the poet, 
 was himself eminent as a Latin poet, in the 
 atyle of Statius. His poems were published 
 at Ferrara, 1582. He died 1552. His son 
 Horace was born at Ferrara, and died there 
 1593, aged 38. He was author of a spritcd 
 defence of his uncle's poem against Pelegri- 
 no; and he himself composed besides come- 
 dies, a poem called Alpheus. 
 
 Ariovistus, king of Germany, assisted 
 the Gauls against the Romans, and v/as de- 
 feated by J. Csesar. 
 
 ARiPERT,kingof Lombardy, succeeded 
 his father, Ragimbert, 702. He was cruel 
 and vindictive in his conduct, and was drown- 
 ed as he attempted to sw im across a river, to 
 escape from tiie pursuit of his enemies, 736. 
 
 Artsi, Francis, an able writer of Cremo- 
 na, who died 25th January 1743, aged 86. 
 
 Among his raluable works is Cremona Htera- 
 ta, 3 vols. fol. 
 
 ARiSTiEN^TES, author of elegant love 
 epistles in Greek, died'at Nicomedia, 358. 
 
 Aristander, a soothsayer in the army 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Aristaechus, a philosopher of Samos, 
 said first to have supported the diurnal re- 
 volution of the earth. 
 
 Aristarchus, a grammarian of Sa- 
 mothrace, patronised by Ptolemy, B. C. 160. 
 
 Aristarchus, a Jew of Thessalonica, 
 the companion of St. Paul. 
 
 Aristeas, a Greek historian, 550 B. C. 
 
 Aristeas, one of the 70 translators of 
 the Septuagint at the court of Philadelphus. 
 
 Aristeus, a Greek mathematician, 350 
 B. C. 
 
 Arist IDES, a celebrated Athenian, the 
 friend of Themistocles. His virtues and 
 services where such, that he received the 
 honorable appellation of just. He died in 
 great poverty, about 467 B. C. 
 
 Arist IDES, a philosopher of Athens, 
 who was converted to Christianity, and wrote 
 an apology for the Christians, A. D. 125, 
 
 Ar I SI IDES, a sophist of Mysia, who ob- 
 tained from the emperor the rebuilding of 
 Smyrna, which had been destroyed by an 
 earthquake, 178. 
 
 Ahistides, a painter of Thebes, B. C. 
 340, one of whose best pieces represented 
 the taking of a town by storm, 
 
 Aristides, an historian of Miletus, who 
 wrote an account of Italy, &c. 
 
 Aristippus, a philosopher of Cyrene, 
 disciple to Socrates, died about 400 B, C. 
 he placed pleasure as the chief good of man. 
 
 Ar] STO, a Stoic philosopher of Cos, B. C. 
 2G0. He maintained that virtue is the su- 
 preme good. 
 
 Aristo, a Peripatetic philosopher, B. C. 
 230. 
 
 Aristo, Titus, a Roman lawyer of emi- 
 nence, in the age of Trajan, 
 
 Aristobulus I. high-priest and king 
 of the Jews, after his father Hyrcanus. 
 He died B. C. 104. 
 
 Aristobulus H. son of Alexander Jan- 
 nseus, Avas deposed by Pompey, and carried 
 prisoner to Rome, where he was poisoned, 
 B.C. 45. 
 
 Aristobulus, an Alexandrian Jew, who 
 united the Peripatetic philosophy with the 
 laws of Moses. 
 
 Aristobulus, grandson of the prece- 
 ding, was made, high-priest, but was after- 
 wards put to death by Herod, who was jea- 
 lous of his popularity, B. C. 36. 
 
 Aristo Gi TON, an Athenian, celebrated 
 for his union with Harmodius, by which the 
 tyranny of the Pisistratidie, was abolished at 
 Athens, B. C, 516, 
 
 Aristomenes, a Messenian, whose 
 courage caused his countrymen to oppose 
 and avenge the oppression of the Spartans, 
 B. C. 685. He was successful in various bat- 
 tles. 
 
 Aristophanes, a celebrated comic wri- 
 ter of Athens, in the age of Socrates. He 
 
AR 
 
 ^S 
 
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 anited the greatest wit with the most biting 
 satire, and, in those days when living charac- 
 ters could be attacked on the stage with im- 
 punity, his influence was very great. So- 
 crates, among others, felt the bitterness of 
 Jhis sarcasms. Only eleven of his pieces are 
 preserved. 
 
 Aristotle, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Stagira. He was employed as the tutor of 
 Alexander the Great ; but his fame is built 
 on the werks which he composed on ethics, 
 poetry, politics, physic, logic, &c. He died 
 about 3i43 B. C. and it is said that he threw 
 himself into the Kuripus, because he could 
 not explain satisfactorily the causes of the 
 flux and reflux. 
 
 Aristoxei^us, a Grecian philosopher 
 of Tarentuni, the disciple of Aristotle, 
 about 324 B. C 
 
 Arius, founder of the sect of the Arians, 
 was an African by birth. Disappointment 
 made him a sectary. He propagated the 
 opinion, that the word was not a divine per- 
 son ; and the heresy, though condemned by 
 various councils, gained followers, and exci- 
 ted schisms in the Roman empire. The Ni- 
 cene creed was drawn up to combat his er- 
 rors. He was the vielent enemy of Athana- 
 sius. He died at Alexandria 386. 
 
 Arkel, Cornel. Van, a Dutch divine of 
 Amsterdam, educated under Limborch and 
 Le Clerc. He was eminent among the Ar- 
 menian preachers, and died 1724, aged 54. 
 He is author of Hadriani Junii, Romani me- 
 dici, aiiimadversis, and de coma coraraenta- 
 rius, &c. 
 
 Arkenholx, John, a native of Helsing- 
 fors in Sweden. He studied at Ui)s.^l, and 
 obtained the place of registrar, which he lo.st 
 for writing against cardinal Fleury, in his 
 considerations sur la France par raport a la 
 Suede, written at Paris. In 1743, he obtain- 
 ed the office of secretary of public accounts, 
 and was appointed, in 174G, keeper of the 
 cabinet curiosities of Cassel. He died 1777, 
 author of some treatises on political subjects, 
 memoirs of queen Christina, &c. He also 
 published Grotius' letters to that queen, and 
 began an history of Frederic, never com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Arkwright, Sir Richard, a man who 
 rose to opulence and reputation from the 
 humble station of penny barber, \r\ Bolton, 
 Lancashire. He was the inventor of the 
 spinning jenny, a system of machinery which, 
 by his genius and perseverance, and by the 
 assistance of Cay, a watch maker of War- 
 rington, and x\therton of Liverpool, was 
 made to shoi'ten and facilitate the labor of 
 spinning cotton, and which has introduced 
 plenty and independence among the lower 
 orders of the community, by giving employ- 
 ment to the industry of many thousand fami- 
 lies. This enterprising man, after trying 
 his fortune at Preston with Srnalley, and 
 at Nottingham, raised extensive works at 
 Cromford-bridge, Derbyshire, Avhere he 
 built a beautiful mansion, and a church, in 
 which his remains were deposited When 
 sheriff* for the county, he was knighted, and 
 
 at his death, 3d August 1792, he left proper- 
 ty to the amount of nearly half a million. 
 
 Arlaud, James Antony, a native of Ge- 
 neva, eminent as a painter. He came to 
 Paris, where he was patronised by the duke 
 of Orleans, regent of the kingdom, and af- 
 terwards passed to London, His most cele- 
 bi-ated piece was a copy of Leda, which at 
 last, in a moment of supei'stitious devotion, 
 he him himself destroyed, by cutting it in an 
 anatomical style, and dividing the limbs 
 among his friends. A copy of this celebra- 
 ted picture was sold in London for 600^. He 
 died at Geneva, May 25, 1743, aged 75. 
 
 Arlotta, a beautiful woman of Falaise, 
 daughter of a tanner. She was seen gazing 
 at her door by Robert duke of Normandy, 
 as he passed through the street; and he made 
 her his mistress. She had by him the con- 
 queror, W^iliiam ; and after Robert's death, 
 she married Herluin, a Norman gentleman, 
 by whom she had three children, for whom 
 William honorably pi'ovided. 
 
 Arlotto, a native of Magello, in Tus- 
 cany, 1385, whose i-ight name was Mainardi, 
 though he is better known as Arlotto. He 
 was early brought up in the trade of the 
 woollen manufacture, which formed the em- 
 ployment and the consequence of the Flo- 
 rentines; but he left it for the church ; and 
 he had the good fortune to obtain the rural 
 deanery of St. Cresci in the diocese of Fie- 
 sole. The income of this was sufficiently 
 large to maintain him in ease and indepen- 
 dence ; and as I'esidence was not required, 
 he indulged his partiality for foreign coun- 
 tries by travelling. He visited London where 
 he was noticed by Edward IV. and after a 
 serious of strange adventures, he returned 
 to his native country. As he posesssed an 
 inexhaustible fund of genuine humour, he 
 was the companion of the gay and the dissi- 
 pated, and he fiequently forgot the dignity 
 of his ecclesiastical character, by descending 
 during the most solemn services, to the low- 
 buffoonery of a mimic, or the broad jest of a 
 debauchee. On his return to his deaneiy, he 
 swore that he would clear his church oi* 
 mice ; and accordingly the animals were 
 caught and confined in great numbers in a 
 glass cage for a month. Only one survived 
 this dreadful punishment, it was restored to 
 libei'ty, with a little bell about its neck, which 
 served to scare away the whole race, and it 
 was alive three years afterwards. Among 
 the patrons and friends of Arlotto were Lo- 
 renzo Medici, and his brother Guliano, who 
 loved him for his levity and the witticisms of 
 his conversation. He died at Florence, 1483, 
 in his 98th year, and was buried in a tomb, 
 which ten years before he had perparedin St. 
 James's church there. 
 
 Armagxac, John d', of an ancient fami- 
 ly in France, was raised to the highest digni- 
 ties in the national church. He died about 
 1408. 
 
 Arm AGNAC, Bernard count d', brother of 
 the preceding, v.as placed at the head of the 
 party of Orleans by the queen of Charles 
 VI. of France. He quarrelled with his be- 
 
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 Ptjfactress, and was some time affcerwavds as- 
 sassinated, during an insurrection, 1418. 
 
 Armellino, Francis, a banker, made 
 cardinal by Leo X. who found iiim an able 
 minister in the art of raising money. He be- 
 came unpopular on account of the taxes 
 which lie recommended. He died 1527. 
 
 Armen-onvii-i.e, Joseph John Baptist 
 Fleurion d', a French statesman, keeper of 
 the seals from 1 72'2 to 1727, when he was 
 dismissed. He died the following year. 
 
 Arminius, a brave chief of the CatH, 
 called the deliverer of Germany. Though 
 noticed and honored by Augustus, he de- 
 termined to avenge the wrongs of Jiis en- 
 slaved country. The Romans were defeat- 
 ed under Varus, and Arminius at last, after 
 various encounters with the enemy, was as- 
 sassinated, A. D. 21. 
 
 Arminius, James, a native of Oude-wa- 
 tev, in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect of 
 the Arminians. As he lost his fati>er early, 
 he was supported at the university of Utrecht, 
 and of Marpurg, by the liberality of his 
 friends; but when he returned home, in the 
 midst of the ravages caused bj' the Spanish 
 arms, instead of being received by his mo- 
 ther, he found that she, as well as her daugh- 
 ters, and all her family, had been sacrificed 
 to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy. 
 His distress was for a wliiJe inconsolable, but 
 the thirst after distinction called him to the 
 newly founded university of Leyden, where 
 his industry acquired him the protection of 
 the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose ex- 
 pense he travelled to Geneva and Italy, to 
 hear the lectures of Theodore Beza and 
 James Zabarella. On his return to Holland, 
 he was ordained minister of Amsterdam, 
 1588 ; and so great was his popularity, and 
 so powerful his eloquence, that he was every 
 ■wliere followed by admiring auditors, and 
 the enemies of his doctrines and of his suc- 
 cess were silenced by the solidity of liis ar- j 
 guments, by the perseverance of his mind, 
 and the integrity of his heart. In theologi- 
 cal disputes upon grace, and other contested 
 points, he preserved his higli reputation ; 
 and though not only his friends but the ma- 
 gistrates frequently interfered in the dispute, 
 Ihe force of his reasoning was never weak- 
 ened, or his learning misapplied in indecent 
 invectives As professor of divinity at Ley- 
 den, to which office he was called 1603, he 
 distinguished himself by three valuable ora- 
 tions on the object of theology — on the au- 
 thor and eiu. of it — and on the certainty of 
 it and he afterwards explained the prophet 
 Jonah. In his public and private life, Armi- 
 nius has been admired for his moderation ; 
 and though many gross insinuations have 
 heen thrown against him, yet his memory 
 has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, 
 and he seemed entitled to the motto whicli 
 he assumed, — a goorl conscience is aparadise. 
 A life of perpetual labor and vexation of mind 
 at last brought on a sickness of which he di- 
 ed, October 19, 1619. His writings were all 
 on controversial and tlieological subjects, and 
 were published in 1 vol. 4to. Frankfort, 
 
 1631. The Arminians, in the number •! 
 whom appear Grotius, Episcopius, Courcel- 
 le, Le Clerk, &c. are still numerousand pow- 
 erful in Holland. They maintain, that man 
 is made by God a free agent, and that provi- 
 dence before-hand decrees liis salvation or 
 damnation, which however, totally depend 
 upon his own uninfluenced action : a doc- 
 trine directly opposed by the Calvinistical 
 tenets of predestination. Of these impor- 
 tant opinions Burnet has given an account in 
 his exposition of the 17th article. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas, an active sup- 
 porter of the royal cause during the civil 
 wars, for which he was honored with knight- 
 hood. Cromwell knew and dreaded his abi- 
 lities, thei-efore he seized his person, and 
 threatened to put him to death. After tlie 
 restoration, Armstrong showed the most vio- 
 lent opposition to popery; and when Mon- 
 mouth was determined on rebellion, he 
 espoused his cause, and visited with him the 
 guards, with the intention either of attack- 
 ing them by force, or gaining ihem by arti- 
 fice. These bold measures rendered him 
 suspected to the government ; and he fled 
 frv)m the country, and was in consequence 
 outlawed. His persecutors, however, seized 
 hi in abroad and he was brought to London, 
 and executed without a trial, 20th June 1684. 
 Armstrong, Dr. John, a celebrated 
 poet, born at Castletoii, Edinburghshire, 
 where his father and bi'olher were minis- 
 ters. He took his degrees of M. D. in the 
 university of Edinburgh, 17.32, but he did 
 not meet with the success in his profession 
 which his merits rleserved. His first exer- 
 tions for the amusement of the ])ublic, were 
 some small medical tracts, which were fol- 
 lowed by the economy of love, a poem after 
 the manner ot" Ovid, objectionable for its li- 
 centiousness, though admired for the spirit 
 of its lines, cori'ected and purged in the edi- 
 tion of 1768. In 1744, the art of preserving 
 health was published, and on this great and 
 higlily finished j)erformance, the fame of 
 Armstrong totally depends. By means of 
 his friends, the poet was recommended to 
 the notice of the gi-eat. He was appointed 
 physician to the lame and sick soldiers, be- 
 hind Buckingham-house, and in 1760, he 
 was made physician to the army in Germa- 
 ny. It was at this time that he wrote his 
 poem called " Day," inscribed to John 
 Wilkes; and the freedom of remark which 
 he used in one passage upon Churchill not 
 only drew the vengeance of the satirist upon 
 him, but dissolved the friendship which had 
 before cordially existed with Wilkes. He 
 collected his scattered pieces which he pub- 
 lislied in 1770, and the following year he 
 wrote a short i^amble through France and 
 Italy by Lancelot Temple. He died in Sep- 
 tember, 1779, leaving behind him about 
 3000/. a sura which surprised his friends, as 
 they knew that his income was small, and 
 that his heart was generous. Mr. Nicholl's 
 anecdotes of Bowyer contain some further 
 particulars of this great and ingenious man. 
 His medical esssays appeared collected in I 
 
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 volume 4to. 1773. Of these the essay for 
 abridging the study of physic was first print- 
 ed 1735, and the synopsis of the histoj-y and 
 cure of the venereal disease in 1737, 8vo. 
 His sketches or essays on various subjects hy 
 Lancelot Temple were printed 1738. 
 
 Armstrong, John, a native of Leith, 
 educated at Edinburgh, where he took his 
 degree of M. A. and wuere he published his 
 juvenile poems, and an essay on the means 
 of punisiiing and preventing crimes. He 
 came to London about 1793, and earned a 
 scanty subsistence by writing for the news- 
 papers, and preaching among the dissenters. 
 He died, after a short illness, in his 26t!i 
 year, 1797. 
 
 AiiMYNE, Lady Mary, daughter of Henry 
 Talbot, the fourth son of George, earl of 
 Shrewsbury, married Sir William Armyne, 
 and rendered herself distinguished by her 
 piety and benevolence, as well as her know- 
 ledge of history, of divinity, and of the lan- 
 guages. She was very liberal to the poor, 
 and contributed largely towards the encour- 
 agement and support of the missionaries sent 
 to North America. She also endowed three 
 hospitals; and died 1675. 
 
 Arnald, Richard, B. D. a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Benet's and Emanuel col- 
 lege, and presented to the rectory of Thur- 
 caston in Leicestershire. He published se- 
 veral sermons, and hesidesa commentary on 
 wisdom, on ecclesiasticus, &c. but his best 
 known performance is his commentary on 
 the apocrypha. Fie died 1756 ; and his wi- 
 dow, daughter of Mr. Wood, rector of Wil- 
 ford, Nottingham, 11th April 1782. His 
 son, Dr. Arnald, was patronised by Dr. 
 Hurd, bishop of Worcester. 
 
 ARNALii, William, an attorney's clerk, 
 who became a political writer in the pny of 
 sir Robert Walpole. It appears from the 
 report of a secret committe, that, in four 
 years, he received 10,997/. 65. 8fi. for his 
 pamphlets ; and though so liberally reward- 
 ed, he died of a broken heart and in debt, 
 1741, aged 26. 
 
 Aknaud de Meyrvii.le, or Mere- 
 UIL, a poet of Provence, in the service of 
 viscount Beziers, of whose wife he became 
 deeply enamoured. He praised the lady in 
 anonymous lines ; and when at last discover- 
 ed, he was not discarded, but received valu- 
 able presents from the hands of a woman 
 who ihad the virtue to pity and not to en- 
 flarae his passion. He died 1'2'20. 
 
 Arjjaud be Villa No v a, a physician, 
 ■who improved himself by travelling through 
 Europe, and created himself enemies by ha- 
 ving recourse tf) astrology. He enjoyed some 
 reputation at Paris, and afterwards retired 
 to Sicily, to Frederic king of Arragon. He 
 was shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa as he 
 was returning to attend pope Clement, who 
 labored under a severe illness, 1310 or 1313. 
 His works appeared at Lyons, 2 vols, folio, 
 1520, and Basil, 1585. 
 
 AiiNAUD, Anthony, an advocate, of Paris, 
 born 1550. He was attorney-general to Ca- 
 tharine Ue Medici, and acquired opulence 
 
 and reputation by the exertion of his abilf- 
 ties, and particularly distinguished himself 
 i;j defending, with success, the university of 
 Paris, where he had been educated against 
 the Jesuits, 1594. He married Catharine, 
 daughter of the advocate-general, Marion. 
 Bayle denies his being of the reformed reli- 
 gion. He died in his ftUth, or, according to 
 some, in his 70th or 103d year. 
 
 Arnaud D' An dill I, Robert, eldest 
 son of the preceding, was early introduced 
 at court, where he distir.guished himself as 
 the friend of the great, aiul the patron of 
 genius and learning. He retired in his 55th 
 year, to the convent of Port Royal des 
 Champs, and employed himself not only to 
 study, but to the cultivation of trees, the 
 fruit of which he yeai'ly presented to queea 
 Anne of Austria, He ilieil 1674, in his 86th 
 year. He was author of memoirs of his own 
 life — memoir-, of the house of Portugal — be- 
 sides a translation of Josephus, aiul other 
 works. 
 
 Arnaud, Anthony, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris, February 6, 1612. 
 He was i^liginally intended for the law ; but 
 the representations of his friends and of St. 
 Cyren prevailed upon him to study divinity, 
 in which he took his degrees at the Sor- 
 bonne. He was engaged in the controversy 
 of the times upon grace, and sided, like his 
 family, with the Jansenists against the Je- 
 suits, and supported the cause with great 
 ability and vehement zeal. In one of his 
 pubhc letters, however, he proceeded far- 
 ther than propriety or prudence permitted ; 
 for which he was expelled from the faculty 
 of divinity ; and it was during this suspen- 
 sion of popular favor that he retired, and 
 for twenty-five years devoted himself to the 
 composition of those works in logic, geome- 
 try, grammar, theology, and metaphysics, 
 which have immortalized his name. On his 
 return to public life, he was presented to the 
 king, and recovered his poptdarity ; but the 
 violence and animosity of his enemies firove 
 him a second time, 1679, into obscurity in 
 the Netherlands, where he continued his 
 controversial labors against the Calvanists 
 and Jesuits. He died, in his 82d year, 9th 
 August 1694, desiring that his lieart might 
 be deposited in the Port Royal. He was a 
 man of a mild and inoffensive character, of 
 no very promising appearance, but endowed 
 with uncommon powers of mind. The Je- 
 suits cai'ried their hatred against him so far 
 as to destroy the sheet which Perrault, in 
 his panegyric of great men, had written in 
 his favor. His works are very numei'ous. 
 His letters, after his death, were published 
 in 9 vols, by father Quesnel. 
 
 Arnaud, Henry, brother of Robert and 
 Anthony, was made bishop of Toid ; but as 
 his election Avas disputed, he was not put in- 
 to possession. He was employed as a nego- 
 tiator at the court of Rome; and, on his re- 
 turn, in 1649, he was made bishop of An- 
 gers, where, like a father, he protected the 
 poor, and by the most exemplary virtues 
 discharged the liigh duties of his office. 
 
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 re 
 
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 When the queen mother marched with an 
 army to punish the rebellion of Angers, the 
 good bishop disarmed her resentment, in his 
 administration of the sacrament. Take, 
 says he, to the incensed princess, the body 
 of liim who forgave his enemies as he was 
 dying on the cross. An interesting account 
 of his negotiations was published at Paris, 
 in 5 vols. 12mo. 1748. He died at Angers, 
 June 8, 1692, in his 95th year. 
 
 Arnaud, Angelique, sister of Heniy, 
 ■was abbess of the Port Royal convent, and 
 distinguished herself by the reformation and 
 the sanctity which she introduced there, and 
 afterwards also at the convent of Maubuis- 
 son, where she presided five years. She 
 removed afterwards to Paris, with the king's 
 permission, and died 1661, aged 65. Six 
 sisters of her family, with their mother, 
 passed the evening of their life in her 
 convent. 
 
 Arnaud, de Brescie, a bold and inde- 
 pendent ecclesiastic, the disciple of Peter 
 Abelard, in the 12th century, who main- 
 tained, that it was unlawful for the clergy to 
 hold a temporal estate. On the death of In- 
 nocent II. by whom he had been condemned, 
 and obliged to fly to Switzerland, he attack- 
 ed the papal power, drove the pontiff from 
 Rome, and reformed the government of the 
 city. He was afterwards seized, and by or- 
 der of Adrian IV. he was burnt alive, in 1115, 
 and his ashes thrown into the Tiber. Some 
 of his followers came to England, 1160; but 
 •were all put to death, as persons dangerous 
 and hostile to the happiness of the state. 
 
 Arnaud, Anthony, son of Robert, was 
 abbot of Chaumes. He lived with his uncle, 
 the bishop of Angers, and died 1698, author 
 of some memoirs, in three vols. 12mo. 
 
 Arnaud, Francis, a native of Carpen- 
 tras, abbot of Grand Champs. He distin- 
 guished himself by his literary labors, in 
 connection with Sicard, especially the Ga- 
 zette Hteraire de I'Europe — in the journal 
 etranger — and in pieces on ])hiIosophy, lite- 
 rature, and the arts, 4 vols. 12mo. 1770; and 
 he died at Paris, 2d Dec. 1784. 
 
 Arnaud, Simon, marquis of Pompone, 
 was brother to the preceding, and known at 
 the court of Lewis XIV. as an able negotia- 
 tor, and as an ambassador to the Hague and 
 Stockholm. He was afterwards made se- 
 cretary of state, an office from which he was 
 soon removed. He died 1699, aged 8 ■. . 
 
 Arnaud, Henry Charles, son of Simon, 
 was born at the Hague. He distinguished 
 himself as an ecclesiastic, and more as a 
 statesman in the character of an ambassador 
 to the court of Vienna, and as chancellor. 
 He died 1756, in his 87th year. 
 
 Arndt, John, a native of Bellenstadt in 
 Anhalt, known as minister of Quedlinburg, 
 and afterwards of Brunswick, where his 
 abiUties as preacher were obstinately oppo- 
 sed by the envy of his ecclesiastical brethren. 
 As he lived in times when controversial 
 points were disputed upon with acrimony, 
 he felt the rancor of opposite opinions. He 
 was for eleven years minister of Kell, on the 
 
 presentation of the duke of Lunenberg. 
 where he died 1621. His chief work is hi& 
 treatise of true Christianity, in 4 books, in 
 German, which, on account of its excel- 
 lence, lias been translated into several lan- 
 guages, and, among others, into Enghsh, by 
 Boehm, and dedicated to queen Anne, 1712, 
 in 8vo. in 3 vols. 
 
 Arndt, Joshua, professor of logic at 
 Rostock, died at Gustrof, the place of his 
 birth, 5th April 1687, in his 61st year. He 
 wrote miscellanea sacra, Svo. 1648 — tracta- 
 tus de superstitione, Leipsic, 1707, 4to. — 
 Clavis antiquit. Jud. &c. His son Charles 
 was professor of poetry and Hebrew at Mech- 
 lin, and died 1721, author of some learned 
 dissertations in the Lepsic miscellany. 
 
 Arne, Thomas Augustine, son of an up- 
 holsterer in Covent Garden, whom Addison 
 characterized in the Tatler, No. 155 & 160. 
 He was educated at Eton and bound to an at- 
 torney : but he possessed a strong inclination 
 for music, and soon rose to be leader of the 
 band at Druiy Lane. He composed in 1733, 
 the music for Addison's opeoa of Rosamond, 
 in 1738, that for Milton's Comos, and in 1740 
 that of Mallet's masque of Alfred, in which 
 Rule Britannia was first introduced : ahd, in 
 consequence of his high reputation, he was 
 created Mus. D. at Oxfoi'd, in 1759. He died 
 of a spasm in the lungs, March 5, 1778, au- 
 thor of the favorite opera of Artaxerxes, the 
 Guardian outwitted, and the Rose. Mrs. 
 Cibber, the famous actress, was his sister. 
 Though apparently little attached to religion, 
 he was a catholic, and died a penitent son of 
 Rome. 
 
 Arngrim, Jonas, a learned ecclesiastic 
 of Ireland, who wrote a peice on the Runic 
 letters, found in Olaus Wormius' collection, 
 besides other tracts illustrative of the history 
 of his country. He died about 1649, 
 
 Arnis^eus, Kenningus, a German profes- 
 sor of physic at Helmstadt. He is known 
 for his able political treatises in defence of the 
 authority of princes. He travelled through 
 France and England, and was honored with 
 the place of counsellor and physician to the 
 king of Denmai'k. He died November 1635. 
 
 A R N o B I u s, rhetorical professor at Sicca 
 in Numidia, at the end of tho 3d century, 
 was a violent enemy to Christianity, and af- 
 terwards its stedfast friend. 
 
 Arnobius, a native of Gaul, author of a 
 commentary on the Psalms, and of a defence 
 of the Pelagians in the 5th century. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel, an eminent musical 
 composer, educated under Gates and Nares, 
 at St. James's chapel. His cure of Saul, 
 and his prodigal son, obtained him great ap- 
 plause and celebrity, so that, in 1778, he 
 was honored with the degree of Mus. D. by 
 the university of Oxford. After leaving Co- 
 vent Garden, where he first appeared, 1760, 
 lie became proprietor of the fashionable Ma- 
 ry bone Gai'dens ; and, in 1783, succeeded Dr. 
 Nares as organist of the royal chapel. He 
 was also organist of Westminster Abbey, in 
 which his remains are deposited. He died 
 13th Oct. 1802. Besides musical coroposi- 
 
AR 
 
 ^/ 
 
 AR 
 
 tiond, he began a splendid edition of Handel's 
 works, in 1786. 
 
 Arnold, of Breseia. Vid. Arnaud. 
 
 Arnold, Nicolas, a protestant of Leroa, 
 •who improved himself by travelling, and af- 
 terwards succeeded to the professor's chair of 
 theology at Fi-aneker in Friesland, where he 
 acquired reputation by his sermons and po- 
 lemical works, printed, Leipsic, 1593. He 
 died 1080, aged 62. 
 
 Arnold, JelFery, author of a history of 
 mystical theolog^v, and of a history of the 
 church and of heretics, prinle<J, Leipsic, 
 1700, besides other tracts, was a zealous min- 
 ister of Perleherg, and a strong advocate of 
 the pietists. He died 1714. 
 
 Arnold, of Hildcsheim, an liistorian of 
 the 13th century, who continued HelmeUlus' 
 chronicle of the Sclavonians, published at Lu- 
 bec, 1659. 
 
 ARNOLD,Christopher, a native of Nurem- 
 berg, who studied at Altorf, and afterwards 
 travelled on the continent and in England. 
 He died professor at Altorf, 1685, aged 58. 
 He is author of testimonium Flavianum, seu 
 epistolsB 30, de Josephitestimoniode Chri>to 
 — Kuperti historia universalis — editions of 
 Laiin classics, &c. 
 
 Arno ld, Benedict, an American, born in 
 New England, and brought up as a surgeon. 
 He quitted this profession for the sea ; and 
 after being for some years employed as mas- 
 ter and supercargo of a trading vessel, he 
 embraced, with enthusiasm, the republican 
 cause against the mother-country, and took 
 the command of a company of volunteers at 
 New- Haven. His good conduct raised him 
 to higher offices, and he was for the boldness 
 of his character, pointed out to make an at- 
 tack, through pathless wilds, upon Canada. 
 In liis attempt to lake Quebec by surprise, 
 he received a wound in the leg ; and upon the 
 failure of his plans, and the death of his gal- 
 lant associate, Montgomery, he withdrew the 
 remains of his forces to Crown Point. He 
 ■was afterwards employed in the flotilla on 
 Lake Champlain; but though he seemed at- 
 tached to the American cause, either dissa- 
 tisfaction, or the fear of finding himself on 
 the vanquished side, induced him to open a 
 negotiation with sir Henry Clinton, and, as 
 a proof of his sincerity, to deliver up into 
 the hands of the English West Point, of 
 •which he had the command. In the at- 
 tempt, poor Andr^ was sacrificed, and Ar- 
 nold, with difficulty, escaped on board a 
 British ship of war. Here he was treated 
 •with respect, and honorably employed; and 
 on the unfortunate conclusion of the war, he 
 was rewardetV with a pension. He was af- 
 terwards in Nova Scotia, and in the "West In- 
 dies, last war, where he was taken by the 
 French, from whom he escaped. He retur- 
 ned to England, and died in London, ISOl. 
 
 Arnoul, a bishop of Lisieux, who rewgn- 
 ed his office to retire, in his old age, to the 
 abbey of St. Victor at Paris, where he died 
 31st August 1184. His letters are curious, 
 in containing an account otthe discipline and 
 VOL. 1. 13 
 
 manners of his time, printed, Paris, 1585, 
 8vo. 
 
 Arntzenius, John Henry, a learned 
 Dutchman, law professor at Utrecht, where 
 he died, 1799. He wrote academical discour- 
 ses and dissertations — miscellanies — institu^ 
 tiones juris Belgici, 2 vols. 8vo — Sedulius 
 and Arator — panegyrici veteres, &c. 
 
 Arnu, Nicholas, a Dominican, born at 
 Merancourt near Veixlun. He was profes- 
 sor oi metaphysics at Padua, where he died, 
 1692, aged 63. His works, in 10 vols, were 
 chiefly on the theology and philosophy of 
 Aquinai, and curious for the extravagance 
 of his ideas, and the denunciations which he 
 pronounced against the Turkish empire. 
 
 Arnulph or Ernulph, a monk qf St. 
 Lucian de Beauvais, patronised by his friend 
 Lanfranc of Canterbury, and made bishop of 
 Hochester under Henry I. He wrote an his- 
 tory of the church of his diocese, which is 
 still- preserved at Rochester, and which has 
 been published by Dr. Thorpe. He was also 
 author of some theological treatises, and died 
 in March 1124, aged 84, after being nine years 
 bishop of the see of Rochester. 
 
 Arnulpm, natural son of Carloman, king 
 of Bavaria, was elected emperor of Germany 
 888, and crowned at Rome 896, by pope 
 Formosus. He died, as is supposed, by poi- 
 son, 899, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Lewis IV. 
 
 Arnulphus, an Egyptian, famous at 
 Rome, in the reign of Al. Antoninus, for his 
 skill in magic. 
 
 Arn"Way, John, a native of Shropshire, 
 who studied at St. Edmund hall, Oxford, and 
 became rector of Hodret and Ightfield, in his 
 native country. In the civil wars he lost his 
 estates, and retired to Oxford, 1640, where 
 he served the king, and was made archdea- 
 con of Coventry ; but on the success of Crom- 
 well, he left the kingdom, and went to the 
 Hague, where he published two pamphlets 
 on tlie moderation of Charles I. — and an 
 alarm to the English. H'e afterwards went 
 to Virginia, •where he died, of a broken 
 heart, 1653. 
 
 Aron, Peter, a musical writer, born at 
 Florence. He was patronised by Leo X. 
 and was made canon of Rimini, The best 
 known of his cojnpositions is de institutione 
 harmonii a, translated into Latin, 1516. 
 
 Arpino, Joseph d', a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born at Arpino, 1560 In his 13th 
 year he was in the humble situation of wai- 
 ter on the painters who were adorning the 
 Vatican ; and it was from this time that his 
 genius burst forth The pope was made ac- 
 quainted with his merit, and favors were heap- 
 ed upon him, and he was created knight of St. 
 Michael. He possessed spirit ; but when his 
 rival Caravagio attacked him, he refused to 
 fight him before he was a knight like him- 
 self. Against Annibal Carachi he likewise 
 meditated revenge ; but the painter show ing 
 him his pencil, added, with this weapon I 
 defy you. The best pieces of Arpino, who 
 is known among painters by the name of Jo- 
 sepin, 'are from the history of Rome, the 
 
AR 
 
 ^r 
 
 AR 
 
 raost capital of -which is the battle of Romu- 
 lus with the Sabines. He died at Rome, 1640 
 aged 80. 
 
 Arrago N, Jeanne d', a celebrated Italian 
 lady, mother of Marc Anthony Colonna, who 
 distinguished himself against the Turks at 
 Lepanto. She is known for the very singular 
 honor paid her, by the wits of the age, who 
 embalmed her virtues and her praises in ele. 
 gies in all languages, published at Venice 
 1558, under the title of Tempio alia divina 
 signora Arragona. She died 1577, in a gx'eat 
 old age. 
 
 Arran, James Hamilton earl of, a Scotch 
 nobleman, who was highly favored by Hen- 
 ry H. of France, in 1555, and made captain 
 of his Scotch life guards. He was distin- 
 guished for his virtues and abilities, and at 
 one time aspii'ed to the hand of queen Eliza- 
 beth of England, which, however, he did not 
 disclose, to pay his adoration to her more 
 beautiful rival, the now widowed queeCt of 
 Scots. Mar)' received his proposals with 
 indifference and contempt, and Arran sunk 
 into despair and insanity- He died 1609. 
 
 Arria, the wife of Psetus, under Clau- 
 dius, is celebrated for her heroism, and con- 
 jugal fidelity. 
 
 Arriaga, Rodei'ic d', a Spanish Jesuit, 
 professor of theology at Salamanca and 
 Prague. His works were on metaphysics, 
 printed, Antwerp 1632, and on divinity 8 vols, 
 fol. 1043. He died 1667, aged 75, at Prague. 
 
 AfiRiAN, a Greek historian, of the second 
 century, born at Nicomedia, and bighly hon- 
 ored at Rome. He wrote the history of 
 Alexander the great, dissertations on Epio- 
 tetus, &c. 
 
 Arrowsmith, John, a theological pro- 
 fessor at Cambridge, 1660, author of several 
 valuable works stronglyCalvinistic, especially 
 Tactica sacra — God man, or exposition of St. 
 John's first chapter — a chain of principles, 
 or a course of theology, all in 4to. 
 
 AttSACES I. a Parthian, who emancipated 
 his country from the Macedonian yoke, B, 
 C. 250, into an independent kingdom. He 
 was killed in battle^ after reigning 38 years. 
 
 Arsaces H. son of the first, made war 
 against Antioehvis the great. 
 
 Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, 
 taken prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, who 
 hound him in silver chains. He dit;d in his 
 prison of Ecbatana, B C. 362. 
 
 Arse Ni us, bishop of Constantinople, ex- 
 communicated Michael Palseologus, for dis- 
 possessing John Lascaris of the crown. The 
 emperor demanded absolution, but the pre- 
 late refused without resignation, and in con- 
 sequence of his firmness, be was banished 
 to an island, where he died in the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 Arsenius, a Roman deacon appointed 
 by pope Damascus, preceptor to Accadius, 
 son of Theodosius. The virtues of the mas- 
 ter were unable to correct the haughtiness 
 of the pupil. One day Theodosius found his 
 son sitting anil the preceptor standing before 
 bim, upon which he ordered him to sit down 
 and his pupil to ri.se, but this did not avail. 
 It is even said that the licentious prince or- 
 
 dered his master to be dispatched, and thai 
 Arsenius, discovering the perfidy, fled from 
 the court to Egypt, an«l passed the rest of his 
 life among the anchorites of Scetis, where 
 he died, aged 95. His tract for the x*ule of 
 the monks is preserved.^ 
 
 Arsenius, archbishop of Malvasia in the 
 Morea, was excommunicated by the patri- 
 arch for submitting to tbe pope. He was 
 author of a collection of apophthegms, and 
 some scholia on Euripides, and died at Ve- 
 nice, 1435. 
 
 Arsexan, Pader d*, a native of Toulouse, 
 author of two tragedies, Agamemnon, and 
 Antigone. He died 1696. 
 
 Art A BAN us, a king of Parthia, who 
 conducted himself with great severity, but at 
 last obtained the good wishes of his subjects, 
 and died A. D. 48. 
 
 Artabanus, a king of Parthia, insulted 
 by Caracalla. He was defeated in battle, and 
 in him tbe empii-e of Parthia became ex- 
 tinct, A. D. 226. 
 
 Art A LI, Joseph, a native of Mazara in 
 Sicily, who in his youth fought a duel and 
 killed his adversary, and fled to Candia when 
 it was besieged by tbe Turks. In this place 
 he highly distinguished himself, and was 
 knighted, and on his return to Europe, he 
 was patronised by several princes, especially 
 the duke of Brunawic, and the emperor 
 Leopold. He was so skilful as a duellist, that 
 he was called the chevalier du Sang. He 
 cultivated poetry with success, and wrote 
 several pieces, and died 1679, at Naples, ia 
 his 51st year. 
 
 Artaud, Peter Joseph, a native of Bo- 
 nieux, in the comtat Vanaissin, bishop of 
 Cavaillon, esteemed for his learning, his ex- 
 emplary piety and goodness of heart. His 
 works are pastoral discourses, &c. He died 
 1760, aged 54. 
 
 Artaud, archbishop of Rheims, was be- 
 sieged in his palace by Hubert and Hugues, 
 counts of Paris, assisted by William of Nor- 
 mandy. His enemies prevailed, and Hugues 
 was named his successor. Afterwards he 
 was restored to his diocese, where he died 
 948. 
 
 Artavasdes I. king of Armenia, after 
 Tigranes his father, behaved with perfidy to 
 Crassus and M. Antony. After the battle 
 of Aetium, his head was cut off and sent to 
 Media. 
 
 Artavas des II. grandson of the above, 
 was king of Armenia, under the protection 
 of Augustus. 
 
 Autaxerxes I. king of Persia son of 
 Xerxes, is supposed to be the Ahasureus of 
 scripture. He died 424, B. C. and was suc- 
 ceded by Xerxes. 
 
 Artaxerxes II. surnamcd Mnemon, 
 defeated his brother Cyrus at the battle of 
 Cunaxa, 401 B. C. He died aged 94, after 
 a reign of 62 years. 
 
 Artaxerxes III. succeeded the second, 
 and slew all his brothei's, and the whole of 
 his family. He made war against Egypt, and 
 was murdered by Bagoas the eunuch, who 
 made handles for knives with his bones, B, 
 C. 338. 
 
AR , 
 
 Artaxerxes Bebecan, sonofashep- 
 liferd, first king of Persia, of the race of the 
 Sassanides. He defeated Ardavan and mar- 
 ried his daughter, whom he ordered to be 
 put to death, because she attempted to poi- 
 son him. Her life was preserved as she was 
 pregnant, and the child she brought forth 
 was received with gratitude by the father, 
 and became his successor by the name of 
 Sapor, A. D. 240. 
 
 Artaxias I. governor of Upper Arme- 
 nia under Antiochus, made himself king of 
 the country, and maintained his power 
 against Antiochus. 
 
 Artaxias U. king of Armenia after Ar- 
 tavasdes I. was expelled by Anthony, and 
 restored by the assistance of Uie Parthians. 
 Tigranes succeeded him. 
 
 Artaxias HI. sonof Polemo, was made 
 king by Germanicus, in the room •of Orodes 
 son of Vonones, and reigned 17 years. 
 
 Art BAG A, Don Stephano, a Spanish 
 Jesuit, who died at Paris, 1800, aged 55. 
 He is author of a treatise on ideal beauty in 
 Spanish, an edition of which appeared in 
 Italian — the revolutions of the Italian theatre j 
 to the present time, in Italian, 3 vols. Svo. j 
 1785. He left in MS. another learned work 
 in Italian called liitmo Sonoro, e del ritmo 
 muto degli Antichi. 
 
 Artedi, Peter, a physician of Sweden, 
 so intimate with Linnseus, that they made 
 each other heirs of their manuscripts, and I 
 literary property. He is known for his dili- 1 
 gence in the histoiy of fossils and quadru- { 
 peds. He was accidentally drowned in a , 
 canal at Leyden, 1735, in his 30th year, and 
 the works which he intended to publish were 
 completed for him by his friends, under the 
 title of Bibliotheca ichthyologica, and Philo- 
 sophia ichthyologica. 
 
 Artemas or Artemon, founder of a 
 sect in the third century, which maintained 
 tliat Christ was but a man, without the 
 powers or substance of a God. 
 
 Artemidorus, a philosopher of Ephe- 
 sus, author of a book on dreams, in the age 
 of the Antonines. 
 
 Artemidorus, an Ephesian, author of 
 a description of the earth 100 B.C. 
 
 Artemisia I. queen of Caria, assisted 
 Xerxes against the Greeks, and behaved 
 ■with astonishing valor. 
 
 Artemisia II. queen of Caria, is cele- 
 brated for the erection of a mausoleum, to 
 honor the memory of her husband Mauso- 
 lus. She took Rhodes, B. C. 251. 
 
 Arthington, Henry, a native of York- 
 shire, who joined with Edmund Coppinger 
 and Hacket, and, under the pretence of be- 
 ing inspired, attempted to introduce a re- 
 formation in the kingdom, by the most vio- 
 lent and the wildest schemes. Hacket was 
 hanged for his conduct, and Arthington ob- 
 tained his pardon by recantation. 
 
 Arthub^ a British prince, whose exist- 
 ence some historians regard as fabulous. 'He 
 is said to have succeeded his father as king 
 of Britain 516. He attacked the Saxons, 
 whom he defeated, and afterwards carried 
 
 7 
 
 his 
 
 AR 
 
 lis victorious army against the Picts, and 
 against Ireland and the western Isles of Scot- 
 land, lieturning from the field he devoted 
 himself to cultivate the arts of peace, and 
 became a most popular governor. He estab- 
 lished the order of the knights of the round 
 table at Winchester, and died about 542. 
 
 Arthur, dukeof Britany, was the post- 
 humous son of Geoffrey Plantagenet son of 
 Henry II. by Constantine daughter of the 
 duke of Britany. Though established in his 
 dominions by Richard I. his uncle, he was 
 treated harshly by the next king John, also 
 his uncle, who took him prisoner, and con- 
 fined him in the castle of Rouen, where it 
 is supposed he was murdered. 
 
 Artigni, Anthony Gachet d', an eccle- 
 siastic, born at Vienna, known by his me- 
 moires d'histoire, de critique, &c. 7 vols. 
 12mo. Pad'is, 1749^ a work partly compiled 
 from the writings of the abbe Brun. He 
 %vas a man deservedly esteemed in his pri- 
 vate character. He died at Vienna in his 
 65th year, 6th May, 1768 
 
 Artusi, Giamara, a musical writer, au- 
 thor of the art of counterpoint reduced to 
 tables, published 1 586, at Venice, and com- 
 pleted 1589 — the imperfections of modera 
 music, 1600 and 1603, &c. 
 
 ArvieuX, Laurent d% a native of Mar- 
 seillus, who, during 12 years residence iq, 
 Palestine, acquired the ariental languages, 
 and was employed as a useful negociator for 
 the French court. His name deserves to be 
 mentioned with every mark of respect, for 
 his deliverance of 380 captives from the 
 dungeon of Tunis, who, in mark of their 
 gratitude,, presented him with a purse of 600 
 pistoles, which he generously refused. He 
 also redeemed 240 slaves at Algiers, and af- 
 ter serving his country at Constantinople, 
 Aleppo, and other places, died 1702, aged 
 67. His ti'avels to Constantinople, Aleppo, 
 Arabia, &c. were published by le P. Rabat 
 at Paris, 1735, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Arviragus, a king of Britain, in the 
 age of Domitian. He was buried at Glouces- 
 ter, in a temple built by him in honor of 
 Claudius. 
 
 Arundel, Mary, daughter of Sir Tho- 
 mas Arundel, and wife first to Robert Rat- 
 cliff, and secondly to Henry Howard, earl of 
 Arundel, is known by her translation of the 
 wise sayings, &c. of Alexander Severus, and 
 of other things from Seneca, Plato, &c. She 
 lived in the middle of the 16th century. 
 
 Arundel, Thomas, son of the earl of 
 Ai-undel, was made bishop of Ely, though 
 only 21 years old, under Edward III. and 
 afterwards translated to York, and from 
 thence to Canterbury. He also lield witJi 
 the primacy the ofiice of lord chancellor. 
 His quarrel with Richard II. obliged him to 
 leave the kingdom, and to fly to Rome, and 
 to his resentment may in some degree be at- 
 tributed the success with which Heni'y IV. 
 invaded England, and seized the crown. He 
 was a zealous defender of the temporal pow- 
 er of the church, and he persecuted the fol- 
 lowers of Wickliffwith great severitv, and 
 
AS 
 
 fff 
 
 AS 
 
 forbade tke translation of the Bible into the 
 vulgai tongue. He died 1414. 
 
 Arundel, Ibomas Howard earl of, is 
 famous tor the discovti'y of the Parian mar- 
 bles wliich bear his name, and which he gave 
 to the university of Oxford. Prideaux, 
 Chandler, and JVlaittaire, are in the number 
 of those who published an account of these 
 valuable relics oi antiquity. 
 
 x\runbel, Blanche, daughter of lord 
 Worcester, and wife of lord Arundel, is 
 oelcbratt d for her brave defence of War- 
 dour Castle, against the parliamentary forces. 
 Though assisted only by 25 men, she resist- 
 ed the attack of 1300 men, and at last capi- 
 tulated on honorable terms, which the con- 
 querors basely violated. She died le^y, 
 aged 6G, and was buried in Wardour Castle 
 chapel. 
 
 Arzachel, a Spanish astronomer, au- 
 thor of a book of observations on the obliqui- 
 ty of the ecliptic in the 11th centurj. 
 
 Asa, son of Vbijah, made king of Judah, 
 B. C. 955, He solicited the aid of Benhadad, 
 king of Syria, against the Israelites for 
 which he was reproved by the prophet 
 Hanani. He was a great enemy to idolatry, 
 and reigned 41 years. 
 
 Asaph, St. a'native of Noith Wales, who 
 v.'as a monk of Llanelvy under Kentigern, 
 the bishop of that see. He succeeded to the 
 bishopric, and so great was his sanctity, that 
 Llanelvy exchanged its name for St. Asaph. 
 The hishop wrote the ordinances of his 
 church, the life of his predecessor, 8cc. and 
 died about 600. The see was vacant nearly 
 500 years after his death. 
 
 Asaph, a musician of the tribe of Levi, 
 m the age of king David. He is said to have 
 composed several of the psalms. 
 
 Asar-Haddon, king of Assyria after his 
 father Sennacherib, obtained afterwards the 
 kingdom of Babylon, and died B. C. 667, 
 after a reign of 45 years 
 
 AscEHN, an ecclesiastic who in the llth 
 century defended transnbstantiation against 
 Berenger. 
 
 AscHAM, Roger, a native of Kirkby- 
 Wiske, near Northallerton, Yorkshire, 
 known for his learning, and more for the I'e- 
 spectable share he bore in the education of 
 the family of Henry VIII. Under the liberal 
 and early patronage of Sir Anthony Wing- 
 field, he was brought up at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he distinguished 
 himself by his application, and a superior 
 knowledge of the Greek language. He was 
 introduced to Henry VIII. to whom he in- 
 scribed his treatise on archery, and he not 
 only received a pension, but as he wrote a 
 beautiful hand, he was appointed to instruct 
 in writing prince Edward, the lady Eliza- 
 beth, and the tAvo brothers, Henrj^^ and 
 Charles, dukes of Suffolk. Elizabeth was 
 indebted to him also for her knowledge of 
 Greek and Latin, as he read with her the 
 best part of Livy, Cicero, Isocrates, Sopho- 
 cles, &c. He afterwards returned to Cam- 
 bridge as publicorator of the university, and 
 wras invited 1550, to attend Sir Richard 
 
 Morysine in an embassy to Charles V. and 
 it was on his way to London he visited lady- 
 Jane Grey at Bradgate-hall, in Leicester- 
 shire, in whose hands he found a Greek edi- 
 tion of Plato's Phsedo, a book from which 
 this amiable woman said she received more 
 real pleasure than from sharing the diver- 
 sion of her attendants and family who were 
 hunting in the park, His time was not un- 
 pleasantly spent in Germany, as he assisted 
 the ambassador, and applied himself to poli- 
 tics so successfully that he wrote a book oa 
 the affairs of the empire. He was appoint- 
 ed, when returned to England, Latin secre- 
 tary to king Edward, an oftice which was 
 still continued to him under Mary and Eli- 
 zabeth ; but though a favorite at court and 
 universally respected, he did not use his in- 
 fluence to raise himself to pivfermect, as a 
 prebend in the church of York was the only 
 favor he received, and unasked, from the 
 crown. He died in London, -ith January, 
 1568, aged 53, and was interred in St. Se- 
 pulchre. Buchanan wrote the following 
 just tribute to the memoiy of his departed 
 friend : 
 
 Aschamtim extinctum Patrice Graiceque ca- 
 mcena, 
 
 Et Latice vera cum pietute dolent. 
 Principibus vixit cams, jucundns amicis, 
 
 lie modica : in mores dicere fu7na neqnit, 
 Ascham*s most valuable work is his school- 
 master, which he wrote at the i«e(iuest of 
 iS'r Richard Sackville, in consequence of a 
 dispute with respect to the various modes 
 of education. His Latinity and the elegance 
 of his diction in his letters have been greatly 
 and deservedly admired. His works were 
 printed in one vol.4to. 1769, and the School- 
 master was edited by Upton in 1711. 
 
 AscHAM, Anthony, author of tracts on 
 astrology, and on the properties of herbs, 
 gathered 1550, was a physician, and also an 
 ecclesiastic. He was preferred by Edward 
 VI. to the living of Barnishton, Yorkshire. 
 
 AsCHAM, Anthony, a friend of Cromwell, 
 and a member of the long parliament. He 
 was educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He was assassinated with his 
 interpreter by six exiled royalists in Spain, 
 where he had been sent as envoy from Eng- 
 land, 6th June, 1650. He wrote a discourse 
 on the revolutions and confusions of govern- 
 ments, 8vo. 1648. 
 
 AscHARi, a mussulman doctor, founder 
 of a sect which bears his name. He suppos- 
 ed that the Supreme Being follows only gen- 
 eral established laws; but the Hanbalites, at 
 the head of which was his father-in-law Han- 
 balite, supported that providence acted dif- 
 ferently in particular circumstances. As- 
 chari died at Bagdad, 940. 
 
 AscLEPiADEs, a Greek philosopher, B. 
 C. 350. He worked at the mill in the night 
 that he might on the day be enabled to at- 
 tend Plato's lectures. 
 
 AscoLi, Cecco di, or Francisco de Sta- 
 bili, professor of mathematics at Bologna, 
 wrote an Italian poem on the system of Era- 
 pedoeles, for which he was burnt as a here- 
 
AS 
 
 /y 
 
 AS 
 
 tic at Florence, 1328, aged 70, He was also 
 author of a coramentar}' on the sphere of 
 John Holy Wood, or Sacrobosco. 
 
 AscoNius Pedianus, a grammarian of 
 Padua ill the age of Augustus. 
 
 AscouGH, William, 'made hishop of Sa- 
 rum 1438, was murdered at the altar by Jack 
 Cade and his followers 1450. He was de- 
 scended from a very ancient Lincolnshire 
 family. 
 
 AsDRUBAL, founder of New Carthage in 
 Spain, was brother-in-law of the great Anni- 
 bal. He was assassinated by a Gaul. 
 
 AsDRUBAL Barca, brother of Annibal, 
 •was killed at the battle of the Metaurus as 
 he was advancing into Italy with reinforce- 
 ments. 
 
 AsELLi, Caspar, a physician of Cremona, 
 known as the discoverer of the lacteal veins 
 in the mesentery. He was professor of ana- 
 tomy at Paris, where fie died 1020, and he 
 published a valuable account of his discov- 
 eries, printed Milan, 4to. 1027. 
 
 AsFEi.D, Claude Francois Bidal marquis 
 d', an illustrious warrior at the battle of AI- 
 manza in 1707, rewarded by the kings of 
 Spain and of France for his important ser- 
 vices. He took Philipsburg in 1734, and 
 died at Paris 1743. 
 
 AsFELD, Jacques Vincent Bidald', an ec- 
 clesiastic, brother to the preceding, impri- 
 soned for his attachment to the Jansenists. 
 He wrote several uninteresting treatises on 
 theology, and died at Paris 1745, aged 81. 
 
 AsGiLE, John, a lawyer of eminence, 
 known for his wit and his misfortunes. He 
 was brought up at Lincoln's inn under the 
 patronage of judge Eyre in king William's 
 reign, and his abilities were such that he 
 rose to consequence and employment. Two 
 treatises replete witli humor and sarcasm 
 liad already given him popularity, when he 
 publislied another on the possibility of avoid- 
 ing death, which drew down upon him the 
 odium of the friends of the church, and par- 
 ticularly of Dr. Sacheverell; so that, when 
 he .'ifterwards went to Ireland, and by suc- 
 cess in the law purchased an estate and pro- 
 cured a seat in the house of commons, he 
 ■was ignominiously expelled for the contents 
 of his pamphlet. On his return to England, 
 he was returned for JJramber in Sussex ; but 
 here the morality of his writings was also 
 called in question, and though he made an 
 eloquent defence in favor of his opinions, 
 -which he refused to retract, he was expelled 
 as a disgraced and unworthy member. I'his 
 blow hastened the ruin of his fortunes, he be- 
 came a prisoner of the King's Bench and af- 
 terwards of the Fleet, where he continued to 
 subsist by writing ])olitical pamphlets, and by 
 transacting some professional business. Af- 
 ter 30 years thus spent in confinement and 
 poverty he expired in November 1738, aged 
 upwai'ds of 80. 
 
 Ashe, Simeon, a nonconformist, chaplain 
 to lord Warwick during the civil wars. He 
 was a man of property, and of great influ- 
 ence araorig his persuasion. He was educa- 
 ted at Emanuel college, and settled in Staf- 
 
 fordshirej where he became acquainted witlr. 
 l)od, Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others. 
 His principles were obnoxious to Cromwell*s 
 party, and it is said, that he was greatly in- 
 strumental in the restoration of Charles IL 
 He died 1002. He published sermons, and 
 edited Ball's works. 
 
 Ashley, Robert, a native of Nashhill in 
 Wilts, educated at Harthall Oxford and the 
 Middle Temple London. He was called to 
 the bar, and distinguished hfmself as an emi- 
 nent writer, as a collector of books, in Hol- 
 land, France, i«c. and as a benefactor to the 
 society to which he belonged. He published 
 a relation of the kingdom of Cochin China, and 
 the life of Almanzor, &c. and died October 
 1041, in an advanced old age, and was buried 
 in the Temple church. 
 
 AsHMOLE, or AsMOLE, EHas, was born 
 at Lichfield, 23d May l6l7, and is known as 
 an antiquarian and as the founder of the 
 Ashmolean museum at Oxford. He was edu- 
 cated at the grammar-school in his native 
 town, became a chorister of the cathedral, 
 and at the age of 16 was admitted into the 
 family and under the patronage of James 
 Paget, baron of the exchequer, by whose 
 means he rose to be solicitor and attorney in 
 the common pleas. At the beginning of the 
 disputes which preceded the civil war, he 
 retired to Oxford, where, having entered a 
 member of Brazen-nose college, he labored 
 with great assiduity in mathematics, philoso- 
 phy, and astronomy. He afterwards engaged 
 in the service of the king as commissioner 
 and register of excise, and was captain in 
 lord Ashley's regiment; but the fatal battle 
 of Worcester obliged him to retire to Che- 
 shire for a while, till again he returned to 
 London, and 1647, to Engtefield in Berkshire, 
 where he married lady Mainwaring. Ever 
 employed in advancing science, his labors 
 were indefatigable in procuring a collection 
 of the manuscript works of English chemists, 
 and in tracing the Uoman roads mentioned iii 
 the itinerary of Antoninus. His greatest 
 work was the history of the order of the gar- 
 ter, which procured him not only fame and 
 additional respectability, but the patronage 
 of Charles II. by whom he was graciously re- 
 ceived at the I'estoration, and honored with 
 the place of Windsor herald, besides a pen- 
 sion of 400^. out of the customs of paper- 
 The valuable collection of coins to the num- 
 ber of 9000, besides books and other curiosi- 
 ties which he had made, was unfortunately 
 destroyed at the Middle Temple by fire in 
 1679 ; but his most precious gold medals, 
 and manuscripts were then at Lambeth, and 
 thus escaped the dreadful conflagration So 
 much public merit did not pass unrewarded 
 by the learned body to which he belonged ; 
 the university of Oxfoi-d granted him the 
 degree of doctor in physic by diploma, and 
 in 1683 they completed a handsome building 
 for the I'eception of the valuable collection of 
 manuscripts, books, medals, and curiosities, 
 which he intended to deposit within its pre- 
 cincts as a token of his gratitude, and as the 
 memorial of his zeal ia the cause of science. 
 
AS 
 
 y€ 
 
 AS 
 
 Ashmolc died at Lambeth, May 18th, 1692, 
 aged 75. His works, some of which are stiil 
 in manuscript, are all on historical and anti- 
 quarian subjects, but highly esteemed for the 
 depth of research and various information 
 ■which they contain. His history of Berk- 
 shire — his miscellanies on several curious 
 subjects — and memoirs of his life in the form 
 of a diar)' — were published after his death. 
 
 AsHTON, Charles, a learned critic, elec- 
 ted master of Jesus college, Cambridge, 1701. 
 He lived to a great age, distinguished for his 
 erudition and for the delicacy and correct- 
 ness of his criticisms. His works were all 
 critical. It was said of the university of Gam- 
 bridge that, among those whom the fellows 
 appointed to the headship of a college, th-ere 
 ■were not three equal to those only three 
 •whom the privilege of visitors sdected to 
 preside over societies to which before thej"^ 
 did not probably belong ; that is, Bentley of 
 Trinity by the king; Ashton of Jesus by the 
 bishop of Ely ; and Waterland of Magdalen, 
 by the earl of Suffolk; a circumstance highly 
 boHorable to the elector as well as to the 
 elected. Among his publications were — lo- 
 cus Justini martyris emendatus, &.c. — TuUy 
 and Hirtius reconciled as to the time of Cae- 
 sar's going to the African war, &c. — Origin 
 de oratione, 4to. — Hicrocles in aurea carmi- 
 ua Pythagorea comment. 1742, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Ashton, Thomas, D. D. a learned divine, 
 educated at Eton and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, a«d afterwards promoted to the rec- 
 tory of Aldingham in Lancashire, and St. Bo- 
 tolph in London. He was also fellow of Eton, 
 and, as preacher at Lincoln's inn, he acqui- 
 red great popularity by the elegance of his 
 language and the persuasive eloquence of his 
 delivery. He published some sermons on 
 various occasions, besides controversial pam- 
 phlets against Jones a methodist, and upon 
 iilling the Eton fellowships with persons who 
 are or have been fellows of King's college. 
 He died March 1st, 1775, in his 59th year, 
 after surviving some years a dreadful attack 
 of the palsy. 
 
 AsHWELL, George, was bom in Ludgate- 
 street, and educated at Harrow, and Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow. During the civil war he preached 
 frequently before the king, but he submitted 
 to theauthority of the parliamentarj' visitors, 
 and was afterwards rector of Hauwell near 
 Banbury, where he died 1693, aged 66. His 
 ■writings were on divinity, but not in high 
 esteem. The best khown was a treatise on 
 the Apostolic, Athanasian, and Nicene creeds, 
 8vo. 161. i. 
 
 ASHW0 015, Bartholomew, a minister of 
 Axminster in Devon, from which he M'as 
 ejected in 1662. He was afterwards minis- 
 ter of a congregation at Peckham in Surrey, 
 and died there a few years before the revo- 
 lution. He wrote some small ti-acts, especi- 
 j^lly the heavenly trade, — and the best trea- 
 sure. 
 
 AsHWORTH,Caleb, anative of Northamp- 
 tonshire, who, from the humble employ- 
 ment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction 
 
 and patronage of Dr. Doddridge, to the re- 
 spectability of minister of a dissenting con- 
 gregation, and at last successor in the school 
 of his able master. He wrote the paradigms 
 of Hebrew verbs, and other works, and died 
 at Daventi-y 1774, aged 65, respected as a 
 man and as a scholar. He was created D- 
 I), by a Scotch university. 
 
 Askew, Anthony, a native of Kendall in 
 Westmorland, eminent as a physician and as 
 a man of letters. He was educated at Sed- 
 burgh school, and Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his first degree 174S. 
 He afterwards studied ooe year at Leyden^ 
 and then accompanied the English ambassa- 
 dor to Constantinople. On his return to 
 England he took his degree of M. D. at 
 Cambridge, and began to practise. He was 
 also made fellow of the royal society, and of 
 the college of physicians ; but his celebrity 
 arises more from his fondness for literature 
 than his success in the medical profession. 
 He collected a most valuable library, which 
 was disposed of by public auction for above 
 5,000^. He died at llampstead 1784. 
 
 Askew, Ajine, daughter of sir William 
 Askew of Kelsay, Lincohishire, was eminent 
 for her virtues and misfortunes. She mar- 
 ried when young Mr. Kyme, against her in- 
 clination, and the treatment which she re- 
 ceived from l.er husband was so inhuman, 
 that she came to the court of Henry VIH. ia 
 pej-son to solicit a divorce. Her story inter- 
 ested the ladies of the court; but as it was 
 suspected that she was attached to the refor- 
 mation her person was seized and confined 
 in ^'ewgate, and afterwards cruelly tortured 
 in the Tower; and in 1546 she was burnt iti 
 Smithfield with her tutor and two other per- 
 sons, like herself, more attached to her faith 
 than to hfe. Some of her letters, ])reserved 
 by Fox and Strype, prove her to have been 
 amiable, accomplished, and virtuous. She 
 was about 26 when she suffered. 
 
 Asp ASIA, a native of Miletus, who settled 
 at Athens. Though her character and com- 
 pany were most licentious, yet her wit and 
 learning were so dazzling that Socrates him- 
 self Aisited her. Pericles married her, after 
 divorcing his wife. 
 
 AsPASiA, the mistress of young Cyrus, 
 and after his death of his brother Artaxerxes, 
 was originally called Milto. 
 
 AsPELT, Peter d', a native of Treves, 
 who studied medicine at Paris, and was in 
 consequence of his curing the pope in a dan- 
 gerous disorder, raised to an archbishopric 
 by the grateful pontiff. He died 1320, 
 
 AssELiN, Giles Thomas, a native of Vire, 
 and doctor of the Sorbonne, respectable fof 
 his piety as well as his poetical abilities, 
 which frequently were rewarded with the 
 prize. He died at Paris 11th Oct. 1567, 
 aged 75. He was the pupil of Thomas Cor- 
 neille, and the friend of la Motte Houdar. 
 His poems are blamed by some for want of 
 ornament; the best are, an ode on the im- 
 mortality of the soul — and the other on the 
 existence of God. 
 
 AssELYN, John, a pupil of VandenveldQ, 
 
AS 
 
 fS 
 
 AS- 
 
 who after visiting Italy settled at Amster- 
 dam, where he acquired celebrity as an his- 
 torical and landscape painter. He died 1650, 
 aged 40. 
 
 AssER, a Jewish rabbi of the 5th century, 
 author of the Talmud of Babylon, printed 
 with notes Amsterdam, in 12 vols. fol. 1744. 
 
 AssER, of St. David's, a learned authoi' in 
 the reign of Alfred, raised to the see of Sher- 
 borne by that prince, of whose life he wrote 
 an account. There is a chronicle or annals 
 ascribed also to him, printed at Oxford 1691, 
 fol. It is said that he persuaded Alfred to 
 found Oxford, and to maintain professors 
 there. He died 909. 
 
 AssHETON, Dr. William, bom in 164t, 
 ■was the son of the rector of Middieton in 
 Lancashire, and was of Brazen-nose college, 
 of which he became a fellow. He obtainetl 
 preferment by means of the duke of Ormond, 
 to whom he was chaplain, and distinguished 
 himself as the projector of that most charita- 
 ble scheme of providing a maintenance for 
 the widows of clergymen and others, by a 
 Jointure payable by the mercers' company. 
 This scheme was the labor of many years, 
 and before it was completed, he had addres- 
 sed himself to the corporation of the clergy 
 and to the bank of England, who showed an 
 unwillingness to adopt his plan. He refused, 
 a few years before liis death, the headship 
 of Brazen-nose. He died in his 69th year in 
 September 1711, at Beckenham, to the rec- 
 tory of which he had been presented by the 
 St Johns. He wrote, besides devotional 
 tracts, some pieces against the dissenters 
 and papists. 
 
 Assoxjci, Charles Coypeau, Sieur d', a 
 poet called the ape of Scarron, was the son 
 of an advocate of the parliament of Paris, 
 where he was born 1604. The wildness of 
 his character displayed itself at the age of 
 eight, when he ran away from his father, 
 and after strange adventures at Calais, Lon- 
 don, Turin, and Montpellier, he came to 
 Rome, where, for his i-idicule of the popish 
 court, he was imprisoned. On his liberation 
 he came to Paris, where some improper a- 
 mours exposed him to persecution and to con- 
 finement in the Bastille and in the Chatelet. 
 He died 1679. His poetry consists of scat- 
 tered pieces, published in three vols. 12mo, 
 1678, in which the reader finds little wit, but 
 much immorality and buffoonery. He also 
 translated part of Ovid's metamorphoses, 
 and Claudian'srape of Proserpine. 
 
 AsTELL, Mary, a learned woman, 
 daughter of a merchant of Newcastle upon 
 Tyne. She was educated by her uncle, a 
 clergyman, not only in logic and philosophy, 
 hut in the learned languages, so that the 
 most difficult authors, Plato, Epictetus, Ci- 
 cero, and Antoninus, were as familiar to her 
 as the writings of her own countrymen. She 
 lived at Chelsea, where she employed her- 
 self in acts of devotion and charity ; and she 
 became acquainted with the most learned 
 men of the age, Atterbury, Dodwell, Nor- 
 ris, Hickes, kc. and like them advanced the 
 cause of Science and piety, by useful publi- 
 
 cations on religion and morality. She did 
 not long survive the amputation of one of 
 her breasts for a cancer; but after she had 
 directed her shroud and coffin for some 
 time to be placed by her bed.sidc, she expi- 
 red, 1731, in her 63d year, and was buried 
 at Chelsea. Her imblications were, letters 
 concerning the love of God, 8vo. 1695 — aa 
 essay in defence of the female sex in a fetter 
 to a lady, 8vo. 1 696 — a serious projiosal to the 
 ladies for the advancement of their true and 
 greatest interests, 2 pai-ts, 12mo. 1697 — a 
 fair way with the dissenters and their pat- 
 rons, 1704, 4to. — reflections. on marriage, Svo. 
 1705 — the Christian religion, as professed by 
 a daughter of the church of Engla;id, 1705, 
 Svo. &c. 
 
 AsTERius, an Arian, of Cappadocia, in 
 the 4th century. He abandoned his faith, to 
 escape the persecution under Maximinian, 
 and thus lost his reputation for piety and 
 consistency. 
 
 AsTERius a native of Antioeh, made, in 
 the 4th century, bishop of Araasea in 
 Pontus. 
 
 AsTERius Urbanus, a bishop of the 3d 
 century, engaged in a controversy with the 
 Montanists of Ancyra in Galatia. 
 
 AsTLE, Thomas, an English antiquary, 
 born in Staffordshire, where his father was 
 a farmer. He was engaged, in 1763, under 
 the patronage of Mr. Grenville, in examin- 
 ing the records of Westminster with Sir Jo- 
 seph Ayloffe and Dr. Ducarel ; and, in 
 1766, he superintended the printing of the 
 ancient Parliamentary records. He was, in 
 1775, made chief clerk of the record office 
 in the Tower, and succeeded Sir John Shel- 
 ley as keeper. He died December 1803. 
 He wrote a curious work on the origin and 
 progress of writing, as well hieroglyphic as 
 elementary, first printed 1784, in 4to. and 
 again edited 1803. He also contributed some 
 valuable papers to the Archseologia, and 
 other publications. 
 
 AsTLE, John, was born at Whcm in 
 Shropshire, and apprenticed to Hudson the 
 portrait painter, known as the master of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. After improving his 
 talents at Rome, under the patronage of lord 
 Chesterfield, and copying some of the finest 
 works of Titian and Bentivoglio, he return- 
 ed to England, and from thence passed to 
 Ireland, wiiere he rapidly gained reputation, 
 and increased his fortune with 3000/. On his 
 return to London, he passed thiough Knuts- 
 ford, where, at an assembly, he gained the 
 heart of lady Daniel, who, with her hand, 
 gave him soon after the whole Duckenfield 
 estate in fee, worth 5000/. a year. A fond- 
 ness for extravagance and dissipation seemed 
 to be his only passion ; but while he squan- 
 dered with one hand. Fortune seemed, in 
 the most profuse manner, to replenish the 
 other. The death of his brother brought 
 him 10,000/. and his success in painting, and 
 other contingencies, increased his property 
 so much, that at one time he was worth up- 
 wards of 100,000/. Of this sum, 25,000if. 
 were spent in fanciful improvements in his 
 
AS 
 
 ^4^ 
 
 AT 
 
 houses at Duckenfield and in London ; nnd 
 30,000 as he int'orraed Dr. Warren, vanished, 
 in seven years, in criniinal pleasures the re- 
 collection of which often wrung his heart 
 ■with anguish, as his body suffered under the 
 pressure of pain and debiUty. He posses- 
 sed the convivial habits which hospitality 
 should maintain, he was free, easy, aiid en- 
 gaging in his manners, and though too often 
 a debauchee in character, yet his heart was 
 not devoid of sensibility ; as it must be ad- 
 mitted, that the man who at last, in seeing 
 the vanity of pleasure and of life, wishes he 
 could retrace the steps of childhood, and 
 give the world a better example, is not total- 
 ly dead to virtue. He was three tinjes mar- 
 ried, and proved an affectionate husband ; 
 but his management of liis three children 
 ■was such as showed that he did not possess 
 the judicious and parental attention which is 
 required from a father. 
 
 x\STOLPH, king of Lombardy, after his 
 brother Rachis, 749. He attacked the pope's 
 dominions, and would have overrun Italy, 
 had he not been prevented by the negotia- 
 tions and the armies of Pepin of France. 
 He died 756. 
 
 Aston, Sir Arthur, a native of Fulham, 
 of an ancient family, who, after serving 
 abroad, came back, on tjie breaking out of 
 the civil wars, to offer his life and fortunes 
 to Charles 1. He was at the head of the 
 dragoons at the battle of Edgehill, and three 
 times defeated lord Essex ; and for his servi- 
 ces was intrusted with the government of 
 Reading, and afterwards of Oxford. After 
 the king's death, he went to Ireland, and 
 bravely defended Drogheda against the re- 
 publicans: but when he was obliged to sur- 
 render the place to Cromwell, the victorious 
 enemy ordered his brains to be dashed to 
 pieces by, repeated blows with the Avooden 
 stump which he used, in consequence of the 
 amputation of his leg by an unfortunate 
 accident. 
 
 Aston, Sir Thomas, of an ancient Chesh- 
 ire family, was educated at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, and, in I6i8, was made a ba- 
 ron t. In 1635, he served the ofhce of she- 
 riff for his native county ; and, in the civil 
 wars, raised a troop of horse for the king, 
 but was defeated and wounded at Namtwich, 
 in 1642, He was afterwards taken prisoner, 
 but in his attempt to make his escape from 
 bis confinement at Stafford, he was struck 
 ■with great violence by a soldier on the head, 
 so that the blow produced a lever, which 
 proved fatal, 1643. He is author of a re- 
 monstrance against presbytery — of a short 
 survey of presbyterian discipline — of a brief 
 review of the institution, succession, and 
 jurisdiction of bishops, &c. 
 
 AsTORGAS, Marchioness of, a lady, in 
 the reign of Charles II. of Spain, who killed 
 ■with her own hands a beautiful mistress to 
 ■whom her husband was criminally attached. 
 She afterwards prepared the heart of this 
 unfortunate victim, and when her husband 
 had eat it, she rolled the bleeding head of 
 his murdered mistress before him on the ta- 
 
 ble. This wretched guilty woman escaped 
 into a convent, where she became insane 
 ti. rough rage and jealousy. 
 
 AsTRONOME, r, an historian of the 9lh 
 century, author of the life of Lewis the 
 Debonnaire, his patron, preserved in du 
 Chesne's collection. 
 
 AsTRuc, John, a French physician of 
 Sauves, in Lower Languedoc, who, after stu- 
 dying at Montpellier, acquired great reputa- 
 tion at Paris, both as a practitioner and as a 
 professor. He was for some time in Poland, 
 physician to the king at Warsaw. His 
 works, de morbis venereis, &c. are highly es- 
 teemed. He was born 16S4, I9th MaVch, 
 and died at Paris, 5th May 1 766. Besides the 
 above, he wrote treatises on pathology — on 
 ulcers and tumors — on therapeutics—on the 
 iooculation of the small-pox — on female dis- 
 eases, translated into English — memoirs re- 
 lating to the natural history of Languedoc, &c. 
 
 As Y AGES, a king ofMedia, B. C. 594, 
 called by some the Ahasuerus of scripture. 
 
 At A, Abdal, a mussulman dervise in the 
 age of Tamerline, regarded as a god by his 
 followers. 
 
 Atabalipa, or Atahualpa, the last 
 king of Peru, of the race of the incas. He 
 was made king of Quito on his father's death, 
 1529 ; but he aspired to the whole kingdom, 
 and defeated his brother Hualscar, who sat 
 on the throne of Peru. When Pizarro with 
 the Spaniards invaded the kingdom of Peru, 
 the unhappy nionarch M'as invited to a par- 
 ley, and treacherously seized, and soon after 
 barbaroush^ strangled, or burnt at the stake, 
 1533, though he had paid for his ransom all 
 the gold which a room pointed out by the 
 Spaniards could contain. Some of the Span- 
 ish authors have endeavored to represent 
 him as an usurper, and as faithless in the 
 first treaty which he had made with Pizar- 
 ro; but little credit is to be given to their as- 
 sertions. They M ish to wipe off the odium 
 deservedly fallen on their countrymen, by at- 
 tacking the innocent character of Atabalipa. 
 
 Athaliah, wife of Jehoram, and mo- 
 ther of Ahaziah king of .ludah, was daughter 
 of Ahab, by Jezebel. Her son, excited by 
 her advice and example, committed every 
 excess of cruelty and wickedness ; and, af- 
 ter his death, the licentious mother, to ob- 
 tain the sovereign power, murdered the 
 whole of the royal family, except Joash, who 
 was with difficulty preserved by Jehoshaba, 
 daughter of Jehoram. She was, after a reign 
 of seven years, made to expiate her crimes 
 by death. The history of this vicious prin- 
 cess is the subject of one of the finest of the 
 tragedies of Racine. 
 
 A than as I us, St. a native of Alexandria, 
 raised, in consequence of his abilities and 
 great eloquence, to the see of his native town, 
 A. D. 3'i6. He was a violent opposcr of the 
 Arians, and suffered great persecution for 
 his firmness. He died 371. 
 
 Atheling, Edgar, son of Edward, and 
 grandson of Edmund Ironside, king of Eng- 
 land, was regarded as the future monarch; 
 but the intrigues of Harold prcrailed against 
 
AT 
 
 U 
 
 AT 
 
 him. The battle of Hastings, 1066, in des- 
 troying his rival, cut off his hopes of success ; 
 and, after making some resistance at York 
 to little purpose, he fled to Scotland and af- 
 terwards to Normandy. He was reconciled 
 to tlie conqueror, and was at the first cru- 
 sade Avith Baldwin 1\. Avhere lie behaved 
 Avith great intrepidity. He passed the last 
 years of his life at Malmsbury. 
 
 Athelstan, though but natural son of 
 Edward the elder, was made king of Eng- 
 land after his father's death, 925. He was 
 happily successful against the Danes, whom 
 he defeated in Northumberland ; and after- 
 wards he devoted himself to the arts of 
 peace. He encouraged commerce, by be- 
 stowing the title of thane on such of his 
 merchants as had performed three voyages. 
 He died 941. 
 
 Athenagoras, a Christian philosopher 
 of Athens, in the 2d century. 
 
 Athen^us, a Greek grammarian and 
 writer of Alexandria, in the 3d century. 
 
 Athen^us, a mathematician, B. C. 200. 
 
 Athen^us, an orator at Rome in the age 
 of Augustus. 
 
 Athenodorus, a Stoic philosopher, pre- 
 ceptor to Augustus. He died in his native 
 town of Tarsus, aged 82. 
 
 Ath IAS, Isaac, author of an explication 
 of the law of Moses, printed at Amsterdam 
 and Venice, was a Jew ©f Spain. 
 
 Ath I AS, Joseph, a learned printer of 
 Amsterdam, who published an edition of the 
 Hebrew Bible, 2 vols. 1677, highly esteemed, 
 besides editions in Spanish, English, and 
 German. His services were rewarded with 
 a gold chain and medal- by the states. He 
 died 1700. 
 
 Atkins, James, D. D. a leai'ned Scotch- 
 man, of Kirkwall in Orkney, educated at 
 Edinburgh and Oxford, and pati-onised by 
 the marquis of Hamilton. He was made 
 bishop of Moray in 1077, and afterwards 
 translated to Galloway. He died at Edin- 
 burgh, October 28, 1687. He wrote against 
 the presby terians ; but his treatises are now 
 unknown. 
 
 Atkins, Sir Robert, was descended from 
 the ancient family of the same name in 
 Glocestershire. He was educated at Baliol 
 college, and after being made a knight of the 
 Bath, and taking his degrees in law, he was 
 made a judge of the court of Common Pleas, 
 1672, which he resigned, in 1679, through 
 disgust at the conduct of the government. 
 He showed his irapai'tiality on the bench, 
 though his mind was occasionally tinctured by 
 superstition; and at the revolution, which 
 he Itivored with all the ardor of a patriot, he 
 ■was made Lord chief baron by William. In 
 June 1695 he resigned his high olfice, and 
 spent the last fourteen years of his life in 
 peaceful and dignified retirement at Saper- 
 ton Hall in Glocestershire. He died in the 
 beginning of 1709, aged 88, leaving behind 
 him a character of great probity, and repea- 
 ted instances of unshaken attachment to the 
 freedom and constitution of England. He 
 was twice married, and his only son, Sh' 
 VOL. I. 14 
 
 Robert Atkins, inherited his virtues, and 
 was for a long time representative of the 
 county. He published, in folio, the history 
 of Glocestershire, from the materials collec- 
 ted by Dr. Parsons; and died 1711, aged 64. 
 The writings of Judge Atkins are all on 
 constitutional and juridical subjects, and are 
 highly valued. 
 
 Atkyns, Richard, a native of Glocester- 
 shire, educated at Baliol, and Lincoln's Inn. 
 He suffered during the civil wars for his at- 
 tachment to the royal cause, and spent above 
 1000/. in lawsuits, in twenty -four years, to es- 
 tablish the right of the king's grant in printing* 
 law books. He published on the subject his 
 original and growth of iirinting, in 4to. and, 
 five years after, his vindication, &c. He was 
 unhappily married. He died in confinement 
 in the Marshalsea, September 14, 1677. 
 
 Atratus, Hugh, or Black, called the 
 phcEnix of his age, from the great powers of 
 his mind, and his unwearied application, was 
 born at Evesham in Worcestershire, and 
 was made a cai'dinal by Martin II. 1281. He 
 died of the plague, six years after, author of 
 genealogia humana — problemata — canones 
 medicinales, &c. 
 
 Attalus I. king of Pergamus, was a 
 great patron of learning. He died in his 
 72d year, B. C. 198. 
 
 Attalus II. son of the above, succeed- 
 ed his brother Eumenes, 159, and reigned 
 21 years. 
 
 At TALUsIII. nephew of the second, died 
 B. C. 133, in the fifth year of his reign. As 
 he had no issue, he left all his jjossessions to • 
 the Romans. 
 
 Attalus, a native of Pergamus, who 
 was burnt alive for the Christian religion, ia 
 the persecution of M. Antoninus, 177. 
 
 Attenduli, Margai-et, a sister of 
 Sforza, grand constable of Naples. When 
 her brother was perfidiously seized, she 
 armed her friends and domestics, and at 
 their head made reprisals, and thus obtained 
 the liberation of the captive. 
 
 Atterbury, Lewis, son of Dr. Atter- 
 bury, rector of Milton, Northamptonshire, 
 was educated at Christ Church, and submit- 
 ted to the republican visitors. He was, in 
 1654, made rector of Great Rissington, Glo- 
 cestershire, and three years after, obtained 
 the hving of Milton Bucks. After the res- 
 toration, he took his degree of D. D. at Ox- 
 ford. He was, on his return from London, 
 drowned, near his house, December 7, 1693. 
 He published three sermons. 
 
 Atterbury, Lewis, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was educated at Westminster 
 school, and Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 was chaplain, in 1683, to the lord mayor, 
 sir William Pritchard, and the next year 
 became rector of Symel, in Northampton- 
 shire, which he afterwards resigned, upon, 
 greater jiromotion. He succeeded as prea- 
 cher at Highgate chapel, where he had of- 
 ficiated for the late incumbent, Daniel La- 
 thora, and, by being one of the chaplains of 
 the princess Anne, he recommended him- 
 self to favor, and was afterwards, 1707, pre- 
 
AT 
 
 9.<h 
 
 AT 
 
 sented to the living of .heppferton by the throne, the bishop was treated with coolhes?? 
 queen, and by the bishop of London to tliat and indifterence ; and he resented the af- 
 of Hornsey, 1719, in which parish his own j front, and displayed his attachment to the 
 „!, I „:*.,„,t„ u:- _i.-..:^-i.i_ .,: : bouscof Stuart, by refusing to sign tJie de- 
 
 claration of the bisliops, and by opposing in 
 the parliaraent, with vigor and eloquence, 
 the measures of the government. This de- 
 cided and hostile behjiviour proved the be- 
 ginning of his misfortunes. He was suspec- 
 ted of favoring the pretender, and August 
 24, 1722, he was arrested as a traitor, and 
 confined in the Tower. Though the mes- 
 sengers treated him with rudeness and harsh 
 incivility while they secured his pei-son and 
 seized his papers, yet the council behaved 
 towards him with that candor, attention, 
 and affability, which justice and impartiality 
 recommend. March 23, 1723, a bill was 
 brought in the house of commons to inflict 
 penalties on Francis, bishop of Rochester, 
 and l^e was ordered to pre]iare his defence. 
 He declined using his influence among the 
 commons, but, as he wrote to the speaker, 
 he reserved the vindication of his conduct in 
 that house, of which he had the honor to be 
 a member. The trial lasted above a week. 
 The bishop was supported by all the learn- 
 ing and the eloquence of the bar, and he 
 spoke in his own cause with all the energy of 
 tlic persuasive powers which he was known 
 to possess ; but he was condemned by a ma- 
 jority of 83 to 43 votes; and the king, on 
 the 27th May, confirmed the decision of 
 I)arliament. The bishop met the disgrace of 
 banishment with unusual firmness and dig- 
 nity ; he took an affectionate leave of his 
 friends ; and, June 18, 1723, he embarked 
 in the Aldborough man of war, and was 
 landed at Calais, where he met lord Boling- 
 broke, whom the royal pardon recalled to 
 England, upon which he observed with his 
 usual facetiousness, " then his loi'dship and 
 I are exchanged." It is to be lamented that 
 persecution is not softened by the fall of an 
 enemy. Atterbury, in his exile, was pur- 
 sued with more vindictive rage than when 
 in England. Access to him was denied to 
 his family, without the king's sign-manual, 
 and the favor was with difficulty obtained 
 from the extortion of high fees. He wished 
 to pass the remainder of his life at Brussels ; 
 but he was hurried to Paris, where lie had 
 the prudence to resist the solicitations of the 
 pretender, and not concern himself with his 
 secret negotiations. He was from thence 
 carried to Montpellier, for two years ; and 
 on his return to Paris, worn out by the un- 
 kindness of mankind, and domestic sorrow 
 on the loss of his daughter, in 1729, he died, 
 February 15, 1732. His body was brought 
 over to England, and deposited in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, in a monument which, in 1722, 
 he had prepared ; but no inscription marks 
 the spot, as his friends were unwilling that 
 his name should be recorded on marble 
 Avithout mentioning that he died bishop of 
 Rochester. He had by his lady, who died 
 Ai)i'il 20, 1722, four children; Francis, who 
 dicd-an infant; Osborne, whose descendants 
 are still alive ; Elizabeth, who died in 171&» 
 
 chapel was situate. His charitable disposi 
 tion was strongly displayed in his studying 
 physic for the benefit of the poor at High- 
 gate, and distributing advice and drugs gra- 
 tis. On the death of Dr. Spi-at, the arch- 
 deacon of Rochester, he made application 
 for the office, and as his brother was bishop 
 of the see and patron, he expected no re- 
 fusal ; but he was disappointed and Dr. 
 Brydges was nominated. He died at Bath, 
 of a paralytic stroke, October 29,1731, in 
 his 75th year, and he was buried at High- 
 gate. He was author of two volumes of ser- 
 mons, and other tracts, and he left his col- 
 lection of pamphlets, &c. to Christ Church. 
 He gave 10/. a year to a master to instruct 
 girls at Newport Pagnel, and left the bishop's 
 son, Osborne, heir to his fortune. He had 
 married the niece of Sir Robert Bedingfield 
 knight, mayor of London, by whom he had 
 three sous and a daughter, none of whom 
 survived him. 
 
 Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Ro- 
 chester, was born at Middleton Keynes, near 
 Xewport Pagnel, March 6, 1662; and after 
 finishing his education at Westminster, he 
 entered at Christ Church, where he became 
 known by his Avit and his learning. His po- 
 etical abilities were early displayed ; and as 
 a defender of the protestant religion, he also 
 acquired celebrity. He was, however, un- 
 T liing to submit long to the confinement and 
 sameness of a college lif Though dis- 
 tinguished in the society as a scholar, and a 
 tutor, he frequently complained of the hard- 
 ship of his situation to his father, and at last 
 followed his advice, by marrying miss Os- 
 born, a lady in the neighborhood, from whose 
 distant relationship to the Leeds family, he 
 expected preferment. On leaving Oxford, 
 lie was elected lecturer of St. Bride's, Lon- 
 don, 1691, and soon after made chaplain to 
 W^illiam and Mary. With the eloquence of 
 a popular preacher, he possessed the obsti- 
 nacy of a controversialist, and therefore his 
 sermons and works when published, drew 
 upon him the anraadversions of Hoadly, of 
 Bentley, of Wake, and others. His zeal, 
 however, in the service of the chui'ch, and 
 in support of the rights of convocations, Avas 
 rewai'ded by the thanks of the Lower House 
 of Convocation, and by a diploma of the de- 
 gree of D. D. from the university of Oxford, 
 Preferment and distinction were now heap- 
 ed upon him; Sir John Trelawney, bishop 
 of Exetei", gave him the archdeaconry of 
 Totness, he became chaplain to queen 
 Anne, and was, in October 1704, raised to the 
 deanery of Carlisle, lu 1712, he was made 
 <lean of Christ Church, though power and 
 influence were exerted in favor of his anta- 
 gonist. Dr. Smalridge; and the following 
 year he attained the height of his ecclesias- 
 tical «lignity, by being made bishop of Ro- 
 chester, and dean of Westminster, at the 
 particular recommendation of chancellor 
 ilarcQurt. WJicn Geoi'ge succeeded to the 
 
 V 
 
AV 
 
 ^/ 
 
 AU 
 
 «ged 17 ; and Mary, who married Mr. Mo- 
 rice, and died 1729. However blamable his 
 conduct may appear as a poUtician, it is to 
 he remembered that those who have drawn 
 his portrait bare espoused a different cause. 
 His good sense and his prudence forbid us 
 to tbink that be formed any plot for the res- 
 toration of the Stuarts, to whom it is proba- 
 ble that he was attached from strong preju- 
 dices, from early habits, and from the tem- 
 per of the times, which permit Neutrality to 
 no man; but it is certain, that he was offer- 
 ed the see of Winchester, and a pension of 
 5000/. if he would discoatinue his opposition 
 to the measures of Walpole, and it is known 
 that the rejection of this mean offer hastened 
 his (lownfal. His private character us a man 
 was most amiable and exemplary; as a 
 preacher, he was great and eloquent ; and 
 as a writer, his sermons, his letters, and 
 other tracts, prove most decidedly, that he 
 possessed piety, genius, flow of language, 
 and erudition. 
 
 Atticus, Herodes, a "eelebrated orator 
 born at Marathon. He was preceptor to 
 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Varus, and died 
 at Marathon, 76 A. D. 
 
 Atticus, Titus Pomponius, a Roman, of 
 the most amiable manners, who in the midst 
 of civil wars and party animosities, maintain- 
 ed his independence, his character, and his 
 possessions. He was respected by all parties, 
 and his virtues and moderation deserved the 
 general esteem. He died aged 77 ^ B. C. 54, 
 
 Atticus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 •was the enemy of John Chrysostom, whom 
 he expelled from his see. He died 427. 
 
 Attila, king of the Huns, ravaged 
 Gaul and Italy, and levied contributions from 
 Theodosius and Valentinian, the Roman em- 
 perors. He died 453. 
 
 AvALos, Ferdinand Francis, d', marquis 
 of Pescara, in the kingdom of Naples, was 
 distinguished for his valor in the service of 
 Charles V. He was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Ravenna, 1512, and employed the 
 hours of his captivity in writing a dialogue 
 of love, addressed to his wife, the virtuous 
 Victoria Colonna. His abilities contributed 
 much to the battle of Bicoque, the recovery 
 of the Milanese, and the victory of Pavia. 
 It is said that the pope wished to gain him to 
 his cause by the promise of the kingxlom of 
 Naples. He died without issue, at Milan, 
 4th November 1525, aged 36. 
 
 AvA LOS, Alphonso d', marquis del Vasto, 
 was the heir of the preceding, who was his 
 relation. He assisted bravely the arms of 
 Charles V. in Italy ; but he was defeated at 
 Cerisoles, 1544, and died 3lst March 1546, 
 aged 42. 
 
 AvANTio, John Marion, a learned civi- 
 lian, who left Rovigo when his brother had 
 been assassinated there, and settled at 
 Padua, wliere he acquired great reputation. 
 He died 2d March 1622, aged 58. He wrote 
 a poem, and left a manuscript of an eccle- 
 siastical history, and concilia dc criminali- 
 bus rebus, &c. His son, Charles, distin- 
 ;guishcd himself as a phvsician, and by his 
 
 annotations on Bap. Fiera, published after 
 his death at Padua, 1649, in 4to. 
 
 AuBERT, Peter, a French lawyer, who 
 died 1733, aged 91. He left to his native 
 city, Lyons, where be had exercised various 
 civil offices, his valuable librarj'. He was 
 author of retour d'isle d'amour, a romance — 
 2 vols, of fac turns, in 1710— an edition of 
 Richelet's dictionary, 3 vols, folio, 1728, &c. 
 
 AuBERT, William, a native of Poitiers, 
 advocate at Paris, whei*e he died, 1601, He 
 was author of some works of merit. 
 
 A u BERT DU Bayet, N, a French officer 
 engaged in the American war. At the re- 
 volution he distinguished himself in favor of 
 the popular cause, in the national assembly, 
 at the defence of Mentz, in 1793, and in the 
 war of la V^end^e, He was afterwards am- 
 bassador at Constantinople, and died of a 
 fever, brought on by excess and intemper- 
 ance, 17th December 1797. 
 
 Aubertin, Ed me, minister of the re- 
 formed church at Charenton, and frfterwards 
 at Paris, in 1631, died at Paris, 1652. He 
 was author of a work on th^ eucharist of the 
 ancient church, fol. 1633, which was attacked 
 by Arnauld and others. 
 
 Aubery, or AuBRY, John, a physician 
 of Bourbonois, author, among other things, 
 of a curious and learned work called I'anti- 
 dote de I'amour, 1599, in 12mo. and of an 
 apology for physic, Latin, printed, Paris, 
 1608, 8vo. 
 
 AuBERY, Anthony, a lawyer of Paris, 
 remarkable for his uncommon application to 
 study, from 5 in the morning till 6 in the 
 evening. His works, the principal of Avhich 
 are, his history of iil-chelieu, 2 vols, folio, 
 1660, and Mazarin, 4 vols. 12mo. 1751, and 
 of the cardinals, 5 vols. 4to. 1642, are not 
 possessed of superior merit, though they 
 contain historical anecdotes and judicious 
 remarks. He wrote besides a treatise on the 
 pre-eminence of the kings of France, 4to. 
 1649, and on the French king's pretensionfi 
 to the empire, 4to. 1667. He died of a fall, 
 1695, aged upwards of 78. 
 
 AuEERY, Louis, sieur du Maurier, tra- 
 velled with his father, who was ambassador 
 to Holland, and visited Poland, Berlin, and 
 Rome. After a few years passed at court, 
 he retired to lead a life of literary and phi- 
 losophical ease at his country seat, Avhere he 
 died, 1687. His memoirs on the history of 
 Holland, 2 vols. l2mo. 1682, are often quot- 
 ed, and are truly valuable. His grandsou 
 X)ublished, in 1737, his memoirs of Ham- 
 burgh, Lubec, Holstein, Denmark, and 
 Sweden. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Claude del', was descend- 
 ed of a noble family in Burgundy, He was 
 usefully employed in the service of Francis I. 
 Henry II, and his two successors, so that his 
 advice often guided the measures adopted in 
 the cabinet. He died in 1567, the very day 
 after being consulted by Catharine de Me- 
 dicis. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Charles de, marquis of Clia- 
 teau-neuf, chancellor of France, wasan^ble 
 statesman, but proud and baughtywhis 
 
 /Z 
 
 r'/ 
 
AU 
 
 fr 
 
 AU 
 
 demeanor. He excited the jealousy of 
 Richelieu and Mazarin, and though the favo- 
 rite of the court, was imprisoned for ten 
 years; and died 1653, aged 73. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Gabriel de I', an ambassa- 
 dor in England, and afterwards bishop of 
 Orleans. He was a man of abilities, and 
 -wrote several things on ecclesiastical history, 
 &c. He died 1630, aged 52. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Magdelene de 1', wife of 
 Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroi, was cele- 
 brated for her wit and beauty at the court of 
 Charles IX. and his two successors. She 
 died at Villeroi, 1596. She translated the 
 epistles of Ovid, &c. 
 
 AuBiGNE, Theodore Agrippa d', a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, grandfather to madarae 
 'Maintenon. He is said to have translated 
 the Crito of Plato into French when he was 
 only eight years old; but the improvement 
 of his mind was checked by the death of his 
 father, when he had attained his 13th year, 
 so that he forsook letters for the court, and 
 became the favorite of Henry IV. An uu- 
 courteous behaviour, however, rendered him 
 soon unwelcome ; and he retired to Geneva, 
 where his abilities were courted and admi- 
 red. His principal work is an historic uni- 
 verselle, 3 vols. fol. which merited to be pub- 
 licly burnt by the parliament of Paris, be- 
 cause he treats the name of king with unbe- 
 coming harshness and studied contempt. He 
 died at Geneva, 1630, in his 80th year. He 
 wrote an account of his own life, which was 
 printed 1731, besides two satirical pieces, 
 the confession of Sancy, and the baron de 
 Faeneste. 
 
 Aubrey, John, an English antiquaiy, 
 born at Easton-Piers, in Wiltshire, Novem- 
 ber 3, 1625, or 1626, and educated at Malms- 
 bury, where he had for his school-fellow the 
 famous Thomas Hobbes, with whom he cul- 
 tfvated a long and sincere friendship. He 
 entered as gentleman commoner of Trinity 
 College, Oxford, and, four years after, 1646, 
 was admitted of the Middle Temple ; but 
 his father's death checked his study of the 
 law ; and the various litigations which he had 
 in succeeding to his paternal estates, not on- 
 ly reduced his property, but called him to 
 tnore active pursuits. As a man of letters, 
 he distinguished himself in the Monasticon 
 Anglicanum, and preserved the remem- 
 brance of Osney abbey by a curious draught 
 before it was destroyed ; he corresponded 
 with the most learned of the age ; and as- 
 sisted Anthony Wood with confidential ma- 
 terials. After the restoration, he visited 
 Ireland. After being twice shipwrecked, he 
 left his country for a short tour to Orleans ; 
 but misfortuties crowded upon him so that 
 he parted with all his estates, and at last whs 
 reduced to indigence. His virtues and his 
 learning, however, were not forgotten. Lady 
 Long, of Drayton, received him with hospi- 
 tality, and, under her protection, he con- 
 tinued his indefatigable labors in pursuit of 
 antiqiiitics and of natural curiosities. He 
 died suddenly about 1700^ and was buried at 
 DrHVlon. His vorks arc chiefly on antifjui- 
 
 ties, consisting of miscellanies on apparitidns, 
 magic, charms, &c. 1696 and 1721, 8vo. — a 
 perambulation of the county of Surrey, 5 vols. 
 Svo. 1719, besides MSS in the Oxford mu- 
 seum. 
 
 AuBRiOT, Hugo, a native of Burgundy, 
 famous as the builder of the Bastille by order 
 of Charles V. of France, in 1369. He was 
 accused of heresy, and became the founder 
 of the sect which were called after him Hu- 
 gonots, but for his error he was condemned 
 to be confined for life between two bare 
 walls, for which, however, he was set at 
 liberty by the Maillotins, who rebelled against 
 the power of the inquisition, and wished him 
 to be their leader. He died in Burgundy, 
 1382. 
 
 AuBUSSON, Peter'd, grandmaster of the 
 order of St. John of Jerusalem, 1476, was 
 born at Lamarche, and died at Rhodes in 
 1503, aged 81, after having repeatedly sig- 
 nalized himself as a warrior against the be- 
 sieging Turks, and as a statesman. He is 
 however blamed for betraying to the pope 
 prince Zizim, the brother of Bajazet, who 
 had returned to Rhodes, trusting to his ho- 
 nor and protection. For this act of villany 
 he was made a cardinal. 
 
 AuBUSsoN, Francis d', duke de laFeuil- 
 lade, was descended from the preceding, 
 and distinguished himself in the wars of 
 Flanders. He died suddenly, 16S1. 
 
 Audebert, Germain, a counsellor of 
 Orleans, who, in a tour through Italy, cele- 
 brated Venice in a poem, for which he was 
 honored by the Venetians with the order of 
 St. Mark. He was ennobled by Henry HI. 
 and died 1598, aged above 80. His Latin 
 poems were published in Hanover 1603, in 
 8vo. 
 
 AuDEBERT, John Baptist, a French na- 
 turalist, born at Rochefort, 175P. As -an 
 engraver his merit was very gx'eat, and his 
 application in the cause of science was inde- 
 fatigable. He died 1800. His first per- 
 formance was I'Histoire <les Singes, des ma- 
 kis, and des galeopitheques, 1 vol. fol. 1802, 
 and such was the execution of the work that 
 he was introduced to the ablest artists and 
 the most eminent persons of Paris. 
 
 Audi FRET, Jean Baptiste d', a native of 
 Marseilles, emjdoyed as ambassador to the 
 courts of Parma, Modena, Mantua, &c. He 
 died at Nancy, 1733, aged 76, author of an 
 useful geography ancient and modern, in 3 
 vols. 4to. 1689. 
 
 AuDiFRET, Hercules, of C.nrpentras, was 
 the preceptor of F'lechier. He wrote ora- 
 tions, &c. and died 165'J. 
 
 AuDiGuiER, Vital d', a native of Villc- 
 franche de Roueigue, known for his adven- 
 tures in quest of independence. He was au- 
 tlior of some romances, light poems, kc. 2 
 vols. 1614, — a treatise on duels 1617, &c. anf' 
 was assassinated 1630. 
 
 Audi us, the founder of a .sect in the 4th 
 century, was banished into Scythia, where 
 his disciples became numerous. He celebar- 
 ted Easter like the Jewish passover, and con- 
 sidered the Deitv as having a human forrj.- 
 
AV 
 
 // 
 
 AV 
 
 AuDLEY, James lord, of Heleigh, Staf- j sented to Louis XV. procured him a name 
 
 fordshire, is distinguished for his valor m 
 the wars of France under Edward III. at the 
 battle of Poitiers. After deeds of heroism, 
 he was so severely wounded that his atten- 
 dants bore him with difficulty from the field. 
 These high services were rewarded by the 
 Blaek Prince, who bestowed on him a pen- 
 sion, and made him constable of Glocester 
 castle, governor of Aquitaine, and Senes- 
 chal of Poictou. He was one of the first 
 knights of the garter, and died about 1386. 
 
 AuDLEY, Edmund, a descendant of tae 
 above, educated at Oxford, and successively 
 made bishop of Rochester, Hereford, and 
 Salisbury. He died 1524; and the honor of 
 being chancellor of the garter, which he 
 held, has passed, by the interest of bishop 
 Seth Ward, to his successors at Salisbury. 
 
 AuDLEY or AwDELEY, Thomas, of a 
 noble family in Essex, was called to the bar 
 after an education at the university, and in 
 1529, his merits raised him to the chair of 
 the house of commons. He was so subser- 
 vient to the will of the capricious Henry, 
 that he not only received from him the scite 
 of Christ church priory, with the plate and 
 lands belonging to it, but was appointed 
 chancellor in the i-oom of sir Thomas More. 
 He also sat as judge at the trial of his dis- 
 honored predecessor, and at that of bishop 
 Fisher, and easily consented to all the rapaci- 
 ous and cruel measures of Jiis tyrannical 
 master. He was a great benefactor to Mag- 
 dalen, Cambridge, and died 1544. 
 
 AuDRAN, Girard, son of an engi-aver of 
 Lyons, perfected at Home Avhathe had learn- 
 ed at home, and at his return to Paris, en- 
 gaged to finish the battles of Alexander by 
 Le Brun. He gained great reputation by his 
 art, as he was esteemed the most correct 
 historical engraver that ever lived. Besides 
 Alexander's battles he finished six sheets of 
 the Cupola of Val-de-grace, from the designs 
 of Mignard. He died 1703, aged 63. His 
 uncle Charles was also an eminent artist, 
 born at Paris, 1594. His works are marked 
 with a K. 
 
 AuDRAN, Claude, brother to Girard, an 
 historical painter employed by Le Brun. He 
 died at Paris, 1684, aged 42, professor of the 
 academy of painting. His nephew, of the 
 same name, excelled as a painter of orna- 
 ments. His best work is the 1 2 months of 
 the year with the presiding deities. He died 
 1734, aged 49. 
 
 AuDRAN, John, nephew of Girax'd, an 
 engraver of Lyons. His principal Avorks 
 were the draught of fishes and the resurrec- 
 tion of Lazarus, from Jouvenet ; the rape 
 of the Sabines from Poussin; the coronation 
 of Mary de Medicis ; the departure of Henry 
 IV. for Germany, &c. He died 1756, aged 
 89. This family has been particularly dis- 
 tinguished by painters and engravers. There 
 were one or two still living in 1789, and still 
 worthy of the reputation of their ancestors. 
 
 AvED, Jacques-Andre Joseph, a painter 
 of eminence, son of a physician of Douai. A 
 portrait of the ambassador of the Porte prc- 
 
 I and distinction. He died at Paris, 17C6, 
 aged 64. 
 
 AvEiRO, Joseph duke of, a Portuguese 
 noble, who conspired with the Jesuits against 
 king Joseph 1. and, after shooting at the king, 
 was seized and broke on the wheel, 1759. 
 
 AvENPACA, a Spanish moor, known as a 
 Peripatetic philosopher, who attempted to 
 reconcile and explain the Koran by the sys- 
 tem of Aristotle, for which he was impri- 
 soned at Corduba. He is author of a* com- 
 mentary on Euclid in the 12th century. 
 
 AvELAR, a Portuguese painter, who be- 
 came so rich by his profession that his name 
 became proverbial. 
 
 A VENT IN, John, was born of obscure 
 parents, 1460, at Abensperg, in Bavaria, and 
 after studying at Ingolstadt and Paris, he be- 
 came professor of the learned languages at 
 Vienna and Cracow. He was made tutor to 
 the duke of Bavaria's children, and increas- 
 ed his reputation by writing the annals of 
 Bavaria, which were first published in 1554, 
 by Jerome Zieglerus. In 1529, Aventin was 
 violently seized and imprisoned, it is suppos- 
 ed, on a complaint of heresy, but as no 
 charge was made against him, he was re- 
 leased from his captivity by his patron, and, 
 though now 64, he began to think of mar- 
 riage. In the eftervescence of a heated 
 brain, he consulted his Bible, and determin- 
 ed to take the first woman he met, which 
 proved to be his own maid, deformed, poor, 
 and ill tempered. By this union he had a 
 son who died young, and a daughter who sur- 
 vived him. He died 1534, aged 68. He has 
 been suspected by the Jesuits of being a Lu- 
 therian in disguise, but the imputation is 
 against his writings and not against his re- 
 ligion, as his well known annals speak with 
 freedom of the libertanism of the Catholic 
 clergy. 
 
 AvENZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 
 12th century, author of a treatise for the 
 proper use of medicine. He was a follower 
 of Galen. He died at Morocco, at the ad- 
 vanced age of 135. Dr. Freind speaks of his 
 practice and of his abilities with great com- 
 mendation. 
 
 AvERANius, Joseph, a native of Flo- 
 rence, possessed of strong powers of mind. 
 He acquired very rapidly an intimate know- 
 ledge of the learned languages, of matliema- 
 tics and philosophy, and of law. Besides 
 translating the Avorks of Archimedes, in his 
 leisure hours, he ascertained the momentum 
 of bodies on inclined planes, defended Gali- 
 leo's philosophy, and inquired into the swift- 
 ness and propagation of sound. Asa lawyer 
 he was patronised by Cosmo Ill.de Medicis, 
 who made him professor of civil law at Pisa. 
 He died 22d Sept. 173S, aged 76. There 
 are four volumes of his dissertations on the 
 Florentine academy, published by Anton. 
 Fi-ancisco Gorio. 
 
 AvERANius, Benedict, eldest brother 
 of the preceding, was born at Florence, 1645, 
 and early distinguished himself by his ad- 
 vancemejiit in literature, and his familiar ac- 
 
AV 
 
 /^ 
 
 AU 
 
 «i'daintanee with the obscurest paints of Plato 
 a«(l Aristotle. He also cultivated poetry, but, 
 by the directiou of his father, he studied 
 jurisprudence at Pisa, and in 1676, he was 
 jnade Greek professor there by Cosmo III. 
 and six years after, raised to the chair of 
 humanity. He was universally respected for 
 his learning, so tbat he was solicited by the 
 university of Puvia to accept a professor's 
 chair, and also by pope Innocent XL who 
 admired his genius. To improve and facili- 
 tate his style, he translated Sallust, Celsus, 
 and other Latin authors into Greek, and 
 wrote Greek elegies. In 1088, he published 
 Jiis orations, and died 1707. His disserta- 
 tions delivered at Pisa, his orations, his poi-- 
 try, and other works, were printed after his 
 death, in 3 vols. fol. at Florence, 1717. — His 
 younger brother, Nicliolas, was also distin- 
 guished for his knowledge of jurisprudence, 
 and of mathematics. 
 
 AvERDY, Clement Charles de 1', a native 
 of Paris, minister and comptroller of tbe 
 finances vinder Lewis XA". was at one time 
 the favorite of the people. Though he in- 
 troduced the reform of abuses, and encour- 
 aged commerce and industry through the 
 nation, his endeavors proved abortive in the 
 midst of a luxurious court and of an unprin- 
 cipled ministry; and in 1764, the measures 
 ivhicu he was forced to recommend proved 
 •so unpopular, that he sTolieited and obtained 
 Jiis dismission. Me retired to his country 
 seat, where the revolution found him enga- 
 ged ia agricultural pursuits, and regardless 
 of the politics and liie prejudices of party. 
 The recollection of his services and of his 
 abilities was too powerful to sutter him to 
 end his days in privacy ; he was suspected, 
 nnd consequently condemned and guillotined 
 Oct. 1794, aged 74. He was author of the 
 Code penal, 1752, 12mo. — the king's sove- 
 reignty over Brilany 1765, Svo. — memoirs 
 about Robert 1>' Artois, &c, — experiments 
 at Gam bars his country seat on barley, &c. 
 1788, 8 vo. 
 
 AvERROES, an Arabian philosopher born 
 at Corduba, where his father was judge, un- 
 der the emperor of Morocco. His know- 
 ledge of law, divinity, mathematics, and as- 
 trology was very extensive, and to this was 
 added the theory rather than the practice 
 of medicine. After being professor in the 
 university of Morocco he was called away 
 to succeed his fatJier in the important office 
 of judge, in Corduba, a«d soon after he was 
 invested with the same powers in Morocco 
 and Mauritania. So extensive an authority 
 did not fail to raise enemies, jealous of merit 
 and detractors of eminent talents; but the 
 genius of Averroes rose supei'ior to private 
 envy. He possessed a firmness and patience 
 of mind, which could distinguish and inves- 
 tigate the bias of human passions, and he 
 was every where humane and liberal, so 
 that the opulence which he derived from his 
 marriage and from his posts was not heaped 
 up, but generously dispersed for the relief 
 of indigence and starving merit. The repea- 
 ted attacks of malice however have too often 
 
 prevailed, and Averroes is in the number of 
 those whom superior virtues have not al- 
 ways shielded. He was at last represented 
 by the nobiiity «nd doctors of Corduba, to 
 Mansor king of Morocco, as a profane phi- 
 losopher and a heretic, and the judge upon 
 this accusation was insulted and imprisoned. 
 Many of his enemies urged the necessity of 
 capital punishment on so great an offender; 
 but it was at last agreed by the doctors whom 
 the monarch consulted that Averroes should 
 retract. He was accordingly conducted to 
 the gate of the mosque, bareheaded, wJiere 
 every one who entered indignantly spit into 
 his face ; after which he was asked by the 
 doctoi'sifhe repented of his heresy, to which 
 he replied Yes, and was discharged. He 
 continued under disgrace, though permitted 
 to read lectures at Fez,till the king discovered 
 that his successor did not possess the same 
 uprightness and virtue, and that the dignity 
 of the law could be supported by none bet- 
 ter than by Averroes. He was therefore re- 
 stored to all his honors, though unwilling to 
 leave the tranquillity of retirement, yet glad 
 to find his innocence acknowledged by the 
 people and the monarch. He died at Mo- 
 rocco 1206. As a judge he was humane and 
 impartial, as a man he was friendly and char- 
 itable, so that it may be said that virtue is the 
 growth of every climate and of every religion, 
 in his private life Averroes was regular, and 
 devoted much of his time to philosophical 
 pursuits. He grew very corjiulent, so that 
 he eat but once a day. He was particularly 
 fond of Aristotle, on whose works he wrote 
 commentaries, and for which he was called 
 the commentator. Ludovicus Vives how- 
 ever and others assert that he did not under- 
 stand the writings of the philosophei', as he 
 was ignorant of Greek and Latin, and recei- 
 ved all his knowledge from a wretched trans- 
 lation from the Latin into Arabic. He also 
 wrote a treatise on astrology, and made an 
 epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest. The me- 
 dical works of Averroes are scarce and above 
 mediocrity, and of his numerous verses on 
 amorous and light subjects very few remain. 
 He looked back upon his youthful follies with 
 regret; and though a Mahometan in religion, 
 he exclaimed in the spirit of a Christian, 
 " Would to God I had been born old, or that 
 in my youth 1 had been in a state of perfec- 
 tion." The best edition of his works is that 
 of Venice, 1608. 
 
 AvESBURY, Robert, an English historian, 
 author of the history of Edward HI. to the 
 year 1356. The work was pubUshed by 
 Hearne 1720. 
 
 Auger, Kdmund, a Jesuit, whose elo- 
 quence is found to have converted 40,000 
 protestants to the catholic faith. His disin- 
 terestedness was such that he refused pro- 
 motion in the church and even a bishopric. 
 He died 1591, aged 61. 
 
 AuGURELT,!, John Aurelius, a poet and 
 philosopher of Rimini, who died at Trevisa, 
 1524, aged 83. He was professor of litera- 
 ture at Venice, and it was said of him by 
 PaUltts Joyius that he had a great genius in a 
 
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 AV 
 
 little body. He mined himself by pretend- 
 ing that he had discovered the philosopher's 
 -6tone, so that Leo X. to whom he dedicated 
 his best poem called Chrysopffia, gave him a 
 large empty purse, adding, he who can make 
 gold, wants nothing but a place to keep it in. 
 His poems were printed at Verona 1491, 4to. 
 and 1518: 
 
 AuGusTiN, Antony, a native of Saragos- 
 sa, distinguished by his abilities, and employ- 
 ed by the pope as ambassador to England 
 1554, and afterwards as his agent at the coun- 
 cil of Trent. In 1574 he was made archbi- 
 shop of Tarragona, and so charitable was 
 his deportment in this high station, that he 
 did not leave enough wherewith to be buried, 
 1586. He was author of some treatises and 
 of dialogues on medals, in Spanish 1587. 
 
 Augustine, Saint, a father of the church, 
 born at Tagaste in Africa. He became, from 
 a debauched youth, a steady and zealous 
 Christian, and was made bishop of Hippo. 
 He died 430, aged 76. His works, which are 
 much esteemed, were edited 10 vols. fol. 
 1579 and 1690 Paris. 
 
 Augustine or Austin, Saint, first 
 archbishop of Canterbury, was sent with 40 
 others by pope Gregory I. from Rome to 
 convert the Britons to Christianity, and he 
 landed in the isle of Thanet about the year 
 596. He met with a kind reception from 
 king Ethelbert, and after making a number 
 of proselytes he returned to Aries in France, 
 where he was consecrated metropolitan of 
 the English church. He fixed his seat at 
 Canterbury, and by the directions of the 
 pope he used with tenderness and modei-a- 
 lion his new converts, by permitting them 
 still to assemble in the temples which were 
 now converted into Christian churches, and 
 by only destroying the idols to which they 
 paid the most solemn worship. The con- 
 version of the whole nation however was a 
 woi'k of difficulty. Austin found adversaries 
 unwilling to yield to leason and argument, 
 and probably the disrespect which he shewed 
 to the Britons in receiving their deputies 
 sitting, and without the common forms of ci- 
 vility, irritated against his doctrines a people 
 naturally superstitious, and strongly attached 
 to the religious tenets of their forefathers. 
 With too much haughtiness he insisted on 
 their celebrating eastcr like the Romish 
 church, and though he was lenient in some 
 particulars, he was too sanguine in establish- 
 ing the pope's supremacy among independ- 
 ent barbarians. Austin died at Canterbury 
 604, and sup^V-stition has ascribed miracles 
 to his ashes. A festival was ordered in hon- 
 or of him by the pope's bull in Edward Hld's 
 reign. 
 
 Augustine, Leonai'd, commonly called 
 Agostini, a learned antiquarian of Sienna in 
 the I7th century. His valuable work called 
 Le gemme antiche figurate, first published 
 1657, 2 vols. 4to. and 1707, four vols. 4to. has 
 been universally admired, and was transla- 
 ted by Gronovius into Latin, printed at Am- 
 sterdam 1685, and Franeker 1694. 
 
 Augustulus, Romulus, the last empe- 
 
 ror of Romei was sou ofd'es^eS' who nvl 
 deposed Juliys J«J"ep3s Young {fj\f? un'exp«i- 
 rienced, he was unable^ to withstand tlie at- 
 tacks of Odoacer king of Italy, and after the 
 death of his father Orestes and the ruin of 
 his countr}', he retired to Campania, where 
 he spent the rest of his life in obscurity^ 
 maintained by a small pension. 
 
 Augustus, C. Jul. Cses. Octavianus, the 
 first Roman emperor, was born B. C. 62. 
 He was educated under the care of his uncle 
 Jul. Ccesar, and after his death, he had the 
 artifice to conclude a treaty with Antony and 
 Lepidus, and by thus establishing a triumvi- 
 rate, he made himself absolute at Rome. 
 His associates Antony and Lepidus were re- 
 moved in consequence of quarrels and in- 
 trigues, and the young Caesar, now sole mas- 
 ter of Rome, was in the 36tli year of his age 
 called Augustus by the obsequious senate, 
 and invested with the sovereign power. Thus 
 raised to the highest elevation, he used his 
 power with moderation and prudence, and 
 all his measures tended to increase the glory 
 and the triumphs, the comforts and the pros- 
 perity, of Rome. Augustus died at Nola 
 A. D. 14, aged 76, and his memory was em- 
 balmed by the panegyrics of the poets and 
 historians, whom with a lavish hand he pro- 
 tected and patronised, 
 
 Auhadi-Maragah, a musselman poet 
 who put into Persian verse the Giara-giam, 
 a book full of Mahometan spirituality. He 
 was poor, but he was enriched by the pre- 
 sents of the emperor of the Tartars m 1319- 
 His tomb is held in great veneration at Ispa- 
 han. 
 
 AviCENNA, a famous Mahometan physi- 
 cian and philosopher, who early applied him- 
 self to the study of literature, to botany, 
 arithmetic, and mathematics. At the age of 
 16 he was so far acquainted with physic that 
 he visited patients wit!' great reputation and 
 success, and that he might still more improve 
 his understanding, he applied himself to Aris- 
 totle's metaphysics, which, after reading 40 
 times, he gave up in despair as unintelligible, 
 till by accident he met a beggir that ottered 
 him to sale a treatise of Al Farabius on me- 
 taphysics, which clearly opened to him the 
 sense and the meaning of the Grecian philo- 
 sopher, which he had so long studied in vain. 
 He now acquired credit as a physician by 
 curing the king of Khorassan, but his ene- 
 mies raised a perscution against him, -when 
 the monarch's library was destroyed by fire, 
 as he was foolishly accused of the mischief, 
 that he might arrogate to himself ail the 
 learning which he had received from books. 
 There have not been wanting persons to 
 assert that all his celebrity arose from the 
 superior talents of his master, to whom his 
 mother had bound him as a servant on pre- 
 tence of being deaf. The old man, as it is 
 said, admired his fidelity- and services, and 
 left his papers open to his view, which the 
 crafty pupil copied and sent to his mother, 
 and after his master's death published as the 
 result of his OMn knowledge and experience. 
 In the opinion of Dr. Freind, who must be 
 
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 AU 
 
 consi(icvev3 as a Judge, Avkieuina had few 
 merits, h4s wviUngs ai'e extracts from Galen, 
 Irom llhazes, and fidm Hklyiabbas ; and he 
 often confuses the nature or description of a 
 disease by an affected display of learned 
 terms. Avicenna died 1036, in his 56th 
 year, with the character of a learned man 
 but too much addicted to wine and to effemi- 
 nate pleasures. His books on medicine and 
 philosophy including his smaller tracts were 
 in number about 100, now nearly all lost. 
 
 AviE>rus, Rufus Festus, a Latin poet, 
 who translated Aratus' phsenomena, &c. in 
 the fourth century, ills works were edited 
 12mo. Paris 1590, and 1731, 8vo. 
 
 AviLA, Louis' d', a native of Placentia, 
 general of cavalry under Charles V. at the 
 siege of Metz 1552, of which the defence 
 Avas conducted by the duke of Guise. He 
 Avrote memoirs of the African war, and of 
 the wars of Charles V. against the protestants 
 of German), printed 1546, and is censured 
 by De Thou for his partiality. 
 
 AviL A, Giles Gonzales d', historiographer 
 to the Spanish king, died 1658, aged above 
 80, author of a Spanish history of the anti- 
 quities of Salamanca, the state of the churches 
 iu India, &c. 
 
 A VI LA, John d', a learned and pious ec- 
 clesiastic of Toledo, who died 1569, author 
 of some spiritual letters, &c. 
 
 A VI LA, Sancho d', bishop of Murcia and 
 afterwards of Placentia, distinguished him- 
 self by his piety. He wrote some theological 
 tracts, and died 1626, aged 80. 
 
 AviLER, Augustin Charles d', a native of 
 Paris, taken by the Algerine pirates as he 
 was sailing from Marseilles to Rome with the 
 view of enlarging his ideas of architecture. 
 During his two years of captivity at Tunis he 
 merited the thanks of the dey by producing 
 the much admired plan of the mosque there, 
 and on regaining his liberty he visited Rome, 
 and afterwards beautified Montpellier by the 
 erection of a magnificent gate in honor of 
 Lewis XIV. He died at Montpellier, 1700, 
 aged 47. He wrote a course of architecture 
 in two vols. 4t9. highly esteemed. He had 
 before translated from the Italian Scamozzi's 
 sixth book of architectui'e. 
 
 A v IRON, James le Bathelier, author of 
 commentaries on the provincial laws of Nor- 
 raandy published after his death, lived in the 
 16th century. 
 
 AviTus, Mark Mtzcilius, a native of 
 Auvergne, emperor of the West on the 
 death of Maximus 455. His elevation was 
 not at-tended by popularity and by virtuous 
 actions ; on the contrary he devoted himself 
 to pleasure, and soon offended the senate, so 
 that at the end of 14 months he was marked 
 for disgrace and death. He fled from the 
 hands of his persecutors towards the Alps, 
 and died on the road. His daughter married 
 Apollinaris Sidonius, an historian who em- 
 balmed the memory of his father-in-law. 
 
 AuLus Gellius, a Latin grammarian 
 in the age of Trajan. His noctes atticce are 
 a valuable and interesting work. 
 
 AuMONT, John d', count of Chateroux, 
 
 marshal of France under Henry III. and 
 governor of Champagne and Britany under 
 Henry IV. He distinguished himself by his 
 braveiy, and fell at the siege of Comper near 
 Rennes, 1595, aged 73. 
 
 AuMONT, Anthony d', grandson of the 
 preceding, was also marshal of France, and 
 governor of Paris. He distinguished himself 
 at the battle of Rethel, and died at Paris 
 1669, aged 68. 
 
 AuNGERviLLE, Richard, a native of 
 St. Edmundsbury, Suftblk, educated at Ox- 
 ford. He was tutor to Edward IH. and for 
 his services was raised to the see of Durham, 
 1333, and in 1334 made lord chancellor, and 
 two years after treasurer. He was not only 
 learned, but the munificent patron of learned 
 men, and founded a library at Oxford. He 
 wrote Philobiblos or the right use of books, 
 printed Oxford 1599, and died at Durham, 
 1345, aged 74. 
 
 AuNOY, Marie Catharine Jumelle de 
 Bernville Countess d', widow of count d'Au- 
 noy, and niece of madame Desloges, is known 
 as a voluminous writer of romances in a 
 careless style, and with much affectation of 
 the supernatural and marvellous. Her ad- 
 ventures of Hippolytus, earl of Douglas, and 
 tales of the Fairies, are her best pieces. Her 
 husband was accused of treason, and with 
 difficulty cleared himself. One of his three 
 accusers afterwards through remorse of con- 
 science confessed the charge to be false. She 
 died 1705. 
 
 AvoGARDi, Lucia Albani, an Itahan po- 
 etess of Bergamo. Her pieces possessed 
 such merit, that Tasso became her commen- 
 tator. She died at Brescia, where she had 
 married a Venetian nobleman. 
 
 AuRELiAN, son of an Illyrian peasant, 
 was raised to the imperial throne of Rome, 
 after Claudius 11. His conquest of Zenobia 
 is famous. He was assassmated 275. 
 
 AuRELius Victor, Sextus, a Roman 
 historian of the fourth century, prefect of 
 Fannonia and consul. His Roman Iiistory is 
 much admired. 
 
 AuRELLi or Arelli, John Mutio, a 
 Latin poet, who closely imitated Catullus, 
 but without following his feeble or indecent 
 parts. He was made by Pope Leo X. gov- 
 ernor of a place, where he was found dead, 
 soon after with his mule at the bottom of a 
 well, 1520, and it is supposed that his op- 
 pression had drawn upon him this violent 
 punishment from the inhabitants. 
 
 Aureng-zeb, great mogul, conspired 
 with Morad one of his brothers against his 
 father Shah-Gehen at Agra, and kept him in 
 confinement till he caused him to be poison- 
 ed by one of his physicians. His brothers 
 Morad and Dara were destroyed with equal 
 cruelt)', and he became master of a large 
 dominion, which he extended by the conquest 
 of Decan, Visapour, Golconda, and nearly 
 the whole Indian peninsula. A power ac- 
 quired by perfidy and bloodshed, was main- 
 tained with vigor and equity, and though 
 Aureng-Zcb did not escape the tortjires of 
 a reproaching conscience, he was mild in his 
 
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 AU 
 
 rrtknners, and consulted the good of his sub- 
 jects. As he had been cruel to his father, he 
 dreaded retaliation from his sons, and lived 
 himself constantly in his camp, in the rsiidst 
 of his soldiers. He died at Ahmednager, 
 1707, aged 89. 
 
 AUREOLUS, Maniu? Acilius, a Dacian, 
 ■who from a shepherd became a general, and 
 had the meanness to cause his patron, Galli- 
 cnus the emperor, to be assassinated.. He 
 ■was put to death at Milan 267, by the second 
 Claudius. 
 
 AuRiA, Vincent, a native of Palermo, 
 distinguished as a man of letters. He wrote 
 several works in Latin and in Italian. The 
 most esteemed of his writings are his histo- 
 ry of the great men of Sicily, in 4to. 1704, 
 and his history of the viceroys of Sicily, fol. 
 1697. He died 1710, aged 8,5. He was born 
 poor, but indigence is the mother of indus- 
 try, and of distinction. 
 
 AuRincus or OrificusBonefilius, 
 Nicholas, a Carmelite of Sienna, author of 
 several religious books. His best works is 
 de antiquitate, and ceremoniis missse iu 8vo. 
 He died the latter end of the I6th century, 
 aged about 70. 
 
 AuRiGNY, Gilles d', an ingenious French 
 poet of the 1 6th century, of whose private 
 character little is known. His tuteur d'a- 
 mour is a chef d'ceuvre for fancy, ease, and 
 eleg;ince. It is with some others of his po- 
 ems inserted in the annales poetiques. 
 
 AuRiGNY, Hyacintha Robillard d*, a Je- 
 suit, born at Caen, and appointed regent of 
 the college of Alencon. He wrote some 
 chronological memoirs on history, valuable 
 for their accuracy. He died 1719, in his 
 44th year. 
 
 AuRiLLON, Jean Baptiste Elie, a native 
 of Paris, admired for his eloquence in the 
 pulpit, his piety and his learning. He was 
 author of some divinity tracts, and died 
 1729, aged 78. 
 
 AuRioL, Blaise d*, professor of the canon 
 law at Toulouse, known by some poetical 
 pieces, and treatises on jurisprudence. He 
 was so terrified at the prediction of an ap- 
 proacliing deluge, by a pretended prophet 
 of his time, that he built himself a large ark 
 in which, like another Noah, he hoped to sur- 
 vive the general calamity. He died 1540. 
 
 AuRisPA, John, a native of Noto in Sici- 
 Ijj Patronised and preferred by pope Nicho- 
 las V. He translated Archimedes, Hiero- 
 cles' commentary on Pythagoras's golden 
 verses, &c. and died in a good old age at 
 Ferrara, at the end of the 15th century. 
 
 AuROGALLus, Matthew, a native of Bo- 
 liemia, professor at Wittemburg, and assis- 
 tant to Luther in translating the Bible into 
 tierman. He published a Chaldee and He- 
 brew grammar, &c. Basil 1539, and died 
 1543. 
 
 AuROux, Matthew, a lawyer, author of a 
 curious commentary on the costume du Bour- 
 bonnois. He died about the middle of the 
 18th century. 
 
 Ausoxius, Decimus Magnus, a Latin 
 poet of the fourth century, born at Bour- 
 VOL. 1. !.> ' 
 
 deaux. He was preceptor to Gratian, Va- 
 lentinian's son, and wrote some admired 
 poems. 
 
 AussuN, Pierre d', a distinguished officer 
 in the French service at the battle|; of Con- 
 soles and Dreux. He died 1563. 
 
 Austin, William, a barister of Lincoln's 
 Inn, author of htec homo, or the excellency 
 of women, partly extracted from Agrippa's 
 book de nobilitate et praecellent. fxminei 
 sexus. He wrote also meditations on the 
 fasts and feasts of the church, published af- 
 ter his death, folio, 1637. 
 
 AuTELS, Gillaume des, an indifferent 
 French poet of Charolles in Burgundy, who 
 died 1576 aged 47. 
 
 AuTEROCHE, Jean Chappe d', was bora 
 at Mauriac, in Upper Auvergne, son of the 
 lord Auteroche, and he early distinguished 
 himself by his i*apid progress in the acquisi- 
 tion of learning, which was aided by the ad- 
 vantages of rank and of opulence. His superior 
 abilities, especially in drawing and mathema- 
 tics, soon recommended him to public no- 
 tice. The principal of his college, de la 
 Tour, mentioned him to Cassini, and the 
 philosopher found him equal to his great ex- 
 pectations. Auteroche was employed to sur- 
 vey the royal buildings, and he advanced his 
 reputation by translating Dr. Halley's works, 
 and displayed the accuracy of his calculations 
 in his assiduous observations on the two co- 
 mets which appeared in 1760. The transit 
 of Venus over the sun's disk, on the 6th of 
 June 1761, added still to his popularity. 
 While Pinge Avas sent to the isle of Rode- 
 rigo, the abbe Auteroche braved the rigors 
 of the north, and fixed upon Tobolsk, the 
 capital of Siberia, as the place for his obser- 
 vations. The appearance of the philosopher 
 with his mathematical appai^atus was viewed 
 by the barbarian natives with astonishment 
 and terror, so that the governor was obliged 
 to protect his pex-son with a guard ; but the 
 cause of science triumphed, and though the 
 clouded skies seemed not to promise a favor- 
 able day, yet the transit became A^isible, and 
 the exulting astronomer, who made his ob- 
 servations in the presence of the archbishop 
 of Tobolsk, and other men of science, im- 
 mediately dispatched a courier to Paris with 
 the result of his observations. So much in- 
 trepidity manifested for the advancement of 
 philosophy did not pass unnoticed by the era- 
 press of Russia; the abbe was invited to 
 Petersburg, and the most ample patronage 
 and the highest academical honors were to 
 attenu bis settlement at Petersburg. The 
 liberal oft'ers were however rejected by the 
 independent Frenchman, who prepared, in 
 1769, to view another transit of Venus, and 
 crossed in a small vessel the Atlantic, eager 
 to reach the coast of California, which was 
 the place most favorable for the observation 
 of the phsenoraenon. A pestilential disease 
 had spread devastation over the country, but 
 the abbe fearless of danger landed at St. Jo- 
 seph, determined there to make his astrono- 
 mical remarks against the advice of his 
 friends. The 5d ot June, the wished for day 
 
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 arrived, tlie observations were completed, 
 and the disorder seemed to respect the per- 
 son of the abbe ; but, however, three days 
 after he was attacked. Yet he might have 
 striiggletj against the violence of the disease, 
 ami survived the dreadful shock, had he not 
 imprudently exposed himself to the air, and 
 to the fatigue of observing an eclipse of the 
 ■moon, on the very day that he took physic. 
 His fate was now decided, he grew worse, 
 and died August Ist, 1769, in his 49th year, 
 a remarkable instance of indefatigable appli- 
 cation unfortunately sacrificed to a too eager 
 pursuit after knowledge. His papers were 
 preserved by M. Pauli who accompanied 
 hira, and were presented to the world by 
 young Cassini, 
 
 AuTHON, John d', abbot of Angle in 
 Poitou, and of the same family from which 
 sprung Barbarossa, was historiographer to 
 Lewis XII. His history of France from 1490 
 to 1508 is very circumstantial and entertain- 
 ing, though he is blamed by some for a cool- 
 ness of narration, and a disinteresting detail 
 of trifles occasionally interspersed with im- 
 probable facts. He died 15'23. Part of his 
 works was published by Godefroi, and the 
 rest still remains in manuscript. 
 
 Antomne, Bernard, advocate in the par- 
 liament of Bourdeaux, was author of a com- 
 mentary on the provincial law of Bourdeaux 
 — of Censura Gallica in jus civile Romanum 
 — of a comparison of the French and Roman 
 law, &c. He died 1666, aged 99. 
 
 AuTREAU, Jacques d*, a painter of Paris, 
 who, at the age of 60, began to write for the 
 stage. His pieces were favorably received, 
 and though they were deficient in intricacy 
 of plot and action, yet they were admired 
 for vivacity, ease, and comic spirit. His 
 works were published 1749, in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 with a preface by Pelessier. The best 
 known of his pictures was his Diogenes with 
 a lanthern in his hand in search of an honest 
 man, which he finds in a representation of 
 cai'dinal de Fleury. Autrcau lived in retire- 
 ment, an enemy to the pai-ade, bustle, and 
 follies of life, and happy in his poverty. 
 He died at Paris 1745, in the hospital of 
 incurables. 
 
 AuvERGNE, Anthony d', a native of 
 Clermont, director of the opera at Paris, and 
 known as a very eminent composer, whose 
 works are held in the highest admiration. 
 He died at Lyons, 12th February 1797, 
 aged 84. 
 
 AuviGNY, N. Castres d', a man of great 
 genius, born in the Hainaut, and intimate 
 with I'abbe des Fontaines, who nurtured and 
 directed his taste. He was an officer in the 
 light-horse guards, and was killed at the 
 battle of Dettingen, 1743, in his 31st year. 
 His writings were numerous for his age, and 
 all on historical subjects, the most admired 
 of which are his lives of illustrious French- 
 men, 8 vols. 12mo. — his history of Paris, 4 
 vols. 12mo. — besides memoirs of madame 
 Barneveldt, 2 vols. 12mo. — and histories of 
 Rome and France abridged. He is authen- 
 tic, though his style is occasionally too de- 
 .cJamatory and romantic. 
 
 AuXENTius, a native of Cappadocia, 
 made bishop of Milan by Constantius, but 
 excommunicated by a council at Rome. He 
 
 was an Arian by principle. He died 374. 
 
 Another of the same name was so violent in 
 his tenets that he challenged St. Ambrose 
 to a public disputation which he as prudently 
 rejected. 
 
 Au^ONT, Adrian, a native of Rouen^ 
 known as a mathematician. He is said to be 
 the inventor of the micrometer in 1667jj^the 
 merit of which, however, is claimedtalso fiy". 
 the English. He first suggested the idea of 
 applying the telescope to the astronomical 
 quadrant, though some attribute it to Picard- 
 He died 1691. He wrote a treatise of the 
 micrometer, printed 1693, folio. 
 
 AxERETO or AssERETO, Blaise, a cele- 
 brated Genoese admiral who defeated Al- 
 phonso V. king of Arragon, in a naval battle, 
 143.S, and took him prisoner. 
 
 AxiOTHEA, a female philosopher in the 
 age of Plato, whose lectures she attended in 
 man's clothes. 
 
 AXTEL, Daniel, a colonel in the parlia- 
 mentary array, of whose private character 
 few circumstances are known. He was 
 strongly infected with the puritanical tenets 
 of the times, and so firmly convinced of the 
 justice of the cause of the parliament, that 
 from a grocer he became a soldier, and by 
 his good conduct rose to the place of colonel. 
 He was one of the officers employed at the 
 trial of the king, and his behaviour showed 
 that he had not preserved much reverence 
 for fallen majesty. He afterwards went to 
 Ireland, but being dissatisfied with the con- 
 duct of Henry Cromwell, the lord lieutenant, 
 he gave in his resignation, till the expulsion of 
 the second protector and the restoration of the 
 old parliament called him again to action. He 
 was however opposed by Monk and dispos- 
 sessed of his command, and after supporting 
 general Lambert against Ingoldsby, he was 
 obliged to fly, but was soon taken and com- 
 mitted to the tower. He was the 50th of the 
 52 excepted from the bill of indemnity, and 
 he was accordingly tried as being concerned 
 in the king's murder. It was sufficiently 
 evident that he had acted with unusual se- 
 verity against the king, and that he had been 
 concerned in his execution, and therefore he 
 was sentenced to be hanged at Tyburn, 
 which sentence was executed on the 19th 
 October 1660. Axtel in his last moments 
 showed great firmness of mind, and attemp- 
 ted to justify his conduct to the spectators. 
 His head was sot up at the end of Westmin- 
 ster-hall, and the limbs exposed in other 
 places. He left a widow and seven children, 
 for whom he had provided in the days of his 
 prosperity a sufficient subsistence. 
 
 Ayesha, daughter of Abubeker, was the 
 most beloved of the wives of Mahomet, 
 though she bore him no child. After his 
 death she opposed the succession of Ali, but, 
 though violent and revengeful, her charac- 
 ter was respected, and Avhen taken prisoner, 
 she was dismissed without injury. She died 
 677, aged 67^ 
 
AY 
 
 /^•A 
 
 AY 
 
 Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, a nat'Ive of 
 London, educated at Westminster school and 
 Christ Church, where he took his niaster's 
 degree. His abilities as a mathematician and 
 man of science recommended him to the 
 duke of Buckingham, by whose influence he 
 was made a baronet, and master of the mint. 
 During the civil wars he suffered much from 
 the virulence of the persecution of the par- 
 liament, and on the king's death he retired 
 to Flanders, where he died 1657. In his 
 pubHc character he was a great patron of 
 literature ; and among his friends particular- 
 ly was Thomas Harriot, and also Thomas 
 Allen who intrusted his MSS. to his confi- 
 dential care. His daughter married lord 
 Clarendon. 
 
 Aylesbury, William, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Westminster, and like 
 his father, educated at Westminster school 
 and Christ Church. Charles I. who knew 
 his mei'its, appointed him tutor to the young 
 duke of Buckingham, and his brother lord 
 Francis Villiers, with whom he travelled, 
 and on his return he was made groom of the 
 royal chamber, and encouraged to translate 
 d'Avila's history of tbe civil wars of France, 
 which appeared in London, folio, 1647, and 
 1678. The civil wars reduced him from 
 comfortable independence to poverty, and 
 he passed to Jamaica, where he died about 
 1657. While in Italy it is said that he was 
 nearly murdered by two assassins, who mis- 
 took him for another person against whom 
 their weapons were directed. 
 
 Aylett, Robert, a master in chancery, 
 of Trinity-hall, Cambridge, L. L. D. 1614. 
 He wi'ote Susanna, or the arraignment of the 
 two elders, in 8vo. I6'i2, and divine and 
 moral speculations in verse — the Britannia 
 antiqua illustrata, though ascribed to him, 
 ■was supposed to be written by his nephew, 
 Aylett Sammes, as he did not possess sufl'ici- 
 ent labor and learning for the execution. 
 
 Ay LIN, John, author of the history of 
 Priuh, found in Muratori's antiquitat. Ital. 
 medii oevi, Milan, 1740, wuian Italian writer 
 of the l4th century. 
 
 Aylmt.r, John, was born at Aylmer-hall, 
 in Norfolk, 15'21, and patronised by the 
 marquis of Dorset afterwards duke of Suftblk, 
 who maintained him at Cambridge, and 
 made him tutor to his children, among whom 
 was lady Jane Grey. He warmly espoused 
 the cause of the reformation, so that his 
 pulpit eloquence Mas instrumental in con- 
 verting many of the people in Leicester- 
 shire; but when Mary came to the throne, 
 he had shown himself too zealous against 
 
 Eopery to be safe in England, and therefore 
 e fled to Strasburg and Zurich till the ele- 
 vation of Elizabeth recalled him home. He 
 was one of the eight divines appointed to dis- 
 pute with the same number of Catholics ; 
 but though his learning was great, and his 
 zeal unceasing, he received little prefer- 
 ment, because it is said he had with some 
 asperity reflected upo-; the indolence of the 
 bishops and their excessive incomes. His 
 abilities, however. Mere at last rewarded, 
 
 and he was made bishop of London when 
 Sandys was translated from that 9ee to Can- 
 terbury. It is, however, a strong refteetioa 
 on his character, that he sued for dilapida- 
 tions and with great earnestness his prede- 
 cessor, who had been warm in his recom- 
 mendation of him to a diocese, and recover- 
 ed 900^. or 1000^. His attention as a bishop 
 was exemplary, he watched with a jealous 
 eye over the dignity of the clergy, and none 
 but deserving characters were admitted can- 
 didates for orders. During the plague the 
 bishop's humanity was eminently conspicu- 
 ous. By his orders the sick were visited by 
 his clergy, every possible comfort was liber- 
 ally administered, and books with directions 
 to prevent the spreading of the contagion 
 were freely circulated at his expense. In 
 his last years he wished to exchange his 
 diocese for Ely or Winchester, but when 
 this could not be effected, he hoped to resign 
 in favor of Dr. Bancroft, which the latter re- 
 jected. He died at Fulham, 3d of June, 
 1594, aged 73. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing, strong sense, of a warm independent 
 temper, eloquent and popular as a preacher, 
 and as a bishop, rigid in enforcing punctualli- 
 t)- and subordination, so that the puritans 
 and anabaptists whom he opposed, have de- 
 scribed him as intolerable in his conduct, 
 virulent in his language, and tyrannical over 
 his inferiors. Though economical he loved 
 magnificence, so that his household consis- 
 ted of 80 persons. He married Judith Buers, 
 by whom he had seven sons and two or three 
 daughters. He died rich, but his successor 
 obtained dilapidations. He has been accused 
 of avarice in cuttmg down the wood« which 
 belonged to his diocese, to the amount of 
 lOOOZ. to the hurt of his successor, and in 
 consequence of a representation to the coun- 
 cil of the circumstance, the queen enjoined 
 him to desist. He was author of an answer 
 to Knox*s blast against the empire of wo- 
 men. 
 
 Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, hart, was de- 
 scended of an ancient Saxon family, seated 
 at Bacton Alof, near Wye, in Kent, in the 
 reign of Henry III, He was educated at 
 Westminster school, and St. John's college, 
 Oxford, and became eminent for his learn- 
 ing and his knowledge of the history and an- 
 tiquities of his country. He intended to 
 write the history of Suffolk, but he dropped 
 the intention from the deficiency of the ma- 
 terials promised to him, and in 1747, he 
 circulated proposals for a translation of tlie 
 French encyclopsedia with additions and a 
 large collection of articles concerning the 
 history and antiquities of Great-Britain, in 
 10 volumes 4to. price 91- 9s. but after the first 
 volume was published, the prosecution of 
 the work was laid aside for want of sufficient 
 patronage. Sir Joseph was elected vice- 
 president of the antiquarian society, and his 
 various publications on the antiquities of 
 England, and on local history, and on dif- 
 ferent monuments, proved how well he de- 
 served the public favor. He married, iu 
 1734, Mrs. Mavgaret RailtOB, widow, by 
 
AY 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 AY 
 
 whom he had an only son who died of the 
 small pox, at Cambridge, in his 2l8t year, 
 December 10th, 1756, and the father died 
 «t Lambeth, April 1781, aged 72, and was 
 buried with his father and son in the vault of 
 Hendon church. His manuscripts were sold 
 after his death. On the establishment of 
 the paper office, he was the first in the com- 
 mission ; he was also secretary to the com- 
 missioners for the building of Westminster- 
 bridge. Besides various papers in the Ar- 
 chseoiogia, he published calendars of the an- 
 cient charters in the Tower of London, 1772, 
 4to. — additions of Leland's collectanea, 9 
 vols. 8vo. — liber niger Scaccarii, 2 vols. Svo. — 
 Hearne's curious discourses, 2 vols. Svo. &c. 
 
 Aylon, Luke Vasques d', a Spaniard en- 
 gaged in the discovery and conquest of Ame- 
 rica. He made an expedition into Florida, 
 1520, and is supposed to have perished in a 
 second voyage to the same place. 
 
 Aymar, James, a peasant of Dauphin^, 
 who acquired some reputation by pretend- 
 ing to discover secrets, hidden treasures, 
 robberies, &c. by means pf a sacred wand. 
 His fraud was discovered, and he retired 
 again to obscurity. De Vallemont, however, 
 wrote a book on his divining rod. He died 
 1708, in hi 3 4f)th ytar. 
 
 Aymon, Jo';n, a Piedmontese who em- 
 braced the tenets of Calvin in Holland, and 
 afterwards returned to the Romish church 
 under the patronage of the cardinal de Noial- 
 les, who procured for him a pension. He 
 vas permitted access to the king's libra y at 
 Paris, but -he dishonorably abused the confi- 
 dence reposed in him by conveying away 
 some of the books, and among others the 
 manuscript original of the synod of Jerusa- 
 lem, held 1672. This he printed in Holland 
 with other pieces, under the name of monu- 
 mens de la religion des Grecs, et de la 
 fausset^ de plusieurs confessions de foi, 1718, 
 in 4to. This was answered and criticised 
 with spirit and ability by Renaudot. He 
 wrote besides some treatises on ecclesiastical 
 history, especially les Synodes nationaux des 
 eglises reformees de France, 1710, 2 vols. 
 4to. — tableau de la cour de Rome, 1707, 
 12mo. — the letters of Cyril, Lucar, &c. 
 
 Ayres, John, an English penman of con- 
 siderable eminence, of whose life few par- 
 ticulars are known. He whs in the house- 
 hold of sir William Ashurst, lord mayor of 
 London, 1694, to whom he dedicated liis 
 arithmetic made easy, a popular work of 
 which a 12th edition appeared 1714. His 
 tutor to penmanship, engraved by John 
 Strut, was published 1695, and inscribed to 
 king William ; and in 1700 appeared his 
 Paul's school round hand. He lived at the 
 hand and pen in St. Paul's church yard, 
 where he published several other works on 
 penmanship. 
 
 Ayrmin or Ayermin, William, a na- 
 tive of Lincolnshire, made chancellor of 
 England by Edward IH. and afterwards trea- 
 surer. He was also sent as ambassador to 
 Rome, where, by his intrigues, he obtained 
 fhe nomination to the vacant bishopric of 
 
 Novwitth from the pope, which so offendeiT 
 the king, that he refused for a long time tor 
 admit him to his see. He died about 1387. 
 
 Aysa, a Moorish female, taken prisoner 
 by the Spaniards under Charles V. at the 
 siege of Tunis. She rejected with noble in- 
 dignation the off*ers of Muley-Haseen who 
 wished to redeem her from captivity, and 
 observed that as he had been stripped of his 
 kingdom, she <lisdained to owe her liberty to 
 so great a cowai'd. 
 
 Ayscough, George Edward, son of Dr. 
 I Ayscough dean of Bristol, and of Anne, 
 j fifth sister of lord Lyttleton, was an othcer 
 j in the foot guards, and distinguished by his 
 literary accomplishments. He wrote Semi- 
 ramis a tragedy, 1777, and on his return from 
 the continent, which he visited for the bene- 
 fit of his health, he published letters from 
 an officer of the guards to his friend in Eng- 
 land, with some account of France and Italy 
 1778, Svo. He fell a victim to a rapid con- 
 sumption 14th Oct. 1779. 
 
 Ayscough, Samuel, an indefatigable 
 compiler. He was born at Nottingham, 
 where his education was begun under the 
 care of Mr. Johnson, till the misfoi'tunes of 
 his father rendered his further progress in 
 learning Impossible. From the mean occu- 
 pation of servant in a mill, young Ayscough 
 was drawn by the friendship of a school-fel- 
 low who knew his meiit and his industry, 
 and he was in 1770 admitted into the British 
 museum, and some time after obtained the 
 office of under librarian. His time was use- 
 fully employed in this noble national estab- 
 lishment, and he made a correct catalogue 
 of the MSS. of the collection. He also as- 
 sisted in the arrangement of the papers in 
 the Tower, and made an index to the first 
 56 vols, of the Gentleman's Magaz'ne, to 
 the Monthly Review, to the British Critic, 
 to Shakspeare, and to other popular works. 
 He wrote besides remarks on the letters of 
 an American farmer, &£c. He was for some 
 time curate of St. Giles's in the Fields, and 
 he began in 17W to preach the Fairchild 
 lecture on Whit-Tuesday, founded in Shore- 
 ditch church, before the Royal Society, 
 which he continued for 14 years. In 1804 
 the lord chancellor gave hmi the living of 
 Cudham in Kent, but the appointment came 
 too late to a man who deserved, for his inde- 
 fatigable industry and correct conduct, bet- 
 ter preferment, for he died the next year. 
 
 Ayscue, Sir George, a gallant English ad-« 
 miral descended from an ancient famil}^ in 
 Lincolnshire. He was knighted by Charles 
 I. but in the civil wars he declared for the 
 commonwealth ; and when the fleet revolted 
 to prince Rupert, he brought his ship, the 
 Lion, into tlie Thames, and was rewarded 
 for his attachment to the parliament with a 
 command on the Irish station, where his va- 
 lor and experience greatly contributed to the 
 reduction of Ireland. In 1651 he reduced 
 Bai'ba:loes, and the next 3'ear he defeated a 
 Dutch fleet, and soon after, in consequence of 
 his dispute with Blake, he retired from- the 
 service to cominaud the fleet of Charles Gus- 
 
AZ 
 
 Y^/ 
 
 AZ 
 
 tavus king of Sweden. After the restoration 
 he was promoted in the English navy, and in 
 1666 commanded tiie Koyal Prince, the 
 largest ship in the world ; when, during a des- 
 perate fight of four days with the Dutch 
 fleet, he unfortunately, after performing re- 
 peated acts of heroism, struck on the Gal- 
 loper Sand, and was, against his will, obliged 
 bv his crew to surrender. The Dutch, proud 
 of their captive, carried him from town to 
 town as a spectacle to the people. Sir 
 George after this never went again to sea, 
 but lived and died in retirement. 
 
 AxARiAH or U2.ZIAH, king of Judah af- 
 ter Amaziah, B. C. 810, was at first a good 
 and popular prince, but afterwards became 
 an idolater, and died a leper. 
 
 AzARiAS, a rabbi, author of a Hebrew 
 work called the light of the eyes, containing 
 various historical miscellaneous subjects, be- 
 sides Aristeab' letter on the Septuagint trans- 
 lated into Hebrew. The work was printed 
 at Mantua 1574. 
 
 AZEVEDO, Ignatius, a Portuguese Jesuit 
 born 15'27. lie relinquished the indepen- 
 dence of a large fortune to embark as a mis- 
 sionary to India. The vessel in which he was 
 was attacked by pirates, and he and his 19 
 companions were massacred by the barbarous 
 enemy 15t]i July 1570, near Palma. This 
 cruel event was felt and lamented through Eu- 
 rope, and Azevedo was pi'ociaimed a martyr 
 by a papal bull. 
 
 AzAicuETA, Martin, surnamed Navarre, 
 a lawyo", born 1494 at Verasoa, near Pam- 
 peluna, distinguished as a professor in vari- 
 
 lous universities. He died at Rome 1586, 
 His works appeared at Lyons, G vols, folio, 
 il597. 
 
 I A7.0RIUS, John, a native of Lucca near 
 , Carthagena, who became eminent among 
 j the Jesuits, as a public professoi', at Alcala, 
 ; and at Rome. He wrote Institutionura mo- 
 . ralium, '6 vols. foli«# in canticum, &cc. and died 
 at Rome 1603. 
 
 A2,z.i De FoRTt, Faustina, a native of 
 Arezzo, distinguished for her poetical ta- 
 lents, and admitted into the academy of Ar- 
 cadia under the name of Eurinomia. She 
 published a volume of Italian poems, and 
 died May 4, 1724. 
 
 Aizo, Fortius, a native of Bologna, made 
 professor of law thei'e 1190. He is author 
 of a summary of the code, and the institute, 
 much esteemed. He died 1^20. 
 
 AZ2.0GUIDI, Valerius Flaccus, a learned 
 antiquarian of Bologna. He wrote on the 
 origin of the town of Bologna, and the chx'o- 
 nology of the first king of Etruria, and on 
 the age of the patriarchs mentioned in Ge- 
 nesis. He died at Bologna, 1728, aged 77. 
 'I'here were two other authors of that name, 
 of no great celebrity. 
 
 AzzoLiNi, Lawrence, secretary to pope 
 Urban YHI. and bishop of Narni, died 15,32. 
 He wrote an admired satire against de- 
 bauchery, 8vo/His relation, Decio, was rais- 
 ed to the dignityl)f cardinal by Innocent X) 
 He wrote political aphorisms, and was the 
 favorite of Christiini queen of Sweden who 
 left to him all her property. He died 1689, 
 aged 67. 
 
 BA 
 
 BAAHDIX, Mahomet Gebet Amali, a 
 learned Persian, author of a summary 
 of civil and canon law, which was complet- 
 ed and enforced through Persia by the com- 
 mand of Abbas the great. 
 
 Baan, John de, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Haerlem 163.3. He studied under Bek- 
 ker, and acquired so much celebrity, that 
 Charles II. and all the royal family were 
 painted by him. After some residence in 
 England, he went to Italy, where he was pa- 
 tronised by the grand duke of Tuscany. His 
 talents were so great, that he excited the 
 jealousy of inferior artists, and one of them 
 nearly succeeded in stabbing him to the 
 heart. This ingenious man, whom his pen- 
 cil had rendered rich and independent, died 
 at Amsterdam 1702. His son James was 
 also ^n artist of eminence, who followed 
 king William into England at the revolution, 
 and' died 1700, aged 27. 
 
 Baarsdorp, Cornelius, author of Me- 
 thodus uiiiA ersie artis medicse, 5 vols, folio, 
 Bruges 1538, was patronised by Charles V. 
 to whom he was physician and chamber- 
 lain. 
 
 Baart, Peter, a La*in and Flemish poet 
 and physician, author of the Flemish Geor- 
 
 BA 
 
 gics, a po«m in imitation of Virgil, and 
 highly commended by his countrymen, but 
 with undiscerning partiality. He wrote also 
 another poem, called le Triton de Frise. 
 The year of his death is unknown. 
 
 Bab A, a Turkish impostor. He anotm- 
 ced himself in 1260, in the town of Amasia, 
 as the messenger of God ; and when oppo- 
 sed by the Turks, he collected a number of 
 adherents, at whose head he laid waste the 
 fairest portion of Natolia. He was at last 
 overpowered, and his sect totally dispersed. 
 
 Babek, a Persian, who in 823 assembled 
 a multitude of fanatical followers, with whona 
 he defeated the troops of the caliph Alma-' 
 mon. He was conquered by the next caliph, 
 and after being led about on an elephant 
 through the streets of Samara, his jfiands 
 an<l legs were cut off, and he expired in the 
 midst of the greatest agonies. One of the 
 ten executioners who followed him declaimed 
 that he had himself put to death not less 
 than 20,(H)() men. 
 
 Babacouschi, the surname of a mufljl 
 of Caffa in the Taurida, author of a political 
 treatise called the friend and favorite of 
 prii;ces. He died 783 of the hegira. Ano- 
 ther of the same name and place died 974, 
 
BA 
 
 AS^ 
 
 BA 
 
 author of a book of moral essays called the 
 Garden of Anemones. Both productions are 
 probably by the same pen, from a mistake 
 iu the figures of the hegira, from the negli- 
 gence of copyists. 
 
 Babeuf, Francis Noel, a native of St. 
 Quiutin. He was at first a menial servant in 
 the family of a benevolent master near Itoye, 
 •whose kindness in instructing him in reading 
 and writhig, he repjiid by distressing liim in 
 an iniquitous lawsuit. He next became an 
 attorney, and in the beginning of the French 
 revolution, he escaped from the prison of 
 Arras, where his dishonesty had immured 
 him, to come to Paris, where, assuming the 
 name of Gracchus, he published a paper cal- 
 led the Tribune of the people. By dissemi- 
 natiiig the most pernicious principles, and re- 
 com mending the division of all property, he 
 continued popular, and on the fall of Robes- 
 pierre, he was regarded as a proper person 
 to succeed the tyrant, and to guide the des- 
 tinies of Finance, by shedding the blood of 
 her virtuous citixens. This profligate char- 
 acter was at last denounced by some of his 
 accomplices, and condemned to the guillo- 
 tine. He suffered with great composure, 
 1797, aged 37. An account of his trial, in 
 ■which he displayed great eloquence and as- 
 toujshing firmness of mind, has been pubUsh- 
 ed in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bab IN, Francis, a native of Angers, 
 known as a learned and virtuous ecclesiastic. 
 He was divinity professor, and published the 
 conferences of the diocese of Angers, 18 
 vols. 12ino. conthiued in 10 other volumes, 
 by la Blaniere. He died 19th Dec. 1734, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Babington, Gervase, a native of Not- 
 tinghamshire, educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. 
 By the interest of Henry earl of Pembroke, 
 to whom he was chaplain, he obtained pre- 
 ferment, and was at last raised to the see of 
 LlandafT, and from thence translated to Here- 
 ford; and in 1597 to Worcester. He was a 
 great benefactor to the cathedral library at 
 Worcester. He died of the jaundice Mjy 
 17th, 1610. He wrote notes on the five 
 books of Moses, and expositions of the creed, 
 &c. besides sermons published in foHo, 1615 
 and 1637. 
 
 Babimgton, Anthony, a native of Der- 
 byshire, known in English history for his 
 conspiracy to assassinate, with other Roman 
 catholic associates, queen Elizabeth, and 
 thus to procure the release of the unfortu- 
 nate Mary of Scots. This diabolical scheme 
 ■was zealously undei'taken in the hope that 
 Mary would reward her deliverer by taking 
 bim to share her throne. The plot was dis- 
 covered by Walsingham, and the conspira- 
 tors suffered death, 1586. 
 
 Babur, grandson of Tamerlane, dis- 
 puted with his elder brother Aly Doulat for 
 the sovereignty, and in consequence of a 
 treaty obtained the province of Georgia. He 
 was afterwards engaged in bloody wars with 
 his relations, and after a terrible battle he 
 ordered the head of his brother Mohammed, 
 
 V iio had fallen into his hands, to be cUt off 
 in his presence. He died 1471, in conse- 
 quence of a violent fit of passion. 
 
 Babyj.as, a bishop of Antioch, put to 
 death during the persecution of the emperor 
 Decius, 251. 
 
 Bacai, the surname of Ibrahim Ben- 
 omar, a learned mussulman, who died 885, of 
 the ht'gira. He is author of several treati- 
 ses on the manners of ancient philosophers, 
 on the art of divination by numbejs, the 
 praises of poverty, a commentary on the Ko- 
 ran, &c, 
 
 BACALANi,the surname of Abubecre,the 
 author of a book to explain the difficult pas- 
 sages which occur in the Koran. 
 
 Baccalar-y-sanma, Vincent, marquis 
 of St. Philip, a native of Sardinia, who raised 
 himself to consequence by his services to 
 Charles II. and Philip V. of Spain, in his 
 native country. He wrote The Monai'chy 
 of the Hebrews, which has been translated 
 into French, 4 vols. 12mo, — and Memoirs of 
 Philip V. 4 vols, 12mo. and died at Madrid 
 1726. 
 
 Baccali, a learned Mahometan, sur- 
 named, from his learning, the ornament of 
 the doctors. He wrote a book on the prayers 
 of the Musselmans, and on the glory and 
 excellence of the Arabs. He died in the year 
 of the hegira 562, or, according to others, 
 573, 
 
 Baccei.li, Jerome, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who translated the Odyssey into 
 Italian seiolti verses 1558. He died before 
 the completion of his translation of the Iliad. 
 
 Bacchetti, Lawrence, professor of 
 medicine and jurisprudence at Padua, pub- 
 lished dissertations on acids, alkaUs, &c. and 
 died 1708. 
 
 Bacchini, Benedict, a Benedictine of 
 Parma, author of a literary journal which 
 gave offence to his superiors. He retired to 
 Modena, where he became librarian and 
 historiographer to the duke, and afterwards 
 he filled the chair of ecclesiastical history 
 with ability. He published several very 
 learned works, and made a collection for the 
 history of the house of Este, which he left 
 in the hands of Muratori. He died 1721, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Bacchylides, a lyric poet of Cos, wlio 
 florished about 452 B. C. 
 
 Bacchylus, bishop of Corinth in the 
 second century, wrote a letter in the name 
 of the bishop of Achaia, on the proper time 
 for the celebration of the feast of Easter. 
 
 PiACCio, Andreas, a native of Ancona, 
 professor of medicine at Rome, and physi- 
 cian to pope Sixtus V. He wrote some 
 learned and valuable treatises, de venenis et 
 antidotis ; de gemmis, de therrais, de natui'ali 
 vinorum histoi'ia, &c. He died about the be- 
 ginning of the 17th century. 
 
 Bracio, Francis Bartholomew, an histo- 
 rical and portrait painter of Florence, who 
 died 1517, aged 48. His coloring and the 
 elegance of bis figures were much admired. 
 
 Bach, John Sebiistian, a German musi- 
 cian, born at Eisenach. He was in the ser- 
 
BA 
 
 y^f 
 
 BA 
 
 Vice of the duke of Saxe Weimar, and Avas 
 eminent for his skill iu playing on the organ. 
 His compositions are much admired. lie 
 died at Leipsic, 1754, aged 69. His sons, 
 Charles and John, were equaUy enainent as 
 musicians and composers. 
 
 BACHAUMOisr, Lewis Petit de, a native 
 of Paris, known as the author of secret me- 
 moirs, to elucidate the historj of literature 
 in France, in 36 vols. 12mo. and other works. 
 He died May 1st, 1771. 
 
 Bachelier, Nicholas, an architect and 
 sculptor, who, after studing at Rome under 
 Michael Angelo, introduced at Toulouse and 
 Lucca, the graceful and easy manner of his 
 master instead of the heavy gothic which then 
 
 tleman, educated at Christ Church. He left 
 Oxford without a degree, and retired to his 
 seat, where lie devoted himself to alchemy 
 and astrology, and had among his pupils and 
 friends Ellas A.shmole, who called him father. 
 He died l66!iJ. He was author of the plea- 
 sant fountain of knowledge, from the French, 
 8vo. 1644 — The complaint of nature — The 
 golden fleece, &c. — and he also invented the 
 instrument called the Way -wiser. 
 
 Backhuysen, Ludolph, a painter of 
 Embden, whose sea pieces were much ad- 
 mired. He died 1709, aged 78. 
 
 Bacon, liobert, an English friar, known 
 at Oxford as divinity professor as well as by 
 his opposition to Peter de Kupibus bishop of 
 
 prevailed. He adorned several churches by i Winton, the favoi-ite of Henry HI. He 
 
 his sculpture, and was universally admired 
 for the power of his chisel. He died af- 
 ter 1553. 
 
 Bachini, Bernardine, a Benedictine, 
 horn at Borgo San Domino. The weakness 
 of his constitution obliged him to relinquish 
 the pulpit, and in his learned i-etirement he 
 composed some valuable books in Latin and 
 Italian, a literary journal from 1686 to 1697, 
 9 vols. 4to. de sistrorum figuris, &c. and died 
 at Bologne, September 1st, 17!21, aged 70. 
 
 BACHOViuSjReinier, a native of Cologne, 
 who became eminent as a civilian. He left 
 Leipsic, because his tenets as a Calvinist 
 were disagreeable to the people, and after- 
 wards he embraced the opinions of the Ca- 
 tholics, and was made professor at Heidel- 
 berg by the duke of Bavaria. H'e died 1614, 
 aged 70. His son was professor also at Hei- 
 delberg, and died a good Catholic. He pub- 
 lished exercitations ad partem posteriorem 
 Chiliados Fabri, 1624 — de actionibus, 1626 
 — depignoribus &c hypothecis, 1627 — dispu- 
 tat. de variis juris civilis raateriis, 1604 — In 
 institutionum Juris Justinian, libros 4 com- 
 raentar. 1628. 
 
 Bacici, John Baptiste Gauli, a native of 
 Genoa who, at the age of 14, entered into the 
 service of a dealer iu pictures at Home, 
 where he saw and was patronised and in- 
 structed by Bernini. He soon became emi- 
 nent as a painter, and particularly distin- 
 guished himself by drawing the portrait of a 
 man dead for 20 years, whose features he gra- 
 dually collected from the information of sur- 
 viving friends, so that at last he produced a 
 most perfect and complete resemblance. 
 Though bold in his ideas and great in his co- 
 lorings and his foreshortening, Bacici is occa- 
 sionally blamed for incorrectness, and for 
 want of taste in his draperies. The violence 
 of his temper proved fatal to his family, in 
 reproving his son before his companions he 
 gave him a blow on the face, which so irri- 
 tated the feelings of ^he youth that he threw 
 himself into the Tyber, and left his father in- 
 consolable. He died 1709, in his 70th year. 
 
 Backer, James, a Dutch portrait pain- 
 ter of eminence, who died 1560, aged 30. 
 
 Backer, Jacob, a portrait paioter, born 
 at Henlingen. His pieces are much admi- 
 red. He died 1651, aged 42. 
 Backhouse, William, a Berkshire gen- 
 
 sited Paris, and in 1233 was made treasurer 
 of Salisbury cathedral. He wrote among 
 other things the life of St. Edmund the pri- 
 mate, and died 1248, and was bur:ed at Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 Bacon, Roger, was born near Ilchester, 
 of a respectable family, 1214. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and visited Paris, the com- 
 mon resort of the learned of the times, and 
 after taking the degree of doctor, and be- 
 coming monk of the Franciscan order 1240, 
 he returned to his native country. A strong 
 inquisitive mind soon raised him to conse- 
 quence, and as he was liberally supported in 
 his pursuits by the munificence of liis friends, 
 among whom vere bishop Grostete, Rich 
 the prin-ate, Shirwood chancellor of Lincoln, 
 and professor Fishacre, he made the most 
 rapid strides in the advancement of science 
 and philosophy. His experiments and his 
 calculations were so far above the compre- 
 hensions of his age, that he was accused of 
 magic ; an<I the eagerness with which he stu- 
 died astrology strongly supported the suspi- 
 cion. The monks of his order gi^ew jealous 
 of liis I'cputation, his works were rejected 
 from tlieir Ubi'ar}', and the principids of the 
 order was prevailed upon lo imprison him. 
 In his confi.nement Bacon composed his 
 " Opud maj«s," addressed to the Pope, in. 
 which he hoped to prevail upon the pontifT 
 to reform the errors of the church, or pro- 
 pose some efficient method to stop the pow- 
 er of scepticism and of antichrist. At last, 
 after ten years of painful solitude, he was set 
 at liberty by the interference of his friends, 
 and the success of his application to the ge- 
 neral of his order, Jcrom d'Ascoli, who was 
 lately raised to the papal chair, to whom he 
 inscribed his treatise " on the means of 
 avoiding the infirmities of old age." The 
 remainder of his life was spent in academical 
 repose at Oxfoi'd, where he died 1 1th June, 
 121)4. Bacon is universally allowed to have 
 -..een a man of superior merit, and his exam- 
 ple and the vast acquirements of his mind in 
 a barbarous age strongly evince with wtat 
 success industry and perseveran- e maj- la- 
 bor in tlie road of learning. The discoveries 
 and the more accurate experiments of the 
 moderns pay daily tributes of gratitude and 
 reverence to this father of philosophy, and 
 it is now manifest that to his comprehensive 
 
JBA 
 
 //^ 
 
 BA 
 
 mind were known many of the secrets wliich 
 the toil and repeated efforts of succeeding 
 ages have scarce brought to light. He was 
 acquainted with the structure of an air pump 
 siud with the laws of optics, and the power of 
 glasses; he knew the preparation of phospho- 
 rus, and he clothed in unintelligible language, 
 the name of gunpowder, which he said was 
 formed witi. sulphur, nitre and charcoal, as 
 if he anticipated the devastation which its 
 discovery by Schwart, some ages after, was 
 to bring upon mankind. In his writings, 
 •which amounted to above 80 treatises, some 
 of which are published and some preserved 
 in manuscript in the libraries of Europe, he 
 xised an elegant and nervous style, and was 
 always accurate in his observations on na- 
 ture. His great knowledge of chemistry 
 has been most satisfactorily proved by the 
 experiments of Mr. Homberg. To his me- 
 rits much praise is paid by Drs. Jebb, 
 Browne, Boerhaavc, Freind, Peter Shaw. 
 &c. _ _ 
 
 Bacon, Sir Nicholas, keeper of the great 
 .seal under Elizabeth, and tlie descendant of 
 an ancient Suffolk family, was born 1510. 
 He was of Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, 
 to which he became a munificent benefactor, 
 and after travelling in France he studied the 
 law at Gray's Inn. He was employed under 
 Henry VUI. to whom he proposed a plan, 
 which however was never adopted, for the 
 erecting of a college to instruct young states- 
 men in all the branches of political know- 
 ledge. He was knighted by Elizabeth, and 
 made keeper of the seals in the room of 
 Heath archbisiiop of York; but as he favored 
 the Suffolk succession he was treated with 
 coldness, and suspected of assisting Hales in 
 "writing a tract to favor the claims of the 
 dutchess of Suffolk against the rights of the 
 •jueen of Scotland. He was, however, soon 
 after reinstated in the queen's good opinion 
 by the interference of sir William Cecil, and 
 lie died 20th February 1579. He was buried 
 in St. Paul's, and his monument was de- 
 btroyed by the great fire in 1666. By Jane 
 Ferneley his first wife he had three daugh- 
 ters and three sons, Nicholas, Nathaniel, and 
 Edward ; and by his second, Anne Cook, he 
 left two sons, Anthony and Francis. 
 
 Bacon, Anne, second daughter of sir 
 Anthony Cook, preceptor to king Edward 
 VI. and wife of the preceding, was eminent 
 for her learning, piety, and virtue. She 
 translated from the Italian into English ()- 
 chine's sermons, and Jewel's apologj' for the 
 church of England, from the Latin ; and 
 died about the beginning of the reign of 
 James I. at Gorhambury, near St. Albans. 
 
 Bacon, Francis, viscount St. Albans, was 
 son of sir Nicholas Bacon mentioned above, 
 and was born at York-house in the Strand, 
 22d January 1561. He was early introdu- 
 ced at court ; and after he had studied at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, under Whitgift, 
 afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, he ac- 
 companied, though little more than 16, sir 
 Amias Pawlet, ambassador to the court of 
 France, where, by his diligeuce and punctu- 
 
 ality, he gave great satisfaction to the queen. 
 During his travels, his father died ; and as he . 
 found himself not master of the independ- % 
 ence which he e.xpecftd, he applied himself ' 
 to the study of law at Gray's Inn ; and, by 
 the means of lord Burleigh, he obtained at 
 court the J'eversion of the registership to the 
 star chamber, worth I600Z. a year, which, 
 however, he did not enjoy till twenty years 
 after. Whilst at Gray s Inn, where he was 
 chosen Lent-reader, he formed the plan and 
 drew the outline of his great philosophical 
 work, the instauration of the scien«es ; but 
 neither his learning nor his abilities recom- 
 mended him at court, as the favors of the 
 queen were divided between the Cecils 
 and the earl of Leicester, who was after- 
 wards succeeded by Essex : and Bacon, un- 
 fortunately for his advancement, warmly 
 embraced the cause of the latter. Elizabeth 
 was sensible of his great talents, but neither 
 hei.* partiality nor the friemlship of Essex 
 could overpower the cold phlegmatic aver- 
 sion of the Cecils, who represented Bncoa 
 as a speculative man, whose head was filled 
 with philosophy, and not with political know- 
 ledge. The disappointment was great, and 
 Bacon would have bui'ied himself in a foreign 
 kingdom, if his friends had not interfered. 
 On the succession of James I. he rose into 
 power, though still opposed by Cecil earl of 
 Salisbury and by sir Edward Coke. He was 
 knighted and successively made attorney- 
 general, keeper of the seals, lord chancellor, 
 and raised to the ])eerage. His elevation 
 was not unattended by the envy of enemies ; 
 and he was soon accused at the bar of the 
 house of lords by the commons of gross bri- 
 bery and corruption. The king, who saw 
 tliat not only Bacon but his favorite Villiers, 
 was aimed at, advised his chancellor to make 
 no defence, and promised him both protec- 
 tion and favor if he were condemned Bacon, 
 unhappily for his reputation, made no de- 
 fence, and he was found guilty, 3d May, 
 1621, fined 40,000/. imprisoned in the Tower, 
 and declared incapable to serve his majesty, 
 and unworthy to retain his seat in parlia- 
 ment. Though there is some reason to sup- 
 pose that Bacon listened to bribery, either 
 by himself or his servants, in cases which 
 were pending before him, yet it is remark- 
 able that none of his decrees in ctiancery 
 were afterwards set aside, as dictated by op- 
 pression, partiality, or falsehood ; a fact that 
 establishes his probity far beyond the power 
 of interested declaimers, or venal panegy- 
 rists. The fine was remitted by the king; 
 and though the disgraced chancellor deter- 
 mined to spend the rest of his life in pri- 
 vacy, yet he was restored to the public opi- 
 nion, and sat inrthe first parliament called by 
 Chaiies. At no time, either of elevation or 
 disgrace. Bacon forgot the great object of his 
 heart : he labored assiduously and earnestly 
 for the establishment of his new philosophy. 
 He died April 9, t626, at lord Arundel's 
 house, Highgate, of a fever, and was buried 
 in St. Michael's church, St. Alban's, where 
 sir Thomas Meautys, his secretary, erected 
 
BA 
 
 //y 
 
 AR 
 
 a radnnraent to his honor. At the age of 40, Ba- 
 con married tlie daughter of akiernjan Barn- 
 ham, of London, by whom he had no issue. 
 The lady survived him '20 years. In his con- 
 duct, Bacon was generous and humane, for 
 though he had a good income, ISOOZ. a year 
 from his pension, and 700/. from his estates, his 
 debts at his decease were found to amount to 
 22,000/. Bacon has been censured, and de- 
 servedly, for Kitandiiig fortii as the accuser of 
 Essex, a man who had patronised and pro- 
 tected him. As a writer, his " novum orga- 
 Hum scientarium," has, among his other per- 
 formances, immortalized his name. He has 
 intro«luced a new species of philosophy to 
 enlighten and dignify man, to teach him how 
 to think, and to lead him from error, from 
 darkness, and false comprehension, to truth 
 and to the most accurate conclusions. Ba- 
 con, however, as a iihilosopher, has met op- 
 ponents, and Hupie has not hesitated, in his 
 comparison of his merits with those of (iali- 
 leo, to raise the Italian far above the fame of 
 his countryman Bacon's works were col- 
 lected in 5 vols. 4to. and beautifully printed 
 by Bowyer and Strahan 1/60, and in 1778 in 
 5 vols. 4to. and since, 10 vols. 8vo. 
 
 BEACON, Anthony, elder brother to the 
 chancellor, distinguished himself for his great 
 knowledge of politics, which, however, he 
 did not display in the public service, as he 
 was satisfied with the tranquillity of a more 
 private station. He was very intimate with 
 Essex, and he assisted him with his advice, 
 in the midst of his distresses, and even re- 
 sided for some time in his house, as he was 
 unable from lameness to visit him frequently. 
 He left his estate to his brother, the chancel- 
 lor. 
 
 Bacon, Sir Nathaniel, knight of the bath, 
 half brother to the chancellor, was distin- 
 guished as a painter in the style of the Fle- 
 mish school. Some of his pieces are pre- 
 served at his seat atCulford, and atGorham- 
 hury, among which a picture of himself by 
 himself is much admired, and a cook-maid 
 with dead fowl. 
 
 Bacon, Phanuel, was educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford. He took his degree 
 of D. D. 1735, and became rector of Baldon, 
 Oxfordshire, where he died, January ii, 1783. 
 He wrote, besides five plays, published in 
 1757^ an elegant poem called " the artificial 
 kite," first printed in 1719, and inserted iu 
 the Gentleman's Magazine 1758 ; and he was 
 admired for the ready flashes of his wit and 
 for his punning. 
 
 BacoM, John, an English sculptor, born 
 at Southwark, 24th November, 1740, At 
 the age of 15, he was bound to a china ma- 
 nufacturer at Lambeth ; and in this employ- 
 ment he so distinguished himsel f^ by h is assi- 
 duity, that in a little time the inprovements 
 of the manufactory were all thrfefforts of his 
 genius. From the various models which 
 were presented to his view, he laid the fQun- 
 dations of his future fame ; and in his execu- 
 tion displayed such taste and correctness, 
 that he obtained not less than nine premiums 
 irom the society for the encouragement of 
 vol.. T. If) 
 
 arts. He formed and carried ioto perfectiiau 
 the designs of making statues of artificial 
 stone, and in 1763, he began first to use the 
 instrument, since improved, by which he 
 transferred the form of the model to the 
 marble. He obtained, in 1769, the gold me- 
 dal of the royal society, and was admitted an 
 associate ; and his manly figure of Mars in- 
 creased, if possible, the high reputation 
 which he had already acquired. His admi- 
 red bust of the king, for Dr. Markham, to 
 be placed in Christ Church-hall, Oxford, 
 procured him the royal patronage. Another 
 bust was also made for Gottingen university; 
 and he was now considered as the only artist 
 whose genius could delineate the group of 
 lord Chatham's monument in Guildhall, and 
 th.at of the celebrated Guy, for his noble hos- 
 pital. The other mere remarkable produc- 
 tions of his chisel are Mrs. Draper's monu- 
 ment in Bristol cathedral, two groups at the 
 top of Somerset-house, a statue of Henry VL 
 for Eton college, judge Blackstone's statue 
 for All-soul's college, Chatham's monument 
 in Westminster abbey, and the statues of 
 Johnson and of Howard in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. An inflammation in the bowels proved 
 fatal to this most ingenious artist, 4th August, 
 1799. He left a wife and eight children. 
 The inscription over his grave declares, ia 
 his own words, that whatever he might have 
 been as an artist, his belief in Christ is the 
 only important thing now. The article or), 
 sculptor in Itees' encyclopsedia was his ele- 
 gant production. ^ 
 
 Baconthorpe, John, a monk of Nor- 
 folk, called the resolute doctor. He wrote, 
 commentaries on the four books of senten- 
 ces, a compendium of the law of Christ, &c.^ 
 and died iu London, 134G. 
 
 Bacoue, Leo, a protestant of Gascony, 
 wlio became a convert to popery, and was 
 the only one w ho as such obtained a bishop- 
 ric under Lewis XIV. at the solicitation of 
 the duke of Montausier, as the reward of his 
 Latin poem on the education of a prince. 
 He died bishop of Pamiers, 1694, aged 94. 
 
 Bacq_uerre, Benedict dc, a physician,, 
 little known, but as the author of an excel- 
 lent work, " senum medicus," printed 'at 
 Cologne, 1673. 
 
 B A c Q_u E T, ad vocate to the king of France, 
 wrote some ingenious law works, printedj, 
 Lyons, 2 vols. fol. 1744. He died 1597. 
 
 Bactishua, George Ebn, a Christian 
 physician, noticed at the court of Alman- 
 sor. As lie had an old woman for his wife, 
 the caliph sent him 3000 dinars, and three 
 beautiful girls, as a present, which the phy- 
 sician sent back, observing, that his religion, 
 forbade him the use of more than one wo- 
 man at a time. Almansor, pleased with him, 
 sent him back to Korasan. His son Gabriel 
 w^as also a physician in the household of 
 Haroun A I Raschid. 
 
 Badakschi, a Persian poet under the ca-. 
 liphMoctafi. Hisdivan, or collection of poems, 
 is written upon the fortunes which attended 
 the great men of the court ; and he says, 
 that the vaxicd scene in hjm^n affairs ough': 
 
 tJ 
 
 /// 
 
 /VeT 
 
BA 
 
 /^^ 
 
 BA 
 
 hot to create surprise, as we see tliat lite is 
 measured by an hour-glass, and that an hour 
 is always iibove and Vlie other below in alter- 
 nate succession. 
 
 Badasch, a commentator on the book of 
 Hen Sarragi, on Ai-abic grammar. He died 
 in the year of the hegira 528. 
 
 Badcock, Samuel, son of a butck-er of 
 South Mouiton, was born Febrtiary 23, 1747, 
 and was educated, after his family, in the 
 tenets of the dissenters, among whom he was 
 intended for minister. During the period of 
 his education, he imbibed some of the strong 
 X)rinciples of the methodists on free grace, 
 election, &.c. which in his maturcr years he 
 total!}' abandoned. His first employment as 
 pastor was at Wimborne, in Dorsetshire ; 
 from whence he shortly removed to Barn- 
 staple, in Dei'onshire. In this new situation, 
 he met sume of Dr. Priestley's theological 
 •works, which he admired so much, that he 
 paid a visit to the author atCalne, and after- 
 ■ivards corresponded with him. His vivaci- 
 ty, however, the modest elegance of his dis- 
 courses, and the easiness of his manners and 
 conversation, soon raised him enemies among 
 a set of men who had 6mbraced the rigid te- 
 nets of the nonconformists in the age of 
 Cromwell, and he was ejected from his of- 
 fice, in 1777, on a scandalous imi)Utation, 
 which afterwards proved false, and highly 
 reflected on his accusers. He retired to 
 South Mouiton, where he found his friends 
 sincere, but his income small. In 1780, he 
 began to write for the Monthly Review, and 
 likewise published a small, but accurately 
 Ijenned, pamphlet on the topic of the day, 
 the materiality or immateriality of the soul. 
 As a i*eviewer, he distinguished liimself by 
 his critique on Madan's Thelyphthora, and 
 the Chattertonian controversy ; but Avhen 
 Priestley's corruptions of Christianity ap- 
 l^eared, his observations upon it were so 
 ■pointed, so forcible, and so well supported, 
 that they drew an answer from the author in 
 Jess than a month, in which the abilities of 
 theunknowji critic were candidly allowed to 
 be great and respectable; Priestley found 
 liimself likewise attacked by archdeacon 
 Horsiey ; and when Badcock, in the Review, 
 X>raised the performance, the offended uni- 
 tarian, who had discovered his anonymous 
 antagonist, accused him of misrepresentation 
 and gross illiberality. Badcock had the good 
 Sens'e not to reply. During his residetice at 
 South Mouiton, he married the daughter of 
 •Samuel Wesley, master of Tiverton school, 
 and brother to the famous John Wesley ; 
 aiul from the pay)crs which he received by 
 that connection, he published an account of 
 the family.* His literary character was now 
 go well established, that his assistance was 
 eieurted by Mr. professor White, who had 
 heen appointed Bampton lecturer at Ox- 
 ford, in 1783 ; and from their united labors 
 were produced those sermons which have 
 been sa much and so deservedly admired. 
 What the extent of this connection was, has 
 been a matter of controversy ; but it must 
 Ite allowed, even by Dr. Gabriel, who took 
 
 up the pen with more warmth than pru- 
 dence, that the professor claims unequivo- 
 cally the whole merit of the plan and of the 
 execution of tlie better part, and that what 
 he wrote possesses equal strength, elegance, 
 and energy, as what was furnished by his co- 
 adjutor, if Dr. White had been more punc- 
 tual in his payment of a reward so justly de- 
 served, his character might have been unas- 
 sailed, and he might have securely reposed 
 under the patronage of the great. In 1786, 
 Badcock quitted the dissenters, and the fol- 
 lowing spring was ordained at Exeter, by 
 bishoj) Ross. He engaged as assistant to Dr. 
 Gabriel at the octagon chapel, in Bath, where 
 he pi'eached a much admired charity sermon, 
 printed, but not published. He preached al- 
 so before the judges at Exeter, in Lent, 1783; 
 and the following May 19th, he died, of a 
 bilious complaint, at the house of his friend, 
 sir John Chichester, baronet. Queen-street, 
 May Fair. His constitution was, naturally 
 weak, and he was frequently attacked by, 
 unpleasant aod delirious headaches, which so 
 much affected his spirits that be dreaded the 
 loss of reason far more than death. The 
 powers of his mind were strong and vivid, 
 and his genius was exerted, with the liberal- 
 ity of his friends, to support him above the 
 embarrassments of indigence. 
 
 B a DENS, Francis, an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Antwerp. He died 1603, 
 aged 32. 
 
 Badew, Richard de, a native of Badow 
 Essex. He was chancellor of Cambridge 
 1326, and laid the foundation of a college cal- 
 led University hall, -which was destroyed ac- 
 cidentally by fire ; and when rebuilt by the 
 daughter of Robert de Clare, earl of Gloces- 
 ter, was called Clare-hall. 
 
 Badile, Anthony, an Italian painter of 
 Verona, whose peiceswere admired for cor- 
 rectness and taste. He died 1560, aged 80. 
 
 Baduei., Claude, a protcstant divine at 
 Nismes, ijrofessor in Switzerland, where he 
 died 1561. He wrote on theological subjects. 
 
 Baersius, or Ve kens tit., Henry, au- 
 thor, among other things, of tables of the 
 longitudes and latitudes of the planets, pub- 
 lished 1528, was a painter and mathemati- 
 cian of Louvain,in the l6th centuiy. 
 
 Baerstrat, a Dutch painter. His sea 
 and fish peices were much admired, /le di- 
 ed 1687. 
 
 Bafkaekah, the surname of Abn Zohal, 
 a commentator on Euclid. 
 
 B AG D e :g I N, Mahommed, author of a trea- 
 tise on the division of sui>erficies, published 
 in a Latin translation by John Dee, was an 
 Arabian mathematician of the 10th century 
 
 Bagford, John, a native of London, 
 originally a shoemakc)-, andafterwardsabook- 
 seller and an antiquarian, and a collector of 
 old English books, curious prints, kc. He 
 enriched the fiunous library of Moore, bishop 
 of Ely, for which he was admitted into the 
 Charter-house by tlie prelate. He died at 
 Islington, May 15th, 1716, aged 65, and was 
 buried at the Charter-house. His very val- 
 uable collection of books and antiquities, pro- 
 
BA 
 
 /VS 
 
 BA 
 
 cured not only at home but abroad, was pur- 
 chased by the earl of Oxford, and added to 
 his library. He published proposals, 1707, in 
 the Philosophical Transactions, for a general 
 history of printing; and his manuscripts, 
 though badly writtep, and worae spelled, may 
 be consulted with advantage. Some of his 
 letters and collections are pj'eserved in the 
 British Museum and in the public library of 
 Cambridge. There was a print engraved of 
 him, 1728, by George Vertue. 
 
 Bagger, John, made bishop of Copenha- 
 gen at the age of 29, in consequence of his 
 extensive knowledge of oriental learning and 
 of theology, was a native o^ Lunden, and di- 
 ed 1693, aged 47. He published some learn- 
 ed discourses in Danish and Latin. 
 
 Bag I, Zadeh, a Mahometan commenta- 
 tor on the book escharat, &c. who died the 
 year of the hegira 1013. 
 
 Baglioni, John Paul, a native of Peru- 
 gia, who usurped the sovereignty of his coun- 
 try, of which he was dispossessed by Csesar 
 ' Borgia. He afterwards served in the Italian 
 armies, especially in the pay of Venice, and 
 ■was at last treacherously invited to Rome by 
 the pope, Leo X. who dreaded his intrigues, 
 and cruely beheaded, 1520. 
 
 Baglivi, George, a native of Apulia, 
 who, after studying at Padua, settled as pro- 
 fessor of anatomy at Rome, where he died, 
 1706, in his 58th year. He possessed superi- 
 or abilities in his profession, as is fully evin- 
 ced by his compositions, all written in Latin, 
 and first published in 1710, in 4to. He wrote 
 a curious dissertation on the anatomy, &c. of 
 the tarantula, 
 
 Bagnioli, Julius Csesar, an It^ian poet 
 of Bagna Cabano, patronised by Michael 
 Perreti, prince of Venefro. His best peices 
 are the judgment of Paris, and the tragedy of 
 Aragonois. He died about 1600. 
 
 Bagoas, an Egyptian eunucii, in the ser- 
 -vice of Artaxerxes. He was put to death by 
 Codomannus, 356. 
 
 Bagshaw, AVilliam, a native of Tidswell, 
 educated at Corpus Christi college, Cam- 
 bridge, and minister of Glessop, which he 
 resigned in 1062, for not submitting to the 
 act for uniformity. He continued to preach 
 lirivately, as he was eloquent and popular, 
 and a large meeting-house was erected for 
 him at the revolution. He wrote several 
 valuable treatises ; and died 1703, aged 75. 
 
 Bagshaw, P>dward,,M. A. a student of 
 Christ Church, Oxford, for some time assis- 
 tant atAVestmiustei*, under Busby. He was 
 ordained by Brownrigg bishop of Exeter, but 
 proved so violent in his principles that he 
 was imprisoned for nonconfomily, and died 
 in New-gate, 1671 . He was a man of abilities, 
 and wrote Dissertationes dute Antisocinianse, 
 4to. — de monarchia absoluta dissertalio po- 
 litica, &c. 
 
 Baguri, a Mahometan, author of a book 
 on intemperance and convivial companies. 
 He died 079 of the hegira. 
 
 Bah a, a learned Mussulman, surnamed 
 the ornament of justice and religion, and re- 
 garded as a saint and a worker of miracles. 
 Hq died 857 of the hogirii, ut llafara. 
 
 B.\hali, a Mussulman, author of a book 
 on the derivation of Arabic names. He di- 
 ed in the 230th year.pf the hegira.— Ano- 
 ther, Avho abridgetl a treatise on the diver- 
 sity of opinions of Mahometan doctors. He 
 died the 321st year of the hegira. 
 
 Baharai. h^fdh, or the sea of memo- 
 ry, wrote a treatise on the manners and qual- 
 ities of princes, and died in the year 255th 
 of the hegira. 
 
 Bahier, John, a priest of the oratory, 
 born at Chattillon. He wrote some Latin 
 poems on various subjects, inserted in the 
 collection of de Brienne ; and died 1707. 
 
 Bahram, a brave general, under Chos- 
 roes I. or Nushervan, and under his son Hor- 
 mouz, whom he deposed, to seat himself on 
 his throne. His usurpation was checked by 
 Chosroes, the son of Hormouz ; and, Avhen 
 defeated, he fled to the the great khan, by 
 whom he was afterwards put to death. 
 
 Bahrdt, Charles Frederic, M. A. a na- 
 tive of Bisschosswerda, who studied at Leip- 
 sic, and assisted his father, who was there di- 
 vinity professor. An intrigue drove him 
 from Leipsic to Erfurt, where he gave lec- 
 tures on biblical antiquities; and lie then re- 
 moved to Giessen, and afterwards to Durk- 
 heim. Here, as preacher to count Von 
 Leiningen Dachsburg, he opened a house for 
 the instruction of youth, which he called 
 Philanthropinum ; but his plans failing, he 
 went to Hollaiwl, and then toEngkind, where 
 he obtained four pupils. On his return to 
 the continent, he found that his conduct had 
 given offence at Vienna, and therefore he re- 
 tired to Prussia, and next settled at Halle, as 
 an inn-keeper and farmer. The sentiments 
 of which he boasted in public as a deist, and 
 the establishment of a lodge of new free- 
 masons, rendered him suspected to the ma- 
 gistrates, and he was imprisoned for twelve 
 months. He died 1792, aged 51. His char- 
 acter was unprincipled and licentious. He 
 turned out his wife from his protection and 
 house, to live in adultery with his servant ; 
 and in every part of his conduct gloried in 
 what could offend religion and morality. 
 Besides his essay towards a system of the " 
 doctrines of the Bible, 1769, he published 
 other works, equally singular for extrava- 
 gances, profaneness, and licentiOTi's opinions. 
 
 Baian, or Baiox, a native of Goa, who 
 embi-aced Christianity, and came to Rome, 
 where he was ordained priest, about 1<J30. 
 He v/as author of some ingenious works, be- 
 sides a translation of the jEneid into Greek 
 verse, and the Lusiad of Camoens into 
 Latin. 
 
 Bajard, Andrew, an Italian poet of 
 Parma, patronised by the duke of Milan, iu 
 the 15th century. His poems were first pub- 
 lished by Fogliazzi, 1756. 
 
 Bajazet I. emperor of Turkey, suc- 
 ceeded his father Amurat I. 13S9. He con- 
 quered, with unusual rapidity, the provinces 
 of Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly ; and 
 after he had made the emperor of Constan- 
 tinople tributtu-y to his power, and defeated 
 the army of Sigismund, king of Hungary, 
 1.396, lie marched to attack Taiaerlaue, kt, 
 
BA 
 
 //^ 
 
 BA 
 
 the fcasl, Avhoin he treated with such cou- 
 tempt, that he caused his ambassadors to bt 
 shaved in derision. ; He was, however, to- 
 tally defeated near Angoury, 1402, and taken 
 prisoner ; and when the proud conqueror 
 asked him what he would have done with 
 him it" he had obtained the victory, Bajazet 
 answered, I would have confined you in an 
 iron cage. Such, then, shall be thy fate, 
 i-ejoined Tamerlane. In his cage, Bajazet 
 behaved with his native fierceness, expect- 
 ing that his sons would rescue him ; but 
 •when he was disappointed, he dashed his 
 head against the bars of the cage, and died, 
 1403, at Autioch in Pisidia. Some however 
 say, that he was honorably treated by Tamer- 
 Jane. 
 
 Bajazet II. succeeded his father Maho- 
 met II. 1481, and caused his brother Zi- 
 zim, who opposed him, to be assassinated. 
 He extended the boundaries of his king- 
 dom ; and though checked in his attacks on 
 Syria, he made himstlfmaster of the strong- 
 est places of the Peloponnesus, and obliged 
 the Venetians to sue for peace. His reign 
 ■was distracted by intestine discord, and he 
 fell by the periidy of his son Selim, who not 
 only dethroned him, but caused him to be 
 poisoned, 1512, in his 60lh year. 
 
 Baier, John William, a divine of Nu- 
 remberg, rector and professor of divinity at 
 Halle, where he died, 1094, aged 49. He 
 ■was author of a compendium of theology 
 and other learned works. 
 
 Baier, Jean Jaques, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born at Jena, practised with success in 
 several cities of Germany, particularly at 
 Ratisbon, Nuremberg, and Altorf, where 
 he was professor of physiology and presi- 
 dent of the college of physicians, &c, and 
 ■where he died, 14th July, 1735. He was 
 author of some Latin dissertations, &c. oii 
 medical and botanical subjects, particularly 
 Gemmarum affabre sculptarum thesaurus — 
 de hortis celebrioribus Germaniai & horti 
 medifci Altdorfini histor. — orationes varii 
 argument! — biograi)hia professorum in acad. 
 Altdorf &c. 
 
 Baif, Lazarus, a native of Pins, near la 
 Flei-he, abbot of Charroux and Grenetiere, 
 and employed as ambassador to Venice, &c. 
 hy Francis I. He wrote some learned, but 
 incoherent, treatises, — de re navali — de re 
 vestiaria, printed at Basil, 1541 ; and died 
 1545. His son, John Anthony, wrote some 
 poems, and died 1592. 
 
 Bail, Lewis, author of a summary of 
 councils, printed, 2 vols. fol. Paris 1672, and 
 an account of celebrated preachers, was a 
 native of Abbeville, whofloi-ished in the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Bailies, William, a Prussian physician, 
 member of the London a:}d Edinburgh soci- 
 eties, and author of an essay on the Bath 
 Avaters, &:c. 1757. When introduced to the 
 king of Prussia, the monarch told him, that 
 to have acquired the great reputation which 
 he po.ssessed he must have killed many peo- 
 ple. He boldly repUed, not so many as 
 your majesty. 
 
 BailLet, Adrian, a learned Fi-enchmaa, 
 born of poor parents atlSeuville, near Beau- 
 vais, in Picardy, and educated by the hu- 
 manity of the fathers of a neighbouring 
 convent. He early distinguished himself by 
 his great application ; and when in orders, 
 and possessed of the small living of Lardie- 
 res, which produced not more than 30/. a 
 year, he maintained himself and his brother 
 respectably. \\\ 1080, he became library 
 keeper to M. de Laraoignon, and began to 
 form an index of every"" subject which was 
 treated in the books which he possessed; 
 and so voluminous were his labors, that they 
 were contained in 35 folio volumes, and all 
 written with his own hand. His next work 
 was " jugeraens des savans." which had a 
 very rapid sale, and which he totally gave to 
 the bookseller, requesting only a few copies 
 for his friends. As in this work he men- 
 tioned not only the praises but the censures 
 passed on ditterent authors, he met with 
 violent opposition, and those who suffered 
 by the lash of his criticism rose up in their 
 defence, so that under the names of Asi- 
 nus in Parnasso, anti Baillet, &c. he was 
 virulently attacked and ridiculed. The- Je- 
 suits were particularly severe against him, 
 because he had spoken disrespectfully of 
 their society j and, on the other hand, ex- 
 pressed himself in handsome terms of the 
 gentlemen of the Port Royal. Besides these, 
 his indeiatigable labors produced a prolix 
 life of Descartes, 2 vols. 4to. — an history of 
 Holland — the lives of saints, 4 vols. fol. — 
 and several theological works; and he form- 
 ed the plan of " an universal ecclesiastical 
 dictionary," which was to contain a perfect 
 system of divinity, supported by authorities 
 from scripture and from the fathers of the 
 church, in 3 vols, folio, when he died of a 
 lingering illness, 2lst January 170G, in his57th 
 year. 
 
 Bailli, Roche le, called also Riviere, a 
 native of Falaise, physician to Henry IV. 
 He was learned and successful, but too strong 
 a supporter of the doctrines of Paracelsus. 
 He wrote a treatise on the plague and other 
 works in Latin, and died at Paris, 1605, 
 
 Baillie, Robert, a native of Glasgow, 
 known as a presbyterian divine and as a firm 
 opposer of episcopacy. He w^s tutor to lord 
 Montgomery, and was patronised by lord 
 Eglintoun. He was one of those who <lrew 
 up an accusation against Laud ; and during 
 the troubles of Scotland, he was ever active 
 in support of the presbytery, as Avell as in 
 opposition to toleration. After the death of 
 Charles I. he waited as a deputed divine 
 from the general assembly upon Charles II. 
 at the Hague, and he expressed in a speech 
 his respect for his sovereign, and his abhor- 
 rence for the murderers of his father. On 
 the restoration, he was made principal of 
 the university of Glasgow, by the interest 
 of Lord Lauderdale; but so great was his 
 aversion to episcopacy, that he refused a 
 bishopric. When he was visited, during his 
 illness, by the new-made archbishop of Glas- 
 gow, he addressed him in these woi'ds; 
 
BA 
 
 ^VS 
 
 BA 
 
 <* Mr. Andrews, (I will not call you my lord,) 
 king Charles would have made me one of 
 these lords, but I do not find in the New 
 Testament that Christ had any loi-ds in his 
 house ;" but he accompanied his censure 
 with kindness and courteous liberality. He 
 died July 1662, aged 63. He had by his first 
 ■wife several children, of whom one son and 
 five daughters survived him. His writings, 
 -which are now little perused, displayed 
 great learning and ingenuity. 1 iis letters and 
 journals have lately been published, Edin- 
 burgh, 2 vols. 8v0. 1775. 
 
 Baillon, William de, a learned French 
 physician, who obtained great reputation by 
 his profession, as well as by his charity. His 
 works, which are valuable, were edited by 
 his friend and relation, thi ingenious Ur. 
 Thevart, Venice, 1734, in 4to. and Geneva, 
 
 1762, 4 vols. 4to. Baillon died 1616, in his 
 78tb year. 
 
 BailLiY, James, a French -writer, born at 
 Versailles. He died 18th November 1768, \ 
 aged 67. His " theatre" appeared 1768, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bailly, John Sylvain, a famous astrono- 
 mer, son of the preceding, horn at Paris, 
 15th September 1736. He was carefully and 
 tenderly educated by his fi'iends, and his 
 mind was stored with tlietreasures of science, 
 though without the labors of classical in- 
 struction. At the age of 16, he wrote two 
 tragedies; in one of which, Clotaire, he 
 painted in vivid colors the sufferings and the 
 death of a mayor of Paris by an infuriate 
 populace; dreadful prognostic of the mise- 
 i-ies v/hich awaited him. Dramatic compo- 
 sitions, however, were not calculated to dis- 
 play the powers of his genius. The acci- 
 dental friendship of the abbe de la Caille di- 
 rected him in the pursuit of science ; and, in 
 
 1763, he introduced to the academy his ob- 
 servations on the moon, and the next year 
 his treatise on the zodiacal stars. \ In 1766, 
 he published his essay on the sa'tMlites of 
 Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged fur- 
 ther on the important subject. In 1775, the 
 first volume of his history of ancient and 
 modern astronomy appeared, and the tliird 
 and last in 1779 ; 'and, in 1787, that of In- 
 dian and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to, 
 He was drawn from his literary i-etii-einent 
 to public view as a deputy to the first na- 
 tional assembly; and such was his popularity, 
 that he was, on July 14th, 1789, nominated 
 mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office, he 
 conducted himself in a very becoming man- 
 ner, eager to check violence, and to enforce 
 respect for the laws; but his impartiality was 
 considered soon as a crime; and when he 
 .spoke with reverence of the royal family, 
 on the trial of the queen, he was regarded 
 as unfit to preside over the destinies of a re- 
 bellious city. He descended, in 1791, from 
 his elevation, and retired to Melun, deter- 
 mined to devote the rest of his life to lite- 
 j'ature and science ; but the sanguinary tri- 
 bunal of Robespierre, who knew his meiut, 
 and would not i)rotectit, tiragged him to e.\- 
 <tcution. He lost his head by the guillotine, 
 
 12tli November 1793, exhibiting, in death, 
 heroism, resignation, and dignity. Besides 
 his great works, he wrote the eloges of Lcibp 
 nitz, Charles V. la Caille, Corneille, two 
 " rapports," and left among his papers me- 
 moirs of the revolution, and a work on tl^ie 
 origin of fables, and of ancient religions. 
 
 Bailly, David, a pahiter, born at Ley- 
 den. His father, who was a painter, placed 
 him under the care of de Geyn, the engra- 
 ver ; and after visiting Italy and Holland, he 
 settled at Leyden, wiiere he acquired great 
 I'eputation for his historical pieces. He died 
 1630. 
 
 Bailly, James, a French painter of 
 Gracay in Berry, who died 2d September 
 1679, aged 50. His flowers, fruits, kc. were . 
 much admired. 
 
 Bainbridge, John, a physician and as- 
 tronomer of Ashby de la Zouch, in Leices- 
 tershire. After taking his degrees at Ema- 
 nual college, Cambridge, under the tuition 
 of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterw.nrds bishop of 
 Norwich, he settled in his native country, 
 where he practised physic, and undertook- 
 the care of a grammar school ; and from 
 thence he was invited by his friends to Lon- 
 don, where his application to astronomy and 
 mathematics, and his scientific description of 
 the comet of 1618, published in 4to. raised 
 him to fame and consequence. In 1619, he 
 was made, by his friend, sir Henry Saville, 
 first astronomical professor at Oxford ; ami 
 he entered at Merton college, where he 
 was appointed reader of Linacer's lecture. 
 He died in 16 i3, aged 61, and his body, 
 after it had been carried "to the schools, 
 where the singular honor of an oration was 
 pronounced over it by the university orator, 
 was buried near the altar of Merton church.. 
 Bainbridge was indefatigable after litera- 
 ture ; and he begun at the age of 40 to study 
 the Arabic, that he might give a more cor- 
 rect edition of all the ancient astionoraeri?, 
 agreeable to the statutes of his founder. Se- 
 veral of his works have been published. His 
 Procli spluera, Plolemaii de hypothesibus 
 planetarum liber singularis, with Ptolemy's 
 canon regnoruni, appeared in 1020, in 4to. 
 
 Baithosus, fouufled, witli his friend Sa- 
 doc, the sect which denied a future state and 
 resurrection. These heretics, at first called 
 Baithossei, were better known by the name 
 ofSadducees. 
 
 Baius, or De Bay, Michael, a native of 
 Melin, made divinity professor of Louvaia 
 by Charles V. His abilities were so respec- 
 table, that he was scut as deputy at the coun- 
 cil of Trent ; but his wish to bring back the 
 followers of Luther and Calvin to the bosom 
 of the church, induced him to adopt some 
 of the tenets with respect to justification, 
 which drew upon him the clamors of the 
 Franciscans and other catholics, so that his 
 writings were not only denounced by tiie in- 
 quisition of Loiivain and the Sorbonne, but 
 the pope, Pius V. condemned 76 of the points 
 which he advanced. He was obliged, there- 
 fore, to acknowledge his errors and his sub- 
 mission to the holy see; and, a second time 
 
BA 
 
 y/^ 
 
 BA 
 
 the papal power interfercri between his fol- 
 lowei'S and those of the Jesuit Lessius, who 
 filled Louvain and the Low Countries with 
 their ckmor and altercation, liaius died 
 16th September 1589, aged 76. His works, 
 which are written in a correct and close 
 style, far superior to the learning of the 
 times, were published 1606, in 4to. at Co- 
 logne. He was very attentive in his studies, 
 and it is said that he re?d St. Augustin not 
 less than nine times, to acc^uire the grace* 
 and beauty of his language. His nephew, 
 James Baius, also doctor of Louvain, wrote 
 on the eucharist, &c. and died 1614. The 
 opinions of Baius were adopted by Cor- 
 nelius Jansenius. 
 
 Baker, David, an English Benedictine, 
 ■who s.tuTlied at Broadgate hall, now Pem- 
 broke college, O.xford, and was converted 
 from Atheism to Christianity. He travelled 
 in Italy, and resided in England in the time 
 of Charles I. as missionary ; after Avhich, he 
 settled as director and confessor of the Eng- 
 lish nuns at Cambray. He died in London, 
 1641. He was remarkable for his religious 
 zeal. His writings wei'e mostly on theologi- 
 c.'il subjects, and baid by Wood to be pre- 
 served ui the monastery at Cambray. His 
 collections for an ecclesiastical history of 
 England, in six folio volumes, are lost. Though 
 none of his works Avere ever printed, they 
 were judiciously drawn up, and have proved, 
 aceording to Hugh Cressy, very serviceable 
 to succeeding writers. 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard, author of the chro- 
 nicles of the kings of England, was born at 
 Sissiughurst, in Kent, and after studying 
 three years at Hart-hall, Oxford, he went 
 abi'oad to complete his education. He was 
 knighted at Theobalds by James L 1603; 
 and as he possessed Middle Aston, and other 
 property in Oxfordshire, he was made sheriff 
 1620. He married a daughter of sir George 
 Manwaring, of Shropshire, and by becom- 
 ing surety for some of her family he was 
 ruined, and died in the Fleet pi'ison, Februa- 
 ry 18, 164.5, and was buried in St. Bride's 
 church. He was a man of extensive learning, 
 as his miscellaneous works sufficiently prove. 
 The last edition of his chronicle was 1730, 
 fol. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, a native of Ilton, So- 
 raer&etshire, who, after studying at Magda- 
 len-hall and Wadham college, Oxford, ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Bishop's Nymmet, in 
 Uevonshire, where he lived a retii'ed and 
 literary life, and died 1690, aged 65. He 
 <listinguished himself by his general know- 
 ledge, and particularly by his acquauitance 
 with the mathematics, as he showed by his 
 useful book called geometrical key, &c. 1684, 
 in 4to. and by the answers he sent to the 
 queries proposed to him by the royal society, 
 for which he received their medal. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, a learned antiquary, 
 born of a very respectable family. His 
 grandfather, sir George, who was recorder 
 of Newcastle, distinguished himself by his 
 great exertions in the roya^l cause, and was 
 almost ruined by his liberality iu favor of thfc 
 
 monarch. His son, George, of Crook, in 
 the county of Durham, married into the 
 Northumberland family of Forster; and 
 Thomas, one of the issue of this marriage, 
 was born vSepteraber 14th, 16.56, and educa- 
 ted at Durham grammar-school, and after- 
 wards at St. John's college, Cambridge, of 
 Avhich he became fellow 1680, He entered 
 into orders, and was presented to Long New- 
 ton rectory by bishop Crew, to whom he 
 was chaplain ; but he was soon after disgra- 
 ced, for refusing to rea'1 James IPs declara- 
 tion for liberty of conscience ; and he resign- 
 ed his living, 1690, and returned to college, 
 where he enjoyed his fellowship till, with 
 twenty-one others, he was dispossessed,' m 
 1717. He might have contiaueU in this, but 
 he refused to subscribe to what his con- 
 science disapproved, and he e,\pressed 
 greater indignation against the unprincipled 
 time-serving conduct of his immediate friends 
 than against the severity of his persecutors. 
 Though deprived of all offices, he still con- 
 tinued to reside in the col'ege a commoner 
 master till the day of his death, supported, 
 it is said, by Mathew Prior, who retained 
 his fellowship to supply the income to his 
 friend. He was attacked by a paralytic 
 stroke, which in three days terminated' his 
 existence, July 2d, 1740. He was buried iu 
 the outer chapel of the college, near Ash- 
 ton's monument, and, by his direction, noth- 
 ing has been erected over his remains. In 
 private life. Baker was distinguished hy his 
 affability, his easy and mild manners, and as 
 a scholar he was equally known. Besides his 
 " reflections on learning," which passed 
 througli eight editions, and his preface to 
 bishop Fisher's funeral sermon for the coun- 
 tess of Richmond and Derby, nothing has" 
 bee« published of his works ; but his labors 
 were indefatigable in making collections for 
 the history of St^ John's college and the an- 
 tiquity of Cambridge university, so that not 
 less than 39 volumes in folio and three rn 4to. 
 of these valuable manuscripts are preserved 
 both in the British museum and the public 
 librai-y of Cambridge. As his industry was 
 so great, and his abilities as an antiquarian 
 so remarkably extensive, it is to be lamented 
 that he did not complete a plan which might 
 hare rivalled tlie sister university in the 
 labors of her Wood. Baker, as executor of 
 his eider brother's will, was the means of 
 founding six exhibitions at St. John's, with 
 money which had been left for charitable 
 uses. He was intimate with the most cele- 
 brated literati of his age, who i-espected his 
 talents, and frequently consulted him. There 
 is a good likeness of him by C. Bridges, and 
 an excellent portrait of him is also preser- 
 ved by tlie Antiquarian society. 
 
 Baker, Henry, an ingenious naturalist, 
 born in Fleet-street, London. His mother 
 was a midwife of great jjractice ; and he was 
 apprenticed to the eminent bookseller who 
 succeeded the Dodsley's; an employment 
 which, however, he early resigned for phi- 
 losophical pursuits. His chief employment 
 was to correct the stammerihg of grown up 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 persons, and to teach the tleaf and dumh to j 
 speak; and so successful were liis exertions, j 
 that he acquh-ed an. ample fortune by tliis 
 most honorable profession, lie was an ac- 
 tive and useful member of the royal and an- 
 tiquarian societies, to whose high reputation 
 he contributed by frequent and sensible com- 
 munications. He wrote poetry in the younger 
 part of his life, and maintaine<l throughout 
 a character respectable for urhanity of man- 
 ners, and a conciliating deportment. He 
 died in the Strand, '2oth November, 1774, 
 in his 71st year, and was buried in St. Mary- 
 le-Strand church-yard. His microscopical 
 experiments were very valuable, and have 
 been pubhshed. His valuable collection of 
 shells, native and foreign fossils, petrefac- 
 tions, corals, oi-es, Sec. was sold by auction, 
 March 13th, 1775, and the following day. 
 His name must be mentioned as the first who 
 introduced into England the large Alpine 
 strawberry, the seed of which was transmit- 
 ted to him in a letter by professor Bruns, of 
 Turin. He likewise introduced the seeds of 
 the true rhubarb, rheum palmatum, sent 
 over to him by Dr. Mounsey, the physician 
 of the empress of Russia, lie married the 
 youngest daughter of the well-known Daniel 
 Dufoe, by whom he had two sons, who died 
 before him. The eldest, David Erskine 
 Baker, was brought up to the business of a 
 silk throwster, in Spitid-tields ; but he grew 
 extravagant and inattentive, and at last lost 
 himself, by enlisting in the mean retinue of 
 a company of strolling players. He wrote 
 poetry, and that entertaining book called the 
 companion to the play-house, 2 vols. 12rao. 
 17G4, since enlarged, under the title of bio- 
 graphia dramatica, 2 vols. 8vo. The second 
 son, Henry, was a lawyer, but far from re- 
 spectable in his profession. He left an only 
 son, born Februaiy 17th, 1763, to whom his 
 grandfather left all his ])roperty. It is said 
 that the art of instructing deaf persons 
 perished with Baker, as he enjoined those 
 ■who benefited by his services the most pro- 
 found secrecy, and moreover took a bond of 
 100/. for their faithful observance of the pro- 
 mise. 
 
 Bakewell, Robert, eminent as the im- 
 prover of British cattle, was born, 1726, at 
 Dishley, Leicestershire, where his father 
 had a farm. His attention was directed to 
 the improvement of the breed of cattle, and 
 so successful were his labors, that the Dish- 
 ley sheep became celebrated over the coun- 
 try, and one of his rams was let for the ex- 
 traordinai-y price of 400 guineas, and his 
 bulls at 50 guineas each a season. He died 
 much respected, 1798. 
 
 Bakhuisen, Ludolph, a painter and en- 
 graver of Embden, whq died 1709, aged 78. 
 He was self-taught, but his genius soon re- 
 commended him to public notice and to re- 
 putation. His pieces, the subject of which 
 are generally tempests and sea views, Jtec. 
 are highly admired for their spirit, their 
 correctness, and the softness and delicacy of 
 his coloring. Among his patrons and fre- 
 quent visitors were the king of Prussia, the 
 czar Peter I. and the grand duke of Tusca- 
 
 ny, who chose among his collection what 
 best might adorn their palaces. 
 
 Balaam, son of Beor or Bosor, a cele- 
 brated prophet of Pethor, in Mesopotamia, 
 who was sent for by Balak, king of Moah, 
 that -he might curse the children of Israel. 
 The curse which he intended to pronounce 
 against this favorite people was, by the in- 
 fluence of the Almighty, changed into a bles- 
 sing; but though he thus disappointed the 
 expectations of Balak, the wicked prophet 
 encouraged him privately to allure the Israel- 
 ites to the commission of debauchery and 
 lewdness ; and the advice fatally succeeded. 
 Balaam was killed with Balak in a battle, 
 about 1450, B. C. 
 
 Balamio, Ferdinand, a native of Sicily, 
 physician to pope Leo X. about 1555. He 
 was eminent in literature as well as m-edi- 
 cine, and translated some of Galen's works 
 into Latin, published 1586, in Latin, at Ve- 
 nice. 
 
 Balassi, Mario, a painter at Florence. 
 His copy of Raphael's transfiguration was 
 much admired, as also his historical pieces. 
 He died 1667, aged 63. 
 
 Balathi, a sui-name of Abulfeda Oth- 
 man ben Issa, who wrote a treatise on the 
 characters of different alphabets, ^c. 
 
 Balbi, John or Janua, a (jenoese Do- 
 minican, author of several commentaries, 
 &;c. His chief work is his " catliolicon," an 
 useful and popular book, containing a classi- 
 cal encyclopcedia, &c. printed 1460, folio, 
 Mentz. It was one of the first books ever 
 printed. 
 
 Balbinus, Decimus Cielius, emperor of 
 Rome, 2*37, with Maximus, was the next 
 year murdered by his soldiers. 
 
 Balbo, Jerome, a bishop of Goritz, who 
 died at Venice, 1535. He wrote de rebus 
 Turcicis, 1526, 4to. — de futurisCaroli V. suc- 
 cessoribus, &c. 
 
 Balboa, Vasco Nugues de, a Castilian, 
 known by his enterprising genius and his 
 misfortunes. He acquired reputation as one 
 of the AmeriRTn adventurers, and in 1513 
 he left Spain! to discover the South Sea, 
 and in one month after his departure he 
 gained the wished for ocean. Fame, and 
 not the accumulation of wealth, was the ob- 
 ject of his heart. Though he could possess 
 pearls and gold, he preferred the love of his 
 fellow adventurers. He was found at Santa 
 ^laria, on the coast of Darien, where he had 
 built a town, and crossed the isthmus, in the 
 meanest liabit, building a hut for his dwel- 
 ling, by the governor of tlie Spanish king, 
 who became jealous of his popularity, and 
 falsely accused him of felony. The charge 
 was easily proved before a corrupted tribu- 
 nal ; and the unfortunate Balboa lost his 
 head bv a tyrannical sentence, 1517, at the age 
 of 42. ' 
 
 Balbuena, Bernard de, a Spanish poet 
 of eminence, born at Toledo, and educated 
 at Salamanca, where he took his doctor's 
 degrees. He settled in America, and died 
 there 1627, after being seven years bishop of 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 BALCANq.tJAL, Walter, a Scotsman, who 
 
 
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 «lteni3ed James I. i;vhen he came to England, 
 and became his chnplain. He took the de- 
 gree of D D. at Oxford, and appeai*ed at the 
 . /nod of Dort as representative for the 
 church of Scotland. He was successively 
 master of the Savoy, in IG24 dean of Roches- 
 ter, and in 1631) dean of Durham. He wrote 
 king Ciiarles' declaration concerning the 
 late tumults :n Scotland, fol. 1630 — ser- 
 mons, — epistles concerning the Dort synod, 
 &c. He was a great sufferer during the re- 
 bellion, and with difficulty escaped his perse- 
 cutors. He died at Chirk castle, Denbigh- 
 shire, Christmas day, 1645. 
 
 Balde, James, a native of Upper Alsatia, 
 very higlily applauded in Germany for his 
 poetry, and surnamed the Horace of his 
 country. He died at Neuburg, 1668, in his 
 65th year; and so honored was his memory, 
 that the senators of the place eagerly solicited 
 to obtain his pen, which was, as a most preci- 
 ous relict, carefully kept in a silver case. The 
 labors of Balde are miscellaneous, partly dra- 
 matic, partly odes. Sec. exhibiting strong 
 Hashes of genius, but Avithout the correct- 
 ness and judgmest of mature taste. His 
 Uranie victorieuse was rewarded by Alexan- 
 der VII. with a gold medal. The best edi- 
 tions of his works are, Cologne, 4to. and 
 12mo. 1645. 
 
 Balderic, a bishop of Noyon, in the 
 12th century, author of the chronique des 
 eveques d'Ai-ras et de Cambrai. — Another, 
 of the same age, bishop of Dol, was author 
 of the crusad«s, &c. 
 
 Baldi, Luzarro, a disciple of Peter da 
 Cortona, born in Tuscanj, and distinguished 
 as a painter. He was employed by Alexan- 
 der Vn. in the painting of the gallery at 
 JMonte Cavallo. He died 1703. 
 
 Bai^dini, John Anthony, a nobleman of 
 Placentia, engaged as ambassador nt various 
 courts of Europe, and at the congress of 
 Utrecht. He died 1735, aged 71. He made 
 a valuable collection of curiosities and of 
 books, a catalogue of which appeared in the 
 Italian literary journal. ^ 
 
 Baldinucci, Philip, a Florentine of the 
 academy of la Crusca, well acquainted with 
 painting and sculpture, of which he began the 
 history, at the request of cardinal Leopold of 
 Tuscany. His death, in 1696, in his 72d 
 vear, prevented the execution of a plan ac- 
 curately and ably conducted. He wrote the 
 general histoiy of painters, 6 vols. — an ac- 
 count of the progress of engraving on copper 
 — a vocabulary of designs. 
 
 Bai.dock, Robert <Ie, an ecclesiastic, 
 who shared thefavoi-s and the misfortunes of 
 Edward II. He died in Newgate. 
 
 Baldock:, Ralphc de, was educated at 
 Merton, Oxford, and made bishop of London 
 on the death of Gravescnd, 1304. His elec- 
 tion was disputed ; but he was confirmed by 
 the pope, and consecrated at Lyons by the 
 cardinal of Alba, 1306 ; and on his return to 
 England he was made chancellor of the realm 
 by Edward I. which he resigned on the king's 
 death. He was a virtuoiis and charitable 
 pf elate; and his history of th« British atfairs. 
 
 BOW finforttmately lost, tliougli seen by Lc'* 
 land, pioves that he possessed learning and 
 great judgment. He died at Stepney, July 
 24th, 1313, and was buried in St. Mary's 
 chapel, at the east of St. Paul's, to the build- 
 ing of which he had liberally contributed 
 
 Bav-dus, or Baldi, Bernard, a native 
 of Urbino, abbot 6? Guastalla, distinguished 
 by his great learning, indefuligabis applica- 
 tion, and his knowledge of sixteen languages. 
 He published tracts on mechanics, &c. and 
 had begun an historical and geographical de- 
 scription of the wojld, which he did not finish, 
 dying 1617, aged 64. His lives of mathema- 
 ticians appeared 1707. 
 
 Bald us, de Ubaldis, a civilian of Peru- 
 gia, and writer on the canon law, who died 
 1433, at Pavia. His works appeared in 3 Vols. 
 folio. 
 
 Baldwin I. count of Flanders, was en- 
 gaged in the crusades, and behaved with such 
 bravery, that when Constantmople was taken, 
 1204, by thf united forces of the French and 
 Venetians, he was a])pointed emperor of the 
 East. His virtues deserved the high eleva- 
 tion ; but, in those turbulent times, he was 
 unfortunate in a battle which he fought 
 against the Creeks and Bulgariaup, 15th. 
 April, 1205. He was taken prisoner by his 
 ferocious enemies, and, after a confinement 
 of sixteen months, barbarously put to death, 
 in his 35th year. 
 
 Baldwin II. the last Latin emperor of 
 Constantinople, was raised to the throne 
 1228, in his llth year, after his brother Ro- 
 bert. His reign was agitated with the dis- 
 sensions of powerful rivals ; and though he 
 was once victorious over his enemies, he had 
 the raififortime to see bis capital taken, by 
 Michael Palteologus, in 1261, and, to avoid 
 falling into the hands of the conquerer, he 
 fled to Negropont, and then to Italy, where 
 he died, 1273, aged 55. His only son Philip 
 died two years after him. 
 
 Baldwin I. king of Jerusalem, was bro- 
 ther of Godfrey de Bouillon, whom he ac- 
 companied to Palestine during the crusades. 
 After the death of Godfrey, he succeeded to 
 the throne of Jerusalem, 1100, and the next 
 year conquered the towns of Antipatris, 
 Ca;saria, and Azotus, to which Acre was ad- 
 ded in 1104, after an obstinate siege. He 
 died 1118, and his remains were deposited 
 in a church on Mount Calvary. 
 
 Baldwin H. king of Jerusalem, was son 
 of Hugh count Rethel, and succeeded to the 
 throne after Eustace, brother to Baldwin I. 
 had declared his unwillingness to reign, 
 1118. He was a brave wai-rior, and defeated 
 the Saracens in 1 120, but four years after ho 
 was unfortunately taken prisoner, and ob- 
 tained his release only by delivering up the 
 town and fortress of Tyre. He died 1131. 
 
 Baldwin III. king of Jerusalem, son of 
 Fulk of Anjou, succeeded his father, 1143, 
 under the guardianship of his mother. He 
 was successful in some battles, and took As- 
 calon, and died 1163. 
 
 Baldwin IV. king of Jerusalem, suc- 
 ceeded his father Anoaury, 1174. }^%. he 
 
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 ^as a leper, Raymond of Tripoli held tlie 
 reins of government, which were resigned 
 by the subtle sovereign to his nephew, Bald- 
 win V. He died 1185, and his successor the 
 following year, as it is said, of poison, ad- 
 ministered by his mother, that her husband, 
 Guy de Lusiguau, might ascend the vacant 
 throne. 
 
 Baldwin, Francis, a native of Arras, 
 professor of law at Bourges, Angers, Paris, 
 Strasbux-g, and Heidelberg. He was patro- 
 nised by Anthony king of Navarre, Charles 
 v. and by Henry HI. duke of Anjou, and af- 
 terwards king of France, whom he intended 
 to accompany when elected king of Poland ; 
 but a violent fever checked his journ*y, and 
 pmveU fatal, 1573, in his 54th year. He died 
 a catholic, though it is said that he four times 
 exchanged his religion from catholic to pro- 
 testant. He was author of leges de re rus- 
 tica — novella constitutio prima — de hseredi- 
 bus— & de lege Placidia, &c. 
 
 Baldwin, Martin, a native of Camper, in 
 Brabant, first bishop of Ipres, who distin- 
 gnished himself at the councils of Trent and 
 Malines, 1570, and wrote commentaries, &;c. 
 
 Baldwin, Frederic, a native of Dres- 
 den, who wrote commentaries on St. Paul's 
 epistles, &c. and died 1 627. 
 
 Baldwin, a native of Exeter, primate of 
 England, who attended Richard I. in his 
 crusade to the holy land, and died there, 1191. 
 His works aj)peared by Tissier, 1662. 
 
 Bale, Robert, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated among the Carmelites of Norwich, 
 where he became prior, and died 1503. He 
 is author of annalcs per breves ordinis Car- 
 melit. — historise JEelise prophette — officium 
 Siraonis Angli, &c. 
 
 Bale, John, a native of Cove, in Suffolk, 
 educated, from poverty, among the Carme- 
 lites at Noi'wich, and thence removed to Je- 
 sus college, Cambridge. He was a Roman 
 catholic, but by the influence of lord Went^ 
 worth he became protestant. The resent- 
 ment of the Romish priests, however, was so 
 great, that he fled over to Holland, where 
 he continued six years, till he was recalled 
 and promoted by Edward VI. to a living in 
 Hampshire, and afterwards raised to the see 
 of Ossory, in Ireland, which however, he 
 abandone<l, on the accession of Mary, to 
 avoid the persecution of the catholics. He 
 retired to Holland and Switzerland ; hut on 
 the accession of Elizabeth he refused to re- 
 turn to his diocese, satisfied in the peaceable 
 enjoyment of a prebend at Canterbury, 
 where he died, 1503, aged 07. During his 
 absence in Holland, he wrote some excellent 
 books in English ; but his most valuable work 
 is his Latin account of the best English wri- 
 ters, Avhich he gradually enlarged, and dedi- 
 cated to Edward VI. It contained a catalogue 
 of 3618 years, from Japhet to 1557, extracted 
 from Berosus, Bede, &c. printed Basil, 1557. 
 
 Balechon, Nicholas, an eminent engra- 
 ver, born at Aries, son of a button-seller. 
 He died suddenly, at Avignon, August 1765, 
 aged 46. There was much delicacy and 
 softness in his execution. His principal 
 VOL. I. ]7 
 
 pieces are les belles marines, Ste. Benevieve, 
 and a portrait of Frederic Augustus king of 
 Poland. Of this last \\t took proof impres- 
 sions, contrary to his promise to the dau- 
 phiness, for which violation of his word he 
 was expelled from the academy, and sent to 
 a disagi'eeable retirement. He was well ac- 
 quainted with chemistry. 
 
 Balen, Matthias, a native of Dordt, born 
 1611. He published, in 1677, an interesting 
 account of his native city. 
 
 B A LEN,Hendrick Van, aiiative of Antwerp, 
 eminent ^s a painter. His best pieces are the 
 drowning of Pharaoh, and the judgment of 
 Paris. He died 1632, aged 72. His son John 
 was also eminent as a landscape painter. 
 
 Bales, Peter, a man eminentfor his skill in 
 penmanship, and considered as the inventor 
 of short-hand writing. He studied at GIjo- 
 cester-hall, Oxford; and in 1575 he wrote 
 the Lord's prayer, the creed, the ten com- 
 mandments, with two short prayei's in Latin, 
 besides his own name, motto, day of the 
 month, year of the Lord and of the queen'a 
 reign, all within the circle of a single penny, 
 inchased in a ring and golden border, whick 
 he presented to the queen at Hampton court, 
 to the admiration of her majesty and the 
 whole court. He was employed by Walsing- 
 ham in imitating hand-writing for political 
 purposes; and four years after, 1590, he 
 opened a school near the Old Bailey. He 
 published at this time his *' writing school- 
 master," an useful performance, Avhich ap- 
 peared recommenddi by no less than eigh- 
 teen copies of complimentary verses from 
 men of genius and learning. He is impro- 
 perly suspected by Anthony Wood of being 
 concerned in Essex's treasonable practices. 
 He died 1610. 
 
 B.\LESTRA, Anthony, an historical pain- 
 ter of Verona, who, in 1694, was rewarded 
 with the prize of merit by the academy of 
 St. Luke. He died 1720, aged 54. 
 
 Baley, Walter, a native of Portsham, 
 Dorsetshire, educated at Winchester-school, 
 and New college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came a fellow. He was proctor of the 
 university, 1558, and took his degrees in 
 pliysic, whilst he studied divinity with equal 
 attention. He was made professor of phy- 
 sic at Oxford, and soon after became physi- 
 cian to queen Elizabeth, which recommend- 
 ed him to practice and to opulence. He died 
 March 3, 1592, aged 63, and is buried in 
 New college chapel. His writings were 
 chiefly on the eye-sight and its preservation, 
 and were neither valuable nor learned. He 
 also wrote a discourse on the qualities of 
 pepper, 1588, 8vo. — directions for health, 
 4to. 
 
 Balguy, John, an English divine, born 
 at Sheflield, where his father was master of 
 the grammar school. He was admitted of 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, where he la- 
 ments, that two years were lost to himself by 
 an improper fondness for reading romances, 
 till he was awakened from his inactivity by 
 perusing Livy, and by reflection urged to 
 more serious and honorable pursuits. Somt- 
 
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 pal't of his time was spent \\\ the care of 
 Sheffield school, either as head or assistant ; 
 and afterwards he entered the family of Mr. 
 Banks, of Lincolnshire, as tutor. When 
 admitted to orders, he soon distinguished 
 himself as a preacher. During tlie four first 
 years of his residence on the donative of 
 Lamesley and Tanfield, in Durham, he never 
 omitted writing a new sermon every week, 
 so that afterwards he committed at once to 
 the flames 200 of these valuable composi- 
 tions, in the presence of his son, afterwards 
 arch-deacon and prebendary of Winches- 
 ter, whom he wished to excite to the same 
 laudable application. As a writer, he became 
 respected in the Bangorian controversy, and 
 at all times he maintained the character of a 
 good divine, and a warm advocate in tlie 
 cause of rational religion and Christian li- 
 bert)'. His works consist of sermons and of 
 tracts, all on divinity ; and though some of 
 his philosophical opinions are considered 
 erroneous, his principles must ever be ap- 
 
 ? lauded, and his discourses highly admired, 
 le was a great friend to toleration, and 
 whilst he abhorred the tenets of the Romish 
 church, he cultivated an acquaintance with 
 the most respectable of the dissenters and of 
 the quakers. His defence of Hoadley re- 
 commended him to the friendship and pa- 
 tronage of that prelate ; but he nobly dis- 
 dained to use the esteem of the great for his 
 character as a step to rise to preferment. 
 Besides a pi'ebend at Salisbury, he obtained 
 the living of North Allerton, which he re- 
 tained till his death, which happened at Har- 
 rowgate, 2lst Septembei*, 1748, in his 63d 
 year. 
 
 Bali, Meula Bali, a Mussulman who 
 wrote on the jurisprudence of his country, 
 and died the year of the hegira 977. 
 
 Baliol, Sir John, the founder of Baliol 
 college, Oxford, was born at Barnard castle, 
 Durham. He was governor of Carlisle, 1248; 
 and the guardianship of Alexander HI. of 
 Scotland and of Margaret, daughter of king 
 Henry III. of England, his wife, was intrus- 
 ted to his care ; but an accusation of miscon- 
 duct drew upon him the vengeance of the 
 English king, which he averted by paying a 
 large sum of money. The foundation of his 
 college was laid, 1263, and the building was 
 completed by his lady. During the wars of 
 Henry HI. and his barons, he supported the 
 king's power. He left three sons. 
 
 Baliol, John de, king of Scotland. He 
 was descended from David eaii of Hunting- 
 ton, brother of king William called the Lion ; 
 and on the death of queen Margaret, in her 
 passage from Norway, he laid claims to the 
 irown, in which he was opposed by Bruce, 
 his rights were established by the decision 
 of Edward I. of England, who acted as arbi- 
 trator; and he did homage 12th November, 
 12U2. When, however, he found himself 
 not an independent monarch, but a vassal of 
 England, he boldly shook off the yoke, and 
 made an alliance with the French king, and 
 war was kindled between the two countries ; 
 but the battle of Dunbar proved fatal to Ba- 
 
 liol, who, with his son, was carried a captive 
 to the Tower, and afterwards was released 
 by the pope's legate, 1299. Baliol retired 
 to France, where he died, 1314. His son 
 Edward afterwards claimed the kingdom, 
 and obtained it for a little time; but dying 
 without issue, the family in them became 
 extinct. 
 
 Balkini, a surname of Yelaleddin, Mho 
 wrote a book on the jurisprudence of the 
 Mussulmans, besides treatises on the diffi- 
 culties of various sciences, on hermaphro- 
 dites, &c. 
 
 Ball, Jdlin, an English divine, born in 
 Oxfordshire, 1585, and afterwards minister 
 of Whitmoi'c in Staffordshire, where his 
 abilities as a teacher were displayed in the 
 respectability of his pupils. Though in his 
 principles a puritan, he was severe against 
 those who separated from the church. He 
 wrote a book on the power of godliness ; and 
 died 164U. 
 
 Ballard, George, a native of Campden, 
 in Gloucestershire, who, whUe the obscux'e 
 apprentice of a habit-maker, employed the 
 hours which his companions devoted to sleep, 
 to the acquisition of the Saxon language, and 
 recommended himself by his industry to the 
 patronage of lord Chedworth, who liberally 
 offered him an annuity of 100^. a year, of 
 which, however, he only accepted 60^. as 
 sufficient for his expenses. He went to Ox- 
 ford, where, by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, 
 he was made one of the eight clerks of Mag- 
 dalen college, and afterwards one of the bea- 
 dles of the university. His weakly constitu- 
 tion was impaired by the severity of his stu- 
 dies, and he died June, 1755, in the prime of 
 life. His access to the Bodleian was the 
 means of his increasing his valuable collec- 
 tions ; but he published only " memoirs of 
 British ladies celebrated for their writings,'* 
 in 4to. 1752. His account of Campden church 
 was read before the antiquarian society, 
 1771, November 21. 
 
 BALLENDEN,OrBULLANDEN, Sir John, 
 
 a Scotch historian, in faypr w4t^^i?l^mes Vl. 
 He took orders, and wais made canon of 
 Ross and archdeacon of Murray, and he af- 
 terwards succeeded to the office of clerk- 
 register to the court of chancery, which the 
 troubles of the times obliged him to resign, 
 but to which he was restored in the succeed- 
 ing reign. Ke Avas also a lord of session ; but 
 the opposition which he, with J)r. Laing, 
 made to the reformation, rendered him ob- 
 noxious to the ruling powers, so that he re- 
 tired to Rome, where he died, 1550. He 
 wrote several pieces in prose and verse, he- 
 sides a translation of Hector Boetius' history. 
 Ballerini, Peter and Jerome, two 
 learned brothers, ecclesiastics, at Verona, 
 the former of whom was born 1698, the lat- 
 ter 1702. They devoted themselves with 
 equal alacrity to the pursuit of literature, 
 particulai'ly ecclesiastical history; and be- 
 sides several valuable works of their own, 
 they edited the works of Leo the Great, 
 those of cardinal Noris, those of Gilbert bi- 
 shop of Verona, &c. They were stjU llvinf 
 in 1758. 
 
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 Ballexferd, a native of Geneva, author 
 of the education physique des enfans, a valu- 
 able composition, honorably noticed by the 
 society of sciences of Haerlem. He wrote 
 also on the causes of the death of so many 
 children, an equally meritorious publication. 
 He died 1774, aged 48. 
 
 Balli, Joseph, a native of Palermo, ca- 
 aon of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, and 
 author of de faecunditate dei — de morte cor- 
 porum naturalium, &c. He died 1640. 
 
 Balliani, John Baptist, author of a 
 treatise on the natural motion of heavy bo- 
 dies, 1645, was a native of Genoa, und also a 
 senator. He died 1666, aged 80. 
 
 Ball IN, Claude, a goldsmith of Paris, 
 early distinguished by his superior genius. 
 He executed, in the most perfect style of 
 elegaht workmanship, four vases, represent- 
 ing the four ages of the Avorld, for Richelieu, 
 with four antique vases to match them, and 
 also silver tables, dishes, girandoles, &c. for 
 Lewis XIV. and was advanced on the death 
 of Varin, to the lucrative direction of the 
 dies for striking medals, &c. Several works 
 of this illustrious artist are still admired at 
 Paris, St. Denys, and Pontoise ; but the sil- 
 ver vessels made for the monarch were con- 
 verted into coin, to defray the expenses of 
 his protracted wars. Balliu died 22d Janua- 
 ry, 1678, aged 63. 
 
 Balsamon, Theodore, a learned patri- 
 arch of Antioch, some r)f whose works are 
 ■written against the Romish church, and on 
 the canon law, printed, Paris, 1620, iu folio. 
 He died 1214. 
 
 Balsham, Hugh de, bishop of Ely, found- 
 ed Peter-house, at Cambridge, and died 
 1286. 
 
 Balthasar, Christopher, a king's ad- 
 vocate at Auxerre, who abandoned the emo- 
 luments of his office, and the catholic re- 
 ligion, to embrace the tenets of the protes- 
 tants, in whose favor he wrote several con- 
 troversial treatises, especially against Baro- 
 nius, which were received with great avidi- 
 ty. The synod of Loudun granted him, in 
 1659, a pension of 750 livres, for his Uterary 
 servfces. 
 
 Balthazarini, sur named Beaujoyeux, 
 an Italian musician, recommended by Bris- 
 sac, governor of Piedmont, to Henry HI. of 
 France, by whom he was liberally patroni- 
 sed, and for the entertainment of whose court 
 he wrote several ballads and pieces of music. 
 He composed a ballet called Ceres and her 
 nymphs, for the nuptials of the due de 
 Joyeuse with the queen's sister, mademoi- 
 selle de Vaudemont ; and this is regarded as 
 the origin of the bailet heroique of France. 
 Baltus, JohnFrancis, a Jesuitof Metz, 
 author of several works, especially of an an- 
 swer to Fontenelle's history of oracles, print- 
 ed at Strasburg, 8vo. He died librarian of 
 Ilheims, the 9th of jNfarch 1743, at the aee 
 of 76. 
 
 Balue, John, a cardinalj born of mean 
 parents in Poitou. He raised himself to cosi- 
 sequence by flattery and merit, and gradual- 
 ly became bishop «f Evreux and of Arras. 
 
 He was raised to the purple by Paul II. and 
 when honored with the confidence of Lewis 
 XL he became his rainistei*, and acted as 
 general over his troops. Ungrateful to his 
 duty and to his master, he formed intrigues 
 with the dukes of Burgundy and Berri ; and 
 when at last discovered by the king, he was 
 imprisoned for eleven years; after which he 
 repaired to Rome, and rose to new prefer- 
 ments. He afterwards came to France as 
 pope's legate, though he had so ill deserved 
 of the confidence and honor of his country. 
 He died at Ancona, 1491. 
 
 Balzue, Stephen, a native of Tulles in 
 Guienne, patronised by Peter de Marca, 
 archbishop of Toulouse, by Tellier, after- 
 wards chancellor of France, and by polbert. 
 He employed the hours of his easy indepen- 
 dent life, in enriching the libraries of his 
 patrons with valuable manuscripts, till in his 
 39th year he was appointed professor of 
 canon law in the royal college with every 
 mark of distinction. His lives of the popes 
 of Avignon proved so interesting to the king 
 that he granted the author a x)ensioD, but 
 his attachment to the duke of Bouillon, the 
 history of whose famil}-- he had undertaken 
 to write, but in which he inserted some of- 
 fensive remarks, was soon after productive 
 of trouble. When the duke was banished 
 he shared his disgrace, and was confined by 
 a lettre de cachet at Orleans ; he however 
 was restored to favor, though he was not 
 replaced to his directorial chair of the Royal 
 college, which he before held. He died 28th 
 of July, 1718, in his 87th year, and left be- 
 hind him the character of an indefatigable 
 collector of curious manuscripts and annota- 
 tions. He Avrote little though he possessed 
 an extensive acquaintance with polite litera- 
 ture, and was connected by correspondence 
 and friendship with the most learned men 
 of his age. By his will he capriciously left 
 all his property from his family, to a woman 
 not related to him. He wrote also the histo- 
 ry of Tulles. 
 
 Balzac, John Louis Guez de, a native 
 of Angouleme, who visited Holland in his 
 17th year, where he wrote a discourse on 
 the state of the united provinces. He tra- 
 velled with the duke d'Epernon, and was at 
 Rome with the cardinal de la Valette, but 
 he found at last the tranquillity of retire- 
 ment on his estate at Balzac more congenial 
 to his studious inclinations, than paying court 
 to Richelieu, who flattered his ambition with 
 promises of high patronage. He was univer- 
 sally admired for the elegance of his wri- 
 tings, especially his letters to Voltaire, who 
 ho<\ever censures his style, but allows him 
 the merit of having given harmony and num- 
 bers to French prose. His writings created 
 him some political opponents, but though 
 he dreaded the weapons of an adversary, he 
 was pleased with the familiarity of the great, 
 and a pension from the court of 2000 Uvres, 
 nd the pompous title of historiograp'ter of 
 France and counsellor of state. He was of a 
 weakly constitution, so that he used co say 
 when he was but 30, that he was older than 
 
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 Ills fatlier. He died Feb. IStli, 1654, In IiIs 
 60th year, and left 12000 livres to the hospi- 
 tal ofNotredame des Anges, in which he 
 was buried, besides a small estate for a gol- 
 den medal, as the reward of the best com- 
 position on a moral subject, to be adjudged 
 every two years by the French academy. 
 His works, consisting of le Prince — le So- 
 crate Chretien — I'Aristippe — Entretiens — 
 Christ victorieux, &c. were collected and 
 printed at Paris in 1 G65, with a preface by 
 abb6 de Cassagnes. 
 
 Bamboche, a nick-name given to Peter 
 de Laer for his deformity. He was a native 
 of Laerden, near Marden, in Holland, where 
 he died, 1673, aged 60. The chief merit of 
 liis pieces, is the ease and correctness with 
 which he delineates eharacters, so that 
 shops, inns, conversations, cattle, &c. are 
 touched with the highest success by his pen- 
 cil. He improved much in his profession 
 by a residence of 16 months at Rome. 
 
 Bameridge, Christopher, a native of 
 Westmoreland, educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and employed as ambassador from 
 Henry VHI. to pope Julius U. who I'aised 
 him to the purple. He was made bishop of 
 Durham, and in 1508, translated to York, 
 and six years after lie was poisoned by his 
 servant, who thus revenged himself for some 
 blows which he had received from him. 
 
 Bampfield, Francis, M. A. a native of 
 Devonshire, educated at Wadham college, 
 became prebendai*y of Exeter, and minister 
 of Sherborne, Dorsetshire, but was ejected 
 lor nonconformity. He was author of a 
 book on the observation of the sabbath, and 
 died in Newgate 1684. 
 
 Banchi, Sei"aphiu, a Dominican of Flo- 
 rence, who came to France for the improve- 
 TTient of his studies. AVhen Peter Barrere, 
 a youth of 27, formed the diabolical project 
 of assassinating Henry IV. Banchi becKme 
 acquainted with the secret, which he pru- 
 dently revealed to one of the lords of the 
 court. The assassin was thus discovered as 
 lie was ready to pei-petrate the deed, and 
 Banchi was rewarded with the bishopric of 
 Angouleme, which however he resigned, in 
 1608, for the life of a recluse in the monastery 
 of St. James de Paris, where he died some 
 years after. His writings were chiefly con- 
 troversial. 
 
 Banck, Lawrence, a Swede, professor of 
 law at Norkoping his native place. He died 
 in 1662, author of several works of jurispru- 
 dence, and treatises against the pope's usur- 
 pation. 
 
 B A NCROFT, Richard, was born near Man- 
 chester, and educated at Jesus college. He 
 Avas chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and bishop 
 ot London, 1597, and advanced to Canter- 
 bury on the death of AVhitgift, 1604. He 
 was a strong advocate for the royal preroga- 
 tive, and the rights of the church ; and in a 
 conference at Hampton court in an oration 
 of mean iiattcry, he compared James I. to 
 Solomon for wisdom, to Hezekiah for piety, 
 and to Paul for learning. He was indefatiga- 
 ble in his endeavors to establish episcopacy 
 
 BA 
 
 He died at Lambeth, 16% 
 
 in Scotland, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Bancroft, Jolin, nephew to the pri- 
 mate, was born in Oxfordshire, and educated 
 at Christ Church. He was afterwards elec- 
 ted master of University college, and during 
 the 20 years in which he presided over the 
 society, he laboriously employed himself in 
 establishing their rights and improving their 
 property. In 1622 he was raised to the see 
 of Oxfoixl, and built the palace of Cuddesden 
 for the residence of the bishops. He died 
 1640, and was buried at Cuddesden. 
 
 Bandarra, Gonzales, a Portuguese cob- 
 ler, who distinguished himself some time as 
 a prophet and versifier. He was silenced by 
 the inquisition, and narrowly escaped being 
 burnt 1541, and died 1556. 
 
 Bandello, Matthew, a native of Castel- 
 nuovo in the Milanese, author of several cu- 
 rious novels in the style and manner of Boc- 
 cace. He was ruined by the Spanish con- 
 quests at Pavia and Milan, and retired as an 
 outcast into France, upon the estate of his 
 friend Caesar Fregosa near Agen. He was 
 made bishop of Agen in 1550 by Henry 11. 
 and devoted his time to literary pursuits, r-a- 
 ther than to the discharge of his episcopal 
 functions. He resigned his bishopric in 1555, 
 according to his promise, and the vacant see 
 was conferred on James the son of Fregosa. 
 He died in 1561. His novels were edited at 
 Lucca 1554, in tlu'ee vols. 4to. with a fourth 
 volume printed at Lyons, and again at Lon- 
 don 1740, in four vols, 4to. 
 
 Bandinelli, Baccio, a native of Flo- 
 rence, known by his pieces in painting and 
 designing, and particularly in sculpture. His 
 copy of the famous Laocoon, in the garden 
 of the Medieisat Florence, is much admired. 
 He died in 1559, aged 72. 
 
 Bandurt, Anselm, a monk born at Ra- 
 gusa, who sttidied in France, where he was 
 patronised by the duke of Orleans, and ad- 
 mitted into the academy of inscriptions. The 
 grand duke of Tuscany, who was not igno- 
 rant of his merit intended to place him at the 
 head of the academy of Pisa. He died at 
 Paris 1743, aged 72. His antiquitates Con- 
 stantinopolitanse, in two vols. fol. and his nu- 
 mismata Roman. Imperat. a Trajano ad Pa- 
 laeolog^s 1718, are chiefly valuable. 
 
 Bang u IS, Peter, a native of Helsingberg 
 in Sweden, professor of theology at Abo for 
 32 years, and in 1682 raised to the see of 
 Wyburg. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
 of Sweden, a sacred chronology, and other 
 works, and died 1696, aged 63. 
 
 Banguisi, Thomas, author of an Hebrew 
 lexicon, and of a tveatise on the origin of 
 the diversity of languages, was professor of 
 Hebrew, theology, aiid philosophy at Copen- 
 hagen, where he died 1661, aged 61. 
 
 Banier, Anthony, an ecclesiastic of the 
 diocese of Clermont in Auvergne, who ac- 
 quired by his industry and the patronage of 
 his friends those means of education which 
 t4ie poverty of his parents could not supply. 
 He was intrusted with the care of the chil- 
 dren of Monsieur de Metz, president of the 
 
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 y^s 
 
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 eliamber of accounts at Paris; and it was for 
 their education and improvement that he ap- 
 plied himself to mythological studies, and 
 soon produced his " Historical explanation 
 of fables." This work on its appearance was 
 universally admired, and procured the author 
 admission to the academy of inscriptions be- 
 sides the applauses of the learned world. A 
 new edition soon after appeared with impor- 
 tant improvements, and the addition of five 
 dialogues, further to illustrate and to enrich 
 the work. The fruits of his literary labors 
 were numerous and valuable, various essays 
 and not less than 30 dissertations were pro- 
 duced by him to the academy of Belles Let- 
 tres, the treatises on history and literature 
 by Vigneul Marville or rather Bonaventure 
 D'Argonne, were republished, and new 
 light and beauty given to the voyages of Paul 
 Lucas into Egypt, and of Cornelius le Brun 
 to the Levant. In the last ten years of his 
 life Banier particularly devoted his time to 
 his favorite study of mythology, and then 
 translated the metamorphoses of Ovid, with 
 historical remarks and explanations, publish- 
 ed at Amsterdam in folio, 1732. It was also 
 at that time that he completed his mytholo- 
 gy or fables explained by history, Paris 1740, 
 in 3 vols. 4to. or 7 in 12mo. a book abounding 
 in erudition, and deservedly admired. He 
 •was prevailed upon by the booksellers when 
 he labored under the attacks of a fatal dis- 
 temper, to superintend a new edition of a 
 general history of the ceremonies, &c. of 
 all the nations in the world, which 20 years 
 before had appeared in Holland, and he had 
 the gratification to see it finished in 1741 in 
 7 vols. fol. with the assistance of le Maserier 
 a Jesuit of learning. Banier died Nov. 19th, 
 1741, in his 69th year. An English transla- 
 tion of his mythology and fables of the an- 
 cients was printed in London the year of 
 his death in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Banister, John, a learned physician of 
 the 16th century, who, after studying at Ox- 
 ford and proceeding there to his first degree 
 in physic in 1573, removed to Nottingham, 
 where he acquired great reputation. He 
 was author of several works on physic aud 
 surgery. 
 
 Banister, Richard, the younger, was 
 educated under his relation of whom men- 
 tion has just been made, and applied himself 
 to the acquisition of superior skill in com- 
 plaints of the eyes, eai's, hare-lips, and wry 
 necks. He was settled at Stamford in Lin- 
 colnshire, but he occasionally visited London, 
 and other places. He obtained a certificate 
 of the magistrates of Norwich of his having 
 cured 24 blind persons in that city. His lan- 
 guage is harsh, and of his life the only ac- 
 count is to be derived from his works. Tlie 
 time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Banks, Sir John, an eminent barrister of 
 Gx'ay's Inn, born at Keswick in Cumberland, 
 and educated at Queen's college, Oxford. 
 He was in 1630 attorney general to the 
 prince of Wales, and was afterwards made 
 chief justice of the king*s bench from which 
 he removed to the common pleas. He died ^t 
 
 Oxford, Dec. 28th, 1664. Several of lusi MS». 
 on law ai*e still extant. His wife is famous 
 for defending Corft-castle against the parlia- 
 ment, till relieved by the earl of Carnarvon. 
 
 Banks, John, a native of Sunning in 
 Berkshire, apprenticed to a weaver at Ke;^ 
 ding. He left his trade in consequence ot 
 breaking his arm, and retired to London 
 with ten pounds left him by a relation, and 
 after feeling all the hardships of disappoint 
 ment and poverty, he became, from a book- 
 seller's stall in Spitalfields, and a bookbinder's 
 shop, a writer of miscellaneous essays, and 
 solicited subscriptions to some trifling poems. 
 Pope, to whom he addressed a letter and a 
 poem, honored him with an answer and a 
 double subscription, and the obscure poet 
 rose to literary consequence, and distin- 
 guished himself as the author of the critical 
 review of Oliver Cromwell's life 12mo. a 
 work frequently reprinted. He wrote be- 
 sides, in the beginning of his literary career, 
 the Weaver's miscellany, in imitation of 
 Duck's thresher, and in the latter part of 
 his life he was* engaged on the Old England 
 and Westminster Journals. He died of a 
 nervous disorder at Islington, April 19th, 
 1751. 
 
 Banks, John, was a member of the soci- 
 ety of New inn, Avhich he abandoned for the 
 cultivation of the muses. Asa writer for 
 the theatres he did not meet with that en- 
 couragement which might give reputation to 
 his labors, and independence to his fortune. 
 Though his language is not often the lan- 
 guage of poetry, nor his style the efixision of 
 genius or vivacity, yet there is something in- 
 teresting in his compositions. The subjects 
 are happily drawn from history, and those 
 incidents are introduced which can move the 
 heart and call forth all the sympathizing feel- 
 ings of an audience. His tragedies are se- 
 ven in number, of which the best is indubi- 
 tably the carl of Essex, a drama abounding 
 in bold strokes of nature, and some fine in- 
 instances of the pathetic. The time of his 
 death is not known. His remains were de- 
 posited in St. James's, Westminster. 
 
 Bannes, Dominique, a Spanish ecclesi- 
 astic, Avho died at Medina del Campo in 1604,^ 
 agcil 77. His writings on Aristotle and on 
 the fathers abounded in warmth of language 
 rather than in taste or judgment. 
 
 Bannier, John, a Swedish general un- 
 der Gustavus Adolphus. fie distinguished 
 himself in various battles, and after the death 
 of his master added to the glory of Sweden 
 by fresh victories and by the taking of seve- 
 ral important places from the Germans and 
 Saxons. In the latter part of his life he was 
 unfortunate, and he forgot his military cha- 
 racter to espouse the daughter of the prince 
 of Baden, after the death of his wife. He 
 died 10th May, 1641, aged 40. 
 
 Banq_uo or Bancho, a Scotch general of 
 royal birth, often victorious over the Danes 
 and the Highlanders in the reign of Donald 
 VII. He joined Macbeth in the overthrow 
 of his sovereign, and for liis services v. t.s 
 murdered by the usurper. 
 
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 ^ 
 
 Baptist, John, surnamed Monnbyer, a 
 viative of Lisle, resident for some lime in 
 England, and distinguished as a painter of 
 flowers. He studied at Antwerp, and he 
 displayed the superiority of his talents in as- 
 sisting le Brun in painting the palace of Ver- 
 sailles, in which the flowers were his execu- 
 tion. The duke of Montague, who was am- 
 bassador in France, saw and admired his me- 
 rit, and he employed him Avith la Fosse and 
 Rousseau in the decoration of Montague 
 house, now tlie British museum. A looking- 
 glass which he adorned with a garland of 
 flowers for queen Mary, is still preserved at 
 Kensington palace. There is a print of him 
 from a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in 
 Walpole's anecdotes. He died 1699, and was 
 buried in London. His son Anthony distin- 
 guished himself also in flower painting. 
 Another of the same name, called -also Gas- 
 pars and Lely's Baptist, was born at Ant- 
 werp. He visited England during the civil 
 "wars, and was engaged in general Lambert's 
 service, and after the I'estoration he painted 
 the attitudes and draperies of sir Peter Le- 
 ly's portraits. He died in 1691, and was bu- 
 ried at Saint James's. Charles II.'s portrait 
 in painter's hall, and that in St. Bartholo- 
 mew's hospital, were painted by him. 
 
 Baptistin, John Baptiste Struk, amu- 
 sician of Florence, who died 1740. He com- 
 .posed the three operas of Meleager, Manto, 
 and Polydorus, and excelled in the music of 
 }iis cantatas. He first introduced the use of 
 llie violencello in France. 
 
 Barach was fourth judge of the Hebrews 
 for 33 years, about 1240 B. C. He delive- 
 red his country from the oppression of Jabin 
 king of Canaan, and of Sisera, with the as- 
 sistance of Deborah. 
 
 BARADiEus, called also Zanzalas Jacobus, 
 bishop of Edessa, revived in the sixth centu- 
 ry the tenets of the Monophysites, who sup- 
 ported that there was but one nature in 
 Christ. His followers were called from bim 
 Jacobites. He died 588. 
 
 BARANiANO, Redemptus, a monk born 
 at Serravalle near Verceil in Piedmont, was 
 professor of philosophy at Anneci, and the 
 correspondent of the great Bacon. He pos- 
 sessed vast energy of mind, and acquired 
 gi-eat reputation at Paris, both as a^reacher 
 and a philosopher, but more as afwai-m aiid 
 judicious opposer of Aristotle's doctrines. 
 HediedatMontargis, 23d December 1622, in 
 liis 33d year, and thus early was finished a 
 career, which i)romised to add much splen- 
 dor to literature, and to criticism. His works 
 on philosophical subjects, were ** doctrina de 
 coslo," 1617, fol. — de novis opinionibus phy- 
 «icis, 8vo. 1617 — Campus philosophorum, 
 8vo. 1020. 
 
 Baratier, John Phillip, a mostextraor- 
 dinaiy person, born January 19th, 1721, at 
 Schwobach, in the Margravate of Anspach, 
 and of such uncommon powers of memor.v, 
 that at the age of four, he conversed with 
 his mother in French, with his father in La- 
 tin, and with his servants in German. The 
 rapidity of his improvements augmented 
 
 with Ris years, so that he became perfectly 
 acquainted with Greek at six, with Hebrew 
 at eight, and in his 11th year translated from 
 the Hebrew into French the travels of the 
 rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, which he enrich- 
 ed with valuable annotations. His proficien- 
 cy in mathematics was so great that he sub- 
 mitted to the London Royal Society a scheme 
 for finding the longitude, which, though 
 found insuflicient, exhibited the strongest 
 marks of superior abilities, with all the la- 
 bor of mathematical calculation. He visited 
 Halle with his father in 1735, where he was 
 offered by the university the degree of M. A. 
 The young philosopher drew up 14 theses, 
 which he printed, and the next morning dis- 
 puted upon them with such ability and logi- 
 cal precision that he astonished and delight- 
 ed the most crowded audience. At Berlin 
 he was received with kindness by the king of 
 Prussia, and honored with those marks of 
 distinction which his superior genius deserv- 
 ed. His abilities however, so great and so 
 splendid, shone but like a meteor ; a consti- 
 tution naturally delicate, was rendered still 
 more weak by excessive application ; and a 
 cough, spitting of blood, and fever on the 
 spirits, put an end to his life, at Halle, fifth 
 of October 1740, in his 20th year. Baratier 
 has deservedly been mentioned as a prodigy 
 of learning and of genius, his memory was 
 universally retentive, and his application 
 scarcely credible, when it is recollected that 
 he spent 12 hours in bed till bis tenth year, 
 ■ and ten afterwards. In OnC winter he read 20 
 great folios, with all the attention of a vast com- 
 prehensive mind, and the large work which 
 he prepared on Egyptian antiquities, showed, 
 the variety of materials collected, as well as 
 their judicious and laborious arrangement. In 
 his domestic economy he was very temperate ; 
 he ate little flesh, lived totally on milk, tea, 
 bread, and fruit ; he disliked wine, he had 
 an aversion to dancing, music, and the sports 
 of the field, so that he wished for no recrea- 
 tion from study but in walking, or in the con- 
 versation of a few friends, whom he loved 
 and courted, with all the openness and un- 
 reserved gaiety of a genei-ous heart. 
 
 Baratier, Bartholomew, author of a 
 new digest of the feudal law, printed 1611 at 
 Paris, was a native of Placentia, and profes- 
 sor of jurisprudence atPavia and Ferrara ift 
 the fifteenth century. 
 
 Barbaj Alvarez Alonzo, curate of St. 
 Bernard de Potosi, is the author of a scarce 
 book called arte de los metallos, Madrid 162(5, 
 4to. reprinted 1729 in 4to. with the addition 
 of Carillo Lasso's treatise on the mines of 
 Spain. His works have been abridged in 
 French, iu one vol. 12mo. 1730, with a valua- 
 ble collection of treatises on the same subject. 
 
 Barbadillo, Alphonsus Jerome de Sa- 
 las, author of severaladmired comedies, died 
 at Madrid about 1630. The elegance and 
 correctness of his style improved and embel- 
 lished the Spanish language. He also wrote 
 •the adventures of Don Diego de Noche, 1624, 
 in 8vo. 
 
 Bakbadjno, a Portuguese, whose work 
 
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 y^6- 
 
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 en the state of literature in Portugal, prin- 
 ted at Paris 1746, was severely censured by 
 a Portuguese Jesuit, and ably defended by 
 Don Joseph de Maymo. 
 
 Barba^o, Francis, a noble Venetian, 
 distinguished by his learning as \teU as his 
 political talents. He defended Brescia, of 
 which he was govenor, against tlie duke of 
 Milan, and obliged the besiegers to retreat. 
 He wrote a treatise in Latin, de re uxor, on 
 the choice of a Avife, and the duties of women, 
 1515, Paris, besides a translation of some of 
 Plutarch's works, &c. He died 1454, aged 
 about 56, His letters appeared 1743. 
 
 Barcaro, Hrmolao, the elder, nephew 
 to Francis, was bishop of Trevisa, and after- 
 wards of Verona, where he died 1470. He 
 translated some ofiEsop's fables into Latin, 
 when only 12 years old. 
 
 Barbaro or Barbarus, Hermolaus, 
 grandson of Francis, a learned Venetian, 
 employed by his countrymen as ambassador 
 to the emperor Frederic, to his son Maxi- 
 milian, and to Pope Innocent VHI. He was 
 honored by the pope with the vacant pat- 
 riarchate of Aquileia against the wishes of 
 his countrymen, who had passed a law that 
 their ambassadors should accept no favor 
 from the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable 
 were the Venetians, that Barbaro's father, 
 who was far advanced in years and intrusted 
 with the first offices of the state, was unable 
 to avert their resentment, and died, in con- 
 sequence, of a broken heart. Barbaro wrote 
 some excellent treatises as well as poetiy ; 
 and in translations from Plutarch and Dios- 
 corides he showed his abilities as a Greek 
 scholar. He died at Rome 1493, aged 39, of 
 the plague, according to Bayle. 
 
 Barbaro, Daniel, coad-iutor of the pat- 
 riarchate of Aquileia, with his uncle Hermo- 
 lao, was sent as ambassador from Venice to 
 England, where he continued till 1551. He 
 died 1570, and left several learned works be- 
 hind him, among which were a treatise of 
 eloquence, in 4to. 1557, Venice — an Italian 
 translation of Vitruvius 1584, — the practice 
 of perspective, folio. 
 
 Barbarossa, Aruch, a well known pi- 
 rate, who made himself master of Algiers, 
 and murdered the king SeUm Entemi, whom 
 he had come to assist and defend against his 
 Spanish invaders. He after\vards made him- 
 self master of Tunis, and of Tremecen, 
 whose sovereign was assassinated by his own 
 subjects. His success was stopped by the 
 marquis of Gomares governor of Oran, whom 
 the heir ofthe Tremecen dominions had in- 
 vited to his support; but when besieged in 
 the citadel he made his escape by a subter- 
 raneous passage; but though he strewed the 
 ways with silver and gold, he was overtaken 
 and cut to pieces, bravely defending himself 
 with a few Turkish attendants, 1518, in liis 
 44th year. 
 
 Barbarossa, Cheredin, successor to his 
 brother Aruch on the throne of Algiers, was 
 the able admiral ofthe naval forces of Selim 
 H. He obtained possession of Tunis, but was 
 checked by the arms of Charles V. after 
 
 which he plundered several towns of Italy, 
 and then advanced to Yemen in Arabia, 
 which he conquered for the emperor of the 
 Turks. He died 15 47, aged 80, leaving his 
 son Asan in possession ofthe kingdom. 
 
 Barbaroux, Charles, deputy from Mar- 
 seilles to the national convention, proved 
 himself one of the bitterest enemies of the 
 unfortunate Lewis XVI. whose accusation 
 he read with triumph in the assembly. He 
 was intimate with Roland, and with boldness 
 attacked the Orleans party, the usurpation 
 of Roberspierre, and the machinations ofthe 
 Jacobins. His conduct rendei'ed him obnox- 
 ious to the demagogues in power ; and when 
 the Girondists were overthrown, he was ac- 
 cused but escaped into Calvados. He after- 
 wards passed from Quimper to Bourdeaux, 
 where he was recognised and immediately 
 guillotined, 25th June 1794. 
 
 Barbatelli, Bernardino, a painter, 
 disciple of Ghirlandaio of Florence. He stu- 
 died at Rome, and his fruit pieces, animals, 
 flowers, &c. were much admired. He died 
 1612, aged 70, 
 
 Barbaxan, Stephen, a native of St. Far- 
 geau-en-Puisaye in Auxerre, who made him- 
 self acquainted Avith authors of the middle 
 centuries, from whom he drew the most cu- 
 rious anecdotes and remarkable stories. Ht; 
 assisted in the completion of the Recueil al- 
 phabetique, in 24 vols. 12mo. 1745, and the 
 following years; a laborious but desultory 
 work. He wrote also instructions from a 
 father to a son, 1760, 8vo. He died 1770, in 
 the 74th year of his age, 
 
 Barbazan, Arnaud Guiilaume de, one 
 of the courtiers of Charles VII. of France, 
 distinguished as a warrior. He died of the 
 wounds which he had received at the battle 
 of Belleisle, 1432. 
 
 Barbe, a Bohemian lady who married 
 the emperor Sigism<)nd. She was devoid of 
 those virtues which ought to adorn elevated 
 rank, and even ridiculed those of her atten- 
 dants whose conduct was more chaste than 
 her own. She died 1451. — Another, queen 
 of Poland, surnanied Esther for her piety. 
 She died 1525. — Another, also queen of Po- 
 land, nnarried secretly to Sigisraond Augus- 
 tus, and publicly acknowledged after the 
 death of his father. She died 1551. 
 
 Barbeau des Bruyeres, Jean Louis, 
 son of a M'ood-monger at Paris, rose by the 
 strength of his genius from the mean occu- 
 pation of his father. He resided 10 or 15 
 years in Holland, and on his return he as- 
 sisted for 23 years M. Bauche in the com- 
 pletion of his works. His first publication in 
 1759, was his mappe monde historique, an 
 ingenious chart, in which was united all the 
 information which geography, chronologj, 
 and history could produce. He published 
 besides the tablettes chronologiques of Leng- 
 Ict, a translation of Strahlemberg's descrip- 
 tion of Russia, La Croix's modern geogra- 
 phy, besides large contributions to the works 
 of his friends, and the two last volumes of the 
 Bibliotheque de France, by ie Long. Bar- 
 beau had to struggle through life against po- 
 
verty, but it did not raffle his temper, or 
 render him unwilling freely to communicate 
 to others from the vast store of his know- 
 ledge in geography and history. Two years 
 before his death he married, that his infirmi- 
 ties niight be alleviated by the affectionate 
 atte.ition and concern of a female friend. 
 He died of an apoplexy at Paris, Nov. 20th, 
 17S1. 
 
 Barbebini, Francis, a poet of Barberi- 
 no in Tuscany, born 1264. Of all his works 
 there is extant only Iiis poem called the 
 precepts of love, a composition extremely 
 elegant, chaste, moral, and instructive. It 
 was edited at Rome 1640, by Fred. Ubaldini, 
 with a glossary explanatory of obsolete words, 
 &c. and the life of the author. The family 
 of the Barberini was distinguished in Europe 
 in the 17th century. Francis, nephew of 
 pope Urban VIII. was a cardinal and legate 
 of the holy see in France and Spain. He 
 died in 1679, aged 83. — His brother Anthony 
 was Uke wise a cardinal, and he became known 
 by his abilities as a negotiator and ambassa- 
 dor. He was ai-chbishop of Rheims, and 
 died 1671, aged 64. — Another, brother of 
 pope Urban VHI. who died 1646, aged 77 ^ 
 and ordered this inscription to be placed on 
 his tomb: " Hie jacet pulvis & cinis, postea 
 nihil." » 
 
 Barbeu de Bouug, James, a native of 
 Mayenne, physician of the academy of Stock- 
 holm, and author of the gazette de medicine, 
 — le Botaniste Francois, two vols. — elemens 
 <Ie medicine, &e. He was born 12th Feb. 
 1709, and died 14th Dec, 1779. 
 
 Bar BEY, Marc le, a celebrated physician 
 of Bayeux, who checked the ravages of the 
 plague, among his countrymen, but refused 
 to exercise his profession to save the friends 
 of the league. He was the favorite of Henry 
 \T. who ennobled his family. He died about 
 tlie last years of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Barbeyrac, John, a native of Bariers, 
 fh Languedoc, teacher of philosophy at Ber- 
 lin, and afterwards for seven years profes- 
 sor of law and history at Lausanne, from 
 whence he passed to Groningen. He was 
 eminent in the knowledge of the law of na- 
 ture, and of nations ; and besides a treatise 
 on the morality of tlie fathers, and another 
 on gaming, two vols, he translated into French 
 Puffendorf's works, besides Noodt's discour- 
 ses, Grotius' de jure pacis, &c. some of Til- 
 lotson's sermons, &c. Some of his critical 
 and literary remarks were also inserted in 
 the various journals of the times. He died 
 1729, aged 55. His brother Chai-les was 
 eminent as a physician at Cereste in Pro- 
 vence, and he was the friend of Locke and 
 Sydenham. He died at Montpellier, 1699, 
 nged 70, author of two works, traites de me- 
 dicine, 12mo. — and qusestiones medicse duo- 
 ilecim, 4to. 1658. 
 
 Barbier d'AucouR, John, a native of 
 Langres, whose great appUcation raised him 
 from the obscurity and indigence of his fa- 
 mily. He devoted himself to the studies of 
 the bar, but he was unsuccessful in his first 
 pleading, either from fear, or failure of me- 
 
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 mory, a circumstance to which Boileau, ia 
 the Lutrin, has alluded ; and so small were 
 his pecuniary i-esources, that he consented 
 to marry his landlord's daughter, that he 
 might thus satisfy t])e large demands which 
 he had upon him. The patronage of Col- 
 bert, one of whose sons he educated, pro- 
 mised him better times, but the minister's 
 death disappointed hira, and a more fortu- 
 nate attempt at the bar at last restored him 
 to his lost character. In his last cause in de- 
 fence of Le Brun, a valet accused of murder- 
 ing his lady, he displayed, besides generosity 
 of heart, a most commanding eloquence. He 
 died of an inflammation in the breast, Sept- 
 13, 169 i, aged 53. He told the abbe Choisi 
 who visited him in his last illness, that he re- 
 joiced in leaving none to inherit his misery. 
 His works were trivial, excei)t his '* Senti- 
 mens de Cleanthe sur les entretiens d'Ariste 
 & d'Eugene par Bouhours, 2 vols. 12rao. 
 1671, a book of infinite value for its ingenious 
 reasoning and the justness of its criticism. 
 He wrote besides some treatises against the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 BARBiER,Mary Ann, a native of Orleans, 
 who published at Paris several tragedies and 
 operas, which have been attributed but false- 
 ly to her friend and adviser the abbe Pele- 
 grin. She died in 1745. Her works are 
 scarce above mediocrity, as she has exhaust- 
 ed all her powers to magnify the character 
 of her heroine, while her hei'oes are drawn 
 as uninteresting and insignificant personages. 
 
 Barbier, Lewis, a favorite of Gaston 
 duke of Orleans, raised to the bishopric of 
 Langres by Mazarin for betraying the secrets 
 of his master. He was mean in his charac- 
 ter and little respected. He left 100 crowns 
 for the best epitaph for his tomb, which was 
 written in a style of irony by Monnoye. He 
 died 1670. 
 
 Bar BiERi, John Francis, a pupil of the 
 Caracci, and a strong imitator of Caravag- 
 gio. He is called among artists Guercino. 
 His historical pieces possessed merit. He 
 died 1666, aged 76. His brother Paulo An- 
 tonio was eminent in drawing quiet scenes 
 and animals. He died 1460. Vid. Guer- 
 cino. 
 
 Barbosa, Arius, one of the cliief resto- 
 rers of learning in Spain. He was instructed 
 in Greek by Angelus Poliiian in Rome, and 
 was a professor at Salamanca for 20 years. 
 He was preceptor to the king of Portugal's 
 sons Alphonsus and Henr}', and died 1540 ia 
 a good old age. He wrote some Latin poems, 
 a treatise on prosody, &.c. 
 
 Barbosa, Peter, a native of Viana in 
 Portugal, professor at Coimbra, and after- 
 wards chancellor of the kingdom. He died 
 1596, author of some commentaries on the 
 Digests, three vols. fol. 1613, &c. 
 
 Barbosa, Emanuel, a Portugese, author 
 of some treatises. He died 1638, aged 90, 
 author of a treatise de potestate episcopi, &c. 
 His son, Augustin, distinguished himself by 
 his knowledge of law. He was made bishop 
 of Ugento, and died 1649. He wrote several 
 ecclesiastical ti-eatises^ &c. 
 
BA 
 
 " Rarbou, Hugh, son of John, a printer of 
 eminence at Lyons, who settled at Limoges 
 in 1580, where', among other books, he prin- 
 ted Cicero's letters to Atticus, &c. with du 
 Bos' notes. His descendants have carried on 
 the same profession at Paris witli emolument 
 to themselves, and advantage to the public. 
 
 Barbour, John, a Scotch ecclesiastic, 
 employed by David Bruce as ambassador at 
 the English court. He wrote in vei-se an ac- 
 count of the life and actions of Robert Bruce, 
 a work highly esteemed for its authenticity, 
 printed at Glasgow 1671. He died 1378, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Barbud, a celebrated musician at the 
 court of Kosru Parviz, king of Persia, of the 
 fourth dynasty. He was so eminent in his 
 profession, that his name is become prover- 
 bial. 
 
 B ARC A LI, author of a commentary on 
 the Arbain. He died in the 960th year of 
 the hegira. Another, of the same name, au- 
 thor of some books of devotion. He died 
 the 981st or 982d of the hegira. 
 
 Barchusen or Barkhausen, John 
 Conrad, a native of Heme in German)^, who 
 settled at Utrecht, where he acquired emi- 
 nence as a physician and as a lecturer on 
 chemistry. His elementachemicse — historia 
 medicinse, &c. ai'e highly esteemed. He di- 
 ed 1717, aged 51. 
 
 Barclay or Barklay, Alexander, a 
 writer of the 16th century, born in Scotland 
 according to Mackenzie, or according to 
 Wood, at Barclay in Somersetshire. He 
 was of Oriel college, Oxford, and from thence 
 travelled over Holland, Germany, France, 
 and Italy. On his return he was preferred by 
 Cornish, the provost of his college, who had 
 been raised to the bishopric of Tyne. Au- 
 thors disagree about his preferment. He 
 was rector of Baddow Magna in Essex, ac- 
 cording to Wood, but he is mentioned by 
 others as rector of Allhallows, Lombard 
 Street. He was an elegant writer, and trans- 
 lated some of the best authors on the conti- 
 nent, and among them Navis Stultifera, &c. 
 He died at Croydon in an advanced age. 
 
 Barclay, William, a native of Aber- 
 deen, who, not meeting the patronage which 
 he expected from Mary queen of Scots, 
 went over to France, where he studied civil 
 law at Bourges, and was made professor of 
 the newly founded university of Pontamous- 
 son, by the duke of Lorrain. His son was 
 nearly engaged to follow the tenets of the 
 Jesuits, which the father prevented, and the 
 dissention between him and the society Avas 
 so great, that he abondoned Lorrain, and 
 came to England, where king James offered 
 him some handsome preferment, provided 
 he subscribed to the articles of the Anglican 
 church, a condition which he declined. He 
 returned to France, and died professor at 
 Angers in 1605. He wrote several books ou 
 the kingly and papal power, he. 
 
 Barclay, John, son of the preceding, 
 
 was educated by the Jesuits, but, removed 
 
 from their society, by his father, who was 
 
 afraid be should follow their tenets. He vi- 
 
 VOL. T. 18 
 
 y^/- BA 
 
 sited England with his father, and compli- 
 mented with a Latin poem king James, who 
 wished to patronise him, but he returned to 
 France. After the death of his father he 
 resided in London for ten years, and after- 
 wards went to Rome, where he was well re- 
 ceived by pope Paul V. and cardinal Bellar- 
 min. He died at Rome 1621, and his son 
 erected a monument to his honor in St. 
 Laurence's church, on the way to Trivoli. 
 His works were numerous and elegantly- 
 written. The most celebrated are his Eu- 
 phormio, a satire in Latin; and his Argeuis, 
 &c. which has been translated into various 
 languages, a kind of romance in the style of 
 Petronius and Apuleius, in which he des- 
 cribes the manner of a court, &CC. Pieresc 
 had the care of the first edition, and under 
 the effigies of the author Grotius wrote these 
 lines; 
 
 ** Gente Caledonius^ Gallus naialibus, hie 
 est 
 Romam Romano qui docet ore loqui." 
 
 Barclay, Robert, a native of Edin- 
 burgh. His father, colonel Barclay, sent 
 him to Paris to the care of his uncle, who 
 presided over the Scot's college ; but in be- 
 coming acquainted with the literature of the 
 times, he imbibed the tenets of the Roman 
 catholics. On his return to Scotland, he 
 embraced the principles of the quakers Avith 
 his father, and he showed himself, by his ac- 
 tions as well as by his writings, a most zealous 
 defender of the sect. His writings are nu- 
 merous, and chiefly on theological or contro- 
 versial subjects. The most celebrated is his 
 apology for the quakers, published in Latin 
 at Amsterdam 1076, and two years after 
 translated by himself, and addressed to 
 Charles H. with excessive freedom of lan- 
 guage. He was universally respected, not 
 only for the celebrity of his writings, but 
 the purity of his life. He travelled over 
 England, Holland, and Germany, with the 
 famous legislator Penn, Avith the intention 
 of making converts; and on his return spent 
 the rest of his life in dignified retirement. 
 He died at Ury, third of October, 1690, in 
 his 42d year. 
 
 Barcochebas, orBARCociiAB, the son 
 of a star, a celebrated impostor, Avho intro- 
 duced himself to the Jewish 
 star predicted by Balaam. 
 
 nation; as the 
 His followers be- 
 came so numerous over Judrea, that the Ro- 
 mans found it difficult to oppose them. Ju- 
 lius Severus at last took signal vengeance ou 
 the nation for the Roman soldiers that had 
 been slain, and he almost destroyed the 
 whole race, 1.S4 A. D. 
 
 Barcos, Martin de, a native of Bayonne, 
 nephew of the famous abbe St. Cyran. He 
 Avas engaged in the controversies which took 
 place about the Jansenists, but his works on 
 the subject are now justly forgotten. He 
 died 1678, aged 78. 
 
 Bard, a Mahomedan author, who wrote 
 on the pronunciation of the vowels of the 
 text of the Koran. 
 
 Bardas, a chief at Constantinople, uncle 
 and guardian to Michael \\l. After yarious 
 
BA 
 
 /^r 
 
 BA 
 
 atl&nipts to seize the sovereign power, by 
 violence and artifice, he was put to death by 
 Bacillus the Macedonian, 866. 
 
 Bardas called Scelerus, a general 
 raised to the purple by his soldiers after the 
 death of John Zimisces. He was opposed 
 by Bardas Phocas, and in consequence of a 
 dtfeat fled to Bagdad, where he was impri- 
 soned 979. He was afterwards reconciled to 
 Phocas, and after his death was honorably 
 treated by his successor Basil. 
 
 Bardesanes, a native of Edessa in Sy- 
 ria, eminent as an author. He was the foun- 
 der of a sect which bore his name, and sup- 
 ported the existence of ^ons, but denied 
 tlie doctrine of the resurrection. He flor- 
 
 ished about 172. The author of a curious 
 
 book on the gymnosophists, in the third cen- 
 tury, bore that name. 
 
 Bardet, Peter, an advocate of reputa- 
 tion, author of a **recueil d'arrets," two 
 vols. fol. He died at Moulins 1685, aged 94. 
 
 Bardhadi, a Mahoniedan, author of a 
 moral treatise called Adab. 
 
 Bardin, Peter, a native of Rouen, au- 
 thor of several treatises of an inferior cha- 
 racter. Me was drowned in 1637, in at- 
 tempting to save his pupil M. D'Humieres. 
 His epitaph by Chapelain, in a style of ful- 
 some panegyric, mentioned that the virtues 
 were drowned with him. He wrote le grand 
 Chambellan de France, fol. 1623 — Pensees 
 morales sur l*Ecclesiaste 8vo. 1629 — Le 
 Lycee, ou de I'honnete horame, two vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Bardney, Richai'd, a Benedictine of 
 Bardney in Lincolnshire, author of a life of 
 Grostete bishop of Lincoln, in Latin verse. 
 He died 1504. 
 
 Barebone, Praise God, a violent leader 
 of Cromwell's parliament of 1654. He was 
 a leather-seller by trade, but he acquired 
 such celebrity as an orator and a demagogue, 
 that the parliament was ludicrously called 
 after his assumed name. Two of his bro- 
 thers, it is said, had adopted likewise scrip- 
 ture names, one of them, ** Christ came into 
 t1«e world to save Barbone ;" and the other, 
 *' if Christ had not died thou hadst been 
 damned, Barbone," which the wits of the 
 time abbreviated to the two last words. 
 When Monk led lus army to London, Bare- 
 bone acted with such violence at the head of 
 the rabble, that the general sent a petition 
 to parliament to dismiss and punish this fu- 
 rious zealot and his partisans. 
 
 Bare NT, Dieterick, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Amstex-dara. He was the disciple of 
 Titian, and excelled in historical pieces and 
 in portraits. He died 1592, aged 58. 
 
 Barettt, Joseph, a native of Turin, 
 son of an eminent architect. He received a 
 respectable education, but the little fortune 
 Avhich he inherited was lost at faro, and the 
 indigent son became an author by profession. 
 After enduring many difticulties, and after 
 visiting several countries of Europe, he 
 came in 1750 to London without any recom- 
 mendations, and with an imperfect know- 
 ledge of the English language He acci- 
 
 dentally met at the Orange coffee-house MrJ* 
 Lennox, whose wife wished for instruction 
 in the Italian language, to enable her to 
 translate some of the romances from which 
 Shakspeare had drawn his plays, and from 
 this connection, ai'ose the consequence and 
 respectability which he afterwards enjoyed. 
 Mrs. Lennox introduced him to Dr. John- 
 son, whose friendship he long and sincerely- 
 enjoyed, and he was soon after introduced to 
 the Thrale family, and to other persons of 
 respectability and distinction. After a resi- 
 dence of ten years in London, he resolved to 
 revisit his native country, and he set out on 
 ISth August 1760, through Spain and Portu- 
 gal, not however without expressing with all 
 the power of gratitude, his deep sense of the 
 kindness, generosity, and philanthropy of 
 England. In his journey he followed the 
 directions of Dr. Johnson, and in taking no- 
 tice of whatever scenes passed before his 
 eyes, with the good-humor and playfulness 
 of yotith, accompanied with the accurate 
 judgment of the philosopher, he produced a 
 most amusing and valuable performance, 
 published in four vols. 8vo. At Venice he 
 published a periodical paper called Frustra 
 literaria, under the character of a peevish 
 soldier returned home after an absence of 50 
 years. This satirical performance raised 
 against him a host of enemies, and after an 
 absence of six years he returned to England, 
 where he in a little time engaged in an inju- 
 dicious controversy with Mr. Sharp, who 
 had just published ** letters from Italy, &c." 
 He made some short excursions to France 
 and Spain in 1768 and 69 ; and it was alter 
 his return that an accident happened which 
 threw a veil of horror over the remaining 
 part of his life. On his retui*n from the 
 Orange coffee-house through the Hay-mar- 
 ket about seven o'clock in the evening, he 
 was attacked by a woman whose indecorous 
 behaviour provoked him to strike her on the 
 hand. She continued her insults, and three 
 men, who apparently were in connection 
 with the woman, approached to push him. 
 with rudeness from the pavement, and to 
 trample upon him, when he, alarmed for his 
 safety, struck one of them, Evan Morgan, 
 with a knife, and repeated the blows again 
 and again when pursued and collared- The 
 wounds were so deep that Morgan died the 
 next day in Middlesex hospital, and Baretti 
 was at the following sessions at the Old Bai- 
 ley tried for mi^rder. The infamous life of 
 his assailant, and the respectability of his own 
 character, were strong in favor of his inno- 
 cence ; and he refused the accustomed pri- 
 vilege of having the half of his jury of fo- 
 reigners. He read his defence from a prin- 
 ted paper, and he accounted for the knife 
 which inflicted the wounds, by sa^'ing that 
 he wore it as all foreigners do, to cut sweet- 
 meats and fruit in deserts. His innocence 
 was acknowledged, and he was acquitted, 
 as having committed the murder in his 
 self defence. He returned to his literary 
 life, and improved his fortune as well as 
 his reputation by various useful publica- 
 
BA 
 
 tidm. He received, it is said, 500^. for 
 his travels, and he not only procured pecu- 
 niary assistance from Mrs. Middleton, one 
 of his pupils, but was fortunate enough to 
 receive a pension of 80^. per annum from 
 lord North's administration. But as the 
 wants of literary men, however, are nume- 
 rous, and their profusion proverbial, Ba- 
 retti soon found himself in indigent circum- 
 stances, and the refusal which he met in his 
 application to the booksellers for relief, 
 -whilst in the prosecution of his improve- 
 ments for his dictionary, ruffled his spirits, 
 and hastened in some degree his decKne. An 
 attack of the gout was negkcted, and the 
 advice of raedicai men, whom he oppro- 
 briously denominated vultures, was disre- 
 garded till a recoveiy was impossible. On 
 the morning of his death, he declared that 
 he had dreaded the arrival of that day ; he 
 put off the attendance of his barber to the 
 morrow, and with great cheei'fulness took 
 his last leave of his friends. About eight, he 
 took a glass of wine, and immediately after 
 expired. May 5th 1789, in his 73d year, and 
 ■was buried on the ninth in Mary-bone new 
 burying ground. In his private character he 
 was highly respectable, his integrity was un- 
 impeached, and his conversation always easy 
 and free, and was directed to the improve- 
 ment and instruction of his hearers. He 
 ■was of a benevolent and charitable disposi- 
 tion, and never hesitated to divide his last 
 shilling with an indigent friend. It is to be 
 lamented, that among his papers, which 
 were carelessly burnt by his executors, there 
 ■were some letters and valuable communica- 
 tions from Dr. Johnson. His works were 
 numerous, but though in general interest- 
 ing and useful, he disregarded them in one 
 of his letters, as hastily and injudiciously 
 produced under the pressure of distress and 
 poverty, and not abounding with that ele- 
 gance and correctness, which a more settled 
 life and more opulent circumstances might 
 Jiave supplied. His works are, besides the 
 travels, the dictionary Italian and English, 
 2 vols, 4to. — a dissertation on Italian poetry 
 — the Italian libi'ary, as introductive to the 
 Italian language — an Italian griwnmar — an 
 account of the customs of Italy, two vols. 
 8vo. — an introduction to most of the Euro- 
 pean languages, 8vo. — a Spanish and Eng- 
 lish dictionary — Tolondron speeches to John 
 Bowie, about his edition of Don Quixote, 
 8vo. — &c. 
 
 Barezi, a Mahomedan, born at Hama, 
 author of several treatises on the Koran, 
 &c. He died the year 738 of the hegira. 
 
 Bargrave, Isaac, an ecclesiastic of great 
 abilities, member of Clarehall Cambridge, 
 and chaplain to James I. and Charles. He 
 was made dean of Canterbury, 14th Octo- 
 ber, 1C25 ; but he suffered greatly during 
 the civil wars, and Sandys, a man whose 
 life he had saved, treated him and his family 
 with unusual severity, and imprisoned him 
 in the Fleet. Bargrave survived that mark 
 of ingratitude only three weeks, and died of 
 a broken heart, 1642, as:ed 50. He wns a 
 
 y^^ BA 
 
 zealous defender of the liberties of the king- 
 dom, civil and religious, and it is said that he 
 offended king James, at St. Margaret's, 
 Westminster, by a discourse against po- 
 pery, &c, 
 
 Baridah, a Mahomedan writer on 
 Aristotle's works. 
 
 Barini, a Mahomedan author, who 
 wrote on the introduction of Porphyry's sa- 
 goge. 
 
 Barkh AM, John, a native of Exeter, who, 
 after studying at Oxford, and holding several 
 places of preferment, died at Bockiug in 
 Essex, of which he was rector and dean. 
 He is mentioned by Speed, and others, as 
 possessing " learning, virtue, and courtesy.'* 
 His valuable collection of coins and medals, 
 which he gave to Laud, was jiresented to the 
 university. Though he never published any 
 thing, yet his friends had reason to acknow- 
 ledge his great erudition, so that Guillim's 
 display of heraldrjr, and Speed's John and 
 Henry II. are attributed to him. 
 
 Bark I, a Mahomedan, author of a trea- 
 tise on geomancy. 
 
 Barksdale, Clement, a native of Winch- 
 comb, Glocestershire, educated at Abing- 
 doQ, school, and Oxford. He was elected 
 master of Hereford school, but during the 
 civil wars, he left his situation and took pu- 
 pils at Hawling, in Glocestershire. On the 
 restoration he was presented to the living of 
 Naunton, where he died 1687, aged 78. His 
 woi'ks are, besides several sermons, and 
 some tracts, monumenta literaria, sive obi- 
 tus et elogjia, docforura virorura ex historiis 
 Thuani, 4to. — Nympha Libethris, or the 
 Gorswold muse, 8vo. 1651 — the life of Gro- 
 tius 1652, l2mo. — memorials of worthy per- 
 sons, 1661, 12mo. 
 
 Bar LA AM, a monk of Seminara, in Cala- 
 bria, who in visiting Constantinople to learn 
 the Greek language, gained the favors of the 
 emperor Andronicus, who made him abbot 
 of St. Salvador, 1339. He was also sent by 
 that prince into the West, to promote the 
 reunion of the two churches, and to solicit 
 the assistance of Christian princes against 
 the Mahometans. He afterwards had a 
 controversy with Palamas, a monk of Athos ;. 
 but though he wrote against the Latins, he 
 no sooner returned to Italy, and took posses- 
 sion of the see of Gieraci, which was after- 
 wards removed to Locri, tlian he severely 
 attacked the Greeks. This circumstance, so 
 inconsistent, has given occasion to some au- 
 thors, to say that there were two persons of 
 that name. He died about 1348. His letters 
 were published at Ingolstadt, 1604. 
 
 Barl^us, Gasparaus, a Latin poet of 
 Antwerp, appointed subprincipal of the 
 college of Leyden, but afterwards rejected 
 from his office, for the zealous share which 
 he took in the disputes of the Arminians. 
 He now took his degrees in physic at Caen, 
 and in 1631 was invited by the magistrates of 
 Amsterdam, to fill the chair of professor of 
 philosophy, which he held till his death ia 
 1648, in his 64th year, though his writings, 
 ill favor of Arminius, raised him a num- 
 
i5A 
 
 /3^ 
 
 BA 
 
 ber of enemies, who loudly called for his 
 dismission. His orations are admired for 
 their wit and purity, and his poems for their 
 elegance and correctness. Two volumes of 
 his letters were pubUshed after his death. 
 He wrote also an account of count Maurice's 
 government in Brazil. 
 
 Barl^us, Lambert, a Greek pi-ofessor 
 at Leyden, who vvi-ote annotations on Lu- 
 cian'sTimon, and Hesiod's tlieogony, and 
 assisted Kivius in the translation of the con- 
 fessions of the reformed churches into Greek. 
 He spoke Greek with the same fluent facility 
 as his mother tongue. He died 1655. 
 
 Barland, Adrian, a native of Barland, 
 in Zealand, professor at Louvain, and author 
 of notes on Virgil, Terence, Pliny the youn- 
 ger, and Menander, besides an abridgment 
 of universal history — the chronicle of the 
 dukes of Brabant — de hteratis urbis Romje 
 prinCipibius, &c. He died 1542. 
 
 Barletta, Gabriel, a Dominican, born 
 at Barletta in the kingdom of Naples. He 
 acquired some celebrity as a writer and as a 
 preacher, and it became proverbial to say, 
 nescit prsedicare qui nescit Barlettare. It is 
 reported that his sermons rapidly passed 
 through 20 editions, but so incongruous was 
 the composition, so full of serious reflections 
 and ridiculous levities, of obsolete words and 
 of modern and ancient idioms, that a more 
 singular and extraordinary performance 
 scarce ever appeared. The best edition is 
 that of Venice 1577, two vols. Svo. He was 
 born about 1400, but the time of his death is 
 unknown. 
 
 Barlotta, Joseph, a Sicilian poet of 
 the 18th century, whose odes, sonnets, can- 
 tatas, &c. possess some merit. 
 
 Barlow, William, prior of a monastery, 
 before the dissolution, was raised to the see 
 of St. Asaph, and afterwards of St. David's, 
 in the reign of Henry VUI. He was tran- 
 slated to Bath and 'Wells 1547, but was 
 ejected by Mai-y because he was married, 
 Mpon which he retired to Germany. On 
 Elizabeth's accession, he was promoted to 
 the see of Chichester, where he died, 1568. 
 He was author of several controversial 
 books, &c. 
 
 Barlow, Francis, a native of Lincoln- 
 shire, the pupil of Shepherd. He excelled 
 in his representation of birds, beasts, fishes, 
 Jscc. He died 1702. 
 
 Barlowe, Thomas, a native of Lang- 
 liill, Westmoreland, educated at Appleby 
 school, and Queen's college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow. He kept his pre- 
 ferment during the civil wars, and became 
 successively keeper of the Bodleian, provost 
 of his own college, Margaret professor of 
 ilivinity, archdeacon of Oxford, and bishop 
 of Lincoln, 1675. He was violent against 
 the Roman catholics, but it has been men- 
 tioned that he paid his court to James 11. 
 when on the throne, and with the same 
 time-serving spirit he vented his resentment 
 lit the revolution against those of the clergy 
 who refused to take the required oaths. In 
 ji is opinions he was a strong Galvanist, and 
 
 warmly supported the Aristotelian tenets 
 agamst the new philosophy introduced by 
 the Royal society. He died at Bugden, 
 Huntingdonshire, Oct. 8th, 1691, in the 
 85th year of his age. Such of his books 
 were given to the Bodleian of which there 
 were no copies already deposited there, and 
 the rest to Queen's college. His works 
 were against po))ery and on cases of con- 
 science, and chiefly controversial. His ma- 
 nuscripts passed into the hands of his chap- 
 lains, Oftley and Brougham. 
 
 Barlowe, William, sob of William 
 Barlowe, bishop of St. David's, studied at 
 Baliol college, and distinguished himself as 
 the first discoverer of the nature and pro- 
 perties of the loadstone, the piercing and 
 cementing of which he effected by a new 
 method. He explained the difi^erence be- 
 tween iron and steel, and why a magnet by 
 being doubly capped takes up a greater 
 weight. His opinions were made public in 
 three different ti-eatises. He died 1625. 
 
 Barnabas, St. a Levite, born at Cyprus. \ 
 As soon as he embraced Christianity, he \ 
 sold his estate, and delivered his money to 
 the apostles, and was afterwards sent to An- 
 tioch, to confirm the disciples. He preached ^ 
 the gospel in company with St. Paul, and af- 
 terwards passed with St. Mark into Cyprus, ^ 
 where he was stoned to death by the Jews. ^ 
 There is extant a Greek letter written by .'^ 
 him, which was published with learned notes ^ 
 by Le Clerc, at Amsterdam, 1724. -^ 
 
 Barnard, Theodore, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, who studied under Titian, and 
 adorned the cathedral of Chichester by his 
 paintings of the kings and bishops. There 
 is a family near Chichester descended from 
 him. 
 
 Barnard, John, a native of Castor in 
 Lincolnshire, who studied at Queen's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and was made by the par- 
 liamentary visitors fellow of Lincoln, Ox- 
 ford. He married Dr. Heylyn's daughter, 
 and settled at Waddington, the advowson of 
 which he purchased. He obtained after the 
 restoration a prebend of Lincoln. He died 
 at Newark, on a journey to Spa, Aug, 17, 
 I68.S, and was buried at Waddington. He 
 wrote against scandalous ministers, &c. be- 
 sides the life of his father-in-law. 
 
 Barnard, Sir John, an upright magis- 
 trate, and an incorrupt statesman. He was 
 born at Reading, where his father, a quaker, 
 was a wine merchant. He succeeded to the 
 business, but at the age of 19 he relinquished 
 the quakers for the established church, and 
 became first known in . the examination 
 which he underwent in the house of lords on 
 a wine bill, to the passing of which the mer- 
 chants objected. The spirited and becom- 
 ing manner in which he expressed himself 
 on the occasion, gained him popularity. He 
 became candidate for the city of London, 
 and Avas elected in 1722, and he served the 
 city in the six succeeding parliaments. In 
 1727, he was appointed alderman of Dow- 
 gate ward, and in 1738 he tilled the chair of 
 the city with all the dignity which became a 
 
BA 
 
 y^y 
 
 BA 
 
 great and opulent corporation. His conduct 
 in parliament was ever guided by a strong at- 
 tachment to bis country ; he supported evei-y 
 measure which contributed to extend com- 
 meree and prosperity, and in his opposition 
 to Walpole, especially during the debates on 
 the excise act, his language was firm, manly, 
 and patriotic. In July 1758 this virtuous ma- 
 gistrate resigned his gown, to the great re- 
 gret of the city, and retired to his seat at 
 Clapham. After attaining nearly the age of 
 8(», he expired, 29th August, 17G6, leaving 
 one son and two daughters. The general 
 character of sir John may be collected in 
 the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens 
 on his resignation. He was complimented 
 with all those expressions of gratitude and 
 admiration which are due to integrity and 
 to virtue, and his public and private life 
 was equally made the subject of panegyric 
 liberally bestowed and meritoi-iously earned. 
 He had been knighted in 1732 by George II. 
 and in memorial of his merits his fellow ci- 
 tizens erected his statue in the Exchange. 
 
 Barnave, Anthony Peter Joseph Ma- 
 rie, a native of Grenoble, brought up to the 
 bar. The revolution called him to Paris, 
 whei'e, as a deputy to the national assembly, 
 he displayed great eloquence and strong 
 powers of mind. His popularity however 
 quickly vanished, when he expressed some 
 interest for the captive family of the mo- 
 narch, whom he had conducted back from 
 Varennes to Paris, and ventured to predict 
 that liberty by its excesses might be jn'o- 
 ductive of a thousand miseries to his coun- 
 try. He was sent to prison, and after 15 
 months of confinement, he was dragged to 
 Paris, where his innocence and the energj- 
 cf his appeal to the sense of the nation, 
 would have procured his acquittal if his 
 judges had been upright. He was guillotined 
 29th Nov. 1793, aged 33. 
 
 BARifES, Juliana, a native of Roding, in 
 Essex, prioress of Sopewell nunnery, near 
 St. Albans, eminent for her learning, piety, 
 and personal accomplishments. She has 
 been mentioned with great commendation 
 by Bale, Hollingshead, and others. She 
 wrote some treatises on hunting, hawking, 
 &c. besides a book on heraldry. She was 
 living in i486, according to the titles of her 
 book, 26 years later than the period men- 
 tioned by Bale. 
 
 Barnes, Joshua, a native of London, 
 educated at Christ hospital, and admitted 
 servitor of Emanuel, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow, and where he soon dis- 
 tinguished himself by his great learning, and 
 his superior knowledge of Greek. In 1700, 
 Mrs. Mason, of Hemmingford, Huntingdon- 
 shire, a widow not beautiful in person, but 
 possessed of 200/. a year, visited him at 
 Cambridge, and her offer to settle on him 
 the half of her income at her death, induced 
 him to solicit her hand, which the obliging 
 fair-one did not refuse to Joshua, for whom, 
 she observed, the sun stood still. He died 
 August 3d, 1712, in his 57th year, and his 
 -widow, who was nearly of the same age as 
 
 himself, erected a monument over him at 
 Hemmingford. His works were valuable 
 for their erudition and criticism. The chief 
 were, a poetical paraphrase of Esther 
 1676— the life of Edward lil. dedicated to 
 James II. in 1688 — a learned edition of Euri- 
 pides, in 1694 — Anacreon, in 1705 — and Ho- 
 mer, &c. in 1706. Bentley used to ridicule 
 his learning, and with pedantic pride ob- 
 served, that he knew Greek as much as a 
 cobler. 
 
 Barnes, Robert, D.D. was employed by 
 Heni-y VIII. to collect the opinions of the 
 German divines, about his divorce from 
 queen Catherine. His attachment to Lu- 
 ther's doctrines incurred the displeasure of 
 the monarch, who sent him to the tower. 
 He was burnt alive at a stake, in 1540. He 
 wrote a treatise on justification, and the his- 
 tory of the popes. 
 
 Barneveldt, John d' Olden, a states- 
 man of great abilities, ambassador to Eliza- 
 beth in England, and to Henry IV. of France. 
 His attempts to limit the authority of Mau- 
 rice the second stadholder of Holland, raised 
 him enemies, by whose virulence he was 
 accused of designs to deliver the countiy to 
 the Spaniards, and in consequence of this 
 false charge, he was tried and beheaded in 
 1619. His sons, William and Rene, resented 
 the cruelty exercised against their father, 
 and though the elder escaped, Rene felt the 
 punishment due to a conspirator. The 
 mother stepped in defence of her son, and 
 when Maurice expressed surprise to '.ee her 
 eager to save him when she had seen his 
 father fall unlamented, she indignantly re- 
 plied, "I would not solicit a pardon for my 
 husband, for he was innocent. 1 ask it for 
 my son because he is guilty." 
 
 Baro or Bauoni, Peter, a native of 
 Estampes, in France, who left his countrv 
 on account of his attachment to protestant- 
 ism, and found a hospitable asylum in Eng- 
 land, in the house of lord Burleigh, and at 
 Cambridge with Dr. Pierce, by whose in- 
 fluence he was chosen Margaret professor of 
 divinity 1574. The tranquillity of his resi- 
 dence was however of short duration. He 
 opposed Whitacre, Tindal, and Chadderton, 
 who violently supported the tenets of abso- 
 lute predestination, and whilst he gave a 
 niore moderate explanation to the doctrine 
 in his sermons and in bis lectures, he found 
 himself cited before the vice chancellor, and 
 accused before archbishop Whitgift ; and 
 though lord Burleigh the chancellor disap- 
 proved of the virulence of his prosecutors, 
 he found himself obliged to leave Cambridge 
 for Crutchedfriars, London, where he died. 
 He was buried in St. Olave, Hart-street. His 
 writings were on divinity subjects, and in 
 Latin. 
 
 Baroche, Frederic, a painter of Urbi- 
 no, who learnt sculptor of his father, and 
 arciiitecture and geometry and perspective 
 of his uncle, and drew the heads of his Vir- 
 gins after the features of his sister, and thoso 
 of bis Jesuses after his nephew. Cardinal de 
 la Rovere became early his patron, but the 
 
BA ^^^ 
 
 jealousy of his rivals proved nearly fatal. 
 He was maliciously poisoned, and though he 
 recovered by the immediate application of 
 medicine, his constitution grev/ weak and 
 languid, and he lingered in an unhealthy 
 state, till his 84th year, 1612. His paintings 
 are in great esteem, his historical pieces are 
 deservedly admired, but he shines with su- 
 perior lustre in the execution of his devo- 
 tional portraits. His merit was universally 
 admitted, and his infirmities alone prevented 
 him from excepting the honors which were 
 liberally offered to him by the duke of Tus- 
 cany, the emperor Rodolph II. and Phi- 
 lip II. of Spain. In correctness he is great ; 
 he understood well the effects of light and 
 shade, and though the attitudes of some of 
 his figures are out of proportion, he certain- 
 ly may be said to approach near the softness 
 and graces of Corregio. 
 
 Baron, Bonaventure, a native of Clon- 
 mel, Ireland, educated by his uncle Luke 
 Wadding, and afterwards employed as divin- 
 ity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 
 years, and died blind in a good old age, 
 March 18th, 1696. He was a learned and 
 voluminous writer. His Theologia in 6 vols, 
 is his best performance. See a list of his 
 ■works in sir James Ware's writers of Ire- 
 land, p. 253. 
 
 Baron, Michael, son of a merchant of 
 Issondun, became celebrated as a player. 
 His powers in expressing the passions were 
 unusually great and he was deservedly called 
 the Roscius of his time. He was not insen- 
 sible to the popularity which he enjoyed, and 
 Avith arrogance and vanity he observed, that 
 once in a century perhaps a Cajsar might 
 arise, but that 2000 years were requisite to 
 produce a Baron- His superior excellence 
 ■was in a great degree owing to his own ex- 
 ertions, so that Racine in representing his 
 Andromache to the actors, with the judg- 
 ment and correctness of a poet and of a man 
 of feeling, paid him the highest compliment, 
 assuring him that he could give him no in- 
 structions, ** for added he your own heart 
 will tell you more than any lessons of mine 
 can suggest." He died at Paris 22d Dec. 
 1729, aged 17. Three volumes in l2mo. of 
 theatrical pieces, appeared in 1760, under 
 his name, of which however some supposed 
 that he was not the author. His dialogue is 
 lively, and his scenes diversified; but there 
 is not frequently that brilliancy of coloring 
 tvhich an acquaintance with the manners of 
 the great could have supplied. His " Co- 
 quette, — I'ecole des peres, — rhomrae a bon- 
 ne fortune, &c." are his best pieces. His 
 father Avas also on the stage for some time. 
 When playing Don Diego in the Cid his 
 sword fell, and kicking it as the character 
 required, he wounded his little toe against 
 the point, but he disregarded the blow till a 
 gangrene informed him of his danger. He 
 might have saved his life by amputation, but 
 he observed, that a theatrical monarch with 
 a wooden leg would be hissed, and there- 
 fore he waited patiently the slow approach- 
 es of death, which happened in 1655. 
 
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 Baron, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned 
 physician of Paris, author of a Latin disser- 
 tation on chocolate. He had also some share 
 in the pharmacopoeia of Paris for 1732. He 
 died 29th .July, 1758, aged 72. 
 
 Baroni, Adrianne Basile, a native of 
 Mantua, sister to the poet Basile. She was 
 sc admired for her beauty, her wit, and her 
 accomplishments, that A-blumes were written 
 in her praise. Her daughter Leonora posses- 
 sed equal chaims, and met equal admiration, 
 and in 1639, a collection of peices in Latin, 
 Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was 
 published, in which her beauty and her per- 
 fections were portrayed w*^ith all the graces 
 of poetry. She resided long at Rome, where 
 she appeared occasionally as a singer. She 
 also wrote some poetical trifles. 
 
 Baronius, Csesar, a native of Sora in 
 Italy, educated at Veroli, Naples, and Rome. 
 In this last place he became a priest, and 
 was appointed soon after confessor to Cle- 
 ment VIII. keeper of his library, and raised 
 to the rank of cardinal. On the death of the 
 pope 1605 he was nearly elevated to the pon- 
 tificate, as he had 31 voices in his favor, but 
 his election was opposed by the Spanish fac- 
 tion, as he had asserted that the claims of 
 the king of Spain on Naples were founded on 
 false grounds. His constitution was injured 
 by his intense application, so that in his old 
 age he digested his food with difficulty. He 
 died 30th June, 1607, aged 68. His works 
 are numerous and valuable, especially )iis 
 Annales ecclesiastic!, in 12 vols. fol. abridged 
 by several authors, by H. Spondseus, Lud. 
 Aurelio, and Bazovius. 
 
 BarouDuSobeil, N. a native of Lyons, 
 distinguished as a lawyer, and as a man of 
 letters. He translated some things from the 
 Knglish, and wrote the eulogy of his friend 
 Prost de Royer. He Avas put to death after 
 the siege of Lyons, at the end of 1792, by the 
 bloody revolutionists. 
 
 Barozz.!, James, an architect, born in 
 the dutchy of Modena, and better known by 
 the name of Vignola. His skill in architec- 
 ture was displayed in the splendid edifi- 
 ces of Bologna, and in the canal between 
 Ferrai'a and Bologna. He succeeded M. An- 
 gelo as the architect in the erection of St. 
 Peter's at Rome, and died threre 1577. He 
 was member of the academy of designs at 
 Rome, and was much noticed during an ex- 
 cursion in France. He wrote a treatise on 
 perspective, and also rules for the five orders 
 of architecture, a popular work which has 
 passed through 16 editions. 
 
 Barrai., Peter, an ecclesiastic of Greno- 
 ble, who kept a school at Paris, and distin- 
 guished himself as the author of a diction- 
 aire historique, &c. des homraes celebres, 
 6 vols 8vo. a work generally esteemed, though 
 in some ai'ticles partial and unnecessarily se- 
 vere. He also abridged Pitiscus's dictionaire 
 des antiq. Rom. and published an abstract 
 of Sevigne's letters. His style was manly and 
 vigorous, though occasionally negligent and 
 incorrect He died at Paris, July 21st, 1772. 
 
 B arre, Francois Poullain de la, a French 
 
BA 
 
 yss 
 
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 ecclesiastic at Paris, who obtained a profes- 
 sorial chair at Geneva. He died there 17-23. 
 He published some treatises on the equality 
 of the two sexes, the education of women, 
 &c. in a style little above mediocrity. 
 
 Barue, Louis Francois Jos. de la, a na- 
 tive of Tournay, member of the academy 
 des inscriptions, editor of Moreri's dictiona- 
 ry, and author of some books on antiquarian 
 history, &c. among which are memoirs of the 
 history of France and Burgundy. He also 
 assisted Banduri in his imperium orientale, 
 and in his coUeetion of Roman medals from 
 Decius. He was rewarded with a pension 
 by the grand duke of Tuscany, and died at 
 Paris 1738, aged 50. 
 
 Barre, Michel dela, a musician of Paris, 
 eminent as a player on the German flute, and 
 as the author of some musical eompositions. 
 He died 1744. 
 
 Barre, Joseph, an ecclesiastic, canon of 
 St. Genevieve, and chancellor of the univer- 
 sity of Paris, where he died 2.3d of June 1764, 
 aged 72. He was well versed in ecclesiasti- 
 cal and profane history. His history of 
 Germany 1 1 vols. 4to. is the best of his works, 
 though it does not abound either in eleganc 
 of language, choice of matter, or happy and 
 interesting combination of events. He pub- 
 lished, besides a life of ma-rshal de Fabert, 2 
 vols. 12rao. — History of the laws and the tri- 
 bunals, of Justice, 4to. — Vindicise librorum 
 deutero-canonicorura veteris Test. &c. 
 
 Barre, Madame du, celebrated as the 
 mistress of the efi'eminate Lewis XV. was 
 the daughter of an obscure silversmith of 
 Pai'is, of the name of Chivaux. Her eldest 
 sister was the mistress of a colonel Barre, 
 and in visiting her she was accidently seen 
 and admired by the fickle monarch. That 
 she might the better improve this infamous 
 attachment, she secretly married the bro- 
 ther of her sister's seducer, and was now re- 
 ceived at court, and loaded with all the hon- 
 ors and riches which a captivated master 
 could teStow. At the revolution she was ac- 
 cused before the bloody tribunal, who wished 
 to share her ill acquired opulence, and she 
 was dragged to the scaffold, where her fears 
 and pusillanimity exposed her to the deri- 
 sion of her enemies, and the contempt of 
 the spectators, and she closed like a coward 
 a life of guilt, licentiousness, and infamy, 1793. 
 
 Barreaux, Jacques Vallee, a native of 
 Paris, known, by the libertinism of his life 
 and conversation. As his connections were 
 noble, and his income ample, he spared no- 
 thing to give variety to his voluptuous pur- 
 suits ; his winters were passed in the mild 
 elimate of Florence, and in summer he was 
 lost amidst the dissipation of the capital. In 
 his old age lie became a convert to Christian- 
 ity. He died at Chalons snr-Saone 1673, in 
 his 72d year. An elegant sonnet " Grand 
 I>ieu, Sec." is the only thing which he wrote, 
 and some even have asserted that it was not 
 his composition. 
 
 Barrei.ier, James, a Dominican, who, 
 as a preaching tViar, made the tour of Snain, 
 Fvnneo, nnd Italy. As ho ^.va? particulaHv 
 
 fond of botany he made a large cullection oT 
 plants, &c. during his journey, and he inten- 
 ded to give a general history of plants called 
 Hortus mundi, or Orbis botanicus, when a fa- 
 tal asthma stopped his useful laboi's 1673, in 
 his 67th year. A collection of his intended 
 work was afterwards published by de Jus- 
 sieu, called " Plantae per Galliam, &c. obser- 
 vatae cum iconibus iEneis, 1714, in folio. 
 
 Barrere, Peter, a physician of reputa- 
 tion at Perpignan, author of treatises on the 
 color of negroes, 4to. 1741, on the history of 
 equinoctial France, &c. 1748, 12mo. He di- 
 ed 1755. 
 
 Barrett, George, a native of Dublin, 
 eminent as a self-taught painter. In his 
 youth he obtained the prize of 50/. from the 
 Dublin society for the best landscape in oil, 
 and in 1702 he also with another landscape 
 gained a similar prize from the London socie- 
 ty for the encouragement of arts. He was, 
 zealous in the establishment of the royal 
 academy, of M'hich he was member. His 
 most admired pieces are preserved in the 
 collections of the dukes of Portland and Buc- 
 cleugh, Mr. Locke and others. He died 
 1784, aged 52. 
 
 Barrett, William, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, who settled at Bristol as a surgeon, 
 and devoted much of his time for twenty 
 years in making collections for the history \ 
 of that city. The work was published in 
 4to. 1788, and the author died the next year. 
 He was interested much in the Chattertonian 
 controversy, as he was one of the earliest 
 friends and patrons of the unfortunate youth. 
 
 Barriere, Pierre, a man who, from a 
 sailor, became a soldier, and formed the 
 project of assassinating Henry IV. of France 
 He imparted this diabolical purpose to Se- 
 raphiu Bonchi an Italian monk, who inform- 
 ed the courtiers of the king's danger, and 
 Barriere was seized and broken on the wheel 
 at Melun 26th Aug. 1693. 
 
 Barrington, John Sliute, son of Ben- 
 jamin Shute, merchant, was born at Theo- 
 bald's, Herts, and partly educated at Utrecht. 
 He early embibed the tenets of the dissen- 
 ters, in whose favor he wrote some treatises. 
 He applied himself to the law, and so con- 
 spicuous were his abilities, and so great his 
 authority among the dissenters considered, 
 that the ministry, at the instance of lord 
 Somers, applied to him when he was but 
 24 years old to exert his influence with the 
 Scotch Presbyterians to promote the union 
 of the two kingdoms. He was successful, 
 and his labors were rewarded by the appoint- 
 ment of commissioner of the customs in 
 1708, from which however he was removed 
 three years after on the change of adminis- 
 tration. His character was so highly respec- 
 ted that John Wildman, esq. of Becket, 
 Berks, though a strangei', left him his es- 
 tate, and some years after the same liberal 
 and honorable compliment was paid him by 
 Francis Barrington of Tofts, Avho had mar- 
 ried his relation, and whose name and arms 
 he assumed, Mr. Shute sat in parliament 
 for Bervvick-upon-Tweod, hut he did not 
 
BA 
 
 /S^f 
 
 UA 
 
 disUuguish himself as an eloquent or a fre- 
 quent speaker. In 1720 he was raised to the 
 peerage of Ireland by the title of Viscount 
 Harrington, but in 1723 his character was 
 undeservedly tarnished for his conduct in 
 the Harburgh lottery, for which he was ex- 
 pelled from the house. He died at Becket 
 Dec. 4th, 1734, in his 66th year. He was 
 the disciple and the friend of the famous 
 Mr. Locke. He was author of miscellanea 
 sacra in two vols. 8vo. explaining the spirit- 
 ual gifts, &c. by which the apostles propaga- 
 ted Christianity, a work which strongly sup- 
 ported the truth of religion, and which shook 
 the infidelity of Anthony Collins. He wrote 
 also other treatises on divinity and po- 
 litical subjects, such as an essay on the several 
 dispensations of God to mankind — a tract 
 on the toleration of protestant dissenters 
 J 701, — the rights of protestant dissenters in 
 2 parts, — and in these he displayed not only 
 erudition but a warm attachment to the 
 lyghts of mankind, and stronglj' maintained 
 the importance and necessity of free inquiry 
 in matters of religion. He married Anne, 
 daughter of William Daines, by whom he 
 Iiad six sons and three daughters. 
 
 Barrington, Daines, fourth son of loi'd 
 Barrington, was, in 1757, appointed a Welsh 
 judge, and afterwards second justice of Ches- 
 ter. These offices, which he discharged with 
 great dignit)', he resigned some years before 
 his death, and devoted himself to those lite- 
 rary pursuits which he loved. He was author 
 of observations on the statutes, 4to. — tracts on 
 the probability of reacJ-ing the north pole, 4to, 
 &c. — and made besides valuable communica- 
 tions to the royal and antiquarian societies, of 
 which he was a distinguished member, and of 
 the last of which he was vice-president. He 
 died Mai'ch 14, 1800, aged 73, at his cham- 
 bers in the Temple, and was buried in the 
 Temple church. 
 
 Barrington, Samuel, fifth son of lord 
 Barrington, distinguished himself by his na- 
 val services, especially in the West-Indies, at 
 the taking of St. Lucia, and at the siege of 
 Gibraltar with lord Howe in 1782. He was 
 made post captain 1747, rear admiral in 
 1778, and died 16th August 1800, aged 71. 
 
 Barros, or De Barros, John, a native 
 of Viseo, engaged as preceptor to the chil- 
 dren of Emanuel, king of Portugal. After 
 being three years governor of St. George, on 
 the coast of Africa, he was recalled by his 
 pupil, king Juan, to be treasurer of the In- 
 dies ; and iu this employment he formed the 
 design of writing the history of that lately 
 discovered part of the globe. He died at 
 Pompal, the place of his literary retire- 
 ment, 1570, in his V'4th year. His history is 
 divided into 4 decades, and though censured 
 by la Boulaye le Goux, and extolled by Fos- 
 sevin and de Thou, it contains a collection 
 of many hitherto unknown facts, though un- 
 adorned with the graces of elegance, or the 
 strictest attachment to truth. Alfonso Ulloa 
 translated the bo.ik from Portuguese into 
 Spanish. The work was edited, 3 vol.s. fol. 
 Lisbon, 1736. 
 
 Barrow, Isaac, a native of Spiney Ab- 
 bey, Cambridgeshire, educated at Peter- 
 house, of which he became fellow. He was 
 ejected in 1643, and then retired to Oxford, 
 and was made chaplain of New college, and 
 after the restoration he was consecrated bi- 
 shop of Sodor and Man, and soon after trans- 
 lated to St. Asaph. He died 1680, and was 
 buried in St. Asuph cathedral. The two sees 
 over which he presided were much benefit- 
 ted by his liberality, especially the former. 
 
 Barrow, Isaac, a learjied mathematician 
 and divine of an ancient family in Suffolk, 
 Avas born in London. From the Charter- 
 house, where he gave few proofs of applica- 
 tion, and many of his fondness for fighting, 
 he went to Felsted in Essex, where a change 
 of disposition from indolence to industry soon 
 distinguished him. He was admitted pen- 
 sioner of Peter-house, CamVidge, 1643; 
 but when he went two years after to reside, 
 he became member of Trinity college, where 
 his uncle had entered, after being ejected 
 from Peter-house for writing against the 
 covenant. He was afterwards chosen fel- 
 low of the college ; but though his income was 
 small, from the losses which the civil war 
 had brought upon his father, he did not in- 
 gloriously submit to the ruling powers ; and 
 though he inadvertently subscribed to the 
 covenant, he soon repented of this weak- 
 ness, and insisted upon the erasure of his 
 name. His studies were directed to divini- 
 ty ; but when he observed the connection 
 which exists between chronology and astro- 
 nomy, he applied himself with indefatigable 
 zeal to those higher sciences, and made a 
 rapid progress besides in^anatomy, botany, 
 and chemistry. Upon his disappointment in 
 not being elected Greek professor, on the 
 death of Dr. Duport, he resolved to travel, 
 and to suppl) his expenses he parted with 
 his books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He 
 visited Paris, Leghorn, and Florence, and 
 every where enriched the stores of his mind 
 by observation and inquisitive researches. 
 His progress might, however, have been 
 checked, had not his pecuniary difficulties 
 been removed by the liberality of Mr. James 
 Stock, a young merchant of London, whom 
 he met at Florence. From I^eghorn he pas- 
 sed to Smyrna, and in his voyage displayed 
 his uncommon courage, by assisting the 
 crew of the vessel in beating off an Algerine 
 corsair that threatened them with death or 
 slavery. He passed from Smyrna to Constan- 
 tinople, where he resided one year, and re- 
 turned to England through Venice, Germany, 
 and Holland, in 1659. He now took orders, 
 agreeable to the statutes of his college, and 
 in 1660, he was elected to the Greek profes- 
 sorship of the university, and two years af- 
 ter, to that of geometrj' in Gresham college. 
 The next year he was made Lucasian mathe- 
 matical lecturer at Cambridge, an office 
 Avhich, in 1669, he resigned to his grent 
 friend Isaac Newton, that he might with 
 closer ax>plication devote himself to divinity. 
 He now received the preferment Avhich was 
 due to his mci'it from his uncle, bishop of 
 
BA 
 
 yt^s 
 
 CA 
 
 St. Asaph, and from Ward, bishop of Salis- 
 bury, and, in 1672, the king, whom he 
 served by his conduct, and flattered by his 
 poetry, raised him to the mastership of 
 Trinity college, observing, with real truth, 
 that he gave it to the best scholar in Eng- 
 land. He was vice chancellor in 1675; but 
 his public services were of short duration. 
 He died of a fever, 4th May, 1077, aged 47, 
 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where 
 his friends, by contribution, erected a mo- 
 nument over him, of which the epitaph was 
 written by Dr. Mapletoft. The writings of 
 Barrow are numerous and valuable, and 
 chiefly on mathematical subjects. As a di- 
 vine he was great as well as exemplary, so 
 that Charles 11. whose chaplain he was, cal- 
 led him, with propriety, " an unfair preach- 
 er," meaning that he exhausted every sub- 
 ject, and left nothing for others to say. Bar- 
 row is a remarkable instance of the amend- 
 ment which may happily be produced from 
 youthful irregularities. His conduct when a 
 boy was so displeasing to his father, that the 
 old man was heard to say, that if it pleased 
 God to take any of his children, he hoped it 
 might be his son Isaac. The mathematical 
 part of his valuable works consists of Euclidis 
 elementa, & data — lectiones geometricse — 
 Archimedis opera — Apollonii conicorum, li- 
 bri 4. — Theodosii sphericorum, libri 3. — 
 Nov4 methodo illustrata et succinct^ de- 
 monstrata — & lectio in qua theoremata 
 
 Archimedis de sphsera et cylindro & 
 
 mathematicaj lectiones habitse in scholis 
 publicis acad. Cantab, published after his 
 death. His sermons are highly esteemed, 
 and have been frequently edited. His works 
 in English were published together by Dr. 
 Tillotson, in 3 vols. fol. 1682. 
 
 Barry, Girald, a native of Pembroke- 
 shire, called Giraldus Cambrensis. He was 
 of a respectable family, and obtained prefer- 
 ment in the church, and was at last nomina- 
 ted bishop of St. David's by the chapter, 
 which, however, could not be sanctioned by 
 the pope. When afterwards oftered the 
 same bishopric, in 1215, he indignantly I'e- 
 fused it. He is author of the history of the 
 conquest of Ireland, and of the topographia 
 Hibernica, edited by Camden, 1602^ — itine- 
 rarium Cambrite, edited by Dr. Powel, be- 
 sides ecclesice speculum against the monks. 
 
 Barry, James, son of the representative 
 of Dublin, was brought up to the bar, and 
 in 1629, made king's serjeant, and in 1634, 
 knighted, and appointed one of the barons 
 of the exchequer. At the restoration he 
 was made chief justice of the king's bench, 
 and raised to the peerage, by the title of lord 
 Santry. He was intimate with the unfortu- 
 nate Stafford; and died 1673, and was buried 
 in Christ Church, Dublin. He wrote the 
 case of tenures upon the commission of de- 
 fective titles, pubHshed, Dublin, fol. 1637, 
 and 12mo. 1725. 
 
 Barry, Spranger, was born in Dublin, 
 
 son of a silversmith, 20th November, 1719. 
 
 After following unwillingly for two or three 
 
 years, his father's business, his inclination 
 
 VOL. I. 19 
 
 for theatrical pursuits burst forth, and, in 
 1744, be appeared on the stage, in the cha- 
 racter of Othello. As his acting was of supe- 
 rior order, he Avas received with unprece- 
 dented applause ; and he so highly establish- 
 ed his character at Cork, as well as in the 
 capital, that he ranked with the great names 
 of Garrick, Cibber, Sherioan, Quin, and 
 Woflington, M-ho at that season were enga- 
 ged on tbe Dublin stage, and from whose ex- 
 ertions in producing full and applauding 
 houses, a Barry, Quin, or Garrick fever, 
 became proverbial for diseases contracted in 
 an overloaded theatre. In 1746, Barry came 
 to England ; but his connection with Drury- 
 lane was of short duration. In Corent-gar- 
 den, however, he became a formidable op- 
 ponent to the great lioscius, as he played 
 the same characters, and divided with him 
 the applauses of the town. After eleven 
 years of arduous contention, in which the 
 highest powers of theatrical eloquence were 
 successfully displayed by both rivals, Barry 
 joined with Woodward, of Covent-garden, in 
 an expedition to Ireland, where they built, 
 at great expense, two elegant jjlay-houses, at 
 Dublin and Cork. The plan did not, how- 
 ever, succeed. Woodwai-d left his friend to 
 settle the debts of this ruinous scheme, and 
 returned to London, where he was followed, 
 in 1766, by Barry. Barry engaged with 
 Foote at the" Opera-house, Hay-Market, and 
 there introduced his wife in the character 
 of Desdemona, which she supported with so 
 much force and propriety that Garrick, then 
 in the pit, 'admired her powers, and not on- 
 ly foretold the high rank to which her abili- 
 ties were soon to raise her, but actually en- 
 gaged her and her husband at Drury-lane. 
 In 1773, he returned to Covent-garden, 
 where, though broken by infirmities, and 
 the agonies of hereditary gout, he occasion- 
 ally called forth those bursts of universal ap- 
 plause which soothed his old age, and brought 
 back to his recollection the exertions of his 
 more vigorous years. He died 1774, univer- 
 sally X'egretted. His greatest characters 
 were Othello, Macbeth, Lear, Essex, and 
 Jafiier; and so powerfully expressive of 
 grief and agony were his features, that the 
 spectators, says a writer of the times, were 
 disposed to pity before he spoke, and his 
 broken throbs so wrung the soul that their 
 disti'ess could be relieved only by torrents of 
 tears. In his person, Barry was pleasing, 
 elegant, and graceful, his address was in-, 
 sinuating, and his judgment so correct, that 
 the man was lost in the actor. 
 
 Barry, James, a native of Cork, in Ire- 
 land, whose genius eai'ly marked him for 
 eminence as a painter. His piece on the 
 legendary baptism of the king of Cashel re- 
 commended him to the notice of the Dublin 
 society for the encouragement of arts ; and 
 by a consequent introduction to Mr. Burke, 
 he was noticed by Johnson, sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds, and other men of great public fame. 
 By the friendship of his patron Burke, he 
 Avas enabled to travel through France and on 
 the continent^ and to improAe himself in the 
 
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 /S^ 
 
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 celebrated schools of Italy. On his retuf" to 
 England, in 1772, he published in reply to 
 Winkelman, an inquiry into the real and 
 imaginary obstructions to the acquisition of 
 the arts in England. About this time he 
 -wished, with otiier artists, to adorn St. Paul's 
 cathedral with religious paintings ; but the 
 plan was lejectea, as unworthy of the simple 
 spirit of the prolestant faith ; and therefore 
 lie proposed to the society of arts to adorn 
 their great room with allegorical paintings ; 
 v.hich noble and patriotic design was com- 
 pleted in the labor of seven years, in a series 
 of six -K^vy beautiful and correct pictures. 
 \\\ 1777 he was elected royal academician, 
 add in 1786 appointed professor ot painting 
 to tlie royal academy, lie was, in 1799, I'e- 
 laoved from his office, and soon after expel- 
 led from the learned body whose fame and 
 honor he had long supported by the elegant 
 hibors of his pencil and the animated lan- 
 guage of his lectures. The cause of this dis- 
 grace is attributed by some to the republican 
 principles entertained, and publicly set forth, 
 by the professor, too often in a manner of- 
 fensive to the feehngs of moderate and im- 
 partial men. I'his eminent artist was at- 
 tacked by a paralytic stroke, which ten days 
 aftei- proved fatal. He died 22d March, 
 1806, and was buried in St. Pavd's cathedral, 
 with every mark of respect from some of the 
 learned' societ} of which he had been a 
 member. At his death he was engaged in a 
 picture of Pandora, of unusual size, 18 feet 
 long and 10 broad, which therefore remains 
 unfinished. Several of his pieces have been 
 engraved, especially his Jupiter, by Smith, 
 his Venus rising from the sea, by Green, &c. 
 
 Barry, George, a Scotch divine, born in 
 lierwickshire, educated at Edinburgh, and 
 successively minister of Kirk-wall and of 
 vShapinhay in the Orkneys, where he died, 
 uSeptember 1805, aged 57. His statistical ac- 
 count of his two parishes for the publica- 
 tion of sir John Sinclair was much admired, 
 and his reputation as a writer and as a pub- 
 lic teacher procured him from the univer- 
 ijity of Edinburgh the degree of D. D. Much 
 of his time was devoted to the history of the 
 seven islands of the Oikneys, and this very 
 valuable composition made its appearance a 
 little before the author's death, in one vol. 
 4to. adorned with maps, kc. From his cha- 
 racter as a preacher. Dr. Barry was ap- 
 pointed, by the society for propagating Chris- 
 tian knowledge, their superintendant of the 
 schools in that distant part of Scotland. He 
 left a widow and nine children. 
 
 Barsuma or Barsoma, roetropoatau 
 of Nisibis, revived the doctrines of Nestorius. 
 He wrote several books in Syriac. — Also an- 
 other, who pi'opagated the tenets of Euty- 
 chius, and wrote in Syriac several treatises. 
 
 Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, a 
 Prench poet born at Monfort, in Armagnac. 
 1 le was commander of a corps of cavalry un- 
 iler Henry IV. ; and he travelled through 
 England, Denmark, and Scotland. The po- 
 em which rendered his fame known, was 
 )»>» commentary of the Aveek of creation, in 
 7 books; a work in which lie displayed his 
 
 conceit, as m ell as the barbarity of his agev 
 by calling the head the lodging of the under- 
 standing, the eyes the twinstars, the nose 
 the gutter or chimney, the teeth a double 
 palisade, used as a mill to the open gullet, &e. 
 This poem, so incorrect and so injudicious, 
 had, however, its admirers, and in five or six 
 years it passed through 30 editions. Bartas 
 wrote some other poetical pieces but all in 
 the same contemptible style. What, how- 
 ever, renders his character amiable, is the 
 integrity of his life, and the innocence and 
 modesty of his conduct. He retired from 
 the bustle of the world to his chateau de Bar- 
 tas, where his time was devoted to literary 
 pursuits. De Thou speaks of him in the 
 most flattering terms. He died 1 590, at the 
 age of 46. His works were collected by 
 Itigaud, in 1611, folio, Paris. The poem was 
 translated intoEnglisii by Sylvester. 
 
 Barth, John, was born at Dunkirk, and 
 by his bravery and enterprise he rose froia 
 the obscurity of a fisherman's occupation to 
 consequence in the French navy. When he 
 had the command of a squadron of sevea 
 frigates, he eluded the vigilance of the En- 
 glish and Dutch, who were blocking up Dun- 
 kirk, destroyed a fleet of 86 English mer- 
 chantmen, afterwards made a descent near 
 Newcastle, in Noi-thumberland, where he 
 destroyed 200 houses, and brought back 
 prizes to the value of 500,000 crowns. In 
 various actions with the Dutch, he distin- 
 guished himself by his courage, presence of 
 mind, and great dexterit)'. He often enga- 
 ged superior forces, and always obtained the 
 advantage ; and so high were his services con- 
 sidered that he was ennobled. In 1694 he 
 was particularly successful, as, with a smal- 
 ler number of ships, he attacked the Dut«h 
 fleet, which had captured the merchant 
 ships, laden with corn, which be was or- 
 dered to join, and had the good fortune to 
 take the whole of the enemy, besides those 
 of his own nation that had surrendered. His 
 uncouth figure and rough manners "were the 
 ridicule of the courtiers of Lewis XIV. 
 When the monarch told him that he had 
 made hiin chef d'escadre, you have done 
 very well, replied the unpolished seaman. 
 His language was incorrect, his words few, 
 and he could neither read nor write, but 
 merely was able to scrawl his name. This 
 great man, who rose without friends and 
 without patrons, by merit alone, died at Dun- 
 kirk, 27th April, 1702, of a pleurisy, at the 
 age of 51. His life was published, in 12rao. 
 in 1780. 
 
 Bartiie, Nicolas Thomas, author of 
 some dramatic pieces, of a translation of 
 Ovid's art of love into French verse, &c. 
 w as a native of Marseilles, and died at Paris, 
 1785, aged 52. 
 
 Barthelemi, Nicolas, a Benedictine 
 monk of the 15th century, born at Loches, 
 author of some Latin poems, now very 
 scarce, and a treatise on active and contem- 
 plative life. They are mostly devotional. 
 
 Barthelemi, Jean Jacques, celebrated 
 as the author of the voyage of Anacharsis, 
 was born at Casfjis, near Aubagne, iu Pro- 
 
the care of the medals of the king's i fairs for dev< 
 at Paris. He was afterwai'ds placed ; aged 71. H 
 
 BA /^ y ^^ 
 
 vevice, 20th January, 1716. He was edu- 1 and Holland, and made himself a perfect 
 cated at Marseilles in the oratorj^ and after | master of most of the foreign languages, as 
 devoting himself to Hebrew, Syriac, and , his elegant translations from the Spanish and 
 Greek, he was admitted into the church. French evidently show. He settled at Leip- 
 His abilities recommended him to Gros de | sic, and devoted himself totally to literature. 
 Boze, with whom he became, 1744, asso- ' In his old age he relinquished all worldly af- 
 
 devotion. He died September, 1658, 
 "is commentaries ou Statius and 
 Claudian, in 4to. and his adversax'ia, id fol. 
 are his best works. 
 
 Bartholin, Gaspard, a native of Mal- 
 moe in Schonen, who is said, at the age of 
 three, to have learned to read perfectly in 
 fourteen days, and to have composed with 
 correctness at the age of 13 some Greek 
 and Latin orations. After finishing his stu- 
 dies, he travelled thi'ough the greatest part 
 of Europe, and directed his attention to 
 medicine, in which science lie took his de- 
 gree. He at last settled at Copenhagen as 
 ■with a pension of about !250/. a year, to which { Latin pi'ofessor, an employment which, six 
 ■was added, in 1765, the place of treasurer of j months after, he exchanged for the chair of 
 St. Martin de Tours, and, five years after, medicine, which he fdled with ci*edit and 
 the post of secretary-general to the Swiss * respectability. A severe illness, however, 
 guards. The public had already applauded } alarmed Iris conscience, naturally weak, and 
 the literary abilities of Barthelemi, who had he vowed to apply himself to divinity if he 
 been admitted into the French academy, recovered. He kept his vow, and afterwards 
 ■when his great work, entitled the voyage of j succeeded to the theological professorship 
 
 ciale m 
 cabinet at 
 
 in the office of secretary to the academy of 
 inscriptions, and on the death of Boze he 
 succeeded as keeper of the cabinet of me- 
 dals. He visited Italy in 1755, and not only 
 enlarged the powers of his own mind, but 
 benefited the republic of letters by the ju- 
 dicious observations which lie made on the 
 valuable relics of the lately discovered city 
 of Herculaneum. On his return to France, he 
 was honored with a seat in the royal society of 
 London, and his services to literature were re- 
 warded by the minister, the duke de Choiseul, 
 
 the young Anacharsis in Greece, which ap- 
 peared in 7 vols. 8vo. 1788, commanded the 
 universal admiration of the world. This 
 composition was the labor of 30 years, and 
 in elegant and chaste style exhibited the 
 most pleasing charactei's of antiquity, inter- 
 spersed with philosophical reflections, inte- 
 resting anecdotes, «nd amusing descriptions, 
 and every where abounded with proofs of 
 judgment, taste, and erudition. In 1793, the 
 venerable philosopher was dragged from his 
 peaceful retreat, under the reign of terror, 
 to a prison ; but he was soon after liberated, 
 by order of the government, at a moment 
 when, with calmness and resignation, he 
 expected the fatal decree which had already 
 hurried so many of his countrymen to the 
 grave. He died 30th April, 1795, universally 
 respected, not only for his learning, but the 
 mildness of his tempei", for his modesty, 
 and his affability and unaffected manners. He 
 wrote, besides other works, contributions, 
 chiefly on medallic subjects, to the memoirs 
 of the academy of inscriptions, and the 
 journal des savans. 
 
 Barthelemi des Martyrs, a Domi- 
 nican of Lisbon, made archbishop of Bra- 
 ganza, and highly extolled by Roman catho- 
 lic writers for his great charity and other 
 meritorious actions, in times of public dan- 
 ger and calamity. He died 1590, aged 76. 
 
 Barthius, Gaspard, a native of Custrln, 
 in Brandenburg. As his father was pro- 
 fessor of civil law at Frankfort on the Oder, 
 he received the best instruction, so that he 
 is mentioned by Baillet as having, at 12 years 
 of age, translated the psalms into Latin 
 verse, of every measure. He unfortunately 
 lost his father, but his education was not 
 on that account neglected. He went through 
 all the universities of Germany, and after- 
 wards visited Italy, France, Spuin, England, 
 
 on the death of Aslach. He died of a vio- 
 lent cholic, the 13th July, 1029, at Sora, 
 aged 44. His works were on anatomy, me- 
 taphysics, logic, and I'hetoric. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, son of the pi-e- 
 ceding, Avas born at Copenhagen, 20th Oc- 
 tober, 1616. He studied physic at Leyden, 
 Paris, Montpeliei", Padua, Malta, and Ba- 
 sil ; and in 1646 he I'cturned to his native 
 city, where he w*is appointed mathematical 
 professor, and the next year promoted to 
 the anatomical chair, which he held for 
 thirteen years. Ill health obliged him to re- 
 sign, and he retired to his small estate of 
 Hagested, near the capital, wliere his hopes 
 of repose and literary ease were disturbed 
 by the destruction of liik library and valuable 
 papers by fire in 1670. His misfortunes 
 did not pass unnoticed. The university of 
 Copenhagen made him librarian, and the 
 monarch made him his physician, with a 
 handsome salary, exemption from taxes, and 
 the honor of a seat in the council of Den- 
 mark. He died 4th December, 1680. His 
 works are chiefly on medical subjects. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was professor of liistory and law at 
 Copenhagen, and counsellor to the king. He 
 died 1690. He published antiquitates Da- 
 nicse, &c. His brother Erasmus was pro- 
 fessor of geometry and medicine at Copen- 
 hagen, and died 1698, aged 73. Another 
 brother, called Gasper, succeeded his father 
 in the anatomical chair — Johu was professor 
 of theology — and a daughter called Mar- 
 garet was eminent as a poetess in the Da- 
 nish language. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the apos- 
 tles, who preached the gospel in the Indies, 
 in Ethiopia, and Lycaonia. It is said thart 
 he was flayed alive in Ai-menla ; bat the as> 
 sertion i.s not well autlicnticatcd. 
 
 ^/..^O-/^. '77 
 
BA 
 
 y^r^ 
 
 BA 
 
 Bartholomew, The Martyr, an eccle- 
 siastic, a native of Lisbon, who attended the 
 council of Trent, and was strenuously ur- 
 gent for the introduction of a reform among 
 the clergy. He was made archbishop of 
 Braga, where, daring a pestilence, he be- 
 haved with all the kindness of a friend, and 
 the mild benevolence of a good Christian. 
 He retired in his old age from his see to a 
 monastery, and died 1590, aged 76. His 
 works have appeared in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Bartlet, John, intimate with bishop 
 Hall, was minister of iSt. Thomas, near Ex- 
 eter, from which he Mas ejected for refusing 
 to comply with the act of conformity. He 
 died in a good old age. He Avas author of 
 some divinity tracts. His brother William 
 was also ejected from Bideford rectory, and 
 was a violent independent. He died 1682, 
 author of a model of church government. 
 
 Bartolt, Daniel, a Jesuit of Ferrara, 
 who settled at Rome, where he published 
 several historical works, in Italian. His best 
 composition was an history of his society, in 
 6 vols, folio, and translated into Latin by 
 Giannini ; and he deserves the praise of la- 
 borious attention, of purity and precision in 
 style, and happiness in diction. He died at 
 Home, 16S5, aged 77, much respected. 
 
 Bartoli, Cosimo, a native of Florence, 
 sent to Venice as the lesident of the great 
 duke Cosmo. He continued there five years, 
 and wrote an account of Frederic Barbarossa 
 in Italian, besides other Avorks, in the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Bartolo, a lawyer of eminence, born 
 in the march of Ancona. He took his de- 
 grees at Bologna, and became laAv professor 
 at Pisa, from whence he removed to Perugia. 
 He Avas honored with the title of counsellor 
 by the emperor Charles IV. and died 1359, 
 aged 46, leaving behind him 10 vols, in fol. on 
 Jaw subjects. 
 
 BartoJjOCci, Julius, a Cistercian monk 
 of Celauo, Naples, Hebi'ew professor of the 
 Neophytes at Rome. He published a bib- 
 liotheca rabbinica, 4 vols. fol. to Aihich his 
 pupil, Imbonati, added a 5th. He died 1st 
 November, 1687, aged 74. 
 
 Bar TOM, Elizabeth, a religious impostor 
 in the age of Ileni-y VIII. called the holy 
 maid of Kent. The convulsive fits and dis- 
 tortions to which she was subject, were con- 
 verted to purposes of deception by Masters, 
 the minister of Aldington, her native place, 
 and she was so perfectly instructed in her 
 art, that she imposed not only upon the vul- 
 gar, but upon the more enlightened mind of 
 sir Thomas More, bishop Fisher, and arch- 
 bishop Warham. Her external conduct, her 
 piety and devotion, countenanced her profes- 
 sion, and she was belicA^ed when she asserted 
 that she saw visions of angels, and that in 
 her trances the virgin Mary appeared to her 
 to comfort her. Commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to examine into the truth of these 
 reports, and when the artifice had so far suc- 
 ceeded, the impostor began to prophesy, and 
 she acknowledged that God had revealed to 
 Ler, that if Henry divorced queen Catha- 
 
 rine, his reign would not extend to a month's 
 duration. The popish priests, encouraged 
 by her success, fanned the flame, the king's 
 character Avas blackened, and he was even 
 insulted to his face by some of his preachers, 
 till the boldness of the imposture roused his 
 resen1,ment. The maid and her accompli- 
 ces Avere produced before the star-chamber, 
 the Avhole plot Avas revc^aled, and the confes- 
 sion of the actors was publicly read to the 
 astonished populace at St. Paul's cross, and 
 the holy maid and her confederates. Masters, 
 Bocking, Deering, &c. were condemned and 
 executed at Tyburn, April 20th, 1534, 
 
 Baruch, the prophet, author of a book 
 not received as canonical among either Chris- . 
 tians or Jews, was the friend and associate 
 of Jeremiah, whom he accompanied into 
 Egypt. He afterwards Avent to Babylon 
 Avith the Israelites in their captivity. 
 
 B ARWi CK, John, a nati\'e of Witherslack, 
 in Westmoreland, educated at Sedberg- 
 school, where he acted Avith credit the part 
 of Hercules in one of Seneca's tragedies. At 
 St. John's, Cambridge, he gained so much 
 reputation that, when only 20 years of age, 
 he pleaded before the privy council, in the 
 controverted election of a master. His zeal 
 in tlie royal cause was particularly great. 
 He wrote against the covenant, procured the 
 plate of the university for the king's service, 
 and managed with address and secrecy his 
 correspondence when at Carisbrook-castle 
 and in other places. His attachment was 
 transferred to Charles II. but he was at last 
 betrayed by one Bostock of the post oflice, 
 and he underwent all the severity of impri- 
 sonment, rendered still more terrible by the 
 ravages of disease, and the cruelty of his per- 
 secutors. When restored to liberty, his loy- 
 alty continued unabated, and, to his great 
 sagacity and retentive memory. Clarendon, 
 it is said, owes many of the materials of his 
 history. On the restoration of Charles, Bar- 
 Avick refused the bishopric of Sodor and Man, 
 and that of Cai'lise, satisfied with the deanery 
 of Durham, which he afterwards exchanged 
 for that of St. Paul's. He died of a pleurisy, 
 22d of October, 1664, aged 52. 
 
 Bar WICK, Peter, brother of the dean, 
 was eminent as a physician for his skill in 
 the small-pox, and in seAeral kinds of fevers. 
 He published in Latin a life of his brother, 
 and supported Harvey's doctrine of the cir- 
 culation of the bloo<l, and defended the Ei- 
 kon Basilike against Dr. Walker. He died 
 Aug. 1705. 
 
 Barzerini, a Mahomedan Avriter. 
 Another called Hagi, Avho Avi'otc in Turkish 
 verse " the five columns or grounds of Mus- 
 sulmanism." 
 
 Bas, Le, a French engraver of eminence. 
 His landscapes and sea pieces, particularly, 
 were well executed. Ke died since 1765. 
 
 Basch I, Matthew, a native of Urbino, who 
 became founder of a new order of Franciscan 
 capuchins, which Avas approved by a bull of 
 pope Urban VIII. He died at Venice, 1552. 
 
 Basedoav, John Bernard, a native of 
 Hamburgh, son of a barber. He was tlio 
 
BA 
 
 /S^ 
 
 BA 
 
 pupil of Reimarus, and afterwards studied 
 at Leipsic, and in consequence of his charac- 
 ter and abilities, he obtained, in 1753, the 
 chair of professor of moral philosophy and 
 ]>elles lettrcs at Soroe in Denmark, which, 
 however, he afterwards lost for speaking ir- 
 reverently of religion. He next, tried a plan 
 of education in a new method, but though he 
 obtained large sums of money to carry his 
 schemes into execution, the measures failed 
 upon trial. He w^as author of various works 
 of no great merit, though possessed of plau- 
 sible assertions. He died 1790, aged 67, a 
 victim it is said to intemperance. 
 
 Bashuysen, Henry James Van, a native 
 of Hanau, and there professor of ecclesiasti- 
 cal history, and of the oriental languages. 
 He was afterwards called to the divinity 
 chair of Berlin, and made member of the 
 royal society there. He printed in his own 
 house vai'ious learned woi'ks, chiefly on rab- 
 binical subjects, and died 1758, aged 79. 
 
 Basil, St. bishop of Csesarea after Euse- 
 bius 370 was exposed to the persecution of 
 Valens, because he refused to embrace Ari- 
 anism. He died 379, aged 53. 
 
 Basil, an Ariau made bishop of Ancyra 
 by Eusebius, on the deposition of Marcellus 
 His appointment was vacated by the council 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 Basil 1. a native of Adrianople, of an 
 obscure family. He was taken prisoner by 
 the Bulgarians when a soldier, and he esca- 
 ped to Constantinople, with only his wallet on 
 his back and his stick in his hand. Here he 
 was noticed by the emperor Michael, and 
 raised gradually to consequence, and at last 
 taken as partner of the empire. Basil dis- 
 covered that Michael, jealous of his popu- 
 larity, intended his destruction, and he anti- 
 cipated the blow, and became sole emperor 
 in 867. He reigned till 886, when he was kil- 
 led by a stag in hunting. He defeated the 
 Saracens at Csesarca, and he was distinguish- 
 ed for his prudence and his love of justice, 
 though some marks of weakness and ambi- 
 tion appear in his character. 
 
 Basil H. son of Rom anus, and emperor 
 of Constantinople after John Zimisccs, died 
 1025, aged 70, after a reign of 50 years. He 
 was valiant and fond of justice. His inhu- 
 manity, however is remarkable, after he had 
 in 1014 defeated the Bulgarians, killed 5000, 
 and taken 15,000 he permitted only one in 
 every 100 to retain his eye-sight, that he 
 might conduct his 99 eyeless companions to 
 their terrified monarch, who it is said sur- 
 vived only two days the hoi*i'id spectacle. 
 
 Basil, an impostor, who distui-bed the 
 peace of Constantinople in 934, by pretend- 
 ing to be Constantino Ducas, who had been 
 dead for some years. Romanus, however, 
 the reigni)ig emperor, resisted with success 
 the artifices and the designs of his rival, who, 
 after being punished in vain with the loss of 
 his hand, was at last seized and burned alive 
 at Constantinople. 
 
 B A si L, a physician, who became the head of 
 s, sect called the Bogomiles in Bulgaria, and re- 
 commended a community of goods, and even 
 of v.'ivcs. He was at last condemned for his 
 
 heresy, by a synod at Constantinople. He 
 pretended that God had another son called 
 Sathanaci, who revolted against his father, 
 and was hurled from heaven with the angels 
 which espoused his cause, and that he Mas 
 afterwards shut up in Iiell by Christ, wlio had 
 been sent to destroy him. 
 
 Basilides, a secretary of Alexandria, 
 in the second century, who ejijoined to his 
 folloAvers, a strict silence of five years. 
 
 Basilices, brother of Verina wife of 
 Leo 1. emperor of the east, was unsuccess- 
 ful in an ex])edition against Genseric, and 
 lost the greatest part of liis fleet. He after- 
 wards seized the empire under Zcno Isauricus, 
 and governed with cruelty. Two years after, 
 477, he Avas attacked by the deposed empe- 
 ror, his army was defeated, and he was 
 doomed to the horrors of a prison, where 
 he expired the following year. During his 
 short reign part of Constantinople was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and the valuable library of 
 upwards of 120,000 volumes was totally de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Basilowitz, Iwan, abold hero, who rose 
 against the tyranny of the Tartars, and in 
 giving freedom to his countrymen laid the 
 foundation of the Russian power, and first 
 assumed the name of Czar, and added Astra- 
 can to his dominions. He reigned 50 years, 
 and died 1584. He was succeeded by Foedor. 
 
 Basine, wife of Basin king of Thuringia, 
 fled from her husband to France to espouse 
 Childeric I, " Had I known a more valiant 
 hero than yourself," said she to this new- 
 lover, *' I would have flown over the seas to 
 his arms." She became mother of the great 
 Clovis. 
 
 Basingstoke or BasingjS, John, was 
 born at Basingstoke, and studied at Oxfoi'd 
 and Paris. He visited Athens, and brought 
 back several Greek MSS. He was intimate 
 with Grostete bishop of Lincoln, who made 
 him archdeacon of Leicester. His Avorks 
 are sermons, Latin translations from Greek 
 books, &c. He is supposed to have first in- 
 troduced the use of Greek numeral figures 
 into England. He died, according to Le- 
 land, 1252. 
 
 Basire, Isaac, D. D. a native of Jersey, 
 who studied at Cambridge, and was archdea- 
 con of Northumberland, and chajdain to 
 Charles L During the rebellion he retired 
 to Oxford, and in 164G travelled towards the 
 Levant with the intention of recommending 
 the doctrines of the church of England to 
 the Greeks. After preaching in Greek to 
 the bishops and clergy of the Morea, he ex- 
 tended his travels to Aleppo and Jerusalem, 
 where he visited the temple of the sepulchre, 
 and returned through Mesopotamia and Con- 
 stantinople to Transylvania, where George 
 Ragotzi II. the prince of the country, raised 
 him to a divinity professor's chair. On the 
 return of Charles II. he came back to Eng- 
 land, and was promoted to a prebend of Dur- 
 ham,Jand died October, 1676. His works were 
 diatriba de antiq. Eccles. Brit, libertate — a 
 letter to sir Richard Brown, relating to his 
 travels, &c. — the history of the English and 
 Scotch presln'(pry, ifcc. 
 
BA 
 
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 BA 
 
 Baskerville, John, a native of Wol- 
 verly, Worcestershire, distinguished as a 
 printer. As he was brought up to no occu- 
 pation, and in possession of an estate of only 
 60^. per annum, he became a writing master 
 at Birmingham, and afterwards turned his 
 attention to the lucrative trade of a japan- 
 jier, and five years after, in 1750, he com- 
 menced printer. He spent mucli money in 
 the improvement of this favorite pursuit, 
 and it was not before 1756 that he published 
 his first work, a beautiful 4to. edition of Vir- 
 gil. Other books equal in beauty and exe- 
 cution issued from his press, till in 17G5 he 
 solicited his friend Dr. Franklin to procure 
 jiira at Paris purchasers for his types. The 
 expenses of the war, of 175G, prevented his 
 meeting there, the encouragement which 
 he hoped, but after his death, the types 
 
 ambassador du Bois to follow his advice iu 
 the negotiation for an alliance between Hol- 
 land, France, and England ; and the exiled 
 protestant, as a reward for his political ser- 
 vices, obtained the restitution of all his for- 
 feited property. As a scholar Basnage was 
 of a superior order, iu private life he was 
 affable, candid, and sincere, and he had the 
 happiness of cultivating friendship with the 
 greatest men in Europe, his epistolary cor- 
 respondence with whom does honor to his 
 head and heart. He fell a victim to a com- 
 plication of disorders, 22d December, ^725, 
 in his 70th year. His works are numerous, 
 and his history of the Jews since the time of 
 Christ, 1.5 vols. 12mo. 171G, is particularly 
 valuable. 
 
 Basnage, Henry, brother to James, was 
 advocate of the parliament of Rouen, but he 
 
 much to the disgrace of the booksellers of fled to Holland upon the proscription of the 
 London, as well as the British nation, were 
 ■doomed to add celebrity to the labors of the 
 literati of France, a society of which pur- 
 
 chased them in 1779 for 3700^. and soon af- 
 ter expended not less than 100,000/. in prin- 
 ting the works of Voltaire. Baskerville, in 
 liis private character, was indolent, peevish, 
 and resentful, and he was so far an infidel 
 that he raised himself a mausoleum in his 
 ground that his body might not rest among 
 Christians, whose religion he disregarded. 
 He died 1775, aged 69, leaving no issue. 
 
 Baskerville, Sir Simon, knight, de- 
 scended from the ancient family of Bask- 
 erville in Herefordshire, was born at Exeter, 
 and studied at Exeter college, Oxford, of 
 M'hich he became fellow. In 1606 he was se- 
 nior proctor of the university, and he adorn- 
 ed his public character by an intimate ac- 
 quaintance with the learning of ancient and 
 modern times. He particularly devoted 
 himself to medicine, and as a physician in 
 London, he not only obtained distinction, 
 and the honor of knighthood, but he amas- 
 sed so large a fortune, that he was called 
 Baskerville the rich. It is said that he had 
 no less than 100 pjitients a week, and the 
 hospitality of his life, and his liberal and 
 affable manner, deserved the success which 
 he obtained. He died fifth July 1041, aged 
 68, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. 
 
 Basxage, James, a native of Rouen, in 
 Normandy, son of Henry. He studied at 
 Sauraur under Tauaquil Faber, and when 
 he had made a rapid progress in the ancient 
 as well as the modern languages, he went at 
 the age of 17 to Geneva, where he prepared 
 himself under the ablest masters for the mi- 
 jiistry. He settled in his native town, but 
 the disgrace of tlie protestants in 1685 drove 
 liira to Rotterdam, where he continued as 
 pastor till the interest of the pensionary 
 Hcinsius obtained for him, in 1709, a share 
 in the ministry of the Walloon church at the 
 Hague. Basnage distinguished himself, not 
 i^nly as a divine, but as a statesman, so that 
 V^oltaire said witli truth, that he was more 
 fit to be a minister of state than of a pai'ish. 
 His abilities were courted by the duke of Or- 
 leans, regent of Fiance, who directed his 
 
 protestants, and died there, March 29, 1710, 
 in his 54th year. Among other works, he 
 revised the diotionaire of Furetiere, 3 vols, 
 fol. 
 
 Basxage, Benjamin, a protestant, who 
 succeeded his father as minister of Carentan, 
 was author of a valuable treatise on the 
 church. He assisted at the national synod of 
 Charenton, and also came to Scotland un- 
 der James VI. as deputy from the French 
 churches. He died 1652, in his 72d year. 
 
 Basxage, Anthony, eldest son of Ben- 
 jamin, was minister of Bayeux, and after 
 being imprisoned at Havre de Grace for his 
 religion, he fled to Holland on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, where he died 1091, 
 aged 81. 
 
 Basxage du Fraq_uenay, Henry, 
 younger son of Benjamin, distinguished him- 
 self as an advocate at Rouen. He was emi- 
 nent for learning, as well as eloquence, as his 
 treatises show. He published the Coutume 
 de Xormandie, — a treatise on mortgages, &c. 
 and died 20th October, 1695, aged 80. 
 
 Basxet, Edward, a native of Denbigh- 
 shire, made in 1537 dean of St. Patrick iu 
 Ireland. During O'Neal's rebellion in 1539 
 he warmly espoused the cause of government, 
 and marched at the head of the troops in a 
 military character under the lord lieutenant, 
 and for his services was made a privy coun- 
 sellor, and received a grant of the lands of 
 Kilternan, in the neighbourhood of Dublin. 
 He died in the sixth Edward's reign. 
 
 Bass AX, James du Pont, a painter born at 
 Bassan in Italy. As he chiefly lived in the 
 country, and possessed a mind well stored 
 with literature, his pieces are generally on 
 subjects of landscapes, animals, and night 
 scenes, and with so much success that Annibal 
 Carrache was himself deceived by a book 
 which he had drawn on a wall, and which he 
 attempted to seize, as if real. In his flowers 
 he interwove serpents Avith great dexterity, 
 though little taste. His valuable pieces were 
 dispersed through Europe, and among others 
 Titian purchased several of them. Bassan 
 died at Venice 1592, aged 80, leaving four 
 sons, all painters. Of these Francis was em- 
 ployed by the V^cnetiau republic, with Paul 
 
BA 
 
 y^x 
 
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 Veronese and Tintoret, to adorn the palace 
 of St. Mark. He was of a melancholy turn, 
 and once thought himself pursued by ar- 
 chers, so that in a fit of self-created terror 
 he threw himself out of a window and died 
 soon after, 1694, aged 44. — Leander, another 
 brother, obtained as a reward for his pieces, 
 the collar of St. Mark, from the doge of Ve- 
 nice, and a gold medal from the emperor 
 Rodolphus II. — John Baptiste and Jerome 
 were eminent as imitators of the style and 
 manner of their father. 
 
 Bassandyne, Thomas, a Scotchman, 
 educated at Antwerp. He learned the art 
 of printing at Paris and Leyden, and retur- 
 ned home in 1558. He joined himself to the 
 reformers, and printed several valuable 
 books. He died 1591. 
 
 Bassani, James Anthony, a Jesuit of Vi- 
 cenza, eminent as an eloquent preacher, and 
 consequently distinguished by pope Benedict 
 XIV. He died 1747, 21st May, aged 61. 
 His sermons were published at Bologna and 
 Venice, 1752 and 1753. 
 
 Bassani, John Baptiste, an admired Ita- 
 lian composer, master to Corelli, in the 17th 
 century. His compositions are described by 
 Burney and Hawkins as chaste, and pathetic. 
 
 Bassantin, James, a Scotchman, who 
 after studying astronomy and the mathema- 
 tics at Glasgow, travelled in quest of leai'- 
 ning, through the Netherlands, Switzerland, 
 Italy, and Germany, and at last settled at 
 Paris, where he acquired both reputation 
 and money, as a mathematical teacher. He 
 returned in 1562 to his native country, and 
 became early acquainted with sir Robert 
 Melvil, a strong partisan of Mary queen of 
 Scots, and he afterwards supported the pre- 
 tensions and ambitious views of the earl of 
 Murray. Bassantin died 1568. In his reli- 
 gion he was a zealous protestant, as a man 
 of learning he was strongly tinctured with 
 the failings and the superstition of the time. 
 He placed great confidence in astrology, and 
 with more zeal than good sense asserted the 
 influence of the planets on the afiairs of the 
 world. His works are all on mathematical 
 subjects, and though not free from pedantry, 
 and improbable conclusions, they yet bear 
 strong testimony to his merits as a philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Basselin, OHver, a fuller of Vire in 
 Normandy, in the 13th century, known for 
 liis songs and ballads, called Vaudevilles by 
 corruption for Vaux do Vire, the place 
 where he lived. 
 
 Basset, Peter, chamberlain to Henry V. 
 accompanied that prince in all his expedi- 
 tions, of which he has given an interesting 
 account in one volume. The work has 
 never been printed, but is preserved in the 
 Jterald's oflice. The historian says that Hen- 
 ry died of a pleurisy, others hoM'ever attri- 
 bute his death to a different disordci'. 
 
 BASSijLaura, wife of Joseph Verati, hon- 
 ored in 1732 with the degree of doctor of 
 philosophy for her high mental accomplish- 
 ineiits, which she displayed in her lectures 
 n experimental philosophy. Her private 
 
 life was also deserving of the highest enco- 
 miums, and exhibited her as the possessor of 
 every amiable virtue. She died 20th Febru- 
 ary, 1778. 
 
 Bassith Khaiath, a Mahometan, au- 
 thor of a treatise on prayer. 
 
 Bassompierre, Francois de, a mare- 
 chal of France, of a family of distinction ia 
 Lorraine, was confined in the Bastille by 
 Richelieu, who dreaded the power of his sa- 
 tire. He remained in this confinement K) 
 years till the death of his persecutor, and em- 
 ployed his timein writing his memoirs, pub- 
 lished, 3 vols, in 1665, Cologne, which are 
 interesting, though occasionally trivial. On 
 his release he received the ofter of 500,000 
 livres from the dutchess of Aiguillon, niece 
 of Richelieu, which he politely refused, ad- 
 ding, *' Madam, your uncle has done me too 
 great an injury, to allow me to receive so 
 much good from you." — He was employed 
 in embassies by Lewis XIJI. and he posses- 
 sed all the requisites of a courtier, with 
 great presence of mind, affability, wit, and 
 uncommon generosity. He spoke the Ian-' 
 guages of Europe with great fluency. He was 
 much addicted to pl-ay and women, so that it 
 is said that on the morning in which he wa-s 
 arrested, he burned not less than 6000 let- 
 ters which he had received from ladies of gal- 
 lantry. He was found dead in his bed, 12th 
 October, 1G46, in his 67th year. The ac- 
 count of his embassies appeared in 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1668. 
 
 Bassville, Nicholas John Hpgon de, a 
 Frenchman, sent as envoy to Rome to re- 
 claim some of his countrymen, who had been 
 imprisoned there. During a tumult caused 
 either by the dissatisfaction of the Italians, 
 or the intrigues of the republicans, he was 
 stabbed with a razor, 13th January, 1793, and 
 died 34 hours after. This violence offered 
 to his person was made a pretence for severe 
 measures against the pope. Bassville wrote 
 elements of mythology 8vo. — memoirs of 
 the French revolution, &c. 
 
 Bassuel, Peter, a native of Paris, dis- 
 tinguished as a surgeon and a lecturer. His 
 dissertations in the memoirs of the acade- 
 mies of surgery and of the sciences are val- 
 uable compositions. He died 1757, aged 51. 
 
 Bast A, George, a native of Rocca, near 
 Tarentum, distinguislied as a warrior, and 
 engaged in the service of the duke of Par- 
 ma, and afterwards of the emperor, in Hun- 
 gary and Transylvania. He died 1607, au- 
 thor of two treatises in Italian, on military 
 discipline. 
 
 Bastard, Thornas, a native of Blanford 
 in Dorsetshire, educated at Winchester 
 school, and New college, Oxford, from which 
 he was expelled for a libel. He obtained 
 preferment by means of the earl of Suffolk, 
 to whom he was chaplain, and hedistingi'.ish- 
 ed himself as a i)oct, not less than as a prea- 
 cher. Ho was three times married. His 
 faculties Avere disordered on the close of his- 
 life, and he died in an obscure situation near 
 Dorchestex*, April 19th, 1618. He was a 
 man of learning, and chiefly eminent for his 
 
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 BA 
 
 Tvitty autl facetious conversation. He pub- 
 iislied epigrams, sermons, &c. 
 
 Bastok, Robert, a Carmelite monk, 
 born near Ntittingham, poet laureat, and 
 public orator at Oxford. He attended Ed- 
 %var4 I- in bis expedition against Scotland, 
 but he was taken prisoner, and instead of 
 celebrating the victories of his master, he 
 was compelled by torture to sing the succes- 
 ses of the Scottish monarch. He wrote 
 several works in a style barbarous, but not 
 totally contemptible, for the age in which he 
 
 tf lived. He died 1310, and was buried at Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 IJastwick, Dr. John, a native of Writ- 
 tie in Essex, born 1593, of Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, which he left without degree. 
 He travelled nine years, through Europe, 
 and became doctor of physic at Padua. His 
 publication called flagellum pontificis, &c. 
 drew upon him the resentment of the bish- 
 ops, though he declared he did not wish to 
 reflect upon them or their office, and he was 
 fined lOOdJ/. excommunicated, &c. and impri- 
 soned, till he made a recantation of his as- 
 sertions. In his confinement, which lasted 
 two years, he wrote several things, and in 
 his new litany inveighed against the severity 
 of his treatment, which called down the 
 vengeance of his enemies. He was there- 
 fore fined 5000/. sentenced to be pilloi'ied, 
 to lose his ears, and to be imprisoned for life. 
 He was consequently immured in St. Mary's 
 castle in the Scilly islands, till the civil wars 
 put an end to his sufferings. In 1640, the 
 house of commons voted the pi-oceedings 
 against him, and against Pi-ynne and Burton 
 illegal; he was recalled to Loudon amidst 
 the acclamations of thousands, and he was 
 repaid the fine from the forfeited estates of 
 the archbishop of Canterbury and the other 
 commissioners who had so severely treated 
 him. He was living in 1648, but the year of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Bate, John, D. D. prior of the Carme- 
 lites at York, was born in Northumberland, 
 and studied at Oxford at the expense of some 
 powerful patrons. He distinguished him- 
 self by his knowledge of philosophy, divini- 
 ty, and Greek. He published several things 
 chiefly critical and theological, and diedSCth 
 January, 1429. 
 
 Bate, George, a physician, born at 
 
 Maids-morton near Buckingham. He stu- 
 
 ,^ ^ died at New college. Queen's, and St. Ed- 
 
 ^ ' raund's hall, Oxford and practised as a physi- 
 cian in the university. He possessed such in- 
 sinuation united with great talents, that he 
 was physician to Chai-les I. while at Oxford, 
 afterwards to Oliver Cromwell, and to the 
 royal family after the restoration. His re- 
 commendation to the favor of Charles II. 
 originated, it is said, in the I'eport that he 
 had given the usurper a strong dose which 
 hastened his death. He wrote among other 
 pieces a Latin account of the civil wars, and 
 died 1669, and was bui'ied at Kingston-on- 
 Thames. 
 
 Bate, Julius, a friend of Hutchinson, by 
 whom Ue was recommended to Ciiarles duke 
 
 of Somersetj and to the living of Sutton in 
 Sussex. He attended Hutchinson in his last 
 illness, and thus he was enabled te contra- 
 dict the report which had been spread, that 
 his friend on his death-bed had recanted to 
 Dr. Mead the pubHcation of his writings. 
 Dr. Mead, it is to be observed, had much to 
 his surprise been dismissed from his atten- 
 dance on Hutchinson. Bate was author of 
 some valuable ])icces on criticism and divin- 
 ity, and in defence of his friend's system. 
 He died 7th April, 1771. 
 
 Batecumbe, William, a mathematician, 
 who florished 1420. He studied at Oxford, 
 where he taught mathematics, and he distin- 
 guished himself by his writings on philoso- 
 phy, &c. the chief of which are, de spherre 
 concavK fabrica & usu — -de sphsera solida — 
 conclusione sophise — de operatione astrolab. 
 &c. 
 
 Bate MAN, William, bishop of Norwich, 
 was founder of Trinity -hall, Cambridge. He 
 was well versed in civil and eanon laws, and 
 died 1354 at Avignon, where he was embas- 
 sador at the pope's court. 
 
 Bates, William, a nonconformist divine, 
 educated at Emanuel and King's colleges, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and 
 at the restoration was created D. D. by 
 royal mandate. He was chaplain to Charles 
 II. and minister of St. Dustan's in the west, 
 from which he was ejected by the act of uni- 
 formity. He was at the conference of the 
 Savoy for reviewing the public liturgy, and 
 he also was, with Jacomb and Baxter, en- 
 gaged in the dispute against Pearson bishop 
 of Chester, Gunning of Ely, and Sparrow of 
 Norwich. His character was so respectable 
 that, though a noncoiaformist, he might 
 have obtained the deanery of Coventry, or 
 even been raised, according to Dr. Calamy, 
 to any bishopric in the kingdom. His great 
 intimacy with Tillotson, lord chancellor 
 Finth, lord Nottingham, and lord keeper 
 Bridgman, is a further proof of his merit 
 and respectability. He published the lives 
 of some eminent men in Latin, in 4to. 1681. 
 His works were published in a folio volume 
 after his death. He resided at Hackney the 
 last part of his life, where he died 1699, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Bathalmiusi, a Mahomedan writer of 
 eminence, of the family of Ali, who died in 
 the year of the hegira 421. He wrote a book 
 of genealogies, a treatise on the qualities of a 
 good writer, kc. 
 
 Bathe, Henry de, a native of Devon- 
 shire, appointed 1238, under Henry III. to 
 the ofiice of justice of the common pleas, 
 and afterwards of justice itinerant. Though 
 for a while under disgrace, 1251, in conse- 
 quence of some slanderous accusation, he 
 was restored to royal favor, and advanced to 
 the place of chief justice of the king's bench. 
 He died 1261. 
 
 Bathe, William, an Irish Jesuit, rector 
 of an Irish school at Salamanca, where he 
 died 1614. He is author of introduction to 
 the art of music, 1584, 4to. London. — ^Janua 
 liiiguarum, lull, — besides some pieces on 
 divJuKv. 
 
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 y^s 
 
 BA 
 
 Bathurst, Ralph, a Latin poet, physi- 
 cian, and divine of Trinity college, Oxford, 
 of which he was elected president 1664. 
 In the younger part of life he left divinity for 
 physic, but after the restoration he took or- 
 ders, and became dean of Wells, and vice 
 chancellor of the university. He refused, 
 in 1091, the bishopric of Bristol, from his 
 great regard for the society over which he 
 presided, and whose chapel he rebuilt in a 
 very neat and elegant style. He was a maH 
 of great erudition, as appears from his poems 
 and other pieces. He died 1704, in his 84th 
 year, and was buried in the chapel of his col- 
 lege. His life has been written by Thomas 
 Warton. 
 
 Bathurst, Allen, descended from the 
 Bathursts of Northamptonshire, Avas edu- 
 cated at Trinity college, Oxford, under his 
 uncle, the president, and afterwards was 
 elected in two parliaments for Cirencester. 
 He opposed the duke of Marlborough, and 
 he was one of the 12 lords introduced in one 
 day, 1711, to the upper house, to forni a 
 majority. He continued firm to his political 
 •friends even in their disgrace. He boldly 
 opposed the attainder of lord Bolingbroke, 
 and the duke of Ormond, and in 1718, he be- 
 gan to show himself as a speaker among the 
 peers, the most formidable opponent of the 
 measures of the court, and of Walpole in 
 particular. lu 1704, he married Catherine, 
 daughter of sir Peter Apsley, of Sussex, by 
 whom he had four sons and five daughters. 
 His only surviving son was for some years 
 chancellor of England, and made a peer by 
 the title of lord Apsley. Lord Bathurst was 
 employed about the person of Frederic, 
 prince of Wales, and of his son, George HI. 
 at whose accession he resigned his offices 
 for a pension of 1200^. In his private cha- 
 racter, lord Bathurst was a man of great 
 generosity, aftable in manners, and humane 
 in sentiment, and his long and famihar ac- 
 quaintance with Pope, Swift, and Addison, 
 prove him to have possessed wit, taste, and 
 erudition. He was attached to rural amuse- 
 ments, and fond of conviviality. Hej drank 
 regularly his bottle after dinner, and laugh- 
 ed at the temperate regimen of Dr. Cado- 
 gan, which 50 years before Dr. Cheyne had 
 recommended to him, assuring him that he 
 should not live seven years more if he did 
 not abstain from wine. He was made an 
 earl in 1772, and died at his seat near Cireu- 
 cester, 16th Sept. 1775, aged 91. 
 
 Bat ON I, Pompeo, a native of Lucca, 
 eminent as a painter. His merit was so 
 universally acknowledged, that the greatest 
 personages were proud of his society, and 
 the emperor Joseph added to the honors 
 already bestowed upon him, the title of 
 nobility. His best piece is Simon the ma- 
 gician contending with St. Peter, which is 
 preserved at Rome in the great church, de- 
 dicated to the apostle. Batoni died 1787, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Battaglini, Mark, bishop of Nocera 
 and Cesena, died 1717, aged 71. He wrote 
 a history of councils, fol. 1686, and annales 
 VOL. I, 20 
 
 du saoerdoee de I'empire du 17 siecle, 4 toIs. 
 fol. 1701 to 1711. 
 
 Battbly, Dr. John, born at Bury, Suf- 
 folk, was fellow of Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and chaplain to the primate San- 
 croft, who gave him the living of Adisham, 
 and the archdeconry of the diocese. He 
 wrote Antiquitates Rutupinse et St.Edmund- 
 burgi, and died 10th Oct. 1708, aged 61. 
 
 Batteux, Charles, a French philosO" 
 pher, philosophical professor in the Royal 
 college, member of the French academy, 
 &e. eminent for his erudition, as well as for 
 his private virtues, and the humanity Avhich 
 was directed to the maintenance of a nu- , 
 merous and impoverished family. His '^ 
 works are vaiious, and all chiefly on classics 
 literature, in which he displays frequently- 
 more method and more labor, than elo- 
 quence or purity, not without a mixture of 
 metaphysical ideas. It is said that his death 
 was accelerated by grief in observing that 
 the elementary book which he wrote for the 
 military school of Paris, did not succeed so 
 well as he wished. He died at Paris, 14th 
 July, 1780, aged 67. Among other works 
 he published the four poetics of Aristotle, 
 Horace, Vida, and Boileau, with notes, two 
 vols, 8vo. 1771. 
 
 Battie, Dr. William, a physician, boru 
 in Devonshire, and educated at Eton, and 
 King's college, Cambridge, where his mo- 
 ther attended him, to supply him with the 
 necessaries which his youth or inexperience 
 might want. He obtained a Craven scholar- 
 ship, but his views to study the law were 
 checked by his poverty, and he turned his 
 thoughts to physic, when he found that 
 his pecuniary distresses could not be relieved 
 b^ repeated applications to two opulent 
 cousins of the name of Coleman. He prac- 
 tised at Uxbridge and London, and became 
 physician to St. Luke's, and in 1738, after 
 a long courtship, he married the daughter 
 of Barnham Goode, under master of Eton 
 school, a man whom, for a satirical poem. 
 Pope has immortalized in his Dunciad. 
 Though the Colemans had a political dis- 
 like to Goode, they behaved with kindness 
 to his daughter, and the survivor of theni 
 left 30,000/. to her husband. Dr. Battie 
 was lampooned for the active part which he 
 took with the college of physicians against 
 Dr. Schomberg, in 1750, in the Battiad, a 
 poem said to be written by Schomberg, 
 Moses Mendez, and Paid Whitehead. Dr. 
 Baltic's publications were all on medical 
 subjects, and all respectable. His observa- 
 tions on madness recommended him to pub- 
 lic notice, and he was, with Dr. Muoro, ex- 
 amined at the bar of the house of commons, 
 with respect to the private madhouses in 
 the kingdom, and the highest testimonies qf 
 his abilities are recorded in the journals ot 
 the day. Dr. Battie died of a paralytic 
 stroke, 13th June, 1776, aged 75^ leaving 
 three daughters. He published an edition oi* 
 Isocrates, two vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bauab, a Mahomedan, who rendered 
 the Arabic alphabet more perfect, after 
 
BA 
 
 1^& 
 
 13A 
 
 Ben Molak. He died in the year 413 of the 
 hegira, 
 
 BAUDEiOT de Dairval, Charles Cce- 
 sur, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, 
 author of a curious and elegant ti*eatise, 
 called " de rutilite des voyages," 1727, in 
 two vols. I'imo. He died of the dropsy 
 1722, aged 74. 
 
 Baudet, Stephen, an eminent French 
 engravei' of Blois, who was successfully em- 
 X)loycd on Poussin's pieces. His chief work 
 is Adam and Eve, from Dominino. He died 
 tG71, aged 73. 
 
 Baudier, Michael, a native of Lan- 
 guedoc, histoi'iographer of France under 
 Lewis XUl. He wrote the history of tlie 
 Mahometan i-eligion, 8vo. IG36 — the life of 
 cardinal Amboise, 1651, 8vo. — of marechal 
 de Toiras, 1644 — of Ximenes, Suger, &c. — 
 and though his style is heavy and inelegant, 
 yet his works are curious and interesting, 
 and valuable for their authenticity and the 
 variety of his matter. 
 
 Baudin, Peter Charles LcAvis, a native 
 of Sedan, elected to the national assembly 
 and to the convention. Here he conducted 
 himself with moderation, though not always 
 Avith firmness. It was he Avho nobly ex- 
 claimed on the laws made with respect to 
 emigrants, '* if among the millions of the 
 guilty, ten innocent persons can be found, 
 the law which strikes them is unjust." He 
 died December 1799. He wrote anecdotes 
 on the constitution, 1794, 8vo. on the liberty 
 of the press, 1795, 8vo. 
 
 Baud I us, Dominique, a native of Leisle, 
 who studied at Aix la Chapelle, Leyden, 
 ."ind Geneva. He visited England in the 
 suite of the ambassador of the states of 
 Holland, and formed an acquaintance with 
 sir Philip Sidney, and afterwards he went 
 to France, where he staid 10 years, and by 
 means of Achilles de Harlai he was admit- 
 ted advocate of the parliament of Paris. 
 He next went to Leyden, whei'e he was 
 raised to the professorial chair of eloquence, 
 and with Meursius named historiographer 
 to the states of Holland in 161 1. He was a 
 man of genius, as well as erudition, and in 
 his Latm poems, some of which he dedicated 
 to the king of England and to the prince of 
 Wales, he displayed taste and elegance of 
 composition. He was a zealous advocate for 
 a truce between Spain and Holland, and the 
 two discourses which he pubUshed on the 
 
 Baitdori, Joseph du, a native of Van- 
 nes, educated among the Jesuits. He is au- 
 thor of various discourses, &c. He died at 
 Paris, 1749, aged 39. 
 
 Baudot de Juilli, Nicholas, a native 
 of Vendome, son of a collector of excise. 
 He is author of several historical pieces 
 written with method and ingenuity, though 
 too much in the spirit of romance. His his- 
 tory of the conquest of England, by William, 
 of Normandy, 12mo. of Philip Augustus, 
 two vols. 12mo. and Charles VH, two vols. 
 12mo. are his best pieces. He wrote be- 
 sides the history of Catherine of France 
 queen of England — Germaine de Foix — the 
 secret history of the constable of Bourbon- 
 Spain invaded by the Moors, four vols. &c. 
 He died 1759, aged 81. 
 
 BAUD0Ui]vf, emperor of Constantinople. 
 Vid. Baldwin. 
 
 Baudouin, John, a native of Pradelle 
 in the Vivai'ais. He was in the service of 
 queen Tylargaret of France, and of marechal 
 de Marillac, but he was neglected. He pub- 
 Ushed translations of Sallust, Tacitus, Lu- 
 cian, Suetonius, &c. but as he wrote more 
 for bread than fame, his language was occa- 
 sionally inelegant, and oftener inaccurate. 
 He died at Paris, 1650, aged 66. 
 
 Baudranu Mich. Anton, an ecclesi- 
 astic, born at Paris. He visited Rome, 
 Germany, and England, and distinguished 
 himself by his " Diciionaire Geographique, 
 two vols, fol." printed first in Latin, and af- 
 terwards in French. The work is not with- 
 out its errors, which have not been corrected 
 in subsequent editions. He died 1700, in his 
 67th year. 
 
 Baudricourt, Jean de, a raaVechal of 
 France, who signalized himself with Charles 
 Vni. in the conquest of Naples, 1495. His fa- 
 ther Robert was the person who introduped the 
 famous maid of Orleans on the public stage. 
 
 Bauhinus, John, a physician of Amiens, 
 who retired, on account of his religion, to 
 Basil, where he practised .>vith great reputa- 
 tion, and died, 1582, aged 71. 
 
 Bauhinus, John, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, distinguished himself as a physician 
 and medical writer at Basil and Lyons. He 
 was physician to the duke of Wirtemburg, 
 and died at Montbeillard 1613, aged 73. The 
 best known of his works is Historia planta- 
 rum universalis, fol. three vols. He Avrote 
 a treatise on the medicinal waters of Eu- 
 
 ?ubject were so much misrepresented to rope 
 
 prince Maurice, that he was accused of be 
 ing bribed by the French ambassador, and 
 with difficulty he escaped the vengeance of 
 Jiis enemies. He died at Leyden, 22d Au- 
 gust, 1613, aged 52. He was so addicted to 
 wine and to sensual pleasures, that his cha- 
 racter was exposed to the severest ridicule, 
 especially from the pen of Scioppius. His 
 letters, poems, 5cc. were published 1607. 
 
 Baudoin, Benedict, a divine of Amiens, 
 author of a learned dissertation on the shoes 
 of the ancients, published 1615. From this 
 eircumstiince some have imagined that he 
 was the sou of a shoemaker. 
 
 Bauhinus, Caspar, was physician t« 
 the duke of Wirtemburg, and professed 
 botany at Basil, wliere he died 1624, aged 
 65. He is styled in his epitaph the phceni.x; 
 of his age for anatomy and botany, but Rio- 
 Ian accuses him of ignorance and presump- 
 tion. He wrote Institutiones anatomicse — 
 theatrum botanicum — pinax theatri botanici 
 — a treatise on hermaphrodites, &c. — His 
 son, John Caspar, was equally eminent, and 
 he published his father's theatrum botani- 
 cum, and died 1685, aged 79. 
 
 Bauldri, Paul, a native of Rouen, pro- 
 fessor of sacred history, at Utrecht, and 
 
BA 
 
 ¥^^ 
 
 BA 
 
 seii-in-law of Henry Basnage. Besides some 
 chronological tables and historical treatises, 
 he published Lactantius' de morte persecut. 
 witii learned notes. He died 1706, aged 67. 
 
 Baulot or Beaulieu, James, a litho- 
 tomist, born of obscure parents in a hamlet 
 iu Franche-comte. He served in a regi- 
 ment of cavalry, till he formed an acquain- 
 tance with an empirical surgeon called Pau- 
 louni, who pretended to cut for the stone. 
 After five or six years of instruction, he be- 
 gan to practise for himself, and he travelled 
 in a monastic habit over different parts of 
 France, and to (Geneva and Amsterdam, 
 ^vitli the boldness of an enthusiast. He used 
 to neglect his patients after the operation, 
 adding, " I have extracted the stone, God 
 will cure the wound." His success was 
 great, so that at Amsterdam the magis- 
 trates, in gratitude for his services, had his 
 portrait engraved, and a medal struck. His 
 method was adopted from Holland by Che- 
 selde« with such unusual success that it was 
 called the English operation, though certain- 
 ly the invention belonged to the French. 
 After visiting Rome and Vienna, Baulot re- 
 tired to a seat near Besancon, where he died 
 1720, aged 69. The history of this great 
 man, who so honoi-ably devoted his life to 
 the service of humanity, was written by 
 Vacher 1757, 12mo. 
 
 Baume, James Francis de la, a native of 
 Cai'pentras, and canon of St. Agricola's 
 church, Avignon, author of a poem called 
 the Christiade, in 6 vols. 12mo. a work un- 
 interesting, and written in a pompous and 
 affected style. He wi-ote besides a pamphlet 
 called eloge de la paix, and other small 
 pieces. He also wrote for more than 10 
 years for the Courier de I'Europe. He died 
 at Paris 1757, aged 52, 
 
 Baume, Nicholas Auguste de la, a mare- 
 chal of France, who served in Germany and 
 against the Camisards with great credit. He 
 died at Paris 171G, aged 70, leaving no chil- 
 dren, though twice married. There were 
 of this family many members who distin- 
 guished themselves by their abilities as states- 
 men and ecclesiastics. 
 
 Baume, James de la, a Jesuit of Paris, 
 who died 1725, aged 76. He is author of 
 some Latin poetry, orations, &c. 
 
 Baumer, John William, a native of Rhe- 
 wejler, who studied at Jena and Halle, and 
 left the pursuit of divinity for medicine, of 
 ■which he was made professor at Erfurt. He 
 wrote the natural history of the mineral 
 kingdom, 2 vols. — the natural history of 
 precious stones, and other works, and died 
 1788, aged 69. 
 
 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, a 
 native of Berlin, who studied at Halle, where 
 he was made professor of philosophy, and 
 afterwards at Frankfort, on Oder. He 
 Avrote metaphysica, 8vo. — Ethica philoso- 
 phica, 8vo. — asthetica, initiaphilosoph. prac- 
 ticte, primje. Sec. — and died 176, aged 48. — 
 His brother, Sigismund, was a Lutheran 
 minister, divinity professor at Halle, and 
 died 1757. 
 
 Baur, John William, a painter and en- 
 graver of Stiasburg, commonly called Wir- 
 lembaur. He excelled in pictures of pro- 
 cessions, public places, and markets, but 
 though his works possessed animation, his 
 figures are little and mean. He died at Vien- 
 na 1640, aged 30. 
 
 Baur, Frederic William Von, a native 
 of Hessian Hanau, who served in the Hessian 
 troops in the pay of Britain 1755. In 1757 
 he was made a general, and was ennobled 
 by Frederic H. of Prussia, and in 1769 he 
 entered into the service of the Russians, and 
 was appointed by Catherine inspector of the 
 salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities as an 
 engineer and mechanic were also employ- 
 ed in supplying Moscow with water, and in 
 making deeper the canal of Petersburg, and 
 in constructing a capacious harbour at its 
 extremity. He died 1783, author of me- 
 moires historiques and geographiques sur la 
 Valachia, 8vo. — of a chart of Moldavia, to 
 illustrate the war between the Turks and 
 Russians, in seven sheets. 
 
 Bausch, the surname of Abu Giafar, 
 who wrote a treatise on the seven different 
 modes of reading the Koran. He died the 
 year 546 of the hegira. Bausch signifies a 
 water-iTielon or grapes. 
 
 Baussiri, a Mahomedan, author of a 
 poem in praise of Mahomet, who had cured 
 him, as he said, of the palsy in a dream. 
 Every line of this poem ends with an M, the 
 initial of the prophet's name, and so highly 
 is the performance valued that many of the 
 Mahomedans learn it by heart, on account 
 of its excellent maxims. 
 
 Bautru, William, a Frenchman famous 
 for his wit, which he displayed with great 
 freedom and efiicacy at the court, and 
 among the ministers. After seeing the 
 escurial, in Spain attended b)"^ an ignorant 
 librarian, he toid the king that it would be 
 advantageous for him to make his librarian 
 his treasurer, because, said he to the mo- 
 narch who inquired why, he never touches 
 what he is intrusted with. He died at Paris 
 1665, aged 77. 
 
 Bauves, James de, a learned advocate 
 of the parliament of Paris, in the 17lh cen- 
 tury, intimate with Hespeisses, with whom 
 he wrote a treatise on successions. 
 
 Bauvin, John Gregory, a native of Ar- 
 ras, who studied the law, and was eminent 
 for his knowledge of belles lettres. He wrote 
 a tragedy called Arminins, which he after- 
 wards amended under the name of the 
 Cherusci. He wrote other pieces, and died 
 1776, aged 62. He labored all his life under 
 pecuniary difficulties. 
 
 Baux, William de, prince of Oi'ange, re- 
 ceived in 1214 from the emx)eror Frederic 1. 
 the title of king of Aries and Vienna, He 
 was murdei'ed by the people of Avignou 
 1218, and his body cut to pieces, and it was 
 their cruelty which caused the siege ot 
 Avignon by Lewis VHL in 1226. 
 
 Baxter, Richard, a nonconformist, born 
 at Rowton, Shropshire, I2tli Noverabcr,l615. 
 He conipeusated for the dcficiences of a ne- 
 
BA 
 
 V*^ 
 
 BA 
 
 glected education, by unusual application, 
 and was appointed master of Dudley free- 
 school by the interest of Mr. Richard Foley 
 of Stourbridge, and soon after admitted into 
 orders by the bishop of Winchester. His 
 scruples were raised by the oath which was 
 proposed by the convention at that time sit- 
 ting, and he was among the number of those 
 who showed their dislike to an unqualified 
 submission, *' to archbishops, bishops, et 
 csetera," as they knew not what the et caetera 
 comprehended. In 1640 he was invited to be 
 minister at Kidderminster, but the civil 
 ■war which broke out soon after, exposed 
 him to persecution, as he espoused the cause 
 of the parliament. He retired to Coven- 
 try, and continued his ministeral labors till 
 the success of the republicans recalled him 
 to his favorite flock at Kidderminster. The 
 usurpation of Cromwell gave him great of- 
 fence, and he even presumed to argue in 
 private with the tyrant on the nature and il- 
 legality of his power, but in the only sermon 
 -which he preached before him he wisely 
 confined his subject to the dissensions which 
 existed in the kingdom on religious matters. 
 He was in London after Cromwell's death, 
 and preached before parliament the day be- 
 fore the king's return was voted, and likewise 
 before the lord mayor for Monk's successes. 
 Charles II. made him one of his chaplains, 
 and chancellor Clarendon offered him the 
 bishopric of Herefoi'd which he refused, al- 
 leging in a letter his reasons of conscience, 
 and he only requested permission to continue 
 his ministry at Kidderminster, which was 
 not complied with. His opposition to the 
 church government was now so open that 
 he felfc the persecution of the court; and he 
 ■was continually watched, and did not even 
 escape confinement. In 1672 hoping to find 
 less acrimony among his enemies he came 
 to London, where he built « meeting-house 
 in Oxendon-street, but his preaching was 
 forbidden here as well as in Swallow-street, 
 •where he wished again to collect a congre- 
 gation. In 1682 he was seized and fined 195/. 
 for preaching five sermons within five miles 
 of a corporation, and he would have been 
 imprisoned had not his physician Dr. Tho- 
 mas Cox pleaded the infirmity of his health. 
 His parapfcrase on the New Testament, 
 di-ew upon him, in 1085, the vengeance of 
 Jeffries, and he was condemned to be im- 
 prisoned for two years, from which punish- 
 ment, six months after, he was discharged 
 by the interference of lord Powis with king 
 James. He died December 8th, 1691. He 
 was interred in Christ Church. His compo- 
 sitions were very numerous, not less than 80 
 according to Mr. Long of Exeter, or accor- 
 ding to Dr. Calamy 120, or 145 says the Bi- 
 ographia Britannica. Burnet speaks of him 
 as a man of great piety, whose learning 
 would have commanded universal esteem if 
 not directed to politics. He was moving and 
 pathetic, but he possessed too much of the 
 subtle and metaphysical. 
 
 Baxter, William, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Lanlugany, Shropshire. 
 
 His early education -wSiS^mah. neglected, so 
 that when he entered^^^^Krow school, at 
 the age of 18, he kn^f^Hue letter, aad 
 understood nothing but^l^pch. Applica- 
 tion, however, surmounted all difficulties. 
 As a grammarian, a critic, and an antiqua- 
 rian, he equalled his contemporaries, as his 
 editions of Horace, published 1710, Anacre- 
 on 1095, his translations of some of Plu- 
 tarch's lives, his glossary of Roman antiqui- 
 ties 1726, and his dictionary of British antiqui- 
 ties 1719, sufficiently evince. The best part 
 of his life was employed in imparting in- 
 struction. From a private school at Totten- 
 ham high cross, he was elected master of the 
 Mercer's school, London, which laborious 
 and honorable office he ably filled and con- 
 ducted for more than 20 years. He resign- 
 ed a little before his death, which happened, 
 31st May 172S, in his 73d year. Some of 
 his letters, &c. are preserved in the philoso- 
 phical transactions, No. 306 and 311. 
 
 Baxter, Andrew, a native of Old Aber- 
 deen, who was engaged as tutor by the firs^ 
 families of Scotland. As he travelled with 
 his pupils, he resided some time at Utrecht, 
 and visited diff"erent places in France, Ger* 
 many, and Flanders. He married a cler- 
 gyman's daughter at Berwick, by whom he 
 had three daughters and one son, Alexander, 
 whose communications to the Biographia 
 Britannica represent his father as a man of 
 great learning, tried integrity, candor and 
 humanity. He was intimate with Wilkes, to 
 whom he dedicated one of his works. Of his 
 compositions the most valuable is his inquiry 
 into the nature of the human soul, &c. of 
 which the third edition was published in 1741, 
 He died of a complication of diseases, but par- 
 ticularly the gout, 23d April 1750, aged 63. 
 He wrote besides Matho five Cosmotheoria 
 puei'ilis, dialogues, &c. translated into Eng- 
 lish, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, chevalier 
 de, a soldier of fortune, born at Dauphine. 
 He followed Charles VIII. to the conquest of 
 Naples, and he every where distinguished 
 himself by his heroic valor, and obtained the 
 love of the army. His generosity and his 
 humanity have been deservedly celebrated. 
 He gave back to the daughter of his hostess 
 at Brescia, the 2000 pistoles which he had 
 received for the protection of the house, and 
 he triumphed over his passion, in refusing 
 to offer violence to a most beautiful woman, 
 whom fear and poverty had submitted to his 
 poAver. He was with Francis I. at the battle 
 of Marignan, and when mortally wounded, 
 against the imperialists in 1524, he seated 
 himself under a tree, exclaiming, that in his 
 life he liad always faced the enemy, and that 
 in his death he would not turn his back upon 
 them. He was in his 48th year, 32 of which 
 had been devoted to the service of his king 
 and country. His remains were honored 
 with the most magnificent obsequies by the 
 duke of Savoy, and he was lamented not only 
 by his own men, but by the enemy. Not less 
 than four persons have written an account of 
 his life. 
 
BA 
 
 Bayer, Theoj^us Sigfred, a German 
 •who devoted himseft with great industry to 
 ancient and modem languages. After visit- 
 ing Dantzic, Berlin, Halle, Leipsic, and 
 other towns of Germany, he settled at Ko- 
 iiigsberg as librarian, and nine years after, 
 17'26, he went to Petersburg, where he 
 became professor of Greek and Roman an- 
 tiquities. He died there in 1738, aged 44. 
 He wrote a number of valuable dissertations. 
 His Musxum Sinicum in two vols. 8vo. is 
 highly esteemed. His grandfather, John 
 Bayer of Augsberg, was a mathematician of 
 great eminence, and chiefly known for his 
 description of the stars in a book published 
 1C03, called Uranometria, in which he as- 
 signs the names of the Greek letters to the 
 stars of each constellation. His Uranome- 
 tria was republished by himself in 1G27, with 
 great improvements, and the new title of 
 CcElum Stellatum Christianum. 
 
 Bayeux, N. an advocate of Caen, rewar- 
 ded with the poetical prize of the academy of 
 Rouen for his ode on filial piety. He also 
 translated the Fasti of Ovid, 1783, and 1789, 
 4 vols. 8vo. with valuable notes, and wrote 
 reflections on the reign of Trajan, 1787, in 
 4to. He was accused of a criminal corres- 
 pondence with Montmorin and de Lessart, 
 and consequently imprisoned. The massa- 
 cres of September in 1792, put an end to his 
 life. 
 
 Bayle, Peter, born 18th Nov. 1647, at 
 Caria, a small town of Foix, was educated 
 by his father, who was a protestant minis- 
 ter, and gave early strong proofs of superior 
 genius. His scruples Avere raised by the 
 controversial books which he perused, and 
 by the conversation of a popish priest who 
 lodged with him, when he attended the 
 Jesuit's college at Toulouse, and with all the 
 precipitation of immature judgment, he em- 
 braced the catholic religion, which 18 months 
 after he renounced as superstitious and un- 
 supported by revelation. He now was em- 
 ployed as tutor in three private families, but 
 this sphere of action was too circumscribed 
 for his rising fame, and he retired therefore 
 te Paris, and soon after was raised to the 
 chair of a philosophical professor at Sedan, 
 by the united suffrages of the senate of the 
 university, who thus rewarded his merit, in 
 preference to three competitors of great in- 
 fluence and of acknowledged talents. In this 
 new situation he maintained the high cha- 
 racter which he had acquired, but the cause 
 of the protestants was not favored at the 
 court of Lewis XIV. and among othsr estab- 
 lishments the college of Sedan was suppres- 
 sed by a royal edict 1681. Bayle, thus aban- 
 doned to himself for some time, doubted 
 ■whether he should take refuge in England or 
 Holland, but an honorable invitation from 
 Rotterdam drew him to that city, where he 
 was appointed professor of philosophy and 
 history, with an annual salar}' of 500" guil- 
 ders. In this peaceful retreat, he began to 
 publish some of his works, which, with the 
 admiration of the learned, brought upon him 
 the resentment and envy of rivals and cne- 
 
 ^/ 
 
 BA 
 
 mies, and the censure of Cristina, queen of 
 Sweden. This famous princess, Avho prided 
 herself on her discernment and mental ac- 
 quirements, and who professed herself a 
 catholic, more from conviction than preju- 
 dice or education, had been alluded to by 
 Bayle in one of his jourrials, as the author 
 of a letter oa the persecution of the protes- 
 tants, and therefore a correspondence was 
 opened with him, and he was persuaded by 
 the queen in a letter, full of conceited terms 
 of high superiority, but not without great 
 civility, to apologize for his expressions, and 
 to acknowledge her as the patroness of learn- 
 ing, and the friend of merit. His most inr 
 veterate enemies were Jurieu and Renaudot, 
 and it is to be lamented, that men of science 
 cannot engage in controversy without bitter- 
 ness of reflection and acrimony of language. 
 He was afilicted in his latter years with a de- 
 cay of the lungs ; but as he considered it as 
 an hereditary complaint, he disregarded the 
 advice of medical men. He died !28th De- 
 cember 1706, after wi-iting the best part of 
 the day. The works of Bayle are " thoughts 
 on the comet of 1680, 4 vols. 12mo." in which 
 he introduces with much good sense, pro- 
 fane and rehgious conclusions — " nouvelles 
 de la republique des lettrcs," a very popular 
 periodical work, published fi-om 1684 to 
 1687 — " a philosophical commentary on the 
 words of our Saviour, * compel them to 
 come in,' 2 vols. 12mo." — " answers to the 
 questions of a provincial, 5 vols. 12mo." — 
 " letters in 5 vols." and a " dictionary histo- 
 rical and critical, 4 vols, folio." — Of these 
 works, which all possess great merit, and 
 display strength of mind, deep research, and 
 vast erudition, the dictionary is the most 
 celebrated. In this, however, as well as in 
 others of his publications, Bayle gave the 
 reigns to the licentiousness of his ideas. He 
 is to be censured, not only for indelicate 
 expressions frequently introduced with the 
 eagerness of a depraved and prurient ima- 
 gination, but for impious and profane senti- 
 ments, and so far did his active adversary, 
 Jurieu, prevail against him, in his accusa- 
 tion before the consistory of Rotterdam, that 
 his judges yielded to the truth of the repre- 
 sentation, and called upon the author to cor- 
 rect his expressions, and show more caution 
 in his principles in his second edition, from 
 which, consequently, some offensive passa- 
 ges were properly expunged. Among the 
 homage paid to the abilrties of Bayle should 
 be mentioned, not only the opinion of Vol- 
 taire, who considers the dictionary as a book 
 where a man may learn to think, but the 
 decree of the parliament of Toulouse. When 
 his relations wished to cancel the will that 
 he had made in Holland, as not valid in 
 France, Senaux, one of his judges, with the 
 indignation of a man of sense and humanity, 
 exclaimed, that the learned were citizens of 
 all countries, and that he ought not to be 
 branded with the name of foreigner, in 
 whose birth and writings France had so 
 much reason to glory. In his private cha- 
 racter Bayle was liberal, open, and disinte- 
 
BA 
 
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 BE 
 
 rested, he was fond of independence, and 
 maintained his principles under persecution 
 and in distress. His life was a series of litera- 
 ry occupation, and it is not to be Avondered 
 that his -tt ritings are so numerous, since, to 
 a happy judgment and a copious fluency of 
 words, he adfled the powers of a very reten- 
 tive memoiy. His various compositfons, be- 
 sides the dictionary, have been published in 
 4 vols, folio. Des Alaiseaux has written his 
 life. 
 
 Kayle, Francis, a professor of medicine 
 at Toulouse, where he died 1709, aged 87. 
 He was a man of merit, and wrote some 
 medical treatises. 
 
 Bayley, Anselm, an English divine, who 
 became minor canon of St. Paul's and West- 
 minster Abbey, and subdean of the chapel 
 royal. He was educated at Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he took the degree of L.L.13. in 
 1764. He died 1794. He was author of some 
 useful publications, the antiquity, confidence, 
 and certainty of Christianity, canvassed, on 
 Dr. Middieton's examination of the bishop 
 of London's discoui'ses on prophecy — prac- 
 tical treatises on singing and playiijg with 
 just expression, &c. — a plain and complete 
 grammar of the English language — a gram- 
 mar of the Hebrew, with and without points 
 ---;the old testament, Hebrew and English, 
 with remarks critical and grammatical, 4 vols. 
 Svo. — the commandments of God, in nature, 
 institution, and religious statutes in the Jew- 
 ish and Christian churches — two sermons, 
 Svo. — alliance between music and poetry, 
 Svo. — &c. 
 
 Bayly, Lewis, a native of Caermarthen, 
 educated at Oxford, and made bishop of Ban- 
 gor in 1016. He is author of a book called 
 ** the practice of piety," which became so 
 popular that in 1734 it" had reached the 5yth 
 edition. The bishop died 1634 leaving four 
 sons. 
 
 Bayly, Thomas, son of the pi'eceding, 
 was educated at Cambridge, and made sub- 
 dean of Wells by Charles 1. He was with 
 Charles at Oxford, and defended v/ith lord 
 Worcester Itagland castle ; after which he 
 retired to the continent where he became a 
 zealous papist, and published some religious 
 and controversial tracts. After being settled 
 at Douay for some time he went to Italy, 
 where he died in great poverty in an obscure 
 hospital, according to Dr. Trevor, fellow of 
 Merton, who saw the place where he was 
 buried. 
 
 Bayly, Nathan, was author of an English 
 dictionary, and of some other grammatical 
 works. 
 
 Baynard, Anne, daughter of Edward 
 B. a physician of eminence, was born at 
 Preston, Lancashire, 1672. As she was well 
 instructed in classical literature, and in the 
 sciences, she wrote Latin with great ease and 
 fluency. She died 1697, and was bui'ied at 
 Barnes in Surrey. 
 
 Baynes, Sir Thomas, knt. a pliysician, 
 professor of music in Gresham college, was 
 educated at Clirist's college, Cambridge, and 
 accompanied Sir John Finch to Italy and 
 Turkey. He died at Consttintiuople 1681, 
 
 aged about .^9, and was soon followed to the 
 grave by his friend sir John. They both 
 together left munificent donations of 4000/. 
 to Christ's college. 
 
 Baynes, John, son of an attorney, was 
 born atMiddleham in Yorkshire, and educa- 
 ted at Richmond school, from whence he 
 passed to Trinity college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow in 1780. Great ap- 
 plication marked his progress in literature, 
 and at the age of S>0 he obtained the me- 
 dals for tiie best exercises on mathemati- 
 cal and classical subjects. He entered at 
 Gray's inn under Alien Chambre, esq. and 
 espoused, with all tlie eagerness and viva- 
 city of a young man, the politics of the times, 
 and he stood forth as a vehement champi- 
 on of reform at a meeting at York in 1779. 
 His abilities were displayed not only bj his 
 speeches as a member of the constitutional 
 society, but he employed Ihe great poet- 
 ical talents, which he undoubtedly posses- 
 sed, to fan the flames of party. As his 
 pieces were all anonymous, it is difficult to 
 ascertain what he wrote, but the London 
 Courant among other papers owed its fame 
 for some time to his exertions, and he has 
 been considered by some perhaps witit 
 imi)ropriety, as author of the celebrated 
 archa;ological epistle to dean Milles. In 
 his friendship Baynes was warm, zealous, 
 and sincere, he was at all times a strong ad- 
 vocate for his favorite liberty, and he ex- 
 claimed with more animosity than prudence 
 a.^ainstthe election of some of the fellows of 
 his college, so that his remonstrance drew 
 upon hinx censure from the heads of the so- 
 ciety, and an admonition to behave with 
 more respect to his superiors. He was at- 
 tacked by a fever, hastened it is supposed by 
 excessive application, and after three days 
 illness he expired Aug. 3d, 1787, aged 29. 
 His remains were deposited in Bunhillfields 
 church-yard, near those of Dr. Jebb, a man 
 whom he esteemed and loved. 
 
 Baiire, Claude, a native of Dijon, son of 
 a porter, whom the revolution raised from 
 obscurity to consequence and infamous cele- 
 brity. In the national assembly and in the 
 convention he shone above all others for vio- 
 lent measures, and as the tool of the Jaco- 
 bins he inveighed indecently against the king, 
 and proposed a law to set a price on the 
 head of la Fayette. At last liobespierre, 
 tired with his bloody services, caused him to 
 be condemned, and he suffered with Danton 
 5th April, 1794, aged 30. 
 
 Bazzaz, a Mahomedan, author of two 
 treatises on theological subjects, for the use 
 of the Mussulmans. 
 
 Be, Guillaume le, an engraver and letter 
 founder at Troyes. In 1545, at the age of 
 20, after seeing the manner of composing 
 types, in the famous house of Robert Ste- 
 phens, he went to Venice, where he cut 
 punches for the Hebrew printing house of 
 Mark Anth. Justiniani, and acquired both 
 reputation and opulence. He retui'ned to 
 Paris, where he died 1598, aged 73. He is 
 mentioned with credit by Casaubon in Scali- 
 gers's opUseula. His son Henry was a pi'iti- 
 
BE 
 
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 BE 
 
 ter of respectability at Paris, and his sons 
 and grandsons were equally eminent in the 
 same profession ; the last of them died 1685. 
 
 Beacon, Thomas, a divine educated at 
 Cambridge, and the first Englishman who 
 Avrote against bowing at the name of Jesus. 
 Me retired to Germany, under INlary, and 
 vrote a consolatory epistle to the persecuted 
 protestants. Under Elizabeth he obtained 
 a prebend at Canterbury. Of his works his 
 *' de ccena domini" alone was in Latin in 3 
 vols. fol. 
 
 Be ALE, Mary, daughter of Mr. Cradock, 
 minister, of Walton on Thames, was born in 
 Suffolk, and distinguished herself as a por- 
 trait painter in oil, water colors, and crayons. 
 She copied sir Peter Lely's and Vandyke's 
 portraits, and was little inferior to her con- 
 temporaries. Her portraits of Tillotson, 
 Stillingfleet,Patrick, Wilkins, and other di- 
 vines, are preserved at the earl of Ilches- 
 ter's. She died Dec. 28th, IGOT", aged 66, 
 leaving two sons, who for some lime studied 
 painting. One of them afterwards studied 
 physic under Sydenham, and practised at 
 Coventry. Walpole's anecdotes contain an 
 engraving of her, from a painting by herself. 
 
 Beard, John, known for his eminence as 
 an actor, was brought up in the King's chapel, 
 and at Cannons in the duke of Chandos' 
 chapel. His first appearance at Drury-lane 
 ■was in sir J. Loverule in the *' devil to pay," 
 Aug. 30th, 1737, but his success and popu- 
 larity were interrupted for a few years, by 
 his marriage with lady Henrietta, daughter 
 of<he earl of Waldegi'ave, widow of lord 
 Edward Herbert. He afterwards exchanged 
 Drury-lane for Covent-garden. His wife di- 
 ed 31st of May 1753. Six years after, he 
 luarried the daughter of Mr. Rich, whom he 
 succeeded in the management of Covent- 
 garden. In 1759, he appeared in the cha- 
 racter of Macheath, and divided the ap- 
 plauses of the town for 52 successive nights, 
 with Miss Brent in Polly. In 1768 he reti- 
 red from the stage, and died tliat year, in 
 his 74th year, respected for his private cha- 
 racter as much as he had been for the su- 
 periority of his theatrical talents. His i*e- 
 luains were deposited in Hampton chui-ch 
 vault. 
 
 Beatox, orBETON, David, archbishop 
 of St. Andrew's and cai'dinal, was born 
 1494, and educated in the univex'sity of St. 
 Andrew's and Paris. His abilities, which 
 -were great, but more probably the interest 
 of his uncle, James Beaton, archbishop of 
 Glasgow, raised him to consequence. In 
 1528 he was made lord privy seal, and some 
 years after he was employed in the honora- 
 ble ofiice of negotiating the king of Scot- 
 land's marriage with Magdalen, the French 
 king's daughter, and afterwards that with 
 Mary, d?.ughter of the duke of Guise. His 
 popularity raised him enemies, and not only 
 the Scots but Henry VIII. liimself grew jea- 
 lous of his influence, and when he was raised 
 to the i-ank of cardinal and the primacy of 
 Scotland, the English monarch sent an am- 
 bassador to king James, to undermine the 
 
 power of the prelate, and to insinuate the 
 deep and perfidious schemes which he me- 
 ditated in favor of the catholic cause, James 
 however was deaf to the representations of 
 Henry ; the cardinal, at the head of his 
 clergy, proudly summoned heretics before 
 him, and with all the bigotry and furious zeal 
 of persecution, he directed his resentment 
 particularly against sir John Borthwiek, the 
 favorite of the king of England, and George 
 Buchanan, illustrious as a poet and historian. 
 The death of Jaraes for a while checked the 
 career of Beaton ; he aspired to the regency, 
 but he had the mortification to see the en- 
 vied power vested in the hands of the earl 
 of Arran, and liimself confined a prisoner iu 
 Blackness castle His intrigues soon libe- 
 rated him ; lie was reconciled to the regent, 
 and in the fullness of liis po^er he again 
 vented his persecution against the protes- 
 tants. Among those who sufflsred, none 
 deserved the tears of humanity more than 
 George Wishart, who was precipitately 
 tried, condemned, and burnt as a heretic, at 
 St. Andrew's^ in the presefvce of his haughty 
 persecutor. This inhuman deed, though 
 applauded by the catholics, roused the in- 
 dignation of the kingdom; but the cardi- 
 nal's pride soon raised against him a formi- 
 dable conspiracy. He rejected with dis- 
 dain a petition of Norman Lesley, son of 
 lord Rothes, and the indignant youth beund 
 his family to resent the insult. The prelate 
 was attacked in his castle, his sei'vants were 
 secured, and the first sound that awoke him 
 from his sleep were threats against his life. 
 He opened his door upon promises, it is said, 
 that no violence should be oftered to his per- 
 son, but he was struck by one of the Lesleys 
 and by Carmichael, and the fatal stab was at 
 last given by James Melvil, one of the as- 
 sociates in the bloody deed, with a cool fe- 
 rocity, which, while it insulted the bleeding 
 victim, profanely called upon the God of 
 peace to witness the revenge of Wishart's 
 innocence. This was the 29th of May, 1546. 
 
 Beaton, James, nephew of the archbish- 
 op, was born at BaWour, and raised \.o the 
 see of Glasglow before his 25th .year. At 
 the reformation in 15C0, ho fled to France 
 with the records and sacred vessels of his 
 cathedral, which he presented to tiie Scotch 
 college of Paris. He left a MS. history of 
 Scotland, and died at Paris 1603, aged 73. 
 
 Beatrix, daughter of the count of Bur- 
 gundy, married the emperor Frederic I. iu 
 1156. It is pretended by some historians that 
 she was insulted by the'people of Milan, and 
 that the emperor revenged her wrongs by 
 the destruction of tlie place, and the ignomi- 
 nious punishment of the inhabitants. 
 
 Beatrix, of Provence, daughter of Ray- 
 mond Berenger count of Provence, married 
 in 1245 Charles son of Lewis VIII. of France 
 who was afterwards crowned king of Naples 
 and Sicily. She died at Nocera. 
 
 Be A3 TIE, James, a Scotch poet, son 
 of a respectable farmer, and born in Kin- 
 •cardin.shire, October 1735. He was edu- 
 cated at Aberdeen, where he obtained a 
 
J3E 
 
 scholarship, and afterwards he undertook 
 the care of Alloa school in Fifeshire, 
 from, whence he removed to Aberdeen 
 grammar school as assistant, and married 
 the daughter of the head master. He now 
 distinguished himself as an elegant writer, 
 and the publication of his minstrel, which 
 was begun in 1771, and finished in three 
 years, procured him the patronage of lord 
 Errol, and the professorship of moral philo- 
 sophy and logic in the Marischal college of 
 Aberdeen, with a pension of 200/. from the 
 king. Soon after this he visited London, 
 ■where he was received by Dr. Johnson, 
 Dr. Porteus, and other high and literary 
 characters, with all the respect due to merit 
 and virtue. He died August 1803, universal- 
 ly regretted as a man Avho had devoted his 
 time to the advancement of litei'ature, of 
 taste and of morality. Besides his elegant 
 poem of the minstrel, he published a small 
 ■volume of poems and translations 1760, — the 
 judgment of Paris 17Cr5, — an essay on the 
 nature and immutability of truth, in opposi- 
 tion to sophistry and scepticism, 1770, a 
 work of great merit and full of sound argu- 
 ment, urged with such force against David 
 Hume's doctrines that he never heard the 
 name of Beattie mentioned without emotion, 
 —-dissertations moral and critical in 4to. 1783, 
 —the evidences of the Christian religion in 
 two small volumes, written at the request 
 of his friend the bishop of London, — ele- 
 ments of moral science, delivered in lectures 
 to his pupils, &;c. 
 
 Beattie, James Hay, son of the above, 
 was born at Aberdeen, 6th November 1768. 
 He early displayed great powers of mind, 
 and at the age of 13 he entered at the Maris- 
 *^' chal college where he took his master's de- 
 ^greeinl786. His abilities were so promi- 
 V^ sing that, before he was 19, he was appoin- 
 ^^"■» ted by the king, at his father's solicitation, 
 ^ and with the approbation of the college, as- 
 _ sistant professor of moral philosophy and logic. 
 r I *S To the mildest manners he united the pro- 
 \i foundest devotion ; hg.a l^ays carried about 
 him a pocket bible riind aGreek new testa- 
 ment. He was in his disposition very cheer- 
 ful, he studied music as a science, and was so 
 fond of it that he built himself an organ, upon 
 which he performed skilfully. He was car- 
 ried off by a nervous atrophy, 19th November, 
 1790, to the great grief of his father and of 
 the university of which he was a member. 
 His father published a small volume of his 
 poetry in 1799, and gave a pleasing and pa- 
 thetic account of his lamented son, of whom 
 he observes that he never found fault with 
 "him more than three or four times in his life. 
 He had impressed early upon his mind the 
 strict rules of morality, and particulaiy to 
 speak the truth and keep a secret, and, I 
 never found, says the afflicted father, that in 
 a single instance he transgressed either. 
 
 Beatus liuENANUS, son of Anthony 
 Bilde, whose name was altered to Rhenanus, 
 as being a native of Rheinach. He was a 
 learned man, and published, among other 
 classical works, the liistoi'v of Yell. Patcrcu- 
 
 ^^ BE 
 
 lus, the works of TerluUian with valuable 
 notes, and other pieces, &c. He died at 
 Strasburg, 1547. 
 
 Beau, John Lewis le, a leai'ned professor 
 and academician of Paris. He wrote a dis- 
 course on the dangers which attended lite- 
 rary men from povei-ty and from opulence, 
 and he strongly recommended mediocrity as 
 the truest standard of happiness. He pub- 
 lished Ho'ner in Greek and Latin, 2 vols. 
 1746, and Cicero's orations with annotations, 
 3 vols. 1750, and died I2th March, 1766, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Beau, Charles le, elder brother of the 
 preceding, was also distinguished as a scho- 
 lar and professor of belles lettres at Paris, 
 and like Rollin he enjoyed and deserved the 
 love and veneration of a great number of re- 
 spectable pupils. Besides valuable contribu- 
 tions to the memoirs of the academy, he 
 wrote an history of the lower empire, in 22 
 vols. 12mo. admired for its correctness, ele- 
 gance, and accuracy. The honor of a seat 
 in the academy of belles lettres was intended 
 for him, but he no sooner understood that 
 Bougainville, the translator of Anti-Lucre- 
 tius, opposed his pretensions, than he no- 
 bly transferred his interest to the support of 
 his rival, exclaiming *• every sacrifice should 
 be made to oblige a man of merit." He was 
 gladly received on the next vacancy. He 
 died March ISth, 1778, aged 77. His ope- 
 ra latina were edited in 1783, at Paris, in 
 3 vols. 12mo, 
 
 Beaucaire dePeq^uillon, Francois, 
 was born in the Bourbonnois, and raised to 
 the see of Metz, by the interest of his pupil 
 cardinal Charles de Lorraine- He wrote, 
 besides his treatise des enfans, morts dans 
 le sein de leur mere — rerum Gallic, com- 
 mentaria, from 1461 to 1562, and died 1591. 
 In his history of France, which, as he desi- 
 red, appeared only after his death, he is too 
 partial to the Guises, but otherivise he is cor- 
 rect and elegant, a polite scholar, and the 
 friend of virtue and merit. 
 
 Beaucham, Richard, earl of Warwick, 
 a brave general, who in various encounters 
 defeated the French. He was at the coun- 
 cil of Constance, and died at Rouen in Nor- 
 mandy 1439, aged 58, and his remains wepe 
 brought to England and deposited at War- 
 wick. 
 
 Beauchamps, Pierre Francois Godard 
 de, was born at Paris, where he died 1761, 
 aged 72. Besides translations of Rhodantis 
 & Doricles by Theodoras Prodromus, and of 
 the loves of Ismene and Ismenias by Kusta- 
 thius, &c. — he wrote '* lettres d'Heloise h 
 d'Abelard," and recherches sur les theatres 
 de France, in 3 vols, a woi-k which better re- 
 flection and judicious selection might have 
 enriched with valuable anecdotes, and a com- 
 prehensive view of the progress of the stage. 
 
 Beauchateau, Franc. Matthieu Clia- 
 telet de, soji ojF a player, born 1645, was dis- 
 tinguished as a poet at the age of eight, and 
 early noticed by the mother of Lewis XIV. 
 by Mazarin, Seguier, and othei's. At 12 he 
 published some of his poems, called la lyre 
 
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 dyi jeuue ApoUon, aad coming over to Elng- 
 land he was admired by Cromwell. He tra- 
 velled into Persia, where it is supposed that 
 he died, as no intelligence was ever after 
 heard of him. 
 
 Be AVER, John, a Benedictine monk of 
 Westminster abbey, in the 14th century, 
 author of a manuscript chronicle of British 
 affairs from Brutus to his own time. This 
 work Hearne was prevented by death from 
 publishing. He is quoted with respect by 
 Stow, Leland, and others. He wrote also de 
 rebus ccenobi Vestraonast. 
 
 Beaufils, Guillaume, a Jesuit of Au- 
 vergoe, who died at Toulouse in 1758, aged 
 84. He was eminent as a preacher and as a 
 literary character. He wrote funeral dis- 
 courses, the life of madame de Chantal, &c. 
 
 Beaufort, Margaret, daughter of John 
 Beaufort, duke of Somerset, the grandson of 
 John of Gaunt, was born at Bletsoe, Bedford- 
 shire, in 1441. She became mother of Hen- 
 ry VH. by Edmund Tudor earl of Richmond; 
 after whose death she married sir Henry 
 Stafford; and for her third husband took 
 Thomas earl of Derby. She founded the 
 colleges of Christ and St. John, Cambridge. 
 She died 29th June, 1509, highly respected, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey, where 
 a black marble monument is erected to her 
 memory. 
 
 Beaufort, Henry, brother of Henry 
 IV. of England, was successively bishop of 
 Lincoln, and afterwards of Winchester, chan- 
 cellor of England, ambassador to France, a 
 cardinal in 1426, and legate in Germany. 
 He crowned, in 1431, Henry VI. in the me- 
 tropolitan church of Paris. In his chai-acter, 
 he was proud, haughty, and ambitious ; and 
 he is well delineated by our immortal poet. 
 He died at Winchester, 1447. 
 
 Beaufort, Francois Vendome due de, 
 son of Cfesar duke of Vendome, was born at 
 Paris, 1616. He was imprisoned for conspi- 
 ring against Mazarin, and attempted in vain 
 to excite a rebellion. He distinguished him- 
 self in the French civil wars, and became a 
 great favorite among the populace, whose 
 manners and language he strangely affected. 
 He acquired additional honors against the 
 Turks in Africa, and afterwards at the siege 
 of Candia, where he was slain in 1669. It 
 has been said, with little probability, that he 
 •was the man in the iron mask so long and so 
 mysteriously confined in the bastille at Paris. 
 
 Beaufort, Lewis de, a learned man, 
 author of the history of Germanicus, — of a 
 dissertation on the uncertainty of the five 
 first ages of the Roman republic, — of a his- 
 tory of the Roman republic, or ancient go- 
 vex-nment of Rome, &c. He was member of 
 the London royal society; and died at Maes- 
 tricht, 1795. 
 
 Beaulieu, John Baptiste Allais de, au- 
 thor of *' Part d'ecrire," 1681 and 1688, in fo- 
 lio, was a celebrated writing-master at Paris. 
 
 Beaulieu, Sebastian Pontault dc, an en- 
 gineer, who drew, and had engraved, all the 
 sieges and military campaigns of Lewis XIV. 
 in 2 vols, folio, lie died 1674. 
 VOL. 1, QI 
 
 Beaulieu, Louis le Blanc de, a theologi- 
 cal professor of Sedan, born at Plessis-Marli. 
 He died 1675, aged G4, '.ritli the reputation 
 of being learned, courte^us^and moderate in 
 his opinions. His thexes were published 
 1683, in folio. 
 
 Beaulieu, N. Baron de, an Austrian 
 general, who distinguished himself in quel- 
 ling the insurrection of the Brabanters iu 
 1789, and afterwards against Biron, the 
 French general. In 1796 he was sent to 
 command the Austrian armies in Italy, but 
 sunk before the superior good fortune of Bo- 
 naparte, and after losing the battles of Mon- 
 tenotte, Milessimo, Mondovi, &c. he resign- 
 ed his power into the hands of Wurmser, 
 and died soon after. He was brave and ac- 
 tive, but more fit to command a detachment 
 than a large army. 
 
 Beaumanoir, Jean de, called marechal 
 de Lavardin, rose by his abilities and virtues 
 to the government of Maine, and to military 
 dignities. He died at Paris, 1614, aged 63, 
 highly respected. 
 
 Beaumarchais, Peter Augustin Caron 
 de, son of a clock maker, was born at Paris, 
 24th January, 1732. He was brought up to 
 his father's profession, and invented a new 
 escapement in the machinery of a watch, 
 which was disputed with him by another 
 artist, but honorably adjudged to him by the 
 academy of sciences. He was also eminent 
 as a musician, and excelled on the harp and 
 guittar, so that he was noticed by the sisters 
 of Lewis XV. and liberally patronised for the 
 part whicli he supported in their private 
 concerts. The abilities which he displayed 
 in tliree lawsuits in which he was engaged, 
 recommended him to government, and pro- 
 cured him some honorable employment. 
 Upon the breaking out of the revolution, he 
 fled to Holland, and then to England ; but af- 
 tewards returned to France, and was impri- 
 soned. Liberated with difliculty from the 
 abbaye, he died suddenly, in 1799, aged 69. 
 He wrote memoires centre les sieurs de 
 Goesman, la Blache, Marin, d'Arnaud, 1774 
 — memoir in answer to W. Kornman, 1787 
 — Eugenie, a drama, in five acts, 1767 — the 
 two friends, a play, 1770 — the barber of Se- 
 ville, a comedy, 1775 — the marriage of Figa- 
 ro, 1784 — Tarare, an opera, 1787 — la mere 
 coupable, 1792, &c. These plays, and his 
 great and indefatigable activity, contributed 
 much to render him independent and rich. 
 
 Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, a 
 native of Valleraugues, in the diocese of Al- 
 lais, whose literary fame procured him an 
 honorable reception in Denmark, and after- 
 wards at Berlin, where he became acquainted 
 with Voltaire, whose abilities he admired, 
 but whose irritable temper, opposed to his 
 own, produced dissension, distrust, and en- 
 mity. On his return to Paris, 1 753, le Beau- 
 melle was confined in the bastille for some 
 severe remarks in his book called " mes 
 pensees;" but he Avas restored to liberty, 
 and retired to Toulouse, where .he married 
 the daughter of M. Lavnisse, by \i liom he 
 left a son and a daughter. Jiis mei-its were 
 
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 net, however, permitted long to languisli iu 
 tlie country. He was called to Paris to be 
 librarian to the king; but a dropsy in the 
 chest rapidly termii^iated his useful career, 
 ^November 1773, in his 4Gth year. His most 
 valuable works are, the memoirs of mad. 
 Maintenon, 6 vols. 12mo. — letters to Vol- 
 taire — thoughts of Seneca — a commentary 
 on the Henriade — a defence of the spirit of 
 laws, &c. He possessed the powers of Avit 
 and satire in a respectable degree ; but it is 
 to be lamented that his personalities were so 
 illiberal against Voltaire, whom, in spite of 
 his quarrel, he still respected and esteemed. 
 
 Beaumont, Sir John, son of Francis 
 Beaumont, one of the judges of queen Eliza- 
 beth, retired, after three ye?r's residence at 
 Kroadgate-hall, Oxford, to his native county, 
 lieicestershlre. He was knighted by king 
 Charles, and died 1628, aged 46. He distin- 
 guished himself as a poet, and wrote the 
 *' crown of thorns," a poem, in eight books 
 — Bosworth-field, &c. — besides some trans- 
 lations from Horace, Persius, Virgil, &c. co- 
 pied and published by his son sir John. 
 
 Beaumont, Francis, brother to the px-e- 
 ceding, studied at Cambridge and at the In- 
 jier Temple. His dramatic pieces, which 
 he composed in conjunction with Fletcher, 
 acquired him great celebrity, and though he 
 <li(l not i-each his 30th year before he paid 
 the debtof nature, March 1615, the correct- 
 ness of his judgment, his taste, and his geni- 
 us, have immortalized his name as a poet. 
 He was intimate with Ben Jonson, who sub- 
 mitted his pieces to his criticising eye. He 
 •was buried in St. Peter's, Westminster, but 
 there is no inscription on his tomb. He left 
 a daughtei', who was alive in 1700. His works 
 are published with those of Fletcher. 
 
 Beaumont, Joseph, successively mas- 
 ter of Jesus college and Peter-house, Cam- 
 bridge, and regius professor of divinity, was 
 autiior of Psyche, or love's mystery, in 24 
 cantos, an allegorical poem, much admired. 
 lie wrote observations on Dr. More's a])olo- 
 gy, &c. He died 1699, aged 84. A coli«c- 
 tion of his poems appeared in 1749, in 4lo. 
 
 Beaumont de Perefix, Hai'douin, 
 archbishop of Paris, wrote a valuable histo- 
 ry of Henry IV. for the use of Lewis XIV. 
 to whom he was preceptor. He displayed 
 vith fidelity, elegance, and fire, the great 
 virtues and amiable character of his hero. 
 He died 1670. 
 
 Beaumont, mad. le Prince de, an able 
 and lively writer, whose works, in the form 
 of romances, letters, memoirs, &c. were 
 intended to improve youth in morality and 
 religion. She w.^s born at Rouen, 26tl) 
 April 1711, and died at Anneci, 1780. 
 
 Beaumont, Elias de, a native of Caren- 
 tan, in Normandy. He was brought up to 
 the bar ; but thougli he possessed powers of 
 mind equal to the profession, he unfortu- 
 nately was not blessed with the gift of pleas- 
 ing elocution, and therefore he retired from 
 the ]uiblic eye to his closet. The memoire 
 which he wrote on the Calashad a mostpow- 
 erlul efVcct over the French nation. He wrote 
 
 besides various other memoires which pos*' 
 sessed merit. He died at Paris, 10th Jan- 
 uary 1785, much esteemed. His wife, whose 
 name was Dumesnil-Molin, wrote an interes- 
 ting novel, called lettres du marquis de Ro- 
 selle, 12mo. and died 1783. 
 
 Beaumont, John Lewis Moreau de, aa 
 able political writer, who died 2d May 1785, 
 at Mesnil, near Nantes, aged 70. His works, 
 on the impositions des etats de I'Europe Sc 
 de la France, in 4 vols. 4to. reprinted 1787, 
 were much and deservedly admired on the 
 continent. 
 
 Beaumont, Guill. Rob. Phil. Jos. Jeau 
 dc, an ecclesiastic of Rouen, known for his 
 piety and domestic virtues. He was author 
 of some theological pieces, and died 1761. 
 
 Beaune, Jacques de, baron of Samblan- 
 cai, a minister of the priories under Francis 
 I. He was obliged by threats to give to the ' 
 queen-mother the 300,000 crowns which 
 had been promised to Lautrec for the de- 
 fence of the Milanese, and when the expedi- 
 tion failed he was violently accused of pecu- 
 lation. In his justification, he informed the 
 king of the application of the money; but 
 the queen-mother perfidiously obtained the 
 receipts from his secretary, Gentil, and the 
 unfortunate minister Viaving now nothing to 
 produce in his defence, was condemned, and 
 executed, 1527. Gentil afterwards suftered 
 for some other crime. 
 
 Beaune, Renaud de, a native of Tours, 
 who became archbishop of Bourges, and af- 
 terwards of Sens, 1596. He was strongly 
 attached to the cause of Henry IV. He died 
 1606, in his 79th year. 
 
 Beaune, Florimont de, counsellor of 
 Blois, was intimate with Descartes, who 
 publicly praised his mathematical know- 
 ledge. He discovered how to determine 
 the nature of curves by the properties of 
 their tangents; and died 1652. 
 
 Beaurain, Jean de, a native of Aix en 
 Issart in Artois, known as a negotiator, but 
 more particularly as a geographer. After 
 studying under the famous Sanson, he was 
 made, at the age of 25, geographer to Lewis 
 XV. for whom he composed a curious per- 
 petual almanac. His topographical descrip- 
 tion of the campaigns of Luxemburg from 
 1690 to 1694, in three vols, folio, were high- 
 ly valued. He died at Paris, February 11, 
 1771, aged 75, of a retention of urine. 
 
 Beaurieu, Gaspard Guillard de, % 
 French writer, born at St. Paul in Artois 9t}i 
 July 1728, died at Paris in a public hospital, 
 5th October, 1795. He was very eccentric 
 in his dress and character, though in his con- 
 versation he was lively, witty, and entertai- 
 ning. He wrote various things, the best 
 known of which are I'eleve de la nature, the 
 pupil of nature, 1790, 2 vols. 8vo, often re' 
 printed — I'heureux citoyen — cours d'his- 
 toire naturclle, 7 vols, 12mo. &e. 
 
 Beausobre, Isaac de, an able protestant 
 of Niort, who fled to Berlin from France for 
 tearing the king's signet from the door of a. 
 reformed church which he was forbidden to 
 euter. The king of Prussia esteemed him as 
 
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 hii chaplain and counsellor ; and he deserved 
 his confidence by his erudition, the openness 
 of his character, and thejajwt and morality 
 of his discourses. His A^Kuigs were thelogi- 
 cal ; the most esteemed was his history of the 
 Manichseans, 2 vols, a work praised by Gib- 
 bon. He died 1738, aged 79. He wrote be- 
 sides a defence of the reformation — a trans- 
 lation of the New Testament, with notes, 
 together with I'Enfant — dissertation on the 
 Adamites of Bohemia. 
 
 Beausobre, Louis de, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Berlin, where he was 
 distinguished as a literary character, and as 
 the friend of the Prussian monarch. He 
 •wrote philosophical dissertations on fire, " les 
 songes d'epicure — le pyrrhonisme du Sage," 
 &c. He died of an apoplexy, December 3, 
 1783, aged 53. 
 
 Beauvais, Guillaume, a native of Dun- 
 kirk, member of the academy of Cortona, 
 and author of a history of the Roman em- 
 perors by medals, 3 vols. 12mo. He died at 
 Orleans, 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Beauvais, Charles Nicolas, a native of 
 Orleans, distinguished as a physician, but 
 more as a violent and seditious member of 
 the national assembly and of the convention. 
 He died at Montpelier, 1704. He wrote 
 essays historiques sur Orleans, 8vo. — des- 
 cription topographique du mont Olivet, 8vo. 
 — cour elementaire d'education pour les 
 sours & muets, &c. 
 
 Beauvais, John Baptiste Charles Marie 
 de, bishop of Senez, died 1789, aged 56. He 
 was eminent as an eloquent x>reacher, and 
 in private life was very amiable. His fune- 
 ral orations which he published were much 
 admired. 
 
 Beauvau, Lewis Charles marquis de, a 
 French general who distinguished himself at 
 the siege of Philipsburg, 1734, at Clausen, 
 Prague, and in Flanders at the siege of 
 Ypres, where he received a mortal wound, 
 24th June 1744, aged 34. 
 
 Beauvilliers, Francis de, duke of St. 
 Aignan, was author of some prose and poeti- 
 cal pieces. He died 1687, aged 80. His el- 
 dest son, Paul, Avas precepter to the duke of 
 Berry, father of Lewis XIV. He died 1714, 
 in his 66th year. His brother, who was 
 bishop of Beauvais, wrote some pieces of 
 devotion, and died 19th August, 1751. Ano- 
 ther brother, Paul Hippolitns, was eminent 
 in the military service of his country, as well 
 as in negotiations. He wrote *' amusemens 
 literaries ;" and died 1776, aged 92. 
 
 Beauzee, Nicolas, author of an universal 
 grammar, or exposition of the elements of 
 languages, 2 vols. 8vo. — of an exposition of 
 the historical proofs of religion, and other 
 ■works, besides the articles in grammar in the 
 encyclopsedia, was member of the academy, 
 and professor of grammar in the military 
 ,^ School. He was born at Vei'dun, and died 
 j^ at Paris, 25th Januaty, 1789, aged 72. 
 
 Bebele, Henry, a native of Justingen, in 
 Suabia, professor of eloquence at Tubingen. 
 He wr.s an able Latin scholar, and he recei- 
 ved the poetical crown, in 1501, from Maxi- 
 
 milian I. Besides his poems, called ''opusca- 
 la Bebehana," he wrote some tracts, &c. 
 
 Began, Martin, a Jesuit, boru in Bra- 
 bant, unusally zealous in the cause of the 
 pope and of the church, was confessor to 
 Ferdinand II. and died at \'ienna, 1624. He 
 wrote the sum of theology, iu French ; but 
 some of his writings were publicly burnt at 
 Paris and at Rome. 
 
 Beccadei.li, Lewis, a native of Bolog- 
 na, who followed the fortunes of cardinal 
 Pole, of whose hfe he wrote an account, in 
 Latin. He was employed as ambassador at 
 Venice and Augsburg, and had the care of 
 Ferdinand son of Cosmo I. duke of Tuscan)^ 
 He resigned the archbishopric of Ragusa ; 
 but was disappointed in his expectations to 
 succeed to Pisa. He died 1572, aged 80. 
 He wrote a life of Petrarch, in Italian, and 
 corresponded with Sadolet, Bembo, and 
 other learned men. 
 
 Beccadelli, Antonio, a native of Pa- 
 lermo, professor of belles lettres at Pavia. 
 He was crowned with the poetic laurel by 
 the emperor Sigismund, 1432, and was iii 
 the train of Alphonso king of Naples, who 
 ennobled him, and gave him some honorable 
 appointments. He died at Naples, 1471, 
 aged 97. His epistles, &c. were printed at 
 Venice, 1453. He wrote also a book on the 
 sayings and actions of Alphonso king of Ar- 
 ragon ; and showed himself so partial to 
 Livy, that he sold an estate to purchase a 
 copy of the historian. He wrote also Her- 
 maphi'oditus, an obscene and licentious work. 
 
 Beccafumi, Dominique, a shepherd of 
 Sienna, whose abilities as a painter were ob- 
 served and encouraged by Beccafunii, one of 
 his countrymen. In gratitude he exchanged 
 the name of his family, Mecarino, for that 
 of his benefactor. He died at Genoa, 1549, 
 aged 65. His St. Sebastian is much admired. 
 
 Beccari, Augustine, a native of Ferrara, 
 who, and not Tasso, was the first Palian who 
 wrote pastorals. His " il sacraficio" appeared 
 1555. He died 1560. 
 
 Beccaria, John Baptist, a learned monk 
 of Mondovi, known as a teacher of philoso- 
 phy and mathematics at Palermo, Rome, 
 and Turin. The honors which he i-eceived 
 in this last place, as preceptor to the royal 
 family, were unable to divert his attention 
 from philosophical pursuits. He wrote dis- 
 sertations on electricity, and an essay on the 
 cause of storms, &c. lie died at Turin, 
 May 22, 1781. 
 
 Beccaria, James Bartholomew, a native 
 of Bononia, who applied himself to the study 
 of medicine, and became professor of natu- 
 ral ])hilosophy in the university of Bononia. 
 A liberal communication with the learned 
 men who frequented his company produced 
 a new mode of instruction ; the old forms 
 were abandoned, and lectures in natural phi- 
 losophy, anatomy, chemistry, physic, &c. 
 were delivered to crowded audiences by 
 twelve i-espectable professors ; and as a me- 
 dical reader Beccaria acquired opulenc0 
 and fame. A dangerous fever, however, 
 nearly proved fatal to him, auU left such 
 
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 unpleasant traces behind as shook his con- 
 stitution. His publications on philosophical 
 and medical subjects were numerous and 
 valuable, so that his opinion was courted by 
 the learned of Europe, and his name enrol- 
 led among their most respectable societies. 
 Beccaria studied the diseases of the temper 
 as well as those of the body; and by perse- 
 verance and attention he converted a sour 
 and ungovernable disposition to mildness and 
 placid composure. He died the SOth Jan- 
 uary 1766, aged 84. 
 
 Beccaria, Ctssar Bonesana marquis, an 
 Italian philosopher, the pupil of Genovesi of 
 Naples. He published a treatise on crimes 
 and punishments, which proved a popular 
 ■work, and was translated into various lan- 
 guages — disquisitions on the nature of style, 
 &c. He died at Milan 1795, aged 75, 
 
 Beccuti, Francis, an Italian poet, surna- 
 med II Cappeta. He was professor of law 
 in his native town of Perugia; and died 
 1509, aged 44. He is particularly known 
 by his burlesque poetry, m imitation of Ber- 
 jii. His works were edited by Cavalucci, 
 4to, 1751, Venice. 
 
 Becerra, Gaspard, a Spanish sculptor 
 and painter in fresco. He was the pupil of 
 Raphael ; and his best piece is a vh-gin, made 
 by order of Isabella of A^alois. He died at 
 Madrid 1570. 
 
 Becker, John Joachim, successively phy- 
 sician to the electors of Mentz and Bavaria, 
 ■was born at Spires, and died at London 
 1685, aged 40 He possessed great genius, 
 and his discoveries in chemistry and me- 
 chanics wei-e many and important ; but 
 these high merits were obscured by impetu- 
 ous passions, and an unyielding temper, 
 which raised him enemies, and at last obli- 
 ged him,' after residing at Vienna and at 
 Haerlera, to fly from Germany for an asylum 
 in Britain. His publications Avere seven in 
 number, on philosophical subjects, the chief 
 of which are physica subterrantJai*— iustituti- 
 ones chymicje, &c. 
 
 Becker, Daniel, a physician of the elec- 
 tor of Brandenburg, v/ho died in his native 
 city of Konigsburg 1760, aged 43. He was 
 author of comracntarius de thcriaca, &c. 
 London, 1660, 8vo. — de cultivoro Prussinio, 
 Leyden, 8vo. 
 
 Becket, Thomas, was born at London, 
 1119, and educated at Merton abbey in Sur- 
 rey, and afterwards at Oxford and Paris. 
 By the favor of his patron, Theobald, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, he passed to Bononia 
 in Italy, where he studied civil law, and soon 
 after embraced the ecclesiastical profession, 
 and so highly w as he recommended to king 
 Henry II. that he was made chancellor 1158. 
 As a courtier, Becket assumed all the gaiety 
 of the times, and when he attended the 
 king to Toulouse, he maintained in his train 
 1200 horse, besides 700 knights or gen- 
 tlemen. On the death of Theobald, the 
 monarch rewarded his favorite with the va- 
 cant see, but, by resigning the seals of chan- 
 cellor, Becket oflended his benefactor ; and 
 his subseqnent haughtiness and obstinacy, 
 
 and the high tone in which he asserted the 
 privileges of the church, further widened 
 the breach, and*«i|*turbe<t the peace of the 
 kingdom. As the^uardian of his people, 
 Henry wished for a community of laws, but 
 Becket refused to repress the disorders of 
 his clergy by suifering them to be tried in 
 the same manner as the laity, and thongh 
 for a time he assented to the famous constitu- 
 tions of Clarendon, he retracted his acquies- 
 cence, and resigned his archiepiscopal office 
 at the feet of the pope, who not only forgave 
 the error of his judgment, by reinstating 
 him, but espoused his cause and annulled 
 the decrees. Supported by the papal power 
 the primate excommunicated those who fa- 
 vored the royal cause, and Henry, swollen 
 with indignation, banished his relations and 
 adherents, and sent them in disgrace and 
 indigence to their exiled master. Becket 
 continued to indulge his resentment. Not 
 only the representations and inti-eaties of the 
 clergy, but the interference of the pope by 
 two cardinals, proved for a while abortive 
 with the haughty prelate, who, when, at last 
 he condescended to see his sovereign 1167, 
 broke off the conference, because Henry re- 
 fused to give him the kiss of peace. In 1169, 
 however, another meeting with difficulty 
 took place on the confines of Normandy, 
 and a reconciliation was effected, and the 
 king, in proof of his sincerity, held the bri- 
 dle of Becket's horse while he mounted and 
 dismounted twice. The return of the pri- 
 mate to his country was not attended with 
 the conduct which the friends of public peace 
 expected, he refused to restore the excom- 
 municated bishops ; and so irritated was 
 Henry on hearing this, that he exclaimed, 
 *' he was an unhappy prince, since none of 
 his followers had either spirit or gratitude to 
 revenge his wrongs on so insolent a priest.'* 
 The words animated four of his coui-tiers, 
 who sailed for England and dashed out the 
 prelate's brains befoi'e the altar of his cathe- 
 dral on the 29th Dec. 1171. The murderers 
 fled, and to expiate their crimes, they un- 
 dertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where 
 they died. The news of Becket's death 
 alarmed Henry, who not only exculpated 
 himself before the pope, but pci-formed 
 penance at the shrine of the murdered 
 priest, and not only passed the night on the 
 cold pavement in penitence and prayer, but 
 suffered himself to be scourged by the monks. 
 To the violence of his death, and not to his 
 virtues, Becket Avas indebted for the honors 
 paid to his memory. He not only became a 
 saint by the indulgence of the church, but so 
 numerous were the miracles wrought at his 
 tomb that two large volumes could scarce 
 contain the mention of them. The spot was 
 visited by thousands with religious awe, and 
 the shrine of the saint, like that of a god of 
 Delphi in ancient times, wf.s adorned with 
 whatever was most costly, rich, and valua- 
 ble in the kingdom. 
 
 Beckingham, Charles, an eminent dra- 
 matic writer, two of whose pieces, Heniy 
 IV. of France, and Scipio Africanus. were 
 
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 acted and applauded before he completed 
 his 20th year. He died 1730, aged 32. 
 
 Beckikgton, Thomas, a native of So- 
 mersetshire, in the fifteenth century, author 
 of a book about the rights of the English 
 monarchs in France. He was of New col- 
 lege, and became bishop of Bath and Wells. 
 
 BECQ.UET, Anthony, a Celestine monk, 
 ■who wrote an history of his order, published 
 4to. 1721. He was a man of learning, and 
 acquainted with many valuable literary anec- 
 dotes. He died 1730, aged 76. 
 
 Bectash, Culi, a learned Mussulman, 
 author of a book called the garden of 
 thoughts. 
 
 Bectoz., Claude de, abbess of St. Ho- 
 nore de Taras(,*on, was eminent for her 
 knowledge of Latin. Her letters were so 
 polished and elegant, that Francis I. not only 
 showed them to his courtiers as perfect mo- 
 dels, but paid the abbess a friendly visit. She 
 published several pieces in Latin and French, 
 both prose and verse, and died 1547. 
 
 Be DA, Noel, a violent ecclesiastic, born 
 in Picardy, and raised to the headship of the 
 college of Montaign. His attack on Eras- 
 mus was so severe that the offended scholar 
 convicted him of asserting 181 lies, 210 ca- 
 lumnies, and 47 blasphemies. It was by his 
 influence that the Sorbonne did not pro- 
 nounce in favor of the divorce of Henry 
 VHL and so irritative were his writings and 
 his conduct, that he was three times sent 
 into banishment, and at last died in his exile, 
 in the abbey of Mount St. Michael, Feb. 8th, 
 1537. His works were neither elegant nor 
 correct. 
 
 Beda or Bede, surnamed the Venera- 
 ble, was born at Wearmouth or Jarrow, in 
 the county of Durham, and from his earliest 
 years educated in the monastery of St. Pe- 
 ter. The monastic life gave him the oppor- 
 tunities which he so ardently desired, his 
 time was devoted to the severest studies, 
 and his name and learning became so re- 
 spectable that pope Sergius in vain solicited 
 his presence at Rome. He was courted bj 
 the most learned of his countiymen, and 
 particularly by Egbert, bishop of York, to 
 ■whom he wrote, in the last years of his life, 
 an epistle, valuable for the curious statement 
 which it gives of the ecclesiastical affairs of 
 the times. Confinement and application at 
 last overpowered his constitution ; but though 
 laboring under the complicated weight of a 
 V consumption and an asthma, he continued 
 occasionally to impart instruction to the 
 monks of the monastery, till he expired, 
 26th May 735, aged 63. His remains were 
 deposited at Jarrow, but afterwards removed 
 to Durham, and placed with those of St. 
 ' Cuthbert. Of his wi^itings, which were all 
 composed in Latin, the most celebrated were 
 bis ecclesiastical history from the time of Ju- 
 lius Csesar to his own age, collected from 
 the annals of convents and ancient chro- 
 nicles — his commentaries on scriptui'c, kc. 
 His works were so .universally admired that 
 tiot only his' countrymen, but foreigners, 
 wero loud in his praises. Some however 
 
 have severely attacked his literary charactep. 
 He certainly possessed all the puerile cre- 
 dulity of the times; he indulged in the rela- 
 tion of legendary miracles. He wrote, says 
 du Pin (torn 6, p. 88.) with surprising facility, 
 but without elegance, art, purity, or reflec- 
 tion ; and though his style is clear, he ap- 
 pears to be a greater master of learning than 
 of judgment, or true critical taste. He was 
 however, according to Camden, Bale, Pits> 
 and others, a man of superior powers of 
 mind, and he shone like a meteor in the 
 darkness of a barbarous age. So valuable 
 were his writings considered that a council 
 ordered them to be publicly read in churches. 
 The best edition of his history is that of 
 1722 in folio. 
 
 Bedell, William, an illustrious prelate, 
 born 1570, at Black Notley in Essex. He 
 studied at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 which he left to reside upon th;j living of St. 
 Kdmundsbury, Suffolk, and five years after, 
 1604, he went to Venice as chaplain to the 
 ambassador sir Henry Wotton. During a 
 residence of eight years in this ancient re- 
 public, he diligently applied himself to the 
 study of Hebrew, and formed a friendly and 
 intimate acquaintance with Paul Sarpi, the 
 rabbi Leo, and Antonio de Dominis, men 
 equally celebrated for their learning and 
 piety. On his return home he was presen- 
 ted to the living of Horingsheath, an(l twelve 
 years after he was unanimously elected to 
 the provostship of Trinity college, Dublin, 
 which by the king's command, though re- 
 luctantly, he accepted, and two years after 
 the favour of his patrons, sir Thomas Jermyn 
 and bishop Laud, raised him to the see of 
 Kilmore and Ardagh. In this high station 
 Bedell behaved with that strong sense of 
 propriety which his pi-ivate manners so much 
 promised. He exhorted his clergy- to ex- 
 emplary conduct and residence ; and, to 
 show them his own moderation, he resigned 
 the bishopric of Ardagh. His ordinations 
 were public and solemn, example was made 
 to go hand in hand with profession in the 
 great business of religion, and in a synod of 
 his clergy which he convened for reforma- 
 tion, some canons were enacted, excellent 
 and conciliatory. A strong advocate for the 
 church, he always abhorred the persecution 
 of the papists, and supported the justice and 
 the rights of his cause by the arms of meek 
 persuasion, not of virulent compulsion. The 
 liturgy as well as the bible was translated 
 into Irish, and every method pursued which 
 might inform and enlighten the minds of a 
 rough and uncivilized peasantry. So much 
 exemplary meekness did not go unapplaud- 
 ed ; when the country was torn by rebellion 
 in 1641, the bishop's palace Avas the only ha- 
 bitation in the county of Cavan that remain- 
 ed unviolated. Malice however prevailed, 
 the rebels, who bad declared that the pi-e- 
 late should be the last Englishman driven 
 from the country, demanded the expulsion 
 of the unfortunate men who had fled to his 
 roof for refuge, and Avlien he continued firm 
 to his refusal, he and his familv were seized 
 
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 ^^0 
 
 BE 
 
 and sent prisoners to the castle of ClougijV) The 
 
 bougliter. The horrors of confinement, and 
 more particularly the misfortunes of his 
 country, however, bi'oke his heart, lie ex- 
 pired on the 7th of February 1641, in the 
 house of Dennis Sheridan, a protestant, to 
 whose care he had been intrusted. His 
 memory received unusual honors from the 
 rebels, who in a large body cccompanied his 
 remains, and itred ov<jr his grave in the 
 churchyard of Kilmore, with all the homage 
 due to a worthy man, a pious Christian, and 
 an exemplary prelate. 
 
 Bed ERIC, Henry, a monk Avho florished 
 about the year 1380. He was born at Saint 
 Edmundsbury, Suffolk, and distinguished as 
 an eloquent preacher. He was for his learn- 
 ing honored with the degree of doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and chosen for his virtues provin- 
 cial of the Augustine order in England. He 
 ■wrote several theological treatises. 
 
 Bedford, Hilkiah, a quaker of Sibsey, 
 Lincolnshire, who settled as stationer in 
 London. His son of the same name was 
 educated at St. John's, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow; but though patronised 
 by the earl of Winchelsea, the politics of 
 the revolution deprived him of his benefice 
 in Lincolnshire. He was fined 1000 marks 
 in 1714, for publishing *' The hereditary 
 right of the crown of England asserted," 
 though the real author was Harbin, a non- 
 juring priest, whom his friendship thus pro- 
 tected. He wrote an answer ro Fontenelle's 
 oracles and Di*. Barwick's life, translated 
 from the Latili, &c. and died Nov. 26th, 
 1724, aged 61. 
 
 Bedford, Thomas, second son of Hil- 
 kiah, was educated at Westminster school 
 and St. John's, Cambridge, and he acquired 
 as a nonjuring clergyman some reputation 
 among his party at Comptou, near Ash- 
 bourne, Derbyshire, where he died Februa- 
 ry 1773, in good circumstances and much 
 respected. In his earlier years he was 
 chaplain at Angiers in France, in the family 
 of sir John Cotton, hart, and his marriage 
 •with the sister of George Smith, esq. of 
 Durham, enabled him to prepare for the 
 press an edition of Simeon of Durham's 
 history. He wrote also an historical cate- 
 chism. 
 
 Bedford, John duke of, third son of 
 Henry IV. distinguished himself as the gen- 
 eral of the English armies in France, during 
 the minority of Henry YI. whom he pro- 
 claimed king at Paris. He defeated the 
 French fleet in several encounters, especial- 
 ly near Southampton, and in the battle 
 •where he routed the duke of Alencon. He 
 died at Rouen 1435. When some courtiers 
 advised Charles VIII. of France to demolish 
 the monument of this noble foreigner, the 
 monarch answei'ed "Suffer to sleep in peace 
 the ashes of a man who when alive made all 
 France tremble." 
 
 Bedloe, William, a low adventurei*, 
 whom the success of Gates animated to the 
 discovery of a pretended popish plot, for 
 vhich the house of commons voted him 500/, 
 
 play called "The excommunicateil 
 prince," ascribed to him, is attributed by 
 Wood to Thom. Walter of Jesus college, 
 Oxford. He died August 20th, 1680. 
 
 Bedos de Celles, Francis, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. Maur, member of the academy of 
 Bourdeaux, was born at Caux, and died 25th 
 November, 1779, aged 53. He published a 
 treatise on dialling, 8vo. 178t), and one on 
 the art of making organs, 4to. 
 
 Bedreddin, Baalbeki, a physician of 
 Balbec, in the seventh century of the hegira, 
 author of a ti'catise on those medicines 
 which excite pleasure, &c. He inveighs 
 against Avicenna for ranking cox'iander 
 among the simples which enliven the heart. 
 
 Beek, David, a Flemish painter. Vid. 
 Bek. 
 
 Beg A, Cornelius, a Dutch painter born 
 at Haerlem. His landscapes, cattle, and 
 conversations, were much admired. During 
 a plague he fell a victim to his excessive at- 
 tention to his mistress, who was attacked by 
 the disease 1664, in his 45th year. 
 
 Beger, Laurence, son of a tanner of 
 Heidelberg, was librai'ian to the elector of 
 Brandenburg. He pubUshed several valua- 
 ble books on antiquities and medals, particu- 
 larly thesaurus ex thesauro, palatinus selec- 
 tus, seu gemmse, folio, — spicilegium anti- 
 quitatis, fol.— thesaurus five gemmse numis- 
 mate, &c. 3 vols, folio. He died at Berhn 
 1705, aged 52. He wrote, besides a book in 
 favor of polygamy at the instance of Charles 
 the elector palatine, who wished to espouse 
 his mistress, but he recanted its tenets after 
 the prince's death. 
 
 Begeyn, Abraham, a Dutchman, born 
 1650, painter to the king of Prussia. His 
 landscapes and other pieces adorn the royal 
 palaces of Berlin, and also some of the 
 public buildings of the Hague. 
 
 Beg ON, Michael, a native of Blois, who, 
 after px'actising law, distinguished himself in 
 the marine, and as governor of the French 
 West-India islands, &c. He was universally 
 I'espected for the benevolence of his charac- 
 ter. He died 14th March, 1710, in his 72d 
 year. He had collected a most valuable cabi- 
 net of antiques, medals, prints, and curi- 
 osities, and from the various memoirs which 
 he selected, Perrault derived his materials 
 for his *' History of tlie illustrious men of, 
 France." 
 
 Beguillet, Edmund, advocate in the 
 parliament of Dijon, and correspondent of 
 the academy of belles lettres, devoted him- 
 self much to agriculture and domestic eco- 
 nomy. He died May 1786. He is author of 
 a work on the principles of vegetation and 
 agriculture, 8vo. 1769 — treatise on the' vine 
 and wines, 1770 — on mills and millwrights — 
 &c. 
 
 B eh AIM, Martin, a native of Nuremberg, 
 whose penetrative genius, enriched by the 
 studies of navigation and cosmography, 
 formed the first idea of a new world. This 
 bold adventurer sailed in 1460 in quest of 
 discoveries, and actuallyJvTsited the Brazils, 
 the- isle of Fayal, and the straits of M^a- 
 
 9- '3y0 f 
 
 J C^j 
 
 Z/i 
 
 i 
 
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 ^ellan, and on liis returft he constructed a 
 globe of 20 inches diameter, witli a repre- 
 sentation of his voyage, still to be seen at 
 Nuremberg. This curious circumstance, if 
 supported by truth, detracts from the long 
 established merit of Columbus, as the first 
 discoverer of America. He died at Lisbon, 
 1506. 
 
 Behn, Aphra, an English poetess, born 
 at Canterbury She embarked with her fa- 
 ther, Mr. Johnson, who was appointed go- 
 vernor of Surinam, but his death on tbe 
 passage destroyed her prospects, and she re- 
 turned to England, where she married Mr. 
 Behn, a merchant, of Dutch extraction. It 
 is however to be observed, that her resi- 
 dence at Surinam introduced her to the 
 company of Oroonoko, a native prince, 
 whose story she has pathetically desci'ibed 
 in a novel bearing the same name, and 
 though assertions injurious to her character 
 liave been uttered by malice or envy with 
 respect to this illustrious American, it must 
 be confessed that his fondness for his wife 
 Imoinda, and the vigilance of her relations, 
 are the best proofs of her virtuous deport- 
 ment. Charles II. was pleased with her vi- 
 vacity, and she was employed by the court 
 to discover tbe machinations of the Dutch 
 against England. She was successful in this 
 attempt, and the love which Vander Albert 
 had formerly entertained for her person, 
 was converted into an engine to serve her 
 country. The unwary Dutchman in his 
 moments of fondness betrayed the inten- 
 tions of De Witt and De Ruyter to sail up 
 the Thames, but the Enghsh ourt unfortu- 
 nately considered the secret as improbable, 
 and Mrs. Behn renounced her politics, and 
 on her return home devoted herself, some- 
 times under the fictitious name of Astrsea, 
 to pleasure and the muses. Her M-ork? were 
 miscellaneous, and chiefly consisted of poems, 
 sonnets, and songs, 17 plays, besides novels, 
 letters, and histories, and translations, and 
 after a long indisposition, she died, April 
 16th, 1689, and was buried iu the cloisters of 
 Westminster abbey. Her memoirs have 
 been published, and prefixed to her works, 
 three vols. 8vo. — Her wi'itings, like her life, 
 are too often marked by licentiousness. 
 
 Beich, Joachim Francis, a painter, born 
 at Ravemberg, in Swabia. His landscapes 
 and battles were much admired. He died 
 1748, aged 83. 
 
 Beidhavi, a judge of Schiraz, in Persia. 
 He wrote two volumes on the Koran, and 
 died the year 685, or 692, of the hegira. 
 
 Beierlinck, Laurence, an ecclesiastic 
 of Antwerp, who edited Zwinger's theatrura 
 vilse humanse, and Biblia sacra, &c. He 
 tJied 1627, aged 49. 
 
 Beinasc HI, John Baptist, a painter, born 
 at Piedmont. He studied at Rome under 
 Lanfranc, and was knighted in honor to his 
 great merit. He died 16S8, aged 54. 
 
 Beitiiar, Ben, an African, author of an 
 history of simples in alphabetical ordei', &cc. 
 He died the 6i6th year of the hegira. 
 
 J3f.k, David, a native of Delft, in the Xc- 
 
 therlands, pupil to Vandyk. His abilhres 
 as a x>ainter highly recommended him t(» 
 Charles L of England, and to the kings of 
 France and Denmark, and to queen Chris- 
 tina of Sweden. It is said that in travelling 
 through Germany, he fell sick at an inn, and 
 was considered as dead. His servants, how- 
 ever, drinking by his bed-side, poured, in a 
 frolic, a glass of wine into his xnouth, obser- 
 ving that he was a friend to the bottle when 
 alive, and the sudden application operating 
 u|)on him, he opened his eyes, and gradually- 
 revived. He died at the Hague, 1^6, aged 
 35. He had been in most of the capitals of 
 Europe, to paint the most illustrious persons 
 of each court for Christina of Sweden. 
 
 Bekker, Balthasar, a Dutch divine of 
 Warthuisen, in Groningen. After studying 
 at the universities of Groningen and Frane- 
 ker, he settled as minister of Oosterlingen, 
 where he published a catechism for children, 
 which drew upon him the censures of seve- 
 ral ecclesiastical assemblies. The synod of 
 Franeker, however, approved of his doc- 
 trines, and recommended the book as full of 
 wholesome and useful instructions. He pas- 
 sed afterwards to Loenen near Utrecht, to 
 Wesop and to Amsterdam, where he acqui- 
 red celebrity, by writing a treatise on comets, 
 and an exposition of the book of Daniel. The 
 most known, however, of his publications 
 was " the world bewitched,*' an inquiry into 
 the vulgar notions of spirits, and devils. So 
 high was the clamor raised against him by 
 this composition, that he was suspended 
 from his ministerial office, though the magis- 
 trates of Amsterdam, with unparalleled ge- 
 nerosity, continued to pay him his salary. 
 A medal was struck to ridicule the process 
 of the synods against him. Bekker died of a 
 pleurisy, June llth, 1698. 
 
 Bel, John James, a native of Bourdeaux, 
 author of the ** dictionaire neologique," since 
 improved by des Fontaines — of critical let- 
 ters on Voltaire's Mariamne — and of an apo- 
 logy for Houdar de la Motte. He was severe 
 against the use of novel expressions and af- 
 fected terms, and united, with great pene- 
 tration, the powers of irony and satire. He 
 died at Paris, of excessive labor, 1738, aged 
 45. 
 
 Bel, Mathias, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Orsowa, in Hungary- He studied physic at 
 Halle, which he relinquished for divinity. 
 He was rector of the scliool of Presburg, 
 and minister, and was ennobled by Charles 
 VT. for his literary works. He wi'Ote appa- 
 ratus ad historiamllungarise, and notitia Hun- 
 garise nova ; two works of merit, whicit pro- 
 cured him honorable marks of esteem and 
 admiration from the pope, the empress of 
 Russia, and the king of Prussia. He died 
 1749, aged 66. 
 
 Bel, Charles Andrew, son to the above, 
 was born at Presburg, and was honorably 
 appointed to the professorship extraoi-dinary 
 ot'Leipsic, 1741, and in 1756 to that of poe- 
 try, with the ofiice of libi'arian, and the title 
 of counseller of state. He wrote de ver& 
 origiue & epocha Hunnorum, &c. 4to, and 
 
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 /4T 
 
 BE 
 
 nvas eiigaged in the acta eruditonirn, from- 
 1754 to 1781. He died 1782, aged C4. 
 
 Belcamp, John Van, a Dutchman, em- 
 ployed under Vanderdort to copy pictures 
 in the king's collection, which he executed 
 with judgment aud accuracy. He died 1653. 
 
 Bei.chier, John, was born at Kingston, 
 Surrey, and after an Eton education was i/ut 
 apprentice toCheselden,the most celebrated 
 surgeon of his age. Perseverance and assi- 
 duity soon rendered him eminent in his pro- 
 fession, and in 1736, in his 30th year, lie suc- 
 ceeded Craddock as surgeon in Guy's hos- 
 pital. In this employment he became I'c- 
 spected aud beloved for his attention, and, 
 unlike the mercenary practitioners of the 
 times, he considered not the emoluments of 
 his office, but the character of his station, 
 and treated with unwearied patience and hu- 
 manity those whom diseases or misfortunes 
 had placed under his care. In his private 
 life he was equally amiable, his whole time 
 Avas devoted either to his friends or to the 
 improvement of his profession, and many 
 are the ingenious comnuinications with which 
 he favored the philosophical transactions and 
 other publications. He respected the name 
 of Guy almost to adoration, observing, that 
 no other man would have sacrificed 15O,O0OZ. 
 for the relief of his fellow creatures. After 
 enjoying an uninterrupted health, he died 
 almost suddenly in 1785, in his 79th year, 
 and he was buried in the chapel of Guy's 
 hospital. 
 
 Belesis, a Chaldean, made governor of 
 Babylon, for his services in elevating Arbaces 
 to the throne of Media, 770. B. C. 
 
 Belgrade, James, a Jesuit, born at Udi- 
 na, eminent as a mathematician, poet, and 
 antiquary. His treatise on the existence of 
 God, demonstrated by geometrical theory, 
 is an able work. He died 1789, aged 85. 
 
 Belidor, Bernard Forest de, an emi- 
 nent French engineer, professor of the aca- 
 demies of Paris and Berlin, and author of the 
 dictionaire portatif de I'ingenieur, 12mo. 
 His hydraulics, architecture, &c. are still 
 highly valued on the continent. He died 
 September 8th, 1761, in his 70th year. 
 
 Be LING, Richard, a native of Belings- 
 toM'n, in the county of Dublin. After being 
 educated in Dublin, and in the catholic tenets 
 of his family, he studied law at Lincoln's Inn, 
 hut without the intention of practising, as he 
 hecame a leading officer in the rcbelUon of 
 1641. He was afterwards a member of the 
 catholic council of Kilkenny, and so high 
 were his services valued, that he went over 
 as ambassador to the pope, and brought back 
 the nuncio Rinuccini with him. The in- 
 trigues of this foreign prelate, however were 
 unfriendly to the views of the catholics, and 
 this was no sooner discovered than Beling 
 hecame reconciled to the duke of Ormond 
 nnd the royal authority, and on the success 
 of the parliamentary forces, he retired to 
 France, where he devoted his time to give a 
 Latin history of the rebellion, which dis- 
 tracted his unfortunate country. This book, 
 oalled Vindiciarum Catholic, Hibenuie, is 
 
 considered as highly important and authen- 
 tic. Beling returned to Dublin after the res- 
 toration, where he recovered his estates, 
 and where he died September, 1677, aged 
 64. 
 
 Belisarius, a celebrated general in the 
 service of the emperor Justinian. After 
 serving his country against the Persians, the 
 Va.idals in Africa, the Goths and the Huns 
 in Italy, and every where displaying marks 
 of wisdom, fortitude, bravery, and heroism, 
 he was accused of rebellion, and dishonora- 
 bly condemned by the weak emperor, who 
 confiscated his estates. The story of his 
 being blind, and begging for his bread, is of 
 modern invention. He died 565. 
 
 Bell, Beaupi-e, was descended fi'om an 
 ancient and respectable family, settled at 
 Beaupre-hall in Norfolk. He was educated 
 at Westminster school, and entered at Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, 1723, and distin- 
 guished himself as an antiquarian. His col- 
 lecuons consisted of the most valuable me- 
 dals, seals, drawings, coins, &c. which he 
 presented to Trinity college. He died of a 
 consumption when young, and unmarried. 
 He was buried in St. Mary's thapel in Out- 
 well church, Norfolk. 
 
 Bellarmin, Robert, a celebrated Je- 
 suit, born in Tuscany, 1542. After a resi- 
 dence of seven years at Louvain, he re- 
 turned to Italy, and recommended himself 
 by his lectures to the pope, Sixtus V. who 
 employed him, and raised him, in 1590, to 
 the dignity of cardinal. He was afterwards 
 advanced to the see of Capua, which he re- 
 signed in 1605, that he might bestow greater 
 attention to the afi^airs of the church, and be 
 near the pope's person. His infirmities 
 however increased upon him, he left the 
 Vatican, 1621, and died 17th September, 
 the same year, at the house of the Jesuits, 
 and received at his burial all the honors 
 which were due to a saint. Bellarmin de- 
 servedly acquired great reputation as a con- 
 troversial writer ; his powers of eloquence 
 were extensive, and so formidable were the 
 labors of his pen, in defence of the Romish 
 church, that for 40 or 50 years there was 
 scarce a man of abilities among the protes- 
 tants, who did not take up the shield to op- 
 pose his opinions. He did not however 
 adopt all the tenets of the Jesuits ; he could 
 not embrace fully the doctrine of predesti- 
 nation, nor many of the expressions of the 
 Romish litanies, and he rather inclined to 
 the opinions of St. Augustine. His most fa- 
 mous book is his body of controversy, in 
 four vols, folio, besides a commentary on the 
 psalms, a treatise on ecclesiastical writers, 
 &c. Ills life has been published by James 
 Fuligati, and he is represented as a man of 
 uncommon temperance, patience, and chas- 
 titv, small in stature ; but though indifferent 
 in his person, he showed the strong feelings 
 of his soul in every feature. Some particu- 
 lars of him are to be seen further in Alc- 
 gnmbus, Possevinus, Sponde, &c. 
 
 Bell AY, William du, a French general, 
 distinguished also i\s a negotiator, so that 
 
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 Charles V. observed that his pen had fought 
 Miore against him tlian all the lances of 
 France. He strongly interested himself in 
 favor of Henry VIH. to obtain his divorce 
 from queen Catherine. His penetration was 
 remarkable, so that by intrigue or bribery 
 he mad0!himself master of the most secret 
 councils of the emperor. With the view of 
 communicating some important intelligence 
 to Francis I. he left Piedmont, of which he 
 ■was viceroy, but his infirmities were so great 
 that he died on the way at Saphorin, be- 
 tween Lyons j«d Roan, 9th January, 1543 
 He was buried at Mons. Of his composi- 
 tions the most known is his Latin history of 
 his own times, of which however the best 
 part has been lost. 
 
 Bel LAY, John du, bishop of Bayonne, 
 and afterwards of Paris, was engaged as a 
 negotiator between Henry VHI. of England 
 and the pope, with respect to his divorce ; 
 but he labored in vain to prevent the bull of 
 excommunication from being fulminated 
 against the refractory prince. His abilities, 
 liowever, were more immediately directed 
 to the service of Francis I. and when that 
 monarch opposed the invasion of Provence 
 by Charles V. Bellay, now became a caitli- 
 nal, assumed the defence of Paris, and forti- 
 fied it w ith a strong rampart still to be seen. 
 The death of Francis was attended with the 
 disgrace of Bellay ; cardinal de Lorraine be- 
 came the favorite, and the discarded minis- 
 ter retired to Rome, where his great riclies 
 enabled him to build an elegant palace. He 
 died there 16th Feb. 1560, aged 68, leaving 
 the character of an able negotiator, a bril- 
 liant wit, and an insinuating courtier. To 
 his fondness for literature the French owe 
 the institution of the college royal. He 
 ■wrote harangues, elegies, epigrams, odes, 
 an apology for Francis I. &c. collected to- 
 gether in one vol. 8vo. 1549. 
 
 Bellay, Martin du, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was engaged as a negotiator by 
 Francis I. whom he served with fidelity and 
 success. He wrote historical memoirs found 
 among the fragments of his brother William. 
 He died at Perche 1559. 
 
 Bellay, Joachim du, was born at Lire, 
 24 miles from Angers, but the talents which 
 natux'e had bestowed upon him were neglect- 
 ed by the inattention of his elder brother, to 
 whose care he was intrusted- He , however, 
 at last burst forth through alMobslacles, and 
 though his health was impaired bythe weight 
 of domestic misfortunes, he studied the pro- 
 ductions of ancient and modern times, and 
 excelled so much in poetry, that he was cal- 
 led the Ovid of France. He followed liis re- 
 lation the cardinal to Italy, but returne<l 
 after three years' absence to Paris, Avhere 
 his cousin, F.ustache du Bellay, the bishop, 
 procured him a canonry, and a peaceful re- 
 tirement from the malice of his enemies, 
 who envied his tame and his merits. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1st January, 1560, aged 
 S7, and deserved the tears and the regret of 
 the learned, who stated him with truth pater 
 picgantiarum, pater omniun\ leporum. He 
 VOL. I, 22 
 
 has been censured for improper and iodeii' 
 cate expressions in his writings. His Latin 
 poetry, printed at Paris 4to. 1569, is not de- 
 void of merit, tliough inferior to his French 
 verses, published 1561. The following neat 
 couplet^ on a dog is by him ; 
 
 Latr at u fares excepiy mutus amanted ; 
 Sic placui domino i sic placui duminx . 
 
 Belle, Etiei.rxe de la, an aiHist in draw- 
 ing and engraving, who died at Florence 
 1664, aged 54, highly inspected, and a great 
 favorite of the duke. 
 
 Belle, Alexis Siraon, a painter, disciple 
 of Francis de Troy, patronised \jy the king 
 of France. He died at Paris 1734, aged 60. 
 He united with great judgment the happy 
 art of making dress and other accessaries 
 subservient to the brilliancy of his coloring, 
 
 Belleau, Remi, one of the seven poets 
 called the pleiades of France, was born at 
 Nogent le Roti-on, and lived in il.e family of 
 Renatus of Lorraine. He excelled as a pas- 
 toral writer, and in his translations of Ana- 
 creon he preserved all the beauties and ease 
 o&-the original. His poem on the nature and 
 difi^erence of precious stones is much ad- 
 mired. He died at Paris 1577, aged 49. 
 
 Bellecour, Colson, a distinguished ac- 
 tor on the French stage. He excelled as 
 much in comic parts as de Kain in tragic. 
 He died 1786. His wife, who survived hinx 
 till 1799, was equally celebrated, and i>ar- 
 ticularly in the low characters of Moliere's 
 comedies. 
 
 Belleforet, Francis de, a native of 
 Sarzan in Guienne, whose early years were 
 supported by the labors of a poor widowed 
 mother, and the greater partiality of the 
 queen of Navarre. He studied atBourdeaux 
 and Toulouse, and passed to Paris, where 
 he was honored with the friendship of the 
 learned and the great. His history of the 
 ninth Charles of France — his universal histo- 
 ry of the world — his annals or general his- 
 tory of France, are the most known of his 
 works. He died at Paris 1583, aged 53. 
 
 Bellegarde, Jean Baptiste Morvan de, 
 a Jesuit of Pthyriac, in the diocese of 
 Nantes, expelled from his society for being 
 a Cartesian. He died 26tli April, 1734, 
 aged 86. His works, which are numerous, 
 but without depth or ingenuity, consist 
 chiefly, pf moral treatises, translations of the 
 fathers, of Chr3'sostom, Basil, Ambrose, 
 Thomas a Kempis — and versions of the clas- 
 sics — a version of las Casas' history of the 
 Indies, in four small volumes. 
 
 Bellenden, William, a Scotchman, 
 master of the requests to James VI. and 
 humanity professor at Paris. In the enjoy- 
 ment of literary ease, he devoted his time 
 to classical pursuits, and published some 
 learned works, called Cieeronis princeps, 
 1608, and Cieeronis coiisul, 1612, dedicated* 
 to Henry prince of Wales, -vviti) treatises on 
 political writers, &cc. His admiration of the 
 Roman orator, and of Seneca and Pliny, was 
 ftutlier demonstrated in a more comprehen- 
 sive work, *'de tribus luminibus Romano- 
 rum," the completion of which, however. 
 
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 wns stopped by death. This valuable trea- 
 tise was edited in 1787, with all the care 
 and homage which the labors of an elegant 
 scholar could receire from the nervous pen 
 ofDr Parr. 
 
 Bellenger, Francis, a learned doctor 
 of the Sorbornne, who translated Dionysius 
 of Halicarnassus, and also H<:rodotus, of 
 which the copy was left in ^^S. and among 
 other things, he wrote r^iticisms on Rollin's 
 works, to prove his i3>ioi'ance of Greek, lie 
 Avas born in the diocese of Lisieux, and died 
 at Paris I'ith April, 1749, aged 61. 
 
 Bel LET. Charles, a native of Querci, 
 who died »t Paris 1771 . He obtained several 
 prizes st Marseilles, Bourdeaux, and Rouen, 
 and was universally esteemed for his learn- | 
 ing and benevolence. His writings are, 
 I'adoration Chretienne dans la Devotion de 
 Rosaire, I'imo. 1745 — several pieces of elo- 
 quence — les droits de la religion sur le cceur 
 de I'homme, 1764, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Bel LET, Isaac, an eminent physician, 
 author of a treatise on the effects of the ima- 
 gination on pregnant women — a history of 
 Catiline's conspiracy, &c. He died at Paris 
 1778. 
 
 Bellievre, Pompone de, was born at 
 Lyons, and distinguished himself as a nego- 
 tiator at the court of Charles IX. Henry III. 
 and Henry IV. but after enjoying the smiles 
 rtnd favors of princes, as a counsellor, and 
 as chancellor of France, he was disgraced 
 for the introduction of Silleri. He died at 
 Paris 9lh September, 1607, in his 78th year. 
 There have florished of tlie same family 
 some superior characters, the best known 
 of whom was- a president of the parliament 
 of Paris, to whose humanity and charitable 
 feelings the poor and helpless were indebted 
 for the foundation of the general hospital of 
 Paris. He was also ambassador in England 
 and Holland. 
 
 Belli N, Gentil, a Venetian, so eminent 
 as a painter that Mahomet solicited him to 
 come to Constantinople. He complied with 
 the request, and adorned that capital with 
 the most masterly efforts of his pencil. His 
 best piece was the decollation of John the 
 Baptist; the skin of tbe neck of which, how- 
 ever, the grand signior censured, as not 
 agreeable to nature, and to convince the 
 painter, summoned a slave before him, and 
 ordered his head immediately to be struck 
 off. This so intimidated Bellin, that instead 
 ©f correcting the fault, he earnestly solicited 
 his dismission. He returned to Venice 
 loaded with presents, and died 1501, aged 80. 
 
 Bellin, John, brother of the preceding, 
 was equally distinguished as a painter. He 
 %vas one of the first who painted in oil ; a 
 secret which he stole fi*om Antoine de Mes- 
 sine, by assuming a disguised character. He 
 died 1512, aged 90. 
 
 Bjellin, James, a learned and laborious 
 geographical engineer, of Paris, who enrich- 
 ed litei'ature by SO valuable marine charts, 
 by essays on the geopraphy of Great-Bri- 
 tain, &c. He was member of the royal so- 
 ciety of London,, and died 21st March, 1772, 
 aged Ga. 
 
 Bellini, Laurence, a physician of Tier-* 
 rence, who, after studying at Pisa, under- 
 the able direction of Oliva et Borelli, was 
 elected there professor of philosophy, though 
 only 20 years ot age. He e joyed the patro- 
 nage and friendship of the grand duke Fer- 
 dinand II. and as an anatomist and physician 
 deservedly acquired great celebrity. His 
 works were numerous and in Latin, and 
 much admired. .-fter being thirty years 
 professor, he left Pisa for Florence, where 
 he died January 8, 1703, aged 60. 
 
 Bellocq_, Peter, was valet de chambre 
 to Lewis XIV. but better known for his wit, 
 his physiognomy, and his satirical writings. 
 He was the friend of Moliere and Racine, 
 and died 4th October, 1704, aged 59, author 
 of a poem on the hotel des invalides — satires 
 — petits maitres — nouvellistes, &c. 
 . Belloi, Peter, a native of Montauban, 
 who espoused the cause, and Avrote in favor 
 of Henry III. against the Guises. He was 
 advocate in the parliament of Toulouse, and 
 was honored and promoted by Henry IV- 
 His writings are now little known. . 
 
 Belloi, Peter Laurence Buyrette du, a 
 native of St. Flour, in Auvergne, who, after 
 being educated by his uncle, who intended 
 him for the bar, abandoned his country, and 
 a profession which he despised, and retired 
 to Russia, where he assumed, the character 
 of comedian. He returned to Paris in 
 1758, and i-ecommended himself to public 
 notice by the tragedy of Titus, and after- 
 wards that of Zelmira. His most popular 
 piece was the siege of Calais, which drew 
 upon him not only the favoi's of the king, 
 but the applauses 'of the nation. The magis- 
 trates of Calais honored him With the free- 
 dom of their city, and placed his portrait 
 among those of their benefactors ; and Vol- 
 taire XJ'i'd the highest compliment to the 
 genius and merit of the poet ; which, how- 
 ever, the ill-natured satirist, after Belloi's 
 death, either through envy or insincerity,, 
 withdrew. The success of the siege of Calais 
 was followed by Gaston and Bayard, inferior 
 in merit, in sentiment, and composition. 
 The last pieces which he composed were 
 Peter the cruel, and Gabrielle de Vergi ; 
 but so little were they admired, that the 
 poet's heart was broken tlirough disappoint- 
 ment ; he fell a prey to a lingering disease ; 
 and though Lewis XVI. who knew his merit, 
 with an exef^lary benevolence of heart, 
 sent him SOlbuis d'or, and tbe comedians 
 promised their united support for his benefit, 
 he expired on the 5th of March, 1775, aged 
 48. The works of Belloi were published by 
 Gaillard, in 6 vols. Svo. with a life and valua- 
 ble annotations. Though frequently happy 
 in noble sentiments and fine strokes of na- 
 ture, Belloi sacrificed simplicity and the 
 true pathetic to unnatural harangues and 
 bombastic ejaculations. 
 
 Belloni, Jerome, a banker at Rome, 
 made a marquis by pope Benedict XIV. who 
 knew and esteemed his merit. He wrote 
 an essay on commerce, pi-inted 1750, and 
 often re-edited, and translated into English* 
 German, and French. He died 17C0. 
 
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 Bellori, John Peter, celebrated as an 
 "antiquarian, was born at Rome, and died 
 1696, aged 80. He was chief librarian to 
 queen Christina. His writings, which are 
 in VI difterent publications, are valuable and 
 curious for the information uhich they con- 
 tain on the antiquities, monuments, &c. of 
 Eome and Italy. The most known are, ex- 
 plication des medailloRs rares du cabinet du 
 cardinal Campegne, 4to. — les vies des pein- 
 tres, arciiitectes, et scuipteurs modernes, 
 167i2, 4to. — description des tableaus peints 
 par Raphael au Vatican, 1695, fol. &c. 
 
 Bellotti, Peter, an historical painter, 
 born at Venice. His portraits were also 
 much admired. He died 1700, aged 75. 
 
 Bellucci, Anthony, a painter, born at 
 Venice, 1654. He was disciple to Dominico 
 Definico, and was employed in the service of 
 the emperor Joseph, and afterwards of the 
 elector Palatine. 
 
 Belon, Peter, M. D. was born in the 
 Maine, and travelled into Judea, Greece, 
 and Arabia, of which places he published an 
 interesting account. His other works were 
 on birds, fishes, &c. "all equally valuable. He 
 ■was assassinated from motives of resentment, 
 near Paris, 1564, in his 46th year. 
 
 Belot, John de Blois, an advocate of 
 Paris, who, in 1637, wrote an apology for 
 the Latin tongue, to prove the impropriety 
 of using the French in learned works. He 
 was advocate to the privy council of Lewis 
 XIV. 
 
 Belsitnce, Henry Francis Xavier de, 
 descended from a noble family in Guienne, 
 ■was of the society of the Jesuits, and became 
 bishop of Marseilles in 1709. His name is 
 immortalized by the humanity of his conduct, 
 for, during the dreadful plague which rava- 
 ged the city of Mai'seilles in 1720, he was 
 seen running from street to street to adminis- 
 ter relief and consolation to the afflicted, as a 
 physician, a magistrate, and as a spiritual 
 guide. In the town-hall of the city he is rep- 
 resented with all the amiable features belong- 
 ing to his character, as bestowing his bene- 
 diction on some poor wretches who are lying 
 at his feet. So exemplary a conduct drew 
 upon him the love of the people and the fa- 
 vors of his sovereign ; but the good bishop re- 
 fused the more elevated rank of the diocese 
 of Laon in Picardy, offered him by Lewis 
 XV. observing, that Marseilles was dear to 
 him by habit, as well as by calamity. He 
 •was honored by the pope with the pallium, 
 •which is never granted but to an archbishop, 
 but the highest reward was the applause of 
 the good, and a tranquil conscience. He died 
 in 1755, mourned as he deserved. He foun- 
 ded a college at Marseilles for benevolent 
 purposes, that still bears his name. His 
 ■writings were chiefly pastoral instructions — 
 a history of the bishops of Marseilles — the 
 life of mad. de Foix Candale, &c. An inter- 
 esting and elegant account of the plague and 
 of the humanity of Bel sun ceV as written by 
 Bei'trand. 
 
 Bel us, founder of the Babylonian mo- 
 rarchy, 1322 B. C. was made a god by his son 
 and succeissor Niuus. 
 
 Belyn, a British prince, who is said to 
 have served under the famous Caractacus. 
 His father's name was Cynvelyn. 
 
 Belyn o leyn, a British chief, illustri- 
 ous for his vigorous resistance against the 
 attacks of Kdwin, in 620. As he and his fol- 
 low'Crs bound themselves close together with 
 the bridles and fetters of their horses, they 
 were called the golden handed tribes, and af- 
 terwards wore a golden band as the insignia 
 of their rank. 
 
 Bembo, Petei", a noble Venetian, whose 
 father was governor of Ravenna. He studied 
 at Florence, Ferrara, and in Sicily ; and he 
 notonl} acquired the ease and delicacy of the 
 Tuscan language, but he imbibed a higher 
 taste than his contemporaries for the litera- 
 ture of Greece. He was drawn from the re- 
 tirement which "he loved to be the seci*etary 
 of pope Leo X.in 1.518; but ill health obliged 
 him to remove from Rome to Padua, and af- 
 terwards to Venice. His services to the holy 
 see were rewarded by Paul III. who raised 
 him to the rank of cardinal, and made him 
 bishop of Bergamo, where he died, 20th 
 January, 1547, aged 77, from a contusion re- 
 ceived on his side against a wall, while on 
 horseback. He was bui'ied in the church of 
 Minerva. An epitaph was written over his 
 grave by his son Torquato, and a marble sta- 
 tue was erected to his honor at Padua by his 
 friend Jerome Quirini. Bembo's life has been 
 written by de la Casa. His w ritings consist 
 of letters — a history of Venice in 12 books — 
 speeches — the life of Gui Ubaldi de Monte- 
 feltro duke of Urbino, all in Latin. Of his 
 poetical pieces, only one is in Italian. His 
 style is elegant and correct, though frequent- 
 Ij' he aftects too much of the Ciceronian ; 
 but the subject of his poetry is too often in- 
 delicate, and it must be shocking to tbe ears 
 of virtue to understand that a cardinal could 
 write in a manner that would have disgi-aced 
 the most profligate debauchee. 
 
 Beme, or Besme, a domestic of tbe Gui- 
 ses, so called because a Bohemian by birth. 
 His real name was Charles Dlanowitz. He 
 murdered Coligni, and was rewarded by the 
 cardinal de Lorraine with the hand of one 
 of his illegitimate daughters. Beme was af- 
 terwards seized by the protestants at Sain- 
 tonge in 1575, and killed by his keeper, 
 whom he attempted to shoot, in order to es- 
 cape from confinement. 
 
 Bennavidio, Marcus Mantua, a lear- 
 ned law professor of Padua, highly honored 
 by Charles V. and Pius IV. He died 28th of 
 March 15S2, aged 93. His writings were 
 collectanea superjus Cajsarura, Venice 1583, 
 fol. — vitte virorum illustrium, Pai'is 1564, 
 in 4to. 
 
 Benbow, John, an English seaman, who 
 fought a most desperate engagement in the 
 Mediterranean, against an African corsair, 
 and for his great gallantry was invited to the 
 Spanish court by Charles II. who not only 
 loaded him with presents, but recommendedl 
 him to James II. This high distinction in- 
 troduced Benbow into the English navy, 
 whete after the revoltttion his skill and 
 
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 bravery were employed in the pi*otection of | spent her evening at the public assembly at 
 :. .L_ Li.i 1- , , Yarmouth, where a princely behaviour, and 
 
 the assumption of dignified manners, ensu- 
 red her the respect and admiration of her 
 neighbours. This remarkable woman Avho 
 in public life might have acquired some ce- 
 lebrity by her self-command and the strong 
 powers of her mind, died in retirement 
 ITtlT, revering the memory of her grand- 
 father as a hero and a saint. 
 
 Bend LOWES, Edward, a man of educa- 
 tion and property, who after studying at St. 
 Jolin's college, Cambridge travelled over the 
 greatest part of Europe, and on his return 
 home became the Mecsenas of the age. Po- 
 ets, musicians, buffoons, and flatterers s?ia- 
 red his favors, and I'educed him from an in- 
 come of 700 or lOOOl. a year to almost po- 
 verty ; and after a long residence at Oxford 
 he died there 18th Dec, 1686, aged 73. He 
 wrote himself some poetical pieces, and was 
 the friend of Davenant, Payne, Fisher, &c. 
 He was inclined to popery, though age pro- 
 duced an alteration in his religious senti- 
 ments. 
 
 Benedetto, le, or Benedict Castigli- 
 one, a native of Genoa, known as the pupil 
 
 commerce, and in the blockading and bom 
 barding the French ports. The activity 
 ■which he every where displayed, was deser- 
 ving of the higliest favors, he was raised to 
 the rank of a vice admiral, and with a squad- 
 ron under his command he was sent by king 
 William to the West Indies, where his cou- 
 rage and good conduct M'ere so conspicuous as 
 to call forth the commendation of the corn- 
 jnons, whilst they censured the object and 
 views of his expedition. In a second voyage 
 to the West Indies, he fell in with the French 
 fleet under du Uasse near St. Martha's on 
 tlie Spanish coast, which he pursued and at- 
 tacked with his usual bravery ; but the me- 
 rit of Bciibow did not animate his men, his 
 officers refused to do their duty, and the ad- 
 miral who had lost a leg in the engagement, 
 ■was thus dishonorably robbed of a most glo- 
 rious victoi-y. On his arrival in Jamaica, 
 Benbow arrested his cowardly officers, but 
 their punishment could not check the rapid 
 powers of disease. The admiral was ex- 
 hausted by the severity of his wound, and 
 more by a broken heart occasioned by the 
 cowardice of his fleet ; he fell a prey to a 
 consumptive disorder, and died 4th Nov. 
 170'2, aged about 52. 
 
 Benbow, John, son of the admiral, was 
 shipwrecked on tlie coast of Madagascar, 
 the same year that his father died in the 
 West Indies. A long residence among the 
 rude natives, much altered his manners, 
 so that when at last he returned to his coun- 
 try by escaping on board a Dutch ship, his 
 friends found no longer the liveliness and 
 ease whioii they had admired, but a melan- 
 choly and habitual taciturnity. He died sev- 
 eral years after his return in privacy. He 
 did not write, as was generally supposed, an 
 account of his stay at Madagascar, but the 
 barren journal which he kept was acciden- 
 tally burnt at his brother's lodgings in 1714. 
 Benci, or Bencio, Francis, author of a 
 poem on the death of the five martyrs of 
 his society in India, and of other poems and 
 orations, was a Jesuit in Italy, and the disci- 
 ple of Muretus. He died at Rome 1594. 
 
 Ben DA, George, a native of Altbenadky 
 in Bohemia, master of the chapel of the 
 duke of Saxe Gotha. In 1778 he settled at 
 Hamburgh, and afterwards went to Vienna, 
 and then returned to Gotha, where he was re- 
 warded for his musical talents with a pension, 
 and where he died 1795, aged 74. His three 
 brothers were like himself eminent as musi- 
 cians, and his sister also married a musician. 
 He wrote some pieces for the harpsichord, 
 but of all his compositions produced on the 
 stage his Ariadne in the isle of Naxos is the 
 most deservedly admired. 
 
 Bendish, Bridget, wife of Thomas Ben- 
 dish, esq. was daughter of general Ireton, 
 and grand-daughter of Oliver Cromwell, 
 whom she resembled in affected piety, dress, 
 deep dissimulation, and personal arrogance. 
 After managing her salt works at Southtown 
 in Norfolk witli all the labor and fatigue of 
 Uie most menial servant, slie sometimes 
 
 of Pagi, Ferrari, and Vandyke, and eminent 
 as a painter of historical pieces, but espe- 
 cially markets and animals. His best pieces 
 are in his native city, though he resided at 
 Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, and Par- 
 ma. His touch is vex'y delicate, and in the 
 clear obscure, his success is wonderfully 
 great. He was also an engraver. He died 
 at Mantua, 1670, aged 54. 
 
 Benedict, St. a native of Italy, whore- 
 tired at the age of 14, to Sublaco 40 miles 
 from Rome, and devoted his life to the most 
 penetential austerities, in a cave far from 
 the conversation of mankind. So much se- 
 verety did not pass unnoticed, he was sur- 
 rounded by crowds of admirers, and Bene- 
 dict become a saint, built twelve monasteries, 
 and laid the foundation of the society of 
 Benedictines, so famous in Europe. His 
 I'egula monachorum is the only authentic 
 book he wrote. He died about the year 
 542 or 547, aged 67. His life has been writ- 
 ten by Gregory the great with a long ac- 
 count of pretended miracles. 
 
 Benedict, a famous abbot of the 7th 
 century, of a noble Saxon family. He not 
 only devoted himself to the services of reli- 
 gion, but introduced into England great im- 
 provements, in architecture, with the polite 
 arts, from the continent. He founded two 
 monasteries, and introduced chanting in 
 choirs in 678, and was canonized for his sanc- 
 tity after deatJi. 
 
 Benedict I. pope, surnamed Bonosus, 
 succeeded John III. 574, and was active an(l 
 humane, during the calamities inflicted by a 
 famine, and by the invasion of the Lombards. 
 He died 30 July 578. 
 
 Benedict H. succeeded Leo II. in the 
 papal chair, 684, and died 8th May, 685. 
 
 B E NE D I ct III. a Roman ecclesiastic, made 
 pope 855, after the death of Leo IV. He 
 was opposed by the antipope Auastasius, and 
 
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 died 10th March, 858. The reign of pope 
 Joan is placed between the death of Leo and 
 the succession of the 3d Benedict, but though 
 the story is supported by some authors, it is 
 discredited by many, who assert that the pa- 
 pal seat was only vacant four days between 
 the death of Leo and the election of Be- 
 nedict. 
 
 Benedict IV. succeeded John IX. and 
 died October, 903, after a reign of three 
 years. 
 
 Benedict V. was elected in 964, in op- 
 position to Leo. VIII. His short reign was 
 stormy, and he was carried to Hamburgh by 
 the emperor Otho, who favored his rival. 
 He was in consequence abandoned by his 
 subjects, and he died 5th July, 965. 
 
 Benedict VI. a Roman ecclesiastic, 
 made pope after John XIII. 972. He was 
 strangled in prison by his rival the antipope 
 Boniface, two j^ears after. 
 
 Benedict VII. successor to Douus II. 
 975, died 10th July, 983. 
 
 Benedict VIII. bishop of Porto, suc- 
 ceeded Sergius IV. 1012. He was oppo- 
 sed by Gregory, but his cax.se was warmly 
 espoused ]>y the emperor Henry II. who 
 came in person to Rome and was crowned, 
 with his wife Cunegonde, by the hands of the 
 sovereign pontiff. On that occasion the pope 
 presented to the emperor, an apple of gold, 
 enriched with two circles of jewels crossed, 
 surmounted with a cross of gold. To the 
 arts of the politician Benedict united the va- 
 lor of the warrior, and defeated and utterly 
 exterminated the Saracens who had invaded 
 Italy, 1016. He also defeated the Greeks 
 who had ravaged Apulia, and died 10th July, 
 1024. 
 
 Benedict IX. though only 12 years old, 
 ascended the papal throne after John XIX. 
 1033, supported by the power of Alberic, 
 duke of Tusculum, his father, who had in- 
 .sured his election by his gold. The Romans, 
 displeased with his debaucheries, obliged 
 him to abdicate, and after various attempts 
 to secure his independence, he sold his ho- 
 jiors as he had purchased them, and retir- 
 ed to a monastery, where he died 1054. 
 
 Benedict X. antipope, was placed in St. 
 Peter's chair 1058, by a number of factious 
 Romans ; but his election was disputed, and 
 Nicolas II. was appointed in his room. He 
 died 18th January, 1059. 
 
 Benedict XI. Nicolas Bocasin, son of a 
 shepherd, was raised to the papal chair after 
 Boniface VIII. 1303. He was poisoned by 
 some seditious cardinals, who caused him to 
 be presented with a bason full of beautiful 
 figs, of which he eat immoderately, and died 
 Boon after, 6th July, 1303. 
 
 Benedict XII. James de Nouveau, sur- 
 namcd the Baker, because his father was of 
 that trade, was doctor of Paris, and cardi- 
 nal, and was elected 1334, after John XXII. 
 Considering himself incapable of the office, 
 he told tlie cardinals who had unanimously 
 elected him, you have chosen an ass. His 
 conduct, however, was dignified and firm, 
 more iucUued to maintain the authority of 
 
 his situation than enrich his family. He dieii 
 at Avignon, universally respected, 25th A- 
 pril, 1342. 
 
 Benedict XIIT. was born atilomeof the 
 noble family of the Ursini, and took the ha- 
 bit of the Dominicans of Venice, and was 
 bishop of Macedonia and Bcncvento. He 
 narrowly escaped perishing by an earth- 
 quake, which proved fcttal to the people of 
 Benevento, and demolished his palace, 1 688. 
 He was elected pope 1724, and confirmed iji 
 a full synod the famous bull unigenitu.s, and 
 approved the opiniojj of the Thomists on 
 grace and predestination. He died 21st Feb- 
 ruary, 1730, aged 81. 
 
 Benedici XIV. a native of Bologna, of 
 the family of the Lambei'tini. He was made 
 titular archbishop of Theodosia 1724, a car- 
 dinal 1728, and in 1731 archbishop of Bo- 
 logna. On the death of Clement XII. in 
 1740, the conclave was held in suspense du- 
 I'lng five months, by the prevalence of two 
 opposite factions, and Larabertiui, by a fa- 
 cetious sally, drew the suffrages of 44 mem- 
 bers in his favor, and thus secured the elec- 
 tion. Why spend so much time ? exclaimed 
 he. If you wish to elect a saint, place Gotti in 
 the chair — if a politician, Aldrovandi — but if 
 you wish a good companion, choose me. Thus 
 raised to power, he showed himself a friend 
 to reform, zealous, vigilant, impartial, and 
 moderate. As he had cultivated learning, 
 he was the munificent patron of learned 
 men, and liberally encouraged the fine arts. 
 He died 8th May, 1758, aged 83, and was 
 succeeded by Clement XIII. His works 
 were pubhshed in 6 vols, folio. 
 
 Benedictus, Alexander, an Italian ana- 
 tomist, about 1425, author of some Latin 
 treatises on his profession, printed together 
 at Venice, in 1 vol. fol. 1535, and also at 
 Basil. 
 
 Benefield, Sebastian, D.D. an English 
 divine, born at Prestbury, Glocestershire, 
 educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford, and ap- 
 pointed Margaret professor of divinity. He 
 died, aged 59, 1630, at Meysey Hampton, 
 Glocestershire, of which place he was rec- 
 tor. He was fond of retirement, and exem- 
 plary for piety and integrity. His works are 
 learned, and all on theological subjects. He 
 was strongly attached to Calvin's opinions. 
 
 Benez-et, St. a shepherd of Vivarais, 
 who pretended to be inspired to build the 
 bridge of Avignon. Fie died 1184. Only 
 four arches remain of the 19 of this once fa- 
 mous bridge. 
 
 Beneiet, Anthony, a man who, after 
 engaging in a mercantile line, and in the bu- 
 siness of a cooper, at last devoted himself to 
 the education of youth, an office which he 
 discharged with the most scrupulous atten* 
 tion, and from the most humane motives. 
 He was author of " a caution to Great Bri- 
 tain and her colonies, 1767," " an historial 
 account of Guinea, with an inquiry on the 
 slave trade," &c. in 1772, in 8vo. His whole 
 life was employed in acts of charity, and his 
 death therefore was universally lamented. 
 Several hundred negroes attended his fune- 
 
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 «a!, and an American officer vho had been 
 •engaged in the continental war, returning 
 from his funeral, exclaimed, that *' he had 
 rather be Anthony Beaezet in that coffin, 
 than George Washington with all his glory." 
 
 Benhadad I. king of Damascus, or Sy- 
 ria, B. C. 940, attacked Israel, and took Dan 
 and Napthali at the instigation of Asa, king 
 of Juda. 
 
 Benhadad II. son and successor of the 
 preceding, 900 B. C. laid siege to Saraai-ia, 
 and was defeated at last by Ahab king of Is- 
 rael, who treated him with humanity. He 
 afterwards defeated Ahab, and slew him. In 
 his old age he sent Hazael his minister to 
 consult Elisha the prophet, whether the sick- 
 ness with which he was afflicted should prove 
 fatal. The perfidious minister at his return 
 stifled his master and ascended on his throne. 
 
 Benhadad III. succeeded his father 
 Hazael 836 B. C. He was defeated and 
 ruined by Josiah king of Judah. 
 
 Beni, Paul, a native of the island of Can- 
 dia, while under the power of the Vene- 
 tians. He was professor of Padua, and is 
 known by his opposition to the della crusca 
 academy at Florence, whose dictionary he 
 censureil, and whose opinions he refutetl, in 
 his defence of Tasso and Ariosto, the first of 
 whom he compared to Yirgil, and the latter 
 to Homer. He wrote also some treatises on 
 the pastor fido of Guarini, and besides these, 
 which were in Italian, he composed several 
 works in Latin, all collected in 5 vols, folio, 
 IG22, Venice. He died I2th July 1C25. 
 
 Benjamin, the youngest of Jacob's 12 
 sons, was born of llachel about 1738. B, C. 
 and was tenderly loved not only by his father, 
 hut also by his own brother Joseph. The 
 history of these two brothers in the bible is 
 particularly striking, and pathetic. He died 
 in Egypt, aged 111 years. The tribe of 
 Benjamin was almost totally exterminated in 
 consequence of the violence oftered to the 
 wife of a Levite of the town of Gilboah, and 
 only 600 men survived the dreadful slaugh- 
 ter. 
 
 Benjamin, a rabbi of Tudela in Navar- 
 re, who travelled over all the world to ex- 
 amine the synagogues and ceremonies of his 
 jjation. He pubUshed a curious account of 
 his travels, which was printed at Constanti- 
 nople in 8vo. 1543, and translated into French 
 by I. Ph. Baratier, 2 vols. 8vo. 1704, and into 
 English by Gei-rans. He died 1173. 
 
 Benini, Vincent, a native of Cologna, 
 who practised physic at P?dua. He had a 
 press in his house, where he printed good 
 editions of eight classic authors. He was 
 author also of Latin notes on Celsus — obser- 
 vations in Italian, an Alamanni's poem called 
 Culture, and a translation of Fracastorius' 
 Syphilis. He died 1764, aged 51. 
 
 Benivieni, Jerome, a poet of Florence, 
 who aspired to rise to the elegant style and 
 melodious diction of Dante and Petrarch. 
 His poems, which were chiefly on divine 
 love, were highly esteemed. His private 
 character was very amiable. He died 1542, 
 aged 89, and desired to be buried in the same 
 
 grave with his friend the well-known Jolm 
 Pico de Mirandola. His works appeared a;t 
 Florence 1519, 8vo. 
 
 Bennet, Henry, earl of Arlington was 
 born 1618. He was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and strongly espoused the 
 royal cause during the civil wafs. He re- 
 tired afterwards to the continent, and was 
 kniglited at Bruges, by Charles 11. who em- 
 ployed him as his minister at Madrid, an\l 
 after the restoration as his secretai'y of state. 
 His abilities were fully equal to the impor- 
 tant oflice, and it reflects no small credit on 
 his integrity that though he was one of the 
 five ministers, Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, 
 Arlington, and Lauderdale, denominated 
 from their initials, cabal, he did not enter 
 into their views, nor support the scheme 
 which they formed to render the monarch 
 absolute. The war with Holland, which had 
 been undertaken by the perfidious intrigues 
 of the courtiers now drew forth the indigna- 
 tion of the people, and Bennet, now earl of 
 Arlington, found that Lauderdale and Buck- 
 ingham exonerated themselves by throwing 
 the popular odium upon their late coadjutor. 
 Their accusation however proved abortive, 
 Arlington defended himself before the com- 
 mons, and he was acquitted by a small ma- 
 jority. After serving the king 12 years as 
 secretary, Arlington retired upon the indo- 
 lent oflice of chamberlain ; and though no 
 longer in possession of the favors of the ca- 
 pricious Charles, he was yet employed as a 
 negotiator with the prince of Orange ; but 
 he was unsuccessful in his endeavors to pro- 
 cure a general peace. He died July 28th, 
 1685. His only child was a daughter mar- 
 ried to the duke of Grafton. In his general 
 character Arlington is described by Burnet 
 as a pi'oud man, but his abilities were so 
 strong, and at the same time so versatile, 
 that he was the only person who could man- 
 age with success the king's temper. He was 
 a papist in religion, though when in power 
 he inveighed with bitterness against the Ro- 
 man catholics. 
 
 Bennet, Dr. Thomas, born 7th May 
 1673, was educated at the grammar-school 
 of Salisbury, his native city, and passed to 
 St. John's college, Cambridge. In 1700 he 
 accidentally preached a funeral sermon on 
 his friend Mr. John Rayne, rector of St. 
 James, Colchester, and so highly was his 
 discourse applauded, that the parishoners 
 petitioned Compton bishop of London to 
 appoint him to the vacant benefice, a request 
 which was liberally granted. His exertions 
 in his new situation were great and success- 
 ful, he was followed as a popular preacher for 
 several years, till the other churches of the 
 town were at last filled with ministers of abi- 
 lities, and the charms of novelty vanished, 
 and an income of nearly 300^. a year was re- 
 duced to 60^. Upon this he removed to 
 London, where his abiUties and his popu- 
 larity procured him the chaplancy of Chel- 
 sea hospital, and afterwards the lectureship 
 of St. Olave, Southwark, and the vicarage 
 of St. Giles, Cripplegate, worth near 500/. a 
 
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 year. He died of an apoplexy at London, 
 October 9th, 1728. He was author of seve- 
 ral sermons, religious and political tracts, an 
 essay on the 39 articles, &c. and a Hebrew 
 grammar. 
 
 Ben NET, Christopher, a native of So- 
 mersetshire, educated at Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and distinguished as a physician and 
 member of the college of physicians in Lon- 
 don. He wrote several treatises on medical 
 subjects, particularly Tabidorum theatrum, 
 seu Phthisicos, &c. Xenodochium, &c. trans- 
 lated into English 1720, and died April, 1655, 
 aged about 38. 
 
 Be NNET, Robert, B. D. was educated at 
 Oxford, and made rector of Waddesden, 
 Bucks, by lord Wharton, from which he 
 •was ejected for non-conformity 1662. He 
 afterwards had a private congregation at 
 Aylesbury and at Reading, at which last 
 place he died 1687. He wrote the theologi- 
 cal concordance of synoniraous words in 
 scripture. 
 
 Be NCI T, Elle, a protestant minister of 
 Paris, who fled to Holland on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, and became pastor 
 of Uelft. He ded 1728, aged 88. He wrote 
 several works held in high esteem, especially 
 his historic de I'edit de Nantes, 5 vols. 4to. 
 1693. Of the lady whom he married, he 
 has given a most disagreeable picture, re- 
 presenting her as morose, avaricious, inso- 
 lent, and for 47 yeai's the disturber of his 
 I'cpose. 
 
 Be NO IT, father, a learned Maronite, 
 born at Gusta, in Plicenicia. He was early 
 sent to Rome, and educated among the Ma- 
 ronites, and afterwards he became, under 
 the patronage of Cosmo UL Hebrew pro- 
 fessor at Pisa. At the age of 44 he was ad- 
 mitted among the Jesuits, and died at Rome, 
 22d September, 1742, aged 80, He was the 
 editor of the works of Ephrem Syrus, 3 
 Tols. fol. 
 
 Benserabe, Isaac de, a French poet, 
 born at Lyons, near Roan. Early deprived 
 of his father, he had to struggle with po- 
 verty, and he gave up the little property to 
 ■which he was entitled, rather than to main- 
 tain his right by a lawsuit. His wit and his 
 poetical talents soon however rendered him 
 popular ; he was noticed by Richelieu, to 
 whom, according to some, he was related, 
 and a pension was settled upon him. After 
 the death of Richelieu, he attached himself 
 to the fortunes of the duke de Breze, who 
 patronised him, and so highly was he es- 
 teemed at court, that he was named as en- 
 voy to Christina, queen of Sweden, an em- 
 ployment however which he did not under- 
 take. As a poet his talents were great, and 
 his name became popular, and for a time he 
 divided the applauses of the town with the 
 celebrated Voiture. His rondeaux on Ovid 
 are his worst performance. In the last part 
 of his life he retired from the coui't to Gen- 
 tilly, where he employed himself in works 
 of piety, and translated almost all the 
 psalms. He was so afflicted with the stone, 
 t^iat he reluctantly sul>mitted to the opera- 
 tion of cutting ; but tlie surgeon puncturing 
 
 an artery, ran away instead of checking the' 
 effusion of blood, and the unfortunate pa- 
 tient soon after expired in the arms of liis. 
 friend and confessor Conmire, October 19th, 
 1690. 
 
 Benson, George, a dissenter, born at 
 Great Salkeld, Cumberland, September 
 1699. After being educated under Dr. 
 Dixon, at Whitehaven, and at the university 
 of Glasgow, he assumed the ministerial cha- 
 racter in London, and went to reside for se- 
 ven years, as pastor of a dissenting congre- 
 gation at Abingdon, Berks. He removed in 
 1729 to Southwark, and in 1740 he became 
 the associate of Dr. Lardner, at Crutched 
 Friars. He particularly devoted his time ta 
 the study of the sacred writings, and follow-^ 
 ing the example of Locke, he directed hi& 
 labors to elucidate scripture, and published 
 a paraphrase and notes, on several of St. 
 Paul's epistles. He wrote besides the hfe 
 of Christ — a defence of the reasonableness of 
 prayer — tracts on persecution — an history 
 of the planting of Christianity, from the 
 epistles and acts of the apostles, in two vols. 
 4to. a work replete with taste, judgment,, 
 and erudition, and which procured him an 
 honorable degree by diploma from Scotland, 
 and letters of kindness and acknowledg- 
 ment from the first divines of the age, 
 Hoadley, Herring, Butler, Conybear, ^c. 
 He died 1763, in his 64th year. His post- 
 humous works appeared 1764, in 4to. 
 
 Bent, John Van de, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, who studied under Yandervelde 
 awd Wouvermans, and died 1690, aged 40. 
 His landscapes are particularly esteemed. 
 
 Bentham, Thomas, a native of York- 
 shire, made fellow of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, 1546, an office which he lost during, 
 the tyrannical reign of Mary. On Eliza- 
 beth's accession his merits were rewarded 
 with the bishopric of Lichfield and Coven- 
 try. He was author of an exposition of the 
 acts of the apostles, and translated into 
 English some of tlie books of the old testa- 
 ment. He died 157G. 
 
 Bentham, Edward, canon of Christ 
 church, was born at Ely 23d July, 1707, and 
 as his fathei*, who was a clergyman, had a 
 numerous family, he was by the advice of 
 dean Smalridge, educated at Christ Church 
 school, and afterwards admitted of Corpus. 
 He was for a little time vice principal of 
 Magdalen-hall, and in 731 he was elected 
 fellow of Oriel, and 13 years after he was 
 preferred to a stall in Hereford cathedral. 
 In this situation he maintained the same cha- 
 racter of application and integrity which he 
 had supported in the university, and introdu- 
 ced regularity and economy in the affairs of 
 the chapter. On the death of Dr. Fanshawe 
 he was nominated by the king to the divinity 
 chair at Oxford, a respectable office which 
 he accepted with great reluctance. His lec- 
 tui'es in this new appointment were learned 
 and insti-uctive, they were delivered tiiree 
 times a week, during terra time, and the 
 course continued one year. In his privat^e 
 character Dr. Bentham Mas reserved, thougli 
 his manners were amiable^ and his condnct 
 
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 mild, pious, and benevolent. He published 
 some siugle sermons and also tracts, and he 
 was preparing an answer to Gibbon's ob- 
 jectionable chapters, when he died in his 
 69th year, 1st August, 1776. He was buried 
 in Christ Church cathedral. 
 
 Bentham, James, M. a. brother to the 
 preceding, was educated at Ely school, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, and he became 
 prebendary of Ely in exchange for North- 
 wood reetory, and in 1783, rector of Bow- 
 brick-hill, Bucks. His office in the cathe- 
 dral of his native ])lace, engaged his atten- 
 tion to cliurch architecture, and he enriched 
 ecclesiastical literature by the publication of 
 **the history and antiquities of the church of 
 Ely, from the foundation, 675 to 1771," in 
 4to. As a further specimen of his i*e- 
 aearches, it was his intention to give an his- 
 tory of ancient architecture in the kingdom, 
 but the avocations of a busy life prevented 
 the completion. To his patriotic exertions 
 it is to be observed that the island of Ely 
 owes many of its improvements. By his 
 spirit of perseverance, against clamor and 
 vulgar prejudice, turnpike roads were made, 
 travelling Avas rendered easy, and the un- 
 fruitful lands of that part of the kingdom 
 ■were convei'ted into valuable fields by drain- 
 ing. He died 17th November. 1794, aged 86. 
 
 Bentinck, William, first earl of Port- 
 land, was descended from a noble family in 
 Holland. When the prince of Orange was 
 seized with the small-pox, it was recom- 
 Hiended by his physicians that he should re- 
 ceive the warmth of a young person with 
 him in the same bed. Bentinck cheerfully 
 offered himself, and consequently caught the 
 disease in a violent degree, but the pains and 
 the danger to which he submitted were am- 
 ply repaid by the favor and friendship of the 
 prince. William bi-ought him with him to 
 England, raised him to the peerage, and 
 granted him lands in Denbighshire, which 
 were, on the representation of the parlia- 
 ment, exchanged for other grants. The 
 carl, faithful to his principles, served the 
 king in various offices civil and military, 
 and attended him in his last moments. He 
 died 1709, and was buried in Westminster- 
 abbey. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Cruy, was born at Fer- 
 ifara, 1579, and studied at Padua. His ad- 
 dress and intrigues produced a reconciliation 
 between two factions which laid claim to the 
 sovereignty of Ferrara after the death of 
 duke Alfonso, and so highly were his services 
 valued by the Roman pontiff that he Avas 
 made chamberlain of the palace, and after- 
 wards employed as nuncio to Flanders and 
 in France, and at last, in 1621, raised to the 
 dignity of cardinal. His popularity was so 
 great that he probably would have succeeded 
 to St. Peter's chair, on the death of pope 
 Urban VH. had he not been attacked by a 
 violent disease produced by his attendance 
 on the conclave during the intense heats of 
 the summer; so that in consequence of want 
 of rest for 11 successive nights, he expired 
 September 7th, lGi4, in his C5th year. The 
 
 most known of his works are his history of 
 the civil wars of Flanders — an account of 
 Flanders — and letters and memoirs. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Hercules, an illustrious 
 native of Bologna, esteemed and employed 
 by his relation Alfonso duke of Ferrara. He 
 distinguished himself also as a poet, and 
 wrote .satires, sonnets, comedies, &c. He 
 died at Venice, 1583. 
 
 Be NT LEY, Richard, son of a mechanic of 
 Wakefield, Yorkshire, became eminent as a 
 critic and a divine. He was of Saint John's, 
 Cambridge, where his great abilities soon re- 
 commended him to public favor and to the 
 friendship of Stillingficet, whose son he at- 
 tended as tutor to Wadham college, Oxford. 
 The first specimen of his literary fame, was 
 his lectures on Boyle's foundation, in which 
 he displaj-ed great powers of mind, support- 
 ed by the pi-ofound philosophy of Newton 
 and the clear reasoning of Locke, on the be- 
 ing and power of a God. The public admi- 
 ration on this performance recommended 
 the author to the place of librarian at Saint 
 James's, and this situation, whilst it pro- 
 duced a quarrel, gave at the same time rise 
 to a long celebrated controversy. Mr. Boyle, 
 son of lord Orrery, had obtained the use of a 
 MS. from the library to complete the edi- 
 tion of " the epistles of Phalaris," which he 
 was then going to publish, and when Bentley 
 demanded the book sooner than was expec- 
 ted, the request was considered as an affront, 
 and a war of words arose which drew forth 
 on both sides the most brilliant and spirited 
 exhibition of wit, criticism, and erudition 
 ever before known. On the death of J)r. 
 Montague, 1700, Bentley was I'aised to the 
 mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 an high and respectable situation which his 
 learning and abilities deserved, and soon af- 
 ter, his preferment was increased by the 
 addition of the archdeaconry of Ely, a bene- 
 fice in the island, and the office of chaplain 
 to the king. His prosperity, however, was 
 not without its attendant evils. In the go- 
 vernment of his college Bentley was arbi- 
 trary and severe, and his fellows complained 
 to the bishop of Ely the visitor, and charged 
 him among other crimes with embezzling 
 the money of the college, an accusation 
 which created the most virulent contentions 
 in the society, and which, at last, after 20 
 years' continuance, estal»lished the innocence 
 of the master. As divinity professor he like- 
 wise exposed himself to the obloquy of the 
 university ; he refused to admit without the 
 fee of four guineas, several persons to the 
 degree of doctor, agreeable to a mandate of 
 George I. when he visited Cambridge, for 
 which measure he was suspended and de- 
 graded, by the university. An appeal was 
 made to the king in council, and the matter 
 was referred to the judges of the kir«g's 
 bench, who reversed the proceedings against 
 him, and directed his honorable restoration 
 to his dignities. During these unhappy strug- 
 gles Bentley preserved his unshaken firm- 
 ness of mind, and his time was devoted to 
 the advauceracnt of science, and to laborious 
 
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 «ritiersm. His editions of Terence, Horace, 
 Phsedrus, Milton's paradise lost, &c. evince 
 the great powers of his mind, and the most 
 extensive acciuaintance with classical litera- 
 ture. After nearly ten years of gradual de- 
 cay, this superior scholar died at the college, 
 14th July, 1742, aged 80, and was buried in 
 the chapel, to which he was a liberal bene- 
 factor. In his private character Dr. Bentley 
 was hospitable, warm in his friendship, and 
 respected and beloved as the master of a fa- 
 mily. He left three children. His son of 
 the same name was educated under him at 
 Trinity. Elizabeth his eldest daughter mar- 
 ried, 172r, sir Humphry Ridge, and Joanna 
 married the eldest son of bisliop Cumber- 
 land. Dr. Bentley also published a Latin 
 6pistle to Dr. Mill, with critical observations 
 on John Malala's chronology, 1691, and an 
 answer to Collins' discourse on free thinking. 
 
 Bentley, Thomas, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was author of " the wishes," a co- 
 fnedy, which was represented at Drury-lane 
 1761, but withdrawn in 1782, from some ap- 
 parent allusions to party politics. He also 
 wrote Philodamus, a tragedy, and a satirical 
 poem called patriotism. He died 1782. 
 
 Benvenuti, Charles, a Jesuit, born at 
 Leghorn, and made mathematical jirofessor 
 at Rome. He was author of an abridgment 
 of philosophy — dissertation upon lights — re- 
 flections on Jesuitism, &c. On the suppres- 
 sion of the Jesuits he retired to Warsaw, 
 and died 1789, aged 73. 
 
 Benwell, William, an able divine, and 
 elegant scholar, born at Caversham, Oxford- 
 shire, in 1765. From Reading school, where 
 his abilities were fostered by the judicious 
 care, and directed by the clasical taste, of his 
 brother-in-law, Dr. Valpy, he entered, in 
 1783, at Trinity college, Oxford. In the uni- 
 versity the same ardent application continu- 
 ed to mark his progress, and his labors as a 
 Latin poet were, in 1785, rewarded by the 
 chancellor's prize. The subject was the 
 plundering of Rome by Alaric, and it was 
 treated with great judgment, and with all 
 the energy of description, and the majestic 
 dignity of the Mantuan bard. Two years 
 after he obtained another prize for an Eng- 
 lish essay, " on what arts the moderns have 
 excelled the ancients," in which he displayed 
 deep reseai'ch and correctness of judgment, 
 in a style chaste and elegant. The same 
 year he entered into orders, and in 1787 took 
 his master's degree, and in 1790, was elected 
 fellow of his college, where he gained the re- 
 spect of the society, as an active and well in- 
 formed tutor. In 1794 he obtained the 
 living of Hale Magna in Lincolnshire, which 
 he soon resigned for Chilton in Suffolk. In 
 June 1796, he married the eldest daughter 
 of J. Loveday, esq. of Caversham, and 11 
 weeks after this amiable and deservedly re- 
 spected character Avas borne to his grave. 
 He resided at Milton, Wilts, and during a 
 contagious fever which raged in the village, 
 from his great benevolence of heart, he exert- 
 ed himself in affording consolation to the poor 
 sufferers, and unhappily caught the infection, 
 
 VOL. I. 23 
 
 which, after ten days, proved fatal, Cth Sept, 
 1796. He was buried at Caversham, wher^ 
 in the church a small tablet, in modest lan- 
 guage, records his virtues. At his death Mr. 
 Benwell was engaged in publishing Xeno- 
 phon's memorablia, of which the half was 
 already printed. As a polite and classical 
 scholar his name must stand high, as a divine 
 the simplicity of his discourses made its way 
 to the heart of his hearers, by his zeal, his 
 earnestness, and his eloquence, aided by the 
 most powerful recommendation of his exem- 
 plaiy conduct and benevolent manners. As 
 a poet he rose to the eminence of genius and 
 originality, and though he wrote little, yet 
 the few pieces which have appeared in print, 
 and those which are preserved in the hands 
 of his friends, exhibit him expressing the 
 true merit and the majestic graces of the 
 muse. Had he lived longer, literature Avould. 
 have been more highly enriched by his pro- 
 ductions, religion' would have been adorned 
 by his persuasive eloquence, and his power- 
 ful example, and the world benefited by the 
 exertions of his charity, his benevolence, and 
 philanthropy. 
 
 Benyowsky, Count Mauritius Augustus 
 de, magnate of Hungary and Poland, was 
 born 1741, at Verbowa in the Hungarian pro- 
 vince of Nittria. He embraced early the 
 profession of arras, and manifested those 
 strong powers of mind which shone with, 
 such peculiar lustre in the midst of his dan- 
 gers nnd misfortunes. After serving in the 
 imperial armies, he at last joined the confe- 
 deration of the Polish nobles, to withstand 
 the encroachment of foreigners. He accep- 
 ted a high command in the army, and in his 
 military capacity he distinguished himself 
 against the Russians in various skirmishes^ 
 Avith unparalleled bravery and success, till ' 
 several wounds disabled him, and he fell into 
 the Jhands of the enemy. The triumph of 
 the Russians was great, in possessing the per- 
 son of so indefatigable an adversary; but in- 
 stead of respecting his misfortunes, they in- 
 sulted his fate, and with shocking barbarity 
 they loaded him with irons, and confined 
 him in a pi-ison, where the dead carcasses of 
 his companions in misery poisoned the air, 
 and threatened a pestilential contagion. If 
 he was so fortunate as to escape, it Avas to 
 fall again under the power of his persecutoi's, 
 and to add to his sufferings, he was hurried 
 away through the deserts of Siberia to Kam- 
 schatka, Avhere he found himself an insulted 
 exile and degraded prisoner on the 3d Dec. 
 1770. He did not, hoAvever, sink under his 
 confinement; in this distant retreat he form- 
 ed the design of escaping, and so highly Avas 
 his character of bravery and heroism respec- 
 ted, that even the daughter of IMr. "Nilon, 
 the governor of the place, consented to sliare 
 his fortunes, and to assist him in his escape. 
 After being nearly discovered, he succeeded 
 in his attempts; he made himself master of 
 Kamsehatka by force and stratagem, and ac- 
 companied by 86 faithful followers and nine 
 Avomen, among Avhom Avas his fair protector, 
 he sailed o.n the llth May, ir71/from th^' 
 
BE 
 
 ties. By the recommendation of Swift, he 
 accompanied as chaplain lord Peterborough, 
 ambassador to the king of Sicily, and after- 
 wards, when disappointed in his expecta- 
 tions of preferment, he spent four years on 
 the continent as tutor to the son of Dr. Ashe, 
 bishop of Clogher. During his travels 
 through Apulia, he communicated some in- 
 genious observations on the tarantula to Dr. 
 Freind, and he made some valuable collec- 
 tions for a natural history of Sicily, which 
 unfortunately for the world were lost on his 
 passage to Naples. Soon after his return to 
 London, in ITtil, he went as chaplain with 
 the duke of Grafton, viceroy of Ireland, and 
 "while courted by the great and the learned, 
 lie found his fortune increased by a legacy of 
 about 4000^. from the celebrated Vanessa, 
 ■who repaid the coldness or cruelty of Swift, 
 by bestowing her property on his more de- 
 serving friends, lu 1724, he was made dean 
 of Derry, but in the midst of his easy for- 
 tune and respectable connections, he formed 
 the wild scheme of erecting a college in the 
 Bermuda islands, for the conversion of the 
 savage Americans to Christianity ; but 
 though he was supported by the patronage 
 of the king, and the influence, zeal, or pre- 
 tended piety of the minister, with the pro- 
 mise of a grant of 10,000/. and ably seconded 
 by men of abilities v/ho folloAved his fortunes, 
 he proved the abortion of his hopes, after 
 residing nearly two years at Newport in 
 America, and lie returned disgusted and 
 disappointed to England. He was raised to 
 the see of Cloyne in 1735, and 12 years 
 after, he refused the offer from lord Ches- 
 terfield of a translation to Clogher. After 
 discharging the high duties of his office with 
 all the decorum and sanctity of a primitive 
 bishop, he came to reside in 1752 at Oxford, 
 in quest of literary retirement, as well as to 
 superintend the education of his son ; but 
 the prosnects of human life, alas ! are short ; 
 on the l4th of the following January he was 
 seized with a palsy of the heart, whilst his 
 lady was reading a sermon to him, and so 
 suddenly and calmly did he expire, that his 
 daughter only discovered while presenting 
 him a cup of tea that he was no more. He 
 Mas buried in Oxford cathedral, and Dr. 
 "Markham wrote his epitaph. His private 
 character was truly great and exemplary, 
 so that Pope's panegyric is far from mis- 
 applied in attributing " To Berkley every 
 virtue under heaven." As a scholar 'and 
 philoso])ber the bishop of Cloyne ranks 
 blgh. His theory of vision, published 1709, 
 and his principles of human knowledge, 
 1710, and dialogues between Hylas and Phi- 
 lonous, 1713, in opposition to sceptics and 
 atheists, display great vigor of thought, 
 strength of reasonin;:^, and subtle argumen- 
 tation. He wrote besides sermons, the mi- 
 nute philosopher, 2 vols. 8vo. 1732, a mas- 
 terly performance, in dialogues, after Pla- 
 to's manner— some mathematical disquisi- 
 tions — Siris, a learned and curious inquiry 
 concerning the virtues of tar-water, 1744, 
 a work which he said cost him more labor 
 than any of his perfox'mances, &c. &e. 
 
 //^ BE 
 
 Berkeley, George, L. L. D, second 
 son of the bishop of Cloyne by Anne daugh- 
 ter of John Forster, speaker of the Irish 
 house of commons, was born in Grosvenor- 
 street, London, 28th September 1733, and 
 after being under the care of his father, he 
 entered at Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 was honorably patronised by archbishop 
 Seeker, Avho revered the memory of his il- 
 lustrious father, and together with the livings 
 of St. Clement's Dane, London, and Tys- 
 hurst church, Sussex, he obtained the chan- 
 cellorship of Brecknock, and a prebendal 
 stall in Canterbury cathedral. He married 
 Eliza, daughter of the reverend Henry 
 Finsham, descended from the Cherrys of 
 Shottesbrook, Berks ; and supported a vir- 
 tuous and amiable character in public and 
 private. He died January 6, 1795, and was 
 buried in the same vault with his father. He 
 wrote some single sermons, one of which, on 
 Charles' martyrdom, has gone through six 
 editions ; and a volume was published after 
 his death by his widow. 
 
 Berkeley, George, earl of, privy coun- 
 sellor of (yharles H. was descended from 
 Robert Fitzharding, of the royal family of 
 Denmark. He was author of historical ap- 
 plications, and occasional meditations on se- 
 veral subjects, written by a person of honor, 
 12mo. 1670, a book of great merit. He left 
 a valuable collection of books to Sion college, 
 and died 1698. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, of the same 
 family as the preceding, distinguished him- 
 self as vice-admiral of the white in the 
 dreadful engagement with the Dutch, 2d 
 June 1666, when he led the van into the 
 midst of the enemy's fleet, and fell in his 
 cabin, overpowered by numbers. 
 
 Berkenhout, Dr. John, a native of 
 Leeds, in Yorkshire, educated in his native 
 town, and early sent to Germany to acquire 
 the modern languages, and qualify himself 
 for the mercantile profession of his father, 
 who was born in Holland. He however dis- 
 dained the drudgery of the counter. He 
 travelled over Europe ; and by the friend- 
 ship and recommendation of Baron Bielfeldt 
 at Berlin, he entei-ed into the Prussian ser- 
 vice, which he quitted on the breaking out of 
 hostilities between England and France in 
 1756, for the command of a troop in his na- 
 tive country. In 1760 he preferred a litera- 
 ry life to military service, and began to study 
 physic at Edinbui'gh, from whence he passed 
 to Leyden, where he took his degrees, in 
 1765. He settled at Isleworth, in Middle- 
 sex, and in 1778 he accompanied the com- 
 missioners to America ; but being suspected 
 of improper intrigues with the members of 
 congress at Philadelphia, he was sent to 
 prison ; from which, however, he was libe- 
 rated, and rewarded with a pension on his 
 return home. He died 3d April 1791, aged 
 GO, eminently distinguished for his vast eru- 
 dition, for universal knowledge, and for great 
 powers of mind. His publications on various 
 subjects are numerous and highly respecta- 
 ble*; the most known of which are, his 
 pharmacoposia medici — his outlines of the 
 
?E 
 
 /// 
 
 BE 
 
 natural history of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 ;J vols. 12KIO. — his first lines of the theory, 
 &c. of philosophical chemistry— his biogra- 
 phia Uteraria — his ways and means, or hints 
 for taxation — his symptomatology — clavls 
 Anglica linguse botaoicse— letters to his son, 
 ice. 
 
 Berkheyden, Job and Gerard, two 
 Dutch painters, born at Haerlem. The el- 
 dest excelled in landscapes, and was drowned 
 in one of the canals of Holland, 1698, aged 
 70; and the other was particularly happy in 
 his views of towns, palaces, and temples. 
 Jle died 1693. 
 
 Berkley, Sir William, a native of Lou- 
 don, educated at Merton college, Oxford, 
 and, in 166 J, made governor of Virginia. 
 He made a collection of the laws of the 
 provinces, and wrote an account of the coun- 
 try, in folio, and wrote also the lost lady, a 
 tragi-cornedy. He returned 1676, and died 
 13tU July 1677, and was buried at Twicken- 
 ham. 
 
 Bernaert, Nicasius, a Dutch painter, 
 the disciple and imitator of Snyders, who 
 died 1663, aged 70. 
 
 Bernard, St. known as one of the fa- 
 thers of the church, and as the founder of 
 160 monasteries, was born at Fontaine in 
 Burgundy 1091. As abbot of the reli- 
 gious house of Clairvaux, in 1115, he acqui- 
 red celebrity, as a preceptor his lectures 
 were frequented by the most famous men, 
 and all affairs of importance were referred 
 to the consideration and deSi^ion of his su- 
 perior powers of judgment. He firmly op- 
 posed schismatics, supported the power of 
 the popes, convicted Abelard of heresy at 
 the council of Sens in 1140, and by his unex- 
 ampled sanctity wrought miracles to com- 
 mand the reverence of an admiring vulgar. 
 He died 1153. His works have been pub- 
 lished by Mabillon, in 2 vols, folio, 1690. 
 
 Bernard of Menthon, a native of Sa- 
 Toy, born 923, who was made archdeacon of 
 Aoust, at the bottom of the Alps, and in the 
 discharge of his ecclesiastical duties labored 
 strenuously to convert the uncivilized inhabi- 
 tants of the mountains to Christianity. To 
 forward his humane purposes, he founded 
 two monasteries in the passes of the Alps, 
 for the relief of pilgrims and unfortunate 
 travellers ; and they still subsist a monument 
 of his benevolence, and a happy asylum to 
 the weary. 
 
 Bernard, Edward, was horn at Perry 
 St. Paul near Towcester, Northamptonshire, 
 2d May 1638, and received his education at 
 Northampton, andMerchant-taylors' school, 
 from whence, after a residence of seven 
 years, he went to St. John's college, Oxford, 
 1655. The proliciency of his early years 
 w-as so great in classical literature, that he 
 applied himself at the university not only to 
 philosophical and mathematical studies, but 
 to Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Coptic. In 
 1668, he visited Leyden, to consult some ori- 
 ental manuscripts presented to that universi- 
 ty by Jos. Scaliger and Warnerus ; and in 
 1673 he was appointed successor to sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, as Savilian professor of as- 
 
 tronomy, to whom, four years before, he 
 had been chosen deputy. In the intended 
 plan of publishing all the ancient matheina- 
 ticians, Mr. Bernard's assiduity was great, 
 he collected and compared whatever was 
 most curious and valuable in the Bodleian 
 and other libraries, and presented the pub- 
 lic with a specimen of the work; which, 
 howcvei', either from its vast extent, or the 
 negligence of its first patrons, was never 
 completed. He was sent, in 1676, to Paris, 
 by Charles II. to superintend the education 
 of his two natural children by the dutchess of 
 Cleveland; but tiie simple and reserved 
 manners of tlie professor were not in uuisioii 
 with the gay dissipation of a court ; and he 
 retired, in one yeaz*, from a situation -which 
 suited neither his taste nor his inclination. 
 He went to Leyden in 1683, to attend the 
 sale of Nic. Heinsius' library, and repeated 
 his visit some years after, when the books of 
 Golius were sold. As he had been obliged to 
 give up his i)referments on his election to 
 the professorship, he began now to be tire4 
 with an office which confined his attach- 
 ments and his pursuits ; and he resigned it 
 1691, to take the living of Brightwell, Berk- 
 shire. He died of a consumption, at Oxford, 
 January 12, 1696, in his 59th year, and ha 
 was buried in St. John's college chapel, 
 where a monument is erected to bis memo- 
 ry. Dr. Smith, who knew him well, speaks 
 of him with the candor and warmth of a 
 friend. He describes him as mild in dispo- 
 sition, an enemy to disputes, a candid judge 
 of literary labors, tolerant as a a churchman, 
 sincere in his friendships, exemplary in his 
 conduct, and eminent for his learning, as his 
 publications and manuscripts fully evince. 
 His works are, a treatise on ancient weights 
 and measures, annexed to Pococke's com- 
 mentary on Hosea — private devot:ons, 1689 
 — orbis eruditi literatura a charactere Sama- 
 ritico deducta — etymologicum Britannicum, 
 &c. — besides various a-stronomical papers in 
 the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Bernard, James, was born at Nions, in 
 Dauphine, 1st September 1658, and educa- 
 ted at Geneva. The persecution of the 
 protestants obliged him to fly from France 
 to Switzerland, and from thence to Holland, 
 where he became minister of Ganda, and 
 professor at the Hague. His sermons, as 
 well as the celebrity of his writings, recom- 
 mended him to the pubHc favor, and the 
 people of Leyden fixed upon him for their 
 minister; but William III. who hated his re- 
 publican principles, refused to confirm their 
 choice, and it was not till 1705, after the 
 king's death, that he appeared as public 
 preacher there. He was also professor of 
 philosophy in the university ; but he em- 
 braced the system of Descartes, till his know- 
 ledge of English made him acquainted with 
 the sublime discoveries of Newton. He died 
 27th April, 1718, aged 60. His Avritings 
 were mostly periodical, such as histoire 
 abregee de I'Europe — nouvellcs de la repub- 
 lique des leftres — besides a supplement to 
 Moreri's dictionary, in 2 vols, folio, sermons, 
 kc. kc. 
 
BE 
 
 ties. By the recommendation of Swift, he 
 accompanied as chaplain lord Peterborough, 
 ambassador to the king of Sicily, and after- 
 wards, when disappointed in his expecta- 
 tions of preferment, he spent four years on 
 the continent as tutor to the son of Dr. Ashe, 
 bishop of Clogher. During his travels 
 through Apulia, he communicated some in- 
 genious observations on the tarantula to Dr. 
 Freind, and he made some valuable collec- 
 tions for a natural history of Sicily, which 
 unfortunately for the world were lost on his 
 passage to Naples. Soon after his return to 
 London, in ITtil, he went as chaplain with 
 the duke of Grafton, viceroy of h*eland, and 
 ■while courted by the great and the learned, 
 lie found his fortune increased by a legacy of 
 about 4000Z. from the celebrated Vanessa, 
 "who repaid the coldness or cruelty of Swift, 
 by bestowing her property on his more de- 
 serving friends. In 1724, he was made dean 
 of Derry, but in the midst of his easy for- 
 tune and respectable connections, he formed 
 the wild scheme of erecting a college in the 
 Bermuda islands, for the conversion of the 
 savage Americans to Christianity ; but 
 though he was supported by the patronage 
 of the king, and the influence, zeal, or pre- 
 tended piety of the minister, with the pro- 
 mise of a graut of 10,000/. and ably seconded 
 by men of abilities v/hofolloAved his fortunes, 
 he proved the abortion of his hopes, after 
 residing nearly two years at Newport in 
 America, and he returned disgusted and 
 disappointed to England. He was i*aised to 
 the see of Cloyne in 1735, and 12 years 
 after, he refused the offer from lord Ches- 
 terfield of a translation to Clogher. After 
 dischai'ging the high duties of his office with 
 all the decorum and sanctity of a primitive 
 bishop, he came to reside in 1752 at Oxford, 
 in quest of literary retirement, as well as to 
 superintend the education of his son ; but 
 the prospects of human life, alas ! ai'e short ; 
 on the l4th of the following January he was 
 seized with a palsy of the heart, whilst his 
 lady was reading a sermon to him, and so 
 suddenly and calmly did he expire, that his 
 daughter only discovered while presenting 
 him a cuj) of tea that he was no more. He 
 •^vas buried in Oxford cathedral, and Dr. 
 Markham wrote his epitaph. His private 
 character was truly great and exemplary, 
 so that Pope's panegyric is far from mis- 
 applied in attributing " To Berkley every 
 virtue under heaven." As a scholar 'and 
 philosopher the bishop of Cloyne ranks 
 liigh. His theory of vision, published 1709, 
 and his principles of human knowledge, 
 1710, and dialogues between Hylas and Phi- 
 lonous, 1713, in opposition to sceptics and 
 atheists, display great vigor of thought, 
 strength of reasonin'^, and subtle argumen- 
 tation. He wrote besides sermons, the mi- 
 liiite philosopher, 2 vols. 8vo. 1732, a mas- 
 terly performance, in dialogues, after Pla- 
 to's manner— some mathematical disquisi- 
 tions — Sins, a learned and cui'ious inquiry 
 concerning the virtues of tar-water, 1744, 
 a work which he said cost him more labor 
 than any of his performances, &;c. ht. 
 
 //^ BE 
 
 Berkeley, George, L, L. D. second 
 son of the bishop of Cloyne by Anne daugh- 
 
 ter of John Forster, speaker of the Irish 
 house of commons, was born in Grosvenor- 
 street, London, 28th September 1733, an(J 
 after being under the care of liis father, he 
 entered at Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 was honorably patronised by archbishop 
 Seeker, Avho revered the memory of his il- 
 lustrious father, and together with the livings 
 of St. Clement's Dane, London, and Tys- 
 hurst church, Sussex, he obtained the chan- 
 cellorship of Brecknock, and a prebendal 
 stall in Canterbury cathedral. He married 
 Eliza, daughter of the reverend Henry 
 Finsham, descended from the Cherrys of 
 Shottesbrook, Berks; and supported a vir- 
 tuous and amiable character in public and 
 private. He died January 6, 1795, and was 
 buried in the same vault with his father. He 
 wrote some single sermons, one of which, oa 
 Charles' martyrdom, has gone through six 
 editions ; and a volume was published after- 
 his death by his widow. 
 
 Berkeley, George, earl of, privy coun- 
 sellor of Charles H. was descended from 
 Robert Fitzharding, of the royal family of 
 Denmark. He was author of historical ap- 
 plications, and occasional meditations on se- 
 veral subjects, written by a person of honor, 
 12mo. 1670, a book of great merit. He left 
 a valuable collection of books to Sion college, 
 and died 1698. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, of the same 
 family as the preceding, distinguished him- 
 self as vice-admiral of the white in the 
 dreadful engagement with the Dutch, 2d 
 June 1666, when he led the van into the 
 midst of the enemy's fleet, and fell in his 
 cabin, overpowered by numbers. 
 
 Berkenhout, Dr. John, a native of 
 Leeds, in Yorkshire, educated in his native 
 town, and early sent to Germany to acquire 
 the modern languages, and qualify himself 
 for the mercantile profession of his father, 
 who was born in Holland. He however dis- 
 dained the drudgery of the counter. He 
 travelled over Europe ; and by the friend- 
 ship and recommendation of Baron Bielfeldt 
 at Berlin, he entei'ed into the Prussian ser- 
 vice, which he quitted on the breaking out of 
 hostilities between England and France in 
 1756, for the command of a troop in his na- 
 tive country. In 1760 he preferred a litera- 
 ry life to military service, and began to study 
 physic at Edinburgh, from whence he passed 
 to Leyden, where he took his degrees, in 
 1765. He settled at Isleworth, in Middle- 
 sex, and in 1778 he accompanied the com- 
 missioners to America ; but being suspected 
 of improper intrigues with the members of 
 congress at Philadelphia, he was sent to 
 prison ; from which, however, he was libe- 
 rated, and rewarded with a pension on his 
 return home. He died 3d April 1791, aged 
 GO, eminently distinguished for his vast eru- 
 dition, for universal knowledge, and for great 
 powers of mind. His publications on various 
 subjects are numerous and highly respecta- 
 ble"; the most known of which are, his 
 pharmacoposia raedici — his outlines of the 
 
^E 
 
 /// 
 
 BE 
 
 natural history of Great Britam and Ireland, ' 
 3 vols. 12mo. — his first lines of the theory, 
 &c. of philosophical chemistry— his biogra- 
 phia literaria — his ways and means, or hints 
 ibr taxation — his symptomatology — clavis 
 Anglica linguse botanicae— letters to las son, 
 ice. 
 
 Berkheyden, Job and Gerard, two 
 Putch painters, born at Haerlem. The el- 
 dest excelled in landscapes, and was drowned 
 in one of the canals of Holland, 1698, aged 
 70; and the other was particularly happy in 
 his views of towns, palaces, and temples. 
 Jle died 1693. 
 
 Berkley, Sir William, a native ot Lon- 
 don, educated at Merton college, Oxford, 
 and, in 1G6j, made governor of Virginia. 
 He made a collection of the laws of the 
 provinces, and wrote an account of the coun- 
 try, in folio, and wrote also the lost lady, a 
 tragi-coniedy. He returned 1676, and died 
 13tk July 1677, and was buried at Twicken- 
 ham. 
 
 Bernaert, Nicasius, a Dutch painter, 
 the disciple and imitator of Snyders, who 
 died 1663, aged 70. 
 
 Bernard, St. known as one of the fa- 
 thers of the church, and as the founder of 
 160 monasteries, was born at Fontaine in 
 Burgundy 1091. As abbot of the reli- 
 gious house of Clairvaux, in 1115, he acqui- 
 red celebrity, as a preceptor his lectures 
 were frequented by the most famous men, 
 and all affairs of importance were referred 
 to the consideration and defiii^ion of his su- 
 perior powers of judgment. He firmly op- 
 posed schismatics, supported the power of 
 the popes, convicted Abelard of heresy at 
 the council of Sens in 1140, and by his unex- 
 ampled sanctity wrought miracles to com- 
 mand the reverence of an admiring vulgar. 
 He died 1153. His works have been pub- 
 lished by Mabillon, in 2 vols, folio, 1690. 
 
 Bernard of Menthon, a native of Sa- 
 voy, born 923, who was made archdeacon of 
 Aoust, at the bottom of the Alps, and in the 
 discharge of his ecclesiastical duties labored 
 strenuously to convert the uncivilized inhabi- 
 tants of the mountains to Christianity. To 
 forward his humane purposes, he founded 
 two monasteries in the passes of the Alps, 
 for the relief of pilgrims and unfortunate 
 travellers ; and they still subsist a monument 
 of his benevolence, and a happy asylum to 
 the weary. 
 
 Bernard, Edward, was born at Perry 
 St. Paul near Towcester, Northamptonshire, 
 2d May 1638, and received his education at 
 Northampton, andMerohant-taylors' school, 
 from whence, after a residence of seven 
 years, he went to St. John's college, Oxford, 
 1655. The proficiency of his early years 
 w-as so great in classical literature, that he 
 applied himself at the university not only to 
 philosophical and mathematical studies, but 
 to Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Coptic. In 
 1668, he visited Leyden, to consult some ori- 
 ental manuscripts presented to that universi- 
 ty by Jos. ScaUger and Warnerus; and in 
 1673 he was appointed successor to sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, as Saviliau professor of as- 
 
 tronomy, to whom, four years before, he 
 had been chosen deputy. In the intended 
 plan of publishing all the ancient mathema- 
 ticians, Mr. Bernard's assiduity was great, 
 he collected and compared whatever was 
 most curious and valuable in the Bodleian 
 and other libraries, and presented the pub- 
 lic with a specimen of the work; which, 
 however, either from its vast extent, or the 
 negligence of its first patrons, was never 
 completed. He was sent, in 1676, to Paris, 
 by Charles II. to superintend the education 
 of his two natural childi'en by the dutchess of 
 Cleveland ; but tiie simple and reserved 
 manners of the professor were not in uuisioii 
 with the gay dissipation of a court ; and he 
 retired, in one year, from a situation which 
 suited neither his taste nor his inclination. 
 He went to Leyden in 1683, to attend the 
 sale of Nic. Heinsius' library, and repeated 
 his visit some years after, when the books of 
 Golius were sold. As he had been obliged to 
 give up his i)referments on his election to 
 the professorship, he began now to be tireyl 
 with an office which confined his attach- 
 ments and his pursuits ; and he resigned it 
 1691, to take the living of Brightwell, Berk- 
 shire. He died of a consumption, at Oxford, 
 January 12, 1696, in his 59th year, and h» 
 was buried in St. John's college chapel, 
 where a monument is erected to bis memo- 
 ry. Dr. Smith, who knew him well, speaks 
 of him with the candor and warmth of a 
 friend. He describes him as mild in dispo- 
 sition, an enemy to disputes, a candid judge 
 of literary labors, tolerant as a a churchman, 
 sincere in his friendships, exemphu'y in his 
 conduct, and eminent for his learning, as his 
 publications and manuscripts fully evince. 
 His woi-ks are, a treatise on ancient weights 
 and measures, annexed to Pococke's com- 
 mentary on Hosea — private devotions, 1689 
 — orbis eruditi literatura a charactei-e Sama- 
 ritico deducta — etymologicum Bi-itannicum, 
 &c. — besides various astronomical papers iti 
 the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Bernard, James, was born at Nions, in 
 Dauphine, 1st September 1658, and educa- 
 ted at Geneva. The persecution of the 
 protestants obliged him to fly from France 
 to Switzerland, and from thence to Holland, 
 where he became minister of Ganda, and 
 professor at the Hague. His sermons, as 
 well as the celebrity of his writings, recom- 
 mended him to the public favor, and the 
 people of Leyden fixed upon him for their 
 minister; hut William 111, who hated his re- 
 publican principles, refused to confirm their 
 choice, and it was not till 1705, after the 
 king's death, that he appeared as public 
 preacher there. He was also professor of 
 philosophy in the university; but he em- 
 braced the .system of Descartes, till his know- 
 ledge of English made him acquainted with 
 the sublime discoveries of Newton. He died 
 27th April, 1718, aged 60. His writings 
 were mostly periodical, .<:uch as histnirc 
 abregee de I'Europe — nouveUes de la repub- 
 lique des lettres — besidoK a supplement to 
 Moreri's dictionary, in 2 vols, folio, sermons, 
 kc. kc. 
 
BE 
 
 tn 
 
 BE 
 
 Bernard, Cathai-incj'vras born at Rouen, 
 and died at Paris, 1712. Ske wrote poetry 
 with ease and elegance, and obtaindll three 
 times the poetical prize at the Frencli aca- 
 demy. Her tragedies, Brutus and Laodamia, 
 •were received Avith applause on the French 
 theatre ; and she was i-ewarded with a pen- 
 sion of 200 crowns by Lewis XIV. She sup- 
 pressed some of her pieces which might re- 
 flect upon her morality and religion. Two 
 romances, count d'Araboise and Inez de 
 Cordova, are attributed to iier. 
 
 Bernard of Thuringia, a fanatical her- 
 mit, who, in the last part of the 10th cen- 
 tury, pretended to announce the immediate 
 end of the world, and prevailed so much 
 upon the vulgar, that a solar echpse just at 
 that time was interpreted as a completion of 
 the prophecy, and all, in the utmost conster- 
 nation, fled to caves and mountains. His re- 
 veries are now justly forgotten. 
 
 Bernard of Brussels, a painter of the 
 16th century, eminent in his hunting pieces, 
 in which he introduced his patron Charles 
 v. His last judgment is still shown at Ant- 
 werp. 
 
 BERNARD, Peter Joseph, son of a sculp- 
 tor at Grenoble in Dauphine, was educated 
 by the Jesuits of Lyons, M'hose fraternity he 
 refused to join, for the pleasures of the capi- 
 tal. Though he possessed wit and a lively 
 poetical genius, his compositions could not 
 procure him bread, so that for two years he 
 was engaged as clerk to a public notary. He 
 was at last recommended to the marquis of 
 Pezay and marechal de Colgni, whom he ac- 
 companied in the campaigns in Italy. The 
 death of de Coigni in 175G left him without 
 a patron, but his conversation recommended 
 him to the great and opulent at Paris, till, in 
 17/1, the sudden loss of his memory cut 
 short the '-.appiness of his lite, and in his in- 
 tellectual imbecility lie continued to his 
 death, November 1, 1775. He w rote some 
 operas, besides other lighter pieces, which 
 for their case and elegance, have procured 
 liim the name of 4e gentil Bernard. 
 
 Bernard, Dr. Francis, physician to 
 James II. was eminent for his learning, and 
 for a collection otbooks, which sold, in 1698, 
 for 1000^. a high price for the times. He 
 died February lU, 1C97, aged 69. His bro- 
 ther Charles, Avho was surgeon to the prin- 
 cess Anne, was also the collector of a curious 
 library, sold in 1711. 
 
 Bernard, Richard, rector of Bate- 
 combe, in Somersetshire, died in 1641. He 
 was author of Thesaurus biblicus, a valuable 
 concordance — and an abstract of the bible. 
 
 Bernard, Samuel, a historical painter 
 who died at Paris 1687, aged 72. He en- 
 graved Raphael's history of Attila, with 
 great elegance and success. His son of the 
 same name, was, on account of his riches, 
 called the Lucullus of his age. He was 
 employed in the court of Lewis XIV^. and 
 died 1739, aged 88. 
 
 Bernard, John Baptiste, an ecclesiastic 
 who died at Paris, 1772, aged 62. He wrote 
 some discourses and funeral orations, much 
 admired. 
 
 BEnyrAiiDi, John, an artist of Italy, 
 known for his exquisite skill in cutting crys- 
 tals. He was patronised, among others, by 
 Alexander Farnese,anddicdat Faenza, 1555. 
 
 Bernard I NE, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Massa, 1380. He was educated at Sienna; 
 and after being employed as commissary at 
 Jerusalem, he became eminent as a preach- 
 er, so that several cities of Italy solicited him 
 for their bishop. This popularity raised him 
 enemies, who accused him before pope Mar- 
 tin V. of erroneous doctrines ; which, how- 
 ever he refuted. He died at Aquila 1444, 
 after founding 300 monasteries in Italy ; and 
 he was canonized six years after by pope 
 Nicholas. His works have appeared in folio 
 and 4to. 
 
 BERNAZ.2AN0, a painter of Milan, in 
 the 16th century, eminent in the represen- 
 tation of landscape and animals. He painted 
 some strawberries on a fresco wall so natu- 
 rally, that the plaister was torn down by the 
 frequent pecking of peacocks. 
 
 BERNiAj'or Berni, Francis, an eccle- 
 siastic of Florence, where he died, 1543* 
 He was patronised by Julio de Medicis, af- 
 terwards pope Clement Xlt. and he distin- 
 guished himself so much as a satirical poet, 
 that a species of burlesque was called, among 
 the Italians, Berniasque. His Orlando Ina- 
 morato Rifatto IS much esteemed. It is but 
 the work of Boiardo put into a more elegant, 
 witty, and satirical dress. His Latin poems 
 were collected with these of Segni, &c. 
 1562, and his Italian pieces were placed in a 
 collection with those of Varchi, Moro, 
 Doldie, &c. 1548, reprinted at London, 
 17'21 and 1724, in 2 vols, 8vo. 
 
 Bernier, Francis, a native of Angers, 
 who studied at Montpellier, and travelled to 
 the holy land, and through Cairo and Suez 
 to tho Mogul empire, where be resided for 
 twelve years, eight of which he -was physi- 
 cian to the emperor Aurungzebe, from 
 which circumstance he was called the mo- 
 gul. He wrote an account of his travels ou 
 his return to Paris, published 1699 and 1710, 
 and died 22d September, 1688, 
 
 Bernier, John, a native of Blois, phy- 
 sician to Madame. He wrote some medical 
 essays, 4to. — topographical histories — cri- 
 tique on the works of Rabelais — anti-mena- 
 giana ; but in an inferior style. He died 
 poor at an advanced age, 1668. 
 
 Bernini, or Berni n, John Lawrence, 
 was born at Naples, and became celebrated 
 for his superior skill in painting, architecture, 
 sculpture, and mechanics. No less than fifteen 
 of his pieces adorn the church of St. Peter 
 at Rome, the most admired of which are 
 the altar and tabernacle, St. Peter's chair, 
 &c. He was in France, where he gained 
 the admiration of the court of Lewis XV. 
 He died at Rome, 29th November, 1680. 
 Several of his pieces are preserved in the 
 Florentine gallery. It is said, that in view- 
 ing the picture of Charles I. by Vandyke, 
 of which he executed three busts, he ex- 
 claimed, that he had never seen a more un- 
 fortunate looking face before. 
 
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 BE 
 
 Bernis, Francis Joachim de Pierre tie, 
 a cardinal, born 1715, of an ancient, but re- 
 duced family. He was brought up at tlie 
 school of St. Sulpice, and intended for the 
 church ; but Fleury, to whom he was intro- 
 duced, conceived a dislike for him ; and he 
 might have long Remained in obscurity, if 
 inadame Pompadour, pleased with a song 
 which he had written for her, had not 
 stepped forth to patronise him. By her in- 
 fluence, he was sent ambass-ador to Venice ; 
 and at his return was regarded as an able 
 and useful statesman, and admitted into the 
 ministry. His services to the court of Rome 
 were rewarded with a cardinal's hat, in 
 1758 ; but, soon after, the misfortunes of 
 the French arms in Germany were in some 
 degree attributed to him by the weak Lewis 
 XV. and he was sent in exile to his abbey. 
 In 1764 he was recalled from disgraceful ob- 
 scurity, and soon after employed as ambas- 
 sador at Rome, where his intrigues were 
 exerted to procure the suppression of the 
 Jesuits, though it is said he disapproved of 
 the violence of the measures. To his other 
 dignities of cardinal and archbishop of Albi, 
 was added the title of the protector of the 
 French churches at Rome ; and his sole 
 ambition was now to live in splendor and 
 magnificence at the papal court. The re- 
 Tolution came to destroy his enjoyments, 
 and from the highest affluence he was sud- 
 denly reduced to poverty ; which was, how- 
 ever, relieved for a while by the kind offices 
 of the chevalier Azara, and a pension from 
 the Spanish court. He died at Rome, 1st 
 ^November, 1794, universally regretted, es- 
 pecially by the Romans. His works, con- 
 sisting of poetical pieces, on the four seasons, 
 the four parts of the day, on religion, an 
 epistle to indolence, &c, have appeared in 3 
 Tols. 4to. 
 
 Bernoulli, James, a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, born at Basil 27th December, 1654. 
 He studied in the university of his native 
 town ; but though his father wished him to 
 follow the clerical profession he pursued the 
 bent of his native genius in mathematical lear- 
 ning. He travelled to Geneva and France, 
 and afterwards visited Flanders and England, 
 where his reputation had already preceded 
 him, in consequence of his learned treatise 
 on a comet which appeared about the year 
 1680. His writings procured him universal 
 esteem. He was invited to fill the pi'ofesso- 
 rial chair at Heidelberg in 1684; which, how- 
 ever, his union with a Swiss lady of respec- 
 table family prevented; but three years after 
 he succeeded to a vacant chair in his native 
 city. His lectures were frequented by num- 
 bers, who admired his ingenuity, the extent 
 of his knowledge, and the accuracy of his ar- 
 guments; and tlie dignity of honorai'y mem- 
 ber was bestowed upon him by the acade- 
 mies of Paris and Berlin. Intenseness of ap- 
 plication brought on a complication of disor- 
 dei's, and Bernoulli, reduced by a slow fever, 
 expired the I6th August 1705, ordering, like 
 another Archimedes, a spiral logarithmical 
 cprye to be engraved on his tomb, with the 
 
 words ** eadem mutata i-esurgo," in allusion 
 to the day of resurrection, itlis discoveries 
 in mathematics, especially the properties of 
 the curve, have immortalized his name. He 
 was the friend and correspondent of the fa- 
 mous Boyle, of Leibnitz, and of other learned 
 men. 
 
 Bernoulli, John, brother to James, 
 was professor of mathematics at Groningea. 
 in 1695, and afterwards successor to his bro*' 
 ther at Basil, whei*e he was born in 1G67, and 
 where he died in 1748. He pursued the same 
 studies as his brother, equally distinguishing 
 himself as a geometrician. He visited France 
 for information, and his learning and his cor- 
 respondence gained him the friendship of 
 Mallebranche, la Hire, Cassini, Varignon, 
 I'Hopital, Newton, and Leibnitz. He was en- 
 gaged for some time in a mathematical dis- 
 pute with his brother, which was terminated 
 only by death, and he maintained opinions 
 with respect to the barometer, which drew 
 severe animadversions from Hartzockor. 
 His treatise on the management of ships ap- 
 peared 1714, and in 1730 his memoir on the 
 elliptical figure of the planets, which was ho- 
 nored with the prize of the academy of scien- 
 ces. His works wei-e published at Geneva 
 1742, in seven vols. 4to. The children of 
 Bernoulli were deserving of their father's 
 fame. Nicholas the eldest, died at Petei-s- 
 burg in 1720, a few months after he had 
 been honorably called by the Czar to fill the 
 professorialchair, and Daniel and John, pos- 
 sess equal claims to the admiration and ap- 
 plause of men of science and virtue. These 
 apposite lines were placed by Voltaire, tin- 
 der Bernoulli's portrait : 
 Soil esprit vit la verity, 
 Et son coeur connut la justice } 
 II a fait Vhonneur de la Suiss(%j 
 Et celiii de Vhumanite. 
 Thus elegantly translated : 
 
 Istefuit cultorptsti, veriqiie repertory 
 Extitit Hclvetiis decus^ ^ decus extitit 
 or hi. 
 Bernoulli, Daniel, son of John Ber- 
 noulli, was born at Groningen, February 9th, 
 1700, and died March, 1782. He was inten- 
 ded for a mercantile profession, but he dis- 
 tinguished himself in the same pursuits as 
 his father, and after passing some time ia 
 Italy and at Petersburg, he was appointed to 
 a professorial chair at Basil. His learning 
 was extensive, he gained or divided nine pri- 
 zes with the most illustrious of the literati 
 of F.,urope, an honor attained bv no other 
 besides Euler his pupil and friend. He di- 
 vided a prize with his father, but the olfl man 
 felt hurt at the presumption of the son,, who 
 had not the wisdom or respect to concenl 
 his triumph.- This family quarrel was farther 
 aggravated, for the son embraced Newton's 
 philosophy, which the father had always op- 
 pc^d with all the weapons of science. Ber- 
 noulli succeeded his father 1748 in the aca- 
 demy of sciences, and he was succeeded by 
 his brother John, so that for 84 years the 
 chair was honorably filled by a Bernoulli. 
 As a proof of his popularity at Baail, it ruay' 
 
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 m 
 
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 be mentioned, that it was the strict injui\c- 
 tlon of every father to his child, to bow with 
 respect to Daniel Bernoulli when met in the 
 streets. He was honorary member of all 
 learned societies of Europe. Once in his tra- 
 vels he met with a learned stranger who was 
 pleased with his conversation, and asked him 
 his name, " I am Daniel Bernoulli," replied 
 he ; " and I," answered the stranger, who 
 supposed that he was laughed at, ** am Isaac 
 Newton." 
 
 Bernstorff, John HartingErngst count, 
 an able statesman, descended from a noble 
 family in Hanover. After travelling over 
 Europe, and improving the resources of a 
 mind already rich with the stores of science 
 and learning, he settled in Denmark, and 
 became the friend and favorite of Christian 
 VI. He Avas employed in variotts embassies, 
 and at last became the prime minister of the 
 kingdom. In this dangerous office he appli- 
 ed himself to the advancement of the happi- 
 ness of his adopted country. Her commerce 
 •was enlarged, her manufactures encouraged, 
 and every beneficent plan was adopted which 
 could add to the prosperity of the state. A 
 society for agriculture and economy was 
 established under royal patronage, and also 
 another for the improvement of the Danish 
 language, and of the fine arts ; and under his 
 influence, a learned body was formed, whose 
 object was to examine into the history, &c. 
 of the east, of which the travels of Niebuhr 
 were a most interesting specimen. Bern- 
 storff was in 1767 created a count, and the 
 next year accompanied his master to Eng- 
 land, but in 1770, he fell under the royal 
 displeasure, and after a life devoted to the 
 service and honor of Denmark, he retired 
 on a pension to Hamburgh, where he died 
 February 18th, 1772. 
 
 Bernstorff, Andrew Peter count, ne- 
 phew to the preceding, was born at Gartow, 
 m Lunenburg, 28th August, 1735, and after 
 studying at Le'psic and Gottingen, and tra- 
 velling through Europe, he settled in Den- 
 Tnark, to assist and to share the honors of his 
 uncle. He was, in 1769, raised to the rank 
 of privy counsellor, and though a temporary 
 disgrace banished him to his seat, he was, in 
 1772, recalled to be placed at the head of 
 affairs. As a negotiator with Russia, he 
 conducted himself with great ability, and 
 by persuading the ambitious Catherine, that 
 it ill became her dignity to retain a small 
 •patrimony which made her dependent on 
 the German empire, he obtained for his 
 country the cession of Sleswick, and part of 
 Holstein, and thus strengthened Denmark 
 by the accession of a convenient territory, 
 whose population amounted to above 100,000 
 men. In the American war he recom- 
 mended the armed neutrality between Rus- 
 sia, Sweden, Denmark, and Prussia, and 
 thus protected commerce against the vio- 
 lence of the belligerant powers. He retired 
 in 1780 from the helm of the state, but was 
 again recalled four years after by the prince 
 of Denmark, and he had the sagacity to for- 
 in the^truggles which kindled 
 
 a war in 1788 between Russia and S^'cden, 
 This great statesman died 21st June, 1797, 
 universally lamented, and resp«otfully fol- 
 lowed to the grave by the Danes, who ad- 
 mired his patriotism and virtues, and who, 
 to commemorate his affability, benevolence, 
 and popularity, struck medals to his honor. 
 
 Beroaldus, Philip, was born of a no- 
 ble family of Bologna, where he was pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres, and where he died, 
 25th July, 1505, aged 53. He was very dis- 
 sipated in his youth, so that he dreaded the 
 restraints of wedlock. A lady however of 
 singular accomplishments was at last united 
 to him, and she produced the greatest refor- 
 mation in his conduct. He became regular, 
 beneficent, and unambitious. He possessed 
 great learning for his age, and wrote both in 
 verse and prose, but his chief labors were 
 valuable editions of the classics. His life 
 was published by Jean Pins, at Bologna, 
 1505. 
 
 Beroaldus, Philip, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was Ubrarian of the Vatican, under 
 Leo X. He wrote panegj-rics, epigrams, 
 and light poetry, with considerable success. 
 He died at Rome 1518, aged 40. His poems 
 were edited at Rome, 1530. 
 
 Beroaldus, Matthew, a native of Pa- 
 ris, author of a chronology, in which he re- 
 jects all heathen authority, for that of the 
 bible. From a catholic he became a Caivi- 
 nistat Geneva, where he died 1584. 
 
 Beroaldus, Francis, son of Matthew, 
 was born at Paris 1558, and died 1612. He 
 possessed a versatile genius, and with in- 
 ferior powers of mind, be attempted to turn 
 every thing into ridicule. He pretended to 
 be acquainted with various secrets, the phi- 
 losopher's stone, perpetual motion, &c. His 
 *' moyen de parvenir" is a collection of sa- 
 tires, trivial anecdotes, and offensive pu- 
 erility. 
 
 Berosus, priest of Belus, at Babylon, 
 was author of a history of Chaldsea, some 
 fragments of which are preserved in Jose- 
 phus. He lived in the age of Alexander the 
 great. 
 
 Berq_uin, Arnauld, a celebrated French 
 writer, born at Bourdeuux. He first com- 
 manded the public attention by his Idylles, 
 which possess sweetness, eleg<>nce, and pa- 
 thos, and he afterwards wrote his romances ; 
 but his greatest and most popular work is his 
 ami des enfans, in 6 vols. 12mo. This inte- 
 resting woi'k, which conveys instruction to 
 the youthful mind, and leads it by an amus- 
 ing and agreeable narrative, clothed in spi- 
 rited dialogue, to the admiration and to the 
 love of virtuous and honorable actions, has 
 been fi'equently edited and translated into 
 the various languages of Europe. He left ia 
 MSS. some other works, comedies, &c. He 
 died at Paris, 21st December, 1791, aged. 42.* 
 
 Berq_uin, Lewis de, a gentleman of 
 Artois, known as a courtier at the court of 
 France. As he had embraced the tenets of 
 the protestants he was exposed to the per- 
 secution of the papists. He was twice im- 
 prisoned and twice acquitted of heresy, from 
 
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 V/^ 
 
 BE 
 
 the respectability of his character or the in- 
 fluence of the court, but as he wished to 
 avenge himself on his accusers, he was the 
 third time seized, and on refusing- to make a 
 recantation, he was condemned to be stran- 
 gled and burnt, which sentence he under- 
 went with astonishing fortitude, 156'J, in his 
 40th year. He was the friend of Erasmus. 
 
 Berretoui, Nicholas, a painter, born 
 at Macerata, was the pupil of Carlo Marat- 
 ti, and died 1682, aged 65. His historical 
 pieces wei-e much admired. 
 
 Berriman, William, D. D. was born 
 24th September, 1688, and educated at Ban- 
 bury, afterwards at Merchant Taylor's 
 school, and Oriel college. He obtained the 
 living of St. Andrew Undershaft, from Ro- 
 binson, bishop of London, to whom he was 
 chaplain, and became in 1727 fellow of Eton. 
 He died February 5th, 1750, aged 62. There 
 were published of his five volumes of excel- 
 lent sermons, the thi'ee first of which were 
 preached at Boyle's and Moyer's lectures, 
 and the two last were posthumous — and 
 some controversial writings. 
 
 Berruyer, Joseph Isaac, a Jesuit, born 
 at Rouen 6th November 1682. He died at 
 Paris 18th February 1758. He wrote 
 *' I'histoire du peuple de dieu," in 12 vols, 
 4to. a work which abounds in extravagant 
 suppositions, and puerile stories, and which 
 drew upon him the censure of the clergy 
 and of the parliament of Paris. 
 
 Berry, Sir John, son of the clergyman of 
 Knowston, Devonshire, was a naval officer 
 who distinguished himself against the Buc- 
 caneers, at the battle of Southwold bay, and 
 at the demolition of Tangier under lord 
 Dartmouth. He was highly respected by 
 James II. whom, when duke of York, he by 
 his presence of mind, saved from shipwreck 
 at the mouth of the Humber, in the Gloces- 
 ter frigate, 1682, and he commanded his 
 "fleet in the invasion of William of Orange. 
 He continued to be employed after the re- 
 volution, as his abilities well deserved. He 
 was poisoned in February 1691, on board a 
 ship at Portsmouth, in his 56th j^ear, and 
 was buried at Stepney. 
 
 Berryat, John, a physician at Paris, 
 who published an academical collection, &c. 
 He died in 1734. 
 /, Bersmann, George, a German, born at 
 ^ Annaberg, in Misnia. He travelled in 
 ^ France and Italy, and gave lectures in vari- 
 V. ous places with great reputation. He trans- 
 ^^lated David's psalms into Latin verse, and 
 ^besides wrote notes on Virgil, Horace, &c. 
 •N and died 5th October, 1611, in his 73d year. 
 ^He had 14 sons and six daughters, by the 
 ^[^^^aughter of Peter Hellebron. 
 ^.,,_^Bertaud, John, born at Caen, died 8th 
 Jfune7l^6ll, aged 59. He was chaplaifTTo 
 Catherine de Medicis, and at last was pro- 
 moted to the see of Seez. He wrote verses 
 with great ease and elegance, but when 
 raised to the prelacy, he disregarded the 
 effusions of his muse. His works, consisting 
 of sonnets, canticles, psalms, &c. were prin- 
 ted 1620 in 8vo. He contributed much to 
 VOL. 1. 24 
 
 I 8th g 
 fTTo'b 
 
 the conversion of Heniy IV. on whom lie 
 composed a funeral oration. 
 
 Bertheau, Charles, a French protes- 
 tant, born at JVlontpellier, admitted minis- 
 ter at the synod of Vigan. He left his coun- 
 try at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 and settled in London, where he was chosen 
 minister of the Walloon church. Thread- 
 needle-street, and where for 44 years he 
 was respected and admired a.s a preacher 
 and an exemplary pastor. He published 
 two vols, of French sermons, and died 25th 
 December, 1732, aged 73. 
 
 Berthet, John, a learned Jesuit of 
 Tarascon, in Provence, who died 1692, 
 aged 70. His knowledge of ancient and. 
 modern languages was unusually extensive. 
 He wrote dissertations on various subjects, 
 odes, epigrams, sonnets, &c. 
 
 Berthier, Guillaume Francois, a Jcr 
 suit, born at Issondun en Berri, known as 
 the conductor of the journal de Trevoux for 
 17 years. He was an able as well as candid 
 critic, but his reflections on some of Vol- 
 taire's pieces, drew upon him the vengeance 
 of this satirical poet, which however he 
 treated with becoming disdain. Soon after 
 the dissolution of the order of the Jesuits, 
 he was made a royal librarian, and joint 
 preceptor to Lewis XVI. and Monsieur, but 
 in 18 months he resigned his employments 
 and retired to OfFemburg, where he con- 
 tinued 10 years. He returned afterwards 
 to France, and died of a fall at Bourges, 15tli 
 December, 1782, aged 78, where his re- 
 mains were interred with particular honor 
 by the chapter of the metropoh tan church* 
 His translation of the psalms into French 
 was published in 1785 in 8 vols. 12mo. He 
 wrote the last six volumes of " I'Histoire de 
 I'eglise Gallicane." 
 
 Bertholet-Flameel, Bartholomew, 
 a painter of Leige, the disciple of Jordaans. 
 He settled at Paris, where he died 1675. 
 His Elijah carried up to heaven is one of his 
 best pieces. 
 
 Bertholon, N. an eminent French, 
 writer, born at Lyons, where he died 1799. 
 He was educated at St. Lazare, and after- 
 wards became professor of medicine at 
 Montpellier, which he quitted for the histo- 
 rical chair of the central school of Lyons. 
 His woi'ks were numerous and written with 
 ability, and chiefly on electricity, aerosta- 
 tion, vegetation, &c. His memoire on the 
 causes of the prosperity and of the decay of 
 the commerce of Lyons, was a popular 
 work, published 1782, in Svo. and contained 
 much interesting matter on machines, the 
 arts, &c. 
 
 Berti, John Laurence, a learned Au- 
 ustine monk of Serravezza, in Tuscany, 
 orn 28th May, 1696. His great work « de 
 diseiplinis theologicis," in eight vols. 4to. 
 drew upon him the censures of the Jesuits, 
 and he was accused before pope Benedict 
 XIV. as a follower of Jansenius, against 
 which he defended himself in two prolix 
 vols. 4to. He Avrote an ecclesiastical history 
 in Latin in 7 vqls. 4to. but his ideas of the 
 
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 ptfpal power over tUe kingdoms of the world 
 are ridiculous and extravagant. He died at 
 I'isa, May 26th, 1706, aged 70. 
 
 Bertier, John Stephen, a native of 
 Aix in Provence, author of two well known 
 treatises, " piiysique des cometes," pub- 
 lished 1760, I'imo. and <* physique des corps 
 uninies, 1755," I'iino. He died November 
 -15, 1783, aged 73. 
 
 Bert IN, Nicholas, a painter, born at 
 Paris 1664. After studying at Rome he re- 
 turned to France, where he was patronised 
 by Lewis XIV. and by the electors of Mentz 
 suid Bavaria. His pictures, which are pre- 
 served at Paris, possess great merit. He 
 died 1736, aged 72. He was member of the 
 academy of painting, Paris, where he gain- 
 ed a prize in his 18th year. 
 
 Bertin, Exupere Joseph, a French phy- 
 •siciau, born at Tremblai, in the diocese of 
 Ilenucs. He was for some time physician 
 to the Hospodar of Wallachia, but he left 
 tlie country in disgust to return to France. 
 He was chosen assistant anatomist of the 
 academy of Paris, and he published his 
 osteology in four vols. 12mo. 1753. He died 
 February 1781, aged 69. 
 
 Bertin, Anthony, a French officer, and 
 poet, born in the isle of Bourbon, 10th Oc- 
 tober, 1752. At the age of nine he came to 
 France, and was educated in the college of 
 Plessi.s, where he greatly improved himself, 
 and displayed a strong and elegant taste for 
 poetry. He went in 1789, to St. Domingo 
 to raariy a beautiful Creole wliom he had 
 known and loved at Paris, but on the eve 
 of his nuptials he was seized with a fever, 
 and died 17 days after, at the end of June 
 1790, aged 38. His works were reprinted 
 at Paris, two vols. 12mo. 1802. The French 
 atti-ibuted to him the beauties and the faults 
 of Propertius, a brilliant imagination, often 
 regardless of the language of decorum. 
 
 BERTiN>y2.ii, Charles, an actor of merit 
 in tbe Italian theatre, known by the nick- 
 name of Carlin. He died at Paris, 4th Sep- 
 tember, 1783. 
 
 Bertius, Peter, a professor of philoso- 
 phy at Leyden, born in Flanders. He came 
 to Paris in 1620, where he renounced the 
 protestant religion, and accepted the pro- 
 fessorial chair of mathematics, and the place 
 of cosmogi'apher to the king. He died 1629, 
 aged 64. He publislied learned commenta- 
 ries on the affairs of Germany, besides thea- 
 trum geographiae veteris, two vols. fol. — il- 
 lustrium virorum epistol. selects;, &c. Svo. 
 &c. 
 
 Berton, Peter Montan le, an eminent 
 musician who settled at Paris, and was em- 
 ployed in the management of (he operas. 
 He died I4th May, 1780, aged 53. 
 
 BERrRADE, daughter of the count of 
 Montfort, married the count of Anjou, from 
 A\ bom she was divorced to unite herself to 
 Pliilip 1. king of France, 1092. TIhs union 
 was opposed by the clergy, but the love of 
 the rao^iarch triumphed over his respect for 
 religion. Bertrade was not only ambitious 
 but not always continent in her conduct. 
 
 After the king's death she pretended sancti* 
 ty, and caused herself to be buried in a con- 
 vent which she herself had founded. 
 
 Bertram, Cornel. Bonaventure, a na- 
 tive of Thouars, in Poitou, professor of He- 
 brew at Genoa, Frankenthale, and Lausan- 
 ne. He died at Lausanne 1794, aged 63. 
 He was author of a dissertation on the re- 
 public of the Hebrews — a revision of the 
 Geneva French bible — an edition of Pagnin's 
 thesaurus linguaj sanctie — a parallel of the 
 Hebrew and Syriac languages — lucubrationes 
 Frankendalenses. 
 
 Bertrand, John Baptist, a physician, 
 bon> at Martigues 12th July t670. He is 
 known for his interesting account of the 
 plague at Marseilles — for dissertations on sea 
 air, 4to. — letters to Deider on the muscular 
 motion, &c. He died Sept. lOth 1752. 
 
 Bertrand, Nicholas, a physician, who 
 died at Paris 1780, author of elements oi| 
 physiology, and other works. 
 
 Berulle, Peter, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Serilli near Troyes. He distinguished him- 
 self at the conference at Fontainebleau, and 
 more as being the founder of the oratory in 
 France, an institution which merited, by the 
 piety and good order of its members, the 
 patronage of the king, and of the pope. He 
 was engaged in political affairs as almoner to 
 Henry IV. and after his death as chief of the 
 council of the queen-mother Mary de Me- 
 dicis. He also accompanied Henrietta-Ma- 
 ria when she came to England, on her mar- 
 riage with Charles I. Berulle was rewarded 
 with a cardinal's hat by Urban VIII. 1627, 
 and he died suddenly while celebrating mass, 
 October 2d, 1629, aged 55, after a life of ex- 
 em plaiy piety and virtue. His writings were 
 on spiritual and controvei'sial subjects, and 
 appeared in one vol. folio. 
 
 Beryllus, a bishop of Arabia, in the 
 third century. In a conference with Origin, 
 he renounced his opinion that Jesus Christ 
 had no existence before his incarnation. 
 
 Besler, Basil, an apothecary of Nurem- 
 bei'g, born 1561. He wrote some botanical 
 works, held in high estimation, especially 
 Hoi'tusEystettensis 1613, fol.— Icones florum 
 & herbarum 1616, 4to. — His son, Michael 
 Rupert, also distinguished himself as the wri- 
 ter of the Gazophylacium rerum naturalium, 
 Nuremb. 1642, folio. He died 1661. 
 
 Besly, John, a learned antiquarian, king's 
 advocate at Fontenoy le comte in Poiton, 
 was author of an history of Poiton, published 
 1647 — and the bishops of Poictiers, 1547. He 
 died 1644, aged 72. 
 
 Besogne, Jerome, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, Avho died 1763, aged 77. He wrote 
 *' I'histoire de Port-royal," 6 vols. 12mo. be- 
 sides some theological works. 
 
 Besolde, Christopher, a professor of 
 law at Tubingen, who died 1638, aged 61. 
 He abjured the protestant religion, and was 
 author of some philological works, &c. 
 
 Besplas, Joseph Mary Anne Gros de, a. 
 doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Languedoc, 
 and known as an excellent preacher, and as 
 the earnest friend and comforter of sucii 
 
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 'Criminals as were sentenced to death. He 
 -wrote an essay on the eloquence of tlie pul- 
 pit, and a treatise on the causes of public 
 happiness, two vols. 12mo. 1778. He died at 
 Paris 1783, aged 49. 
 
 Bessariox, a native of Trebizond, titu- 
 lar patriarch of Constantinople, and a cardi- 
 nal, more illustrious as one of the restorers 
 ©f learning in the 15th century. He was 
 solicitous to unite the Greek and Latin 
 churches, and he commanded universal ad- 
 miration by his eloquence at the counsel of 
 Florence. He might have been raised to the 
 papal chair, if his Greek origin had not been 
 objected to, by the intrigues of cardinal Alain. 
 He was engaged in several embassies, but' that 
 to France proved, according to Matthieu, 
 the cause of his death. He offended the 
 jealous Lewis XL by paying a previous visit 
 to the duke of Burgundy, so that the mon- 
 arch in an insulting manner seized his beard, 
 observing in his vulgar Latin " Barbara 
 Grseca genus retinent quod habere solebant," 
 •which so affronted the cardinal, that he died 
 soon after, at Ravenna, through chagrin, 
 1472. Bessarion wrote orations — epistles 
 — besides translations of some of Aris- 
 totle's pieces, &c. His valuable library is 
 still preserved at Venice as a curiosity. He 
 >vas the friend and patron of Poggius, Lau- 
 rentius Valla, Theodore of Gaza, &c. 
 
 Besset, Henry de, compti'oller of pub- 
 lic works in France, wrote a curious and val- 
 uable account of the campaigns of Rocroi 
 and Fribourg, in 1644 and 1C45, in 12mo, 
 He died 1693. 
 
 Bet Ham, Edwai'd, B. D. was educated 
 at Eton, and become fellow of King's college, 
 Cambridge, 1731, and 40 years after of Eton 
 college. He is known for his exemplary 
 mannei^s, the goodness of his heart, and his 
 great liberality, so that he presented to the 
 university 20Q\3l. for the better support of 
 the botanical garden, and gave 600^. to erect 
 a marble statue to Henry VT. the founder of 
 the college, within whose walls he had re- 
 ceived his education. 
 
 . Bethencourt, Jejm de, a native of 
 !^5'ormandy, who discovered the Canary is- 
 lands in 1402, and conquered five of them, 
 •with the assistance of Henry IH. king of Cas- 
 tile. It is said, that his descendants still live 
 there, in honorable independence. 
 
 Bethune, Philip de, a native of Bethune 
 in Artois, known as ambassador from France 
 to Rome, Scotland, Savoy, and Germany. 
 He died 1649, aged 88. An account of his 
 embassy to Germany was published in folio 
 at Paris 1667. 
 
 Bet IS, governor of Gaza, was cruelly 
 treated by Alexander, for bravely defending 
 the place, and dragged when dead by his 
 chariot wheels. 
 
 Betterton, Thomas, an actor of great 
 eminence, born in Tothill-street, 1035, and 
 apprenticed to a bookseller. His first ap- 
 pearance as a player was in 1650, at the 
 opera house in charterhouse-yard ; but after 
 the restoration, he was sent by Charles II. to 
 eopy the superior graces and ornaments of a 
 
 V/ 
 
 BE 
 
 Paris theatre, and on his return he added al! 
 the powers of his taste and genius to the 
 Drury-lane and Lincoln's-inn-fields theatres, 
 which, after dividing the applauses of the 
 town, united in 1682, or according to Gibber 
 in 1 684, into one company. His transcCndant 
 abilities drew universal approbation ; but 
 merit in all situations is attended with ene- 
 mies, and Betterton found his character 
 tarnished by the envy of inferior actors, so 
 that, eager to disengage himself from the 
 oi)pression of the managers, he procured a 
 patent tO' erect by subscription another thea- 
 tre in Lincoln's-inn-fields, which opened in 
 1695. But though supported by the patron- 
 age of the king, and the abilities of Congreve, 
 our theatrical hero discovered that the op- 
 position of Vanbrugh and Gibber was too pow- 
 erful ; and though the "mourning bride," 
 and " the way of the world," a])peared with 
 all their excellencies, the more rapid pro- 
 ductions of the other house, procured grea- 
 ter success and greater admiration ; and af- 
 ter three or four se.-^sons of unavailing rival- 
 ship, and after endeavouring to establish a 
 new opposition, by building the Hay-market, 
 in 1706, Betterton yielded in the struggle, and 
 all the powers of the actors were again i*e- 
 united into one society. In his old age Bet- 
 terton was attacked with the gout, but he 
 preserved his usual serenity of mind, and 
 though oppressed by indigence, he found 
 the public inclined to patronise his depart- 
 ing greatness. Love for love was acted for 
 his benefit in 1709, and Mrs. Bracegirdle 
 and Mrs. Barry stepped forth from their 
 retirement to support the public favorite, 
 and five hundred pounds were cleared for 
 the maintenance of the worthy veteran. 
 Hamlet was the next year performed with 
 equal success, and the Maid's tragedy was 
 announced for the exhibition of the following 
 spring ; but Betterton exerted too much his 
 languid neHes in the part of Melanthus, 
 and the gout, which he had kept otf by ex- 
 ternal applications, flew to his head, and 
 proved fatal, 28th April, 1710- He was in- 
 terred in Westminster-abbev, universally 
 lamented, but mourned by none more than 
 by Steele, who published in the Tatler, 
 (No. 167) a moving detail of the merits of 
 his departed fi-icnd. Betterton wrote or al- 
 tered three plays. His greatest merit, how-- 
 ever, arises from his theatrical powers. 
 None, as Gibber says, could act with equal 
 feeling the characters of Othello, Macbeth, 
 Hamlet, Brutus, Hotspur, and the spirit of 
 the poet was transfused into the player, 
 and on his attitude, his aspect, his language, 
 the most eager expectation was suspende<l, 
 and the eye of the spectator almost im- 
 bibed the sentiment before it cotdd reach 
 the ear. 
 
 Bet riis"!, Dominico, an eminent painter, 
 born at Florence. He died 1705, aged 61, 
 His flowers, fruit, animals, and particularly 
 scenes of still life, possessed great merit. 
 
 Betts, John, a native of Winchester, 
 educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 where he look his degree of M, P. 1654. 
 
BE 
 
 ^/ 
 
 BE 
 
 Atter the restoration he became one of the 
 king's physicians. He wrote de ortu & na- 
 tura sanguinis, 1669, 8vo.—- anatomia Thomse 
 Parr, &c. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Betussi, Joseph, an Italian poet, of Bas- 
 sano, born 1520. Besides amorous poems, 
 he wrote the life of Boccacio, and translated 
 his Latin works into Italian, tie was the 
 friend of Peter Aretin. 
 
 Beveridge, William, a native of Bar- 
 row in Leicestershire, educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. His application was so 
 intense, and his proficiency in Hebrew so 
 respectable, that at the age of 18 he publish- 
 ed ** a treatise on tbe use of oriental lan- 
 guages." He became vicar of Ealing, Middle- 
 sex, which he afterwards gave up for St. Pe- 
 ter's, Cornhill. He gained the public esteem 
 oy his eloquence in the pulpit, and was libe- 
 rally patronised by Hinchman and Compton, 
 both successively bishops of London, and he 
 was made chaplain to king William in 1684. 
 He was successively prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 archdeacon of Colchester, prebendary of 
 Canterbury, and he, in 1691, refused the see 
 of Bath and Wells, on the deprivation of Dr. 
 Kenn, but in 1/04 he was consecrated bishop 
 of St. Asaph, In his episcopal character he 
 strongly recommended to his clergy the ca- 
 techising of children, and earnestness in pub- 
 lic instruction. He died 5th March, 1707, 
 aged 71, and was buried in St. Paul's cathe- 
 Klral. He left the best part of his property 
 to charitable purposes. He published 150 
 sermons in 12 vols. 8vo. and two vols, folio, 
 besides other theological tracts, &c. in Latin 
 as well as English, - "nsisting of institutienum 
 ehronologicarura libri duo — Codex canonum 
 ccclesia primitiva — Synodicon sive pandecte 
 canonum S.S. appstolor. concil. ab ecclesia 
 Grieca receptorum, 1672, 2 vols. fol. — pri- 
 vate thoughts on religion — the church cate- 
 chism explained — the great necessity of fre- 
 quent communion — thesaurus theologicus, 
 or complete system of divinity, 4 vols. 8vo. — 
 a defence of the old version of the psalms — 
 an exposition of the 39 articles, fol. he. 
 
 Beverland, Hadrian, a native of Mid- 
 dleburgh, in Zealand, known for his abilities, 
 ■which were shamefully prostituted in the 
 composition of loose poetry and obscene 
 pieces. His treatise on original sin drew 
 upon him the censure of the world, not only 
 the book was burnt with public execration, 
 but the author, who flagitiously boasted of 
 the composition, was di'ivenfrora the Hague, 
 from Utrecht and Lcyden, and at last found 
 an asylum and a pension in England, by the 
 favor of Isaac Vossius. It is said that he re- 
 pented of the profligacy of his life, and the 
 immoral tendency of his writings, of which 
 he made a recantation in his treatise " de 
 Tbrnicatione cavenda," though his siucerity 
 has been seriously doubted. The death of 
 Vossius involved him in difficulties, and to 
 the evils of poverty were added public con- 
 tempt, excitfMl by the illibei'ality of his satire, 
 and soon after the loss of his mental faculties, 
 which persecuted him with the apprehen- 
 sion that 200 wienhad conspired his destruc- 
 
 tion. No mention of him is made after 1712, 
 and it is probable that he died about that 
 time. 
 
 Beverley, John of, a native of Harp- 
 ham, in Northumberland, made abbot of St. 
 Hilda, then bishop of Hexham, and in 687 
 translated to York. He was a learned man, 
 and a great encourager of learning, and he 
 founded a college for secular priests at Be- 
 verley. After holding the episcopal dignity 
 34 years, he retired to the obscurity of a 
 cell, and died 721. 
 
 Beverninck, Jerome Van, an able 
 Dutch statesman, ambassador to Cromwell 
 in 1654. He brought about a peace between 
 England and Holland, and his negotiations 
 at Nimeguen produced also a general pacifi- 
 cation. He died 1690, aged 76. 
 
 Beverwick, John de, a native of Dor- 
 drecht, educated under the patronage of G. 
 J. Vossius, and distinguished as an able phy- 
 sician and a respectable medical writer. He 
 took his degrees at Padua, and practised in 
 his native town. He died 1647, aged 41, and 
 merited to be called in his epitaph by Dan. 
 Heinsius " Vitaj artifex, mortis fugator." 
 His works appeared in 4to. 1651. 
 
 Beuf, John le, member of the academy 
 of belles lettres at Paris, was born at Aux- 
 erre. He was a learned antiquary, and has 
 enriched literature with many valuable com- 
 positions on the history and topography of 
 France. This respectable ecclesiastic died 
 1760, aged 73. He wrote memoirs on the 
 history of Auxerre, besides collections for 
 the history of Paris and of'France, &c. 
 
 Beurs, William, a Dutchman, born at 
 Dordt 1656, and distinguished as a painter 
 of flowers, landscapes, and portraits. 
 
 Bexon, Scipio, a native of Remiremont, 
 who died at Pai-is, 15th Feb. 1784, aged 36. 
 He assisted BufFon in his natural history, and 
 published himself a system of fertilization, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Beys, Charles de, a French poet, the 
 friend and cotcmporary of Scarron. His 
 theatrical pieces were not in high estima- 
 tion. He died I6.?r>. 
 
 Beysser, John Michael, a native of 
 Mcntz, who early showed a great propensity 
 for adventures and travelling. He was in 
 the Indies and in Holland, and became a ge- 
 neral at the beghming of the revolution. 
 He was employed in la Vendee, but being 
 defeated, he was accused and condemned as 
 a traitor, and as the accomplice of Hebert, 
 and he suft'ered with great composure, 13tU 
 of April, 1794, 
 
 Bex A, 'I'heodore, a zealous protestant, 
 born at Vezelai, in Bargundy, 24th of June, 
 1519, ai»d educated at Orleans, under the 
 care of Melchior Wolmar. He was in- 
 tended for the bar, but he earnestly devoted 
 himself to classical literature, .and leaving 
 France, he went to Geneva, with a woman 
 to whom he had promised marriage, and iii 
 1549 he was elected to the Greek profes- 
 sorship of Lausanne, where for 10 years he 
 supported the character of a respectable 
 Iccturex". and an accomplished scholar, la 
 
BI 
 
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 BI 
 
 1559 he settled as protestant minister at 
 Geneva, where he became the tnend and 
 the associate of Calvin, whose tenets he 
 maintained with the eloquence ot the pul- 
 pit, and the arguments oflogical disputation. 
 He was delegated by the university ot Ge- 
 neva to the conference of Poissy before the 
 king of Navarre, and his abilities and mo- 
 deration commanded universal respect from 
 a most crowded audience. He remained 
 with the duke of Conde during the civil 
 wars of France, and was afterwards en- 
 gaged as an active and zealous advocate in 
 the synods, which were held on ecclesiasti- 
 cal affairs at Rochelle, at Nismes, at Mont- 
 beliard, and at Bern. His intense studies 
 ;ind labors, to which his whole life was ex- 
 posed, early shattered his constitution, and 
 after eight years of gradual decay, he ex- 
 pired 13th Oct. 1605. His abilities were of 
 the most comprehensive kind, and as he ex- 
 erted himself warmly in support of the pro- 
 testant cause, it is not surprising that he 
 should be branded with the most oppro- 
 brious terms by his religious opponents. 
 His controversies were with the most re- 
 spectable scholars of the times, and he 
 evinced in the contest the superiority of his 
 cause, as well as the extent of his learning. 
 His publications were all on theological sub- 
 jects, partly in French and partly in Latin, 
 a catalogue of which is given by Anthony la 
 Faye, who has written an account of his 
 life. A Greek MS. of the new testament 
 once in his possession, is preserved at Cam- 
 bridge, of which Dr. KipUng has published a 
 copy. 
 
 Beziers, Michael, an ecclesiastic known 
 for his laborious researches on history and 
 antiquity, which he published. He died of 
 an apoplexy, 1782. 
 
 BE2.0UT, Stephen, born at Nemours, 
 1730, died at Paris, 27th Sept. 1783. He is 
 Jtnown by his course of mathematics, 4 vols. 
 8vo. and his treatise on navigation, 6 vols. 
 8vo. besides a general theory of algebraic 
 equations, and other woi'ks. He Mas of 
 the academy of sciences, and also examiner 
 of the pupils of the artillery and of the ma- 
 rines, for whose use chiefly he published. 
 
 BiANCANi, Joseph, author of cosmo- 
 graphy demonstrated — chronology of emi- 
 nent mathematicians — dissertation on the 
 nature of mathematics, besides an edi- 
 tion of Aristotle, and other works ; was a 
 Jesuit and mathematician of Bologna, and 
 he died at Parma IG44. 
 
 BiA-NCHi, Peter, a Roman paintei', emi- 
 nent for his portraits and landscapes, sea pie- 
 ces, and animals. He made anatomical figures 
 in colored wax with great success. He died 
 at Rome 1739, aged 45. 
 
 Bi A NO HI, Francis, a painter, master to 
 Corregio. He was born at Modena, and died 
 1520. 
 
 BiANCHiN, John Fortunatis, professor of 
 medicine, at Padua, was author of treatises 
 on medical electricity, — on the force of ima- 
 gination on pregnant women, — discourses on 
 philgsophy, See. — and died at Padtia 1779. 
 
 BiANCHiNi, Francis, a native of Verona, 
 illustrious not only for his universal learning, 
 but the establishment of the Alethofili socie- 
 ty in his native town, whose pursuits were di- 
 rected to physical and mathematical sub- 
 jects. He was patronised by pope Alexan- 
 der VHT. and by his successors, and received 
 public marks of respect from the Roman se- 
 nate. He died 2d March 1729, aged 67. 
 The people of Vei'ona honored his memory 
 by setting a bust of hiin in their cathedi'al. 
 His Avorks were in Italian and chiefly on an- 
 tiquities, such as Palazzo di Cesari, — and iu- 
 scrizzioni sepolcrali della easa di Augusto, 
 fol. 1727, besides pieces of poetry and elo- 
 quence. His universal history 1697, is high- 
 ly valued, and also hishespheri ct phospliori 
 nova phsenoraena, sive observat. in Veneris 
 planetam. 
 
 BiANCHtNi, Joseph, a Veronese orator, 
 known by his writings against the helium 
 papale of Thomas James. 
 
 BiANCOLELLi, Pierre Francois, a plac- 
 er of eminence, author of some theatrical 
 pieces, and parodies. He died at Paris 
 1734, aged 53. 
 
 BiARD, Peter, a celebrated sculptor at 
 Paris, who studied at Rome. He died at 
 Paris, 1609, aged 50 years. The best of his 
 pieces was the equestrian statue of Hen- 
 ry IV. 
 
 Bias, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, florished about 680 B. C. 
 
 BiBiENA, Bernardo de, a Roman of ob- 
 scure origin, but great talents. He was in 
 the service of the Medici family, and by his 
 intrigues promoted the election of Leo X. 
 to the popedom, for which he was made a 
 cardinal and employed in important negoti- 
 ations. He afterwards roused the indigna- ■ 
 tion of his patron, and was poisoned as it is 
 supposed by his directions 1520, aged 50. 
 His Calandra, a comedy, is still held in high 
 esteem in Italy. 
 
 BiBiENA, Ferdinand GalU, known as a 
 painter and architect, was born at Bologna 
 1657. He was patronised by the duke of 
 Parma and the emperor, and the magnifi- 
 cent buildings which were erected according 
 to his plans, shew the superiority of his abil- 
 ities in architecture, and the rules of the 
 perspective. He wrote two books on his 
 art, and died blind 1743, leaving two sons of 
 equal merit, one of whom, J. Galli, wrote 
 the history of the amours of Valeria an4 
 Barbarigo. 
 
 BiBLiANDER, Theodore, a learned ori- 
 entallist, professor of theology at Zurich, 
 published an edition of the koran, some 
 commentaries on scripture, &c. He died of 
 the plague 1564, aged 65. His real nt^me 
 was Bouchman. 
 
 BiCHAT, Marie Francis Xavier, a pupil 
 of Petit at Lyons, who came to Paris, and, 
 under the instruction and patronage of Ue- 
 sault, was appointed medical professor at 
 the Hotel Hieu. He is author of a treatis^e 
 on the membranes — recherches physiologi- 
 ques sur la vie &la mort, 8vo. 1799 — besides 
 memoirs in tlie collection of the medical so- 
 
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 BI 
 
 «iety, and an eloge on his friend Desault, in 
 the 4th vol. of the journal de chirurgie. He 
 died 1802, aged 31. 
 
 B I D D L E, J ohn, was born at Wotton-under- 
 Edgc, Gloucestershire, and was educated at 
 the gi'ammav school there, and patronised 
 ty lord Berkeley. He entered at Magdalen- 
 )iall, Oxford, and after he had taken his de- 
 gree of M, A. he was elected master of the 
 ifi'ce school of St. Mary de Crypt, in Glou- 
 cester, but his refusal to acknowledge the 
 divinity of the Holy Ghost, intei'rupted his 
 success and popularity, and drew upon him 
 accusations of heresy. The firmness with 
 which he supported his opinions roused the 
 vengeance of his enemies, but though he 
 was liberated from prison hy his friends, he 
 was still unwilling to yield to the arguments 
 which archbishop Usher, in his way through 
 Ciloucester, kindly used to z-emove his doubts 
 and eftect a reconciliation. He was sum- 
 moned to appear before the parliament at 
 Westminster, but the 12 arguments and 
 other things which he published as a crite- 
 rion of his faith, instead of liberating him, 
 exposed him to greater persecution, and the 
 assembly of divines, to whom his cause had 
 been referred, solicited the commons, and 
 an ordinance was passed, to punish with 
 ♦leath such as denied the received doctiMne 
 of the Trinity. In the struggle for power 
 wliich divided the commons, Biddle pro- 
 cured his release, and passed some time in 
 Staftbrdshire, till serjeant Bradshaw, jealous 
 fjf his liberty, recalled him to London, 
 where he was again confmcd Avitli greater 
 •severity. To the horrors of a prison were 
 added those of poverty, but Biddle Avas a 
 man of learning, and he earned a subsistence 
 by correcting the septuagiut bible, in tlie 
 publications of which Roger Daniel, a Lon- 
 "don printer, was employed. By the gen- 
 eral oblivion act of 1654, Biddle recovered 
 his liberty, but a fresh publication again ex- 
 posed him to the rigor of Cromwell's parlia- 
 ,ment, and at last the protector, incited by 
 the intrigues of Griffin, an anabaptist, who 
 had experienced the superior powers of his 
 antagonist in theological disputes, gave or- 
 ders for his banishment to St. Mary's castle, 
 in the isles of Scilly, in 1655, where he con- 
 tinued three years. On the i-estoration, 
 when the liberty of dissenters was abridged, 
 Biddle, who as a minister, expounded his 
 doctrines in private as well as in public, was 
 seized and dragged before a magistrate. He 
 ^vas fined 100^ and his hearers 20/. each, but 
 fi'om his inability to pay, he was detained, 
 and after 15 weeks of coniinement, a sudden 
 disease came to put an end to his sufferings 
 22d September, 1662, in his 47th year. He 
 was buried in Old Bethlem church-yard, 
 Moorfields, and his life has been published 
 by Mr. Farrington of the Inner Temple, 
 who extols his piety and his exQUipSary mo- 
 rals. 
 
 Bid LOO, Godfrey, a native of Amster- 
 dam, eminent as a physician and an anato- 
 mical writer. He was professor at the 
 Hague, and afterwards atLeyden, and phy- 
 sician to king WiUiara, whom he attended 
 
 in England. He died at Leyden, April 1715. 
 aged 64. Some of his poems in Low Dutch 
 were published in 171 U. His great work is 
 anatomia corporis hnmani, Amsterdam, 
 1085, folio. 
 
 BiE, Adrian de, a portrait painter, born 
 atLiere 1594. He settled at Kome, where 
 he met with great encouragement. His 
 architectural pieces were also admired. 
 
 BiEFiELD, James Frederick baron de, 
 a native of Hamburgh, employed by the 
 king of Prussia as secretary of legation, and 
 afterwards as preceptor to liis brother, Fer- 
 dinand, and in 1747, made curator of the 
 universities, and afterwards baron and privy 
 counsellor. He spent the last part of his 
 life in literary retirement, and died at Al- 
 tembourg, 5th April, 1770, aged 5^. He is 
 author of several works not highly esteem- 
 ed. • They are political institutions, three 
 vols.Svo. — progress of the Germans in belles 
 lettres, Svo. — familiar letters, or universal 
 erudition translated into Einglish — dramatic 
 amusements, &C, 
 
 BiELKE, N. baron de, a Swedish gentle- 
 man, engaged in the conspiracy of Anker- 
 stroem, against the Swedish king. When 
 interrogated, he refused to accuse his associ- 
 ates, and swallowed poison which he had 
 concealed about him, and died 1792, aged 50. 
 
 BiEXNE, John, an eminent printer of 
 Paris. He died 1588. 
 
 BiERVE, N. raarechal, marquis de, a 
 Frenchman well known for his ready wit, 
 and great facctiousness. He wrote two plays 
 which possess considerable merit — les re- 
 putations, & le seducteur. He died at Spa, 
 where he had retired for the benefit of the 
 Maters, 1789, aged 42. He i.3 author of the 
 distich on courtezans, 
 ^idd facies^ fades Verieris cum veneris 
 
 ante ? 
 J^Te sedeas ? sed eas ne pereiis per eas.—- 
 
 BiEZ, Oudard du, a native of Artois, in 
 the service of Francis I. His great bravery 
 and unusual presence of mind in the field of 
 battle, recommended him highly to the pub- 
 lic favor. After being disgraced for surren- 
 dering Boulogne, he was restored to his 
 rank, and died at Paris 1553. 
 
 BiE2,ELiNGEN, Christian Jans Van, a 
 portrait painter, bora at Delft. He died 
 1600, aged 42. 
 
 BiFiELD, Nicholas, minister of St. Pe- 
 ter's, Chester, and afterwards vicar of Isle- 
 worth, was a devout and zealous advocate of 
 Christianity, both in the pulpit and in his 
 writings. He died 1622, aged 44. 
 
 BiGNE, Grace de la, of Bayeux, accom- 
 panied king John to England, after the bat- 
 tle of Poictiers. He wrote **le Roman des 
 oiscaux," a poem for the instruction of the 
 king's son. He died about 1374. His name 
 is sometimes Avritten Vigne. 
 
 BiGN^E, Marguerin de la, of the same 
 family as the preceding, was doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and eminent as a man of letters. 
 Besides harangues and sermons, he publish- 
 ed a bihliotheca patrum, an useful collection 
 in eiglit vols, folio, edited also in 16 vols, foh 
 He gave up his benefi«es in his native towa 
 
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 of Bayeux, rather than support a law-suit, 
 and reth-ed to literary pursuits at Pans, 
 where he died about 1591. 
 
 BiGNicouRT, Simon de, a counsellor of 
 Rheims, eminent for his knowledge of an- 
 tient and modern literature. His " pensees 
 & reflections philosophiques," are much 
 esteemed. He wrote, besides epigrams and 
 short poems, in French and Latin, none of 
 which exceed 20 lines, in a style of sucnx 
 neatness and elegance, that he has been com- 
 pared to Catullus. He died at Rheims, 1775, 
 Aged 66. 
 
 " BiGNON, Jerome, was born at Paris, and 
 educated by his father. His progress was 
 so rapid, and his abilities so maturely dis- 
 played, that at the age of 10 lie published 
 his description of the holy land, and at the 
 age of 14, his treatise on the election of the 
 popes. He was noticed by Henry IV. and 
 obtained a place at court ; but after his 
 death, he travelled into Italy, where he re- 
 ceived many proofs of esteem from pope 
 Paul V. On his return he devoted himself 
 to the bar, and with such success, that he 
 was nominated counsellor of state aod advo- 
 cate general in the parliament of Paris. He 
 likewise distinguished himself as a politician, 
 he was consulted by queen Anne of Austria 
 during her regency, he assisted at the com- 
 pletion of the treaty with Holland in 1649, 
 regulated the succession of Mantua, and 
 concluded the allance with the Hans towns 
 in 1654. He died seventh April 1656, aged 
 66, of an asthma. 
 
 CiGOi , Emeri, a native of Rouen, known 
 for liis learning, and for his exemplary man- 
 ners. He was very intimate with the lear- 
 ned men of his age, such as Menage, Nicho- 
 las Heinsius, and others, and he liberally as- 
 sisted his friends in their publications. He 
 published the life of St. Chrysostom by Palla- 
 di, discovered by him in the grand duke's 
 library at Florence, and died 1689, at Rou- 
 en, aged 64. ^ 
 
 BiLDERREK, Christophcr Laurent, a 
 Hanoverian lawyer who translated into Ger- 
 man, Abbadie's treatise of the truth of the 
 Christian religion. He died 1749. 
 
 BiLFiNGER, George Bernard, a native 
 of Canstadt, professor of philosophy at Pe- 
 tersburg, and afterwai-ds of theology at Tu- 
 bingen, and known for his valuable treatise 
 called " Dilucidationes philosopb. de deo, 
 anima humi^nS, mundo, &c." He died 1750, 
 aged 57. It is remarked that he, like all his 
 family, was born with 12 fingers and 12 toes. 
 
 BiLLAUT, Adam, a joiner of Nevers, 
 known by the name of Maitre Adam. He 
 possessed great abilities as a poet, and he 
 had the good sense and fortitude to prefer 
 his obscure residence at Nevers, to a magni- 
 ficent dwelling at Versailles. His *' Chevil- 
 Ics," his " Villebrequin, and his " rabot," 
 " 7U*servedly procured him fame, and he re- 
 ceived a pension from Richelieu, and from 
 ihe duke of Orleans. He was intimate with 
 the poets of his age, and displayed great vir 
 vacity and spirit in his verses, though it can- 
 not be surprising to find some dull and iVivo- 
 
 lous lines from the pen of a man who eulti- 
 vated the muses with the tools of a joiner ira 
 his hand. He died at Nevers 1662. 
 
 BiLLi, Jacques de, was born at Guise, i» 
 Picardy, and distinguished himself by his 
 learning, and his poetical pieces. He trans- 
 lated several of the Greek fathers into Latia 
 with spirit and accuracy, and wrote observa- 
 tions on the scriptures. He died 25th De- 
 cember, 1581, aged 47. Chatard wrote his 
 life, 1582. 
 
 Bill I, Jacques d€, a Jesuit of Compieg- 
 ne, author of opus astronomicon, and other 
 esteemed mathematical works, lie died at 
 Dijon 1679, aged 17 . 
 
 BiLLiNGSLEY, Henry, a native of Cart- 
 terbury, educated at Oxford. Instead of 
 pui'suinghis studies he became a haberdash- 
 er in London, and not only acquired gi.'eat 
 opulence, but rose to the highest honors of 
 the city. He was elected sheriff, alderman, 
 and, in 1598 lord mayor of London, when he 
 received the honor of knighthood,' His hos- 
 pitable reception of Whitehead the mathe- 
 matician turned his attention to geometry, 
 and by the assistance of this poor inmate he 
 became so skilled in mathematics that he 
 published the first English translation of Eu- 
 clid's elements, with learned annotations 
 1570, folio, for which a preface was written 
 by Dr. Dee. Sir Henry died 1606. 
 
 Billion I, N. Bussa, a celebrated ao- 
 tress, born at Nancy. From her very youtlv, 
 she showed great talents as a singer, and as 
 she grew up she Avas deservedly applauded 
 on the theatres of Brussels and of France, 
 Her husband Billioni, was ballet-master of 
 the Italian operas at Paris. She died much 
 regretted 178.3, aged 32, 
 
 BiLSON, Thomas, a native of Winchester, 
 educated at the college there, and at New 
 college, Oxford. He early distinguished 
 himself as a poet, but when he entered into 
 orders, he applied himself totally to divinity, 
 and met \n\\\ such success in his professioa 
 that he gradually became master of Win- ' 
 Chester school, afterwards warden of the 
 college, in 1596 bishop of Worcester, and 3 
 years after of Winchester. He was eloquent 
 as a preacher, and in the pulpit and by his 
 writings he successfully maintftined the pro- 
 testant religion against tlie attacks of bigots; 
 and x)uritans, and deserved the esteem of 
 Elizabeth and her successor. He was en- 
 gaged in all the theological disputes of the 
 times, he assisted in the revision of the bible, 
 and as a delegate he pronounced the famous 
 divorce between Devereux earl of Essex 
 and lady Frances Howard in 161.3. He died 
 18th June, 1616, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster-abbey. He published a treatise of the 
 difference betv/een christian subjection and 
 unchristian rebellion, dedicated to Elizabeth 
 1585, and another in 1593, on the perpetual 
 government of Christ's church. 
 
 BiNGiiAM, Joseph, was born at Wake- 
 field in Yorkshire, September 1668, and af- 
 ter receiving his education at the grammar 
 school there, he entered at University col- 
 lege, Oxford. Hi^ attentioa was directed to 
 
BI 
 
 yr^ 
 
 BI 
 
 the study of the fathers, and when he had 
 heard the doctrine of the Trinity attacked 
 in the university pulpit, he took occasion 
 when he pi*eached before that learned body, 
 28th October 1695, to explain in an elaborate 
 and diffuse manner the three m itnesses men- 
 tioned by St- John. The discourse drew up- 
 on him the severest censures, so that he was 
 obliged to give up the fellowship which he 
 held at University college, and retired to 
 Hcadbourne-worthy, a living in Hampshii'e, 
 which the friendship of Dr. Hadclifie con- 
 feri-^d upon him. The displeasure of the 
 university did not liowever break his spirits, 
 he continued his subject in two discourses 
 before the clergy of Winchester with the 
 general api)robation, and he vindicated his 
 conduct by printing the offensive sermons, 
 with a cO])ious preface. Though fixed upon 
 a small living with contracted circumstances, 
 and the father often children, he continued 
 his studies with indefatigable application, 
 and procured from the cathedral library of 
 Winchester those valuable books Avhich his 
 own small collection could not furnish, in the 
 prosecution of that learned and valuable 
 work which he published in ten volumes 8vo. 
 and two volumes folio called " Origines ec- 
 clesiasticce." His diligence at last was re- 
 warded by sir Jonathan Trelawney, bishop 
 of Winchester, who gave him the Uving at 
 Havant near Portsmouth, but the prospects 
 of an improving fortune were suddenly 
 overclouded by the south-sea bubble. Under 
 this heavy misfoi-tune he preserved his usual 
 serenity of mind, his literary pursuits were 
 directed to the impi'ovemeni of his Origines 
 which have deservedly extended his fame, 
 by being circulated widely on the continent, 
 and translated into Latin. As his constitu- 
 tion had suffered much by his sedentary life, 
 he was prematurely snatched away, 17th 
 May 1723, in his 55th year. He was bui*ied 
 at Headbourne-worthy, but no monument, 
 according to his desires, marks the spot 
 where his remains are deposited. He pub- 
 lished also a scholastic history of lay baptism 
 and other works. Only two sons and four 
 daughters survived him, thereof the daugh- 
 ters died single, and the fourth mar- 
 ried a gentleman of Hampshire. The eldest 
 son republished his father's books for the 
 use of the booksellers, and his son was pre- 
 sented to the living of Havant in considera- 
 tion of his grandfather's great merits by 
 bishop Lowth, whose letter, whilst it com- 
 memorates the virtues of a learned and ex- 
 emplary man, reflects the highest honor on 
 the patron and the prelate. 
 
 Bingham, Joseph, second son of the 
 preceding, was educated at the Charter 
 house, and at Corpus Christi, Oxford, where 
 he prematurely died at the age of 22, in 
 consequence of excessive application. He 
 promised in his early years to display all the 
 learning and virtues of his father, so that he 
 had finished, except the pi-eface, a valuable 
 edition of the Theban story, which was pub- 
 lished after his death. He' was buried iu the 
 tloistcrs of Corpus. 
 
 Binning, Hugh, was born in Ayrshire, 
 and educated at Glasgow, where he became 
 professor of moral philosophy. As minister 
 of Govan, he distinguished himself by his 
 eloquence in the pulpit, and his amiable 
 manners. He died of a consurrtption 1G34, 
 aged 29. His tracts, sermons, &c. were 
 pubUshed in 4to. 1735. 
 
 BitERNSTAHL, a learned professor of 
 the oriental languages at Upsal, was a native 
 of Rotarbo in Sudermania. He visited Eu- 
 rope with his pupils, the sons of baron Rud- 
 bek, and afterwards travelled to Turkey, by 
 order of the king of Sweden. He died at 
 Salonica, 12th July, 3779. His entertaining 
 letters, written in Swedish during his tra- 
 vels, published 1778, in three vols. 8vo. have 
 been translated, with the continuation pub- 
 lished in 1781, into German by Groskurd^ 
 Leipsic, 1779 and 1781, in six vols. 8vo. 
 
 BioN, a Greek poet of Smyrna, B.C. 
 280. His Idylls are held in high and de- 
 served estimation. 
 
 BioN, a Scythian philosopher, the disci- 
 ple of Crates, and afterwards of Theophras- 
 tus, about 246 B. C. 
 
 Bi ON, Nicholas, author of an excellent 
 work on the construction of mathematical 
 instruments, translated into English, one vol. 
 fol. and of a treatise on the use of the globes, 
 in 4to. was an able engineer and matliemati- 
 cian, who died at Paris 1733, aged 81. 
 
 BiONDi, Francis, a native of Liesena in 
 Dalmatia, introducqd by sir Henry Wootton 
 to the favor of James, who patronised him, 
 and also knighted him. He wrote a valuable 
 history of the civil wars of the houses of 
 York and Lancaster in Italian, translated 
 into English, by Henry Carey, earl of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 BioNDO, Flavio, latine Blondus. vid. 
 Bjlondus. 
 
 BiRAGUE, Clement, an engraver of Mi- 
 lan, said to be the fiist who discovered the 
 means of engraving diamonds, of which he 
 gave a specimen in the portraits of don Car- 
 los. He lived at the court of Philip H. of 
 Spain. 
 
 BiRAGUE, Rene de, a native of Milan, 
 who escaped from the vengeance of Lewis 
 Sforza into France, and became a favorite 
 at the court of Charles IV. who made him 
 keeper of the seals, and chancellor of the 
 kingdom 1573. He was made a cardinal by 
 Gregory XHI. at the request of Henry IH. 
 He was concerned in the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew, and died 1582, aged 74, little 
 respected, from the servility and perfidious- 
 ness of his character. One of the same fa- 
 mily distinguished himself as a general in the 
 wars of Italy, especially in the capture of 
 Carde, a fortress of Piedmont. 
 
 Birch, Thomas, son of a quaker, coflfee- 
 mill maker, was born in the parish of St., 
 John, Clericenwell, 23d November 1705. 
 His fondness for learning was so great, that 
 rather than follow the profession of his fa- 
 ther, he determined to depend upon his own 
 exertions for subsistence, and therefore he 
 became assistaut at HemelUampstead scUooI; 
 
BI 
 
 /v^3 
 
 BI 
 
 where he received his education, and after- 
 wards in two other establishments, all kept 
 fey quakers. He married in 1728, but his 
 happiness was soon interrupted by the death 
 of his wife in child-bed, and the poignancy of 
 his grief was feelingly expressed in some 
 beautifal lines. His dissertion of the te- 
 nets of the quakers was followed by his or- 
 dination by the bishop of Salisbuiy, and he 
 quiekly passed, by the favor and patronage 
 of the Hardwicke family, into the posses- 
 sion of several benefices, the last of which 
 were the rectory of Depden in Essex, and 
 St. Margaret Pattens and St. Gabriel, Fen- 
 chureh-street, London. He died by a fall 
 from his horse between London and Hamp- 
 stead, 9th January, 1766, though it was 
 conjectured that his previous indisposition 
 and lowness of spirits brought on an apoplexy, 
 which caused his death. He had been ho- 
 nored with the degree of D. D. by the Ma- 
 rischal college of Aberdeen, and by Herring 
 the primate. In his private character 
 Birch was friendly, communicative, and un- 
 affected, and as a writer he possessed un- 
 usual activity and solid judgment. His 
 knowledge of Greek was not considerable, 
 but French and Latin he thoroughly under- 
 stood; and though not particularly distin- 
 guished for general inforhiation, his accu- 
 racy as a modern historian is very great. 
 His publications are voluminous, the best 
 known of which are the general dictionary, 
 &c. in 10 vols. fol. in conjunction with Ber- 
 nard and Lockman — heads of illustrious 
 persons of Great-Britain, &c. two vols. fol. 
 — memoirs of the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 two vols. 4to. — History of the royal society, 
 &c. four vols. 4to. 1756. — Thurloe's state 
 papers, &c. besides lives of Boyle, Tillotson, 
 prince Henry, kc. and an inquiry into the 
 share which Charles I. had in lord Glamor- 
 gan's transactions, &c. 8vo. 1747, &c. He 
 was fellow of the antiquarian and royal so- 
 cieties, and secretary of the last. He left 
 his books and manuscripts to the Bi*itish 
 museum, of which he was a trustee, and he 
 
 fave 500/. to increal&e the salary of the 11- 
 rarians of that noble institution. 
 Bird, William, known for his excellent 
 musical compositions, was according to some 
 conjectures employed in king Edward VI's 
 chapel, and afterwards he became organist 
 of Lincoln cathedral. Few pai'ticulars are 
 known of his life, though it is ascertained 
 that he died the 4th July, 1623, aged 80, 
 leaving a son Thomas, educated in the same 
 profession. 
 
 BiREN, John Ernest, a person of mean 
 birth, noticed by Anne, dutchess dowager 
 of Courland, and raised by her when eleva- 
 ted to the Russian throne to the highest dig- 
 nities. As the favorite minister of the em- 
 press his conduct was violent and tyrannical, 
 not less than 20,000 persons were capricious- 
 ly exiled by him to Siberia, but still he con- 
 tmued in power, and was by his mistress 
 made duke of Courland in 1737. On the 
 death of the empress he assumed the reins 
 of government agreeable to her will^ but an 
 VOL. 1. 25 
 
 insurrection of the nobles in 1740 prevailed 
 against him, and the sentence of death was 
 exchanged for banishment into Siberia. He 
 was recalled by Peter IH. and restored to 
 favor by Catherine. He resigned his honors 
 as duke of Courland to hia son in 1769, and 
 died three years after. 
 
 BiRiNGcoccio, orBiRiNGCucci, Van- 
 muccio, an able mathematician of Italy, au- 
 thor of a treatise on the art of fusing and of 
 casting metals for cannon, &c. called Piro- 
 technia, published in 4to. 1540, Venice, and. 
 often re-printed. 
 
 Birkenhead, Sir John, bom at North- 
 wich, Cheshire, was servitor at Oriel col- 
 lege, under Humphrey Lloyd, by whom he 
 was recommended to Laud, who made him 
 his secretary, and procured him a fellowship 
 of All Souls. Wlien Charles I. came to Ox- 
 ford, Birkenhead supported the royal cause 
 by his writings, and when he was at last ex- 
 pelled from the professorship of moral phi- 
 losophy by the republicans, he hurled from 
 an obscure retreat in London all the shafts 
 of his satire against his persecutors. After 
 the restoration he was created doctor of laws 
 by the university, elected member for Wil- 
 ton, and knighted, and appointed master of 
 requests. His popularity as a courtier drew 
 upon him the censures of jealousy, and Wood 
 is among those who detract his character. 
 Dryden hoAvever, Langbaine, and Winstan- 
 ley, speak of him in the highest terms. He 
 died fourth of December 1679, aged 64, and 
 was interred hi St. Mai'tin's in the fields. 
 His writings were chiefly political pamphlets 
 and satirical poems. 
 
 Biron, Armand de Gonrault baron de, a 
 native of Perigord, who was for some time 
 page to queen Margaret of Navarre, and 
 rose through all the gradations of the army 
 to the rank of marechal de France, 1577. 
 He distinguished himself in the wars of Italy, 
 and in the service of Henry LI. and IV. and 
 was engaged in the battles of Dreux, St. Den- 
 nis, and Moncontour. He was commander 
 in seven battles, and he received seven hono- 
 rable wounds. He was defeated by the duke 
 of Parma, when he went to the Low coun- 
 tries to assist the duke of Alencon, and he 
 was at last killed by a cannon ball at the siege 
 of Epernai, in 1592, aged 68. His humanity- 
 was displayed at the massacre at St. Bartho- 
 lomew, when he saved several of his friends. 
 His commentaries on the campaigns in which 
 he was engaged are lost. 
 
 BiRON, Charles de Gonrault due de, soa 
 of the preceding, was admiral and marechal 
 of France, and a favorite of Henry IV. who 
 made him a duke, and sent him as his am- 
 bassador to England and other courts. He 
 distinguished himself highly in the civil wars 
 of France, but his attempts to league against 
 his master, with Savoy and Spain, proved 
 his ruin. He was discovered and beheaded 
 31st July, 1602. His love of pleasure and 
 gaming is said to have produced those fatal 
 steps to Avhich he fell a sacrifice. 
 
 BiscAiNO, Bartholomew, a painter of 
 Genoa, who died 1657, at the early age of 
 
BL 
 
 //^ 
 
 BL 
 
 25, Avlieu his designs promised the highest 
 emiaence and celebrity in his profession. 
 
 BiscHOP, John de, a painter, born at 
 the Hague. His landscapes and historical 
 pieces were held in high estimation for taste, 
 judgment, and correctness. He died 1686, 
 aged 40. Another called Cornelius, was 
 also eminent in history and in landscape. 
 He was one of Dot's pupils, and he died 
 1674. 
 
 Bishop, Samuel, M. A. an English poet, 
 born in London 1731, and educated at Mer- 
 chant taylors' school, and St. John's college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow. He 
 afterwards was appointed head master of 
 Merchant taylor's school, and obtained the 
 livings of St. Mai'tin Outwich, London, and 
 Ditton, Surrey. He died 1795. His poems, 
 •which are on light subjects, and in a pleasing 
 and elegant style, were published in two 
 vols. 4to. and two vols. 8vo. with his life pre- 
 fixed. 
 
 Bisi, Bonaventure, a painter of Bologna, 
 who died 1662. His works on historical sub- 
 jects, and also his miniatures, were much and 
 deservedly admired. 
 
 BissET, Charles, M.D. at St. Andrews, 
 •uas author of an essay on fortifications and 
 of some medical tracts. He served in Flan- 
 ders as an engineer, till the peace 1748, and 
 three years after settled at Skelton, in York- 
 shire, where he resumed the practice of 
 physic, to which he had formerly attended. 
 He died at Knayton, near Thirsk, May 
 1791, aged 75. He wrote an essay on the 
 theory and construction of fortification, 8vo. 
 1753 — a treatise on the scurvy, 8vo. 1775 — 
 an essay on the medical constitution of Great 
 Britain, 8vo. 1762. 
 
 BissET, Robert, a miscellanous author, 
 master of an academy in Sloane-street, Chel- 
 sea. He wrote a sketch .of democracy, 1796, 
 8vo. — a life of Edmund Burke, 8vo. — a valua- 
 ble composition, 2 vols. 8vo. — history of the 
 reign of Geoi'ge HI. — an edition of the Spec- 
 tator — memoirs of living authors, &c. This 
 laborious wi'iter was a native of Scotland, 
 and received his education at Edinbui-gh, 
 ■where he took his degree of L. L. D. after 
 which he settled in London. It is supposed 
 that his death was hastened by the ruined 
 state of his pecuniary affairs, and that he 
 fell a victim to a broken heai*t, 14th May, 
 1805, aged 46. 
 
 BiTON, a mathematician, who florished 
 about 340, B. C. 
 
 BizoT, Peter, canon of St. Savior d'He- 
 risson in Bourges, is author of the valuable 
 Histoire medallique de la HoUande, the best 
 edition of which is that of Vanloom, 1732, 5 
 vols, folio. He died 1696, aged 66. 
 
 BizzEiLi, John, an historical portrait 
 painter, disciple of Bronzino. He died at 
 Kome 1612, aged 56. 
 
 Black, Joseph, a celebrated chemist 
 born of English parents at Bourdeaux, 1728. 
 He was educated at Belfast and Glasgow, 
 M'here he took his degree of M. D. in 1754. 
 His abilities were such that he early obtained 
 the professorship of anatomy, which he soou 
 
 resigned that he might more zealously dfr' 
 vote himself to chemical pursuits. In 1776- 
 he succeeded Dr. CuUen in the professorial 
 chair of chemistry at Edinburgh, and became 
 distinguished by the superior excellence of 
 his lectures and the number of his pupils. 
 He died 26th November 1799. He ,was au- 
 thor of a treatise de acido a cibis orto, an in- 
 augural dissertation, on his taking his doc- 
 tor's degree — experiments on magnesia and • 
 quicklime — observations on the ready freez-,ii|^' 
 ing of boiled Avater, inserted in the philoso- 5 
 phical transactions — analysis of boiling water 
 in Iceland, in the Edinburgh memoirs — lec- 
 tures on the elements of chemistry, edited 
 by Dr. Robison, 2 vols. 4to. 1803. 
 
 Blackburn, William, eminent as an ar- 
 chitect and surveyor, was born December 
 20th, 1750, in Southwark. His native genius 
 overcame the disadvantages of a contracted 
 education, and he obtained a medal from the 
 royal academy, and the more flattering com- 
 mendation of sir Joshua Reynolds, for the 
 best draM ing of St. Stephen's church, Wal- 
 brook. He acquix^ed reputation in business, 
 and when an act was passed in 1779, for the 
 erection of penitentiary houses, to contaia 
 600 males and 300 females, his plans were 
 approved by the three supervisors, and re- 
 warded with 100- guineas, and he was ap- 
 pointed to superintend the building, which, 
 however was suspended for a time by govern- 
 ment. The design, though abandoned, was 
 not lost, the country was awakened to convert 
 the confinement of culprits to useful labor and 
 to reformation of morals, and several prisons 
 were erected on Blackburn's plan. This in- 
 genious artist did not long enjoy the favors of 
 the public, he died at Preston on his way to 
 Scotland 28th October 1790, in his 40th year, 
 and his remains were interred in Bunhill- 
 fields. He was a dissenter, but his manners 
 conciliated the esteem of all ranks, and it is 
 sufiicient to say in his praise that he was the 
 friend and the frequent correspondent of 
 Howard. Besides plans for penitentiary hou- 
 ses, Mr. Blackburn drew elegant plans for 
 villas and mansion houses, &c. and likewise 
 three designs for Hackney new church. He 
 left a widow and four children. 
 
 Blackburne, Francis, a native ofRich? 
 mond, Yorkshire, educated at Hawkshead 
 and Sedburgh schools, and admitted 1722, at; 
 Catherine-hall, Cambridge. He was promo- 
 ted in 1739 to the living of Richmond, and 
 as chaplain to Hutton, archbishop of York, 
 he obtained a prebend in his cathedral and 
 the archdeaconry of Cleveland. Though 
 thus supported by the church, he was not 
 partial to her doctrines, and he favored with 
 some degree of fondness the tenets of the 
 dissenters, as appears from his confessional 
 in 1766, published anonymously, butso x>opu- 
 lar as to reach a third edition. He wrote also 
 a view of the controversy concerning the in- 
 termediate state of the soul, &c. in which he 
 asserted, that the soul sleeps in an uncon- 
 scious state till the resurrection. On the- 
 death of Dr. Chandler, of the dissenting con- 
 gregation in the Old Jewry, 1776, Black? 
 
BL 
 
 yft> 
 
 BL 
 
 •burne, whose sentiments were well known 
 to be unfriendly to tl:e establishment, was 
 invited to succeed, whicli however he re- 
 fused. He died at Richmond, 1787. He 
 published some other works, all collected to- 
 gether, lately edited in 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Blackball, Oflspring, D. D. was born 
 in London, and educated at Catherine-hall, 
 Cambridge. He became rector of St. Mary, 
 AMermanbuiy, London, chaplain to king 
 William, and in 1707 bishop of Exeter. He 
 died 29th November 1716, and was buried 
 in his cathedral. He was a popular preach- 
 er, and as a writer he acquired consequence, 
 by his sermons at Boyle's lecture, and his 
 defence of Charles I. as author of Icon Ba- 
 siiike against the attacks of Toland. He 
 was an able scholar and an acute divine, 
 orthodox in his principles, and charitable in 
 his character ; though some have accused 
 him of opposition to the revolution, so that 
 it is asserted, that he refused for two years 
 to take the oath of allegiance to king Wil- 
 liam. His works have been i)ublished in two 
 vols, folio, 1723. 
 
 Blacklock, Thomas, son of a bricklay- 
 er, of Annan in Scotland, was deprived of 
 his eye-sight by the small-pox about 1721, 
 before he was six months old. This great 
 misfortune was relieved by the kindness of 
 his father, and the assiduities of his friends. 
 His mind was cultivated and improved by 
 the books which were read to him, and so 
 strong were the powers of his understanding 
 that at the age of twelve he wrote a small 
 poem not devoid of beauty and elegance. 
 The loss of his father, who was unfortunate- 
 ly crushed to death by the falling of a kiln 
 upon him, left him in his 19th year destitute 
 of friends and society ; but howevei-, the 
 kindness of Dr. Stevenson of Edinburgh 
 was extended to him ; he was placed at 
 a grammar school, and soon became ac- 
 quainted with th« French, and the best 
 Greek and Latin authors. The rebellion 
 of 1745 interrupted for a while his lite- 
 raiy pursuits, but after spending some time 
 at Glasgow he returned to Edinburgh, and 
 after studying ten years in the university, he 
 acquired the fame of a polite scholar and an 
 elegant poet. His poems were published 
 and universally admired, and though mis- 
 fortune might in the apprehension of an in- 
 fidel have clouded his thoughts with distrust 
 and dissatisfaction, that the book of nature 
 was shut upon him, we admire every where 
 the most sublime piety, resignation to the 
 will of providence, and that tranquillity and 
 contentment of mind, which were most fully 
 exhibited in his private character. By 
 ineans of Mr. Spence, who began to patro- 
 nise him in 1754, Blacklock was placed in an 
 eligible situation in the university of Edin- 
 burgh, his labors were rewarded by an ample 
 fiale of his poems, he took orders, and in 1766 
 obtained the degree of D. D. In 1774 he 
 published " the Graham," a heroic ballad 
 m four cantoes, and two years after he wrote 
 iTi opposition to Dr. Price, some remarks on 
 civil liberty. This amiable man, respected 
 
 for the great and uncommon powers of his 
 mind, and the exemplary conduct of his pri- 
 vate life, died July 1791, aged 70. Both 
 Hume and Spence have been lavish of their 
 praises on his character, and the portrait ia 
 this instance drawn by friendship is not ex- 
 aggerated. He wrote besides consolations 
 deduced from natural and revealed religion, 
 Svo. — discourses on the spirit, and evidence 
 of Christianity from the French, Svo. &c, 
 
 Blackmore, sir Richard, from a pri- 
 vate school passed to Westminstpr and Ed- 
 mund-hall, Oxford, and after visiting Italy, 
 took his degrees in, physic, at Padua. His 
 early support of the revolution, procured 
 him the place of physician to king William, 
 and the honor of knighthood ; but though he 
 acquired celebrity and opulence in a medi- 
 cal character, he courted popularity as a 
 votary of the muses. Dry den, however, 
 whom he had offended in some of his wri- 
 tings, treated him with contempt and scur- 
 rility, and Pope, with more illiberality than 
 truth, has also directed the shafts of his ridi- 
 cule against him, in a passage in the Dun- 
 ciad, on which an annotator has placed these 
 words "a just character of sir R. Black- 
 more, knight, whose indefatigable muse 
 produced no less than six epic poems. Prince 
 and king Arthur 20 books, Eliza 10, Al- 
 fred 12, the Redeemer six, besides Job in 
 folio, the whole book of psalms, the creation 
 seven books, the nature of man three books, 
 and many more." Though thus satirized, 
 Blackmore possessed some merit. Addisou 
 spoke with respect of his "Creation," and 
 Dr. Johnson considered it as not unworthy to 
 find a place among the noble eftbrts of the 
 English muse. Besides his poetry, sir 
 Richard wrote some theological tracts, and 
 medical treatises, and maintained in private 
 life a respectable character, and showed 
 himself at all times a warm advocate for vir- 
 tue and morality. He died 9th October, 
 1729. 
 
 Blackstone, sir William, knt. and L. 
 L. D. son of a silkman, was born in Cheap- 
 side, London, 10th July, 1723, the youngest 
 of four children. He received his education 
 at the Charter-house, and entered at Pem- 
 broke college, Oxford, in 1738, and so early 
 distinguished himself by his application, that 
 at the age of 20 he wrote a treatise called 
 elements of architecture, which, though not 
 made public, yet received the applauses of 
 the learned and judicious. He, however, 
 soon quitted the muses, after -obtaining 
 Mr. Benson's prize medal for tlte best 
 verses on Milton, as he has beautifully ex- 
 pressed it in his little poem " tl»e lawyer's 
 farewell to his muse," and >entered at the 
 Middle Temple in 1740, to study the law, 
 of which he was to become a luminary oi 
 the first magnitude. He was elected fellow 
 of All-souls, and contributed highly to the 
 respectability of this society, by improving 
 their estates, and promoting the completion 
 of the Codrington library. At the bar he 
 did not rapidly obtain popularity, as he did 
 not possess in a liigh degree the graces or 
 
BL 
 
 yri^ 
 
 BL 
 
 the powers of oratory, but his writings dis- 
 played sense and deep penetration, and the 
 lectures which he delivered as Vinerian pro- 
 fessor on the laws of England, received the 
 most unbounded applause. In 1761, he was 
 elected member for Hindon, and soon after, 
 on refusing the chief justiceship of the Irish 
 common pleas, he received a patent, with 
 the rank of king's council. In 1768 he w<is 
 chosen member for Westbury, and in 1770 
 he was appointed puisne judge of the king's 
 bench, and soon after of the common pleas, 
 and in this new dignity, supported the cha- 
 racter of an upright magistrate, by legal 
 knowledge and impartial discrimination. His 
 intense application proved destructive to his 
 health, in 1779, about Christmas, he was af- 
 flicted with a shortness of breath, which, 
 though removed, was succeeded with a stu- 
 por and insensibility that proved fatal, 14th 
 F^b. 1780, in his 56th year. Blackstone 
 married Sarah, daughter of James Clithe- 
 row, of Boston-house, Middlesex, Esq. by 
 •whom he left seven children. In Oxford, 
 •where he was respected and beloved, he be- 
 came principal of New-in-hall, an office 
 ■which he resigned with the Vinerian lec- 
 tureship in 1766. The first volume of his 
 valuable commentaries was published in 
 1764, and the three following, in the four 
 succeeding years; and so highly are they 
 esteemed, that the prince may learn in 
 them the extent of his privilege, and the 
 subject ascertain the bulwark of his liberties. 
 This respected lawyer was not, however, 
 without his enemies, when solicitor' to the 
 queen, he delivered a speech in parliament, 
 •which differed from the positions he had 
 laid down in his lectures, and the seeming 
 contradiction was severely lashed by an 
 anonymous pamphlet, to which were added 
 afterwards the animadversions of Dr^, Fur- 
 neaux and Dr. Priestley. He published also 
 reflections on the opinions of Pratt, More- 
 ton, and Wilbraham, respecting lord Lich- 
 field's disqualifications to become chancellor 
 of Oxford, 1759 — the great charter, or char- 
 ter of the forest, 1759 — a treatise on the 
 law of descents and fee-simple — an essay on 
 collateral consanguinity occasioned by the 
 disputes about the fellowships of All-souls— - 
 considerations on copy-holders, &c. 
 
 Blackstone, John, an apothecary of 
 London, who died 1753, author of Fasciculus 
 plantarum circa Harefield, with notes, kc. 
 12mo. 1737, — of specimen Lotanicnm, in 
 which he mentions the places in England 
 "where particular plants spontaneously grow, 
 8vo. 1746. 
 
 BlaCkwali., Anthony, a native of Der- 
 byshire, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 b)"i(lge, and elected master of the free school 
 of Derby, and about 18 years after, of that of 
 Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, where he 
 died, eighth of April 17S0. He distinguished 
 himself as author of a Latin grammar, and as 
 editor of Theognis, and published an intro- 
 duction to the classics, and in 1725 that uni- 
 versally celebrated work " the sacred classics, 
 defended and illustvalcd," in one vol, 4to. 
 
 which was followed by a second, six years af- 
 ter. Among the many respectable scholars, 
 whom his abilities and assiduity formed, may 
 be mentioned Richard Dawes, and sir Henry- 
 Atkins, who, as patron of the church of Clap- 
 ham rewarded the attention of a deserving 
 master, by appointing him to the vacant be- 
 nefice in 1726, which he resigned three years 
 after. 
 
 Black WELL, Thomas, was born at 
 Aberdeen, fourth of August 1701, and after 
 studying in the Marischal college, he became 
 1723, Greek professor, and distinguished 
 himself by the eloquence and popularity of 
 his lectures. In 1737 he published anony- 
 mously " an inquiry into the life and writings 
 of Homer, 8vo, which he afterwards accom- 
 panied with " proofs" or translation of all the 
 notes which he had inserted in the composi- 
 tion. He was appointed in 1748 to be prin- 
 cipal of the college, and was the first clergy- 
 man raised to that dignity, since the forfei- 
 ture of the Marischal family in 1716. At the 
 head of his society, he displayed the abilities 
 of the scholar and the politeness of the gen- 
 tleman, the college florished, and its mem- 
 bers were respectable in learning and ia 
 numbers. A consumptive disorder early at- 
 tacked his constitution, and it was increased 
 by voluntary abstemiousness. Too late he 
 wished to recover his health by travelling, 
 but he died at Edinburgh, in his way to 
 South Britain, February 1757, aged 56. His 
 other publications were letters concerning 
 mythology, 1748, and the memoirs of the 
 court of Augustus, in three vols. 4to. — the 
 first of which appeared in 1752, the second 
 1755, and the last, after his death. He left 
 no issue. 
 
 Blackwell, Alexander, a native of 
 Aberdeen, who studied physic at Leyden, 
 under Boerliaave, and attempted without 
 success to practise in his native town, and 
 afterwards in London. From a physician, he 
 became a corrector of the press, and a printer, 
 but he failed ; and in 1740, he went to Swe- 
 den, where by means of a Swedish noble* 
 man, whose friendship he had cultivated at 
 the Hague, he recommended himself to the 
 public as a physician, and as projector for 
 draining the fens and marshes near the capi- 
 tal. His schemes succeeded, he was applaud- 
 ed by the king and his court, but soon after, 
 being suspected of a conspiracy with count 
 Tessin, he was tortured, and beheaded 9th 
 August, 174S. Blackwell nuirried a lady, 
 daughter of a merchant in Hie neighbourhood 
 of Aberdeen, who possessed great abilities, 
 and who published a curious herbal, contain- 
 ing 500 cuts of useful plants, taken from the 
 life, &c. two vols, folio, by Elizabeth Black- 
 well, the first volume of which appeared in 
 1737, and the second 1739. 
 
 Blackwood, Adam, a native of Dun- 
 fcrinliue, known as a warm advocate of the 
 unl'ortunate Mary of Scots. He published 
 in 1587, in French, an account of her mar- 
 lyrdom, addressed to the princes of Europe, 
 He displayed great virulence in the defence 
 of his benefactress, against Elizabeth, whose 
 
BL 
 
 illegitimacy lie wished to establish. He re- 
 sided at Poictiers, and died 1613. He was 
 eminent as a poet, civilian, and divine. His 
 works -were printed by Sebast. Cramoise at 
 Paris, I64i. 
 
 Bladen, Martin, known as translator of 
 Caesar's commentaries, was a lieutenant co- 
 lonel under the duke of Marlborough, and 
 member in five yarliamcnts. He was comp- 
 troller of the mint in 1714, and three years 
 after named for envoy to Spain, an appoint- 
 ment which he did not accept. He died 
 1746. He wrote, besides the dramatic pieces 
 of Orpheus and Eurydice, a masque, and 
 Solon, a ti-agi-comedy, but they are of infe- 
 rior merit. 
 
 Blaeu, or Janssen, William, a learn- 
 ed printer, the friend of Tycho Brahe, au- 
 thor of a beautiful atlas in three vols, folio, — 
 treatises on the globes, &c. He died in his 
 native town, Amsterdam, 1638, aged 67. His 
 sons, John and Cornelius, republished in 
 1663 his atlas in 14 vols, folio, which is very 
 scarce and valuable, as several copies were 
 destroyed by a fire which consumed the best 
 part of their property. 
 
 Blagrave, John, was educated at Read- 
 ing school and St. John's college, Oxford, 
 and early devoted himself to mathematical 
 pursuits at his seat of Southcote. He pub- 
 lished four works, the mathematical jewel, 
 &c. — a treatise on the making of the familiar 
 staff', for the mensuration of altitudes, — the 
 astrolabium uranicum generale, — and the 
 art of dialling, — in which he labored to ren- 
 der more popular and more universally un- 
 derstood all mathematical subjects. He was 
 ip pi'ivate UFe of a most benevolent disposi- 
 tion, as he evinced among other things in his 
 donations of lOL to he decided by lot to one 
 of three maids from the three parishes of his 
 native town of Reading, who had lived for five 
 years in the service of the same family. He 
 died 9th August, 1611, and was buried in St. 
 Lawrence's church, Reading, where a hand- 
 some monument was erected to his memory. 
 
 Blagrave, Joseph, a famous astrologer 
 of Reading, pKohably related to the preced- 
 ing, author of a supplement to Culpeper's 
 herbal, and of an introduction to astrology, 
 &c. He died 1688. 
 
 Blair, John, chaplain to sir William 
 Wallace, and afterwards to Randolph earl of 
 Murray. He wrote an elegant Latin poem 
 on the death of his first patron, and died in 
 the reign of Robert Bruce. 
 
 Blair, James, M. A. a native of Scot- 
 land, who, after being unsuccessful as minis- 
 ter of the episcopal church, came to Eng- 
 land, where he recommended himself to the 
 patronage of Compton, bishop of London, 
 who sent him as a missionary to Virginia in 
 1685. He displayed so much zeal and ability 
 in this employpieut, that he was appointed 
 to the high office of commissary, and so in- 
 lent was he to improve the manners and un- 
 derstanding of the colonists, that he raised a 
 subscription, and procured a patent for the 
 erection of a college in Virginia, of which he 
 «as honorably nominated the first president. 
 
 He ts'as also president of the council in Vir- 
 ginia, and after presiding for near .'iiO years 
 over his college in tbe most zealous and ex- 
 emplary manner, he died in a good old age, 
 1743. His works were sermons in four vols. 
 8vo. London, 174'2. 
 
 Blair, Patrick, a surgeon at Dundee, 
 who first acquired some reputation by his 
 dissection of an elephant, tbe particulars of 
 which appeared in the philosophical transac- 
 tions. His attachment to the Stuart family 
 exposed him to persecution, he was in 1715 
 imprisoned for his conduct, but upon his li- 
 beration came to London, and as a member 
 of the royal society gained some popularity 
 by his lectures on the sexes of plants, pub- 
 lished under the name of botanic essays. He 
 afterwards settled at Boston in Liricolnshire 
 as a physician, but he gained greater reputa- 
 tion than opulence, by his Pharmaco-botano- 
 logia, a classical dissertation in alphabetical 
 order, on British indigenous and gardea 
 plants, of the new dispensatory, in which he 
 proceeded only as far as the letter H. Some 
 others of his pubhcations appeared in the 
 philosophical transactions. 
 
 Blair, Robert, an eminent poet, eldest 
 son of David B. one of the ministers of Edin- 
 burgh. He was educated at the school and 
 college of his native city, and when admitted 
 to orders was appointed minister of Athel- 
 stanford. East Lothian, where he spent his 
 life devoted to the sacred offices of his mi- 
 nistry, the labors of literature, and the occa- 
 sional pursuits of botany. In which, from 
 his superior knowledge of the use of the mi- 
 croscope, he was a great proficient. By his 
 wife, daughter of Mr. Law, professor of mo- 
 ral philosophy at Edinburgh, he had five 
 sons and a daughter. He died 4th Feb. 
 1746, aged 47. The only poem of note 
 which he published is his " grave," which 
 has ensured him fame and immortality. 
 
 Blair, John, L.L.D. a Scotchman, who, 
 after being educated at Edinburgh, travelled 
 to London with Andrew Henderson, a man 
 of considerable abilities, whom he succeeded 
 in the laborious office of usher in a school ia 
 Hedge-lane. In 1754 he published " his chro- 
 nolog)' and history of the world," illustrated 
 with tables, &c." a correct and valuable work, 
 which he rendered still more deserving of pub- 
 lic patronage in his editions of 1756 and 1768. 
 His litei'ary services happily were not forgot- 
 ten, he was elected fellow of the R. and A. S. 
 appointed chaplain to the princess dowager of 
 Wales, tutor to the duke of York, and with 
 several other valuable preferments was made 
 
 prebendary of Westminster. In 1763 and 
 1764, he attended his royal pupil in his toui', 
 and visited Lisbon, Gibraltar, Minorca, Italy, 
 and several parts of France. He died of the 
 ipjluenza, June 24th, 1782, and no doubt his 
 death was accelerated by the fate of his bro- 
 ther captain Blair, who fell gloriously in the 
 naval battle of the 12th April, 1782, and to 
 whose meritorious services the nation have 
 erected a monument. The course of lectures 
 on the canons of the ol<l testament by Dr. 
 Blair, have appeared since his death. 
 
BL 
 
 yfs 
 
 BL 
 
 Blair, Hugh D. D, a celebrated divine, 
 son of H merchant, born at Edinburgh, se- 
 venth April 1718. He was educated at the 
 higb school, and in 1730 was admitted at the 
 university, where appUcation and good con- 
 duct marked his progress in the paths of lite- 
 rature. In 1736 he took his master's degree, 
 and two years after was licensed to preach, 
 and 1742 was promoted to the parish of Co- 
 lessie, in Fifeshire. His abilities were how- 
 ever too great to be buried in the obscurity 
 of the country, he was soon after invited to 
 the second charge of theCannongate church 
 of Edinburgh, and in 1758 he Avas promoted 
 to the High church, and lionored with the 
 degree of D. D. by the sister university of St. 
 Andrew's. In 1759 he appeared before the 
 public as lecturer in rhetoric and belles let- 
 tres, and with such effect, that the King in 
 1762 erected for his encouragement, with a 
 salary of 70/. a year, a professorship on that 
 branch of literature in the university. His 
 dissertation in support of the authenticity of 
 Ossian's poems, appeared in 17G3, and in 
 im he published the tirst volume of his 
 sermons, M'hich met with such applause tiiat 
 in 1779 he printed a second volume, and af- 
 terwards tlu-ee volumes more appeared. 
 These discourses became popular, not only 
 in Scotland and England, 'but were translated 
 into foreign languages, and claimed tlie jtd- 
 miratlon of the learned on the continent. 
 Such services in the cause of religion and 
 virtue did not pass unrewarded, and at the 
 instance of the Queen, to whom the sermons 
 Avere dedicated, the Avorthj^ professor ob- 
 tained a pension of 200/. a year, which was 
 increased 100/. more in 1783, when his infir- 
 mities obliged him to resign his public offices. 
 He not only carried into his retirement the 
 respect and good wishes of his fellow colle- 
 gians, but he was permitted to retain his sa- 
 lary in the most honorable terms. His lec- 
 tures in three vols, appeared in 1783, and ob- 
 tained as I'apid a sale and as wide a circula- 
 tion a-s his sermons, as they Avei-e entitled to 
 «qual commendation. His sermon preache<l 
 for the sons of the clergy in Scotland, was 
 pubhshed in 1796. Dr. Blair died at Edin- 
 burgh 27th December, 1800, and as a cha- 
 racter amiable in private life, and univer- 
 sally respected as a scholar and as an elegant 
 writer, carried with him to the grave the 
 regret of every Briton, who venerates i)iety, 
 virtue, and benevolence. Since his deatb 
 his life by Dr Finlayson, has been prefixed 
 to the fifth volume of his sermons, which he 
 had prepared but not sent to the press. 
 
 Blake, Robert, was born at Bridge wa- 
 ter, and after being educated at the gram- 
 mar school of his native town, he entered at 
 St. Alban-hall, and removed to Wadbam 
 college, O.xford. He took his degree of H. 
 A. in 1617, but the violence with which Laud 
 espoused conformity of worship in his dio- 
 cese of Bath and Wells, revolted the heart 
 of Blake, and instead of cultivating the mu- 
 ses, be became a follower of the puritans, 
 and was elected aiembcr for Bridge water. 
 During the civil wars ho warmly espoused 
 
 the cause of the parliament, and signalized 
 himself so much by his valor, under colonel 
 Fiennes, in the defence of Bristol against 
 prince Rupert, and particularly of Taunton, 
 of which he was made afterwards governor, 
 that his services were acknowledged by the 
 house of commons, and rewarded with a 
 present of 500/. In 1649 he appeared in a 
 new character, as admiral of the fleet. In 
 conjunction with Deane and Popham, he 
 pursued prince Rupert to Ireland, where he 
 blocked him up in the harbor of Kinsale, and 
 thence proceeded to the coasts of Portugal 
 and Spain, Avhere he seized several valuable 
 ships, to retaliate for the insults which the 
 governors of the coasts wished to offer to the 
 British flag. On his return to England, he 
 was received with all the honors due to Ihs 
 merits, he was made warden of the cinque 
 ports, and invested with the chief command 
 in the Dutch war. The naval history of 
 Europe does not afford instances of battles 
 more heroically fought. The abilities of 
 Blake M'ere opposed by the equally celebra- 
 ted powers of Van Trump, a chief who has 
 deserved and received, in the applauses of 
 posterity, the same honors which have been 
 paid to the British victor. The coasts of 
 England and Holland were witnesses of the 
 repeated engagements of these warlike lea- 
 ders, in both of whom intrepidity supplied 
 the want of numbers, and unshaken presence 
 of mind maintained the contest where valor 
 seemed unable to decide the victory. In 
 these numerous and bloody battles the Dutch 
 lost nearly 40 ships of war, besides a great, 
 many smaller vessels, and after thus suppor- 
 ting the naval fame of his country in the 
 German ocean, Biake sailed by order of 
 Cromwell to the Mediterranean, where he 
 chastised the insolence of the Bey of Tunis, 
 redeemed the Christian captives from slavery 
 and chains at Algiers and Tripoli, alarmed 
 the pope in the castle of St. Angelo, and by 
 the terror of his name compelled the sove- 
 reigns of Venice, Tuscany, and other Italian 
 states to pay homage to the power of the 
 British usurper. After thus spreading ter- 
 ror around theshox-esof the Mediterranean, 
 he x-eturned into the Atlantic, and attacked 
 Santa Cruz, in the island of Teneriffe, and 
 destroyed the whole of the Spanish plate 
 fleet that had taken refuge there. This ac- 
 tion, which is considered as the most bril- 
 liant ever performed at sea, was so welcome 
 to Cromwell and his parliament, that a day 
 of thanksgiving was appointed on the occa- 
 sion, and a diamond ring worth 500/. was 
 sent as a present to the illustrious comman- 
 der. England however did not long boast of 
 the possession of her hero, his health rapid- 
 ly declined, and on his return from the Me- 
 diterranean, he expired just as his fleet en- 
 tered Plymouth, 17th August 1657, in his 
 58th year. His body was interred in Henry 
 VH's chapel, Westminster, but it was remo- 
 ved in IGfll to St. Margaret's church yard. 
 If Blake fought with .'^uch zeal for the usur- 
 pation, it is not to be concluded that he M-as 
 the friend of tyranny or cruel oppression- 
 
BL 
 
 y^^ 
 
 fe 
 
 When Charles T. was tried, he exclaimed 
 \vitU all the bluntness of a seaman, against 
 the proceedings of the parliament, and of- 
 fered freely to yield up his life to save that 
 of the unfortunate monarch ; and ever ani- 
 mated with the love of his country, he told 
 his officers when the Dutch expected a 
 change of measures from the dismission of 
 the parliament by Cromwell, "It is not for 
 us to mind state affairs, but to keep foreign- 
 ers from fooUng us" — Though successful in 
 his entei-prises and loaded with public favors, 
 Blake died in such circumstances, that his 
 property was scarcely increased 500^, more 
 than he had inherited from his father. Like 
 the founders of Roman freedom, he fought 
 for his country and not for private emolu- 
 ment. 
 
 Blake, John Bradley, was born in Lon- 
 don, 5th November, 1745, and educated nt 
 Westminster school. After acquiring a deep 
 knowledge of chemistry and mathematics, 
 in the pursuits of his favorite study of botany, 
 he went to China as supercargo of the India 
 company, and with laudable assiduity col- 
 lected and sent to Europe, the seeds of all 
 the vegetables of that remote country used 
 by the natives for purposes either of medi- 
 cine, food, or manufactures. He began 
 likewise a valuable collection of ores and fos- 
 sils, but his great application weakened his 
 constitution, he was afflicted with the stone, 
 and the complaint when attended by a fever 
 proved fatal. He died at Canton, 16th No- 
 vember, 1773, in his 29th year, and the 
 learned world sincerely lamented the loss 
 that science suffered, and sir J. Pringle 
 president of the lloyal society, paid his tri- 
 bute of respect and applause to his short but 
 useful life. 
 
 Bla.mo.nt, Francis Colin de, a musician 
 at tlie French court, whose compositions, 
 especially Dido, and Greek and Roman fes 
 tivals, were much admired. He died in his 
 native town of Versailles 1760, aged 70. 
 
 Blampin, Thomas, a learned and labo- 
 rious ecclesiastic of Noyon, in Picardy, 
 editor of St. Augustin's works. He died 
 1710, aged 70. 
 
 Blanc, John, a noble of Perpignan, 
 known for the brave defence which he made 
 against the French army that besieged his 
 native town in 1474. He refused to deliver 
 thfi foi'tress intrusted to his care, though 
 famine raged around him, and though the 
 enemy, irritated by his obstinate resistance, 
 sacrificed his son vv-ho had in a sally fallen 
 into their hands. 
 
 Blanc, Francois le, a native of Dauphine 
 author of a valuable book on tlie coins of 
 lYance, &c. He died suddenly in 1698. 
 
 Blanc, Claude le, a minister of France, 
 confined for two years in the Bastille, on 
 suspicion of malpractices. He was restored 
 to public favor and died 1728. His brothers 
 were bishops of Avranchcs and of Sarlat. 
 
 Blanc, Thomas le, a Jesuit of A^itri, 
 who died at llheinis 1669. He was author 
 ef some popular works addressed to the 
 Qommon people, as ** le bon valet," kc.—r 
 
 His largest and best known work is his ana- 
 lysis of David's psahns, in six vols, folio. 
 
 Blanc, John Bei^nard le, a native of 
 Dijon, historiographer to the della crusea 
 academy. His genius and learning procured 
 him friends and patrons at Paris and Lon- 
 don, but he preferred peaceful obscurity to 
 the distinctions which Maupertuis in 174C, 
 offered atBerlinin the name of the Prussian 
 monarch. He wrote an interesting tragedy 
 called Abensaide, besides letters on the 
 English 1758, in three vols. 12mo. which 
 though incorrect and formal in some degree, 
 are however not without sensible reflections 
 and pleasing anecdotes. They are certainly- 
 inferior to Gi'osley's London. The abbe 
 died in 1781, aged 74. 
 
 Blanc, Antony de Guillet de, professor, 
 of rhetoric in the congregation of the orato- 
 ry at Avignon, was born at Marseilles, 2d 
 March 1730, and died at Paris 1799. He 
 afterwards came to Paris where he was ap- 
 pointed professor of ancient languages in the 
 central schools, and member of the institute. 
 He wrote Manco Capiac, a tragedy, which 
 did not possess much merit, and met with 
 little success. The Druids, another tragedy 
 1772, was proscribed by the clergy for some 
 offensive passages. He published besides 
 other plays, Virginie a tragedy — Albert I. — 
 I'heureux evenement — some romances — • 
 and a translation of Lucretius into French 
 verse. 
 
 Blanc, N. an eminent artist, whose 
 abilities were employed by the French mi- 
 nistry in improving and perfecting the fabri- 
 cation of fire-arms. He died 1802. 
 
 Blanc a, N. le, a young woman who was 
 found wild at Sogny, near Chalons in 1731. 
 She was then about 10 years of age, and pur- 
 sued hares and other animals with astonish- 
 ing, rapidity. She wasjiiaced in the convent 
 of Chaillot, where she became a nun, and 
 died 1760. 
 
 Blanca, Francis- le, a Frenchman, au- 
 thor of a general account of the monies of 
 France, published with figures in 4to. 1690^ 
 by order of Lewis XIV. and of a treatise on 
 the coins of Charlemagne and his successors^ 
 struck at Rome. He died 1698. 
 
 Blanchaud, James, a painter of emi- 
 nence, born at Paris 1600. He improved 
 himself at Lyons, Rome, and Venice^ and 
 on his return to France, he showed by his 
 excellent pieces how judiciously he had ex- 
 amined and studied the works of Titian, 
 Tintoret, and Paul Veronese. The most 
 remarkable of his pieces is a kneeling St. 
 Andrew in the church of Notre Dame, M'ith 
 the Holy Ghost descending. His grand 
 pieces ai*e few, as he devoted much of his 
 time to madonas. He was fortunate in his 
 coloring. He died of an imposthume in the 
 lungs, in his 38th year. 
 
 Blanchard, Francois, a lawyer of Pa- 
 ris, who died in 1650. He published the 
 <*Eloges des presideus, &c." and " les mai- 
 tres de requetes." 
 
 Blanchaud, Guillaume, son of the 
 preceding, distinguished himself as a lawyer 
 
BL 
 
 ^i'^ 
 
 BL 
 
 and as the author of a laborious and valuable I 
 collection in 3 vols. fol. 1717, oF the edicts j 
 and declarations of the kings of France from | 
 897 to 1715. He died 1724, whilst prepar- 
 ing a supplement to his great work. 
 
 Blan CHARD, Elias, a native of Langres, 
 eminent for his learning. Some of his dis- 
 sertations are inserted in the memoirs of the 
 academic des inscriptions. He died 1755, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Blanchard, John Baptist, a native of 
 Tourteron, in the Ardennes, of the order 
 oi" the Jesuits, in whose college at Metz 
 and at Verdun, he was professor of rheto- 
 ric. On the suppression of the Jesuits he 
 ■went to Namur, and died 1797, aged 06. 
 He wrote the temple of the Muses, a col- 
 lection of fables and remarks — the school of 
 martyrs, a collection of moral reflections and 
 historical facts. 
 
 Blanche, daughter of Alphonso IX. of 
 Castille, married Lewis VIH. of France in 
 1200, by whom she had nine sons and two 
 daughters, she was on the death of her hus- 
 band in 1226, made regent of the kingdom, 
 during the minority and the crusades of her 
 son saint Lewis, and she behaved with mode- 
 ration and spirit in the administration of the 
 government. Happy in the conduct of her 
 children whom by her example and her pre- 
 cepts she had nurtured in virtue and religion, 
 and secure in the esteem and affection of her 
 subjects, whom her justice and humanity at- 
 tached to her person, she crushed every 
 attempt to disturb her power or weaken her 
 authority. The defeat and imprisonment of 
 her son, it is said, preyed deeply on her 
 mind, and tended to shorten her existence. 
 She died 1st Dec. 1252, and was buried at 
 Maubuisson. 
 
 Blanche, a native of Padua, celebrated 
 for her chastity. After the death of her 
 husband at the siege of Bassano, she refused 
 to gratify the passion of Acciolin, the gene- 
 ral of the enemy ; but when the tyrant of- 
 fered violence to her person, she threw her- 
 self into her husband's tomb, where she was 
 crushed to death by the falling of the stone, 
 -which covered the entrance, 1233. 
 
 Blanche de Bourbon married Peter 
 king of Castille in 1352. She was cruelly 
 treated by her husband who had fixed his af- 
 fections on another, and she was at last im- 
 prisoned and poisoned 1361, aged 23. Her 
 misfortunes were avenged by du Guesclin at 
 the head of a French army. 
 
 Blanchelande, Philibert Francis 
 Rouxelle de, a native of Dijon, distinguished 
 in the American war, and at the taking of 
 'I'obago. He was afterwards engaged at St. 
 Domingo, but on his return to llochefort he 
 was arrested, and suffered death 15th April 
 1793, aged 58, a victim to the cowardice and 
 suspicious tyranny of the then existing go- 
 Ternment. 
 
 Blanchet, Thomas, an eminent painter 
 of Paris who died at Lyons 1689, aged 71. 
 He excelled in history and portraits, and 
 ^Several of his pieces are preserved at Lyons 
 and Paris. 
 
 Blanchet, Abbe, censor royal and li- 
 brarian of tlie king's cabinet, retired from 
 public life to solitude at St. Germin-en-laye 
 where he died 17S4 aged 80. He was of a 
 melancholy turn of mind, but he possessed 
 great abilities, as appears by his *' varietes- 
 morales," &cc. His apologies, &c. were pub- 
 lished after his death. 
 
 Blancof, John Teuniz, a painter bom 
 at Alcmaer. His sea pieces and landscapes 
 were in high repute. He died 1670 aged 42. 
 
 Bland, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert 
 Fisher of Long Acre, married in 1681 Na- 
 than Bland a linen draper of London by 
 whom she had six children, two of whom 
 only grew up to years of maturity. She was 
 taught Hebrew by Van Helmont, and wrote 
 it with great facility. A philactei'y in He- 
 brew by her, is still preserved among the cu- 
 riosities of the royal society. She was living 
 in 1712. 
 
 Blandrata, George, an Italian physi- 
 cian who renewed all the tenets of Arius 
 M ith respect to the Trinity. He fled from 
 the persecution of the inquisitors of Pavia t^ 
 Geneva, and afterwards to Poland, where 
 the king, Stephen Battori, made him a pri- 
 vy couns5llor. He attempted to make the 
 king a follower to his opinions, but failed. 
 He was strangled by his nephew, a worthless 
 character, to whom he had left his property 
 1593. 
 
 Blasco "Nunnes, a Spaniard, who seiz- 
 ed and fortified the isthmus of Darien, and 
 thus facilitated the progress of Pizarro to the 
 conquest of Peru. He was beheaded on pre- 
 tence of ambitious views. 
 
 Blavet, N.a musician of Besancon, who 
 was engaged in th^ opera at Paris, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his taste, and the su- 
 perior merits of his pieces of vocal and in- 
 strumental music. He died 1768, aged 68. 
 
 Blaurer, Ambrose, a native of Con- 
 stance, one of the followers of Luther, whose 
 doctrines he spread in France and Germany. 
 He died 1567, aged 75. His works on theo- 
 logy are little read. 
 
 Bleddyn, a king of North Wales jointly 
 with his brother Rhiwallon. He became sole 
 monarch 1068, and fell in battle four years 
 after, after governing with justice and mo- 
 deration, and publishing an useful code of 
 laws. 
 
 Bleddyn, a British bard of the 13th 
 century, some of whose pieces are preserved 
 in the Welch archaeology. 
 
 Bledri, a bishop of Landaff called the 
 wise, from his great learning. He was also a 
 great patron of learned men, and died much 
 respected 1033. 
 
 Bleek, Peter Van, an eminent painter 
 who painted the comedians Johnson and 
 Grifiin in the characters of Ananias and 
 Tribulation in the Alchemist, in a veiy su- 
 perior manner. He died July 20th, 1764. 
 
 Blegwr^d, bi'other to Morgan the Gla- 
 morgan chief, was chancellor of Landaff, and 
 a man of great learning. He went to Rome 
 about the revision of the Welch laws in 926, 
 with Howcl surnamed the Good.^ 
 
BL 
 
 <^/ 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Bleony, Nicholas de, an eminent French 
 surgeon, who gave lectures in his house on the 
 various branches ot his profession, which were 
 attended by men of science and learning. 
 He wrote various works on surgery and 
 physic, and also had the management of a 
 journal called New discoveries in all depart- 
 ments of medicine. He died at the latter 
 end of the 17th century. 
 
 Bless, Henry, a painter, horn at Bovme 
 near Dinant. His landscapes are much es- 
 teemed, and as he generally placed an owl 
 in them as a mark, they are called owl pieces. 
 He died 1550, aged 70. 
 
 B LEXER IE, John Philip Rene de la, a 
 native of Rennes, who became professor of 
 eloquence in the royal college of Paris, and 
 distinguished himself as author of a life of 
 Julian, two vols. 12rao.and of a life of Jovian, 
 two vols 12rao. two performances replete 
 with erudition, criticism, and Judgment 
 though the former possesses superior merit. 
 He wrote besides several dissertations in the 
 memoirs of the academy of belles lettres, 
 and translated some of the works of Tacitus 
 with a life of the author, to whose composi- 
 tions he said he was much indebted. He 
 possessed learning, and in private life and 
 as an ecclesiastic he was an exemplary cha- 
 racter. He died 1772, in an advanced age. 
 
 Block, Marie Eliezer, an able naturalist 
 of mean parentage at Anspach. Under a 
 surgeon, to whom he was apprenticed, he 
 applied himself deeply to the study of medi- 
 cine and anatomy, and afterwards turned his 
 attention to natural history. Besides his 
 memoirs on fishes published in the Berlin 
 memoirs, and a treatise on intestinal vermes, 
 he published a valuable work called ageneral 
 and particular history of fishes, with colored 
 plates, 6 vols. fol. 1785 and 1799. He died 
 6th Aug. 1799. 
 
 Block, Daniel, a portrait painter of Po- 
 merania, who died 1661, aged 81. There 
 •were two others of the same family, Jacob 
 and Benjamin, one of whom excelled in ar- 
 chitecture and the perspective, and the 
 other in historical pieces and portraits. 
 
 Blockland, Anthony de Montfort, an 
 elegant painter, who died 1583, aged 52. His 
 brothers, Peter and Herbert, who were his 
 pupils, were eminent, the former for his re- 
 presentation of battles, markets, &c. and the 
 other of portraits, ale house meetings and 
 conversations. 
 
 Bloemart, a painter of Gorcum in Hol- 
 land. He was self-taught, but his genius 
 fully supplied the deficiencies of education. 
 His claro obscuro is peculiarly striking, and 
 the folds of his draperies are much admired. 
 He died in 1647, aged 80. His sons Henry 
 and Adrian were also painters, but not his 
 equals in merit. 
 
 Bloemen, John Francis, a Flemish pain- 
 ter, who died at Rome 1740, aged 84. His 
 landscapes were very deservedly admired. 
 
 Blond, Jean le, a poet of inferior merit 
 in the 16th century. He published his poe- 
 try under the title of le printems de I'hum- 
 ble esperant. 
 
 vol. I. 26 
 
 Blond, James Christopher, a painter, 
 born at Frankfort oii the Maine. He was 
 the inventor of a new method of engraving 
 in colors, on which he published a treatise. 
 His portraits and miniatures were held ia 
 high estimation. He died 1741, aged 71. 
 
 Blondeau, Claude, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who began with Gueret 
 in 1672, le journal du Palais, which extends 
 to 1700, in 12 vols. 4to. ^ 
 
 Blondel, David, a protestant minister, 
 born at Chalons 1591. His writings in favor 
 of the tenets which he had embraced were 
 universally admired, and for more than 20 
 times he was appointed secretary to the sy- 
 nods of the isle of France. He was invited 
 to the historical chair at Amsterdam on the 
 death of Vossius, and his great learning sup- 
 ported the character of his predecessor. His 
 application injured his health so much that 
 he lost his sight, but even under that calami- 
 ty he dictated two folio vols, on the genealo- 
 gy of the kings of France against Chofilet. 
 He was suspected for a while of Arminian- 
 ism, and died April 6th, 1655, aged 64. His. 
 other works are explications on the eucha- 
 rist — on the primacy of the church — on. 
 bishops and presbyters — on the sibyls — a 
 defence of the reformed churches against 
 Richeheu — a refutation of the history o^ 
 pope Joan. 
 
 Blondel, Francis, eminent for his know- 
 ledge in geometry, as well as of belles let- 
 tres, was professor of mathematics and ar- 
 chitecture, and preceptor to the dauphin 
 of France. He travelled with the count of 
 Brienne as his tutor, between 1652 and 1655, 
 of which he published a Latin account. His 
 writings were on architecture — and also on 
 the art of throwing bombs — on a new man- 
 ner of fortifying places, &c. — besides a com- 
 parison between Horace and Pindar. He 
 died Feb. 1 St, 1686. 
 
 Blondel, John Francis, nephew of the 
 preceding, was equally eminent in architec- 
 tural knowledge. He was born at Rouen, 
 and died Jan. 9th, 1774, aged 69. Besides 
 his course of architecture, six vols. 8vo. — his 
 discourse on architecture, 12mo. — his trea- 
 tise on the decoration of edifices, two vola^. 
 4to. — he furnished all the articles on that ' 
 subject in the French encyclopaesdia. 
 
 Blondel, Peter James, a native of Pa- 
 ris, who wrote on the truth of the Christiaa 
 reUgion, &cc. He died 1 7.30. 
 
 Blondel, Lawrence, a Parisian, related 
 to the preceding, was author of some books 
 of devotion, &c. He died 1740. 
 
 Blondel, N. a physician of Pithiviei's, 
 author of a treatise on the mineral waters of 
 Segrai, and of another on the epidemical 
 disorders in cattle. He died 1759. 
 
 Blondin, Peter, a native of Picardy, 
 the friend of Tournefort, and equally emi- 
 nent as a botanist. He was admitted into 
 the French academy 1712, and wrote some 
 curious memoirs, &c. never printed, and 
 died 1714, aged 31. 
 
 Blond us. Flavins, a native of ForH in 
 Italy, secretary to pope Eugenius IV. and 
 
BL 
 
 r>?^ 
 
 BO 
 
 Lis two successors. His works were on an- 
 tiquities, the best known of which are, Roma 
 instaurata — Italia illustratto— de origine & 
 gestis Venetorum, — Histor. Roman, decades 
 tres, from the year 400 to the year 1440. 
 He died 4th June, 14G3, aged 75. 
 
 Bi.ooD, Thomas, better known by the 
 name of colonel Blood, was one of Crom- 
 •well's ofiicers. After failing in his attempts 
 to seize the castle of Dublin, by the activity 
 of the duke of Ormond, he came to England, 
 ■where he seized the person of that noble- 
 man, with the diabolical intention of hang- 
 ing him at Tyburn, which a rescue by his 
 servants happily prevented. His next ex- 
 ploit was to gain access, in the disguise of a 
 clerg}'man, to the tower, to carry off the 
 crown and regalia, which he might have ef- 
 fected if he had not hesitated, and in a mo- 
 ment of compassion spared the life of the 
 keeper, whom he had devoted to death. 
 Charles II. not only pardoned this bold offen- 
 der, but admitted him into his presence, and 
 heard him assert that he had once formed a 
 plan to shoot him. He afterwards granted 
 iiim an estate of 500/. per ann. and showed 
 him so much favor, that the wits of the times, 
 alluding to Coventry's fate, said that the mo- 
 narch kept the ruffian about his person to 
 iutimidate his enemies. 
 
 Bi.ooT, Peter, a Flemish i>ainter, who 
 died 1667. His low life scenes were much 
 admired. 
 
 Blosius, orDEBLOis, Lewis, a Bene- 
 dictine, abbot of Liessies in Hainault. He re- 
 fused the archbishopric of Cambray. He 
 ^vas author of speculum religiosorum, which 
 lias been translated into French, and he died 
 1566. 
 
 Blount, Thomas, a barrister at law, 
 born at BordesVey, Worcestershire. He was 
 a Roman catholic, and possessed a sti-ong na- 
 tural genius, which he improved by great 
 application. He died 26th Dee. 1679, author 
 of several respectable publications, viz. Glos- 
 sographia, interpreting Greek, Hebrew, &c. 
 words used in the English language — jocu- 
 lar customs of some manners — a law dic- 
 tionary, folio — Boscobel, or the king's escape 
 after the battle of Worcester, &c. &c. 
 
 Blount, Sir Henry, born at Tittenhan- 
 ger, Herts, Dec. 15th, 1602, was educated at 
 St. Albans, and Trinity college, Oxford. In 
 1634 he travelled over France, Spain, and 
 Italy, and afterwards passed to Constantino- 
 ple and Cairo, and on his return home, two 
 years after, he published an entertaining and 
 popular account of his observations in the 
 Levant. He was knighted in 1639, and as he 
 ■was attached to the ro3'al cause, and even 
 tutor to the princes, he was present at seve- 
 I'al of the battles during the civil wars. In 
 1651 he was employed by the parliament to 
 remedy. the abuses of the law, and his abili- 
 ties continued to be directed to the improve- 
 ment of the trade and navigation of the state. 
 His integrity was admired by all parties, and 
 at the restoration he gained the confidence 
 of his sovereign, was sheriff of Herts in 1661, 
 and passed the last 20 years of his life in lite- 
 
 rary ease and retirement. He died 9th of 
 Oct. 1682. 
 
 Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, son of the 
 preceding, was born 12th September 1649. 
 He was created a baronet by Charles II. and 
 was made member of parliament for St. 
 Albans, and afterwards for Herts in three 
 parliaments. He was a man of extensive 
 erudition, and a warm supporter of liberty. 
 He wrote the popular book " censura cele- 
 briorum authorum, &c. besides essays, re- 
 marks on poetry, natural history, 12mo. 
 1693, &c. He died 30th June, 1697. 
 
 Blount, Charles, younger son of sir 
 Henry, was born 27th April, 1654. He was 
 a zealous advocate for liberty, and possessed 
 all the learning of his family. As a friend to 
 the revolution, and to king William, he pub- 
 lished a pamphlet, which drew upon him the 
 censures of parliament, for asserting that the 
 monarch was a conqueror. After his wife's 
 death he fell in love with her sister, and the 
 lady, possessed of beauty, wit, and virtue, 
 strongly favored his passion, but as an appU' 
 cation to the archbishop was disregarded, 
 and such an union universally reprehended, 
 she refused at last his solicitations, and the 
 lover in despair s]>ot himself, and died a few- 
 days after of the wounds, in August, 1693. 
 The best known of his works are his Diana 
 of the Ephesians — his introduction to polite 
 literature — and his life of Apollonius Ty- 
 anseus — his anima mundij &e. — in which, 
 however, he cavils at the doctrines of reve- 
 lation, and shows himself a deist. His works 
 have been edited- together by Gildon. 
 
 Blow, John, was born at Collingham, 
 Nottinghamshire, and distinguished himself 
 by his knowledge of music. He was master 
 of the children of the chapel royal, composer 
 to the king, and after Purceli's death, or- 
 ganist of Westminster. His merit procured 
 him a doctor's degree from archbishop San- 
 croft, he died 10th October 1708, aged eOj 
 and was buried in Westminstei'-abbey. 
 
 Btlum, J'oachin Christian, a German poet, 
 born at Rathenau. He studied at Branden- 
 burg, Berlin, and at Frankfort on Oder, un- 
 der Baumgarten ; and, regardless of public 
 affairs, sought the retirement which his easy 
 fortune allowed him, to devote himself to the 
 muses. His works were lyric poems, idyls, 
 orations, German proverbs, and Rathenau 
 delivered, a drama repi^esented at Berlin 
 with success. He died 1790, aged 51. 
 
 Blutaeu, Dom. Raphael, a learned 
 preacher, bom in London, of French pa- 
 rents. He went to France, and afterwards 
 to Lisbon, where he died, 1734, aged 96, 
 highly honored by the academy of the ap- 
 pliques. He wrote a Portuguese and Latin 
 dictionary, in 8 vols. foHo, with a supplement 
 of 2 vols. more. 
 
 Bo A DICE A, queen of the Tceni, is known 
 in British and Roman history for the valor 
 which she displayed against the Romans, 
 who had insulted her and abused her daugh- 
 ters. She was afterwards defeated by Pauli- 
 nas, and killed herself A. D. 60. 
 
 BoATE, Gerard, a Dutch physician, wha. 
 
BO 
 
 /y,9 
 
 BO 
 
 settled in Ireland, and wrote a natural his- 
 tory of the country, published by Sam. 
 Hartlib, 12mo. 1652. 
 
 BoBART, a German, first keeper ctf the 
 Ijotanical garden at Oxford, which wasgjven 
 and endowed by the earl of Danby. He 
 ^vrote a Latin catalogue of the plants con- 
 tained in the garden, kc. and died February 
 1079, aged 81. Dr. Plot speaks much in his 
 commendation, and Dr. Z. Grey mentions, 
 in Hudibras, p. IS.**, a curious anecdote of 
 him. His son Jacob was also keeper of the 
 gardens after him. 
 
 BoccACE, John, was born at Certaldo in 
 Tuscany, 1313, and intended by his father 
 for a mei'cantile profession ; but after spend- 
 ing six years M'ith a merchant at Florence 
 and Paris, and turning his thoughts to the 
 canon law, he abandoned the plu'suits which 
 interest or authority dictated, and devoted 
 himself totally to literature. He studied 
 under his friend and patron Petrarch ; and 
 by his suggestions he retired from the tu- 
 mults and factions of Florence, and visited 
 !Naples, where he was received with kind- 
 ness by king Robert, of whose natural 
 daughter he became enamoured ; and in his 
 travels in Sicily he met from queen Joan the 
 flattering reception which his writings and 
 merit deserved. He passed the remainder 
 of his life in his native village, where his con- 
 stitution was weakened by his great appli- 
 cation, and where he died, of a sickness in 
 the stomach, 1375. His works are some in 
 Latin and some inltahan. He possessed un- 
 common learning, and he may honorably be 
 reckoned as one of those whose great exer- 
 tions contributed most to the revival of 
 learning in Europe. His best known com- 
 position is " Decameron," a romance occa- 
 sionally licentious, but abounding Avith wit, 
 satire, and elegance of diction. His life of 
 Dante — his genealogy of the gods — his his- 
 tory of Rome — his thesis, &c. are much ad- 
 mired. Though his poetry does not possess 
 the sweetness of Petrarch's lines, his prose 
 is unequalled for its graceful simplicity and 
 varied elegance. 
 
 BoccAci, or BoccACiNo, Camillo, a 
 painter of history and portraits, born at 
 Cremona, where he died 1546, aged 35. 
 
 BoccAGE, Marie Anne le Page, a French 
 lady of Rouen, who, at the age of 16, mar- 
 ried Peter Joseph du Boccage, and acquired 
 great celebrity by her writings. She was 
 the friend of the wits of the age, of Voltaire, 
 of Montesquieu, Henault, and others. She 
 obtained a prize from the Rouen academy in 
 1746, and nearly gained another from the 
 French academy, on the eulogium of Lewis 
 XV. against her successful rival Marmontel. 
 Her Paradis terrestre, borrowed from Mil- 
 ton, and her translation of the death of 
 Abel, were much admired. Her poems ap- 
 peared in three vols. 8vo. She died 1802, 
 aged 92. 
 
 BoccALiNi, Trajan, a wit, born at 
 Rome, and highly honored by the Italian 
 litei-ati for his political discourses and his 
 elegant criticisms. Under the patronage of 
 
 cardinals Borghese and Cajetan, he puh- 
 lished his Ragguagli di Parnasso, his secre- 
 taria di Apollo, and his Pietra di Paragone ; 
 but as in this last piece he had attacked the 
 tyranny of the Spanish court, he dreaded 
 its vengeance, and fled to Venice. Here he 
 was attacked in his bed by four ruflians, who 
 killed him, by beating him with bags full of 
 sand. Several reports were spread abmit his 
 death ; but it was generally imagined that 
 it proceeded from the resentment of the 
 Spanish court. The register of St. Mary's 
 in Venice records, that he died of a cholic 
 and fever, 16th November, 1613, aged 57. 
 His works have -been translated into seve- 
 ral languages. 
 
 BoccAMAZZA, Angelus, bishop of Ca- 
 tania in Sicily, wrote " brevis chronica," 
 containing an account of remarkable events 
 in Sicily, from 1027 to 1283. He died 1296. 
 
 BoccHus, a king of Mauritania, who 
 made his peace with the Romans by meanly 
 betraying into their hands his son-in-law-, 
 Juguftha, B. C. 100. 
 
 BocciARDi, Clemente, a painter of Ge- 
 noa, who died 1658, aged 38. He is called 
 by painters Clementone. 
 
 BoccoLD, John, a famous fanatic, called 
 John of Leyden, Avhere he was a tayior. In 
 company with John Matthias, a baker of 
 Haerlem, and at the head ol' an enthusiastic 
 mob of anabaptists, he Seized Munster, 
 where, after the death of his bold associate, 
 he assumed the kingly office, to which he 
 united that of prophet. In this dangerous 
 elevation, he began to reform the laws, and 
 new-model the government. He maintained 
 and enforced a pluraUty of wives, and him- 
 self kept fourteen, one of whom he slew 
 with his own hands, because she questioned 
 his divine authority. When Munster was at 
 last taken, this licentious leader, who had 
 scarce reached his 28th year, was put to a 
 cruel and lingering death, and his adherents 
 either punished or dispersed. 
 
 BoccoNi, Sylvio, was born at Palermo, 
 24th April, 1633, and became eminent for 
 his knowledge of natural history, in pursuit 
 of which he visited Italy, Malta, Poland, 
 Germany, France, and England. He was 
 of the order of the Cistercians, and died in 
 one of their convents, near Palermo, 22d 
 December, 1704. His valuable publications, 
 in number twelve, are chiefly on subjects of 
 natural bistoiy, botany, mineralogy, &c. 
 The best known is musea di plante rare, 
 Venice, 1697— besides icones et descrip- 
 tiones rariorum plantarum Sicil. Melit Gal- 
 lice, Italise, 1674, Lyons and Oxford, &c. 
 
 Boccouis, a king of Egypt, said by Ta- 
 citus and TPbgus to have driven the Jews 
 from his dominions, to cure himself of the 
 leprosy, according to an oracle. 
 
 BocHART, Samuel, a protestant, born at 
 Rouen, 1599. After studying at Paris, Se- 
 dan, and Saumur, he visited England and 
 Holland, and enriched his mind with all the 
 treasures of Arabic and of Oriental lan- 
 guages. As minister of Caen, he acquired 
 the public esteem in his theological ilisputa- 
 
B<D 
 
 /f^^ 
 
 BCE 
 
 tions Tvith father Veron; and his publica- 
 tions added so much to the reputation of his 
 learning, that the queen of Sweden invited 
 him to her court, and received him with all 
 the restrict due to merit and virtue. He 
 died suddenly, when delivering an oration in 
 the academy of Caen, May 6, 1667, from 
 •which circumstance this elegant epitaph was 
 vrJtten by M. Brieux : 
 
 Scilicet hxc cuique est data sors agmssima, 
 talis 
 Ut sit mors, qiialis vita peracta fuit. 
 
 JMusartun in gremiOf teneris qui vixit ab 
 anjiis, 
 JMusartim in greniio debuit iste mori. 
 Besides his geographia sacra, a most learned 
 and valuable book, he wrote a treatise on 
 the terestrial paradise — sermons — a history 
 of the animals and of the plants and precious 
 stones mentioned in scripture, &c. His 
 ^vorks appeared, three vols. fol. Leyden, 
 1712. 
 
 Bo CHE L, Laurent, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who died in 16'29, in a 
 good old age. His works, which are es- 
 teemed among the learned in France, are 
 on subjects of law and history. 
 
 Bo CHI us, John, a native of Brussels, 
 called the Virgil of the Low Countries, 
 from the superior power of his muse. He 
 travelled through Italy, Poland, Livonia, 
 and Russia, and became secretary to the 
 duke of Parma at Antwerp. He died 13th 
 January, 1609, aged 54. Besides elegies, 
 epigrams, &c. printed at Cologne, 1655, he 
 "wrote orations, observations on the psalms, 
 &c. 
 
 BocKHORST, John Van, a pupil of Jor- 
 daens, born about 1610, and eminent as a 
 portrait and historical painter. 
 
 Bocq_uiLLOT, Laxarus Andrew, was 
 born of obscure parents, and died in his na- 
 tive town of Avalon, 22d September, 1728, 
 aged 80. He was advocate at Dijon, and af- 
 terwards became an ecclesiastic, eminent for 
 his learning and piety. He wrote letters 
 and dissertations — a tract on the liturgy — 
 sermons — the life of chevalier Bayard, &c. 
 
 Bo DIN, John, a native of Angers, who 
 studied law at Toulouse, where he acquired 
 reputation by his lectures. He came to Pa- 
 ris; but not succeeding at the bar, he de- 
 voted himself totally to writing books. His 
 wit, as well as his merit, recommended him 
 to public notice. Henry HI. visited and 
 admired him ; and in the company of the 
 duke of Alencon he visited England, Mhere 
 he was flattered to see his book on " the re- 
 public" approved and read in the university 
 of Cambridge. After the death of Alencon, 
 he settled at Laon, where he married, and 
 rose to consequence as a lawyer and public 
 speaker. He died of the plague at Laon 
 1596. His compositions were numerous and 
 respectable. Besides his republic, he wrote 
 a ccmmeiitary on Appian — discourses on 
 eoins — law tables — methods of history — de- 
 monology, &c. 
 
 BoDLEY, Sir Thomas, celebrated as the 
 founder of the Bodleian library at Oxford, 
 
 was born at Exeter, 3d March, 1544, and at 
 the age of 12 he removed with his father to 
 Geneva, to avoid the persecutions which 
 awaited the protestants during Mary's bloody 
 reign. In the university of Geneva he had 
 the advantage of attending the learned lec- 
 tures of Chevalerius, Beroaldus, Calvin, 
 and Beza ; and on his return to England, on 
 Elizabeth's accession, he entered at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford; and in 1564 he be- 
 came fellow of Merton college. Here he 
 distinguished himself as lecturer of natu- 
 ral philosophy, and as proctor of the uni- 
 versity ; and after travelling four years in 
 France, Germany, and Italy, he was intro- 
 duced at court, and soon was employed by 
 the queen as an able and faithful negotiator 
 in several embassies to the different courts 
 of Europe. The ingratitude of the great, 
 however, and the cabals and intrigues of 
 courtiers, soon disgusted a mind naturally 
 strong and independent ; and in 1597, as he 
 says himself, he abandoned all public busi- 
 ness, and retired to ease and privacy. Not 
 ignorant how much mankind are benefited 
 by the propagation of learning, he undertook 
 to enrich his favorite Oxford with the most 
 magnificent collection of books ; a task, says 
 Cambden, suited to the dignity of a crowned 
 head. He wrote, February 23, 1597, to 
 Dr. Ravis, the dean of Christ-church, and 
 his offers were accepted with rapture by the 
 university; and after the rarest and most 
 valuable books had been procured, with 
 great trouble and much expense, in every 
 part of Europe, a building, fit to receive so 
 magnificent a collection, was begun, the first 
 stone of which was laid down, with great 
 pomp and solemnity, 9th July, 1610. Bod- 
 ley did not live to see the completion of this 
 great work ; but his fortune, by his will, was 
 applied to the use of the foundation ; and 
 his example was followed by the great and 
 opulent, who by liberal donations contributed 
 to the support of the noble institution. The 
 librai'y is under the care of a keei>er, to 
 whom a salary of 40^. is allowed ; the under- 
 Kbrarian has \Ql. and the whole is under the 
 inspection of eight visitors, who annually, 
 on the 8th of November, assemble, to ex- 
 amine the state of the books, and of this 
 venerable building, which for its appearance 
 afid the value of the collection which it con- 
 tains, may be ranked among the noblest 
 foundations in the world. Bodley died 28tU 
 January, l()l-2, and was buried with be- 
 coming solemniiy in Morton college choir, 
 where an clcgaut monument, witli appro- 
 priate iigures, is erected to his memory. 
 His statue was placed in tlte library by the 
 duke of Dorset, chancellor of the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 BoECE, or BoETHius, Hector, a native 
 of Dundc«% Vid. Boethius. 
 
 BtECLER, John Henry, a native of Fran- 
 conia, honored for his learning by several 
 princes, and particularly by Lewis XiV. 
 and by Christina of Sweden, who appointed 
 him her historiographer, with a liberal sti- 
 pend. Ho was profos.sor of historv at Stras- 
 
BO 
 
 burg, and died 1686, aged 75. His works 
 were, " commentaries on Pliny and on Gro- 
 tius," whom he praises with great adulation — 
 *« Notitia Sancti Rom. Imp."—" Timur or 
 Tamerlane"—" Historia scholaprincipum," 
 &c. 
 
 BcEHMEN, Jacob, a famous Teutonic 
 philosopher and fanatic, born near Gorlitz in 
 Germany, 1.573. His original occupation 
 ■was that of a shoemaker, and his industry 
 enabled him to maintain a wife and family 
 in comfortable circumstances. As he pos- 
 sessed naturally a strong bias to superstition 
 and to religious habits, he studied books of 
 divinity, and was a constant attendant on 
 the worship of Jiis church, till at last he 
 found himself suddenly inspired, and con- 
 tinued, as he says himself, " seven whole 
 days in the most excessive joy, wrapt in the 
 Jioly sabbath." This fanatical emotion was, 
 in the course of some years, twice repeat- 
 ed ; and in 1612 the new proselyte aban- 
 doned his trade, and began to write. His 
 first treatise, called " Aurora, or rising 
 sun," was censured by the magistrates of 
 Gorlitz, and suppressed ; but innovations in 
 religion, as well as government, have always 
 advocates. Bcehmen resumed his pen, and 
 for the last five years of his life he published 
 more than 20 books on theological subjects, 
 on visions, &c. On November 18, 1624, it 
 is said that he pretended to hear music, 
 and he declared to his son, that in three 
 hours he should expire. At the expected 
 time he took a tender farewell of his family, 
 and, desiring his son to turn him, he ex- 
 pired, with a deep sigh, exclaiming, " Now 
 I go into paradise !" This fanatic, whose 
 private life Avas not disgraced by cruel or 
 immoral acts, has had many admirers in se- 
 veral parts of Europe. Quirinus Kahlman 
 was a convert to his opinions, and the 
 quakers in England have adopted several of 
 his tenets, according to Dr. H. More. His 
 life has been written, by Frankenberg. His 
 works have been published, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Bo EL, Peter, a Flemish painter, pupil to 
 Corn, de Waal. He studied at Rome, and 
 died 1680, aged 55. His animals, still life, 
 &c. were much admired. 
 
 BoERHAAVE, Herman, a celebrated phy- 
 sician, born December 31st 1668, at Voor- 
 hoot, two miles from Leyden. He was early 
 intended for the ministry by his father, but 
 an accident turned his thoughts to different 
 pursuits. In his I2th year he suffered the 
 most excruciating pains from an ulcer in his 
 left thigh, which baffled all the powers of his 
 surgeon, and he drew the happiest omen of 
 his future greatness, by curing it himself 
 •with a fomentation of salt and wine. Though 
 he left his father in his 1 6th year and was the 
 eldest of nine children in circumstances not 
 the most opulent, he prosecuted his studies, 
 and in the universities of Leyden he recom- 
 mended himself to universal approbation, by 
 Ids great application and the vast powers of 
 his mind. He travelled with surprising ra- 
 pidity over the fields of rhetoric, metaphy- 
 sics and ethics; he acquired the most per- 
 
 yys 
 
 BO 
 
 feet knowledge of the classics, and became 
 thoroughly acquainted with mathematics, al- 
 gebra, and the different branches of natural 
 philosophy. He still however "directed his 
 chief attention to divinity, but as the scanty- 
 revenues of his patrimony wore now nearly 
 exhausted, he found a friend in John Van- 
 denburg, burgomaster of Leyden, who advi- 
 sed him to unite the study of physic, to that 
 of theology. The grateful Boerhaave com- 
 plied, he had already received with a goldeu 
 medal the applause of the university by an 
 academic oration to prove that Cicero' un- 
 derstood the doctrines of Epicurus, and now 
 he increased his reputation as the foUoM-er 
 of Vesalius, Fallopius, and Bertholinus. In 
 his medical and anatomical studies he sooa 
 discovered the shallowness of the authors of 
 the middle ages, but he found a treasure of 
 knowledge in his favorite Hippocrates and 
 the immortal Sydenham. After extending 
 his researches to botany and chemistry, he 
 went to the university of Hardcrwick, where 
 he took his degree of M. D. 1693, and soon, 
 after he abandoned all thoughts of entering 
 into the ministry not from choice but rather 
 from the dread of the prejudices whic.h had 
 been raised against him, on the supposition 
 that he favoi'ed the tenets of Spinoza. Now 
 totally <]evoted to the study and practice of 
 physic, he became celebrated not only in the 
 university hut through Europe. As profes- 
 sor of physic and botany, he saw his lectures 
 crowded with students eminent for talents 
 and learning, by whom he was respected 
 and beloved, not more for the vast erudition 
 of his mind, than the noble qualities of his 
 heai't. In 1714 he was raised to the high of- 
 fice of rector of the university, and in 1728, 
 he was admitted honorary member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and two years 
 after of the royal society of London. His 
 constitution now began to decay. In 1722 
 he was aftlicted for six months with poignant 
 arthritic pains, and fearing a relapse, he re- 
 signed in 1729 the honors of professor, which 
 he had held for near 30 years to the advance- 
 ment of science and the benefit of mankind. 
 His private labors hoM-ever continued, but he 
 found himself affV^cted in 1727 with a diffi- 
 culty of breathing, and from unusual pulsa- 
 tions, and intermissions of the artery in the 
 right side of the neck, he grew apprehensive 
 that he had some polypous concretions be- 
 tween the heart and the lungs. He wrote 
 an account of his situation September 8th 
 1738, to his friend Dr. IMortimer, but the 
 flattering hopes of his recovery vanished, 
 and he expired on the 23d in his 70th year. 
 Boerhaave amassed a large fortune by his 
 profession, but though he has been styled 
 penurious, the benevolence of his heart, and 
 the manner in Avhich he conferred favors on 
 the indigent and unfortunate, proved that he 
 knew and felt the calls of humanity. Like 
 those that are eminent either in I'ank or in 
 virtue, he was not Avithout his detractors, 
 but his name must stand recorded in the an- 
 nals of science as a great, and a good man. 
 His valuable Avorks are in Latin, and all dii 
 
BO 
 
 /f^ 
 
 BO 
 
 ffaedkal, botanical, and chemical subjects. 
 He left an only daughter. His fellow citi- 
 zens have erected to his honor in St. Peter's 
 church at Leyden a monument on which are 
 inscribed these few but expressive words 
 «* Salutifero Boerhaavi genio sacrum." His 
 life was published by Dr. Burton. 
 
 BoETHiE, Etienne de la, of Sarfatin Pe- 
 rigord, died at Germignan, near Bourdeaux 
 15G3, aged 32. H« was eminent as a scholar, 
 and translated several of Plutarch's and 
 Xenophon's works, besides ** Voluntary sla- 
 very," published after his death by Mon- 
 tague his friend, to whom he left his library. 
 
 BoETHius, Anitius Manlius Torquatus 
 Severinus, a celebrated philosopher, made 
 consul at Rome, A. D. 510. He defended 
 his principles against the Arians, and during 
 jiis confinement by order of Theodoric, king 
 of Italy, he wrote his well known book de 
 consoiatione philosophije, often published, and 
 translated into English by Alfred. He was 
 put to death, but by whnt means is unknown, 
 aboiit 524. 
 
 BoETHius, BoECE, or BoEis, Hector, 
 was born at Dundee about 1470, and after 
 studying in his native town, and at Aberdeen, 
 he went to Paris, from whence he was re- 
 called to become principal of the college of 
 Aberdeen lately founded by bishop Elphin- 
 ston. His labors in the cause and promotion 
 of learning were indefatigable, au<l his col- 
 lege florished. He wrote the lives of the 
 bishops of Aberdeen in compliment to his 
 patron Elphinston, whose memoirs fill the 
 third part of the work. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in an history of Scotland in which he 
 displayed great research and industrj-, but 
 too much creduality. He has been censured 
 for his fondness for legendary tales, but Eras- 
 mus, who knew him, speaks of him as " a 
 inan of an extraordinary happy genius, and 
 of great eloquence." The history was af- 
 terwards continued from the death of James 
 I. where he concluded, to the reign of James 
 III. bj' Ferrei'ius a Piedraontese. 
 
 BoFFRAND, Germain, a native of Nan- 
 tes, celebrated as an architect. He acquired 
 such reputation that several princes emplo}-- 
 ed him in tl»€ erection of palaces and public 
 edifices, and France has still to boast of 
 several monuments of his genius in her mag- 
 nificent edifices, in canals, sluices, and brid- 
 ges. He has<written a general statement of 
 the principles of his art, with an account of 
 all the works which he erected. He was 
 amiable and respected in his private charac- 
 ter He died at Paris 1755, aged 88. 
 
 Bog AN, Zachary, a learned English di- 
 vine, born at Little Hempstone, Devonshire, 
 and educated at St. Alban's hall, and Corpus 
 Christi, Oxford. He wrote comparatio Ho- 
 Ineri cum scriptoribus sacris quoad Normam 
 loquendi, Svo. — a view of the threats and 
 punishments mentioned in scripture, 8vo. — 
 additions to Rous's archseologise atticse — me- 
 ditations on the mirth of a Christian life, Svo. 
 — an help to prayer, published after his 
 death, l2mo. He died 1659, and was buried 
 in Corpus Christi Chapel. 
 
 BoGORTS, first Christian king of the Bul- 
 garians, who declared war by his ambassa- 
 dor against Theodora of the eastern empire 
 841. The empress treated him with firm- 
 ness and dignity, and a reconciliation was 
 effected by means of his sister who was pri- 
 soner, and was sent back without ransom. 
 He embraced Christianity 865. 
 
 BoHADiN, a learned Arabian, known as 
 the favorite of Saladin, and the historian of 
 that prince's life. He gives an interesting 
 account of the crusades, and of the litera- 
 ture of the 12th century. His works have 
 been edited by Scultens, fol. Leydeo 1755. 
 He is said highly to resemble Plutarch. 
 
 BoHEMOND, prince of Antioch, accom- 
 panied his father Robert Guiscard duke of 
 Apulia in his invasion of the eastern empire 
 1081. He defeated Alexius the emperor in 
 two battles, and succeeded his father as 
 duke of Tarentum. He afterwards embark- 
 ed for the crusades, and took Antioch, of 
 which he called himself the duke, but soon 
 after he was made prisoner and when set at 
 liberty returned to Europe, and prepared a 
 large army. He married the daughter of 
 Philip king of France, and died in Apulia 
 nil. He was succeeded at Antioch by six 
 princes successively of his own name. 
 
 BoHN, John, a native of Leipsic, eminent 
 as a physician, a professor, and chemist. 
 He died 1719, aged 79. He wrote on phy- 
 siology and acids. His workde officio medi- 
 ci duplici, clinico & forensi, 1704, 4to. is ve- 
 ry valuable. 
 
 BoiARDO, Marteo-Maria, a governor of 
 Reggio, known as the author of Orlando Ina- 
 morato. This unfinished poem is in imita- 
 tion of the Iliad, and founded on the loves of 
 Holland and Angelica, with the siege of Pa- 
 ris, to represent that of Troy. It was in con- 
 tinuation of it that Ariosto wrote his Orlando 
 Fprioso, and the one is nearly an introduc- 
 tion to the other. Boiardo possessed great 
 poetical powers, his imagination was strong 
 and lively, and his conceptions bold and ani- 
 mated. He wrote besides sonnets and other 
 lighter poetry, and also translated Herodo- 
 tus, Apuleius, &c. He died at Reggio, Feb- 
 ruary 20th, 1494. The best edition of his 
 works is Venice, 4to. 1544. 
 
 BoiLEAU, Giles, eldest brother of Des- 
 preaux, translated Epictetus, and wrote two 
 disputations against Menage and Castor, &cc. 
 and died 1669, aged 38. 
 
 BoiLEAU, James, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was doctor of the Sorbonne, dean of 
 the faculty of divinity, and canon of the ho- 
 ly chapel, and author of several curious ec- 
 clesiastical works. He was born 16th March 
 1635, and died 1st August 1716. 
 
 BoiLEAU, John James, an ecclesiastic of 
 St. Honore at Paris, much esteemed by car- 
 dinal de Noialles. He was a man of great 
 sense and learning, and wrote letters on mo- 
 rality and religion, 2 vols. 12mo. — the lives of 
 the dutchess of Liancourt, and madam Com- 
 be. He died 10th March 1735, aged 86. 
 
 BoiLEAU Despreaux, Nicholas, a ce- 
 lebrated poet, born at Paris, 1st November, 
 
B0 
 
 yy/ 
 
 BO 
 
 1636. He early lost his mother, and the 
 care of his infancy was intrusted to a female 
 servant, who treated him with harshness. 
 His father, who left him an orphan before he 
 was 17, had not formed the most promising 
 expectations of the powers of his mind ; but 
 the dullness of youth disappeared as he ap- 
 proached to maturity. He applied himself 
 to the law ; he was admitted advocate in 
 1656, but he did not possess the patience and 
 application requisite for the bar, and ex- 
 changing his pursuits for the study of divi- 
 nity, he at last discovered that a degree at 
 the Sorbonne was not calculated to promote 
 the bent of his genius, or gain him reputa- 
 tion. In the field of literature he now ac- 
 quired eminence and fame. The publica- 
 tion of his first Satires, 1666, distinguished 
 liim above his poetical predecessors, and he 
 became the favorite of France and of Europe. 
 His art of poetry added still to his reputa- 
 tion ,' it is a monument of his genius and 
 judgment, and far surpasses the ars poetica 
 of Horace, in that happy arrangement of 
 his ideas, the harmony of his numbers, and 
 the purity of his language. His Lutrin was 
 written in 1674 at the request of Lamoignon, 
 and the insignificant quarrels of the trea- 
 surer and ecclesiastics of a chapel are mag- 
 nified by the art and power of the poet into 
 matters of importance, and every line con- 
 veys with the most delicate pleasantry, ani- 
 mated description, refined ideas, and the 
 most interesting scenes. Lewis XIV. was 
 not insensible of the merits of a man who 
 reflected so much honor on the French 
 name ; Boileau became a favoi'ite at court, 
 a pension was settled on him, and the mo- 
 narch in the regular approbation from the 
 Eress to the works of the author, declared 
 e wished his subjects to partake the same 
 intellectual gratification which he himself 
 had so repeatedly enjoyed. The monarch 
 engaged the poet to write, with Racine, an 
 history of his reign, but the work though 
 begim was never completed. As a prose 
 writer Boileau possessed superior merit, as 
 is fully evinced by his elegant translation of 
 Longinus. After enjoying the favors of his 
 sovereign, and all the honors wliich the 
 French academy and the academy of inscrip- 
 tions and belles letires could bestow, Boi- 
 leau retired from public life, dissatisfied 
 with the insincerity of the world and the 
 profligacy of manners which he had sati- 
 rized with spirit and truth, and he spent 
 his time in literary privacy, in the society of 
 a few select and valuable friends. He died 
 an example of great resignation and piety, 
 March 2d, 1711, in his 75th year. Besides 
 the woi'ks mentioned above, he wrote odes, 
 sonnets, 5G epigrams, critical reflections, 
 some Latin pieces, &c. As a poet Boileau 
 has deservedly obtained the applauses of 
 every man of genius and taste. Not only 
 bis countrymen boast of the superior ef- 
 fusions of his muse, but foreigners feel and 
 admire the graces, the strength, and har- 
 ^ mpny of his verse, and that delicacy of sa- 
 tire and enevgy of style by which he has 
 
 raised himself to immortality. Dea Maizr- 
 eaux has written his life. The best editioa 
 of his works is that of 1747, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Boileau, Charles, abb6 of Boileau, was 
 eminent as a preacher at the court of Lewio 
 XIV. He died 1700. He published some 
 sermons, &c. 
 
 BoiNDiN, Nicholas, was born at Paris in 
 1676, and at the age of 20 he entered into a 
 regiment of musqueteers, a laborious em- 
 ployment, which the debility of his coHSti- 
 tion soon obliged him to relinquish for lite- 
 rary pursuits. He became a member of the 
 academy of inscriptions, but his atheistical 
 opinions created him enemies, and though 
 he escaped punishment and persecution, he 
 was not free from the censures and abhor- 
 rence of his countrymen. He died in conse- 
 quence of a fistula, 30th November, 1751, 
 and the honoi's and ceremonies of public 
 burial were refused to his remains. His 
 works were published after his death l^}' M. 
 Parfait, two vols. 12mo. 1753, consisting of 
 the comedies of trois garcons, le bal d'au- 
 teuil, le port de mer, le petit maitre de 
 robe, and other pieces. Boindin in his pri- 
 vate character was humane, generous, and 
 sincere. Prefixed to his works is his life by 
 himself, moi*e full of conceit and flattery 
 than prudence or sense should have dic- 
 tated. 
 
 Bo I s, Jean du, was born at Paris, and from, 
 an ecclesiastic distinguished himself so much 
 in the military service of Henry III. that the 
 monarch always called him the emperor of 
 monks. After the death of his patron, he re- 
 sumed his clerical character, and became emi- 
 nent as a preacher, but his boldness in accu- 
 sing the Jesuits of the murder of Henry IV. 
 drew upon him the resentment of the ordei*, 
 and on his visiting Rome, he was thrown in- 
 to the castle of St. Angelo, where he died 
 1G26, after a confinement of 14 years. He 
 published some ecclesiastic tracts in Latin, 
 besides a character of Henry IV. and of car*- 
 dinal Olivier his benefactor. 
 
 Bo IS, Gerard du, a native of Orleans, 
 known, as the author of a Latin history of the 
 church of Paris, two vols, folio. He was libra- 
 rian to tlie house of Honor^, and also revised 
 the third volume of the ecclesiastical annals 
 of France, of le Comte. He was a correct 
 writer, and died 15th July, 1696, aged 67. 
 
 Bo J s, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sorbon- 
 ne, who edited TibuUus, Catullus, and Pro- 
 pertitis, in two vols. 8vo. — and also Maldo- 
 nat's works, and gave a catalogue of the lib- 
 rary of Rheims of which he had the care. 
 He died 1707. 
 
 Bo IS, Philippe Goibaud^a native of Poic- 
 tiers, known as a dancing master, as the tutor 
 of the duke of Guise, and as the learned 
 translator of some of Cicero's and St. Angus- 
 tin's works. He died at Paris 1694, aged 68. 
 
 Bois d'Annemets, Daniel du, of Nor- 
 mandy, was killed in a duel at Venice, 1627. 
 He wrote some curious memoirs of a favorite 
 of the duke of Orleans. 
 
 Bois, Guilhiume du, was born in Lowen 
 Limousin, and by the pliability of his temper^ 
 
BO 
 
 ^^r 
 
 BO 
 
 aud tlie versatility of his talents he became 
 preceptor to the duke de Chartres, a cardi- 
 '^nal, archbishop of Cambrai, ambassador to 
 the English court, and at last prime minister 
 of France. Addicted to debauchery, the de- 
 voted slave of ambition and intrigue, he spa- 
 red no pains to obtain his purposes ; and a 
 penetrating judgment and sanctified dissimu- 
 lation enabled him to convert the sincerity 
 of the prudent and the errors of the vicious 
 to the completion of his views. His constitu- 
 tion was exhausted by his licentiousness, and 
 he died 1723, aged ^7. His mausoleum is 
 erected in the church of St. Honore at Paris. 
 
 Bois DE LA Pierre, Louise Marie du, 
 a lady of Normandy, who possessed some 
 poetical merit, and wrote memoirs for the 
 history of Normandy, &c. — She died I4th 
 September, 1730, aged 07. 
 
 BoisMORARD, abbe Chiron de, Avas born 
 at Quimpei', with a strong and fertile imagi- 
 natiou, and a fund of genuine wit. He did 
 not however possess much sincerity, as, un- 
 der a fictitious name, he attacked the Jesuits, 
 of whose order he was a member, and after- 
 wards refuted for a considerable sum the 
 calumnies of their unknown aggressor. Some 
 of his memoirs are highly commended, those 
 of the count Philip Augustus are ascribed 
 to him though they bear the name of Madam 
 de Lassan. He died at Paris 1746, aged 60. 
 
 BoiSROBERT, Francis le Metel de, a na- 
 tive of Caen, known for his wit, his satirical 
 powers, and his faeetiousness. He was pe- 
 culiarly great in the liveliness of his conver- 
 sation, which was aided by a strong retentive 
 memory, enriched with all the treasures of 
 Boccace and Beroaldus, and he recommend- 
 ed himself by his jokes to cardinal de Riche- 
 lieu, of whom he became the favorite and 
 the buffoon. He died 1062, aged 70. He 
 wrote some poems, letters, tragedies, come- 
 dies, &c. of no considerable merit. 
 
 BoissARD, John James, known as an an- 
 tiquary, was born at Besancon, 1528. In 
 pursuit of his favorite study he visited Italy, 
 and the islands of the Adriatic, and examined 
 with u most judicious eye the monuments of 
 ancient Peloponnesus ; but these val'iable 
 remarks were unfortunately destroyed in 
 the ravages to which Franche Comte was 
 exposed from the people of Lorraine. Bois- 
 {•ard saved from the general wreck of his la- 
 bors only the materials from which he pub- 
 lished his account of Rome, in four vols, folio. 
 He wrote, besides epigrams, elegies, thea- 
 trum vitse humanae, in 4to. Frankfort 1599, 
 &c. but his chief merit is as an antiquarian. 
 His treatise de divinatione & magicis prsesti- 
 giis appeared after his death. He died at 
 Metz 1602. 
 
 BoissAT, Pierre de, a native of Vienne in 
 Dauphine, was known for his eccentricity. At 
 different periods of his life he became a monk, 
 a soldier, and a hermit, and supported his cha- 
 racter with courage and dissimulation. He 
 wrote some pieces in verse and prose, besides 
 a translation of an Italian romance, I'histoire 
 nep'Opontique, &c. and died 1662, aged 68. 
 
 Boissiere, Joseph, de la Fontaine de la> 
 
 an ecclesiastic of Dieppe, author of somjft 
 sermons of considerable merit, in six vols* 
 12mo. He died at Paris 1732. 
 
 BoissiEu, Denis de Salvaing de, a laAV- 
 yer in the service of Lewis XIII. He died 
 1683, aged 83. He wrote some tracts little 
 esteemed. 
 
 BoissiEU, Bartholomew Camille de, an 
 eminent physician, born at Lyons 6th Au- 
 gust, 1734. His abilities procured him both 
 fame and respectability. He died at the close 
 of the year 1770. He published two treatises 
 which possessed merit, and left another in 
 MS. on the method of purifying the air of 
 hospitals and prisons. 
 
 BoissY, Louis de, was born at Vic in Au- 
 vergne, and became at Paris a most popular 
 author, by the sallies of his muse and the ge- 
 nuine delicacy of his wit. But while the fa- 
 vorite of the public, applauded in the thea- 
 tres and in the coffee-houses, he sunk under 
 the most melancholy dejection through want, 
 and look the fatal resolution of starving him- 
 self to death rather than subsist by soliciting 
 relief from the hands either of friendship or 
 of charit)'. His wife acceded to his measures.^ 
 and their onl}'- child was also made to share 
 this dreadful fate. They were, however, 
 fortun.ately discovered by a friend, by whom, 
 in the last gasp of expiring nature, and by the 
 tenderest attention, they were restored to 
 life. This extraoi'dinary circumstance ex- 
 cited the pity of the Parisians. Madame de 
 Pompadour no sooner heard of it, than she 
 sent them 100 louis d'ors, and Boissy soon 
 after was made comptroller of the Mercure 
 de France, with a pension for his wife and 
 son if they survived him. His plays are nine 
 vols. 8vo. the most celebrated of which is le 
 babillard. He died in April 1758. 
 
 Bo 1 YIN, Francis de, baron de Villers, 
 accompanied marechal de Brisac into Pied- 
 mont, and wrote an account of the wars of 
 the country, which, though not elegant, is 
 authentic, and was continued by Malinger. 
 He died in a good old age, 1618. 
 
 Bo IV IN, John, was born at Montreuil 
 rArgile,and became Greek professor at Paris, 
 and librarian to the king. He was amiable 
 in private life, and died October 29th, 1726, 
 aged 64. He wrote an apology for Homer, 
 and the shield of Achilles, and translated the 
 (Edipus of So^jhocles, the bii'ds of Aristo- 
 phanes, the batrachomyomachia of Homer, 
 and edited the raathem'atici veteres 1693, in 
 folio, and wrote a life of le Peletier in Latin. 
 
 BoiviN, Louis, brother of John, was of a 
 character impatient, wavering, and ambi- 
 tious. Some of his pieces are preserved in 
 poetry, and also in the memoirs of the aca- 
 demy of inscriptions. He died 1724, aged 75, 
 
 B012.ARD, John, a man of abilities, em- 
 ployed in the mint at Pai-is. He wrote a 
 book on his employment, which, however, 
 was not made public, as it contained secrets 
 respecting coinage, &c. He died the latter 
 end of the 1 7th century. 
 
 BuKHARi, a learned Ai-abian, who wrote 
 at Mecca, a book called Techich, in which 
 he has collected 7275 authentic traditions;, 
 
BO 
 
 //^^ 
 
 BO 
 
 selected from 100,000 other traditions, all on 
 the Mahometan religion. He has had seve- 
 ral commentators to explain him. He died 
 the vear '256 of the hegira, leaving a son cal- 
 led Iman Zadeal Bokhari, equally learned 
 and respected. 
 
 Bo L, John, a Flemish painter of eramence. 
 lie was born at Malines, and died 1593, 
 aged 60. 
 
 BoL, Ferdinand, a Dutch painter, the pu- 
 pil of Rembrandt. He died 1681, aged 70. 
 His pieces are portraits, and also on histori- 
 cal subjects, and possess great merit. 
 
 BoLAXGER, John, a pupil of Guido, 
 ■whose pieces were on the most striking sub- 
 jects in sacred smd profane history. He died 
 1660, aged 54. 
 
 BoLESLAUs I. first king of Poland, suc- 
 ceeded in 969 his fatlier duke Micislaus. 
 Otho 111. gave him the title of king, and 
 made Poland an independent kingdom in 
 1001. Boleslaus conquered the Moravians, 
 and was a wise and politic prince. He died 
 lO'iS. 
 
 Boleslaus II. called the bold and the 
 cruel, succeeded, on the death of his father 
 Casimir I. 1059. He restored Bela to the 
 throne of Hungary, and invaded Russia, but 
 his absence with his army in the field gave 
 such offence to the Polish females, that they 
 bestowed their favors on their slaves. This 
 lascivious conduct irritated the absent sol- 
 diers, who returned to avenge the insults of- 
 fered to their beds. The contest between 
 the husbands and the slaves was long and 
 bloody, but the monarch took advantage of 
 their dissensions to inflame the survivors. 
 Boleslaus was afterwards excommunicated 
 for a quarrel with his clergy, and he was in 
 consequence shunned as an infected person 
 by his sulyects, and died in Hungary about 
 1080. ' There was another king of Poland 
 of that name, against whom some of his sub- 
 jects revolted in 1126. 
 
 BoLEYN, Anne, daughter of sir Thomas 
 Boleyn, is knOAvn in English history, as the 
 •wife of Henry VIII. and as the occasion of 
 the reformation. She went to France in the 
 seventh year of her age, and was one of the 
 attendants of the English princess, wife to 
 Lewis XII. and afterwards to Claudia the 
 queen of Francis I. and then of the dutchess 
 of Alencon. About 1525 she returned to 
 England, and when maid of honor to queen 
 Catherine, she drew upon herself the atten- 
 tion and the aftection of Heniy VIII. and by 
 her address in the management of the vio- 
 lence of his passion, she prevailed upon him 
 to divoi'ce his wife, to obtain the possession 
 of her person; and as the pope refused to 
 disannul his marriage, England was separa- 
 ted from the spiritual dominion of Rome. 
 Henry was united to his favorite 14th Nov. 
 1532, by whom he had a daughter, queen 
 Elizabeth, but his passion was of short dura- 
 lion, and Anne Boleyn so long admired, so 
 long courted by the amorous monarch, was 
 now despised for Jane Seymour, and cruelly 
 beheaded May 19th, 1^36, She bore her 
 late with resignation and spirit; but though 
 
 VOL. I. 27 
 
 branded with ignominy by catholic writers, 
 she must appear innocent in the judgment of 
 impartial men, and- her disgraceful accusa* 
 tion of a criminal connection with her own 
 brother and four other persons, must be at- 
 tributed to the suggestions and malice of 
 that tyrant, who, in every instance, made the 
 law and morality subservient to his lust. 
 
 Bo LEY if, George, brother to queen Anne 
 Boleyn, studied at Oxford, and was admired 
 for his wit and learning at court. The rise of 
 his sister contributed also to his elevation. 
 He was made a peer by the title of lord Roch- 
 fort, constable of Dovei', wai-den of the 
 Cinque Ports, and engaged in several embas- 
 sies. He shared the queen's disgrace, and, 
 upon a false accusation of incestuous com- 
 merce 'A/ith her, was beheaded on Tower- 
 hill 17th Msiy^ 1536. He wrote some poems, 
 songs, odes, &c. which possessed merit. 
 
 BOLINGBROKE. FzV/. S T. JoH iST. 
 
 BoLLANDUs, John, a Jesuit of Tillemont 
 in Flanders, possessed of judgment, erudition, 
 and sagacity. He was appointed to collect 
 the materials for the lives of the saints of the 
 Romish church, five vols, of which he pub- 
 lished iji folio, but died before the comple- 
 tion in 1665. This work, called Acta Sanc- 
 torum, was continued by Henschenius and 
 Papebrock, but not finished. There are up- 
 wards of 47 vols, replete with matter some 
 times interesting, and often tedious. 
 
 BoLOGNE, Jean de, a native of Douai, 
 pupil to Michael Angelo. He adorned Flo- 
 rence with abeautiful group, representing the 
 rape of a Sabine. He died at Florence 1600, 
 
 BoLOGNESE, Francisco, the assumed 
 name of Francis Grimaldi, the pupil of Ani- 
 bal Caracci. He was born at Bologna, and 
 died 1680, aged 74. Hislanscapes were par- 
 ticulary admired. His son Alexander Avas 
 also an artist of eminence. 
 
 BoLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite of Paris, 
 who forsook his order, and fled to Italy, and 
 afterwards to Geneva, where he practised as 
 a physician. He wished, however, to distin- 
 guish himself as a divine, and embracing the 
 doctrines of Pelagius, he inveighed with bit- 
 terness against Calvin, who endeavored to 
 reclaim him, till the violence of his invec- 
 tives, and the boldness of his oratory roused 
 the indignation of the magistrates to banisli 
 him from the country. On his return to 
 France, he had recourse to physic for his 
 subsistence ; but his restless tempei', render- 
 ed him suspectc ! Ijpth to protestants and pa- 
 pists, and he changed the place of his abode, 
 to avoid persecution. His insincerity appear- 
 ed every where manifest, and his morality 
 was of the most loose nature, since he did 
 not hesitate to prostitute his wife to the ca- 
 nons of Autun, to regain the favors of the 
 catholics. He died about 1584. His lives of 
 Calvin and Beza arc a collection of falsehood 
 and abuse. 
 
 BoLSWEUD, Sheldt, a native of Flanders, 
 eminent as an engraver. His plates, from 
 the pieces of Rubens, Vandyke, Jordano, &cc. 
 possessed merit. His relations Adam and 
 Boetius were inferior to hira iu merit, 
 
BO 
 
 ^{^ 
 
 BO 
 
 Bolton, Robert, a native of Northamp- 
 tonsliire, educated at Wadham college, Ox- 
 ford. He resided for some time at Fulham 
 and Kensington, and became acquainted with 
 Mr. Whiston, Pope, and Mrs. Butler, a lady 
 •whose respected memory he embalmed in 
 the public papers of the tune by the effu- 
 sions of a warm heart and the language of 
 friendship. He became chaplain to sir Jo- 
 seph Jekyl, master of the rolls, and after his 
 death to lord Hardwick, by whose friendship 
 and patronage he became dean of Carlisle in 
 1735. Three years after he obtained St. 
 Mary's vicarage. Heading, where he distin- 
 guished himself as an excellent preacher and 
 a good parish priest. He printed some few 
 of his sermons, and late in life he attacked 
 the vices and foibles of the times in small 
 tracts, which displayed good aense, great 
 piety, and deep erudition. He died in Lon- 
 don, 26th November, 1763, aged 65, and was 
 buried in St. Mary's church, Reading. He 
 married Mrs. Holmes, a widow, with whom 
 lie Hved 25 years, but left no issue. It is 
 said that he objected to the Athanasian creed, 
 and that therefore he could not early per- 
 suade himself to subscribe to the articles of 
 the church of England. 
 
 Bolton, or Boulton, Edmund, an 
 eminent antiquary, author of an historical 
 book called Nero Cxsar, dedicated to the 
 duke of Buckingham, in 1624, and valuable 
 for the medals M-ith which it is adorned, and 
 for the cui'ious observations which it contains. 
 He says that the battle of Boadicea with the 
 Romans was fought on Salisbury plain, and 
 that Stonehenge was erected as her monu- 
 ment. He published, besides elements of ar- 
 mories 1610, 4to. — hypercritlca or a rule of 
 judgments for writing or reading our histo- 
 ries. 
 
 Bolton, Robert, a puritan of great lear- 
 ning and vast powers of oratory. When 
 James I. visited Oxford, 1605, he was ap- 
 Ijointed as one of the professors publicly to 
 dispute before him, and the reputation which 
 he had acquired was well supported by his nu- 
 merous publications, the best known of which 
 is his book on happiness. He died with 
 Christian resignation, December 17th, 1631, 
 aged 60. 
 
 BoLZANi, Urban o Valeriano, a monk of 
 the order of Minorites, born at Belluno. He 
 visited Greece, Egypt, Palestine, &g. and 
 twice ascended to the top of -Etna, to survey 
 its astonishing crater. He was the first per- 
 son who wrote a gramms^r of the Greek 
 language, in Latin. He died at Venice, 
 where he taught Greek, 1524, aged 84. 
 
 BoMBELLi, Sebastian, a painter of Bo- 
 legna, who died 1G85, aged 50. His histori- 
 cal pieces auti portraits were held in high 
 esteem. 
 
 Bomb ERG, Daniel, a famous printer, born 
 at Antwerp. He settled at Venice, and ob- 
 tained a name from the number and correct- 
 ness of the books which issued from his 
 press, especially his Hebrew bible in four 
 vols. fol. 1549, and hfs Tajmud, 11 vols. fol. 
 He died 1549. 
 
 Bon de St. Hilaire, Francois Xavier^ 
 president of the chamber of accounts of 
 Montpellier, was respectable as a scholar 
 and as a magistrate. He wrote a treatise oa 
 silk worms, and on the Maroons of India, 
 12mo. and died 1761. 
 
 Bona, John, an ecclesiastic, was born at 
 Mondovi in Piedmont, 10th October, 1609, 
 and distinguished himself by his learning and 
 his love of solitude. Pope Alexander VII. 
 who knew his merit and his virtues before he 
 was X'aised to the chair, promoted him to 
 places of honor and consequence to induce 
 him to settle at Rome, and so well knowu 
 and esteemed was his character that it was 
 wished be might be elected to fill the papal 
 ohiiir on the death of Clement IX. who had 
 made him a cardinal. Bona was author of 
 several tracts on devotion. He died univer- 
 sally respected, 1674. 
 
 BoNAC, John Louis d'Usson marquis de, 
 a French nobleman, whose abilities were em- 
 ployed by Lewis XIV. in embassies to the 
 courts of Sweden, Poland, Spain, and Con- 
 stantinople. He possessed all the dexterity, 
 firmness, and dignity requisite for his situa- 
 tion, and to these he added many private 
 virtues and great erudition. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 1738, aged 66. 
 
 BoNACiNA, Martin, an ecclesiastic of 
 Milan, in the service of Urban VIII. He is 
 author of some theological tracts. He died 
 1G31. 
 
 Bon AMY, Peter Nicholas, a native of 
 Louvres, member of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions, and historiographer of Paris, and 
 known for his learned dissertations, and the 
 most amiable virtues of a private character- 
 He conducted the journal de Verdun, a pe- 
 riodical work of great reputation, and died 
 at Paris, 1770, aged 76. 
 
 Bonanni, James, a noble of Syracuse, 
 author of a valuable book called Syratusa 
 illustrata, in 4to. He died 1636. 
 
 Bonanni, Philip, a learned Jesuit, known 
 for several works on antiquities and history, 
 the best of which are his recreatio in obser- 
 vat. animal, testaceorum, with near 500 fi- 
 gures, 1694, in 4to. — his collection of the 
 medals of the popes, two vols. fol. 1699 — his 
 catalogue of the orders religious and militai-}- 
 and equestrian, with plates, four vols. 4to. — 
 observationes circa viventia in non viventibus, 
 4to. 1691 — musasum colleg. Rom. Kircheria- 
 nura, 1709, fol. He died at Rome, 1725, 
 aged 87. 
 
 BoNARDi, Jean Baptiste, a learned doc- 
 tor of the Sorbonne. He was born at Aix, 
 and died at Paris 1756. He left some manu- 
 scripts, the most valuable and curious of 
 which is a dictionary of anonymous and pseu- 
 donymous writers. 
 
 BoNARELLi, Guy Ubaldo, a nobleman, 
 born at Urbino 25th December, 1563. He 
 is known as a politician in the service of the 
 duke of Ferrara, but more as the author of 
 his " fills de Sciro," a pastoral, which dis- 
 plays his art and ingenuity, though he makes 
 his shepherds courtiers, and his shepherdesses 
 prudes. The chief «haracter Celia is cen- 
 
BO 
 
 ^^/ 
 
 BO 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 4^ 
 
 .r> 
 
 saved for entertaining a violent passion for 
 two loTers at once. The best edition is that 
 of Glasgow, 1763, 8vo. He diecUJan. 8, 1608, 
 aged 45. 
 
 BoisrAROTA, or Buonaroti, sui'naraed 
 Michael Angelo. KiV/. Angelo. 
 
 BoNAVENTURE, Johii Fidauza, a cardi- 
 nal and saint of the Romish church born in 
 Etruria 1221. He was of the order of St. 
 Frawcis, but so disinterested in his conduct 
 that he refused the archbishopric of York, 
 offered him by Clement IV. When the car- 
 dinals disagreed in the election of the pope, 
 lie was universally called upon to decide, and 
 he fixed his choice on Theobald, afterwards 
 Gregory X. He died 1274, highly respected 
 and admired. He was canonized 1482. His 
 ■works on subjects of divinity and morals, are 
 in eight vols. fol. 1588. He has been called 
 the seraphic doctor for treating of mystical 
 subjects. 
 
 Bona VENTURE, of Padua, a cardinal, 
 ■who was of the Augustine order, and studied 
 at Paris. He warmly supported the rights of 
 the church against Francis de Carrario, of 
 Padua, who had the meanness to have him 
 shot by an assassin with an arrow as he cros- 
 sed the bindge of St. Angelo at Rome, 1386, 
 in his 54th year. He wrote cori.mentaries on 
 the epistles of St. John and St. James, be- 
 sides sermons, &c. He was intimate with 
 Petrarch, whose funeral oration he delivered 
 1369. 
 
 Bo N BELLES, Henri Francis Comte de, a 
 French officer of rank, author of two treati- 
 ses on military tactics, &c. He died 1760, 
 aged 80. 
 
 BoNCERF, a French writer, who applied 
 himself to the draining of marshes, and wrote 
 a treatise on the hardships of feudal rights. 
 This work proved so offensive to the parlia- 
 naent that they ordered it to be burnt. This 
 increased his popularity, and at the revolu- 
 tion he was promoted, and employed to dis- 
 miss that parliament whic h ha d voted his dis- 
 grace. His services wereftoo great to escape 
 the notice of the revolutionary tribunal, but 
 by the majority of one voice his life Avas spa- 
 red. He however soon after died of a broken 
 heart. 
 
 Bond, John, an eminent commentator 
 educated at Winchester school and New col- 
 lege. He was elected master of Taunton 
 school, in his native county of Somerset, 
 wliich, after distinguishing himself as a suc- 
 cessful preceptor, he resigned for the prac- 
 tise of physic. He died at Taunton, 3d Au- 
 gust, 1612, aged 62. He Avrote valuable notes 
 on Horace, Persius, &c. 
 
 Bonefacio, Venetiano, an Italian pain- 
 ter, the disciple and successful imitator of 
 Palma. He died 16.30, aged 62. 
 
 BoNET, Theophilus, a native of Geneva, 
 who, after studying at most of the great uni- 
 versities of Europe, began to practise physic. 
 He was very successful, but after 40 years' 
 experience he was afflicted with deafness and 
 retired to literary ease. He published in his 
 old age several medical treatises, valuable for 
 the facts and observations which thcv contain- 
 
 ed. He died of a dropsy 29th March, 1689, 
 aged 69. 
 
 Bonfadius, James, an Italian writer, 
 born near the lake di Garda. He was enga- 
 ged as the secretary of cardinal Bari, and af- 
 terwards of Glinucci, at Rome, but at last lie 
 abandoned a court where merit met no re- 
 wai'd, and after wandering indifferent places 
 of Italy, he settled at Genoa, and by i-eading 
 lectures on the politics and rhetoric of Aris- 
 totle he gained poijularity, and with the title 
 of historiographer, a handsome pension. lu 
 his historical employment he created himself 
 enemies by speaking with unpardonable free- 
 dom of several families distinguished in the 
 annals of Genoa, and in revenge for the seve- 
 rity of his remarks some unnatural propen- 
 sities towards a favorite youth which he had 
 gratified, were revealed to the public eye. 
 The facts were proved, and Bonfadius was 
 sentenced to death, which he suffered in 15G0. 
 His writings were speeches, Latin and Italian 
 poems. Sec. Before his execution, with the 
 superstitious notions of a visionary, he wrote 
 to his friend Grimaldi, that he would visit 
 him if it were possible in no terrific shape, 
 and report the state of the other world. 
 
 Bonfinius, Anthony, an historian, bora 
 at Ascoli in Italy, in the 15th century. He 
 was invited into Hungary by Matthias Corviu 
 the king of the country, and lie was received 
 by the monarch and by his courtiers with 
 kindness, and allowed a liberal pension. He 
 undertook, at the desire of his patroo, an 
 history of Hungary, and carried it to the 
 year 1495, in 45 books, which were deposited 
 in the royal library at Buda, and not pub- 
 lished before 1508, by Sanbucus. Bonfinius 
 died as is supposed in Hungary about 1502. 
 
 Bonfrerius, James, a learned Jesuit, 
 boi'n in Dinan in Liege. He wrote Latin 
 commentaries on the pentateuch and other 
 treatises on scripture names, highly esteem- 
 ed for method and perspicuity, and died at 
 Tournay, 9th March, 1643, aged 70, 
 
 Bongars, James, a native of Orleans, 
 who studied at Strasburg, and after profiting 
 by the instructions of the famousCujacius in 
 civil law, he devoted himself for 30 years to 
 the service of Henry IV. whom he repre- 
 sented with dignity and firmness at several 
 of the German courts. As a statesman and 
 negotiator he was sagacious and well inform- 
 ed, and as a scholar he possessed an exten- 
 sive fund of erudition. He published, in the 
 midst of his public avocations, besides his 
 elegant letters, a valuable edition of Justin, 
 and the " gesta dei per Francos," in 2 vols, 
 folio, containing the history of the expedition 
 into Palestine. Bayle speaks of him with 
 high commendation, and represents his style 
 as fine, clear, polite, and full of natural 
 charms. Bongars, as it is supposed, was 
 never married, as the lady to whom he was 
 engaged, after a courtship of six years, died 
 on the very day fixed for her nuptials. He 
 died at Paris, 1612, aged 58. 
 
 BoNiCHON, Francis, an ecclesiastic of 
 Angers, author of a curious book called 
 Pompa Episcopalis, &c. He died 16G2. 
 
BO 
 
 ^^r-^ 
 
 BO 
 
 Boniface, the apostle of Gei'many, uas 
 born in England, and commissioned by Gre- 
 gory II. to convert the barbai'ians of the 
 north to Christianity. He was very success- 
 ful in his mission, and loaded with honors by 
 the pope. He was killed by some of the pa- 
 gans of Fi-izland, whom he attempted to 
 convert, 754, aged 74. His writings are ob- 
 scure and inelegant. His letters were print- 
 ed 1616. 
 
 Boniface I. St. succeeded Zosimus as 
 pope of Home 418, supported by the power 
 of Honoi'ius against his rival Eulalius. He 
 died September 422. 
 
 Boniface II. succeeded Felix IV, in 
 530, and died two years after. His father 
 was a Goth. He attempted. to influence the 
 cardinals in the choice of his successor, and 
 to elect Vigil, but another council annulled 
 the i)roceedings. He died 8th November, 
 532. 
 
 Boniface III. was made pope C06, after 
 Sabinian, and died the same year 12th No- 
 vember. He established, by means of the 
 emperor Phocas, the superiority of the Ro- 
 man pontiff over the patriarch of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Boniface IV. was son of a physician of 
 Valeria, and succeeded the preceding. He 
 dedicated to the virgin and martyrs the 
 pantheon built by Agrippa, and it is still 
 venerated at Rome as a noble and magnifi- 
 cent edifice. He died 614. 
 
 Boniface V. of Naples, succeeded De- 
 odatus, 617. He warmly supported the 
 sanctity of asylums, and died 625. 
 
 Boniface VI. 'lied only for 15 days the 
 papal chair after Forraosus, 896. He was 
 raised and deposed by a faction. 
 
 Boniface VII. surnamed Francon, rais- 
 ed himself to the popedom, after the mur- 
 der of Benedict VI. and John XIV. in 984, 
 and died four months after. As he was a 
 monster of cruelty his remains were treated 
 ■with the highest indignity and trampled upon 
 by the incensed populace. 
 
 Boniface VHI. Benedict Cajetan, was 
 born at Anagni, and employed in ecclesiasti- 
 cal affairs at Lyons and Paris. Martin H. 
 made him cardinal, and after the abdication 
 of Celestinus, which he procured by terrify- 
 ing him at midnight, and threatening him 
 with eternal damnation, if he did not imme- 
 diately resign, he filled the papal chair in 
 1294. His ambition was unbounded, he 
 hurled the thunder of the Vatican against 
 the kings of Denmark and France, and an- 
 nulled the election of Albert, to be king of 
 the Romans. The family of the Colonnas 
 were particularly marked as objects of his 
 veni^eance, and neither submission nor en- 
 treaty could procure a lasting reconciliation. 
 Such insolence did not however long tri- 
 umph, though the pope in his will had de- 
 clared that God had placed him as lord over 
 kings and kingdoms. Philip king of France 
 despised ecclesiastical threats, he ordered 
 him to be seized by his general Nogaret at 
 Anagni, that he might bring him to the coun- 
 cil of Lyons, but the crafty prelate escaped 
 
 irom his guards to Rome, where, overpow- 
 ered with the indignities offered to his per- 
 son, he died one month after, 12th October 
 1303. 
 
 Boniface IX. a native of Naples, raised 
 to the papal chair 1386, after Urban VI. He 
 is accused of avai'ice and usury. He died in 
 
 1404. 
 
 Boniface, Hyacinthe, a lawyer of Aix, 
 known as the compiler of the decrees of the 
 parliament of Provence, published at Lyons 
 eight vols, folio, 1708. He died 1695, aged 
 83. 
 
 Bora FACE, count of the Roman empire, 
 ably defended Africa, but at last revolted 
 against the empire, at the suggestion of Ac- 
 tius, who secretly planned his ruin. He af- 
 terwards was reconciled to his master, but 
 fell in a dreadful battle with his rival Actius, 
 432. 
 
 Bonifacio, Balthazar, a Venetian, pro- 
 fessor of law at Padua, and aftei'wards bishop 
 of Casio d'Istria. He was author of several 
 learned tracts on history, such as Historia 
 Trevigniana, 4to. — Historia Ludicia, 4to. 
 1656, besides some Latin poems, &c. He 
 was instrumental in the institution of the 
 academies of Padua and Trevisa, and died 
 1659, aged 75. 
 
 Bon JOUR, Guillaume, an Augustine 
 monk, born at Toulouse. He assisted Cle- 
 ment XL in discovering the errors of the 
 Gregorian calendar, and died in China, where 
 he had been sent as a missionary 1714, aged 
 44. He was well versed in oriental literature 
 and wrote some dissertations, &c. on scrip- 
 ture, and the Coptic monuments of the Va- 
 tican. 
 
 Bonne, a shepherdess of the Vateline, 
 who became the mistress and afterwards the 
 wife of Peter Brunoro, a famous warrior of 
 Parma. She displayed uncommon marks of 
 coui'age in the field of battle, and with her 
 husband she supported the fame and power 
 of Venice against the attacks of the duke of 
 Milan. She went with BruHoro to defend 
 Negropont against the Turks, where she 
 signalized herself greatly, and on the death 
 of her husband there, she abandoned the 
 place, and died in the Morea on her return 
 to Venice, 1466, leaving two sons to inherit 
 her honors and reputation. 
 
 Bonnecorse, a native of Marseilles, 
 French consul in Egypt. He wrote Latin 
 and French verses, but he was ridiculed in 
 Boileau's Lutrin. He died 1706. 
 
 BoNNECUEiL, Joseph Duranti de, an ec- 
 clesiastic of Aix, who translated some of the 
 works of St. Chrysostom, Ambrose, &c. He 
 died at Paris 1756, aged 93. 
 
 BoNNEFONS, John, was born at Clermont 
 in Auvergne, and distinguished himself 
 greatly as a successful imitator of the poetry 
 of Catullus, in his Pancharis and Phaleuric 
 verses. He had a son eminent also as a 
 poet. He died 1614, aged 60. His poems 
 are printed with Beza'.s, Paris, 1755, 12mo. 
 
 BoNNEFONS, Amable, a Jesuit of Riom, 
 who wrote several devotional tracts. He died 
 at Paris 1655. 
 
BO 
 
 ^^J 
 
 130 
 
 BoNNELL, James, an Englishman, emi- 
 nent for his virtues and piet/. He was born 
 1653 at Genoa, where his fatlier was a resi- 
 dent merchant, and he came to England 
 •when two years old, and was educated at 
 Dublin and Ctu.ibridge. He was afterwards 
 tutor in a private family, and wished to en- 
 ter into the church, but as his father had 
 greatly suffered during the civil wars, he was 
 joined with him in a patent to hold the office 
 of accomptant general of Ireland. He dis- 
 charged the duties of his office with great 
 integrity and honor, and died at Dublin, 
 1699, universally respected. His funeral 
 sermon was prea'ched by bishop Wetteuhall, 
 and his life was Avritten by archdeacon Ha- 
 milton 1703, 12mo. in which some of his me- 
 ditations are introduced. 
 
 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, 
 was the son of a man of indigent circum- 
 stances, born at Harley in Worcestershire, 
 and charitably educated at the expense of the 
 family of Lechmere. He entered 1512 at 
 Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke college, and 
 by his learning and assiduity he recommend- 
 ed himself to the notice of Wolsey, whose 
 influence procured him several ecclesiastical 
 preferments, and great favor at court. He 
 Avas made chaplain to the king, and he gain- 
 ed his heart by promoting with all his pow- 
 ers his divorce from Catherine of Arragon. 
 He was sent to Rome to plead the king's 
 cause before Clement VI!. but he spoke with 
 such vehemence and indignation against the 
 tyranny of the holy see, that the pope 
 threatened to throw him into a caldron of 
 melted lead, and he escaped from the ven- 
 geance of the pontiff only by flight. Bon- 
 ner's abilities as a negotiator were great, and 
 his manners insinuating, therefore he was 
 ambassador severally to the courts of Den- 
 mark, France, and Germany. In 1538 he 
 was nominated to the see of HerefortI, by 
 the recommendation of his great friend and 
 patron lord Cromwell, who had now succee- 
 ded to Wolsey's honors, and before his con- 
 secration he was promoted to London. Now- 
 raised to the episcopal dignity, he began to 
 show the real sentiments of his heart. He 
 had formerly opposed the pope's preroga- 
 tive only to rise in Henry's favor, but after 
 his death he convinced the public that he 
 was firmly devoted to the catholic faith, and 
 therefore he withstood the measures that 
 were adopted by Edward VI. to spread the 
 reformation, and for his obstinacy he was 
 deprived of his bishopric, and committed to 
 the Marshalsea. This persecution endeared 
 him the more in the eyes of Mary, and of 
 her popish ministers ; she no sooner ascend- 
 ed the throne than Bonner was restored to 
 his honors, and made president of the con- 
 vocation in the stead of Cranmer row dis- 
 graced. In his new office he displayed all 
 the native ferocity of his character. He not 
 only dismissed and excommunicated several 
 of the clergy, but he committed some hun- 
 tlrcds to the flames for not renouncing the 
 <loctrines of the reformation, and on every 
 a<cusst!oa showed himself the worthy minis- 
 
 ter of a bloody reign. On the death of Maiy 
 he paid his respects to rhe new queen, but 
 Elizabeth turned away from a man stained 
 with the blood of sufl^ering innocence, and 
 the bigoted ecclesiastic soon after, when 
 summoned before the council, refused to 
 take the oaths of allegiance, and was agaia 
 deprived of his bishopric, and imprisoned, 
 lie died about the 10th year of his confine- 
 ment 5th September 1569, and as he was ex- 
 communicated, his body was privately buried 
 at midnight in St. George's church-yard, 
 Southwark, that a public cereraony might 
 net draw more strongly the indignation of 
 the populace against his remains. In his 
 person Bonner was fat and corpulent, his 
 character was ferocious and vindictive, his 
 knowledge of divinity was not extensive, but 
 he was well versed in politics and canoa 
 law. He wrote some tracts now deservedly- 
 forgotten. 
 
 Bonnet, Charles, a native of Geneva, 
 disturbed from his pursuits in the law by- 
 reading la Pluche's spectacle de la nature, 
 and Reaumur's memoirs of insects. Devoted 
 to the studies of natural history and of me- 
 taphysics, he made some valuable discove- 
 ries in^entomology at the age of 20, and when 
 27, he claimed the public attention by his 
 treatise on phychology and his analytical es- 
 say on the mental powers, and his system of 
 physics. He died at Geneva 20th May 1793, 
 aged 73, universally respected as a good 
 Christian and as a benevolent man. He pub- 
 lished besides considerations on organized 
 bodies — contemplations of nature — and pa- 
 lingenesia, or thoughts on the past and future 
 state of animals and beings, two vols. 8vo. 
 — inquiries on the use of leaves in plants, &c. 
 
 Bonneval, Claudius Alexander count 
 de, of Limousin, was allied by blood to the 
 royal family of France. He quitted the 
 French service, where he began to distin- 
 guish himself, and followed the fortunes of 
 prince Eugene. His interest, however, at 
 the court of Vienna was ruined by the in- 
 trigues of his enemy de Prie, and therefore 
 he offered his services to Russia, and after- 
 Avards to Turkey, where he was honorably" 
 received, made bashaw of three tails, and 
 appointed to a government, and the com- 
 mand of 30,000 men, at the stipend of forty- 
 five thousand livres a year. As the vassal of 
 the Turkish emperor he quelled a danger- 
 ous insurrection in Arabia Petrse, and de- 
 feated a large Austrian army on the banks 
 of the Danube. His successes however 
 hastened his disgrace. Though the favorite 
 of the sultan he was disgraced and banished 
 to the island of Chio, from which he was af- 
 terwards recalled and restored to places of 
 honor and emolument. He wrote the me- 
 moirs of his own life, published London 
 1755, and died in Turkey 1747, aged 75. 
 
 BoNXEVAi., Rene de, an inferior writer 
 and poet of Mans, who died 17C0. 
 
 Bonnier d'Alco, N. a Frenchman, 
 known in the national assembly and in the 
 convention for his strong republican princi- 
 ples. He was engaged as minister in the 
 
conferences with the English ambassador at 
 JLisle, and afterwards at Radstadt ; on re- 
 turning from which he was assassinated by 
 some men in the dress of Austi'ian hussars, 
 28th April 1799. 
 
 Bo NO SUB, bishop of Naissus in Dacia, 
 -was accused of heresy, and condemned at 
 Capua, by a council of prelates who abhor- 
 red his' doctrines, that the Virgin Mary 
 should have other children besides Christ. 
 Bonosus died 410; but his doctrines were 
 propagated, and prevailed for more than two 
 centuries after. 
 
 BoNTEKOE, Cornielle, a Dutchman, phy- 
 sician to the elector of Brandenburg, and 
 author of a treatise on tea, and another 
 on the climacterical year. He died young. 
 His works were printed, Amsterdam, 1689, 
 4to. 
 
 BoNTEMPi, George Andrew Angelini, 
 minister of the chapel of tbe elector of Sax- 
 ony, was a native of Perugia, and known as 
 a good musician, and as the author of nova 
 quatuor vocibus componendi methodus, 1660, 
 and an Italian histoiy of music, printed Pe- 
 rugia, 1695, in folio. 
 
 BoNTEMS, Madam, a woman deservedly 
 respected for the delicacy of her Avit, the 
 goodness of her understanding, her polished 
 manners, and her benevolent heart. She 
 gave an elegant translation of Thomson's 
 Seasons, 1759. She died at Paris 18th April 
 1768, aged 50. 
 
 BoNTius, James, a Dutch physician at 
 Batavia, autlior of some treatises on the dis- 
 eases, the botany, and natural history of 
 India, pi-inted Leyden, 1642, and Amster- 
 dam 1658. 
 
 BoNTius, Gerard, a native of Ryswick, 
 medical professor at Leyden, where he died 
 15th September 1599, aged 63. He invented 
 some famous pills, called pillulse tartaia, the 
 composition of which was long kept secret, 
 hut is now known. 
 
 BoNviNCiNO, Alexander, an Italian 
 painter, thQ disciple of Titian. His works 
 are in high esteem. He died 1564, aged 50. 
 
 BoKwicKE, Ambrose, a nonjuring cler- 
 gj-man, born April 29, 1652, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylor's school and St. John's 
 college, Oxford. He was elected master of 
 Merchant Taylor's school in 1680, and ex- 
 pelled in 1691, for not taking the oaths of al- 
 legiance. He afterwards kept a school at 
 Headley in Surrey, and had at the same time 
 Fenton for his usher, and Bowyer the prin- 
 ter for his pupil. He had twelve children by 
 Lis wife Elizabeth Stubbs. 
 
 BooDT, Anselm Von, a physician of the 
 emperor Rodolph, known by a Latin tract on 
 jewels, he died 1660. 
 
 Booker, John, a haberdasher, wlio 
 afterwards became a writing-master at Had- 
 ley in Middlesex, and an asti-ologer, well 
 versed in the discovery of thieves, and in 
 the solution of love inquiries. He is cele- 
 brated by Lilly, who Mas well acquainted 
 with hisai't; and he was severely attacked 
 by George Wharton. He Avrote the " bloody 
 Irish almanac," about the war of Ireland ; 
 and died April 1667. 
 
 BO 
 
 Boone, Daniel, a Dutch painter, whose 
 pieces are valuable, as expressive, in the 
 most natural forms, of low scenes, &c. He 
 died in England 1698. 
 
 Boonen, Arnold, a native of Dordt, 
 known as a most eminent portrait painter. 
 He was the disciple of Schalken ; and died 
 1729. 
 
 Boot, Arnold, a Dutch physician, au- 
 thor of animadversiones ad textum hebrai- 
 cum, in which he ably defended the He- 
 brew text of scripture against Morin and 
 Cappel. He wrote also some medical trea- 
 tises ; and died at Paris 1653. 
 
 Booth, Barton, celebrated as an actor, 
 was born in Lancashire 1681. He was edu- 
 cated by Dr. Busby at Westminster ; and 
 his theatrical powers were first roused to 
 action at the representation of a Latin play 
 by the pupils of the school. The superior 
 abilities which he displayed, and the ap- 
 plauses which he received, induced him to 
 oppose the wishes of his father, and there- 
 fore, instead of going to college to prepare 
 himself for the church, he eloped, in 1698, 
 from the school, and engaged himself in 
 Ashbury's strolling company in Ireland. 
 After spending three seasons in Dublin, he 
 came back to London, where his reputation 
 soon recommended him to the notice of Bet- 
 terton, and his incomparable acting of the 
 character of Maximus in Valentinian, and 
 of Artabas in the Ambitious Stepmother, 
 drew upon him the decided approbation of 
 the public. By the influence of lord Bo- 
 lingbroke, he was, in 1713, named as mana- 
 ger of the theatre with Cibbei', Wilks, and 
 Dogget ; but his constitution was naturally 
 weak, and he sunk under gi-eat exertions. 
 He fell a victim to a complication of disor- 
 ders, and expired 10th May, 1733. He 
 maintained the high character which he had 
 at first acquired on the stage ; and though he 
 failed in comedy, his powers in tragedy- 
 evinced superior judgment, and wherever 
 the more turbulent passions of the heart, 
 the significant expressions of voice and coun- 
 tenance, were required, he left all competi- 
 tors far behind him. His most capital per- 
 formance was Othello, in the opinion of Gib- 
 ber, who attributed the unrivalled excellence 
 of his Cato to the novelty of the character, 
 and the political temper and feelings of the 
 times. Aaron Hill has also delineated his 
 character with the freedom of a critic and 
 the accuracy of an acquaintance. 
 
 Booth, Henry, earl of Warrington, dis- 
 tinguished as a statesman, was member of 
 several parliaments for Chester under 
 Charles II. He strenuously opposed the pa- 
 pists, and zealously promoted the exclusion 
 of the duke of York ; and to this resistance 
 to the views of the court he probably owed 
 the confinement which he endured three 
 times under the tyrannical reign of James 
 II. He was tried for treason, but he was 
 acquitted, in spite of the efibrts of Jeffries 
 and the court ; and in his retirement he fa- 
 vored the cause of freedom and of William 
 of Oransre. At the revolution he was ad- 
 
BO 
 
 Vancetl to high offices ; but as he wished to 
 check the royal prerogative, William dis- 
 missed him from his employments, not with- 
 ©Ht complimenting his great services with a 
 pension of ^2001. and the earldom of War- 
 rington. He died "2d January, 1694, aged 
 41. He wrote some political tracts, besides 
 speeches, &c. 
 
 Booth, George, earl of Warrington, son 
 of the preceding, published, in 1739, an 
 anonymous tract on " the institution of mar- 
 riage," recommending divorces where the 
 tempers disagree. He died 1758. 
 
 BoRBONius, Nicholas, a Latin poet, the 
 favorite of the court of Francis I. He wrote 
 some poems, which he called Nuga, in which 
 he severely attacks the character of sir 
 Thomas More, with whom he had been in 
 habits of intimacy. He was also connected 
 with Erasmus, Scaliger, Palingenius, and 
 other learned men of the 16th century. His 
 poems appeared 1540. 
 
 BoRDA, John Charles, an eminent French 
 mathematician, born at Dax 4th May 1733. 
 He served at first as engineer and lieutenant 
 in the navy, and in 1771 was sent with Ver- 
 dun and Pingre to America to make obser» 
 vations on the situation of various islands, 
 and in 1 774 he continued the same research- 
 es. During the American war he served 
 with credit under d'Estaing, as rear admiral ; 
 hut his services to science were of the great- 
 est importance. He introduced more uni- 
 formity in the building of the French ships 
 of war, and by his experiments contributed 
 much to the improvement of all vessels. He 
 published, besides his discoveries in Ameri- 
 ca, &c. in 2 vols. 4to. 1778, the description 
 and the use of the circle of reflection, in 
 which he recommended the specular circles 
 of Tobias Mayer, 1787, and other treatises, 
 inserted in the memoirs of the academy of 
 ■sciences. The small rod for the mensura- 
 tion of angles, so useful in astronomy, was 
 of his invention, and he also introduced a 
 new method to observe the length of the 
 pendulum, and the new system of weights 
 and measures adopted by the constituent as- 
 sembly. He died at Pai'is of a dropsy in the 
 chest, 1799. 
 
 BoRDE, Andrew, a native of Pevensey in 
 Sussex, born 1500, and educated at Oxford. 
 He studied physic, though entered in the 
 order of the Carthusians ; and after travel- 
 ling over the greatest part of Europe and Af- 
 rica, he settled at Winchester, and took his 
 degrees at Montpellier, in his character he 
 was whimsical and eccentric in the extreme. 
 He was not devoid of wit and learning; but 
 though commended for his skill as a physi- 
 cian, it is probable that he never acquired 
 opulence or distinction by his profession, as 
 he died in the fleet, April 1549. He has 
 been accused by Bale of poisoning himself, 
 because he kept a brothel for the Carthusian 
 monks. He wrote the breviary of health, — 
 some medical tracts, — a jest book. Sec. 
 
 BoRUE, John Benjamin, a French writer, 
 born at Paris 5th September 1734. He was 
 at first the valet of Lewis XV. and on the 
 
 ^^/,^ 
 
 BO 
 
 monarch's death, was appointed farmer-gen- 
 eral. Naturally fond of literature, he culti- 
 vated it in the midst of business, and wrote 
 some learned works. His essays on ancient 
 and modern music, 4 vols. 4to. 1780 — me- 
 moires historiques de Coucy, 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 pieces interessantes for the history of Lew- 
 is XHI. and Lewis XIV. 12mo. — letters on 
 Switzerland, 2 vols. 8vo. — abrege cronique, 
 8to. — history of the South sea, 3 vols. 8vo — 
 Swinburne's travels translated — besides a 
 valuable collection of airs, in 4 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 are very interesting proofs of his taste and 
 assiduity as a lover of music, and as an au- 
 thor. During the revolution, he retired to 
 Rouen, in hopes of passing the rest of his 
 life in repose, but the satellites of Robespierre 
 discovered him, and he was guillotined 22d 
 July 1794, aged 60. 
 
 BouRDELON, Lawrence, a native of 
 Bourges, who died at Paris 1730, aged 77. 
 though an ecclesiastic, he wrote for the the- 
 atre, but with little success ; and his pieces 
 are now deservedly forgotten. His history 
 of the extravagances of Mr. Oufile has ap- 
 peared in English, 8vo. which ridicules the 
 reading of books on witchcraft, magic, &c. 
 
 BoRDENAVE, Toussaint, professor of sur- 
 gery at Paris, is known for his elements of 
 physiologv, in 2 vols. l2mo. He was bora 
 10th April 1728, and died March 12, 1782. 
 
 BoRDES, Charles, a poet and philosopher 
 of Lyons, who died 1781. His works were 
 published at Lyons, 4 vols. 8vo. 1783, and 
 among their contents are admired an ode on 
 war, — Blanche de Bourbon a fine tragedy, — 
 elegant epistles, kc. 
 
 BoRDEU, Theophilus de, was born Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1722, at leste in the valley of Os- 
 san in Beam, and early distinguished him- 
 self at the university of Montpellier, where, 
 at the age of 20, he held a thesis de sensu 
 generice considerato, in so learned a manner 
 as to astonish his auditors. He gained great 
 reputation at Paris, and though he had ene- 
 mies as a physician, he gained the esteem 
 and the approbation of the learned, the ju- 
 dicious, and the great. His constitution was 
 early impaired by a flying gout, and a deep 
 melancholy, and he expired under an attack 
 of apoplexy 24th November 1776. He pub- 
 lished nine different treatises on anatomical 
 and medical subjects, much admired for the 
 information and judicious remarks which 
 they convey. 
 
 BoRDiNGius, Andrew, a celebrated Dan- 
 ish poet, whose works, highly esteemed in 
 Denmark, were printed 1738, at Copenha- 
 gen. 
 
 BoRDONE, Paris, a painter of Venice, 
 who was disciple of Titian, and the favorite 
 of Francis I. He particularly excelled in 
 the delicacy of his strokes and the purity of 
 his outlines, and gained great reputation by 
 the portraits which he took of the beauties 
 of the French court. He retired to Venice 
 from France, and died, universally admired, 
 in 1587, aged 75. 
 
 Bore, Catharine Von, a nun of the con- 
 vent of Nioaptschen, near Wittemberg, who. 
 
BO 
 
 ^^C 
 
 BO 
 
 with eight others, quitted the veil on the 
 first dissemination of Luther's principles. 
 The many qualities of her mind, the beauty 
 of her person, and the heroic features of her 
 conduct, recommended her to the notice of 
 the gi'eat reformer, wlio loved her, and, 
 though far more advanced in life, married 
 her, in her 26th year. Luther reaped in 
 her fidelity both happiness and instruction ; 
 and though tlie tongue of malevolence pro- 
 l>agated reports to the discredit of her vir- 
 tue, it must appear incontrovertible, that 
 the aftections of her husband were bestowed 
 on none but a woman of delicacy and virtue. 
 After a hospitable and exemplary life, she 
 died 1552, aged 53, leaving three sons, Paul, 
 Martin, and John. 
 
 BoREL, Peter, a native of Castres, phy- 
 sician to the French king, and author of seve- 
 ral curious and valuable publications on medi- 
 cine and antiquities. He died 1689, aged 69. 
 
 BoRELLi, John Alphonsus, was born at 
 Naples, 28th Jan. 1608, and distinguished 
 himself as a philosopher and mathematician 
 at Florence and Pisa, under the patronage 
 of the house of Medicis. As he was con- 
 cerned in the revolt of Messina, he fled to 
 Rome for safety, where the kindness of 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, alleviated his 
 distress, and supported his fortunes. He 
 there taught mathematics, and died of a 
 pleurisy, 31st Dec. 1679, aged 72. He wrote 
 13 different treatises in Italian and Latin, 
 liighly esteemed for the erudition and scien- 
 tific knowledge which they contain. That 
 ** de motu animalium," in two parts, is par- 
 ticularly quoted by authors as a book of su- 
 jierior merit. 
 
 BoRGARUTius, Prosper, an Italian phy- 
 sician of the 16th century, who acquired 
 celebrity as an anatomist at Padua and Pa- 
 ris. He published some works in his pro- 
 fession, much esteemed. 
 
 BoRGHESE, Paul Guidotto, a poet and 
 painter, born at Lucca, who, though ac- 
 quainted with 14 different trades, died poor 
 and neglected 1620, aged 60. He attempted 
 to rival Tasso, by a despicable poem called 
 ** Jerusalem ruined." 
 
 BoRGHiNi, Vincent, a Benedictine monk, 
 born at Florence. He wrote, besides an edi- 
 tion of the decameron, of Boccace, " Uis- 
 corsi," on the origin, antiquities, kc. of Flo- 
 rence, a most valuable work. He had the 
 magnanimity to refuse the archbishopric of 
 Pisa, and died lOSO, aged 65. 
 
 BoRGHiNf, llapluiel, a Florentine wri- 
 ter of comedies, and of a tract on sculp- 
 ture, much esteemed, printed 8vo. 1584. 
 
 Borgia, Ciesar, a natural son of pope 
 Alexander VI. He no sooner heard of his 
 father's exaltation to the papal chair, than 
 he left Pisa, where he was fixed for his edu- 
 cation ; but the ambitious prospects which he 
 had formed in his aspiring mind, were a 
 little obscured by the coldness with which 
 Alexander received hini. He complained to 
 his mother Vanozza, Avho for a while quiet- 
 ted his impatience, but he was dissatisfied to 
 see the dukedom of Gandia conferred upon 
 
 his elder brother Franois, whilst the pri-" 
 macy of Valenza was reserved for himself. 
 Afterwards, by the influence of his mother, 
 whose greatest favorite he was, a preference 
 to three other sons and a daughter called 
 Lucretia, the dignity of cardinal was con- 
 ferred upon him, and he became the friend 
 and confident of his father's counsels. The 
 elevatioa of Francis, however, to secular 
 power continued to excite his jealousy, so 
 that at once to gratify malice and revenge, 
 he caused his unhappy brother to be mur- 
 dered by assassins, and thrown into the Ti- 
 ber, whei-e his mangled carcass was a few- 
 days after found. The pope bitterly la- 
 mented his fate, but all his inquiries after 
 the murderer were silenced by Vanozza, 
 who, justly suspected as an accomplice, ter- 
 rified the astonished father, by declaring 
 that if he did not desist, the same dagger 
 was ready to stab him to the heart. Caesar 
 succeeded to his brother's honors and for- 
 tune, and now he resigned the dignity of 
 cardinal, that he might with greater latitude 
 gratify his avarice, ambition, and cruelty. 
 Bands of assassins were kept around him, 
 who sacrificed to his pleasure both friends 
 and foes; but his murderous schemes proved 
 nearly fatal. United with his father in the 
 attempt to poison nine newly created cardi- 
 nals, that they might seize their posses- 
 sions, the Avine was by mistake brought to 
 them, so that Ccesar escaped with difticulty 
 by the power of antidote and strength of 
 constitution, the pope died of it. His 
 crimes were now too public to be unno- 
 ticed. Though lately raised to the dukedom 
 of Valentinois by Lewis XII. he was stripped 
 of all his dignities, and sent a prisoner to 
 Spain, but he escaped to the court of his 
 brother-in-law, John, king of Navarre, and 
 after trying in vain to restore his fallen foi'- 
 tunes, he engaged in the civil war, by which 
 his brother's kingdom was distracted, and 
 was killed by the stroke of a spear under the 
 walls of Viana, 12th March, 1507. This 
 extraordinary character, so infamous in 
 principle, has been proposed by Machiavel 
 as a i)attern to pi-inces who would act the 
 part of wise and politic tyrants. 
 
 BoRGiANi, Orazio, a native of Rome, 
 eminent as an historical and portrait painter. 
 He died 1681, aged 51. 
 
 Boris, Gudenou, an intriguing officer, 
 regent of Muscovy under Foedor. He assas- 
 sinated Demetrius the brother of Foedor and 
 afterwards Foedor himself, and thus obtained 
 the sovereign power. His success was how- 
 ever of short duration, Griska an impostor 
 arose who pretended to be Demetrius who 
 had escaped from the dagger of his murder- 
 ers, and as his cause was espoused by many 
 adherents, and the vaivode of Sandomir, he 
 was enabled to attack Boris, who died of a 
 broken heart 1605. The infant son of Boris 
 was proclaimed by the Boyards in opposition 
 to the new usurper, but the fortunes of the 
 false Demetrius prevailed, and the son of Bo- 
 ris and his mother were paurdei'cd 10th June, 
 1605. 
 
BO 
 
 ^^r 
 
 BO 
 
 BoRL ACE, Edmund, M.D, son of sir John 
 Borlace, lord justice of Ireland, was educated 
 in Dublin, and afterwards studied at Leyden 
 and Oxford, in which places he took his de- 
 grees. He died at Chester, in 1682, where 
 he had practised with great reputation. He 
 wrote several books chiefly on the history 
 and antiquities of Ireland, &c. 1680, in folio. 
 
 BoRLASE, William, L. L. D. was born at 
 Pendeen in Cornwall, second of February, 
 1696, and educated at Penzance and Ply- 
 mouth, from whence he removed to Exeter 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degrees. 
 He was made rector of his native parish, St. 
 Just in Pendeen, by loi'd King in 1732, and 
 from that circumstance, his genius was now 
 directed with all the judgment of a man of 
 science, to investigate the euriosities, the mi- 
 neral and metallic fossils which surrounded 
 him. He published the antiquities of Cornwall 
 in fol. — observations on the Scilly islands, 4to. 
 -—and the natural history oi" Cornwall, folio, 
 "Works universally and deservedly admired, 
 besides communications to the philosophi- 
 cal transactions. He enriched likewise the 
 Ashmolean museum at Oxford, with several 
 curious remains of antiquity, for which he 
 ■was publicly thanked by the university in 
 1758, and he beautified the grotto of Twic- 
 kenham for his poetical friend Pope. He di- 
 ed 31st August, 1772, aged 77 ^ leaving two 
 sons out of six, whom he had by a lady to 
 ■whom he was married in 1724. 
 
 Born, Ignatius, a German baron, bom at 
 Carlsburg. He resided at Prague, where he 
 devoted himself to mineralogy and natural 
 history. Besides some valuable treatises on 
 these subjects, he wrote a satire on the 
 monks, in which he classed them, aftef the 
 system of Linnaeus. He died 1791, aged 49. 
 
 BoRNiER, Philip de, a lawyer of Mont- 
 pellier, author of two learned works on the 
 laws of the kingdom. He died 1711, aged 77. 
 
 BoRREL, John, an ecclesiastic, well ver- 
 sed in geometry. He died at Cenar, 1572, 
 aged 80, author of a 4to. volume on geome- 
 try, now little read. 
 
 BoRRi, Joseph Francis, a native of Mi- 
 lan, who distinguished himself by his extra- 
 tagant pretensions as a chemist, a heretic, 
 and a quack. After playing for some time 
 the prophet at Rome, he returned to Milan, 
 •where he attached to himself great multi- 
 tudes, from whose credulity he exacted an 
 oath of secrecy, while the riches of indivi- 
 duals were permitted to flow into his hands, 
 with the expectation that the kingdom of 
 God, like a general fold, was going to be 
 established on earth. His schemes were so 
 well concerted that he nearly seized the so- 
 vereign power by means of his adherents, 
 till being discovered, he secured himself by 
 flight, whilst the inquisition passed sentence 
 of condemnation on his character, and pub- 
 licly burnt his effigy and his wi-itings in 1660. 
 From Strasburg, where he had retired, he 
 came to Amsterdam, and there for some 
 time figured as a character of superior dig- 
 nity and uncommon virtues. He was respec- 
 ted, and courted as an universal phvsician, 
 VOL. f. 2B 
 
 nil a revolution in his fortune drove him 
 away from the country, loaded with the bor- 
 rowed jewels of the credulous Honandefs. 
 At Hamburgh he obtained the protection of 
 Christina queen of Sweden, by pretending 
 to find the philosopher's stone, and he gain- 
 ed the same confidence at Copenhagen from 
 the king of Denmark. Though his hypocrisy 
 at last became known to his illustrious pa- 
 trons, he gamed his wishes in the liberality 
 of their rewards, and attempted to retire to 
 Hungary. Being however accidentally seized 
 as a spy, his name was reported to the em- 
 peror of Germany in the presence of the 
 popish nuncio, who claimed him as an ex- 
 communicated heretic. The emperor con- 
 sented, provided his life was spared, and 
 Borri was conveyed to Rome, and condemn- 
 ed to perpetual imprisonment, which was 
 however softened by the interference of the 
 duke of Estr^es, whom he cured in a dange- 
 rous illness. He died at the castle of St. 
 Angelo, in 1695, aged 70. He wrote some 
 books on alchymy, &c. now little read. 
 
 BoRRiCHius, Olaus, a native of Den- 
 mark, educated at the university of Copen- 
 hagen, of which he became a learned pro- 
 fessor in poetry, chemistry, and botany. 
 After practising with great reputation as a 
 physician, and refusing the rectorship of the 
 famous school of Heslow, he began to travel, 
 aAd like a man of erudition and sound sense, 
 he visited Holland, England, France, Italy, 
 and Germany, and after an absense of six 
 years returned to his native countiy in 1666. 
 His genius procured him the fiMendship of 
 the literati of Europe, and the rectitude of 
 his principles the patronage of his sovereign. 
 He was dreadfully afflicted with the stone, 
 and after being unsuccessfully cut for it, he 
 died in October 1690, aged 64. He published 
 several tracts in Latin, on subjects of che- 
 mistry, philosophy, and antiquities. The 
 best known of which are de Poetis GrsecisSc 
 Latinis — antiquae Romse imago — de usu plan- 
 tarum indigenarum, 1688 — de somno som- 
 niferis, &e. — Borrichius de vita sua, in two 
 vols. 
 
 BoRROMEO, Charles, a saint of the Ro- 
 mish church, was born 2d October, 1538, at 
 the chateau d'Autone, and early Vatronised 
 by his maternal unole, pope Pius IV. who 
 made him a cardinal and archbishop of Mi- 
 lan, though only 22 years of age. These 
 high dignities and others which were lavish- 
 ed upon him were due to his merit and his 
 virtues. Barromeo was an example of meek- 
 ness and piety, he reformed the abuses of 
 his clergy, gave largely relief to the necessi- 
 tous, and provided institutions for the re- 
 claiming of profligate and debauched wo- 
 men. This zeal in the cause of humanity 
 however enraged the Humilies, an order 
 which he attempted to reform ; and one of 
 the brethi'en, Farina, fired a gun at the 
 worthy prelate while in prayer with his do- 
 mestics. The shot was not fatal, and the 
 assassin was deservedly punished. During a 
 dreadful pestilence the attentions of Borro- 
 meo to the distressed of every description, 
 
BQ 
 
 i2<^r 
 
 BO 
 
 ■were uniisuall}' exemplary, yet ingraiilude 
 and persecution generally await the good 
 and benevolent. He was accused by the go- 
 vernor of Milan, before Charles V. of at- 
 tempting innovations in the ecclesiastical in- 
 stitutions of the city, but his innocence was 
 too plain to need defence. This great and 
 good man died 3d Nov. 150 1, aged 47, and 
 his name was canonized by Paul V. in 1710. 
 lie wrote several works on doctrinal and 
 moral subjects, in 5 vols, folio. His letters, 
 in 31 vols, are preserved in MS. at Milan. 
 
 BoRuoMEO, Frederick, was cousin to the 
 preceding, and like him a cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Milan, and also the copy of his ex- 
 cellent charactei'. He founded the Ambro- 
 siau library, and died 1632. He wrote some 
 theological tracts. 
 
 BonuoMiNi, Francis, an architect of 
 Bissone, who acquired much reputation at 
 Home, though in his rivalship with le Ber- 
 nin, he deviated from that simplicity and 
 those received rules which taste and judg- 
 ment have always pronounced the basis of 
 the beautiful. He died in consequence of a 
 wound which he had given himself in a fit of 
 madness, 1667. 
 
 B0R2.0NI, Luciano, a native of Genoa, 
 eminent as an historical and portrait painter. 
 He died at Milan 1645, aged 55. His three 
 sons, John Bai)tist, Carlo, and Francis Marie, 
 were equally great. The tM'o first died 
 young, and the last showed superior genius 
 in the representations of sea pieces, storms, 
 .S(Cc. He died at Genoa 1679. 
 
 Bos, John Baptist duj a native of Beauvais, 
 raember of the French academy, and use- 
 fully employed under Torcy in negotiations 
 with Germany, Holland, England, and Italy. 
 He received a pension for his services, and 
 died at Paris, 23d March, 1742, aged 72. 
 He wrote critical reflections on poetry and 
 painting, an elegant work, in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — history of the league of Cambray — history 
 of the French monarchy, &c. 
 
 Bos, Lambert, a native ofWorkum, Greek 
 professor at Franeker, where he died 6th 
 January, 1717, aged 47. He devoted him- 
 self wlioUy to literature, and published the 
 scptuagint, 2 vols. 4to. — the antiquities of 
 Greece — and other learned works. 
 
 Bos, Charles Francis du, an ecclesiastic of 
 Lucon, who died thei-e 3d October, 1724. 
 He was a man of great piety and extensive 
 erudition. He published some works on 
 theological subjects, besides the life of Baril- 
 lon bishop of Lucon. 
 
 Bos, Jerome, a Flemish painter, whose 
 devils, spectres, and incantations, though 
 well represented, had a most ghastly and 
 disagi-ecable appearencc. He died 1500. 
 
 Bos, Lewis Jansen, a Flemish painter. 
 iMot only his leaves and flowers were beauti- 
 ful, but the dew was represented upon them 
 so much like nature as to deserve universal 
 approbation. He died 1507. 
 
 Bosc, James du, a native of Normand}^ 
 intimate with d'Ablanoourt, and author of 
 I'honnete femme Sc la femme heroique. 
 
 Bosc, Kerrc du, sou of an advocate of 
 
 Rouen, was born at Bayeux 21st February^. 
 1623. He was made protestant minister at 
 Caen at the age of 23, and maintained with 
 spirit and success the doctrines he had em- 
 braced. When Lewis XIV. published some 
 severe proclamations against the protes- 
 tants, Bose obtained a royal audience, and 
 disarmed the rigor of the catholics ; but on 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he re- 
 tired to Holtind, where he became minister 
 of the church of Rotterdam, till his death, 
 second January, 1692. His sermons, in four 
 vols. 8vo, are masterly proofs of his genius 
 and oratorical eloquence. Two other vols, 
 in 8vo. consisting of several detached pieces 
 w ere also printed after his death. 
 
 BoscAGER, John, a native of Beziers, the 
 pupil and successor of his uncle la Foret as a 
 law professor. He was author of the institute 
 of the Roman and French law, 4to, and of a 
 posthumous work de justitisi & jure, 12m0i 
 He died 1684, aged 83. 
 
 Bo SCAN, John ot Barcelona, by his resi- 
 dence at Venice, introduced the Italian rhyme 
 into the poetry of his country, and distin- 
 guished himself by the elegance of his diction 
 and the majesty of his lines. He wrote 
 Medina, 4to. published 1544, and Salamanca, 
 8yo. 1547, two poems, besides some admired 
 sonnets, and died 1543. 
 
 BoscAWEN, Edward, a celebrated admi- 
 ral, second son of Hugh lord Falmouth. He 
 was born in Cornwall, and early devoted to 
 the sea service. In 1740 he was appointed to 
 the command of the Shoreham, and distin- 
 guished himself at Porto Bello, and also at 
 Carthagena, where at the head of a few sea- 
 men he took a battery though annoyed by the 
 most tremendous fire. In 1744 he obtained 
 the Dreadnought of 60 guns, and took the 
 Media commanded by Hocquart, who again 
 fell into his hands at the battle off Cape Fin- 
 isterre, under Anson three years after. He 
 was sent, in 1747, as commander of an expe-', 
 dition to the East Indies, with the rank of 
 rear admiral of the blue, and though he was 
 unsuccessful in his blockade O'f Pdndichci'ry, 
 on account of the monsoons, he had the good 
 fortune to take Ma<lras. On his return, 
 during the peace which followed, he was 
 made one of the lords of the admiralty, and 
 in 1755 he was sent to intercept a French 
 squadron in North America, and had the 
 singular fortune of again taking prisoner for 
 the third time Hocquart in one of the two 
 ships which surrendered to his arms. In 
 1758, he was joined with lord Amherst, and 
 succeeded in the capture of Cape Breton, 
 and Louisburg. In 1759 he went to the Me- 
 diteranean, and tipon the sailing of the French 
 fleet thi'ough the straits he immediately 
 left Gibraltar to pursue with all speed the ad- 
 miral de Clue, and took three of his ships and 
 burnt two in Lagos bay. These gi*eat servi- 
 ces were acknowledged by the gratitude of 
 the parliament and the applauses of the na- 
 tion, the admiral was in 1760 made general 
 of marine, with a liberal salary of 3000/. a 
 year, but he did not long survive these hon- 
 ors. He died 10th Jan. 1761. He marrieJ 
 
BO 
 
 "SL^^f 
 
 BO 
 
 IB 1742, the daughter of William Evelyn 
 Glanviile, esq. by whom he had three sons and 
 two daughters. He was for some time repre- 
 sentative for the borough of rruro. 
 
 Bosch, Balthasar Yanden, a painter of 
 Antwerp, whose conversation pieces and 
 portraits are highly admired. He died 1715, 
 aged 40. 
 
 Bosch, Jacob, a painter of Amsterdam, 
 -whose fruit pieces were held in great es- 
 teem. He died lOrs, aged 39. 
 
 BoscHAERTS, Thomas Willebos, a Fle- 
 mish painter of Bei'g, horn in 1513. He was 
 patronised by the prince of Orange, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in allegory and coloring. 
 He died 1667, aged 54. 
 
 BoscoLi, Andrew, a painter of Florence, 
 born 1553, the disciple of Sarti di Titi. His 
 execution and coloring were much admired. 
 
 BoscovicH, Joseph Roger, a geometri- 
 cian and Jesuit, born at Ragusa, 18th May, 
 1711, and professor of mathematics at Rome, 
 Pavia, and Milan. Upon tJie suppression of 
 the Jesuits, he came to France, and after- 
 ivards retired to INlilan, where he died 12th 
 Feb. 1787. As liis know ledge of optics, geo- 
 metry, and metaphysics was very extensive, 
 he was usefully employed by some of the 
 Italian states, in measux-ing a degree in 
 Lombardy, and he deserved likewise the 
 patronage of the public by his elegant poe- 
 try. His works are on mathematical sub- 
 jects. He travelled over the greatest part 
 "of Europe, and greatly improved the theory 
 of achromatic glasses. His poem de solis & 
 lunee defectibus is much admired. 
 
 Bosio, James, a monk of Milan, chiefly 
 known for his authentic though inelegant 
 history of the knights of Malta in three vols, 
 folio, Rome, 1621, 29, and 84. 
 
 Bo SIC, Anthony, nephew of the prece- 
 ding, is known by his Italian description of 
 the tombs and epitaphs of the early Chris- 
 tians at Rome. The work was translated 
 into Latin by Aringhi, and is valuable, in two 
 vols. fol. 1051. 
 
 Boson, count of Aries, Avas made king of 
 Pi'ovence in 879. 
 
 BosQ^uET, Francis, bishop of Montpel- 
 liei', died 1670, aged 71. He wrote the lives 
 of the popes of Avignon, and the history of 
 the (iallican chui'ch. 
 
 BossE, Abraham, a native of Tours dis- 
 tinguished as an engraver and an architect. 
 He pubhshed some useful treatises on the 
 art of engraving, 8vo. — on perspective, 8vo. 
 — representations of human figures, from 
 the antiques of Rome, &c. and died about 
 the year 1660. 
 
 Bossu, Rene le, was born at Pari.s, 16th 
 March, 1631, and after studying at Nanter- 
 re, he became canon of St. Genevieve. He 
 devoted his time to divinity, and particularly 
 to belles lettres, on which he read lectures in 
 several religious houses. He published a 
 comparison between Aristotle s and des 
 Cartes' philosophy, and a treatise on epic 
 poetry, the best composition ever written on 
 the subject in French, according to Boileau 
 his friend and favorite. He left several M.SS. 
 
 preserved in the abbey of St. John des 
 Chartres, and died March 1680. 
 
 BossuET, James, was born at Dijon, 27th 
 September 1627, and studied in the college 
 of Navarre at Paris. He distinguised him- 
 self as a preacher at Paris, and his great 
 erudition recommended him so much, that 
 he was made preceptor to the Uauphin in 
 1669, to whom he dedicated his discourse on 
 universal history, in 1681. His merits raised 
 him to further offices of honor and trust ; 
 he became bishop of Condom, and after- 
 wards of Meaux, and in 1695 he was made 
 superior of the college which had contribu- 
 ted to the education of his early years. 
 His writings gained universal admiratiim. 
 As a catholic he displayed firmness and mo- 
 deration, and it is said that his strong appeals 
 to the Protestants, in his doctrines of tlie ca- 
 tholic ciliurch, drew away many back from 
 the new tenets to the pale of the Romish 
 church. His history of the protestant 
 churches — his history of France, &cc. are 
 well known, but his funeral orations, de- 
 livered in honor of the memory of the 
 princes and great men of the time, possess 
 peculiar sublimity. After a life spent hono- 
 rably in the defence of the religion which 
 he had embraced, he died at Paris, 12th 
 April, 1704, and was buried at Meaux. The 
 learned evinced their respect for this great 
 man's memory, by the encomiums, which 
 were publicly delivered to crowtled au- 
 diences, as tributes of gratitude, at Meaux, 
 Paris, and Rome. His life has been pub- 
 lished by Burigny. His woi-ks appeared at 
 Paris together, 12 vols. 4to. 1743. 
 
 Bossus, Mai'tin, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Verona, and employed by Sixtus IV. He 
 died at Padua 1502, aged IS. He wrote 
 several works in Latin on moral subjects. 
 
 BosTOx, Thomas, M. A. a native of 
 Dunse in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh, 
 and minister of Simprin and afterwards of 
 Etterick, where he died of a scorbutic dis- 
 order, 20th May, 1732, aged 30. lie wrote 
 a well known book, *' Human nature in its 
 fourfold state," besides other pieces, &c. 
 
 BoswELL,, James, eldest son of Alexan- 
 der Boswell, lord Auchinleck, one of the 
 Scotch judges, was born at Edinburgh, 29th 
 October, 1740. He studied civil law in the 
 universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and 
 though inclined to a military life, he followed 
 at last the advice of his father, and was called 
 to the Scotch bar. As his heart was warm, 
 open, and generous, he cultivated the fi'iend- 
 ship of men of worth and learning, and 
 among those whose intimacy he coui'ted 
 were lord Somerville, Mr. Temple, and 
 particularly Dr. Johnson, to whom he was 
 introduced. May 16, 1763. A desire of 
 acquiring knowledge by observation, and of 
 studying men and mannei's, induced him 
 to visit foreign countries, and after crossing 
 Germany and Switzerland, and paying his 
 respects to the poet of Ferney and to the 
 philosopher of Geneva, he left Italy to ex- 
 amine Corsica, and the kindness of Paoli 
 was tlicrefore repaid by deserved encomi 
 
B0 
 
 ^^ 
 
 BO 
 
 urns iu the history which he published of 
 thkt island ; a volume which has to add to 
 the commendation of Johnson the labors of 
 Dutch, German, Italian, and French tran- 
 slators. He returned to Scotland in 1766, 
 and three years after he was at the famous 
 jubilee at btratford on Avon, where he sup- 
 ported at a masquerade the favorite cha- 
 racter of an armed Corsican chief. As his 
 intimacy with Johnson was founded upon the 
 basis of reciprocal esteem, it is a happy cir- 
 cumstance that he began early to collect and 
 digest the materials for the life of this ex- 
 traordinary man, and therefore the publica- 
 tion of the work in 1790 was received with 
 that avidity from the public wljich is the 
 best tribute to the memory of an illusti'ious 
 character, as well as to the judicious execu- 
 tion of the biographer. Besides Dr. John- 
 son's life, he published an account of his tour 
 to the Hebrides with the great moralist — 
 two well known letters to the people of 
 Scotland, and essence of the Douglas cause, 
 ■when it so much engaged the public atten- 
 tion. Boswell had a strong predilection for 
 the literary enjoyments of London, and he 
 not only visited the capital frequently, but 
 at last settled there in 1785, and was called 
 regularly to the Ipnglish bar. He did not 
 however meet with great success, but though 
 he did not possess the superior powers of 
 eloquence, he was distinguished as a lawyer 
 by strong sense and deep penetration. He 
 ■was suddenly on his return from Auchinleck 
 seized with a disorder which proved fatal. 
 He died at his house in Portland-street, 19th 
 June, 1795, aged 55. He left two sons and 
 ihree daughters by ISIiss Margaret Mont- 
 gomery, a lady of amiable manners, to 
 whom he was united in 1769, and who died 
 June 1790. Though the man of wit, the 
 pleasing and lively companion, Boswell was 
 subject to moments of constitutional melan- 
 choly, and it was dui'ing those depressions 
 of spirit that he wrote his hypochondriac, 
 a periodical publication, in 1782. His cha- 
 racter is painted in flattering colors by John- 
 son, who says, in his tour to the Hebrides, 
 that " Boswell would help his inquiries, and 
 that his gaiety of disposition and civility of 
 manners were sufficient to counterbalance 
 the inconveniences of travel, in countries 
 less hospitable than he had passed." 
 
 BoTAL, Leonard, physician to Henry 
 in. of France, recommended frequent bleed- 
 ing in fevers, which other medical men se- 
 verely condemned. His works appeared 
 Leyden 1660, 8vo. 
 
 BoTERO, John, secretary of Borromeo, 
 was preceptor to the duke of Savoy's chil- 
 dren. He died 1688. He wrote some poli- 
 tical tracts, &c. 
 
 Both, John and Andrew, two Flemish 
 painters. They were so fond of each other, 
 that their^pictures were generally executed 
 in common. John, who was the disciple of 
 Abraham Bloemart, imitated Claude Lor- 
 raine, and his brother copied the manner of 
 Bambochff. John was drowned 1650, in the 
 canal of Venice, and the other died at 
 Vtreeht 1656. 
 
 BoTHLAN, a Christian physician of Bag* 
 dat, who visited Egypt in 1047, to be ac- 
 quainted with his I'ival in medicine, called Iba 
 Rodhwan. He afterwards went to Constan- 
 tinople for one year, and died unmarried. 
 He wrote some medical tracts, &c. Some 
 say that he did not embrace Christianity. 
 
 Both WELL, James Hepburn earl, is 
 known in Scotch history for his marriage 
 Avith queen Mary. It is supposed by some 
 historians that he was deeply concerned in 
 the murder of the unfortunate Darnley, 
 Mary's husband, and that he was even sup- 
 ported by the deluded queen ; but though 
 suspected, his innocence was inferred from 
 his acquittal upon the trial. If the death of 
 Darnley did not seem to pave the way to his 
 elevation, he made himself sure, by seizing 
 the queen at Edinburgh, and carrying her a 
 prisoner to Dunbar castle, where he pre- 
 vailed upon her by violence to yield to his 
 Avishes and to marry him, after he had di- 
 vorced his own wife. Though seemingly 
 thus secure in the possession of power, and 
 though created earl of Orkney by the unfor- 
 tunate queen, he soon found that his con- 
 duct had roused the indignation of the king- 
 dom. Mary found not in him that fond hus- 
 band she expected, and Both well became 
 unkind and brutal. A confederacy was 
 formed against him by the barons, the queen 
 Avas liberated from his power, and the dis- 
 graced husband escaped to the Orkneys, and 
 afterwards to Denmark, where he died 
 1577. In his last moments, it is said, that 
 with an agonizing conscience, he confessed 
 his own guilt and the queen's innocence of 
 the murder of Darnley. 
 
 BoTiCELLi, Alexander, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, who died 15! 5, aged 78. His Venus 
 rising from the sea, and his Venus adorned 
 by the Graces were much admired. 
 
 BoTT, John de, an architect born in 
 France, of protestant parents. He was in 
 the military service of king William III. and 
 afterwards of the king of Prussia, and of the 
 elector of Saxony, king of Poland. The ar- 
 senal of Berlin, the fortifications of Wesel, 
 and several public edifices at Dresden, are 
 monuments of his architectural genius. He 
 died at Dresden, 1745, aged 75. ^ 
 
 BoTT, Thomas, was born at Derby 1688, 
 of a respectable family in Staffordshire. He 
 Avas the youngest of six children, and the at- 
 tention of his mother fully supplied the neg- 
 ligence of his father, Avho had wasted away 
 his property in gaming. He was brought 
 up among dissenters, and was minister of a 
 congregation ; but he afterwards applied 
 himself to the study of physic, which he 
 hoAvever abandoned for the church of Eng- 
 land. He obtained Winburgh and Edgefield 
 rectories in Norfolk, and died at Norwich 
 23d September 1754. He wrote some theo- 
 logical tracts besides sermons. His son Ed- 
 mund of Christ Church in Hants, has pub- 
 lished some cases with respect to the poor 
 laws. 
 
 BovADiLLA orBoBADiLLA,DonFran- 
 ciso de, a Spaniard, raised from obscurity to 
 
BO 
 
 "^'^y/ 
 
 BO 
 
 be govepnop general of the Indies in 1500. 
 His conduct in his office was haughty and 
 tyrannical, hut when he had the presump- 
 tion to load with irons, and to send as pris- 
 oners to Eui-ope, Diego Columbus, and his 
 illustrious brother, to whose zeal the disco- 
 very of America was due, Ferdinand and 
 Isabella repented of their choice. The no- 
 ble sufterers were treated with distinction, 
 Ovando was sent to supersede Bovadilla, 
 ■who, however, never reached his native 
 home, as the fleet of twenty-one ships on 
 on board of which he was, were shipwreck- 
 ed, and with an immense quantity of gold 
 sunk to the bottom, 1502. 
 
 Bouchard, David, a famous chieftain, in 
 the service of Henry IV. of France. He 
 was governor of Perigord, and was killed by 
 a shot at the si^e of Lisle, a small town in 
 his province, 9th July 1598. 
 
 BouCHARDON, Edmund, a native of 
 Chaumont in Bassigni, i^ho devoted himself 
 to the study of sculpture, and after he had 
 perfected himself at Rome, adorned Paris 
 with various monuments of his genius. He 
 was highly honored by the king and by the 
 academy, and his amiable manners and his 
 exalted and independent spirit deserved 
 the distinction. Count de Caylus wrote his 
 life. He died 1672, aged 64. 
 
 BoucHAUD, Matthew Anthony, a native 
 of Paris, From advocate of the parliament, 
 he became professor of the law of nature in 
 the university, and distinguished himself by 
 his publications. Besides various articles in 
 the encyclopsedia, he wrote a commeHtary 
 on the laws of the 12 tables with interest- 
 ing notes, &c. — poetical antiquities — trans- 
 lations of Juliet Mandeville an English novel 
 — the dramas of Apostolo, Zeno, &c. He 
 died 1804, aged 85. 
 
 Bo u CHE, Honorius, an ecclesiastic, au- 
 thor of an ill digested though useful descrip- 
 tion and history of Provence. He died 1671, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Boucher d'Argis, Antoine Gaspard, 
 born 1708, was an advocate of Paris, coun- 
 sellor of the council of Doirtbes, and author 
 of some respectable publications on law sub- 
 jects. He wrote all the articles on jurispru- 
 dence in the encyclopedia from the second 
 volume. 
 
 Boucher, Francis, was painter to Lewis 
 XV. and from his excellence in the light and 
 agreeable, he was called the painter of the 
 graces, and the Anacreon of painting. He 
 died 1770. His infant Jesus sleeping is much 
 admired. 
 
 Boucher, Join, a seditious doctor of the 
 Sorbonne during the French civil wars. He 
 severely inveighed in his sermons and wri- 
 tings against Henry HI. and afterwards 
 against Henry IV. and when Paris submitted 
 to the conqueror he retired into the Nether- 
 lands, where he died dean of the chapter of 
 Tournay, 1644, aged 94. 
 
 BoucHERAT, Lewis, a native of Paris, 
 who raised himself by his talents and integ. 
 rity to be chancellor of France. He died 
 i»uch respected, 1699, aged 83. 
 
 BoucHET, John, was born at Poitiers, of 
 which he was procureur. He wrote curious 
 annals of Aquitaine, Poitiers, &c. bosides 
 some moral poetry. He died 1530, aged 74. 
 BouCHET, John, a maitre d'hotel to the 
 king of France, who wrote the genealogies 
 of several noble families. He died 1684. 
 
 BoucHET, Guillaume, a judge, consul of 
 Poitiers, author of " Serees," in three vols, 
 a work full of anecdotes, both humorous and 
 indelicate. He died about 1607. 
 
 BoucHEUL, John Joseph, an advocate of 
 Dorat, author of some commentaries on law, 
 &c. He died 1720. 
 
 BoucHiER, Thomas, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, is known as the first person who 
 encouraged printing in England. He sent 
 two persons to Haerlem, whei-e the art m as 
 then beginning to florish, and they were art- 
 ful enough to bribe one of the compositors 
 of the press to embark with them, and to 
 bring with him a set of letters. This useful 
 foreigner was settled at Oxford, 1464, and 
 thus that university may claim the honor of 
 printing next to Mentz and Haerlem. Bou- 
 chier has been accused of avarice, but it 
 should not be forgotten that the persons he 
 sent to Holland were provided with a thou- 
 sand marks, 300 of which were his own. He 
 died 1486. 
 
 BouciCAUT, marechal de France, and 
 viscount Turenne, surnamed John de Mein- 
 gue, was eminent as a warrior, and went 
 with Nevers against Bajazet, and was takea 
 prisoner at the battle of Nicopolis. He 
 was for some time governor of Genoa for 
 Charles VI. of France, but while he seized 
 Milan, all the French were massacred at 
 Genoa, and he himself Mas defeated, and 
 escaped with difficulty across the Alps. He 
 afterwards distinguished himself against the 
 Turks and A^enetians. He Avas taken pris- 
 oner at the battle of Aglncourt, and died in 
 England 1421. He was fond of music, and 
 some of his ballads are still preserved as pos- 
 sessing merit. 
 
 BouDE WINS, Michael, a learned physi- 
 cian of Antwerp, author of a publication 
 called Ventilabrum medico theolog. in 4to. 
 1666, useful to divines and medical persons. 
 He died in his native town of Antwerp 
 1681. 
 
 BouDiER, Rene, a native of Trelly near 
 Coutances, was remarkable for his great 
 mental accomplishments, and the voluptu- 
 ousness of his manners. He wrote a Roman 
 history, &c. He died November 1733, aged 
 nearly 90. 
 
 BouDON, Henry Marie, an ecclesiastic of 
 Evreux, who wrote several books of devo- 
 tion, &c. He died 1702, aged 78. 
 
 Bo u DOT, John, a learned and intelligent 
 bookseller and printer at Paris, author of a 
 valuable latin dictionary in 14vols. 4to which 
 has been usefuUv abi'idged in 8vo. He died 
 1754, aged 69. 
 
 BovERicK, an English clock-maker ini 
 the I7th century, known for his ingenuity ia 
 mechanics. 
 
 B o V E B I u s, Zacharius, a Ca'puchiA known 
 
BO 
 
 us ilie author of a Latin history of liia order 
 in two vols, folio. He liied at Genoa 1638, 
 siged 70. 
 
 BovETTE de Blemur, Jacqueline, em- 
 braced early a religious life, and died at Clia- 
 tillon 1G96, aged 78. She wrote some theo- 
 logical works not devoid of merit. 
 
 BovEY, Catharine, married, at the age of 
 15, William Bovey, a gentleman of opulence 
 and respectability in Glocestershire. To the 
 greatest personal charms she united the 
 iuost benevolent character, and all the mild 
 .^irtues and benign charities of private life, 
 Nbo that she is deservedly extolled by sir Rich- 
 ard Steele in his dedication of the two vols, 
 of his ladies' libraiy. She was left a widow 
 early, and died at llasley, in Glocestershire, 
 172G, aged 57. Iler maiden name was 
 Riches. 
 
 Bo UFLERS, Louis Francois due de, was 
 born 10th Jan. 1644. He was blessed with a 
 strong military genius, and early distinguish- 
 ed himself. His defence of Lisle in 1708, for 
 nearly four montlis against prince Eugene, 
 gained him universal praise. *' I am vain," 
 said Eugene, when master of the place, to 
 i3ouflers, " to have conquered Lisle ; but 1 
 had rather enjoy the glory of defending it 
 like you." He was loaded with honors by 
 the court, and made a peer of France. He 
 served under marechal de Villars, and at the 
 battle of Malplaquet, in 1709, he displayed 
 so much vigilance, tliat neither cannon nor 
 prisoners fell info the hands of the conque- 
 rors, in his private character he was gen- 
 erous and disinterested, humane and virtu- 
 ous, and so superior a general, that AVllliam 
 HI. detaining him prisoner at Namur for 
 reprisals on the French, who had dishonora- 
 bly kept back the garrison of Dixmude, de- 
 clared that he was worth more than U),000 
 men. He died at Fontainbleau 2*d Aug. 
 17 11, aged 68. 
 
 Bo u F LERS, Louis de, a native of Picardy, 
 born 15,S4, known for his extraordinary 
 strength and agility, in which he equalled 
 the famous Mllo of Crotona. He was killed 
 at the siege of Pont-sur )'one. 
 
 BouGAiNvii-LE, John Peter de, was 
 born at Paris 1st Dec. 1722. His great 
 learning and uncommon application procu- 
 red him many friends, and a respectable 
 situation in the literary societies of the ca- 
 pital. His ambition, however, was disap- 
 I)ointed in his wish to he admitted into the 
 French academy. He urged the precarious 
 state of his health, and the probability of an 
 eai'ly vacancy ; but Duclos the' secretary 
 ■with great harshness observed, that it was 
 not the business of the academy to adminis- 
 ter extreme unction. As his constitution 
 was greatly weakened by intense study, he 
 died at the early age of 41, June 22d 1763. 
 He wrote a parellel between Thomas Kouli 
 Khan and Alexander, — a translation of Po- 
 lignac's Anti-Lucretius, two vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 BouGAiNviLi.E, M.U. F. a Frenchman, 
 whose discoveries in his navigation round the 
 world, procured as much glory to his nation, 
 as Cook had before acquired for the English 
 
 ^/i 
 
 BO 
 
 name. Neither his virtues nor his services 
 shielded him against the ferocity of a Paris 
 mob, and he was one of the thousands inhu- 
 manly sacrificed on the 10th of August 1792. 
 
 BouGEANT, Guillaume Hyacinth; a Je- 
 suit, born at Quimper, 4th Nov. 1690. He 
 was professor of humanities at Caen, Ne- 
 vers. and Paris, but for a httle time fell un- 
 der disgrace by the publication of his amuse- 
 ment philosophique, in which he supposes 
 that brutes are animated by demons. He 
 was a man of engaging manners, great wit, 
 and pleasing conversation ; but the disap- 
 pointments which he endured shortened his 
 life. He died at Paris, 7th Jan. 1743, aged 
 53. His publications are respectable, espe- 
 cially his history of the wars, &c. during 
 Richelieu's and Mazarin's administration, — 
 the history of the treaty of We.stphalia,— 
 the exposition of the Christian doctrine, &c. 
 
 BouGEREL, Joseph, an ecclesiastic, au- 
 thor of Gassendi, and of memoires pour 
 riiistoire des homraes illustres, &c. He di- 
 ed at Paris 1753. 
 
 BouGOUiNE, Simon, a poet at the court 
 of Lewis XU. author of " I'homme juste," 
 and " I'homme pecheur," &c. 
 
 BouGUER, Peter, was born at Croisie 
 10th Feb. 1698. He early distinguished 
 himself by his knowledge of mathematics. 
 He was employed with Godin and de la Con- 
 damine to goto Peru, the better to ascertain 
 the figure of tJie earth, and he acquitted 
 himself with credit and ability ; but his 
 (piarrel with his associates lessened his fame, 
 and drew upon him the character of a rough, 
 ferocious, and unforgiving man. He died 
 15th August 1758, aged 60. His publications 
 are respectable, especially la construction du 
 navire, 4to. — la figure de la terre, 4to. — 
 traite de'optique, 4to. — la manoeuvre des 
 vaisseux, 4to. 
 
 BoHiER, John, president of the parlia- 
 ment of Dijon, was eminent as a lawyer and 
 as a scholar. He was member of the French 
 academy, and wrote poetry, translated Pe- 
 tronius and some pai'ts of Virgil and Ovid, 
 besides the Tusculana of Cicero, disserta- 
 tions, &c. He died much respected at Di- 
 jon 1746, aged 73. 
 
 BouHOURS, Dominique, a Jesuit, born at 
 Paris 1628, and celebrated as a critic. He 
 first gave lectures at Clermont, but violent 
 attacks of the headach prevented his suc- 
 cess, and he became preceptor to the sons of 
 the duke of Longueville. He afterwards at- 
 tended at Dunkirk the popish refugees from 
 England, and became known by his ** en- 
 tretiens d' Ariste & d'Eugene,'' an elegant 
 and learned work, which was i-ead with avid- 
 ity, and criticised by the learned in every 
 part of Europe. This performance so pleas- 
 ed Colbert, that he made him tutor to his 
 son, the marquis of Sequelai. His literary 
 fame was not, however, without attacks, and 
 Menage has levelled against him the well di- 
 rected shafts of criticism. His remarks and 
 doubts on the French language are pai'ticu- 
 larly worth attention. He wrote, besides 
 dialogues on the art of thinking well — the 
 
BO 
 
 JiTe of Francis Xavier, the apostle of India — 
 the life of Ignatius — ingenious thoughts of 
 ancients and moderns, &c. IJouhours closed 
 his useful life, which never ceased to he af- 
 flicted with the headaoh, at Clermont 27th 
 •May 1702. 
 
 BouiLLARD, Don James, a learned Be- 
 nedictine, author of an history of St. Ger- 
 main-des-i>res, in fol. He died 1726, aged 
 57. 
 
 BoDiLLAUD, Ismael, was born at Lon- 
 don, 28th Sept. 1605. Though born of pro- 
 t£Stant parents, he embraced the popish 
 faith, and soon became eminent in theology 
 and every branch of science. His connec- 
 tions with the learned were very extensive ; 
 but, in the midst of his great reputation, he 
 showed himself modest and diffident. He 
 died 25th November, 1694. He published a 
 discourse on the reformation of some reli- 
 gious orders — an edition of Ducas, in Greek 
 and Latin, 1649, fol. — opus novum ad arith- 
 meticum infinitorura, 1682, foh 
 
 BouiLLE, M. le marquis de, a French 
 general of great character, descended from 
 a noble and ancient family. During the 
 American war, he served with credit in 
 the West-Indies, and was oppointed com- 
 mander in chief of the French islands, and 
 for his services was raised to the rank of 
 lieutenant-general, and of knight of the 
 Holy Ghost. He opposed the rise of the 
 revolution, and particularly the plans of 
 Necker, and, as a friend of the king and 
 monarchy, he repressed, with spirit and ef- 
 fect, the insurrection of the garrison of 
 Metz, of which he was governor, in August 
 1790 ; but though applauded by the assem- 
 bly for his active conduct, he was accused by 
 the jacobins as a shedder of blood ; and the 
 odium thus directed against him was farther 
 increased upon the fligbt of the king to Va- 
 rennes. Bouilld, who failed in his attempts 
 to liberate his master, boldly defended the 
 measures which he had taken, and was in 
 consequence pronounced an enemy to his 
 country, his property was confiscated, and 
 a price fixed on his Fnjad. An exile from 
 France, he entered the Swedish army in 
 1791, but soon after enlisted under the ban- 
 ners of Conde, and shared the dangers and 
 the fatigues of the lieroic, but unfortunate 
 emigrants. His memoirs of the revolution 
 appeared in 1797, and excited great interest 
 by their impartiality. He died in London, 
 14th November, 1800. 
 
 BouiLLET, John, a physician, who was 
 born at Servian Gth March 1690, and died 
 )3th August 1777. llespected as a profes- 
 sional man, he was equally so as the author 
 of eleniens de medicine pratique, 2 vols. 4to. 
 -— ohser rations surl'anasarque & les hydro- 
 pisies, 4to. — memoirs pour sei-vir a I'histoire 
 de I'academiedes sciences de Beziers, 4to. 
 
 BouiLT.ON, Emanuel Theodosius, an ec- 
 clesiastic, raised to the rank of cardinal by 
 the interest of his uncle Turenne. He ser- 
 ved Lewis XIV. as his ambassador at Home ; 
 but he was disgraced and exiled, on pre- 
 tence of not supporting his master's interest 
 
 ^t/S BO 
 
 with sufficient energy. He died at Kome 2S 
 March 1715, aged 72. 
 
 Bo u LAI, CjesarEgasse du, a native of St. 
 EUier, in the Lower Maine, historiographer 
 to the university of Paris, and known by his 
 " history of the university of Paris, 6 vols, 
 folio." He died 16th October, 1678. 
 
 BouLAiNviLLiERS, Henry de, a native 
 of St. Saise, early distinguished for bis great 
 talents and extensive knowledge of history. 
 He wrote an history of the Arabians — 14 
 letters on the ancient French parliaments — 
 the state of France to the time of Hugh 
 Capet — a history of France to tlie reign of 
 Charles VIII. &c. He died at Paris iiv 
 1722 ; and after his death his unfinished life 
 of Mahomet wa.s published ; a work whicli 
 shows his notions of religion to be wavering 
 and indelicate, since he defends the impos- 
 tures which it was his duty mei'ely to re- 
 cord. 
 
 Bo UL ANGER, Nicholas Anthony, a na- 
 tive of Paris, who, by strong application, 
 overcame the difficulties of a natural stupidi- 
 ty, and became eminent as a mathematician 
 and architect. He was engineer in the 
 army ; and being afterwards employed in the 
 care of the highways of Champagne, Bur- 
 gundy, *and Lorrain, he observed, with a 
 curious and inquisitive eye, the various 
 strata of the earth, in cutting through moun- 
 tains to alter or improve the direction of 
 rivei'S and canals. His conjectures on the 
 formation of the globe were curious and in- 
 teresting. He sought for new light in an- 
 cient languages ; but death cut off his useful 
 career in 1759, in his.37th year. He was ot* 
 a mild and benevolent temper, and resem- 
 bled in features the famous Socrates. His 
 works are I'antiquite devoiI6e, 3 vols. 12mov 
 trait6 du despotisme oriental, 2 vols. &c- 
 besides the articles, ** deluge, corvee & so- 
 ciete," in the encyclopedia, and a disserta- 
 tion on Elisha and Enoch, &c. It is to be 
 lamented that his sentiments were wantonly 
 hostile to the Christian religion. 
 
 BouLANGER, a famous Augustinc prea- 
 cher, better known by the name of petit 
 pere Andr6. He died at Paris 1675, aged 80. 
 
 Boui.ANGER or BouLLEGER, Claude 
 Francois Felix, a native of Amiens, who 
 was for some time an advocate at Paris, but 
 he became better known as a man of exten- 
 sive erudition and great powers of memory. 
 He wrote treatises on electricity, 8vo.— 
 historical and critical researches on ancient, 
 plays, 12mo. — besides fables in verse, in- 
 ferior to la Fontaine. He died 1758, aged 
 34. 
 
 BouLAY, Edmund du, a herald at arms 
 to the duke of Lori'ain in the middle of the 
 IClh century. He wrote, besides tbe jour- 
 ney of duke Anthony to Charles V. some 
 books in verse and prose, now little kjiowu. 
 
 BOULLSGER. \id. Bout, ANGER. 
 
 BouLLENOis, Louis, an advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris, author of some 
 valuable dissertations on law, &c. He died 
 at Paris 1762, aged 84. 
 
 BovLLiER, David Renaud, Avas born itt 
 
BO 
 
 A/^ 
 
 BO 
 
 Utrecht, 24th March, 1699, and was minister 
 of Amsterdam and Leyden. He was re- 
 spectable for his writings, which are in 
 French and Latin, chiefly on theological sub- 
 jects, the best known of which are, a disser- 
 tation on the existence of God, 1716 — letters 
 on the true principles of religion, 2 vols. 
 12rao. 1741 — bishop Berkeley's book on tar- 
 water translated, &c. He died December 
 24, 1759. 
 
 BouLLONGNE, Louis, a French painter of 
 great merit. His picture of Augustus shut- 
 ting the temple of Janus, his flight into 
 Egypt, and several other pieces, preserved 
 in the churches of Paris, are valuable monu- 
 ments of his genius. He died at Pai-is 1674. 
 
 BouLLONGNE, Bon, eldest SOU of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Ron-e and Lombar- 
 dy, and possessed, with his fathei-'s talents, 
 a greater versatility of genius, whence he 
 was called the Proteus of painters. He died 
 1G97, aged 4.3. His younger brother Lewis 
 was equally eminent as a painter. He was 
 ipatronised by Lewis XIV. and gained univer- 
 sal admiration. He died 1733, aged 79, 
 leaving two sons and two daughters. 
 
 Boulter, Hugh, D. U. was born in or 
 near London, and educated at Merchant 
 taylors' school, and Christ Church, Oxford. 
 He w as chosen demy of Magdalen with Ad- 
 dison and Wilcox ; which circumstance, 
 from the respectability of the three students, 
 is called the golden election. His merit and 
 his learning recommended him to the notice 
 of sir Charles Hodges, secretary of state, to 
 Tenisnn, the primate, and to the earl of 
 Sunderland, by whose patronage he was libe- 
 rally promoted, and made chaplain to George 
 I. whom he attended to Hanover in 1719, and 
 afterwards English tutor to prince Frederick. 
 He was raised to the deanery of ChristChurch 
 and the bishopric of Bristol in 1719. His 
 moderation and firmness were so conspicu- 
 ous, that when the primacy of Ireland be- 
 came vacant, the king appointed him to that 
 high station, and with great reluctance he 
 was prevailed upon to accept of the situa- 
 tion. Ireland was then a prey to faction and 
 clamor, in consequence of Wood's ruinous 
 schemes with respect to the coin; but the 
 primate's eftbrts were strenuously directed 
 to restore tranquillity and comfort to the 
 distracted country. Though at first unpo- 
 pular, his plans succeeded, the scarcity of 
 silver was remedied, and he became the fa- 
 vorite of the Irish. His munificence to the 
 poor was indeed unbounded, during the 
 scarcity of 1741. Not less than 2500 souls 
 were daily supported at his expense, hospi- 
 tals were nobly endowed, the children of the 
 indigent clergy were educated by his libe- 
 rality, public buildings erected, and not less 
 than 30,000^. were devoted to improve the 
 small livings of Ireland. This great and good 
 man, so universally and deservedly esteemed, 
 visited, in June 1742, his native country, 
 and died in London the September follow- 
 ing, and was interred in Westminster abbey. 
 Though a man of erudition, he left nothing 
 but a few occasional sermons^ htit his bene- 
 
 ficence and charity have gained him immor- 
 tal fame. Some of his letters were printed 
 at Oxford in 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bou(i.uERANT, a negro of St. Domingo, 
 who possessed courage, sagacity, and elo- 
 quence, and by his arts raised himself ta 
 consequence among his fellow sufferers in 
 the colony. He was killed November 1791, 
 bravely fighting in defence of liberty. 
 
 BouQ,UET, Don Martin, a Benedictine of 
 St. Maur, born at Amiens. He assisted 
 Montfaucon, and made an useful and labori- 
 ous collection of the historians of France, as 
 far as the 3d volume, to which four more 
 Mere added after his death, which happened 
 at Paris 1754, in his 69th year. 
 
 BOUQ.UET, Madam, is celebrated for her 
 humanity during the revolution, in conceal- 
 ing some of the proscribed deputies, though 
 death was the consequence of this mark of 
 friendship. After suppoi-ting these unfortu- 
 nate men for some time, and seeing their 
 escape from her abode but to perish on the 
 scaftbld, she was herself dragged before the 
 bloody tribunal of Boardeaux, and suffered 
 death with truly Christian resignation. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles due de, son of Gilbert 
 count of Montpensier, constable of France, 
 was born 1489, and early distinguished him- 
 self by his valor in the field, especially in the 
 battle of Marignano. After serving Francis 
 I. he was disgraced,. through the intrigues of 
 Louisa the queen-mother, whose offers of 
 marriage he had contemptuously rejected, 
 and he immediately espoused the cause of 
 his great rival Charles V. and by his intre- 
 pidity highly contributed to the victory of 
 Pavia. He was placed at the head of the 
 imperial armies ; but the murmurs of the 
 soldiers for want of pay would have proved 
 destructive to his interests, had he not, with 
 bold enthusiasm, promised them riches and 
 victory, and immediately led them against 
 Rome. The attack was unexpected, but the 
 valor of Bourbon would have overcome all 
 obstacles. He placed the first scaling ladder 
 against the wall, and as he was mounting at 
 the head of his troops he received a shot, 
 which immediately proved fatal, 6th May, 
 1527. His victorious soldiers turied him 
 with great funeral honors. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles de, son of Charles 
 duke of Vendome, was a cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Rouen. He was raised to the 
 throne of France in 1583, on the death of 
 Henry III. and after enjoying the phantom 
 of royalty for a little time, he died 1590, 
 aged 67. 
 
 BouRBONCoNDE,Louisduc de, aFrench 
 general, who gained some reputation at the 
 battles of Steinkerque and Nerwinde, and 
 died suddenly at Paris, 1710, aged 42. His 
 son Lewis Henry was employed during the 
 minority of Lewis XV. but the unpopularity 
 of the measures which his colleagues in office 
 had to propose, at last procured his exile, iu 
 1726. He died at Cliantilly, 1740, aged 48. 
 
 Bourbon, Nicholas, a native of Van- 
 dreuves, employed in the education of Jeanne 
 d' Albert, raoUier of Henry IV. of France. 
 
BO 
 
 a/s 
 
 BO 
 
 He retired from the intrigues of tilie court 
 to literary ease, and wrote eight books of 
 epigrams, which he called Nugse, besides his 
 poem on smiths (ferraria), of which profes- 
 sion his father was. He died about the mid- 
 dle of the 16th century. His great nephew, 
 •who was born at Bar-sur-aube, and bore the 
 same name, was equally known and admired 
 as a Latin poet. He was Greek professor at 
 Paris, and canon of Orleans and of Angers. 
 His works were published 1651, in 12rao. 
 He died 1644, aged 70. 
 
 BouRCHENU deValbonais, John Pe- 
 ter, became known as a magistrate in his na- 
 tive town of Grenoble. He was afflicted 
 with blindness in his old age ; but the rast 
 powers of a retentive memory, and the so- 
 ciety of faithful friends, relieved in some de- 
 gree the horrors of his solitude. He wrote 
 a history of Dauphine, 2 vols. fol. &c. and 
 died 1730. 
 
 BouRCHiER, John lord Berners, was by 
 the mother's side allied to the Plantagenets. 
 He studied at Oxford, and afterwards tra- 
 velled abroad, and became known by his 
 spirited conduct in repressing the insur- 
 gents in Devonshire and Cornwall 1495. He 
 ■was chancellor of the exchequer for life un- 
 der Henry VIH. and made governor of 
 Calais, where he died 1532. He was author 
 of treatises on the duties of the inhabitants 
 of Calais — ite in vineam meam, a comedy, 
 acted in Calais great church — besides trans- 
 lations of romances and of Froissart's chro- 
 nicle into English, &c. 
 
 BouRDALOUE, Lewis, a Jesuit, horn at 
 Bourges, August 1632, deservedly celebra- 
 ted as the first and most eloquent preacher 
 of France. His powers were exhibited be- 
 fore the court of Lewis XIV. and the mo- 
 narch so strongly felt and admired the effica- 
 cy of his eloquence, that, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, he sent him to preach 
 the catholic doctrines to the new converts of 
 Languedoc. He died 13th May, 1704, aged 
 72. His sermons have passed through several 
 editions, the best of which is that of Breton- 
 neau, in 16 vols. 8vo. 
 
 BouRDEiLi.ES, Peter de, a French ab- 
 bot and courtier in the service of Charles 
 IX. and Henry IH better known by the 
 name of Brantome. The best edition of his 
 memoirs is that of the Hague, in 15 vols. 
 1741, and, though irregular, they are in- 
 teresting, as they contain the private histo- 
 ry of the French monarchs of his age. He 
 died 5th July, 1614, aged 87. 
 
 BouRBEiLLES, Claude de, grand-ne- 
 phew of the preceding, was in the service of 
 Gaston of Orleans ; but he retired from the 
 intrigues of lords and courtiers to a private 
 station. He died at Paris 1663, leaving me- 
 moirs known under tlie name of Montresor, 
 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 BouRDELOT, John, a native of Sens, 
 master of the requests to Mary of Medicis, 
 and better known as an able and learned 
 critic, and the editor of Lucian, Petronius, 
 and Heliodorus, with notes full of taste and 
 erudition. He wrote, besides au universal 
 VOL. I. 29 
 
 history, commentaries on Juvenal, Sec. and 
 died suddenly at Paris 1638. His sister'^ 
 son, Avho changed the name of Peter Michou 
 to that of Bourdelot, became known as a 
 physician at Paris, as the friend ofCond6, of 
 Christina of Sweden, and as the author of a 
 sensible treatise on the viper, 12mo. 1651. 
 He wrote also a treatise on mount JEtna, 
 &c. besides a MS. catalogue of medical 
 books, with lives of authors, and critical ob- 
 servations on their works. He died 9th, 
 February 1685, aged 76. 
 
 BouRDiGNE, Charles, an ecclesiastic of 
 Angers, author of the amusing poem of 
 " la legende de Pierre Faifeu," in 49 chap- 
 ters. He died about the middle of the l6th 
 century. 
 
 BouRDiisr, Maurice, anti-pope in 1118, 
 under the name of Gregory VOL He was 
 taken by Calixtus H. his more successful 
 rival, and died in prison 1121. 
 
 Bourdon^, A me, a native of Cambrai, 
 who, at the age of 36, began to study physic, 
 and acquired great reputation in the profes- 
 sion. He published a valuable anatomical 
 description of the human body, 12mo. be- 
 sides anatomical lectures; and died 1706, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Bourdon, Sebastian, a native of Mont- 
 pellier, eminent as a painter. He studied 
 seven years at Rome, and acquired great 
 reputation and consequence on his return to 
 France. His powers of execution were so 
 strong, that he once laid a wager that he 
 could paint twelve heads after life, and as 
 big as life, in one day ; and he won. His 
 best pieces are, the martyrdom of St. Peter, 
 in the church of Notre Dame, the seven 
 Avorks of mercy, &c. As he was a protes- 
 tant, he left France for the protection of 
 Christina queen of Sweden; and died 1662, 
 aged 46. 
 
 Bourdonnaye, Bernard Francis Mahe 
 de la, a native of St. Malo's, distinguished as 
 a warrior and negotiator. He was made 
 governor of the isles of France and Bourbon ; 
 and, with an enterprising spirit, in the war 
 of 1741, he armed a small squadron, and laid 
 siege to the English settlement of Madras, 
 which he took, and restored to the conque- 
 red for a ransom of about 9 millioos. His 
 successes created him enemies. On his re- 
 turn to France, he was accused of suffering 
 himself to be corrupted by the enemy, and 
 sent to the Bastille ; but his innocence was 
 revealed before his judges, and in the eyes 
 of France. This persecuted man died 1754, 
 in consequence of the severe imprisonment 
 to which he had been exposed. 
 
 BouRDOT, Charles Anthony, a learned 
 advocate of Paris, author of the " coutumier 
 general," 4 fols. folio. He died December 
 11, 1735, aged 46. 
 
 BouRG, Ann du, a learned counsellor of 
 the parliament of Paris, Mas cruelly put to 
 death, and burnt, by the influence of Henry 
 H. for embracing the doctrines of Calvin, 
 1559, though several prijices interested them^ 
 selves in his fate. He was then 38 years old. 
 He was the descendant of a noble familv, and 
 
BO 
 
 ^y^ 
 
 BO 
 
 ^ mau ot great fortitude, and strong presence 
 of mind. 
 
 BouRGELAT, Claude, of the academy of 
 Berlin, was of infinite service to Prussia, by 
 promoting the establishment of veterinary 
 schools. He wrote some useful treatises on 
 the subject, &c. and died at an advanced age 
 January 3, 1779. 
 
 Bourgeois, Louis le, an eccflesiastic of 
 Coutances, Avho wrote some poetry on divini- 
 ty subjects at the latter end of the 17th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 BouRGET, dom John, a Benedictine of 
 the diocese of Seez, eminent for his piety and 
 learning. He enjoyed respectable offices in 
 the church, and was admitted member of 
 the LoimIou antiquarian society in 1765. He 
 devoted himself to the study of antiquities, 
 and left behind him a curious and interesting 
 account of the abbey of Caen, founded by 
 William the Conqueror, and of that of Bee, 
 so well known in English history as beingthe 
 nursery of several archbishops of Canter- 
 bury, rie died 1st January, 1776, universally 
 respected. 
 
 BouRGET, Clemcnce de, a lady horn of 
 respectable parents at Lyons. She possessed 
 so much merit as a writer, a musician, and a 
 poetess, that she was presented to tM'o rao- 
 narcbs who passed through Lyons as the most 
 honorable object and the greatest ornament 
 of her native city. She died of a broken 
 heart, in consequence of the loss of her lover, 
 John de Peyrat, who fell at the siege of 
 Beaurcpaire 1561. 
 
 BouRGOicMG, Edmund, an ecclesiastic, 
 who warmly espoused the cause of the Gui- 
 ses during the civil wars of France, and was 
 torn to pieces by four horses in 1590. 
 
 BouRGOiNG, Francis, a native of Paris, 
 author of some homilies, &c. He died 1662, 
 aged n^ and his funeral oration was pronoun- 
 ced by Bossuet. 
 
 -BouRGUET, Lewis, a native of Nimes, 
 wlio fled to Switzerland, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, and established at Zu- 
 rich the manufacture of silk, muslin, and 
 stockings. He was professor of philosophy 
 at Neufchatel, and died 31st December, 1742, 
 aged 64, author of a letter on the formation 
 of salts and crystals — la bibliotheque Italique, 
 16 vols. 8vo. — a journal, of which the first 
 volume appeared at Geneva 1723, &c. 
 
 BouRGUEViLLE, Charles de, lieute- 
 nant-general of Caen, is known as the au- 
 thor of the history of that ancient town. He 
 died 1593. 
 
 BouRiGNON, Antoinette, a celebrated 
 enthusiast, born at Lisle, in Flanders, 13th 
 January, 1616. She was so deformed in 
 outward appearance, that it is said a consul- 
 tation Avas held in her family to destroy so 
 monstrous a birth. Her mind, however, 
 was of a superior texture. She was bold, 
 ambitious after distinction, and strongly 
 tinctured with superstition. Under the af- 
 fectation of immaculate chastity, she left her 
 father's house, when he wished to recom- 
 mend a husband to her choice, and, in the 
 habit of a hermit, she began to propagate 
 Iter principles, and to fox'm a society of fe- 
 
 males, whose rule of conduct was the love of 
 God and the gospel. Her devotions were 
 not, however, without interruption. She was 
 exposed to the rudeness and insolence of de 
 Saulieu and others, who not only solicited 
 her in marriage, but even attempted violence 
 against her person. After enjoying the re- 
 putation of superior sanctity for some time 
 in Flanders, she came to Amsterdam, where 
 she gained the friendship of de Lort, an ec- 
 clesiastic of Mechlin, who rewarded her 
 confidence, by leaving her a large estate at 
 his death. She afterwards went to Holstein 
 and Hamburgh, where she gained herself 
 proselytes, by her writings, and her preten- 
 sions to inspiration, and to frequent inter- 
 views with supernatural beings ; but she also 
 was exposed to ridicule and to persecution. 
 She died at Franeker, in the province of 
 Frise, the 30th October, 1680, in her 64th 
 year. This extraordinary person was in her 
 principles nearly a quietist. She excluded 
 all external worship, she required a cessa- 
 tion of reason, sense, and understanding, 
 that God might spread his divine light over 
 his devotees. Her birth, her introduction to- 
 the world as a reformer, and her death, 
 were accompanird by the appearance of 
 three remarkable comets, and the circum- 
 stance operated powerfully on the minds of 
 her deluded and bigoted followers. Extra- 
 vagant as her conduct and her tenets wei'e, 
 she had many proselytes in Scotland, and 
 among them men of learning and respecta- 
 bility ; and it required the abilities of Charles 
 Lesley and Dr. Cockburn to examine and to 
 demonstrate the arts of the enthusiastic im- 
 postor. It is remarkable that she was avari- 
 cious in her conduct, disobedient to her pa- 
 rents, and severe towards her domestics and 
 dependants. Her works were published at 
 Amsterdam in 21 vols. 8vo. 1686, and her life 
 has been written by her disciple Poiret. 
 
 BouRLET DE Vauxcelles, Simon Je- 
 rome, a French writer of great eminence, 
 and in private life much respected. He died, 
 at Paris 1799, aged 65. 
 
 Bo URL IE, Antoine de Guiscard, a native 
 of Perigord, Avho abandoned his country, and 
 afier visiting Holland, became a pensioner of 
 queen Anne in England. He was accused of 
 treason against the state in 1711 ; and when 
 examined before the privy council, he stab- 
 bed lord Oxford, for which murderous action 
 he was sent to Newgate, where he destroyed 
 himself. 
 
 Bourn, Samuel, a native of Birmingham, 
 educated at Glasgow, He was, in 1742, mi- 
 nister of a dissenting congregation at Riving- 
 ton, Lancashire, and then removed to Nor- 
 wich as assistant to Dr. J. Taylor. He was 
 author of some sermons, and had a dispute 
 with Dr. Chandler about the duration of fu- 
 ture punishments. He died at Norwich 1796, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Bourne, Vincent, an amiable writer, fel- 
 low of Trinity college, Cambridge, and usher 
 of Westminster school. He published a vo- 
 lume of elegant poems, in 12mo. reprinted 
 in 4to. 1772, and died young, 
 
BO 
 
 BoiTREE, Edme Bernard, an ecclesiastic, 
 who died at Dijon 1722, aged 70, author of 
 some sermons, and other works of theo- 
 logy. 
 
 BouRSAULT, Edmund, a native of Mussi 
 I'Eveque in Burgundy, who by application 
 remedied the defects of a bad education, 
 and gained the favor of the court of Lewis 
 XIV. by the wit of his conversation and the 
 Tivacity of his muse. He became secretary 
 to the dutcbess of Angoulenie, with a pen- 
 sion of 2000 livres, and his business was 
 chiefly to turn the gazette into rhyme. His 
 satire, liowever, directed against the Fran- 
 ciscans and Capuchins, proved nearly fatal 
 to bini, and the powerful influence of his 
 patrons alone saved him from the dungeons 
 of the Bastille. He was dismissed with dis- 
 grace, and again received into favoi', and 
 died of the cholic, 5th September, 1701, 
 aged 63, at Montlucon, where he was ap- 
 pointed receiver of the excise. Boursault 
 possessed merit as a poet. His JEsop in the 
 city, and -Slsop at court, are still deservedly 
 honored with the public applause on the 
 stage, for the various and interesting scenes 
 of life which they exhibit, with happy sa- 
 tire, and in elegant language. He wrote, 
 besides other plays, some romances, letters, 
 and fables, &c. In his private character, 
 he was amiable. Though he was in acts of 
 political hostility with Boileau, he visited 
 him at Bourbon with the offer of his purse 
 and services ; and this liberality produced a 
 reconciliation and the closest intimacy. His 
 theatre appeared in 3 vols. 12mo. 1746. 
 
 BouRSiER, Lawrence Francis, a doctor 
 of the Sorbonne, who died at Paris in 1749, 
 aged 70. He was author of several contro- 
 versial books in divinity, and of an able 
 treatise called I'action de dieu sur les crea- 
 tures, 2 vols. 4to. or 6 vols, 12rao, which 
 was attacked by Malebranche. He wrote 
 also an address to Peter the yyeat when he 
 visited Paris, for the re-uniou of the Greek 
 and Latin churches. 
 
 , Bo URSiER, Philip, an eeclesiatic of Pa- 
 ris, who died 1768, aged 17. He was the 
 first concerned in t!ie nouvelles ecclesias- 
 tiques in 1727, in which he was assisted by 
 Berger, d'Eteraare, de Fernanville, and 
 others. 
 
 BouRVALAis, Paul Poisson, a famous 
 French financier, who rose from obscurity 
 to opulence and consequence, by industry, 
 and afterwards assisted by dishonest means. 
 He was accused of having amassed a princely 
 fortune from the distresses of the state dur- 
 ing the Spanish succession war, and his vast 
 wealth was forfeited. He Avas some time 
 after indemnified ; but his disgrace had broken 
 a heart naturally fierce and impatient, and 
 he died the year after, 1719. 
 
 BouRZEis, Araable de, an ecclesiastic, 
 whose pen and abilities were employed for 
 political purposes by Richelieu and Mazarin. 
 He died at Paris 1642, aged 66, author of 
 some theoligical tracts, &c, 
 
 BoussARD, Godfrey, chancellor of the 
 university of Paris, wrote some tracts ojx di- 
 vinity and morality, and died 1520. I 
 
 ^^ BO 
 
 BoDSSEAU, James, an eminent »culptoVj 
 who died at Madrid in 1740, Some of his 
 pieces are much admired. 
 
 BoussET, John Baptist de, a native of Di- 
 jon, known as a musician of superior talents. 
 He died 1725, aged 63. 
 
 BoussET, Ren6 Drouard de, a native of 
 Paris, who died there 1760, aged 57. He 
 was eminent for his taste and genius as a 
 musician. 
 
 BouTARD, Francis, an ecclesiastic, re- 
 commended to the notice of Lewis XIV. by 
 Bossuet. He wrote several Latin poems 
 without genius or elegance ; and died 1729. 
 
 BouTAUi, Francis de, a professor of law 
 at Toulouse, where he died 1733, author of 
 several valuable j)ublications on his profes- 
 sion. 
 
 BouTATJLD, Michael, a Jesuit of Paris, 
 author of several useful treatises on theologjr. 
 He died 1688, aged 81. 
 
 BouTERONE, Claude, a learned antiqua- 
 rian of Paris, author of a curious treatise on 
 the court of France. He died 1690. 
 
 BouiHRAis, Raoul, a native of Chateau- 
 dun, author of some books on law, &c. He 
 died 1630, aged 78. 
 
 BouvART, Michael Philip, professor of 
 medicine at Paris, was born at Chartres, and 
 died at Paris lyth January, 1787, aged 66. 
 He acquired great celebrity in his profession, 
 and wrote some tracts on medicine which 
 possessed merit. He once visited a banker 
 who was seized with melancholy at the pros- 
 pect of bankruptcy, and finding that the dis- 
 order of his patient was such as his purse 
 could remove, he honorably sent him 20,00D 
 livres to enable him to meet his creditors. 
 His eloge was pronounced by Condorcet, 
 
 Bower, Archibald, was born near Dun- 
 dee in Scotland, 17th January, 1685, and edu- 
 cated at Douay, from whence he passed to 
 Rome, 1760, and became a Jesuit, Either 
 his dislike to the cruelties of the inquisition 
 of Macerata, to which he was counsellor, or, 
 as his enemies assei't, his amorous propensi- 
 ties, shook his religious principles, and after 
 being distinguished as a preacher and a pub- 
 lic professor, he resolved to abandon a mode 
 of life which he now regarded with abhor- 
 rence, and made his escape with great difii- 
 culty, and through many dangers, from Peru- 
 gia to England, in 1726. By the conversa- 
 tion ofDr. Aspinwall, Dr. Clarke, and bishop 
 Berkeley, he renounced the tenets of the 
 catholic church, and some time after embra- 
 ced those of the church of England. His 
 learning recommended Kim to the great, and 
 he had the good fortune to become acquain- 
 ted with lord Aylmer, in whose family he 
 passed several yeai"s, and when he sufficient- 
 ly understood English, he began to labor for 
 the booksellers by the publication of the His- 
 toria literaria, which he abandoned in 1734, 
 for a large shai-e in the composition of the 
 Universal History. Unsteady and insincere 
 in his principles, he was again reconciled to 
 the Jesuits in 1745, and two years after, 
 again made public his dissent from the reli- 
 gion of those within whose pale he had late- 
 
ly been received as a penitent refugee. 
 About tbis time, be wished to convert tbe 
 money wliicb be bad acquired into a life an- 
 nuity, but tbe manner in whicb he relates 
 the circumstance, differs so much from tbe 
 report made by bis antagonists that there is 
 reason to suppose he acted unfairly. The 
 firm patronage of lord Lyttclton, however, 
 broke tbe asperities of bis fortunes, be was 
 made librarian to queen Caroline in 1748, to 
 which was afterwards added tbe clerkship of 
 buck warrants. His history of the popes 
 ■was begun and contimied to the seventh vol- 
 ume a little before his death, but his quar- 
 rels witli the Jesuits rendered his principles 
 suspected both as an historian and as a man. 
 His insincerity was discovered, and bis im- 
 posture revealed, by the keen searching eye 
 of Dr. Douglas afterwards bishop of Salisbu- 
 ry, and from a favorite writer, be became a 
 suspected character, and he saw all those 
 ■who had supported and patronised him ex- 
 cept Lyttelton, turn away with disdain and 
 indignation from him. His honesty has also 
 teen doubted in bis revision of the second 
 edition of tbe universal history, for though 
 he received 300/. for his assistance, he abu- 
 sed the confidence reposed in him, and made 
 no additions to the work intrusted to his 
 care. Bower married a niece of bishop 
 ^Nicholson in 1749. He died September se- 
 cond, 1706, aged 80, without any public pro- 
 fession of bis faith, though bis wife soon after 
 attested that he died in the protestant per- 
 suasion. His writings were not devoid of 
 merit, and to tbis and to his love of the mar- 
 vellous we are to attribute I'le violence of tbe 
 controversy, now so deservedly forgotten, 
 ■which at that time engaged tbe public atten- 
 tion. Not les than 2'2 pamphlets were pub- 
 lished in consequence of tbe history of the 
 popes, and while scurrility formed the offen- 
 sive weapons of some of his adversaries, 
 those who espoused bis cause were not less 
 virulent and determined. 
 
 Bow i.E, John, descended from a bishop 
 of Rochester of that name, was educated 
 at Oriel college, Oxford, and died on his 
 birth day, 2Gtb October 1788, aged 63. He 
 ivas tbe first detector of Lauder^s forgeries, 
 and author of a letter to Dr. Percy, and edi- 
 tor of Don Quixote in Spanish, &c. besides 
 Marston's satires, and some old English po- 
 etry. 
 
 BowYER, William, a learnedEngbsh prin- 
 ter, born in London, I7th December 1699, 
 educated at Merchant taylors' scbool,and af- 
 terwards admitted at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. On his leaving the university, 
 lie followed the business of his father, M-bo 
 ■<vas a printer of great eminence, and the 
 first publication whicb came from bis cor- 
 reeling hands, was Selden's works by Wil- 
 kins, three vols. foUo. He was made printer 
 of the votes of the house of Commons in 
 1729, by the friendship of Onslow the speak- 
 er, and be held that respectable situation for 
 nearly 50 years. He was admitted into the 
 antiquarian society in 1736, and he proved 
 au oraament to the institution by the num- 
 
 BO 
 
 btr and value of his communications. In 
 1761, he was appointed printer to tbe royal 
 society, and two years after he published his 
 excellent edition of the new testament two 
 vols. It was not merely in printing books in 
 a superior style that Bowyer distinguished 
 himself, but in enriching various works with 
 notes, prefaces, and dissertations. He took, 
 in 1766, Mr. John Nichols for his partner, 
 and trusted into his able hands the bushiess 
 which he had conducted with such respecta- 
 bility of character. He was in 1767, made 
 printer of the house of Lords, and for the 
 rolls of parliament. His literary career was 
 finished in 1777, by tbe publication of Bent- 
 ley's dissertations on Pbalariswith additional 
 notes. He died 18th November tJie same 
 year, after suffering severely for two years 
 from the palsy and the stone. His public 
 character was ITie theme of universal admi- 
 ration, and his private virtues proclaimed 
 him a man of probity and tbe friend of hu- 
 manity. He was married October 1728, and 
 by his wife who died in three years, he bad 
 two sons, one of whom only survived him. 
 He took a second wife in 1747, and she died 
 1771, aged 70. His property which was the 
 honorable acquisition of industry, was left to 
 his son except some legacies to a few friends, 
 and annuities to three poor printers of sober 
 life, and well versed in Greek and Latin. 
 His memoirs were published by Mr. Nichols, 
 and they are interesting and valuable. 
 
 BoXHORN, Marc Zuerius, a native of 
 Bergen-op-Zoom, professor of eloquence, 
 politics, and history, at Leyc'»3n. He wrote 
 Historia universalis, 4to, a useful book, ac- 
 cording to Mencke, his continuator, be- 
 sides poems, and editions of " Scriptores 
 Latini minores." — Poetse Satyr, rainores, 
 ,&c. — Obsidio Brodana, fol. — virorum illust. 
 elogia, fol. — Chronologia sacra, fol. — thea- 
 trum urbium Hollandiie, 4to. — He died 
 1653, aged 41. 
 
 BoYCE, William, an English musician, 
 boi'n in London, 1710. He was at first a 
 singing boy at St. Paul's, but under the care 
 of Dr. Greene, tbe organist of the cathe- 
 dral, he made such a proficiency that the 
 highest expectations were formed of him. 
 His master at his death intrusted all his 
 MSS. to his care, and the publication of his 
 anthems; but an incurable deafness came as 
 it were to darken all the prospects of the 
 young proficient. Perseverance, however, 
 overcame every difficulty, and he continued 
 to prove so excellent a master, that he was 
 honorably made, in 1749, Mus. D. by the 
 university of Cambridge, and in 1757 master 
 of tbe king's band, and afterwai'ds organist 
 and composer to the royal chapel. This 
 able musician died 1779, and was buried in 
 St. Paul's cathedral. His songs were much 
 admired for elegance and taste, and his an- 
 thems, oratorios, and other musical compo- 
 sitions, possessed superior merit. Of them 
 however but few have been published. 
 
 BovD, Robert, a native of Trochrig in 
 Renfrewshire, educated at Saumur. James 
 I. who knew his merits, wished to appoint 
 
BO 
 
 '^// 
 
 BO 
 
 Jiim principal of the university, Lut as lie 
 favored the puritans, he preferred to be- 
 come the minister of his native parish, of 
 which he was the patron. He wrote a learned 
 commentary ontlie epistle of the Ephesians, 
 and died 1629, aged 56. 
 
 Boyd, Mark Alexander, a native of Gal- 
 loway in Scotland, educated under the care 
 of his uncle, who was archbishop of Glas- 
 gow. He was however of such a bold un- 
 tractable spirit, that he early tied fi'ora his 
 instructors to Flanders,' and engaged io the 
 ■wars of the united provinces and of France. 
 In laris he lost all his property by gaming, 
 and the distress to which he was reduced, 
 roused him to reflection, so that he applied 
 himself to study civil law under Cujacius, 
 He returned to Scotland, where he died of 
 a slow fever 1601, aged 39. He left in MSS. 
 some Latin poems, much admired for ele- 
 gance and taste, of which the Epistolce He- 
 roidum, and the hymns, appeared in the. 
 Delicise poetarum Scotorum, Amsterd. two 
 vols. 12mo. 1637. 
 
 Boyd, Robert lord, a Scotchman, son of 
 sir Thomas Boyd of Kilmarnock. He be- 
 came the favorite of the court and of the 
 people, and was raised to the peerage, and 
 on the death of the second James, was made 
 judiciary of the kingdom, and one of the 
 regents daring the king's minority. Ambi- 
 tious however of having no rival, he carried 
 off the young king from Linlitbgow to Edin- 
 burgh, and declared himself sole regent. 
 Not only the favors of the crown were now 
 distributed to his family and adherents, but 
 the king's sister was married to his son, af- 
 terwards lord Arran, till the monarch, ex- 
 tricated fi'om the power of his guai'dian, 
 ventured to call a parliament in 1469, to in- 
 quire into his conduct. Afraid of his ene- 
 mies, Boyd fled to England, and died at 
 Alnwick 1470, and his son, divorced from 
 his wife, was obliged to leave the kingdom 
 for Antwerp, where he died 1474. This 
 family are the progenitors of the lord Kil- 
 marnock who suffered in the rebellion of 
 1745. 
 
 BoYDELL, John, an eminent artist, born 
 at Dori'ington, Shropshire, and brought up 
 to the business of land surveyor under the 
 care of his father. The accidental meeting 
 of some landscapes so captivated his atten- 
 tion, that he studied engraving under an 
 able master, and determined to seek reputa- 
 tion and opulence in this new profession. 
 His landscapes, published in 1745, for the 
 use of learners, proved the source of profit, 
 as well as celebrity, and in the meti-opolis 
 he became the friend and the patron of ar- 
 tists of genius and ability. Eager to exhibit 
 tlie productions of his countrymen in one 
 pleasing and recommending view, he nobly 
 stood forth as the public encourager of me- 
 rit, and by opening the Shakspeare gallery 
 in Pall-mall, he exhibited the beautiful and 
 highly finished labors of the English school. 
 liis virtues and popularity had so powerfully 
 recommended him to the notice of the citi- 
 zens of London, that he was elected an al- 
 
 derman, and in 1791, served the distin^ 
 guished ofiice of lord mayor. Sensible of 
 the respect and esteem of his fellow citi- 
 zens, he perpetuated their kindness and his 
 own merits, by presenting to the corporation 
 some valaable pictures, which are pre- 
 served as monuments of his friendship in 
 the council chamber of Guildhall. Mr. Boy- 
 dell disposed of all his property, in the 
 prints, pictures, &c. of the Shakspeare 
 gallery, by a public lottery, a circumstance 
 which some have attributed, if not to the 
 enormous expenses which his patriotic con- 
 duct as the patron of artists drew upon him, 
 at least to the losses which he endured in 
 his continental connections in consequence 
 of the French revolution, and of the war 
 which was kindled in 1793, between the two 
 countries. This worthy man died in 1804, 
 aged 85. 
 
 BoYENVAL, Peter Joseph, a -worthless 
 character, employed as the agent of Fou- 
 quier-Tainville in denouncing the wretched 
 victims confined in the Luxembourg and 
 other prisons. After shocking,, scenes of 
 cruelty and insulting barbarity, this bloody 
 monster suffered on the scaffold, with his 
 ferocious employer, 1795, aged 26. 
 
 BoYER, Abel, was born at C.astre in 
 France, 1664. The edict of the revocation 
 of Nantes banished him to Geneva, from 
 whence he came to Franeker and to Eng- 
 land, where he spent the best part of his 
 life, and died at Chelsea, Novembei* 1729. 
 He is chiefly known by his useful French 
 and English dictionary, and his French 
 grammai", which have passed through seve- 
 ral editions. His history of William and 
 Mary, three vols. 8vo. — his political state of 
 Great Britain, a periodical work like the 
 annual register— his annals of queen Anne, 
 11 vols. 8vo. &c. are inferior works. 
 
 BoYER, Claude, was born at Alby, and af- 
 ter applying with little sticcess to the elo- 
 quence of the pulpit he became a player. 
 He wrote 22 dramatical pieces, but as they 
 were irregular in the plan and inelegant in 
 the composition they were received with 
 universal disapprobation on the stage. He 
 died at Paris, 22(1 July, 1698, aged 80. 
 
 BoYER, John Baptist Nicholas, a physi- 
 cian, knight of the order 6f St. Michael, and 
 distinguished for the zeal, skill, and humani- 
 ty, which he displayed during the dreadful 
 plague at Marseilles in 1720. His success in 
 combating the violence of contagious disor- 
 ders recommended him to the notice of the 
 French king and to the gratitude of Spain 
 and Germany. He gave an edition of the 
 Pharmacopteia Parisiensis 4tQ. and died at 
 Paris second April 1768, aged 75. 
 
 Boyle, Richai'd, known by the title of 
 great earl of Cork, was born at Canterbury 
 in 1566. After a private education, he en- 
 tered at Benet's college, Cambridge, and be- 
 came a student of the Middle Temple, but 
 as he lost early his parents, and as his patri- 
 mony was slender, he abandoned amanner of 
 life which was attended with great expense, 
 and no immediate advantage, and went io 
 
BO 
 
 ift^ 
 
 BO 
 
 Bublin in June 1588, in quest of fortune, 
 with fewer pounds in his pocket than he af- 
 terwards acquired tbousauds a year. His 
 abilities rccoiii mended him to the great and 
 powerful, he drew memorials and cases with 
 precision and accuracy, and in the service of 
 the government he acquired a knowledge of 
 public affairs. He married, in 1595, Joan 
 Ansley of Pulborough in Essex, who died 
 four years after in child-bed, and left him 
 ■without children, but in possession of 500^, 
 a year in land, which proved the foundation 
 of his future prosperity. He was not howev- 
 er without enemies, he was represented to 
 the queen as a traitor, in corresponding with 
 the Spaniards, but he was permitted to 
 answer his accusers, and sir Henry Wallop, 
 the most violent of his persecutors, was dis- 
 graced by Elizabeth. His merits were too 
 great to be long neglected, he was appointed 
 to offices of trust in Ireland under his friend 
 gir George Carew, afterwards earl of Tot- 
 ness, and by his patronage he rose to conse- 
 quence and dignity. He was knighted, made 
 a privy counsellor, and afterwards advanced 
 to the peerage, first by the title of lord 
 Boyle, afterwards of earl of Cork. In his 
 elevated situation he felt the storms which 
 agitate the great, and received many morti- 
 fications from the jealousy of Wentworth, 
 earl of Stratford, when viceroy of Ireland. 
 His whole life was devoted to the suppoi't of 
 his country, towns were built on most eligi- 
 ble spots, and improvements were introdu- 
 ced on his estates with such judgment and 
 success, that Cromwell declared if Ireland 
 had a Cork in every county, rebellion could 
 never have raised its head there. He Avas 
 very active in the rebellion of 1641, in favor 
 of government, and four of his sons were en- 
 gaged in the battle of Liscarrol, the eldest of 
 whom was slain. He died 15th September 
 1643, aged 78, and so desirous did he show 
 himself even in his last moments, to publish 
 to the world the vast fortune which he had 
 collected by industrious application from an 
 obscure beginning, that he caused to be pla- 
 ced on his tomb, the motto of his family 
 *' God's providence is my inheritance." The 
 most memorable circumstance of his life, 
 •written by himself, have been published by 
 Dr. Birch. He was father of seven sons and 
 eight daughters, by his second wife Catha- 
 rine Fenton, daughter of the secretary of 
 state, whom he married 25th July 1603, and 
 he had the singular happiness of seeing be- 
 fore his death three of the five sons who sur- 
 vived him, viz. Lewis, Roger, and Francis, 
 raised to the peerage. 
 
 Boyle, Roger, earl of Orrery, was fifth 
 son of Richard earl of Cork, and born April 
 1621. He was made loi'd Broghill when 
 only seven vears old, in reward of his father's 
 services. lie was educated in the college of 
 Uublin, and after making the tour of France 
 and Italy, uirh his eldest brother lord Kinel- 
 meaky, he engaged in the Irish wars, and 
 distinguished himself by his courage and 
 bravery. The death of Charles I. proved so 
 *eiT dreadful to his feelings that he left the 
 
 army, and lived in retirement on his estate 
 at Marston in Somersetshire, but so appret 
 hensive was he of the jealous tyranny of the 
 parliament, that he soon prepared to join in 
 secret the royal party on the continent. His 
 views were discovered, and Cromwell, who 
 knew his merit, charged him with the re- 
 solution of abandoning the kingdom, and 
 proved the inutility of denying the charge, 
 by showing him copies of letters that had 
 passed between him and his most confiden- 
 tial friends. Broghill was so thunderstruck 
 at the discovery, that Cromwell prevailed on 
 him to espouse his cause rather than to 'sub- 
 mit to the horrors of a dungeon, and when 
 he was informed that he was to fight only 
 against the Irish rebels, whose cruelties he 
 detested, he accepted the pledges of faith 
 and protection offered him by the republican 
 general. In this new engagement he dis- 
 played so much coolness and activity that 
 Cromwell, now become protector, honored 
 hira with his friendship and confidence, and 
 sent him to settle the affairs of Scotland with 
 absolute authority. On the death of Crom- 
 well, Broghill supported his son with the 
 same zeal that he had served the father, but 
 when the pusillanimity of Richard dropped 
 the reins of government, he looked for fu- 
 ture protection from the exiled king. His 
 intentions were however conjertured by the 
 few who still propped the republican go- 
 vernment, he was seized in Ireland, but his 
 firmness disarmed his persecutors, and he 
 was permitted to retire unmolested to his 
 estate at Munster. But his thoughts were 
 turned to the restoration of the monarchy, 
 and he prepared measures so effectually 
 with sir Charles Coote who was in the north 
 of Ireland, that the whole kingdom declared 
 for Charles II. The restored monarch paid 
 those marks of respect to Broghill which his 
 services deserved, he was made earl of Or- 
 rery, and president of Munster. As the 
 supporter of the cause of the protestants 
 against the papists who solicited the restitu- 
 tion of some of their forfeited property, he 
 displayed eloquence, patriotism, and a bold 
 disdain of bribery. His knowledge of law 
 was so extensive that he was offered the 
 seals on the fall of Clarendon, which his de- 
 bility prevented hira to accept. In a po- 
 litical view his abilities were directed to 
 strengthen the sinews of the state, and to 
 add vigor to the government. His merits 
 were not however without enemies, the 
 duke of Ormond envied his popularity, but 
 all his efforts to remove him from the con- 
 fidence of the king proved ineffectual. Af- 
 ter a splendid display of the character of 
 statesiTfian, general, and writer, this excel- 
 lent man died October 1679, aged 58, leav- 
 ing two sons and five daughters by lady Mar- 
 garet Howard sister to the earl of Suffolk. 
 His writings were numerous and respecta- 
 ble, and among these several tragedies, co- 
 medies, &c. 
 
 BovJ-E, Robert, seventh son and four- 
 teenth child of Richard earl of Cork, was 
 born at Lismore in Munster, 25th January, 
 
BO 
 
 ^^y 
 
 BO 
 
 1626-7. He was intrusted early to the care 
 of a country nurse, that he might be trained 
 to a hardy mode of life, and after receiving 
 some instruction in his father's family, he 
 was sent to Eton, where for three or four 
 years under the care of sir Henry Wotton 
 his abilities began to blaze with superior 
 splendor. In 1638 his father sent him with 
 his brother Francis to Geneva, through 
 Dieppe, Paris, and Lyons, and in this peace- 
 ful retreat he devoted himself to a severe 
 course of study, and reiw:wed his acquaint- 
 ance with the mathematics. After staying 
 about 21 months at Geneva, and examining 
 with a curious eye the wonders of that ro- 
 mantic country, he visited Verona, Venice, 
 Florence, Rome, Genoa, and Marseilles. 
 He returned to England in 1644, but with 
 difficulty, as, from the troubles of England 
 and Ireland, some of his supplies had been 
 lost, and his tutor Mr. Marcombes was 
 obliged to raise money upon his jewels. His 
 father died before his return, but he found 
 an ample settlement, which however the 
 confusion of the time prevented him from 
 immediately possessing. In March 1646 he 
 retired to his estate at Stalbridge, and in 
 this peaceful solitude, regardless of the tu- 
 mults which agitated his unhappy country, 
 he spent his time in literary labors, particu- 
 larly in philosophical and chemical studies. 
 His intimacy and correspondence with lear- 
 ned men promoted the cause of literature, 
 and he was one of the first who, about 1645, 
 laid the foundation of that respectable socie- 
 ty which courted knowledge by reason and 
 experiment, and after the restoration assu- 
 med the name of the royal society. He at 
 last fixed his i-esidence in the house of a Mr. 
 Crosse, an apothecary at Oxford, about 1654, 
 where the philosophical society had removed 
 from the turbulence and faction of Lon- 
 don, and it is a pleasure to record, as the 
 friends and companions of his studies, the re- 
 spectable names of Wilkins, Ward, Wallis, 
 Wren, Willis, Hooke, Pococke, Hyde, 
 Goddard, Bathurst, Barlow, &c. About 
 1678, he invented the air pump, an engine 
 which has thrown new light on the works of 
 the creation. After the restoration he was 
 treated with the respect due to his merit, 
 both by the kingand his ministers Southamp- 
 ton and Clarendon, but he refused the high- 
 est ecclesiastical preferment which was offer- 
 ed to him if he entered into orders, observ- 
 ing with becoming firmness and independ- 
 ence, that whatever he did or wrote in sup- 
 port of religion would have greater weight in 
 coming from a layman. Iri,>''!s he proved 
 the goodness of his heart, foi* all his studies 
 and all his views, both as a man of letters 
 and a man of influence among the great, 
 were zealously directed to the promotion of 
 piety, learning, religion, and virtue. His 
 character was so universally known and re- 
 spected, that the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 distinguished for the most amiable manners, 
 solicited the honor of his correspondence, 
 and Charles IT. unasked bestowed upon him, 
 ifl 1665, as the reward of his splendid talents, 
 
 the vacant provostship of Eton, which, how- 
 ever, against the advice of all his friends, he 
 modestly declined. Honors were vain in hi» 
 eyes. For the same reason he refused to 
 become president of the royal society, which 
 his name and services had so much dignified, 
 for independence was the object nearest his 
 heart. The most favored public office h© 
 ever held was that of governor of the corpo- 
 ration for the propagation of the gospel, and 
 this he at last resigned when he found the- 
 approHching decline of his health. So nume- 
 rous were his friends, and so anxiously ex- 
 cited was the public curiosity with respect to 
 him, that when his strength failed he pub- 
 lished an advertisement, and placed an in- 
 scription over his door to inform the world, 
 that he declined receiving visits, and what in 
 another might have appeared vanity or os- 
 tentation, must be considered in him as the 
 preparation of a man of sense and virtue to 
 withdraw from the tumult of life, and to 
 make his peace with his Creator. His health 
 now rapidly declined, so that he made his 
 will I8th July, 1691, and expired on the 
 30th of December following, in his 65th 
 year, one week after the death of his be- 
 loved sister and friend lady Ranelagh. He 
 was buried in St. Martin's church in the 
 fields, Westminster, and a funeral sermon 
 was delivered on the occasion by his friend, 
 bishop Burnet. His character was drawn 
 by the prelate with the pencil of truth and 
 friendship, but the praise of Boerhaave can- 
 not be taxed with adulation or partiality. 
 " Boyle," says this learned man, " the orna- 
 ment of his age and country, succeeded to 
 the genius and inquiries of the great Veru- 
 lam. Which," says he, " of all Boyle's 
 writings shall I recommend? all of them. 
 To him we owe the secrets of fire, air, wa- 
 ter, animals, vegetables, fossils, so that from 
 his works may be deduced the whole system, 
 of natural knowledge." In his person Boyle 
 was tall, but slender, his countenance Avas 
 pale and emaciated, and his constitution so 
 delicate that he used cloaks when he appear- 
 ed abroad, and always regulated himself by 
 the state of his thermometer. For 40 years 
 his spirits and his strength were so low and 
 depressed that it is surprising how he could 
 find sufficient resolution to wi'ite, and to 
 make the difficult experiments which he 
 performed. He was never married, though 
 it is said that he once courted the beautiful 
 daughter of Carey earl of Monmouth. His 
 disinterestedness in refusing the honor of a 
 peerage is well known, his zeal in the propa- 
 tion of Christianity is equally noble, and it is 
 recorded by his biographers that his chari- 
 ties annually amounted to no less than 1000/. 
 When dii'ector of the East India company 
 he not only exerted- himself in the establish- 
 ment of their charter, but Ite sent to the In- 
 dies 500 copies of the gospels and acts of the 
 apostles in the Malayan language, as he had 
 in the same manner tliree years before con- 
 veyed to the Levant several copies of Gro- 
 tius' treatise on the Christian religion, trans- 
 lated into Arabic bv Dr. Pococke. As ano- 
 
BO 
 
 ^2^ 
 
 BO 
 
 ther instance of his wish to support religion 
 may be mentioned the lecture which he 
 founded at St. Paul's in defence of the gos- 
 pel against unbelievers. His works have 
 been published in 5 vols, folio, and in 6 vols, 
 4to. 
 
 Boyle, Charles, earl of Orrery, was se- 
 cond son of Roger earl of Orrery, by lady 
 Mary Sackville, and born August 1676. He 
 was educated at Christ Church, under the 
 care of Atterbury, afterwards bishop of Ro- 
 chester, and Dr. Friend, and in 1700 was 
 chosen member for Huntingdon. On his 
 brothei*'s death he succeeded to the earldom, 
 and afterwards became knight of the thistle, 
 major-general in the army, and a member of 
 the privy council. He was envoy from the 
 queen to the states of Flanders and Brabant, 
 and he displayed firmness, wisdom, and dex- 
 terity in the support of this new character, 
 and for his services Avas raised to the dignity 
 of the British peerage. His disinterested- 
 ness was such, in his political career, that he 
 frequently voted against the minister, and 
 the apostacy was soon after punished by a 
 privation of his offices of honor and emolu- 
 ment. In September 1722 he was sent to 
 the tower, on suspicion of being an associate 
 in Layer's plot, but after six months' impri- 
 sonment he was admitted to bail, and his in- 
 nocence fully asserted upon the minutest in- 
 quiry. He died, after a short illness, 21st 
 August, 1731. His writings were Lysander's 
 life, translated from Plutarch — besides his 
 edition of Phalaris' epistles, which produced 
 the celebrated controversy Avith Bentley, in 
 "which he was assisted by his friends Aldrich 
 and Atterbury. The astronomical appara- 
 tus, called Orrery, was so named by the in- 
 ventor Graham, in gratitude for marks of 
 favor and protection which he had received. 
 
 BoYLE, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, 
 born 2d Jan. 1707, was the only son of the 
 preceding, by lady Elizabeth Cecil, daugh- 
 ter of the earl of Exetei-. He was for six 
 yeai's under the care of the poet Fenton, 
 and after passing through Westminster 
 school, he entered at Christ-church. He 
 was married in 1728 to the daughter of lord 
 Orkney, but this union proved the source of 
 domestic infelicity by the quai'rel of the two 
 earls. This lady died in 17.32 at Cork, and 
 six years after he married Margaret Hamil- 
 ton, a lady of Irish extraction, with whom 
 lie lived in the enjoyment of domestic tran- 
 quillity, truly sensible, as he expresses it 
 himself, that " the noise and bustle of life 
 are despicable and tasteless, when we have 
 experienced the real delight of a fire-side." 
 He did not shine as a public orator, his 
 time was mostly spent at his seat at Marston 
 in Somersetshire, where, devoted to literary 
 ease and retirement, he published an ad- 
 mired translation of Pliny's letters, two 
 vols. 4to. addressed to his sons, 17.51 — be- 
 sides letters on tlie writings of Swift, his 
 respected friend, in 8vo. He travelled to 
 Italy in 1754, with the intention of collect- 
 ing materials for the history of Florence, 
 but Only 12 letters on the subject received 
 
 his finishing hand. He returned to England 
 through Germany and Holland, and after 
 sustaining with great resignation the severe 
 loss of his wife in 1758, and of his eldest son 
 the following year, he fell a victim to an he- 
 reditary gout, 16th Nov. 1762, in his 56th. 
 year. The Gentleman's magazine for 782, 
 pp. 23, 286, &c. mentions his Florentine 
 history. His letters were published after 
 his death by Duncombe, with an account of 
 his life, and it appears that he wrote much in 
 the periodical works of the day, especially 
 the World and Connoisseur, lie published 
 his great grandfather's dramatic works, two 
 vols. 8vo. 1739, and his state papers in 1742. 
 
 Boys, John, an English divine born in 
 Kent. He was educated at Benet's college, 
 Cambridge, and in 1590 obtained the vica- 
 rage of Tilmanstone, and the rectory of 
 Bettishanger in Kent, and afterwards he 
 was promoted to the deanery of Canterbury 
 1619. He died suddenly 1625, aged 54. His 
 works, chiefly on theological subjects, were 
 published one vol. fol. 1629. 
 
 BoYSS, Boys, or Bois, John, one of the 
 translators of the bible under James I. was 
 born at Nettlestead in Suffolk, 1560, and 
 educated at Hadley school, and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. After studying medi- 
 cine for a little time, he was ordained and 
 succeeded his father as rector of West 
 Stowe, which, however, he resigned upon 
 his marriage with the daughter of Mr. Holt, 
 rector of Boxworth, whom he succeeded in 
 1596. His domestic affairs were conducted 
 with so little economy that to relieve his 
 wants he sold his valuable books. He how- 
 ever was reconciled to the extravagance of 
 his wife, and as his knowledge of classical 
 literature had been so eminently displayed 
 at college, he was selected to translate the 
 bible, and was afterwards one of the six who 
 met to revise the whole at stationer's hall. 
 He assisted sir Henry Saville in the publica- 
 tion of St. Chrysostom, but the death of his 
 patron left him in poverty, and instead of 
 succeeding to a promised fellowship of Eton, 
 he received only one copy of the work to 
 which he had so much contributed. Andrews, 
 bishop of Ely, at last made him prebendery 
 of his church in 1615. He died 1643, aged 
 84, leaving several valuable MSS. In his 
 studies he j)aid particular attention to the 
 three rules given him by Dr. Whitaker, he 
 studied always standing, never in a window, 
 and never went to bed with his feet cold. 
 
 BoYSE, Joseph, a dissenting minister, born 
 at Leeds in Yorkshire, l4th Jan. 1660, and 
 educated near Kendal. He was at Amster- 
 dam, where he sided with the Brownists, 
 and afterwards became popular as a preach- 
 er in London and Dublin, and had for his co- 
 adjutor Thomas Emlyn, so well known for 
 his writings and his sufferings. A long and 
 intimate friendship was however severed by 
 theological disputes, ana instead of becoming 
 the defender of Emlyn, Boyse inflamed his 
 persecutor by publishing a book against hint. 
 He died about the begnming of December 
 1728, and his funeral sermon was preached 
 
BO 
 
 "^^3 
 
 BR 
 
 at Dublin on the 8th of tlie same month. He 
 was eminent foi' his learning and piety, as 
 
 his woi-ks in 2 vols. fol. sufficiently prove. 
 
 BoYSE, Samuel, son of the preceding, 
 was born in 1708, and after a private educa- 
 tion at Dublin, he entered at the university 
 of Glasgow, where he married a tradesman's 
 daughter before he had attained his twen- 
 tieth year. A scanty subsistence, a fondness 
 for dissipation, and want of economy in his 
 domestic affairs, soon I'endered his situation 
 dependent and uncomfortable, and he came 
 to Edinburgh, where the publication of some 
 pieces of poetry, which possessed both ge- 
 nius and judgment, produced him presents 
 from the opulent, and the patronage of lady 
 Eglinton. With a view of bettering his con- 
 dition, he passed to London ; but neither the 
 recommendation of lord Stormont, lord 
 Mansfield, and the dutchess of Gordon, nor 
 the notice of Pope, could correct his low and 
 vulgar opinions. He was fond of the mean- 
 est companions, and so poor and imprudent 
 that he had not, says Gibber, a shirt, coat, 
 or any kind of apparel, so that he sat up 
 whole days in bed wrapped up in a blanket 
 and by the most fallacious pretences^ of 
 sickness and distress, procured the bene- 
 factions of the humane and compassion- 
 ate. In 1745 he was engaged at Reading 
 in compiling "a revievv of the transac- 
 tions of Europe, from the war with Spain 
 in 1739, to the insurrection in Scotland in 
 1745, &c." but the stipend he received from 
 Mr. Henry was small, and the loss of his 
 Avife contributed to disturb his plans of set- 
 tlement, and to exhibit his character as af- 
 fected, frivolous, and volatile. Experience, 
 it was hoped, had taught him, on his return 
 from Reading, the necessity of tempei'auce 
 and regularity ; but his health now rapidly 
 declined. He died in obscure lodgings near 
 Shoe-lane, May 1749, and was buried at the 
 expense of the parish. His works Avere 
 chiefly poetical, and it is said, that if all he 
 wrote were collected, it would form six mo- 
 derate volumes. The best known of his 
 poems is called " Deity," which has deserv- 
 ed the commendation of Hervey and Field- 
 ing, and which shows him to have possessed 
 great powers of mind. In him mankind may 
 read that awful lesson, that the best talents, 
 if not guided by virtue and industry, may, 
 instead of producing honor and distinction, 
 degenerate into contempt, vice, and vul- 
 garity. 
 
 BozE, Claude Gros de, was born at Ly- 
 ons, 28th Jan. 1680, and distinguished him- 
 self by his knowledge of antiquities and 
 medals, which gained the patronage of chan- 
 cellor Pontchartrain, and other illustrious 
 characters, and the honor of a seat in the 
 French academy, and in theacadeniy of belles 
 lettres, of which he became perpetual sec- 
 retary. He was respected for his private 
 character, as well as his great learning. 
 His works were on medallic subjects, be- 
 sides historical panegyrics on the members 
 of the academy, the first 15 vols, of which 
 he published — and a valuable catalogue of 
 
 VOL. 1. 30 
 
 his own library. He died at Paris 10th 
 Sept. 1753, aged 74. 
 
 Bracciolini dell' API, Francis, an 
 Italian poet of Pistoya, who, at the age of 
 40, became an ecclesiastic, and was patro- 
 nised by pope Urban VIII. and by (Cardinal 
 Anthony Berberini, with whom he had been 
 secretary. He wrote several tragedies, 
 comedies, and pastorals — besides ** la croce 
 riacquistata," a poem which the Italians 
 rank next to Tasso's Jerusalem — and a poem 
 in 23 cantos, on the pope's election, for 
 which, at his patron's desire, he assumed 
 the surname of Delia Api, and added to his 
 arms three bees. He died iu his native 
 country at the age of 80, iGio. 
 
 BRACTOif, Henry de, a native of Devon- 
 shire, who studied at Oxford, and became 
 eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244 was made 
 one of the judges itinerant by Henry III, 
 He is chiefly known by his excellent work 
 ** de legibus 8c uonsuetudinibus AngliiE," a 
 most finished and valuable performance, di- 
 vided into five books, and containing, in good 
 language, a curious and interesting detail of 
 the legal learning, the laws and customs of 
 our ancesters. Though blamed by Houard 
 for mingling too much of the civil and canon 
 law in his compositions, he has long been 
 lield as a writer of the first authority, and 
 deservedly esteemed by lord Coke, and other 
 great lawyers, as the first source of legal 
 knowledge. 
 
 Bradbury, Thomas, a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Clapham in company with 
 Dr. Watts, and distinguished among the 
 nonconformists as a bold and eloquent 
 preacher in defence of Calvinistical doc- 
 trines and revolution principles. He wrote 
 some theological treatises — besides three 
 vols, of sermons — and the mystery of god- 
 liness. He died 1757, aged 85, and was bu- 
 ried in Bunhill fields. 
 
 Bradford, Samuel, was born in Black- 
 friars, 20th December, 1652, and after 
 studying at St. Paul's school, the Charter 
 house, and Benet's college, Cambridge, he 
 went abroad on account of some scruples of 
 conscience, and applied himself to physic. 
 He afterwards was reconciled to the doc- 
 trines of the church, and as the friend of 
 archbishop Sancroftand the chaplain of king 
 William, he rose in ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ment, to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bOw, a 
 prebend of Westminster, and the master- 
 ship of his own college. In 1718 he became 
 bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723 of Roches- 
 ter, which he held to the time of his death, 
 17th March, 1731, aged 79. He edited 
 Tillotson's sermons, and the work may be 
 considered as valuable, as he had been in 
 the primate's family, as tutor to his chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Bradford, John, an English martyr, 
 born of a respectable family at Manchester. 
 He was for some time clerk to sir John 
 Harrington, the treasurer of the English 
 forces at Calais, but afterwards turnecl his 
 thoughts to the study of divinity, and took 
 his master's degree at Cam'Sridge. He was 
 
BR 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 BR 
 
 eloquent as a preaclier, and his abilities ex- 
 posed him to persecution in Mary's reign, 
 so that, after a long imprisonment, he was 
 burnt in Smithfield, Jst July, 1555, Some 
 of his letters are extant. It is said that he 
 was so struck by hearing a sermon from La- 
 timer on restitution, that he made a restitu- 
 tion of some of the king's goods, which he 
 had dishonestly appropriated to his own use 
 while clerk at Calais. 
 
 Bradford, John, a Welch poet of me- 
 rit. He presided in 1760, in the bardic chair 
 of Glamorganshire, to Avhich he had been 
 called 50 years before, though a youth. He 
 wrote several moral piedes of great merit, 
 preserved in the Evergreen, a magazine in 
 the Welch language. He died 1780. 
 
 Bradick, Waker, author of " Chohe- 
 leth or royal preacher," a poem of conside- 
 rable merit, was a merchaat of Lisbon, 
 where he lost all his property by the earth- 
 quake. On his return to England, loss of 
 sight was added to poverty, till his suffer- 
 ings were relieved by the queen, who 
 placed him as a pensioner in the Charter- 
 house, Avhere he died 3 1st December, 1794. 
 
 Bradley, James, D. D. was born 1092, 
 at Shireborn in Glocestershire, and educat- 
 ed at Northleach and Baliol college, Oxford, 
 whence he proceeded into orders, and was 
 promoted to the living of Bridstow, Here- 
 fordshire. His talents were directed to ma- 
 thematical pursuits, in the company and 
 under the direction of his maternal uncle. 
 Dr. Pound, rector of Wanstead, Essex, a 
 man of singular genius, and great learning, 
 and from his own accurate observations with 
 the sector, he settled, upon the most coi'- 
 rect basis, the laws of the alterations of the 
 fixed stars in consequence of the motion of 
 light, and also the nutation of the earth's 
 £ixis. His great merit did not pass long un- 
 rewarded, he was chosen Savilian professor 
 of astronomy at Oxford, 1721, on the death 
 of Dr. Keiil, to which was afterwards, in 
 1730, added the lectureship in experimental 
 philosophy, and with these honors, a distinc- 
 tion equally flattering to the lover of science, 
 the friendship of the great and the learned, 
 of lord Macclesfield, sir Isaac Newton, Dr. 
 Halley, &;c. In 1J42 he succeeded Dr. Hal- 
 ley as astronomer royal at Greenwich, and 
 in this important appointment his attention 
 was directed to improve and increase under 
 the royal patronage, and the gift of lOpOL 
 and the assistance of those able artists, 
 George Graham and Bird, the valuable 
 instruments which enrich this celebrated 
 observatory. His great disinterestedness 
 appeared on his refusal of the living of 
 Greenwich, but his services were too nu- 
 merous to be neglected, and the king there- 
 fore settled a pension of 250^. upon him. 
 His laborious studies impaired his health ; 
 he long apprehended that he should survive 
 his reason, but his fears proved false, and an 
 inflammation of the kidneys, followed by a 
 suppression of urine, carred him off 13th 
 July, 1762. He left only one daughter, and 
 was buried at Minchinhampton, in Glouces- 
 
 tershire. Few of his compositions, besides 
 papers in the philosophical transactions, 
 \yere published ; but his valuable observa- 
 tions on astronomy, &c. are carefully pre- 
 served in MS. in 13 folio and two quarto vo^ 
 lumes. 
 
 Bradley, Richard, F.R.S. was made pro- 
 fessor of botany at Cambridge, 1724, by the 
 influence of Dr. Bentley, who trusted to a 
 pretended verbal recommendation from Dr.. 
 Sherard. The inabilities of the new pro- 
 fessor to read lectures was soon made appa- 
 rent to the university, and his ignorance of 
 the learned languages rendered him ridicu- 
 lous. Mr. J. Martin was therefore appoint- 
 ed his substitute as professoi*, though he 
 himself ventured to deliver lectures on the 
 materia medica at the Bull Inn, 1729; but 
 his conduct was regarded as so offensive, 
 that the heads of the university had it in. 
 agitation to procure his removal, when he 
 died in 1732. He wrote some things on hus- 
 bandry, natural history, &c. and for some 
 money permitted the booksellers to use his 
 name in a traslation of Xenophon's econo- 
 mics. 
 
 Bradsh AW, Henry, a Benedictine monk 
 of Chester, in the fourteenth century, author 
 of a poetical chronicle, called the Ufe of St. 
 Werburg. 
 
 Bradsma'w, John, Serjeant at law, was 
 born in 1586, at Marple-hall in Cheshire, 
 near Chapel le Frith, where his ancestors 
 had been settled for many generations. He 
 was one of the judges of the sheriff's court 
 in London, and on the trial of Charles I. he 
 was nominated by the parliament, president 
 of that bloody tribunal. Though he beha- 
 ved with disrespect and audacity to his so- 
 vereign, some have imagined that he was but 
 the tool of a party, and that his private sen- 
 timents were favorable to the royal cause. 
 His attachment to the republican form of 
 government, however, was such that he in- 
 veighed against the usurpation of Cromwell, 
 and for his obstinacy he was dismissed from, 
 the office of president. He died 1659, but 
 the place of his burial is unknown, though 
 some have mentioned an inscription engra- 
 ved on a cannon near Martha bay, in Jamai- 
 ca, which intimates that bis ashes were «le- 
 posited there. He might have wished like 
 others to fly the insults which attended the 
 bones of those who sat in judgment over 
 Charles, but it is more probable from papers 
 preserved in the British museum that he 
 died in England, and on the 3tst October 
 1659. He was rewarded by the parliament 
 for his services as president, with the estate 
 of Summer-hill, belonging to lord St. Al- 
 ban's, worth 1000^. a year. It is supposed by 
 some, that he communicated some old evi- 
 dences to Needham, to be inserted in his 
 translation of Selden's Mare clausum. 
 
 Bradwardin, Thomas, a native of Hat- 
 field in Sussex, educated at Merton college, 
 Oxford, where he was proctor and divinity 
 professor. For his great merit as a mathe- 
 matician, philosopher, and divine, he was 
 made confessor to Edward IIL during his 
 
BR 
 
 wars in France, where as a preacher his 
 eloquence had great influence in restrain- 
 ing the violence and lawless conduct of 
 the military. He became arclibishop of 
 Canterbury' in 1348, and from his learning 
 ^as called the profound doctor. Among 
 other things he published a tract called Cau- 
 sa Dei — besides geometria speculativa-— 
 arithmetica speculativa — tractatus proportio- 
 num, Venice, 1505. He was consecrated at 
 Avignon, and died 1549, at Lambeth. He 
 was buried in Canterbury cathedral. 
 
 Brady, Nicholas, D. D. was born at 
 Bandon in Ireland, October 28th, 1659, and 
 at the age of 12 he came over to England, and 
 was educated at Westminster college and 
 Christ Church, Oxford. He afterwards re- 
 turned to Ireland, where his father, who 
 was in the military line, resided, and he took 
 his degrees at the university of Dublin. He 
 showed himself zealous and active during 
 the revolution, and thrice successively by his 
 influence and address he saved his native 
 town from conflagration agreeable to the or- 
 der's of king James' generals. He abandon- 
 ed the preferment which by the friendship 
 of Wettenhal, bishop of Cork, he held in 
 Ireland, and as chaplain to William and 
 Mary he rose to consequence in the church, 
 and became minister of Richmond and rec- 
 tor of Clapham in Surrey. He died 20th 
 31ay 1726, aged 66. He wrote three vols, 
 of sermons besides a translation of Virgil's 
 JEneid, and his well known version of the 
 psalms in conjunction with Mr. Tate. 
 
 Brady, Robert, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated at Caius college, Cambridge, of which 
 lie became master 1660. He was in 1670, ap- 
 pointed keeper of the records in the Tower, 
 and soon after regius professor at Cam- 
 bridge, where he died 1700. He was emi- 
 nent as a physician. His letter to Dr. Sy- 
 denham has been published, but he is best 
 known as the author of an history of Eng- 
 land, three vols. fol. in which he zealously 
 supports the royal prerogative. He also 
 published a treatise on burghs, folio. 
 
 Brake, Tycho, descended from an illus- 
 trious Swedish family, was born at Knud- 
 storp in Denmark, 1546, and distinguished 
 himself as an astronomer. He studied rhe- 
 toric and philosophy at Copenhagen, but so 
 great was his admiration of the skill of astro- 
 nomers in calculating eclipses to the preci- 
 sion of a moment, that he employed all his 
 anoney in purchasing books for his favorite 
 pursuit, and often spent whole nights with a 
 small celestial globe in his hands in learning 
 the names of the stars, and in the acquisition 
 of a science which he called divine. His 
 friends in vain attempted to represent astro- 
 nomy as beneath his rank ; he continued his 
 study 'vith increasing application, and gain- 
 ed the patronage of the Danish king, at 
 whose request he read some popular lectures 
 on the theory of comets. His knowledge 
 was improved by vi.siting Switzerland, Italy 
 and Germany, and he would have removed 
 to Basil, if the king of Denmark, with a mu- 
 nificence triih- noble, had not retained him 
 
 f^i" 
 
 BR 
 
 in his dominions, by settling upon him far 
 life the island of Kuen in the Sound, and 
 building a commodious observatory and ela- 
 boratory, which he called Uraniburgh, and 
 to which he annexed a pension of two thou- 
 sand crowns, besides preferment of equal or 
 superior value. Thus flattered by his sove- 
 reign and honored with the praises and the 
 visits ol' the noble and the great, especially 
 of James II. of Scotland, when he came to 
 Denmark, to marry the princess Anne^ 
 Brahe might be saiu to live happy and re- 
 spected. Malice however attacked him ia 
 his retreat, his enemies vilified his services, 
 he was abandoned by the king, and bidding 
 adieu to his favorite Uraniburgh, he found 
 at last an asylum at Prague, under the pro- 
 tection of the emperor, and with a pension 
 of 3000 crowns. He died soon after of a 
 suppression of urine, 24th October 1601. 
 Great as an astronomer and chemist, Brahe 
 was superstitious, too much given to credu- 
 lity and astrological presages, irritable in his 
 temper, and not always respectable in his 
 connections. He left a widow, two sons and 
 four daughters, with little to inherit but his 
 fame and his misfortunes. The Rodolphine 
 tables and the historia ccelestis, are the best 
 of his works, but the wildness of his opinions 
 is sufficiently proved by the absurdity of the 
 system which he endeavored to establish ia 
 mere opposition to the Copernican. 
 
 Braillier, Peter, an apothecary at 
 Lyons, author of a curious book on the 
 abuses and the ignorance of physicians, in- 
 scribed to Claude de Gouffier, 1557. 
 
 Braint Hir, the nephew of Cadwallon, 
 king of North Wales. He supported brave- 
 ly his uncle against Edwin king of England 
 in 620, and when defeated he went privately 
 to England, and by his' conciliating conduct 
 gained siich a number of adherents, that he 
 was enkbled to make head against the enemy 
 and J.Q recall his uncle who had fled to Ire- 
 landi and to replace him on his throne, 633, 
 after the battle of Hatfield, in which Edwin 
 fell. 
 
 Brakenburg, Reinier, a painter of 
 Haerlem, who died 1649. His pieces are 
 generally on low and vulgar subjects, but 
 always display elegance, spirit, nature and 
 interest. 
 
 Bramante d'Urbino, Lazarus, was 
 born at Castel-Duranti in Urbino 1444, and 
 distinguished himself as an architect at Na- 
 ples and Rome. It was in conforniity to his 
 plan that pope Julius II. was persuaded to 
 rebuild the church of St. Peter, but though 
 the work was conducted with great expe- 
 dition, the artist did not live to see the com- 
 pletion of his noble design. He died 1514, 
 aged 70, eight ye^s after the foundations had 
 been laid, and the merit of finishing the 
 building was reserved for Michael Angelo. 
 Bramante was amiable in his private charac- 
 ter, and as a poet and musician he was also 
 eminent. His poetry was published at Mi- 
 lan, 1750. 
 
 Bramer, Leonard, a disciple of Rem- 
 brandt, born at Delft, 1596. His resurrec- 
 
BR 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 BR 
 
 tiou of LazaruB, preserved at Rome, is much 
 admired. 
 
 Bramhai.l, John, a native of Pontefract 
 in Yorkshire, who was educated at Sydney 
 college, Camhridge, and after taking orders 
 succeeded to a living in the city of York, 
 where he married a clergyman's widow, 
 with whom he received a considerable for- 
 tune, and what he regarded still more, ?. very 
 vakiable collection of books. By his suecess- 
 fnl controversy on religious topics Avith a 
 secular priest and a Jesuit, he i-ecommended 
 himself to the notice of Matthews, arch- 
 bishop of York, by whom he was promoted 
 to the prebend of Rippon. About the year 
 1633, he went over to Ireland, on the invita- 
 tion of lord Wentworth, and for his services 
 as visitor of the revenues of the church he 
 obtained tlie archdeaconry of Meath, and in 
 lf)34 the bishopric of Londonderry. His 
 authority was powerfully exerted in uniting 
 the churches of Ireland and England, and 
 by his eloquence the two sister countries 
 adopted the same form of worship and the 
 same tenets of faith. He was not however 
 without enemies; he was not only charged 
 with arminianism and popery, but accused of 
 high treason, and of attempts to introduce 
 an arbitrary and tyrannical government i and 
 after being some time in confinement he was 
 liberated by the influence of Usher the pri- 
 mate, and the immediate interference of the 
 king. After some time spent at Hamburgh 
 and Brussels, he ventured to revisit Ireland, 
 bat his influence was considered as so dan- 
 gerous by the parliament, that his person 
 was in the most imminent danger, and 
 Cromwell, from whose vigilance he escaped, 
 was heard to declare in disappointment that 
 he would have lavished not a little money to 
 secure that Irish Canterbuiy, as he called 
 liim. On the restoration his services entitled 
 Iiim to the highest honors, and he was accord- 
 ingly translated to the see of Armagh, 18th 
 Januat*y 1660-1, and as primate of Ireland, 
 and speaker of the house of lords, he dis- 
 played those abilities of persuasion, and that 
 patriotic zeal which he possessed in so emi- 
 nent a degree. His constitution now began 
 to decline, he was twice struck with the pal- 
 sy, and a third attack proved fatal, at the 
 end of June 1663, in his TOth year. His 
 works on theological subjects mostly Avere 
 reprinted at Dubhn, in one folio volume, 
 1677. The most valuable of his composi- 
 tions is that against Hobbes, on liberty and 
 necessity. 
 
 Bran, son of Lyr, was father of Carracta- 
 cus king of Britain. With two others, Pry- 
 dain and Dynwal, he is said to have estab- 
 lished the rights of an elective monarchy in 
 Britain. He was carried to Rome, whei^e it 
 is supposed he embraced Christianity, which 
 he contributed to spread among his uncivi- 
 lized countrymen. He died about 80 A. D. 
 Brancas Villeneuve, Andrew Fran- 
 cis, abb<§ d'Aulnay, was born in the Venais- 
 sin, and died April 11th, 1758. His works, 
 though correct in matter, do not recommend 
 themselves either by elegance of style or 
 
 choice of ideas; they are a system of raodem 
 cosmography and geography in general — 
 explanation of the flux and reflux of the sea 
 — letters on cosmography — ephemerides 
 cosmogi-aphiques. 
 
 Brancker, Thomas, a native of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, of which 
 he was elected fellow. He afterwards be- 
 came rector of Tilston, Cheshire, and mas- 
 ter of Macclesfield school. He died 1676 
 aged 40, and was buried at Macclesfield. He 
 possessed abilities as a mathematician, aad 
 wrote the doctrine of the sphere, in Latin, 
 Oxford, 1662 — introduction to algebra, 1668. 
 Brandel, Petei', a painter, born at 
 Prague, and educated under Schroeter. 
 Though well paid for his portraits and his- 
 torical pieces, which possessed real merit, 
 his extravagance kept him in continual want, 
 and he died very poor at Prague, 1739, aged 
 79. 
 
 Brandi, Hyacinth, a painter, the pupil 
 of Lanfrac, born at Poli near Rome. He 
 possessed great merit, and his pencil was 
 employed in beautifying the churches and 
 palaces of the capital of Italy, where he died 
 1691, aged 58. 
 
 Brandmui.ler, John, professor of He- 
 brew at Basil, was born at Biberac, and died 
 1596, aged 63. He wrote four funeral ora- 
 tions from the Old Testament, and eighty 
 from the New, &c. His son James, who 
 died 1629, M'rote, !n three vols. 4to. analysis 
 typica librorum veteris & novi testamenti, 
 Basil, 1620. The son of James, was profes- 
 sor of jurisprudence at Basil, and died 1677, 
 aged 50. He wrote some valuable works on 
 the law, besides poems, &c. 
 
 BRA]yDMULLER, Gregory, a painter of 
 Basil, who died 1691, aged 30. He was the 
 pupil of Lebrun, and obtained a prize of the 
 Paris academy. His historical pieces and his 
 portraits were much admired. 
 
 Brandolini, Aureho, a native of Flo- 
 rence, eminent as a poet. He was for some 
 time resident in the university of Buda un- 
 der tlie patronage of Matthias Corvinus, 
 king of Hungary, and after his death he en- 
 tered among the Augustines at Florence. 
 The best known of his M'orks is de ratione 
 scribendi, in which he gives good directions 
 for the acquii'ing of a good style. He was 
 also eminent as a preacher. He was surna- 
 med Lippo because he was blind. 
 
 Br AN DO YT, Charles duke of Suffolk, a 
 fav(u'ite of Heniy VIII. of England. He 
 Avas valiant in the field, and handsome in his 
 person, and gained the public esteem by his 
 courteous behaviour. At the tournament of 
 St. Denys, in honor of Mary the sister of 
 Henry who married LoAvis XII. of France, 
 he was attacked by a strong and gigantic 
 German, at the instigation of the French, 
 who were envious of his reputation, but he 
 repulsed and defeated his antagonist, and so 
 noble was his conduct, says Henault the his- 
 torian, that it Avon the heart of the youthful 
 bride, who in three short months became a 
 Avidow, and soon oft'ered her hand and her 
 fortune to her favored champion. The mar- 
 
BR 
 
 riage accordingly was celebrated with the | 
 permission of Henry. Suffolk died 1545, | 
 leaving his fourth wife a widow, and he was , 
 buried honorably by the king. j 
 
 Brandt, Sebastian, a counsellor ot btras- 
 burg, and professor of law, was author of a 
 poem called « Navis stultifera raortahum, 
 1488, 8vo. of which there appeared a French 
 translation 1497. He died 1520, aged 6G. 
 
 Brandt, John, secretary of Antwerp, 
 was eminent for his erudition, and his pa- 
 tronage of science. He is author of '* elogia 
 Ciceronia Roman, domi militiaique illustri- 
 ura." He died 1639, aged 80. 
 
 Brandt, Sebastian, a chemist of German 
 ny, who employed a great part of his life in 
 search of the philosopher's stone, in the 
 preparation of urine, and found after distil- 
 lation that shining substance since called 
 phosphorus. He made the discovery public, 
 but concealed the process, which however 
 Kunckel, chemist to the elector of Saxony, 
 easily guessed. He died '2d May, 1521, aged 63. 
 
 Brandt, Gerard, a minister of Amster- 
 dam, author of the life of de Ruyter the ad- 
 miral, of a Flemish history of the reforma- 
 tion of the Low Countries in 4 vols. 4to. after- 
 wards abridged in a French translation of 3 
 vols. 12mo. The work was so popular, that 
 Fagel said once to bishop Burnet, that it 
 -was worth learning Flemish to read the ori- 
 ginal. He died at Rotterdam 1685, aged 59. 
 
 Brantome. FiVi. Bourdeilles. 
 
 Brasavoi.a, AntoniusMusa, a physician 
 of eminence, born at Ferrara, -where he was 
 professor of medicine, and where he died 
 1555, aged 55. His abilities recommended 
 him to the popes and the other princes of 
 Italy, to whom he was physician, and also to 
 Francis I. of France, Henry VHI. of Eng- 
 land, and Charles V. of Germany. He wrote 
 some works on medical subjects, and besides 
 commentaries on Hippocrates and Galen. 
 
 Br ASBRiDGE, Thomas, a native of North- 
 amptonshire, educated at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, of which he was elected fellow 1562. 
 He is known as a physician and a divine, and 
 he wrote tiie poor man's jewel, or a treatise 
 of the pestilence, with a declai'ation of the 
 herbs cardius benedictus and angelica, &c. in 
 8vo. 1578 — qusestiones in officia Ciceronis, in 
 8vo. Oxford 1615. 
 
 BuASiDAS, a general of Lacedsemon, who 
 conquered several of the aUied cities of A- 
 thens, B. C. 424. When besieged in Amphi- 
 polis he defeated Cleon in a sally, and died 
 some time after. 
 
 Brathwayte, Richard, a native of 
 Westmoreland, known as a poet. He enter- 
 ed at Oriel college, Oxford, 1604, and thence 
 removed to Cambridge, and afterwards be- 
 came captain in the army, and a justice of 
 peace in his native county. His works are 
 the golden fleece and other poems, 1611, 
 8vo. — the poet's willow, or the passionate 
 shepherd, 8vo. 1614 — the prodigal's tears, 
 or farewell to vanity, 1614, 8vo. — essays on 
 the five senses, 8vo. 1620 — the English gen- 
 tleman, 4to. often edited, kc. He died at 
 Appleton, Yorkshire, about IG/.S. 
 
 ^RAUWER, Adrian, a painter, born at 
 Haerlem. His pieces possess great merit; 
 and are chiefly on vulgar subjects, public- 
 houses, shows, and fairs, &c. He died of in- 
 temperance, 1638, aged 30. 
 
 Bray, Solomon de, a native of Haerlem, 
 eminent as a portrait painter. He died 1664, 
 aged 67. His son Jacob excelled in histori- 
 cal representations, and died at the end of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Bray, Sir Reginald, was descended from 
 a family which came to England, with the 
 Conqueror, and settled in tlie counties of 
 Northampton and Warwick. He was in- 
 strumental in raising Henr)'^ VH. to the 
 throne, and he negotiated with the duke of 
 Buckingham and others that prince's mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth daughter of Edward IV. 
 He was a man of valor, and was made a 
 knight bai'onet at the battle of Bosworth- 
 field, or as some say, at that of Black- 
 heatli, and he received as the reward of his 
 services the forfeited land of lord Audley. 
 St. George's chapel at Windsor, and that of 
 Henry VII. at Westminster abbey, are men- 
 tioned as specimens of his skill in architec- 
 ture, as he contributed to the raising and 
 embellishing of them. He died 5th August, 
 1501, and was buried, as is supposed, in the 
 south aisle of the chapel of Windsor, which 
 still bears his name. He was twice married, 
 but had no issue. His estates descended to 
 his brothers, whose descendants in Surrey- 
 still enjoy part of the land which once be- 
 longed to their great relation. 
 
 Bray, Thomas, D. D. a native of Mars- 
 ton, in Shropshii'e, educated at Hart-hall, 
 Oxford. He was at first patronised by lord 
 Digby, but his abilities soon Recommended 
 him to bishop Compton, by whom he was 
 sent as commissary to settle the church af- 
 fairs of Maryland and Virginia. In this em- 
 ployment, which engaged the best part of 
 his life, and obliged him to cross the Atlan- 
 tic several times, he behaved with all that 
 zeal and disinterestedness which characterise 
 the true Christian. He instituted libi'aries 
 in several parts of AxTierica for the informa- 
 tion and improvement of the missionaries 
 employed in preaching the gospel, and every 
 method was pursued by his example and re- 
 commendation which might render the con- 
 version of negroes and pagans to the gospel 
 easy and certain, and increase the inflnenc* 
 of religious principles. It was not only th6 
 money subscribe*! by individuals, or granted 
 by corporations, for those charitable pur- 
 poses, which was economically spent, but 
 Dr. Bray contributed tha whole of his small 
 fortune to the support of hi.s liberal plans, 
 better gratified in the promotion of pubHc 
 happiness, than in the possession of private 
 wealth. To his great and indefatigable ex- 
 ertions many of the societies establislied in 
 London owe their institution, es[>ecially that 
 for the relief of poor proselytes, that for the 
 reformation of manners, and that for thr; 
 propagation of the gospel in f?ireign parts, &c. 
 This great and good man, whose whole life 
 was thus xlevoted to benevolent purposes, 
 
ER 
 
 le^r. 
 
 JBR 
 
 and whose Ligli services deserved and re- 
 ceived the gratitude of king and parliament, 
 died IStli February, 1730, aged 73, leaving 
 only one daughter. He was author of some 
 useful publications, parlicuhirly his cateche- 
 tical letters, apostolic charity, bibliotheca 
 parochialis, &c. 
 
 Brebeuf, George de, a French poet, 
 born at Thorigny in Normand}'. He was no- 
 ticed, but his merits were not rewarded by 
 Mazarine. He travestied the first book of 
 Liucan, an attempt which, by his ingenious 
 xmode of raillery, and by the keen severity ©f 
 his satire, created him popularity as well as 
 enemies. He died 1661, aged 4.5. 
 
 Brebeuf, Jean de, uncle to the prece- 
 ding, distinguished himself as a missionary, 
 to convert the wild inhabitants of Canada to 
 Christianity. He was cruelly burnt b)' these 
 infatuated savages in 1649, in his 56th year. 
 
 Brecourt, Guillaume Martoureau dc, 
 a French poet, better known also as an ac- 
 tor. He died in consequence of his extraor- 
 dinary exertions on the sta^e, in 1685. 
 
 Breda, Peter Van, apainter of Antwerp 
 "who died 1681, aged 50. His landscapes 
 ■were much admired. 
 
 Breda, John Van, a Flemish painter, who 
 obtained a comfortable independence, by ex- 
 ercising his profession in England. His land- 
 scapes, fairs, markets, conversations, &c. 
 ■were particularly spirited. He died on the 
 continent, 1750. 
 
 Bredenbach, Matthias, a controversial- 
 ist writer of Kerpen, who died in 1559, in 
 his 70th year. 
 
 Breenberg, Barthol. a painter of some 
 distinction, born at Utrecht in 1620. He di- 
 ed aged 40. ^His views of ruins are particu- 
 larly valuable*. 
 
 Bregy, Charlotte Sauraaise de Chazan, 
 comtesse de, a maid of honor to Ann of Aus- 
 tria. She was niece to Salmasius, and be- 
 came known for the ease and elegance of her 
 conversation, her wit, and the beauty of her 
 person. She died at Paris 1693, aged 74. 
 Some of her verses and letters were publish- 
 ed in 1688, in 12mo. abounding in metaphy- 
 sical conceits, and occasionally interesting de- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Breitkopf, John Gottlieb Emmanuel, 
 a native of Leipsic, known as a writer, and 
 as a printer. He wrote treatises on the ori- 
 gin of printing, — on the history of playing 
 cards, — the invention of paper from linen 
 rags, — and the inyeution of engraving on 
 wood in Europe, — and on bibliography. As 
 a printer he acquired deserved celebrity af- 
 ter his father. By i-eading a treatise of Al- 
 bert Durer, he was induced to improve the 
 shape of types, upon scientific and mathe- 
 matical principles, and he also found out a 
 method to print musical notes, charts, and 
 maps with types, and without engraving. 
 This worthy man died at Leipsic 1794, aged 
 75. 
 
 Bremont, Francois de, a Parisian, made 
 secretary to the Royal London society, in 
 consequence of his translating their philo- 
 sophical transactions. He died at Paris 1742, 
 
 Ih his 29lli year, admired for his laboriods 
 application and critical discernment. 
 
 Brenner, Henry, a native of Ki'onoby in 
 West Bothnia, who in 1697 went with Fab- 
 ricius the Swedish ambassador to the Per- 
 sian court. On his return, he was arrested 
 at Moscow, in consequence of the war with 
 Sweden ; but his hours of confinement were 
 devoted to literary pursuits. He translated 
 into Latin the history of Armenia by Moses 
 Armenius Choronensis, printed Stockholm 
 1723; and also wrote observations on the 
 Czar Peter's expedition against the Persians 
 with a map of the Caspian and of the river 
 Dwina. He was made keeper of the royal 
 library at Stockholm, where he died 1732, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Brennus, a general of Gaul, famous for 
 his invasion of Thessaly, and his attempts to 
 plunder the temple of Delphi. He killed 
 himself, B. C. 278. 
 
 Brennus, a general of Gaul, celebrated 
 for his irruption into Italy, and his siege and 
 seizure of Rome, where the valor of Camil- 
 lus at last defeated him, and totally destroy- 
 ed all his army, 388 B. C. 
 
 Brent, sir Nathaniel, a native of Wool- 
 foi'd, Warwickshire, educated at Merton 
 college, of which he became the warden, by 
 the influence of Abbot the primate whose 
 niece he had married. Among other things 
 he published a Latin and English translation 
 of the history of the council of Trent, a copy 
 of which he had procured at Venice. He 
 was knighted by Charles I. at Woodstock ; 
 but his loyalty gave way to his eagerness to 
 retain his offices, and as the friend of the pu- 
 ritans, he continued at the head of his col- 
 lege, and was made the chief visitor of the 
 university. He died in London 6th Nov. 
 1652, aged 79. 
 
 Brentius or Brentzen, John, was 
 born at Wiel in Swabia, and distinguished 
 himself as the friend and follower of Luther. 
 He was the founder of the ubiquists, a sect 
 who maintained the presence of the body of 
 Jesus every where. He was highly honored 
 by the duke of Wirtemburg, and deserved 
 it, if we reckon the ponderous form of his 
 controversial writings in eight folio volumes. 
 He died at Tubingen 1570, in his 71st yearj^, 
 leaving 12 children by a second wife. 
 
 Breq^uigny, Lewis George Edward de, 
 author of the history of the revolutions of 
 Genoa, three vols. 12mo. — lives of eminent 
 Greek orators, with occasional translations, 
 two vols. 12mo. — diplomata, ohartse, ad res 
 Francisc. spectantia, 4to. — chronological ta- 
 bles, &c. relative to French history, five vols, 
 fol. — an edition of Strabo, &c. — was member 
 of the French academy, and of that of in- 
 scriptions, and died 1795, aged 80, In his 
 search after materials to elucidate French 
 history, he was some time resident in Lon- 
 don, to examine the records of the Tower. 
 
 Brerewood, Edward, a learned anti- 
 quary, born at Chester, of which his father 
 was three times mayor. After finishing his 
 education at Brazen-nose, Oxford, he was 
 elected the first astronomical professor of 
 
BR 
 
 Gresbam college. He died in London of a 
 fever, 4th November, 1613, aged 48, much 
 respected, not only for his great learning, 
 but his highly exemplary private character. 
 His works, consisting of nine treatises, were 
 published after his death, among which the 
 most esteemed are « on the weight and va^ 
 lue of ancient coins, in Latin, 1614, m 4to. 
 —inquiries touching the diversity of lan- 
 guages and religion through the world, 1614, 
 4to. &c. — elements of logic, &c. 
 
 Bret, Anthony, author of the life of Ni- 
 non de I'Enclos, 12mo.— the four seasons, a 
 poem — I'ecole amoureuse & la double extra- 
 vagance, two vols. 8vo. — new Cleopatfa, 3 
 -vols. — eastern fables — commentary on the 
 works of Moliere, 8vo. — memoirs of Bussy 
 Rabutin, two vols. 12mo. — was a native of 
 Dijon, and died at Paris, 1792, aged 75. 
 
 IBreton, Nicholas, a writer of ballads 
 and interludes of some merit, ia the age of 
 Elizabeth. His Phillide and Corydon are 
 preserved in Percy's collection, and the titles 
 of his compositions are mentioned in Win- 
 stanley's ames typog. and Osborn's Harl. 
 Catal. ^ . ^^ 
 
 Bretonneau, Francis, a Jesu it of Tours, 
 who died at Paris, 1741, aged 81. He is au- 
 thor of a life of James H. and of seven vo- 
 lumes of sermons, edited by Berryer, and 
 recommended, if not by the eloquence, yet by 
 the more excellent example of the preacher's 
 virtuous life. 
 
 Bretonnier, Barthol. Joseph, an advo- 
 cate in the parliament of Paris, author of 
 some useful law tracts. He died at Paris 
 1727, aged 71. 
 
 Bretteville, Etienne du Bois de, a 
 Jesuit of Normandy, author of some theolo- 
 gical tracts. He died in 1 688, aged 38. 
 
 Brettinger, John James, a native of 
 Zurich, professor of Hebrew, and author of 
 an edition of the new testament, from the 
 septuagint, in four vols. 4to. and some pieces 
 on painting, poetry, and antiquities, &c. He 
 died 1776, aged 75, 
 
 Breval, John Durant de, was educated 
 at Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow 
 1702. In consequence of a dispute with 
 Bentley, the master of his college, he quitted 
 the university, and rose to the rank of cap- 
 tain under the great Marlborough. Besides 
 poems and plays, Breval was the writer of 
 four entertaining volumes of travels, and by 
 his censure of Pope, he gained immortality 
 among the heroes of the Dunciad. He died 
 Jan. 1739. 
 
 Breugel, Peter, or Old, a native of 
 Breugel, near Breda, distinguished as a pain- 
 ter, and celebrated for the originality of cha- 
 racter, and truth of delineation which he in- 
 fused into his pieces, especially such as re- 
 presented the feasts and rustic enjoyments 
 of his countrymen. He died at Antwerp in 
 the last part of the 16th century, and with 
 his dying breath consigned to the flames 
 those lighter pieces of his pencil which in 
 unguarded moments he had painted, offen- 
 sive to modesty and virtue. He was twice 
 
 BR 
 
 man-ied. Some of his pieces are in the pos" 
 session of the grand duke of Tuscany. 
 
 Breugel, Peter, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, surpa^ssed in the description of ma- 
 gicians and devils, whence he is called Hel- 
 lish Breugel. 
 
 Breugel, John, second son of old Pe- 
 ter, surnamed Velvet, from his mode of 
 dress, chiefly excelled in painting flowers 
 and fruits, in which his superiority was 
 inimitable, so that Rubens himself solicited 
 "the perfecting strokes of his pencil in the 
 finishing of his Vertumnus and Pomona. 
 After visiting Italy, and residing long at Co- 
 logne, respected and beloved, he died about 
 1642, remarkable for never having admitted 
 a pupil near his person.— —Another of that 
 name, called Abraham, born at Antwerp, 
 1672, excelled as a flower and landscape 
 painter. 
 
 Breul, James du, a Benedictine monk, 
 author of the antiquities of Paris, 4to. 1612 
 — les fastes de Pierre Bonfons augmentes, 
 a woi'k of singular merit — supplementum 
 antiquitatum, Paris, 4to. 1714-— the life of 
 cardin. Ch. de Bourbon, 4to. — a chronicle of 
 the abbots of St. Germain, kc. He died 
 1614, aged 86. 
 
 Brevint, Daniel, a native of Jersey, 
 who studied at Saumur, and then became 
 fellow of Jesus college, O.xford, after the 
 foundation of three fellowships at Jesus, 
 Exeter, and Pembroke, by Charles I. for the 
 education of the divines of Jersey and 
 Guernsey. During the civil wars he retired 
 to France, and after the restoration he was 
 raised to the enjoyment of a prebendal stall 
 of Durham, and in 1681 to the dignity of 
 dean of Lincoln. He died May 5th, 1695, 
 aged 79. He wrote a treatise on the Lord's 
 supper, and other theological pieces, in La- 
 tin, now no longer remembered. 
 
 Brewer, Anthony, author of the country 
 girl, a comedy — the lovesick king, a tra- 
 gedy — and other pieces, was a poet of ge- 
 ■iiias, and highly esteemed among the wits 
 and the courtiers of the first Charles' reign. 
 Little is known of his history. 
 
 Breynius, James, of Dantzic, was au- 
 thor of plantarura exoticarum centuria, with 
 plates, fol. 1678 — fasciculus plantarum i:ar 
 rior.4to. 1689. He died 1697, aged 60. 
 
 Bridaine, N. a famous French preach- 
 er of the diocese of Uzes, compared by 
 Maury, in his principles of eloquence, to 
 Demosthenes and Bossuet. His powers of 
 delivery were such, and his address so com- 
 manding, that he could be heard distinctly 
 by 10,000 people in the open air. He died 
 1767, author of cantiques spii'ituels, printed 
 12mo. 1748. 
 
 Bridault, John Peter, a French wri* 
 tei', who died 24th Oct. 1761. He wrote 
 phrases and sentences from Terence's co- 
 medies, 12mo. — and manners and customs 
 of the Romans, two vols. 12mo. 
 
 Bridge, William, a leading preacher 
 among the independents of England. When 
 expelled by bishop Wi'en, he became a 
 zealous pastor at Rotterdam^ and soon after 
 
BR 
 
 '2S^7 
 
 BR 
 
 i'eturned to England, and resided at Yar- 
 mouth. He was member of the assembly of 
 divines held at Westminster. He wrote 21 
 treatises, in two vols. 4to. besides sermons, 
 &c. and died March 1670, aged 70. 
 
 Bridgewater, Francis Egerton duke 
 of, celebrated as the first person who planned 
 nnd completed the cutting of a navigable ca- 
 nal in England, was born 21st May, 1736, 
 He succeeded to his titles on his brother's 
 death, 1748 ; and as soon as he was master 
 of his fortune, he began, with unwearied 
 zeal, to execute the plans of improvement 
 which he had early meditated. With the 
 assistance of Brindley, a man of astonishing 
 powers of mind, but without the polish and 
 the advantages of education, he surveyed his 
 estate at Worsley, and obtained an act to 
 open a communication by a canal between 
 Manchester and Worsley, and afterwards, 
 under the power of another act, to return 
 over the river Irwell to Manchester. Though 
 a solid rock opposed the line of his progress, 
 all difficulties were removed, air funnels 
 •were made through the hill to discharge all 
 dangerous effluvia from below, and the canal 
 was conveyed not only more than a mile under 
 the ground, but over an arch above 40 feet 
 above the surface of the Irwell, so that while 
 vessels pass one another in the dark and 
 subterraneous cavity, others sail on the ca- 
 nal above, while some are below the arch in 
 full sail. Thus, by means of these stupen- 
 dous works, the coals which were found in 
 the duke's estate were conveyed, with great 
 facility, to the neighbouring towns, and the 
 commerce of Liverpool was thus united by 
 the Mersey to Manchester, and to the 
 southern parts of the kingdom. Though 
 the sums spent on these astonishing works 
 were almost beyond calculation, and nearly 
 ruined the noble and enterprising projector, 
 yet he had the happiness to see his plans 
 succeed to the fullest wishes of his heart, 
 and, with the infinite benefits which he con- 
 ferred on the national commerce ami on 
 provincial intercourse, he had the satisfac- 
 tion to find his income increase in a most 
 rapid progression. This truly great and il- 
 lustrious character died March 1803, leav- 
 ing the bulk of his immense fortune to his 
 nephew, the earl of Bridgewater, the mar- 
 quis of Stafford, and other relations. He 
 never was married. 
 
 BuiDGMAN, John, a native of Exeter, 
 educated at Cambridge, where he obtained 
 the mastership of Magdalen college. He 
 was chaplain to James I. wlio gave him the 
 rectory of Wigan, Lancashire, and made him 
 bishop of Chester 1618. He was stripped 
 of his honors in the civil wars, and was a 
 great sufferer, in person and property. He 
 died at Morton, in Cheshire, 1642. 
 
 Bridgman, sir Orlando, son of the bish- 
 op of Chester, was made, after the restora- 
 tion, a judge, and afterwards lord chancellor. 
 In his elevated situation, he showed himself 
 weak and irresolute, and was ofte:i biassed 
 in his decisions, by the intrigues of his wife. 
 He was removed, for refusing to affix the 
 
 seal to the declaration for liberty of con- 
 science, in 1672. He wrote a treatise on 
 conveyancing 
 
 Brienne, Walter de, a native of Cham- 
 pagne, distinguished for his courage at the 
 siege of Acre against the Saracens. He was 
 afterwards king of Sicily, and duke of Apu- 
 lia; and was killed in 1205, in defending the 
 invaded rights of his wife Maria Alberic, by 
 whom he obtained his dukedom. His son, 
 and successor, of the same name, surnaraed 
 the great, distinguished himself also against 
 the Saracens, by whom he was taken prison- 
 er, and cruelly put to death 1251. 
 
 Brienne, John, was made king of Jeru- 
 salem in 1210, which he resigned in favor 
 of his son-in-law, the cmpex'or Frederick H. 
 He was afterwards elected to fill the throne 
 of Constantinople, where his bravery repel- 
 led the attacks of the Greeks and Bulgari- 
 ans. He died in 1237, as much censured for 
 his avarice as he is extolled for his courage. 
 
 Brietius, Philip, a Jesuit of Abbeville, 
 known for his parallela geographic veteris 
 et novje, 3 vols. 4to. 1648, a useful work, 
 never completed. He wrote also annales 
 mundi, 7 vols. 12mo. and other geographical 
 and chronological works ; and died at Paris 
 1608, aged 67. 
 
 Briggs, Henry, a native of Halifax, iu 
 Yorkshire, educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, and made, 1596, first professor 
 of geometry in the college founded by 
 Gresham. He resigned this ofiice in 1619, 
 when made Savilian professor at Oxford, 
 where he devoted his time to study, and 
 rendered himself beloved by his unafiected 
 manners, great goodness «f heart, and hu- 
 mility of deportment. His writings consist 
 of eleven different treatises on mathematical 
 subjects, and also arithmetica logarithrae- 
 tica, containing logarithms of 30,000 natural 
 numbers. The science of logarithms had 
 been lately discovered by Napier, in Scot- 
 land, whom he visited, and by whom he was 
 honored with many friendly communica- 
 tions. He died January 1630, aged 74. 
 
 Briggs, William, a native of Norwich, 
 a city four times represented by his fnther 
 in parliament. He was educated at Benet 
 college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen 
 fellow in 1668, an'd as a student of medicine, 
 ambitious of distinction and eminence, he 
 travelled tlirough France in search of know- 
 ledge and infortnation. On his return he 
 published a valuable treatise on the eye, 
 and was made physician to the king, and 
 universally courted for his skill and expe- 
 rience. He was also made physician to St. 
 Thomas' hospital. He died l4th Sept. 1704, 
 leaving one son and two daughters, by his 
 Avife Hannah, daughter of Edmund Hobart, 
 
 Brig HAM, Nicholas, a native of Oxford- 
 slure, educated at Hart- hall, and at one of 
 the inns of court. He was eminent not 
 only as a lawyer, but as a poet, and showed 
 himself so partial to Chaucer, that he re- 
 moved his remains to the south transept of 
 Westminster-abbey, where he erected a 
 monument to. his fame, fie wrote de vena- 
 
BR 
 
 ^3/ 
 
 BR 
 
 tionibus renim memorabilium, or memoirs 
 of eminent persons — miscellaneous poeras — 
 Baemoirs by way of diary, &c. He died 
 1559. 
 
 Brightman, Thomas, rector of Flawnes, 
 Bedfordshire, waa educated at Queen's col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and wrote Latin commen- 
 taries on the canticles and apocalypse. In 
 this last book, which was afterwards trans- 
 lated into English, and became very popu- 
 lar, he calls the English church the church 
 , of Laodicea, and the angel loved by God 
 the church of Geneva and the Scotch kirk. 
 it is said that he prayed for a sudden death, 
 and as if his wishes were fulfilled, he died in 
 a coach while travelling, with a book in his 
 kand, 1607. 
 
 Brili,, Matthew and Paul, two brothers 
 of Antwerp, known as eminent paintei-s. 
 They both travelled to Home, where Mat- 
 thew died in 1.584, aged 34, and Paul in 
 162fi, aged 72. They were patronised by 
 the pope, and painted together to adorn 
 the Vatican ; but after the death of his bro- 
 ther, Paul studied landscape, in which he 
 distinguished himself by his judicious imita- 
 tions of Tiliau and Carrache. He painted 
 for pope Clement that famous piece in which 
 the saint of that name is represented as cast 
 into the sea with an anchor about his neck. 
 
 Brindley, James, was born at'i'unsted, 
 in Wormhi!! parish, Derbyshire, and early 
 displayed astonishing powers in mechanical 
 inventions, and the planning of canals. Af- 
 ter being engaged in the humble occupation 
 of mill-wright, in Cheshire and Staffordshire, 
 he was called to direct and complete the 
 Yast plans which the duke of Bridgewater 
 had conceived, in the conveying of a canal 
 over the Mersey and the Bollan, and over 
 many wide and deep vallies, by means of 
 elevated aqueducts, and subterraneous per- 
 forations. Every obstacle was surmounted 
 by the genius of the architect, and the opu- 
 lence of his persevering employer, an<l new 
 triumphs wei'c prepared for boldness of me- 
 chanism and undaunted ingenuity in the 
 completion of the grand trunk navigation, 
 which, in uniting the Trent and the Mersey, 
 exteiided 93 miles, and which had, at Hare- 
 castle-hill, a tunnel 2880 yards long, more 
 than 70 yards below the surface of the 
 earth. As Brindley's education had been 
 neglected, his calculations were seldom 
 communicated to pai)er. When immersed 
 in deep meditation, he would often remain 
 two or three days in bed, and when he had 
 vmravelled the difficulties of his plan, he 
 would rise, and hasten to execute, without 
 any model or sketch but the strong sugges- 
 tion of his own head. He was simple in his 
 manners; but though sensible of his great 
 abilities, he never betrayed insolent supe- 
 riority. To his friends and companions he 
 was communicative and not reserved ; and 
 he wisely showed, that the best purposes of 
 creation are answered by giving encourage- 
 ment and developing the native instincts and 
 properties of the mind. He died at Turn- 
 hurst, in Staffordshire, 2rth September, 
 
 VOL. I, .'U 
 
 1772, aged 56. His end was probably hasv 
 tened by the intcnseness of his application, 
 which produced a hectic fever, which for a 
 long time gradually wasted his powers of 
 life. His other more remarkable works 
 were, the canal which joined the navigation 
 of Bristol with that of Liverpool, by the 
 union of the grand trunk near Haywood in 
 Staffordshire to the Severn near Bewdley— 
 his plan to clear the Liverpool docks from 
 mud, and to check the intrusions of the sea, 
 by walls built without mortar — an engine to 
 raise water, &c. His attach meut to inland 
 navigation was such, that when asked the 
 use of rivers, in the house of commons, he 
 bluntly replied, to feed navigable canals. 
 
 Brinvilliers, Maria Margaret d'Au- 
 brai, marchioness of, a French lady, knoAvu 
 for her intrigues and her crimes. She was, 
 wlien very young, married, in 1651, to the 
 marquis of JBrinvilliers, and for some time 
 maintained a character of prudence and 
 chastity. The introduction of a young of- 
 ficer of Gascony, called de St. Croix, into 
 her house, by her husband, however, proved 
 the beginning of her misfortunes and her 
 crimes. She loved this stranger with such 
 ardor that she sacrificed her honor to her 
 guilty passion ; but her father, who was sen- 
 sible of her debauched conduct, confine^ 
 her lover in the prison of the Bastille, whilst 
 his daughter, as if penitent for her inconti- 
 nence, devoted herself to religious duties, 
 and assumed the appearance of sanctity. 
 After a year's confinement, de St. Croix, 
 who had in the prison learned the art of 
 mixing poison, from an Italian of the name 
 of Exili, was permitted to visit his guilty fa- 
 vorite. He communioated the fatal secret, 
 of poison, and sh.e with alacrity received it, 
 and unsuspected, by slovv degrees, cut off 
 her father, her two brothers, and her sister, 
 in 1670 ; and if she spared her husband, it 
 was because he looked with indifference and 
 without jealousy on her lewdness. An ac- 
 cident brought her crimes to light. St. 
 Croix, in working some subtile poison, was 
 suddenly overpov/cred by its effluvia, and 
 dropped down dead- As no relation ap- 
 peared to claim his property, it was sealed ;. 
 but the niarc!iion<ess insisted with such im- 
 portunity upon obtaining possession of a par- 
 ticular box, that its contents Avere examined 
 upon suspicion, and it was discovered to 
 contain papers with directions, full of slo\v 
 poison. The guilty marchioness esci'.pet!, 
 however, her pursuers, and fled to England, 
 and thence to Holland ; but she was seized 
 at Liege, and brought to Pans, where her 
 crimes were laid open, and she was con- 
 demned to have her head cut off, and then 
 to be burnt. She underwent the dreadful 
 sentence of the law, 16th July, 1676, with 
 great firmness, and with the appearance of 
 contrition for the murder of her relations, 
 and the licentious conduct of her Hfe. 
 
 Briq_uemaut andCAVAGXES, two pro- 
 testants, cruelly put to death, with their 
 children, soon after the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholome^v, in France> 27t1i October, 1572. 
 
BR 
 
 <13^ 
 
 BR 
 
 The cause of tlieir death was a suspicion I 
 that they were concerned in the conspiracy ' 
 ofColigny ; but tliey fell innocent; and their 
 last moments displayed resignation, firmness, 
 and devotion. I 
 
 Brissonius, Barnaby, a lawyer of emi- 1 
 nence, born at Fontenay, in Poictou. He f 
 rendered himself serviceable to Henry HI. j 
 of France, whose ambassador he was in j 
 England, and he was elevated to the dignity 
 of president of parliament by the gratitude 
 of his sovereign. During the siege of Paris 
 by Henry IV. he was dragged to prison by 
 the friends of the league, and cruelly stran- 
 gled, 15tb November, 1591. He had writ- 
 ten some valuable law treatises. 
 
 Brissot, Peter, a native of Fontenay le 
 Corate, in Poictou, eminent as a physician. 
 He warmly embraced the doctrines of Ga- 
 len and Hippocrates, against the prevailing 
 fashion of the times; and that he might ap- 
 pear with greater celebrity in the school and 
 practise of medicine, he travelled, to im- 
 prove his understanding, and enlarge his 
 knowledge. In Portugal, by insisting upon 
 the necessity of bleeding in the pleurisy, he 
 incurred the hatred and jealousy of his me- 
 dical opponents, and especially of Denys the 
 king's physician, whose attacks he repelled 
 by a well written apology. He did not live 
 to see the dispute settled which he bad rai- 
 sed in Portugal, and which, in those days of 
 superstition and error, enlisted even the 
 most awful truths of religion in its defence or 
 opposition. He died 15'2'2, aged 44. 
 
 Brissot, John Pierre, a Frenchman, 
 son of an innkeeper at Chartres, of great na- 
 tural powers, but of a restless and ambitious 
 soul. Dissatisfied with the {jolitical servitude 
 of his country, he for some time engaged in 
 the publication of the courier de I'Europe, 
 \vhich might disseminate his principles under 
 pretence of foreign or domestic intelligence ; 
 and when this failed, he turned his thoughts 
 towards criminal jurispru<lence. His theory 
 of criminal laws appeared, in two vols. 8vo. 
 1780, with great popularity, and was soon 
 followed by two discourses which gained the 
 public prize at Chalons sur Marne. In the 
 prosecution of his studies, and after the pub- 
 lication of his philosophical library, he, after 
 going to Geneva and Neufchatel, visited 
 England, whose language, laws, and man- 
 ners, he regarded with affectionate reve- 
 rence, as diffusive of that liberty which he in 
 Tain wished to discover at home. On his 
 veturn to Paris, 1"84, he was committed for 
 a few weeks to the Bastille; and this proba- 
 bly tended to inflame his rancor against the 
 abuses and intrigues of monarchy. He was 
 however liberated b}' the influence of the 
 <luke of Orleans, to whose children his wife, 
 of the name of Dupont, had been governess, 
 under the direction and auspices of madam 
 lienlis. Kager to promote happiness in every 
 part of the earth, he instituted, at Paris, a 
 society for the abolition of negro slavery ; 
 and more eftectually to carry his plans into 
 execution, he passed over to America, to 
 examine the manners and tlie constitution of 
 
 that newly emancipated republic. His abode 
 beyond the Atlantic was of short duration. 
 His schemes to establish a colony of French- 
 men, under republican laws, totally failed ; 
 but the revolution at Paris was an epoch too 
 fruitful in portentous events, and too attrac- 
 tive for his ambitious views, to detain him ia 
 America, and he soon appeared in the capi- 
 tal, where he displayed all the ability of a states- 
 man, a demagogue, and a factious partisan. 
 For a while he acquired popularity, support- 
 ed by the gold, the arts, and the intrigues of 
 the infamous Orleans, anti as the leader of a 
 party called Bi'issotins or Girondists, because 
 composed of the members of the Gironde ; 
 and though violent, he is to be commended 
 for the mildness which he displaced towards 
 the unfortunate Lewis, whose fate he wished 
 to be suspended till the final consolidation of 
 the republic. The versatility of his talents 
 could not, however, ensure his safety. In 
 the midst of political intrigue, and sangui- 
 nary faction, he was denounced as the agent 
 of England by Robespierre and his adherents, 
 and after a mock trial, guillotined, the 30th 
 November, 1793, with his friends and asso- 
 ciates. He was in his Syth year. Besides 
 the works enumerated, he wrote, thoughts 
 on the means of attaining truth — letters on 
 the history of England — an examination of 
 the travels of Chattelleux in America, with, 
 an account of the country, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Britannicus, son of Claudius and Mes- 
 salina, was poisoned by the artifice of Agrip- 
 pina, the second wife of Claudius, who wished 
 to raise her son Nero to the tlu'one, A.D. .55. 
 
 Britannicus, John, an Italian critic, 
 descended from British parents. He was 
 born at Palazzola, near Brescia. His notes 
 on Terence, Juvenal, Persius, Ovid, Statius, 
 Stc. were greatly esteemed. He died at 
 Brescia, where he taught grammar, 15 10^ 
 
 Brito, Bernardo de, a monk of Almeyda, 
 in Portugal, author of a large historitai ac- \_t\ 
 count of his counti'y, in 7 vols, folio, 1G12, 
 besides some antiquarian works. He died in. 
 1617, at the age of 48. 
 
 Britton, Thomas, a native of Higham 
 Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, engaged iii 
 London as a small coalman, an employment 
 to which he afferwards added the pursuits of 
 chemistry, and the practice of music. Though 
 ecceiitricin his conduct, yet the respectability 
 of his private character recommended him 
 friends, and though in an humble station, his 
 musical meetings were attended frequently 
 l)y many of the gre.at and the opulent of the 
 town. After he had long amused and enter- 
 tained the publie, a ventriloqui.st was intro- 
 duced at one of his concerts, who in an unu- 
 sual manner ])roclaimed the sudden and ap- 
 proaching death of the musical coalman. 
 Britton was so astonished and alarmed by 
 this apparently invisible agent, that he fell 
 ill, and e.^pired a few days after, in Septem- 
 ber 1714. His curious collection of manu- 
 scripts, musical instruments, &c. was, after 
 his death, sold by his widow, by public auc- 
 tion, and procured to her a small pittance 
 for the remainder of her life. 
 
BR 
 
 Brixard, orBRiTAUD, Jolin Baptlste, 
 a French actor, eminent in comedy. He 
 •was born at Orleans, an»l died at Paris, 30th 
 January, 1790, aged 69, universally respec- 
 ted He crowned Voltaire with the poeti- 
 cal laurel on the French theatre. 
 
 Brizio, Francisco, a landscape painter of 
 eminence, of Bologna. He died 1623, aged 
 49. 
 
 Brocardus, James, a wild visionary of 
 Venice, who embraced protestantism, and, 
 in his retirement in Holland, violently at- 
 tacked popery. His zeal as a polemical wri- 
 ter probably obscured and overturned the 
 powers of his mind, as, from a warm suppor- 
 ter of religion, he enthusiastically pretended 
 to dive into future events, and explain pro- 
 phecies. His works, which were printed at 
 Leyden, were publicly disavowed by the se- 
 nate of Middleburg, in 1581. The private 
 character of Brocard was represented as 
 amiable, and his manners inoffensive. 
 
 Brock LE SB Y, Richard, a native of Mine- 
 head, Somersetshire, eminent as a physician, 
 and known as the friend of Wilkes, of John- 
 son, and of Burke. He studied at Edinburgh 
 and Leyden, where he took his degrees in 
 1745 ; and acquired both opulence and fame 
 in his professional engagements in London ; 
 and nobly presented Burke with 1000/. that 
 he might thus oblige his friend in his lifetime, 
 rather than leave him that as a legacy at his 
 death. He was admitted at Cambridge ad 
 eundem 1754, and thus obtained a fellowship 
 in the college of physicians, and afterwards 
 served in Germany, 1758, as physician to the 
 army. He died in December, 1797, aged 
 75, and left, among other things, besides an 
 essay on the mortality of horned cattle, 8vo. 
 174G, ceconomical observations for the im- 
 'provement of hospitals, in 8vo. from 1738 to 
 1763, and various papers inserted in the 
 philosophical transactions. 
 
 Brodeau, John, was born at Tours, m 
 1500, and rose to such eminence as a scholar 
 -and critic, that Scaliger, Grotius, and others, 
 have bestowed on his merits the most un- 
 bounded encomiums. He studied law under 
 Alciat, and afterwards applied himself to 
 philosophy and belles lettres, of which he 
 became the support and the ornament. Af- 
 ter travelling in Italy, he returned to France, 
 ■where he lived in literary retirement, and 
 honorable independence. He died 15R3, un- 
 married. His annotations on several of the 
 classics were published after his death. 
 
 Brodeau, Julian, a native of Tours, who 
 wrote a life of Charles du Moulin, and died 
 1543. 
 
 Broeckhuyse, orBRouKHusius, Joiin. 
 fid. Broukhusius. 
 
 Broek, Elias Vandecn, a native of Ant- 
 werp, distinguished for the masterly manner 
 in which he introduced reptiles and insects 
 in his pictures of flowers and landscapes. He 
 died 1711, aged 54. 
 
 Broglio, Victor Maurice count de, 
 marshal of France, was born of an illustrious 
 i:iraily at Quercy, and distinguished biniself 
 in the service of Lewis XIV. He died 1727, 
 
 ^-^^ 
 
 BR 
 
 aged 80. His son, Francis Marie, was als^ 
 marshal of France, and deserved the higliest 
 honors by his warlike conduct in Italy, and 
 in the campaigns of 1733 and 1734. He died 
 1745. His son, also a marshal, was the con- 
 queror of Berngen, and greatly distinguished 
 during the seven years' war. He quitted 
 France in 1794, and retired to Russia, where 
 he was received with honorable distinction, 
 and raised to the same rank which he huld 
 in the emperor's service. His son, Claudius 
 Victor, prince of Broglio, espoused the party 
 of the republicans at the beginning of the re- 
 volution, and was flattered by the dema- 
 gogues with the title of marshal. His refu- 
 sal to receive as law, while commander of 
 tiie army of the Rhine, the decree which 
 suspended the king's authority, proved fatal 
 to him. He was called to Paris, and con- 
 demned to death by the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal. He was guillotined 27th June, 1794, 
 aged 37. 
 
 Brogni, John de, a swine-herd, born at 
 Brogni, in Savoy. From his obscurity he 
 rose by application to preferment, under the 
 care of two ecclesiastics, who had acciden- 
 tally noticed his healthy appearance. He 
 was patronised by Philip <luke of Burguudy, 
 and by pope Clement VII. who raised him to 
 the see of Viviers, and to the dignity of car- 
 dinal. He died at Rome Sfith February, 
 14-26, distinguished for his learning, hi& vir- 
 tues, and his piety. 
 
 Brokesby, Francis, a native of Stokes, 
 in Leicestershire, educated at Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and promoted to the rec- 
 tory of Rowley in Yorkshire. He was the 
 friend of Dodwell, and also of Nelson, whom 
 he assisted in the compilation of his feasts 
 and fasts, and in the hospitable residence ci" 
 Mr. Cherr}', at Shotcsbrook ; he wrote seve- 
 ral treatises on moral and religious subjects, 
 such as Jiistory of the government of the pri- 
 mitive church, 8vo. 1714 — life of Henry 
 Dodwell. He died about 1718. 
 
 Brome, Adam de, a favorite of Edward 
 II. recorded in history, as the founder of 
 Oriel college, Oxford. He died in 1332, and 
 was buried at St. Mary's, in Oxford ; but the 
 monument over his remains has disappeared 
 by the ravages of time. 
 
 Brome, Alexander de, an attorney of 
 London, in the civil wars, better known for 
 hissonjiets and little poetical pieces, in which 
 he attacked the round heads with all the 
 keenness of ridicule and satire. He publish- 
 ed also a version of Horace, and the cunning 
 lovers, a comedy. He died 1666, aged 46. 
 
 Br.OME, Richard, a menial servant in tiie 
 family of Ben .lonson, who roSe by the native 
 powers of his genius to great literary emi- 
 nence, as the author of some comedies, 15 of 
 which still exist. His jovial crew was lately 
 revived at Covent-garden, and met with 
 great success. He died 1652. 
 
 Brompton, JoIji), a monk in the reign of 
 Edward 111. abbot of .lerevtiii, near Rich- 
 mond, in Yijrkshire. The Chronicoo, M'hicU 
 passes under his name, and begins at the 
 year 588 and cuds U'JHj is prabai>ly the work 
 
Bll 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 BR 
 
 oi some unknown aiitlior, and was procured 
 for tlic monastery of Brompton, who gave it 
 his own name. 
 
 Bronchorst, John Van, a painter of 
 Flanders, in the 17tk century, three of 
 v.'hose historical pieces on oil, and three on 
 glass, adorn the new cluirch at Amsterdam. 
 
 Bronchorst, John, a painter, born at 
 Leyden, who excelled in the representation 
 of animals and birds in water colors. He 
 died 17'i3, aged 75. 
 
 Bronchorst, Peter, a native of Delft, 
 eminent as a painter. His judgment of So- 
 lomon, and his Christ driving the money 
 changers out of the temple, are still pre- 
 served with great sanctity in his native town, 
 fie died 1661, aged Id. 
 
 Brongniart, Augustus Lewis, an emi- 
 nent chemist, who died at Paris 1801-. His 
 papers in the public journals, and his ana- 
 lytical table of the combinations and decom- 
 positions of different substances, published 
 8vo. 1778, possessed merit. 
 
 Bronzino, Agnolo, a painter at Flo- 
 rence, who died there 1580, aged 69. A 
 nativity is considered his chef d'ceuvre. 
 
 Brook, llalph, York herald, is known for 
 th::» errors which he discovered in Camden's 
 popular work, Britannia, and which he pub- 
 lished, with severe remarks, when treated 
 Avtth harshness and contempt by the anti- 
 quary. He died 15th October, 1625, aged 
 73 ; and in 1723 his second part of discovery 
 of errors was published, with a head of the 
 author. 
 
 Brooke, Sir Robert, a judge of emi- 
 nence in the reign of Mary, born atClaverly, 
 in Shropshire, and educated at Oxford and 
 the Middle Temple. His integrity at the 
 iiar and on the bench have been deservedly 
 celebrated. He died chief justice of the 
 common pleas, 1558, and was buried in 
 Claverly church, where a monument pre- 
 serves his memory. He is author of an 
 abridgment containing an abstract of the 
 year books till the time of Mary, fol. — cer- 
 tain cases adjudged, from 6 Henry VHI. to 
 4 of queen jNIary — reading on the statutes of 
 limitations, 32 Henry VHI. in 8vo. A per- 
 son of the same name was i-ecorder of Lon- 
 don, and wrote, readings on the statute of 
 magna charta, c. 6, Lon(ion 1641. 
 
 Brooke, Frances, a woman known for 
 her light pieces of poeti*y — translations — 
 sonnets — Virginia, a tragedy, 1756 — and a 
 periodical paper, called the old maid, in 1 
 vol. 12mo. 1755 and 1756. Besides these, 
 she wrote the history of Julia Mandeville, 
 a novel, 1763 — memoirs of marquis of For- 
 laix, 4 vols. — the history of Kmily Monta- 
 gue — letters from lady Juliet Catesby to lady 
 Henrietta Camp^ey, r2nio. — the excursion 
 ■ — elements of the history of England, from 
 Milton, 4 vola 12mo. — the siege of Sinope, 
 a tragedy, acted at Covent Carden, 1781 — 
 and that pleasing and very popular per- 
 formance, Rositia — and last of all, but not 
 equally res])ectab!e, Marian. Her maiden 
 name was Moore, and she married the re- 
 verend John Brooke, reetoi* of Colney, in 
 
 Norfolk, and chaplain of Quebec garrison. 
 She died January 26, 178i>, at Sleaford, 
 surviving her husband only five days. To 
 the character of learning, genius, and taste, 
 it is necessary to add, that she was amiable 
 in her manners, gentle in her deportment, .j&; 
 and a strong supporter of all moral and reli- jP» 
 gious duties. 
 
 Brooke, Henry, a writer of eminence, 
 born at llantaven in Ireland, and educated 
 in the school of Dr. Sheridan, and in Dub- ^ 
 lin college. At the age of 17 he entered at .^ 
 the Temple, and from the vivacity of his ' 
 genius, the excellence of his heart, and the 
 literary powers of his mind, he soon be- 
 came the friend and favorite of Pope, of 
 Swift, and otljer great characters. On his 
 speedy return to Ireland, he Mas called to 
 attend the dying moments of a favorite 
 aunt, who with her last blessings recom- 
 mended to his protection and kindness her 
 favorite daughter. This young lady, pos- 
 sessed of gi'eat beauty and every pleasing 
 accomplishment, soon gained the heart of 
 her youthful guardian ; the attachment be- 
 came mutual, a public union at last pro- 
 claimed their secret marriage, and Mrs. 
 Brooke, before she had completed her 14th 
 year, became a mother. For a whle the 
 thoughts of future prospects were lost in 
 domestic enjoyments, but an increasing fa- 
 mily called aloud for immediate exertions, 
 and Brooke, unsuccessful as a chamber 
 counsel, found his genius the best support 
 of his fame. By the friendship of lords Lyt- 
 telton and Ch.-^tham he was introduced to 
 the prince of Wales, and promised himself 
 the fairrst ha^'vest of literary labors and 
 poetical exertions. His trage«ly of Gustavus 
 Vasa was prepared, but unfortunately the 
 politics of the time, and the influeiice of go- 
 vernment, forbade its introduction on the 
 public stage, as it seemed to breathe senti- 
 ments too warm and elevated in favor of li- 
 berty. This disappointment however was 
 succeeded by a rapid sale of the play, and 
 the public, by a most uncommon liberality 
 of subscriptions, repaid in a tenfold <legree 
 the most sanguine expectations of the au- 
 thor. Brooke thus patronised by the prince, 
 and flattered by the people, purchased a 
 house at Twickenham near his friend Pope, 
 but a dangerous illness rendered it necessary 
 for him, by the advice of his physicians, to 
 revisit his native air. His gradual recovery 
 promised his speedy return, but contrary to 
 the general expectation, and to the warm 
 and repeated invitations of his friends, he 
 determined to spend the rest of his life iit 
 the retirement and obscurity of Ireland. 
 The political ingratitude of the times, and 
 the violence of party spirit, as well as the 
 influence of a beloved wife, who was attached 
 to the peaceful scenes of priv.'icy, and not to 
 the tempestuous revolutions of dignified 
 life, wei'e probably the causes of this re- 
 markable seclusion. In his retirement 
 Brooke courted the muses, and though ho 
 found Garrick unwilling to support his me- 
 rit by a representation on the Loudon stage. 
 
BR 
 
 ^;?y 
 
 BR 
 
 yet be met with some success in Dublin. 
 But the generosity of bis heart was too 
 great for a limited income ; be was profuse 
 in his acts of iViendsiiip and humanity, and 
 he was at last obliged to sell his favorite re- 
 sidence. The declining health of his wife 
 too tended to lessen bis comforts, and the 
 death of that amiable woman, after a union 
 of near 50 years of uninterrupted domestic 
 harmony, put an end to his enjoyments. 
 From the severity of this blow bis constitu- 
 tion could never recover, he sunk into a state 
 of imbecility, and though nature sometimes 
 recovered, yet the powers of his mind never 
 regained their wonted brilliancy. He how- 
 ever beguiled bis hours of affliction and me- 
 lancholy by the sweets of literature, and 
 while at lucid intervals be wrote those un- 
 equal v/orks which are occasionally tinc- 
 tured with mysticism, the fool of quality, 
 and Juliet Grenville, be thus gained fresh 
 opportunities of displaying the excellence of 
 bis moral character, and the pure philan- 
 lliropy of bis heart. He died at Dublin, 
 lOtb October, 178.3, aged 77. Besides the 
 %vorks already enumerated, bis best known 
 pieces are universal beauty, a poem in six 
 books — the earl of Westmoreland, a tra- 
 gedy — iables — the earl of Essex, a tragedy 
 —redemption, a poem, &c. 
 
 Broome, William, the poet, was born 
 of obscure parents in Cheshire. After being 
 superannixated at Eton, and thus losing the 
 election for King's, be entered at St. John's, 
 Cambridge, by the liberal subscriptions of 
 Jiis friends, where his application and rising 
 talents recommended him to the learned. 
 He was engaged by Pope in furnishing the 
 notes from Eustathius for bis Iliad, and 
 when the Odyssey was undertaken, Broome 
 •was not thought unworthy by his poetical 
 friend of sharing bis labors and his success. 
 The '2d, f.tb, Stli, lltb, 12th, I6tlj, 18th, and 
 23d, together with all the notes, were writ- 
 ten by Broome, who for this laborious con- 
 tribution received the small sum of 50(t/. and 
 100 copies. But literary frien^'ship is too 
 often of short duration, and while Broome 
 considered bis services as ill repaid, Pope 
 not only disregarded bis discontent, but 
 meanly exhibited him to public ridicule in 
 the Dunciad and in the Bathos. In 1728, 
 Broome was created L. L. D. but though be 
 ■was courted by the great, he did not rise to 
 high preferment in the church, and remained 
 the humble incumbent of Ej'-e, and of Oak- 
 ley Magna in Suffolk. He died at Bath, 16tb 
 November, 1745, and was buried in the ab- 
 bey church. He translated some of Ana- 
 creon's odes, besides a small miscellany of 
 poems. 
 
 Broschi, Carlo, a celebrated singer, 
 born at Andria in the Neapolitan states, 
 and better known by the name of Farinello, 
 Avbich he received from the patronage of 
 three brothers called Farina. A fall from 
 his horse in bis youth rendered castration 
 necessary, and to this accident he was in- 
 debted for the celebrity of bis fame and the 
 ^pulcBCo of his fortune. After eiu'apturing 
 
 the crowded audiences of the theatres of 
 Naples, Rome, Venice, and Vienna, Bros- 
 chi was invited by lord Essex to London^ 
 where for three years be displayed the su- 
 periority of bis powers, and was munift- 
 cently rewarded. In 1737, he left London, 
 and passing through Pains in his way to Mad- 
 rid, he drew the admiration and the ap- 
 plauses of the French king and of bis court. 
 In Spain he was treated with all the distinc- 
 tion which his talents deserved, so that ki;ig 
 Philip not only lavished every honor upon 
 him, but regarded him with the confidence 
 and affection of an intimate friend. He held 
 the same distinguished rank of honorable 
 partiality with Philip's successor, Ferdinand, 
 and till his death and that of his queen Bar- 
 bara in 1759, he continued the favorite of 
 the court, and deservedly respected by the 
 public for the generosity of his heart, the 
 benevolence of his conduct, and the conde- 
 scension and affability of his manners, not 
 only to bis inferiors, but even to bis personal 
 enemies. On the succession of Charles to 
 the Spanish throne, Farinello, though ho- 
 norably received by the monarch, hastened 
 to his native country, where, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bologna, be enjoyed the rest of 
 his life in dignified retirement. Though oc- 
 casionally haunted by melancholy, yet lie 
 continued tranquil ; the powers of his voice 
 remained to the last, strong, clear, and me- 
 lodious, and for three weeks before bis 
 death, like the dying swan, he daily enter- 
 tained his admiring friends. He died 16th 
 September, 1782, in bis 78th year, leaving 
 bis musical books and lands to bis sister. 
 His great readiness to relieve distress, and 
 to sweeten the cup of calamity whenever he 
 found it possible, pi*evented the accumula- 
 tion of riches, and Farinello, after sharing 
 the favors of monarchs without feeling his 
 heart biassed by flattery, and after remain- 
 ing unsullied by the vices and extravagances 
 of a theatrical life, lived and died esteemed 
 as a man of worth. 
 
 Brossard, Sebastian de, a canon of 
 Meux, whodied 1730, at the age of 70. He ex- 
 celled as a musician, and wrote several trea- 
 tises on the science. His dictionary of mu- 
 sic in 8vo. is highly valued, and proved of 
 great service to Rousseau. 
 
 Brosse, Guy de la, a physician, author 
 of a treatise on the virtues of plantr^, &c. 
 He is better known as tbe promoter of the 
 royal foundation of a garden of medicinal 
 plants in 1626 at Paris, of which be was the 
 first director, and which be enriched by a 
 valuable collection of 2000 ])lants. He pub- 
 lished a description of the medical plants in 
 the garden, besides a book de la nntnre des 
 plantes, 1628 — dessein du jardin royal, 8vo. 
 — hi, avis defensif, 1634 — and other works. 
 
 Brosses, Charles de, president of the 
 parliament of Burgundy, was born at Dijon, 
 and died at Paris 7tb May, 1777, aged 68. 
 He wrote letters on the discovery of Hercu- 
 laneum, besides an history of the voyages 
 tow'ards the south pole, and a translation of 
 Saiiust, enriched with valuable note^ — pa- 
 
BR 
 
 ^30 
 
 BR 
 
 r&llcl between llie worship of the negroes 
 and the ancient iteathens — on the mechani- 
 cal formation of languages, &c. 
 
 Bkossette, Chiude, an advocate of Ly- 
 ons, wlio distinguished himself by the publi- 
 cation of an history of his native town, be- 
 tsides editions of Boileau and llegnier, with 
 valuable notes. He was the correspondent of 
 Voltaire and Rousseau. He died at Lyons 
 1746, aged 75. 
 
 Brossiek, Martha, a woman who by the 
 great dexterity with which she distorted her 
 countenance, imposed upon the credulous 
 multitude, and the superstitious clergy in 
 Finance. Her arts w^yq detected by Henry 
 IV. wlio was ai)prehensive lest his enemies 
 of the league should take advantage of the 
 imposture to undermine his power, and 
 after a confinement of 40 days, she was per- 
 mitted to return to her native town of Ro- 
 roorautin. The avarice of the father how- 
 ever, who shared largely in the sums be- 
 stowed on the pretended demoniac, hurried 
 lier away through France to Rome, where 
 an ample theatre was expected for the dis- 
 play of the imposition ; but she was dis- 
 missed with disgrace by the pope in 1599, 
 and she sunk into the obscurity of an hospi- 
 tal, where she died. 
 
 Brotier, the abbe^, a Jesuit born at 
 Tanay in the Nivernois, celebrated for his 
 great erudition and the vast powers of his 
 mind. Well versed in ancient and modern 
 languages, he made every branch of science 
 and literature the object of his studies, and, 
 except in mathematics, to which he gave 
 little attention, he excelled in all. With in- 
 defatigable zeal he made notes of every 
 thing which he read, and in the regular ha- 
 bit of devoting 12 hours of each day to 
 study, he collected treasures of valuable in- 
 formation for criticism and for historical 
 composition. The dissolution of the order 
 of Jesuits made a revolution in his plans and 
 pursuits, but he found an abode of friend- 
 ship and tranquillity in the house of Mr. de 
 la Tour, a printer of eminence. In this re- 
 tirement he spent the last 26 years of his 
 life, and gave to the public those editions of 
 Tacitus in four vols. 4to. and in seven, 12mo. 
 and of Pliny, which derive their merit not 
 only from correctness, but most valuable and 
 learned dissertations ami annotations. Be- 
 sides ihese, Brotier edited, in an elegant 
 manner, Phiedrus, snd Kapin on gardens, 
 and it is to be much lamented that he never 
 completed the history of France, for which 
 be had in his younger yeai*s provided ample 
 materials. His other works were, an exami- 
 nation of the apoIf!gy of Prades — a treatise 
 on the money of the Hebrews, Creeks, and 
 Rr.>mans, compared with those of France — 
 memoirs of the Levant — the life of the 
 5ibbe dc Caille, ke. This worthy man, 
 equally amiable as a private or a literary 
 chai^acter, died at Paris, 12th February, 
 1789, aged G7. His nephew, Andrew 
 Charles, was eminent as a botanist, and 
 co'.Klucted tor some time the journal called 
 :rannee literaire. During the revolution he 
 
 was accused of attempts against the power 
 of the directory, and was banished to Guy- 
 ana, where he died in 1798. 
 
 Broue, Peter de la, a native of Toulouse, 
 bishop of Mirepoix, who died 1720, aged 11. 
 He wrote some pastoral letters, and was the 
 friend of the great Bossuet. 
 
 Broughton, Hugh, an English divine, 
 born at Oldbury, Shropshire, and by the 
 friendship of Bernard Gilpin, educated at 
 Cambridge. He wrote against the Roman 
 catholics, and severely attacked Theodore 
 Beza, and the whole body of dissenters. His 
 application was intense, so that he always de- 
 voted to study 12 hours often 16 every day. 
 His works, which were numerous and on 
 theological subjects, are not held in high 
 esteem. Among them were consent of scrip- 
 tures, or a system of scripture chronology 
 and genealogy, which was attacked by Dr. 
 John Reynolds, 1588 — a discourse on Christ's 
 descent into hell, answered by the prelates 
 Whitgift and Wilson. Broughton was well 
 skilled in Hebrew, and as being an eloquent 
 preacher, he settled as minister of the Eng- 
 lish congregation at Middleburg, and return- 
 ed to England in 1011, and died the next 
 year. 
 
 Broughton, Thomas, a learned divine, 
 born in London, 5th July, 1704, and educa- 
 ted at Eton, where he was superannuated, 
 and at Gonvdie college, Cambridge. The 
 patronage of the duke of Bedford, to whom 
 he was chaplain, and that of bishop Sherlock, 
 who gave him Bedminster vicarage, near 
 Bristol, raised him to comfortable indepen- 
 dence, and afforded him the means of devo- 
 ting himself to his favorite studies. His pub- 
 lications were numerous and valuable, the 
 best known of which were, Christianity 
 distinct from the religion of nature — part 
 of Bayle's dictionary corrected — Dryden's 
 poems — answer to Tindall's Christianity as 
 old as the creation — Demosthenes' Olyn- 
 thiacs and Philippics — Hercules, a musical 
 drama — various articles in the biographia 
 Britannica — an historical dictionary of all 
 religions, 2 vols. fol. &,c. He died on his 
 living, 2lst December, 1774, leaving six chil- 
 dren. Four years afterwards, some of his 
 sermons were published by his son the Rev. 
 Thomas Broughton, vicar of Tiverton, near 
 Bath. 
 
 Broukhusius, John, or Broekhui- 
 7,EN, a learned Dutchman, born 20th No- 
 vember, 16.39, died 15th December, 1707. 
 The premature death of his father prevent- 
 ed the completion of his studies, and he was 
 bound to an apothecary, whom he left for 
 military pursuits. He went to America with 
 his regiment under de Ruyter, and on his re- 
 turn, by being engaged in an unfortunate 
 duel, his life was forfeited to the laws, but 
 preserved by the interference of his learned 
 friend Gric'vius. He published a valuable 
 edition of Tibullus, and Propertius, and also 
 of Aonius Palearius, and Sannazarius, besides 
 some elegant poems in Latin and in Dutch, 
 4to. 1711, and a Latin translation of Rapin's 
 parallel of Homer and Virgil. 
 
BR 
 
 Brouncker, William Viscount, a na- 
 tive of Castle Lyons, in Ireland, celebrated 
 for liis attaclunent to the royal cause during 
 the civil wars, as well as for his great profi- 
 ciency iw mathematical knowledge. He was 
 engaged in a learned correspondence with 
 Dr. Wallis of Oxford, and was the first pre- 
 sident of the royal society, an office which 
 he adorned by his polite manners and exten- 
 sive erudition. lie was also master of St. 
 Catherine, near the Tower, after a severe 
 contest with judge Atkins. He died 5th 
 April, 1684, aged 64, and was buried at St. 
 Catherine's. Some of his essays are pre- 
 served in the philosophical transactions, be- 
 sides des Cartes' compendium of music, 
 translated and published anonymously — let- 
 ters to archbishop Usher, published by Dr. 
 Parr, in the life of the primate. 
 
 Brousson, Claude, a native of Nismes, 
 known as an eloquent advocate, and as a 
 ■warm supporter of the protestants in France. 
 He encouraged in his own house a private 
 meeting of the leading members of his sect, 
 after their churches had beeu demolished by 
 the persecution of the times ; but though an 
 amnesty was offered to him and his fol- 
 lowers by Lewis XIV. he fled to Geneva, 
 Lausanne, and other countries, imploring 
 the assistance and compassion of strangei^s 
 upon his sufterijig brethren. He was at last 
 seized and cruelly broken on the wheel at 
 Montpellier 1698, in his .51st year, on pre- 
 tence of cori'esponding with the king's ene- 
 mies The states of Holland nobly allowed 
 his widow a pension of 600 florins, besides 
 the 400 granted to himself Brousson was 
 author of some tracts in French in favor of 
 the protestants, besides remarks on amulets 
 — a translation of the New testament, &c. 
 
 Bro uwe r, Adrian, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Haerleni 1608. His chief mei-it was ex- 
 pressing with great success the companions 
 of his dissipated hours in the midst of merri- 
 inej»t and in tne noise of a tavern, and for 
 this he was well calculated from the intem- 
 perance of his habits. Though poor hj never 
 used his pencil but when previously called 
 upon by want, or the dread of a gaol. He 
 hastened his death by his constant intoxica- 
 tion, to which he fell a victim in his SOth 
 year, 1638. Rubens, who admired liis ge- 
 nius, paid great respect to his remains, 
 ■which had been obscurely deposited in the 
 ground by public subscription. 
 
 Brown, Robert, a man of turbulent cha- 
 racter and wavering disposition, was the 
 founder of the sect of the Brownists. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, but either from 
 love of novelty, or from fondness for cele- 
 brity, he separated himself from the church, 
 and when cited b3'^the bishop of Norwich, to 
 answer for the eccentricity and depraved 
 tendency of his opinions, he offered insolence 
 instead of submission. The favor of Bur- 
 leigh, to whom he was related, saved him 
 from ecclesiastical censures; but when he 
 despised the reproof and tlie counsel of arch- 
 bishop Whitgift, to whom his noble friend 
 had recommended him, he was permitted to 
 
 withdraw as a refractory recusant to Hol- 
 land, where for some time he established a 
 church of his own persuasion. He after- 
 wards returned to England, and though he 
 continued to abuse the church, yet we find 
 him promoted to a rectory in Northampton- 
 shire, no doubt by the influence of Burleigh j 
 but though he received the emolument he 
 devoted the care of the parish to a curate. 
 In his SOth year he was sent to Nortliamp- 
 ton goal, for ill treatment to a magistrate^ 
 and there he soon after died 1630, boasting 
 that he had been confined in no less than 3iJ 
 prisons. Some of his tracts, all on theologi- 
 cal subjects, were published at Middleburg. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, of facetious memory, 
 Avas educated at Newport school, Shropshire,, 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford, where his 
 many irregularities soon rendered his resi- 
 dence improper. From Oxford he went to 
 London, and then became, through interest, 
 master of the school of Kingston on Thames, 
 an office to which he was inadequate, both 
 from habit and from a certain levity of cha- 
 racter. His speedy return to London was 
 greeted by his old companions with raptures, 
 and now independent in principle and unfa- 
 vored by fortune, he had recourse to scrib- 
 bling for bread. Various pieces issued front* 
 the press under the form of poems, letters, 
 and dialogues ; but though they were popu- 
 lar and ingenious, they filled not the pocket 
 of the author, nor promised future relief. 
 Brown, indeed, shut the door against lasting 
 intimacy, as he always preferred his joke to 
 his friend, and considered wit, even when, 
 boixlering on indelicacy, superior to moral 
 and religious precepts. Though so lost to 
 serious reflection, and often to every virtu- 
 ous exertion, it is said that he viewed his 
 approaching end with horror and dismay, 
 and expressed strong sentiments of remorse. 
 He died 1704, and was buried in the clois- 
 ters of Westminster abbey. His works were 
 printed in 1707, in 4 vols. 
 
 Brown, Moses, a man who, from a pen- 
 cutter, acquired some eminence as a poet 
 and writer. By the advice of Hervey he 
 took orders, and was ])romoted to the vica- 
 rage of Olney, Bucks, and the chnplainship 
 of Morden college. lie published two dra- 
 matic pieces, Polidus or distressed love, a 
 tragedy — and all be-deviiled, a farce — besides 
 Percy-lodge, a poem — Sunday thoughts, in 
 blank verse — an edition of Walton's Angler, 
 and piscatory eclogues — and some poems in 
 the Gentleman's magazine, when first under- 
 taken by Cave. He died 13th Sept. 1787, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Brown, Ulysses Maximilian de, a gene- 
 ral of eminence in the imperial armies, de- 
 scended from an Irish family, and born at 
 Basle, 24th Oct. 1705. His intrepidity and 
 coolness were displayed in the various en- • 
 counters at Belgrade, in Corsica, Parma, 
 Ganstalla, Banjaluca, Veletri, Plaeentia, Ge- 
 noa, and Lobositz. Tn the famous battle of 
 Prague, May 6th, 17.'i7, he was mortallj 
 wounded, and died on the 26th June follow- 
 ing, aged 52y leaviog behind him the charac> 
 
BR 
 
 ter of auaost consummate general, and au 
 able and skilful negotiator. His life was pub- 
 lished in two separate volumes in German 
 and French, 1757. 
 
 Brown, John, D. D. an English divine, 
 born at Rothbury, in Northumberland. 5th 
 Jfov, 1715, and educated at St. John's, Cam- 
 "bridge. During the rebellion in 1745 he be- 
 haved with great spirit as a volunteer at the 
 siege of Carlisle, and dist nguished himself 
 as a popular preacher and as an elegant wri- 
 ter, so that he gained the patronage of Os- 
 baldiston bishop of Carlisle, who obtained for 
 him the living of Moreland in Westmore- 
 land, and afterwards great Horkesley in Es- 
 &ex, and on the resignation of it, St. Nicho- 
 las, Newcastle on Tyne. A spirit of inde- 
 pendence strongly marked the character of 
 I)r. Brown, he was conscious of the powers 
 of his mind as a writer, and indignantly re- 
 jected every attempt to shackle his opinions, 
 or influence his reason. The consequence 
 and authority which he had acquired in the 
 republic of letters, introduced him to the 
 eompany of great men, and even procured 
 him an invitation from the empress of Russia 
 to come to Petersburg, to assist and direct 
 the establishments which she wished to form 
 for the education and improvement of her 
 subjects. This proposal, which had been 
 made by means of Dr. Dumaresque, the 
 chaplain of the English factory of Peters- 
 burg, and wliich was so honorable to the 
 empress, was cheerfully accepted by Dr. 
 Brown ; but while preparing for his journey, 
 a sudden attack of the gout and rheumatism 
 so enfeebled his delicate constitution, and 
 diminished the powers of his mind, that, in a 
 fatal moment of dejection and melancholy, 
 he cut his throat with a razor, Sept. 23d, 
 1706, in his 51st year. The most popular 
 ■works of this ingenious but unfortunate man, 
 "were " an estimate of the maimers and prin- 
 ciples of the time," of which seven editions 
 were printed in little more than a year, 1757 
 — a second volume of the estimate — honor, 
 a poem — essay on satire — essays on Shaftes- 
 bury — characteristics— Barbarossa, a trage- 
 dy, 1755, and next year, Athelstan, a trage- 
 dy, both acted with great populai'ity under 
 Garrick— a dialogue of the dead between 
 Aristides and Pericles — a political perform- 
 ance to defend Mr. Pitt's charactei* — history 
 of the use and progress of poetry and music 
 — a letter to Dr. Lowth, who, in a pamphlet 
 on the divine legation of Moses, had accused 
 him of being a flatterer of Warburton — and 
 sermons — besides thoughts on civil liberty, 
 licentiousness, and faction — and some anony- 
 mous tracts, &c. ' 
 
 Brown, John, a painter, born at Edin- 
 burgh 1752, died 1787. He improved the 
 native powers of his genius by travelling in 
 Italy for some years, and visiting the pre- 
 cious remains of antiquity at Rome and in 
 /Sicily, patronised and befriended for a while 
 "by sir Wm. Young and Mr. Townley. He 
 chiefly excelled in the expression of the fea- 
 tures ; his great characteristics were deli- 
 eacy, taste, and correctnesrs ; aud so enrap- 
 
 tnred v.ith liis art did he appear, that he 
 often presented with the most finished pic 
 
 tures, any person who permitted him to take 
 a sketch of whatever struck his fancy, as 
 expressive of beauty, dignity, or grace, ei- 
 ther in the human countenance or in the 
 works of art. Besides eminence as a drafts- 
 man, he possessed all the abilities of the ele- 
 gant scholar and the solid philosopher, as his 
 letters on the poetry and music of the Italian 
 opera fully evince. These were not, indeed, 
 intended for publication, but his friend lord 
 Monbotldo, to whom they were addi-essed, 
 sensible of their superior excellence, pub- 
 lished them in 1789, in l2mo. for the benefit 
 of his widow, and moreover, bore testimony 
 to the taste and genius of the departed pain- 
 ter, by making honorable mention of him in 
 the fourth volume of the origin and progress 
 of language. 
 
 BuowN, John, a Scotch physician, horn 
 at Buncle, Berwickshire, author of a system, 
 of medicine, translated into English, two 
 vols. 8vo. a work ingenious, valuable, and ge- 
 nerally correct. As he had risen to medical 
 distinction, not by a regularly professional 
 education, and as he quarrelled witli his 
 great friend and protector Cullen, he drew 
 upon himself the sneers and the opposition 
 of the medical world, who contemptuously 
 called his followers Brunonists. He died in 
 London 7th Oct. 1788, aged about 52, a vic- 
 tim, it is said, to intemperate habits and li- 
 centious indulgences. He was a strong sup- 
 porter of the doctrine of stimulants, which 
 act on what he calls the correspondent ex- 
 citability in the body. 
 
 Browne, Geoi-ge, an Augustine monk, 
 who, by embracing the tenets of Luther, re- 
 commended himself to Henry Vni. by whom 
 he was made archbishop of Dublin 1535. In 
 this situation he so distinguished himself by 
 his zeal in favor of the reformation, and to 
 ])romote the views of his royal master, that 
 Ireland was guided by his councils, and her 
 ecclesiastical affairs settled agreeably to his 
 directions. Browne was made primate by 
 Edward \T. in the I'oom of Dowdal, ejected ; 
 but the tyrannical reign of Mary stripped 
 him of all his honors, and he died two years 
 after, 1556. A curious sermon by him is 
 preserved in sir James Ware's history of 
 Ireland, and in the Phoanix, a collection of 
 tracts. 
 
 Browne, William, an English poet, born 
 at Tavistock, and educated at Exeter col- 
 lege, Oxford. He resided for a little time at 
 the Inner Temple, London, and was after- 
 wards tutor in the families of Carnarvon and 
 Pembroke. He published Britannia's pasto- 
 rals, in two parts — and the shepherd's pipe, 
 in seven eclogues — woi'ks of great merit, and 
 deservedly recommended by Selden, Dray- 
 ton, and other judges of poetical fame. lie 
 died in his native county, 1645, where he 
 had purchased an estate. His works appear- 
 ed together, 3 vols. 12mo. 1772. 
 
 Browne, sir Thomas, born in Cheapside, 
 19th October, 1605, was, though abandoned 
 by the second marriage ot his mother, and 
 
BR 
 
 IJie great negligence of his giiardla\», educa 
 ted at Winchester school, and Penabroke 
 college, Oxford. He early turned his thoughts 
 to physic, and tifter taking his two first de- 
 grees at Oxford, he travelled through France 
 and Italy, and after some stay at Padua and 
 Moutpcllier, he was created M. D, at Ley- 
 den. Soen after his return to London, lfio4, 
 he published his religio medici, a book re- 
 plete with sound sense and gi'eat information, 
 and which with deserved popularity exposed 
 liim to the virulence of critics, and the envy 
 of rivals. In 1636 he settled at Norwich, 
 where he acquired an extei^sive practice, 
 and where he married a lady of the name of 
 Micham, with whom he lived 41 years, and 
 by whom he had 10 cliildren, one son and 
 three daughters of w hich number only sur- 
 vived him. He was, in 1671, knighted at 
 Norwich by Charles II. and continued to 
 maintain his high reputation as an excellent 
 scholar and an experienced physician till the 
 time of his death, which happened on his 
 birth-day, 1682. He published, besides his 
 *' religio," a treatise on vulgar errors, a 
 vork of great and acknowledged merit, be- 
 sides a discourse on sepulchral urns, &c. 
 His character was held in such high esteem, 
 and his knowledge so very extensive in every 
 V alk of science and philosophy, that his life 
 has been published by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Browne, Edward, son of the above, was 
 educated at Norwich school, at Cambridge, 
 and Merton college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of M. D. 1667. He visited seve- 
 ral parts of Germany, Hungary, Thessaly, 
 and Italy, an<l at his'return published an in- 
 teresting account of his travels, and became 
 physician to Charles II. and to Bartholomew 
 hospital. He bore also the most distinguish- 
 ed offices of the college of physicians, and 
 fully proved his claims to the high character 
 of a superior scholar in the learned lan- 
 guages, and a fluent writer in most of the 
 modern tongues. The king said of him, 
 that he was as learned as any of the college, 
 and as well bred as any at court. He died 
 August 1708, aged 66, at Northflect. Be- 
 sides his travels, he wrote several lives in 
 the translation of Plutarch, published in his 
 time. 
 
 Browne, Simon, a dissenting minister, 
 born at Shepton-Mallet, Somersetshire, and 
 early appointed pastor of a congregation at 
 Portsmouth, at)d afterwards at the Old Jew- 
 ly, where for many years he was admired 
 for his eloquence, and respected for the cor- 
 j-ectnessof hi-s conduot. 'i'he<leath however 
 of his wife and his only son in l/'i.^, had such 
 an effect upon his feelings that it deprived 
 him of his reason, and at times exhiliited 
 Iiim a melancholy monumentof great powers 
 of mind departed. Unable longer to officiate, 
 he retired to his native town, where, remote 
 from society and unwilling to associate with 
 his dearost friends, he considered himself as 
 struck by the Almighty, deprived of his ra- 
 tional soul, arid sunk to the level of the brute 
 oreation. He died about the end of 1732, 
 ;v§;ed52; and wliat is remarkablCj he toiu- 
 
 vox. J. :j2 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 BR 
 
 pesed about two years before his death, in 
 his more luminous intervals, two works ia 
 defence of Christianity, against the attacks 
 of Woolston and Tindal, in which he dis- 
 played all the powers of a sound and vigor- 
 ous understanding. He wrote a dedication 
 to queen Caroline, hut on account of some 
 incoherent expressions it was sui»pressed bjr 
 the advice of his friends, but afterwards in- 
 serted in the Adventurer, No. 88. Several 
 daughters survived him. 
 
 Bhowne, Sir Anthony, a judge, born-iu 
 Essex, and educated at Oxford. Under 
 Mary he was made serjeant 4it law, and ^i 
 1558 promoted to the otHcc of chief justice o 
 the common pleas, which he resigned to sir 
 John IJyer on Elizabeth's accession, though 
 he sat as puisne judge of the same court till 
 his death iu 1567. He was a violent papist, 
 and wrote arguments for Mary queen of 
 Scots, her right of succession to the English 
 crown, &c. published by Lesley bishop of 
 Ross. 
 
 Browne, Peter, a native of Ireland, pro- 
 vost of Trinity college, Dublin, and after- 
 wards bishop of Cork, where he died, 1735- 
 He wrote in defence of Christianity against 
 Toland, a work which, as Toland obser?ed, 
 raised him to the rank of bishop, the pro- 
 gress, extent, and limits of the human under- 
 standing — two volumes of sermons — besides 
 a tract against the fashionable custom of 
 drinking to the memory of the dead. 
 
 Browne, Isaac Hawkins, an English poet, 
 horn 21st January, 1706, at Burton upou 
 Trent, where his father was minister. He 
 was educated atLichlield, Westminster, and 
 Trinity college, Cambiiclge, from whence, 
 after taking his degree of M.A. he removed 
 to Lincoln's Inn. Here he devoted himself 
 to the muses, and wrote some poetical pieces, 
 especially on <lesigu and beauty," and his 
 " pipe of tobacco." He served in the par- 
 liament of 1744, and 1748, for Wenlock, and 
 died l4th February, 1760, in his 55th }'ear. 
 His most popular work Avas *' de animi im- 
 mortalitate," in two volumes, a composition 
 which displayed his great classical taste, as a 
 happy imitator of Virgil and Lucretius, and 
 which so much commanded the approbation 
 of the public, that several translations quick- 
 ly apj)cared, the best of which were those of 
 Soame Jenings and Mr. lietuce. Ihe poems 
 of this excellent scholar and truly amiable 
 man were elegantly published by his sou in 
 17 6 S, in a large 8vo. 
 
 Browne, Sir William, a physician of emi- 
 neoce, who, after pracli'-ing with great suc- 
 cess at Lynn, iu Norfolk, came to settle in. 
 London, where he died 10th Marcli, 1774, 
 aged 8'2. He left two prize medals to Cam- 
 bridge, to be contended for hy the rising 
 poets of the university. Ho is known not 
 only for his abilities in the medical line, hut 
 for many ingeiiious an<l entertaining pieces 
 both in prose and verse, iu Latin and in Eng- 
 lish, which he wrote, besides a translation of 
 Gi-egory's elements of cnloptrics and diop- 
 trics. He v/as a man of genuine wit, anti 
 had a jgreat comsiiaud of temper ; and whee 
 
BR 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 BR 
 
 J^oote introduced him, in consequeace of his . 
 dispute with the licenciates of the college of ; 
 physicians, in his Devil upon two sticks, and 
 exactly caricatured him as a tall figure, with 
 his wig and identical coat, the physician, 
 who disdained to resent the affront, sent the 
 actor his card, to compliment him in his 
 happy representation, accompanying it at 
 the same time Avith his muff, which he said 
 had heen omitted in the play. 
 
 Browne, Edward, an English divine, 
 RUthor among other things of a heavy work, 
 in 2 vols, folio, 160O, called Fasciculus rerum 
 expetendarum & fugiendarum. 
 
 Browne, Patrick, a native of Cross- 
 boyne,in the county of Mayo, in Ireland, who 
 studied physic at Paris, and took his degree of 
 M D. at Leyden. He fixed his residence for 
 some years in the West Indies, and publish- 
 ed a natural and civil history of Jamaica, in 
 folio, and also maps of the island, 1756, He 
 diedatRusbrook, in Ireland, 1790, respected 
 for his learning and his amiable manners. 
 He left some MSS. on the plants of Jamaica, 
 ■which have not been published. 
 
 Brownwrig, Ralph, son of a merchant 
 at Ipswich, was educated at Pembroke-hall, 
 Cambridge, and after various promotions, 
 became master of Catharine-hall, and vice- 
 chancellor of that university, and last of all, 
 in 1641, was nominated bishop of Exeter. 
 During the civil wars he was deprived of his 
 ecclesiastical office, and passed his life in re- 
 tirement. It is said that he once boldly ad- 
 vised Cromwell to restore Charles II. to his 
 throne. Two years before his death, which 
 happened in 1659, in his 67th year, he was 
 jnade preacher at the Temple. His sermons 
 •were published in three vols, and Dr. Cau- 
 den who knew him, and respected his abili- 
 ties and character, speaks in the highest 
 terms of him. 
 
 Br u c E, James, a famous traveller, descend- 
 ed from the ancient race of Scottish kings. 
 He was born at Kinnaird, and educated at 
 Harrow, an«l afterwards at Edinburgh. He 
 became, by his early residence in England, 
 acquainted with many eminent characters in 
 literature and in x>olitics. The indisposition 
 of his wife, who was the daughter of a Avine 
 merchant, with whom he was in partnership 
 in London, induced him to travel to the south 
 of France, and in consequence of her death 
 he prolonged his absence from home by vi- 
 siting Portugal and Spain. On his return he 
 was invited to accept the consulship of Al- 
 giers in 1763, and after improving himself in 
 learning the languages of Africa, he began to 
 form the project of exploring the most un- 
 known ])arts of that continent. In 176.S he 
 visited Aleppo, and immediately after enter- 
 ed Egypt, and penetrated into Abyssinia, 
 •where for nearly six years lie remained em- 
 ployed in examiningtiie antiquities, the man- 
 ners, and institutions of a people known to 
 Europeans only by name. The history of 
 this excursion was published in five vols. 4 to. 
 1790, hut so extraordinary and marvellous 
 did the circumstances related by the travel- 
 ler appear, that few were inclined to credit 
 
 his assertions, or to trust to his narrative. 
 Some events however have tended to throw 
 authenticity on his history, and he has esta- 
 blished a greater claim to ven.city by the 
 respectable testimony of Buff(;u,DaineE Har- 
 rington, and sir William Jones. During his 
 absence in that distant part of the world, hi» 
 relations claimed his property, and on the 
 pretended report of his death would Iiave di- 
 vided the spoils, had not the traveller re- 
 turned at the critical moment, in 1773. Soon 
 after, to prevent a similar event, he married, 
 and had some children by his lady, who 
 died 1784. He was unfortunately killed by a 
 fall down his staircase at Kinnaird, in April 
 1794, in his 65th year. The King, it is said, 
 purchased his drawings for 2000/. and paid 
 for the engraving of the plates in his travels. 
 His museum contained a curious collection 
 which he had formed during his travels, and 
 of which notice has been taken by Mr. Let- 
 tice, who, in 1792, visited and admired the 
 abode of the Abyssinian hero. 
 
 Brucioli, Anthony, a native of Flo- 
 rence, banished from his country for oppo- 
 sing the house of Medicis. When restored 
 by a i-evolution to his native city, he drew 
 upon himself the public odium as being sus- 
 pected of favoring the opinions of Luther, 
 and he retired to Venice, where his brothers 
 were printers, and where he published, in 
 1532, his translation of the bible in Italian, 
 with a prolix commentary, in 7 vols. fol. a 
 work called by the monks heretical. He 
 Avrote translations of Pliny's history, and 
 some pieces of Aristotle and Cicero, besides 
 dialogues, editions of Petrarch and Bocace. 
 He died after the year 1554^ but what year 
 is uncertain. 
 
 Brucker, John James, a native of Augs- 
 burg, who studied and took his degrees at 
 Jena. He became member of the Berlin 
 academy of sciences, minister of Kauf beue- 
 ren, and afterwards of Augsburg, where he 
 died 1770, aged 74. His chief work is histo- 
 ria crilica philosophite, Leipsic, 6 vols. 4to. 
 abridged by Dr. Enfield, in 2 vols. 4to. He 
 wrote other learned woj-ks. 
 
 Bruere, Charles de la, a French writer, 
 who possessed wit and genius. He is author 
 of some operas, a comedy, a history of 
 Charlemagne, &c. He died 1754, aged 39. 
 
 Brueys, David Augustine, a native of 
 Aix, who, by writing against Bosstiet's ex- 
 position of the fuith, was converted by the 
 prelate from protestantism to the Catholic 
 religion. He soon after quitted divinity and 
 wrote plays, and again turned his thoughts 
 to theological controversy. He died at Mont- 
 pellier, 1733, aged S3. His dramatic pieces 
 were published in three vols. 12mo. 1735. 
 He translated also, or rather paraphrased, 
 Horace's art of poetry, 
 
 Bruges, Jolm de, a Flemish painter of 
 the 15th century, said to be the first painter 
 in oil, an invention attributed by some to 
 his brother Hubert Eick. The first picture 
 in this style was jjresented by him to Al- 
 phonsus I. king of Naples. 
 
 BRUGiAN'riNO, Vincent, an Italian poet 
 
i 
 
 BR 
 
 ^^^/ 
 
 BR 
 
 of inferior merit. He florished in the raid- 
 die of the 16th century. 
 
 Bruguieres, John William, a native of 
 Montpellier, who devoted himself to the 
 study of medicine and natural history. 
 Though his father wished him to settle at 
 home, and induced him to comply with his 
 wishes by giving him a wife, he quitted all 
 his connections "three months after his mar- 
 riage, and embarked in a voyage to the south 
 seas in the character of a botanist. Ue was 
 thus enabled to make a valuable collection 
 of curiosities in the animal and vegetable 
 kingdoms, and the name of Langaha, which 
 he gave to some reptdes wnich he disco- 
 vered, has been preserved in la Cepede's 
 Iiistory of serpents. After his return he 
 settled at Montpellier, but after seven j^ears 
 residence there, the accidental discovery of a 
 coal mine, and of some fossils and petrefac- 
 tions, awakened in him a strong desire of ex- 
 plaining the nature of minerals. He therefore 
 repaired to Paris, and after laboring for some 
 time as the friend and associate of Dauben- 
 ton, in preparing an interesting account of 
 vermes for the encyclopedie methodique, he 
 prepared to embark for the Levant, in com- 
 pany with Oliver. A weak constitution, 
 however, prevented his departure, and he 
 died at Ancona, September 1709, of a fever. 
 He wrote a valuable account of the vermes, 
 rnolluscse, zoophylie fossils and shells of the 
 torrid zone, and in honor of his services to 
 natural history, a curious shrub, which he 
 discovered among the rocks of iVIadagascar, 
 has received his name in Heretier's writ- 
 imgs. His account of his voyage to the south 
 seas has not yet been published. 
 
 Bruhier d'Ablaincourt, Jean Ja- 
 ques, a very prolific writer and ingenious 
 physician of Beauvais, who died 1750. He 
 is author of letters on divers subjects — a 
 treatise on fevers, 1746 — observations on 
 the cure of the gout and rheumatism, by 
 Hoffman and James — on the uncertainty of 
 jUie signs of death, two vols. 12rao. 1746, &c. 
 
 Bruin, John de, an ingenious professor 
 of philosophy and mathematics at Utrecht. 
 He was a great lover of experiments, and 
 was a skilful operator in the dissection of 
 animals. He died in lO?.*), aged 55, and 
 his funeral oration was pronounced by the 
 famous GrtBvius, He wrote several va- 
 luable treatises, de vi altrice — decorporum 
 gravitate & levitate — de lucis causa & origine 
 — de cognitione dei naturali, &c. — besides 
 an apology in favor of the Cartesian philo- 
 sophy, which he wai'mly espoused. 
 
 Bruix, Chevalier de, a French writer, 
 distinguished for his easy, elegant, and fa- 
 cetious powers of diction. He wrote " re- 
 flexions diverses," in 1750, and died 1780. 
 
 Brulart, Nicholas, a Frenchman, emi- 
 nent for his services in diplomatic and poli- 
 tical affairs under Henry IV. He was 
 chancellor of the kingdom, and like the fa- 
 vorites of courts, experienced all the disap- 
 pointment and vicissitudes of ambition. He 
 died 10th Oct. 1624, aged 80. His son Peter 
 d.isiinguished himpclf afso in the service of 
 
 his country, as ambassador and secretary of 
 state. He died 104O, aged 57, leaving a re- 
 spectable public and private oharacter. 
 
 Brulart, Fabio, a blsiiop of Soissons, 
 author of some treatises on eloquence, &c. 
 He died 1714. 
 
 Brulefer, Stephen, an ecclesiastic of 
 St. Maloes, author of some learned treatises 
 in the 15th century. 
 
 Brumoy, Peter, a French Jesuit, born 
 atlloueii. He is chieily known for his va- 
 luable work called the theatre of the Greeks, 
 in which he displays great correctness and 
 elegant taste as a scholar and as a critic. 
 He wrote besides miscellaneous pieces in. 
 verse and prose, four vols. 12mo. and died \\\ 
 1742) aged 53, universally esteemed for the 
 excellence of his private character. 
 
 Brun, Charles le, a famous painter, of 
 Scotch extraction, son of a statuary, born, 
 in France in. 1619. Destined by nature to- 
 excel as a painter, he at the age of three 
 drew figures with charcoal, and when 12 
 made a picture of his uncle so exact, that it 
 is still admired as a highly finished piece. 
 He studied under Vouet and Poussin, and 
 was fortunately patronised by Seguier, 
 Mazarin, and Colbert, by whose munificence 
 he impx-oved himself and rose to distinction. 
 The honors which he received from the 
 king, and the appointments which he held, 
 were fully deserved by the elegant and 
 amiable painter, who was popular as much 
 for excellence of private character, as for 
 professional superiority. His most famous 
 pieces were St. Stephen, the family of Da- 
 rius, five pieces in the history of Alexander, 
 besides the beautiful paintings which adorned 
 the palace of Fontainbleau and Vei-sailles, 
 especially the staircase of the latter, ia 
 which he was engaged fourteen years. 
 Brun died 1690, at his house in the Gabe- 
 lins, where he was director of the manu- 
 factory. He wrote a curious treatise oa 
 physiognomy, and another on the character 
 of the passions. 
 
 Brun, Lawrence le, an ecclesiastic of 
 Nantes, who died at Paris in 1653, aged 56, 
 He wrote Virgilius Christianus, and Ovidius 
 Christianus, imitating the subjects of the. 
 Latin bards with greater piety than taste, 
 and instead of pagan divinities and rites, he 
 introduced the characters and penetential 
 lamentations of converted saints and dying 
 martyrs. He wrote besides the Jgnatiad in 
 12 books, on the pilgrimage of Ignatius to 
 JerMsalera, &c. 
 
 Brun, Anthony, a native of Dole, distin- 
 guished as a politician and an ambassador. 
 He wrote some poetical pieces, and died at 
 tbe Hague 1054, aged 54. 
 
 Brun, Jean Baptist le, a French writer, 
 who died at Orleans in 1731. His works 
 were chiefly on divinity subjects. He pre- 
 pared a valuable edition of Lactantius, 
 which was published in two vols. 4to. 1748, 
 by Langlet du Fresnoy. 
 
 Brun, Anthony Lewis, a French poet, 
 of inferior note, author of some operas and 
 musical pieces. He died at Paris 174-% 
 aged 63. 
 
BR 
 
 ^fyt 
 
 BR 
 
 BRirsr, William le, a learned Jesuit, au- 
 thor of a Latin and French dictionary uni- 
 versally estt^enied. He died 1758, aged 84. 
 
 BuuN, Peter le, a native of Provence, 
 author of a critical history of the supersti- 
 tious i^ractices which have seduced the vul- 
 gar and embarrassed the learned, three 
 vols. l'2mo. — and on the unlawfulness of 
 dramatic entertainments in a religious view 
 — and on liturgies — works of merit. He 
 ■was an ecclesiastic, and died 1729, aged 70. 
 
 Brunck, Richard Philip Frederic, a ce- 
 lebrated scholar and writer of Strasburg, 
 member of the academy of inscriptions, 
 and of the national institute at Paris, died 
 1803, aged 84. He is particularly known in 
 the republic of letters for his great erudition 
 and his extensive reading. He published, 
 besides other works, learned editions of 
 JEschyius, Anacreon, Sophocles, Aristo- 
 phanes, Apollonius lihodius, and Virgil, 
 carefully compared with AIS. copies, aud 
 rendered valuable by annotations — and also 
 analecta veterum poetarum Grtec. 4 vols. 
 8vo. repeatedly edited — and gnomici poette 
 Ciraxci, 8vo. 
 
 Brunehatjt, a daughter of Athanagild, 
 the king of the Visigoths, who married, in 
 508, Sigebert I. king of Austrasia. After 
 her husband's death, she married, at Rouen, 
 •where she had retired with her two daugh- 
 ters, Merovee, sou of Childeric, king of 
 Soissoits; but this union v/as displeasing to 
 ker fatiier-in-law, and she therefore retired 
 to Austrasia, vliere she assumed the re- 
 gency, during her son Childebert's mino- 
 lity. When banished from xVustrasia for 
 her misconduct, she went to the court of 
 Thierry, her grandson, king of Burgundy, 
 ■whom she \»ersuaded to take Paris from 
 Clotaire. Ever restless, ambitious, and 
 vindictive, she is known in French histoiy 
 for her great crimes, her debaucheries, and 
 cruelties. She was publicly accused of 
 causing the deatii of ten kings, and her death 
 was as ignominious as her life had been 
 abandoned. She was betrayed into the hands 
 of her enemy Clotaire, who ordered her to 
 he dragged at the tail of a wild horse, and 
 thus she perished in the greatest torments, 
 G13. 
 
 Bhunellschi, Philip, a native of Flo- 
 rence, originally a goldsmith and clockma- 
 ker, and afterwards distinguished for his great 
 knowledge of architecture. The dome of 
 St. Marv's church at Florence is among the 
 monuments of his genius. He Mas i)atro- 
 nised by the Medicis; and died in his native 
 I'ity in 1444, aged G7, universally regretted. 
 He was also an engineer ; and some of his 
 verses appeaixid with those of Burchicllo. 
 
 Br u NET, John Lewis, a native of Aries 
 in Provence, born in 1717, and known as an 
 able writer on ecclesiastical aflairs. 
 
 Brunetto, Latini, a poet and historian 
 of Florence, who distinguished himself as 
 an ambassador, and perhaps moi*e as the 
 master of Dante. He is author of *' Tl Te- 
 soro," or the origin of all things. He died 
 ^li?y5, at Florence 
 
 Bruni, Anthony, an Italian poet, in tlie 
 service of the duke d'Urbino. He was uni- 
 versally beloved for the amiable manners 
 and liveliness which distinguished Ids cha- 
 racter. He wrote lyrics, miscellaneoua 
 pieces, &c. His heroic epistles wei'e much 
 admired for the beautiful engravings which 
 accompanied them, executed from the de- 
 signs of Domiuichino. He died 24th Sep- 
 tember, 1635. 
 
 Brunner, John Conrad, a learned phy- 
 sician of Switzerland, who studied at Stras- 
 burg and Paris, and visited Holland, Eng- 
 land, and Germany. He died at Manheim 
 in 1727, aged 74. He was author of several 
 treatises on medicine in Latin ; and he de- 
 feuded the opinion, that the pancreas is un- 
 necessary to the support of animal life, in a 
 4to. vol. 1683. His other works are, de 
 glanduHs in duodeno intestino delectis, 4to. 
 1687 — de glandula pituitaria dissertatio, 4to. 
 1688. 
 
 Bruno, a Romish saint, founder of the 
 Chartreuse. His sanctity recommended him 
 to pope Urban U. He died 1101, aged 41, 
 at a monastery which he had founded in Ca- 
 labria. 
 
 Bruno, Jordano, a native of Nola, who 
 visited Geneva, Lyons, Toulouse, Paris, 
 and London, where he became the friend of 
 Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville. His opi- 
 nions were considered as heretical and im- 
 pious, and consequently exposed him to the 
 jealousy and persecution of the times. In 
 various cities of Germany he drew ecclesi- 
 astical censures upon him, and at last he wa» 
 apprehended at Venice, where he was sen- 
 tenced by the inquisition to be burnt at a 
 stake, on the 17th February, 1600. Though 
 an atheist at heart, he yet believed the ef- 
 fects ef magic and sorcery. He wrote, 
 among other things, a curious book called 
 Spaccio della bestla triumphante, dedicated 
 to sir Philip Sidney, and an Italian comedy, 
 called II Candelajo, besides some Latin 
 poems. 
 
 Brunsfeld, Otho, a physician, born at 
 Aletz, who warmly embraced the opinion* 
 of Luthei'. He was regent of the public 
 school at Strasburg, and took his medical 
 degrees at Basil. He published herbarum 
 vivie icones, in fol. 3 vols. 1530, and a bio- 
 graphical catalogue of early physicians, 
 1530, 4to. He was appointed public phy- 
 sician at Bern and died there 1534, 
 
 Brunswick, Maximil. Jul. Leopold duke 
 of, nephew to the king of Prussia, was boru 
 20th October; 1722. He served in the army 
 with great reputation ; and, during a sudden 
 inundation of the Oder, near Frankfort, he 
 attempted to save some of the unfin-tunate 
 iidiabitants from the waters, and fell a sa- 
 crifice to his humanity, 24th April, 1785. 
 
 Bruscuius, Gas}>ar, a Latin historian 
 and poet of Egra in Bohemia, born in J 518. 
 He travelled much, and published various 
 Avorks on ecclesiastical affairs, which pro- 
 duced him the patronage of several learned 
 men, and of some princes, who munificently 
 rewarded his laboi-s. He wa^ at last mur- 
 
Blk 
 
 ^-^.y 
 
 BR 
 
 flered in a forest near Rotterdam, 1559. 
 His writings are very numerous ; but his ec- 
 clesiastical history of Germany is parti- 
 cularly esteemed, though he is accused of 
 favoring too strongly the doctrines of Lu- 
 ther. 
 
 Brusoni, Domitius, author of a face- 
 tious treatise called Speculum mundi, edited 
 at Rome, 1518, in fol. 
 
 Brusoxi, Jerome, a Venetian writer, 
 born at Legnago, of a noble family. He 
 was a member of the Carthusian fraternity, 
 which it is said he quitted three different 
 times. He published 50 dilTcrent works, 
 and died 1680, aged 70. His best known 
 works are his history of Italy, from 1C28 
 to I67y, in fol. and elucidario poetico, 
 12mo, 
 
 Brutus, a brother of Ascanius, said by 
 monkish chroniclers to have settled in Al- 
 bion, to w hich he gave the name of Britain, 
 in the time of his father ^neas, and soon 
 after the Trojan war. 
 
 Brutus, Lucius Junius, a Roman, cele- 
 brated as the author of the expulsion of the 
 Tarquins from Rome, after the suicide of 
 Lucretia. He was made first consul, and 
 fell in tlie war against the Tarquins, B. C. 
 509. 
 
 Brutus, Marcus Junius, a son of Jun. 
 Brutus, by the sister of Cato. lie joined 
 other conspirators to cut off Julius Ca;sar, 
 though he was his friend, and according to 
 others his father. He afterwards fell at ihe 
 battle of Philippi, fighting against the trium- 
 Tirate. 
 
 Brutus, Decimus Albinii.s, a relation of 
 Marcus Brutus, who with him also conspired 
 against Julius Ccesar, though he was his par- 
 ticular friend and benefactor. He was after- 
 wards besieged in Mutina by M. Antony, 
 and, in his attempt to escape into Gaul, was 
 slain, and his head sent to the conqueror. 
 
 Brutus, John Michael, a learned Vene- 
 tian, who travelled over Spain, France, Eng- 
 lai»d, Germany, Poland, and Transylvania, 
 and acquired an extensive knowledge of the 
 }iistory, politics, and manners of Europe. 
 He was invited by Stephen king of Pohind to 
 reside at Cracow, to compose a hristoi'y of 
 that kingdom ; and after the death of his pa- 
 tron, he fixed his abode at Prague, where he 
 ■was distinguished by the title of imperial 
 historiographer. His notes on Ctesar, Ho- 
 race, and Cicero, display his great abilities 
 as a scholar; and the general joy which was 
 expressed when Mr. Cromer undertook to 
 publish a new edition of his writings, evinces 
 the eminence of his powers as a philosopher 
 and historian. In his letters to great men 
 and princes, Brutus laid aside the pompous 
 and slavish deference which modern times 
 have introduced in correspondence, and he 
 addressed them with all the simplicity of an 
 ancient Roman. His history of Florence was 
 said to depreciate the merits of the Medicis, 
 and therefoi-e it proved offensive to the duke. 
 The lime of his de^ath is unknown. He was 
 born in 1518. 
 
 Brutus, John, an e<56le:sia5tic, o{ Paris, 
 
 who died there 1st July, 1762, aged 84. He 
 wrote a discourse on marriage, and other 
 works. 
 
 BruyePvE, John de la, a native of Dour- 
 dan, member of the P'rench aciidemy, and 
 appoinicd by Bossuet preceptor of history to 
 the duke of Burgundy. He died 169G, aged 
 5-2. He is the author of" characters," after 
 the maimer of Theophrastus, a work highly 
 esteemed in France, as descriptive, not of 
 imaginary, but real persons, in a style rapid, 
 concise, and nervous. This book, as uiight 
 be expected, procured the author many ad- 
 mirers, and more enemies; but its merits 
 are so great, that it will always be consider- 
 as a composition of established excellence. 
 The best editions are, of Amsterdam, 1741, 
 and Paris, 1705. 
 
 Bruyn, Cornelias, a painter, born at the 
 Hague. He travelled through Rus.sia, Per- 
 sia, and the East Indies for several years, of 
 vrhich he published an entertaining and in- 
 teresting account. The best edition is that 
 of Rouen, in IT'iS, in ;7 vols. 4to. as it has 
 been improved and corrected by the labors 
 oftheabb6 Bannier. 
 
 FiRUYS, Francis, was born at Serrieres, ia 
 the Maconnois, and died at Dijon, in his 30th 
 year, 17^8. He studied at Geneva and at 
 the Hague, wliere lie turned Calvinist, but 
 after visiting Germany and returning to 
 France, he recanted. He published an his- 
 tory of the popes, in 5 vols. 4to. 1732 — a cri- 
 tique of literary joJirnals, besides entertain- 
 ing memoires historiqucs critiques, ike. two 
 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Bruys, Peter de, founder of the sect cal- 
 led from him Petro-Brussians, was a native 
 ofLanguedoc. He maintained that churches 
 were of no use, he opposed infant baptism, 
 recommended the destruction of crucifixes 
 and other church ornaments, he forbad the 
 offering of prayers for the dead, and decla- 
 red that the body of Christ was not in the 
 sacrament. After committing great excesses 
 with the view of establishing his tenets, he 
 was seized and burnt alive at St. Giiles, 
 115'J. 
 
 Bru7,en de la Martinicle, Anthony 
 Aiigu.';tine, wi»s born at Dieppe, and educa- 
 ted at Paris under the famous Richard Si- 
 mon, his uncle. He was patronised by the 
 dukes of JMecklenburg and Parma, and af- 
 terwards by the king of Naples, who granted 
 him an honorable pension. He died at the 
 Hague I74y, aged 83. His great work is the 
 grand Dictionaire Historique, Sec. 1730, in 
 10 vols, folio, reprinted at Paris, 6 vols. 1768, 
 with corrections; a performance very useful, 
 though not elegantly executed. 
 
 Bry, Theodore de, a painter and engra- 
 ver, who died at FVankfort on the Maine, 
 1598, aged 70. His miniature figures were 
 universally admired. 
 
 Bryan, Francis, or Briant, an English- 
 man, educated at Oxford. He attended, ia 
 1522, .lord Surrey, the English admiral, 
 against France, and was knighted for his 
 bravery. His abilities were afterwards em- 
 ployed ih varions cmliassics, and he was 
 
BU 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 BU 
 
 made gentleman of the king's privy cham- 
 ber, and died justiciary of Ireland, 1548. 
 His songs and sonnets have been printed 
 with those of his friend Surrey, and of sir 
 Thomas Wyatt. He also translated from 
 the French a dispraise of the life of a cour- 
 tier, &c. 
 
 Bryant, Jacob, an eminent English 
 scholar, educated at Eton, and King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, Avhere he became M. A. 
 1744. He was early distinguished as a po- 
 lished classical scholar, and published ob- 
 servations and inquiries relating to vai-ious 
 parts of ancient history, 8vo. 1767, and a new 
 system or anailysis of mythology, wherein an 
 attempt is made to divest tradition of fable, 
 and to reduce truth to its original purity, 
 3 vols. 4to. — a work of great merit. He 
 "wrote besides valuable and ingenious disser- 
 tations on Balaam, Samson, Jonah — observa- 
 tions on disputed passages in Josephus, Jus- 
 tin Martyr, &c. — a treatise on the authenti- 
 city of the holy scriptures — pamphlets on 
 the Rowlcian controversy, and against Priest- 
 ley on necessity — observations on the plagues 
 of Egypt — dissertation on the war of Troy, 
 a work of singular character, which, with 
 all the weapons of classical knowledge and 
 deep and profound erudition, endeavors to 
 destroy our respect for the authenticity of 
 the Iliad, and to represent Homer, not as 
 the bard of Grecian and Trojan heroes, but 
 as the builder of a well wrought fiction. JMr. 
 Bryant was tutor to the sons of the late, duke 
 -of Marlborough, and in consequence of the 
 influence of his patron he obtained a lucra- 
 tive appointment in the ordnance office. He 
 ■was thus enabled to spend the rest of life in 
 the enjoyment of learned ease, and in his fa- 
 vorite retirement in Berkshire, near Wind- 
 sor. This venerable scholar died in 1804, 
 aged 89, in consequence of a mortification in 
 his leg, occasioned by his striking it violently 
 against a chair whilst attempting to reach a 
 book from a shelf. 
 
 Brychan, son of Aulach, the son of Cor- 
 inach one of the Irish kings, is mentioned by 
 the Welch historians as the father of one of 
 the threeholy families of Britain, from whom 
 Garthmathein, which was his patrimony, 
 was called Brecknock. His children were 
 founders of various churches in Wales. He 
 died A. D. 450. 
 
 Bryennus, Nicephorus, the husband of 
 Anna Comena, refused the throne of Con- 
 stantinople at the death of Alexis, his father- 
 in-law. He began the life of Alexis, which 
 he left unfinished at his death, 1137. It was 
 published at Paris 1661, with a Latin ver- 
 sion. 
 
 Buc, George, a learned antiquary, born 
 in l/uicolnshire, and knighted by James i. to 
 ■whom he was master of tfie revels. He 
 vrote the life of Richard HI. in five books, 
 and supported the opinion that he was de- 
 formed neither in body nor mind, an idea 
 afterwards maintained by Horace Walpole 
 -r— a treatise on the ancient colleges, and 
 schools of leartjing in and near Loudon— aud 
 a treatise on the art of revels, 
 
 BucEK, Martin, a Dominican, born in 
 Alsace, who early embraced the tenets of 
 Luther. He afterwards inclined more to 
 the opinions of Zuinglius, and, in his zeal for 
 the reformation, attempted in vain to recon- 
 cile these two powerful leaders. For 20 
 years his eloquence was exerted atStrasburg 
 to establish the protestant cause, but the 
 turbulence of the times, and his opposition 
 to the views of the Catholics at Augsburg, 
 rendered him unpopular, so that he received 
 with pleasure the invitations of Cranmer to 
 settle in England. He was received with 
 gratitude by the nation. Edward VI. treated 
 him with great kindness, and he was appoint- 
 ed theological professor at Cambridge, in 
 154y, where he died two years after. Five 
 years after, the persecutions of Mary were 
 extended to his remains, which were igno- 
 miniously burned, but the insult was repair- 
 ed by the good sense of Elizabeth. In lear- 
 ning, judgment, and moderation, Bucer was 
 inferior to none of the great reformers, and 
 with Melancthon he may be considered as 
 the best calculated to restore and maintain 
 unanimit}' among contending churches, and 
 opposite sects. His writings in Latin and 
 German were very numerous, and all on 
 theological subjects. His fii-st wife was a 
 nun, by whom he had 13 children, and when 
 she died in conse(iuence of the plague, he 
 married a second, and, as some report, a 
 third time, 
 
 BucHAN, Elspeth, or Elizabeth, a mo- 
 dern fanatic, who married Robert Buchan, 
 a common workman, in the service of Mr. 
 Martin, a proprietor of the Delft works in 
 Glasgow, by whom she had several children. 
 Her frequent perusal of scripture, and a 
 most literal interpi-etation of many of its 
 mystical passages, so worked upon her pas- 
 sions, that she considered herself as a new 
 propliet in 1779, and inculcating the imme- 
 diate dissolution of the world, she gained to 
 her party a great number of the dissolute, 
 the unthinking, and the ignorant. These 
 Buchanites, as they were called, travelled 
 through several parts of Scotlaod, and as 
 they had no thought for the morrow, but 
 considered that they should be fed like the 
 ravens of the air, and clothed like the lilies 
 of the field, their doctrines appeared as fas- 
 cinating to the vulgar as they M'ere wild and 
 extravagant. The effects of this fanatical 
 sect might have been fatally felt on the mo- 
 rals and happiness of the people, but Mrs. 
 Buchan died in May 1791, aged 55, and her 
 followers were soon dispersed. 
 
 BuciiANAN,G6orge, a learned Scotchman, 
 born nearKellerne, in Lenox, 1506. Though 
 his relations were poor, yet he was well edu- 
 cated by the advice of his uncle Heriot, who 
 foresaw his future eminence; and at Paris 
 and in Scotland, he acquired that learning 
 which contributed so much to his honor and 
 the honor of his country. He early embraced, 
 from conviction, the tenets of Luther, and 
 at Paris became acquainted with the earl of 
 Cassilis, with whom for five years he was en- 
 gaged as au ijistructoi" a'ud a friend. After 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 the death of Cassilis he was appointed by the 
 king, preceptor to his natural son tlie famous 
 Moray, but the jealousy of the papists and 
 the severity of his satire against the monks, 
 especially in his piece called Francis canus, 
 rendered his situation so dangerous that he 
 fled to England, and from thence to France. 
 For three years, under the friendly patro- 
 nage of Andrew Govianus, he Uved in obscu- 
 rity at Bourdeaux, and taught in the public 
 schools there, and wrote four Latin trage- 
 dies, to draw the attention of his pupils from 
 the allegories of the moderns to the imitation 
 of the purer models of Greece and Rome. 
 The jealousy of cardinal Beaton, however, 
 ■who had persecuted him in Scotland, pur- 
 sued him in his retirement, and he left Bour- 
 deaux for Coimbra, where, till the death of 
 his patron Govianus, he was respected and 
 admired for his lectures in philosophy and 
 classical learning. Soon his opposition to 
 the Catholic tenets, and his being a foreigner, 
 rendered him suspected, and he was confined 
 by his enemies in a monastery, where he 
 translated the psalms of David into Latin. 
 When set at hberty he embarked for Eng- 
 land, and then returned to France, where, m 
 1554, the elegant dedication of his tragedy of 
 Jephtha procured him the friendship of 
 marshal de Cossi, who made him for five 
 years preceptor to his son. In 1566, he was 
 made principal of St. Leonai'd's college, St. 
 Andrews, and invited by Mary of Scots to 
 be the future preceptor to her son ; but he 
 forgot his gratitude in the misfortunes of that 
 unhappy princess, and in his " J)etection" 
 severely arraigned her character in favor of 
 his old pupil Moray. The appointment which 
 Mary destined for him was confirmed by the 
 states, and from him James VI. derived 
 much of the knowledge of literature and the 
 critical taste wliich he afterwards displayed 
 on the throne. In the thirteen last years of 
 his life, Buchanan was engaged in writing 
 the history of his country, but though ner- 
 vous, elegant, and perspicuous, it is occasion- 
 ally deficient in fidelity and accuracy. He 
 died at Edinburgh 28th February, 158'2. His 
 character is painted in various and opposite 
 colors, according to the partiality of the 
 protestants and the odium of the catholics, 
 but posterity views him as an able scholar, 
 whose mind was stored with all the fire, the 
 elegance, and the graces of ancient litera- 
 ture, and who, in a barbarous age, revived 
 the beauties and the sublimities of the Ro- 
 man muse. His works Avere published to- 
 gether Edinburgh, 2 vols. fol. 1714. 
 
 IJucHNER, Augustus, a native of Dres- 
 den, professor of poetry and eloquence at 
 Wittemberg, where he died 1661, aged 70, 
 He wrote precepts of literature, &c, 
 
 BUCHOI.TZER, Abraham, a native of Sko- 
 naw near Wittemberg, who died at Freis- 
 tadt where he was pastor, 1584, aged 55. 
 He wrote a valuable index chronologicus 
 utriusque testaraenti, 1616, 8vo. often i-epub- 
 lisbed. 
 
 BucKELDius, William, a native of Voi- 
 der, who died at Biervliet la 1449. He was 
 
 publicly honored with a superb monument 
 by the Dutch, who gratefully remembered 
 his ingenious invention of the mode of curing 
 herrings with salt. 
 
 BucKERiDGE, John, was born at Dray- 
 cot near Marlborough. His worth, learning 
 and eloquence, recommended him to king 
 James, before whom he preached at Hamp- 
 ton court, to bring the Melvins and other 
 Scotch presbyterians to a true knowledge of 
 the doctrines of the English church. He 
 was made bishop of Rochester in 1611, and 
 of Ely in 1628, and died three years after. 
 He wrote some sermons, but his chief work 
 is de potestate papse, &c. adversus Bellar- 
 minum. 
 
 BucKHOLD, John, a butcher of Leyden, 
 who headed the fanatical mob of anabaptists 
 at Munster, over whom he had the art to 
 make himself king. After an obstinate siege 
 Munster was taken, and the seditious leader 
 ignominiously put to death 1536. 
 
 Buckingham. Vid. Vii.liers. 
 
 BucQ^UET, John Michael Baptist, a phy. 
 sician, born at Paris where he died 1780, 
 aged 34, a victim to excessive application. 
 He was early noticed for his abilities in every 
 branch of medical knowledge, and made pro- 
 fessor of chemistry, and member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences. His lectures were very 
 popular, and particularly interesting. Se- 
 veral of his treatises are published in the 
 memoirs of the academy. 
 
 BuD^us, William, was born in Paris, in 
 1467. As he was of a noble family, and heir 
 to a splendid fortune, he was early introdu- 
 ced in the schools of Paris and the university 
 of Orleans, but the expectations of his friends 
 were disappointed. He was regardless of 
 study, and totally attached to every species 
 of extravagance and dissipation, till at last 
 the follies of youth subsided, and from the 
 most debauched he became the most stu- 
 dious, regular, and virtuous man of his age. 
 He not only cultivated ^literature, but pa- 
 tronised it with all the warmth of friendship 
 and interest in others, and to his advice and 
 influence with Francis I. France is indebted 
 for the foundation of her royal college. He 
 was employed by the king as ambassador to 
 Leo X. and died at Paris 1540, leaving four 
 sons and two daugl;tcrs. His works which 
 are valuable were printed at Basil 1557, in 
 four vols. fol. Budteus was the frequent cor- 
 respondent of Erasmus, but the eminence of 
 these two men rendered them jealous of 
 each other's reputation, 
 
 BuDD^us, Jolin Francis, was born at 
 Anclan in Pomerania, and was successively 
 professor at the utiiversity of Cobourg, Halle, 
 and Jena. He was learned and indefatigable 
 in his studies, and as a professor popular and 
 eminent for clearness, judgment, and taste. 
 He died at Jena 172U, aged 62. He wrote 
 elementa philosophiaj, &c. three vols. 8vo. — 
 a system of theology, two vols. 4to. — a Ger- 
 man historical dictionary, two vols. fol. and — 
 several other works. 
 
 BuDGELL, Eustace, descended from a 
 respectable family in Devonshire, was borfl 
 
at 6t. Thomas near Exeter, and educated at 
 Christ cliurch, Oxford, from whence he re- 
 moved to the Inner Temple. Instead how- 
 ever of studying for celebrity in the law, he 
 cultivated polite literature, and became the 
 associate of persons of rank and of fashion. 
 When Addison, who was cousin to his mo- 
 ther, was appointed secretary to lord Whar- 
 ton the viceroy of Ireland, BudgeU was pre- 
 vailed to accompany him, 1710, in the hura- 
 liler occupation of one oftlie clerks of his 
 office. About this time he began his lilerary 
 career, and with Steele and Addison divided 
 the public favour, as a writer in the Specta- 
 tor, where his numbers were marked with 
 the letter X. He also afterwards contribu- 
 ted largely to the Guardian, where his pa- 
 pers are designated with an asterisk. Tiie 
 elevation of Addison to higher offices in the 
 state was shared by his friend, who now be- 
 came an active and eloquent member of the 
 Irish parliament, and was appointed accomp- 
 tant general of the kingdom. An unfortu- 
 liate dispute however with Webster, the se- 
 cretary of the duke of Bolton the succeeding 
 Ticeroy, destroyed the future prospects of 
 BudgeU, who retorted against his antagonist 
 with great severity, and did not even spare 
 the character of his patron. The lampoons 
 •were too scui*rilous to be forgiven, BudgeU, 
 hx the influence of the duke, was removed 
 from his office, and by his intemperate con- 
 duct in publishing his vindication, he di*ew 
 upon himself not only the ridicule and the odi- 
 um of the public, but the strongest though dis- 
 regarded reprehensions of his friend and 
 kinsman Addison. To this ruined state of 
 public character, and to other disappoint- 
 ments, BudgeU had to add, in ITiiO, the fail- 
 ure of the South Sea scheme, in which he 
 lost ahove !iiO,OOOZ. and his discuraBture in 
 nis attempts to gain a seat in parliament, 
 ■which cost him more than 5000/. Thus baf- 
 Ba^ in his pursuits, and ruined in his for- 
 tunes, he began to look for support in the 
 employment of his pen, but his libellous at- 
 tacks on Walpole and the ministry left little 
 doubt that his senses were occasionally im- 
 paired by the misfortunes and the unkind- 
 nes3 which he had met ni the world. He 
 •was engaged in the Craftsman, atid after- 
 wards published about 100 numbers of a 
 weekly pamphlet called the Bee ; but though 
 the duchess of Marlborough, to whose hus- 
 l)and he was distantly related gave him 1000/. 
 and i:)r. Tindal left him hy his will 2000/. yet 
 he continued to he a prey to want, involved 
 in debts which he could not discharge, and 
 exposed to law -suits. To the bar, the desti- 
 ned career of his youth, he had recourse, 
 but this also tailed, and in the midst of his 
 despair and distraction he took a boat at So- 
 merset stairs, after having previously filled 
 his pockets with stones, and directing the 
 watermen to shoot the bridge, he, when 
 under the arclvcs, thr^w himself into the 
 river, and never rose more. This melan- 
 choly event happened in 1730, and might 
 have been apprehended from the disordered 
 state of mind and conduct which for some 
 
 BU 
 
 days preceded it. On his table he left a pa- 
 per, containing these words, 
 
 *• Wluit Cato did, and Addison approved, 
 
 ** Cannot be tvrong'" 
 BudgeU, as a writer, was ingenious, lively, 
 and interesting, scarce inferior to tlie elegant 
 style of Addison, and rising above the greater 
 part of English essayists. In his conduct he 
 was impetuous, irascible, and proud, in his 
 opinions a sceptic, in his morals a profligate. 
 Besides the works merjtioned, he wrote the 
 life of the Boyles, and translated Theophras- 
 tus' characters, dedicated to lord Halifax, 
 and by some he was supposed, but falsely, 
 to be concerned in Tindal's Christianity as 
 old as the creation. 
 
 Buff ALMA CO, Bonamico, an eminent 
 historical painter, born at Florence. He 
 advised his friend Bruno to represent the fi- 
 gures of his paintings with labels, so as to in- 
 troduce a living scene. He died 1340, aged 
 79. 
 
 Buffet, Margaret, a Parisian lady, who 
 wrote an interesting eulogy on learned wo- 
 men, besides observations on the French 
 laniruage. 
 
 BuFFiER, Claude, a French writer, boro 
 in Poland. He died at Paris 1737, aged 76. 
 His writings were ingenious and interesting. 
 His most esteemed work is a course of sci- 
 ences, on principles new and simple, to foriu 
 and engage the understanding and the heart, 
 fol. 1732. 
 
 Buffo N, George Louis le Clerc count 
 de, a learned French philosopher, born at 
 Montbard, in Burgtmdy, 7th September, 
 1707. His father destined him for his own 
 profession, the law, but nature had marked 
 him for the sublimer studies of philosophy. 
 After travelling in Italy, where the works' of 
 art were disregarded by his inquisitive mind 
 foi" the more attractive charms of nature, 
 and after visiting for three short montlis the 
 English dominions, he fixed liis residence at 
 home, and began his career of fame by devo- 
 ting every day fourteen hours to his favorite 
 studies. At the death of his mother he in- 
 herited a princely fortune of about 12,('00/. 
 {>er annum, but neither pleasure nor opu- 
 lence diverted the train of his learned occu- 
 pations. In composition he exhibited the 
 severest correctness ; his works when finish- 
 ed were set aside, and some time after, the 
 autlior j-eturned to the task with all the im- 
 partiality of a stranger, but the scrutinizing 
 eye of criticism. Though so strongly devo- 
 ted to the sciences, yet he was fond of com- 
 pany ; his table displayed hospitality, and 
 his conversation was easy, pleasant, and void 
 of all affectation of pedantry and superior 
 knowledge. His favorite authors were Mon- 
 tesquieu, Fenelon, and llichardson. He lived 
 to a good old age, and died 16th April, 17S8. 
 His death was*^ hastened by the violence of 
 disease ; 5G stones were found in his bladder, 
 which his medicvil attendants declared they 
 could have removed, if he had been willing 
 to submit to the operation. His funeral was 
 honorably attended by the learned and the 
 great, and 20,000 .spectatoi-s £tre s&id to have 
 
BU 
 
 «8semb1cd to view his remains borne to the 
 rault of Montbard, where he wished to be 
 placed near his Avife. In the gardens of 
 Montbard, near a high tower, was erecied 
 by his only son, a small column, with these 
 words, 
 
 Ercehce turH 
 Jhimilis columnar 
 PareJiti sno 
 Fil. Biiffon. 
 Buffbn translated Newton's fluxions, and 
 Hale's statics, but his great and immorttil 
 ■work is his " Kistoirc naturelle," 35 vols. 
 4to. or G'2 13mo. 174y — 1765. Though his 
 wi-itings are so deservedly entitled to cele- 
 brity, yet, like other great men, be is not 
 without his faults. Some critics have expo- 
 sed to ridicule the system which, in diviuing 
 the whole animal world into six classes,, 
 ranks in the same order men and quadru- 
 peds, the lion with the bat, tiie horse with 
 the hog, as beasts of burden, and the crab 
 and the oyster, as insects with lice and fleas, 
 and the shell-tish as a worm. De la Cepede 
 has wVrtten a warm euloglura on Lis friend, 
 and with equal truth and flattery he sus- 
 pends in the temple of genius the four lamps 
 of Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and 
 Buffbn. In liis private character Buffon was 
 a libertine, occasionally vain and puerile. 
 The works of men of genius, he would ex- 
 claim, are few, only those of Newton, Mon- 
 tesquieu, Leibnitz, and my own. His son 
 suffered during the reign of terror, and was 
 guillotined in 1793, exclaiming triumphantly 
 on the scafi^'old, " citizens, my name isliuf- 
 fon." 
 
 BuGENHACEN, John, a native of WolHn, 
 in Pomerania, the adversary, and afterwards 
 the friend and missionary of Luther. He 
 preached the new tenets over Germany with 
 great success, and died at Wittemberg 1558, 
 aged 73. He wrote commentaries on the 
 scriptures, &c. 
 
 BuGiARDiNi, Juliano, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1556, aged 75. He was 
 highly esteemed by Michael Angelo, and 
 excelled chiefly in historical paintings, and 
 in landscapes. 
 
 BuiSTER, Philip, a sculptor of Brussels, 
 who died at Paris, 1688, aged 93. His sta- 
 tues adorn Versailles and Paris. 
 
 BuKERTOP, Henry de, an ecclesiastic of 
 Antwerp, who died at Louvain 27th Maj^, 
 2 716. He wrote various works of controver- 
 sy, &c. 
 
 BuLL) John, a native of Somersetshire, 
 admitted 158/j bachelor of music at Oxford, 
 and doctor at Cambridge. He was so skilful 
 ia music that he was appointed organist to 
 the Queen's chapel, and on the establishment 
 of Gresham college, he was elected professor 
 of music, and permitted to deliver his lec- 
 tures in English. He travelled afterwards in 
 Germany and France, and at last went to re- 
 side in the Netherlands, where the archduke 
 patronised him. He died at Lubec, or ac- 
 cording to Wood, at Hamburgh, about the 
 year 1615, aged little more than 50. His 
 compositions in the collection entitled " Par- 
 
 vot. I. SS 
 
 <^^/ 
 
 BU 
 
 Iftenie," show him to have had great powei^ 
 of execution on the harpsichord. 
 
 BuJ.L, George, bishop of St. David's, was 
 born at Wells iJSth March, 1634. After be- 
 ing at school at Wells and Tiverton, he en- 
 tered at Exeter college, Oxford, in iCiS; but 
 refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the 
 commonwealth, the next year lie left th« 
 universit}-, an<! retired into Somersetshire, 
 where the gooi! sense and pious dispositioa 
 of one of his sisters removed every appear- 
 ance of levity, which the inexperience of 
 youth, or the turbulence of the times, might 
 have drawn over his character. Under the 
 care of William Thomas, a puritan of exten- 
 sive learning and amiable manners, he made 
 progress in divinity, and, at the age of 21, he 
 was ordainea by Skinner, the ejected bishop 
 of Oxford, and soon after was appointed mi- 
 nister of St. George's, near Bristol. lu this 
 capacity he gained the esteem and reverence 
 of his paribhionei's, and by an extempore use 
 of the prayers of the liturgy, which were at 
 this time pubUcly forbidden, he recommend- 
 ed himself to the good opinion of ail parties. 
 He raaiM'ied in 1658, and was made rector of 
 Suddiugton in Gloeeotershire ; and during 
 the 9J years of his residence in this parish he 
 composed the greatest part of his valuable 
 works. His excellent defence of the Nicene 
 creed procured him, iu 16.S5, the honorable 
 degree of D.D. from the gratitude of the uni- 
 versity of Oxford ; and after passing thiough 
 the several preferments of prebendaiy of 
 Glocester, rector of Avening, Glocestershire, 
 and archdeacon of Landaff", he was at last ele- 
 vated to the see of St. David's in 1705, where 
 he resided in pastoral dignity, and died Fe- 
 bruary 17, 1709. Of eleven children by the 
 daughter of Mr. Gregory, minister of Ciren- 
 cester, only two survived him. His cl)ief 
 works, besides the Defensiofidei Niceuse, are 
 his harmonia apostolica — apologia — examen 
 censurse — judicium ecclesia;catholic8e,awork 
 for which he was thanked by Bossuet and 
 other French ecclesiastics — primitiva apos- 
 tolica traditio de J. (J. divirlatiorie, besides 
 various discourses, publifcheil by Nelson, in 4 
 vols. 8vo. His character was great, and amiable 
 in private as well as in public life. His lear- 
 ning, as his judicious editor, Nelson, observes, 
 was tempci-ed with that modest and humble 
 opinion of it that made it sliine wilh greater 
 lustre He not only inculcated, but in his 
 conduct displayed all the meek and endear- 
 ing virtues of benignity, humility, prudence, 
 piety, and purity of the primitive ages of 
 Christianity ; and in liis last moments exhi- 
 bited that mild resignation which was the 
 best ptx)of of his Itopes and reliance on the 
 great truths of tiie gospel. His Latin work* 
 were edited by Dr. Grabe, one vol. folio 
 
 BuLLER, Francis, an English judge, der 
 scended from a respectable family, long set- 
 tled in Cornwall and Devonshire. Frori* 
 Westminster school he entered at the Tem- 
 ple, and was called to the bar in 1763. As a 
 special pleader, and at the bar he soon ac- 
 quired reputation ; and by his marriage alii-, 
 anee with lord liatharstj he- obtained iTic 
 
BU 
 
 ^^S^ 
 
 BU 
 
 liignity of Welsh judge, and soon after that 
 of justice in the king's bench flis abilities, 
 his knowledge, and his integrit}', ensured 
 him here the friendship of lord Mansfield, 
 ■who Avished him to be his successor; but the 
 interest of lord Kenyon prevailed over his 
 reconin)endation ; in consequence of which 
 sir Francis, who was made a baronet, re- 
 moved to the covmnnn pl'>as. He died sud- 
 denly, June 4, 1800, universally respected as 
 a good lawyer and an impartial judge. lie 
 published, in 1772, an introduction to the 
 law of nisi prius, a work of acknowledged 
 merit among lawyers. 
 
 Bullet, John Baptist, died Gth Septem- 
 ber, 1775, aged 70, at Besancon, where he 
 ■was dean of the university. He published a 
 history of the establishment of Christianity, 
 taken from Jewish and pagan authors, in 4to. 
 —the existence of God demonstrated from 
 nature — dissertation on the history of France, 
 8vo. — answers to unbelievers — memoirs on 
 the Celtic tongue, 3 vols. fol. &c. He pos- 
 sessed a most retentive memory ; but though 
 his works are learned and useful, they do 
 not display either grace of diction, or ele- 
 gance of style. 
 
 BuLLEYN, William, an English physi- 
 cian, born in the isle of Ely, and educated 
 hoth at Oxford and Cambridge, according to 
 historians. He travelled on the continent 
 for his impi'ovement in the knowledge of 
 medicine and botany, and at last settled at 
 Durham, where he practised with great I'e- 
 putation and success. Tanner reports that 
 he was a clergyman as well as a physician, 
 and that he was for four years rector of 
 Blaxall in SutFolk. He published several 
 medical works, which are no longer in re- 
 pute ; and was universally esteemed as a po- 
 lished scholar and as a man of probity, bene- 
 volence, and piety. He died in London 1576, 
 and was buried at St. Giles, Cripplegate, in 
 the same grave where his brother, Richard, 
 a divine, had, thirteen years before, been 
 deposited. He was falsely accused of mur- 
 dering Thomas Hilton, his patient, who died 
 of a malignant fever ; and though honorably 
 acquitted, his prosecutors imprisoned him 
 for debt. His portrait appears in his go- 
 vernment of health, and in the bulwark of 
 defence. 
 
 BuLLiALDUS, Ismael, an astronomer, 
 born at Laon, in the isle of France. He tra- 
 velled in his youth in pursuit of knowledge, 
 and in a more advanced period he visited the 
 famous Hevelius at Dantzic, whose works, 
 like his own, had commanded the applause 
 of mankind. He died at Paris 1694, a<;ed 89. 
 His works were, de natura Incis — Philolaus, 
 in four books, with tables of the system, re- 
 vived by Copernicus — opus novum ad arith- 
 meticam infinitorum — treatise on spiral lines 
 — and astronomiss et philol. fundamenta, 
 against Ward, the learned bishv')p of Sarum. 
 
 BuLLiARD, N. a French botanist of emi- 
 nence, author of Flora Parisiensis, 8vo. — the 
 herbal of France, 13 vols. fol. 1780 — dictio- 
 «aire elementaire de botanique, fol. — history 
 of poisonous plants in France, fol.— histoire 
 
 des champignons de France. He died at 
 Paris 1793, aged 41. 
 
 BuLLiNGER, Henry, was born at Beo- 
 garten, near Zurich, and educated at Co- 
 logne In his studies in theology, he inclined 
 to the doctrines of the Carthusians; but the 
 si)irited writings of Melancthon fixed hig 
 faith, and, instead of supporting the error* 
 of the church ol Rome, he became a warm 
 advocate for the tenets of the pntestants. Tn 
 1529 ho settled as protestant minister in his 
 native town, where, by his wife, who died in 
 li64, he had six sons and five daughters. 
 He was the friend and the pupil of Zuinglius, 
 and, after the death of that famous reformer, 
 who was siaiti in a battle fought in 1521, in 
 consequence of the religious differences of 
 the cantons, he succeeded hi:n as pastor of 
 Zurich, where he had taken refuge w itli his 
 aftVighted family. He died 17th September, 
 1575. His works are numerous, and all oa 
 polemical subjects, in 10 vols. His kindness 
 to the English divines who fled to Switzer- 
 land from the persecutions of Mary, de- 
 serves to be recorded with every comnien- 
 dation. He ably confuted the pope's bull 
 which excommunicated queen Elizabeth, of 
 which a translation has been published. la 
 his capacity of minister of Zurich, he exerted 
 himself much ; nd successfully for the benefit 
 of the poor, and for the moral and religious 
 education of his parishioners. 
 
 BuLTEAu, Louis, a native of Rouen, 
 who succeeded his uncle as secretary to the 
 French king, and afterwards became a Be- 
 nedictine monk of St. Maur. He wrote aa 
 abridgement of the history of the Benedic- 
 tine order — essay on the monastic history of 
 the east — besides a translation of St. Gre- 
 gory's dialogues. He died 1693, aged 78, 
 
 BuLWER, John, an English physician, 
 author of several works on ])hysiognomy — 
 the language of the hand — and instructions 
 to the deaf and dumb. His most curious 
 book is Anthropometamorphosis, in which 
 he mentions what various shapes and dresses 
 men have assumed in the different ages of 
 the world. He wrote also Pathomyoamia, 
 or dissection of the significative muscles of 
 the afl"ections of the mind. He lived in the 
 16th century. 
 
 Bu XEL, Peter, a native of Toulouse, who 
 distinguished himself as a correct writer of 
 the Latin language. He improved himself 
 by travelling in Italy, and was patronised by 
 the French ambassador at Venice. He died 
 of a fever at Turin in 1546, aged 47, as he 
 was making the tour of Italy as tutor to the 
 son of his friend de Faur. The magistrates 
 of Toulouse erected a marble statue to his 
 memory, as a tribute to his great abilities, 
 and the unblemished respectabdrty of his pri- 
 vate character. His epistles were published 
 by Stevens 1581, and also at Toulouse 1687, 
 
 Bun EL, Jacob, a nativ.- of Blois, 1558, 
 eminent as a painter. He was brought up 
 under Zucchero, and executed, among other 
 things, that finished piece representing the 
 descent of the Holy Ghost, preserved at 
 Kome in the church of the Augustines. 
 
BU 
 
 BuNEL, William, a physician of Toulouse, 
 vho published, in 1513, a treatise on the 
 l)lague. 
 
 Bun NICK, John, a Flemish painter, born 
 at Utrecht, who chiefly excelled in historical 
 pieces. He died 1727, aged 73. His bro- 
 ther Jacob WHS equally eminent in the re- 
 presentation of sea battles. He died 1725. 
 
 BuxoN, Robert, an eminent dentist at 
 Paris, who published some learned treatises 
 en his art. He died 1748, aged 40. 
 
 Bun VAN, John, son of a tinker, was born 
 at Elslow, near Bedford. The trifling in- 
 struction which he received was quickly for- 
 gotten, by the indulgence of every vicious 
 propensity ; but his career of vice was stop- 
 ped by the sudden darting of a voice frotn 
 heaven into his soul, say his biographers, 
 ■which bade him either to leave his sins, or 
 follow them and perish in hell. From this 
 circumstance his mode of life was altered, 
 and, after being for a little time a soldier in 
 the parliament array, where he behaved 
 bravely at the siege of Leicester, he esta- 
 blished himself as a baptist preacher at Bed- 
 ford ; but, as the holder of a conventicle, he 
 ■was adjudged to be imprisoned for life. Du- 
 ring his confinement, he wrote several of his 
 works, and maintained himself by making 
 long tagged tnread laces, till, after more than 
 twelve long years' imprisonment, he was li- 
 berated by the compassionate interference 
 of Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. When re- 
 stored to liberty, he travelled through Eng- 
 land to visit and comfort the brethren of his 
 persuasion ; and on the publicaVon of the 
 act of toleration by James H. he built a 
 meeting house at Bedford, where his doc- 
 trines became popular. He died of a fever, 
 in London, in 1688, aged 60, leaving four 
 children, one of whom, Mary, was born 
 blind. His works were collected and pub- 
 lished in two vols, folio, 1736-7. The most 
 celebrated of his compositions is his Pilgrim's 
 progress, a work which, under an allegorical 
 form, conveys and recommends the subiimest 
 truths and purest virtues of morality and re- 
 ligion. It was written during his imprison- 
 ment, and has passed through more than 50 
 editions, and been translated into various 
 languages. 
 
 BuoMMATEi, Benedict, an ecclesiastic, 
 born at Florence, an<l chiefly known for his 
 work on the Tuscan language, in which he 
 gives very useful rules for the writing of Ita- 
 lian. He died 1647. 
 
 BuoNACORSi, Philip, a native of Tus- 
 cany, who, after the fashion of the times, 
 called himself by the new name of Callimaco 
 Esperiente. He removed from Kome upon 
 being suspected of forming a conspiracy 
 against Paul II. and settled in Poland as tu- 
 tor to Albert the son of king Casimir. His 
 abilities were also employed in several hon- 
 orable embassies and as prime minister. He 
 died at Cracow 1496, aged 59. He wrote a 
 life of Attila — of Ladislaus king of Poland 
 before Casimir, besides other works, highly 
 esteemed. 
 BuoNACoRSi, or Perrin del Vaco, 
 
 Pf 
 
 BU 
 
 I a painter of Tuscany, suckled by a she-goat. 
 
 j Though originally poor, and engaged in 
 
 j paiuting church candles, yet his genius raised 
 
 i him »o eminence, and, after studying at Kome 
 
 ' and Florence, he distinguished himself as a 
 
 ' perfect master in finishing the finest works 
 
 of decoration. He died suddenly 1547, in 
 
 his 47th year, when engaged in the ceiling of 
 
 the hall of kings at the Vatican. 
 
 BuoNAFEDE, Appiano, a native ofComa- 
 cio, better known under the names of Appio 
 ameo de faba, and Agapisto Croniazanio. 
 He was known as a poet and elegant writer, 
 and was abbot of the Celestines. The best 
 of his poems is the poetical iconology of great 
 men, in Italian, often edited ; and the best 
 prose performance is the history and spirit 
 of every sort of philosophy, 6 vols. 4to. He 
 died at Rome 1792. 
 
 BuoNAMici, Lazarus, a native of Bas- 
 sano, educated at Padua. He was tutor in. 
 theCampeggi family, and afterwards became 
 professor of belles lettres in the Sapienza 
 college at Rome. At the sacking of that 
 city, 1527, he escaped with difficulty, and 
 with the loss of all his property, and three 
 years after went to Padua, where he read 
 lectures on rhetorio with great applause. 
 His letters and poems were published at 
 Venice 1572. He died 1552, aged 73. 
 
 BuoNAMici, Castrucio, a native of Luc- 
 ca, wlio studied at Rojne, and devoted him- 
 self to the clerical pi'ofession. Not meet- 
 ing, however, with the encouragement which 
 he expected, he turned his attention to the 
 military life, and bore arms with courage 
 and distinction in the service of the king of 
 Naples. He devoted much of his time to 
 study, and published the history of Ihe war 
 of Velletri, in 4to. 1746, and, four years af- 
 ter, the histoT'y of the last war of Italy, in y 
 vols. 4to. which procured him from the duke 
 of Parma, the hereditary title of count, and 
 from the king the rank of commissary-gene- 
 ral, and a pension. These works are highly 
 esteemed, for the purity of the Lalinity, and 
 the accuracy of the narration. The author, 
 died in his native city in 1761, in iiis SOlh. 
 year. 
 
 BUONAROTTI, or BuONAROTA, MI-^ 
 
 chael Angelo, a celebrated painter. Vid, 
 Angelo. 
 
 BuoNDELMON TE, a young Florentine, 
 in the beginning of the 13th century, wh6 
 had promised to marry a daughter of tlie fti- 
 miiy of the Amidei, but afterwards espoused 
 the more beautiful daughter of the i3onati. 
 This conduct provoked tlie resentment of 
 the slighteri fair and of her relations, nnd by 
 their intrigues the youthful bridegroom was 
 assassinated. The report of this murder 
 was no sooner known, than the whole city 
 wjis in commotion. The nobility was divided 
 into two parts, and the quarrel became ge- 
 neral, so that the fi-iends of Baondelmonte 
 took the name of Guelfs, and supported the 
 power of the pope, and tlieir opponents that 
 ofGibelins, who were attached to the iate- 
 I'ests of the emperor. The animosity thus 
 excited lasted iQv many centuries, and caiised 
 
BU 
 
 ^6-^ 
 
 "^M 
 
 ^^odshed niid devastation in the city of Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 BuoNFiGi.io, Joseph Constant, a Nea- 
 poliian, known as the learned author of two 
 excellent books, the ancient and modei-n 
 historj of Sicily and Venice, 'i vols. 4to. 
 lfK)4 — and the history of Messina, 1606, 
 4to. 
 
 BuoNTALEifTi, Bernardo, surnaraed 
 Gircnifiile, was distinguished for his know- 
 ledge of architecture, of sculpture, of hy- 
 draulics, and also for his miniatures and his- 
 torical pieces. His madonnas was. greatly 
 admired. When an infant, the house of his 
 father, on the Arno, fell down, and destroy- 
 ed all the inhabitants besides himself. His 
 distress was made known to tlie duke of 
 Florence, who nobly supported and patro- 
 nised him, and thus enabled him to become 
 the honor of his country. He died 1608, 
 aged 61. 
 ^- BuPAL,us, a sculptor of antiquity, B.C. 
 540. His deformed statue of Hipponax the 
 poet, "was noticed with such severity of sa- 
 tire by the an.u;ry bard, that the sculptor and 
 Ijis brother Atlienis hanged themselves in 
 despair. '^"" 
 
 BuRCHARD, tutor of Conrad the em- 
 peror, was niude bishop of Worms, and 
 died 1026. His canons or decrees were pub- 
 lished at CologiiO 1548. 
 
 BuRCHELLo, Unrainico, a barber at 
 Florence, whose wit and genius rendered 
 tim the favorite of his countrymen. He 
 •wrote sonnets and lighter pieces, which 
 have gained the admiration of critics^ and 
 rank him high among Italian poets. Occa- 
 sionally obscure, and sometimes enigmati- 
 eal, he is censurable for the little respect 
 vhich he paid to good manners. He died 
 at Uome 1448, aged 68. The best edi- 
 tion of his poems is that of Florence, 8vo. 
 
 isr.s. 
 
 Blue, William de, a bookseller at Paris, 
 known for his great knowlelge of old, cu- 
 rious, and valuable books. His bibliographie 
 instructive, 7 vols. 8vo. — and musseura typo- 
 graphicum, l2mo. are much esteemed. ' He 
 died 1782, July 15. 
 
 Bure, Catharine, a learned lady of Swe- 
 den, whose Latin correspondence with ano- 
 ther Swedish lady, Vandela Skylte, has 
 been printed, and displays elegance of lan- 
 guage, correctness of style, and delicacy of 
 expression. She died 1679, aged 77. 
 
 Burette, Peter John, a physician of 
 Paris, who died there 1747, aged 82. He 
 was the son of a musician, and played with 
 his father before Lew is XIV. but at llie age 
 of 18 he (juitted the profession for litera- 
 ture. He became an elegant and polished 
 scholar ; and besides his many valuable con- 
 tribut'ons to the memoirs of the academy, 
 on the games of the ancients, and other cu- 
 rious subjects, he was eogaged in the journal 
 des savins. His treatise on the symphony of 
 the ;ii.citt!ts is much admired. He was also 
 an able orientalist, and as a professor of 
 medicine in the royal college, and a reader 
 6n Che materia luedieaj ke acquired great 
 
 applause. The catalogue of his library ifr 
 contained in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Burger, Godfred Augustus, a native of 
 Wolmerswende in Germany, who studied 
 divinity at Halle, and afterwards applied 
 to the profession of law at Gottingen. Poe- 
 try, liowever, was his favorite pursuit, and 
 the productions of Shakspeure gave hirai 
 more real pleasure than any other employ- 
 ment. He was for some time engaged ia 
 the periodical publication of the almanac of 
 the rnuses from 1770 to 1775, and of the 
 German museum, and translated with great 
 spirit the tragedy of Macbeth, which was 
 acted at Hamburgh. His Leonora, so wild 
 and terrific, is well known in England. 
 Burger, who was fickle in his pursuits, was 
 for some years engaged as a steward to barou 
 Uslar, and as a farmer ; and in the latter 
 part of life he was professor at Gottingen. 
 He was three times married, and was di- 
 vorced from his third wife, who was hei'self 
 a poetess, but of an immoral character. He 
 died of a consumption 1794, aged 46. 
 
 Surges, Cornelius, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, educated at Oxford, where he took 
 hi 1 degree of U. D. He was chaplain to 
 Charles L but, on the breaking out of the 
 civil wars, he sided with the parliament, and 
 enriched himself by the plunder of that 
 church, which it was his duty to support. 
 At the restoration, his ill-gotten wealth was 
 torn with difficulty from his grasp. He died 
 1665. Some of his sermons and other tracts 
 have been printed. 
 
 Burgh, Ulick de, marquis of Clanri- 
 carde, was known for his courtesy and loy- 
 alty, and was author of memoirs relative to 
 the Irish rebellion, published 8vo. 1722, and 
 improved 1757 in fol. a work instructive and 
 interesting, from the character which judge 
 Lindsey has given to the writer. He died 
 1657. 
 
 Burgh, James, a popular writer, bora 
 at Madderty in Perthsire. After studying a 
 little time at St. Andrew's for the clerical 
 profession, which his health did not permit 
 him to pursue, he engaged in the linen trade, 
 and was unsuccessful. Disappointed at home, 
 Ik; came to England, where for one year 
 he was engaged in correcting the press, ia 
 the house of an eminent printer, and from 
 thence he went as assistant in the grammar 
 school at Marlovv, where he published, 
 1746, Britain's remembrancer, a book uni- 
 versally read and admired, and considered 
 as the finished production of some of the 
 bishops. On leaving Marlow he was en- 
 gaged in the same laborious employfnent at 
 Enfield, and afterwards, in 1747, he opened 
 a school on his own account at Stoke New- 
 ington, and tliree years after he removed to- 
 Ncwington Green, where for 19 years, with 
 great reputation and success, he trained 
 many respectable pupils to the knowledge 
 of literature, and tlie practice of virtue and 
 morality. In 1771, he retired to the eu- 
 joyment of competence and tranquillity at 
 Islington ; but great is the uncertainty of 
 life, and so fleeting its pleasures, that he 
 
BU 
 
 26y 
 
 BU 
 
 found himself grierously attacked by a stone 
 in his bladder, which while it exposed him 
 to exquisite jiain, enabled him to display the 
 greatest patience and resignation, till he was 
 happily reieased, 26th Aug. 1775, in his 
 Cist year. His other writings were, thoughts 
 on education — political disquisitions, 3 vols. 
 
 Crito or essays, Vl vols.— the dignity of 
 
 human nature, &c. one vol. 4to. or two 
 vols. Syo. — the art of speaking, 8vo.--he- 
 sides other treatises. His answer to Lind- 
 gey's apology for resigning his living at Cat- 
 terick, was considered so popular and mas- 
 terly, that the university of Oxford honora- 
 bly presented him the degree of doctor of 
 laws. 
 
 BuRGOYNE, John, a general in the army, 
 known for his defence of Portugal in 1762, 
 against the invading Spaniards, for his brave 
 seizure of Ticonderago, and for the fatal day 
 of Saratoga, 17th Oct. 1777, in which, after 
 two battles, he surrendeied the British army 
 to general iJates. He was supposed to be 
 the natural son of lord Bingley. He was 
 author of four dramatic pieces, of which 
 the Maid of the oak, a comic opera — Bon 
 ton, an entertainment — and the Heiress, a 
 comedy, written in sprightly and elegant 
 dialogue, were received with great applause 
 on the public theatres. He wrote besides 
 several epilogues, and some fugitive pieces 
 He died 4th Aug. 1792, and nine days after 
 vas privately buried in the cloisters of West- 
 minster abbey. 
 
 BuRiDAN, John, a French philosopher 
 of Bethune in Artois, in the 14th century. 
 He was professor and afterwards rector of 
 the university of Paris, from which, being 
 expelled by the realists in opposition to the 
 nominalists, he retired to Germany, where 
 he founded the university of Vienna. He 
 ■wrote commentaries on Aristotle's logic, 
 ethics, &c. Buridan's ass standmg between 
 two bushels of wheat was proverbial in the 
 schools for a long time, but of this the origin 
 is little known. 
 
 BuRiGNY, Levesque de, a native of 
 ilheims, who died at Paris, 8th Oct. 1785, 
 aged 94. He wrote a treatise on the au- 
 thority of the pope, four vols. 12mo. 1720 — 
 a learned history of pagan philosophy, 1724 
 —general history of Sicily, two vols. 4to. 
 1745 — revolution of Constantinople, three 
 vols. 12mo. 1750 — Porphyry on abstinence — 
 life of Grotius, of Erasmus, of Bossuet, of 
 Perron. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, a celebrated statesman, 
 son of a respectable attorney, born at Car- 
 low in Ireland, 1st Jan. 1730, and educated 
 at Ballytore, under Abraham Shackleton, a 
 Quaker, and afterwards at Trinity-college, 
 Dublin, where, after three years residence, 
 he took his bachelor's degree, 1749. He af- 
 terwards applied for the logic professorship 
 at Glasgow, and when his solicitations were 
 unsuccessful, he came to London, and in 
 1753 entered at the Middle Temple. But 
 though possessed of great powers of elocu- 
 tion, he paid no serious attention to the 
 Taw, but considered literature and politics as 
 
 the field most favorable for the exertion of 
 his genius. For some time he subsisted on 
 the labors of his pen, and the remuneratioa 
 of the booksellers ; and his vindication of 
 natural society, or a view of the miseries and 
 evils arising to mankind, from eveiy species 
 
 of artificial society, in a letter to lord » 
 
 by a late noble writer, gained him reputa- 
 tion, for the general admiration which I'e- 
 garded Bolingbroke as the author, soon re- 
 dounded to the honor of the anonyraoua 
 writer. His essay on the sublime in 1757^ 
 increased his literary fame, and recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the great and 
 the learned, especially Johnson. In 175& 
 Dodsley began at his suggestion the annual 
 register, which owed much of its celebrity 
 to his pen. In 1761 he visited Ireland, as a 
 companion of his friend Singlespeech Ham- 
 ilton, by whose interest he procured a pen- 
 sion of 300/. on the Irish establishment, and 
 on his return he was introduced by Mr. 
 Fitzherbert to the notice of lord Rocking- 
 ham, first lord of the treasury, who made 
 him his secretary, and had him returned to 
 parliament for Wendover. Though the 
 Rockingham administration was of short ex- 
 istence, Burke retained his attachment to 
 his friends, and during the American war he 
 distinguished himself as a warm advocate 
 for the liberties of his fellow subjects beyond 
 the Atlantic. He was in 1774 honorably 
 without expense elected member for Bris- 
 tol ; but popularity rests on a fickle founda- 
 tion, and an i^nlucky opinion in favor of the 
 commerce of Ireland, and in favor of the 
 Roman catholics, brought the orator into 
 disgrace with his constituents, at the election 
 of 1780. He was afterwards member for 
 Maldon, and during the little time that lord 
 Rockingham succeeded lord North in 1782, 
 he was made pay-master general, and held 
 a seat in the privy council, and afterwards in 
 the coalition he was admitted to share the 
 triumphs and the disgrace of his friends^ 
 Thus driven from power, he continued a 
 xealous and active opponent to Mr. Pitt's 
 administration, and particularly attacked his 
 conduct during the debates on the regency 
 bill. The destruction of the French mo- 
 narchy, however, which caused such satis- 
 faction among his friends, created uneasi- 
 ness and distrust in Mr. Burke, and with a 
 prophetic voice he proclaimed aloud, the 
 miseries and misfortunes which awaited his 
 country, if they followed the examples o€~ 
 her ferocious neighbors, in attempts to al- 
 ter or new model her constitution. So de- 
 termined an opposition to the then popular 
 opinion, produced a separation between 
 Mr. Burke and his former associates, and 
 the publication of his famoHS reflections on 
 the French revolution, roused the feelings 
 and divided the sentiments of the nation. 
 While the author and his adherents in- 
 veighed with becoming sevei'ity against the 
 disorders and mischiefs of anarchy, Paine 
 in his answer, in the rights of man, and other 
 insidious writers, attempted to render pala- 
 table to tlie public, doctrines, which tended 
 
fiU 
 
 <^6^ 
 
 BU 
 
 to establish republicanism over the ruins of 
 rank, of property, of subordination, of hap- 
 piness and donnestic virtue. These literary 
 services aided by the most eloquent langudge 
 in parliament reconciled Mr. Burke to the 
 Pitt administration, and a pension was hon- 
 orable bestowed upon him by the king, 
 ■which, though it drew upon him the sar- 
 casms and reproaches of party, was api)laud- 
 ed by every friend of virtue and true loyalty. 
 Thus animated by a spirit of enthusiasm, 
 which electrified the whole nation, and as 
 the advocate for the war, he was consideretl 
 by many as the oracle and the bulwark of 
 the country, whilst otr ers attributed his 
 zeal to the effects of a frantic and healed 
 imagination. Scjme time before his death 
 Mr. B irke retired from public life ; but 
 though lionored with the esteem of the ; 
 great and good, he sunk three years after a j 
 melancholy victim to the recent loss of his ' 
 only and favoijitt son, and expired at his seat 
 near Beaconsfield, July 8th, 1797, aged 67. : 
 As an author Mr. Burke distinguished him- ! 
 self; his essssy on the sublime and beautiful ' 
 is considered as a valuabie performance — j 
 and his vindication of natural society, is a ! 
 happy imitation of the great Boiingbroke. i 
 For some time he was engaged for Dodslcy ' 
 in writing in the annual register, and gave ; 
 to that public tion, by the animated language '. 
 and eleg'^.nt diction of his pen, a value which ^ 
 it has since lost His " reflections" were so 1 
 interesting in the public opinion, that in a | 
 few weeks 18,000 copies were sold. Dr. ; 
 Parr in his Bellendenus has paid a hand- j 
 some and des' rved compliment to the me- { 
 rits and virtues of the venerable senator, ; 
 •whose character will always stand high, not- \ 
 ■withstanding the blemish which impartiality ' 
 views with sorrow, in his rancorous conduct ! 
 in the accusation of Mr. Hastings. His other • 
 "writings were, thoughts on the causes of the j 
 present discontents — a letter to a member | 
 of the national assembly — an appeal from I 
 the new whigs to the old — letters to a noble j 
 lord on the subjects in <liscussion with the ; 
 duke of Bedford — thoughts on a regicide | 
 peace — letter to a noble lord, in which he | 
 sarcastically inveighed against the duke of 
 Bedford, for his remarks on having ac- j 
 cepted a pension, &c. In his last moments, \ 
 it is said, that he caused Addison's paper j 
 from the Spectator, on the immortality of 
 the soul, to be read to him. Burke had the 
 good fortune to rise from an inferior station 
 to eminence in public life, and had the merit 
 to support his elevation by the most affable 
 conduct, by benevolence of heart, dignified 
 manners, and the most correct notions, and 
 exemplary practice of moral and religious 
 duties. 
 
 BuRKiTT, William, was horn at Hit- 
 cham, Northamptonshire, l^5th .luly, 16.')0, 
 and educated at Stowmarket school and 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. He was made 
 vicar of Dcdham in Essex, where, as before 
 at Milden in Suffolk, where he was curate, 
 he adorned his office by a jjious and practical 
 dgcution, aad b/ a friendly and charitable 
 
 I demeanor. He died Oct. 1703, He wrote 
 ; some books, the best known of which is his 
 I commentary on the New Testament, which 
 j continues to be a popular m ork. 
 { BuiiLAMAq_ui, John James, a native of 
 I Geneva, processor of civil law there, and 
 I afterwanis tutor to the prince of Hesse 
 ; Cassel. He was made counsellor of state on 
 j his return to Geneva, and died there 1748, 
 [ aged 54. His principles of natural iaw, and 
 I ot political law, three vols. 12ino. are two 
 popular works, which show him to have 
 ' been well acqiiainled \vi:h his subject, and 
 I all the arguments of Gj-otius, Puftendorf, 
 i an«i Barbeyrac. 
 
 Burleigh. ^^■J. Cecil, 
 
 BuRLEY, Walter, an English priest, who 
 left commentaries on Aristotle, &c. — a book 
 de vita bt moribus philosophorum, printed 
 Cologne, 1472. 
 
 BuRMAN, Francis, of I^eyden, was pro- 
 fessor of theology at Utrecht, where he 
 died, 1679, aged 51. He wrote commenta- 
 ries on the Pentateuch, and the historical 
 books of the Old Testament in Dutch — an 
 abridgment of theology — exercitationes theo- 
 logicie, two vols. 4to. — and other works. 
 
 BuRMAN, Francis, son of the preceding, 
 was like him professor at Utrecht, anil died 
 1719, aged 58. He wrote on the persecution: 
 of Dioclesian, &c. 
 
 BuRMAN, Peter, also son of Francis, 
 was born at Utrecht, and became professor 
 of history and eloquence, and also rector of 
 the university of Leyden. He was in big 
 temper so quarrelsome, and in his manners 
 so intemperate and immoral, that his con- 
 temporaries regarded him with contempt, 
 and at his death, in 1740, no one was found 
 who could honor his memory with the usual 
 respect of a common eulogy. His chief at- 
 ta'iks of rancor, of severity, and ridicule, 
 were directed against Le Clerc. Bentley 
 thought highly of his abilities. He wrote a 
 book on Koman taxes, and edited with skill 
 and judgment the works of Virgil, Ovid, 
 Petronius, Quiutilian, Suetonius, Justin, 
 Velleius, Phsedrus, Valerius Flaccus, Lu- 
 can, Sec. 
 
 BuRMAN, John, of the same family, was 
 professor of botany and medicine at Am- 
 sterdam, and published two curious and va- 
 luable books — rariorum Afric. plantarum 
 decades x. 4to. with plates in 4to. 17.3<J — 
 thesaurus Zeylanicus, 4to. 1737. 
 
 Burn, Richard, was born at Kirby Ste- 
 phen, near Winton, AVestmoreland, and 
 educateil at Queen's college, 0.\ford, where 
 he received the honorary degree of L. L. D. 
 in 176-J. He died at Orton, where he had 
 been vicar 49 years, 2Uth November, 1789. 
 He was chancellor of Carlisle, and justice of 
 the peace for Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land, and distinguished himself as the author 
 of the office of justice of peace, and on the 
 ecclesiastical laws, two works of great re- 
 pute and respectability, besides the history 
 and antiquities of Westmoreland and Cum- 
 berland. 
 Burn, John, son of the preoeding, was 
 
BU 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 BU 
 
 educated to the law, but did not pratice 
 though he possessed great abihties. He is 
 known as the e<litoi- ot his father's Avorks, 
 ■which he improved with valuable additions. 
 He died 1802, ap;ed 58. 
 
 BuuNEi, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbui-y, 
 ■was born of a respectable and ancient fa 
 mily at Edinburgh, 1 8th SeptemDer, 174J. 
 He was educated iw^the college ol Aberdeen, 
 and under the watchful eye of his father he 
 early acquired habits of industry and appli- 
 cation which attended him through life, and 
 never, till the infirmities of age compelled 
 liira, discontinued the custom of rising every 
 morning at foui* o'clock to prose ute his 
 stuilies with ardor and effect. At tlie age of 
 18 he was admitted expectant preacher, but 
 he refused the offer of a benefice, and iu 
 lfi63, two years after his fjithcr's death, he 
 visited Oxford and Cambridge for six months, 
 and soon after passed over into Holland, 
 •where he applied to tlie study of Hebrew, 
 and by an indiscriminate and friendly inter- 
 course with men of ♦•very religious persua- 
 sion, he fixed his principles of universal be- 
 nevolence and toleration, without regard to 
 tribe or sect. On his return to Scotlautl in 
 16G5, he was ordained, and afterwards ap- 
 pointed divinity professor at Glasgow; but 
 his benevolent attempts to reconcile the 
 contending parties iu ecclesiastical affairs 
 rendered him unpopular and suspected. He 
 afterwards engaged himself to write the 
 history of the dukes of Hamilton, and re- 
 commended himself so much to the carl of 
 Lauderdale and to the king's ministers in 
 London, by his moderation and superior 
 abilities, that he was several times offered a 
 Scotch bishopric, which he as often declined. 
 His interest with the court however was of 
 short duration ; he became suspected, and 
 ■was treated with harshness by the king, 
 ■who ordered his name to he erased from the 
 list of chaplains. To avoid the enmity of 
 Lauderdale, he determined to settle in Lon 
 don, where he was appointed preacher of 
 the lioUs' chapel, and lecturer of St. Cle- 
 ments. His two first volumes of the His- 
 tory of the Reformation about this time 
 commanded the public admiration, and re- 
 ceived as an honorable testimony of its me- 
 rits the thanks of both houses of parlia- 
 ment. About this time likewise he became 
 acquainted Avith the profligate Rochester, 
 and by his conversation he reclaimed him, 
 and had the hi^ppiness to see him atone for 
 his debaucheries by a most penetential tlealh. 
 U])on the change of administration iu 168'2, 
 Burnet's conduct gave offence, and his atten- 
 dance on lord Russel at his trial created so 
 much indignation at court, that he was by 
 the king's command discharged from his of- 
 fices at the Rolls' chapel and at St. Cle- 
 ments. His character was so well estab- 
 lished, that, in his travels in France and 
 Italy, he was received -with every mark of 
 attention and respect by the French king, 
 and by pope Innocent II. The accession of 
 James 11. t Le throne formed a new era in 
 the life of Burnet. Unwilling to return to 
 
 his native country, he resolved to settle ia, 
 Holland, and the attention which v\ as paid 
 to him b}- the prince and princess of Orange, 
 proved so offensive to the English monarch, 
 that he caused his ambassador to demand his 
 banishment from the states, a tyratinical in- 
 terference M'hich was rejected, as lie was 
 under the protection of the laws as a natu- 
 ralized subject and the husband of a Uutcli 
 lady. Some time after he accompanied as 
 chaplain the prince on his iuAasmn of Eng- 
 lanil, and so zealously actiAe did he show 
 hinise'f in his cause, both by Ins pamphlets 
 and his pulpit eloquence, that WiJIiaru, a few- 
 days after he was seated on the throne, ad- 
 vanced him to the see of Salisliury. In his 
 new office he was moderate bi.t digiiified, 
 though his assertions in a pastoral letter that 
 William's title to the crown was founded on 
 conquest, proved highly disagreeable to both 
 Innises, and the olfensive paper was pub- 
 licly burnt by the hands of the hangman. 
 He resided in his diocese the best part of 
 his time, and though he was engaged as pre- 
 ceptor to the duke of Glocester, yet he de- 
 voted himself as much to improve the com- 
 forts of his clergy, by augmenting poor liv- 
 ings, as to advance the interests oV religion 
 by his writings. He died 17th March, 1715, 
 in his 72d year, and was buried at St. 
 James's Clerkenwell. He was thrice mar- 
 ried, first to lady IVlargart-l Kennedy, 
 daughter of earl Cassi!is, about 1670 ; se- 
 condly to a Dutch lady of family and for- 
 tune, who died of the small-pox lf»98, and 
 thirdly, in the same year, to JVlrs. Berkeley, 
 a woman of excellent character. Besides 
 his works already mentioned, and a third 
 volume of the reformation, &c. he wi'ote the 
 History of his own times — an excellent 
 treatise oh the pastoral care — an exposi- 
 tion of the 39 articles — and sermons. His 
 son, Thomas Burnet, published an account 
 of his life annexed to the history of his own 
 times, and the marquis of Hallifax lus drawn 
 his character w ith great judgmei>t and im- 
 partiality. Of his three sons, the eldest, 
 William, died 17£9, governor of >ievv- 
 Englan<l — the second, Gilbert, Avas chap- 
 lain to tlie king, and warmly engaged in the 
 Bangorian controversy as the clianipiou of 
 Hoadly — and Thomas became a judge of 
 the common pleas, and died 1/53. 
 
 . Burnet, Elizabeth, thiid wife of bishop 
 Burnet, was the daughter of sir iiicbard 
 Blake, knight, and was born in London 
 1601. At the age of 18 she married Robert 
 Berkeley, esquire, with whom she went to 
 reside in Holland till the revolution, and 
 after being a widow seven years, she, in 
 1700, mariied the bi.shop of Salisbui-y. The 
 fortune which she possessed was employed 
 to the mdst benevolent pnrpo.'ses, and the 
 goodness of her heart was displayed in her 
 maternal attention to the children of her 
 last husband. She published a mtthod of 
 devotion, a book of merit, which showed 
 her great knoAV ledge of religion, and Avhich 
 was again reprinted four years after her 
 death. She died 1709. 
 
BU 
 
 ^6-J^ 
 
 BU 
 
 BuRNiT, Dr. Thomas, a writer of emi- 
 nence, born at Croft in Yorkshire, and edu- 
 cated at North AUerton school and Clare- 
 hall, Cambridge, under the care of Ti Hot- 
 son, and the patronage of Cudworth. Gi'eat 
 abilities and a cultivated understanding re- 
 commended him to the notice of the pow- 
 erful : and as tutor to the son of the mar- 
 quis of Winchester, and afterwards to lord 
 Ossory, grandson of the duke of Ormond, 
 he gaiiied the esteem and the attachment of 
 men of rank and political influence. By 
 means of his noble friends he was ap- 
 pointed, in 1685, to the mastership of the 
 charter-house, and in that situation he dis- 
 played great firmness, and a conscientious 
 regard for the statutes of the society over 
 •which he presided, by refusing to admit one 
 Popham to be a pensioner of the house, 
 ■without his taking the oaths, in consequence 
 of the dispensation granted him by James 
 II. The revolution seemed to open the 
 road for future preferment, but the publica- 
 tion of his ** Archjeologise philosophicie, 
 &c.'^ drew upon him public censure, and 
 his attempt to allegorise the scripture ac- 
 count of the fall of Adam, exposed him to 
 the indignation of his ecclesiastical read- 
 ers, who thought they viewed in him a 
 sceptical and infidel writer. Eveiy endea- 
 Tour to vindicate himself appeared unsatis- 
 factory ; he was removed from his appoint- 
 ment of clerk of the closet to the king, and 
 it is said, by that unfortunate book, lost the 
 see of Canterbury on the death of his re- 
 spected friend and patron Tillotson. Thus 
 banished from royal favor, and regardless of 
 the frowns of the world, he retired to his 
 favorite pursuits iu the tranquillity of the 
 charter house, where he died 27th Septem- 
 ber, 1715, agpd about 80. His chief work is 
 bis theory of the earth, which he published 
 
 ^eatly 
 r-ecom- 
 me'ndation of Charles II. The celebrity 
 ■which this book acquired, directed the in- 
 quiries of philosophers to examine its me- 
 rits, and though it is proved fully by the criti- 
 cisms of Flamstead, Warren, and particu- 
 larly of Keill, to be a system built on wrong 
 data, and more the effort of fanciful inven- 
 tion than of deep reflection and mathema- 
 tical precison, yet it is popular, and will be 
 admired, as it possesses uncommon beau- 
 ties, elegant diction, and interesting de- 
 tails. He wrote besides two other learned 
 «nd valuable Latin works — de fide &c officiis 
 ehristianorum — & de statu raortuorum, & 
 resurgentiura — besides other pieces, in which 
 he questions the eternity of future punish- 
 ments, and adopts the doctrines of the mil- 
 lennium. These works have been trans- 
 lated into English. 
 
 Burnet, Dr. Thomas, a Scotch physi- 
 cian, of whose birth, life, and death, nothing 
 IS recorded except what is mentioned in the 
 title of his books, lie was member of tlie 
 medical college of Edinburgh, and wrote — 
 thesaurus medicinsc practicae, 1673, 4to. 
 London, and enlarged 1698 — Hippocrates 
 
 originally in Latin, and afterwards gre 
 improved in an English dress, at the rec 
 
 contractus, ice. Edinburgh 1685, 8vo. and 
 London 1743, in 12mo. 
 
 BuR.MS, Robert, a Scotch poet of great 
 merit, born 29th January, 1759, at Ayr. 
 Though originally a ploughman, and humbly 
 educated, he rose to high poetical fame by 
 the untutoied powers of his genius. His 
 wi4tings are all in the Scotch dialect, which 
 undoubtedly lessens their merit, though 
 they possess uncommon beauty and an ele» 
 gant simplicity, which cannot be sufticiently 
 admired. Burns no sooner appeared in 
 print than he was nol^ced, and drawn from 
 the plough to associate with men of letters 
 and opulence. By the exertions of his 
 friends, and Dr. Blacklock of Edinburgh in 
 particular, a handsome subscription of nearly 
 1100^. was raised for hi.ii, and a place in the 
 excise was obtained, and a farm rented, 
 where he might exercise his genius in noble 
 independence, while he maintained his fa- 
 milj'. These generous efforts however wex-e 
 unavailing ; Burns, transplanted fx'om the 
 plough, was a withered plant ; he contracted 
 bad jfiabits, which, added to a natural px'O- 
 pensity for licentious pleasures, shattered 
 his existence, and he sunk into an untimely 
 grave in 1796. He left behind him a widow 
 and four children, towards whom the hand 
 of benevolence, guided by the kind interfe- 
 rence of Dr. Currie of Liverpool, who edi- 
 ted his poems and letters in four vols. 8vo. 
 1800, has been humanely extended to raise 
 them above the miseries of low and often 
 vicious indigence, and the handsome sum of 
 1000/. has been obtained as the profit of the 
 pubUcation. 
 
 BuRRHus, Afranius, a famous Roman, 
 comiuander under Claudius and Nero. He 
 attempted in vain to check the vicious con- 
 duct of Nero, who was his pupil, and died 
 universally regretted, A. D. 62. 
 
 BuRROUGH, Edward, a native of West- 
 moreland, who from a churchman became a 
 presbyterian and afterwards a qiiaker. As 
 a preacher he displayed great intrepidity, 
 and even reprehended Cromwell for his se- 
 verities. He obtained from Charles II. the 
 suspension of the persecution agtiinst the 
 quakers of New-England. He was at last 
 imprisoned by an alderman of London for 
 his violent preaching, and died of a gaol 
 distemper in Newgate, 1663, aged 29. His 
 tracts, &c. were collected in one vol. folio. 
 
 BuRROUGHES, Jeremiah, a nonconform- 
 ist, educated at Cambridge, which he left on 
 account of his tenets. After being shel- 
 tered in the house of lord AVarwick, he re- 
 tired to Holland, and during the civil wars 
 he returned to London, and became preacher 
 of Stepney and Cripplegate churches. He 
 was a man of great piety, considerable 
 learning, and of irreproachable manners. 
 He wrote a commentary on Hosea — ser- 
 mons on contentment and resignation — 
 Irenicum, or in favor of Christian peace, 
 &CC. He died in London 1646, Novem- 
 ber 14th. 
 
 Burrow, James, master of the crown 
 office> was elected 17r2> president of th€ 
 
BU 
 
 ^6rs 
 
 BU 
 
 ipyal society, whicli he I'esigned the next 
 year to sir John Pringle, and was at that, 
 time knighted when the society presented an 
 address to the king. He pubiished four vols. 
 of reports besides decisions of the court of 
 king's bench, — an essay on punctuation, — an- 
 ecdotes of Oliver Cronivvell and his family, 
 kc. Sir James died 5th November Vi'^Z. 
 
 BuRTOX, Henry, an ccclesia;-.tic born at 
 Birsall in Yorkshire, and educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambiidge, wliere lie took his 
 degrees in arts. He was made B. D. at Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards introduced into the fa- 
 inily oflord Carey, created in 1025 earl of 
 Monmouth, to whose sons he was tutor. He 
 •was next clerk of the closet to prince Henry, 
 and alter his death to Charles, who on his 
 accession to the tlirone discarded him from 
 his favor. This affront, wliether merited or 
 not, was highly resented by Burton, w ho was 
 now inflamed with the spirit of the times, 
 and railed witli vehemence against the epis- 
 copal bench, especially Neil and Laud. In 
 his office of rector of St. Matthew's in Fri- 
 day-street he preached and published tvv o ser- 
 mons, which were considered as libellous and 
 seditious, and for them he was summoned be- 
 fore the star-chamber and condemned to pay 
 a fine of 5000/. to be exposed on the pillory, 
 ► to have his ears cut off", to be degraded fi-om 
 his ecclesiastical honors, and be imprisoned 
 for life, without the permission of seeing his 
 wife or relations. After enduring this severe 
 punishment for 12 weeks in Lancaster gaol, 
 he w as for greater security removed, from the 
 commiseration of the populace, to Cornet 
 castle in Guernsey, in October 1637, from 
 which, three years after, he was liberated by 
 the interference of pai-liament. His su'fer- 
 ings were rewai'ded by the compassion of par- 
 liament, who voted to him 6000/. which in 
 Cf^nsequence of the turbulence of the times he 
 never received, and he was restored to his liv- 
 ing and his . degi-ecs, and by embracing the 
 prevalent opinions of the puritans and inde- 
 pendents lie continued to retain his populari- 
 ty till his death in 1648, aged 69. His writ- 
 ings were all controversial, and generally full 
 of iuA'ectives. 
 
 Burton, Wiirmm, an antiquarian, born 
 at Lindley in Leicestershire, and educated at 
 Sutton Coldficld school, and Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford. He afterwards became a member 
 of the Inner Temple, and was barrister and 
 reporter in the court of common pleas. The 
 law however did not long engage his atten- 
 tion ; his favorite studies were genealogy, 
 heraldi'y, and antiquities, and imder the 
 patronage of Villurs marquis of Bucking- 
 ham, and with the assistance of liis friends 
 John Beaumont and Augustus Vincent, he 
 published his great work on the history of his 
 native county, in fol. 1622. This composi- 
 tion is valuable on account of its antiquitv, 
 though it is not free from errors, and though 
 it is often too overloaded with lor.g genealo- 
 gies and useless digressions. Burton was a 
 man of property as well as of education, but 
 he was a sufferer by the civil wars. He chief- 
 ly lived at his favorite seat, Falde, near Tut- 
 VOL. I. .S4 
 
 bury, vStaffordshire, and was intimate with sii- 
 Robert Cotton, wilhSomner, Michael Dray- 
 ton, and sir William Dugdale. He died at 
 Falde sixth April 1645, aged 70. His son, 
 Cassibelan, inherited his virtues and learning. 
 He published a poetical translation of Martial 
 in 1658, and died February 2Sth 16S1, aged 
 72. He left his fathers valuable colicction Of 
 antiquities to the learned Walter Chet\v7ncl, 
 of Staffordshire. 
 
 Burton, Robert, brother to the preced- 
 iiig, was born 8th February 1576, and edu- 
 cated at the same school and college. He be- 
 came afterwards student of Christ church, 
 and obtained the livings of St. Thomas, Ox- 
 ford, and Segi-ave in Leicester.sliire, whicli 
 with some difficulty in those tirbnlent times he 
 retained till his death in Jan. 1639. He was 
 a man of extensive learning but of a melan- 
 choly turn of mind, and extravagantly addict- 
 ed to astrology. His anatomy of melancholy, 
 by Democritus junior as he calls himself, fully 
 established his character for erudition and ec- 
 centricity. The work continued, in a 4to. 
 and octavo form, long a favorite of the public, 
 and his bookseller it is said gained an hand- 
 some estate by the sale of it. As Burton di- 
 ed about the time which he had predicted by 
 calculating his nativity, some foolisldy suspect- 
 ed tliat to give celebrity to the accuracy of 
 his art he destroyed himself. He Avas buried 
 in the cloisters of Christ church cathedral. 
 Stei-ne is said to have borrowed much from 
 his w'l'itings. 
 
 Burton, Ezekias, fellow of JMagdalen 
 college, Cambridge, and afterwards preben- 
 dary of Norwich, was eminent for his leai'ning 
 and piety. He was a strenuous ads oca te for 
 toleration in support of the plans of his pat- 
 ron lord keeper Bridgeman. He died of a 
 malignant fever, 1681. His discourses were 
 published by Tillotson in two vols. He wrote 
 also the preface to bisiiop Cumberland's laws 
 of nature. 
 
 Burton, William, was born in Austin- 
 friars, London, educated at Clocester-hall, 
 Oxfoi'd, aiid alter being uslier to the well 
 known Thomas Famaby, he was made mas- 
 ter of the grammar school of Kingston on. 
 Thames. He was eminent as an universal 
 scholar, a judicious critic, and an able antiqua-^ 
 ry. He was intimate with many learned men, 
 especially Usher. IIe*died 1657. He wrote 
 Grajcse lingUES historia — Veteris linguce Per- 
 sicsp. histoiia, published with the preceding, 
 — a commentary on Antoninus' Itinerary, re- 
 lating to Britain, in folio. 
 
 Burton, William, born st Rippon in 
 York.shire, was educated at Christ clr.u'ch, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of M. D. 
 With diflRlculty he was dissuaded by his friends 
 from joining the pi-etender at Manchester in 
 1745. He practised with great reputation as 
 a physician, and wrote the history of York- 
 shire, in two vols. fol. He died at York, 
 1759, aged 62. 
 
 Burton, John, D. D. a learned divine 
 born at Wembworth Devonshire, and educa- 
 ted at Okehampton and Ely scliools. He en- 
 tered afterwards Xit Corpus Christi college, 
 
BU 
 
 ^^~^ 
 
 BU 
 
 Oxford, where he soon heearae Greek lec- 
 turer, ai)(l for near 15 years a respectable 
 and indefatigable tutor. His abilities were 
 exerted not only to render his pupils learned, 
 and the univex-sity regular and correct in 
 discipline, but he etideavored to smooth 
 the difficulties which attend the pufjlication 
 of learned and important works^ and drew 
 contributions and exemptions for such books 
 as issued from the Clarendon press. In 
 1733, he was honorably elected to a fellow- 
 ship of Eton college, and about the same 
 time succeeded Ur. Littleton, as vicar of 
 JMapledurham, Oxfordshire. When became 
 to reside on his living he found his predeces- 
 sor's widow and her three infant daughters 
 in an helpless un])rotected state, and the be- 
 nevolence with which he treated the mother 
 soon created more than common friendship, 
 and at last ended in marriage. His rciirement 
 here was employed in improving and embel- 
 lishing his neighbourhood, and in suggesting 
 hints ior the rcmovmg of obstructions in the 
 navigjition of the Thanies. The death of his 
 wife in 1748, gi'eatly aftected him ; he Iion- 
 ored her memory, by the tender, affection- 
 ate and liberal treatment which he showed to 
 her orphan daughters, and afterwards chief- 
 ly spent his time at Eton, where he was re- 
 vered and loved by the pupils of that i-espec- 
 table foundation. At an advanced period of 
 life, when his eyesight began to fad, he pub- 
 lished his scattered pieces called opuscula 
 miscellanea ; but soon after a severe attack 
 of an erysipelous fever, destroyed his facul- 
 ties and rendered him a melancholy monu- 
 ment of fallen greatness. This worthy and 
 truly amiable man, died 11th February 1771, 
 aged 76, and was buried at the entrance of 
 Eton chapel. Besides the preferments men- 
 tioned, he was made rector of Worplesdon 
 in Surrey, 1766. 
 
 BuRV, Arthur, D. D. a native of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 from which he was ejected in 1848, after a 
 residence of 10 years, by the parliamentary 
 visitors. At the restoration he obtained a 
 prebend of Exeter, and in 106.5, was made 
 rector of Exeter college, and chaplain to the 
 king. His " naked gospel," in winch he 
 defended and avowed the ])rineiples of the 
 Socinians, caused his ejection from his pre- 
 ferment, and the w< -k was burnt by order 
 of the university of Oxford. Me vindicated 
 his conduct in some pamjjhlets, and died 
 about the end of the 17th century, near Ex- 
 eter. 
 
 Bury, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain 
 Lawrence, was born at Linton, Cambridge- 
 shire, and married Mr. Lloyd of Hunting- 
 donshire, and after his death Samuel Bury 
 a dissenting minister of Bristol. She was a 
 respectable woman in private life, and par- 
 ticularly excelled in her knowledge of divini- 
 ty, of mathematics, and of the learned 
 languages, especially Hebrew. Her life 
 and diary were published by her last hus- 
 band, and Dr. Watts honored her virtues 
 with an elegant elegy. She died at Bristol, 
 1720, aged 76. 
 
 BuRZuiE, a learned Persian philosopher 
 and physician, in the I'eign of Cbosroes sur- 
 named Nuschirvau the just, by whom he 
 was employed to obtain a copj of a famous 
 book among the Indians, called the wisdora 
 of all ages. He with some difficulty obtained 
 the valuable composition, and after transla- 
 ting it, dedicated it to his royal master. The 
 translation which is descended to the pres- 
 ent times is greatly altered from the original. 
 
 Bus, Ctesar de, a native of Cavaillon, who 
 atoned for the irregularities of youth, by a 
 pious life, w hich he devoted to the reforma- 
 tion of the clergy. His labors were approv- 
 ed by the pope, he was made general of his 
 new order which he called the fathers of 
 the christian doctrine, and he obtained a ca- 
 noniy for his services. He wrote familiar in- 
 struction on the christian doctrine, once veiy 
 popular, and died 1G07, aged 63. 
 
 BusBEQ_uius, Auger Gislen, a natural 
 son of the lord of Busbec, was born at Corn- 
 mines in Flanders. He was educated with 
 the greatest care by his father, who perceiv- 
 ed in him the prominent features of a man 
 of genius and talents. He visited London in 
 the suit of the imperial ambassador, and ia 
 l.'j54 went himself at the head of an embas- 
 sy to the capital of Turkey, wher«, besides 
 examining with the eyes of a statesman, the 
 character and genius of the inhabitants, he 
 made a curious and valuable collection oi 
 coins, manuscripts, and inscriptions He 
 pulilished an interesting account of histravels, 
 printed by Elzevir, Leyden 1633, which is 
 highly commended by Thuanus ; and so i-es- 
 pectable and useful were his abihties consid- 
 ered, that he was drawn from the privacy of 
 retirement to attend Elizabeth when she es- 
 poused Charles IX. of France, and to remain 
 at the French court, as imperial ambassador. 
 He died October 1592, aged 70. 
 
 Busby, Richard, a celebrated schoolmas- 
 ter, born at Lutton in Lincolnshire, 22d Sept* 
 1606, and educated at Westminister school, 
 of which, after taking his degrees at Christ 
 church, Oxfoixl, and being promoted to a pre- 
 bend of Wells, and the living of Cud worth, 
 Somersetshire, he was appointed master 13th 
 December 1640. For 5:^ years he presided 
 over that respectable institution, and had the 
 happiness to see many of his pupils fill the 
 highest offices of the church and state, with 
 credit and ability. After the restoration he 
 was made prebendary of Wesminister by 
 Charles II. and in the same year he took his 
 degree of D. D. He died sixth April 1695, 
 in his 89th year, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster abbey, where a fine monument is erect- 
 ed to his memory, with a Latin inscription to 
 commemorate the great abilities, useful ser- 
 vices, and honorable conduct of this eminent 
 scholar. The great opulence which in a la- 
 borious office he acquired was libei'ally disper- 
 sed for the promotion of piety and learning, 
 or for the relief of virtuous and suffering in- 
 digence. He wrote some books for tlie use 
 of his school, where they are still retained as 
 a monument of kis erudition, and critical dis<^ 
 cernment. 
 
BU 
 
 BuscHETTO "DA Dalichio, ao etni- 
 »ent architect and mechanic of the llth cen- 
 tury. The cathedral of Pisa, one of the fin- 
 est of the buiUlings of Italy, is a lasting mon- 
 ument of his great abilities, in a barbarous 
 and ignorant age. , . , 
 
 BuscHiNG, Dr. Anthony Frederic, a na- i Lewis the gnat 
 
 tive of Stadhagen 
 Halle, and made 
 church at Prcsbui 
 
 in Prussia, e«incated at 
 pastor of the Luthei-au 
 
 He was author of a 
 new treatise on geograjihy in German, two 
 Tols. 1754. This work, was liberally rewanl- 
 ed on the continent, and its inerits were 
 made known to the English in a translation 
 in six vols. 4to. 1768-1/79. Dr. Buschins: 
 
 inj; 3'ear he was liberated, but on condition 
 (tf living in exile on his estate in Biirgundy. 
 As a writer he is eminent for his wit, the 
 fire and elegance of his diction, and the in- 
 teresting manner of his nairatives. He 
 i wrote besides memoirs, — abridged history of 
 letters; in seven vols. — 
 poems, kc. He died 1693. 
 
 BuTLEU, William, a physician, born ufc 
 Ipswich, and educated at Clare-hail, Cam- 
 bridge, of wh'ch he became a fellow. He 
 \)ractised at Cambjidgc without a degree, 
 but the oddity of his manners, and the bold 
 and irregular method in which he treated 
 his patients, and often successfully, render- 
 
 - I ed him a favorite 
 
 his 
 
 proicssion. 
 
 anecdotes of him are recorded, which exhib- 
 it him more as a capricious and obstinate 
 
 died 179.3, aged 69, at Berlin, where Pre- i 
 deric II. had placed him as director of the \ 
 college. I 
 
 BuscHius, Herman, a German scholar, | boy, or a madman, than as a man of sound 
 known for some commentaries which he \ sense and sagacious conduct. He died 29th 
 ■wrote on classical authors and for some Latin 
 poems. He contributed much to the res- 
 toration of learning in Europe, and ably sec- 
 onded the doctrines of Luther 15.34, aged 
 66. 
 
 BUSHEJ.L, Thomas, a native of Worces- 
 tershire, educated at Bahol college. He was 
 afterwards in the sei'vice of Bacon the chan- 
 cellor, and upon his disgrace he retired to 
 Oxfordshire, to reside on his estate. He 
 ■was in his princiides a strong royalist, and 
 had the honor to receive Charles I. and his 
 queen at his seat, and for his attacliment to 
 
 Jan. 1618, aged 82, and was buried in St. 
 Mary's church, Cambridge. He left no 
 writings behind him. 
 
 Butler, Charles, a native of Hamp- 
 shire, author of a popular book on bees, cal- 
 led the feminine monarchy, and of a treatise 
 on music. He ■was master of l^asingstoke 
 school, and vicar of Lawrence Wotton, and 
 died 1647. 
 
 Butler, Samuel, the poet, was born at 
 
 Strensham in Worcestershire. After being 
 
 educated at Worcester grammar-school, his 
 
 father, w ho was a farmer, sent him to Cam- 
 
 his cause he was made master of the i-oyal 1 bri<lge, wliere, however, lie never v/as ma- 
 
 mines in Wales. In tliis new appointment 
 he established a mint, and coined money, 
 ■which he sent to the monarch at Oxford. 
 At the restoration he was permitted by an 
 act of parliament to work and improve the 
 lead mines of Mendip in Somersetshire. He 
 died 1674, aged 80, and was buried in the 
 cloisters of \Vestminster abbey. He wrote 
 speeches and songs at the presentment of the 
 rock at Euslon to the queen, 4to. 16.36, — a 
 remonstrance of his majesty's mines in 
 Wales, 1642, 4to. — extract of Bacon's phi- 
 losophical theory of mineral prosecutions, 
 4to. 1660. 
 
 BusLEiDEN, Jerome, astatesman, in the 
 service of Charles V. who em])!oyed him in 
 various embassies. He was a learned man, 
 and the friend of Erasmus, sir Thos. More, 
 Sec. and he fo.inded in Louvain, the college 
 ol the three tongues, Hebrew, Greek, and 
 Latin. One of his leltei's appears in More's 
 Utopia. He died 1517. 
 
 BussiERE, John de, a learned Jesuit, au- 
 thor of an history of France, 2 vols. 4to. — 
 an abridgement of universal history — Scan- 
 derberg, a Latin heroic poem in eight books 
 — and other poerns. He died 1678, sgcd 71. 
 
 BussY, Roger Kabutin count of, a French 
 vriter, born 3d April 1618, in Normandy. 
 He devoted himself to a tnilitary life for some 
 time, and rose to high rank, but his publica- 
 tion of les amours des Ganles proved so of- 
 fensive on account of the liberty which he 
 took with the character of the French ladies, 
 that he was deprived of all his honors, and 
 thrust into the Bastille, 1605. The foHow- 
 
 triculated, and after staying six or seven years 
 there, he became the clerk of Mr. Jefferys 
 ajusti<?e of the peace. In this employment 
 he devoted himself to poetry and other litera- 
 ry pursuits, as well as to nmsic and painting. 
 Afterwards he was in the family of tlie count- 
 ess of Kent, -where he not only had access to 
 a valuable library, but f^^miliarlj' conversed 
 with the great Selden, whose amanuensis he 
 occasionally was. For some tirae after be 
 was in Bedfordshire in theliouse of sir Samuel 
 Luke, one of ("romwcU's officei's. In tins 
 situation no doubt he planned, if he did not 
 write, his Hudibras, as the knight was ir.tend- 
 ed foi" the hero of the poem. Upon the re- 
 storation he became secretary to lord Carbe- 
 ry, by whom he was appointed steward of 
 Ludiow castle, and some time after married 
 Mrs Herbert, a lady whose fortune was lost 
 to the poet by being laid out m bad securities. 
 In 1663 Butler appeared in anew character, 
 by the publication of tlic first part of his Hu- 
 dibras in three cantos, and the merit of the 
 poem was no sooner known at court by the 
 influence of the earl of Dorset, than the king, 
 and the whole of the royalist jiaily received 
 it with enthusiastic applause. The nextye.ir 
 the second part wps published, and a tliird ia 
 167<S ; but the golden dreams of the poet were 
 disappointed ; and tliough the nation expected 
 it, and the merit of the poem had the 
 strongest claim to royal patronage and public 
 remuneration, yet Butler sunk in want and 
 obscurity. In vain his friends interested 
 themselves in Itis favor, the monarch eJijoyed 
 the wit of Hudibras, but lorgot his merits and 
 
BU 
 
 Z>^ 
 
 BU 
 
 his necessities, in the midst of hisflatterers and 
 concubines, and tliough it is said that the poet 
 once received 300 guineas from tlie royal 
 purse, his general ti'eatment denies tlie asser- 
 tion. From this shameful neglect of pining 
 virtue, we are to lament the discontinuation 
 of Hudibras. Butler av!io did more by the 
 sarcastic pov/ers of his jnuse, to expose to 
 ridicule the fanatical supporters. of republi- 
 canism, than clI the courtiers who shared the 
 smiles of Charles, refused to write moi'e for 
 the amusement of an luigi-ateful nation, the 
 author was unrewarded, and the pcem re- 
 mained unfinished. Butler soon after died 
 25th Sept. 1G80, and was buried in Covent 
 garden church-yard, at the expense of his 
 friend Mr. Longueville, who had in vain solici- 
 ted a subscription for his decent interment in 
 Westminster abbey. Sixty years after, the 
 memory of the poet was rescued from se- 
 pulciira! oblivion, and a monument was erect- 
 ed to himin Westminster- abbey by Mr. Bar- 
 ber, a printer, mayor of London, Avho, from 
 his respect to departed genius, deserves to be 
 recorded as the best and most disinterested 
 friend of tlie unfortunate poet. INIr Thyer 
 of Manchester published some time after But- 
 ler's death three vols, of his posthumous 
 works, and afterwai-ds two ; but they throv/ 
 no liglit upon the history of the life and suf- 
 ferings of the poet. The best edition of his 
 Hudibras, is by Dr. Zachaiy Grey, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 BuTJ-ER, Joseph, an English prelate, born 
 at Wantage in 1692. His father, who AAasa 
 respectable tradesman, but a presbyterian, 
 intending liim for the ministry of his own per- 
 suasion, placed him at the school of Jei*emiah 
 Jones of Tewksbury, in Glocestershire, where 
 he had the famous Isaac Watts for his school- 
 fellow. Before he I-jft this place, he, though 
 young, wrote some remarks on Dr. Samuel 
 Clark's first sermon at Boyle's lecture, which 
 are annexed to the treatise on the being of 
 God. I'he principles of tlie dissenters were 
 now examined with soberness by this youthful 
 but able scholar, and, after mature deUber^- 
 tion, rejected, for the more genuir.e doctrines 
 of the estabhshed church ; and Butler, pur- 
 suing his plan, entered at Oriel college, where 
 he formed an honorable and lasting intimacy 
 with Edward Talbot, the son of the bishop of 
 Durham. In consequence of this respectable 
 connection, and by the recommendation of 
 lus own gi'eat abilities, he was appointed 
 preacher at the linlls, and made rector of 
 Haughton and Stanhope, and prebendary of 
 Rochester. In 1736 he was a})pointed clerk 
 of the closet to queen Caroline, and, two years 
 after, nominated to the see of Bristol and 
 deanei7 of St. Paul's. In 1746 he was made 
 clerk of the closet to the king, and, four years 
 after, he was translated to Durham, a dignity 
 which he did not long enjoy, as he died at 
 Bath 16th June 1752. He was buried in Bris- 
 tol cathedral, where a monument is erected 
 to his meniory. This prelate was respectable 
 in private as well as in public life. The pow- 
 ers of his mind were great, clear, and com- 
 pi'eheusive, and from his deep learning, and 
 pious rcgju'd for virtue and religion, aroae that 
 
 excellent and immortal publication, entitled 
 The analoj-^yof religion, natural and i-evealed, 
 to the constitution and course of nature, in 
 8vo. 1736. This valuable woi'k has been ably 
 analysed by Dr. Halifax, and the objections 
 raised against the bishop, and the imputation 
 of popery, have been satisfactorily removed. 
 He published also some sermons, and an ex- 
 cellent charge to the clergy of his diocese, on 
 external religion, for which he was attacked, 
 but ably defended by Seeker. 
 
 Butler, James, duke of Ormond, an able 
 statesman, born lyth October 1610, at Clerk- 
 enwell, Loudon. He succeeded his grand- 
 father as earl in 1652, and early distinguished 
 himself againstthe rebels of Ireland, for which 
 services he was created a marquis. Durhig 
 the ci\il wars he was lieutenant of Ireland ; 
 but upon the invasion of the island by Crom- 
 well, he retired to France, where he was 
 honorably received by theFi-enchnobihty, and 
 afterwards employed by ('harles II. in various 
 negotiations Avith the royalists in England. On 
 the restoration, to which he had so much con- 
 tributed by his counsels and his abilities, he 
 was, with other honorable appointments, cre- 
 ated a duke, and nominated viceroy of Ire- 
 land. In tJiis office he, by his vigilance, pre- 
 vented Blood from seizing his person and the 
 castle of Dublin ; and some years after he 
 again with difficulty escaped, by the interfe- 
 rence of his servants, from the violence of the 
 same assassin, who dragged him from his coach 
 in St. James's street, with tlie intention of 
 hanging him at Tyburn. The duke died 21st 
 July 1688, in his 78th year, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey, i-especred not more as a 
 soldier than as a humane and benevolent man. 
 
 Butler, Thomas, earl of Ossory, sou 
 I of the preceding, was born at Kilkenny 9th 
 July 1634. He was confined in the tower for 
 eight months by Cromw ell ; and upon his lib- 
 eration he went over to Flanders. He accom- 
 panied Charles on his restoration, and was 
 made a lieutenant-general in Ireland, and in.^ 
 1666 rai.sed to the honor of an EngUsh peer- 
 age, as lord Butler of Moor-park. He serv- 
 1 ed as a volunteer against the Dutch, aud shar- 
 j ed the glories of lord Albemarle's victory, 
 j and further contributed to the lionor of his 
 j country in the engagement off Southwold 
 ; bay. In consequence of these services he 
 ■ was promoted in the navy, and in 1673 was 
 ; made admiral of the whole fleet, in the ab- 
 I sence of prince Rupert. In 1677 he com- 
 ' manded the English in the service of the 
 ! prince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons 
 i he gathered fresh laurels against the French. 
 ; In the senate he vindicated his father so ably 
 i against loi'd Shaftsbury, that the veteran ora- 
 I tor was confounded and abashed at the exer- 
 tion of his jiowers. He died 30th July 1680, 
 aged 46. His father said he would not ex- 
 : change his dead son for any living son in 
 i Christendom, so respectable and popular was 
 
 his character. 
 
 j Butler, Alban, a Roman catholic, born 
 
 I at London, and educated at Doway. He was 
 
 director of the English college at St. Omer's, 
 
 and wrote the lives of the fathers, saints, and 
 
BU 
 
 martyrs, in English, ivith valuaole notes. 
 He died 1782. = ^ ,. , r • 
 
 Butt, George, D. D. an English divme, 
 havn at Liclvfiekl 26th December 1741 . From 
 Stattbrd school he was removed to \\ estnun- 
 ster, and in 1 760 he was chosen student ot 
 Chi-ist church, Oxford. In 1765 he took or- 
 ders, and by the kindness of his triend sir Ed- 
 ward Winnuigtonhe was, in 1771, pi-esented 
 to the livings of StanfonI and Clifton, W or- 
 ceslershirc, and in 1787 he obtained from 
 lord Foley the valuable vitfu-age of Kidder- 
 minster. He was attacked by a paralytic 
 stroke in June 1795, and yielded with seren- 
 ity and comi)Osure to a gra<iual decay, which 
 proved fatal the 30th Sept. following. He 
 was buried in Stanford church, where a short 
 inscription in modest language records his 
 merits. Dr. Butt was distinguished as a 
 preacher, ardent yet meek, pathetic yet un- 
 aftected, directing all the powers of his elo- 
 quence with the pure spirit of devotion, and 
 the mild graces of benevolence and christian 
 chanty. As a poet, he possessed originality, 
 force, and subhmity, and Avhat the muse in- 
 spired was expressed Avith all the fire and en- 
 ergy of true genius. In private life he was 
 deservedly admired for the urbanity of liis 
 manners, the goodness of his heai't, and thtJ 
 fervor and steadiness of his friendship. His 
 conversation was easy and cheerful, often 
 tparkling with wit, but never otfensive for il- 
 liberaUty of reflection or coarseness of ideas. 
 He published a volume of sermons, and in 
 1784 he dedicated to the king his vei'sification 
 of Isaiah, and in 1793 he collected and pub- 
 lished his })oems, in '2 vols. 8vo. An interest- 
 ing and well written account of his life has 
 appeared fi*om the classical pen of his friend 
 Dr. Valpy. 
 
 Butts, sir WiUiam, apliysician to Henry 
 "Vin. educated at Gonvile htdl, Cambridge, 
 of which he became a fellow. He favored 
 the reformation, and was the friend of Cran- 
 raer. He was knighted by the king, and 
 was one of the founders of the royal college 
 of physicians, where his name is mentioned 
 with high commendation. He is introduced 
 by Shakspeare in his Henry VIII. as the 
 great friend of Cranmer. He died 1545, and 
 was buried in Fulham church. 
 
 Buxton, Jedediah, an extraordinary cal- 
 culator, born at Elmeton, near Chesterfield, 
 in Derbyshire. Though the son of a schoolmas- 
 ter, and the grand son of a clergyman, he was 
 shamefully neglected, and kne<v neither to 
 write nor read. His powers of meditation, 
 and his command of thought, were so aston- 
 i.sliing, that, in the midst of the greatest mul- 
 titudes and the most confused noises, lie w ouid 
 reply with quickness and accuracy to the 
 most difficult questions. He was accidental- 
 ly asked by a stranger how many cubical 
 eighths of an inch there were in a body, 
 wiiose three sides were 23,145,789 yards, 
 5,642,732 yards, and 54,965 yards; and thougli 
 surrounded by a hutulred laborers, he pro- 
 ceeded to the intricate calculation, and, in 
 five hours, gave a correct answer to the as- 
 tonished inquirer. Otlier instances are men- 
 tioned of his powerfully retentive memory ; 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 BU 
 
 and it is said, that, by w alking, he coul ' mea- 
 sure any piece of land witli as much exact- 
 ness as if he had marked it with a chain. 
 The great object of his heart, next to figures, 
 vv as to see the royal family ; and to gratify 
 this strong propensity, he walked to London, 
 in 1754, but returned in disappointment. 
 While iti the capital, he was introduced to 
 the royal society, and he visited Drury-lane 
 at the representation of Richard HI. where 
 it was expected the novelty of the scene and 
 the splendor of the exhibition would please 
 and engage his attention. Nothing, howev- 
 er, struck him ; but he employed himself in 
 liumbering the steps of the dancers, and ia 
 counting, with gi'eat nicety, ali the words 
 which Garrick had uttered dux'ing the per« 
 formance. He died at the age of 70, about 
 tiie J ear 1774, and left behind him several 
 children. 
 
 Buxtorff, John, a learned Hebrean, 
 born at Camen in Westphalia, professor at 
 Basil, where he died of the plague 1629, aged 
 65. He displayed his extensive knowledge of 
 rabbinical learning as the author of some val- 
 uable books, especially an Hebrew gram- 
 mar — a lexicon Chaldaicum talmudicum & 
 rabbinicum, 1639, folio — a Hebrew bible — 
 synagoga Judaica, or tije religious ceremonies' 
 of the Jews — a small Hebi-ew and Chaldaio 
 lexicon, 12mo."histitutio epistolaris Judaica — 
 a rabbinical commentary — thesaurus linguse, 
 Hebraicie, 2 vols. 8vo. "&c. 
 
 BuXTORFF, John, son and successor to 
 the preceding, was born at Basil, where he 
 (lied in 1664, aged 65. He translated the 
 moreh nevoclum of Maimonides — the hook 
 called Cosri — a valuable Hebrew concord- 
 ance — a defence of the points and vowels of 
 the Hebrew text against Lewis Capellus — 
 anticritica, likewise against Capellus — be- 
 sides some dissertations on Jewish history 
 and literature. Like his father, he gained the 
 esteem and veneration of the learned for his 
 extensive erudition. Both indeed received, 
 as tliey merited, the most flattering marks of 
 respect from Gerard Vossius, Joseph Scali- 
 ger, and Isaac Casaubon. 
 
 BuXTORFF, John, was nephew of the 
 preceding, and succeeded him in the oriental 
 chair at Basil, an honor which four of the 
 family enjoyed during a whole century. He, 
 hke his predecessors, ably vindicated the use 
 of vowels and points, and published several 
 learned dissertations on tlie Hebrew language, 
 besides verses, sermons, &c. He died in 
 1732, leaving a son who has not degenerated 
 from the learning of Jiis family. 
 
 Buy de Mornas, Claude, born at Ly- 
 ons, died at Paris 1783. He is author of a 
 valuable atlas of geography and history, 4 
 vols. 4to. 1762-1770, and cosmography, ia 
 8vo. 1770. He was for some time geographi- 
 cal tutor to the royal family. 
 
 BuZAN VAL, NicholasChoartde, a French 
 prelate, born at Paris 1611. He quitted the 
 law and its honors for the church, and was 
 made bishop of Beauvais 1652. He was an 
 excellent dioce.san, aud constantly resided 
 among his people, beloved and respected. 
 He died 1 079 
 
BY ^ 
 
 BiTZOT, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one 
 of the hei-oes of the French revolution, was 
 born at Eytcux, March 1760. He was mem- 
 ber of the national assembly and of the con- 
 vention, where he was surnamed the evil 
 prophet, because he constantly inveighed 
 against pretended plots, and suspected ma- 
 chinations. Uegardless of the ci-ies of faction, 
 he had the courage to attack the Orleans par- 
 ty, and particularly Danton and Robespierre, 
 in consequence of which his destruction was 
 decreed. He was proscribed 31st May 1793, 
 but escaped, and wandered poor, wretched, 
 and destitute in the department of Calvados, 
 where he was at last found dead by the side 
 of his friend Pethion. Some have attributed 
 his death to assassination, and others to sui- 
 eide. His enemies, the Jacobins, to render 
 him more odious, called him king Buzot. 
 
 BvFiELD, Nicholas, a native of War- 
 wickshire, educated at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. When admitted into orders he settled 
 at (Chester, and afterwards removed to Isle- 
 Vortli, where be died, 1622. In his princi- 
 ples he was a strong calvinist and Sabbatarian, 
 and wrote some voluminous tracts on divini- 
 ty. His son Adoniram espoused the cause of 
 the parliament in tlie civil wars, and was clerk 
 of the assembly of ch vines at Westminster. 
 
 BvNiEus, Antiiouy, a native of Utrecht, 
 the pupil of Grievius, and well skilled in clas- 
 sical and historical learning. He wrote de 
 calceis Hebrieorum^ — Christtis crucifixus- — 
 explicatio historiie evangelicie de nativ. Chris- 
 ti, &c. and died at Deventer 1698, aged 4-4. 
 
 IWng, (Jeorge, lord Torrington, was born 
 1663, and at the early age of 13 engaged in 
 the naval service of his country. He gradu- 
 ally rose by merit, and in 1704, with the rank 
 of rear admiral of the red, he greatly contri- 
 buted to the captui-e of Gibraltar, under sir 
 Cloudcsley Shovel. For his services at the 
 battle of Malaga he was knighted, and after 
 bra ely protecting the borders of Scotland 
 against the pretender, and maintaining the 
 honor of his country in the Baltic, he was in 
 1718 appointed commander in chief of the 
 fleet in the Mediterranean, where he bravely 
 protected the coasts of Italy again.st the in- 
 vasion of the Spanish arms, and defeated 
 some of their formidable armaments. His 
 merits were gratefully acknowledged by the 
 queen of Denmark, and by the emperor 
 Charles VI. who complimented him on his 
 valor, and presented him with his picture set 
 in diamonds. On his return home George I. 
 acknowledged, in the handsomest manner, 
 the length and value of his services, made 
 him treasurer of the navy, and rear admiral 
 of England, and raised him to the honors of 
 a viscount, and in 1727 George II. made him 
 first lord of the admiralty, a place which he 
 filled with honor to his country till his death, 
 17th Jan, 1733. He M'as buried at Southhill, 
 Bedfordshire. 
 
 Byng, John, son of the above, served in 
 the glorious expeditions of his father, and by 
 his merits, as well as the influence of his name, 
 •vyas raised to the rank of admiral. His at- 
 tempts to relieve Fort St. Philip in Minorca, 
 
 C,, BY -^ ^ 
 
 when blockaded by a French flfeettijiclcr la C^- 
 Hssoniere, proved abortive, Vnd his hesitati<^u 
 in engaging the enemy, when a bold attack 
 might have perhaps gained him the victory, 
 drew the clamors of the nation against him. 
 The ministry, who wished to avert the pub- 
 lic odium from their unsuccessful measures, 
 beheld with seeming satisfaction the unjjopu- 
 larity of the admiral, and when he was con- 
 demned by a court-martial, they suffered him, 
 though recommended to mercy, to be sacri- 
 ficed to the general indignation, and he was 
 shot at Portsmouth 14th March 1757, meet- 
 ing his death with calm resignation. 
 
 ByNKEUsnoEK, Cornelius Van, a na-1 
 tive of Middieburg, wlio studied the law at 
 Franeker, and became president of the coun- 
 cil in Holland, and law j>rofessor at Leyden. 
 He is author of observations on the I toman 
 laws — an admired treatise on the right of 
 ambassadors — besides other valuable works. 
 He died 1743, aged 80. 
 
 Byrge, Justus, an ingenious mathemati- 
 cal instrument maker in France. The in- 
 vention of logarithms, and of the compass 
 of proportion, is attributed to him, but cer- 
 tainly on very indefensible ground. He flor- 
 ished at the end of the 16th cuntury. 
 
 Byrom, John, a poet, and the inventor 
 of a system of short-hand wiiting, was bora 
 at Kersai near Manchester, and after being 
 educated at the Charter-house, he entered 
 at Trinity-college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became a fellow, under the patronage and 
 friendship of Bentley. His talents for poetry 
 were displayed while in the university, by 
 tlie publication of his beautiful pastoral of Co- 
 Un to Phcebe, which appeared in the first 
 volume of the Spectator, as well as two in- 
 genious essays on dreams. As he did not 
 take orders he soon lost his fellow ship, and 
 with it the comforts of independence. He 
 afterwards went to Montpellier for the re- 
 covery of his health, but an intimate acqtiaint- 
 ance with the writings of Malebi'anche, Bou- 
 rignon, and Behmen shook his religious 
 principles and made liim imbibe the tenets of 
 wild and visionary enthusiasm. On his re- 
 turn to London he wished to apply himself to 
 physic, but he had not sufficient resolution, 
 and the sight of one of his cousins soon en- 
 gaged him in thoughts towards matrimonial 
 happiness. Though he was successful in his 
 appeals to the lady, her obdurate parents re- 
 fused to consent to a union with an indigent 
 man, and abandoned their daughter who at 
 last had given her hand to her unfortunate 
 lover. Byrom's little property was soon con- 
 sumed, and to mamtain himself he began to 
 teach at Manchester a new method of slioi't- 
 hand writing, which he had invented at Cam- 
 bridge, and he afterwards removed to Lon- 
 don, accompanied by his wife. His industry 
 was rewarded, he obtained a handsome com- 
 petence, and regularly spent his summers 
 with his increasing family at Manchester, till 
 the death of his elder brother without issue, 
 and his succession to his estate, I'estored him 
 to his long wished for independence. He spent 
 in domestic retirement in the company of his 
 
CA 
 
 j^e/ 
 
 GA 
 
 doctor of the civil law at Paris 1581, and four 
 years after became doctor of the canon law 
 at Oxford. He was master of the court of 
 requests under Elizabeth, judge of the ad- 
 miralt}', and master of St. Catherine's near 
 the Tower, and under James I. he was 
 knighted, and appointed ciiancellor of ihc 
 e.xciiequer, an office which he resigned on 
 succeeding to the mastership of the rolls 
 1614. He was a man of great learning and 
 integrity, charitable and benevolent. He 
 died 2Stli April 1636, and was buried in 
 Great St. Helen's church, Bishopsgate, Lon- 
 don. His manuscripts, which were ver\' 
 valuable, were sold h}^ Patterson the auc- 
 tioneer in 1757, for more than 300/. and they 
 now adoru the marquis of Landsdown's li- 
 brary. 
 
 C^ESARALPiNUS, Andreas, a philoso- 
 pher of Arezzo, physician to pope Clement 
 YHl. He was a man of great erudition, and 
 .from some passages in his writings it has 
 been conjectured that he was acquainted with 
 the circulation of the blood. He was also 
 veil skilled in botany, but the regular dis- 
 tribution which he makes of plants was not 
 adopted till 100 years after, by Robert Mor- 
 ison, profe-ssor of botany at Oxford. He 
 published a treatise de plantis, & qusestiones 
 peripateticse, and died at Home 25d Febru- 
 ary 1603, aged 54. 
 
 Caff A, Melchior, a native of Malta, 
 whose abilities in sculpture were usefully 
 employed in adorning the churches of Rome 
 and Italy. He was compared for e:vccllence 
 and genius to Bernini. He died at Rome 
 1687, aged '56. 
 
 Caffarelli du Falga, N. a French 
 officer employed in the armies of the Rliine 
 in 1792, and afterwards in Italy and in 
 Egypt. He died 1801, much respected for 
 his merit and courage. 
 
 Caffiaux, U. Joseph, a native of Va- 
 lenciennes, who dii d at St. German des pres 
 1777, aged 65. He was a Benedictine of the 
 congregation of St. Maur, and wrote an es- 
 say towards an history of music 4to. — the 
 , history of Picardy, with the assistance* of 
 Garnier — and the genealogical treasure, a 
 valuable and interesting. work. 
 
 Caffieri, Philip, a sculptor of Rome, 
 born 1634, invited to France by Mazarine, 
 and made by Colbert inspector of the ma- 
 rine at Dunkirk. His son Janics .vas equal- 
 ly eminent. His busts in brtki£. > were much 
 admired. He died 1755, and his son John 
 James followed his profession with equal suc- 
 cess. 
 
 Cagliari, Paul, a native of Verona, 
 son of a sculptor, better known by the name 
 of Paul Veronese. He distinguished him- 
 self as a painter ; and for his admirable exe- 
 cution, and the majesty of his compositions, 
 he was generally called by the Italians <* the 
 happy painter." His first pieces were drawn 
 at Mantua, bat after adorning many of the 
 titles of Italy with tlie fine executions of his 
 pencil, he settled at Vesuce, where he en- 
 tertained greater hopes of celebrity. In his 
 t'bnduct Paul Veronese was I'espcetablc, he 
 
 VOL. I. ?^r> 
 
 not only recommended himself to the good 
 opinion of his countrymen iind competitors, 
 but received the must llnttering compU- 
 mentsfrom several crowned heads, who ur- 
 gently invited him to settle in their domin- 
 ions, a distinction which he rejected with all 
 the firmness of a man attached to his coun- 
 try, and eager to promote her glory and her 
 fame. Paul died of a fever at Venice in 
 1588, aged 56, and had a tomb and brazen 
 statue erected to his honor in the church of 
 St. Sebastian. His two sons, Gabriel and 
 Charles, Avere likewise painters, and to the 
 genius of their father joined an unusual de- 
 gree of fraternal affection. Charles died 
 1595, when 26 years old, and Gabriel fell 
 a victim to the plague 1631, aged 63. Paul 
 had also a brother Benedict, eminent as a 
 sculptor and painter. He assisted his ne- 
 phews in completing their father's unfinished 
 pictures, and as his style resembled that of 
 Ids brother, the pieces of Benedict, often 
 pass for the more celebrated compositions of 
 Paul. Benedict more frequently practised 
 in fresco, and chiaro-obscuro, and to the 
 merits of a painter he added the learning 
 and genius of a poet and satirist. He died 
 1598, aged 66. 
 
 Cagliostro, Count Alexander, an im- 
 postor of some celebrity, born at Palermo 
 eighth of June 1743. His real name was 
 Joseph Balsamo. He was of mean parentage, 
 and the early death of his father devolved the 
 care of his infant years to his mother's rela- 
 tions, by whom he was placed at the semina- 
 ry at St. Roche in his native town. At the 
 age of 13 he became a novice to the friars of 
 mercy at Cartagirone, where his many irre- 
 gularities and a constant disposition to mis- 
 chief exposed him so much to severe chas- 
 tisement that he threw ofi^ the cowl. A se- 
 ries of frauds, of impostures, of villany, and 
 it is even said of murder, obliged him at last 
 to fly from Palermo, and after practising 
 some of his stratagems at Rome and Messina, 
 we find him visiting the islands of the Archi- 
 pelago and Alexandria, and afterwards ex- 
 hibiting his artful impostures in almost every 
 city of Europe. He was at last arrested for 
 some enormities at Rome, and died in the 
 castle of St. Angelo the latter part of the 
 year 1794. A compAidium of his life from 
 the documents produced against him has been 
 published by the apostolical chamber at 
 Rome, and contains a curious account of a 
 man who, by a versatile genius, a superficial 
 knowledge of [»l>.ilosophy and chemistry, and 
 a pretended intercourse with supernatural 
 agents, iuiposed upon the creduhty not only 
 of the vulgar, btit of the great, the learned 
 and opulent, and acquired to himself celebri- 
 ty and an independent fortune. 
 
 Cagnaci, called Gaulassi from his de- 
 formity, was an Italian painter of the 18tli 
 century, disciple to Guido. He died at Vi- 
 enna, aged 80. 
 
 C AG NAT I, Marsilio, a physician of Ve- 
 rona, who studied at Padua, and settled at 
 Rome, under the patronage of Clement 
 I VIIT. anrl Paal V. as professor of philosophy 
 
CA 
 
 ^<0^ 
 
 CA 
 
 and medicine, fie Avrote variarum obsei'Va- 
 tionnm, Svo. — de sanitate tuenda, 4to. — de 
 aeris Romani salubritate, &c. 4to.— opuscula 
 varia, 4to. 1603. 
 
 C AH AGNES, James, professor of medicine 
 at Caen, died 1612, aged 64. He wrote 
 "Latin treatises on fevers, and on the disor- 
 ders of the head, 1618 — besides centurie des 
 cloges des hommes celebres de Caen, 1609, 
 Svo. 
 
 Cahusac, Lewis de, a French writer, 
 born at Montauban, where he resided for 
 some time as secretaiy of the intendance. 
 On publishing his tragedy of Pharamond, a 
 piece which though offensive against histo- 
 riofll truth had great success, he came to 
 Paris, and became secretary to count de 
 Clermont, M'hom he accompanied in the 
 campaigns of 1743. He wrote some roman- 
 ces, besides several operas, which were i*e- 
 ceived with jjreat applause. The poet, who 
 possessed abilities, was in his manners arro- 
 gant, and 30 tender of his reputation, that it 
 is said his sensibility turned his head. He 
 died at Paris June 1759. 
 
 Cajaphas, the high priest of the Jews, 
 before whom our Saviour was carried, and 
 by whom he was condemned. He destroyed 
 himself when dismissed from his ofiice by Vi- 
 telHus. 
 
 Caiet, Peter Victor Palma, a native of 
 INIontrichard in Touraine, who from a cal- 
 vinist became a catholic, and died 1610, aged 
 85, doctor of the Sorbonne, and Hebrew pro- 
 fessor in the royal college. He was so re- 
 spected for Ids learning, that he was highly 
 favored by Catharine of Bourbon, and Henry 
 IV. admitted him to court, notwithstanding 
 the slovenly appearance of his dress. He 
 was for some time foolishly employed, as many 
 of the learned men of the times, in searching 
 for the pliilosopher's stone, and he was se- 
 verely attacked by the calvinists, whose ten- 
 ets he had abjured. Most of his works are 
 controversial, but his chi'onologie septennaire 
 in 8vo. from the peace of Vervins 1598 to 
 1604, and his chronologie novennaire, from 
 1589 10 1598, in three vols, are valuable and 
 interesting compositions. 
 
 Caietan, a cardinal, born at Caieta in 
 the kingdom of Napfcs, 1469. His proper 
 name was Thomas (H* Vio. He was of the 
 order of the Dominicans, and displayed his 
 great talents as professor of philoso])hy and 
 di\-inity at Paris and Rome, till his book in 
 support of the power of the pope, raised him 
 to tlie rank of cardinal and to the archiepis- 
 copal see of Palermo. He was employe«I by 
 the pope in sevei'al important negotiations, 
 but especially in opposing the doctrines of 
 Lutlier, which he found it impossible either to 
 silence or check. He died 1534, aged 65. He 
 was a man of great learning as a logician, and 
 philosopher and divine. Besides some com- 
 mentaries on Aristotle's philosophy, and 
 Thomas Aquinas' theology, he piddished a 
 literal translation of the greatest part of the 
 books of the old and new testaments, which 
 his death prevented him from completing. 
 He lias been attacked by cajtdinal Pallavicini 
 
 for his translation, but he has been ably de- 
 fended by father Simon. 
 
 Caietan-, Constantine, a Benedictine, 
 who died at Rome, 17th Sep. 1650, aged 85. 
 He edited the works of Peter Darien, four 
 vols. fol. — and wrote some treatises to pi-ove 
 '* the imitations of Jesus Christ," to have 
 been written by a Benedictine, &c. 
 
 Caill,er, Nicholas Lewis de la, a French 
 mathematician and astronomex', born at Ru- 
 migny, 1714, and educated at the college of 
 Lisieux at Paris. He became the friend and 
 disciple of Cassini, and with de Thury pro- 
 jected the meridian line, which extended from 
 the observatory to the extremities of France. 
 In 1739 he was named professor of mathemat- 
 ics of the college of Mazarine, and for his 
 great knowledge was elected honorary mem- 
 ber of most of the learned academies of Eu*^ 
 rope. In 1750 he went under the royal pat- 
 ronage to the Cape of Good Hope, to see the 
 stars of the southern hemisphere, of 10,000 
 of which in the course of two years he deter- 
 mined the exact position. The whole of his 
 time was usefully employed in the service of 
 astronomy, mathematics, and navigation, but 
 unfortunately a malignant fever terminated 
 his labors in 1762, in his 48th year. He pos- 
 sesses the great character of clearness, ac- 
 curacy, and precision, ftis works contain 
 several volumes in 4to. and 8vo. besides de- 
 tached papers in the collection of the academy. 
 
 Cain, the eldest son of Adam, devoted 
 himself to agriculture, but finding the obla- 
 tions of his brother Abel more propitiously 
 received than his own, he slew him in the 
 year 130 after the creation. He was cursed 
 for his cruelty, and wandered towards the 
 east of Eden, and built a city, to which he 
 gave the name of his son Enoch. Accoixling 
 to Jewish traditions he was killed by Lamech. 
 In the second century there arose a sect of 
 Cainites or Gnostics, who paid particular re- 
 spect to Cain's memory. 
 
 Cairo, Francisco, a painter of Milan, 
 born 1598, who studied at Rome and Venice. 
 Amadeus of Savoy knighted him, and great- 
 ly patx'oniscd him. His pictures are on reli- 
 gious subjects, and are considered as of supe- 
 rior excellence. 
 
 Caius or Kayes, Dr. John, a physician 
 born at Norwich, 6th October, 1510, edu- 
 cated at Norwich-school and Gonvil-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow, 
 1533. To improve himself he visited France, 
 Flanders, and Germany, and after studying at 
 Padua under IMontanus, he took his degree 
 of M. D. 1541, and three years after return- 
 ed to England. His great knowledge of medi- 
 cine rendered him popidar, he became phy- 
 sician to Edward VI. and to his two sisters, titl 
 a suspicion of favoring the catholics discarded 
 him from royal patronage, 1568. He died at 
 Cambridge, 1573, and'by the munificent do- 
 nation of some estates, he erected his hall into 
 a college, now called Gonvil and Caius col- 
 lege. His monument is in the chapel with 
 these two woixls, ** Fui Caius." He wrote 
 the history of Cambridge, and some other 
 learned works. 
 
CA 
 
 Caius, John, a poet laureat to Edward 
 IV. He travelled into Italy, and translated 
 the histoi'y of the siege of Rhodes. 
 
 Caius, Thomas, a native of Lincolnsliire, 
 educated at All-souls, Oxford, of wliieh he 
 became fellow. He was afterwards i)rebendH- 
 ry of Sarum, and master of University col- 
 lege, where he died May 1572. He was a 
 rnan, as Anthony Wood says, eminent in the 
 knowledge of the learned languages, in po- 
 etry, and all kinds of worth. At the request 
 of Catherine Parr, he translated Erasmus' 
 pai-aphrase on St. Mark, and published also 
 a book on the antiquity of the university of 
 Oxford to Avhich Caius of Cambri<lge replied— 
 besides a translation of Aristotle's de mirabi- 
 libus mundi — Euripides' tragedies, &c. 
 
 Caius, a Roman saint, made bishop of 
 Rome 2S3. He is said to have been related 
 to the emperor Dioclesian, and to have died 
 296. 
 
 Calaber, an ancient Greek poet, author 
 of the paralipomena, or supplement to Ho- 
 mer's Iliad. 
 
 Calabrois, Matthias Prcti, a painter of 
 Calabria, the pupil of Lanfi-anc. His works 
 are preserved at Modena, Naples, and Malta, 
 He died 1699 at Malta. 
 
 C A L A M Y, Edmund, a presby terian divine, 
 born at London February 1600, and educated 
 at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, where he fail- 
 ed obtaining a felloAVship on account of his at- 
 tachment to anti-arminianism. Dr. P'clton, 
 bishop of Ely, made him one of his chaplains, 
 and gave him the vicarage of St. Mary's, 
 Swaft'ham-prior, Cambridgeshire, which he 
 resigned on being appointed lecturer of Bury, 
 Suftblk, where he continued ten years. 
 Though here he conformed to the church of 
 England, he soon embraced the popular par- 
 ty, and was engaged in the publication of the 
 famous treatise against episcopacy, called 
 Smectyranuus, from the initials of the five 
 persons engaged in the work, Stephen 
 Mai'shal, Edward Calamy, Thomas Young, 
 Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow. 
 He was an active member of the assembly of 
 divines, and in his sermons before the parlia- 
 ment, and the citizens of London, he dis- 
 played the character of an eloquent preacher 
 and a zealous partisan. He however resisted 
 the usurpation of Cromwell, and promoted 
 the restoration of Charles II. with such ear- 
 nestness and loyalty, that he was offered the 
 bishopric of Lichfield, which he strenuously 
 declined. He was one of the commissioners 
 at the conference at the Savoy, and was soon 
 after ejected from his living of St. Mary 
 Aldermanbury for nonconformity, though 
 the king seemed to interest himself in his 
 favor. An occasional sermon in his late 
 parish church, in the absence of the then 
 vicar, in 1662, so offended his hearers, tliat 
 lie was sent to Newgate by the lord mayor, 
 but in a few days discharged by the king. 
 The sight of the conflagration of London is 
 said to have broke his heart. He died 29th 
 October 1666. He was twice married. By 
 his first wife he had a son and daughter, and 
 by the second seven childr<jn. He was a 
 
 ^^S 
 
 CA 
 
 man of a bold undaunted spirit, who posses- 
 sed all the bluntnessand puritanical pride of 
 the times. He published some single ser- 
 mons, besides controversial treatises. 
 
 Calamy, Benjamin, son of the prece- 
 ding by his second wife, from St. Paul's 
 school entered at Catharine-hall, Cambridge, 
 of which he became fellow and tutor. He 
 was made minister of St. Mary Alderman- 
 bury in 1677, chaplain to the king, and three 
 years after took his degree of D. D. In 1683 
 he published a sermon which he had preach- 
 ed in his parisli church, for which he was 
 severely attacked by Delaune, a warm non* 
 conformist, whom, for his virulence, govern- 
 ment seized and sent to Newgate. J)r. Ca- 
 lamy interfered with Jeflries the chancellor 
 for the unhappy libeller; hut all applications 
 were unavailing, and Delaune, fined a sum 
 which he could not discharge, died a victim 
 to the oppressive measures of the times, and 
 his wife and childi*en shared the same fate in 
 the same confinement. After the resigna- 
 tion of St. Mary Aldermanbury, Dr. Calamy 
 succeeded to other more valuable livings, 
 and the prebend of Harleston, in the cathe- 
 dral of St. Paul ; but his happiness was in- 
 terrupted by the severe sufferings of his 
 friend alderman Cornish, who was tried and 
 executed for high treason. The repeated 
 applications of friendship for mercy, could 
 not influence the inexorable Jeffries; and 
 the execution of Cornish, it is said, broke 
 the heart of his surviving friend, who died in 
 January 1686. His funeral sermon was 
 preached by Dr. William Sherlock, after- 
 wards dean of St. Paul's. He publislioil 
 seven sermpns in his lifetime, and thirteen 
 more were given to the world after his death. 
 Calamy, Edmund, an eminent divine 
 among the non-conformists. He was grandson 
 to Edmund Calamy, by l»is son Edmund, 
 and was born 5th Api'il 1671. He was edu- 
 cated at Merc hant-tay lor' s, where an inti- 
 mate friendship was begun with Dawes, af- 
 terwards archbishop of York, and Boultei*, 
 primate of Ireland ; and after studying logic 
 and philosophical knowledge under Mr. 
 Craddockat Wickam-brook, Suffolk, he pas- 
 sed over to Utrecht. Here he devoted him- 
 self with unusual application to the study of 
 civil law and philosd^y, and acquix'ed such 
 a character for abj^Ks that a professor's 
 chair at Edinburgh Was offered to him. On 
 his return to England, he brougfit letters of 
 recommendation to Drs. Pocock and Ber- 
 nard, two celebrated scliolars of Oxfoid, by 
 whose influence he was permitted admittance 
 to the valuable treasures of the Bodleian libra- 
 ry. His studies were now directed todivlnity, 
 and as he inclined to the non-conformists, he 
 soon became an active minister in the meet- 
 ing-houses of London, and succeede<l, iu 
 1703, Vincent Alsop at Westminster. He 
 abridged Baxter's iiistory of his life and 
 times, and afterwards, in future editions, 
 continued tlie work by a copious account of 
 such ministers as were ejected for their re- 
 ligious opinions after the rest^iration to the 
 time of (jueen Anne. The book was attack- 
 
GA 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CA 
 
 ed lij Hoadly, afterMards bishop of Winches- 
 ter, and a controversy between the two op- 
 poi'cnis, which continued for some time, an(J 
 pi'oduced on both sides replies till! of much 
 learning, not however witljont the bitterness 
 of party zciil la 1709, Calattjy was Ijonor- 
 ed, on his visit to Scotland, with tiit? degree 
 of D. D. b}' the three universities of hkiin- 
 burgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen. He pub- 
 lished, in 1718, a vindication of his grand- 
 father and others against the reflections of 
 Echard in his history of England. Calamy 
 died 3d June 1732. He was a man of great 
 erudition, remarkable for the canflor and 
 benevolence of his disposition, and the mod- 
 eration of his religious opiiiions. Besides the 
 persons mentioned, he was intimate witli 
 Henry Uodwell, the earl of Sunderland, and 
 Trimnell, bishop of Winchester. His writ- 
 ings were mosti) controversial, besides 2 
 Tols. of sermons, and 4 of Baxter's history. 
 He was tw ice married, and was the father of 
 thirteen children. 
 
 Calanduvcci, Giacintho, a painter at 
 Rome, pupil to Carlo Maratti. Many of his 
 pieces adorned the churches of Home. He 
 died 1707. 
 
 Cala-vus, an Indian brahmin, who burn- 
 ed himself in the presence of Alexander and 
 his army, who were astonished at his reso- 
 lution and composure, B. C 325. 
 
 Galas, John, an unfortunate merchant 
 of Toulouse, of the prostestant religion. 
 When his son, Mark Anthony, who had em- 
 braced the tenets of the cathohcs, had, in a 
 moment of gloomy melancholy, committed 
 suicide, the father was seized by the suspi- 
 cious government as guilty of tiie murder. 
 No proof couhl be brought against him, but 
 the jealousy enterlamed against his religion ; 
 anfi though the improbability of a father, an 
 old man of the age of 65, murdering his own 
 son, a robust young man aged 29, and in a 
 house where his family were then resident, 
 was self-evident, yet he was condemned, and 
 broke on the wheel, 9th March ] 762. This 
 treatmerit was I'eported to the French king 
 by the agonizing widow and her family ; hut 
 the wishes of the monarch were frustrated by 
 the jealousy of ministei's, who thought tiiat 
 they granted too mu^^to tiie protestants if 
 they allowed the revi^^of the bloody sen- 
 tence of the tribunal oM'oulonse. His wid- 
 ow died in 1792, aged y4. His son Lewis 
 practi-sed for some time in London as sur- 
 geon, and i-eturned to Frant.-c 1793. 
 
 Galasio, Marius, a Franciscan at Rome, 
 professor of Hebrew. He published a valua- 
 ble concordance of the Hebrew bible, in' 4 
 large vols, in fot. 1621. It was republished in 
 London in 4 vols 1747, by Romaine, Mores, 
 and Lutzena, but with no great degree of ac- 
 curacy. 
 
 Galcagnini, Celio, a native of Ferrara, 
 employed by the emperorin embassies as w ell 
 as in military affairs He died at Ferrara, pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres, 1540, aged 61. He was 
 eminent for his erudition and classical know- 
 ledge ; and it is said that he suppoi-ted the 
 rotation of the earth before Copernicus pub- 
 i&hed his famous system. 
 
 C ALC AR, John de, was born in the duchy 
 ofCleves, and died young, at Naples, 1546. 
 He was very eminent as n painter, ami took 
 for his models the finished pieces of Uis mas- 
 ter Titian, and of Raphael. His nati\ity was 
 so admired by llubens, that he never would 
 part with it. To Calcar we owe the anatom- 
 ical figures of the book of Vesal, and the 
 portraits of painters. 
 
 Calderinj, Uomizzio, a native of To- 
 ris, in the Veronese territory. He was pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres at liomc, where he 
 died 1478, aged 32, and so sincerely regretted 
 that his scholars attended his funeral in deep 
 mourning. He imblished a translation of 
 Pausaiiias' two first books into Latin, besides 
 some commentaries on the Latin poets, and 
 some original poetry. 
 
 Galderoni de la Barca, don Pe- 
 dro, a Spanish poet, who from a .soldier be- 
 came an ecclesiastic, and canon of Toledo. 
 His dramatical pieces were published, 9 vols. 
 4to. 1689, Madrid. They possess all the ex- 
 travagances of Shakspeare's muse, with oc- 
 casionally sublinie and pathetic passages, but 
 all throughout devoid of correctness and reg- 
 ularity. He flovished 1640, 
 
 Calderwood, David, a Scotch divine. 
 He applied himself Avith uncommon dili- 
 gence to the study of divinity and of the writ- 
 ings of the fathers, and became an active, 
 zealous, and determined opposer of episco- 
 pacy in Scotland. He was mini.stcr of Crel- 
 ling, near Jedburgh, in 1604 ; but his violent 
 resistance to the attempt of James 1. to unite 
 the churches of England and Scotland drew 
 down upon him the suspicions of the court ; 
 and when he headed a party, and protested 
 against the measures pursued by parliament 
 and the ecclesiastical convocation for the 
 management and external policy of the 
 church, he was summoned to answer for his 
 rebellious and seditious conduct. His obsti- 
 nate refusal to submit to the interrogatories 
 of James occasioned his imprisonment, and 
 afterwards his banishment from the kingdom. 
 He retired to Holland, where he published 
 his celebrated treatise, Altare Damascenum, 
 feu eccleste Anglicanse politia, &c. 1623. -He 
 afterwai'ds returned privately to Scotland, 
 where he employed his time in collecting 
 memoi-ials of the ecclesiastical affairs of Scot- 
 land from the reformation to James's death ; 
 a valuable collection, still preserved in the 
 university of Glasgow 'I'he time of his 
 death is not precisely known. He is repre- 
 sented in tlie preface to the last edition of the 
 Altare as being minister of Pentcaitland, 
 near Edinburgh, in 1638. He was a man of 
 quirk parts, of a great and comprt^hensive 
 mind, and of <ieep erudition, atul much es- 
 teemed as a minister by the nonconformists. 
 
 Galdwall, Richard, a })hysician, born 
 in Staflbrdshire about 1513, and educa- 
 ted at Brazen-nose, of which he became fel- 
 low. He was so eminent in the knowledge 
 and practice of medicine, that he was elect- 
 ed censor, and afterwards president of the 
 college of physicians, where he founded a 
 chirurgical lecture with a handsome salacv- 
 
€A 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CA 
 
 He wrote, according to Wood, sevcraltrea- 
 tises on physic, besides a translation of the 
 table of surgery by Horatio More of Flor- 
 ence. He died 1585, and was buried in St. 
 Bennet's church, near Paul's wharf. 
 
 Caleb, a Hebrew, sent by Moses, with 
 Joshu;<, to examine the laud of Canaan. He 
 brought back a faithful and encouraging ac- 
 count, and was permitted in consequence to 
 share the victoi'ies of his nation, and to ob- 
 tain the land of Hebron. He died aged 114. 
 
 Caled, orKHALED, one of Mahomet's 
 friends, called from his courage the sword of 
 God. In the spreading the docti'ines of the 
 koran, and the dominion of the prophet, he 
 committed atrocious cruelties, and even put 
 to death the garrison ot Damascus after he 
 had granted them their liberty. He was cut 
 off by the plague 639. 
 
 Calendar TO, Philip, an architect and 
 sculptor, celeiirated for the beautii'ul porti- 
 cos which he erected round the palace of St. 
 Mark, at Venice, about IS54, 
 
 Calentius, Elisius, a native of Naples, 
 preceptor to Frederic, son of Ferdinand II. 
 king of Naples. He was a man of great tal- 
 ents as a poet and philosopher, and in his 
 manners he was mild, humane, and benev- 
 olent. His imitation of the battle of the mice 
 and frogs by Homer was reprinted at Kouen, 
 in 1738. His works were published at Rome, 
 in folio, 1503, the year after his death. 
 
 Calepino, or daCalepio, Ambrose, 
 a noble native of Bergamo, who entered 
 among the Augustines. His vocabidary of 
 the Latin tongue first appeared 1503, and 
 ■with such celebrity, that it has been often 
 reprinted and improved, and enlarged to 2 
 vols. fol. 1681. He died blind 1.511. 
 
 Caliaviri, Luca, an Italian painter, 
 born at Udino. He died 1715, aged 50. He 
 excelled in representing sea views, land- 
 scapes, and sea port towns. 
 
 Caligula, Caius Caesar, a Roman em- 
 peror, son of Germanicus and Agrippina. 
 He succeeded Tiberius A.D. 37, antl after 
 the promising virtues of a happy reign dis- 
 played the most ferocious and dissipated 
 character, till the conspiracy of Choerea cut 
 him off, A.l). 41, in his 99th year. 
 
 Callard, John Baptiste, professor of 
 medicine in the university of Caen, where he 
 died 1718. He established a botanical gar- 
 den there. His great work is, lexicon me- 
 dicum ctymologicum, 1693, 12mo. of which 
 he was preparing an improved folio edition 
 when he died. 
 
 Calliach, Nicolas, a native of Candia, 
 professor of belles lettres at Padua, where he 
 died 1707, aged 6'2. He wrote de ludis 
 sceniois, in 4to. 
 
 Callicratidas, a Spartan general, 
 who succeeded Lysander in Asia. He 
 defeated Conon, and afterwards perished in 
 a, naval battle, B.C. 405. 
 
 Callieres, Francis de, an eminent 
 statesman, born at Torigni, near Bayeux. 
 He was engaged in several embassies under 
 Lewis XIV. and was honorably rewarded 
 for his services. He puldished some poetical 
 tracts, Sec. and died 1717, aged 72. 
 
 Cajllimachus, a Greek poet in the 
 reign of Ptolemy Evergetes. His works 
 have been translated into English by Dodd. 
 
 Callimacuus, an architect, inventor of 
 the Corinthian capital, from seeing an acan- 
 thus spreading its branches most gracefully 
 over the monument of a Coi-inthian lady B, 
 C. 540. 
 
 Callisthenes, a philosopher, who at- 
 tended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, 
 and was cruelly mangled by him on suspicioa 
 of a conspiracy. He took poison given him 
 by Lysimachus, and thus put an end to his 
 rnisery, B.C. 328. 
 
 Callistus, Johannes Andronicus, n 
 native of Thessalonica, and professor of 
 peripatetic philosophy at Constantinople 
 when that cit)-^ was taken by the Turks in 
 1453. Like'the i-est of the learned men, he 
 fled from the fury of the enemy, and cou" 
 tributed to the I'evival of learning in the 
 west of Europe. He first settled at Kerne, 
 and afterwards at Florence, Avhere his pu- 
 pils were numerous and respectable. In his 
 old age he went to France ; but died there 
 soon after his arrival. Some manuscripts 
 are now preserved which are ascribed to 
 him. 
 
 Callixtus I. was pope after Zephyrin- 
 us, 209, and suffered martyrdom four years 
 after. 
 
 Callixtus II. Guy, son of the count of 
 Burgundy, was archbishop of Vienne 1083, 
 and made pope 1119, and held the first La- 
 teran council. He died 1124, 
 
 Callixtus III. a Spaniard of Xatira, 
 elected pope 1455, He wished to stir up the 
 princes of Europe against the Turks, but 
 without success. He was learned, pious, 
 and good ; and died 1458. 
 
 Callixtus, George, a Lutheran divine, 
 born at Middleburg in Holstein, He was 
 professor of theology at Hemstadt ; and died 
 1656, aged 70. He wrote a treatise against 
 the celibacy of the clergy, 4to. 1631 — anti- 
 moguntinus, 1644 in 4to — and other infe- 
 rior works ; and was the'' founder cf a sect 
 among the Lutherans, which was called Cal- 
 lixtins, whose object was to reconcile the 
 discordant opinions of rdl the protestants. 
 
 Callot, James, a famous engraver, born 
 at Nancy, 1693, of a nobie family. His de- 
 sire to see the capital of Italy, and -her val- 
 uable monuments, tempted him twice to 
 elope from his famiij-, at the age of 12, and 
 two years after, when at last permitted by 
 his father to reside at Home, he applied 
 himself with such assiduity to the arts of de- 
 signing aufl errgraving, that he soon became 
 celebrated for the boldness, beauty, and ex- 
 ecution of his pieces. Re was for some 
 tin)e at Florence under the patronage of the 
 great duke, after whose death he resided at 
 the court of Lorrain, and in 1628 visited 
 France, where the munificctice of Lewis 
 XIII. iavited him to design and engrave the 
 seige of Rochelle and the isle of Khe. When 
 Nancy was reduced by the arms of France, 
 Callot refused to employ hi.s pencil to perpe- 
 tuate the misfortune of liis country;, and Lew- 
 
CA 
 
 ^C>0 
 
 CA 
 
 w/ V'ho admired his superior abilities, res- 
 pected a patriotic reluctance, which neither 
 bribes nor promises could conquer. He died 
 28th March J 636, aged 34, when he was 
 preparing to leave Nancy for his more clas- 
 sical residence at Florence. It is said that 
 he left not Jess than 1380 of his pieces ; an 
 astonisiiing number tor the short period of 
 his lite. He is deservedly commended for 
 the sublimity of his pieces, not only in 
 miniature but in the great. 
 
 Calmet, Augustin, a learned French- 
 man of the order of the Benedictins, made 
 abbot of St. Lepold de Nanci, and afler- 
 "wardsof Senones, where he died 1757, aged 
 85. He was well acquainted with the ori- 
 ental languages, and he publislied several 
 learned works, which at the desire of his 
 friends appeared in French ratlier than 
 Latin. He wrote a commentary on the 
 books of the old and new testament, ^2 
 •vols. 4to. — dissertations on the commenta- 
 ries, 3 vols. 4to. — history of the old and new 
 testament, 4 vols. 4to. — historical, critical, 
 &c. dictionary of the bible,- — universal his- 
 tory sacred and profane, 15 vols. 4to. of 
 ■which only eight were prhited,- ecclesias- 
 tical and civil history of Lorrain, 3. vols, 
 fol. &c. 
 
 Calmo, Andrew, a Venetian, famous as 
 an actor and a comic writer. The best of 
 his comedies is Rodiana. A volume of his 
 letters was for some time very popular. 
 He died at Venice 1571, aged about 61. 
 
 Calo, John or Johannitz, a Bulgarian, 
 raised by Innocent HI to the title of indepen- 
 dent king. In 1205 he conquered and put 
 to death the emperor Baldwin, and after 
 dreadful ravages over Greece he was himself 
 assassinated. 
 
 Calonne, Charles Alexander de, an il- 
 lustrious French statesman, born at Douay 
 1734, of noble parents. He was educated at 
 Paris and intended for the bar, but after- 
 wards he was made solicitor general to the 
 parliament of his native town, master of re- 
 <iuests, intendant of Metz, and in 1783 he 
 succeeded Necker as comptroller general of 
 the finances. This last office required great 
 abilities and undaunted firmness, and the 
 new minister possessed them ; and though 
 ■when he came intojjower he found an emi)ty 
 treasury, and the nation discontented with 
 the extravagance of the court, he adopted 
 such vigorous measures as restored credit 
 to the state, and rendered the expenditure 
 subservient to the resources of the country. 
 To carry his schemes of reform and to ex- 
 onerate the people of some burdens, by sup- 
 pressing some of the abusive privileges of 
 the higher orders, he advised the king to 
 convene the notables of the kingdom, whose 
 authority and consent might give weight and 
 importance to his measures. The planwas 
 grand, and might hav2 been happily pro- 
 ductive of good in another age, but unfor- 
 tunately the nobles and the clergy were 
 alarmed at the thought of losing their privi- 
 leges, and the minister, opposed by the 
 ^•eat, and not ably supported by the timid 
 
 monarch, yielded to the storm, and took 
 refuge in England, where he composed his 
 requete au roi, and his reponse a Tecrit de 
 M, ?»ieckei', which pi'oved him to be a 
 good scholar, an acute politician, and a loyal 
 subject. At the end of the revolution he 
 revisited his country, and died at Paris 1802. 
 He wrote, besides an essay on agriculture 
 12mo. — observations sur plusieurs matieres 
 de droit civil & coutumier, 4to. — de I'elat 
 de la France present &c a venir, 1790, 
 Svo. a work of great merit, — de finances 
 publiques de la France Svo. — lettre a I'auteur 
 des considerations sur I'etat des affaires 
 publiques, 1798. Svo. &c. 
 
 Calovius, Abraham, a native of Mo- 
 rungen in Brunswick, divinity professor at 
 Kadstock, which he quitted for 13antzic, and 
 afterwards for Wittemberg. He was a 
 strong Lutheran, and opposed with great 
 warmth the union of the protestant church, 
 in consequence of which his followers were 
 called Calovians. He wrote several contro- 
 versial tracts, and died 1686, aged 74. 
 
 Calprenede, Gautier de la, a gentle- 
 man in ordinai'y to the French king, who 
 wrote, it is said, with the assistance of the 
 prince of Conde, some curious romances 
 now forgotten, such as Cassandra, Cleopatra, 
 Pharamond, &cc. He died in 1663, aged 51. 
 
 Calpurnius, a Sicilian poet of the third 
 century, author of seven eclogues, &c. 
 
 Calvart, Denys, a painter of Ant- 
 werp who opened a school at Bologna and 
 had Guido, Albano, and Uominichino among 
 his pupds. His pictures, admired for dig- 
 nit}"^, taste, and coloring, are preserved at 
 Bologna, Rome, and Ileggio. He died at 
 Bologna ^619, aged 67. 
 
 Calvert, George, descended from a 
 noble family, was born at Kipling in Yoi'k- 
 shire, 1585. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Oxford, and after his return from 
 the tour of Europe, he became secretary 
 to Robert Cecil. In 1605, he attended 
 James I. on his visit to the university of 
 Oxford, and was there with other respectable 
 characters made M. A. and afterwards he 
 was made clerk to the privy council, was 
 knighted by the king in 1617, and in 1619 
 made secretary of state, and the next 
 year honored with a pension of 1000/, out of 
 the customs. In 1624 he resigned the seals 
 to the king, confessing himself to be of the 
 Roman catholic persuasion, but notwith- 
 standing this, he continued in favor with the 
 monarch, and was created lord Baltimore 
 in 1625. He twice visited Newfoundland, 
 where the king had granted him a large 
 tract of land, but finding that his property 
 in that remote part of the globe was ex- 
 posed to the ydunder of French vessels, he 
 abandoned it for the neighbourhood of Vir- 
 ginia ■v\'hen Charles I. granted him a pa- 
 tent for Maryland. He died at London 15th 
 April, 1632, and his son wlio inherited his 
 enterprising spirit, planted there a colony 
 of about 200 families, which boi-e the name 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 Calvert, James, a noncooformist, born 
 
CA 
 
 at York, and educated at Clare-hall, Cam- 
 bridge, at the time of Tillotson. After be- 
 ing silenced at Topcliff by the act of unifor- 
 mity he removed to York, where in retire- 
 ment he composed his learned work called 
 Naphthali, seu collectatio theologica de 
 reditu decern tribuuro conTersione Judseo- 
 rum & Ezekiel, 4to. He also for some time 
 employed himself in the education of some 
 of liis' opulent neighbours, and died De- 
 cember 1698. 
 
 Calvi, Lazaro, a famous painter of Ge- 
 noa, in the IGth century. 
 
 Calvin, John, a celebrated reformer 
 born at Noyon in Picardy 10th July 1509. 
 He studied grammar under Cordelius at 
 Paris, and in consequence of the many ex- 
 traordinary marks of his early piety he was 
 intended by his father for the church, and in 
 1.527 he was presented to the rectory of 
 IVfarteville, which two years after he resign- 
 ed for Pont I'Eveque near Noyon. His ex- 
 tensive knowledge of the holy scriptures 
 soon disgusted him with the superstitions 
 of the llomish church, and with the appro- 
 bation of his father he resigned his ecclesias- 
 tical honors, and applied himself to the study 
 of the law. Under Peter de I'Etoile and 
 Alciat, he made great progress in that 
 science,and further improved his knowledge 
 of divinity. Eager to defend the tenets of 
 the reformation he displayed his zeal against 
 the Sorbonne at Paris, and with difficulty es- 
 caped from the vengeance of the catholics. 
 From France he retired to Basil, and in his 
 obscurity attracted the attention of the 
 world, by his celebrated dedication to Fran- 
 cis I. in his apolog}' for the reformers, a com- 
 position which divides the applauses of the 
 learned with that of Thuanus to his history 
 and that of Casaubon to Polybius. When 
 the malevolence of persecution had ceased, 
 Calvin, after visiting Italy and France, set- 
 tled at Geneva, and yielding to the strong 
 and awful solicitation of Farel, and the 
 choice of the consistory and magistrates of 
 the city, he consented to become in 1536 their 
 ' minister, awl professor of divinity. The 
 «peedy check however which he wished to 
 impose upon the immoralities of the people, 
 and their domestic dissension soon rendered 
 him unpopular, and when he refused to ad- 
 minister the sacrament indiscriminately, the 
 public indignation was so violently raised 
 against him, that he was desired to leave 
 Geneva in two days. He retired to Stras- 
 burg, where he established a French re- 
 foi'med church, and two years after he ap- 
 peared with Bucer at the diet of Worms and 
 Ratisbon for the protestants, and had a 
 long and friendly conference with the cele- 
 brated Melancthon. But though flattered 
 and admired in Germany, Calvin had a se- 
 cret affection for the church of Geneva, and 
 tio sooner did the people earnestly solicit a 
 reconciliation than he returned, in l.')4l, 
 and prevailed upon them to establish a 
 church discipline, and a consistorial jurisdic- 
 tion with the power of inflicting censui*es and 
 canonical punishments. The power thus be- 
 
 ^^ CA 
 
 stowed into the hand of CaWin was great, 
 and it unfortunately was abused. The re- 
 former, who so loudly exclaimed against the 
 tyranny of Rome, directed the whole tor- 
 rent of his persecution against Servetus, a 
 physician, who had in an ambiguous styl« 
 written upon the trinity; and his vengeance 
 was not appeased till the unfortunate he- 
 retic had expired in the flames. This severi- 
 ty raised many enemies to Calvin, but his 
 ardour was undaunted, awd in the midst of 
 his avocations and the distractions of Ge- 
 neva, he directed by his letters the many 
 churches of Germany, France, England, 
 and Poland, which looked up to him as 
 their head and supreme governor. Disinter- 
 ested in his conduct, zealous only in the 
 cause of reformation, possessed of a clear 
 understanding, sound judgment, and happy 
 memory, he exercised his great and exten- 
 sive talents in the support of truth, and in 
 the propagation of the genuine precepts of 
 the gospel. His creed however was either, 
 from singularity or opposition, contrary to 
 the tenants of the other protestants, and 
 the untenable doctrines which he propa- 
 gated about an absolute predestination have 
 tended to render his followers, not only during 
 his age, but in succeeding times, gloomy, pre- 
 sumptuous, obstinate, and uncliaritable. He 
 died May 26, 1564, and though he had long 
 enjoyed a high reputation and exercised 
 an unbounded authority, he left only 300 
 crowns to his heirs, including his library, 
 the books of which sold afterwards at a 
 great price. By the advice of his friend 
 Bucer, Calvin married, at Strasburg, Idolet- 
 te de Bure, widow of an anabaptist whom 
 he had converted, and by her he had a sou 
 who died in his infancy. The death of his 
 wife, which happened in 1549, afflicted him., 
 greatly. The works of Calvin were printed 
 in 12vols. fol. Geneva, and in nine Amster-^ 
 dam, in 1667. They are chiefly on theolo- 
 gical and controversial subjects, but they 
 display his gi-eat erudition ; and Joseph 
 Scaliger has properly observed that no com- 
 mentator has better hit the sense of the pror 
 phets than he ; and he commends liim far- 
 ther for not attempting the explanation gf 
 the book of revelations. 
 
 Calvisius, Sethus, a learned Germ^, 
 born at Grosleb in Thuringia in 1559. He 
 distinguished himself as a learned and accu- 
 rate chronologer, Hiselenchus calendarii a 
 pfipa Gregorio XIIT. comprobati, was pub- 
 lislied in l6ll ; and in 1620, three years af- 
 ter his death, appeared his improved chro- 
 nology ; a work in which he has employed 
 20 long years of laborious study. 
 
 CAi.iA, Antonio, an Italian painter in the 
 17th century, pupil to Carlo Cignani at 
 Rome, whose pieces he judiciously imitatet'. 
 
 Camargo, Mary Ann Cupi de, a cele- 
 brated stage dancer, born at Brussels, 1710. 
 Her great powers were exhibited at Brussels 
 and at Pai-is, and it is said that she m.tin-. 
 tained a respectable character. She died 
 2Sih April 1770. 
 
 Camassei or Camacb, AndrcF, a'r. 
 
CA 
 
 Italian painter of Bevagna. He studied un- 
 der Dorainichino and Andrew Sacchi, and 
 died in 1657. His historical paintings are 
 preserved at liornej but one of his pieces, 
 Venus and tlie Graces, is to be seen at Wil- 
 ton. 
 
 Cambaceres, N. h native of Montpel- 
 lier, whose elotiuence as a preacher was 
 jnaucli admired at court, and was at last re- 
 warded by the archbishopric of Rouen. He 
 died Nov. 6th, 1808, aged 80. His nephew 
 was the second consul with Bonaparte, after 
 the abolition of the directory. 
 
 Cambert, a French fliusician in the 
 service of Ann of Austria. He first intro- 
 duced with Perrin operas in France, but 
 ■when his labors were eclipsed by the more 
 successful performances of Lulli, he came 
 over to England in 1672, where Charles 
 made him master of his band. He died 1677. 
 Besides his operas and musical pieces, he is 
 ohiefly known for his great skill and exqui- 
 site taste in touching the oi-gan. 
 
 Cambis-velleron, Joseph Lewis Do- 
 minic, marquis de, a French' nobleman, 
 born at Avignon, 1706. He was learned and 
 polite, and served some time in the army as 
 a captain of dragoons and a colourjl. He 
 died 1772. He pubUshed a valuable cata- 
 logue raisonn6 of the MSS. in his cabinet, 
 two vols. 8vo. — memoires historiquesde la vie 
 de Roger de St. Lary de Bellegarde, 12mo 
 1767. His library was very valuable and se- 
 lect, and he had collected some important 
 materials for the history of his province. 
 
 Cajvibridge, Richard Owen, a learned 
 Englishman, born in London, l4th Feb. 
 1714, and educated at Eton school and Ox- 
 ford. After three years' residence in the 
 university, he in 1737 entered at Liiicoln's- 
 jnn, and in 1741 married Miss Trenchard, 
 vvinh whom he settled at Whitminster, Glo- 
 cestershire. He published the Scribleriad, 
 a poem, 1744 — and in 1761 an history of the 
 war on the coast of Coromandel, and contri- 
 buted some valuable papers to the World. 
 His works were collected and printed to- 
 j^ether by his son G. O. Cambridge, M. A. 
 with his life, two vols. 4to. 1803. He died 
 much respected in private life, as a cheer- 
 ful companion, exemplary in his conduct, 
 and virtuous and benevolent in practice, 
 17th 'Sept. 1802. He was inventor of a cu- 
 rious double boat, which is said to possess 
 great swiftness in sailing with equal safety. 
 "it v/as formed with two distinct boats, 50 
 feet long, though but 18 inches wide, con- 
 nected together by a deck at the distance of 
 12 feet. 
 
 Cambyses, king of Persia, after his 
 father Cyrus, B. C. 529, made war against 
 Egypt and iE'hiopia, and died in conse- 
 «}uence of a wound which he huil accident- 
 ally given himself in the eighth year of his 
 reign. He was cruel and vindictive in the 
 extreme. 
 
 Camdest, William, a celebrated antiqua- 
 ry, was born at London, 2d May 1551. Af- 
 ter studying at Christ's hospital and St. 
 Paul's school, he entered ;\t 15 as a servicer 
 
 I 
 
 CA 
 
 at Magdalen college, Oxford, from whence 
 he removed to Broadgatf-hall now Pembroke 
 college, and two years and a halt after to 
 Christ church with his tutor and friend Dr. 
 Thomas Thornton, on his promotion to a 
 canonry. The prejudices of these popish 
 days prevented him not only from obtaining 
 fellowship at All-souls, but from being ad- 
 mitted to his first degree in arts, and Jt was 
 not till 1573 that he was made B. A. an honor 
 long due to his learning and aj)plicalion. By 
 the friendship of Dr. Goodman dean of West- 
 minster, he was appointed in 1575 second 
 master of Westminster school, and it waa 
 during his relaxation from the labors of this 
 important office, that he applied himself to 
 the compilation of his valuable work the 
 Britannia, or history of the ancient Britons, 
 their origin, manners, and laws, which ap- 
 peared in Latin, 1586, and passed rapidly 
 through several editions. His abilities were 
 now so universally acknowledged, that Piers 
 bishop of Salisbury, in 1588 conferred on him 
 the prebend of Iffarcomb, though he never 
 was in holy orders, and the same year he was 
 admitted to the degree of M. A. In 1593 
 he succeeded Dr. Grant in the headship of 
 Westminster-school, and four years after he 
 published a Greek grammai*, which though 
 judiciously digested, and long popular, must 
 be considered rather as an epitome of the 
 grammar of his predecessors, than as an 
 original work. In 1597 Camden was re- 
 moved from his laborious office, upon being 
 appointed Clerencleux king of arms, an em- 
 ployment more congenial to his taste and his 
 pursuits. In 1600 he published an account 
 of the mo!iuments of the kings, queens, and 
 nobles in Westminster abbey, and three 
 years after at Frankfort, a collection of our 
 ancient historians, called " Anglica, Nor- 
 manica, Hibernica, Cambrica, a veteribus 
 (lescripta, &c. In the following year he 
 published remains of a greater work con- 
 cerning Britain, &c. the materials of which 
 had been communicated to him when he 
 wrote his Bi'itannia. He published in 1607, 
 a complete edition of his Britannia in folio, 
 greatly enlarged and adorned with cuts, of 
 which an able translation was given to the 
 v/orld in 1695 by Dr. Gibson, afterwards 
 bishop of London, and in 1617, appeared 
 his Annales rerum Anglicanarum, during 
 queen Elizabeth's reign, the continuation of 
 which Mas finished in 1617, but not made 
 public in his life time. Camden died at 
 Chissclhurstin Kent, ninth November 1623, 
 and though he had directed to be buried 
 where he died, his remains where deposited 
 in great pomp in Westminster abbey op- 
 posite Chaucer, where on a white marble 
 monument his effigies is represented asjiold- 
 ing a book, on the leaves of which are in- 
 scribed Britannia. Camden was respected 
 as a man not only of great and extensive 
 learning, and just taste, but of amiable 
 manners, easy and candid in his conversa- 
 tion, and the friend of learned men, and 
 eminent scholars. His reputation was so 
 well established on the continent, that fo- 
 
CA 
 
 reigners considered tlieir travels inoomplcle 
 if not ])errait,ted to see and converse whh 
 the author ofthe Britannia, and itissrJd that 
 not less than six Cermnn nobles in one da} 
 visited him, and reqiiestcfi Iiim to write \m 
 lemma in their hook. Camden founded a 
 lectureship on history at Oxford, a nohle and 
 munificent donation, which Avhile it reflects 
 the highest honor on his memoi-y, enables a 
 learned body to remunerate its desei-ving 
 members with a respectable appointi.^ent. 
 His books and papers he bequeathed to sir 
 Itobert Cotton of Conington, hut the great- 
 est part of tliem are supposed to have been 
 destroyed during the civil wais. 
 
 Camerarius, Joachimus, n German, 
 born at Uamherg in 1500, and educated at 
 Leipsie. His great application in the acqui- 
 sition of Grecian and Koman literature 
 soon made him known to (he literati of the 
 age, and in those days of theological dissen- 
 tion, he became the friend of Erasmus, and 
 also of Melancthon, -whose life he wrote in 
 A very copious manner. During tiie political 
 troubles of Germany in 1;VJ.>, Camerarius 
 visited Prussia, and soon after was made 
 professor of heiles lettres at Nuremberg. In 
 lo2T, he married a woman of very respec- 
 table connections, v/itl> whom he lived 46 
 years, and by whom he had five sons and 
 four daughters, w ho ail grew up to be a?) 
 honor to their family. He was in 153G drawn 
 from his loved retirement by Uiric prince 
 ofWirtemburg, who employed him to restore 
 the ancient discipline of the university of Tu- 
 bingen, and some time after, at the request of 
 Henry and Maurice of Saxony, he assisted 
 in the establishment of the Leipsie univer- 
 sity. During the various religious disputes 
 ■which took place in consequence of the re- 
 formation, Camerarius was consulted, and 
 his opinion respected, especially in the diets 
 of Nuremberg and Katisbon. He died at 
 Leipsie 17th April 1575, full of years and 
 honor, surviving his wife not quite a year. 
 Besides Melancthon, he was intimate with 
 Carlowitch, Turnebus, Victofius, Wolfius, 
 Baumgartner, and indeed every man of 
 learning and consequence in his age. His 
 literary labors were very great, as he trans- 
 luted Herodotus, Demosthenes, JLuciid, Xe- 
 nophon. Homer, Theocritus, Sophocles, 
 Lucian, Theodoret, Nicephorus, and othei's, 
 and he deservedly was called by Vossius the 
 phtenix of Germany. Erasmus however has 
 spoken of him with some degree of indiffe- 
 rence, by saying that Camerarius showed 
 more industry than genius in what he wrote. 
 
 Camerarius, Joachim, son of t!ie pre- 
 ceding, devoted himself particularly to the 
 study of medicine, botany, and chemistry, 
 and refused for his favorite pursuits the flat- 
 tering and advantageous offers of princes, 
 who solicited to have him about their person. 
 He wrote some treatises on botany, and died 
 1598, aged 68, at Nurembei'g. 
 
 Cameron, John, a Scotchman, profes- 
 sor of Greek at Glasgow, and afterwards 
 divinity lectui-er at Montauban, where he 
 died 1625, in consequence of some severe 
 VOL. I. ,30 
 
 ^^ 
 
 CA 
 
 hlOAvs whicli ho tiad received in the streets 
 from some zealot whom he had uftendei.'. 
 He published " defence of grace," 1624, a 
 work which some imagined was too favora- 
 ble to the catholics, l-esides myrotheciuin 
 evangeiicum. All his works appeared in 
 three vols. 4to. 1677, at Saumur, and in 1 
 vol. fol. Geneva. 
 
 Camii.l.\, daughter of king Metabus, 
 and the ally of Turnus, is celebrated by Vir- 
 gilj for the valor she displayed against iEne- 
 as in Italy. 
 
 Camillus, Marcus Fucins, an illustri- 
 ous Koman, banished by his countrymen on 
 suspicion of peculation. His services and 
 character were remembered when Rome 
 was taken by the Gauls, and he issued from 
 his banishment to defeat the enemies of his 
 country. He died B. C. 305. 
 
 Camoens, Lewis, a Portuguese poet, de- 
 servedly called the Virgil of his country. 
 He was born at Lisbon, I.t-7, and studied at 
 Coimbra, from whence he went in the ser- 
 vice of his country to Ceuta, where he lost 
 one of his eyes in a campaign against the 
 Moors. He afterwards passed to the East 
 Indies, in hopes of bettering his fortunes,, 
 where he began the composition of his ce- . 
 lebrated Lusiad, but on his retui'u he had 
 the misfortune to be shipwrecked, and with 
 difiiculty saved his life, swimming with liis 
 right hand, and supporting Jiis poem witli 
 his left. When restored to Portugal in 1569, 
 he finished his poem, and dedicated it to 
 king Sebastian, but his Iiopos of patronage 
 and of honorable reniuneration were cruel) j 
 disappointed. The merits of the poet were 
 neglected by the monarch and his courtiers, 
 and Camoens, feeling all the miseries of in- 
 digent and despised virtue, expired in the 
 midst of his ungrateful countrymen, a prcv 
 to poverty and the deepest wretchedness 
 1579. Admired for the boldness of his de- 
 sci'iption.s, the unaftected display of his 
 learning, and the happiest flights of a sub- 
 lime imagination, Camoens is yet censured 
 for the obscurity of some of his verses, 
 and for an injudicious mixture of heathen 
 mythology and christian truths. The Lusiad 
 however Avili always rank high in the list of 
 heroic poems. It has been translated ir.to 
 French once, twice into Italian, four times 
 into Spanish, and into English by Fansliaw, 
 besides the elegant version in which Mr. 
 Mickle has immortalized his name with the 
 fame of his favorite author. 
 
 Campanella, Thomas, an Italian phi- 
 losopher belonging to the Dominican order, 
 born at Stilo in Calabria, September, 5th, 
 1568. His great and extensive knowledge of 
 the ancient classics soon enabled him to ex- 
 amine with accuracy the tenets of tlie peri- 
 patetic philosopliy, and to prove them built 
 upon false and untenable foundations. The 
 superior information and brilliant elo- 
 quence which lie displayed in his disputa- 
 tions on theology with professors of long 
 established reputation, increased with his 
 fame the number of his rivals and enemies, 
 and he was accused before the inquisition, «.f 
 
CA 
 
 hsivingr obtained by magic that vast extent of 
 learning which he possessed. He tied upon 
 this from Naples to Home, and afterwards to 
 Florence, and on his way to Bologna his i)a- 
 yevs were seized, but his person remained 
 unmolested. Some expressions however 
 -which he dropped some years after, against 
 the Spaniards, pi-oeured his arrest. He ap- 
 peared in 1599 at Naples as a criminal 
 against the state, and was seven times put to 
 the rack and condemned to perpetual im- 
 j)risonment. Tlie weight of his sufterings 
 was at last lessened by the interference of 
 the pope with Philip "IV. of Spain in 16i26, 
 but when restored to liberty, to avoid the 
 furlJier persecutions of the Spaniards, he re- 
 tired secretly to France, where the friend- 
 ship of Richelieu and the fiwov of Lewis 
 XHI. procured him a pension of 2000 livres. 
 He died in the monastery of the Dominicans 
 21st March 16.39. His writings were nume- 
 rous, the best known of which are de recta 
 vatione studendi, — aphorismata politica, — de 
 nionarchia Hispanica. 
 
 Campano, John Antonio, a native of 
 Campania, of obscure origin. While tend- 
 ing sheep he was noticed by a priest who 
 admii-ed his promising appearance, and who 
 kindly instructed him in the learned langua- 
 ges, and enabled him to become professor of 
 rhetoric at Perugia. He was raised to a 
 bishopric by pope Pius U. and engaged at 
 the congress of Ratisbon, and made gover- 
 nor of Citta de Castelio by Sixtus IV. His 
 opposition to some of the measures of the 
 court of Rome rendered him unpopular 
 with the pope, and he removed to his see of 
 Terrano witerehe died 1477, aged 48. He 
 ■ttrote the life of the famous commatider 
 Andrew Braccio, besides orations, letters, 
 Latin poems, moral and political treatises, &c. 
 published together 1707 and 1734 at Leipsic. 
 
 Campano, Novarese, an Italian ecclesi- 
 asticin the 13th century, author of commen- 
 taries on Euclid, and several treatises on 
 astronomy still preserved in MS. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, son of the earl 
 of Argyle, was bom in 1598, and became 
 known for his strong partiality to the cove- 
 Tianters, though he retained all his attach- 
 ment to Charles I. b}^ whom he was created 
 a marquis. He opposed Cromwell's inva- 
 sion of Scotland, and placed the crown on 
 the head of Charles II. when his coronation 
 took ])lace at Scone iu 1G51. But not- 
 withstanding his attachment to the king, 
 and the display of an undaunted character in 
 political life, he was seized in London when 
 he came to congratulate Charles on his re- 
 storation, and upon being condemned as 
 guilty of liigh treason was beheaded as a 
 trmtor at Edinburgh cross, 27th May, 1661. 
 He wrote instructions to a son, and defences 
 against the grand irulictraent ofhigh treason. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, earl of Argyle, 
 son of the preceding, distinguished himself 
 so much by his bravery at the battle of Dun- 
 bar, and on other occasions, that Cromwell 
 exempted him from the general pardon 
 ^r^uted inl654. I« oonsequence of tJie in- 
 
 ^/-^ 
 
 CA 
 
 terception of one of his letters, ia which Le 
 spoke of the ingratitude of courts, he was 
 tiled before the parliament of Scotland, for 
 leasing, making, or sowing dissentions be- 
 tween the king and the subject by false in- 
 formation. He was condemned to lose his 
 head, and the sentence would have been ex- 
 ecuted hatl not the great Clarendon interfe- 
 re«l with the king. Argyle was afterwards 
 restored to royal favor, and made privy 
 counsellor, and one of the lords of the trea- 
 suiy, but he was afterwards again exposed 
 to persecution and most iniquitously con- 
 demned to suffer death. He escaped from 
 confinement and after concealing himself ia 
 London, he went to Holland, and soon re- 
 turned to Scotland, to support the rebellion 
 of Monmouth. The plans which he pursu- 
 ed were not however well concerted, he 
 was abandoned by those who ought to have 
 shared his dangers, and he was taken and 
 carried to Edhiburgb, where he suffered in 
 pursuance of his former sentence. He was 
 beheaded SOth June 1685. 
 
 Campbell, George, D.D, was educa-^ 
 ted at St. Andrew's and was promoted to a 
 small living in the Highlands. He was made 
 professor of church history at St. Andrew's 
 1728, and i>ublished a discourse on miracles, 
 besides a vindication of the christian religion, 
 8vo. and a treatise on moral virtue. He dieA 
 1757, aged 61. 
 
 Campbell, George, a Scotch divine, 
 born at Aberdeen. He was educated at the 
 Mai'ischal college of which he became & 
 principal in 1759, and professor of divinity 
 in 1771. He died 1796, aged 77, a little 
 time after resigning his office. Among his 
 works his translation of the four gospels are 
 particularly entitled to commendation. His 
 answer to Hume on the miracles was much 
 admired ; but in his ecclesiastical history, a 
 posthumous work, he is censured as partial 
 and bigotted in favor of the presbyterians. 
 
 Campbell, Colin, a Scotch architect, 
 author of Vitruvius Britannicus, 3 vols, folio, 
 and surveyor of the works of Greenwich 
 hospital. He gave among other things the 
 designs of Wanstead house, the Rolls, and 
 Mereworth in Kent, and died 1734. 
 
 Campbell, John, an eminent writer ou 
 biography, history, and politics, born at 
 Edinburgh, 8th March 1708. At the age of 
 five he left Scotland, which he never saw 
 again, for the neighbourhood of Windsor; 
 and he was placed as clerk to an attorney at 
 the usual age, but the occupation was irk- 
 some to his feelings, and be relinquished it 
 for the more laborious life of an author. Ia 
 his SOth year he first appeared before the 
 public in the military life of prince Eugene 
 and of Marlborough, in 2 vols. fol. He was af- 
 terwards engaged in the ancient universal 
 history, and in 1739, published the travels 
 of Edward Brown, esquire, and the memoirs 
 of Ripperda, and two years after the con- 
 cise history of Spanish America. In 1742 
 the two first volumes of his history of Eng- 
 lish admirals appeared, to which two years 
 after two volumee more were added, a work 
 
CA 
 
 ©f great merit and established reputatloii, 
 and which, after passing tiirough three edi- 
 tions in the author's life-time, has been 
 edited with improvements by Dr. Berkcn- 
 bout. He published in 1743 Hermippusreyiv- 
 ed, which six years after was more fully im- 
 proved, and in 1744 appeared his " voyages 
 and travels," on the plan of Dr. Harris. Be- 
 sides other popular publications he was en- 
 gaged in the Biographia Britannica, which fi rst 
 appeared in weekly numbers in 1745, and to 
 which he contributed some of the most in- 
 teresting and best written articles. In 1750 
 he published his present state of Europe, a 
 work extremely popular by the rapid sale 
 of si V large editions, and afterwards he was 
 employed in the modern universal history 
 which appeared in detached parts in 16 vols. 
 fol. His last work was " a poJitical survey 
 of Britain" in 2 vols. 4to. 1774, in which he 
 displayed extraordinary labor, great judg- 
 ment, and extensive knowledge. These great 
 lilej'ary performances did not pass unre- 
 varded with the applause of the learned, the 
 author Avas honored in 1754 by the universi- 
 ty of Glasgow with the degree of L.L. D. 
 and in 1774 the empress of Russia, who 
 never failed to distinguish merit in every 
 nation, presented him, in testimony of her 
 regard for his great abiUties, with her pic- 
 ture. In 1736 our author married miss 
 Vobe, of Leominster, with whom he lived 
 happily 40 years, and by whom he had sev- 
 en children, one only of whom with their 
 mother survived him. He lived in the in- 
 dulgence of his 'Hterary pursuits so retired 
 that few had the happiness of his acquant- 
 ance, but those that visited him found him 
 amiable in his manners, instructive in his 
 eonversatioa, and in his general conduct 
 mild, humane, and religious. He was ap- 
 pointed in 1765 king's agent for the province 
 of Georgia, an office which he held till his 
 death, a melancholy event, which was has- 
 tened by his sedentary mode of. life, and his 
 intense application. He died of a decline at 
 his house, Queen-square, Ormond-street, 
 2Sth December 1775, aged neai'ly 68, and 
 his remains were deposited in the new bury- 
 ing ground behind the Foundling belonging 
 to St. George the Martyr. Besides the larg- 
 er works enumerated above. Dr. Campbell 
 wi'ote otlier smaller publications, which Dr. 
 Kippis has mentioned in the Biographia Bri- 
 tannica, and which prove further the great 
 erudition, the comprehensive knowledge, 
 and indefatigable application of the author. 
 
 Campbell, John, 2d duke of Argyle,and 
 duke of Greenwich, was son of Archibald 
 duke of Argyle, and Elizabeth Tollemache. 
 He early devoted himself to a military life, 
 and served under the great Marlborough. 
 He distinguished himself at the battles of 
 Ramilies, of Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, 
 and assisted at the siege of l-isle and of 
 Ghent. Such services were honorably reward- 
 ed by the king, he was made knight of the gar- 
 ter in 1710, and the following year sent ambas- 
 dor to Charles III. of Spain, with the com- 
 
 ^/y 
 
 CA 
 
 His support of the union with Scotland, renr 
 dered him for a while unpopular among his 
 countrymen, but liis merits were acknow- 
 ledged by all parties. George I. on his ac- 
 cession restored him to the command of 
 Scotland, of which he had been before ca- 
 priciously deprived, and in 1715 he bravely 
 attacked lord Mar's army at Dumblain, and 
 obliged the pretender to retire from the 
 kingdom. In 1718 he was made duke of 
 Greenwich, but the opposition which he 
 showed to the measures of Walpole procur- 
 ed his dismissal from all the ofiices of honor 
 and profit Avhich he held, though he was 
 afterwards restored on the minister's dis- 
 grace. He died 1743, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey, where a handsome 
 monument records his virtues. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, a Scotch prelate 
 of the noble family of the (Campbells, made 
 in 1721 bishop of Aberdeen, which he re- 
 signed in 1724. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing, and intimate with the most famous men 
 of his time, with bisliop Bull, Hickes, Grabe, 
 Xelson, and otiiers. He died 16th June 
 1744, author of the doctrine of a middle 
 state between death and the resurrcctioB, 
 fol. 1721, a work curious and interesting, full 
 of great learning, and profound observations. 
 
 C/AMPEGGio, Lorenzo, a Roman cardi- 
 nal, born at Milan 1474. He was professor 
 of civil law at Bologna for several years, and 
 married, but on the death of his wife, he 
 embraced the ecclesiastical profession, ami 
 in 1512 was made a bishop, and afterwards 
 created a cardinal by Leo X. He came to 
 England 1519, as nuncio, to settle the tenths 
 for the crusade against Turkey, and was 
 made bishop of Salisbury, and in 1524 passed 
 into Germany to attempt to resist the torrent 
 of the reformation. He afterwards returned 
 to England to settle the affairs about the 
 divorce of Henry VHI. and Catherine of 
 Arragon, and when recalled in 152U by the 
 pope, he went to the diet of Augsburg again 
 to oppose the progress of Lutheranism. He 
 died at Rome, 1539. He was a man of learn- 
 ing and deep political knowledge, and ac- 
 quainted with Erasmus and most other 
 learned men in Europe. Some of his letters 
 are published in the collection of Basil 1550. 
 He had a brother Thomas, who was also a 
 bishop, and author of several learned works 
 on the canon law. He died 1564. 
 
 Camper, Peter, a celebrated physician, 
 and naturalist. He was born at Leydcn, and 
 carefully educated by his father who was a 
 protestant divine, and under Boerhaave, 
 Muschenbroek, Gravesande, and other fa- 
 mous professors, he laid the foundation of 
 that knowledge in which he became so emi- 
 nent. He travelled at the age of 26 over 
 England, France and Germany, where he 
 was received by the learned with the res- 
 pect due to rising merit, and in Berlin he 
 was particularly noticed by Frederic the 
 great. His works were on philosophy and 
 natural history, in 6 vols. 8vo. with l(io folio 
 plates beautifully engraved. He wi^ote, be- 
 mand of the English forces in that kingdom, sides a treatise on tiie physiognomies of meli 
 
CA 
 
 s/Z 
 
 CA 
 
 ofdifterent counti-ies, a work of great erudi- 
 tion but occasionally fanciful. He had also a 
 taste for the fine arts,,and excelled in the 
 use of the pencil. He died 1789, highly res- 
 pected. 
 
 Camphuysem, Dirk, a painter, born at 
 Dorcum J3SC. He is eminent in his land- 
 scapes and moonlight pieces. 
 
 Campi, JJernardin, an Italian painter of 
 eminence, author of an interesdng* book on 
 his art, called parere soj)ra la pittiira, print- 
 ed at Cremona in 4to. 1580. He died laSi, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Campi, Galeazzo, an Italian painter, 
 who excelled in minatures and in histor}'. 
 He was born at Cremona, and died 153G. 
 
 Campian, Edmund, a learned writer, 
 born in liondon 1540, and educated at 
 Christ's hospital, where he delivered an oi 
 
 admired for his superior knowledge of music, 
 and for tlie many popular ballets and tragi* 
 operas whicii he composed. He died at Ver- 
 sailles i>9th Jidy, 1744, aged 84. 
 
 Camps, Fruticois de, a native of Amiens, 
 
 patronised by Ferroni bishop of Mende, 
 
 [ and made abbot of Signy. He wrote disser- 
 
 I tations on Medals — on the histor}* of Finance, 
 
 j &c. He died at Paris, 1723, aged 81, and 
 
 by his labors contributed to the more easy 
 
 elucidation of history. 
 
 Campson, Gauri, an able and humane 
 sultan of Egypt, i-aised to that dignity by the 
 Mamelukes, 1504. He was slain in a battle 
 fought against the emperor of the Turks, 
 1516, aged 70. 
 
 Camus, John Peter, a French prelate, 
 born at Paris. He was made bishop of Bel- 
 lay by Henry IV. and consecrated by St. 
 
 tion before queen Mary at her accession. Francis de Sales 1609. As a preacher he was 
 
 lie was afterwards elected to St. John's col- 
 leg;;, 0.\f<>rd, by White the founder, and re- 
 ceived great applause for an oration which 
 he spoke bef.'ire queen Elizabeth, when she 
 visited the university. In 1568 he went to 
 Ireland, and wrote an history of the country 
 in two books, but the suspicion of favoring 
 the catholic tenets rendered him unpopu- 
 lar, and he fled to the low countries. Here 
 he renounced prostestantism and entered in- 
 to the body of the Jesuits at Douay, and 
 from thence passed to Rome, whei-e he was 
 received as a true and useful convert. He 
 wrote a tragedy called Nectar and Ambro- 
 sia, which was acted before the emperor at 
 Vienna, and for six years he taught rhetoric 
 and philosophy at Prague, till he was com- 
 inissioned by pope Gregory XIII. to pass 
 over to England in 1580. In this delicate 
 employment he used all the arts of cunning 
 and insinuation, but though he seems to 
 have challenged the English clergy to a trial 
 of skill, yet he discovered too much vehem- 
 ence and impetuosity, and when discovered 
 by the emissaries of Walsingham, he was 
 dragged to the tower, and being found guil- 
 ty of high treason for adhering to the pope, 
 the (jueen's enemy, he v.'as hanged and 
 quartered at Tyburn, first December 1581. 
 He was a man of great learning, an eloquent 
 orator, and a subtile disputant. His writings 
 were on controversial subjects, and are now 
 forgotten. His chronologia universalis is 
 however a learned work. 
 
 Cam PI ST RON, Jean G albert, a French 
 poet, born at Toulouse in 1615. He became 
 the secretai'y and the friend of the duke of 
 Vendome, and merited to be ranked little 
 inferior to Racine in the merit of his dra- 
 matic compositions. He died of an apoplexy, 
 llthMay 1723, at the age of 67. His plays, 
 three vols. 12mo. first published in 1750, 
 have passed through many editions. 
 
 Campo, Antonio, an Italian author, born 
 at Cremojia, of which he wrote an interest- 
 ing history in folio, 1585. It is in high es- 
 teem on account of the plates by Augustine 
 Carachi. 
 
 . Campra, Andrew, a musician of Aix, 
 Doru 4th December, 1660. He was greatly 
 
 particularly eloquent, but at the same time 
 indulged an ironical turn, especially against 
 tlie monks, which caused them to complain 
 of his conduct to Richelieu. He resigned 
 his see after an enjoyment of 20 years, and 
 though offered two others afterwards he 
 preferred the retirement of a monastery, 
 and died in the hospital of incurables at Paris, 
 1652, aged 70. Among his numerous works 
 are mentioned, pious romances to suppress 
 the licentious productions of his age. 
 
 Camus, Stephen la, a native of Paris, 
 doctor of the Sorbonne 1650 and bishop of 
 Grenoble 1571. He was an exemplary pre- 
 late, attentive to his episcopal duties, and 
 in his private conduct very austere, always 
 sleeping on straw,, and wearing a hair shirt- 
 He was made a cardinal by pope Innocent 
 II. 1686, and died 1707, aged 75, leaving his 
 property to the poor, and to some schools 
 which he had founded. He w^as author of 
 some pastoral letters, — a treatise on tlie per- 
 petual virginity of t!ie Virgin Mary. 
 
 Camus, Antoine le, a physician, born at 
 Paris, where he died ir72, at the age of 50. 
 In the midst of a respectable practice, he 
 found time to write physic for the mind, 2 
 Tols. 12mo. — Abdeker, the art of preserving 
 beauty, a romance, 4 vols. 12mo. on various 
 subjects of medicine, &;c. 
 
 Camus, Charles Stephen Eewis, a learn- 
 ed Fi-ench mathematician, who died 1768, 
 aged 58. He was member of the royal acad- 
 emy of sciences at Paris, and of the royal 
 London society, and wrote a course on ma- 
 thematics, 4 vols. 8vo. — besides treatises on 
 arithmetic, &c. 
 
 C.amusat, Nicholas, a learned French- 
 man of Troyes, of which he was canon. 
 He died 1655, aged 80. He wrote histo- 
 ria Albigensium, 1615 — Melanges histori- 
 ques, 1619 — promptuarium sacrarum anti- 
 quit. Tricassinae diocesis, 8vo. 1610 — and oth- 
 er works. 
 
 Canani, John Baptist, a native of Fer- 
 rara, professor of medicine and anatomy 
 there, and physician to the duke. He wrote 
 humani corporis picturata dissectio, now ve- 
 ry rare, and is said to have discovered the 
 valves of the veins. He died 1590, aged 75. 
 
CA 
 
 Canaye, Philip sieur du fresne, a na- 
 tive of Paris, w lio published an account of 
 a journey to (vonslaatiuopie. He was after- 
 wards employed by Henry IV. ia several 
 embassies, uud from a calvinist became a 
 Koman catholic, at the conference of du 
 Perron and de Plessis Mornay. He died 
 IGIO, »gtd 61. He wrote besides an ac- 
 count of his embassies, 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Candaules, king of Lydia, was mur- 
 dered by tiyges, who ascended his throne, 
 B. C. 718. 
 
 Candiac, John Lewis Eliz. de Mont- 
 calm, a child t:i" astonishing powers, brother 
 to the marquis of Montcalm. At the age 
 of four he ' learned Latin, and when six he j 
 could read Greek and Hebrew to the as- 
 tonishment of the learned. This prodigy 
 of premature superiority in tlie knowledge 
 of literature and of science, was cut off by 
 a complication of diseases at Paris, 8th Oct. 
 J 725, aged seven years. 
 
 Candito, Peter, an historical painter, 
 born at Jlruges 1548. His real name was 
 said to be White. 
 
 Cane AH or Canghah, an Indian phi- 
 losopher, physician, and astronomer. He 
 
 1750 in 8vo. He died at Berlin, 1699, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Cann, John, an Englishman of original- 
 ly humble occupation, who fled to Amster- 
 dam at the restoration, and became a great 
 leader among the BrowniKts. He published 
 a bible with marginal notes, which was well 
 received by the public, and passed througU 
 several editions. 
 
 Cannamares, John a peasant of Cata- 
 lonia, who in a fit of insanity attacke<l king 
 Ferdinand, and nearly killed hiiu. He was 
 seized, ami though the monarch wished to 
 pardon him he was strangled in prison 1493. 
 
 Cano, Alonzo, a native of Grenada, em- 
 inent as a painter, sculptor, and architect. 
 He was patronised by the duke of Olivares, 
 and made director general of the king's 
 works at Madrid, and preceptor to the 
 prince Balthazar Carlos. The palaces and 
 churches of Madrid were adorned with the 
 elegant labors of his chisel, as well as of his 
 pencil. He had the singular misfortune of 
 finding on his return home one evening his 
 house plundered, his wife murdered, and 
 his Italian servant fled ; and while he had 
 reason to suspect the treachery of his do- 
 
 wrote on the secret of nativities — the con- mestic, m consequence of his jealous and 
 " * ■ ■ '■ ■■ ■ resentful temper, he was himself seized as a 
 
 perpetrator of the horrid deed and tortured, 
 l)Ut no punishment could force him to con- 
 fess a crime of which he was not guilty. He 
 afterwards entered into the cimrch to escape 
 further persecution, and died, 676, aged 76. 
 Cano or Canus, Melchior, a native of 
 Tarancon, in the diocese of Toledo. He 
 was of the Dominican order, and professor 
 of theology at Salamanca, and ia 1552, he 
 became bishop of the Canaries, which he 
 resigned to enjoy the favors of the court of 
 Philip H. He'died at Toledo 1560, author 
 of some M-orks, especially locorum theologi- 
 corum, &c. 
 
 Cantacuzenus, Johannes, a Byzan- 
 tine historian, born at Constantinople, and. 
 nearly related to the imperial family. His 
 knowledge in literature and in arms was so 
 great, that he became the favorite of the 
 court and people, and was made first lord of 
 the bedchamber to the emperor Andronicus. 
 He retained his offices under his grandson of 
 the same name, who made him generalissi- 
 mo of his forces, and would have admitted 
 him to the throne, if he had been willing to 
 consent. At his death the emperor left the 
 guardianship of his son John Palasologus to 
 the integrity of Cantacuzenns ; but the jea- 
 lousy of the empress and of her favorites, 
 thwarted his benevolent schemes, till at last 
 he assumed himself the imperial purple, at 
 the request of the nobles at Adrianopie, 
 134'2. The new monarch was victorious 
 over his enemies, and with unparalleled mod- 
 eration, he adopted the conqu«;red Palseolo- 
 gus for his r,ssociate on the tiirone, and gave 
 him his daughter Helen in marriage to ce- 
 ment their reconciliation. Jealousy, how- 
 ever, still prevailed, and Cantacnzenus, 
 wearied with the troubles of sovereignty, 
 retired to a mona»stery accompanied by his 
 
 junction of planets — a manual of medicme — 
 physiognomy, de mansionibus lunie, kc. 
 
 Cange, Charles du Fresne du, a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, born at Amiens, and made 
 treasurer of France. He early applied him- 
 self to the study of ancient and modern his; 
 tory, and published some valuable works. 
 He died 1688, aged 78. Lewis XIV. pre- 
 sented a pension to his children, in memory 
 of their father's learning and his services to 
 literature. The most valuable of his works 
 are history of the eastern empire under the 
 French emperors of Constantinople, fol. — 
 Latin Glossary, 3 vols. fol. — a Greek glos- 
 sary of the middle ages, 2 vols, fol. — annals 
 of Zonaras, &c. — historia Byzantina illus- 
 trata in fol. kc. 
 
 (/ANGiAGO or Cambist, Lewis, a pain- 
 ter of Genoa, whose works were in high 
 repute in Spain and Italy. He became en- 
 amored of his deceased wife's sister, and 
 solicited in vain a papal dispensation to mar- 
 ry her, and died of melancholy in Spain, 
 1585, aged 58. 
 
 Can INI, Angelo, a learned Italian, au- 
 thor of observations on the Greek tongue — 
 Institutiones Linguce Syi-iacae Assyr. — Thai- 
 mud. iEthiop. Arab, collatione, died 1557. 
 
 Canisius, Henry, a native of Niniegu- 
 en, professor of canon law atlngolstadt, died 
 in 1609. He left some learned works on his 
 profession, and on antiquities.- — His uncle 
 Peter was a learned Jesuit, author of some 
 theological works. He died 1597, aged 77. 
 
 Canitz, Baron ot^ a German poet and 
 statesman, born at Berlin, 1654, five nujnths 
 after his father's death. He travelled through 
 Europe, and was engaged in important ne- 
 gotiations by the king of Prussia. He took 
 Horace for his model in his German compo- 
 sitions, and was so popular a poet that his 
 Morks were published for the 10th time in 
 
CA 
 
 ^/4 
 
 CA 
 
 wife. In that tranquil retreat he devoted i sequently C«nterus fell a sacrifiee to his stu<^ 
 himself to study, and wi-ote an history in dious retirement, and died in his 33d year* 
 Greek of his own times, in four books, from \ 1375. His mind was stored with vast erudi- 
 1320 to 1355. This work is very valuable, tion, and irom his famdiar acquaintance 
 He wrote besides some theological works, with six languages, besides that of his coun- 
 The history was translated into Latin at In- try, viz. Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, 
 golstadt, in 1G03 by Pontanus, and in 1645 Italian, and German, the greatest cxpecta- 
 
 the original Greek was splendidly edited at 
 Paris iu 3 vols. fol. The time ot his death 
 is unknown, though it is supposed that he 
 lived lill about the year 1411, and reached 
 his 100th year. He wrote also a defence of 
 Christianity against tiie Mahometans. 
 
 Cantarini, Simon, a painter, born at 
 Pezaro, and thence surnamed Pezarese. 
 He was the pupil and friend of Guido, 
 whose excellence he so successfully imita- 
 ted, that his pieces were often ascribed to 
 his master. He died at Verona 1648, 
 aged 36. 
 
 Can TEL, Peter Joseph, a Jesuit of Caux, 
 •whose extraordinai'y application to litera- 
 ture shortened his days at the age of 35, 
 1579. He wrote de llomana rcpublica, VZmo. 
 1707 — raetropolitarum urbium historiae civil 
 & ecclesiast. primus — besides editions of 
 Justin and Valerius Maximus. 
 
 Cantemir, Demetrius, a Tartar of il- 
 lustrious birth. He visited Constantinople 
 early iu life, and promised himself to suc- 
 ceed his father as governor of Moldavia 
 
 greatest expecta- 
 tions, as Thuanus observes, might have 
 been formed from him. His works were 
 purely philological, such as, novarum lec- 
 tionum libri octo — syntagma de ratione 
 emendandi Grsecos autores — notse, scholia, 
 &c. in Euripid, Sophocl. iEschyl. Cic. Pro- 
 pert. Auson. Arnob — besides various read- 
 ings on some of the septuagint MSS. and 
 translations of several Greek authors. 
 
 C A N T o N, J oh n, an ingenious philosopher, 
 born at Stroud, in Glocestershire, 31st J ulj 
 1718. He was early initiated in the know- 
 ledge of matheiualics, in which science he 
 displayed astonishing powers ; bat soon af- 
 ter he became engaged in the business of his 
 father as a broadcloth weaver. His leisure 
 hours were, however, devoted to his favor- 
 ite pursuits, and he eluded, with successful 
 perseverance, the vigilance of his father, 
 who forbade him to study by candle-light ; 
 and at last constructed, in secrecy, and by 
 the help of a common knife alone, a -stone di- 
 al, which besides the hours of the day, show- 
 d the sun's rising, and his place in the eclip- 
 
 but he was supplanted by a rival ; and when ■. tic, with other particulars. The ingenuity 
 
 at last sent to defend the province against 
 the Russians, he betrayed it to the Czar Pe- 
 ter, whose fortunes he followed, and by 
 ■whom he was amply rewarded. From Mol- 
 davia, over which he presided, he retired 
 to Ukraine, Avhere he died, much lamented, 
 1723, aged 50. He wrote a Latin history 
 of the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire 
 in Russia, dedicated to the Czar — the sys- 
 tem of Mahomet's religion — the state of 
 Moldavia, in Latin, with a map of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cantemir, Antiochus, son of the pre- 
 ceding, displayed the advantages of a well 
 finished education in several embassies at 
 London and Paris. On his return to Peters- 
 burg, he devoted himself to literature, and 
 was the first who introduced the graces of 
 poetry among the Russians. He was author 
 of some odes, satires, and fables, besides a 
 translation of Anacreon and of the epistles 
 of Horace. His life was written by Guasco. 
 He died 1744, aged 34. 
 
 Canterus, William, an eminent scho- 
 lar, born at Utrecht 1542, and educated 
 chiefly at Lou vain, under Cornel. Valeri- 
 us, and afterwards at Paris, under Auratus. 
 The civil wars of France afforded him an 
 opportunity to visit Germany, Italy, and 
 Venice, where he purchased some valua- 
 ble manuscripts ; and on his return to Lou- 
 vain he devoted himself with indefatigable 
 diligence to his favorite studies. An appli- 
 cation so intense, which regularly began at 
 7 in the morning, and continued till mid- 
 night, with the intervention of scarce four 
 hours for exercise and refreshment, was 
 
 »ot calculated to insure longevity, and con- sophy continued to be gre«t and important; 
 
 of the son thus procured the encourage- 
 ment of the father, who placed on the front 
 of his house the favorite dial. This was 
 seen and admired by the curious and the 
 learned in the neighborhood ; and Cantoa 
 was invited to the undisturbed use of some 
 valuable libraries. Martin's grammar, and 
 a pair of globes, then first seen by the untu- 
 tored youth, raised his genius to noble ex- 
 ertions. He was invited to London by Dr. 
 Miles of Tooting, and he engaged himself 
 with Mr. Watkins at an academy in Spital- 
 square. In this situation, with all the ad- 
 vantages to be derived from a comfortable 
 independence, he pursued his studies, and 
 at last succeeded Watkins in the manage- 
 ment of his school; and, in 1744, married 
 Penelope, the daughter of Mr. Thomas 
 Colbrooke. In 1745, the discovery of the 
 Leyden phial in electricity attracted his at- 
 tention to the improvement of a science for 
 which he had always shown great partialit}'. 
 In 1750 he was elected member of the roy- 
 al society for his method of making artificial 
 magnets, for which he was honorably re- 
 warded with the gold medal. He was also 
 honored with a degree by the university of 
 Aberdeen, and chosen, in 1751, one of the 
 council of the royal society. He was the 
 first person in England who, on July 20, 
 1752, ascertained the truth of Dr. Frank- 
 lin's hypothesis of the similarity of light- 
 ning and electricity, by attracting fire from 
 the clouds; and this circumstance recom- 
 mended him strongly to the notice and 
 friendship of the American philosopher. 
 His discoveries and improvements in philo- 
 
CA 
 
 aad his opinions were communieated to the 
 royal society in various papers, on the shoot- 
 ing of" the stars, the electrical properties of 
 the tourmalin, the variation of the needle, 
 the transit of Venus in 1761, the compres- 
 sibility of water, the making of phosphorus, 
 the fixing of electrical conductors on build- 
 ings, the luminousnessof the sea occasion- 
 ed by the putrefaction of its animal sub- 
 stances, &c. Besides tliese different sub- 
 jects, he treated of some others, not only in 
 the transactions of the society, but in the 
 Gentleman's magazine, with a laudable zeal 
 for experimental knowledge, and the estab- 
 lishment of truth. He died of a dropsy in 
 his chest, 22d March 1772, in his 54th year. 
 In private life he was an amiable and sensi- 
 ble man, mild in his manners, and affable in 
 kis conduct. He was succeeded in his school 
 by his eldest son, William, who inherited 
 much of his love for science. His wife sur- 
 vived him, and seven children. 
 
 Cantwell, Andrew, a physician ofTip- 
 perary, who died 11th July 1764. He ac- 
 quired celebrity by his practice, and more 
 by his publications. He wrote Latin disser 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 eA 
 
 Swedes, and killed their king in battle ; anfi 
 afterwards, in his old age, he made a pil- 
 gi-image to liome. He died at Shaftshury 
 1035. 
 
 Canute IV. king of Denmark after 
 Harold, 1080, was surnanied the Pious. His 
 great partiality and liberal donations to the 
 church raised an insurrection against him, 
 in which he was slain by one of his subjects, 
 1087. He was canonized by pope Alexander 
 HI. in 1164. 
 
 Canuti, Dominico, an Italian painter of 
 eminence, instructed by the sole powers of 
 his genius. His pieces are pi-eserved at Rome 
 and Bologna. He died 1678, aged 55 years. 
 
 CAPACCicJulioCsesare, a learned Italian, 
 
 author of a history of Naples, and other 
 works. He was tutor to prince Urbino, and 
 secretary to the city of -Naples ; and died 
 1631. 
 
 Capasso, Nicholas, a native of Fratta, 
 in the kingdom of Naples, professor of civil 
 law at Naples. He was eminent as a poet, 
 and he spent, it is said, more than twenty 
 years in translating Homer into the Neapo- 
 litan patois ; a work much esteemed by 
 tations on medicine, fevers, and secretions 1 judges of this vulgar idora. His poetical 
 
 —new experiments on Mr. Stephens' rerae 
 dies — history of remedy for weakness of the 
 eyes — account of the small-pox — disserta- 
 tion on inoculation, &c. 
 
 Canus, or Cano, Sebastian, a Spaniard 
 %Yho accompanied Magellan in his voyage 
 round the world,and, after his death, pursued 
 his course toSunda, and round the Cape of 
 Good Hope. He returned to Spain 1522, 
 after sailing round the world in three years 
 and four weeks. There was another Canus, 
 James, a Portuguese, who discovered the 
 kingdom of Congo, in 1484. 
 
 Canute, a king of Denmark and Nor- 
 way, sovereign also of England. He resign- 
 ed his crown, and retired to a monastery, 
 where he died 1026. 
 
 Canute, or Knud, surnamed the Great, 
 succeeded his father Sweyn asking of Den- 
 mark, and afterwards undertook an expedi- 
 tion against England. He attacked Edmund 
 Ironside with such boldness and success, 
 that the two rivals agreed to divide the coun- 
 try between them, and while Edmund was 
 satisfied with the land at the south of the 
 Thames, his opponent claimed the north as 
 his own. When Edmund wasfmurdered by 
 Edric, 1017, Canute seized the'whole king- 
 dom, and endeavoured to establish himself 
 by the punishment of Edric and of the no- 
 bles, and by the laying of a heavy tax on the 
 people. His reign, though severe, was im- 
 partial, and he regarded both nations equally 
 as his subjects, and distributed justice with- 
 out favor. He showed himself also superior 
 to the flattery of his courtiers on the sea- 
 shore at Southampton, and whilst they wish- 
 ed to extol him as more than a mortal, he 
 showed them, that as the sea refused to obey 
 his summons, and retreat back at his word, 
 so is every thing on earth subservient to the 
 will of him whom the winds and the sea 
 obey. He repressed the invasien of the 
 
 pieces were printed at Naples 1780, 1 vol- 
 4to. and possess merit. His prose composi- 
 tions are not much esteemed. He died at, 
 Naples 1743, aged 75. 
 
 Capecio, Scipio, a Neapolitan Latin poet 
 of the 16th century, who successfully imita- 
 ted Lucretius' book de rerum natura, printed 
 1542, and elegantly 1754. He wrote besides 
 elegies, epigrams, &c. highly esteemed. He 
 was law professor at Naples. 
 
 Capel, Arthur lord, a vii'tuous noble- 
 man, whose attachment to the cause of 
 Charles I. proved fatal to him. At first he 
 favored the parliament, and voted for the 
 death of Strafford, of which he sincerely re- 
 pented ; and when he saw the violent mea- 
 sures of the republican chiefs, he sided with 
 the king, and was created lord Capel of 
 Hadham. He, with lord Norwich and sir 
 Charles Lucas, boldly defended Colchester ; 
 but upon the surrender, he, in violation of si 
 solemn promise of quarter, was beheaded or 
 the scaffold, March 9, 1649. While in pri- 
 son, he wrote some beautiful and elegant 
 verses, which have frequently appeared be- 
 fore the public. 
 
 Capel, Arthur, son of the preceding, was 
 made earl of Essex by Charles II. and em- 
 ployed as ambassador to Denmark, and as 
 viceroy of Ireland. He was first lord of the 
 treasury 1679, and supported the exclusion 
 singly of the duke of York, for which, 
 though his former services were acknow- 
 ledged, and the merits of his family known, 
 he was dishonorably struck off the list of 
 privy counsellors, and in 1683 accused by 
 lord Howard as an accomplice in the Rye- 
 house plot. He was soon after found with 
 his throat cut with a razor, but though it 
 was evident that he was murdered, the coro- 
 ner's jury pronounced a verdict of felo de se. 
 
 Cap ELL, Edward, was born at Troston, 
 near Bury, Saffolk, llth ^une 1713, aniS 
 
CA 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 CA 
 
 «,ducate(l at Bury school. Upon his ap- 
 pointment to the office of inspectoi* of plays, 
 hy the patronage of tlie duke of Grafton, "he 
 turned his thoughts to an immaculate edi- 
 tion of Shakspeare's plays. Three and 
 twenty years were employed in searching 
 old manuscripts, and in examining various 
 readings, before the publication appeared ; 
 but after all, the public were disappointed 
 in their expectation of illusimtive notes and 
 commentaries to adorn an edition of 10 vols. 
 Svo. The labors of Malone, Steevens, Far- 
 mer, Percy, and others, checked the ardor 
 of Capell to finish what he had so long pro- 
 mised, and, after forty years, the annota- 
 tions appeared as posthumous, under tiie 
 care of Mr. Collins, the editor, in .3 vols. 
 4to. This publication is in itself valuable. 
 
 such as displeased some of the protestants 
 lor the liberty of his criticisms on the bihie. 
 Capellus died at Saumur 1658, aged nearlv 
 80. He wrote some account of himself in 
 his " de geute Capellorum." 
 
 Capi LUPUS, Camiilus, an Italian writer, 
 who published the stratagems of Charles IX, 
 against the Hugonots, wi'tli an accour.tof the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 Capilupus, Lteliiis, brother to tlie pre- 
 ceding, was author of some Latin poems, 
 preserved in the delicise poetarum Italico- 
 rum. He died 1560, aged 62. His brother 
 Julio was equally distinguished as a man of 
 letters; and Hippolito, another brother, be- 
 came bishop of Fauo, and died at liome 
 1680. 
 
 Capistran, John, a famous preacher in 
 
 and throws great light on the characters of i the Uoroish churcl). He declaimed against 
 Shakspeare, aiid the various sources from j the Turks and infidels, and was so successful 
 ivhence the fables were derived. Csipell i in a discourse against gamii.g, at Xurem berg, 
 
 died 24th January 17S1. He wrote besides 
 Prolasions, kc. and his altered play of Anto- 
 ny and Cleopatra was acted at Drury-lane 
 1758. 
 
 Capella, Marcianus Minius Felix, a 
 Latin poet in the 5th century, whose poem 
 de nuptiis Philologise et Mercurii has been 
 published. 
 
 Cape LLC, Bianca, a Venetian lady, who, 
 after raarrvinga persojj of inferior rank, re- 
 tired to Florence, where she had the im- 
 prudence to become the mistress of Francis 
 the grand duke Cosmo's son. After the 
 death of her husband, she had the art to 
 prevail upon her lover to marry her, and 
 she was formally recognised, in conse- 
 quence of an embassy to the Venetian states, 
 as a true daughter of Venice. Though pos- 
 sessed of great powers of mind and strong 
 resolutions, she showed herself odious and 
 tyrannical at Florence, so that her memory 
 is still held there in abhorence. The sudden 
 death of her husband and of herself, Avithin 
 a few days of each other, in October 1587, 
 was justly attributed to poison administered, 
 it is said, by cardinal Fei'dinand, their bro- 
 ther, 
 
 Capellus, Lewis, a French protestant 
 divine, born at Sedan, and profcsorof divinity 
 and oriental languages at Saumur. He was 
 engaged in a long and learned controversy 
 with the younger Buxtorff concerning the an- 
 tiquity of the Hebrew points ; and whilst 
 his adversary maintained, that they were 
 coeval with the language, he supported, that 
 they were unknown beftu'e the disj)ersion of 
 the Jews, and that they were invented bj' 
 the Masoreth rabbis of Tiberias, about 600 
 years after Christ. The learned were on 
 this occasion divided. The Germans sup- 
 ported the opinion of their favorites the 
 Buxtorffs, while Capellus was seconded by 
 all the powers and abilities of the protes- 
 tants, by Luther, Calvin, Zuinglius, and af- 
 terwards, by Scaliger, the Casaubons, the 
 Heinsii, Crotius, Erpenius, Salmasius, and 
 others. Besides his controversial books, he 
 •wrote critica sacra, in which he was engaged 
 for thirty six years ; a >Tork of merit, but 
 
 that his auditors, with eager zeal, burnt ail 
 their cards and dice in his presence. He 
 headed a crusade against the Hussites, and 
 for his services to the church was canoniz- 
 ed in 1690, 234 years after his death. His 
 writings have long since sunk into oblivion. 
 
 Capisucchi, Blasins, marquis of Mon- 
 terio, was in the service of the pope, and 
 distinguished himself at the siege of Poitiers 
 against the Hugonots 15G9. 
 
 Capisucchi, Paul, a canon of the Vati- 
 can, and bishop of Neotastro, employed by 
 the pope in several embassies, and particu- 
 larly in the celebrated divorce of Henry VHI. 
 and Catharine of Arragon. He died at 
 Rome 1539, ageil 60. 
 
 Capi TO, Wolfgang, a German protestant 
 divine, author of a Hebrew grammar, and 
 other works. He died of the plague in his 
 native city Haguenau in 1542. 
 
 Capitolinus, Julius, a Latin historian 
 in the 3d century, author of the lives of the 
 emperors, kc. 
 
 Caporali, Cajsar, an Italian writer, 
 horn at Perugia, He was governor of Atri, 
 and died at Castiglione in 1601. He posses- 
 sed great vivacity, and an inexhaustible fund 
 of genuine wit. He wrote two comedies, 
 besides the life of Mecainas, and some bui'- 
 lesque poems, in I2mo. 1656. 
 
 Cappe, Newcome, a dissenting minister, 
 who died 1801, at York, where lie was set- 
 tled. He was a native of Leeds, and was 
 educated under Doddridge and Leechman. 
 He was author of some sermons on the go- 
 vernment and providence of God, Svo. 1795 
 — illustratious of some scripture passages, 
 &c. 
 
 Cappello, Bernai'do, a native of Ve- 
 nice, banished from his country for the free- 
 dom Avith which he expressed his sentiments 
 on the affairs of the state. He Avas the friend 
 of Bembo, and was emir.ent as a poet 
 
 Capperonie R,Claude,a learned French- 
 man of Montdidier in Picardy. Though 
 brought up to the business of a tanner, he de- 
 voted himself earnestly to the study of the 
 learned languages, and made such a profi- 
 cijency that he was oflfer'ed the chair of pro^ 
 
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 ftssor of the Greek language in the univer- 
 sity of Basil. He died at Paris in 1744, aged 
 73, in the house of M. Crozat, whose three 
 sons he had educated. He pubHshcd an 
 edition of QuintUian ; and after his death his 
 edition of antient Latin rhetoricians was 
 made public at Strasburg, 4to. His relation 
 .lohn succeeded him as professor, and pub- 
 lished editions of Casar and Plautus, and 
 died 1774. 
 
 Capranica, Nicholas, a learned Italian, 
 made secretary to pope Martin V. and raised 
 to a bishopric/and to the rank of cardinal. 
 This last honor, hoM'ever, was not confirm- 
 ed, in consequence of the death of the pope ; 
 and Capranica, I'efused a seat in the conclave 
 and plundered of his property by Eugenius 
 3V. applied to the council of Basil, which 
 confirmed all his claims. He was afterwards 
 employed by Eugenius in various embassies, 
 and commandijd the Itoman army against 
 Francis Sforza, by whom he was defeated 
 and wounded. He directed, by his will, that 
 his palace at Rome should be turned Into a 
 college. He died 1458, aged 58. 
 
 Capri AT A, Peter John, a Genoese, au- 
 thor of a history of the afiairs of Italy dur- 
 ing his time, from 1613 to 1600. 
 
 Caracalla, Marcus Aurel. Antonin. a 
 Roman emperor after his father Severus, 
 211. He disgraced himself by vvantonness | 
 and cruelty, and was at last assassinated by 
 ©ne of hisi guards at Edessa, '217. 
 
 Caracci, Lewis Augustine, and Hanni- 
 bal, celebrated paintei's of the Lombard 
 school, all natives of Bologna, The two last 
 were brothers, sons of a taylor, and Lewis 
 •was their cousin, and son of a butcher. 
 Lewis, discouraged at first in his profession, 
 yet persevered by the advice of Tintoret, 
 and by studying the pieces of the greatest 
 masters, he soon excelled in design and 
 coloring and infused grace and elegance into 
 his figures. He had the satisfaction of hav- 
 ing his two cousins in the number of his 
 friends and pupils, and with them he united 
 in laying the foundation of that school, which 
 has become so celebrated for the great 
 genius of its students. A choice collection 
 was made of antique statues, and valuable 
 books on the profession, and a skilful anato- 
 mist exerted his talents in describing and 
 explaining the motions and the power of the 
 muscles and the limbs of the human frame. 
 The fame of the Caracci soon spread 
 through Italy, and Hannibal, whose powers 
 of memory were so retentive that he never 
 failed to recollect what he once saw, was 
 liberally invited by cardinal Farnese to paint 
 and adorn the gallery of his palace. He 
 was soon followed by Augustine, but on an 
 unexpected quarrel between the brothers, 
 Augustine retired to the court of Parma, 
 where, after some years spent in dissipation 
 and in consequent remorse, he died 1602, 
 aged 45. The labors of Hannibal however, 
 Avhich render the Farnese gallerv such an 
 object of delight and admiration to the curi- 
 ous, were unhandsomely rewarded by his 
 
 voi,. I. 37 
 
 w 
 
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 employer, and for the immortal executions 
 of his pencil during eight long years he re- 
 ceived a sum scarce equivalent to 200^. This 
 ill treatment quite overpowered his facul- 
 ties, and in his agony of rage and despair, 
 he vowed never to touch again his pencil, a 
 resolution which his wants made him vio- 
 late. Though occasionally deprived of his 
 senses, yet he proved licentious in his morals 
 and hastened his own death by his debauch- 
 eries, at Naples 1609, in his 49th year. 
 While Hannibal was engaged at Rome, 
 Lewis remained at Bologna, admired by the 
 neighbouring clergy, whose churches he 
 adorned by his pieces and designs. He 
 died at Bologna in 1619, aged 63. The most 
 admired piece of Augustine, is the com- 
 munion of St. Jerome, in Bologna. The 
 works of Hannibal are chiefly admired as 
 possessing all the sweetness and purity, the 
 judicious distribution of coloring, and the 
 delicate correctness of the most approved 
 masters. He had so much veneration for 
 the labors of Raphael, that he ordered him- 
 self to be buried in the same tomb, and his 
 remains were accordingly deposited in the" 
 rotunda at Home. Augustine had a natural 
 son Antonio, who studied under Hannibal, 
 and who displayed such taste and judgment 
 in his pieces, that had he lived he might 
 have surpassed the fiime of his immortal re- 
 lation. He died 1618, at the age of 35. — 
 From the school of the Caracci sprung 
 those illustrious painters, who have done so 
 much for their own glory, and the reputa- 
 tion of their instructox's, Guido, Domini- 
 chino, Lanfrancho, &c 
 
 Caraccio, Anthony, a Roman nobleman 
 of the 17th century. He wrote tragedies, 
 besides an admired epic poem, 40 cantos, 
 called Imperio Vendicato, in 1690, in 4to.— * 
 This -work, though praised by many, is yet 
 far inferior to the finished poems of Ariosto 
 and Tasso. His tragedy II Corradino is ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Caraccioli, John, the secretary and 
 favorite of Joan II. queen of Naples. She. 
 raised him to great honors, and afterward 
 caused him to be assassinated. 
 
 Caraccioli, Robert, a noble ecclesias- 
 tic patronised by Callixtus III. and Sixtus V. 
 and made bishop of Aquino, and afterwards 
 ofLecce. He was eloquent as a preacher 
 and eminent as a politician.. His sermons 
 appeared at Lyons 1503. He died 1495, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Caraccioli, Lewis Anthony, a native of 
 Paris, of a noble family. He was for some 
 time in the army in the serrice of the king 
 of Poland, and on his return to France de- 
 voted himself to literature, and died 1803, 
 aged 80. He published letters 4 vols 12mo. 
 which were imposed upon the world as the 
 correspondence of Ganganelli, pope Clement 
 XIV. A nearer examination however proved 
 the deceit, when Ganganelli was represented 
 as speaking of Herculaneum, before it was 
 discovered, and of the writings of Gesner be- 
 fore they were published. These letters pos- 
 sess notwithstanding merit, and are writteu 
 
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 man elegant style, and abouod with marali- 
 tv, and pleasing historical relations. 
 ' Caractacus, a king of Britain, celebra- 
 ted for his heroic conduet and his firmness 
 when carried before the Emperor Claudius, 
 A. D. 52. 
 
 Carauog, a Bi'itish historian who wrote 
 the chronicle of Wales, from 686 to his own 
 times, which has been continued to 11 96, and 
 by another hand to 1280, still in MS. He 
 died 115G. 
 
 Carafi, a Mahometan doctor, who died 
 the year 684 of the hcgira. He is the author 
 of some hooks in defence of his religion, and 
 on other subjects. 
 
 Caramuel de Lobkovitsh, John, a 
 native of Madrid, who, from a monk and 
 bishop, became a soldier and a getieral, and 
 again exchanged military honors for the cro- 
 sier. He died at Vigevano 16S!2, aged 76. — 
 He was possessed of great powers of mind, 
 and was said to be endowed with genius to 
 the eighth degree, with eloquence to the 
 fifth, a<id with judgment to the second. His 
 works, all on controversial subjects, were 
 published in seven vols. fol. 
 
 Caravagio, iMiehael Angelo Araerigi 
 da, sou of a mason «t Caravagio in the Mi- 
 hmese, was born 1569. Without the assist- 
 ance of a master, lie acqui/ed deserved ce- 
 lebrity as a painter, but i»is temper was so 
 quarrelsome that he found few friends, many 
 rivals, and more enemies. After a life of 
 misfortunes increased by licentiousness of 
 conduct, in the midst of poverty and perse- 
 cution, he at last expired on the common 
 road 1609> in his 40th year. From liis ser- 
 vile and correct adherence to nature, he was 
 surnamed the naturalist; but though Rubens 
 himself acknowledged Jiim as his superior in 
 the clear-obscure, yet Me failed in large com- 
 positions, and represented his figures all on 
 the same plan without gradation, and per- 
 spective. When once shown a fihe collec- 
 tion of antique figures, he pointed to the 
 living forms about him as superior models, 
 and immediately painted a gipsy in the street 
 with such exactness of delineation that criti- 
 cism was silent. Unable once to pay his reck- 
 oning at an ale-house he painted the sign 
 afresh, and so highly finished was the piece 
 that afterwards it brought the owner a very 
 considerable sum. 
 
 Carausius, a native of Flanders, em- 
 ployed by the emperor Probus and his suc- 
 cessor, to protect the coasts of Gaul against 
 the invasion of the Saxons. He acquired in 
 this office such skill and popularity, and so 
 much property, that when threatened by the 
 emperor Maximian, he fled into Britain 
 where he prochiimed Iiimself independent 
 emperor ^287. All attempts to reduce him 
 to obedience proved unavailing, and after an 
 arbitrary reign Jje was at last assassinated by 
 one of his soldiers named AllectiisSyS- Some 
 of his coins are still preserved. 
 
 Cardan, Jerome, an Italian of extraor- 
 dinary character, natural son of an advocate 
 of Milan, and born atPavia 24th September 
 1501. He was bom after three days labor, 
 
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 when cut from his mother, who had taken 
 some potion to procure an abortion, and he 
 came into the world with his head covered 
 with black curled hair. He studied atPaviaj 
 and after taking his degree of M. D. at Pa- 
 dua, he was engaged as a professor of medi- 
 cine and of mathematics in several universi- 
 ties of Italy. In 1552 he visited Scotland a» 
 the request of the archbishop of St. Andrew's, 
 wliom he cured of a violent asthma that had 
 bafiied the skill of the most expert physicians. 
 He afterwards travelled through London, 
 where he calculated the nativity of Edward 
 VI. and passing through the Low Countries 
 France and Germany, he returned after an 
 absence of 10 months to Milan. Here and at 
 Pavia he continued his lectures, but some 
 offence procBrcd his imprisonment at Bolog- 
 na, 1571, from which he extricated himself 
 with difficulty and passed to lloinc, where he 
 lived in private retirement, and where he 
 died 21st September, 1575. Cardan was iu 
 his conduct fickle and eccentric, when free 
 from pain he usually excited the most disa- 
 greeable sensations by biting his lips, squeez- 
 ing his fingers or whipping his legs, that thus 
 he might obtain relief from those violent sal- 
 lies of the imagination and lively impres- 
 sions on the brain which disturbed the tran- 
 quillity and the serene composure of his mind. 
 Though poor he never disgraced himself by 
 any mean or immoral action, but he was too 
 often pleased to speak on subjects whiclj 
 might give uneasiness to his hearers, and he 
 was immoderately attached togaming. W^heu 
 he had cast his nativity and fixed on the day 
 of his death, it is said that he abstained from 
 food, and thus he destroyed nature that he 
 might exactly fulfil his prophecy. He wrote 
 various things which displayed the eccentri- 
 city of his character and the wildness of his 
 opinions. His works were printed at Lyons 
 1663, in 10 vols, folio. 
 
 Cardi, Ludovici, apainter born at Cigoli, 
 the disciide of Andrew del Sarto and Cor- 
 regio. lie died 1613, aged 54. His Ecce 
 homo, and a dead Christ with the virgin and 
 Nicodemus, in the Pitti palace at Florence, 
 are much admired. 
 
 CARi)ONNE,I>ionisDominicde,aFrench- 
 man, keeper of the MSS. in the royal libra- 
 ry of Paris, and pi'ofessor of the Turkish 
 and Persian languages in the rcyai college, 
 died December 1783. His works were an 
 history of Africa and Spain under the Arabs, 
 three vols. 12mo. — miscellanies of oriental 
 literature, four vols. 13mo.— Indian tales and 
 fables, 8vo. — &c. 
 
 Carew, George, a native of Devonshire, 
 educated at Broadgate hall, Oxford. He 
 however abandoned his literary pursuits for 
 a miHtary life, and behaved with great spii-it 
 in Ireland, and in the voyage to Cadiz. He 
 was made president of Munster by Eliza- 
 beth, and James appointed him governor of 
 Guernsey, and created him baron Carew ot 
 Clopton. Charles raised him afterwards to 
 the dignity of earl Totness. He died in the 
 Savoy 1629, aged 72, and was buried at Strat- 
 ford-upon-Avon. He wr.s universally es- 
 
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 teemeil as a man of worth, the favorite oi 
 the prince and the friend of the people. He 
 wrote the history of tlie late wars in Ireland, 
 published folio, London 1633. 
 
 Carew, Thomas, a native of Glocester- 
 shire, educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford. 
 His wit recommended him to the notice 
 not only of Ben Jonson and Davenant, but 
 of Charles I. who made him a gentleman of 
 his privy chamber and sewer in ordinary. 
 He died about 1639, leaving several poems, 
 and a masque called Coelum Britannicum, 
 performed at Whitehall by the king and 
 sooje of his favorites, in 1633. 
 
 Carew, Richard, author of the survey of 
 Cornwall, was born at Anthony in Cornwall, 
 and educated at Christ chui-ch, Oxford. — 
 From thence he removed to the MidiUe 
 Temple, and after travelling abroad he set- 
 tled in his native county, where he became 
 a justice of the peace, and high sheriff in 
 1686. In his retirement he devoted himself 
 to antiquarian pursuits, and was intimate 
 with some of the learned men of his time, 
 especially sir Henry Spelman. He died No- 
 vember sixth 102O, aged G/j, and an extrava- 
 gant inscription on his tomb described him as 
 another Livy, another Maro, another Papi- 
 rian. His survey, though praised by Cam- 
 den, is not regarded by Gough as a valuable 
 performance. It was reprinted in 1723, and 
 next in 1769. 
 
 Carew, George, brother to the pi'e- 
 ceding, was educated at Oxford, and after 
 being called to the bar became secretary to 
 chancellor Hatton. Elizabeth, who knew his 
 raerits, knighted him, and appointed him as 
 her ambassador to Poland. In the following 
 reign he was oue of the commissioners for 
 the union of the two kingdoms, and after- 
 wards he resided as ambassador in the French 
 court for four years, where he gained the 
 friendship of Thuanus, and furnished him 
 ■with some useful information for -the com- 
 pletion of the 12lst book of his history. On 
 his return from France, he was made mas- 
 ter of the court of wards, an honorable situa- 
 tion which he did not long enjoy, as he died 
 1613. He wrote a relation of the state of 
 France, with the characters of Henry IV. 
 and of the princii)nl persons of tiie court, a 
 woT-k of great merit, which long remained iu 
 MS. till Dr. Birch gave it to the world in 
 1749. Sir George Carew had two sons and 
 three daughters by his wife Thomasina, 
 daughter of sir FraiKjis Godolphin. 
 
 Carew, Bampfylde Moore, an eccentric 
 cliaracter, son of a clergyman at Bickley, 
 Devon. He was educated atTivertnn school, 
 but he disappointed the expectations of his 
 parents by withdrawing himself from their 
 protection and associating with gipsies. A 
 wandering life and all the adventures of a 
 mendicant had greater charms than all the 
 splendors of polished society, and Carew, 
 the friend, the companion, the hero of the 
 gipsies, was unanimously elected their king, 
 an honor which he continued to deserve the 
 whole of his life. It is said that he was twice 
 tj^ausported from Exeter to North Ameritai, 
 
 V/ 
 
 CA 
 
 for enticing dogs to follow him, but so arifu* 
 were his expedients that he both times re- 
 turned before the ship which conveyed him 
 from Europe. In his wanderings with his 
 associates it was his glory to extort charitv 
 under various assumed characters, either as 
 the shattei'ed sailor, the unfortunate trades- 
 man, the broken soldier, or the distressed, 
 and ruined clergyman, so versatile and impo- 
 sing were his talents whether disguised as a 
 beggar or a gentleman. He died about 1770, 
 ii%>ii\ 77. 
 
 CareVv", sir Alexander, a Cornish gentle- 
 man, member for his county in 1640. He vo- 
 ted for the death of Strafiord, and for his 
 attachment to the cause of the republicans 
 he was made governor ofvSt. Nicholas' island 
 and fort, at Plymouth. In this office, cither 
 through disaffection or the fear of seeing 
 his estates plundered by the royalists, he 
 made overtures to deliver up the garrison, 
 but his intentions Avere discovered, and he 
 was dragged to London, and by the sentence 
 of a court martial beheaded on Tower hill 
 1644. 
 
 Carey, Henrj^, a man who, to poetical 
 and musical talents, joined the more dangei"- 
 ous power of wit and malevolent satire. He 
 wrote some dramas for Goodmanfields thea« 
 tre and ridiculed the bombast of modern 
 tragedies iu his chrononhotontholcgos in 
 17.34. He was a great enemy to the Italian 
 operas and Italian singers, and distinguished 
 his zeal and loyalty by tiie composition of the 
 popular song of " God save great George our 
 king." His satirical vein pi'ocured him ene- 
 mies, and like most men of genius he was 
 persecuted by indigence, w hich unfortunate- 
 ly aided bv melancholy dejection, incited him 
 to commit suicide. He destroj'^ed himself 
 iu 1744. His songs Avere published by him 
 in 1740, and his dramatic pieces in 174.5. 
 Though the author of so many ballads it is 
 remarkable that none offend against moi'ali- 
 ty and virtue, a strong proof of the goodness 
 and integrity of his heart. His son George 
 Savile, wiioat one time was on the Covenl 
 garden stage, wrote, besides a lecture o\\ 
 mimicry, some liglit dramatic pieces. 
 
 Cauibert, or CHARiBERT,kingof Pa- 
 ris after his father CloUiire I. 561, was a- 
 mild monarcli, and in his government popu- 
 lar and just. He was, however, licentious in 
 his manners; and, after putting away his 
 queen, he married two of her servants who 
 were of the meane;it condition, daughters of 
 wool-combei'3, and the third was the dangh- 
 ter of a shepherd. During his reign the 
 mayors of the palace acquired that great 
 power which afterwards proved so fata' b> 
 tha monarcy. He left only tlaughtors be- 
 hiiul him, and died 567. 
 
 Carinus, Marcus Aureliuj, son of the 
 era])eror (Jams, was invested with the pur- 
 ple by his father, and tlu'ee years after wsts 
 slain by a tribune. 
 
 CARI.ETON, sir Dudley, was born at Bal- 
 don Brightweil, in Oxfordshire and educa- 
 ted at Christ church. When he had finishefl 
 his travels, he attended sir Uolpli WJuwoqid 
 
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 ^r^ 
 
 CA 
 
 as his secretary into the Low Countries, and 
 soon alter he was himself employed as am- 
 bassador, and for twenty years served his 
 fiovei'eign at Venice, Savoy, France, and the 
 United Provinces. Charles rcAvarded the 
 fidelity of his services by creating him baron 
 Imbei'court, viscount Dorcliester. He died 
 secretary of state 1631, aged 58, and was 
 buried in Westminster-abbey la those 
 days of political scepticism, and approacliing 
 revolution, he used to say, that there will be 
 mistakes in divinity while men preach, and 
 errors in government while men govern. 
 He wrote various pamphlets, besides letters 
 from Holland during his embassy, from 1G16 
 to 1620, which were printed at lord Hai'd- 
 wicke's expense in 1757, and again in 1775, 
 in 4to. 
 
 Carleton, Ceofge, a native of Nor- 
 ham, Northumberland, maintained at Ed- 
 xnund-hall, Oxford, by the northern apostle, 
 Bernard Gilpin. In 1580 he was elected 
 fellow of Merton, and in 1617 was appointed 
 bishop of Llandaff. He was sent by James, 
 with three other divines, to the synod of 
 Dort, where he ably maintained the cause 
 of episcopacy. On his return, he was trans- 
 lated to Chichester, and died nine years af- 
 ter, 1628, aged 69. He wrote several theo- 
 logical tracts, besides the life of his patron 
 Gilpin ; and in his character he displayed a 
 great aversion to popery, whilst he strictly 
 supported the rigid tenets of the calvinists. 
 Carhni, Agostino, a native of Genoa, 
 who settled early in -England, and became 
 keeper of the royal academy in London. 
 He was an artist of celebrity, and was chiefly 
 admired for his draperies. He died 14th 
 August 1790. 
 
 Carloman, eldest son of Charles Mar- 
 tel, succeeded him in the kingdom of Aus- 
 trasia, 741, After defeating the Germans 
 with great slaughter he retired from the 
 helm of government to the obscurity of a 
 cloister, and died at Vienne in Dauphine 
 
 17th August 755. Another, son of Lewis 
 
 the German, who shared the kingdom of 
 Bavaria with his brothers Lewis and ChaHes 
 and became king of Italy and emperor. He 
 
 died 880, without issue. Another, son of 
 
 Pepin, and brother of Charlemagne, was 
 king of Austrasia and Burgundy, At his 
 death, in 771, his brother Charlemagne be- 
 came king of the whole French monarchy. 
 ——Another, brother of Lewis HL who ob- 
 tained Aquitain and Burgundy as his portion. 
 On his brother's death in 882, he became 
 sole king of Fi'ancc, and died in consequence 
 of a wound received from a wild boar in 
 hunting, 6th December 884. 
 
 Carlo NE, John, a Genoese pamter, who 
 excelled in the art of foreshortening. He 
 died at the early age of 40, in 1630, and his 
 imperfect pieces were finished by his bro- 
 ther John Br.ptist. The family were long 
 eminent as sculptors and painters. 
 
 Carlos, don, son of Philip king of Spain, 
 ■was deformed in his person, and violent and 
 irrascible m his temper. He showed himself 
 
 rudely diaobedient to his father, and at- 
 
 tempted to excite in Holland an insurrec- 
 tion, that he might place himself at the 
 head of it. The violence of his conduct, and 
 his determined opposition to the measures 
 of his father, at last proved his ruin, and 
 Philip, incensed by the ingratitude of his son, 
 caused him to be seized and thrust into a 
 prison, where he was condemned to death. 
 He died 24th July 1568, it is supposed, by 
 poison, or, according to others, by being 
 strangled, or by opening his veins in a bath. 
 It is imagined by some authors, that Philip 
 treated him with all this cruelty from jealous 
 motives, because he attempted to gain the 
 affections of his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of 
 France, whom formerly he had courted, but 
 whom Philip had himself married, 
 
 Carlyle, Joseph Dacres, a learned 
 orientalist, born at Carhsle, where his father 
 practised as a physician of eminence. He 
 was educated at Carlisle school and Christ- 
 college, Cambridge, and in 1777 obtained a 
 fellowship at Queen's. At the university he 
 devoted himself to the study of Arabic and 
 the oriental languages, in which he made 
 great progress, with the assistance of David 
 Zabio, a native of Bagdad, who was resident 
 at Cambridge. After ten years' residence 
 at college, he married, and settled at Car- 
 lisle, and in 1794 he succeeded Dr. Craven 
 as Arabic professor, and in 1795 was made 
 chancellor of Carlisle. In 1799 he went to 
 Constantinople in lord Elgin's embassy, and 
 not only obtained admission into the libraries 
 of that celebrated city, but he made excur- 
 sions into Asia Minor, examined the site of 
 Troy, visited Egypt, Syria, and the Holy 
 Land, and after examining every thing with 
 the eye of a divine, a philosopher, and au 
 antiquarian, returned by Constantinople, 
 through Italy and Germany, and reached 
 England in September 1801. The services 
 which he had rendered to literature and 
 oi'iental science were,not, happily, forgotten. 
 He was made rector of the valuable living 
 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; but while he 
 promised himself long life, his constitution, 
 undermined by the severities of travel in 
 foreign climates, hastened to a rapid decay, 
 and he expired, deservedly and universally 
 lamented, 12th April 1804. At the time of 
 his death he was employed in the publication 
 of a bible in Arabic, and in completing his 
 observations on the Troad, and the various 
 places which he had visited in the east ; a 
 valuable performance, which will be grate- 
 fully received by the public from the hands 
 of his friends* 
 
 Car MATH, an impostor, who in the year 
 891, began to oppose the doctrines of Ma- 
 homef, and by his austerity, gained numer- 
 ous adherents. He declared, that God had 
 commanded him to pray, not five times a 
 day, as the Mussulmans, but fifty times. 
 His sect declined by degrees, when no longer 
 supported by his eloquence, and is now un- 
 known. 
 
 Carmichael, Gerrhom, a native of 
 
 Glasgow, educated at the university there, 
 
 ' in which he became professor of moral phi- 
 
GA 
 
 ^^/ 
 
 CA 
 
 losophy. He died 1738, aged 56. He wrote 
 notes on Pii.TendoH; besides a system of 
 moral philosoi^hy, which he did not live to 
 complete. 
 
 Carmichael, Frederic, son of the pre- 
 ceding, Avas educated at Aberdeen, and be- 
 came at last one of the ministers'of Edin- 
 burgh. He died of a fever 1751, aged 45. He 
 published one volume of sermons, much ad- 
 mired for their elegance and neatness. 
 
 Carneades, founder of the third aca- 
 demy, was an African. He was at Rome as 
 ambassador from Athens, and died B. C. 
 128. 
 
 Card, Hannibal, an Italian poet and orator 
 of Civita Nuova, who served the duke of Par- 
 ma and Cardinal Farnese as secretary, and 
 afterwards was made knight of Malta. He 
 translated the JEneid, in blank verse, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1765, published at Paris, with so much 
 spirit, that some judges have declared the 
 composition scarce infei-ior to the original. 
 His poems and sonnets were much admired, 
 and appeared at Venice 1564, 4to. He pub- 
 lished also letters, printed, Padua, 1741), 3 
 vols. 8vo. — a translation of Aristotle's rheto- 
 ric — and orations of Gregory Nazianzen. He 
 died at Home 1566, and was buried in the 
 church of St Lawi-ence of Damascus. 
 
 Caromne, daughter of John Frederic 
 margrave of Brandenburg Anspach, by 
 Eleanor Louisa his second Avife, was born 
 1st March 1682. Her hand was solicited by 
 Charles HI. of Spain, afterwards emperor ; 
 but she refused him, and soon after, in 1705, 
 married the son of the elector of Hanover, 
 by whom she had four sons and five daugh- 
 ters. She was crowned queen of England 
 nth October 1727 ; and during the reign of 
 her husband displayed great dignity, mode- 
 ration, and sagacity, as regent of the king- 
 dom, and a.s the patroness of learning and 
 learned men. She died 2()th November 
 1837. Her character is drawn in flattei'ing 
 terms by Dr. Clarke, in his correspondence 
 with Leibnitz. 
 
 Carolostadt, or Carlostadius, 
 Andrew Bodenstein, a native of Carlostadt 
 in Fx'anconia, made dean of Wittemberg, 
 1512, in the year when Luther took his 
 doctor's degree. He espoused all the great 
 reformer's tenets ; but a dispute unfortu- 
 nately led him into extremes, so that he 
 ventured to deny transubstantiation. He 
 was professor of divinity and minister of 
 Basil ; and was the first proteslant divine who 
 married. He died at Basil 1541. 
 
 Caroto, John Francis, an Italian painter 
 who died 1546, aged 76. He was disciple to 
 Andrew Mantigna. 
 
 Caroto, John, brother and pupil to the 
 pi-eceding, settled at Venice. Paul Vero- 
 nese and Anselmo Canneri were in the 
 number of his pupils. 
 
 Carpenter, Nathaniel, a native of 
 Ilatherleigh in Devon, educated at Edmund 
 hall, Oxford, and Exeter college, of which 
 he became a fellow, 1607. He was after- 
 wards promoted to a deanery in Ireland, 
 and died at Dublin 1G35. He was eminent 
 
 for his learning, particvdarly his knowledge 
 of mathematics ; and he ably opposed the 
 Aistotelian philosophy. He wrote geogra- 
 phy, in 2 books, besides Architophel, or the 
 wicked politician, and philosophia libera, Iscc. 
 
 Carpenter, Peter, a Frenchman, born 
 at Charleville. He was eminent for his 
 learning, and assisted in the edition of the 
 glossary of Ducange, in 6 vols, folio, and 
 wrote, besides, alphabetum tj ronianum, fol. 
 1747. He was patronised by the French 
 ministry, and was of the order of Cluni. He 
 died at Paris, December 1767, aged 70. 
 
 Carpentieu, N. a native of Beauvais, 
 esteemed as a calculator, and a great arith- 
 metician. He wrote some valuable treatises 
 on his pi-ofession, and died 1778. 
 
 Carpi, Ugo da, a paintei', celebrated for 
 the discovery of painting in chiaro-obscuro. 
 This he performed by means of two pieces 
 of waxwork, one of which delienated the 
 outlines and shadows, and the other impres- 
 sed the colours. He died 1500. 
 
 Carpi, Girolamo, an Italian painter of 
 Ferrara, who died 1556, aged 55. He imi- 
 tated Corregio's manner with great success. 
 
 Carpone, Julio, a Venetian painter, 
 who died 1674, aged 63. He was admired 
 for the great correctness of his bacchanals, 
 triumphs and sacrifices. 
 
 Carpo CRATES, a heretic of Alexandria, 
 about the year 130. He revived and im- 
 proved the gnostic heresy, and the antino- 
 mian doctrines, that actions are indifferent, 
 as the passions are implanted in us by the 
 divinity. His son, Epiphanius, followed and 
 supported his opinions. 
 
 Carpzo VI us, Benedict, a native of Bran- 
 denburg, known as an able professor of law at 
 Wittemberg. He died 1624, aged 59, and left 
 four sons; Coni^ad, his successor in the univer- 
 sity of Wittemberg; Benedict, an able profes- 
 sor of law, and afterwards of divinity, who 
 diedatLeipsicin 1666, aged 71 ; David Bene- 
 dict, a Lutheran, author of a dissertation on 
 the dress of the Hebrews; John Benedict, a 
 Lutheran also, professor of divinity at Leip- 
 sic, where he died 1657, author of the peni- 
 tence of the Ninevites, and of some contro- 
 versial tracts, &c. John Benedict had a son 
 of the same name, who died at Leipsic 
 1699, aged 60, author of some dissertations 
 on the scripture, besides translations from 
 rabbinical books. His brother, Frederic 
 Benedict, was a learned counsellor of Leip- 
 sic, where he died 1699, aged 50. The 
 famous journal Acta Eruditorum, begun 
 1632, was greatly enriched by contributions 
 from his pen. 
 
 Carb, Robert a Scotchman, first intro- 
 duced to the notice of James 1. in 1609. The 
 monarch condescended to teach Latin to his 
 favorite, and raised him to the honors of the 
 peer-age, by the title of duke of Somerset; 
 but though he saved him afterwards from 
 the punishment he deserved for the murder 
 of sir Thomas Overbury, he discarded liim 
 from his favor, so that he died forgotten and 
 abandoned, 1638. 
 
 Carra, John Lewis, a French dema- 
 
(A 
 
 ^« 
 
 CA 
 
 SQgnc, born at Tout tie Vesles in 1743, and 
 hroiigfht up to the law. He aftenvai'ds dc- 
 \ot('(l himsoir to literature, and Mas also 
 5.ccretarv to the hospodar of Moldavia. On 
 l!»c breaking out of the revolution, he came 
 to Paris, where he published les annales po- 
 |iti<jiic.s & literaires, a popular jourjial ; and 
 in consequence of his services in the cause of 
 the republic he was made keeper of the na- 
 tional library, and memher of the conven- 
 '<ioi>. Restless and ambitious in this assem- 
 bly of hlooil, he favored the cause of the Gi- 
 rondists, and for some time was employed as 
 commissioner witli the ar)iiy ; but the cla- 
 mors of his enemies at last prevailed against 
 him. He was accused of being in the pay of 
 Kngland, and of plotting the exclusion of the 
 Bourbons, with the intention of raising the 
 duke of York to the throne. When his par- 
 ty Avas proscribed by Robsspierre, he was 
 with them hurried to tlie guillotine, 31st 
 October 179.3. He was author of new prin- 
 ciples of philosophy, 2 vols, 4to. — an history 
 of Moldavia and Wallachia, 12mo. — an essay 
 on aerial navigation — examinations of animal 
 magnetism— historical memoirs of the Bas- 
 ville, &c. 
 
 Carracci. F?V/. Caracci, 
 
 Carranza, Bartholomew, a Spanish Do- 
 minican priest, who accompanied Philip 
 when he married Mary of England. He 
 distinguished himself at the council of Trent, 
 and was made arohbishop of Toledo. He 
 W'as accused of heresy afterwards, and sent 
 to Rome, where, after experiencing great 
 harshness of treatment, he died in the con- 
 rent of Minerva 1576. He was very re- 
 spectable for his learning, as well as for his 
 private life, and the innocence of his con- 
 duct. He wrote a collection of councils, 
 some theological tracts, &c. 
 
 Carre, Lewis, a member of the French 
 academy of sciences, the disciple and parli- 
 •zan of Malebranche. He died 1711, aged 
 48. He wrote some mathematical treatises — 
 on measuring surfaces and solids — on fmding 
 the center of gravitation, percussion, and 
 oscillation — besides papers in the memoirs of 
 the academy. 
 
 Carrera, Peter, a priest of Sicily, au- 
 thor of an ingenious treatise on chess, a game 
 in which he was very expert, in 4to. 1617. 
 He died at Messina 1647, aged 76. He 
 wrote, besides, a history of Catana, 2 vols. 
 fol. 
 
 Carrier, John Baptist, an infamous re- 
 publican, born near Aurillac, 1756. He 
 was bred up to the law, and at last was cho- 
 sen deputy to the national convention, by 
 which he was sent as an able missionary to 
 la Vendee, with a number of assassins. In 
 this oflice he became known for his refined 
 crnelty. At Nantes, the scene of his barba- 
 rities, he often in one day caused twenty - 
 four persons to be put to death, though 
 young and innocent, and, by a new mode of 
 torment, placed them, male and female to- 
 gether, in the most indecent posture, in bar- 
 •gcsi on the Loire, and then sunk the vessels 
 m the middle of the river. After perpetra- 
 
 ting every crime of cruelty, lust, and tvran- 
 nical avarice, he was recalled, on the fall 6f 
 his friends of the mountain ; and when the 
 public indignation called vengeance on his 
 head, he was condemned by tlVe revolution- 
 ary tribunal to a deserved death, and wa^ 
 guillotined 15th December 1794. 
 
 Carriera, ilosa All>a, a Venetian por- 
 trait painter in crayons. Her father Avas a 
 drawing master : and she acquired by the 
 labors of her pencil deserved celebrity in It- 
 aly, and afterwards came to Paris, where 
 she was admitted member of the academy of 
 painting IT'^O. After painting the royal fa- 
 mily, she Aventto Vienna, and died at Ven- 
 ice 1761. 
 
 Carrieres, Lewis de, a priest, Avhodi- 
 ed at Paris in 1717, in an advanced age. He 
 published a French commentary on the bible, 
 24 vols. 12mo. 1716. 
 
 Carrouages, an ingenious clockmaker 
 of Pavia. He made for Alciat a clock, whose 
 hammer in striking kindled a fire, by means 
 of a flint, and lighted a lamp. 
 
 Carstares, William, a learned Scotch- 
 man, born at Cathcart, near Glasgow. He 
 was educated at Utrecht, and became the 
 confidential friend of the prince of Oi*ange 
 before his invasion of Britain. At the revo- 
 lution, William appointed him his chaplain 
 for Scotland, aod consulted him without re- 
 serve on every occasion with respect to the 
 political affairs of that kingdom. Queen Anne 
 on her accession continued him chaplain for 
 Scotland ; but he soon retirefl from court, 
 and was elected principal of the college of 
 Edinburgh, and one of the ministers of the 
 city. He died uni\'ersally respected, in 1715. 
 His state papers, letters, &c. were published 
 in 1774, in a 4to. vol. by Dr. M'Cormick. 
 He was in his character benevolent and pa- 
 triotic, liberal and humane. He supported 
 the union, but he also opposed the bill for 
 the tolerating of the episcopal clergy in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Carsuohi, Rainer, a Jesuit of Citerne 
 in Tuscany, who died provincial of his order, 
 1709, aged C2. He is known for an elegant, 
 poem, in Latin, on the art of Avriting well, 
 printed at Rome, 8vo. 1709. 
 
 Carte, Thomas, a learned English his- 
 torian, born at Clifton, Warwiekshire, April 
 1686. He Avas educated at University col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he took his first de- 
 gree, but afterwards proceeded M. A. at 
 Cambridge. He then took orders, and of- 
 ficiated as reader of the abbey-chnrch Bath, 
 where in a sermon he ably vindicated the 
 memory of Charles L and there published 
 his first comj)osition, the Irish massacre set 
 in a clear light. On (ieorge's accession, as 
 he refused to take the oaths, and as he as- 
 sumed the lay habit, he has been accused of 
 being concerned in the rebellion of 1715. 
 He however continued his attachment to the 
 Stuarts, and became secretary to bishop At- 
 terbury, a circumstance Avhich rendered 
 him suspected to government, so that, on the 
 imprisonment of the prelate, 1000^. Avere of- 
 fered for the apprdiettsion of Carte, Avht> 
 
CA 
 
 f^tS 
 
 CA 
 
 escaped by flying Into France. Here he re- 
 xMaincd in exile, under the assumed name of 
 Phillips, for six or seven years, seduously 
 employed in literary pursuits, till queen Ca- 
 roline, who knew and respected his merit, 
 procured his recall. Soon after his return 
 he published his histoiy of James duke of 
 Ormond, in 3 vols, folio, 1735 and 36. In 
 173.S he issued proposals for a new histoi-y of 
 England, and whilst he was employed in 
 collecting materials in public and private li- 
 braries, so great was the popularity of his 
 name that subscriptions upon subscriptions 
 appeared for his encouragement to the 
 amount of fiOO/. a-ycar. Not only individu- 
 als, bat many of the public companies of 
 London, and the city itself, honorably ap- 
 peared to supi>ort and animate the labors of 
 the national historian. The 1st vol. was pub- 
 lished in 1747, the second in 1750, the third 
 in 1752,. and the fourth, which extends the 
 history to the year 1654, and which was 
 posthumous, in 1755. The work is a com- 
 position of great merit, which displays the 
 author's abilities in a very respectable view. 
 That there are prejudices and partialities in 
 the narrative cannot be denied : but the his- 
 tory is valuable for information on many cu- 
 rious, important and interesting facts. It is 
 worth while to remark the temper of the 
 times, for no sooner did the first volume ap- 
 pear than a violent outcry wa» raised against 
 the author, for inserting, in a note, that a 
 certain Christopher Lovel had been healed 
 of the evil at Avignon by the holy touch of 
 the pretender, and even the corporation of 
 London, yielding to the general prejudice, 
 hastily withdrew their very liberal subscrip- 
 tion. Carte died at Calcedot-house, near 
 Abingdon, Berks, 2d April 1754. His pa- 
 pers were left to his widow, who afterwards 
 married a catholic of the name of Jernegan, 
 and they were deposited in the Bodleian li- 
 brary in 1778, for a valuable consideration. 
 These manuscripts were esteemed so im- 
 portant, that lord Hard wick obtained the 
 perasal of them for 200/. and Mr. M'Pher- 
 son for 300/. Besides the works alroady 
 mentioned. Carte wrote the history of th^ 
 revolutions of Portugal — a collectioH of ori- 
 ginal letters and papers on the afl'airs of En- 
 gland, 2 vols. 8vo — catalogue des rolles Gas- 
 cons, &c.— and other historical pieces. In 
 manners Carte was friendly and convivial, 
 and in his conversation easy and entertain- 
 ing. 
 
 Carteil, Christopher, a naval officer, 
 in the service of the prince of Orange, born 
 in Cornwall. He commanded a fleet which 
 sailed from Holland to Muscovy, and he was 
 sent by queen Elizabeth in company with 
 Drake to the West Indies, where he dis- 
 played courage and intrepidity, at tlie takii>g 
 of St. Jago, Carthagena, and St. Augustin. 
 He died in London 1592, aged 43. 
 
 Carter, Francis, an English writer, who 
 died first August 17S3. He published a jour- 
 n.ey from Malaga to Gibraltar, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 with plates, 1776, reprinted 1778, valuable 
 for the engraved coins it contains, collected 
 
 from the cabinet of the Spanish medalTis? 
 Flores. He began an interesting account of 
 the earliest printed Spanish books, and as he 
 unfortunately died as soon as the first sheet 
 was printed, the work must ever remain in- 
 complete. 
 
 Carter, Elizabeth, an English lady of 
 learned celebrity, born at Deal, where her 
 father, the Rev. Dr. Carter, was minister. 
 The superior talents which she early display- 
 ed were ardently cultivated by her father, 
 who instructed her in the learned languages, 
 and stored her mind with the choicest trea- 
 sures of ancient literature. As a specimen 
 of her extensive erudition, she published all 
 the works of Epictetus with an elegant trans- 
 lation, and with notes and a learned intro- 
 duction ; a performance which was received 
 in the most flattering manner by the learned 
 world, and has since been reprinted. Her 
 poems on several occasions were published 
 in 1762, and appeared under the recommen- 
 dation of lord Bath, and lord Littleton. She 
 also contributed two papei-s to the Rambler, 
 >Jos. 44 on religion and superstition, and 100, 
 on modish pleasure, in which she shows her* 
 self a worthy coadjutor of the great moral- 
 ist. She wrote, besides some scattered pie- 
 ces, an ode to wisdom inserted in Richard- 
 son's Clarissa, &o. and as a poetess slie dis- 
 played great simplicity of sentiment, min- 
 gled with melodious sweetness of expres- 
 sion, sublime ideas, and the purest morality 
 Mrs. Carter was never married. She died 
 in very good circumstances, and respected, 
 by a very numei-ous circle yf friends, ia 
 Clarges street Piccadilly, IQth February 18.06, 
 aged 89. 
 
 Carteret, John, earl of Granville, suc- 
 ceeded his father, George Lord Carteret, at 
 the age of 5, and, after u respectable edu- 
 cation at Westminster and Christ churcR, 
 Oxford, he took his seat in the house of lords 
 1711. The zeal and activity vliich he dis- 
 played in supporting the Hanoverian sneces- 
 sion recommended him to George I. by 
 whom he was employed m various officesj^ 
 and in 1719 sent to Sweden, where he 
 brought about a reeouciliatiou between the 
 kings of Sweden and Denmark. In 1721 he 
 was made secretary of state, and went in 
 1724 to Ireland as viceroy, and again filled 
 the same high appointment with equal cre- 
 dit and honor at the accession of George IL 
 till 17S0. He warmly opposed Walpole, and 
 on his removal from office he obtained the 
 place of secretary of state, 1742; and though 
 before he had blamed cootinental alliances, 
 he pursued them with the same alacrity ^s 
 his predecessor. In 1744 he succeeded, on 
 his mother'.s death, to the title of viscount, 
 and earl Granville, and died 1763, much re- 
 spected as a man of learning, and the friend 
 and patron of learned men. 
 
 Carteromaco, Scipio, a native of Pis- 
 toia, who studied Greek under Politian, and 
 was made Greek professor at Venice. H« 
 died at Rome 1513, much respected as a 
 scholar and as a man. Besides an edition of 
 Ptolemy's geography, he published a Latia 
 
CA 
 
 ^tif 
 
 CA 
 
 oi:ation of Aristides' Greek oration in praise 
 of Rome — a Latin oration in praise of Greek 
 learning 1504, &c. 
 
 Cartes, Renedes, a celebrated French 
 philosopher, born at la Haye in Touraine, 
 31st March 1590, and educated by the Jesu- 
 its of la Fleche. His father, who was of a 
 noble family, urged him early to pursue a 
 military life, and heat last complied by en- 
 tering into the service of the pi'ince of 
 Orange 1616. Literature and philosophy, 
 however, still continued his favorite pursuits 
 amidst the dissipation and bustle of the 
 camp, and during the truce between the 
 Spaniards and the Dutch whilst in the garri- 
 son at Dreda, he displayed his great superi- 
 ority of mathematical knowledge, and pub- 
 lished a Latin treatise on music, and laid the 
 foundation of his future works. In 1619 he 
 entered into the service of the duke of Ba- 
 varia, and two years after, upon the death of 
 his general, count Bucquoy in the Hungarian 
 campaign, he quitted the army, and travel- 
 led through the various countries on the bor- 
 ders of the Baltic. Upon his return to Pa- 
 ris, and after visiting Switzerland and Italy, 
 he applied himself to the study of philosophy 
 ■with uncommon ardor, but he seemed to be 
 in an unsettled wavering state by frequently 
 changing his habitation, and fixing his resi- 
 dence sometimes at Amsterdam, sometimes 
 iiearFraneker, and sometimes at Deventer. 
 In 1S37 appeared hisfour treatises concerning 
 method, dioptrics, meteors, and geometry, 
 and about tliis time he received a friend- 
 ly and pressing invitation from sir Charles 
 Cavendish to come and settle in England, 
 which a few years before he had visited, but 
 the troubles of the times, and the approaching 
 civil wars prevented his wishes. The invi- 
 tations of Louis XIII. were not more success- 
 ful, and Descartes refused to quit his retire- 
 ment, though the Frensh monarch liberally 
 settled upon him a pension of 3000 livres. 
 His reputation was now so well established 
 that princes were anxious to court his good 
 opinion, and to refer their literary disputes 
 to his arbitration. He corresponded in a 
 friendly manner with Elizabeth the daughter 
 of the elector palatine, king of Bohemia ; and 
 Christina the celebrated queen of Sweden 
 not only paid the most flattering testimony to 
 his abilities, but pressed him m the most 
 earnest terms to settle in her dominions. 
 Descartes did not refuse the liberal invitation, 
 he came to Stockholm in October 1648, and 
 ■was admitted to the confidence of the queen, 
 ■whom he attended every moniing at five 
 o'clock, to instruct her in philosophical 
 knowledge. Sensible of the merit of the 
 learned stranger, Christina formed the most 
 generous plans for the instruction and im- 
 provement of her subjects, and in rewarding 
 the philosopher with an handsome estate, 
 and an annual pension of 3000 crowns, she 
 meditated the establishment of a learned 
 academy under his guidance as director, but 
 death prevented these munificent intentions. 
 Descartes died nth February 1650, aged 54. 
 His body was interred at Stockholm, hut 17 
 
 years after it was removed to Paris and dc* 
 posited in tlie church of Genevieve du Mont. 
 He never was married, but by a woman who 
 cohabited with him, he had one daughter, 
 who died when five years old. Descartes is 
 deservedly esteemed as a man of genius, 
 well acquainted with mathematics and philo- 
 sophy, possessed of a strong mind capable of 
 profound meditation, of patient inquiry, but 
 not devoid of great warmth of imaginatjon. 
 His treatise of the Avorld is an ingenious p'^er-v 
 formance, but the doctrine of vortices can- 
 not stand the examination of truth and the 
 clear demonstrations of the IVewtonian phi- 
 losophy. He advanced far beyond his pre- 
 decessors, and if he had done nothing be- 
 sides introducing a spirit of inquiry and a 
 wish of examining the mysterious operations 
 of nature, he would have labored much for 
 the benefit of mankind. Besides the works 
 mentioned already, he published a treatise 
 on mechanics, besides letters, &c. For some 
 of his improvements in algebra and geome- 
 try, he is said to be indebted to Thomas 
 Harriot's artis analyticse praxis. 
 
 Cartier> James, a French navigator, 
 born at St. Maloes, who under the direc- 
 tion of Francis 1. discovered in 1534 the best 
 part of Canada, of which he published an ac- 
 curate account. 
 
 Cartismandua, queen of the Brigan- 
 tes in Britain, is known in history for treach- 
 erously betraying Caractacus to the Ro- 
 mans, and for discarding her husband Ven- 
 usius to marry his armour-bearer Velocatus. 
 When her subjects revolted against her, she 
 solicited the assistance of the Romans, who 
 thus obtained possession of the whole coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cartwright, Christopher, an English 
 divine well skilled in Hebrew. He was 
 born at York and died 1652, aged 50 years. 
 He wrote Electa Rabbinica in Genesim & 
 Exodum 8vo. 1648 and 1653. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a puritan of 
 eminence, born in Hertfordshire, and ed- 
 ucated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He 
 devoted himself so rigoi'ously to study that 
 he did not allow himself more than five 
 hours' sleep in the night, a custom from 
 which he never depai'ted through life. A- 
 bout 1553, he left Cambridge to be articled 
 as a clerk to a counsellor but in 1560 he again 
 returned to the seat of the mu«es, and be- 
 came fellow of his own college, and after- 
 wards of Trinity. AVhen queen Elizabctli 
 visited the university, Cartwright was among 
 the few men of learing and eloquence who 
 Avere selected to dispute before their sove- 
 reign, but his popularity as a preacher and 
 a scholar was soon assailed when he ventur- 
 ed to inveigh against the ecclesiastical gov- 
 ernment of the church. The chancellor of 
 the university, sir William Cecil, was di- 
 rected by archbishop Grindal to proceed 
 against him, and he was not only forbidden 
 to propagate his doctrines, but deprived o) 
 the divinity Margaret professorship which 
 he held, and of his fellowship at Trinity 
 Thos disgi-aced and exilerl he travelled inu^ 
 
CA 
 
 ^g6 
 
 CA 
 
 €ermany, and after establishing a corres- 
 pondence with some of the learned men of 
 the times, he was chosen minister ot the 
 English merchants at Antwerp, and after- 
 f.ards at Middleburg. About two years af- 
 ter he returned to England by the sohcita- 
 tiMis of his frietads, and he boldly undertook 
 the defence of the puritans, by publish- 
 ing admonitions to the parliament. This 
 pamphlet became popular, and received 
 a spirited reply from Dr. Whitgiit; but 
 after a paper war continued with more ac- 
 rimony 'than moderation, Cartwright found 
 it safer to leave the kingdom, whilst his 
 victorious opponent was raised to the see 
 of Worcester. During the five years of his 
 absence, he officiated as minister to the 
 English factories, and he received a strong 
 invitation from James VI. of Scotland to fill 
 a professorship at St. Andrew's, which he 
 declined. When he ventured to return to 
 his country he was sent to prison, but liber- 
 ated by the interference of lord Burleigh 
 and of the earl of Leicester, the last of 
 whom made him master of his newly found- 
 ed hospital at Warwick. After many per- 
 secutions on account of his tenets, and re- 
 peated imprisonments, which James of Scot- 
 land endeavored in vain to alleviate by ap- 
 plication to Elizabeth, Cartwright died 27th 
 Dec. 1603, in his C8th year, and was buried 
 in the hospital at Warwick. His publica- 
 tions were mostly theological, and displayed 
 his character as a man of great perseve- 
 rance, extensive learning, genuine piety, 
 great eloquence, and ot a generous, disinter- 
 ested, and benevolent spirit. His practical 
 commentary on the four gospels, and his 
 commentary on the proverbs, were much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Cartwright, William, a native of 
 Northway near Tewksbury, educated at 
 Cirencester and Westminster schools, and 
 Christ church, Oxford. He was an eloquent 
 and popular preacher, and was patronised 
 by bishop Duppa. He was esteemed by Ben 
 Jonson and the wits of the times. He 
 wrote 4 plays — besides poems — sermons, 
 &c. He died 1644, aged S.3. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a prelate, born 
 at Northampton, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowship. At the restoration he took his de- 
 gree of D. D. and was made chaplain to the 
 Jving, and prebendary of St. Paul's, and on 
 Pierson's death raised to the see of Chester. 
 He greatly favored the proceedings of James 
 II. whom he accompanied on his flight to 
 France, and afterwards to Ireland. He di- 
 ed at Dublin 1689, aged 55, and was buried 
 in great pomp in Christ church there. His 
 sermons, &c. have been published. 
 
 Carvajal, Lawrence de, a Spaniard, 
 ■who wrote the life of Ferdinand and Isabel- 
 la, in whose court he was counsellor. 
 
 Carvalho d'acosta, Anthony, a na- 
 tive of Lisbon, eminent lor his knowledge 
 of mathematics, hydrography, and astrono- 
 my ; but more as the author of a topogra- 
 phieal description of Foi'tugal, in .3 vols. 
 VOL. 1, 38 
 
 folio. To gjive accuracy to his work, he 
 climbed mountains, traced the sources oi' 
 rivers, and exhibited every thing with dis- 
 criminating judgment. He wrote besides a 
 complete compendium of geography, and 
 a method of studying astronomy. He died 
 in 5, aged 05, so poor, that his funeral ex- 
 penses were publicly defrayed. 
 
 Carver, Jonathan, a native of New- 
 England, who during the American war had 
 the command of an independent company 
 of pi'ovincials in the attack against Canada. 
 Before that time he had visited the interior 
 parts of North-America, of which he pub- 
 lished an interestmg account in London, 
 1776. He was, however, abandoned by his 
 friends, because he lent his name to a cer- 
 tain compilation, and for some time sup- 
 ported himself and his family in the hum- 
 ble appointment of clerk to the lottery. 
 He wrote also a treatise on the culture of 
 tobacco. He died in 1780, it is said, for 
 want of the common necessaries of Hfe, 
 aged 48. 
 
 Car us, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman em- 
 peror after the death of Probus, 283. He 
 defeated the Persians and Sarmasians, and 
 was killed in his tent by lightning, or, as 
 some assert, his tent was set on fire by his 
 servants. 
 
 Cary, Robert, was born at Cookington, 
 Devon, and educated at Oxford, where he 
 became L.L.D. 1644. He was presented to 
 the living of Portlemouth in Devonshire, 
 and for some time inclined to the tenets of 
 the presbyterians, of whose provincial meet- 
 ings he was chosen moderator. Upon the 
 restoration he congratulated Charles H. and 
 was made archdeacon of Exeter; but he 
 was ejected in 1664, by the influence or in- 
 trigues of some of his enemies, and continu- 
 ed afterwards in retirement at his rectory 
 where he died in 1688, aged 7^. He pub- 
 lished a chronological account of ancient 
 times, in fol. 1677. 
 
 Cart, Lucius, eldest son of Henry first 
 viscount Falkland, was born at Burford, 
 Oxfordshire, 1610, and was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, and St. Johri's, Cam- 
 bridge. After visiting the continent he set- 
 tled within ten miles of Oxford ; but though 
 master of a most ample fortune by the lib- 
 erality of his grandfather, he did not devote 
 his time to frivolous or intemperate pur- 
 suits; but to improve the powers of his 
 mind, he courted the company and the con- 
 versation of the most learned men of the 
 university. 8o laborious Avere his studies 
 that before he reached his 23d year, he had 
 read all the Greek and Latin fathers. He 
 did not, however, neglect public affairs, he 
 served in tJie army of Essex as a volunteer 
 against the Scots, and in 1640 was chosen 
 member of parliament for Newport, Hants, 
 a place which he again represented in the 
 next parliament. In this new scene the can- 
 dor of the commons seemed so fair and 
 plausible, that the unsuspecting Falkland 
 inveighed against the arbitrary measures of 
 the court, and deelar«d hiraseJf a warm ad-t 
 
CA 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 CA 
 
 Toeate for the prosecution of Straft'ord, and 
 of Finch, and for the exclusion of the bish- 
 ops from the house of peers. But reflection 
 wrought a change in his political sentiments, 
 and the next time that the disqualification of 
 the bishops was mentioned in the house, he 
 opposed it with firmness and dignity. On 
 this occasion indeed his sincerity was suspect- 
 ed, but the goodness of his heart forbad 
 the aspersion of his character, and when he 
 received with indiiTerence the compliments 
 of the court to his loyalt}-, and manfully re- 
 jected the honors and offices which the sove- 
 reign proposed to confer upon him, it then 
 became evident that his conduct was the ef- 
 fect of principle and not of party. To re- 
 peated solicitations he at last however yield- 
 ed, and became secretary to the king; but 
 in this high ofiice, he refused to follow the 
 jiractice of his predecessors, in encouraging 
 and maintaining spies, and in opening sus- 
 pected letters. Eager to support the cause 
 of loyalty, he not only signed with other 
 lords a declaration, that the king's intentions 
 •wei'e friendly to the parliament, but he le- 
 vied some soldiers for his service. When 
 he was at Oxford with the king, he accom- 
 panied him to the public library, and Charles, 
 desirous to make a trial of his fortune by the 
 Sortes Virgiliance, opened a Virgil, where 
 he read that passage in the 615th and follow- 
 ing lines of the 4th book of the iEneid which 
 contains the dreadful imprecation of Dido 
 against iEneas. The words were so awful- 
 ly striking, and painted the king's fate so 
 pathetically, that he felt the appUcation, and 
 Falkland to divert his attention expressed 
 his wish to try his fortune too, and show 
 how puerile it would be to dwell too much 
 upon such accidental things. The passage 
 upon which he fixed his eyes began at the 
 152d line of the llth iEneid, and in the la- 
 mentations of Evander on the untimely fall 
 of his favorite soji Pallas, was remarkably 
 prophetic of the melancholy fate which a- 
 waited him. The kindhng of the civil wars 
 and the violence of party seemed to operate 
 powerfully upon his mind ; instead of a se- 
 rene, placid, and lively countenance, he now 
 betrayed gloominess, inward sorrow, and 
 dejection. Reserve succeeded to an affable 
 behaviour ; the negligence of his dress and 
 person fully evinced the great perturbation 
 of his soul, and often in the midst of the 
 deepest silence he would in agonizing accents 
 exclaim peace peace! Though obliged by his 
 office to be near the king's person, yet he 
 frequently exposed himself in the thickest of 
 the battle, and observed to his friends, who 
 wished to check his ardor, tJiat his impa- 
 tience for peace proceeded not from pusillan- 
 imity. In the morning of the battle of New- 
 bury, it is said, that witii a cheerful counte- 
 »ance he assured his followers, that, weary 
 of the times, he probably would leave them 
 before night. He di'essed himself in a clean 
 «hirt, observing that should he be slain, his 
 body should not be found in foul linen ; then 
 putting himself in the first ranks of lord By- 
 rcSn's regiment, he rushed oq the enemy. 
 
 and was soon after shot with a muoqnet u\ 
 the lower part of the belly, and falling from 
 his horse remained under heaps of slain till 
 the next morning. This illustrious charac- 
 ter, who thus fell in liis,34th year in the de- 
 fence of his king, was universally respected 
 as one of the bi'ightest ornaments of the age. 
 His mind Avas amply stored with all the rich- 
 es of ancient and modern literature, and the 
 goodness of his heart was equal to the vast re- 
 sources of his mind. Mild and gentle in his 
 manners, pious, virtuous, charitable, and re- 
 ligious in his conduct, he was admired evea 
 by his enemies. He was so attached to jus- 
 tice and probity, that like Epaminondas, he 
 turned Avith abhorrence from every appear- 
 ance of deceit and falsehood, and so constant 
 and pertinacious in his purposes that neither 
 threats norintreaties could change him from 
 what he considered as becoming his dignity 
 and the cause which from conviction he had 
 espoused. In his person he was small and of 
 no great strength, his hair was blackish and 
 somewhat flaggy, and his eye black and live- 
 ly. He was buried in great Tew church, 
 Oxfordshire. His saying was, thathepitied un- 
 learned gentlemen in a rain}' day. He is the 
 author of some poems — speeches in parlia- 
 ment — a discourse on episcopacy — on the 
 iniallibility of the church of Rome — and 
 other pieces. 
 
 Gary, Henry, earl of Monmouth, grand- 
 son to lord Hunsdon, was cousin-german to 
 Elizabeth, and was educated Avith Charles 
 I. He suffered greatly by the civil Avars. 
 He ti-anslated from various authors seven 
 folios, lAvo octavos, and a 12mo. and dieil. 
 13th June, 1661, aged 65. 
 
 Cary, Felix, a learned French writer, of 
 the academy of Marseillies. He Avrote an 
 history of Marseilles, of Thrace, and the 
 Bosphorus by medals. He died 1754, aged 
 55. 
 
 Caryl, Joseph, a leained nonconformist, 
 Avho wrote a tedious commentary on Job, iu 
 three vols. 4to. He was for some time mem 
 her of Exeter college, and was a popular 
 preacher at Lincoln's-inn, and some years 
 after at St. Magnus, London-bridge. He 
 Avas in favor with Cromwell, whom he at- 
 tended as chaplain in Scotland, Avith Dr. 
 Owen. He published several sermons, and 
 died 1673. 
 
 Caryll, John, a Roman catholic, proba- 
 bly born in Sussex. He was secretary to 
 Mary, queen of James II. and he followed 
 the fortunes of his fugitive master, by 
 whom he Avas knighted, and created earl 
 Caryll, baron Dartford. He was in England 
 iu the I'eign of queen Anne, and Avas inti- 
 mate with Pope, to whom he recommend- 
 ed the subject of the Rape of the Lock, a 
 poem which the poet inscribed to his catho- 
 lic friend. He Avrote two plays, besides a 
 translation of the psalms of David, &c. He 
 Avas living in 1717. 
 
 Casa, John de, an Italian Avriter of the 
 16th century, born at Florence. He was 
 engaged in various negotiations under the 
 popes, at Venice and other places, and wf.8 
 
CA 
 
 ^S. 
 
 Miade archbishop of Benevento 1544. His 
 works, in Latin and Italian, were much es- 
 teemed, and particularly among these his 
 — Galatcus, seu de morum elegantia, a 
 poem i>rinted at Hanover with notes in 8vo. 
 1G03, He wrote besides some beautitul Ital- 
 ian poems, the lives of cardinals Contarioi 
 and IJemho, and various other works, col- 
 lected together at Venice in f) vols. 4to. 1728. 
 Though a cardinal he was dissolute in his 
 manners, and had a natural son whom he 
 called ^uirino. He was suspected of being 
 concerned with cardinal Farnese, for which 
 he was disgraced by pope .Tulius III. but af- 
 terwards restored to favor by Paul IV. and 
 made secretary of state. He died at Rome, 
 1550, aged 53. 
 
 Casanova, Mark Anthony, a Latin 
 poet of Rome, who in his imitations of Mar- 
 tial displayed great keenness of satire, and 
 severity of wit. He also imitated Catullus 
 in the illustrious characters of ancient Rome. 
 His poems are in the Delicix poetarum Ital- 
 orum. He died 1527. 
 
 Casas, Bartholomew de las, a native of 
 Seville, who at the age of 19 accompanied 
 his father in the expedition of Columbus to 
 the West-Indies, in 1493. On his return to 
 Europe he became an ecclijsiastic, and in 
 his futui'e appointments in Cuba, he began to 
 display that humanity and those benevolent 
 feelings which do such honor to his heart as 
 the friend and advocate of the poor Indians 
 Avhom the cruelty of his countrymen oppres- 
 sed and murdered. More fully to plead 
 their cause he appeared before Charles V. 
 and unfolded such a tale of misery and per- 
 secution, that the commiserating monar<;h 
 made severe ordinances to punish the cruel- 
 ty of his governors, and protect the inno- 
 cence of his Indian subjects. These scenes 
 of horrors however were too far removed 
 from Europe, to be effectually checked, 
 and in spite of the remonstrances of las Ca- 
 sas, and the decrees of Charles, tl«e Indians 
 were tortured, plundered, and wantonly 
 }\ut to death. Even a doctor, Sepulvedo, 
 was found to defend the conduct of tlie Span- 
 iards, by the example of the Israelites to- 
 wards the people of Canaan. But this hor- 
 rible book, though printed at Rome, was 
 proscribed in Spain, and ably lefuted by las 
 Casas now made bishop of Chiapa. Soto 
 the king's confessor was at last appointed to 
 examine the allegations of las Casas against 
 the Spaniards, but multiplicily of affairs 
 prevented Charles from adopting that system 
 of humanity which becomes the father and 
 guardian of a peojde. After more than 50 
 years spent in alleviating the distresses of 
 the Indians, las Casas at last, worn out with 
 infirmities, left America in 1551, and i-e- 
 turned to Madrid, where he <lied 15GG. 
 This benevolent and truly good cliristian 
 did not escape the jealousy and persecution 
 of his ungrateful country ; thougli engaged 
 at all times in every act of charity he was 
 represented in odious colors to the court, 
 by the malace of those tyrannical governors 
 «^2iosc drucltiffs he f^xposed to pitblic view. 
 
 r 
 
 €A 
 
 His " destruction of the Indians" has be<iu 
 translated into several languages, and together 
 with his rights of sovereigns and subjects, 
 and Ids other writings, it shows him to have 
 been a most pious and amiable character. 
 
 C AS AT I, Paul, a native of Placentia, 
 wlio died at Parma 1707, aged 90. He avAs 
 one of the Jesuits, and his great learning re- 
 commended him to queen Christina of 
 Sweden, whom he persuaded to abjure her 
 religion and turn catholic. His writings are 
 mostly on mathematical subjects, besides a 
 valuable treatise on optics, which he wrote, 
 when 88 years old, and blind. 
 
 Casaubon, Isa*c, a learned critic, born 
 at Geneva 18th February 1559. He studied 
 at Geneva, and displayed such i^owers of 
 mind that, at the age of 23, he succeeded 
 his master Fortius in tlie chair of Greek 
 professor. He published in 1583, his notes 
 on Diogenes Laertius, which he dedicated 
 to his lather, and the next year appeared his 
 lectures on Theocritus, inscribed to Henry 
 Stephens the printer, whose daughter he 
 mai-ried in 1586. In 1587 he published his 
 commentaiy on Strabo, and his new testa- 
 ment ; the next year his notes on Dionysius 
 Haiicarnassus ; and the next year notes on 
 Polyse.niis ; and the year after, his edition of 
 Aristotle. The following years were eqaal- 
 ly prolific in learned labors, tillin 1596, he 
 exchanged his situation for a professorship 
 at Montpelier, but here he was disappoint- 
 ed, till after visiting Paris, and being intro- 
 duced to Henry IV. he was promised pat- 
 ronage from the court. The monarch how- 
 ever was thwarted in his wishes to provide 
 for Casaubon, by the jealousy of the literati of 
 Paris, and unable to give him a professor- 
 ship, he appointed him one of the protestant 
 judges at the conference between bishop 
 Perron and du Plijssis Mornay. Some time 
 after he was made librarian to the king, with 
 a liberal pension, and while he employed 
 himself in vi riting annotations on the classics, 
 he devoted some of his time to the Arabic, 
 language, and acquired such proficiency 
 that lie completed a dictionary, and trans- 
 lated some of the authors into Latin. Hen- 
 ry, who admired the learning of Casaubon, 
 wished him to become a catholic, and recom- 
 mended him to hold a conference v/ith Per- 
 ron, which, instead ef shaking, established 
 more firmly his faith as a protestant. Cas- 
 aubon, who had published at Lyons his 
 Athenceus under the patronage of his friend 
 de Vicq, now gave to the world his Poly- 
 bins in 1609, with a dedication to the king, 
 much admired as a master piece of its kinj. 
 The death of his patron from whom he ex- 
 pected a more liberal remuneration, and at 
 the same time liis religion, induced him to 
 abandon France for a residence in England. 
 His reputation preceded him, ho reached 
 England in October 1610, and was honorably 
 received, by James, who admitted him to 
 his table, granted him a pension of 300^. and 
 made him prebendary of Westminster and 
 of Canterbury. He did not long enjoy 
 these ro^rks of royal favorj he fell a viciija 
 
€A 
 
 ^^r^ 
 
 CA 
 
 to a violent disorder in the bladder July 1st, 
 1614, in his 55th year, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey. He was father of '20 
 chiMren by his wife. 
 
 Casaubon, Meric, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Geneva 14th August 1599. He 
 ■was educated first at Sedan, and afterwards, 
 \vhen his father came to England, at Christ 
 church, where he became student, and took 
 his degrees. His defence of his fatber against 
 the catholics in 1621, made him known to 
 ting Jahies, and sometime after he was pre- 
 sented to the living of Bledon in Somerset- 
 shire b} liisbop Andrews, and 1628 to a pre- 
 bend of Canterbury, and afterwards to other 
 "benetiies by the patronage of his friend 
 Laud. The violence of the civil Mars, how- 
 ever, robbed him of all his preferment, and 
 he was not only persecuted as a suspicious 
 person, butiraprisoned. Cromwell, who knew 
 his abilities, wished to engage him to write 
 an account of the civil wars, but though he 
 •was poor and distressed he not only refused 
 the employment, but rejected with disdain 
 the offers of a present, and the promise of a 
 liberal pension. He was also solicited by 
 Christina of Sweden to come and preside 
 over her universities, with a handsome sala- 
 ry, but he declined the honorable offer, and 
 chose rather to live in England, though 
 ■without the piospect of future independence 
 Atthe restoration, Casaubon was reinstituted 
 in all his ecclesiastical preferments, which 
 he enjoyed till his death, July 4th, 1671, in 
 his 72d year. He had several children, but 
 none of them became known in the world. 
 His talents were very great as a scholar and 
 a critic, as his editions of the classics and his 
 many other publications fully prove. It is 
 however singular that he should defend the 
 existence of witches, in a relation of what 
 passed between Ih*. John Dee and some 
 spirits. 
 
 Caschi, a learned Mahometan, knOAvn 
 as an eloquent preacher at Medina, and as 
 the author of some commentaries on the 
 Koran. 
 
 Caschiri, a Mahometan, author of the 
 lives of mussulman sahits, and some ingenious 
 fictions and spiritual allegories — There is 
 another of the same name, who died in the 
 year of the hegira 261. 
 
 Case, Thomas A.M. a nonconformist, 
 during the civil wars, who wrote and preach- 
 ed against the royalists. He was born at 
 Boxley in Kent, and educated at Christ 
 church. He was at one time minister of St. 
 Mary Magdalene, Milk-street, and after- 
 wards of St. Giles' in the fields, and was im- 
 prisoned six months in the tower for con- 
 spiring in Love's plot against the indepen- 
 dent government. He waited with other 
 ministers on Charles in 1660, at the Hague, 
 apid was one of the commissioners at the Sa- 
 voy. He died 30th May 1682, aged 84 years. 
 His works are chiefly sermons. 
 
 Case, John, a native of Lyme in Dor- 
 setshire, knoM-n as an empyric and astrologer 
 and as the successor of Lilly. He wrote the 
 angelical guide, showing men and women 
 
 their lot and chance in this elementary iile 
 1697, 8vo. But his celebrity arose from thd 
 success of his pills, which were recommend- 
 ed to his customers with this elegant distich, 
 
 *' Here's fourteen pills for thirteen pence 
 
 *• Enough in any man's own conscience." 
 His door was pointed out to tlie inquiring 
 patients by these two lines which are said to 
 liave procured more money than all the ver-' 
 ses which Dryden ever Avrote. 
 " Within this place 
 " Lives doctor Case." 
 Once at a tavern doctor Kadcliffe in a jocu- 
 lar mood pledged him with '* here, brother 
 Case, I drink to all the fools your patients." 
 " Thank you, replied the empiric, let me 
 have all the fools, and you may take the 
 rest," 
 
 Casel, John, a native of Gottingen, the 
 pupil of Melancthon and Camerarius. He 
 took his degrees at Pisa, and was professor 
 of rhetoric and philosophy at Helmstadt, 
 where he died 1613. He wrote some learn- 
 ed works. His collection of letters appeared 
 at Frankfort 1687, 8vo. 
 
 Caseneuve, Peter, a native of Ton- 
 louse, who died there 1052, aged 61. He 
 wrote in Freiich the life and miracles of Ed- 
 mund king of England, 480. — French ety- 
 mologies, — le franc Aleu de Languedoc, 8 
 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Cases, Peter James, a painter, born at 
 Paris where he died June 1754, aged 79. 
 His genius and the correctness of his style, 
 and excellence of his draperies, make him 
 i"ank as one of the first painters of the French 
 school. Some of his works are preserved in 
 Notredame church, in the Jesuits' college, 
 abbey St. Martin, and particularly in St 
 Germain des Pr6s. 
 
 Casimir Matthias Sarbieuski, a 
 Jesuit of Poland, professor of philosophy and 
 theology at Wilna, whose Latin odes, epodes, 
 and epigrams, are little inferior to the 
 delicate and elegant productions of the best 
 poets of Greece and Kome. Grotius and 
 others have indeed set his fame above that 
 ofHorace, but many critics, though fully sen- 
 sible of his great merit, do not elevate bis 
 compositions to so high a rank. He was 
 preacher to king Ladislaus V. and died at 
 Warsaw, second April I6'ib0, aged 45, and 
 unfortunately before he had completed his 
 Lesciade, a heroic poem in 12 books, in 
 imitation of Virgil. His poems have been 
 frequently edited. The best edition is Bar- 
 bou's 1759, 12mo. 
 
 Casimir I. a king of Poland, son and 
 successor of Micislas, 1034. The revolt of 
 the Poles disgusted him, and^ he privately 
 retired to a monastery at Paris, from which 
 he was at last, by the afiection of the Poles, 
 drawn to civilize his country and improve 
 his kingdom. He married, with a dispensa- 
 tion from the pope, the daughter of the duke 
 of Russia, and died 1058, in the a4th year of 
 his reign. 
 
 Casimir, H. king of Poland, was the 
 youngest son of Boleslaus HI. and deserved 
 the surname of the just, by his humanity to- 
 
Ca 
 
 ^^. 
 
 wards the peasants, whom he in some de- 
 gree delivered Irom the oppression and vio- 
 lence of their masters, lie succeeded l)is 
 brother Mieczlaus, when deposed for cruel- 
 ty 1177, and died 1194, aged 77. 
 
 C AS 1 M 1 B, III. surnamed Great, succeeded 
 Ladislaus 1333. He was a humane monarcli 
 as well as a great warrior. He defeated John 
 of Bohemia, and conquered Jlussia. It is 
 Eaid that he was too much addicted to wine 
 and women. He died by a fall from his 
 horse 1370. 
 
 C A SI MIR, IV. son of Jagellon, was grand 
 duke of Lithuania, and raised to the Polish 
 throne 1447. He made war with success 
 against the Teutonic knights, and against the 
 vaivode of Wallachia, and by a\i edict com- 
 manded that the Latin tongue should become 
 the vernacular language of the kingdom, 
 ^vhich continues to be observed to this day. 
 He died 1492. 
 
 Gasimir, Johiv, son of Sigismund III. 
 from a cartlinal became a king, and married 
 the widow of his brother and predecessor 
 Ladislaus VII. HcAvas defeated hy Charles 
 (iustavus of Sweden, whom afterwards with 
 the assistance of Leopold of Germany he 
 conquered. He also defeated the Russians 
 in Lithuania, but the ingratitude of his sub- 
 jects made him resign the crown, and retire 
 to France, where he died at Nevers 1672. 
 
 Caslon, William, an eminent letter 
 founder, born in 16U2, at Hales Owen in 
 Shropshire. He was originally apprentice to 
 an engraver of ornaments on gun-barrels, a 
 business which he carried on in Vine street 
 near the Minories, and to which he added 
 the making of tools for book binders, and for 
 chasing of silver plate. The neat lettering 
 of a book exposed to sale in a bookseller's 
 shop, accidentally recommended him to the 
 friendship of Mr. Bowyer, who not only en- 
 couraged him in undertaking a letter founde- 
 ry, but liberally with two others lent him 
 500/. to make a respectable beginning. His 
 ingenuity soon procured a large and increas- 
 ing concern, he was engaged to cut the fount 
 for the planting of the new testament in Ara- 
 bic, for the use of the poorer christians in 
 tlie east, and he executed his fount of En- 
 glish letters with such. neatness and elegance 
 that types were no longer imported from 
 Holland, but by exceeding the productions 
 of the best artificers, large demands for ex- 
 portation to the continent, evinced the great 
 superiority of English workmanship. After 
 residing for some time in Helmet-row, Old- 
 street, he settled in 173.'> in Chiswell-street, 
 where his foundery became the largest in the 
 known world. He retired from business, 
 and settled at Bethnal-green, where he died 
 iZ3{\ June 1766, aged 74. He was buried in 
 St. Luke's church yard, Middlesex. His 
 eldest son, William, succeeded him in his 
 business. Sir John Hawkins has celebrated 
 his hospitality and the goodness of his heart. 
 
 Casnodyn, a Welch poet who florished 
 at the beginning of the 14th century. 
 
 Cassagnes, James abbe de, a French 
 ■poet, made librarian to the king, and mem- 
 
 ^ 
 
 CA 
 
 ber of the French academrj by the patron- 
 age of Colbert. His wish to distinguish him- 
 self as a pulpit orator, it is said, was so fatal- 
 ly checked by Boileau, who in the sameline 
 associated him with Cotin, one of the most 
 unpopular and ineloquent preachei's of the 
 age, that he fell into a melancholy delirum, 
 and actually died in a madhouse 1679. He 
 translated Sallust and some of Cicero's works 
 into French, but his poetical pieces are now 
 deservedly tbrgotten. 
 
 Cassa-N, a christian who renounced his 
 religion to become king of Persia. He was 
 warlike, and conquered Syria, and defeated 
 the sultan of Egj^pt. He afterwards profes- 
 sed again Christianity, and died 1.'504. 
 
 Cassana, Nicholo, a painter, born st 
 Venice. His conspiracy of Catiline, contain- 
 ing nine figures as large as life, and his por- 
 trait of his patroness queen Ann, are greatly 
 admired. He died in London 1713, aged 54. 
 
 Cassan^a, Giovani Agostino, brother to 
 the preceding, was born in 1604, and was emi- 
 nent in drawing beasts, birds, &c. He died 
 poor at Genoa. 
 
 Cassander, king of Macedonia, after- 
 Alexander, was severe against the Greeks, 
 and died of a dropsy B. C. SO^t. 
 
 Cassander, George, an eminent divine 
 born near Bruges, who was long engaged in 
 the fruitless labor of reconciling the catholics 
 and protestants. He died 1566, aged 53. 
 His works were printed at Paris 1616, folio. 
 
 Cassander, Francis, a Frenchman, who 
 was an able translator of the Greek and La- 
 tin classics. He <lied poor in 1695. 
 
 Cassandra Fidele, a Venetian lady 
 who was well acquainted with the learned 
 languages an<l philosophy. lle» letters and 
 discourses were published at Padua by To - 
 masini. She was respected by the popes Ju- 
 lius H. and Leo X. She died 1567, aged 
 102. 
 
 Cassentino, Jacobo di, an eminent 
 painter, the founder of the Florentine aca- 
 demy. He died 1356, aged 80. His pieces, 
 scattered about Italy, were deservedly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Casserio, Jvdio, a native of Placentia. 
 Though of poor pareiitage his employment 
 as domestic in the family of Fabricms ab 
 aqua-pendente proved the beginning of his 
 fame. He was instructed by his master, and 
 proved so able an assistant that he afterwards 
 succeeded him as professor of anatomy and 
 medicine at Padua, He wrote de vocis audit- 
 usque organis historia, fol. 1600 — anatomicaJ 
 tables, — and other works, and died 1616. 
 
 Cass I AN, a monk in the middle of the 
 fifth century. He founded a monastery near 
 Marseilles, and was the author of the sect 
 of the semipelagians, whose tenets were se- 
 verely censure<l by some synods. He wrote 
 institutio monachorum, &c. ^/^ 
 
 Cassibelan, or Cassivei.aunus, r 
 king of Britain at the invasion of J, Caesar. 
 It is said that he fixed his residence at Ve- 
 rulam, now called St. Alban's. 
 
 Cassini, Johannes Dominicus, a cele- 
 brated astronomer born in Pietlmont 8th 
 
CA 
 
 ^/^/ 
 
 GA 
 
 June 165i5. He stucUed at Genoa, and dis- 
 play tfl such poetical powers, that some of 
 liis jj'L-cfcs were published when he was only 
 11 years old. -lie accidentally met a book on 
 astronomy, and !ie devoted himself with such 
 appliwation and success to that science, that 
 at the age of 15 he was invited by the senate 
 to teach mathematics at Bologna. The ap- 
 pearance of a comet in IG-SS enabled him to 
 make observations on those eccentric bodies, 
 and to establish the doctrine that they were 
 not meteors, but governed by regular laws 
 like the planets. He afterwards determined 
 the apogee and eccentrieity of a planet from 
 its true and mean place, a problem which 
 Kepler and BuUialdus are said to have given 
 up as insolvable. His reputation became 
 now so great that he was employed in settling 
 differences that had arisen in consequence of 
 the inundations of the Po, and he Avas ap- 
 pointed inspector general of the fortifications 
 of the castle of Urbino, and of all the nvers 
 in the ecclesiastical states But still devoted 
 to astronomy, he made various important 
 discoveries concerning the planets, and he 
 settled the theory of Jupiter's satellites, 
 •which he published at Rome 1666. So high 
 an opinion was entertained of his abilities by 
 tire French academicians, that Lewis XIV. 
 obtained the pope's permission to allow him 
 to absent himself for six years from his offices 
 at Rome and Bologna. He visited in conse- 
 quence the capital of France in 1669, and 
 was made royal astronomer, but when his 
 six years were expired, the pope made him 
 forfeit all his emoluments as he did not re- 
 turn ; and Colbert, who knew the greatness 
 of his powers, therefore prevailed upon him 
 to become a naturalized subject of France. 
 As the first occupier of the new built obser- 
 vatory at Paris, patronised by the king, and 
 admired by the fiation, he proceeded with 
 rapid strides in his accurate examination of 
 the heavens. The revolution of Jupiter 
 round its axis was determined, four satel- 
 lites more were added to. Saturn, and the 
 meridian line in 1 695 was proved not to have 
 varied since it had been fixed 40 years be- 
 fore, at Bologna. This great man, and in- 
 comparable astronomei', after continuing 
 the meridian line through France, and en- 
 riching science with a thousand discoveries, 
 died I4th September 1712, and was succeed- 
 ed in the observatory by his son John James. 
 Cassini, John James, son and successor 
 of the preceding, was horn at Paris, and 
 educated in the Mazarine college under Va- 
 rignon. He inherited the talents of his 
 father, and described with great labor the 
 perpendicular of the meridian of France, 
 from St. Maloes through Paris to Strasburg. 
 He asserted, contrary to Newton's opinion, 
 that the earth was an oblong spheroid ; an 
 opinion which was proved to be false by the 
 report of the mathematicians who were sent 
 by the French king to measure a degree of 
 the meridian at the equator, and at the po- 
 lar circle. He also turned his thoughts to 
 electricity, in which he made some curious 
 expiiriments. He dred at the age of 84, in' 
 
 1756, at Thuri near Clermont. Hig works, 
 greatly esteemed, were elements of astron- 
 omy, with astronomical tables, two vols. 
 4to. — magnitude and figure of the earth. 
 
 Cassini de Thory, Caesar Francis, sec- 
 ond son and successor oi John James, was 
 born at Paris, 17th June 1714. His progress 
 in science was so rapid, that at the age of 
 ten he calculated the phases of the sun in a 
 total eclipse. He was engaged afterwards 
 in the verification of the meridian passing 
 through the observatory at Paris, and he with 
 great assiduity devoted himself to the com- 
 pletion of a geometrical description of France, 
 with very minute and exact particulars. His 
 labors wore warmly supported by the assist- 
 ance of the learned, and the munificence of 
 the court. He died of the small-pox, 4th 
 Sept 1784, leaving behind him an amiable 
 and respected character. He was succeeded 
 by his son John Dominic. Several of his 
 pieces are in the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences. 
 
 Cassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, an 
 Italian author, who died 577, aged 96. He 
 was noticed at the court of Theodoric king 
 of the Goths, and employed in some offices 
 as governor of Sicily, and as a privy counsel- 
 lor. He afterwards retired to solitude, and 
 built a monastery in Calabria, where he in 
 the midst of religious devotion amused him- 
 self in making sun-dials, water-clocks, &c. 
 He wrote commentaries on scripture, &c. 
 The best edition of his works is that of Rou- 
 en, two vols. fol. 1679. 
 
 Cassius, Caius, brother-in-law of Bru- 
 tus, was one of CiEsar's murderers, though 
 his life had been spared at Parsalia by the 
 dictator. A t the battle of Philli pi he caused 
 one of his slaves to run him through, not 
 to fall into the hands of the enemy, 42 
 B.C. 
 
 Cassius, Longinns Lucius, a Roman 
 magistrate of great integrity, B. C, 115. 
 
 Cassius, Avidius, a Roman general un- 
 der M. Antoninus. He conquered the Par- 
 thians, Syrians, and Figyptians, and after- 
 wards pi*9ciaimed himself emperor. He was 
 soon after assassinated by one of his soldiers. 
 
 Cassius, Parmensis, a Latin poet, said 
 to have been a conspirator against J. Caisar. 
 He was put to death by Augustus, 
 
 Cassius, Severus Titus, a Roman orator 
 in the age of Augustus, eloquent, but violent 
 in his accusations against individuals. 
 
 Castagno, Andrew del, a painter of 
 Tuscany. He obtained the secret of paint- 
 ing in oil from Dorainico de Venise, and af- 
 terwards conceived such hatred against hirn, 
 that one evening he assassinated him. Homi- 
 nico, who knew not his murderer, hastened to 
 the house of his perfidious friend, and ex- 
 pired in his arms. The bloody deed remain- 
 ed undiscovered, till Castagno revealed it on 
 his death bed, and drew upon his memory 
 the execration of his country. He finished 
 in 1478, at the request of the Florentine re- 
 public, the execution of the conspirators 
 against the Medicis. 
 
 Castaldi, Cornelius, a native of Fcl- 
 
CA 
 
 ^// 
 
 CA 
 
 tri, eminent as a pact. He executed >yith 
 success an embassy to tlie i-epuhlic of Ven- 
 ice, and founded a college at Padua, where 
 he died 1537, aged 57. His poems, consist- 
 ing of Latin and Italian pieces, are much es- 
 teemed, and were edited by abb6 Conti in 
 1757 in 4to. 
 
 Castalio, Sebastian, bdrn at Chatillon 
 on the Rhone, Avas the friend of Calvin, by 
 whose influence he became regent in the 
 college of Geneva. He translated the bible 
 into elegant Latin, and displayed his various 
 and extensive knowledge of the Greek and 
 Hebrew by several other publications. His 
 opinions with respect to Solomon's song and 
 Christ's descent into hell, and about predes- 
 tination and grace, procured him many ene- 
 mies ; and he at last incurred the displeasure 
 of Calvin and of Theodore Be/a, who re- 
 viled him as a papist. He was vei^y poor, 
 and his circumstances were still more un- 
 comfortable for the maintenance of a wife and 
 eight children. His coUoquia sacra, in ele- 
 gant Latin, appeared in four vols. 12mo. 
 
 Casteels, Peter, a painter of Antwei-p, 
 who died at Richmond in Surrey, 1749, aged 
 G5. He M'as settled at Tooting, and he pub- 
 lished in 1726, liplatesof birds designed and 
 etched by himself 
 
 Castel, Lewis Bertrand, a Jesuit and 
 geometrician of Montpellier, who, through 
 his abilities, became the friend of Fontenelle, 
 and other learned men. He published some 
 very ingenious works, but his \Tai system de 
 physique generale de Newton, in 4to. 1745, 
 gained him universal and deserved reputation 
 as a philosopher and a man of science. His 
 optic of colors, 12mo.— his treatise on gravi- 
 ty, 2 vols. 12mo. — and his system of mathe- 
 matics, 4to. were also much esteemed. He 
 died 757, aged 69. 
 
 Castell, Edmund, D. D. a learned di- 
 vine, born in 1606, at Hatley, Cambridge- 
 shire, and educated at Emanuel college. He 
 Avas afterwards removed to St. John's for the 
 convenience of the library in the compilation 
 of his lexicon heptaglotton, a valuable work, 
 in the completion of Avhich he was assiduous- 
 ly engaged for 17 years, and upon which he 
 expended upwards of 12,000^. Such sacri- 
 fices in the cause of learning deserved high 
 and liberal patronage, but his preferment 
 was at first only the small vicarage of Hat- 
 field Paverell in Essex, afterwards the recto- 
 ry of Wodeham Walter, and then that of 
 Higham Gobion, Bedfordshire. Some time 
 after he became king's chaplain, professor 
 of Arabic at Cambridge, and pi-ebendary of 
 Canterbury. The lexicon was published 1 669, 
 but the work, though much commended, re- 
 mained almost entirely unsold upon his 
 hands. Though thus discouraged, he yet de- 
 voted himself to the cultivation of oriental 
 literature, and assisted in a very extensive 
 «iegree the labors of Dr. Walton, in the pub- 
 lication of his polyglott bible. Dr.Castell died 
 1685, aged 79, and was buried in his parish 
 church, Higham Gobion, where he had pre- 
 viously erected a monument. He bequeath- 
 c.d his oriental manuscripts to tlie public li- 
 
 brary of Cambridge, and several of liis books 
 to some of the colleges, and to particular 
 frieiuls. 
 
 Castelli, Bernard, a Genoese painter, 
 who died 1629, aged 72. Besides painting 
 the portraits of eminent poets, he engraved 
 some of the plates for Tasso's Jerusalem. 
 
 Castelm, Valei'io, son of the preced- 
 ing, died in 1059, agt.d 34. He was particu- 
 larly eminent in painting battles. 
 
 Castelli, Benedict, a native of Brescia,, 
 who became a Benedictine, and assisted Gal- 
 ileo in the progi'ess of his astronomical obser- 
 vations. He was afterwards i)rofessor of 
 mathematics at Pisa, and then at Jiome, and 
 died 1644. 
 
 Castelnau, IMichael, a Frenchman, en- 
 gaged as ambassador in the service of Charles 
 IX. and Henry HI. He was five times in 
 England. He died 1592. The memoirs of 
 his embassies were printed in 2 vols, folio, 
 16G9, and again Brussels, 1731, in three vols, 
 folio. ■ 
 
 Castelnau, Henrielte Julia de, wife of 
 count de Murat, wrote in an elegant and 
 pleasing style les lutrins de Kernosi 'l2mo. — 
 des coutes de fees, two vols. — le voyage de 
 Campagne, two vols. 12mo. She died 1710, 
 aged 45, 
 
 Castelve'^iro, Lewis, a learned Italiau 
 of Modena. It it said tliat he was engaged 
 the half of his life in his commentary on Ar- 
 istotle's poetics. Ashe had travelled in Ger- 
 many he was suspected of havitig embraced 
 the tenets of Luther, and being bi'ought be- 
 fore the inquisition at Home, he made his es- 
 cape from the punishment which awaited 
 him, .and fled to Basil, whei-e he devoted 
 himself to literature, and died 20th Feb. 1571., 
 aged 66. 
 
 CASTi,rabbe, an Italian poet of considera- 
 ble merit. His chief poem is gli animali 
 parlanti, or speaking animals. He wrote va- 
 rious other poems, and died at Paris, Feb. 
 1803. 
 
 Castiglioxe, Joseph, a native of An- 
 cona, made governor of Corneto 1598, and 
 distinguished as a poet and critic. He was 
 author of an history of his own times in Latiu 
 verse, and wrote besides variai lectiones & 
 opusoula, 1 694, 4to. &cc. He died 161 6. 
 
 Castiglione, Balthazar, an Italiau no- 
 bleman, bora Dec. 6th, 1478, at Casatico in 
 the duchy of Mantua. After receiving a 
 very hberal education, he served in the ar- 
 my, under Sforza duke of Milan, and after- 
 wards was engaged by duke Urbino, as his 
 ambassador to pope Julius II. and afterwards 
 to Lewis XII. of France, and Henry VII. of 
 England. He published at Rome 15 10 his 
 celebrated "Courtier," a work highly ad- 
 mired for its moral and political instructions, 
 and for the elegance of the Italian. He mar- 
 ried in his 36th year the daughter of tfie fa- 
 mous Bentivoglio, who died four years after, 
 leaving him a son and two da^ighters. The 
 abilities of Castiglionc proved very serviceable 
 to the holy see, and were employed in several 
 negotiations with Charles V. and Francis I: 
 He died at Toledo, 2d Feb. 1529, and by w 
 
CA 
 
 H^Z 
 
 CA 
 
 vler of Charles V. who admired and respected 
 him, his funeral was solemnized with the 
 greatest pomp. Sixteen months after the 
 body was removed hy his motlier from Tole- 
 do, to a churcli at Mantua which he himself 
 had huilt, and an epitaph was inscribed on a 
 sumptuous monument by cardinal Bembo. — 
 Besides tlie Courtier, Castiglione wrote some 
 .very elegant Latin and Tuscan poems, inser- 
 ted in the delicia; poet. Ital. His letters ap- 
 peared at Padua, in 2 yoIs. 1769. 
 
 Cast-iglione, Giovani Benedetto, an 
 Italian. painter, of Genoa, wlio died 1670, aged 
 54. Hsi was very great in the representa- 
 tion of landscapes and cattle. 
 
 Castigltome, Francisco, son and pupil 
 to the preceding, was equally respectable in 
 the execution of his pieces. 
 
 Castille, Alphonsus X. of Vid. Ai^- 
 
 PHONSTJS. 
 
 Castillo, Ferdinand de, a Dominican of 
 Spain, who wrote an account of his order, 2 
 vols. fol. 1584. He died 1503. 
 
 Castillo-y-saavedra, Antony del, a 
 Spanish painter of Cordova, where he died 
 1667, aged 64. He chiefly excelled in his- 
 torical and landscape painting ; but his color- 
 ing is deficient in grace and in taste. It is 
 said that he died of grief, for being surpassed 
 by the pencil of MurlUo. 
 
 Castries, N. Marshal de, an ableFrench 
 general, who served with distinction in the 
 seven years war. He was called to the as- 
 sembly of the notables in 1787, but disap- 
 proved of the violent conduct of his colleagues, 
 and left France. He died at Wolfenbutel in 
 Brunswick, Jan. ISOO. 
 
 Castro, Alphonso de, a Spanish Francis- 
 can friar, who came into England with Philip 
 II. and was appointed bishop of Compostella, 
 very soon after which he died at Brussels 
 1558. He was an able preacher, and wrote 
 a popular book against heresies. 
 
 Castro, John de, a native of Lisbon, who, 
 after serving again.st the Moors, went with 
 Gama to the east, and published a descrip- 
 tion of the Red sea. When he returned to 
 Europe he was appointed over a fleet, and 
 went with Charles V. against Tunis, and af- 
 terwards was sent as governor of the East 
 Indies by the Poiluguese government. He 
 died at Diu, which he had rendered almost 
 impregnable 1548, aged 48. 
 
 Castro, Paul de, a native of Castro, pro- 
 fessor of law at Florence, Bologna, Sienna, 
 and Padua. His works possessed great mer- 
 it, and were edited in 8 vols. fol. He died 
 1437. It became proverbial to say of him af- 
 ter the words of Cujas, qui non habet Pau- 
 lum de Castro, tunicam vendat & emat. 
 
 Castrucio, Castracani, a celebrated gen- 
 eral, who was a foundling, discovered by the 
 monk Antonia, and his sister Dianora, in a 
 heap of leaves in a vineyard, at Lucca in 
 Tuscany, in 1284. He was tenderly brought 
 up by the humanity of his preservers, and in- 
 tended for the church ; but his fondness for 
 bold exertions and military exercises made 
 him prefer the profession of arms. He en- 
 tered ia his 18th year a? a lieutenant in the 
 
 army ot the Ghibelins, whom the party of the 
 Guelfs had just driven from Pavia. The 
 valor and coolness which he displayed recom- 
 mended him to the good opinion of Guinigi 
 the general, and he soon rose, though op- 
 posed and even imjirisoned by his enemies, 
 to the highest honor, and was at last declar- 
 ed by the people of Lucca their sovereign 
 prince. Beloved at home and respected a- 
 broad, he now meditated the extension of 
 his power over the neighboring states, and 
 though flattered by the pope he did not dis- 
 solve into effeminate luxury, or betray ty- 
 rannical oppression. The Florentines, how- 
 ever, viewed his elevation Avith jealous enmi- 
 ty, and 30,000 foot, and 10,000 horse appear- 
 ed in the field, 22,000 of which the active 
 general destroyed, with the loss of only 1600 
 of his own men. But here fortune chettkcd 
 the career of his greatness, fatigued after the 
 bloody contest, and regardless of a chill 
 north wind which blew upon him, he was 
 seized with an ague, which carried him off 
 in a few days, when he expected to rise to 
 the sovereignty of Italy. Ilejlied in his 44t]i 
 year 1328, admired in his life-time, and re- 
 gretted after his death. Machiavel has writ- 
 ten his life, and represented him as a most 
 extraordinary character, of great presence of 
 mind, benevolence of temper, and undaunt- 
 ed firmness, not less in prosperity than adver- 
 sit_v. He always went bare headed in rain 
 or hail, as wxU as in the most serene sky. 
 
 Cat, Claude Nicholas le, a native of 
 Bleraucourt in Picardy, intended for the 
 church, but finally educated as a surgeon. In 
 1725 he published a letter on the aurora 
 borealis of that year, and in 1731 he be- 
 came the surgeon of the hotel Dieu at 
 Rouen, where five years after, he formed 
 a public school of anatomy, and a literary so- 
 ciety of which be became the secretary- 
 He was pensioned with 2000 livres by the 
 French king in 1759, and seven years after 
 raised to the rank of nobility. He wrote ou 
 the theor}' of hearing 1758, 8vo. — on the 
 nervous fluid, 1765, 8vo. — on astrology, 1767, 
 8vo. — on the senses, 2 vols. ISmo. &cc. and 
 died 176S, aged 68. 
 
 Catel, William, a native of Toulouse, 
 counsellor of the cit}', and author of an his- 
 tory of the courts of Toulouse, fol. — and of 
 memoirs of the province of Languedoc, fol 
 HediedlCiO, aged57. 
 
 Catel LAN, Maria Claire Priscilla Mar- 
 guerite de, a lady of Narbonne, who died at 
 Toulouse 1745, aged 83. Her odes were 
 admired by the French, and were crowned 
 by the Toulouse academicians. 
 
 Catesbv, Mark, an English naturalist- 
 He resided for seven years in Virginia, and 
 made such a collection of natural curiosities, 
 that, at the request of sir Hans Sloane, and 
 other friends, he visited the Carolinai, and 
 the Bahama islands, for the improvement 
 of knowledge. On his return to England, 
 1726, he gave to the public his natural his- 
 tory of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, 
 2 vols. fol. with colored plates, of his own 
 execution. He was honorably made fellow 
 
CA 
 
 of the royal society, whose transactions he 
 enriched with a paper on the migration of 
 birds. He died in London, 1749, aged 69. 
 His great work was again edited in 1754 and 
 in 1771. 
 
 Catharine, a daughter of Charles VI. 
 of France, who married Henry V. of Eng- 
 land, and after his death Owen Tudor, a 
 Welchman, by whom she had Edmund, the 
 father of Henry VH. She died 143«. 
 
 Cathauine of Aruagon, dauglitcr of 
 Ferdinand V. of Castille, married Arthur, 
 son of Henry VII. in 1501, and on his death, 
 five months after, Henry afterwards the 
 VlUth. Her conduct as a wife was most ex- 
 emplaiy, and her many virtues place her 
 character in the most amiable point of view. 
 Her divorce from Henry, who had fallen in 
 love with Anna Boleyn, pi'oduced the refor- 
 mation of England. She wrote some reli- 
 gious pieces, and died at Kimbolton, univer- 
 sally respected. 
 
 Catharine de Medicis, queen of 
 France, daughter of Lorenzo de Medicis, 
 duke of Urbino, married, in 1534, Henry 
 duke of Orleans, son of Francis I. Though 
 at first she had no children, afterwards she 
 had ten, three of whom became successively 
 kings of France, and a daughter, queen of 
 Navarre. Her husband died 155'J ; and dur- 
 ing the short reign of her son Francis, she 
 obtained no influence in the cabinet, from 
 the superior power of the Guises ; but on 
 tltc elevation of Charles IX. then only 11 
 years of age, the queen-mother became the 
 regent, and showed the infamous features 
 of her mind by the dreadful murders of St. 
 Bartholomew. Despised for her cruelties 
 and perfidy, and the slave of lust, this worth- 
 less and too powerful woyian died 1589, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Catharine of Sienna, a Romish 
 saint, who, at the age of 8, is said to have 
 vowed pei*petual celibacy. As a pretended 
 prophetess, acquainted with futurity, she 
 advised i)ope Gregory to remove the seat of 
 the ecclesiastical government from Avignon 
 to Rome, for a continuance of seventy-six 
 years : for which concession, however, the 
 pope expressed sorrow on his death-bed. 
 She wrote several things in a fanatical style. 
 Her letters have been printed. She died 
 1380, aged 23, and was canonized 1461. 
 — Another saint of the same name founded 
 a convent in her native town of Bologna, 
 and died 1463. She wrote also some theo- 
 logical books of little value. 
 
 Catharine of Portugal, was daugh- 
 ter of John IV. and Avife of Charles II. of 
 England, whom she married 16G1. She was 
 treated with u.nkindness by the licentious 
 Charles, and after his death she returned to 
 Portugal, where she was made regent during 
 the imbecile state of her brother Peter. She 
 conquered the Spaniai'ds, and died 1705, 
 aged 67 
 
 Bourbon, sister of 
 1599, Hemy of Lor- 
 This union, as being 
 
 39 
 
 Catharine or 
 Henry IV. married, 
 raine, duke de Bar. 
 VOL. I. 
 
 «>W CA 
 
 poiifcical, was not productive of much happi- 
 ness. She died without children, at Nauci, 
 13th February 1604, aged 46. 
 
 Catharine Alextevna, empress of 
 Russia, a native of Ringen, in Livonia, born 
 of obscure parents. She was early instructed 
 in the house of a Lutheran clergyman ; but 
 his death, and that of her mother, left her 
 destitute, and she retired to Marienburg. 
 There, in 1701, she espoused a dragoon of 
 the Swedish fortress in that city; but, on the 
 day of her nuptials, and before their consum- 
 mation, the unhappy bridegroom fell in the 
 field of battle, and the captive Catharine be- 
 came the property of general Bauer, who 
 saw and admired her beauty. She was af- 
 terwards in the service of pi'uice iMentshicof, 
 and, in her 17th year, she became the mis- 
 tress of Peter the gi*eat, and so much capti- 
 vated him that, on the 29th of May, 1711, 
 he privately married hei', and on the 12th of 
 the following Februarj' announced her as his 
 empress in his capital. On his death, in 
 1725, she was proclaimed as sovereign of all 
 the Russias : and she deserved the high 
 dignity. The grand designs of the czar were 
 completed by her extraordinary genius, and 
 a mild system of government insured her 
 the aftection and respect of her subjects. She 
 died 17th May, 1727, aged 38. Notwith- 
 standing the noble qualities of her aharacter, 
 and the great services which she rendered to 
 her husband, especially at the affair of Pruth, 
 she was suspected of being faithless to his bed, 
 and a French favoi'ite, de la Croix, the cham- 
 berlain of the court, was beheaded by the 
 irritated husband, and his body exposed to 
 public view with great ignominy. 
 
 Catharine II. empress of Russia, was 
 daughter of Christian Augustus of Anhalt. 
 Zerbst, in Upper Saxony, and, at the age of 
 14, she married the duke of Holstein, after- 
 wards Peter III. After some years she be- 
 came the mother of a son and daughter ; 
 but the mental imbecihty of her husband 
 rendered Catharine dissatisfied and faithless, 
 and, on the death of the empress, in 1 762, the 
 young monarch soon found an ambitious 
 rival, instead of a submissive consort. By a 
 well managed plot she seized her husband, 
 July 14, 1762, and after thi'ee tlays' confine- 
 ment he expired in the castle of Robscha, 
 whilst his mui*derer proclaimed herself as 
 sole sovereign empress, and insured the sta- 
 bility of her government by the wisest and 
 most popular measures. To remove every 
 obstacle, prince Iwan, grandson of Peter, an 
 inoftensive youth, was secretly cut off; and 
 the empress, sure of the ti-anquillity of her 
 dominions, imposed on Poland her favorite, 
 prince Poniatowski, as king, by the name of 
 Stanislaus Augustus, in 1764. Great as a 
 sovereign, but dissolute as a woman, Catha- 
 rine was engaged for ten years in a Turkish 
 war, and lastly with the Swedes, whilst at 
 home she indulged herself hi the most sen- 
 sual gratifications, in the company of favor«» 
 ites, whom, however, she rewarded wifli 
 profuse liberality. The patronage which she 
 
CA 
 
 ^/V 
 
 CA 
 
 exteuded to genius and literature, and the 
 beneTolent motives which influencned her go- 
 verumeut in all internal affairs, will ahv&ys 
 appear as illustrious features in the cliai'acter 
 of Catharine. The bloody capture of Ismael, 
 however, and the partition of Poland, must 
 excite indignation against her conduct, as 
 proceeding from the same coiTupted heart 
 which waded to the throne over the carcass 
 of a murdered husband. She died suddenly 
 of an apoplectic fit 10th November 1797, 
 and was succeeded by her son Paul, who in 
 1800 was succeeded by Alexander. Catha- 
 rine introduced inoculation into Russia, and, 
 to recommend it to her subjects, she herself 
 first submitted to the operation, and most 
 liberally rewarded the English physician who 
 attended her. 
 
 Catharinus, Ambrose, a native of 
 Sienna, who attended the council of Trent, 
 and attacked Luther and Ochinus. He Avas 
 raised to the see of Minori, and afterwards 
 to that of Canza, and died 1553, aged 66. 
 
 C ATI LIN A, Ltjcius Sergius, a noble Ro- 
 man, famous for bis debaucheries, his in- 
 trigues, and the dangerous conspix'acy which 
 he formed against the happiness and the ex- 
 istence of his country. Cicei'o, who was 
 then consul, happily discovered the whole 
 plot ; and Catiline, mad with revenge, left 
 Rome, and repaired to the army, which was 
 assembling under his auspices. This was 
 soon attacked, and defeated, by the consular 
 forces; and Catiline fell in the number of 
 the slain, B. C. 62. 
 
 Catinat, Nicholas, was born at Paris 
 first September 1637, and left the profes- 
 sion of the law for a military life. He soon 
 distinguishedhimself in thisnew careei', and 
 at Maestricht, Besancon, Senef, Cambray, 
 Valenciennes, St. Omer, Ghent, and Ypres, 
 he displayed such acts of bravery, that he 
 was promoted to the highest offices. As 
 lieutenant general he defeated the duke of 
 Savoy in 1688, and took the best part of his 
 dominions, and at A.th in Flanders, he ga- 
 thered fresh laurels against the Germans. In 
 the M-ar of 1701, he was put at the head of 
 the French army to oppose Eugene, who 
 commanded the Germans in Italy. The 
 highest expectations were formed from his 
 generalship, and even Eugene bore testimo- 
 ny to his greatness by saying, on the indeci- 
 sion of the Frendi court, in appointing either 
 Catinat or Yendome, or Villeroi, ** If Vil- 
 leroi commands, I shall beat him ; if Ven- 
 dome, the struggle will be great; but if it be 
 Catinat, I shall be beaten." Misfortunes, 
 however, attended this campaign, the army 
 was not well supported, disunion reigned 
 among the generals, and Catinat to this 
 probably owed his ill success. He was 
 wounded at Chiari, and retreated behind the 
 Oglio, and in disgrace but with great com- 
 posure submitted to serve as second to Vil- 
 leroi. After being raaresclial of France, and 
 esteemed by the king, this great general 
 died at his estate at St. Gratian, 25th Febru- 
 ai'y 1712, aged 74, leaving behind him a most 
 •respectable character for coolness in the day 
 
 of battle, presence of mind, and bejicvolence 
 of heart. 
 
 Catineau, N. a native of Beaupreau, 
 who in the revolution boldly took up arms, 
 and headed the Vendeans in 1793. He af- 
 terwards resigned the command to Bon- 
 champ, and soon after fell at the siege of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Porcius Censoi-ius, an il- 
 lustrious Roman, known for his temperance, 
 virtue, and valor. He served his country in 
 various provinces and in vai'ious oflices, and 
 displayed his hatred against Carthage, by the 
 fatal exclamation of " delenda est Cartha- 
 go." He was distinguished not only as a sol- 
 dier, but as an historian, and died about 150 
 years B. C. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Fortius Uticensis, was 
 great-grandson of the censor, and possessed 
 the same integrity, the same heroic firm- 
 ness, and the same attachment to his coun- 
 try. He boldly opposed the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, and the ambition of Cxsar, and 
 moved the thanks of the senate with the 
 appellation of father of his country, to Ci- 
 cero for his public services. Defeated with 
 the republicans at PharsaUa, he fled to Afri- 
 ca, and rather than fall into the hands of his 
 enemy Csesar, whose power he could no 
 longer oppose, he destroyed himself at Utica, 
 after reading Plato's treatise on the imraor- 
 tahtyofihe soul, B. C. 45. 
 
 Cato, Valerius, a Latin poet, in the age 
 of Sylla. His Dirie is the only one of his 
 poems extant. He died B. C 30. 
 
 Catrou, Francis, a learned Jesuit born 
 at Paris 1659, and died 1737. Besides his 
 translation of Virgil, and a share in the 
 journal de Trevoux, and an history of the 
 Mogul empire, he wrote an history of the 
 fanaticism of the protestants, quakers, &c. 
 and a Roman history with notes continued 
 by Rouille. 
 
 Cattho, Angelo, a native of Tarentum, 
 in the service of the duke of Burgundy, and 
 of Lewis XI. as astrologer and physician. 
 He pretended to foretell future events, some 
 of which, it is said, were truly fulfilled. He 
 died at Beneventum 1497. 
 
 Catullus, Cains Valerius, a Roman 
 poet of Verona, who died about 40 B. C. 
 His poems are elegant, but occasionally li- 
 centious. 
 
 Ca rz, James, a native of Zealand, known 
 as a politician but more as a poet. During 
 Cromwell's usurpation his abilities were em- 
 ployed by his countrymen as ambassador to 
 London. On his return he retired to his fa- 
 vorite studies in one of his country houses 
 where he died 1660, aged 83. His poems, 
 which are in Dutch, are higkly esteemed by 
 his countrymen. The last edition Avas iu 
 1756, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Cavai-canti, Bartholomew, an Italian, 
 who served pope Paul IH. in a military as 
 well as a political capacity, and died at 
 Padua 1562, aged 59. He wrote excelled' 
 treatises on rhetoric, and on the best form 
 of a republic. Another Italian of the sam^- 
 namcj wrote some poents of merit, printed 
 
CA 
 
 ^S 
 
 CA 
 
 l527. He was of Florence, and lived in the 
 13th century. 
 
 Cavalier, John, son of a peasant at 
 Cevennes, is famous for his bravei-y in the 
 wars of the Camisards, or proteslant insur- 
 gents against Lewis XIV. At the head ot 
 an enthusiastic multitude he defeated the 
 bravest of the king's troops, thotigh com- 
 manded by the greatest generals. Yillars, at 
 last concluded a truce Avith him, and he was 
 received into the pay and protection of the 
 Icing, but fearing treachery, he quitted 
 France, and went to England. He greatly 
 tlistinguishedhj^Tiselfaftei-wardsin Spain, es- 
 pecially at the battle of Almanza, and was 
 made governor of Jersey, where it is sup- 
 posed that he died about 1705. 
 
 Cavalieri, BonaA-enture, an Italian 
 mathematician, disciple to Galileo, and pro- 
 fessor at Bologna, where he died 1647. He 
 wrote on geometry, logarithms, trigonome- 
 try, conic sections, &c. 
 
 Cavallini, Pietro, a painter horn at 
 Rome. His pieces which were in high es- 
 teem and were on religious subjects, are 
 chiefly preserved at Rome. His mosaic over 
 the entrance of St. Peter's is much admired, 
 as well as the Virgin and child in one of the 
 churches of Home. He died 1364, aged 85. 
 He was the disciple of Giotto. 
 
 Cave, Dr. William, was born in 1637, 
 and educated at St. John's, Cambridge. He 
 was successively minister of Hasely Oxford- 
 shire, Great Alhallows, and Islington near 
 London, and afterwards chaplain to Charles 
 II. and in l684canon of Windsor. Among his 
 works were an history of the lives, acts, 
 deaths, &c. of the christian fathers during 
 the three first centuries of the church, and 
 his historia literaria, published in 1688, con- 
 taining an account of all writers either 
 against or in favor of Christianity to the 
 lith century, two works which engaged him 
 in a controversial and important dispute 
 with Le Clerc. He died 1713, and Avas 
 buried at Islington. 
 
 Cave, Edward, knoAvn as the first editor 
 of the Gentleman's Magazine, was born at 
 NeAVton in Warwickshire, 1691, and educa- 
 ted at Kugby, under the care of Mr. 
 Holyock. In this seminary he gained at 
 first the good opinion of liis master by his 
 abilities, but Avhen the miscliievous follies of 
 his school follow^ more Avealthy and there- 
 fore more independent tlian Jiimself, Avere 
 unhandsomely attributed to his unsubmissive 
 disposition, he left Rugby, and after being in 
 the employment of a collector of excise, and 
 of a timber merchant, he became ajipren- 
 tice to Mr. Collins, a respectable printei*. 
 By his assiduity he soon rose to consequence 
 in his profession, and by the mterest of his 
 wife's relations he obtained a small place in 
 the post office, Avhilst still he continued to 
 print pamphlets, or contributed to the po- 
 pularity of journals and newspapers. He 
 was engaged also by the stationers to correct 
 the. gradus ad parnassum, and Avas hand- 
 somely rewarded for his trouble, and gained 
 some addition to his income by ctfiting a 
 
 criminal calendar, and other periodical pub 
 lications. As clerk of the franks in the post 
 office, he used his privileges of examining 
 the right of franking with moi'e freedom 
 than pleased the members, and he was cited 
 before the house, and afterwards discharg- 
 ed, though nothing was ever advanced against 
 his honor or integrity. In 1733 he began 
 the Gentleman's Magazine, a publication 
 Avhich by great and unexpected success, con- 
 tributed to the independence of his fortune, 
 and which still maintains its iHiputatinn as a 
 valuable repository of whatever is curious in 
 antiquities, in history, or biography. He 
 died 10th January 1754. He had lost his 
 Arife three years before by an asthma. He 
 Avas a man of great persevcx'ance and appli- 
 cation, but in his manners he Avas cold and 
 reserved ; his heart however was warm and 
 charitable, and the money Avhich his dili- 
 gence had laboriously procured was liberally 
 impai'ted to the necessitons. He was buried 
 in St. James' cJxurch, Clei-keuAvell, and an 
 inscription is erected to his honor in the 
 church of Rugby, by the pen of Dr. Hawkes- 
 worth. Dr. Johnson, Avho shared his friend- 
 ship and patronage, has given a short, but 
 entertaining, account of his life. 
 
 Cave DONE, Jacorno, an Italian painter, 
 Avhose misfortunes, it is said, overpowed his 
 intellects, so that he died poor, in a stable, at 
 Bologna, 16G0, aged 80. His pieces are said 
 to be equal to those of his master Annibal 
 Caracci, 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas, was born at Frim- 
 ly, in Sufiblk, and allied to a noble fumily. 
 He determined to repair, at the expense of 
 the Spaniards, his fortune, which youthful 
 extravagance had ruined, and with two sidps 
 Aviiich he built, one of 120 and the other of 
 60 tons, with a bark of 40 tons, he sailed from 
 Plymouth 21st July 1586. After crossing 
 the straits of Magellan, he began to enrich 
 himself by the many prizes Avhich he made 
 in the Pacific Ocean, and especially by an 
 Acapuico ship, which he burned, after tak- 
 ing 60,000/, of gold from her cargo. Having 
 thus surrounded the globe, he returned to 
 Plymouth on the 9th September 1588; but 
 the many riches which he brought home 
 were soon quickly Avastcd away, and three 
 years after he tigain embarked in pursuit of 
 new adventures and fresh prizes. He reach- 
 ed the straits of Magellan iVprii 8, 159'2, 
 but the tempestuous weather obliged him to 
 return, and the ill success of his expedition 
 so preyed upon his heart that he died of grief 
 on the coast of Brazil. 
 
 Cavendish, sir William, a gentleman of 
 Sufiblk, known as gentleman usher in the 
 splendid establishment of cardinal Wolsey's 
 household. His attachment to his patron 
 Avas so sincere, that he refused to abandon 
 him even in his disgrace; and this proof of 
 fidelity was observed by Henry Vlll. who 
 took him under his protection, knighted him, 
 and conferred upon him several important 
 and lucrative offices. He contimied in favor 
 at the court of Edward VI. and with his suc- 
 cessor Mary, ruid died 1557, aged about 5^. 
 
CA 
 
 He was three timee married, and by his last 
 wile, who was a widow, lie left three sons 
 and three daughters. This last wife was u 
 lady of great character, and deservedly es- 
 teemed as the most famous woman of her 
 times. She was four times married, and iiap- 
 T)ily> and died a widow, 13th February 1G07, 
 leaving issue by one husband only. Sir Wil- 
 liam was the progenitor of tiie dukes of De- 
 vonsUu-e and Newcastle. He published a 
 life of his patron Wolsey, in which he extols 
 him as a great and perfect character. It 
 was printed in 1667, and again in 1706. 
 
 Cavendish, William, duke of Newcas- 
 tle, grandson of the preceding, was born in 
 1592. rtis person and elegant manners re- 
 commended him to the favor of James T. by 
 ■whom he was made knight of the bath, and 
 baron Ogle, and viscount Mansfield. Charles 
 I. likewise patronised him, and created him 
 earl ofNewcastle-on-Tyne, and appointed him 
 governor to the prince of Wales. Bucking- 
 liam envied, but could not prevent, the king s 
 partiality, for Cavendish displayed not only 
 the courtier but the loyal subject ; and he 
 not only entertained Charles at Welbeck on 
 his march against the Scots, but he presen- 
 ted him with 10,000/. and a body of '2ti0 
 knights, serving at their own charges, and 
 commanded by himself. The disastrous event 
 of the royal cause at last alarmed Cavendish, 
 and after the battle of Marston-moor he fled 
 to Scarborough, from whence he passed to 
 Hamburgh, and afterwards to Amsterdam 
 and Paris. Though an exile, he early fore- 
 saw the fall of the commonwealth ; and he 
 returned with the king, by whom he was 
 created duke of Newcastle. He died on 
 Christmas-day, 1676, aged 84. Besides a 
 tteatise on government, &c. written while 
 in exile, he published several plays and 
 poems, and a celebrated treatise on horse- 
 manship, of which an elegant edition was 
 some years ago printed. His second wife, 
 Margaret, sister to lord Lucas, was a woman 
 of great wit, and many literary accomplish- 
 ments. She wrote the life of her husband, 
 besides various poems and plays, and she 
 was buried in the same vault in Westmin- 
 ster-abbey. The title became extinct in 
 1691, by the death of Henry, the son of the 
 first dnke, without issue. 
 
 Cavendish, William, first duke of De- 
 vonshire, was born 25th January 1640. He 
 sat, when of age, in the long parliament, for 
 Derbyshire, and in 1665 lie accompanied the 
 Duke of York as a volunteer in the fleet. 
 Four years after, he was in the suite of Mon- 
 tague, the ambassador to France ; and Avhen 
 at the opera at Paris, Jie was rudely insulted, 
 and severely wounded by three of the king's 
 officers; a heinous offence, which was par- 
 doned only by his earnest intercession for 
 the culprits. In his conduct in parliament. 
 Cavendish was bold, manly, and patriotic ; 
 he promoted the inquiry into the murder of 
 sir Edmonbury Godfrey ; he supported the 
 impeachment of Danby and of Scraggs; and 
 not only appeared at the trial of lord Russel 
 personally, to vindicate his character, but, 
 after his condemnation, he oflcrcd to ex. 
 
 CA 
 
 change clothes with him; a priposal wiiich 
 was generously refused. In the arbitrary 
 reign of James, he preserved the same un- 
 yielding spirit; and when personally insulted 
 by colonel Culpepper, the favorite of the 
 king, he, though in the presence chamber, 
 took him by the nose, and dragged him out 
 of the room. This insult offered to the roy- 
 al residence was denounced in the king's 
 bench, and the ofiender was fined 30,000/. 
 and, though a peer, imprisoned till the mulct 
 was discharged. He, however, escaped to 
 Chatsworlh; and when seized by the sheriff" 
 of the county, he gave him for the faithful 
 payment a bond, which Wiltiam HI. after- 
 wards cancelled. The tyranny of James now 
 induced Cavendish, with other peers, to in- 
 vite the prince of Orange to invade the king- 
 dom ; and on his landing, he joined him with 
 a respectable number of followers, and ever 
 after deserved and enjoyed his fullest confi- 
 dence. At the coronation of William and 
 Mary he acted as lord high steward ; and, 
 1691, he attended the monarch to the Hague, 
 where, with all the magnificence of an English 
 nobleman, he entertauied several sovereign 
 princes at his table. In 1694 he was created 
 duke of Devonshire, and, during the king's 
 absence, he was always nominated one of the 
 lords justices. Under Anne, he was enga- 
 ged in the settlement of the act of union with 
 Scotland. He died 18th August 1707, and 
 was succeeded by his son, the marquis of 
 Hartington, Cavendish was an elegant scho- 
 lar, as well as an able statesman ; and Chats- 
 worth remains a noble specimen of his taste 
 and genius. He wrote poetry with great ease, 
 and his ode on the death of queen Mary, and 
 his allusion to the archbishop of Cambray's 
 supplement to Homer, are still deservedly 
 commended. 
 
 Cavendish, lord John, son of the fourtli 
 duke ot Devonshire, was distinguished as an 
 able politician, and as the friend of lord Rock- 
 ingliam, and the determined opponent of lord 
 North's measures in the American w ar. He 
 was twice chancellor of the exchequer. He 
 died 19th December 1796, of an apoplectic 
 stroke. 
 
 Cavendish, lord Frederic, of the noble 
 family of Devonshire, was born 1729. He 
 chose a militaiy fife, and by gradual steps 
 rose to the rank of field marshal. He was 
 representative for Derby shire, and afterwards 
 for Derby, in several parhaments, till he re- 
 tii-ed from public life. In the action of St. 
 Cas, on the French coast, September 1758, 
 he was taken prisoner ; and Avhen permitted, 
 with the other officers, to return to his coun- 
 try, on his parole, by the duke d'Aiguillon, 
 he at first refused him, lest his voting in the 
 house of commons should be considered as a 
 violation of his parole. He was one of those 
 officers who, Avith Wolfe, Monkton, and Kep- 
 pel, united in an agreement together, at the 
 beginning of the seven years' Avar, not to mar- 
 ry till the return of peace, that their military 
 cai'eer hiight not be interrupted by domestic 
 concerns. He died at Tvnckenh.'^m 'Jlst Oc- 
 tober 1S03, 
 
CA 
 
 Caulet, Francis Stephen de, a French 
 prelate, who strongly oppos-cd the regale, or 
 the right assumed by the king of disposing of 
 vacant ecclesiastical benefices, for wliich he 
 was dismissed from his see. lie died 1680, 
 vmiversally respected as a good, benevolent, 
 and virtuous prelate. 
 
 Cauliac, Guy de, a French anatomist of 
 Montpeilier, physician to the popes Clement 
 VI. and Urban V. His system of surgery was 
 imhlished at Venice 1490. He wrote also a 
 compendium of surgery. 
 
 Cavoye, Lewis marquis de, a French 
 military ofiicer, who distinguished himself in 
 Holland, by bravely removing an English fire 
 ship, which threatened the destruction of a 
 whole fleet ; for which he was honorably re- 
 warded. He was the friend of I'ureniiej of 
 Racine, Geiiest, and other learned men ; and 
 died 171G, aged 76. 
 
 Caussin, Nicholas a leai'ned Jesuit, born 
 ut Troves, counsellor to Lewis XIH. He op- 
 posed Richelieu, by whom he was dismissed 
 from attendance on the king's pei'son, and 
 banished to a town of Lower Britany. He 
 was permitted to return to Paris alter the 
 cardinal's death ; and he died in the Jesuits' 
 convent July 1G51, aged 71. He published 
 yevei'al works in French and Latin. His book 
 de sacra et profana eioquentia, is well known 
 in England, and his "court sainte" has been 
 translated into almost every language of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Cawdrey, Daniel, a nonconformist, edu- 
 cated at Peter-house, Cambridge, and eject- 
 ed from his living of Hilling, Northampton- 
 shire. He was a member of the Westmin- 
 ster assembly of divuies, and w^rote, besides 
 sermons and ti'eatises, some strong pieces 
 against the established church. He died 1 664. 
 
 Cawton, Thomas, born at Colchester, 
 was educated at Rotterdam and Utrecht, and 
 afterwards at Merton college, Oxford, and 
 declaring himself a nonconformist, he began 
 to preach to a dissenting congregation at 
 Westminster. He died of a consumption in 
 1677, aged about 40. He was a good Hebrew 
 scholar, on which language he wrote a dis- 
 sertation, besides a treatise on divine provi- 
 dence — a discourse on the Syi'iac version — 
 and the life of his father, who was minister 
 of St. Bartholomew, behind the Exchange, 
 who had been accused of being concerned in 
 liove's plot against Cromwell, and who had 
 therefore fled to Holland, where he died, at 
 Rotterdam, 1659. The fatlier, v/lio bore the 
 same name, was a good Hebraist, and gave 
 assistance to the compilation of the polyglott 
 bible, and to C^stel's polyglott lexicon. 
 
 C AX TON, William, the first English pi'in- 
 ter, was born at Weald, in Kent ; and after 
 receiving the common education of the times, 
 he was bound to Mr. Robert Large, a mer- 
 cer, afterwards lord mayor of London. His 
 conduct was so commendable, that his master 
 at his death left him a handsome legacy. He 
 afterwards went as agent to the merceiV com- 
 pany into Holland, and was empowered by 
 Edwai'd IV. to make a treat)'^ of commerce 
 vith the duke of Burgundy. During his resi- 
 
 *r/ 
 
 CE 
 
 dence abroad he became, with some expense, 
 acquainted with the newly discovered art of 
 printing ; and at the request of Margaret of 
 York, duchess of Burgundy, from whom ho 
 received a pension, he published his "recuy- 
 ell of the history of Troye," the first book 
 ever printed in English," translated by him- 
 self, 1471. In 1474 he published, in English, 
 his game of chess ; a work which, for its cu- 
 riosity, M as purchased for 40 guineas, by the 
 carl of Pembroke, of Mr. Granger. In 1477 
 he published the dictes & sayengis of the 
 philosophers, translateil out of French by 
 Antone erle Ry\7res, lord Seerles, &c. His 
 last work was, "the holy lives of the fathers 
 hermites living in the deserts," 1491, in whiclt 
 year he died, leaving behind him the respect" 
 able character of an industrious, honest, wor- 
 thy man, eager to promote learning and reli- 
 gion among his countrymen. 
 
 Caylus, Anne Claude count de, a French 
 writer, born at Paris 1692. Distinguished as 
 a soldier in Catalonia and at Friburg, he left 
 the army at the peace of Rastadt, and travel- 
 led to Italy and the Levant. His "relics" of 
 Egyptian and other antiquities, in 7 vols. 4to. 
 17.52-67, is a most valuable work. He wi'ote 
 also, besides a description of the gems in tlie 
 royal cabinet, the lives of celebrated painters 
 and engravers of the French academy ; and, 
 from a passage in Phny, discovered the an- 
 cient mode of encaustic painting, and of ting- 
 ing marble. He died 1765. 
 
 Ca2.es, Peter James, aFrench painter, who 
 studied imder Houasse and Boullogne, and, 
 for his great excellence, was honorably admit- 
 ted into the academy 1703. His woman with 
 an issue of blood, in the chui'ch of Notre 
 Dame, is regarded as a most perfect and val- 
 uable piece. This ingenious artist, whose 
 works are numerous, and in high esteem, 
 died 1754, aged 7%. 
 
 Cazotte, James, a'native of Dijon, mayor 
 of Piei'ry, near Epernay. He Avas for his 
 loyalty to tlie king dragged to the abbaye pris- 
 on, in 1792; and when the fatal month of 
 September came, his daughter, aged 17, who 
 had shared his confinement and misfortunes, 
 accompanied him to the bloody ti'ibunal, 
 where assassins mocke<l the forms of justice. 
 The blows aimed at the father were repelled 
 by the heroic daughter, and with such effect, 
 that the murderers, astonished at her con- 
 duct, permitted her and hei- trembling parent 
 to escape. A few days after, however, Ca- 
 zotte was again arrested, on suspicion, and 
 condemned to die. He was guillotined 25th 
 September 1792, aged 72. He wrote some 
 things in prose and verse, wluch have appear- 
 ed in 6 vols. 12mo. and 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Ceba, Ansaldo, a Genoese, who acquired 
 reputation as a politiciar., historian, orator, 
 and poet. His treatise on epic poetry is 
 more valued than his'poems. He died 1623, 
 aged 58. He wrote also Esther and Camilla, 
 two heroic poenis, besides Alcippo and Ge- 
 malla Capoane, two tragedies, and an his- 
 tory of Rome, &cc. 
 
 Cebes, a Theban philosopher, pupil to 
 Socrates He wrote the table of human life. 
 
^f^r 
 
 CE 
 
 Cecco i)E AscoLi, ov i'rancis <lo GU 
 Stabili of Ascoli, professor of astrology and 
 philosophy at Bologna, from wliich, on an 
 accusation of magic, he removed to I'lo- 
 rence, where he became physician to the 
 duke of Calabria. His knowledge here 
 again exposed him to the suspicion of magic, 
 and he was seized by the inquisition, and 
 condemned to be bnrnt. This cruel sen- 
 tence was executed 1327. His poem called 
 I'acerta was for some time popular. 
 
 Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, was born 
 at Bourn, Lincolnshire, 1521, and educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he 
 married the sister of sir John Cheek, tutor 
 of Edward VI. From Cambridge he re- 
 TOoved to Gray's inn, and applied himself 
 ■with such great assiduity, that he soon be- 
 came distinguished at the bar. Upon the 
 death of his wife, he married a daughter of 
 sir Anthony^ Cooke, a lady of great learning 
 and so far advanced his reputation and his 
 fortunes by his matrimonial connections, 
 that he was made master of requests by the 
 protector Somerset, and, by gradual ad- 
 vancement, knighted, and created secretary 
 of state, and chancellor of the garter. In 
 Mary's reign, liis abilities were respected, 
 and tliough he had favored the cause of Jane 
 Gray, yet the queen often consulted him, 
 though not in office, and he retained the 
 good opinion of her ministers. Under Eliza- 
 beth, he became again secretary, and be- 
 sides master of the court of wards, and 
 chancellor of Cambridge, and in 1571 was 
 created lord Burleigh. He died August 
 1598, aged 78, leaving a sou by each of his 
 •wives. Though twenty-seven years high 
 treasurer of England, he yet died not opu- 
 lent, and while he managed w 1th honest 
 frugality the revenues of the kingdom, he, 
 ■with inflexible integrity, disdained to en- 
 rich himself by base and dishonorable means. 
 Besides Latin poems on the death of lady 
 Nevil, and on sir Thomas Chaloner, he 
 ■wrote some pamphlets in defence of the 
 queen and of her government, and on other 
 treatises. His state papers Avere published 
 by Haynes 1740, and a continuation bv Mur- 
 din 1760. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, carl of Salisbury. Vid. 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Cecrops, an Egyptian, founder of the 
 Athenian monarchy, about 1556 B. C. 
 
 Cedrenus, George, a Grecian monk of 
 the 11th century, author of an abridged his- 
 tory from the creation to the year of Christ 
 1057 ; a work collected from various au- 
 thors, and entitled to little esteem. It was 
 printed at Paris 1647, with the Latin version 
 of Xylander. 
 
 Celesti, Andrea, a Venetian painter, 
 who died 1706, aged 69. His views about 
 Venice are highly admired. 
 
 Celestin I. pope, after Boniface II. 
 condemned the doctrines of Nestoi'ius, and 
 died 432, after filling the chair ten years. 
 
 Celestin II. pope, after Innocent II. 
 died 1143, after being electjed only five 
 mouths. 
 
 Cl LEST IN 111. succeeded Clement III. 
 1191, and died seven years after. He claim- 
 ed the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples as ap- 
 pendages to the holy see, and gave the for- 
 mer to Eroderic, son of the emperor Henry 
 VI. on his paying regular tribute to the holy 
 see. 
 
 Celestin IV. was pope only eighteen 
 days, and died 1241. 
 
 Celestin V. waselected pope 1294, but 
 with difliculty could be prevailed upon to 
 leave his humble cell for a throne. He wag 
 founder of the oi'der of the Celestin, sup- 
 pressed in France 1778. Celestine resigned 
 the tiara, by the insinuations of Cajetan, 
 who succeeded him, by the title of Boniface 
 VIII. He was imprisoned by his artful suc- 
 cessor in a castle in Campania, and died thei^ 
 1296. He was canonized in 1315 by Cle- 
 ment V. 
 
 Cellarius, Christopher, alearned man, 
 born at Malcalde in PVanconia. He applied 
 himself to classical learning and the oriental 
 languages at the university of Jena, where 
 he took his degree of U, D. 1666. The 
 following year, he became professor of He- 
 brew and moral philosophy at Weissenfels, 
 and in 1673 he was appointed rector of Wei- 
 mar college, and three years after removed 
 to Zeits and in 1678 he accepted the rectory 
 of Mersbourg college, where his fame soon 
 drew around him a respectable number of 
 students. Though extremely partial to 
 Mersbourgh, yet he was prevailed upon 
 by the king of Prussia to become professor 
 of eloquence and history in the newly found- 
 ed college of Halle, in 1693, and here he 
 composed the best part of his works, till un- 
 ceasing application hastened the imbecilities 
 of old age, and carried him off in 1703, aged 
 69. His works were vei-y numerous and 
 valuable, and chiefly on geography, history, 
 gi'aramar, and the oriental languages, besides 
 learned editions of more than twenty Latin 
 and Gi'eek authors. The best known of his 
 \vorks are, atlas coelestis, fol. — notitia orbis 
 antiqua, 2 vols. 4to. — historia antiqua, 12mo. 
 — de Latinitate, &c. 
 
 Cellier, Kemi, a Benedictine of Bar 
 le due. He w rote a general history ol sacred 
 and ecclesiastical authors, 23 vols. 4to. — an 
 apology for the morality of th e fathers, against 
 the Barbeyrac, &c. and died 1761, aged 7i. 
 
 Cellini, Benevento, an eminent sculp- 
 tor and engraver of Florence. He was ori- 
 ginally apprentice to a jeweJler and gold- 
 smith, and besides a great taste for drawing 
 and designing, he was an excellent musician, 
 in consequence of which he became the fa- 
 vourite of pope Clement VII. as his gold- 
 smith asid musician, and distinguished him- 
 self by his great ingenuity in making medals 
 and rings. The pope had so high an opinion 
 of his valor, that he intrusted to his care the 
 castle of St. Angclo, when Rome was be- 
 sieged by the duke of Bourbon, and CeUini 
 supported the character of an able general, 
 and yielded to his assailant only after a vigor- 
 ous resistance, and by an honorable capitu- 
 lation. The temper of Cellini did not) how- 
 
CE 
 
 ^rf 
 
 CH 
 
 eyer, accord with his othei- gi'eat qualities. 
 Fickle and capricious, he was ever embroiled 
 in quarrels; and dissatisfied with his country, 
 he travelled through Padua, Switzerland, 
 Geneva, and Lyons, to Paris, to seek em- 
 ployment and patronage under the auspices 
 of Francis I. but soon returned to Italy. 
 From Home, where he was for some time 
 imprisoned, on a charge of having formerly 
 robbed the castle of St. Angelo, he wished 
 to revisit Paris; but, upon some unexpected 
 disgrace, he determined to travel on a pil- 
 grimage to Jerusalem, till the lai'ge promises 
 of the French king altered his purpose, and 
 engaged him to settle in his capital. Flatter- 
 ed and liberally patronised at Paris, Cellini 
 was offended with raadame d'Estampes the 
 king's favorite, and abandoned the kingdom, 
 for the protection of Cosmo de Medici, at 
 Florence ; where a fresh insult dismisised 
 him, but again, after a short absence, to re- 
 turn. He died at Florence, 1570. His life, 
 with curious anecdotes, was translated from 
 the Tuscan language into English, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1771. 
 
 C ELS us, Aurelius Cornel, a physician at 
 Home, under Tiberius, author of books on 
 medicine, besides tracts on agriculture, rhet- 
 oric, &CC. 
 
 CELSUs,an epicurean philosopher, known 
 in the 2d century, for his treatise against 
 Christianity, which was refuted by Origen. 
 
 Celtes, Conrad, a Latin poet of Swein- 
 fuit, near Wertzburg, died at Vienna 1508, 
 aged 49, after having obtained tbehonor of the 
 poetic laurel. He was patronised by the em- 
 peror Maximilian. His works are elegiac 
 verses, odes, epigrams, besides an account of 
 the city of Nuremburg, published 1513, and a 
 poem OH the manners of the Germans. His 
 style is not inelegant, nor devoid of wit; 
 though from the age in which he lived, he is 
 not to be expected to be a correct writer. 
 
 Censorinus, Appius Claudius, a Ttoman 
 senator, raisctl to the imperial purple by his 
 soldiers, who seven days after assassinated 
 him, 270. 
 
 Censorinus, a Roman grammarian, in 
 the 3d century, authorof a work de die natali, 
 Centlivhe, Susannah, a celebrated 
 comic writei', born at Holberch, in Lincoln- 
 shire. Her maiden name was Freeman. 
 To a handsome person she united the powers 
 of great genius and a creative fency; and 
 though some anecdotes are related concern- 
 ing the imprudent gaieties of her youth, as 
 the mistress of Anthony Hammond, with 
 whom she lived at Cambridge disguised iu 
 men's clothes, yet her mind was elegantly 
 cultivated aiTd improved. She wrote fifteen 
 plays, besides little poems, &c. which pro- 
 cured her, with the approbation of the pub- 
 lic, the protection of Bome high and respect- 
 able patrons. Her plots and incidents are 
 peculiarly happy, and the " busy body," and 
 *' a bold stroke for a wife," have long con- 
 tinued to command the applause of every 
 liberal and discerning audience. She was 
 married three times ; first to the nephew of 
 sir Stephen Fox, who died soon after ; and 
 secondly to an officer, who fell in a duel tAvo 
 
 year^ after. Her last husband was cook to 
 queen Anne, and fell in love with her as she 
 was performing Alexander the Great at 
 Windsor, 1706. She died in vei'y respecta- 
 ble circumstances, 1st December 1723, and 
 was buried in the church of St. Martin-in- 
 the-fickls. She had been for many years 
 the correspondent of the wits of the times; 
 of Steele, Rowe, liiidgell, Sewell, Sec. and 
 she was honored with a place iu Pope's 
 Dunciad Her Dramatic pieces have ap- 
 peared in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Centorio, Ascanius, a native of Milan*, 
 in the iGth century, eminent as a soldier 
 and philosopher. He published some valua- 
 ble military and historical memoirs of the 
 wars of his own time, and those of Transyl- 
 vania, in 2 vols. 4to. 156y. 
 
 Ceratinus, James or Teyng, of Horn, 
 in Holland, a name which he rendered into 
 Greek, for his own appellation. He obtained 
 tlie Greek professorship by means of his 
 friend Erasmus, and died at Louvain 1530. 
 He published a translation of Chrysostom oa 
 the priesthood, into Latin, and a Grieco-La- 
 tin lexicon, besides a treatise de sono litera- 
 rum Grtecai-um. 
 
 Cekceau, John Anthony du, a Jesuit, 
 born at Paris, who became known as a Latin 
 poet. His Latin poems were published in 
 1705, and gained him reputation; but his 
 French verses in imitation of Marot, were 
 little above mediocrity. He died at Veret, 
 near Tours, 1730, aged 60. He Avrote also 
 some comedies for the pupils of the college 
 of Lewis le grand. 
 
 Cerda, John Lewis de la, a Spanish Je- 
 suit of Toledo, esteemed for his learning 
 and great candor. His commentaries on 
 Virgil are very valuable ; but those on Ter- 
 tuUian do not possess great merit. He wrote 
 also adversa sacra, fol. 1626. He died in 
 1643, aged above 80. 
 
 Cerdojj, a heretic, of the 2d century, 
 Avho asserted that Christ had not a real body, 
 and that there were two principles, one 
 good, creator of heaven, the other bad, crea- 
 tor of the earth. He rejected the old testa- 
 ment, and considered only a part of the new 
 as authentic. 
 
 Cereta, Laura, a lady horn at Brescia, 
 eminent for her knowledge of philosophy 
 and of the learned languages. She became 
 a widow early in life, and then devoted her- 
 self entirely to literary labors. Her Latin 
 letters appeared at Padua in 1680. She died 
 1498, aged 29. 
 
 Cerimi, Giovanni Dominico, an Italian 
 painter of Perugia, disciple of Guido alid 
 Dominchino. He died 1681, aged 75. His 
 historical pieces are esteemed. 
 
 Cerintuus, disciple of Simon Magus, 
 about 54 A. D. was a heretic, who attacked 
 the divinity of Christ. It is reported that 
 St. John, once going to the bath, saw Ceriti- 
 thu3, and retired from his neighborhood with 
 the strongest indignation. 
 
 Cerisantes, Mark Duncan de, son of 
 a Scotch physician, settled at Saumur, was 
 preceptor to the son of the marquis of 
 Vigeaii-, and', by his address and learning, 
 
CE 
 
 3^4^ 
 
 CH 
 
 gained the notice of Richelieu, who sent 
 him ambassador to Constantinople, and af- 
 terwards to Sweden, from wluch,thi'0ugh his 
 ill conduct and quarrelsome temper iu chal- 
 lenging a French nobleman, he "was recalled. 
 From Paris he went to Naples, and assisted 
 the duke of Guise in the SHpport of the Nea- 
 politan insurgent*. He died during the 
 siege of Naples 1648. He wrote a Latin ac- 
 count of his journey to Constantinople, and 
 two Latin odes by him are also pi^eserved in 
 the Menagiana. 
 
 Cermenati, John de, an Italian histo- 
 rian, who published in Latin an elegant ac- 
 count of his native city Milan, from 1307 to 
 1313, printed in Muratori's collection of 
 Italian historians, 1726. 
 
 Cerrato, Paul, a native of Alba in 
 Montserrat, 1485. He wrote a Latin poem 
 in three books, de virginitate, and other 
 poems preserved in the deliciaj poet, Italo- 
 rum. 
 
 Ceruti, Frederic, a native of Verona, 
 brought up by the friendship of the bishop 
 of Agen to the church. This profession 
 however did not agree with his feelings, he 
 left France and his nation and settled at Ve- 
 rona, where he married and took pupils. 
 He died 1579, aged 38. He wrote in Latin 
 a dialogue on cemed}', — another de recta 
 adolescentulorum institutione, besides po- 
 ems, letters, &c. — and a paraphrase of Ho- 
 race, Juvenal, and Persius. 
 
 Ceruiti, Joseph Antony Joachim, a 
 native of Turin, educated by the Jesuits, of 
 whose society he became a memlier, and al- 
 so a professor at Lyons. His abilities as a 
 scholar were very respectable, and when 
 young, he obtained two prizes from the acad- 
 emies of Dijon and Toulouse. When his or- 
 der was abolished he Avrote an apology for 
 the Jesuits, but on such terms as oiFended 
 the parliament of Paris, and he was obliged 
 to make a public recantation. He afterwards 
 lived for 15 years under the protection of 
 the duchess des Brancas, and at the I'evolu- 
 tion, through the interest of Mirabeau, ob- 
 tained a seat in the national assembly. He 
 was the editor of the feuille villageoise, a re- 
 volutionary paper, and the year alter his 
 death, which happened in 1792, his pieces 
 and aiiscellaneous works were published in 
 one vol. 
 Cervantes, Vid. Saavedra. 
 Cervetto, father to the violincello per- 
 former of that name, came late in life to 
 England, and was engaged to play the bass at 
 Drury-lane. He died l4th June 1783, aged 
 103. When once Garrick was performing 
 sir John Brute, and the audience in the most 
 profound silence fixing their eyes on the in- 
 comparable hctor, poor Cervetto from the 
 orchestra uttered a loud yawn, Avhieh by its 
 suddenness and odity excited a violent laugh- 
 ter through the house. Garrick, oftended, 
 sent for the musician, who assuaged the rage 
 of the hero, by saying Avith a shrug, " I beg 
 ten thousand pardons, but I always do so ven 
 I am ver much please." 
 
 Cesalpinus, Andrew, an Italian phy- 
 
 sician boi'n at Arezzo, about the venv 
 1159. ^ 
 
 Cesarini, Julian, a Roman ecclesiastic, 
 employed by Martin V. as a nuncio, and 
 raised by him to the rank of cardinal 1426, 
 and sent to oppose the Hussites, in Bohemia. 
 Under the sticceeding pope, Eugenius, ho 
 was sent to the council of Basil, and after- 
 wards to that of Fcrrara, where his fibilities 
 were advantageously displayed against the 
 Greek schismatics. He went afterwards to 
 Hungary, and by his persuasion the king 
 Ladislaus broke his treaty with the Turks, 
 and in consequence of it fell at the battle of 
 Varna 1444, where the cardinal was also 
 slain. Some of his orations and letters have 
 been published. 
 
 Cesarini, Virginio, a learned Roman, 
 made chamberlain to Urban VIII. His learn- 
 ing Mas so great and his abilities so respecta- 
 ble, that a medal was struck to his honor, 
 on which he appeared with Pico de Miran- 
 dula crowned with laurel. His poems, in 
 Italian and in Latin, are much admired for 
 their elegance and vivacity. He died when 
 Urban meditated his elevation to the rank 
 of cardinal 1624, aged 29. 
 
 Cespedes, Paul, a Spanish painter, 
 known also as a writer. His treatise on an- 
 cient and modern painting possessed merit, 
 and his last supper in the cathedral of Cordo- 
 va has long been admired. He died 1608, 
 aged above 70, 
 
 Cezeli, Constance de, wife of Barride St. 
 Aunez, governor of Leucate under Henry 
 IV. is distinguished for her bravery. Her 
 husband being taken pinsoner by the Span- 
 iards 1570, she put herself at the head of her 
 brave neighbors, and though the besieging 
 enemy threatened to put to death her hus- 
 band, she heroically refused to give up the 
 garrison. The cowardly Spaniards, irritat- 
 ed with her opposition, put her husband to 
 death and raised the siege ; but Avhen the 
 indignant gai'rison wished to make reprisals 
 on some Spanish captives, the courageous 
 widow stepped as an advocate for their lives, 
 and they were spared. She was honored 
 for her conduct by Henry IV. as well as by 
 the whole nation. 
 
 Chabanes, James de, a Frenchman, 
 who displayed great bravery under Charles 
 VIII. and Lewis XII, After signalizing 
 himself in Italy, and in Spain, he fell at the 
 battle of Pa via, 1525. 
 
 Chabanon, N. de, memberof the acad- 
 emy of belles letters, died at Paris 1792, 
 aged 60. He wrote a translation of Pindar, 
 praised by Voltaire, and of Theocritus — 
 besides a dissertation on Homer — the life 
 of I)ante-^a treatise on music, two vols. 
 8vo. — eulogies of Kameau, Sec. — his own 
 Ufe — dramatic pieces, &e. — His brother de 
 Mangris wrote Alexis and Daphne, an ope- 
 ra, and other dramatic pieces, and died 1780. 
 CiiABOT, Francis, a capuchin, who at 
 the revolution became a violent jacobin, and 
 jlistinguished himself in the convention as a 
 bold innovator, cruel in his sentiments, and 
 sanguinary in his measures. He was guil- 
 
CH 
 
 Sir/ 
 
 CH 
 
 lotined on the accusation of being an accom- 
 plice of Danton, 5th April 1794, aged 35. 
 
 Chabkias, an Athenian general, who 
 fought against Agesilaus and took Cypi'us 
 for the king of Egj-pt. He died about 
 355 B.C. 
 
 C H A n R I T, Peter, an advocate in the par- 
 liament of Paris, who died 1785. He wrote a 
 book called " of the French monarchy, and 
 its laws," 2 vols, 12mo. 1785, in which he 
 displays great einidition, but copies closely 
 the style and manner of Montesquieu. He 
 Avas recommended to the empress of Russia 
 by Diderot, but died before her determina- 
 tion was known. 
 
 Chabry, Mark, a painter and sculptor, 
 who died at Lyons 1727, aged 67. He Avas 
 sculptor to Lewis XIV. and his statue of 
 that monarch at Lyons, Avith other speci- 
 mens of his art, perished during the revo- 
 lution. His son of the same name was equal- 
 ly eminent as a sculptor, and his works also 
 perished during the revolution. 
 
 Chais, Charles, was born at Geneva 
 1701, and educated for the church. He 
 possessed such eloquence that he was cho- 
 sen pastor at the Hague 1728, where he ex- 
 erted himself by unceasing diligence and 
 great purity of life in the defence and sup- 
 port of religion. He died there 1786, aged 
 85, leaving behind tlie character of a be- 
 nevolent man, a zealous preacher, and an ele- 
 gant scholar. Besides publishing the bible 
 with a valuable commentary in 6 vols, 4to. 
 he wrote some divinity tracts, an apology 
 for inoculation, and assisted in the publica- 
 tion of Hainault's history of France, and 
 the bihliotheque histoi-ique. 
 
 Chaise, Father de la, a French Jesuit, 
 born at Forez near Lyons. He was early 
 patronised by cardinal Mazarine, and re- 
 commended to Lewis XIV. whose confessor 
 and favorite he soon became. After the 
 cardinal's death, he increased and support- 
 ed with great dexterity his influence with 
 the king, and not only prevailed upon him to 
 marry Madame de Maintenon, but advised 
 him in the management of his affairs in 
 church and state. In spite of the intrigues 
 of the court, he maintained his situation of 
 favorite to the last, and was even consulted 
 on his death bed by the king about the choice 
 of his successor. He died January 1709, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Chalcidius, a Platonic philosopher, au- 
 thor of a commentary on the Timieus of Pla- 
 to &c. in the third century. 
 
 Chalcondyles, Demetrius, a native of 
 Athens, disciple to Theodore Gaza. At 
 the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 
 he escaped into Italy, and at Florence un- 
 der the patronage of the Medicis, and at 
 MiJan under Lewis Sforza, he established 
 his reputation by teaching the Gi'eek Ian- 
 guage. He dicti at Milan' 1510, aged above 
 80. Besides a learned edition of Suidas, 
 Florence 1499, he published a Greek gram- 
 mar and other tracts. 
 
 Chalcondyles, Laonicus, a native of 
 Athens, in tlie 15th century, author of a 
 VOL. I. 40 
 
 Greek history of the Turks, in 10 books, 
 from 1298 to 1462. It was published with a 
 Latin translation 1650^ folio, and it was 
 translated into French by Vigenere, and 
 continued by Mezerai 1662, two vols. fol. 
 
 Chales, Claudius Francis de, a native 
 of Chamberi- brought up among the Jesuits, 
 and made royal ^«rofessor of hydrography at 
 Marseilles, and of mathematics at Lyons. 
 He was afterwards professor of theologj', 
 for which he was little calculated, and then 
 removed by Emanuel of Savoy to the ma- 
 thematical chair. He was author of a com- 
 plete course of mathematics, 4 vols. 8vo.— » 
 a treatise on navigation and researches on 
 the center of gravity — »n history of matlie- 
 matics ft-om Thales to 1680 — and died at 
 Turin 1678, aged 57. 
 
 Chalier, Marie Joseph, a French re- 
 volutionist, born in 1747, at Beautard in 
 Dauphine. From an ecclesiastic he became 
 a traveller, and at last settled at Lyons as a 
 merchant. At the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion he admired the sanguinary conduct of 
 Marat, and determined to imitate it at Ly- 
 ons, by sacrificing to suspicion eveiy man of 
 probity, virtue, and opulence. At the head 
 of the jacobins he proposed to erect a guillo- 
 tine for the destruction of 900 persons, whom 
 he had marked for slaughter, and he him- 
 self was accused and guillotined 17th July 
 1793, When Lyons was taken by the jaco- 
 bins from the royalists, the body of the bloody 
 incendiary was dug up, and his ashes plac- 
 ed in a silver urn, and carried in triumph to 
 the convention. 
 
 C HALLE, Charles Michael Angelo, pro- 
 fessor in the Paris, academy of painting, was 
 ennobled for his great abilities, and had the 
 patriotism to prefer his native country to the 
 Uberal invitations of the king of Prussia and 
 of the empress of Russa. He was a success- 
 ful imitator of Guido and Salvator Rosa, and 
 translated the works of Piranese, and trav- 
 elled into Italy. He died 1778, aged 60. 
 
 Chaloner, sir Thomas, was born in 
 London 1515, and educated at Cambridge. 
 He was in the suite of sir Henry Knevet as 
 ambaisador to Charles V. of Germany, and 
 he was so pleased with the character of the 
 emperor that he attended him in the fatal 
 expedition to Algiers 1541, where he was 
 shipwrecked, and with difficulty saved his 
 life by cUnging to a cable. On his return to 
 London he was made clerk to the council, 
 and from his valor he was knighted by Som-' 
 erset, on the field of the battle of Mussel- 
 burg. Elizabeth who knew his abilities em- 
 ployed him as her arabassador in Germany., 
 and afterwards at the court of Spain, where 
 he conducted himself with singular address 
 between the opposite factions of Gomez and 
 of the duke of Alva. He died soon after his 
 return to London, October 7th, 1565, and 
 was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. He wrote 
 some Latin poems besides a translation of 
 Morise encomium by Erasmus— -de republicti 
 Anglorum instauranda, 10 hbr. &c. and he 
 was the friend and admirer of sir William 
 Cecil. 
 
CH 
 
 S^^ 
 
 CH 
 
 Chai,o?ier, sir Thomas, son of the above 
 tvas educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 Oa his return from his travels, he married 
 the daughter of sir W. Fleetwood recorder 
 of London, and in 1591, was knighted, and 
 afterwards appointed tutor to Henry prince 
 of Wales till t!ie death of that promising per- 
 son. On his estate at Gisborough, Yorkshire, 
 he discovered aUim mines, the first known 
 in England, Avhich were seized by the crown, 
 biit during the civil wars restored to his 
 family. He died 1615, and his son was cre- 
 ated a baronet 1621, but the title became 
 extinct in 1680. 
 
 Chaloner, James, son of sir Thomas 
 ■was born in London and educated at Bra- 
 zen-nose, Oxford. He studied at one of the 
 inns of court, but in the rebellion he warm- 
 ly espoused the cause of the parliament, and 
 was even appointed one of the unfortunate 
 king's judges. He was afterwards made gov- 
 ernor of I'eel-caslle in the Isle of Man, and 
 at the restoration lie poisoned himself when 
 lie found that l:is person was going to be ar- 
 rested. He was author of a treatise on the 
 Isle of Man, generally joined to King's vale 
 royal of Cheshire, fol. 1656. His brother 
 Thomas was also one of the king's judges, 
 and fled to Middlebui-gh in Holland at the 
 restoration, where he died 1661. He was 
 author of a treatise in which he pretended 
 to have discovered the tomb of Moses on 
 mount Nebo, 165", in 8vo. which for a while 
 astonished the rabbies and .presbyterians, 
 says Wood, but was soon proved t© be an 
 imposition. 
 
 Chaloner, Edward, fellow of AH- souls 
 in 1611, becameheadof Alban hall, Oxford, 
 and distinguished himself as a good preach- 
 er, an able disputant, and a learned divine. 
 He died of the plague at Oxford, July 25th, 
 1625, aged 35, and was buried at Chiswick. 
 41is sermons, 13 in number, were greatly 
 admired. 
 
 Chalotais, LewisKene Caradeue dela, 
 author of a spirited work on the Jesuits, 2 
 vols. 1762, was attorney in the parliament of 
 Rennes, and was afterwards imprisoned for 
 bis opposition to the measures pursued by 
 the commandant of the province. He died 
 1715, author of an essay on national educa- 
 tion 8vo. His son and successor in his of- 
 fices was guillotined at Paris 1794. 
 
 CiiAMBERLAiNE, Robert, a native of 
 Lancashire, educated at Exeter college. He 
 vrote besides nocturnal lucubrations or med- 
 itations divine and moral, with epigrams 
 and epitaphs 12mo. 1631 — the swaggering 
 dainsel, 4to — a comedy 1640 — Sicelides a 
 pastoral, and died about the middle of the 
 i7th century. 
 
 (^JuAMBERLAYNE, Edward, born at Od- 
 ihgton, Glocestershire, was educated at Glo- 
 cester. school, and Edmund-hall, Oxford. 
 During the civil wars he made the tour of 
 Europe, and after the restoration he accom- 
 panied lord Carlisle as secretary to Stock- 
 holm, and afterwards became^ the tutor of 
 Henry duke of Grafton, Charles' natural 
 son, aud some time after of George prince 
 
 of Denmark. Though he took his degrees 
 in arts at Oxford, he was complimented at 
 Cambridge with the degree of L.L.D. He 
 died at Chelsea 1703, aged 87, and at his 
 death ordered some of his books to be cov- 
 ered with wax and deposited in his grave 
 that they might be useful to future ages. 
 Of the six books which his monumental in- 
 scription by Dr. Flarris has mentioned, the 
 best known is Angliie Notitia, or the pre- 
 sent state of England, which has passed 
 through 34 editions. 
 
 Chamberlayne, John, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, and continued his father's present state 
 of England. He wrote besides various 
 other books, but though reported to be Avel^ 
 skilled in 16 languages, and a man of great 
 excellence of character, he never rose high- 
 er than to the office of gentleman usher to 
 prince Geoige of Denmark. He died 1724, 
 highly respected as a good christian in pro- 
 fession and in practice. He also translated 
 Nieuwentyt's religious philosopher, &c. 
 
 Chambers, Ephraim, author of a valua- 
 ble dictionary, Avas born at Milton in West- 
 moreland. His parents Avere presbyteriau 
 dissenters, and his education Avas intended 
 to prepare him for trade, and accordingly he 
 was placed as an apprentice with Mr. Senex 
 the globe makei*. In the house of this ingen- 
 ious mechanic Chambers applied himself to 
 literary pursuits, and formed the Avhole plan 
 of his dictionary, which after many years' 
 labor made its appearance in 1728, in 2 vols, 
 folio. Long before that time he had retired 
 to chambers in Gray's inn. The work Avas 
 published for four guineas, with a most res- 
 pectable list of subscribers, and so flattering 
 was the reception, that the author was hon- 
 orably elected F. R. S. In ten years anoth- 
 er edition was called for by the public, and in 
 the next year 1739, the third edition ap- 
 peared, the foui'th in 1741, and the fifth 
 five years after. So rapid a sale of so volum- 
 inous a work, is a A-ery striking proof of its 
 utility, and the abiUties displayed in the ex- 
 ecution. Besides the Cyclopxdia, Cham- 
 bers wrote some of the pieces in the literary 
 magazine, and he Avas engaged Avith Mr. J. 
 Martin, to abridge and translate the philo- 
 sophical memoirs of the French acallemy of 
 sciences, a work which appeared in 5 vols. 
 8vo. 1742. When in declining health, in 
 consequence of close application. Chambers 
 passed to the south of France, and died on 
 his return to Canonbury-house, Islington, 
 15th May 1740. He was buried in West- 
 minster-abbey, where an inscription, wi'it- 
 ten by himself, marks his grave on the 
 north side of the cloisters. The Cyclopaj- 
 dia after the author's death, Avas enriched 
 with tAvo supplementary folio A'olumes by 
 Mr. Scott and Dr. Hill, and afterwards the 
 whole Avas digested into an alphabetical 
 form, with new improvements by Dr. Rees, 
 in four a'oIs. fol. 
 
 Chambers, sir William, F.R.A.S.S. an 
 eminent architect, Avho became surveyor 
 general of the board of works, treasurer of 
 
CH 
 
 ^^J 
 
 CH 
 
 tl5e royal academy, and knight of the pobr 
 star in Sweden. He was of Scotch extrac- 
 tion, and was boi-n at Stockholm wjiere his 
 father was resident for some years. He 
 vent at the age of IS to the East Indies, in 
 the service of Sweden, and brought back to 
 Enrope tbat taste for Chinese and Asiatic 
 architecture, which under the king's pat- 
 ronage became so popular in England. He 
 settled in this country, and as an architect 
 planned the magnificient buildings of Som- 
 erset-house, which display his genius anfl 
 taste to great advantage. His stair-cases, 
 and his designs for the interior ornaments of 
 buildings, are said to be particularly admir- 
 ed. He wrote a treatise on civil architec- 
 tare much applauded, and died in London, 
 5th March 1 7 90. 
 
 Chambers, sir Robert, a learned judge, 
 born at New castle-upon-Tyne 1737. From 
 the school of Mr. Moyses in his native town, 
 where he had the two Scots for school-fel- 
 lows, he removed in 1754 to Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards became fellow of 
 University college. In 1766 he succeeded sir 
 William Blackstone as Vinerian professor, 
 and as head of New-inn hall, and in 1773 he 
 was appointed second judge in the Bengal 
 supreme court of judicature. He was knight- 
 ed by the king in 1778, and in 1791 he be- 
 came chief justice on the resignation of sir 
 Elijah Impey, and in 1797 was elected presi- 
 dent of the Asiatic society. He returned 
 two years after to England, but the climate 
 proved too rigorous for his delicate constitu- 
 tion, and in the latter end of 1802, he pas- 
 sed on the continent for the benefit of his 
 health, and died at Paris 9th May 1803. His 
 remains were conveyed to England, and de- 
 posited in the Temple church. Before his 
 departure for India in 1773 he married the 
 daughter of Mr. Wilton the statuai'y. As 
 a judge, a scholar, and a man, sir Rob- 
 ert was highly respected. That integrity 
 which should n;ark the public character was 
 particularly eminent in him, and the benev- 
 olence of his heart ennoble<lallhis other vir- 
 tues, lie was a zealous friend to the I'cli- 
 gious establishment of his country, and blend- 
 ed a deep sense of religton, and of a retribu- 
 tion to come in all the actions of his life. He 
 wrote little though he possessed powers 
 which might have instructed and improved 
 mankind in the walks of literature. T!ie 
 Latin epitaph which adorns the monument 
 of sir William Jones at All-souls, Oxford, 
 reflects high honor on his feelings, as tlie 
 long tried friend of the deceased, and on l)is 
 taste as a classical scholar. The collection 
 of oriental books and MSS. which he made 
 was very valuable, and was disposed of after 
 his death. 
 
 Chamier, Daniel, a protestant of emi- 
 nence, born at Montelimar in Dauphine. 
 He was professor of divinity at Montanban, 
 where he was killed at the siege of the place 
 by a cannon-ball 16'21. He was a warm ad- 
 vocate for the protestants, and according to 
 Varillas, it was he that drew up the famous 
 •"diet of Nantes. As a writer bis defence of 
 
 tlie reformed church against the attacks cf 
 Bellarniine in four vols, folio, is much es- 
 teemed, besides his epistol» JesuiticK — his 
 treatise de oecumenico pontific, &c. 
 
 Chamill-ard, Stephen, a Jesuit, bora 
 at Bourges, eminent as a scholar and anti- 
 quary. He died at Paris 1730, aged 74). 
 He published an edition of I'rudentius for 
 the use of the Dauphm — besides disserta- 
 tions on medals, gems, ^c. 4to. l7ll. His 
 conjectures in medals carried him often be- 
 yond probability, and exposed him to cen- 
 sure and to I'idicule. 
 
 (3HAMILLAHT, IMichael dc, a native of 
 Caen. His father was master of requests, 
 and he himself became counsellor in the 
 parliament of Paris, and was accidently in- 
 troduced to Lewis XIV. as an excellent bil- 
 liard player. The monarch, who was par- 
 tial to this game, made Chamillart his favor- 
 ite, and appointed him comptroller general 
 of the finances, and minister at w ar. Though 
 an excellent character, the new minister 
 was unfit for these difficult employments, 
 and had the good sense to resign them 1709. 
 He died 1721, aged 70, and univei'sally es- 
 teemed for his facetiousness goodness of 
 heart, and generosity. 
 
 CHAMOussEr, Cliarlcs Humbert Pier- 
 ron de, was born in Paris, and succeeded 
 his father as judge in i\\^, parliament of the 
 city. Universal benevolence was the prom- 
 inent feature of his character. That he 
 might be serviceable to the poor, he studied 
 medicine, and liberally gave his advice with- 
 out the expectation of reward. He wrote 
 a plan of reform for the great hospital ,of 
 Paris, called Hotel-dieu, and in the pursuit 
 of his humane schemes, he was recommend- 
 ed to Choiseul, Avho procured him the ap- 
 pointment of intendant-general of the mili- 
 tary hospitals of Fi'ance, with the approba- 
 tion and good wishes of the king. He sug- 
 gested the establishment of a penny-post of- 
 fice at Paris, besides plans for the abolition 
 of beggars, the bringing of good water to Pa- 
 ris, the association for a subscription among 
 the poor, by which they might be support- 
 ed during illness, &cc. This worthy and 
 amiable man died 1773, at the early age 
 of 36. 
 
 CHAMPAG^^E, Philip de, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Brussels 1602. He was the 
 friend of Poussin and du Cliesne, and suc- 
 ceeded the latter as a ])ainter to Mary of 
 Medicis queen of-Fran**, with a handsome 
 salary, aiul apartments in the palace of Lux- 
 emburg. His works were numerous, and 
 decorated the churclies and palaces of Pa- 
 ris; but perhaps his best ])icoe is the cieling 
 of the king's apartment at Vincennes. Cham- 
 ])aigne was a man of great integrity, with- 
 out ambition and jealousy, and he refused 
 to quit th(! service of his royal mistress for 
 a more lucrative apiJointraeuL under Riche- 
 lieu. He died 1674. 
 
 CuAMPAG^'K, John Ba]itistcde, nrphew 
 to the preceding, under whom he sttidied, 
 and by whom ho was patronised. He was 
 born at Bra'ssels, a»d di^d at ?9:i;'h \%^%^ 
 
Cil 
 
 S^J^ 
 
 CII 
 
 aged 42, where he was professor of the acad- 
 emy of painting. 
 
 Champeaux, William de, or Campel- 
 lensis, a native of Champeaux in the pro- 
 vince of Brie, professor of philosophy at 
 Paris, where he had Abelard among his 
 pupils, and afterwards as his rival. He was 
 in 1113 made bishop of Chalons, and died 
 eight years after. He wrote a treatise on 
 the origin of the soul. 
 
 Champfort, N.a native of Paris, at fi rst 
 clerk to an attorney, and afterwai-ds tutor 
 in the family of Vaneck a rich citizen of 
 Liege. He devoted himself to literatui'e, 
 and published the journal encyclopedique, 
 and the elogies of Moliere and la Fontaine, 
 ■which were rewarded with the prize at the 
 French academy, and at Marseilles. Thus 
 raised to notice under the patronage of the 
 duke de Choiseul, and Mad. Helvetius, he 
 applied himself to the completion of the 
 French vocabulary, and the dictionary of the 
 theatres, and this l&st work induced him to 
 turn his thoughts to dramatic composition, 
 in Avhich he happily succeeded. His Mus- 
 tapha and Zeangir, a tragedy, and his young 
 Indian, and his merchant of Smyrna, two 
 comedies, obtained deserved applause, and 
 his fables, epistles, stories, and lighter pieces 
 of poetry were all equally admired. His 
 labors were praised by Voltaire, and procur- 
 ed him the friendship of Mirabeau, whom 
 he assisted in his treatise on the order of 
 Cincinnatus. He was like other Uternry 
 men, the friend of the revolution ; but when 
 he saw himself imprisoned by Robespierre, 
 and with difficulty liberated, and again tlaeat- 
 ened, he in a fit of melancholy destroyed 
 himself, April 1794. His works were pub- 
 lished together, in 4 vols. 8vo. Paris 1795. 
 
 Champ lER, Syuiphorien, Camperius, or 
 Campegnis, a native of Lyons, educated at 
 Pavia. He was physician to Anthony duke 
 of Lorraine, and was knighted for his milita- 
 ry courage in the wars of Italy. He wrote 
 various works on his profession, and Avas the 
 founder of the college of physicians at Ly- 
 ons. He died about 1540. His son Claude 
 at the age of 18 wrote a curious book on the 
 singularities of the Gauls. His cousin John 
 was also a physician at Lyons, nnd published 
 some medical tracts. 
 
 Champion, Joseph, a native of Chat- 
 bam, 1709, eminent as a penman. He kept 
 a boarding school in St. Paul's church-yard, 
 and afterwards in Bedford-street, where his 
 pupils where numerous and respectable. His 
 •works are practical arithmetic, 1733 — tu- 
 tor's assistant with 40 plates — comparative 
 penmanship, 24 folio plates, a curious per- 
 formance — besides alphabets in various lan- 
 guages and characters, copy books, &c. 
 The exact time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Champ LAIN, Samuel de, a native of 
 Saintonge, sent by Henry IV. on a voyage of 
 discovery to America. He estabhshed a 
 colony in Canada, and built the town of Que- 
 bec, of which he was the first governor. 
 One of the American lakes bears his name. 
 He died about 1635. He wrote voyages de 
 laNouvclle, France, or Canada, 4to. 1632. 
 
 CiiAMPMESLE, Mary Desmares de, a 
 French :ictress, born at Kouen. From the 
 obsciuity of a strolling company, she rose 
 to be a popular actress at Paris,' and gained 
 the friendship of Racine, who instructed her 
 in the character of some of his tragedies. 
 She died greatly respected IfiOS, aged 54, 
 Her husband was also an actor, and wrote 
 some dramatic pieces, which were publish- 
 ed in two vols. 12rao. 1742. He died 1701 . 
 
 Chancellor, Richard, an English na- 
 vigator. He was engaged in sir Hugh Wil- 
 loughby's voyage tt) discover a north-west 
 passage to C iua in 1553, under the direc- 
 tion of Sebastian Cabot ; but whilst his compan- 
 ions, with sir Hugh, unfortunately perished on 
 the coast of Lapland, where they had stopped 
 to winter, lie had the good fortune to reach 
 the Russian shores, where by means of the 
 letters of ifitroduction in various languages 
 which he had with him, the grand duke 
 John Bagilovitz received him with kindness, 
 and permitted him a free trade with the in- . 
 habitants of the country. On his return to 
 England, Chancellor found his patron Ed- 
 ward dead ; but Mary the next successor 
 j was sensible of the advantages of commerce, 
 and a company was established with the 
 most liberal patronage, and the lucky ad- 
 venturer again permitted to revisit Russia- 
 He was again successful, but on his return, 
 accompanied by a Russian ambassador, he 
 unfortunately was wrecked on the coast of 
 Norway, and while he endeavored to pro- 
 vide for the safety of the illustrious foreign- 
 ers with him, he had the misfortune to fall 
 a victim to the severity of the climate. The 
 Russians safely reached London, 1557, and 
 brought the sad tidings of their companion's 
 tate. 
 
 Chandler, Mary, an English poetess, 
 born at Malmsbury 1C87. She was brought 
 up to the business of a milliner, which she 
 carried on at Bath, but her mind was natur- 
 ally stored with the treasures of poetry, and 
 she derived pleasure and assistance from the 
 perusal of the best poets of the nation. She 
 preferred Horace to Vii'gil or Homer, as be- 
 ing more natural and less overloaded with 
 fables. Her poem on the Bath, was particu- 
 larly applauded by Pope. She was deformed, 
 but her countenance was pleasing. She nev- 
 er was married, though she had suitors. She 
 died nth Sept. 1745,' aged 57. 
 
 Chandler, Samuel, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born at Hungerford, Berks, 1693. As 
 he discovered great partiality for learning, 
 he was educated at Bridgewater, and after- 
 wards at Glocester and Tewkshmy, with an 
 intention of entering upon the ministry. In 
 this last residence under the great care of 
 Mr. Jones, he made himself perfectly ac- 
 quainted M'ith the classics, and with oriental 
 literature, and had the singular felicity of ha- 
 ving as his fellow pupils, Butler afterwards 
 bishop of Durham, and Seeker the primate. 
 In 1716 he was chosen minister of a dissent- 
 ing congregation at Peckham, and soon ac- 
 quired popularity by his ptilpit eloquence: 
 but unfortunately his circumstances were re- 
 
CH 
 
 - ^^^ 
 
 CH 
 
 daced to the lowefit ebb by the soutli sea 
 scheme, which swallowed up the whole of his 
 wife's property, and obliged him to maintain 
 himself for two or three years as a bookseller 
 in the Poultrv. In 1725 he published his vin- 
 dication of the Christian religion, wliich in a 
 series of discourses he had delivered in the 
 pulpit at the Old Jewry. 'J'his work was ap- 
 Ijlauded by Seeker, and not a little increased 
 the reputation of the author. Some time af- 
 ter, when on a visit in Scotland, he was 
 complimented with the degree of D. D. by 
 the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, 
 and after^<ards he was elected F. 11. and A. 
 S. S. The death of George II. brought him 
 again before the public, in a sermon, in which 
 he compared that khig to David, a compari- 
 son which procured a severe attack upon 
 him in a pamphlet called the history of the 
 man of God's own heart. Dr. Chandler, in 
 defence of his discourse, wrote an elaborate 
 work, which was swelled to two volumes 8vo. 
 containing a critical account ot David's life, 
 and a refutation of his opponent's sentiments. 
 He died May 8th, 1766, aged 73, and was 
 buried in Bunhill-fields burying-ground. — 
 Chandler wae a man of great learning, elo- 
 quent as a preacher, and universally respect- 
 ed, not only by people of his own persuasion, 
 but by many of the established church. He 
 ■was very instrumental in establishing a fund 
 for the widows of dissenting ministers. He 
 •wrote besides commentaries on J gel, — his- 
 tory of the persecution and vindication of 
 the old testament, — &cc. His sermons were 
 printed in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Chandler, Edward, an English prelate, 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. 
 In 1093 he was chaplain to Lloyd bishop of 
 Lichfield and Coventry, Avhom he succeeded 
 in his see 1717, and 13 yeai's after he was 
 translated to Durham, where he died 1750, 
 aged about 80. He published a chronologi- 
 cal dissertation prefixed to Arnold's com- 
 mentary on Ecclesiasticus — a biographical 
 preface to Cud worth's treatise on morality 
 — single sermons, Sec. — but his best work is 
 his defence of Christianity from the prophe- 
 cies of the old testament, with a refutation 
 of objections, he. which passed rapidly 
 through three editions. 
 
 Chantereau le Fevre, Lewis, a na- 
 tive of Paris, author of an histoi'y of the 
 duchies of Bar and Lorraine, of which he 
 was the intendant. He died 1658, aged 70. 
 
 Chanut, Peter, a Frenchman, sent as 
 ambassador to Chiistina queen of Sweden, 
 and afterwards to Holland. He died 1662, 
 and his memoirs were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Chapelain, John, a French poet, who 
 was born at Paris, and died there 22d Feb. 
 1G74, aged 79. As the successor of Malherbe 
 in epic poetry, he was respected by his coun- 
 trymen ; but his Pucelle, a heroic poem, dis- 
 appointed the warmest expectations of his 
 friends, who in vain sought for the display of 
 those abilities which they had ranked with 
 Virgil himself. He was very rich, but lived 
 as a most sordid laiser, and neither the re- 
 
 finements of learning, nor the friendship and 
 tlattery of Balzac, Menage, and Richelieu, 
 could banish that avarice which so much dis- 
 graced the man. 
 
 Chapelle, Claude Emanuel LuUier, a 
 French poet. He studied philosophy under 
 Gassendus, but he seemed born for the mu- 
 ses. He was intimate with Moliere, and some 
 have not scrupled to attribute the finest parts 
 of ]»is comedies to the refined taste of his 
 friend. Flattered as a man of genius, and 
 admired not only by the Avits of the age, but 
 the king, Chapelle was voluptuotts and ex- 
 travagant, and more given to intoxication 
 than became his character or fortune. He 
 died 1686, aged 65. He wrote besides po- 
 ems that ingenious work culled Voyage de 
 Bachaumont. His works were reprinted 
 with additions at Amsterdam 1708. 
 
 Chapelle, John de la, a native ofBour- 
 ges, member of the French academy, and 
 secretary to the prince of Conti. Besides 
 the life of his patron, he wrote plays and 
 other pieces, and died 1723, aged C8. 
 
 Chapellier, Isaac Rene Guy de, a na- 
 tive of Rennes, who distinguished himself in. 
 the constituent assembly as a zealous advo- 
 cate for the liberty and the privileges of the 
 people. He became too late sensible of his 
 precipitate measures in pulling down all the 
 bulwarks of the monarchy, and when he at- 
 tempted to repair by moderation the injuries 
 which his measures had caused, he was ac- 
 cused, and guillotined 22d April 1792, aged 
 59. 
 
 Chapma?!, George, an English poet, who 
 after receiving an Uhiversity education set- 
 tled in London, where the great luminaries 
 of the time?, Shaksi>eare, Jonson, Sidney, 
 Spenser, and Daniel, became his familiar 
 friends. He expected preferment from the 
 patronsge of the Walsingliams, and of Som- 
 erset and prince Henry ; but all his hopes 
 encied in disappointment. Besides 17 dra- 
 matic pieces, one of which was the famous 
 mask called the Temple, he translated Ho- 
 mer's Iliad and Odyssey, and attempted Ile- 
 siod and Musxus. Pope, who has borrowed 
 much from him without acknowledgment, 
 calls him an enthusiast in poetry, but the 
 remark is invidious, as Chapman possessed 
 i-espectable poetical powers, and was a man 
 of some genius. He died 1634, aged 77, 
 and was buried at St. Giles's in the fields, 
 where a monument was erected over hira 
 by his beloved friend Inigo Jones. 
 
 Chapman, John, D. O. a learned divine, 
 educated at Eton, and at King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, for the provostship of which he was 
 an unsuccessful candidate. He obtained the li- 
 vings of Mersham and Adlington, Kent, from 
 archbishop Potter, to whom he was chaplain, 
 and- at the death of this prelate, as his execu- 
 tor he presented himself, as one of the pi'i- 
 mate's options, to the precentorship of Lin- 
 coln, an appointment which was confirmed 
 by chancellor Henley, but set aside by the 
 house of lords. He died 14th October 1784, 
 in his 80th year. In compliment to his abili- 
 ties the university of O.xford presented him 
 
€H 
 
 ^<^ 
 
 CH 
 
 the degree of D. D. His writings were re- 
 marks on Dr. Middleton's letter to Water- 
 land — Eusebius two vols. 8vo. in which he de- 
 fended Christianity against Morgan and Tin- 
 dal — History of ancient Hebrews vindicated 
 — two tracts relating to Phlegon in answ^er to 
 Dr. Sieves — besides sermons and other things, 
 and a joint edition of Cioero de officiis with 
 bishop Pearce. 
 
 Chapone, Mrs. Sarah, an English wri- 
 tav, born of respectable parents in North- 
 amptonshire, of the name of Mulso. Her 
 marriage proved unhappy, but the comforts 
 which she was denied in domestic life, she 
 acquired in the cultivation of Uterature. One 
 of her first productions was Fidelia, a simple 
 interesting story in the Adventui-er, and af- 
 wards she rose to deserved celebrity by a 
 poem perfixed to Mrs. Carter's Epictetus, 
 and by her valuable letters on the imprison- 
 ment of the mind, addressed to a youag lady 
 1775. She wrote also miscellanies in prose 
 and verse, essays, &c. and died at Hadley in 
 Middlesex, December 25th, 1801, aged" 75. 
 She was noticed by the learned and great, 
 and among her friends once reckoned Rich- 
 ardson, Johnson, &c. 
 
 Chappe d'AuterociIe, John. Vid. 
 
 AUTEROCHE. 
 
 Chap PEL, William, a learned divine, 
 born of poor parents at Lexington Notts. 
 10th December 1572, and educated at Mans- 
 field grammar school, and Christ church col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which'he became fellow 
 lfi07. When James visited the university in 
 1024> Chappel disputed before hira, and 
 when he had defeated his opponent Dr. Ro- 
 ?)erts, the monarch, who attempted to sup- 
 ply his place, was equally discomfited. In 
 1033, he was made dean of Cashel, by the 
 influence of his friend Lafud, who insisted 
 soon after on his becoming provost of Trini- 
 ty college, Dublin, an arduous office which 
 he in vam declined. In 1638 he was elevated 
 to the bishoprics of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 
 and two years after he resigned the pro- 
 vostship of the college. His situation, how- 
 ever, was now exposed to the malice and 
 persecution of those troublous times ; he was 
 impeached in the commons, on i^retence of 
 perjury and treason, and for favoring the 
 catholic cause, though when at Cambridge, 
 he was accused of puritanism. He escaped 
 from the impending storm by obtaining leave 
 to cross to Wales, but here he was seized as 
 a fugitive culprit and imprisoned for seven 
 Areeks by the mayor of Pembroke. Liberat- 
 ed with difficulty b}' the friendship of sir 
 Hugh Owen, he went to Bristol, and thence 
 to Derby, where he ended his days in inno- 
 cent but studious retirement. He died Whit- 
 sunday 1649. He was the author of Metho- 
 dus eoncionandi, which was translated into 
 English and became very popular, besides 
 memoirs of his own life. The whole duty of 
 man has also been attributed to him. 
 
 CHAPU2.EAU, Samuel, a native of Gene- 
 va, preceptor to William III. of England. 
 He died at Zell, 1701, governor of the pages 
 to George dnke of Br«nswick-L"uiicnbui'g 
 
 He wrote a description of Lyons, an account 
 of Savoy, besides the political state of Eu- 
 rope, and an edition of Tavernier's travels. 
 
 C HAH AS, Moses, a native of Usez, who 
 practised in the medical line at Paris. He 
 acquii-ed celebrity by his treatise on treacle, 
 and by his pharmacopoeifl, in 2 vols. 4to, 
 which had been partly delivered in a course 
 of lectures, and which was translated not 
 only into the langnages of Europe, but into 
 the Chinese. At the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, Charas left France, and came to Eng- 
 land, and afterwards visited Spain, to ad- 
 minister to the infirmities of Charles II. 
 Here his religion was made the object o.f 
 persecution, and in the hands of the inquisi- 
 tion, Charas soon changed his creed at the 
 age of 72, and now become a zealous catho- 
 lic, he returned to Paris, wliere he died 1698, 
 aged 80- 
 
 Chardin, sir John, son of a jeweller, was 
 born at Paris, but came to England upon the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes. Cliarles 
 II. knighted him. He travelled into Persia 
 and the East Indies, not only as a merchant 
 in jewels, but as an inquisitive observer of the 
 customs and manners of mankind. His voya- 
 ges, which have been translated into EngHsh, 
 German, and Flemish, are much esteemed. 
 He died at London 1713, aged 70. 
 
 Charenton, Joseph Nicholas, a French 
 Jesuit, missionary in China, who after fifteen 
 years' residence returned to Europe, and 
 died at Paris 1735, aged 80. He translated 
 Mariana's history of Spain into French, with 
 valuable notes. 
 
 Chares, a Grecian statuary, famous for 
 the raising of the celebrated Colossus of 
 Rhodes, which was destroyed by the Sara- 
 cens. 
 
 Charette de la Cointrie, Francis 
 Athanasius de, a French royalist, celebi-ated 
 for the vigorous and able resistance which he 
 made in la Vendee against the republican 
 forces. He was originally a lieutenant in the 
 French navy, and took up arms at the head 
 of the Bretons, who like himself resented the 
 cruelties practised daily against loyalty, vir- 
 tue, and innocence. He was so successful iq 
 the struggle, that the republicans agreed on 
 a cessation of arms with him, and he might 
 have been persuaded to remain a peaceful 
 citizen, had not his blood-thirsty enemies 
 violated the treaty. In a second engagement 
 Charette was overpowered by numbers, and 
 after being dangerously wounded in the head 
 and losing three of the fingers of his left hand 
 with the cut ef a sabre, he escaped from the 
 field of battle, but soon to perish. He wa.s 
 seized in a wood, where he had concealed 
 himself, and was dragged to Nantes, where he 
 was shot 9th March 1796. When desired to 
 kneel at the fatal moment he refused, but 
 baring his breast, gave with a most firm 
 voice the word of command to the soldiers to 
 fire. 
 
 Chariton, a native of Cyprus, in the 
 fourth century, author of the loves of Cha?- 
 ras and Callirhoe, a pleasing romatice, edit- 
 ed by Kciske 1750, 2 v<»]s. • 
 
CH 
 
 Charke, Charlotte, youngest daughter 
 of Collcy Gibber, was educated in a manner 
 more fitting the character of a boy than a 
 girl. She early married Ricbard Cbarke, a 
 violin performer, whose debaucheries soou 
 produced a separation, and threw a thought- 
 less imprudent wiiEe into tbe voi-tex of dissi- 
 pation and poverty. The stage lor a while 
 supported Mrs. Charke, and from the hum- 
 ble part of Mademoiselle in tbe Provoked 
 ■\Vitc, she rose to the capital characters of 
 Alicia in Jane Shore, and Andromache in 
 the Distressed Mother. Unfortunately how- 
 ever her temper proved the source of many 
 calamities, she quarrelled with Fleetwood tbe 
 manager, and tbougli forgiven and reconcil- 
 ed, she again transgressed, and at last bad 
 recourse for subsistence to the scanty pit- 
 tance of a heroine in a strolling company. 
 In 1755 she published a narrative of her own 
 life, but perhaps with no great success suffi- 
 cient to administer to her indigence. She 
 died four years after in great distress. 
 
 Charlemagne, or Charles tbegi-eat, 
 and hrst, king of France, and first emperor 
 of the West, was son of Pepin and ISertrade, 
 He succeeded, on the death of his lather, to 
 some German provinces, and after the de- 
 cease of his brother Carloman, 741, he was 
 acknowledged king of France. The milita- 
 ry abilities which he possessed were soon 
 displayed in liis war against the Saxons, 
 whom he defeated ; and after he had ren- 
 dered himself by repeated victories master 
 of Germany and of Italy, and dreaded in 
 S'pain by his conquests near Bai'celona, he 
 went to Rome, and in the year 800 renewed 
 in his person the empire of the Csesars, and 
 was crowned by Leo HI. emperor of the 
 West. This new and extensive power was 
 acknowledged by neighboring princes, and 
 Charles displayed his pride and magnifi- 
 cence in his pompous reception of the am- 
 bassadors of Nicephorus emperor of the 
 Kast. Great in war, he became equally il- 
 lustrious in peace, he protected and en- 
 couraged the arts, and made his palace the 
 asylum of. learned men. Besides monaste- 
 ries he erected academies and schools at Pa- 
 ris and in various parts of his dominions, and 
 directed the powers of his genius to tbe es- 
 tabl'ishment of salutary laws, and to tbe pro- 
 motion of commerce and industry among his 
 subjects. This illustrious prince <lied 814, 
 aged 71, after reigning 47 years over 
 France, and 14 over tbe Empire, and he 
 was buried in the cathedral of Aix-la Cba- 
 pelle. He appointed his only surviving son 
 Lewis emperor and king, and bestowed the 
 X5rov.n of luily on Bernard, the illegitimate 
 son of his sou Pepin. 
 
 Charles 11. surnamed the bald, son of 
 Lewis tbe Debbnnaire, succeeded to tbe 
 French crown SiO. He was elected empe- 
 ror by the pope and tbe Roman people in 
 875, and be distinguished his reign by the 
 victory which he obtained over his brother 
 liOthaire, at Fontenay in Burgundy. Pru- 
 dence howeve'T did not mark his conduct, 
 and he foqjnd at last his enemies too power- 
 
 r ^1, a 
 
 CH 
 
 and whilst he fled into Italy he wa£> poi- 
 soned at Briord, Cth October, 877, by one 
 of his servants. The feudal government, 
 may be said to have begun under bis weak 
 reign. 
 
 Charles III. or simple, was born 879, 
 and succeeded to the throne of France 893. 
 His abilities were unequal to the ardaotis la- 
 bor ofgo\erning aking<1om already disti-act- 
 by the rebellious spirit of the nobles, and by 
 the invasions of the Normans, and instead of 
 mounting the imperial throne, which a little 
 art might have secured, he was obliged to 
 resign some of his provinces to his vii^torious 
 enemies. The haughty conduct of his min- 
 ister Haganon, a man of obscure birth, but 
 of intriguingabilities, at last totally alienat«;d 
 the hearts of his subjects,, and soon an army 
 headed by Robert of the Ijlood royal, ap- 
 peared in the field. Charles, notwithstand- 
 ing the feebleness of bis conduct, obtained 
 the victory and killed his rival ; but another 
 battle, fought by Hugh tbe great, son of the 
 fallen prince, proved fatal to the fortunes of 
 Charles. He escaped to tlie palace of the 
 count of Vermandois, where he died aflei? 
 seven years of cruel confineiiient in the cas- 
 tle of Peronne, 7th October 929, aged 50. 
 
 Charles IV. the fair, was third son of 
 Philip the fair, and succeeded to the 
 French throne on the death of his brother 
 Philip the tall 1322. His reign was disturb- 
 ed by quarrels with Fiiigland, aod peace was 
 at last re-established by the intercession of 
 Isabella, who had married the English mo- 
 narch, and by the cession of Guicnne. He 
 died 31st January 13'28, aged 34, after a 
 weak and inglorious reign. 
 
 Charles V. or wise, was son of JohTi, 
 and succeeded to the throne of France 1364. 
 By his abilities and courage and the succes- 
 ses of his famous general du Guesdin, he re- 
 paired the losses whicli the monarchy had 
 suftered under the feeble administration of 
 his father, and the English were gradually 
 dispossessed of the provinces -which tliey 
 had before conquered in France. After a 
 short reign of 16 years Charles, who had 
 made the happiness of his people, and the im- 
 provements of commerce and naval affairs, 
 the particubii' object of his cares, died 16th 
 September 1S80, aged 4.>. He founded the 
 library of Paris, and wjas the first who bore 
 the title of dauphin. 
 
 Charles VI. or well-beloved, was sor 
 of Charles V. whom he succeeded in 1380, 
 at the age of 12. His inexperience, and 
 the ambitious views of his three uncles 
 the dukes of Anjou, Bevri and Britany, 
 unfortunately tended to disturb and weak- 
 en the kingdom, when unanimity and vigor 
 were so necessary to withstand the attacks 
 of the victorious English An unhappy deli- 
 rium with which the monarch was seized fol- 
 lowed bj' mental imbecility, completed the 
 ruin of the nation, while the civil war on one 
 side depopulated the country, and the succes- 
 ses of the English, and the glorious victory of 
 Agincourt, on the other, left the unfortu- 
 nate Charles littfebesid^ the empty title ot 
 
CH 
 
 s<^r 
 
 CH 
 
 king. Heniy V. of England was crowned 
 at Paris, and ruled the kingdom at his plea- 
 sure; but his death, in 1422, and that of 
 (jharles soon after, on the 20th October of 
 fhe same year, produced a change in affairs, 
 and restored to France the benefit of her 
 own native sovereigns. 
 
 Charles VII. surnaraed the victorious, 
 succeeded his father Charles VI. and was 
 crowned at Poictiers 1422. He possessed 
 great vigor and activity, and though at first 
 a king more in name than in power, he 
 bravely resisted the inroads of his victorious 
 enemies, and though conquered, he still 
 sought for more certain opportunities of an- 
 noying his invaders. Misfortunes however 
 proved too great for his resources. Orleans 
 the last important place of his dominions, 
 was already besieged and ready to fall into the 
 hands of the English, and Charles in despair 
 prepared to retire to t*rovence, when Joan 
 of Arc, was presented to him as the future 
 deliverer of his country. Superstition thus 
 was enabled to finish what valor could not 
 do, and Joan, as the pretended missionary 
 of Heaven, quickly drove the English before 
 her, retook all the conquered provinces, 
 and saw her monarch crowned under her 
 victorious standard in the cathedral of 
 liheims. Thus wonderfully restored to his 
 dominions and supported by the valor of his 
 generals, of Dunois, Sacritrailles, iVrthus, 
 and Culant, Charles too often forgot his du- 
 ties in the arms of his mistress, and suftered 
 his people to be plundered by worthless fa- 
 vorites. He died 22d July 1461, aged 58. 
 
 Charles VIII. called the affable, was 
 son of Lewis XI. and ascended the throne 
 1483. H« married Anne of Britany, but 
 while in this union he enlarged his domin- 
 ions, he determined to acquire military glo- 
 ry by the invasion of Italy, and his successes 
 were so rapid that he found himself almost 
 all at once master of Florence, Rome, Cap- 
 Ba, and Naples. Proud of his successes, and 
 flattered by the pope, he caused himself to 
 be crowned emperor of Constantinople and 
 king of Naples ; but the submissive princes 
 of Italy rose against their invader, and six 
 months after Charles escaped with difficul- 
 ty into Prance, and only after the famous 
 battle of Fouroua, in which his army of 8000 
 men routed a force five times more nume- 
 I'ous than his own. WhiLst he meditated re- 
 venge and formed plans of fresh conquests, 
 h e was suddenly carried off by an apoplexy, 
 at Amboise, 7th April 1498, aged 27. 
 
 Charles IX. was born 1550, and suc- 
 ceeded to the throne, after the death of his 
 brother Francis II. 1560. His minority Avas 
 guided by his mother Catherine deMedicis, 
 but as the kingdom was divided by factions, 
 which assumed the names of Papists, Lu- 
 therans, and Huguenots, nothing for the 
 happiness of the people or the glory of the 
 throne could be expected. In the midst of 
 these political struggles between the leading 
 men of the times, the Condes, Colignis, and 
 Guises, Charles maintained a conduct full of 
 dissimulation and hypocrisy ; and while he 
 
 pretended friendship and protection to all 
 his subjects, he was cruelly meditating that 
 fatal massacre of St. Bartholomew in I57ii, 
 which leaves so indelible a stigma of barba- 
 rous cruelty on his name. Though some 
 have considered the bloody deed as the ma- 
 chination of his mother and of her ecclesias- 
 tical counsellors, yet Charles deeply parti- 
 cipated in the crime, and the encourage- 
 ment which he gave to a band of murderers 
 in his own palace, leaves him little claim 
 to the fox'giveness of outraged humanity. 
 These horrid scenes, it is said, presented 
 themselves in dreadful array to his terrified 
 imagination, and on his death-bed produced 
 the appalling exhibition of a tortured con- 
 science and an avenging Heaven. He died 
 30th May 1574, aged 24. 
 
 Charles the fat, son of Lewis the Ger- 
 man, was elected king of Italy, and empe- 
 ror 881. Though he had the art of obtain- 
 ing all the crowns which once adorned the 
 head of Charlemagne, he did net possess 
 sufficient abilities to support their glory, 
 but by the intrigues of his prime minister 
 Luidward, whom he had banished from the 
 court, and by the invasion of Arnold duke 
 of Carinthia, he was driven from his throne; 
 Reduced to privacy, and dependant on the 
 bounty of the victorious Arnold, he at last 
 died of grief near Constance, 13th January 
 888. 
 
 Charles IV. son of John of Luxemburg, 
 and grandson of the emperor Heni-y VII. 
 ascended the imperial throne 1347. His 
 reign is famous for the golden bull, enacted 
 at the diet of Nuremberg 1356. This cele- 
 brated agreement was ushered forth into 
 the world with curious reasons drawn from 
 prejudice and superstition, and while it gave 
 Germany a long admired constitution, it 
 proved the necessity of seven electors, by 
 the seven gifts of the holy ghost, and the sev- 
 en branches of the holy candlestick. Charles, 
 who was more fond of the pomp of roy- 
 alty than the prosperity of his kingdom, fet 
 deserved the respect of the learned by the 
 protection which he extended to literature, 
 and the university which he established at 
 Prague. He died at Prague 29th November 
 1378. He was four times married. 
 
 Charles V. eldest son of Philip arch- 
 duke of Austria, and Jane of Castille, was 
 born at Ghent, 25th February. 1500. He 
 was proclaimed king of Spain 1516, and 
 two years after elected emperor of Germa- 
 ny, On the death of his grandfather Maxi- 
 milian. His elevation to the imperial throne 
 was disputed by the intrigues and the gold of 
 Francis I. of France, who aspired to. tie 
 same honors, and a fierce war was conse- 
 quently kindled between the two powers. 
 Charles, supported by the aid of Henry VIII. 
 of England, Vy Adrian VI. by the Floren-* 
 tines and Venetians, proved successful in 
 his attacks against the French, who were 
 driven from Italy. Even Marseilles was be- 
 sieged by the imperial troops under Bour- 
 bon, and at the fatal battle of Pavia 1 525, 
 Francis fell into the hands of his enemy. 
 
GH 
 
 ^^pf 
 
 €H 
 
 Xliis advantageous conqaest did not improve 
 the HflVtirs of Charles; instead of marching 
 into the heartof Fnince, he negotiated with 
 his prisoner, and \\ hen afterwards the fate 
 of war placed Home aiul the pope in his 
 power, he found that his successes armed 
 the princes of Europe against him, and ren- 
 dered his power rather suspected than for- 
 midable. The peace of Cambrai in 15'2'i, 
 put an end to the dissentious of the conti- 
 nent ; but Charles, restless and ambitious of 
 military glory, crossed in 1535 the Mediter- 
 ranean, to gather laurels on the coast of Afri- 
 ca. He took Gouletta, defeated Barbaros- 
 sa, and after entering victorious into Tunis, 
 and restoring liberty to 2'2,000 christian 
 slaves, he replacefl Mulei-IIassen on the 
 throne. Returned to Europe Charles, in 
 1536, again turned his arms against Francis; 
 he ravaged Champagne and Picardy, but ill 
 success obliged him soon to seek a reconcili- 
 ation, and the peace of Nice in 1538 restor- 
 ed tranquillity between the rival monarchs. 
 After suppressing an insurrection at Ghent 
 1539; Charles in 1541 meditated the con- 
 qaest of Algiers ; but the expedition proved 
 Unfortunate, and a war with France in 1542 
 seemed to promise more Important con- 
 quests to his gigantic ambition. But though 
 leagued with the English, he found himself 
 disappointed ; his army was defeated at Ce- 
 risoles, and he made peace at ('repy 1645. 
 His attempts against some of the German 
 states were equally unsuccessful, and Avhilst 
 he endeavored to oppose the dissemination 
 of the principles of Luther, he found himself 
 obliged by the power, the intrigues, and tlie 
 perseverance of Maurice elector of Saxony, 
 and Joachim elector of Brandenburg, to 
 sign the treaty of Passau in 1552, and to ac- 
 coi-d liberty of conscience to the protes- 
 tants of Germany. The defeat of his army 
 before Metz, by the duke of Guise, under 
 Henry II. of France, afterwards tended to 
 check his pride ; and at last, worn out by in- 
 lirmitics, dissatisfied with the world, and 
 fully sensible of the vanity of all human gran- 
 deur, he formed the x*esolution of resigning 
 his princely honors. He placed the impe- 
 rial crown on the head of his brother Ferdi- 
 nand, and appointed his son Philip his suc- 
 cessor as king of Spain, 25th Octobe-i- 1555, 
 and, to the astonisiunent of the world, re- 
 tired to the privacy of a monastic life. Fn 
 the monastery of St. Juste, on the borders 
 of Castille and Portugal, Charles attempted 
 to forget the temptations of sovereign pow- 
 er, and the cares of government ; but whilst 
 his houi's were passed in the cultivation of 
 his garden, in mechanical pursuits, in reli- 
 gious du:ies, and monastic dicipline, .some 
 have imagined that he sighed for the digni- 
 ties, which in a moment of weakness he had 
 superstitiously abandoned. That, however, 
 he evinced his contempt of mortal honors, 
 appears by his celebrating his own obsequies 
 in his lifetime, and wishing thus to be for- 
 gotten by the world. This farce of sepul- 
 ture soon became r<;al, the following day he 
 was attacked by a violent fever which proTed 
 VOL. I-. 4] 
 
 fatid the 22d September 1558. With some 
 weaknesses, Charles possessed great vir- 
 tues, and his reign is become interesting in 
 tlie-ldstory of Europe, by the schism which 
 shook the power of Rome, and establishe<l 
 the protestant tenets, and by the revolution 
 in commerce, scier.ce, and navigation, which 
 the discoveries of Columbus etfected. 
 
 Charles VI. fifth son of the emperoi' 
 Leopold, was born 1685, aiul proclaimed by 
 his father, in 1703, kirsg of Spain, under the 
 title of Charles 111. Though bravely oppo- 
 sed by Philip V. he was enabled to continue 
 the war of succession ; and when elected 
 emperor of Germany, 1711, he still main- 
 tained his claim, by the valor of his generals 
 and the fidelity of the Barceloncse. Tlie 
 treaties of Radstadt and Baden, in 1714, at 
 last put an end to the tumults of the conti- 
 nent, and Charles had the good fortune to 
 obtain, in exchange for Spain, the kingdoms 
 of Naples and Sardinia, the Netherlands, 
 and the duchies of Milan and Mantua. In 
 1716 a new war was undertaken against the 
 Turks, and by the abilities and successes of 
 prince Eugene, Belgrade, Temeswar, and 
 all Servia were added to the imperial domin- 
 ions. The intrigues of Alberoni, the Span- 
 ish minister, rekindled unfortimately the 
 war; but the quadruple alliance signed iu 
 London 1728, between the courts of Vienna, 
 England, France, and the States generalj 
 enabled the emperor to obtain an equivalent 
 for Sardinia, which the Spaniards had ra- 
 pidly conquered, and at last, after the dis- 
 grace of Alberoni, Philip V. acceded to the 
 terms offered by his opponent, and abandon- 
 ed his claims on Sicily and Sardinia. By the 
 pragmatic sanction, Charles was empower- 
 ed to make his Austrian states descend, in 
 default of male issue, to his daughters ; an^. 
 he might have closed his reign in honorable 
 peace, had he not interfered in tl»e affairs of 
 Poland, and supported the exclusion of Stan- 
 islaus from the throne. His territoi'ies were 
 afterwards attacked by the Turks ; and he. 
 had the misfortune to see his armies defeat- 
 ed, and wasted away by disease and famine ; 
 and at last he resigned by treaty, 1739, his 
 pretensions to Belgrade, Servia, Sabach, and 
 Wallachia. He died 20lh September 1740, 
 aged 55, and was the sixteenth and last em- 
 peror of the house of Austria in the male 
 line. 
 
 Charles VH. son of Maximilian Eman- 
 uelj elector of Bavaria, succeeded his father 
 us elector 1726; and upon the death of 
 Charles VI. he laid claim to Bohemia, Aus- 
 tria, and the Tyrol, and refused to acknovp- 
 iedgethe pragmatic sanction, and the rights 
 of Maria Theresa to the imperial throne. 
 Supported by the arms of Lewis XV. he 
 was crowned king of Bohemia, at Prague, 
 and emperor at FVankfort, 1742 ; but Maria 
 Theresa, though for a moment stripped o£ 
 her dominions, found powerful allies in the 
 English, and the French and Bavarian for-' 
 ces were defeated with great rapidity, amj 
 Charles in his turn found himself possessed 
 only of the empty title of emperor. He diett 
 soon after, 20th Jan uavy 1745, aged 4^. 
 
CH 
 
 3/^ 
 
 €H 
 
 Charles I. king of Spain, was Charles 
 y. erajKjror of Germany. 
 
 Charles It. sou and successor of Philip 
 IV. as king of Spain 1G65, was twice mar- 
 ried, b«t liad no issue. By his last will, made 
 lo9S, he called to the Spanish throne the 
 prince of Bavaria, the nephew of his queen ; 
 but, in 17Q0, he declared Philip duke of An- 
 jou iiis successor. He died the same year, 
 iOth November, aged 39; and the unsettled 
 succession proved the source of civil discord. 
 Charles was the last of the eldest branch of 
 the Austrian princes who reigned in Spain. 
 
 Charles HI. king of Sptiin, was son of 
 Philip V, ajid on the death of his brother, 
 i'erdinand VI. 1759, he exchanged his king- 
 dom of Sicily for the Spanish dominions. 
 He possessed abilities as a monarch, and 
 virtues as a man; but his attempts to raise 
 the Spaniards from their natural indolence 
 proved abortive, and though, in the war 
 ■with England, he retook Minorca, he saw his 
 <iommerce ruined, and his treasures at Ha- 
 vanna fall into the hands of his enemies. He 
 tjied 1789. 
 
 Charles I. king of England, son of 
 James I. and Anne of Denmark, was born at 
 Durafcrling 19th Nov. I6e)0. On his father's 
 accession to the English throne, he was cre- 
 ated duke of York, and on the death of his 
 hrother Henry he became prince of Wales. 
 Jle succeeded his father in I6:i5, and that 
 year married Heni-ietta, daughter of Henry 
 tlie great of France, whom he had seen and 
 admu-ed at Paris during the romantic excur- 
 sion which he took to pay his addresses to 
 the infanta of Spain, accompanied by his 
 fevorite, Buckingham. The fair prospects 
 •which a new reign and a virtuous monarch 
 might promise to the nation, were soon ob- 
 scured by the storms of popular discontent 
 and party prejudice. The Spanish war in 
 ■which the kingdom was engaged, was con- 
 ducted with ill success by Buckingham ; and 
 •when the parliament inveighed against the 
 haughtiness and mal administration of this 
 hapless favorite, Charles, instead of dismis- 
 sing, resolved to support bim. Another 
 parliament proved equtilly imruly, and was 
 dissolved with equal indignation by the of- 
 fended monarch, Avho now began to raise 
 supplies by his own authority, under the 
 name of loans, benevolence, and ship money. 
 This, instead of strengthening his power, 
 rendered him more unpopular; and when 
 Buckingham failed in his attempt to relieve 
 tiie protestants of Rochelle, in IG'27, the 
 clamors of the people were loud and violent, 
 aijd the exhausted state of the treasury ren- 
 dered the calling of a new parliament ne- 
 cessary. From this turbulent assembly 
 Charles obtained, with difficulty indeed, some 
 supplies; but, in return, he was attacked 
 with representations of grievances, and was 
 obliged to assent to the petition of right, 
 ■« hich explained and more fully settled the 
 rights of the subject. The progress of liis 
 Jiivorite's impeachment was stopped by his 
 Jissassinatioa at Portsmouth by the dagger of 
 Che €ftRa6i« Feltqn ; iw<l the coBclasion of the 
 
 war with France and Spain rcn'derfcdCharl«« 
 less dependent on his parliament, which he 
 dissolved, with the resolution of never calling 
 another. After Buckingham's death, the 
 king placed his confidence on no minister 
 with equal satisfaction ; but whilst from hi» 
 better judgment more mild measures were 
 expected, the spirit of dissatisfaction was 
 kindled in the most violent degree by the 
 raising of ship-money for the defence of the 
 nation. The measure was sufficiently sup- 
 ported by the practice of former reigns, and 
 the tmanimous opinion of the judges ; but 
 the arbitrary proceedings of the reign of 
 Henry, or of Elizabeth, were ill calculated 
 to insui-e obedience in times when the divine 
 right of kings was disputed, and the necessity 
 of parliamentary control loudly proclaimerl. 
 Hampden opposed the unpopular tax ; and 
 though condemned by the court of exchequer, 
 he rejoiced in the struggle which his single 
 arm had waged against the oppressive mea- 
 sures of the government. The attempt of 
 Charles to enforce the reading of the English 
 liturgy in the churches of Scotland excited 
 the same ferment in the north which unhap- 
 pily prevailed in the south ; and when the 
 Scotch had bound themselves by the oath of 
 the solemn league and covenant to defend 
 their presbyterian principles, which they de- 
 clared to be the cause of Christ, and had 
 assembled an army to support their claims, 
 Charles had the weakness to propose a nego- 
 tiation, instead of giving battle ; and while 
 he consented to withdraw his forces, he had 
 the mortification to observe that, by the in- 
 trigues of Richelieu, his enemies, instead of 
 disbanding their followers, were increasing 
 their means of oftence. In 1640 another 
 parliament was called, but, from its clamors 
 for the redress of grievances, was as soon 
 dissolved ; yet such were the disti-csses of 
 the monarch for want of money, that he was 
 again, the same year, persuaded by his coun- 
 cil of peers, assembled at Hippon, to have 
 recourse again to a popular election. This 
 parliament, called the long parliament, met 
 in November 1640; and tliey did not sepa- 
 rate till they had effected the ruin of the 
 king and of his government. Instead of 
 listening to the representations of tlie mon- 
 arch, tliey exclaimed aguinst the arbitrary 
 measures of the court; and that they might 
 strip the throne of all its ornaments, an(L 
 the monarch of all the wisdom and integrity 
 of faithful advisers, impeachment and per- 
 secution were denounced against the minis- 
 ters. Strafford was tried, and condemned, 
 though Charles opposed the unavailing shield 
 of royalty to save him, and Laud soon after, 
 on pretences as frivolous as they were cruel^ 
 was dragged to the scaffold. To serve the 
 king seemed now to be a crime ; and Charles, 
 stripped of the assistance of his wisest min- 
 isters, was unable to stem against the torrent 
 of fanatic zeal and popular fury, which de- 
 creed the abolition of the court of the star 
 chamber, the high commission, and other 
 offices which were the bulwark of the mon- 
 archy. While faction thus prevailed at- 
 
CH 
 
 ^// 
 
 CH 
 
 ^ome, the intrigues of tlie puritans wei'C not 
 fti vain in Ireland, and the wiost horrid mas- 
 ^iacres and outrages of every kind were per- 
 petrated, in the name of religion, while the 
 unhappy monarch was publicly branded as 
 the author of national miseries, which he 
 could neither foresee nor prevent. In the 
 Tueantime, the violence of the presbyterian 
 faction acquii-ed strength in England ; epis- 
 copacy was declared to be unnecessary; and 
 the thirteen bishops m ho presumed to make 
 representations against the conduct of their 
 persecutors Mere sent in disgrace to the 
 Tower, as guilty of treason. Instead of con- 
 ciliating popularity, if iiuleed any step of 
 the devoted monarch couUl conciliate popu- 
 larity, Charles increased the virulence of 
 the commons, by appearing, agreeable to 
 the advice of some of his counsellors, in the 
 house, and from the speaker's chair im- 
 peaching five of the members. This hold 
 step ought to have been supported or never 
 adopted ; but Charles, retiring in disapi)oint- 
 ment to Windsor, wrote a letter to the par- 
 liament to excu'se his conduct, and thus to 
 render himself ridiculous in the eyes of the 
 nation. The parliament in tbe mean time 
 had called upon the militia of the city for the 
 -defence of their privileges, and the king, 
 who found that nothing but force could now 
 restore him to his dignity and to his conse- 
 quence in the nation, retired to Notting- 
 ham, where, August 25, 1642, he erected 
 the royal standard. This was a declaration 
 of war, which the parUament were not back- 
 ward to acknowledge. Various battles were 
 fought at Edgehill, Marston Moor, and 
 Newbury, Mith various success, but all the 
 advantages which the monarch had gained 
 by' the valor of his troops, and the loyalty of 
 feis adheraits, were \uihappily lost in the 
 fight of Naseby, 4th June 1645, where, after 
 displaying all the coolness, prudence, and 
 intrepidity of the ablest general, Charles 
 was obliged to fly with the loss of his artille- 
 ry, his baggage, and his cabinet of letters, 
 which the republicans published Avith every 
 ott'ensive remark of insolence and vulgarity. 
 Thus left without resources, and shut up at 
 Oxford, ignorant whom to trust, and unable 
 to increase the number of his adherents, 
 Charles formed the fatal resolution of throw- 
 ing himself upon the mercy of the Scotch 
 army. He left Oxford in disguise, and after 
 wandering nine days, he appeared in the 
 Scotch army at Newark, but instead of be- 
 ing received as a monai'ch, and of finding his 
 misfortunes respected as they deserved, he 
 saw himself a prisoner, and soon learnt that 
 his expected friends with unparalleled bar- 
 barity had sold him to the English parlia- 
 ment fqr the sum of 200,(X)0?. Charles was 
 conveyed a prisoner to Holmby-castle, and 
 to Hampton court, but though here he could 
 not, as he hoped, restore himself to poM-er 
 by interfering between the jarring factions of 
 the puritans and the independents, he had 
 the art to ettect his escape to the isle of 
 Wight. But while he meditated passing into 
 FrSExpe^ hn soctji found himself a prisoner iu 
 
 the hands of Hammond the governor of €a- 
 risbrooke castle, and when removed to Hurst 
 castle and to Windsor, he unhappily disco- 
 vered that the rudeness with which he was 
 treated was the prelude to a melancholy 
 ti-agedy. The republicans were sensible 
 that their power could never be consolidated 
 till the king was no more, .and therefore aft 
 universal t-lamor was raised to pass scnteuce 
 upon him. Brought before this self-created 
 high court of justice, over which Bradshaw, 
 a worthless lawyer, presided, Charles dis- 
 played the usual independence of his charac- 
 ter. While he refused to acknowledge the 
 authority of his judges, he betrayed no vio- 
 lent emotions of fury or bursting indignation ; 
 he was the meek, the patient, the resigned 
 christian, who yielded with all the dignity of 
 conscious innocence to the poMcr which 
 usurpation and tyranny had erected for his 
 destruction. lie heard the sentence of 
 death pronounced against him with compo* 
 sure, and the three days which he was allow- 
 ed to prepare for another w orld, were pas- 
 sed in the atFectionate duties of recommend- 
 ing forgiveness of injuries, moderation, and 
 the practice of every virtue to his children, 
 and m the becoming offices of a devout and 
 penitent christian. On the scaffold, which 
 probably to insult him, was erected in the 
 front of his palace of Whitehall, he preserv- 
 ed his usual composure, and after conversing 
 with Juxon bishop of London, who attend- 
 ed him, and witnessed his heroic resigna- 
 tion, he gave the signal to the masked exe- 
 cutioner, who cut oft' his head at one blow, 
 30th January 1648. The remains of the 
 mai'tyred monarch were removed to W'^ind- 
 sor, but were rudely interred by order of 
 the parliament without the burial service be- 
 ing read over them. Though insulted by 
 rej)ublican malice, and though misrepresent- 
 ed by political opponents, Charles must he 
 considered as a great man; and whoever 
 wishes to foi-m an accurate judgment of his 
 character, must view him as the successor 
 to an almost arbitrary power, as the monarch 
 of a turbulent nation, as the bulwark of 
 what he considered as the constitution and 
 the happiness of his country, and as the 
 steady and prudent opposer of bold unprin- 
 cipled innovators, whose conduct Avas seldom 
 guided by any but selfish and personal views. 
 As a domestic character, he was amiabl* 
 and exemplai7, and as a man of letters, his 
 abilities were respectable. In his intercourse 
 with the parliament, he often alone was op- 
 posed to the insinuating language and sophis- 
 tical arguments of numerous delegates, but 
 none ever left his presence without admiring 
 his firmness, the acuteness of his remarks., 
 the readiness and propriety of his atisweis., 
 and the general intelligence and powerful 
 elocution with which he supported and 
 adorned his conversation. Though his ejie- 
 mies have attempted to rob him cf the me- 
 rit of writing the Icon Basilike, a pathetje- 
 comi')Osition whicli operated in his favor like 
 the testament of Ciesar at Home, «nd which 
 rjcquired the gigantic abilities of jViilipn t*» 
 
CH 
 
 S/^ 
 
 CH 
 
 ^llify it, yet lie is now generally imagined 
 to be the author of it, and not Gauden. 
 (Jharles left two sons, who succeeded after 
 liim on the throne. One of liis . daughters 
 raarried the duke of Orleans, brother to 
 i.ewis XIV. and another the prince of 
 Orange. 
 
 CharlesII. king ofEtighmd, after his fiuh- 
 cr the first Charles, was born '2yth May 1630. 
 He heard at the Hague of the tragical death 
 of his father ; and soon after, at the invita- 
 tion of the Scotch, wiio wished in tliis early 
 pr-oof of loyalty to wipe away their former 
 treachery to his predecessor, he came pri- 
 vately to Scotland, and was crowned at Scone 
 in 1651. Though with the title of king, 
 Charles felt himself surrounded by all the 
 jealousy of the republicans, and the fanati- 
 cism of the presbyterians, and perhaps might 
 rejoice in the defeat of his followei's at Dun- 
 Ijai-, as it set him free from oppressive and 
 suspicious advisers. From Scotland Charles 
 proceeded to Worcester, where be was to- 
 tally defeated by the superior valor of Crom- 
 well, and he escaped from the field of bat- 
 tle with great difficulty. After concealing 
 himself in the branches of an oak in Bosco- 
 bel wood where he saw his enemies in full 
 pursuit of him, and after disguising himself 
 under the various characters of a wood cut- 
 ter, a peasant, a servant, &;c. he at last 
 reached Brighton, and embarked for France. 
 The death of Cromwell and tJie inabilities of 
 his successor, paved the way for his return, 
 and when Monk, at the head of the army in 
 Scotland, had the boldness and loyalty to de- 
 clare in his favor, he was hailed by universal 
 shouts of approbation from the nation; and on 
 his birth-day 1660 was restored to the throne 
 of his ancestoi's. But unhapi)ily, while the 
 gloom and fanaticism of the republicans were 
 deservedly exposed to ridicule, neither vir- 
 tue nor temperance accompanied the return 
 of the new monarch. Charles did not pos- 
 sess the amiable quaUties which adorned the 
 character of his father ; though affable and 
 good-natured, he was licentious and immor- 
 al, and the debaucheries vvhich he had seen 
 practised in France, he permitted to florish 
 at his own court. The merits of those who 
 had suffered in the cause of his father were 
 disregarded, while infidelity was countenan- 
 ced, and patronage extended to the worth- 
 less and the profligate. Though Charles had 
 married in 1662 the princess of Portugal, he 
 kept several mistresses by whom he had 
 children, on whom he lavished the treasures 
 and the honors due only to the sons of virtue 
 and merit. As a monarch he was little at- 
 tached to the interests or the glory of Eng- 
 land. Dunkirk, so long the pride of the 
 English was sold to France to supply his ex- 
 travagance, and war was imprudently under- 
 taken in 1663 against the Dutch, the Danes, 
 and the French. Long accustomed to vic- 
 tory, the English were terrified at the sight 
 of a Dutch fleet, Avhich sailed up the Med- 
 way ; and while they reflected on the weak- 
 ness of their government, a dreadful plague 
 came to destroy thousands of the inhabit- 
 
 ants of London, io 1665, and the next year a 
 most tremendous conflagration laid /the fair- 
 est part of their city in ruins. Peace with the 
 Dulcli, in lt)o7, was soon after followed by 
 the disgrace of the virtuous minister Claren- 
 don, and the elevation of those unprincipled 
 favorites called the cabal to power. Charles, 
 regardless of the complaints of his people, 
 scrupled not to receive a pension from the 
 French king ; and, in virtue of that disgrace- 
 ful alliance, he undertook a new war against 
 the Dutch. Whilst the peace of Nimeguen, 
 in 1678, restored tranquillity to the continent, 
 the English were alarmed by rumors of 
 treasonal)le plots, and the arts and malignity 
 of Oates, Bedloc, and others, were called 
 forth to give popularity to the monarch, by 
 sacrificing some innocent individuals, Rus- 
 sel and Sydney, to the cries of faction. The 
 whole of the reign of this licentious mon- 
 arch contains little to recommend him to tlic 
 respect of posterity; though it is to be ob- 
 served, that the habeas corpus act, and the 
 bill to exclude the duke of York from the 
 throne, because he was a papist, were pas- 
 sed into law by the parliament. Charles 
 died suddenly of an apoplexy, 6th February 
 168?, leaving no issue by his quoen. It in 
 said, thrtt in his expiring moments he re- 
 ceived the sacrament from the hands of a 
 popish priest, and thus convinced the world 
 that in supporting the church of England he 
 had acted the part of a false and hypocriti- 
 cal friend. 
 
 Charles Gustavus X. king of Swe- 
 den, was son of John Casimir, count Pala- 
 tine of the Rhine, and born at Upsal 1622. 
 On the abdication of Christina, he ascended 
 the Swedish throne 1654, and showed him- 
 self prudent and warlike, lie attacked the 
 Poles, and, in consequence of his famous 
 victory at Warsaw, he found himself master 
 of the whole country, from Dantzic to Cra- 
 cow. Fortune, however, proved incon- 
 stant, and Casimir king of Poland, with the 
 assistance of the emperor Leopold, was 
 soon enabled to recover all his lost provin- 
 ces, and to drive his enemy back to Sweden. 
 Charles, expelled from Poland, turned his 
 arms against tlie Danes, and marched to the 
 gates of Copenhagen ; but soon after found 
 his victories checked by the misfortunes 
 which befel his flag. He died at Gottenburg 
 13th February 1660, aged only 37. An ac- 
 count of his life has been written by Puflen- 
 dorf, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Charles XI. son and successor of the 
 preceding, was born 25th December 1655. 
 The war with Denmark, which was ended 
 soon after his accession, was renewed by the 
 ambition of (yhristiern V. in 1674; but 
 though Charles proved victorious, and ob- 
 tained possession of Helmstadt, Lunden, 
 Landscroon, &c. he lost his province of Po- 
 merania; which, however, the peace of Ni- 
 meguen restored to him in 1676. He died 
 15th April 1697, aged 42, at a time when his 
 wisdom had marked him as the mediator 
 and umpire of the peace of Ryswick. He 
 wisely reformed the abuses of his courts »f 
 
€11 
 
 >.^/3 
 
 CH 
 
 jiulicature, atid enforced the quick and im- 
 partial decision of all disputes among his 
 suhjects. Thougli respected as a good prince, 
 he yet showed himself in some instances ty- 
 rannical, and abridged the privikges of the 
 senate ami of the people, 
 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, was horn 27th 
 ,lune 1682. From his earliest years he 
 glowed to imitate tlie heroic character of 
 Alexander ; and, in his eagerness to reign, 
 he caused himself to be declared king at the 
 age of 15, and at l)is coronation boldly seized 
 the crown from the hands of the archbishop 
 of Upsal, and set it on his own head. His 
 youth seemed to invite the attacks of his 
 iieighbors, of Poland, Denmark, and Rus- 
 sia : but Charles, unawed by the prospect of 
 hostilities, and tliough scarce 18, wisely de- 
 termined to assail his enemies one after the 
 other, lie besieged Copenhagen, and by his 
 vigorous measHres, sg terrified the Danish 
 monarch tUat, in less than six weeks, he 
 obliged him to sue for peace. From hum- 
 hied Denmark, Chnrles marched against the 
 Russians; and though at the head of only 
 8000 men, he attacked tlie enemy, who were 
 besieging Navarre with 100,000 men. The 
 conflict was dreadful, 30,000 were slain, 
 20,000 asked for quarter, and the rest were 
 taken or destroyed; while the Swedes had 
 only 1200 killed, and 800 wounded. From 
 I^avarre, the victorious monarch advanced 
 into Poland, defeated the Saxons who op- 
 jjosed his march, and obliged the Polish 
 king, in suing for peace, to i*enounce his 
 crown, and to acknowledge Stanislaus for his 
 successor. Had Charles been now reconci- 
 led to the Russians, he might have become a 
 great monarch, as lie was a successful war- 
 rior, but the hope of future triumphs flat- 
 tered his ambition, and as if determined to 
 <lethrone the czar, he advanced into Ukraine, 
 whilst his enemies fled on every side before 
 liim. The battle of Pultowa, however, 
 proved unfortunate, July 170y, Charles de- 
 feated and wounded, fled from the field, and 
 sought protection at Bender from the Turks. 
 Hisafl'airs were now desperate, the banished 
 Augustus was restored to the Polish throne, 
 and the grand seignor tired of his guest, 
 wished him to remove from his dominions. 
 (Charles with oidy 40 domestics opposed for 
 some days a Turkish army, and when obliged 
 to submit, lie sullenly feigned sickness, and 
 during ten months he lay in bed. At last he 
 left his coufinement with only two faithful 
 attendants, and travelling post reached in 
 eleven days Stralsund, from which he cros- 
 sed to Sweden. Untamed by misfortunes, 
 he immediately invaded Norway, with an 
 army of 20,000 men, but at the siege of 
 Frederickshall, while visiting the works, he 
 was struck by a cannon ball, and expired on 
 .the spot, 12th December 1718. Charles, in 
 his imitation of Alexander, convei'ted his 
 firmness into obstinacy, his courage was 
 rashness, and his severity was cruelty. He 
 possessed nothing of the great qualities or 
 *.he amiable virtues of the hero, though he 
 •S'asjjold <^ven to madness, and persevering 
 
 even to his ruin. At the battle of Narva^ 
 when five of his horses were shot, he ex- 
 claimed as he mounted a fi'esh charger, 
 " these people find me exercise." When 
 one day dictating to his secretary at Stral- 
 sund, a bomb fell on the I'oof of the house, 
 and crushed the room next the place wliere 
 they were sitting. But while the secretary- 
 dropped his pen, all terrified, the monarch 
 asked calmly what was the matter: *'The 
 bomb !" replies the secretary. " The bomb ! 
 cries the monarch, what has the bomb to do 
 with what I am dictating ; write on." 
 
 Charles 1. king of Xaples, was count 
 of Anjou, and brother to St. Lewis king of 
 France, whom he accompanied on his Egyp- 
 tian expedition, where he shared his fortunes 
 and his captivity. On his return to Europe, 
 he as the husband of Beatrix the heiress of 
 Provence, assunied the rights of a sovereign, 
 and conquered Aries, Marseilles, and Avig- 
 non, and afterwards at the request of pope 
 Urban IV. he marched against Manfroi the 
 Sicilian usurper. His expedition was suc- 
 cessful, Manfroi was defeated, 1265, and the 
 year after cruelly put to death, and the con- 
 queror assumed the title of king of Naples 
 and Sicily. The widow of Manfroi and his 
 son shax-ed also his untimely fate, and Con- 
 radin duke of Swabia grandson of the em- 
 peror Frederic II. who had ventured to lay 
 claim to the Sicilian crown, was seized, and 
 after the mockery of a trial expired under 
 the hands of the public executioner. Though 
 success followed the monarch in his expedi- 
 tions against Tunis and the Ghibelines, yet 
 his arbitrary and cruel massacres excited the 
 indignation and the hatred of his subjects. 
 An insurrection was formed, and the rebel- 
 lious SiciUans on Easter monday 1282 sacri- 
 ficed 8000 Frenchmen to their fury, on the 
 ringing of the bells for the evening service, 
 which bloody catastrophe is still handed 
 down to execration, under the name of Sici- 
 lian Vespers, Charles died 7th Jan. Is85, 
 tortured by tlie sad reflection, that his cru- 
 elty had occasioned so much dissatisfaction, 
 and such dreadful bloodshed. Charles, 
 thougli an arbitrary, was an able and politic 
 prince, his power was acknowledged all 
 over the Mediterranean, and to his do- 
 minions in Italy and in France be added the 
 sounding title of king of Jerusalem. 
 
 Charles II, king of Naples, sumamed 
 the lame, was a prisoner at Messina in the 
 hands of the Sicilians, who wished in his 
 death to avenge the cruelties which his father 
 had exercised against their favorite Conra- 
 din. The execution of the sentence was 
 stopped by the interference of Constance 
 queen of Arragon, whose husband Peter 
 III. had laid claim to the Sicilian crown, and 
 Charles, thus saved from death, directed all 
 the powers of his mind to the recovery of 
 his father's dominions. He prevailed against 
 his rivals, and was crowned king at Rome, 
 and he employed himself zealously in pro- 
 moting the arts of peace and of commerce, 
 and the practice of religion among his sub- 
 jects. He died at Naples 1309, aged 61, 
 
CH 
 
 0y^ 
 
 CH 
 
 leaving by hfs wife, Mary of HungaTy, sere- 
 i*al children, lit was succeeded by his son 
 Kobert. 
 
 Chart.es Til. king of Naples, was grand- 
 son of the preceding, and by his marriage 
 with Margaret the niece of Joan queen of 
 Maples, he obtained the kingdom, 1380, on 
 the excommunication of that princess. He 
 showed himself infamous, by cruelly putting 
 the deposed queen to death, and ho after- 
 wards quarrelled with the pope who had 
 supported his claims to the crown. He was 
 killed in his attempts to obtain the crown of 
 Hungary 1386, aged 41. 
 
 Charles IJ. king of Navarre, son of 
 Philip count d'Evereux, was surnamed the 
 l)ad. He was born 133'2, and as the son of 
 the daughter of Lewis Hutin of France, 
 he on his mother's death, though only IS, 
 succeeded to the throne of Navarre. Cru- 
 elty and artifice marked his conduct, he 
 caused to be assassinated Charles of Spain, 
 constable of France, and when arrested by 
 the order of king John, his father-in-law, he 
 not only contrived to regain his liberty, but 
 with horrid vengeance caused slo\v poison 
 to be administei-ed to the dauphin, his bro- 
 ther-in-law, after lie had seduced him from 
 his aftection and allegiance to his father. 
 Unable to place himself on the thi-one of 
 France, he espoused the interests of tJie 
 English who invaded the kingdom, and 
 •where he could not succeed by open force, 
 be effected his purposes by the instruments 
 of poison or assassination. His death, which 
 happened 1st Jan. 1387, in his 55th year, 
 was extraordinary. His physicians had or- 
 dered him to be wrapped up in clothes dip- 
 ped m brandy and sulphur, to support and 
 revive a constitution, weakened by leprosy 
 and by debauchery, and while the operation 
 was performing, his servant dropped a taper 
 on the inflammable linen, which caught fire 
 and consumed to the very bones the unhap- 
 py man before he could be extricated. 
 
 Charles Martel, son of Pepin He- 
 ristal, by a concubine, obtained great power 
 as duke of Austi'asia, and by defeating 
 Childeric H. of France, he made himself 
 master of the kingdom. Instead of ascend- 
 ing the throne, he remained satisfied with 
 the title of mayor of the palace, whilst the 
 government was conducted agreeable to his 
 will. He waged war against the Saxons ; 
 and in a battle near Poictiers against the 
 Saraeens, in which he slew Abderam the 
 chief, it is said, that not less than 375,000 of 
 the enemy were destroyed. So much valor, 
 accompanied with the most consummate 
 prudence, rendered him popular, and at 
 the death of Thierri the king 737, Charles 
 retained in his hands the reins of govern- 
 ment, under the title of the duke of the 
 Franks. He died 22d Oct. 741, respected 
 as a father, and a benevolent prince. His 
 sons Carloman and Pepin inherited his do- 
 minions, and Pepin thus became the first 
 king of the Carlovingian race. 
 
 ^JjaARLES, duke of Burgundy, surnamed 
 t"h€ ivarrior', anxl tire rJtslt, was sba ef Philip 
 
 the gooH, and born at Dijon 1435. Earjty 
 inured to war, he conquered the people of 
 Liege and Ghent, and canned his arms 
 against Lewis XI. of France whom he took 
 prisoner, and obliged to make peace on his 
 own terras. His attacks against the Low 
 Countries, Guelderlaud and Zutphen, were 
 attended with success; but he met a severe 
 check in Switzerland, and when he at- 
 tempted to repair his losses, another defeat 
 ruined his ai'my, and drove him away in dis- 
 grace. He was slain 5th Jan. 1477, as he 
 was endeavoring to escape from the siege of 
 Nanci. He had four wives, the second of 
 which was Margaret of York, sister to Ed- 
 ward IV. 
 
 Charles, count of Flanders, was son of 
 Canute, king of Denmark, and succeeded 
 Baldwin 1119. By his benevolence and 
 virtues, he became popular among his Flem- 
 ish subjects; but the -goodness of his heart 
 oould not avert the dagger of an assassin, by 
 which he perished 1124, while engaged ia 
 devotion in a church at Bruges. 
 
 Charles I. duke of Lorraine laid claim 
 to the crown of France on the death of his 
 nephew Lewis the indolent ; but was defea- 
 ted and taken prisoner. He died in the 
 fourth year of hi« confinement 994, aged 41. 
 
 Charles II. duke of Lorraine, son of 
 duke John, was a prudent and warlike 
 prince, and died 1430. 
 
 Charles IV. duke of Lorraine, son of 
 Fi'ancis count of Vaudemont, and grandson 
 of Charles HI. was born 1603. He was fond 
 of military glory, and was en.^aged in fre- 
 quent disputes M'ith Lewis XHI. whose arms 
 were too powerful for him to oppose. Though 
 twice stripped of his dominions by the French 
 his i-estless ambition refused to enjoy tran- 
 quillity, and by embracing the cause of the 
 Spaniards, he exposed himself to new trou- 
 bles. He was seized by the duke of Conde, 
 and imprisoned at Antwerp and Toledo, and 
 not restored to liberty till the signing of the 
 Pyrenean treaty. In 1662, by the treaty of 
 Montmartre, he resigned his dominions to 
 Lewis XIV. provided he was acknowledged 
 in France as prince of the blood royal; but 
 afterwards he revoked the agreement. De- 
 prived again by the fortune of war of his 
 px'ovinces, he united his forces to those of 
 the emperor, and though defeated by Tu- 
 renue 1674, he repaired his military reputa- 
 tion, and after routing the French, he took 
 the marshal of Crequi at Treves. He died 
 soon after at Birkenfeld 1675, aged 72. He 
 had married the princess of Cantecroix, but 
 before her death he took another wife, 
 whom, however, the king of France con- 
 fined in a convent. 
 
 Charles V. of Lorraine, nephew of the 
 preceding, was son of duke Francis, and was 
 born at Vienna, 1643. He early entered into 
 the service of the emperor Leopold and ac- 
 quired great militaiy glory in his campaigns 
 in Hungary. In 1674, he declared himself 
 a candidate for the crown of Poland, but 
 neither his intrigues nor his valor could aer 
 cui-e his ejection. He tb6lc PKilipsburgh in 
 
CH 
 
 i^ys 
 
 CH 
 
 1Q76, and the following year married the 
 queen dowager of Poland, sister to the em- 
 peror. Afterwards he was engaged against 
 the Turks at the head of tlie imperial armies, 
 and though partially defeated he was soon 
 enabled witli the powerful assistance of John 
 Sobicski, to drive them from before the walls 
 of Vienna. Vai-ious successes followed this 
 glorious campaign, and Buda would have 
 fallen had not the duke's progress been ar- 
 rested by a violent fever, but he recovered 
 to defeat the Turks, in the dreadful battle 
 of Mohatz in 1687, and to over-run all Tran- 
 sylvania. His services were afterwards em- 
 ployed against the French in Flanders, but 
 his career of glory was cut short by death, 
 after taking Mentz iGyO, in his 49th year. 
 Lewis XIV. said of him that he was the 
 wisest and the most generous of his enemies. 
 He was father of Leopold the father of the 
 emperor Francis I. 
 
 Charles Alexander, of Lorraine, 
 grandson of the preceding, was governor of 
 the Low Countries, and general of the im- 
 perial armies. He was opposed to the king 
 of Prussia, and in his campaigns against the 
 French in Bohemia and in Germany, he ac- 
 quired great glory. Though defeated by the 
 king of Prussia, he had the good fortune to 
 rout his generals in two engagements. He 
 died 4th July 1780, aged 68, universally re- 
 spected as a brave warrior and au amiable 
 man. 
 
 Charles, Emanuel, duke of Savoy, sur- 
 named the great, was born 156Q. He early 
 signalized himself in the battles of Vigo, 
 Ast, Chatillon, &o. and not only seized 
 Provence and Dauphin^, but laid claims to 
 the throne of France, on the death of Hen- 
 ry ni. With the most ardent ambition he 
 next aspired to the kingdom of Cyprus, to 
 the province of Macedonia, and at last he 
 attempted to seize, in 1602, the town of Ge- 
 neva, in the midst of a profound peace. 
 'I'his violent measure was resented by the 
 Genevese, who hanged as public robbers a 
 few of his wretched followers whom they 
 bad taken prisoners. He next laid claim to 
 the dominions of Mantua, on the death of 
 the duke Francis, but to little effect, and by 
 the insidious advice of the French, he at- 
 titcked Genoa, but desisted through the in- 
 terference of the Spanish monarch. On the 
 death of the emperor Matthias, he became 
 a candidate for the imperial crown, and 
 next by attempting to seize Montserrat, he 
 drew uponhJmselt the hostilities of France, 
 Spain, and Germany. He died at Savillon 
 26th July 1630, aged 78, it is said of a bro- 
 ken heart, because he had lost Pignerol. 
 
 Charles Emanuel^ U. son of Victor 
 Amadeus I. succeeded to the dukedom of 
 Savoy on the death of his brother Francis, 
 1638, though only four years old. The 
 weakness of his minority induced the Span- 
 iards to attack his dominions, but the inter- 
 fference of the king of France, and the 
 
 Ijeace of the Pyrenees, restored him to all 
 lis possessions. He was an amiable and be- 
 rf(*volent printre, trho rcg^nled Ike kagpl- 
 
 ness of his people as of greater value thjir* 
 foreign conquests. In cultivating the arts of 
 peace, and in improving the commerce o\ 
 his subjects, he made a large and commo- 
 dious road through an aich of 500 paces 
 long in a rock at Montevisa, between Dau- 
 phine and Savoy, and embellished Tui-in 
 and other places in his dominions with noble 
 and useful edifices. The last part of hi^ life 
 was unfortunately imbittered by the revolt 
 of his protestant subjects in the Vaudois, 
 who complained of the oppression of his go- 
 vernors. He died 1075. 
 
 Charles, Emanuel, W\. son of Victor 
 Amadeus H. was born 1701, and succeeded 
 on the voluntary abdication of his f\aher, 
 1730. He ardently embraced the projects 
 of France and Spain to humble the Aus- 
 trians, and after the celebrated victory of 
 Guastalla, he obtained the cession of some 
 vahiable territories in the Milanese. Witb 
 political inconsistency he afterwards in 1742, 
 joined his forces and influence to the queen 
 of Hungary against his two former allies,, 
 and though he was often unsuccessful, yet 
 he had the courage to defend himself in the 
 held, even against superior numbers, and at 
 the conclusion of the war he lost none of his 
 former possessions. The return of peace 
 now afforded him opportunities to display 
 his patriotism and humanity. He was mild., 
 prudent, and economical in his administra- 
 tion, abuses were corrected in every de- 
 partment, salutary reforms were intro- 
 duced, vice and luxury were checked, and 
 a new eode of laws more humane and more 
 decisive was established. He died 20tli 
 February 1773, aged 72. He was three 
 times married. n 
 
 Charles/ E dward, grandson of Jamts <5^ 
 IT. king of England, is known in histopy by ' 
 the name of the pretender. In 1745, at the 
 age of 25, when the Scotch seemed incline<l 
 to resist the government of the Hanoverian 
 family, he landed in Scotland, and suppor- 
 ted by tJie adherence of some of the disaf' 
 fected nobles he proclaimed his father king, 
 and fixed his residence at Edinburgh, with 
 all the pomp and parade of royalty. By a 
 sudden and masterly attack, he had the good 
 fortune to defeat at Prestonpans, the forces 
 which had marched to oppose him undep sir 
 John Cope, but by delaying to take advan- 
 tage of the terrors of his enemies, he coUpu 
 tributed to his own ruin, and though he air 
 terwards advanced as far as Manchester and 
 Derby, he soon found that the people^ re- 
 covered from their panic, were unanimou.s 
 against him. On his rapid return to Scot- 
 land, he routed general Hawley at FalkliJc, 
 but the approach of the duke of Cumber- 
 land, put an end to his triumph. He re- 
 treated before tlv^ royal army, and at lasj; 
 the hostile troops met in the field of Cullp- 
 den, to decide the fate of the kingdom. Thp 
 Scotch fought with accustomed bravery, but 
 the English prevailed, and the unfortunate 
 youth escaped with difficulty from the bal^ 
 tie where he left dead 3000 of his inisguidetii 
 adberentsi 'jgkongh a large reward w^ ofc 
 
CH 
 
 ^y^ 
 
 CH 
 
 fared for the head of the illustrious fugitive, 
 •who had thus to combat against want and 
 temptation, yet the peasants of Scotland 
 pitied his misfortunes, and even those of his 
 enemies, who were acquainted with his re- 
 treat, kept inviolate the fatal secret, and 
 ■while they condemned his ambition, com- 
 miserated his distresses. He at last escaped 
 to 9t. Maloes and never again i-evisited the 
 British dominions- He died at Florence 
 1788. He had married a German princess 
 of the house of Stolberg Guendern. His 
 brother, Henry Benedict, cardinal York, 
 when plundered by the ravages of the French 
 revolution, was honorably relieved by the 
 English monarch, and derived from his 
 "bounty a liberal pension to sooth the mis- 
 fortunes which had overwhelmed his old 
 age. 
 
 Carleton, Walter, a physician born 
 at Shepton Mallet 2d February 1G19, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees. He became a man of 
 eminence in his profession, published sev- 
 eral respectable works, and was physician 
 to both the Charles'. He was one of the 
 first members of the royal society, and in 
 1689, became president of the college of 
 physicians. As his circumstances were not 
 prosperous, he retired to Jersey, where he 
 died 1707, aged 87. The best known of his 
 ■works is his Stonehenge restored to the 
 Danes 4to. 1603. 
 
 Chauleval, Charles Faucou de Rey 
 lord of, a French writer of great genius and 
 of amiable manners. Though of a very 
 weak constitution, yet by strictly adhering 
 to the regimen prescribed by his medical 
 friends, he attained the extraordinary age 
 ef eighty, and died 1693. His works ap- 
 peared 1759 in 12mo. though his nephew 
 objected to the publication. The epigrams 
 and the other poems are mucli admired. 
 
 Charlevoix, Peter Fr. Xavier de, a 
 learned Jesuit, born at St. Quentin, famous 
 for his travels, and his authentic historical 
 compositions. He died 1761, aged 78. He 
 wrote the histoiT of Japan, 2 vols. 4to. and 
 % vols. 12mo. — History of St. Domingo 2 
 vols. 4to. — History of New France, 3 vols. 
 4to. — and of Paraguay, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Charmis, a physician at Rome, under 
 Nero, whose celebrity arose more from the 
 singularity of his prescriptions, than his skill 
 in the profession. 
 
 Charnace, Hercules Girard baron de, 
 a native of Britany, who served in the ar- 
 my, and was afterwards sent by Richelieu 
 as ambassador to Sweden, to engage Gusta- 
 vus Adolphus.to make a war against Ger- 
 many. He was also ambassador at other 
 courts, and was killed at the siege of Breda, 
 at the head of a troop of horse, 1637. 
 
 Charnock, Stephen, was born in Lon- 
 don, and studied at Emanuel, Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Oxford. He 
 beeame an eloquent presbyterian pi'eacher 
 in Ireland, and was chaplain to Henry 
 Cromwell, but on the restoration, he was 
 artwilling to conform to the articles, and 
 
 therefore preached only in private meetiirgs 
 He died 1680, aged 52. His works are "iu 
 2 vols, folio. His discourse on providence 
 is admired. 
 
 Charkots, N. Vacheur de, a native of 
 Paris, known as the editor of the journal 
 des theatres, and as the author of some pop- 
 ular romances. He afterwards conducted 
 the Modevateur paper, at the beginning of 
 the revolution, and being arrested on sus- 
 picion, he became one of those unfortunate 
 victims so barbarously murdered at the Ab- 
 baye, September 2d, 1792. 
 
 Charondas, a legislator born in Sicifj, 
 He florished about -100 years B. C. and 
 made a code of laws for the people of Thu- 
 riura. 
 
 Charpentier, Francis, denn of the 
 French academy, was born at Paris, Feb- 
 ruary 1620. His learning and abilities re- 
 commended him to Colbert, for whom he 
 wrote a discourse to prepare the full estab- 
 lishment of an East India company. He 
 was afterwards made a member of the new 
 founded academy of medals and inscriptions, 
 and greatly contributed to the noble series 
 of medals struck in the reign of Lewis XIV . 
 He died 22d April 1702, aged 82. Besides 
 harangues, and discourses delivered on pub- 
 lic occasions, he wrote some poems, son- 
 nets, and odes. 
 
 Charrier, Mark Anthony, a lawyer, 
 member for Mende at the states general in 
 1789. He boldly opposed all innovations, 
 and when the convention decreed the aboli- 
 tion of ro}^alty, he headed the insurgents of 
 his department, and at last being taken pri- 
 soner, was condemned to death 16th Julv 
 1794. 
 
 Charron, Peter, a learned Frenchman. 
 Though born of humble parents, he was 
 well educated, in the universities of Oi'leans 
 and Bourges, but after applying himself to 
 the law, he found that his abilities must re- 
 main long and perhaps ever ncglect«d and 
 unknown, he therefore became an ecclesias- 
 tic, and as an eloquent preacher soon acquir- 
 ed fame and i)opularity. He was admired 
 by the bishops, listened to with a<lmiration 
 by the king, and m.sde chaplain to queen 
 Margaret. On his return to Paris, he wish- 
 ed to enter into some of the religious orders, 
 but as he was now 48, his applications were 
 rejected, and therefore as a secular, he con- 
 tinued his labors of pulpit eloquence. At 
 Bourdeaux he became acquainted with Mon- 
 taigne, who treated him with great kind- 
 ness and affectionate regard. His publicn- 
 tion of the three truths in 1594, recommend- 
 ed him to the notice of the bishop ofCahors, 
 by whom he was made his vicar general, and 
 canon theological. He was afterwards pre- 
 sented to the chaptership of the church of 
 the bishop of Condom, and in 1601 he print- 
 ed his books ** of wisdom," which spread 
 his fame through the kingdom. In 1603 he 
 went to reside at Boulogne, but the climate 
 was unfavorable to his constitution, so that 
 he returned to Paris where he died Novem- 
 ber 16tU the same year, of an apoplexy. Of 
 
CH 
 
 ti// 
 
 CH 
 
 his works the best known is " of wisdom," 
 'two translations of which have appeared in 
 England, the last by Dr. Stanhope 1697. 
 
 Chartier, Alan, a native of Bayeux, 
 secretary to Charles VI. and Vll. of France. 
 He was' employed in some embassies, but 
 he acquired gi-eater celebrity as a writer. 
 He died 1449. His works, consisting of po- 
 etrj- and prose, appeared IfilT. His broth- 
 er John was a Benedictin, author of llie 
 great chronicles of Frajice from Phararaond 
 to the d^ath of Charles Vil. in three vols, 
 fol. 149;3 — and the Jiistory of Charles YII, 
 printed folio 1661. 
 
 Cha-Rtier, Rene, a physician to the 
 French king, and professor of medicine. 
 He edited the works of Hippocrates and 
 Galen in Greek and Lutin, in 14 vols, folio, 
 from 1619, to 1679, when the last vol. was 
 published. 
 
 Chasseneux, Bartholomew de,aFrench 
 lawyer, president of the parliament of 
 Provence, who boldly opposed the prose- 
 cution of the Yaudois, a religious sect who 
 refused to acknowledge the authority of the 
 pope, and of the church of Rome. This con- 
 duct, which humanity and not party had 
 dictated, was regarded with such animosity 
 that he was poisoned 1541." He was author 
 of a work on the customs of France, and 
 of other things. 
 
 Chastel, John, son of a woollcn-di-aper 
 at Paris, attempted the life of Henry IV. of 
 France 27lh December 1594. He was then 
 only 19. The blow was so sudden that he 
 nearly escaped through tlie crowd, but it is 
 said that the wildness of his looks betrayed 
 him. He confessed that from the wickeil- 
 ii»ss of his i>ast life, he was doomed to etei-- 
 nal torments in another life, and that to 
 make them more tolerable, he wished to do 
 Some great action. He was condemned to 
 have the flesh of his arms and thighs torn 
 off, with red hot pincers, his right hand cut 
 off and afterwards his body drawn and quar- 
 tered by four horses pulling diiFerent ways, 
 and his remains then burnt to ashes. This 
 ■wa:j December 29th 1594, and at the same 
 time the Jesuits, at whose instigation the 
 crime had been committed, were banished 
 Ibr ever from the kingdom. 
 
 Chastelain, Claude, an ecclesiastic 
 hoi-n at Paris, He drew up formularies 
 for the diocese of Paris at the i-equest of the 
 archbishop, and published, besides the Ro- 
 man martyrology — universal martyrology — 
 and Ji journal of his life, with curious anec- 
 dotes in MS. He was well skilled in eccle- 
 siastical history and in antiquities, and died 
 1712, aged 73. 
 
 Chastellux, Francis John marquis de, 
 field marshal of France, is well known by his 
 ■writings. He wasmemberoftheFrenchacad- 
 emy, and of several othpr learned bodies, and 
 died at Paris 1788. His chief works are on 
 public happiness, 8vo. — translated into Eng- 
 lish — travel^ in North America, Svo. also 
 translated into English. This last work is 
 far from popular in America, where the au- 
 thor had served in the army during; the 
 American war. 
 
 Chat de Rastignac, Raymond de, 
 a French officer who opposed the league, 
 and behaved with great bravery in various 
 battles. He was killed -at la Fere 2Gth Jan. 
 1696. 
 
 Chat de Rastigxac, Lewis James 
 de, of the same family as the preceding, 
 was an ecclesiastic, who rose by his merit 
 to the bishopric of Tours, and died univer- 
 sally respected 1750, agwl 63. He wrote 
 some discourses, harangues, &c. His be- 
 nevolence was particularly conspicuous dur- 
 ing an inundation of the Loire, when he was 
 the common father of the poor who had 
 been driven from their habitations. 
 
 CaATEAUBRi.\ND, Frances de Foix, 
 wife of the count of, is known in French his- 
 tory as the mistress of Francis L who lelJfc 
 her for the superior attractions of the duch- 
 ess d'Etampes. She was a woman of grekt 
 courage and of a commanding aspect. She 
 died 1537, aged 62. 
 
 Chateau Brun, John Baptist Vivien 
 de, a native of Angouleme, member of the 
 French academy, and eminent as a drama- 
 tic writer. He died 1775, aged 89. Be- 
 sides Philoctetes, Astyanax, and Mahomet 
 IL tragedies, he wrote lesTroyennes, which 
 
 by him 40 years before he produced it before 
 
 s evidently his best play, and which he kept 
 
 the public. 
 
 Chate AURENARD, FrancisLcwis Rous- 
 selet count de, a native of Touraine, distin- 
 guished as a naval ofiicer in the Mediterra- 
 nean, against the Sallee rovers. He defeat- 
 ed the butch fleet 1675, and for his eminent 
 services was made an admiral and marshal 
 of France. He died 1716, aged 80. 
 
 Chatel, Tanneguy de, a French gen- 
 eral born of respectable parents in Britany. 
 He gained some credit by an expedition 
 against the English coast, and in 1410 he had 
 the good success to defeat Ladislaus, who 
 had usurped the crown of Naples, upon 
 which he was, in 1414, made marshal of 
 Guienne. He distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Agincourt, and supported the Dau- 
 phin against the Burgundians when they at? 
 tacked Paris. He afterwards ettected a re- 
 conciliation between both parties, but had 
 the meanness and brutality to advise the 
 dauphin to assassinate the uns'uspecting duke 
 of Burgundy 1419. On the dauphin's eleva- 
 tion to the throne, Chatel was made grand 
 master of the household, and trusted with 
 important embassies. He died 1449. His 
 nephew, who bore the same name, is known- 
 in French history for his attachment to the 
 unhappy Charles VH. whom he attended 
 with fidelity in his last moments and buried 
 at his own expense. 
 
 Chatel, Peter du, or Castellanus, 
 a native of Arc, educated at Dijon. He 
 was so learned a Grecian, that he assisted 
 Erasmus in his translations, and for some 
 time was press corrector to Frobenius at 
 Basil, after which he travelled to Eg^pt and 
 Syria. On his' return to Europe he became 
 private reader to Francis I. who made him 
 bishop of Tulie and afterward? of Macan, 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 4'G 
 
CIl 
 
 ^yr^ 
 
 CH 
 
 frqrtt whicli he was translated by Henry II. 
 to OHeiius where he di«d 1552. He wrote 
 two funeral orations on Francis I. and a La- 
 tin letter against Charles^ V. and showed 
 himself a scholar of superior abilities and a 
 irtrojig advocate fop the privileges of the 
 Gallicau church. 
 
 ChateLj Francis d«, a painter of Brus- 
 sels, in the middle of the 17th century. 
 His best piece is at Ghent, representing the 
 Spanish king receiving the homage of the 
 Flemings. 
 
 Chatklari>, N. du, a gentleman of 
 Dauphin^, who became passionately fond 
 i^f Mai-T queen of Scots, and actually con- 
 cealed himself in her chamber, -wlien she 
 was returning to Scotland, after the death 
 of her husband Francis. He was for this 
 imprudent conduct, which it is said the 
 queen iiad countcuanccd, condemned to suf- 
 fer death. 
 
 CiiATELET, Paul du Hay lord of, de- 
 scended from the Scotch Hays, was born in 
 Britany, and became president of the court 
 of justice in the army of Lewis XHI. He 
 was also member of the academy, and Avrote 
 various pieces in verse and prose, besides 
 the history of Bctrand du Guesclin, consta- 
 ble pf France, folio. He was a man of great 
 firmness and integrity, and boldly spoke to 
 the ku)g in favor of Montmorency who had 
 been condemned for high treason. He died 
 1636, aged 44. 
 
 Ch A T E LE T, Gabrielle Emilie marchioness 
 de, aloarned Freoch lady, daughter of theba- 
 ron de Breteuil, born iVtli December 170fi. 
 Superior to the trifling pursuits of her sex, 
 she aspired to high distinction in tlie regions 
 of science and philosophy, and by her valu- 
 able works she may be said to have rivalled 
 Leibnitz and Newton. Her institutes of 
 physic addressed to her son is a work of ve- 
 ry great merit. Her intense application it 
 is said shortened her life. She died 1749, 
 aged 43. She translated the institutes of 
 Leibnitz and the principia of Newton. 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas, an extraordi- 
 nary youth, born at Bristol, 20th Nov. 1752. 
 He was taught reading, writing, and arith- 
 metic, at a charity school on St. Augustin's 
 Back, and at the age of 14 he was articled 
 clerk to an attorney at Bristol, with whom he 
 continued about three years. His employ- 
 ment hbwever was not congenial to his turn 
 of mind, he devoted himself more to poetry, 
 fintiquities, and herald r;j', than to la^v j and 
 cnrlv in 1769 some of his compositions ap- 
 peared in the periodical publications of the 
 times. In 1770 he left Bristol and came to 
 London, with the hope of making his fortune 
 by'his pen, but though he flattered the great, 
 and espoused in political pieces the cause 
 both of the ministry and of opposition, though 
 he was courteously treated by Beckford in 
 the height of his popularity, yet he fuund 
 his income inferior to his wants. Though a 
 liberal contributor to the Gospel Magazine, 
 tilt Town and Country, the Court and City, 
 the liondon, the Political Register, &c. he 
 foUjRd bimsdf indignantly dependentupon the 
 
 booksellers, and a prey to the severest intli- 
 gence, so that in a fit of despair he destroyed 
 himself by poison August 1770. Though 
 possessed of great genius, Chatterton was 
 irrascible, headstrong and impetuous in his^ 
 terapei', and it lias been said by his biogra- 
 pher that ho had all the vices and irregulari- 
 ties of youth, and that his profligacy was at 
 least as conspicuous as his abilities. His' 
 name is known particularly in controversial 
 history. He published a number of poems, 
 which lie described as written about 300 
 years before by How Icy, a Bristowyan monk, 
 and when pressed for the originals, he refused 
 to give them, but declared that he iiad re- 
 ceived them from his father, whose family 
 had for nearly 150 years been sextons of 
 Itedclift church in Bristol, and that till then 
 they had rtimained disregarded and buried 
 in dust in an old chest, in an unfrequented 
 room over the chapel. This story, which 
 Chatterton always supported as undeniably 
 true, called forth the attention of the learned, 
 and whilst some of the critics beheld in the 
 poems of Rowley, all the marks of genuine 
 antiquity, others considered them as a lite- 
 rary forgery imposed upon the credulity of 
 the world, by the artifice of an ingenious 
 though ill educated youth of 17. To Mk 
 George Catcot of Bristol, the public are in- 
 debted for the best part of the poems, who 
 procured them from the unfortunate Chat- 
 terton. They were published in 1777, in 
 one volume 8vo. by Tyrwhitt, and repub- 
 lished in 1778; and while Bryant and dean 
 Milles and others considered Rowley as the 
 real author of the poems, Tom Warton, 
 Walpole and others i*epresentod them as the 
 authentic production of Chatterton, who 
 thus wished to disguise the first eftbrts of his 
 muse by assuming the venerable name of. 
 antiquity. Chatterton's works have been 
 lately edited in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Chaucer, Geoftre}^, a poet denominated 
 by Dryden the father of English poetry. 
 He was born in London 1328, and studied at 
 Cambridge, and afterwards at Oxford, and 
 then travelled upon the continent. On his 
 return he entered at the Inner Temple, and 
 soon ingratiated himself into the friendship 
 of persons of distinction, was made page to 
 the king, and rewarded with a pension of 20 
 marks. He was afterwards gentleman of 
 the chamber to the king, his salary was dou- 
 bled in 1369, and after being employed to 
 negotiate with the republic of Genoa, for 
 ships for a naval armament, Edward repaid 
 his services by granting him a pitcher ©f 
 wine daily to be delivered by the butler of 
 England. He became afterwards comptrol- 
 ler of the customs of London for wool, &c. 
 and wa& employed as commissioner to the 
 French court on the violation of the truce. 
 These high favors, which contributed to his 
 independence and made his income not less 
 than 1000/. a year, were confirmed by Rich- 
 ard, Edwai'd's successor, but Chaucer by 
 embracing Wicklifib's tenets became obnox- 
 ious to the persecution of the clergy, and 
 though he escaped by flight for a time,. Le 
 
CH 
 
 'Jy/ 
 
 CH 
 
 ^a? SmV'risQned, and liberated at last \*iili 
 ■<lifficulty. He soon after removed from the 
 bustle and intrigues of public life, and in his 
 retirement at Woodstock, and afterwanls at 
 Donnington, he devoted himself to the culti- 
 vation of his muse. He died iJ5th October, 
 i4(X), and was buried in the great south cross 
 aisle Westminster abbey. He left two sons, 
 Thomas, m ho was speaker of the bouse of 
 commons in Henry IV.'s reign, ai\d Lewis. 
 I His wife's name was Philippallmiet, of Hai- 
 * nault, and as her sister Catharine, the widow 
 of sir Hugh Swinford, was married to John 
 of Ghaunt duke of Lancaster, after the 
 death of the princess Blanche, Chaucer 
 shared the faAOurs of royaltj, and Avas in- 
 debted for some of his honours to the influ- 
 ence of his princely brother-in-law. The 
 poetry of Chau<cer, though in the idiom of 
 the I4th century, is not devoid of great 
 smoothness and delicacy, the sentiments are 
 bold, jtbe characters are all well supported, 
 nnd the genius of the poet is every where 
 brilliant, sprightly, and sublime. Of all his 
 poems the Canterbury tales possess tlio 
 greatest merit. They have been learnedly 
 Jdited by Mr. Tyrwhitt, 5 vols. 8vo. The 
 iife of the poet l»as been published by God- 
 win, in two ponderous vols. 4lo. His works 
 Altogether were published by Urry,foK The 
 tales have been modernised and imitated by 
 Dryden, Pope, and others. 
 
 Chaulieu, William, a native of Fonte- 
 nay, in Normandy, educated in the college 
 of Navarre at Paris. The liveliness of his 
 genius recommended him to the notice of 
 the great and the learned; he was courted 
 by the duke of Rochefoucault, by MarsiJIac, 
 by the duchess of Bouillon, and by the duke 
 of Vendome, who gave him a prionate in the 
 isle of Oleron, with an income of 28,000 
 Jivres, and afterwards the abbies of Pouliers, 
 Jlennejs, Auttiale, &c. In the midst of afflu- 
 £nce and conviviality, he gave vent to the 
 rallies of his muse, and alleviated the pains 
 of an ob.stinategout, by composing epigrams 
 and sonnets for the amusement of his friends, 
 and the derision of his enemies. Though a 
 perfect master of all the graces of poetry, and 
 therefore deservedly styled the Anacr^ion of 
 France, he had no wish of presenting his 
 poems before the public, and they remained 
 scattered in the hands of his friends or in 
 the Qollection of the curious, till collected by 
 the^ttention of Camusac ami St. Mark. 
 Besides letters in prose, and epistles in vt^i-se, 
 they contain elegies, ballad.s, madrigals, airs, 
 and all the charmiHg trifles of a careless, 
 wanton, and sportive muse. Chaulieu die<l 
 172G, at the gre;it age of 81. The best edi- 
 tion of liis works is that of Paris, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1774. 
 
 Chaumette, P^ter Gaspard, son of a 
 cobler, was bom at Nevers 24th May 17f»3. 
 After various low occupations he appeared 
 as one of the boldest at the taking of the Bas- 
 tile, and displayed all the violence of a re- 
 publican and the zeal of a demagogue. 
 United with Hcbcrt he for a while guided the 
 sanguinary muKitude, and proposed with the 
 
 feasjts of the goddess of reason, those walking 
 guillotines which were to purge France of all 
 her royalists, and her suspected (iitizens. 
 After being guilty of the most atrocious cru- 
 elties and the blackest profligacy, he was sent 
 before the i-evolutionary tribunal by Robes- 
 pierre, and when on the scattbld prophesied 
 that his fall would soon be followed by that pf 
 his enemies. He was guillotined loth Appil 
 1 794. A " precis historic^ue" on life is attri- 
 buted to him. 
 
 Chauncev, Charles, a nonconformist 
 divine, who migrated from Ware, Hertford- 
 shire, to America, where he became presi- 
 dent of Harvard college, and died 1671. 
 Hks son Isaac afterwards came to England, 
 and settled at Andover as a dissenting minis- 
 ter, but soon after studied physic and prac- 
 tised in London, where he died about 1700. 
 He wrote an essay on Daniel's prophecy, 
 — the divine institution of congregational 
 churches, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Chauncev, Ichabod, a nonconformist 
 wlio was ejected from his living at Bristol, 
 and then practised pliysic there, and died 
 1691, author of some tracts. 
 
 Ch AUNG Y, Henry, was educated atBishop 
 Stortfoi'd school, and Gonvil college, Cam- 
 bridge, and entered at the Middle Temple, 
 and v,';as called to the bar. Risiug by degrees 
 in his profession, he was knighted by Charles 
 II. 1681, and seven years after made a 
 Serjeant at law, and appointed a Welch 
 judge. He w.as mamied three times, and 
 (fied at Yardiey 1700. lie is the author of 
 the historical antiquities of Hertfordshire in 
 one vol. folio. 
 
 Ch a vssE, Michael Angelo de la, a Icattied 
 antiquary of Paris, who went early to Rome, 
 where he published his Musxum Itomanura, 
 fol. 1G90, improved to two vols. fol. in 1746. 
 He gave to the world besides rcceuil dei? 
 picrres gravecs antiques in 4to. 1707, — and 
 pic-tura; antiqvise cryi»tarum Itoman. & sc- 
 pulcri nasonum, fol. 1738, all which display 
 great erudition, and remarkable judgment. 
 
 Chauveau, Francis, a painter and en- 
 graver of Paris, Avho died there, 1676, aged 
 f>,'>. His first engravings were from the pieces 
 of la Hire, but he soon trusted to his own 
 genius, and used the graver only for the de- 
 lineation of his own pictures. Not less thau 
 4000 pieces are mentioned as engraved by 
 him, and 400 executed from his designs. 
 
 Chauveau, Rene, son of the preceding, 
 possessed the genius and followed the profes- 
 sion of his father. He distinguished Idm- 
 self particularl)^ as a sculptor. He resided 
 for some years in Sweden and at Berlin, and 
 died at Paris 1722, aged 59. 
 
 CiiAUViN, Stephen, a native of Niniec, 
 who as a protestant left France at the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantes, and went to 
 Rotterdam, and afterwai-ds to Berlin, where 
 he became professor of philosophy. He 
 died 1725, a^ed 85. He published Lexicoit 
 philosophic-um, fol. and a new journal dessa- 
 vans, begun at Rotterdam 1694, 
 
 Chaz-elles, John Matthew, a Fr-en<Slj 
 mathematiciai)^ born at Lyons 1657, He 
 
CH 
 
 3Z^ 
 
 CH 
 
 came to Paris in 1075, and was recommend- 
 ed to Cassini, whom he assisted in the mea- 
 surement of the meridian line. In I684, lie 
 instructed tiie duke of Mortemar in mathe- 
 matics, and by his influence was appointed 
 hydrogranliy professor for the gallies of Mar- 
 seilles, where he made many valuable obfler- 
 vations, and C^ve^w a new map of the coast of 
 Provence, besides plans of various harbours 
 and forts. His great and extensive abilities 
 were usefully employed by the French min- 
 istry. His astronomical observations were 
 not confined to Europe, but he visited Greece 
 and Eg}'pt, and first observed in his measure- 
 ment of the great pyramid, that its four cor- 
 ners exactly correspond to the four cardinal 
 points of the world. Chazelles, whose pri- 
 vate character and virtuous deportment was 
 not surpassed by the extent of his genius, 
 died January 1710. Besides his voyage in the 
 Levant, he contributed greatly to the im- 
 provement of the Neptune Francois. He 
 was made member of the academy of sci- 
 ences in IG95. 
 
 Chefontaines, Christopher de, a na- 
 tive of Britany, provincial and general of the 
 cordeliers. He was in 1579 made archbishop 
 of Cffisaria by Gregory XHI. and sent to 
 Flanders, where his eloquence as a preacher 
 made many convei-ts among the protestants. 
 He died at Rome 1595, aged 63. He was 
 in his character a most learned man, an able 
 and judicious divine, but accused also of he- 
 retical opinions His work on transubstan- 
 tiation was regarded as curious. 
 
 Cheke, John, a learned Englishman, 
 born at Cambridge 16th June 1514, and ed- 
 ucated at St. John^s college. He was made 
 professor of Greek in the university, with a 
 stipend of 40/. a year, and in 1544, he was 
 appointed tutor with sir Anthony Cooke, to 
 prince Edward. On the accession of his 
 pupil to the throne, he was rewarded with 
 an annuity of 100 marks, and a grant of 
 land, and appointed besides provost of king's 
 college. In 1551 he was kn.ighted, and soo« 
 after rose to tlie office of secretary of state. 
 On the accession of Mary he was stripped 
 of his honors, and permitted to travel abroad, 
 but after' supporting himself for some time 
 at Strasburg by teaching Greek, he was seiz- 
 ed on his return between Brussels and An- 
 twerp, by Philip of Spain, and sent like a 
 traitor to London. His religion was now the 
 cause of bis persecution, but he did not pos- 
 sess the firmness of a martyr, and when of- 
 fered to choose between the faggot and 
 popery, he abjured his faith and was receiv- 
 ed by cardinal Pole into the bosom of the 
 catholic church. A confession so violently 
 extorted and so rashly given, preyed now 
 upon his spirits, and shortened his days. He 
 died of shame and remorse, 13th September 
 ^'':^7, aged 43. He left three sons. His 
 works were numerous and valuable, and 
 they are mentioned by Strype in his life. 
 Those best known are the hurt of sedition, 
 againi^t the insurgents 1549, — epistles on the 
 d'eaih of Bucer, — de pronuncialione Grsecae 
 pbtiiSsimum linguse disputationes 1555, Basil 
 
 — de superstitione ad regum Hennicum, kc-. 
 He was deservedly considered as one of 'the- 
 most learned men of his age, but his attempts 
 to improve the prommciatiou of Greek was 
 regarded by bishop Gardiner as heresy, and 
 therefore forbidden. 
 
 Chel,onis, a daughter of Leonidas, who 
 married Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, and 
 proved a remarkable example of filial and 
 conjugal affection. 
 
 CuEMiN, Catharine du, a French lady, 
 wife to Girardon, and eminent for painting 
 flowers. She died at Paris, 1698, and her 
 husband erected a monument to her memory 
 in the church of St. Landez. 
 
 Cheminais, Timolcon, a native of Paris, 
 much respected as a preacher among the 
 Jesuits, and little inferior to Massillon. He 
 flied 1690, aged 38. Besides five volumes of 
 sermons, he published sentiments of piety, 
 &c. 
 
 Chemnitz, Martin, a Lutheran divine, 
 bom at Britzen in Brandenburg. He studied 
 at Magdeburg and Franlsfort on the Oder/ 
 and atterwai'ds taught a school in Prussia, 
 and became librarian to the prince. He af- 
 terwards returned to Wittemberg, where 
 his friend Melancthon lived, and thence re- 
 moved to BrunsM'ick, where he died after 
 30 years residence 1586, aged 64. His works 
 are Harmonia evangeliorum — a treatise 
 against the Jesuits — &c examen concilii Tri- 
 dentini, a valuable performance. His char- 
 acter was highly esteemed by the princes of 
 Germany, so that he is deservedly ranked 
 next to Luther, on account of the services 
 which he performed in the establishment of 
 the reformation. He was also well versed in 
 astronomy and mathematics. 
 
 CHEM^'^IT^, Boreslaus Philip, grandson 
 of the above, was born at Stettin, and died 
 1678, aged 73. He served in a military ca- 
 pacity in the armies of Holland and Sweden, 
 and became counsellor of state and historio- 
 grapher to queen Christina. His history of 
 the Swedish wars in Germany, appeared in 
 2 vols. fol. 
 
 (Jherilus, a Greek poet, intimate witli 
 Herodotus. He celebrated the victories of 
 his country over the Persians. 
 
 Cheron, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of 
 a painter at Meaux, was born at Paris. She 
 devoted her time to poetry, painting, the 
 learned languages, and music, and obtained 
 great celebrity by her pencil, especially in 
 history, oil colours, and in miniature. She 
 was admitted into the academy of painting 
 and sculpture, and the academy of Uicovrati 
 at Padua honored her with the appellation 
 of Erato. She died at Paris 3d Sept. 1711, 
 aged 63. 
 
 CHERON,Lewis, brother to the preceding, 
 was born at Paris, and came to London, 
 where he executed some historical pieces, 
 especially the judgment of Paris, and the 
 council of the gods, for the duke of Mon- 
 tague. He was a protestant, and died in 
 London 1713, aged 5i3, 
 
 Cherubin, Father, a capuchin friar of 
 Orleans in tlie middle of the 17th cenfujy. 
 
OH 
 
 sj^y 
 
 CH 
 
 His book called ocular dioptrics, on tKe the- 
 ory of telescopes — and liis vision paj-taite, 2 
 vols. fol. — prove his abilities as a mathemati- 
 cian and philosopher. 
 
 Cheselden, William, an English sur- 
 geon of great eminence, born at Somerby 
 in Leicestershire. He was the pupil of Cou- 
 per, and also of Feme, the surgeon of St. 
 Thomas's hospital. He early distinguished 
 Iiimself, and began to read lectures at the 
 early age of 32, which he continued for up- 
 ■wanls of 20 years. He was successful in 
 cutting for the stone, and he immortalized 
 Iiimself by giving light t(» a 3'auth of 14, who 
 had never .seen, of which he published a cu- 
 rious and interesting account. He was now 
 at the head of his profession, and was ap- 
 pointed principal surgeon to queen Caroline, 
 and blessed with well-earned fame and inde- 
 pendence. He obtained also what he chielly 
 wished, the office of head surgeon to Chelsea- 
 hospital, which he retained till his death. 
 He died of an apoplexy, April 10, 17.52, aged 
 64. He Mas intimate with Pope, by whom 
 he was greatly esteemed. His anatomy of 
 the human body, published 1713, has passed 
 through sevei'al editions. He wrote, besides 
 osteography in folio, 1733, and other anato- 
 mical essays chiefly inserted in the philoso- 
 phical transactions. He was the first foreigner 
 admitted member of the French royal ai^ad- 
 emy of surger3\ 
 
 Chesne, Joseph du, physician to the 
 French king, was born s*t Armagnac. After 
 residing sometime in Germany, he settled at 
 Paris, and acquired great celebrity by his 
 practice, and by his knowledge of chemistry, 
 though he was opposed and ridiculed by 
 other physicians, especially Guy Patin. He 
 died at an advanced age at Paris, 1609. He 
 Avrote in verse the folly of the world, 4to. — 
 and the great mirror of the world, 4to. — 
 besides some treatises on. chemistry. 
 
 Chesne, Andre du, called the father of 
 French history, was born at Turenne, and 
 crushed to death by a cart as he was return- 
 ing from Paris to his country house in 1640, 
 in his 5Gth year. He wrote the history of 
 the Popes, 2 vols. fol. — history of England, 
 4 vols. fol. — history of French cardinals — 
 collection of P'rench historians, 24 vols. fol. 
 of which only four Avere published by him. 
 
 Chesterfield, Philip earl of. Vid. 
 Stanhope. 
 
 Chetwode, Knightley, was horn at 
 Coventry, and became fellow of King's-col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He was nominated bishop 
 of Bristol on Trclawney's translation, but 
 James abdicated before the election could 
 pass the seals, and he lost the see. He was 
 afterwards chaplain to the English forces in 
 Holland under Marlborough, became dean of 
 Glocestcr 1707, and died April 4th 1720. 
 He wrote, besides some poems, a life of lord 
 Roscommon, still remaining in MS. at St. 
 John's, Cambridge. 
 
 Chevalier, Anthony Rodolph le, a 
 native of Montchamps in Normandy, who 
 left France on account of his religion, and 
 ^v;as employed as teacher of the French lan- 
 
 guage to Elizabeth, afterwards queen of 
 England. He left England at the beginning 
 of Mary's reign, and studied the oriental 
 languages under Tremelius, whose daughter 
 he married, ami then taught Hebrew at" 
 Strasburg and Geneva. He afterwards re- 
 turned to France, but escaped on the dread- 
 ful day of St. Bartholomew, and came to 
 Guernsey, where he died 1572, aged 65. 
 Besides, the Jerusalem Targum translated 
 from the Syriac, he published a Latin gram- 
 mar of the rudiments of the Hebrew lan- 
 guage, 4to. 1.574. 
 
 Ch EVALiER,Lewi.s,a native of Touraine, 
 who in his youth entered among the religious 
 of la Trappe, but afterwards, in consequence 
 of the austerities of the monastic life, he ap- 
 plied himself to the law, and acquired emi- 
 nem^e. His pleadings for the canons of 
 Jlheims appeared in 1716. He was a man 
 of great piety, and died 1744, aged 81. 
 
 Chevert, Francis dc, a French general, 
 horn of obscure parents at Verdun. Ho 
 rose from the ranks, and distinguished him- 
 self by assiduity, courage, and agreatknow- 
 leflge of tactics. After Bellisle's retreat from 
 Prague, he defended the place with the most 
 obstinate bravery, and yielded only through 
 famine 1742, and on honorable terms. His 
 valor greatly contributed to the victory of 
 Hastenback in 1757, and that of Lauterberg. 
 He died 1769, aged 74. 
 
 Chevillier, Andrew, author of the 
 origin of painting in Paris^ — of a dissertation 
 on the council of Chalcedon, — and other 
 works, was a learned P'renchman, librarian 
 to the Sorbonne, and who died 1700, aged 64. 
 
 Chevreau, Urban, a native of Loudun 
 in Poitou, who distinguished himself by his 
 assiduity and learning, and became secretary 
 to Chri.stina queen of Sweden, whom he 
 had the art to reconcile to the catholic faith- 
 After liis return to Paris he was preceptor 
 to the duke of Maine, and he afterwards re- 
 tired to his native place, where he built an 
 elegant mansion, and died after spending 
 there 20 years of ease and literary seclusion 
 from the world, 1701, aged nearly 88. He 
 wrote an history of the world — the effects 
 of fortune, a romance — and other things. 
 
 Cheyne, George, a Scotch physician, 
 educated at Edinburgh. When 30 years of 
 age he came to London, and from an abste- 
 mious mode of hfe became a jovial and free- 
 living companion. He grew so much in bulk 
 and unwieldy corpulence, that the smallest 
 exertions were painful to him, and all the 
 powers of medicine were unavailing to re- 
 lieve him, till the use of a milk diet reduced 
 him from the enormous weight of 32 stone 
 to nearly one third, and enabled him to live 
 to the mature age of 72. He died at Bath 
 1743. He wrote an essay on long life and, 
 health — tractatus de iofirmorum sanitate, 
 &c. — a treatise on nervous diseases — fiuxio- 
 num methodus — philosophical principles of 
 religion natural and revealed. 
 
 Cheynel, Francis, was born and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and made fellow of Merton 
 in 1G2'J. During the civil wars he embraced 
 
CII 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CH 
 
 il\e puritanical party, and as tlie favoi^te of 
 the parliament, he was sent to convert the 
 university and made visitor, and in 1G48, 
 appointed Margaret professor there, and 
 president of St. Jolin's college. He was how- 
 ever incapable of filling those plaoes with be- 
 coming propriety, and he retired to hi» living 
 of Petworth in Sussex, from v hich he was 
 ejected at the restoration. He is ranch less 
 known for his sermons and political ti'acts, 
 than for his acquaintance with the celebrated 
 Ghillingworth. He attended him In his last 
 moments, and wljen he was bui'ied at Chi- 
 chester, he contemptuously threw the book 
 Avhich that great author had written against 
 the papists into his grave, with every mark 
 of insolent zeal and fanatical madness. He 
 died at Preston in Sussex 1665, leaving be- 
 hind him several sons. 
 
 Chiabrera, Gabriello, an Italian poet,- 
 born at Savone, where he died 1638, aged 86. 
 He studied at Rome, and was much cmirted by 
 the wits and great men of the age, and partic- 
 ularly by pope Urban VHI. He wrote heroic, 
 dramatic, pastoral and lyric poems published 
 at Rome, 1718, in 8vo. 
 
 Chiari, Joseph, an historical painter 
 bom at Rome, and pupil to Carlo Maratti. 
 He was attacked with the plague when an 
 infant, and though he recovered, his consti- 
 tution ever after felt the slioik. His pieces 
 adorned the public bnilditigs and churches of 
 his native city. He diod 1727, aged 78. 
 
 Chiavtstelt.i, Jacob, a perspective 
 painter of Florence, who died 1698, aged 77. 
 
 Chichely, Henry, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Higliam Ferrers, and 
 educated -at Winchester school, and New 
 college, Oxford. He was sent by Henry IV. 
 to congratulate Gregory XII. on his elevation 
 to the papacy, and was appoiiited by him 
 bishop of the vacant see of St. David s. In 
 1409, he was at the council of Pisa, and five 
 years after, on the death of Arundel, he was 
 translated to Canterbury. In this lugh office, 
 he supported his power with great firmness 
 and enlarged the privileges of the clergy, 
 and boldly excommvmicated lord Strange, 
 who had assaulted sir John Trussel in St. 
 Dunstan's church, and killed one of his ser- 
 vants. He also opposed the encroachments 
 of the pope, and rendered himself popukir 
 by his influence with the clergy, and by pro- 
 moting occasional donations for the support 
 of the government. Besides founding in his 
 native town, a college for one master and 
 eight fellows and other subordinate officers, 
 he laid the foundations of that noble edifice 
 in Oxford, called All Souls. This splendid 
 college was completed in 1440, and the chapel 
 was with great pomp consecrated by the 
 founder. Chichelcy was very munificent in 
 his contributions to charitable purposes. He 
 died 12th April 1443, after being archbishop 
 20 years, and he Mas buried in Canterbury 
 cathedral. It is said that when 80 he wished 
 to resign his exalted situation which the pope 
 refused. 
 
 CeieoYNEAU, Francis, anativc of Mont- 
 pellier, physician to the French kiii^. He 
 
 was sent by the regent Orleans to stop the 
 plague at Marseilles, and the confidence with 
 which he entered a place, filled with disease 
 and death, contributed, with his excellent 
 prescriptions, to reanimate the terrified in- 
 habitants, and dispel the distemper. He was 
 honorably rcwanled as he fully deserved. He 
 died at Versailles 1752, aged 80, Of his 
 works, the most curious is that in which he 
 supports that the plague is not contagious. 
 
 Chicoyneau, Francis, son of the above, 
 was as illustrious as his father in medicine. 
 He chiefly excelled, however, in botany, and 
 greatly improved and adorned the i-oyal gar- 
 den at Montpellier, He died 1740, aged 38, 
 professor and chancellor of the university of 
 Montpellier, an honor which four of his 
 family had enjoyed before him. 
 
 Chifflet, John James, a physician, 
 bom at Besancorj. ' After travelling through 
 Europe, and being for some time physician to 
 the archduchess of the Low Countries, he 
 remained in the same capacity with Philipl V. 
 of Spain, who treated him with great kind- 
 ness. He died in a good old age. He wrote 
 Vindiciae Hispanica; against the French, be- 
 sides other works. His son John distin- 
 guished himself by his knowledge of He- 
 brew ; and his son Julius was eminent as a 
 civilian, and was in great favour with the 
 king of Spain. 
 
 Chtldebert I, king of France, after 
 his father Clovis, 511. He assisted his bro- 
 thers Clotaire and Clodomir in the defeat of 
 Sigismund king of Burgiuidy; but he was 
 afterwai-ds routed in his attempt to invade 
 the Spani.sh dominions. He died at Paris 558. 
 
 Chi LDE BERT II. son of Sigebert and 
 Brunehaut, succeeded his father in the king- 
 dom of Austrasia 575. He afterwards joined 
 the kingdom of Burgundy, of Orleans, and 
 part of Paris, to his own dominions, after the 
 death of Cliilperic, king of Soissons, and 
 died by poison 596, aged only 26. During 
 his reign some excellent regulations were 
 made for the presei'vation of good order and 
 subordination, 
 
 Chii.debert III, brother of Clovis III. 
 and son of Thierry, was surnamed the just. 
 He was governed during tlie whole of his 
 reign by Pepin, the mayor of the palace, 
 and died 71 1, in the I6th year of his reign, 
 and aged 28. 
 
 Childeric I. king of France after his 
 fether Merovseus 456, He was banished the 
 next year for his ill conduct, and retired to 
 Thuringia, from which he was recalled in 
 463, He afterwards behaved with great 
 valor, and enlarged his kingdom by con- 
 quest,. He died 481, aged 45. 
 
 Chii.I)ERIC II. son of Clovis and Bathil- 
 da, succeeded his brother Clotaire III. 670, 
 and for a while, when governed by the wise 
 oounsel of Leger, bishop of Autun, he was 
 a popular monarch. He afterwards gave 
 himself up to every species of licentious- 
 ness and cruelty, and was at last assassinated 
 by Bodilon in the forest of Livri 673. Hrs 
 wife and his son shared his fate. 
 
 ChiI'DEric III', sarntimed the ideotaml 
 
CH 
 
 U.ZS 
 
 CH 
 
 tlie idle, -was raised to the throne by Pe]TJn 
 742. Some time after he was hurle<l from 
 his elevation by the same powerful minister, 
 and confined in a monastery where he died 
 755. He was the last of the first race of the 
 French kings, and was succeeded by Pepin. 
 Chillingworth, William, a colctira- 
 Ibd divine, born at Oxford, October 1G02. 
 l^aud, then fellow of St. John's, was his 
 godfather. He entered at Trinity, and ap- 
 plied himself not only to divinity, but to the 
 mathematics and poetry, but his aoquain- 
 tance with Fisher the oelelH*at&d Jesuit, 
 overturned his faith, and with more zeal 
 than judgment he embraced the tenets of tjie 
 catholic religion. That he might pursue his 
 studies with more success, he X'etired to 
 Douai university, but the correspondence of 
 Laud, now bishop of London, shook his re- 
 ligious opinions and he soon became sensible 
 that the pope of Rome is not that infallible 
 person he had implicitly believed. Uestgred 
 to the protestants, Chillingworth returned 
 to Oxford, where he proposed to complete 
 his free inquiry into religion. The change 
 of his principles however drew upon him all 
 the virulence of tlie catholics, but in several 
 treatises, as well as by letters and conversa- 
 tions, he defended his conduct and suppor- 
 ted the reasonableness of the j)rotestant 
 tenets, with such mildness united with firm- 
 Tjess and candor, that even his enemies ap- 
 plauded him. In 1C37, his book, called the 
 religion of protestants a safe way to salva- 
 tion, appeared, and with a modest and ele- 
 gant dedication it was presented to Charles 
 i. and so universally admired was it, that it 
 passed through several editions, and will re- 
 main a lasting monument of the author's 
 superior abilities, and of s^jund reason, and 
 pure religion. Though admired aiui re- 
 spected as a divine, Cliillingworth yet star- 
 ted objectiions against the thirty-nine arti- 
 cles, and refused to assent to the damnatory 
 clauses of the atbanasian creed. His scru- 
 ples however gradually removed, and he 
 subscribed the articles, considering it as a 
 subscription of peace and union, and not of 
 behef or assent. Soon after he was promo- 
 ted to the chancellorship of Salisbury, with 
 the prebend of Bri.xworth, Northampton- 
 shire, and the mastership of Wigston's hos- 
 pital, Leicestershire. The troubles of the 
 times prevented higher elevation, Chilling- 
 worth who was zealously attached to the 
 king's cause, took up arms against the re- 
 publicans, and acted as engineer at the siege 
 of Glocester. At the siege of Arundel, 
 however, he was taken prisoner with the 
 garrison by sir William Waller, and as he 
 then labored under an indisposition, he was 
 removed to Chichester, Avhere after a short 
 illness he expired in the bishop's palace. 
 His last moments were attended by the fa- 
 natical Cheynell, who at his funeral insulted 
 his remains by throwing with religious 
 frenzy into his grave his celebrated book 
 mentioned above He died about the 3Uth 
 of January 1644, and was buried in Chiahes- 
 ter catheiiral. Clarendon has improperly 
 
 mentitined that he died in Aruodel casUet 
 The fame of Chillingworth is firmly estab- 
 lished as a noble disputant, a perspicutins 
 reasoner, and a candid and inquisitive 
 philosopher, and he is more than entitled to 
 I he commendatioriS which not only Wood,- 
 but Tillotson and Locke, lliemselves such 
 l»atterns of excellence, have passed upon 
 liim. Besides his works already mentioned, 
 and several others in the defence of religion 
 and of loyalty, some valuable manuscripts 
 are preserved in Lambeth chapel, among 
 Mr. if. Wharton's MS. 
 
 CuiJ.MEAD, Kdmuiul, was born in Glo- 
 cestershire, and educated at Christ churchy 
 O.Kford. On being ejected from his livii'gs 
 by the republicans in 1648, )io subsisted lA 
 London by teaching music. He died 1054. 
 He wrote a treatise on the use of the globes, 
 and published translations of some Greefk 
 authors. 
 
 Child, a philosopher of Sparta, and one 
 of the seven wise men. He died about 597, 
 B. C- 
 
 Chilperic I. youngest son of Clotnire L 
 succeeded on his father's death to the king- 
 dom of Soissons 501. His wife Galasuinta 
 was barbarously assassinated as it is suppo- 
 sed by hjs mistress Fredegonde ; but instead 
 of avenging her death he married tho sus- 
 pected murderer, and committed every kind 
 of cruelty to satisfy her vengeance and am.- 
 bition. He lost part of his dominions by the 
 invasion of Sigebert king of Austrasia, who 
 wished to pueish the death of his sister-in> 
 Law tlie murdered queen, and after sacrifi- 
 cing his sous Merovajus and Clovis to tire 
 jealousy of the infamous Fredegonde, he £^. 
 last §aw the wickedness of his conduct, and 
 became a devotee. Be was murdered as he 
 was returning fcom l^nting in 584, and 
 Fredegonde and her favorite Landri were 
 universally suspected as the assassins. 
 
 Chii.peric H. son oi" Childeric IL siffc-* 
 ceeded Dagobert IH. in 715. ^le headed his 
 troops with Rainfrai, the mayor of the pa- 
 lace, against Charles Martel, but was soon 
 after defeated, and when in the pawer ot- 
 the conqueror reduced to privacy. He died 
 at Attigny, and was buried at Noyon in 720!. 
 
 Chine No ung, emperor of China, aboujL 
 2837 years B. C is said to have instructed 
 his subjects in agriculture and in extracting 
 wine from rice. He was well acquainted 
 with mathematics, physic, music, and poe- 
 try. 
 
 Ching or Xi-HOAM-Ti, emperor of 
 China, about 240 B, C. is said to have built 
 the great wall after the expulsion of thx; 
 Tartars. He was warUke, but disgraced his 
 i*eign by burning all the books which hr 
 could procure. 
 
 Chirac, Peter, physician to the FrencV 
 king, was born at Conques in liouergue. He 
 was professor of medicine at Montpellier, 
 and was appointed physician to the army 61' 
 Roussillon by mai'shal Noaillos, in which 
 capacity his treatment of the sick soldiers 
 under a violent dysentery was particular! v^ 
 su-ccessfuK Ii\; was rflSD vfry succf^id. 
 
CH 
 
 r^^Z// 
 
 CH 
 
 3urjng an epidemic distemper at Rochefort 
 and a pestilence at Marseilles. He died 
 11th March 1732, aged 82. He wrote dis- 
 sei'tations on wounds — on fevers — on the 
 use of the rust of iron in the incubus — be- 
 sides other medical tracts. 
 
 Chishull, Edmund, was born at Ey- 
 Tvorth, Bedfordshire, and educated at Cor- 
 pus Christi college, Oxford. He obtained a 
 travelling fellowship, and consequently visi- 
 ted Turkey and the Levant, and was chap- 
 lain to the English f*ctoiy at Smyrna. He 
 became B. D. 1705, and was presented by 
 Mr. Conyers to the living of Walthamstow, 
 in Essex, where he diedlsth May 1733. He 
 wrote, against Dodwell on the mortality of 
 the soul, and his travels in Turkey were 
 Ijublished in 1747, by Mead, in folio. 
 
 Choin, Mary Emily Joly rfe, a lady de- 
 scended from a noble Savoy family. She 
 was about the person of the duchess of 
 Conti, where she was seen by the dauphm ; 
 but no solicitations could prevail upon her to 
 deviate from the rules of decorum and chas- 
 tity. It is said that the prince at last mar- 
 ried her privately, and, in her company, re- 
 formed his conduct, and regained the aiFec- 
 tion of the king. After his death, in 1711, 
 she retired to obscurity, and died 1744, 
 universally respected for her private virtues. 
 
 Choiseul, Stephen Francis due de, a 
 French politician of great abilities. After 
 enjoying the confidence of Lewis XV. and 
 serving his country as an ambassador and 
 as minister at home, he was disgraced ; and 
 on his retirement, still retained popularity 
 and universal respect. He was a liberal and 
 munificent patron of arts and of hterature, 
 and, by his political intrigues, was called by 
 the king of Prussia, the coachman of Eu- 
 rope. He died 1785, aged 66. 
 
 Choisi, Fi'ancis Tiraoleon de, prior of 
 St. Lo, and dean of Bayeux, was engaged 
 by the French government to go as ambas- 
 sador to the king of ^iam, who wished, it 
 was said, to become a convert to Chris- 
 tianity. Though he had spent the earlier 
 part of his life in debauchery, yet he re- 
 formed his conduct, and applied himself to 
 the cultivation of literature. He died at 
 Paris October 2, 1724, aged 81. He wrote 
 an account of bis journey to Siam — the his- 
 tory of France, during five reigns, 5 vols. 
 4to. — an ecclesiastical history, 11 vols. 4to. 
 —dialogues on the immortality of the soul, 
 &c. 
 
 Chomel, Peter John Baptist, physician 
 to the French king, died 1740. He wrote 
 history of common pbnts, 3 vols. 1761. His 
 son John was also a physician, and died 17C5. 
 He wrote essay on the history of medicine 
 m France — the life of Molin — eulogy of Du- 
 ret — letters on the maladies among cattle. 
 
 Chopin, Kene, a native of Bailleul in 
 Aujou, distinguished as a lawyer, and known 
 as the author of a treatise de domino— dc 
 ssicr^ politica monastica — the customs of 
 Anjou — the customs of Paris, &c. all pub- 
 lished in 6 vols. fol. He died under the 
 operation of being cut for tbe stone, 1606, 
 a^ed 69. 
 
 Chorier, Nicholas, author of the phi- 
 losophy of an honest man — the history of 
 Dauphine — Latin poems — and an indecent 
 work called Aloysisc Sigese Toletanie Satyra 
 Soladica de arcanis amoris et Veneris — was 
 an advocate of the i>arliament of Grenoble, 
 where he died 1692, aged 83. 
 
 Chosroes I. the great, succeeded Ca- 
 bades as king of Persia 531. He made wai* 
 against the llomans, but was defeated by 
 Belisarius, and afterwards by Tiberius, and 
 died of vexation 571). To great virtues he 
 united unhappily cruelty, oppression, and 
 boundless ambition. 
 
 CnosROES II. succeeded his father Hor- 
 misdas as king of Persia 5yO. His cruelties 
 excited the revolt of his subjects, but the 
 Romans supported him, and he was ei%abled 
 to conquer Egypt, Africa, and Jtwlse. He 
 was at last defeated by Heraclius, and im- 
 prisoned by his own son. He died in con- 
 finement 627. 
 
 Chouet, John Robert, a native of Gene- 
 va, possessed of such talents, that at the age 
 of 22 he was appointed professor of philoso- 
 phy at Saumur, where he replaced the ten- 
 ets of Aristotle with the philosophy of Des- 
 cartes. In 1669 he returned to Geneva as 
 professor, and by his pojjularity obtained a 
 seat in the council 1686. He was repeatedly 
 syndic, and died 1731, aged 89, universally 
 respected as a good citizen and an upright 
 magistrate. He wrote introduction to logic 
 — theses physicse de varia astrorum luce — 
 discourses on the history of Geneva — and 
 other works. 
 
 Choul, William du, a French antiquary 
 of Lyons. He travelled over Italy, and 
 wrote a valuable treatise, 1556, on the re- 
 ligion and castramentation of the ancient 
 Romans, wliich has been translated into La- 
 tin and Italian. 
 
 Christie, William, was educated at 
 Aberdeen, and appointed master of the 
 grammar school at Montrose, where he 
 lived respected as a diligent and attentive 
 master, antl died 1774, aged 44. His gram- 
 mar and his introduction to the making of 
 Latin are both well spoken of. 
 
 Christi ERN I. king of Denmark, son of 
 Thierry count of Oldenburg, succeeded 
 Christopher of Bavaria 1448. He was a 
 popular monarch, benevolent and humane. 
 He founded the order of the elephant and 
 died 1481. 
 
 ChristiernII. surnamed the cruel, or 
 the northern Xero, succeeded on the Danish 
 throne his father John 1513. Me Mas elected 
 king of Sweden 1520; but, instead of prov- 
 ing, as he promised, the father of his people, 
 he became their tyrant, and massacred at a 
 feast 94 of the Swedish nobles to whom he 
 owed his elevation. A series of atrocities 
 rendered him so unpopular in his new do- 
 minions, that he was driven from Sweden 
 by the valor of Gustavus ; but in Copenha- 
 gen he pursued the same ferocious conduct, 
 in consequence of wliich he was expelled 
 from his throne by his indignant subjects, 
 and escaped to Flanders. Ever restless and 
 
CH 
 
 ^iZ6 
 
 !H 
 
 sVnbitious, he gained the Dutch to espouse 
 }<is cause; but he was defeated in his at- 
 tempt to recover his dominions, and died in 
 prison 25th January 1559, universally ab- 
 horred. 
 
 Christ I ERN III. nephew and successor 
 of Frederic I. 1534, deserved and obtained 
 the affection of his subjects. He embraced 
 the opinions of Luther, and made that the 
 establi.shed religion of his kingdom. He 
 died 1st January 1559, aged 56. 
 
 Chris TiERN IV. succeeded as king of 
 Denmark his fatlier FredeHc II. 1588. He 
 made war against the Swedes, and was no- 
 minated chief of the protestant league for 
 the re -establishment of the prince Palatine, 
 1625. He died 28th February 1648, aged 
 71, much respected as an able and benevo- 
 lent monarch. 
 
 Christxern V. succeeded his father 
 Frederic III. in 1670. He formed a league 
 ■with the German princes, and made war 
 against SAveden ; but, though brave and 
 warlike, he was defeated. He died 4th Sep- 
 tember 169'J, aged 54. 
 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, daugh- 
 ter of Gustavus Adolphus the great, was born 
 8th December 1626, and succeeded her fath- 
 er 1633. After reigning with splendor, and 
 the character of a great and popular sove- 
 reign, she resigned the crown in 1654, in 
 favor of her cousin, Charles Gustavus. She 
 had sometime belbre embraced tljie catholic 
 religion, at the instigation of the Jesuits; 
 and she retired to Rome, where she contin- 
 ued to reside till the death of her cousin, in 
 1660; when she attempted, either by the 
 suggestions of ambition, or the advice of her 
 religious advisers, to resume the crown, 
 •which as a catholic she could not effect. She 
 died at Rome 19th April 1689, aged 63. 
 She was a woman of great abilities, was well 
 acquainted witli sevei'al languages, and was 
 not only a frequent correspondent with Gro- 
 lius, Salmasius, Descartes, Vossius, Bo- 
 chart, Huet, and other men oflettei'S, but 
 a liberal patroness of literature. Some cir- 
 cumstances, however, ai'e mentioned which 
 reflect some disgrace upon her character 
 and manners. • 
 
 Christopherson, John, an English 
 prelate, 1)orn in Lancashire, and educated 
 at Si. John's college, Cambridge. He be- 
 came fellow and master of Trinity college, 
 and dean of Norwich, and in queen Mary's 
 reign he was made bishop of Chichester. 
 He died the year after his elevation, a little 
 before the queen. He was a firm Romanist. 
 He translated Philo Judseus into Latin, and 
 also the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, 
 Sozomen, Socrates, Evegrius, and Theodo- 
 ret ; but as a translator he is neither faithful, 
 nor elegant, nor accurate. 
 
 Chrysippus, a stoic philosopher of Tar- 
 sus, said to have written above 700 books. 
 He died B. C. 207. 
 
 Chrysoloras, Emanuel, a learned 
 
 Greek, born at Constantinople about 1355. 
 
 He came into England in the reign of Rich- 
 
 su'd II. as ambassador from John Pal?eologus, 
 
 VOL. I. 43 
 
 to solicit assistance against the attacks of the 
 Turks. After his return to Constantinople, 
 he came to Florence, Avhere he taught Greek 
 for three years ; and afterwards he became 
 Greek professor in" the university of Tici- 
 num, at thoK'cquest of the duke of Milan. 
 He afterwards visited Venice and Rome; 
 and, in 1413, he was sent by pope Mai'tin 
 V. as ambassador to Sigismund emperor of 
 Germany, to settle the place for the meet- 
 ing of a general council. He afterwards re- 
 turned to his own emperor at Constantino- 
 ple, by whom he was sent as ambassador to 
 the council of Constance. He died at Con- 
 stance, a few days after the opening of the 
 council, 15th April 1415 ; and a handsome 
 monument was erected to his memory by 
 the gratitude of his scholar Poggius. He 
 wrote, besides a Greek grammar, a parallel 
 between ancient and modern Rome. 
 
 Chrysostom, John, a native of Antioch, 
 who became bishop of Constantinople, and 
 one of the most illustrious fathers of the 
 church. In eloquence and benevolence he 
 was equally known ; but the divisons of the 
 age embittered in soi?ie degree his happi- 
 ness, and he was banished from his see by 
 his enemies, though afterwards restored. 
 He died at Pityus, on the Euxine sea, 407, 
 aged 53. His works were edited by M»nt- 
 faucon, in 13 vols. fol. 
 
 Chubb, Thomas, was born at East Harn- 
 ham, near Salisbury, 2'Jth September 1679. 
 He was at the age of 15 apprenticed to ft 
 glover; but when his time was expired, as 
 his eyes were weak, he engaged in business 
 with a tallow chandler, but devoted his 
 hours of relaxation to the laborious study of 
 Enghsh books. A strong retentive memory 
 soon rendered him well versed with mathe- 
 matics, geography, and other sciences, but 
 particularly divinity ; and, further to im- 
 prove himself, he established a club at Sal- 
 isbury, where the members disputed with 
 freedom on all theological subjects. The con- 
 troversy about the Trinity between Clai'ke 
 and Waterland then engaged deeply the 
 public attention ; and Chubb was prevailed 
 on by his theological friends to commit his 
 sentiments to paper. He compUed, and his 
 book called " the supx'emacy of the father 
 asserted, &;c." was soon read, and univer- 
 sally admired. Now an author by profcs* 
 sion, he was courted by the learned and the 
 great. For some years he lived in the house 
 of sir Joseph Jekyll, and often waited at ta- 
 ble as a sei'vant out of livery, but refused the 
 prospects of preferment for his obscurity at 
 Salisbui-y, where he retired, and died 1747, 
 aged 68. To the last period of life Chubb was 
 attached to the business of a tallov/ chandler, 
 and after the death of his partner he fre- 
 quently assisted the nephew, on whom the 
 concern devolved. After his death, two 
 volumes of pothumous works were publish- 
 ed, which displayed the author as a violent opr 
 poser of the Mosaical and Christian dispensa-. 
 tions, extravagant and licentious in his opin- 
 ions, and shameless enough to deny a future 
 judgment, and almost a future existeoee. 
 
CII 
 
 3^^ 
 
 CH 
 
 the hopes and consolation of the good man. 
 This publication greatly astonished the world, 
 especially as nothing immoral, profligate, or 
 licentious, had ever been observed in his 
 conduct. His principal works are, the true 
 gospel of Jesus Christ asserted — an inquiry 
 i"iito the ground and foundation of religion — 
 tour dissertations on subjects in the old tes- 
 tament, &c. 
 
 Chudleigh, Mary, daughter of Rich- 
 ard Lee of Winsloder in Devonshire, was 
 born 1G56, and man-ied sir George Chud- 
 leigh hart, by whom sJie had several child- 
 ren. She possessed respectable poetical tal- 
 ents, and published some poems, which pas- 
 sed through a third edition in 1722. She wrote 
 besides some tragedies, operas, masques, 
 atill preserved in her fannily, and some 
 essays on philosophical and moral subjects, 
 which displayed besides great neatness, and 
 purity of language, an extensive degree of 
 I)iety and knowledge, with resignation and 
 benevolence of heart. She died 1710. 
 
 Churchill, sir Winston, was born at 
 Wootton Glanville, Dorsetshire, 1620, and 
 is known more as the father of the great 
 duke of Marlborough than as an historian. 
 Me was of St. John's college, Oxford, but 
 the troubles of the times prevented his tak- 
 ing a degree, and he engaged warmly on the 
 side of the king, in consequence ot which, 
 his estates were forfeited. He married a 
 daughter of sir John Drake of Ashe in Dev- 
 onshire, at whose house he took shelter 
 from the persecution of his enemies, and 
 at the restoration he recovered his proper- 
 ty, and obtained a seat in parliament. He 
 was knighted in 1663, and elected a mem- 
 ber of the royal society. He published in 
 1675, a kind of political essay on the history 
 of England, in folio, which possessed little 
 merit. He died '26th March, 1688. Besides 
 his son above mentioned, and three sons and 
 three daughters who died in their infancy, 
 he had Arabella, who was mistress to the 
 d%ke of Yoi'k, and by Avhom he had two 
 sons and two daughters. The eldest of these 
 sons was tiie celebrated duke of Berwick, 
 killed at the siege of Phillipsburg, 17S4-. 
 
 Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough, 
 and prince of the holy lloman empire, was 
 son of the preceding, and was born at Ashe, 
 June 24th, 1650. His education was little 
 attended to by his father, who introduced 
 him when 12 years of age to the court, and 
 1666, in the first Dutch war, he was made 
 an ensign in the guards, and soon after went 
 to Tangier to serve against the Moors. His 
 time here was assiduously devoted to milita- 
 ry science, he became on his return a favor- 
 ite with the duke of Monmouth, in whose 
 regiment he was made captain, and with 
 ■whom he served against the Dutch at the 
 siege of Nimeguen. He distinguished him- 
 self so much by his valor, that Turenne 
 praised the conduct of the handsome Eng- 
 lishman, as he denominated young Chur- 
 chill. At the reduction of Maestricht he 
 was equally entitled to universal praise, so 
 tjh^t tJie French monarch, whose auxilUu'ies 
 
 the English then were, saw and commcjad- 
 ed his bravery. This well deserved reputa- 
 tion advanced his fortunes at home ; on his 
 return to London he was made lieutenant- 
 colonel by the king, and gentleman of the 
 bedchamber, and master of the robes to the 
 duke of York, whom he accompained in- 
 to the Low Countries, and into Scotland. 
 About this time Churchill married Sarah 
 Jennings, a lady who attended on the prin- 
 cess Anne, afterwards queen of England. 
 On his return from Scotland with the duke, 
 he was shipwrecked on the coast, cast of the 
 Humber, but though more than 120 per- 
 sons lost their lives, yet he had the good 
 fortune to escape. His influence with the 
 duke was now so great, that he was created 
 a Scotch peer in 1682, by the title of baron 
 Eymouth, aiid on the death of Charles he 
 was sent as ambassador to France, to an- 
 nounce the elevation of his patron to the 
 throne, and in 1685 he was made an Eng- 
 lish peer as baron Churchill. The invasion 
 of Monmouth tended now to display his 
 military abilities, he was sent against the un- 
 fortunate duke, and in a little time repres- 
 sed his rebellion, and took him prisoner. 
 These meritorious services highly ^recom- 
 mended him to James, yet though he was 
 consulted by him, and even intrusted with 
 the command of 5000 men on the landing 
 of William of Orange, he was suspected of 
 favoring the cause of the invader, and ac- 
 cordingly he abandoned him, and fled to the 
 prince, 3'et without betraying his secrets, or 
 taking any of his soldiers with him. This 
 step rendered him a favorite with the prince 
 of Orange, and on the abdication of James, 
 he was raised to new honors, made a privy; 
 counsellor, and created earl of Marlborough. 
 In 1689 he was at the battle of Walcourt, 
 and laid the foundation of that great milita- 
 ry fame, which was soon to astonish the con- 
 tinent. He was afterwards in Ireland, where 
 he supported the cause of William by the 
 reduction of Cork ; but in the midst of his 
 popularity he was sudden^' checked, his 
 offices were taken from him, and his per- 
 son confined in the tower ; a violent mea» 
 sure, which is secretly attributed to his par- 
 tial attachment to the interests of the prin- 
 cess Anne. This was, however, a partial 
 eclipse of his greatness, the king knew his 
 merits, and soon restored him to favor, and 
 when, after queen Mary's death, he in- 
 trusted him V, ith the care of the duke of 
 Gloccster, he paid him this handsome com- 
 phraent, '* My lord make him what you are, 
 and my nephew will be all I wish to see 
 him." Fresh favors were now heaped up- 
 on him, he was declared commander in 
 chief of the troops sent over to Holland, 
 and ambassador extraordinary to the state?, 
 and William evinced his further confidence 
 in his attachment, by recommending hira 
 on his death bed to Anne, as the fittest per- 
 son to protect the liberties of Europe. The 
 good opinion of William was continued by 
 his successor ; Marlborough was confirmed 
 in his appointments, and elected by the Unit;- 
 
€11 
 
 eil States captain general of all their foreeg. 
 ■with a stipend of 100,000 florins per annum 
 Hostile to pusillanimous delays, he now pre- 
 Tailed upon the English ministry to declare 
 ivar against France and Spain 1702, and he 
 quickly repared to his head quarters, and 
 opened the campaign, by reducing the 
 sirongest garrisons on the frontiers, and 
 among them Venlo, Ruremond, and Liege, 
 which was taken sword in hand. After these 
 brilliant successes, he returned to London, 
 ■where he was received as a conquering hero. 
 The queen created him a duke, and granted 
 him during her life a pension of 5000/. from 
 the post office. The next campaign was 
 equally sjilendid, Marlborough defeated the 
 allies "at Schellenburgh, and afterwards at 
 Hochstct, where Tallard ihe French gen- 
 eral wastaken prisoner, and after thus scr- 
 "ving the empire and conquering all Bavaria, 
 he returned to England, bi-inging with him 
 as trophies of his conquests 121 standards 
 and 179 colors, together with the captive 
 
 S~^?neral, and 26 officers of high distinction, 
 n this occasion he received, as he had done 
 the preceding year, the thanks of parlia- 
 •xnent, and the queen seconding the wishes 
 of a grateful nation, settled on him and his 
 heirs the manor of Woodstock, and the 
 hundred of Wotton. The campaign of 1705 
 •was equally successful ; but Marlborough 
 distinguished himself particularly as a nego- 
 tiator at the courts of Vienna, Berlin, and 
 Hanover, and for these great services mer- 
 •ited and received again on his return, the 
 thanks of the parliament, though intrigues 
 ■were made against his power, and attempts 
 meditated to baffle him in the prosecution 
 of the war. In 1706 he won the famous bat- 
 tle of Ramilies, after exposing himself to 
 .great personal danger, as colonel Bingfield, 
 ■who held the stirrup for him to remount, had 
 his head carried oif by a cannon ball, and 
 the consequence of this victory was the fall 
 of Louvain, Brussels, Ghent, Antwerp, Os- 
 lend, Dendermonde, and other strong pla- 
 ces. These successes were received with 
 fresh marks of approbation by the English, 
 1ie was not only unanijnously thanked by 
 both houses, but the queen was addressed 
 to make his titles hereditary in 4he male and 
 female lines of his daughters. Blenheim 
 house was built by the nation to commemo- 
 rate his victories, and the 5000/. from the 
 post-office were now annexed to his title. 
 The year 1707 was very barren In military 
 incidents, but Marlborough, on the follow- 
 ing year, in conjunction with prince Eu- 
 ■gene, pushed his conquests so rapidly that 
 the French king in 1709 made ^serious pro- 
 posals for a generr.l peace. This Avas gen- 
 erally understood to be a manoeuvre to dis- 
 concert the plans of the English and Dutch, 
 hut Marlborough, as great a negotiator 
 as a general, soon defeated the plans of the 
 enemy and the French once more appeared 
 in the field, headed by marshal Villars, an 
 officer of whom Lewis XIV. boastingly 
 ^poke, saying, he had never been beat. 
 TiilarE however waa defeated at Malplaquet, 
 
 d'^/- 
 
 en 
 
 and Tournay taken, and the duke retui*ne& 
 to London to receive new congratulations 
 and reiterated applauses. In the inidst of 
 his popularity however Marlborough began 
 to feel the secret machinatious of his poli- 
 tical enemies, and thougli he was empowetf- 
 ed to negotiate for a peace at Gertruyden- 
 burg, and though on its unsuccessful termin- 
 ation he renewed the war with usual felicity, 
 the queen was alienated from him, and 
 yielding to the superior influence of a new 
 favorite, Mrs. Masham, she withdrew her 
 coritldenee from the duchess, and listened 
 too fondly to tliose who accused the duke 
 of ambitious views. But'though his family 
 Avere removed from their offiixs, and his 
 friends discarded, he remained stiil at the 
 head of the array, and displayed against 
 Villars those superior mancfiuvres of gener- 
 alship which always insui'ed him success, 
 and maintained his higlx reputation. On his 
 return to England he was apparently well 
 received by the queen, who soon after dis- 
 missed him from his employments, and his 
 enemies attacked him in parliament/ and 
 while on one hand he was charged v/ith am- 
 bitiously protracting the war, he avos on 
 the other accused of applying the public 
 money intrusted to him to private purpo- 
 ses. The press also vented forth ])aiiiph lets 
 against the duke whose great services were 
 forgotten, and therefore yielding to the bit- 
 ter and acrimonious language of faction and 
 of persecution he retired in voluntary bi^n* 
 ishment, and passed with the duc'ness No- 
 vember llth 1712, toOstend, and remain- 
 ed for nearly two years on the continent. 
 He returned a few days after the queen's 
 death, and became a great favorite with 
 George I. wl^p consulted him with confi- 
 dence, and by his advice took those bold 
 measures which crushed the rebellion of 
 1715. This great man died loaded with in- 
 firmities l6th June 1722, aged 73, at "W'ind' 
 sor-lodge, and his remains Averc buried in 
 Westminster abbe^v, with the greatest so- 
 lemnity Augub-t 9th. Besides the marquis 
 of Blandford, who died at Cambridge in his 
 18th year, the duke had four daughters 
 married into the most illustrious families of 
 the kingdom. The emperor of German}'- 
 made him a prince of the empire, as a re- 
 ward for his great military services. Some 
 of his letters haA^e been published, and show 
 him to have been a man of consummate 
 abilities. His duchess survived him for some 
 years. She was a Avonian of ^strong mascu- 
 line powers of mind, of boundless ambition, 
 and as arbitrary in the cabinet of the queen, 
 as her husband was formidable in the field. 
 
 Churchill, Charles, the poet, was 
 born 1731, son of the Itev. Charles Church- 
 ill, curate of St. Jdhn's, Westminster. He 
 was educated at Westminster, but th(»ugl^ 
 endowed Avith great natural abilities, yet he 
 so much neglected their improvement thajj 
 he was refused admission at Oxford for in* 
 capacity, though it is said this disgrace arose 
 from the contempt with which he treat^ci 
 ike frivelous questions proposofl toliim hf 
 
CI 
 
 3^r 
 
 CI 
 
 his intended tutor. He continued, in conse- 
 quence of this, at Westminster, and at the 
 €Krly age of 17 married, and when of proper 
 age he was ordained by the bisliop of Lon- 
 don, and retired into Wales, upon a curacy 
 of SOZ. a year. In this retired situation, to 
 improve his income he became a cider mer- 
 chant, but his prospects of independence 
 ended in a bankruptcy, and he came back to 
 Lowdon, and on the death of his father suc- 
 ceeded to his curacy. He here added to his 
 resources by teaching young ladies to read 
 and write, but as his mode of living was ex- 
 pensive, his debts increased, and he Avas 
 with difticulty saved from the horrors of a 
 gaol by the humanity of Mr. Lloyd second 
 master of Westminster school, who liberally 
 satisfied his creditors. The success of " the 
 actor" by young Lloyd at this time encoura- 
 ged Churchill to cultivate the muses, and he 
 published his Rosciad, which was so univer- 
 sally admired, that Colman, Thornton, and 
 the wits of the age, were considered as the 
 authors, and not an obscure clergyman. 
 The popularity of this and other poems, and 
 the emoluments arising from the sale, now 
 altered the manners and conduct of the poet. 
 Elevated with prosperity he now quitte<l the 
 habit and the sobriety of a clergyman, he be- 
 came a fashionable man of the town, aban- 
 doned his wife, and launched into all the ex- 
 ti-avagance of gay and dissipated life. As the 
 friend and associate of, Wilkes he crossed to 
 Boulogne in October 17G4, whei*e some time' 
 after a fever attacked hira and canned him 
 oiF. He died 5th November 1764. Besides 
 Jais Ilosciad, he wrote the prophecy of famine, 
 an admired poem,— an apolog)' to the critical 
 reviewers, — night and the ghost, in which 
 he ridicules Hy. Johnson in the character of 
 Poraposo, — Gotham and independence, — 
 epistle to Hogarth, &c. The poems after 
 his death were published in 2 vols. 8vo, and 
 have lately been re-edited. Though once 
 popular and admired tliey are now little 
 read. He wrote also some sermons, 
 
 C/HUKCHYAiiD, Thomas, a poet, born at 
 Shr'^w3bury> author of the Worthies of 
 Wales. He died about the 11th of queen 
 Elizabeth, 1570. His epitaph is preserved 
 by C^aiiden. 
 
 CHyTR,ffi:us, David, a native of Swabia, 
 divifiity professor at Rostock, and author of 
 a conimentarj on tie revelations — of a histo- 
 ry of the confession of Augsburg — and other 
 Avorks, He died 1600, aged 70. 
 
 CiACONius, Alphonsus, of Baeca, in 
 Andalusia, died at Rome 1599, aged 59, with 
 the title of patriarch of Alexandria. He 
 was author of vitiE et gesta Uomanorum pon- 
 tificum et cai-dinalium, 4 vols. fol. — historia 
 ■Qtnusque belliUacici — bibliotbeca scriptorum 
 adaun. 1583— explication of Trajan's pillar, 
 fol. 1576. 
 
 CiACONius, Peter, a writic of Toledo, 
 •who dieci at Rome 1581, aged 56. He was 
 employed by Gregory XHI. in correcting the 
 calondaf, and wrote Jeai-ned notes on Arno- 
 bius, TertuUian, ;uid other Latin writers. 
 
 CiAMPELLi, Augustine, a native of Flo- 
 
 rcace, the pupil of Santi di Titi, and emji^ 
 nent as an historical painter. He died 164o, 
 aged 62. Some of his pieces are preserved 
 at Rome. 
 
 CiAMPTNi, John Justin, a learned Italian, 
 Avho estnblished at Rome the academy of ec- 
 clesiastical history, and that of mathematics 
 and natural history. He died 1698, aged 65. 
 He wrote diftcx'ent works — on the remains of 
 ancient Rome — on the sacred edifices built 
 by Constantine, &c. 
 
 CiBBEu, Col ley, poet laureat to George 
 H. was san of Caius Gabriel Gibber, a native 
 of Holstein, by the daughter of William 
 Colley, Esq. of Glaiston, Rutlandshire. He 
 was born in London 6th November 1671, and 
 educated at Grantham school, Lincolnshire. 
 He did not succeed in his application to be 
 admitted at Winchester college, and his in- 
 tention of entering at Oxford was thwarted 
 by the event of the revolution, which made 
 him a soldier in favor of the prince of 
 Orange. He soon after exchanged the mili- 
 tary life for the stage, and appeared iu infe- 
 rior characters, at the salary of IGs, a-week. 
 The first character which he performed 
 with success was the chaplain io the Orphan, 
 and the next Fondlewife in the Old bachelor, 
 till he acquired eminence and an advanced 
 salary. To add to his income, he now had 
 recourse to his pen, and wrote Love's last 
 shift, in which he himself bore a part. His 
 best plays 'Vvere The Careless husband, acted 
 in 1704, and The nonjuror, iu 1717. This 
 last was a party piece, and was dedicated to 
 the king, who gave to the poet 200/. and the 
 appointment of laureat. But besides the 
 malevolent attacks of periodical writers, the 
 author was exposed to the enmity and sa- 
 tire of Pope, who, with more "virulence than 
 honor, made him the hero of his Dunciad. 
 In 1730 he quitted the stage, though he oc- 
 casionally appeared before the poblic, espe- 
 cially when his own plays were represented. 
 He died December 1757. His plays, which, 
 like his children, as he jocosely observed, 
 were numerous, were collected in 2 vols. 4to. 
 Though he never succeeded either as a 
 writer or actor of tragedy, nor as a lyric 
 poet, yet it must be acknowledged, in spite 
 of the malice and venom of Pope, that his 
 comedies are sprightly and elegant, and his 
 cliaracter as a man and as an actor respec- 
 table. His apology for his life is curious. 
 
 Gibber, Thcophilus, son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in 1703, and educated for a 
 little time at Winchester school, from which 
 he passed upon the stage. Aided not so 
 much by the influence of his father, who 
 v/as manager of the theatre royal, as by his 
 own natural powers, he soon rose to popula- 
 rity and eminence as a favorite actor; and 
 he might have insured respectability and in- 
 dejjendence if he had possessed economy, 
 and paid attention to the decorum and man- 
 ners which ought to mark every private and 
 public character. Thus exposed, by his ex- 
 travagance and follies, to distresses and per- 
 secution, he at last embarked for Dublin, ia 
 October 1757, to assist Sheridan against the 
 
ci 
 
 opposition of a new theatre; but unfortu- 
 nately tlie ship was wrecked on the coast of 
 Scotland, and Gibber and the whole nume- 
 rous crew perished. Asa writer he produ- 
 ced Pattie and I'eggy, a ballad opera, and he 
 altered The lovei-, a comedy, and Shaks- 
 peare's Romeo and Henry VI. He wrote 
 also some appeals to the public on his own dis- 
 tressful situation. The lives of the poets of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, in 5 vols. 12mo. 
 though bearing his name, were published by 
 liobert Shields, an amaucnsis of Dr. John- 
 son, 
 
 Gibber, Susannah Maria, sister to Dr. 
 Arne, and daughter of an upholsterer in 
 Cbvent-garden, married Theophilus Gibber, 
 in April 1734. Though this union displeased 
 old Gibbei', yet he was reconciled to his 
 daughter-in-law, and soon had the pleasure 
 to see her shine on the stage as a rising and 
 popular actress. Her first attempt was in 
 1736, as Zara, in Aaron Hill's tragedy ; and 
 her powers soon appeared so great, that her 
 salary was raised from 30s. a-week to 31. and 
 the highest characters in tragedy Mere in- 
 trusted to her judicious and masterl}' repre- 
 sentation. The conduct of her husband, 
 however, did not conduce much to her feli- 
 city. His extravagance and dissipated man- 
 ners revolted her, and she soon found that, 
 to supply his necessities, he bartered her 
 repiltation and her honor. The guilty ad- 
 dresses of a favorite suitor, recommended 
 by the intrigues of a worthless husband, soon 
 triumphed over the scruples of a neglected 
 and dishonored wife; but when Gibber sought 
 reparation in a court of justice, and claimed 
 5000^. for the violation of his domestic peace, 
 the scene of depravity displayed induced the 
 jury to return a verdict of 101. only. Mrs. 
 Gibber lived with her seducer till her death, 
 which happened 30th January 1766. She 
 was buried in Westminster abbey. She left 
 one natural child. She translated the oracle 
 of St. Foix ; but her great merit arises from 
 her powers of acting, in which she displayed 
 with so much success the feelings of the deli- 
 cate Gelia, the haughty Hermione, the love- 
 sick Juliet, and the abandoned Alicia. 
 
 GiCERo, Marcus Tullius, a celebrated 
 orator, born at Arpinum. His eloquence in 
 the Uoman forum was so ardent as to rival 
 the illustrious fame of pemosthenes ; and in 
 the elegance of his writings, and the clear 
 and lucid arguments of his philosophy, he 
 equalled the ablest authors, and the most re- 
 nowned sages of Greece. He had the sin- 
 gular fortune of discovering, and defeating, 
 the conspiracy of CatiUne, during his con- 
 sulship, and deserved to be called, for his 
 services, another founder of Rome. In the 
 struggles between Caesar and the republic he 
 however betrayed irresolution, and probably 
 to that timidity, which feared boldly to pro- 
 claim its sentiments, he owed his downfall. 
 Augustus, in the establishment of his triuin- 
 virate, after flattering him, meanly sacrificed 
 him to the resentment of Antony, by whose 
 orders he was basely murdered as he fled to 
 the sea coast, B. C. 43, in his 63d year. 
 
 S^9^ CI 
 
 Cicero, Quintua Tullius, brother of tliii 
 orator, was sacrificed to the dagger of the 
 triumvirs. 
 
 CiD, The, a Spanish hero, whose real 
 name was do7i Roderigo Bias de Bivaf. He 
 was knighted in consequence of the vaior he 
 had displayed in his very youth ; and, in 
 1063, marched with don Sancho of Castile 
 against Ramiro king of Arragon, who fell in 
 battle ; after which he went to the siege of 
 Zamora, where Sancho, now become king, 
 was slain. On Sancho's death, his brother 
 Alfonso ascended the throne of Castile; but 
 Roderigo, instead of continuing the peaceful 
 and obedient subject, declared himself inde- 
 pendent, and, after depopulating the coun- 
 try, fixed his habitation at Pena de el Cid, 
 the rock of the Cid, near Saragossa. He af- 
 terwards took Valentia, and maintained his 
 independence till his death, 1099. The liis- 
 tory of this hero, whose name Cid signified 
 lord, has been immortalized in the romances 
 of the Spaniards, and particularly in the 
 popular ti-agedy of Corneille. 
 
 Cigala, John Michael, an impostor, 
 who, in 1670, appeared at Paris, and pre- 
 tended to be an Ottoman prince and king of 
 Jerusalem. He visited Poland, England and 
 other countries, and imposed upon the cre- 
 dulity of princes and of subjects, till some 
 one who knew his obscurity and his artifice 
 exposed him to the contempt and the deri- 
 sion of the world. 
 
 CiGNANi, Carlo, a painter of Bologna, 
 educated in the school of Albano. His paint- 
 ings are greatly admired for correctness, 
 gracefulness, and a fertility of genius, which 
 was successfully displayed ia expressing the 
 passions of the soul. He died at Forli I7iy, 
 aged 91. 
 
 CiMABUE, Giovanni, known asthc revi- 
 ver of pair.tingin Italy, was born at Florence 
 1240. Under the direction of Grecian pain- 
 ters, who were sent for by the Florentines, 
 he soon acquired that eminence which in- 
 ventive genius and indefatigable application 
 deserve. He painted for several of the cit- 
 ies of Italy, but particularly for his native 
 city, where a picture of the Virgin is still 
 seen and admired. He was also an eminent 
 architect, and was engaged in the building of 
 St. Maria del Fior church in Florence. His 
 paintings were chiefly in fresco and in dis- 
 temper, as painting in oil was not yet discov- 
 ered. He died at the age of CO. His repu- 
 tation, though respectable, would probabl)' 
 have been higher, had he not been eclipsed 
 by his pupil jmd friend Ghiotto. His profile 
 by Simon Sanese is still seen in the chapel 
 house of St. Maria Novella. 
 
 GiMON, an Athenian general, son of the 
 great Miltiades, famous for his defeat of the 
 Persians. He died at the siege of Citium in 
 Cyprus 449 B. G. 
 
 CiNciNNATU|, Lucius QuiutJus, a fa- 
 mous Roman, whose virtues raised him to the 
 dictatorship from the plough. He defeated 
 the enemies of his country, and quickly re- 
 turned to the cultivation of his farm, lie 
 
 lived about 460 B.C. 
 
CI 
 
 3Sa 
 
 QL 
 
 'G r N c 1 T? s A Ln M E N T u s, Lucius, author of 
 .'v liistory of the wars of Anmbal, &c. is often 
 T{UOted by Livy. 
 
 CiNNA, LucJu3 Cornelius, a Roman Con- 
 snl, whose union with Marius deluged Ronae 
 with blood, about 87 B. C. 
 
 CiNNAMUS, John, a Greek Avriter, in the 
 service of Manuel Commenus the emp^eror, 
 of whose reign, and that of his father John, 
 he composed a history, printed, Greek and 
 Latin, Utrecht, 4to. 1652, and at Paris, by 
 du Cange, fol. 1670. 
 
 CiNO DU PiSTOIA, or DE SiGIBULDI, 
 
 a poet of Pi«toia, known as a lawyer and a 
 senator of Rome. He was professor after- 
 wards in various universities, and died 13.36. 
 He wrote a commentary on the digest, and 
 deserved the commendation of Dante for his 
 ■excellent poetry. His woi'ks were edited 
 "Venice 1589. 
 
 CiNQ_MARS, H^nry Coissier marquis of, 
 sonof marquisd'Effiat, was marshal of France, 
 and the favorite of Lewis XUl. Though thus 
 noticed by the king, and patronised by Rich- 
 eUeu, he had the ingratitude to encourage 
 Gaston duke of Orleans, the king's brother, 
 to rebel and to sohcit the assi.*tance of Spain 
 in liis pei'fidious enterprises. The plot was 
 <liscovered by Richelieu, and Cinq Mars lost 
 his head, September 1642, aged 22. 
 
 CioPANi, Hercules, an Italian critic of 
 Sulmo. As a native of the same city which 
 gave Ovid birth, he was induced to undertake 
 a learned commentary on the works of his 
 countryman, to which he prefixed a life, 
 with an acvount of the country of Sulmo, 
 published 1578. It possesses merit, and has 
 been published in the edition of the variorum. 
 
 Cipriani, Vid. CvpaiANi. 
 
 CiRANi, Elizabeth, a native of Bologna, 
 eminently distinguished as a painter. Though 
 she was happy in tender and delicate sub- 
 jects, she particularly excelled in the great 
 and terrible. 
 
 CiRCiGNAND, Nicolo, called Pomeraneio, 
 from his native place, was a historical pain- 
 ter, several of whose pieces arc preserved in 
 the churches of Rome andLoretto. He died 
 1S88, aged 72. His son Antonio, distinguish- 
 ed also as a painter, died 1620, aged 60. 
 
 C1RII.L0, Dominc, a botanist, born near 
 Naples, educated under the care of his uncle 
 Nicholas, who was professor of medicine at 
 Naples. Though intended for the profession 
 of medicine, he showed greater partiality for 
 natural history, and he obtained a professor- 
 ship in botany at Naples, 1760, where the 
 next year he published his introductio ad 
 botanicum. He visited England, in the com- 
 pany of lady Walpole ; and as he spoke Eng- 
 lish with great fluency, he derived much ben- 
 efit from the lectures of Dr. W. Hunter, and 
 the conversation of tlie learned in London. 
 On his return to Italy, he again devoted him- 
 .self to his favorite pursuits; but a restless 
 and ambitious disposition proved his ruin. 
 He embraced the tenets of the revolutionary 
 philosophy, and when the French entered 
 JJ^aples, he boldly espoused their cause, and 
 mcepted an office under them; for \vhi,ch, 
 
 on tRe restoratioft of the lawful spverei^> 
 he was condemned, and executed as a traitor, 
 1795, aged 65. He wrote besides, nosologia 
 methodicse rudimenta, 1780 — deessentialibus 
 nonnullarura plantarum characteribus,1784 — 
 Neapolitana Flora, 1793 — Cyperus Papyrus, 
 Parmse, &c. 
 
 CiROFERRi, a painter and architect of 
 Rome, greatly honored by the duke of Tus- 
 cany, and particularly by pope Alexander 
 Vll. and his tliree successors. He was hap- 
 py and correct in his subjects ; but his char- 
 acters wanted animation and variety. He 
 died at Rome 1689, aged 55. 
 
 CiSNER, Nicholas, a native of Mosbach, 
 on the Neckar, who studied at Strasbui-gb, 
 under Bucer, and was professor of moral 
 philosophy at Wittemberg. He afterwards 
 visited France and Italy, and took his de- 
 grees in Haw at Padua, and settled at Heidel- 
 berg, as professor, and counsellor to the 
 elector Palatine. His works were published 
 at Frankfort 1611. He died 1583, aged 54. 
 
 CiviLis, Claudius, a Batavian general in 
 the service of Rome. He was suspected by 
 the Romans of treachery, and treated with 
 harshness: in consequence of which he rous- 
 ed his counti'ymen to rebellion, and expel- 
 led the Romans. He afterwards was recon- 
 ciled to the emperor Vespasian, and sub- 
 mitted to his pOM^er. 
 
 CivoLi, Lewis, or Cardi, ivas a native of 
 Cigoli in Tuscany, and studied under Corre- 
 gio. He also excelled in music and poetiy ; 
 but devoted himself assidiously to jiaintingi 
 His best pieces are preserved at Florence. 
 
 Clagett, WiUiam, an English divine, 
 born at Bury, Suffolk, where he was educa- 
 ted, and at Emaniiel college, Cambridge, 
 where he became U. D. 1683. He was for 
 seven years a preacher in his native town, 
 and afterwards was elected preacher to the 
 society of Gray's-inn. He was besides rector 
 of Farnbam-royal, Bucks, and lecturer of St. 
 Michael Bassishaw. He wasone of those res- 
 olute divines, who opposed the popish plans 
 of Jjunes II. and he deserved, for his learning, 
 piety,and virtues, the high character which bt 
 shop Burnet and Dr. Sharp have given of him. 
 He died of the small-pox 1688, aged 42, and his 
 wife 18 days afterhim. Four volumes of his 
 sermons were published after his death by his 
 brother Nicholas. He was author of some 
 controversial pieces. 
 
 Clagett, Nicholas, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was also born at Bury, and educated 
 at Christ's-church, Cambridge, where he be- 
 came D. D. 1704. He succeeded his brother 
 as preacher at Bury, and continued there 46 
 years, and he was besides rector of Thurlow 
 magna, and of Hitcham, and archdeacon of 
 Sudbuiy. Besides his bi'Other's works, he 
 published some sermons and pamphlets of 
 his own. He died Jan. 1727, aged 12)^ one 
 of his children, Nicholas, was afterwards 
 bishop of Exeter. 
 
 Clairault, Alexis, a learned mathema- 
 tician of the French academy of sciences. 
 He was one of those who tisited the north, to 
 discover thfe true (pnn of the egrrlli. He died 
 
QL 
 
 S^/ 
 
 QL 
 
 i;?:65, aged about 52. He published elements 
 of geometry and algebra — tables of the moon 
 — treatise on the figure of the earth — besides 
 several papers in the journal des scavans. His 
 abihties were prematurely displayed, as, it 
 is said, that he could read and write at the 
 age of 4, he understood algebra at 9, and at 
 11 wi'ote a memoir on curves, which was hon- 
 .oi'ably applauded in the miscellanea IJeroli- 
 uensia. 
 
 Clairfait, N. count de, an Austrian 
 general, greatly distinguished against the 
 French at the beginning of the revelution. 
 He was a Walloon by birth, and was first 
 employed against the Turks. His manoju- 
 vres in the Netherlands were rapid and mas- 
 terly ; but though after taking Longwy and 
 Stanay, he lost the famous battle of Jemappe 
 by the superior number and irresistible im- 
 petuosity of the French, he made a most he- 
 roic retreat across the Rhine. Afterwards, 
 Tuider the prince of Coburg, he distinguished 
 himself at Altenhoven, Quievrain, Hansen, 
 and Famars, and decided the victory of Ner- 
 winde, and afterwards bravely opposed the 
 progress of Pichegru. He defeated, in 1795, 
 the French army near Mayence, and took 
 many prisoners ; soon after which, he was 
 recalled, and received with becoming respect 
 by the emperor at Vienna, where he became 
 counsellor of war, and where he died 1798. 
 Asa soldier, he was brave and intrepid ; as a 
 general, a severe disciplinarian ; cool in the 
 midst of danger,, precise in the execution of 
 his plans, formed after mature deliberation, 
 and universally beloved by his army. The 
 French with truth regarded hiai as one of 
 their ablest opponents. 
 
 Clairon, Clara Joseph Hippolyta, Lewis 
 Helatude, a native of Paris, who, from an ob- 
 scure origin, rose under thetriendly direction 
 of mademoiselle Dangeville, a well known ac- 
 tress, to high celebrity on the French stage. 
 x\t the age of 12 she appeared in the play of 
 the isle of slaves, and was mudi applauded, 
 and afterwards at Rouen, and then at Paris, 
 she became a. favorite actress. She chiefly 
 excelled in tragedy, and at the age of 80 she 
 surprised and delighted Kemble, who paid 
 her a complimentary visit, with a most en- 
 ergetic recitation of one of the scenes of 
 Phjedra. She died at Paris, 6lst Jan. 1803, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Ci^ANCY, Michael, M. D. was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, but unfortunately 
 lost his sight before he could practice as phy- 
 sician. He was recommended by his friend 
 the famous Montesquieu, to loi'd Chesterfield, 
 vicernyof Ireland, from whom he obtained a 
 pension. He obtained also the liatin school of 
 Kilkenny. He wrote besides some poems, the 
 comedy of the Sharper, and of Hermon prince 
 of Chorda, and he appeared with applause 
 as the blind Tiresias, when ffidipus was per- 
 formed for his benefit atDrury-lane. He wrote' 
 also mcraous of his own life, 2 vols. 174G. 
 
 Clara, a native of Assisi, of respectable 
 parentage. She early devoted herself to a 
 religious and recluse life, and her example 
 was followed by her sister Agnes, Qjjd other 
 
 female frtnds. Sh6 obtained from S|t. Fran- 
 cis d'Assisi, the church of Hamain, and be- 
 came abbess of a new order of nuns, which 
 she there established. She died 1193, aged 
 100, and was canonized by Alexander IV. 
 
 Clario, Isidore, an Italian bishop, distin- 
 guished at the coiuicil of Trent. He was elo- 
 quent and learned, and died atFoligno, 15.55. 
 His annotations on the vulgate translation of 
 the bible, with corrections of the text, &c. 
 are inserted in the index expurgatonus. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, a celebrated oriental- 
 ist, born at Brackley, Northamptonshire, 
 and made student of INIerton college, Oxford, 
 in his 15th year. During the civil wai-s he 
 was chiefly resident at Oxford, where he ob- 
 tained tlte place of superior beadle of civil 
 law, when it became vacant. In 1650 he wara 
 master of a boarding school at Islington., 
 where he assisted Walton in the correction 
 and publication of his polyglott bible. In 1658 
 he succeeded to the vacant beadleship, which 
 he retained till his death, Dec. 27th 1669,- 
 aged 46. He wrote some vei-y learned trea- 
 tises on oriental literature, and on the He- 
 brew text, &c. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, a nonconformist under 
 Cromwell, born at Woolston, Warwickshire^ 
 and educated at Cirencester, and Emanuelv 
 college, Cambridge, and afterwai'ds minis- 
 ter of St. Benet Fink, London. He was otfe 
 of the commissionei's at the Savoy, and died 
 greatly esteemed for his private and public 
 character 25th Dee. 1682. He wrote lives of 
 puritan divines — martyrology — lives of elu- 
 inent persons — ecclesiastical histoi'y, &c. 
 
 Clarke, Dr. Samuel, a famous Englisli 
 divine, son of Edward Clarke, esq. alder- 
 man of Norwich, and many years one of i(3 
 representatives in parliament, was bCtny 
 there 11th Oct. 1675. After being educated 
 at the grammar school in his native town, h.e 
 entered at Cains college, Cambridge, wherfe 
 he appUed himself diligently tto the philos'o- 
 phical pursuits of the age. As Rohault's 
 physics, on the principles of Des CarteSj 
 were the system publicly taught in the tiT)i- 
 versity, Clarke, who well understood the 
 tenets of Newton's philosophy, republished 
 the book in a new translation, with learned 
 and valuable notes, though only at the age of 
 22. He afterwards studied theology, ancf 
 was ordained by Moore bishop of Norwich> 
 in whose household he lived as chaplain for 
 12 years, with all the familiarity of a friend 
 and equal, by whom he was presented to the 
 Uving of Drayton, Norfolk. In 1704 he 
 preached Boyle's lectures, on the being and 
 attributes ofa god, and giave such satisfac- 
 tion, that he was again appointed the next 
 year, and chose for his subject the evidenced 
 of natural and revealed religion. These two 
 courses of lectures when published, excited 
 some controversies, and tended to spread the 
 celebrity of the autlmr. About this time he 
 is suspected by Wliiston to have inclined to 
 Arianism, as he declared to him, that he 
 never read Uie Athanasian creed, except 
 once, which was by mistake, and on a dav 
 
 when not di?ectedby the ritbrie^. His lutter 
 
CL 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 CL 
 
 ifcp Dodwell was published in 1706, on the 
 immortality of the soul, which subject gave 
 rise to a long controversial dispute, and at- 
 ibrded him the opportunity of displaying his 
 great metaphysical and physical knowledge. 
 ]N[otwithstanding this controversy, he applied 
 liimself to mathematical pursuits, and pub- 
 lished a translation of Newton's optics, with 
 which the great philosopher was so pleased, 
 that he gave him 5(X)/. for his five daughters. 
 He was at this time made rector of St. Ben- 
 net's, Paul's wharf, London, by his patron 
 Moore, who introduced him to queen Anne, 
 who appointed him one of her chaplains, and 
 gave him afterwards St. James's rectory, 
 Westminster. He now took his degree of 
 J). D. at Cambridge, and displayed such fluen- 
 cy and purity of expression in his academical 
 exercises as drew forth the astonishment of 
 a respectable audience. He published, in 
 1712, an edition of Caesar's commentaries, 
 dedicated to the great duke of Marlborough, 
 and in the same year appeared his book on 
 the doctrine of the Trinity in three parts, 
 which, though mentioned with commenda- 
 tion by bishop Hoadly, yet roused the attacks 
 of many severe and acrimonious critics, and 
 was even complained of in the lower house of 
 convocation. In consequence of this the work 
 excited universal attention, but Clarke did 
 not shrink from the threatened danger, and 
 at last the complaint was dismissed by the 
 upper house, without examination and cen- 
 sure. An account of these proceedings was 
 afterwards published, as an apology for Dr. 
 Clarke ; but the obnoxious book passed 
 through two large editions, and since has 
 been published with great additions. In 1715, 
 and 1716, \^v. Clarke was engaged in a dis- 
 pute with Leibnitz, Avith respect to natural 
 philosophy and religion, in which, as his 
 friend Whiston says, " his letters are among 
 the most useful of his performances in natural 
 philosophy." In 1718, Clarke's alteration in 
 the doxology of the singing psalms gave great 
 offence; to the words "to God through 
 Christ his only sen, immortal glory be," 
 were substituted the following *« to God 
 through Christ his son our Lord, all glory be 
 therefore." This circumstance was so re- 
 sented by Robinson, bishop of London, that 
 he wrote a circular letter to his clergy, not to 
 use any new forms of doxology, and the dis- 
 pute thus kindled produced various publica- 
 tions on both sides, which betrayed great in- 
 temperance and unchristian spirit. The 
 friendship of lord Lechmere about this time 
 presented Clarke to the mastership of Wig- 
 ston's hospital in Leicester, and in 1724, he 
 published 17 sermons. On the death of New- 
 ton, in 1727, Clarke was offered his place of 
 master of the mint, worth near 150U/. a year, 
 which he very disinterestedly refused as in- 
 compatible with his spiritual engagements. 
 In 1729, he published the 12 first books of the 
 Iliad dedicated to the duke of Cumberland, 
 with a new Latin version, and learned notes, 
 and in 1732, the 12 other books were publish- 
 ed by his son. He was attacked on the 11th 
 May 1729, as he was going to preach before 
 the judges at Serjeant's Inn, with a violent 
 
 pain in his side, and unable to officiate, he 
 was removed home, where the symptoms of 
 his disorder became more alarming, and at 
 last attacking his head, robbed him of his 
 senses, and he expired on the 1 7th of the 
 same month aged 54. The same year were 
 printed his exposition of the church-cate- 
 chism, and 10 vols, of sermons in 8vo. which 
 had mostly been preached on Thursday 
 mornings at St. James's church. Clarke, 
 though attacked by various authors in the 
 walk of theology and philosophy, has found 
 great and learned champions in Hare bishop 
 of Chichester, and Hoadly bishop of Win- 
 chester. They not only extol his extensive 
 knowledge in every branch of classical and 
 philosophical science, but they enlarge o« 
 the goodness of his heart, and t^2 exemplary 
 piety of his life. By his death, says Hoadly, 
 the world was deprived of as bright a hght 
 and masterly teacher of truth and virtue, 
 as ever yet appeared amongst us, and his 
 works must last as long as any language re- 
 mains to convey them to future times. 
 
 Clarke, William, an English divine, 
 born at Haghmon abbey, Shropshire, 1696, 
 educated at Shrewsbui-y school, and St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow 1717. He was presented by 
 archbishop Wake to the rectory of Buxted, 
 Sussex, and in 1738 he was made prebendary 
 of Chichester, and in 1770 chancellor of that 
 diocese, and vicar of Amport, where he died 
 21st October 1771. His great work is the 
 connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and En- 
 glish coins, 4to. He married a daughter of 
 the learned Wootton, by whom he had a son 
 and daughter, 
 
 Clarke, Edward, son of the preceding, 
 was fellow of St. John's college, and succeed- 
 ed on the resignation of his father in 1738, to 
 the rectory of Buxted, Sussex, besides which 
 he held Uckfield and Wilmington. He was 
 chaplain to lord Bristol's embassy to Madrid 
 in 1760 and 61, and on his return he publish- 
 ed a 4to. volume of letters on the Spanish 
 nation. He had meditated, with Mr. Bow- 
 yer, the plan of an enlarged Latin dictionary, 
 but after printing one sheet, the Avork was 
 laid aside for want of encouragement. He 
 also proposed to publish a commentary on 
 the new testament from his father's papers, 
 and the notes of able commentators, but the 
 project was likewise abortive. He died No- 
 vember 1786. 
 
 Clarkson, David, anativeof Bradford, 
 Yorkshire, educated at Clarehall, Cambridge, 
 where he became fellow, and had Tillotson 
 afterwards primate for his pupil. He was 
 ejected in 1662, from his living of Mortlake 
 in Surrey, for nonconformity, and died 1686, 
 aged 64. He was a learned and respectible 
 character. He wrote no evidence for dioce«au 
 episcopacy in primitive times 4to. 1681, ably 
 refuted by doctor Henry Maurice, — sermons, 
 &c. 
 
 Claude, a monk of the celesfine order in 
 the 15th century. He was author of a treatise 
 on the errors of our sensations, published 6/ 
 Or once Fine. 1542. 
 
CL 
 
 SS3 
 
 CL 
 
 Claude of Lorraine, a celebrated 
 landscape painter, born in IGOO, He wns of 
 so dull a disposition when at school, that he 
 wa3 placed earl}' Mith a pastry cook, with 
 whom he served his time, and afterwards 
 travelling to Rome, he was accidentally hired 
 by the painter Augustino Trasso, as aconi- 
 inon servant to pound his colors, and wait 
 upon him. The kindness of his master soon 
 made him acquainted with the first principles 
 of painting, and now genius began to expand, 
 and Claude retired to the banks of the Tiber 
 and the striking scenes of nature, where, in 
 solitude, he copied the beauties displayed to 
 liis view, with success and effect. Thus as- 
 siduity assisted genius, and the humble 
 Claude, by degrees, almost self-taught, pro- 
 duced those noble pieces Avhich tor their 
 fine distribution of light and shade, for liar- 
 mony, and for the exquisite delicacy of the 
 tints, have procured him deservedly immor- 
 tal fame. He was scrupulously attentive to 
 the tinishing of his pieces, and he often did 
 and undid the same pieee, seven or eight 
 rimes, till it pleased him. Urban VHI. and 
 several Italian princes patronised him. His 
 performances in fresco and in oil are chiefly 
 commended. He died 1G82, and was buried 
 at Rome. 
 
 C L Air DE, John, a French protestant, born 
 at Sauvetat in Angenois 1619, and ordained 
 minister at Montauban. His opposition to 
 the catholics produced the suspension of his 
 ecclesiastical office, but his answer to Mess. 
 de Port Royal, who wished to convert Tu- 
 renne to the Romish faith, excited a groat 
 controversy in the kingdom. Though oppo- 
 sed by Arnauld, Nouet, and otlier able cath- 
 olics, Claude maintained his reputation by his 
 pen, and in his treatises on tlie eucharist, 
 and in defence of the i-efovmed church, evin- 
 ced the abilities of a sound theologian, and a 
 learned disputant. The edict of Nantes 
 however at last terminated his labors in 
 France, he was directed, in lCS5, to leave the 
 Itfiigdom, and he retired to Holland, where 
 he was kindly received by the prince of 
 Orange, who allowed him a pension. Though 
 his voice was not plejising, yet he was great- 
 ly admired as an eloquent orator, and his last 
 sermon which was on Christmas day 1680, 
 pleased and sensibly affected the princess of 
 Orange. He die,d January 13, 1687, carrying 
 with him the regret and the affection of the 
 protestant churches. He had a son, Isaac 
 Claude, born .5th March 1653. He was edu- 
 cated in France, and became minister of the 
 Walloon church atthc Hague, where he died 
 29th July 1695. He published many of his 
 iiithei*'s works. 
 
 Cl AUDI AN, a Latin poet patronised by 
 Stilicho, whose misfortunes he shared. He 
 came to Rome 395. 
 
 Claudius I. son of Drusus, succeeded 
 Caligula as emperor of Rome. He gave 
 himself up to dissipation, and was at last 
 poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make 
 room for her son Nero, A. D. 54, in iiis 6.3d 
 year. 
 
 Claudius H. a Dalmatian, wlio succeed- j 
 voir. i> 44 
 
 ed Gallienus as emperor of Rome. He died 
 after a reign of two jears, greatlv lamented, 
 271. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, a Sabine who settled 
 at Rome, B. C. 504, and became the progeni- 
 tor of the Appian family. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, son of the abov6, 
 was consul at Rome, but behaved AVith such 
 severity that his soldiers refused to fight un- 
 der him. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, a Roman decemvir, 
 son of the above, infamous for his attempt to 
 violate Virginia, for which his office w^^ 
 abolished, and he himself died in prison. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, surnamed Ctccus, 
 v,as of the same family, and distinguished 
 himself as an orator and lawyer. He is ce- 
 lebrated for supplying Rome with water by 
 means of an aqueduct, and for making tlie 
 well known Appian road, which led as far as 
 Capua. ^ 
 
 Clavius, Christopher, a Jesuit and 
 mathematician, born at Bamberg, Germany, 
 1537. He was considered as the Euclid of 
 his age, and he was, on account of his abili- 
 ties, engaged by Gregory XIII. in the refor- 
 mation of the calendar, which he ably de- 
 fended against Joseph .Scaliger. His works 
 V, erc printed, 5 vols, fob He died at Rome 
 1612. 
 
 Clayton, Dr. Robert, a learned pre- 
 late, member of the royal and antiquarian 
 societies in London. He was made bishop of 
 Killala 1729, translated to Cork 1735, and to 
 Clogher 1745, where he died 25th Septem- 
 ber 1758. He was averse to the use of the 
 Nicene and Athanasian creeds, and unsuc- 
 cessfully moved for their rejection in the Irish 
 house of lords. He was the intimate friend 
 of Boyer the printer, and other learned men. 
 He published an essay on spirit, Svo. — chro- 
 nology of the Hebrev/ bible vindicated, 4to — 
 inquiry on the time of the coming of the 
 Messiah, Svo. — vindication of the histories 
 of the old and new testaments, Svo, — -journal 
 from Grand Cairo to Sinai, translated from 
 the MS. of a prefectof Egypt, 4to. and Svo. — 
 and other works. 
 
 Cleanthes, a Grecian philosopher, dis- 
 ciple of Zeno. He starved himself to death 
 at the age of 90, B.C. 240. 
 
 Cleeve, Joseph, a Flemish painter, who. 
 died 1536. His pieces were chiefly raisers 
 counting their hoarded treasures. His faiiii- 
 iy produced otlier respectable painters. 
 
 Cleghorn, George, a Scotch physician, 
 born at Cranton, near Fidinburgh, 18th De- 
 cember 1716. After studying belies lettres 
 at Edinburgh, he applied hmiself to physic 
 and surgery, under the care of Dr. ivlunro, 
 and, in 1736, went as surgeon to the 22d rcr 
 giment of foot to Minorca, where he resided, 
 thirteen years. On his return to London, ia 
 1750, be pubhshed his valuable work oi) the 
 diseases of Minorca. The year after, he 
 settled at Dublin, where he began to read re? 
 gular courses of anatomy, and where he be- 
 came highly respected for his learning and 
 his amiable manners. He died December 
 1780. It is net the lest^t of his praise t» mea- 
 
QL 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 CL 
 
 tidn, that on his brother's death he sent far 
 his widow and nine children fi*om Scotland, 
 and settled them in Dublin, with all the af- 
 fection and lender care of a parent. 
 
 Cleiveland, John. F«V/. Cleveland. 
 
 Cleland, John, son of colonel Cleland, 
 the Will Honeycomb of the Spectator, was 
 early sent as consul to Smyrna; and on his 
 return to England lie went to the East In- 
 ches, His quarrel, however, with the presi- 
 dency of Bombay prevented his advance- 
 ment, and he left the country. Poor and 
 dissatisfied, on his arrival in London, loaded 
 with debts, and exposed to the intrusion of 
 , bailiffs, and the horrors of a pi'ison, he en- 
 deavoured to extricate himself by writing 
 that infamous publication, the woman of plea- 
 sure, iwhich, though it procured him not 
 more than '20 guineas, yet brought into the 
 hands of the licentious and mercenary book- 
 seller not less than 10,000/. The evil ten- 
 dency of his publication caused his appear- 
 ance before the privy council; but lord Gran- 
 ville, the president, admitted his plea of 
 poverty, and, to engage him no longer to ex- 
 ercise his abiUties in such immoral composi- 
 tions, he procured him a pension of 100/, a 
 year. His memoirs of a coxcomb, and his 
 man of honor, in some slight degree atoned 
 for the depravity of his former work, lie 
 died 23d January 1789, aged 82. 
 
 Clemancis, Nicholas, a native of the 
 diocese of Chalons, who studied at Paris, 
 under Gerson, and in 1393, became rector of 
 the university. From a letter which he 
 wrote to Charles VI. of France, exhorting 
 him to put an end to the papal schism, he 
 was accused as the author of the bull of ex- 
 communication sent against his sovereign by 
 Benedict XIII. and he took refuge into a 
 convent. He was afterwards reconciled to 
 the king, and was preferred. He died 1440. 
 His corrupt state of the church, in which 
 he boldly developcs the abuses of the papal 
 see, was published by Lydius, a protestant, 
 in Holland, 1613. He wrote besides a trea- 
 tise on simony, an able work. 
 
 Clemencet, Charles, a French Bene- 
 dictine, born at Painblanc in Autun, taught 
 rhetoric at Paris, where he died 1778, aged 
 74. He possessed a happy naemory, and 
 great industry. He wrote tl»at valuble book, 
 I'art de verifier les dates, 4to. 17.50, and fol. 
 1770 — a general histoiy of Poi-t Royal, ten 
 vols. 12mo. — and other works. 
 
 Clemens, Titus P'lavius, a father of the 
 church, generally called Alexanilriuus, be- 
 cause born at Alexandria, according to some. 
 He succeeded, 191, Panietius, in the cathe- 
 tical school of Alexandria, where he died. 
 The best edition of his works is that of Pot- 
 ter, 2 vols. fol. Oxford, 1715. 
 
 Clemens, Ttomanus, a father of the 
 church, the companion of St. Paul, and 
 bishop of Tiome. He died 100. His epistle 
 to the Corinthian church has been published 
 1698, and translated by Wake 1705. 
 
 Clement IL bishop of Bamberg, was 
 elected pope by the council of Sutri 1046, 
 and dijpd 9lh October 1047. He wjts a Saxon 
 
 by birth, and was distinguished by his zeal 
 against simony. 
 
 Clement III. bishop of Prseneste, suc- 
 ceeded Gi'egory VIII. as pope 1187, and 
 died 27th March 1191, after pubhshing a 
 crusade against the Saracens. 
 
 Clement IV. Guy de Foulques, a 
 Frenchman, elected pope after Urban IV. 
 at Perouse, 1265. Before his election he 
 had been a soldier, and then a civilian, and 
 on the death of his wife he took orders, and 
 became archbishop of Narbonne, and a car- 
 dinal. He showed great moderation and 
 prudence, and refused to bestow his favors 
 indiscriminately on his relations. He died 
 at Viterbo 29th November 1268. 
 
 Clement V. or Bertrand de Goth, was 
 born at Villaudran, near Bourdeaux. He 
 was archbishop of Bourdeaux 1300, and af- 
 ter the death of Benedict XI. was elected 
 pope 1305. He was crowned at Lyons, and 
 removed the see of Rome to Avignon 1309. 
 He abolished the templars at tlie request of 
 Philip the fair of France, whose views he 
 blindly seconded. He is accused of incon- 
 tinence, by his intercourse with the countess 
 of Perigord ; and he was extravagant in his 
 expenses, though fond of acquiring money. 
 He died 20th April 1314, at Roquemaure, 
 near Avignon. 
 
 Clement VI. Peter Roger, a doctor of 
 Paris university, who succeeded Benedict 
 XII. on the papal throne 1342. He is re- 
 presented by Petrarch, whom he patronised, 
 as a worthy, generous, and learned prelate; 
 but other historians paint hira as debauched, 
 proud, and ambitious. He died 6th Decem- 
 ber 1355, at Avignon. 
 
 Clement VH. Julius de Medicis, na- 
 tural son of Julian de Medicis, was declared 
 legitimate by Leo X. on the testimony of 
 persons who said they had witnessed the 
 marri:;ge of his parents ; and he was made 
 by him legate at Bologna, and archbishop of 
 Narbonne and Florence. He was elected 
 iwpe 1523, ou the death of Adrian VI. 
 Great as a pope, he was weak as a politician, 
 and by the holy league which he formed be- 
 tween Henry VIII. of England and Francis 
 I. of France, he drew upon himself the re- 
 sentment of Charles V, who took and plun- 
 dered Rome, and besieged the holy pontiff 
 in the castle of St, Angelo, Though he 
 escaped, he was obliged to submit to igno- 
 minious terms ; but though assisted by Hen- 
 ry, be refused to countenance his divorce 
 from Catharine of Arragon ; and when the 
 English monarch married Anna Boleyn, the 
 sovereign pontiff issued a bull of excommu- 
 nication against him, and thus produced the 
 separation of England from the Roman, 
 church. He died 26th September 1534. 
 
 Clement VIII. Hippolitqs Alddbrandin, 
 a native of Florence, made cardinal by Six- 
 tus V. and elected pope after the death of 
 Innocent IX. 15U2. He first opposed the 
 election of Henry IV. of France, but after- 
 wards was reconciled to him, though he se- 
 verely r.esented the expulsion of the Jesuits. 
 He wais a libei'al miuded aud benevolent. 
 
JCh 
 
 ^^6 
 
 CL 
 
 ■^rfelate; and died 5lh Maroh 16.05, aged 
 69. " 
 
 Ci-EMENT IX. Julius Rospigliosi, was 
 born in Pistoia in Tuscany, of a noble fami- 
 ly, and was elected 1607, after the death of 
 Alexander VII. His reign was disturbed by 
 the schisms of the Jansenists ; but he heard 
 of the loss of Candia, which w.-js taken by 
 the Turks, with such smTow that he died of 
 grief, 9th December 1069, aged 71. 
 
 Clement X. John Baptist Emilius Al- 
 tieri, a Koman, made cardinal by Clement 
 IX. whom he succeeded 1670. He was mild 
 and amiable in character; and as all the bu- 
 siness of the papal see was managed by his 
 nephew, the Romans jocosely said there 
 were two popes, the one in fact, the other 
 in name. He died 22d July 1676, aged 
 86. 
 
 Clement XI. John Francis Albani, son 
 of a Roman senator, was born at Pesaro 
 1649, and made a cardinal 1690, and elected 
 pope 1700, on the death of Innocent Xil. 
 He was three days in determining whether 
 to accept of the popedom or not. He was 
 an able politician; but his reign was distur- 
 bed by the schism of the Jansenists ; and he 
 published a bull in 1705 against the five fa- 
 mous propositions. In 1713 he issued his bull 
 called unigenitus against 101 propositions of 
 the new testament by Quesncl; a book which 
 he had originally approved and commended, 
 but which the virulence of the times obliged 
 him to condemn. He gave a friendly re- 
 ception to the pretender; and died at Rome 
 19th March 1721, aged 72. His works were 
 e<lited at Uome, in 2 vols. fol. 1729. 
 
 Clement XII. Laurence Corsini, a na- 
 tive of Rome, raised to the po])edom, 1730, 
 after the death of Benedict XIII. He la- 
 bored earnestly in the reform of abuses, 
 and when the cardinals wished to recom- 
 mend to him particular ministers, he nobly 
 replied, it is for the cardinals to elect popes, 
 but for the pope to elect his ministers. He 
 died 6th February 1740, aged near 88; 
 and so popular was his government, that 
 the Romans erected a brazen statue to his 
 honor. 
 
 Clement XIII. Charles Rezzonico, a 
 native of Venice, made a cardinal 1737, by 
 Clement XII. and rt.Jsed to the see of Padua 
 1743, where his conduct was so amiable and 
 benevolent, that on the death of Benedict 
 XIV. he was elected pope 1 758. During his 
 reign the Jesuits were expelled from France, 
 Spain, and Naples. He died suddenly, 2d 
 February 1769, aged 76, much respected, 
 aiid to his last moments heavily afflicted 
 •with the dissensions which di£turbe<l the 
 church. 
 
 Clement XIV. John Vincent Anthony 
 Canganelli, son of a physician of St. Arcli- 
 angelo near Rimini, was born 31st October 
 1705. When 18 he entered among the 
 Franciscans, and applied himself to the 
 studies of philosophy and divinity at Passa- 
 ro, Recanati, Fano, and Rome, and when at 
 the age of 35, he became public professor in 
 Mie^coljege of |3onaventure. He was employed 
 
 under Benedict XIV. in the council of the 
 holy office, and the next pope, Clement XIH. 
 who equally knew his merit, raised him to 
 the pui-ple. Though laised to dignity, he 
 preserved the habit and the austerity of a 
 poor ecclesiastic, but in his opinions he es- 
 pous'ed the cause of foreign princes, and 
 spoke boldly of the necessity of expelling 
 the Jesuits. On the death of Clement XIIL 
 he was elected in a tumultuous assembly of 
 the conclave, and proclaimed pope by car- 
 dinal de Bernis. The difficulties which 
 surrounded him were artfully removed ; he 
 negotiated with Portugal, Spain, and France, 
 who seemed inclined to make deep inroads 
 on the papal power, and at their pressing 
 solicitations he, in 1773, formally suppressed 
 the Jesuits. The violent spirit of the times, 
 and the unpopular measures which necessity 
 obliged him to adopt, at last wasted away 
 his strength, and produced such debility as 
 proved fatal 22d September 1774, though 
 some have been accused of hastening his 
 death by poison. In his character he was 
 bold, upright, benevolent, and mild, the 
 friend of literature, and an enemy to all 
 abuses. When desired to live with greater 
 splendor, he replied that neither St. Peter 
 nor St. Francis had taught him to dine 
 splendidly. His life has been published by 
 Caraccioli, and some letters have appeared, 
 4 vols. 12mo. 17f6, under his name, though 
 they are supposed many of them to be spu- 
 rious, 
 
 Clement, David, a native of Hof Geis- 
 mar, who succeeded his father as pastor of 
 a French congregation there, from which he 
 removed to Brunswick 1736, and then to 
 Hanover, where he died 1760, He is authoi^ 
 of bibliotheque curieuse historique de iivres 
 difficiles a trouver, 9 vols. 4to. — Specimen 
 Bibliothecaj Hispano, — Majensise, sive Idea 
 novi catalogi seriptorum Hispan. in biblio- 
 theca Greg. — Majens 1753, &c. 
 
 Clement, Francis, a native of Beze in 
 Burgundy, member of the congregation of 
 St. Maur. He was employed by his supe- 
 riors at Paris to continue Rivet's literar}-^ 
 history of France, of which he wrote the 
 lith and 12th vols. He afterwards com- 
 posed the 12th and 13th vols, of Bouquet's 
 collection of French historians, and improv- 
 ed Dantine's art de verifier les dates, pub- 
 lished by Durand and Clemencet in 4to. — 
 and by himself, 3 vols. fol. 1783 — 1792. He 
 began I'art de verifier les dates avant J. 
 Christ, but died before its completion 1793, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Clement, Peter, a native of Geneva, 
 who became travelling tutor to lord Walde- 
 grave, and afterwards settled at Paris, 
 where he conducted the Nouvelies literaries 
 de France fiTjm 1749 to 1754. He wrote 
 also some poems, and Meropc a tragedy, 
 and Geox'ge Barnwell translated from the 
 English, &c. He was not alv/ays correct in 
 his character, but oftes licentious. He died 
 1767, aged 60. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men 
 of Greece, who died a1)oat 560 B. C. 
 
CL 
 
 SS0 
 
 CL 
 
 Cleombuotus, two kings of Sparta. 
 The one fell at the battle of Leuctra, B. C. 
 arij and the otlier v/as son-in-law of Leoni- 
 das, and was banished afterwards. 
 
 Cleomenes, a king of Sparta, wlio slew 
 himself li. C. 491. — Another, who succeeded 
 AgesipoHs his brother, and reigned 61 years. 
 — Another who was defeated by the Aclije- 
 ans, and fled into Egvpt where he destroyed 
 himself, B. C. 219. 
 
 Cleopatra, a queen of Egypt, who in- 
 trigued with J. Cscsar to ensure the posses- 
 sion of her kingdom, and afterwards mar- 
 ried Antony, whom she attended at the bat- 
 tle of Actium. Not to be led a captive in 
 the triumph of the victorious Augustus she 
 destroyed herself by the bite of an asp, B. 
 
 c. 30. 
 
 Cleostratus, a Grecian astronomer, 
 who invented tbe signs of the zodiac, and 
 reformed the Greek calendar, B. C. .')3G. 
 
 Ci-ERC, Jphn le, a celebrated scholar 
 born at Geneva, I9tli March 1657. As hir, 
 father was a physician of eminence, and a 
 Greek professor at Geneva, the greatest at- 
 tention was paid to his education, and after 
 studying belles lettres and the classics with 
 the most indefatigable earnestness he direc- 
 ted his thoughts to divinity at the age of 19, 
 and was at the proper time admitted into 
 ordei's. He soon after embraced Arminian- 
 ism, and after residing some time at Sau- 
 mur, he visited England, where he was ho- 
 nored with the acquaintance of many learned 
 and respectable characters. As he totally dif- 
 fered from his friends and connexions at Ge- 
 neva, with I'espect to religious opinions, he 
 determined not to reside among them, but 
 settled at Amstei'dam 1683, where he be- 
 came popular as a preacher,and particularly 
 as professor of philosophy, Hebrew, and po- 
 lite literature. His ars critica, 3 vols. 12rao. 
 Avas published in 1696, and in 1709 appeared 
 his Sulpicius Severus, his Grotius, and also 
 the remains of Menander and Philemon, a 
 collection which drew upon him the severe 
 censures of those able scholars Bentley and 
 Burman. Le Clerc died 8th Jan. 1736, in 
 his 79tli year, having been afliicted for the 
 last six years with great weakness of intel- 
 lects. He married, at the age of 34, the 
 daughter of Gregorio Leti, by whom he had 
 four children, who all died young. Many 
 of his works were dedicated to English pre- 
 lates and other leading men in the nation ; 
 yet his name was particularly unpopular in 
 England, and his writings were severely 
 censured by some of the clergy, and for this 
 he was indebted to the Arminian principles 
 which he had imbibed, and the acrimonious 
 language which he used against episcopacy. 
 At one time his admirers in England were 
 desirous of fixing him in a more independent 
 state here, than he enjoyed at Amsterdam, 
 hut the schieme was thwai'ted by oj>posite 
 opinions. Whatever might be the prejudice 
 of his enemies, he certainly deserved well 
 of literature, for his many valuable Avritings 
 in criticism, religion, and philosophy, and 
 he niust be respected as an able writer aud 
 
 sound divine, and an erudite scholai-. His 
 other works are systems of logic, entology, 
 and pncumutology, besides a translation of 
 the bible into French, &c. He also conduc- 
 ted the bibliotheque choisie from 1703 to 
 1713, 128 vols. l2mo — bibliotheque ancienne 
 & moderne 29 vols. 1729 — and bibliotheque 
 universelle & historique to 1693, 25 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Clerc, Sebastian le, originally a helper 
 in the kitchen of the abbey of St. Arnould 
 at Metz, displayed early proofs of genius as 
 a painter. The scraps of paper on which he 
 had made some rude delineations were seen 
 accidentally by the prior of the house, who 
 had the kindness to encourage him and to 
 favor his advancement. He studied geome- 
 try and perspective, and graduall}' rose to 
 eminence, till distinguished by marshal 
 de la Fert6, and made engraver to Lewis 
 XIV. and knighted by Clement XL He 
 died at Paris 25th October 1714, aged 77. 
 He was admirable in his landscapes, archi- 
 tecture and ornaments, and he has gained 
 credit as the author of a treatise on archi- 
 tecture 2 vols. 4to. — a treatise on geometry, 
 &c. Svo. — and another on perspective. Not 
 less than 3000 pieces are mentioned as the 
 work of his graver, and he had the art, aftet^ 
 Callot, of introducing five or six leagues ex- 
 tent of country in a small space. 
 
 Clerc, Daniel le, a native of Geneva, 
 where his father was Greek professor. He 
 studied medicine at Paris and Montpellier, 
 and practised with great reputation and suc- 
 cess at Geneva. He was made member of 
 the council of state 1704, and then quitted 
 his pi'ofessional labors, and died 1728. He 
 was a learned antiquary, and wi'ote biblio- 
 theca anatomica, &c. 2 vols, fob — histoire de 
 la medicine, Geneva, 8vo. 1696, translated into 
 English — historia naturalis & medica lato- 
 rum lumbricorum, &c. 
 
 Clerc, John le, a B'rencU painter, knight- 
 ed at Venice, Avhei-e he died 1633, aged 46. 
 
 Clerke, Gilbert, a native of Uppington, 
 Rutlandshire, educated at Sidney college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 was an able Grecian and mathematician, but 
 strongly favoring the Socinians, he left the 
 university for a small estate in Northampton- 
 shire, where he died about 1695, aged 69. 
 He wrote an answer to bishop Bull's work 
 on the divine faith — and a treatise on Ought- 
 red's Claris mathematica, &c. 
 
 Cler MONT To NN^ERRE,Stanislaus count 
 of, a French nobleman in the states general 
 assembled at Paris 1789. He showed him- 
 self an able orator, attached to order, the 
 friend of limited monarchy, and an enemy to 
 popular tumults. His opposition to the Jaco- 
 1)in club sent him to prison, where he was 
 massacred on the 1st day of Sept. 1793. 
 His opinions have been published hi 4 vols. 
 Svo. — and his examen de la constitution, Svo. 
 
 1791. His father, the duke of Clermont, 
 
 was cruelly guillotined 26th July 1793, aged 
 74. 
 
 Cleveland or Cleiveland, John, a 
 poet hi the reign of Charles I. was bora at 
 
CL 
 
 CL 
 
 ^3r 
 
 Lou^liborougli 1613, son of a clergyman, j the Charter-house after the restoration. He 
 and educated at Christ college, Cambrr4ge, was author of a treatise on human reason, 
 
 from which he was removed to St. John s, of 
 which he became a fellow in 1634. As tutor 
 he gained great applause; and as a political 
 writer, he ably served the royal cause. 
 Though unsuccessfully, he opposed the elec- 
 tion of Oliver Cromwell to be a member for 
 the town of Cambridge, and when he found 
 his place of residence no longer safe, he re- 
 tired to Oxford, where the king had fixed his 
 head quarters. His satirical pieces, espe- 
 eiallv "the r^bel Sot," were greatly ad- 
 jnired ; he was rewarded for his loyalty, by 
 the appointment of judge advocate of the 
 garrison of Newark; but when tliis was 
 taken by the republicans, he made his escape, 
 destitute and ]>oor. He was seized at Nor- 
 wich, and detained as a person of great abili- 
 ties and averse to the reigning government, 
 and he obtained his liberty by writing to 
 Cromwell a letter, in which, while he suppli- 
 cates his enlargement, he boldly avows his 
 principles and defends his conduct. After 
 his release, he retired to London, where he 
 became the companion of the wits and loyal- 
 ists of the times, especially of the author of 
 Hudibras. He died of an intermittent fever, 
 i29th April 1659. His remains were honora- 
 bly buried at St Michael Royal, College- 
 hill, and a sermon preached over him by his 
 ft'iend Pierson, afterwards bishop of Chester. 
 Though courted and admired as a poet in his 
 own age, and preferred before Milton by liis 
 <'ontemporaries,he is now sunk into oblivion. 
 I'he last edition of his poems is in 8vo. 1687. 
 i'he subjects of his muse were the party po- 
 litics of the day He was one of those me- 
 taphysical poets who abound with witty 
 rather tban just thoughts, whose learned al- 
 lusions amuse and glitter for a moment, and 
 possess nothing of the simplicity and genuine 
 elegance which must please and <«aptivate 
 with equal charms every reader in every age. 
 
 Clifford, George, third earl of Cum- 
 bei'land, was eminent as a navigator. He 
 was born in 1558, and was educated at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, where Whitgift, after- 
 wards primate, was his tutor. After apply- 
 hig himself to the study of mathematics, he 
 was employed under government, and in 
 1586 sat as one of the peers on the unfortn- 
 nate Mary queen of Scots. He was of a 
 genius bold and enterprising, and not less 
 than eleven expeditions by sea were under- 
 taken by him, and at his own expense, either 
 lor purposes of discovery, or for the annoy- 
 ance of the enemies of his country. Besides 
 the many valuable captures which he made, 
 lie deserved the favor of his royal mistress, 
 who created him knight of the garter 1591. 
 In 1601 he was one of those employed to re- 
 «luce Essex to obedience. He died in the 
 .Savoy, London, 30th October 1605, and was 
 buried at Kipton hi Yorkshire. His daugh- 
 ter was the famous Anne, countess of Dorset, 
 Pembroke and Montgomery. 
 
 Cliffokd, Martin, an English writer, 
 educated at Westminster school and Trinity 
 eoilegc, Cambridge, and Avas made master of 
 
 published anonymously 1C75, in which he 
 makes every man's fancy the guide of his 
 i-eligion. Of this book Lancy bishop of Ely 
 declared, at a public dinner at the Charter- 
 house, that all the copies and the author 
 himself ought to be burned 
 
 and was buried in the 
 
 He died 1677, 
 Charter-house chapel. 
 
 Sprat dedicated his hfe of Cowley to him, 
 and it is supposed that he was concerned in 
 the liehearsal. 
 
 C 1. 1 N T o N, Henry, grandson of Francis 
 sixth earl of Lincoln, was knight of the Bath, 
 and engaged as general in the American 
 Avar. He evacuated Philadelphia in 1778j 
 and took Charlestown in 1780, for which he 
 was thanked by the house of commons. He 
 returned to England in 1782, and soon after 
 published an account of the campaign in 
 1781-83, which lord Cornwallis answered, and 
 to which sir Henry made a reply. He was 
 governor of Gibraltar, 1795, and also mem- 
 ber for Newark, and died soon after. 
 
 Clisson, Oliver de, a native of Britanj-, 
 who fought at the battle of Aurai in 1364, 
 by the side of his friend count Montfort. 
 Fie afterwards followed the fortunes of GueS' 
 clin, and suoceeded him as constable of 
 France 1380. In 1382 he distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of liosebcc ; but he incur- 
 red tlie hatred of the duke of Britan)', who 
 caused him to be condemned to death in 
 1387, though he escaped, and was afterwards 
 reconciled to his persecutors. The mental 
 disorders of Charles VI. proved fatal to his 
 fortune, he was deprived of all his honors, 
 and in consequence retired to his seat in 
 Britan)', where he died 14()7, deservedly re- 
 spected for his valor, integrity and humanity. 
 
 Clisthenes, an Athenian, who Intro- 
 duced the law of ostracism, which proved so 
 ftital to many illustrious generals. He had 
 a share in the banishment of the Pisistra- 
 tidaj. 
 
 Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philoso- 
 pher, disciple of Carneades. It is said, 
 that he wrote above 400 volumes, and he put 
 an end to his life in his old age. 
 
 CnvE,liobert, a celebrated general, born 
 at Stychc, Moreton Say, the family seat of 
 his ancestors, near Market-drayton, 29th 
 Sept. 1725. He was placed at school atLos- 
 tock in Cheshire, and afterwards at Market- 
 drayton, then atMerchaut-taylors', and lastly 
 at Hemel-Hempstead, and probably from 
 the rapidity of these changes, his education 
 did not receive that high polish, which a re- 
 gular unvaried system might have ensured. 
 In 1743, he was apjjointed writer to the 
 East India company, but his obstinate inflex- 
 ible disposition often exposed him to the 
 suspicion and censure of his superiors. la 
 one instance his conduct to the secretary 
 was so reprehensible, that the governor in- 
 sisted on his making an apology. Clive made 
 the apology with contempt, and in such am- 
 biguous terms, that the secrct;uy mistook it 
 for a compliment, and invited him to dinner, 
 "No sir," rt plied the unsubdued Clive, 
 
CL 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Cl 
 
 *■* the govcrnf>r did not command me to dine 
 with you." In 1747 he accepted an ensigncy 
 ill the military service, and highly distin- 
 guished himself at the siege of Pondicherry, 
 vhere he received a shot in his hat, and 
 another in his coat. At the seige of Devi 
 Cotah under major Lawrence, he volunteer- 
 ed to storm the tOAvn, and he and three 
 others only out of 34 who had undertaken this 
 perilous attempt, returned, but so terrified 
 ■were the enemy that they abandoned the 
 town. On the cessation of hostilities, he re- 
 turned to his civil office, and became com- 
 missary to the troops. In 1753, he retui'ned 
 to England, and his services were acknow- 
 ledged by the handsome present of a sword 
 set with diamonds, by the court of directors. 
 lie revisited India as governor of fort St. 
 David, and with the rank of lieutenant co- 
 lonel, and he ably assisted admiral "Watson 
 in the conquest of the pirate Angria, and 
 took fort William in Bengal. At the battle 
 of Plassey he completely routed Sn rajah 
 Dowla, and settled Jafller Alii Cawn on the 
 throne of Muxadabad. He w?.s made an 
 Irish peer on his coming to fingland in 1760, 
 ond four years after he went back as presi- 
 dent, when the vigor of his counsels, and the 
 boldncssof his measures, restored tranquillity 
 to the east, ami security to the inhabitants. 
 In 1767 he reached home, and in 1709 w^as 
 made knight of the Bath. Though his ser- 
 \ices were so great and so meritorious, yet 
 he did not escape the malevolent insinuations 
 of his enemies. His fortune was immense, 
 and his assistance in one instance was reward- 
 ed by the Mogid by the present of a tract of 
 coumtryproducingayearly revenue of 17,000^. 
 This great opulence, therefore, drew upon 
 him the censures of some of the mem- 
 bers of the house of commons, who in 1773 
 made a motion that, in the acquisition of his 
 'wealth, lord Clivc had abused the powers 
 ■with which he was intrusted. Against this 
 charge he made a short but most energetic 
 defence, and the conclusion was that the 
 house voted that lord Clive had rendei'cd 
 great and meritorioiis services to his country. 
 His abilities as a general were universally 
 admired, Mr. Pitt called him a heaven-born 
 general, avIjo, without experience and regu- 
 lar study, surpassed all the military men of 
 his age. On the breaking out of the Amer- 
 ican war, Clive was offered the place of com- 
 mander in chief, which in consequence of 
 the ill state of his health he declined. He 
 •was from 1760 to the day of his death repre- 
 sentative for Shrewsbury. His health, which 
 •was dreadfull)'- shattered by a severe nervous 
 fever while at Madras, gradually declined, 
 he seldom was without an attendant about 
 his person, and his depression of spirits at 
 last became so great thatin one fatal moment 
 he lost his feason and destroyed himself No- 
 vember 2'2d, 1774. He was buried at More- 
 ton Say the place of his birth. He mai-ried 
 in 1753, Margaret, sister of Dr. Maskelyne, 
 the learned astronomer royal, by whom he 
 had two sons and three daughters. He made 
 a^ noble present of 70,000^. to the invalids in 
 th6 campajiy's sertfTce. 
 
 Clive', Catherine, an eminent aclres« 
 born in 1711. She first appeared at Drury- 
 lane in boy's clothes in the character of Is- 
 menes, and continued to improve till her de- 
 lineation of Nell in the Devil to pay, exhibited 
 her in the possession of such superior talents 
 that for 30 years she remained unrivalled on 
 the stage. In 1732 she married George 
 Clive, a gentleman of the law, brother to 
 lord Clive, but their union was productive of 
 no domestic happiness, so that they sepa- 
 rated, and never again lived together. Iri 
 1769, Mrs. Clive, following the example of 
 Mrs. Pritchard, retired from the stage, and 
 lived at Strawberry hill, Twickenham, where 
 she spent the rest of her hfe in comfortable 
 and independent ease. She died December 
 6th, 178.'), highly respected in private as well 
 as in public life. Her powers of acting were 
 very great and diversified, and she never 
 failed to please and captivate either as the 
 capricious coquette, the high bred lady, the 
 jealous wife, the affected clnimbermaid, 
 or the superannuated beauty. 
 
 Clod I us, Publius, a Roman senator of 
 debauched character. He was a great ene- 
 my to Cato and Cicero, and at last w^as kil- 
 led in an accidental encounter bv Milo, B. 
 C. 53. 
 
 C LOOTS, Anacharsis, a native of Prussi?, 
 who, in the madness of the French revoltitioi\, 
 called himself the orator of the human I'acf^ 
 and as a member of the national convention 
 he voted for the king's death. He was a man 
 of letters and nephew of W. Pauw, and pub- 
 Hshed the " republique universelle," bat he 
 was as profane in his religious as he was li- 
 centious in his political tenets. He was guil- 
 lotined March 24th, 1794. 
 
 Clopinel, or John de Meun, a Frenct 
 poet, born in 1280, died about 1364. He was 
 a favorite at the court of Philip the fair, and 
 acquired some celebrity by continuing the 
 unfinished poem of the Romance of the Rose> 
 by W. de Loris. He translated Boethius'' 
 consolations. His romance was edited 1735, 
 three vols. 12mo. 
 
 Closterman, N. a portrait painter -who 
 settled in London from Hanover 1681. ^ He 
 went to Spain in 1696, where he gained 
 much money by his profession. He died 
 1713, of a broken heart on being robbed, a«d 
 abandoned, by his mistress. 
 
 Clotaire I. fourth son of Clovis, and 
 Clotilda was king of Soissons, and after the 
 death of Thierri and of Childebert, he united 
 the whole French monarchy under his power 
 558. He distinguished himself against the 
 Saxons and the Thuringians, and died at 
 Compeigne 56T, in the 64th year of his age 
 and the 5 1st of his reign. 
 
 Clotaire II. son and successor of Chil- 
 peric, in the kingdom of Soissons, was sup- 
 ported by his mother Fredegonde against 
 Childebert, and though after her death he 
 was defeated by 'I'heodebert king of Austra- 
 sia, and Thierri king of Burgundy, he had the 
 good fortune to unite that power to his own 
 dominions. Though cruel and oppressive m 
 his conduct, some authors have praised lafe 
 
4DL 
 
 ^$f 
 
 CO 
 
 jlisltice and the wisdom of some part of his 
 government. He died 628, aged 45, leaving 
 two sons, Dagobert and Charibert. 
 
 Clotaire III. king of Burgundy and 
 Neustria, after the death of his father Clo vis 
 II. 655, was chiefly governed by his mother 
 Batilda. He died 670, without children. 
 
 Clov^io, George, a Sclavunian, eminent 
 as an historical and miniature painter. He 
 <lied 1578, aged SO. 
 
 Clo VIS I. the proper founder of the 
 French monarchy, was born 4G7, and suc- 
 ceeded his father Childeric 481. He was 
 victorious against the Romans, but in a bat- 
 tle with the Germans, when he saw his 
 troops ready to give Avay, he made a vow 
 that he would worship the God of the chris- 
 tians, as his wife Clotilda had advised him to 
 do, and after obtaining the victory, he was 
 converted from the heathen religion, and 
 was baptized with 3000 of his subjects, on 
 Christmas-day, by St. Remi, archbishop of 
 Rheinis. He was victorious in other battles 
 against the Goths, and though he was check- 
 ed in a battle by Theodoric near x\rles, he 
 had the good fortune to subdue the best part 
 of Gaul under his power, and he fixed his 
 Tesidence at Paris, which he made the capi- 
 tal of his dominions. He died 511, aged 45, 
 in the 30th year of his reign. 
 
 Clo VIS II. succeeded his fatiier Dagobert 
 638, and was a mild and benevolent prince, 
 though accused of debauchery and cowardice. 
 He died 655, aged 23. 
 
 Clo VIS III. succeexled his father Tliierri 
 III. 691. He reigned five years, and died at 
 the age of 14. He was governed by Pepin 
 Heristal, who, as mayor of the palace, go- 
 verned the kingdom at his pleasure. 
 
 Clowes, William, a surgeon of eminence 
 of whom few particulars are known. He was 
 originally a surgeon in the navy, and was af- 
 terwards surgeon to Bartholomew and Christ 
 hospitals, Loudon, and to queen Elizabeth. 
 His last publication on the venereal disease 
 was in 1596, reprinted 1637. 
 
 Cluextius, a Roman accused by his 
 mother ofmurdering his father. He was ably 
 defended by Cicero. 
 
 Cluveihus, Philip, a celebrated geo- 
 grapher, born at Dantzic 1580. He studied 
 law at Leyden, but his genius and the advice 
 of Jos. Scaliger directed him. to geography. 
 He travelled to improve himself through 
 Germany, England, France, and Italy, and 
 it is said he could talk with fluency ten dif- 
 ferent languages. He died at Leyden 1623, 
 43 years old. He published de tribus Rheni, 
 alveis — Italia — Gerraania antiqua, — Sicilia & 
 Sardinia, — introductio ad geograph. uuiver- 
 salem, &c. 
 
 Cobb, Samuel, an ingenious poet, educa- 
 ted at Christ's hospital, of which he after- 
 wards became master. He Avas of Xi'inity 
 college, Cambridge. He died at London 1713. 
 He wrote observations on Virgil, and a col- 
 lection of poems 8vo. 1700. He also assisted 
 Rowe in his Callipsedia, andOzell in hisBoi- 
 Jeau's lutrin. 
 CoBDE^N, ETlward D. D. first cRjjj)Iain to 
 
 Gibson bishop of London, and afterwards fur 
 22 years to George H. was besides archdea- 
 con of London, prebendary of Lincoln and 
 St. Paul's, and rector of Acton, and of St. 
 Austin and St. Faith, London, Though 
 such a pluralist, yet his income did not ex- 
 ceed 350/. per annum, a sum which, by 
 moderation and coniv-'ntment, he converted 
 into honorable independence and dignified 
 enjoyment. He published *' discourses and 
 essays," 1757, of which only 250 copies were 
 printed, and also poems for the benefit of his 
 curate's widow. He survived the loss of his 
 wife two years, and died 22d April 1764, 
 aged above 80. 
 
 CoccEius, Henry, ablative of Bremen, 
 educated at Leyden, and made professor of 
 the law of nature and nations at Heidelberg, 
 from whicli lie removed to Utreclit, and af- 
 terwards to Frankfort on Oder. In 1713, he 
 was created a baron of the empire and died 
 1719, aged 75. He is author of juris publici 
 prudentia compendiose exidbita — prodromus 
 justitix gentium — deductiones consilia, &;c. — 
 Theses, four vols. 4to. &c, 
 
 Co ccEi us, Samuel, a German baron, sou 
 of the preceding, born at Frankfort on. the 
 Oder. He was in the service of Frederic 
 tiie great of Prussia, qnd, as his grand chan- 
 cellor, he presided with dignity and great 
 impartiality over the administration of jus- 
 tice. Besides the Frederican code, pub- 
 Ushed in three vols. 8vo. 1747, he edited Gro- 
 tius de jure belli pacis, five vols. 4to. He died 
 1755. 
 
 CoccEics, or Cock, Jqhn, a native of 
 Bremen, Hebrew professor therje. He af- 
 terwards removed to Franeker, and then to 
 Leyden, where he obtained the theological 
 chair. He excited a warm controversy By 
 thesingularity of his opinions. He considered 
 the whole of the old testament as a mystical 
 representation of Christ and his church, and 
 gave to every word and senteuce a metapho-- 
 rical interpretation. He was an advocate for 
 the millennium, and deeply studied the apo- 
 calypse. His followers v/ere called Coc- 
 ceians. He died at Leyden 16G9 aged 61. 
 His works filled 10 vols. fol. 
 
 CoccHi, Anthony, professor of physic &t 
 Florence and Pisa, was born at Mugellanp, 
 and died 1758, aged 62. He was esteemed 
 for his learning, and came to Ejigland with 
 lord Huntingdon to see Mead, Newton, and 
 other leai-ned mei>. He was intimate with 
 Boerhaave. He was antiquary to the etnpe- 
 ror. He wrote a treatise on the advantai^es 
 of the Pytlkagorean mode of life, and other 
 medical ti*eatises, besides an edition of Zeii- 
 ophon Ephesius' amoribus Anthise & Abrp- 
 comae. 
 
 Cochin, Charles Nicholas, a French eft- 
 graver, was born 1668, and died in 1754. His 
 principal X)ieces arc after Watteau and 1* 
 Moine, and from the paintings of the inva- 
 lids, in which he was engaged 10 years.-- — - 
 There was another of the san,>e name, whose 
 smaller pieces are greatly admired, especial-, 
 ly those after Vernent. His son, who was 
 equally ^liuen^ dil'd 179(i), a^ed 7.5, He w.s(5V 
 
CO 
 
 s^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 author of letters o« the pictures of Hercula- 
 neum — letters on the lives of Slodz and De- 
 shays — travels in Italy, &c.-— dissertation on 
 the effect of light and shade, 8cc. 
 
 Cochin, Henry, a native of Paris, who 
 studied the law, and was as eminent at the 
 bar as Bourdaloue was in the pulpit. He 
 pleaded his first cause before the great coun- 
 cil when at the age of only 22. His memo- 
 rials, pleadings, &c. appeared at Paris, in 6 
 vols. 4to. 1751 He died 1747, aged frf). 
 
 CocHL^us, John, a catholic of Nurem- 
 berg, who warmly attacked Luther, Bucer, 
 Osiander, Melancthon, Calvin, and the other 
 reformers. He was attacked by Dr. Morri- 
 son, an Englishman, for his tract on the mar- 
 riage of Henry YHl. and l^e violently de- 
 fended himself. He died January 10, 1552, 
 aged 72, at Breslaw. His Historia Ilussita- 
 rum, in folio, is curious. He wrote besides 
 de actis et scriptis Lutheri, &c. 
 
 Cochran, Robert, a Scotchman, educa- 
 ted at Padua, and employed by James HI. of 
 Scotland as an architect to erect some pub- 
 lic buildings. The favor Avhich he enjoyed 
 -fljith his sovereign, and his elevation to the 
 earldom of Mar, so offended the old nobility, 
 that they tore him from the royal presence, 
 and hanged him over the bridge at Lauder, 
 1484. 
 
 Cochran," William, a Scotch painter, 
 born Decemher 12, 1738, at Strathaven, 
 Clydesdale. After studying at Glasgow, he 
 went to Italy, in 1761, and applied himself 
 Bnder the direetion of Gavin Hamilton at 
 Korae, and on his return home he acquired 
 great celebrity, and some opulence. He died 
 October 23, 1785, and was buried in the 
 cathedral church of Glasgow. His pieces are 
 much admired, especially his Daedalus and 
 Icarus, and his Diana and Endymion. 
 
 Cock A IN, sir Alston, a native of Ash- 
 bourne, in Derbyshire, studied at Oxford, 
 and was fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 He was a catholic, which circumstance di- 
 minished the number of his friends ; though 
 his poetry, occasionally licentious, was yet 
 respectable. His extravagance reduced him 
 in the latter part of his life. He died 1684, 
 aged 78. He wrote four plays, and Dianea a 
 romance. 
 
 CoCKBURN, Catharine, an ingenious lady, 
 daughter of captain David Trotter, of the 
 navy. Frpm a protestant she became a 
 catholic, and again was reconciled to the pro- 
 testants. In 1708 she married Mr. Cock- 
 burn, son of an eminent Scotch divine, who, 
 though at first a nonjuror, took the oaths, 
 and obtained the living of Long Horsley, 
 Cumberland. Though possessed with a gen- 
 ius for poetry, she turned her thoughts to 
 itietaphysics, and defended Locke against 
 Drs. Burnet and Holdsworth. She survived 
 her husband about one year, and died 1749, 
 aged 70. Her works were collected by Dr. 
 Birch, in 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Cocker, Edward, an ingenious penman, 
 who died 1677. He published 14 copy books, 
 engraved by his own hand, besides a treatise 
 oix aritlimetie — a small English dictionary — 
 
 and a book of sentences for writing calletl 
 Cocker's morals. 
 
 CocbES, Pabl. Horat. a Roman, celebra- 
 ted for his brave defence of a bridge across 
 the Tiber, against the whole army of Poi*- 
 sena. 
 
 CoDKiNGTON, Christopher, a gentleman 
 of genius and merit, was born at Barbadoes, 
 and educated at Christ church, Oxford. He 
 was electedfellowof All-souls, in 1089, where 
 he distinguished himself by his knOM'ledge of 
 physic, modern and classical literature, and 
 divinity. He afterwards entered the army, 
 without resigning his fellowship ; and reeom- 
 mended himself to the notice of king Wil- 
 liam by his courage in repelling the French 
 in their attack on St. Christopher, and at the 
 siege of Namur. At the peace of Ryswick 
 he was made governor of the Leeward isl- 
 ands, in which office he conducted himself 
 with great propriety. He was at the success' 
 ful attack on Guadaloupe in 1703; sometime 
 after which he resigned his employment, and 
 lived in retirement and learned ease. He di- 
 ed at Barbadoes 7th April 1710, and his re- 
 mains were brought to England, and inter- 
 red June 19, 1716, in All-souls chapel. He 
 left his library, valued at 6000^. to his col- 
 lege, besides 10,p00/. to build a library. He- 
 left also two plantations to the society for 
 propagating the gospel in foreign parts. 
 Some of his poems appear in the Musa; An- 
 glicanx. He was esteemed as very superior 
 in metaphysical knowledge. 
 
 CoDRus, the last king of Athens, who no- 
 nobly offered himself to death, that his coun- 
 trymen might obtain the victory, according 
 to the words of an oi^acle, B. C. 1070. 
 
 CoEFFETEAu, Nicholas, a Dominican^ 
 born at Calais, died 1623, aged 49, after be- 
 ing nominated to the see of Marseilles by 
 Lewis XIII. He translated Florus, and 
 wrote a Roman history from Augustus to 
 Constantine, in folio, besides, other pieces. 
 
 CoEN, John Paterson, a native of Hoorn, 
 who became governor of the Dutch East- 
 Isdies, and laid the foundation of the city of 
 Batavia, where he removed the factory 
 from Bantom 1619. He came to Europe iu 
 1623, but four years after returned to Bata- 
 via, which he bravely defended against the 
 emperor of Java. The bodies of the thou- 
 sands, however, of the enemy who fell in th^ 
 siege, produced a pestilence, of which un- 
 fortunately Coen died 1629, aged 42. 
 
 CoEUR, James, a French merchant, the 
 richest subject iu Europe. His connections 
 were so extensive that he had 300 factors in 
 Italy and the Levant, and his resources were 
 so great, that he lent Cliarles 7,200,000 
 crowns of gold, with which the monarch 
 conquered Normandy. These high services, 
 however, were ill repaid. Though once the 
 favorite and friend of the king, he was basely 
 imprisoned, and, under the false pretence 
 that he had poisoned Agnes Serel, the kind's 
 mistress, he was tried and condemned to dis- 
 honorable concessions, and a fine of 100,000 
 crowns. His clerks, in his misfortunes, 
 showed their gratitude fo him; thev relieved 
 
CO 
 
 ^^f/ 
 
 CO 
 
 iiis distresses, and facilitated his escape 
 from confinement. He fled to Rome, where 
 pope Calixtus III. gave him the command of 
 his fleet against the Turks. He soon after 
 diedatChio, l45fi. 
 
 Co CAN, Thomas, a native of Somerset- 
 shire, educated at Oriel college, of which 
 he became fellow. In 1575 he was elected 
 master of Manchester school, and there, as 
 he had taken his degrees in physic, he prac- 
 tised with great success. He was author of 
 the haven of health, for the comfort of stu- 
 dents, 4to, 1586 — a preservative from the 
 pestilence — epistolarum famiUarum Cicero- 
 nis epitome, &c. 
 
 C0GGESHAH.E, Ralph, an English Cis- 
 tercian monk, who was at the siege of Je- 
 rusalem by Saladin, of which he wrote the 
 history, in a " chronical of the holy land," 
 published in 1729. He wrote besides other 
 things. He is supposed to have died about 
 the year 1228. 
 
 CoHAUSEN, John Henry, a German phy- 
 sician, author of a curious woi*k, called Her- 
 mippus redivivus, &c. translated into Eng- 
 lish by Dr. John Campbell, and called the 
 Sage's triumph over old age and the grave. 
 In this work, he pretended that life might 
 be extended to 115 years by taking in the 
 breath of young women. He died at Mun- 
 ster 1750, aged 85. 
 
 CoHORN, Memnon, a fampus Dutch en- 
 gineer, who early displayed his genius for 
 military tactics, and the art of fortification. 
 As engineer and lieutenant-general in the 
 sei-vice of his country, he skilfully fortified 
 and ably defended the principal towns, and 
 supported the siege of Namur against the 
 celebrated Vauban. He died at tiie Hague 
 1704, aged 72. He called Rergen-op-Zoom 
 the master-piece of all his fortifications 
 which he had erected in the United States. 
 He wrote a treatise, on fortification, in the 
 Flemish language. 
 
 CoiGNET, Giles, an eminent painter of 
 Antwerp, accused of selling copies of his 
 pieces, drawn by his scholars, and re-touch- 
 ed by himself, as real originals. He died 
 1600 aged 70. 
 
 CoiNTE, Charles le, a French historian, 
 born at Troyes, 4th November 1611. He 
 ■vvas priest of the congregation of the orato- 
 ry, and for his abilities he deserved the pa- 
 tronage of Colbert, who obtained for him a 
 pension of 1000 livres and three years af- 
 ter 500 livres moi-e. He wrote annates 
 ecclesiastic! Francorum, 8 vols. fol. from 
 2.35 to 835, the first volume of which 
 appeared 1665, and the la.st 1679. The 
 work, though not elegant, is curious, and 
 contains great variety of nftitter. Le Cointe 
 died at Paris 18th January 1681, aged 70. 
 
 Co ITER, Volcherius, celebrated as a sur- 
 geon, physician, and anatomist, was born at 
 Groningen. His labors in anatomy were 
 T|^ry useful, and laid the foundation of that 
 eminence whicli modern industry has pro- 
 duced. He wrote a system of anatomy, fol. 
 1573— de cartiliginibus tabulae, 1566, fol. &c. 
 and died 1600, aged about 66. 
 VOL. I, 45- 
 
 Coke, Edward, a celebrated English law- 
 yei', born at Mileham, Norfolk, in 1549. 
 He was educated at the free-school, Nor- 
 wich, and Trinity college, Cambi'idge, from 
 which, after four years' residence, he re- 
 moved to Clifford's inn, and the year after 
 to the Inner-temple. After six years he 
 was called to the bar, and pleaded his first 
 cause in the king's bench 1578. He was 
 about this time appointed reader of Lyon's- 
 inn, where his lectures for three years, were 
 numerously attended, and deservedly ad- 
 mired. He married soon after Bridget 
 daughter of John Preston esq. a lady who 
 brought him 30,000/. and by whom he had 
 ten children. He now rose to consequence 
 by his abilities, and, from his matrimonial 
 connections, he was elected recorder of 
 Nottingham and Coventry, member for Nor- 
 folk, and speaker of the house of commons, 
 in the 35th of Elizabeth. He was solicitor and 
 afterwards attorney-general to the queen, 
 and in that quality he was employed in the 
 prosecution of Essex and Southampton. He 
 was knighted by James in 1603 ; but he 
 highly disgraced himself by the violence of 
 his conduct and the scurrility of his language 
 in managing the impeachment of the unfor- 
 tunate Kaleigh ; a circumstance to which 
 Shakspeare is supposed to have alluded in 
 his Twelfth night. At the trial of the gun- 
 powder conspirators, and of the Jesuit Gar- 
 net, he was greatly distinguished by his elo- 
 quence, and the two speeches which were 
 afterwards published are deservedly con- 
 sidered as master-pieces of superior elocu- 
 tion, and consummate argumentation. In 
 1606 he was made lord chief justice of the 
 common pleas, and seven years after pla- 
 ced at the head of the king's bench, and swora 
 of the privy council. In the trials in conse- 
 quence of Overbury's murder. Coke behav- 
 ed with great spirit and becoming impar- 
 tiality ; but the dispute which he had with 
 Bacon, and the secret intrigues of his ene- 
 mies, undermined his power, and lessened 
 his influence with the king, so that he fell 
 into disgrace. Some attribute his fall to the 
 rising favorite Villiers ; but whatever migjit 
 be the causes of the king's displeasure, sir 
 Edward did not behave in his adversity witli 
 the dignity and fortitude which conscious 
 virtue and oppressed innocence should as- 
 sume. When informed of his banishment 
 from office, he on Iiis knees acknowledged 
 the royal mercy extended to him beyond 
 his merits, and deprecated the severity of 
 his sovereign's displeasure. Upon his dis- 
 grace, he received a letter from Bacon, which 
 cruelly upbraided his conduct, and insulting- 
 ly reflected upon his situation; a circum- 
 stance in itself humiliating to human nature 
 to observe the abilities of so great a man, 
 and so sagacious a philosopher, dishonora- 
 bly demeaning himself by trampling on fal- 
 len greatness. He afterwards was restored 
 to some degree of favor, which he probably 
 procured by marrying his daughter to the 
 brother of Buckingham. This union, which 
 was negotiated against the consent ef lady 
 
CO 
 
 sut 
 
 CO 
 
 Coke, tt'as productive of seriaus conse^ujsn- 
 ces^ in the separation of sir Edward from 
 his wife, which nothing at last but the king's 
 interference could repair. He was member 
 in : the parliament of 1621 ; but though i-es- 
 tored to the privy council, his conduct in 
 tlie house of commons was too independ- 
 ent to please the court, and hispojiular har- 
 angues against the royal proclamations were 
 viewed with secret resentment, and upon 
 the adjournment of the house, he was com- 
 mitted to the Tower, on pretence of ill con- 
 duct during the trial of Overbury. Though 
 soon after released he yet was again driven 
 from the privy council, and emphatically 
 called by James " the fittest instrument for 
 a tyrant that ever was in England." Under 
 the next reign, though some persecutions 
 attended him, tliat he might not be elected 
 to parliament, he was made sheriff of Bucks, 
 and attended on the judges where lie often 
 had presided as chief.justice. In 1628, how- 
 ever, he was elected for Bucks, and in the 
 house becarrte a violent advocate for the re- 
 press of grievances, and boldly declared 
 Buckingham as the cause of all the miseries 
 of the kingdom, though before he had pro- 
 nounced him the saviour of the nation. Af- 
 ^er the dissolution of that parliament he re- 
 tired to his kouse at Stoke Fogeys, Bucks, 
 ■where he died September 3, 1634, in his 
 86th year. While on his death-bed, his pa- 
 pers were seized by sir Francis Windebank, 
 together with his will ; and they were not 
 Feeovered till seven years after, when his 
 son moved in the commons that the papers 
 *eized might be restored. Sir Edward had 
 married for his second wife, in 1598, Eliza- 
 beth daughter of lord Burleigh, by Avhom he 
 had the lady, who, as mentioned, so unfor- 
 tunately pi'oduced such domestic dissen- 
 sions. Coke was in his character a man of 
 great presence of mind and resolution, full 
 of resources ; and though in his calamity de- 
 jscted, yet never desponding ; so that James 
 compared him to a cat, which always falls 
 upon her legs. Celebrated as an able law- 
 yer, he is still known and respected as a 
 clear and lurainoua writer on the constitu- 
 tion of his country. Of his reports the first 
 volume appeared in 1600, in folio, but the 
 last or 13th was published only in 1655, His 
 institutes are divided into four parts ; the 
 first of which is a translation of Littleton's 
 tenures; the second part contains magna 
 charta and other statutes; the third, the 
 criminal laws of the crown ; and the fourth 
 the jurisdiction of all the courts of the king- 
 dom. There are besides other works of 
 inferior consequence. 
 
 Coi.ARDEAU, Charles Pierre, a French 
 poet, born at Janville, Orleannois, died 7th 
 April 1776, aged. 41. He translated Pope's 
 Eloisa to Abelai'd, with great spirit and ele- 
 gance, besides two of Young's night thoughts. 
 He wrote two tragedies, Astarbe and Calis- 
 to, not favorably received on the French 
 stage. He was elected member of the 
 French academy, but died before his inau- 
 gural speech. His works were collected in 
 3 vola- Sva JU^Q, Parrs. 
 
 Colbert, J6hn Baptist, marquis of Seg-- 
 nelai, an illustrious statesman. His family 
 were originally of Rheims, where his grand- 
 father was a wine merchaiit, and his father 
 of the same occupation, but afterwards a 
 cloth and silk merchant. As clerk to Tel- 
 lier a notary, young Colbert displayed great 
 diligence and ability, and was at last recom- 
 mended to cardinal Mazarine, whom he 
 faithfully served and by whom he was high- 
 ly patronised. In this office he displayed 
 so much zeal, and in an embassy at Home 
 showed such dexterity and dispatch, that 
 Mazarine at his death in 1661, strongly re- 
 commended him to the king as a man of in- 
 tegi-ity, and of superior talents. Colbert 
 was first intendant of finances, and in this 
 appointment, he settled on the firmest ba- 
 sis, the trade of France with the East and 
 West Indies. As superintendant of the 
 buildings in 1664 he began to improve and 
 embellish the capital, and by erecting the 
 noble palaces of the Thuilleries, Versailles, 
 the Louvre, Fontainbleau, &c. he contribu- 
 ted to the comfort of the monarch, and to 
 the honor of the nation. His iniiaence with 
 the monai'ch procured also the foundation of 
 the academy for painting and sculpture, the 
 academy of sciences, and the observatory 
 which was first inhabited by Cassini. He 
 likewise promoted the canal by which the 
 two seas were united, and which was com- 
 pleted in 16S0, after 14 years' labor, and 
 he introduced a sevex'e reform in the courts 
 of justice. In 1669 he was made secretary 
 of state, and three years after minister of 
 state, which enabled him more fully to pro- 
 mote the interests of his country, and the 
 glory of his master. He died September 6th 
 1683, of the stone, leaving six sons and three 
 daughters, whom he settled by alliances 
 with the greatest and most powerful fami- 
 lies of France, wisely considering that high 
 connections are a more pei'manent profit to 
 a family than a momentary popularity. He 
 is deservedly respected as a minister who 
 ably restored the navy, the commerce, and 
 the finances of France, patronised learning 
 and scieiice, and invigorated genius by his 
 mild and active generosity. 
 
 Colbert, John Baptist, marquis ofTo- 
 rey, son of the preceding, was born Sep- 
 tember 19th, 1665. He was early engaged 
 in politics, and as ambassador in Portugal, 
 Denmark, and England, he e,vinced great 
 judgment, and ability. He was secretary of 
 state 1686, director general of the posts 
 1699, and counsellor to the regency in Lew- 
 is XV's minority. He died at Paris 2d Sep- 
 tember 1746, aged 81. Ten years after his 
 death appeared fts memoirs of the negotia- 
 tions from the treaty of Ryswick to the peace 
 of Utrecht, in four parts, 3 vols. 12mo. writ- 
 ten with great purity and commendable im- 
 partiahty. He married the daughter of de 
 Pomponnp, minister of state, by whom ^e 
 had several children. 
 
 Cole, William, son of a clergyman, was 
 born at Adderbury Oxfordshire 1626, and 
 educated at Merton college. He reused to 
 
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 3^3 
 
 CO 
 
 Putney, -where he devoted himself to bota- 
 ny. At the restoration he became secreta- 
 ry to Duppa bishop of Winchester, in whose 
 service he died 16G2. He published 1656, 
 the art of simpHng, or introduction to the 
 knowledge of gathci'ing plants, and the next 
 year Adam in Eden, or Nature's paradise, 
 containing an histoiy of herbs, plants, &c. 
 
 Cole, Thomas, a dissenting minister, 
 educated at Westminster school, and Christ 
 church, Oxford. In 1656 he -was made prin- 
 cipal of St. Mai-y-hall, and had the great 
 Locke among his pupils, but at the restora- 
 tion he was ejected for nonconformity, from 
 his preferments, and after keeping a school 
 for some lime at Nettlebed, he settled in 
 Ijondon, and was lecturer at Pinner's hall. 
 He wrote a discourse on regeneration, faith, 
 and repentance, 8vo. — a discourse on llie 
 christian religion on sundry points, 8vo.— 
 the rncompreheni^ibleness of imputed righte- 
 ousness for justification of human reason, 
 and other things, and died 1697. 
 
 Cole, Thomas, a native of Glocester- 
 shire, who made a curious collection of 
 herbs, &c. which, according to Dr. Pulte- 
 ney, he afterwards destroyed in a fit of re- 
 ligious frenzy, expressing his sorrow that 
 lie had spent his time in a manner so little 
 conducive to tlte service of God. 
 
 Coles, Elisha, author of a Latin diction- 
 ary, was born in Northamptonshire about 
 1640, and entex-ed at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, in 1658. He left the university without 
 a degree, and maintained himself in London, 
 by teaching Latin and English. He was af- 
 terwards usher at Merchant taylors', but 
 left the place for some misdemeanor, at pre- 
 sent unknown, and retired to Ireland, where 
 he died about 1680. Besides his dictionary 
 in 8vo. he wrote the English sclinol master — 
 short-hand. Nolens Volens — an English dic- 
 tionary, &c. The famous work on predes- 
 tination was written M- another Elisha Coles, 
 his uncle, who lived about this perio<l, and 
 died 1688. 
 
 Co LET, John, was born in St. Antholin's 
 parish, London, 1466, son of the lord mayor, 
 and brother to 21 other children. He Avas 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of D.D. 1504. His 
 knowledge did not extend to Greek, as in 
 those days that language was considered as 
 unnecessary, and the learntug of it was op- 
 posed by a set of men who called them- 
 selves Trojans. From Oxford he travelled 
 on the continent, and became acquainted 
 with the learned of the times, with Budteus, 
 Erasmus, Grocyn, Linacer, Lilly, &c. and 
 on his return to England, ^e A\'as courted 
 and admired for his learning and eloquence. 
 After inferior preferments, he Mas made 
 dean of St. Paul's in 1505, and in this high 
 office, he began by preaching himself, and 
 by procuring the assistance of able divines, 
 to^icourage inquiries after the contents of 
 the holy scriptures. The, spirit and inde- 
 pendence which he showed, made him how- 
 ever obnoxious to the clergy, and the bisliop 
 of London, a bigoted roauj camplajncd of 
 
 him to Warbam, the primate, who knowing 
 the integi'ity of his views dismissed the ac- 
 cusation. In his eagerness to promote learn- 
 ing Colet founded St. Paul's school in 1512 
 of which Lilly was the first master, with an. 
 ample provision to instruct 153 boys gratis, 
 under the patronage of the mercer's com- 
 pany. Whilst he meditated retirement to 
 privacy and solitude from the tumults of a 
 busy life, he was attacked by the sweating 
 sickness, which after a third relapse carried 
 him off 16th September 1519, in his 53d 
 year. He was buried in St. Paul's church, 
 and the elegant monument erected over him 
 perished Avith the cathedral in 1666. He 
 wrote various things, all of which are men- 
 tioned in his fife by Knight. Though he did 
 not live long enough to see the reformation, 
 he yet was an able promoter of it, and he 
 was inimical to the tenets of the Romish 
 church, not merely as the friend of refor- 
 mation, but as an honest man whose opinions 
 were respectable, as proceeding from an ex- 
 emplary, moderate, and religious character. 
 He is introduced under the character of 
 Gratianus PuUus in Erasmus' colloquy called 
 Peregrinatio religionis ergo. 
 
 Co LEY, Henry, a native of Oxford, who 
 from a taylor became an eminent astrologi- 
 cal writer, as the assistant of L'illy, and the 
 continuator of his ephemeris. His preten- 
 ded knowledge of futurity rendered hira 
 very popular, so that his house in GrayV 
 inn-lane was frequented by people of all de- 
 scriptions, and his opinion obtained by the 
 examination of urine, &c. He wiote a key 
 to the whole art of astrology, and died 1690* 
 CoLiGNi, Gaspard de, admiral of France, 
 was born 16th Feb. 1516, at Chatillon-sur- 
 Loing. He was early inured to a military 
 life, and by his brave conduct at the battle of 
 Cerisoles, and particularly of Kenti, he was 
 made admiral of France. At the death of 
 Henry II. he espoused the cause of the Cal- 
 vinists against the Guises, 5nd during the 
 battles which desolated France during that 
 melancholy period of civil Avar, he greatly 
 distinguished himself, especially at Dreux, 
 St. Denys, Jarnac, and jMontcoutour. Peace 
 at last put an end to civil broils, and Coligni 
 appeared at court, and Avas loaded Avith the 
 caresses and the presents of Charles IX. who 
 soon after perfidiously planned and executed 
 his minder. Coligni was the first who fell 
 on the fatal day of Bartholomew, 24th Aug. 
 1572. I'he duke of Guise headed his train 
 of assassins to the house of the aged hero, 
 who was stabbcfl in several places by Besme, 
 and ihroAvn out of the Avindow. After the 
 body had been exposed three days to the in- 
 sults of the populace, the head was cut off 
 and sent by the bloody Catlicrine de Medi- 
 cis as a present to the Roman pontiff. The 
 character of this great, good, and virtuous 
 man, has been ably drawn up by the abbe 
 de Mabli, who draws a parallel betAveen him 
 and Francis duke of Guise. His life has 
 been written by Gaticn de Courtilz, 1680,. 
 and is also found among tl^e " hommes il- 
 lusU'Cs de France." \lh brother Odet was 
 
CO 
 
 Sif^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 a cardinal and archbishop of Toulouse, but 
 on embracing the protestant tenets, he was 
 stripped ot his honors, and fled to England, 
 \vhere he was poisoned by one of his ser- 
 vants, 1571. 
 
 CoLiGNi, Henrietta, daughter of Gas- 
 pard de Coligni marshal of France, first 
 married Thomas Hamilton, a Scotch lord, 
 and afterwards count de la Suze of Ciiam- 
 paigne. This last union proved very unfor- 
 tunate, the jealousy and severities of her 
 husband compelled her to embrace the Ca- 
 tholic religion, and at last she was separated 
 from him, and her marriage annullerl by the 
 parliament. She obtained celebrity by her 
 wit and the effusions of hfer elegiac muse, so 
 that the flatterers of her time, ascribed to 
 her the majesty of Juno, the wit of Miner- 
 va, and the beauty of Venus. She died at 
 Pai'is, 10th March 1G73. Her poetical 
 works have been printed with the works 
 of Pelisson, 1695 and 1725, in 2 volumes 
 12mo. 
 
 CoLLADO, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, 
 shipwrecked 1638, on his return to Eu- 
 rope from the Philippines, where he was 
 superintendant of the convents. He wrote 
 ars grammatica Japonicse linguie — and dic- 
 tionary of the Japonese language, &c. 
 
 CoLLANGE, Gabriel de, of Tours in 
 Auvergne, was murdered as a Huguenot at 
 the massacre of Si. Bartholomew 1572, 
 though he was a Catholic. He translated the 
 cabalistic writings of Trithemius, in 4to. 
 Paris 1561, and was besides well skilled in 
 mathematics and cosmography. 
 
 CoLLATiNUS, Luc. Tarquinius, the hus- 
 band of Lucretia, went into voluntary e.xile, 
 though one of the founders of Roman liber- 
 ty, because the name of Tarquiu was so 
 very unpopular. 
 
 CoLLE, Charles, secretary to the duke of 
 Orleans, died at Paris, 2d Nov, 1783, aged 
 75. He was distinguished as a comic writer; 
 but though he occasionally possesses all the 
 vigor and elegance of genuine wit, and cor- 
 rect description, he yet wants delicacy, and 
 that cautious regard for morals, so essential 
 in public exhibitions. He was of that society 
 of jovial companions known under the name 
 of Caveau. His song on the capture of 
 Portinahon procured him a pension of 600 
 livres. His works are collected in 3 vols. 
 12mo. under the title of theatre de societe. 
 His best plays are. Truth in wine — Dupius 
 and Desronias — and Partie de chasse de 
 Henri IV. from which our Miller of Mans- 
 field is borrowed. 
 
 College, Stephen, the protestant join- 
 er, was condemned at Oxford as guilty of a 
 conspiracy against Charles H. upon the tes- 
 timony of a worthless informer, and be suf- 
 fered death, strongly asserting his innocence, 
 1681. He was in his character a respectable 
 man and an ingenious mechanic, and his 
 daughter was made sempstress to kmg Wil- 
 liam, with a salary of 30O/. a year. 
 
 Col LEONE, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Bergamo, descended from a noble family. 
 He folio Aved the fortunes of de Montone, 
 
 an^ of Joan queen of Naples and afterwards' 
 entered into the service of the Venetians, 
 and defeated Nicolas Piccinino. He was 
 next in the service of Visconti, and then of 
 Francis Sforza, for whom he defeated the 
 French army at the battle of Frescati. Af- 
 ter serving so many different masters, and 
 every where carrying victory in his train, 
 he again entered into the service of the Ve- 
 netians. He died 1475, and his memory 
 was honored with an equestrian statue, by 
 the gratitude of the senate. He united to 
 the great merits of a Avarrior the amiable 
 character of the patron of learning, and the 
 friend of religion and virtue. 
 
 Collet, Petei', a French ecclesiastic of 
 Ternay, who died 1770, aged 7^. He is au- 
 thor of theologia moralis universalis, 17 vols. 
 8vo. — institutioues theologica; ad usum ge- 
 mipianor, 7 vols. I2mo. — the life of Vincent 
 de St. Paul, 2 vols 4to. — lives of Bourdon 
 and de la Croix, S^c. 
 
 Collet Philibert, a French advocate, 
 author of treatises on excommunications, 
 tythes, usury, alms, &c. a volume on the 
 statutes and customs of Bresse — two letters 
 on Tournefort's histoiy of plants — and a 
 catalogue of the plants in th« neighborhood 
 of Dijon, &c. He died 1718. 
 
 Colletet, William, a French acade- 
 mician, who died at Paris 10th Feb. 1659, 
 aged 61. He was one of the five authors 
 Avhom Richelieu selected to write for the 
 theatres; but though liberally patronised by 
 him, he refused to alter his verses accord- 
 ing to his suggestions. He was four times 
 married ; but his extravagance was so great, 
 that he died in great indigence. His works 
 were published in 1653, in 12mo. 
 
 Collier, Jeremy, an English divine, 
 born at Stow-Qui, Cambridgeshire, 23d Sep- 
 tember 1650. He was educated under his 
 father, master of Ipswich school, and after- 
 terwards entered at Caius college, Cam- 
 brige, where he took his degi-ee of M. A. 
 1676. He resided for six years on his rec- 
 tory of Ampton near Bury, Suttblk, when 
 he resigned it, and settled in London, where 
 he became lecturer of GrayVinn. At the 
 revolution he was for a while silenced ; but 
 his attack on a pamphlet by Dr. Gilbert 
 Bui-net, drew upon him the resentment of 
 the court, and he was sent to Newgate, 
 from which, however, he Avas hberated 
 without trial. He continued still as a Avriter 
 to abuse the revolution, for which he wa^ 
 again persecuted, and sent to the king's 
 bench prison, but released by the interces- 
 sion of some of his friends. In 1696 Collier 
 attended Frien^ and Perkins, two persons 
 who were executed for their concern in the 
 assassination plot, and by absolving them io 
 the most solemn manner, and by his impos- 
 ing his hand upon them, he exposed himself 
 to the censures of the clergy, and was accu- 
 sed of insulting the civil and ecclesiaslWal 
 government. Instead of putting in bail. 
 Collier absconded, and was outlaAved till the 
 day of his death. In his retirement he not 
 only defended his conduct, but began to jic- 
 
CO 
 
 Ifixite greater celebrity by his pen. He wrote 
 Wis essays on moral subjects, and afterwards 
 his view of the immorality of the English 
 stage, a work which engaged him in perpet- 
 ual contention with the wits and poets of the 
 age. The severity of his attack, anri the 
 justness and force of his arguments were 
 such, that a reformation actually took place, 
 in the language of pieces represented on the 
 stage, and though Vanbrugh and Congrevc 
 ridiculed his assaults, yet Dryden had the 
 good sense and honesty of acknowledging 
 the propriety of his remarks, and of pub- 
 lishing his own repentance for the licentious- 
 ness of his mUhC, His historical dictionary 
 chiefly compiled from Moreri, made its ap- 
 pearance in 1701, and the fourth volume of 
 it in 1721. He afterwards published in 2 
 vols. fol. an ecclesiastical history of Great- 
 Britain, valuable for the various documents 
 and extensive information which it contains. 
 In 1713 Collier was consecrated a bishop by 
 Hickes, who had himself been consecrated 
 suftragan of Thetford, by the deprived bish- 
 ops of Norwich, Eh^, and Peterborough. 
 He was in consequence of his sedentary life 
 greatly afflicted with the stone, of which he 
 died 26th April 1726, aged 76. He was 
 buried in St. Pancras church-yard. Besides 
 the works already mentioned, lie wrote 
 several treatises on controversial and eccle- 
 siastical subjects, and assisted some of his 
 friends in the completion of their publica- 
 tions. He was deservedly admired as a man 
 of independent spirit, as a writer of great 
 learning and genius, and as a divine of ge- 
 nuine piety. 
 
 CoLLiNGS, John, one of the commission- 
 ers at the Savoy conference in the reign of 
 Charles H. died 1690, aged 67. He distin- 
 guished himself as a critic and divine. His 
 weaver's pocket book was much admired. 
 He was ejected as a nonconformist from St. 
 Stephens, Norwieh, where he had been 
 ministei* 44 years. He assisted Poole in his 
 annotations. 
 
 Collins, John, an eminent accoraptant 
 and mathematician, son of a nonconforming 
 divine, was born at Woodeaton near Ox- 
 ford, March 1624. He was engaged with a 
 bookseller, and afterwards with Mar, a clerk 
 of the kitchen to Charles prince of Wales, a 
 man who was particularly fond of mathema- 
 tics and who constructed those sun-dials 
 which adorned the prince's gardens. Thus 
 eax'ly initiated to the knowledge of mathe- 
 matics he further improved himself, during 
 the seven years which he spent in the sea 
 service, and at his return assumed the pro- 
 fession of an accomptant, and published 
 some valuable works on mathematical and 
 geometrical subjects. He was a member of 
 the royal society, whose memoirs he enrich- 
 ed by many valuable communications. He 
 was made accomptant to the royal fishery 
 company, and was so highly respected for 
 his knowledge of figures, that the lord Chan- 
 cellor Shaftesbury often consulted him, and 
 referred to his final decision, the settlement 
 of difficult and intricate accounts, lie died 
 
 ^4^6 
 
 CO 
 
 of a consumption, in consequence of drink- 
 ing, after a hot day's journey, too large a 
 quantity of cider, November 10th 1683. He 
 was the intimate correspondent of the illus- 
 trious men of his times, of Newton, Wallis, 
 Barrow, Gregory, Flanistead, Leibnitz, 
 Townley, &c. Twenty -five years after his 
 death his writings fell into the hands of the 
 learned "William Jones of the royal society. 
 He was of a strong and inventive genius, he 
 first projected the manner of dividing the 
 meridian line on the nautical chart, a pro- 
 blem of the first importance to navigation ; 
 and he began to shorten the method of com- 
 putation by logarithms, which was completed 
 by Halley. His *' commex'cium epislola- 
 rum" appeared in 4to. 1712. 
 
 Collins, Anthony, was born at Helston 
 near Hounslow, 21st June 16/6, and educated 
 atEton and king's college, Cafa bridge, under 
 the tuition of flare afterwai'ds bishop of 
 Chichester. He entered at the Temple, but 
 disliking the study of the law, he a])plied hi#i- 
 self to the general pursuit of literature. He 
 now became the friend of the learned, and 
 gained the confidence of Locke, who corres- 
 ponded with him, and at his death left a let- 
 ter for him, full of the warmest confidence 
 and affection. He was the best part of his 
 life engaged in controversies, which proved 
 him to be more inclined to scepticism and in- 
 fidelity, than to support the christian reli- 
 gion, as an impai'tial and disinterested in- 
 quirer after truth. His chief works were, 
 priestcraft in perfection — an essay on the 
 39 articles of the church of England — vindi- 
 cation of the divine attributes — discourse of 
 free thinking — philosophical inquiry concern- 
 ing human liberty — scheme of hteral pro- 
 phecy— a discourse on the grounds and reasons 
 of the christian religion, in two parts, a work 
 which excited general attention, and whose, 
 tenets were in a short space of time combated 
 by not less than 35 antagonists, among whom 
 appear the respectable names of Whiston, 
 Chandler, Clarke, Ashley Sykes, and Sher- 
 lock. Collins twice visited Holland, but nevet 
 penetrated farther on the continent. He re- 
 tired in 1715 to Essex, where he acted as a 
 magistrate, and deserved the public grati- 
 tude, by the benevolence and integrity with 
 which he managed the affairs of the coun- 
 ty as treasurer of its funds. He was long 
 afflicted with the stone, of which he died De- 
 cember 13th, 1729. He acknowledged in his 
 last moments that the true catholic religion is 
 to love God and to love man, and he earnestly 
 advised those that stood around him to ob- 
 serve that, as the awful warning of a dying 
 man. 
 
 Collins, Arthur, a learned and indefa- 
 tigable antiquary, whose knowledge of genealo- 
 gy and labors of research are sufficiently pro- 
 ved U) his valuable work called the peerage of 
 England, in 8 vols, which has passed through 
 several editions, arid has been further improv- 
 ed by Longmate. 
 
 Collins, Samuel, an English pliysician 
 who studied at Padua, and was graduated at 
 Oxford, in 1659. He wrote the present state 
 
CO 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 of Russia 1671, 8vo. besides a book of anato- 
 my in folio. He was censor of the college of 
 physicians 1707. 
 
 Collins, William, a poet of great em- 
 inence, son of a hatter, born at Chichester, 
 December 25th, 1720. He was educated at 
 Winchester-school, but being superannuated, 
 and thus prevented from entering at New 
 college, he became a member of Queen's 
 college, and was afterwards elected demy of 
 Magdalen 1 741. During his residence at Ox- 
 foi'd, he published his oriental eclogues, 
 wliich are so deservedly admired for sim- 
 plicity, richness of description, and unaffect- 
 ed tenderness. In 1744, he left Oxford and 
 came to London, panting after fame, with 
 few resources, and too wavering in his plans 
 to execute any regular work. At this time 
 he published proposals for an history of the 
 revival of learning, of which probably not a 
 single line was ever written. He was now 
 known to Dr. Johnson, who with his friend- 
 ship shared his poverty, and was privy to 
 his distresses, and dangerous escapes. The 
 death of his uncle, colonel Martin, and a le- 
 gacy of 1000/. soon however enabled him to 
 live more respectable ; but the acquisition of 
 independence unfortunately did not advance 
 the literary labors of the poet, who no sooner 
 found himself enabled to study, than he was 
 assailed by greater calamities than poverty, 
 the calamities of disease and insanity. That 
 so able a writer, and so smblime a poet, should 
 be incapacitated to give flow to the pure 
 streams of genius and elegant conception is 
 a melancholy loss to mankind. For a time 
 he endeavoured to disperse the cfouds which 
 hung threatening over his reason by travel- 
 ling into France, but he returned, and after 
 being some time confined in a house of lunat- 
 ics, and afterwards attended by the care of 
 bis sister, he fell a victim to his intellectual 
 malady, at Chichester, in 175 G- When he 
 was visited at Islington by Johnson, he Avas 
 found in his retirement with a book in his 
 hand, which his friend out of curiosity exam- 
 ined to see what companion a man of letters 
 had chosen. I have but one book, said Col- 
 lins, but that is the best. It was a common 
 English testament, such as children carry to 
 school. In his last illness, Collins expressed 
 to his friend Dr. Warton, his disapprobation 
 of his oriental eclogues. His odes though 
 very sublime, especially that on the passions, 
 are however often obscure, his lines are clog- 
 ged with clusters of consonants, and he too 
 much affected the obsolete, when it was not 
 worthy of revival. 
 
 CoLLiNSON, Peter, an eminent botanist, 
 !)orn in the parish of Stavely near Kendal, 
 Westmoreland. He had an early and strong 
 partiality for natural history, and great nat- 
 uralists and many literary characters of the 
 age were soon in the number of his intimate 
 friends ; such as Derham, Woodward, Dale, 
 Sloane, Lloyd, and others. In 1728, he be- 
 came fellow of the Royal Society, whose me- 
 moirs he greatly enriched by his own inqui- 
 ries, and his valuable correspondence with 
 forsjgners, especially Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 Cadwallader Golden, and the famousLinn^uf. 
 To his zeal and improvements we are in- 
 debted for the many trees and shrubs trans- 
 planted from the Western hemisphere and 
 other countries, which adorn our gardens 
 and plantations. He was elected fellow of 
 the antiquarian society in 1737. In private 
 hfe he was of amiable manners, very commu- 
 nicative, and of a very benevolent heart. He 
 was attacked while on a visit to his friend 
 lord Petre with a retention of urine, which 
 medical assistance could not remove, and 
 which shortly proved fatal 11th August 1768, 
 in his 75th year. 
 
 CoLLius, Francis, doctor of the Ambro- 
 sian college at Milan, died in 1640, at an ad- 
 vanced age. He wrote a famous treatise, de 
 animabus paganorum, in two vols. 4to. in 
 which, amidst bold and curious conjectures, 
 he decrees salvation to the sages of Greece, 
 the mid wives of Egypt, Socrates, &c. while 
 he denounces damnation on Pythagoras, Ar- 
 istotle and others. His book de sanguine 
 Christi is equally curious and singtilar. 
 
 CoLLOT, Germain, a French surgeon, fa- 
 mous for his skill in cutting for the stone. 
 He died 1656. 
 
 CoLLOT d'Herbois, J. M. a player, 
 who exhibited with little success on the thea- 
 tres of Geneva, the Hague, and Lyons. The 
 hisses and disapprobation which attended his 
 appearance at Lyons, made him vow ven- 
 geance on that unfortunate city, and as he 
 had represented the character of tyrant on 
 the stage to the best advantage, he was soon 
 to exhibit it in real life when admitted mem- 
 ber of the convention, and sent as deputy to 
 punish its revolt. Invested with absolute ])ow- 
 er against the devoted Lyonesc, he seemed 
 determined to destroy every vestige of their 
 city, not only the walls were battered down 
 with cannon shot, but the unfortunate inhabit- 
 ants were slaughtered with insulting cruelty, 
 and not less than 209 perished in one even- 
 ing, CoUot thus stained with blood, and de- 
 servedly called the tiger, returned to Paris 
 to become the worthy associate of Robes- 
 pierre. He voted for the abolition of mon- 
 archy, and the death of Lewis, because that 
 unfortunate monarch had refused to appoint 
 him his minister ; but when his friend Robes- 
 pierre was accused, he changed sides, and as 
 president of the convention, he exerted all 
 his influence to procure his condemnation. 
 This minister of iniquity was afterwards him- 
 self condemned 1795 to be deported to Cay- 
 enne, where he endeavoured to excite an in- 
 surrection of the blacks. He died in confine- 
 ment November 1796. As an orator he had 
 some powers of eloquence, which Avere fatal- 
 ly exerted in the convention and among the 
 jacobins ; but as a dramatic writer he ac- 
 qviired little celebrity. The best of his pie- 
 ces is an imitation of the Spanish play of 
 Calderon, which he called tlie Paysan ma- 
 gistrat. 
 
 CoLLUTHUS, a priest of Alexandria, He 
 maintained that God was not the author of 
 the wicked, nor of the misfortunes which af- 
 flijjt human life. He usurped the episcopal 
 
CO 
 
 3^/ 
 
 CO 
 
 authority, but was condemned as a heretic by 
 the council of Alexandria 324. 
 
 Col MAN, George, an English writer, born 
 about the year 1733 at Florence, where his 
 father was British resident at the grand 
 duke's court. His mother was sister of lady 
 Bath. He was educated at Westminster and 
 Christ church, Oxford, where he took his de- 
 gree of M. A. He early displayed those 
 shining talents which promised future repu- 
 tation, and insured him the friendship of the 
 wits of the time, of Lloyd, Bonnel Thornton, 
 Churchill, and others. While at Oxford he 
 published with Thornton the Connoisseur in 
 weekly numbers, from 31st January 1754 to 
 September 30th 1756. He entered at Lin- 
 coln's-inn, under the patronage of lord Bath, 
 but though called to the bar, the profession 
 of the law was less congenial to his taste and 
 feelings than the pursuit of the muses. From 
 ■writing fugitive pieces of poetry, he soon ap- 
 plied himself to dramatic composition. His 
 Polly Honeycomb was acted at Drury-lane 
 in 1760 with great success, and the next 
 year his Jealous Wife divided the general ap- 
 plause with Murphy's Way to keep him, and 
 Macklin's Married Libertine. The death of 
 lord Bath in 1764 left him in the independent 
 enjoyment of a comfortable annuity, and his 
 income was further increased upon the de- 
 cease of general Pultney in 1767. He pur- 
 chased of Beard in 1768, with Harris, Powel, 
 and Rutherford, the property of Covent-gar- 
 den theatre, but he soon parted with his share 
 in consequence of some private dispute with 
 his fellow patentees. Soon after he pur- 
 chased of Foote, for an annuity, the Hay- 
 market theatre, and with great judgment 
 and much advantage to himself and to the 
 public, he continued the management of that 
 house till the time of his death, and thus in- 
 troduced to the admiration and patronage of 
 the kingdom many actors of merit aiid res- 
 pectability. In 1790 he was attacked by a 
 stroke of the palsy, which not only deprived 
 him nearly of the use of one of his sides, but 
 brought on alarming symptoms of mental 
 derangement- He was removed to Padding- 
 ton under proper management, and died I4th 
 August 1794. Besides the comedies already 
 mentioned, the best of Colman's plays are 
 the Clandestine marriage, the English mer- 
 chant, the Oxonian in town, the Man of bu- 
 siness. Epicene, the Spanish barber, Suicide, 
 the Separate maintenance, the Manager in 
 distress, 8cc. He evinced his abilities as a 
 scholar and as a critic, by his res pectable 
 tifanslation of Terence's comedies, and of Hor- 
 ace's art of poetry. 
 
 CoLOCCi, Angelo, a native of Jesi in Ita- 
 ly descended from a noble family, who as- 
 sumed the learned name of Angelus Colotius 
 Bassus. He settled at Rome, where he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his noble collection of 
 books. He was made bishop of Nocera, by 
 i<eo X. and governor of Ascoli by Clement 
 VII. He wrote Latin poems of some merit, 
 but his Italian verses express little excellence. 
 He died at Rome 1549, aged 82. He was 
 tKe reviver and patron of the Roman acade 
 
 TXCS. 
 
 Cologne, Peter de, a native of Ghent, 
 educated at Paris and at Geneva where ho 
 became the friend of Calvin and of Beza. 
 He went to Metz, and afterwards settled 
 at Heidelberg, where he died in the early 
 part of life. He vindicated the protestants 
 against the bishop of Metz, and wrote also 
 on the eucharist. 
 
 Colo M BIER E, Claude de la, a famous 
 Jesuit, born near Lyons. He was an els- 
 quent preacher, and fortwojears delivered 
 his discourses with great popularity and ef- 
 fect before James II. of England, but on sus- 
 picion of conspiracy, he was banished from 
 England, and died at Parai, in the Charo- 
 lois, I5th February 1682, aged Al. He is 
 particularly loiown as the inventor of the 
 Solemnity of the heart of Jesus, which ha<I 
 however been before introduced by Thomas 
 Goodwin, president of Magdalen college, 
 Oxford. The novelty of this improper act 
 of devotion soon engaged the attention of the 
 pious, and under the influence of pretende(l 
 visions and m,iracles it soon gained a great 
 number of partisans and zealous apostles. 
 The better sense of mankind, however, and 
 the return of genuine piety, soon dispelled 
 these fanatical tenets. The sermons of Co- 
 lombiere wei'e published at Lyons in 1757, 
 6 vols. 12mo. He wrote besides some mor- 
 al reflections, and spiritual letters. 
 
 CoLOMiES, or CoLoiffEsius, Paul, a 
 French protestant, born at Rochelle in 1638. 
 He travelled through Europe, and at the so- 
 licitation of Isaac Vossius, he visited Eng- 
 land, where he wa§ ordained and made Lam- 
 beth librai'ian. He died in London in 16'J2. 
 He wrote Gallia Orientalis — Hispania & It- 
 alia Orientalis — theologorum presbyteriano- 
 rum. Icon. — bibliotheque choisie, besides 
 critical works, &c. 
 
 CoLONi, Adam and Adrian, two Dutcli 
 historical painters, called the old and the 
 young. Adam ^ied inLondou 1685, and his 
 son 1701, a^ed 2>Z. 
 
 CoLONNA, Fabio, a botanist, born at Na- 
 ples 1567. He devoted his time not only to 
 natural history, but to the languages, to mu- 
 sic, the law, and all the polite arts. His 
 works, especially on botany, are very valua- 
 ble. He wrote plantarura & piscium, histo- 
 ria, 4to. — stirpium rariorum descriptio, 4to. 
 dissertation on the glossopetr£e, 4to. on A- 
 merican plants, fol. — dissertation on the por* 
 pura, 4to. He was the first who gave dis- 
 tinct names to the petals and the leaves of 
 flowers, a judicious arrangement afterwards 
 adopted by Tournefort. The musical in- 
 strument called pentachoi'don is of his in- 
 vention. He lived to his eightieth year. 
 
 CoLONNA, Francisco Maria Pompeio, ji 
 French philosopher, whose chief work is the 
 natural history of the universe 1734, 4 vols. 
 l2mQ. He perished in the fire which d^s? 
 troyed his house at Paris 1726. 
 
 CoLONNA, Prosper©, son of Anthony 
 prince of Salerno, assisted, in company witli 
 his relation Fabricio, Charles VIII. of France 
 in the conquest of Naples ; but afterwards 
 he exerted Bis infliu-nfre and,, hi? nrtlltajy 
 
CO 
 
 :^^r 
 
 CO 
 
 powers to reconquer it for the house of Ar- 
 ragon. He was made prisoner at the battle 
 of Villa Franca 1515; but wheu I'estored to 
 liberty by the French, he renewed the Avar 
 ■with astonishing vigor, and after gaining the 
 battle of la Bicoque, he was enabled to re- | 
 lieve Milan, in 1522. T-Iiis distinguished j 
 -warrior died 1523, aged 71. 
 
 CoLONNA, Pompeo, nephew of Prospe- 
 1*0, was brougbt up to the church, and made 
 bishop of liieti, and a cardinal, though his 
 inclinations tended to the military profes- 
 sion. Ever restless and dissatisfied, he rais- 
 ed an insurrection at Rome on tlie i-eported 
 death of Julius 11. 1512, and, with his ac- 
 corajjlice Savillo, he seized the capitol; but, 
 though pardoned, and restored to liis eccle- 
 siastical honors, he again, in 1526, engaged 
 in another conspiracy to seize the chief pow- 
 er, and to put the pope to death. This per- 
 fidious conduct, Avhich brought misery on 
 the Romans, by the sacking of the city by 
 the constable Bourbon, was not punished as 
 it deserved, but Collonna, whose intrigues 
 assisted the pope's escape from the castle of 
 St. Angelo, was again pardoned, raised to 
 new honors, and made viceroy of Naples. 
 He died 1532, author of a poem de virtuti- 
 bus mulierum. 
 
 CoLONNA, Francis, a Venetian, who, in 
 consequence of disappointed love in his court- 
 ship of Lucretia Leila, became author of 
 a curious work called Hypnerotomachia di 
 Polyphilo, ])rinted by Aldus 1499, and trans- 
 lated into French 1561. He was afterwards 
 of the order of St. Dominic, and died 1527. 
 
 CoLONNA, Victoria, daughter of Fabri- 
 cio duke of Paliano, was born at Marino 
 1490, and married, 1507, the marquis of 
 Piscara. In 1525, on her husband's death, 
 she retired to a monastery, and died at Rome 
 1 547. Her elegant poems have often been 
 printed, and are deservedly admired. 
 , CoLONNA, Mark Antonio, duke of Pa- 
 J|iano, distinguished himself so much in the 
 defeat of the Tui'Ks at the battle of Lepan- 
 to, 1571, that the pope permitted him to 
 enter Rome in a triumphal procession. He 
 was afterwards made constable of Naples, 
 and viceroy of Sicily ; and died 1584, 
 \CoLONNA, Aseanio, son of the preced- 
 ing, was made a cardinal, and showed his 
 learning and the powers of his eloquence 
 in the defence of the pope in his dispute 
 with the Venetians. He died at Rome 
 1608. 
 
 CoLONiiTA, John, a noble Itahan, sent as 
 papal legate to the christian army in Pales- 
 tine. He was made prisoner by the Sara- 
 cens, and cruelly condemned to be sawn in 
 two^ but the fortitude with which he bore 
 the insults of his' enemies disarmed their 
 Tengeance, and procured his liberty. He 
 died 1245. 
 
 CoLONNA, Giles, an Augustin monk, 
 bishop of Boarges. He was a learned man, 
 and a theological professoi*, and he wrote 
 some works in philosophy and divinity, and 
 died at Avignon 1316. 
 
 CoLONNA, Fabricio, son of the duke of 
 »Amalfi^ was a celebrated warrior agaijist 
 
 the Urshii. He was constable of Naples, 
 and was made prisoner at the battle ot Ra- 
 venna, 1512. He died 1520. 
 
 CoLRANE, Henry Hare, lord, born at 
 Blechingley, in Surrey, 10th May 1693, was 
 educated at Enfield, and Corpus Christi, Ox- 
 ford. He was well skilled in the learned lan- 
 guages, and displayed his poetical talents by 
 his musarum oblatio ad i-eginam, a poem in- 
 serted in the Musse Anglicanaj. He travelled 
 three times through Europe ; and in his se- 
 cond tour was attended by the well known 
 Couyers Middleton. He made a noble col- 
 lection of prints and drawings of antiquities 
 abroad, which were munificently presented 
 after his disease to his college. He died at 
 Bath 4th August 1749, and was buried at 
 Tottenham. His books and prmts on Eng- 
 lish antiquities were sold at liis death, and 
 bought for the antiquarian society. 
 
 Colston, Edward, an English philan- 
 thropist, born at Bristol,- November 2, 1636. 
 He greatly increased liis property by his 
 commercial connections with Spain ; and 
 the produce of his honest industry he be- 
 nevolently disposed to charitable purposes. 
 He built alms-houses in Bristol, which he 
 endowed with an income of 282/. and be- 
 sides the erection of a school for 40 boys, 
 he founded, at the expense of 11,000/. Uie 
 hospital of St, Augustin, for a master, usher, 
 and 1(X) boys, for whose maintenance he 
 appropriated an annual income of above 
 138/, Besides this, he gave many other mu- 
 nificent donations, especially 6000/. for the \ 
 improvement of sixty small livings. He was 
 not only charitable, but he possessed great 
 meekness of temper, joined to exemplary 
 temperance and sincere piety. It was his 
 practice never to bestow his charity on beg- 
 gars, but rather on poor house-keepers, and 
 on sick and decayed persons. He died at 
 Mortlake, in Surrey, 11th October 1721, 
 aged 85, and was buried at All-saints church, 
 Bristol, where a monument records his vir- 
 tues and charitable benefactions. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, celebrated as 
 the discovei-er of a new continent, was born, 
 1442, at Genoa, son of a woolcomber. He 
 was early inured to the labors of the sea ; 
 and in his great fondness for navigation, he 
 made himself perfect in geometry, astrono- 
 my, and cosmography. After trading i.i 
 various parts of the Mediterranean he 
 settled at Lisbon, where his brother Bar- 
 tholomew was established ; and here he 
 married the daughter of a roaster of a ves- 
 sel who had been engaged in plans of discov- 
 ery, whose charts and observations he pe- 
 rused ; and he increased his knowledge of 
 maritime affairs by several voyages to the 
 Canaries and the coast of Africa. Thus 
 guided by experience, and encouraged by 
 the correspondence of Paul Foscanelli, a 
 learned Florentine, he became persuaded 
 that a continent must exist in the western 
 ocean. He presented his plans to the Ge- 
 noese repubhc, and afterwards to the king 
 of Portugal i but instead of patronage and 
 encouragement, he met in both applications 
 with coldness and iadiffwencc. At the 
 
eo 
 
 S/f/ 
 
 CO 
 
 oQurt of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella show- 
 ed him greater attention; and after many 
 delays and objections, which his zeal and 
 earnestness successfully combated and re- 
 moved, he was at last permitted to sail in 
 quest of unknown regions. On the Gth of 
 September 1492 he left Gomera, Avith tht'ee 
 small ships, and on the 12lh of October, af- 
 ter sailing in a westei-jy direction, he dis- 
 covered some islands, and landed at Guana 
 bay, in the Lucca islands. After visiting 
 and taking possession of the islands of Cuba 
 and Hispaniola, he returned to Spain, av hich, 
 after a passage of fifty days, he reached in 
 May 14U3. These discoveries astonished 
 and pleased the Spanish monarch. Colum- 
 bus was declared admiral of the Indies, en- 
 nobled, and permitted to return to the new 
 world with a large fleet. In his second voy- 
 age he discovered Jamaica and other islands ; 
 and on his return to Europe, 8th June 1496, 
 he was enabled to silence the mahcious in- 
 sinuations which envy had spread concern- 
 ing his views, and the importance of the 
 new world. In May 1498 he made a third 
 voyage, and discovered Paria, on the conti- 
 nent; but so violent were his enemies, that, 
 in spite of his services, his rank and author- 
 ity, he was sent to Spain in irons in Octo- 
 ber 1500 : but the monarch liberated him 
 from captivity, and from every ignominious 
 iniputation. He again visited the new world, 
 and died soon after his return, at Valladolid, 
 20th May 1506 His remains, by the king's 
 command, were magnificently buried at Se- 
 ville, where this short epitaph records his 
 merits : " Columbus gave Castile stud Leon 
 a new world." Important as the services of 
 this great man are to the world, it is melan- 
 choly to record the ingratitude of posterity, 
 and to behold an extensive continent, the 
 discovery of which ought to have been im- 
 mortalized in the appellation of Columbia, 
 bear the insignificant name of Americus 
 Vespucius, one of those obscure individuals 
 who followed, in fearful imitation, the tract 
 of the first heroic discoverer. The life of 
 Columbus was written by Ferdinand, one of 
 his sons, who embraced the ecclesiastical 
 profession, and died 1530, leaving a Aalua- 
 ble library to the cathedral of Seville. — An- 
 other son, called l>iego, inherited all his fa- 
 ther's honors, 
 
 Columbus, Bartholomew, brother to 
 Christopher, was ingenious in his draw- 
 ing of spheres and sea-charts. It is said 
 that he was deputed by his brother to come 
 to solicit the king of England, but that his 
 voyage was delayed by falling into the hands 
 of pirates ; and when at last the English 
 monarch accepted his proposals, and pioni- 
 ised support and encouragement to his bro- 
 ther, he found that the plan had already 
 been adopted by Ferdinand of Castile. Bar- 
 tholomew shared the honors and the dangers 
 of his brother's discoveries ; and he was the 
 founder of the town of St. Domingo. He 
 died 1514, very rich. 
 
 Columbus, Realdus, an Italian anato- 
 mical writer, born at Cremona. He died at 
 VOL. I. 46 
 
 Rome 1577. It is said that his -works are 
 composed from the compositions of Vesali- 
 us, his master, and predecessor in the an- 
 atomical chair of Padua, whose discoveries 
 he freely appropriated to himself. His La- 
 tin is very elegant. His opinions on the 
 blood nearly approached Harvey's discovery 
 of the circulation. 
 
 Columella, a Spaniard, who resided 
 at Rome under Claudius, and wrote some 
 books on trees and agriculture. 
 
 CoLUMNA, Guy, a native of Messina in 
 Sicily, who accompanied Edward I. to Eng- 
 land, and wrote a chronicle in 36 books, be- 
 sides a history of the siege of Troy, in La- 
 tin, 1477, in 4to. The last edition is at Na- 
 ples, 1655. 
 
 CoLUTHus, a Greek, author of a poem 
 on the rape of Helen, in the 6th century. 
 
 CoLvius, Andrew, a native of Dort, 
 who went in the suit of the Dutch ambas- 
 sador to Venice, where he gained the inti- 
 macy of Father Paul, and translated into 
 Latin his ti-eatise on the " inquisition. He 
 wrote also sonie elegant poetry, and made a 
 valuable collection of books and curiosities, 
 of which a catalogue was printed 1655. He 
 died 1671, aged 77. — His son Nicholas was 
 like himself a learned and eloquent divine- 
 He died 1717. 
 
 CoLWiLL, Alexander, was born near St- 
 Andrew's Fifeshire, and educated at Edin 
 burgh, of which he became principal, in 1662. 
 Besides some tracts, he wrote the Scotch 
 Hudibras, after the manner of Butter, a 
 ludicrous poem, which severely ridiculed 
 the presbyterians, and which is still admi- 
 red in Scotland. He died at Edinbui-gh 1676, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Combe Fis, Francis, a Dominican, knova 
 as a learned editor of several of the Greek 
 fathers — of five Gi'eek historians, as a sup- 
 plement to the Byzantine histoiy, &c. He 
 died 1679. 
 
 Comber, Thomas, an Englith divine, 
 born at Westerham, Kent, 1645. He was 
 educated at Sidney Sussex college, Cam- 
 bridge, where l)\e took his degrees in arts, 
 and he was created D. D. by the archbishop 
 of Canterbury. He was made deati of Dur- 
 ham in the room of Dr. Granville, 1691, and 
 was chaplain to the princess Anne of Den- 
 mark and to William and Mary. He died 
 25th November 1669, and was buried at 
 Stonegrave, Yorkshire. He wrote some 
 divinity tracts, particularly discourses on 
 baptism, catechism, and confirmation, and on 
 the liturgy of tlie church of England, &c. 
 
 Comber, I'homas, a fellow of Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, where he became 1). D. 
 He was born at Shtrmanbury, Sussex, and 
 educated at Horsham school. He was made 
 dean oV Carlisle August 1630, and master 
 of his college the follow ing year. He was 
 in 1642 deprived of all his preferments, ami 
 imprisoned. He died at Cambridge Febru- 
 ary 1653. He v.rote a vindication of the di- 
 vine right of tithes, against Seiden. 
 
 Come Nius. John Amos, a protcstani, 
 eminent as a nivinc «ud grammarian. He 
 
CO 
 
 .^r^ 
 
 CD 
 
 was born in Moravia 1592. After hting 
 pastor at Fulnec, ami also presiding over a 
 school there, he fled upon the invasion of 
 his country hy the Spaniards, and came to 
 Lesna in Poland, where he maintained him- 
 self hy teaching grammar, and where he 
 published his Janua linguarnm, a small book, 
 which, it is said, acquired se much celebrity, 
 that it was translated into 12 European lan- 
 guages. His fame as a grammarian was now 
 so utuversally spread, that he was honorably 
 invited by the Swedes and by the Enghsh 
 parliament, to reform the public^sdiools of 
 the kingdom. In compliance witli these re- 
 quests he visited England in 1641, but the 
 «ivil wars thwarted his expectations, and 
 made his stay unnecessary. The next year 
 he accepted the invitations of the Swedes, 
 by whom lie was respectfully treated. For 
 four years he was engaged at Elbing in laying 
 down plans for the promotion of genei'al in- 
 struction, and his recommendations wei'e 
 publicly approved. He afterwards visited 
 Sigismund Ragotzki, prince of Transylvania, 
 and gave him rules for the better regulation 
 of the schools of his country, and on his re- 
 turn to Lesna, he had the misfortune to see 
 the city reduced to ashes by the Poles, and 
 his books and manuscripts desti'oyed. From 
 Lesna he fled to Silesia, thence to Branden- 
 burg, afterwards to Hamburgh, and lastly to 
 Amsterdam, where he ended his days 1671, 
 aged 80. Besides his Janua, he wrote Panso- 
 phiaprodomus — a new method of teaching — 
 unius neeessarii, &c. The last years of his 
 life, however, were disgraced by visionary 
 schemes, and attempts at prophesy. He pre- 
 tended to foretell the beginning of the millen- 
 nium, which he placed in 1672 or 1673, a gross 
 absurdity, which his death prevented him 
 from witnessing. It would have been a happy 
 circumstance if he had been the only sufferer 
 in his prophetic dreams, many of the Mora- 
 vians wei'e weak enough to believe him, and 
 they were seveijely persecuted, after the 
 destruction of Lestia, and the protestants of 
 Poland also drew upon themselves the hatred 
 and jealousy of the catholics. Comenius, 
 in his last illness, was visited by the cele- 
 brated madame Bourignon, who had em- 
 braced his tenets, and considered him as 
 more than mortal. 
 
 Come Natalis or Natal Conti, a 
 native of Milan, whose Greek and Latin 
 poems appeared at Venice 1550, and his 
 niythologia sive explicationes fabularum, a 
 very useful mythological work, 1564. He 
 died about 1590. 
 
 CoMiERS, Claude, canon of Embrun,was 
 professor of mathematics at Paris, and died 
 1693. H6 wrote on comets, on spectacles, 
 on prophecies, on speech, in an elegant and 
 interesting style. 
 
 Co M I NES, Philip de, an excellent historian 
 of Flanders. His noble birth and great ac- 
 quirements soon recommended him to the 
 notice of Charles duke of Burgundy, and 
 afterwards to that of Lewis XI. of France. 
 Patronised by the monarch, he grew into 
 power and coDsequence, an.d as ambassador. 
 
 he served his court with fidelity and dispatch 
 After the death of Lewis, he was stripped 
 of his honors; the next successor Charles 
 Vlll. viewed him with the prejudice and 
 malevolence of a foreigner, and he was im- 
 prisoned atLoches; but though his enemies 
 were so powerful and numerous, that no ad- 
 vocate would presume to plead his cause, he 
 defended himself with the energy and effort 
 of innocence, and after addressing his judges 
 in an eloquent speech of two hours, he was, 
 after three years' confinement, discharged. 
 He died at his house at Argenton 1509, aged 
 64, and was buried in the church of the Au- 
 gustines at Paris. Comines, though well ac- 
 quainted with modern languages, was yet no 
 deep scholar. The memoirs of his own 
 times, however, which he left, are very val- 
 uable for the historical details which they 
 give, dui'ing 34 years, of the afi'airs of the 
 house of Burgundy, and of Lewis XI. and 
 Chai'les Vni. of France, with anecdotes of 
 the various transactions which at that time 
 took place in England, and on the continent. 
 His impartiality is universally acknowledged, 
 and the respect which he shows to the Eng- 
 lish nation, entitles him to the praises which 
 Dryden bestows upon him, in rankmg him 
 with Thucydides and Tacitus, for the acutc- 
 ness of his judgment, and the great know- 
 ledge of men, manners and politics, which 
 he has displayed. His works were edited by 
 Fresnoy, 4 vols. 4to. 1747, and have been 
 translated by Uvedale into English, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 CoMMANDiNus, Frederic, an Italian 
 mathematician, descended from a noble fa- 
 mily at Urbino, where he was born 1509. 
 Besides great knowledge of mathematics, he 
 was well versed in Greek literature, and 
 translated Archimedes, Apollonius Pergseus, 
 Ptolemy, Euclid, Aristai'cims, &c. besides 
 some original comxiositions on the centre of 
 gravity, on clocks, &c. He was greatly pa- 
 tronised by the duke of Urbino, and died 
 1575. 
 
 Com ME LIN, Jerome, an eminent French 
 printer, born at Douay. He settled at Ge- 
 neva, and afterwards at Heidelberg, where 
 he died 1598. He printed among other fa- 
 thers, the woi'ks of Chrysostom, 4 vols. fol. 
 an excellent edition. The mark he prefixed 
 to his editions, was truth sitting in a chair. 
 
 CoMMENDONE, John Fraucis, a native 
 of Venice, who at the early age of 10, wrote 
 Latin verses, and so rccommeneled himself 
 by his learning, that he became chamberlain 
 to Julius III. and was employed in various 
 embassies, and made bishop by Paul IV. 
 Pius IV. raised him to the rank of cardinal, 
 and employed him as his nuncio in Poland^ 
 and he was afterwards legate at the diet ot 
 Augsburg, against the Luthcrany. He wrote 
 various Latin poems'and leliers, and died at 
 Padua, 1584, aged 60. 
 
 CoMMERSOJsr, Philibert, botanist to the 
 French king, was born at Chatilon lesDom- 
 bes, near Bourg in Bresse, 1727. When re- 
 siding as physician at Montpellier, he shovt^ed 
 his foadness for botany to so improper a de- 
 
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 36/ 
 
 CO 
 
 gree, that he plifhdered even the king's gar- 
 den, to enrich his collections. He Avas re- 
 commended by Linnseus to the queen of Swe- 
 den to complete her collection of rarest 
 fishes, and consequently wrote his ichthyo- 
 logy in 1 vols. 4to. He wrote besides a dic- 
 tionary and bibliography on writers of natu- 
 ral history, and the martyrology of botany, 
 containing the lives of those who had lost 
 their life in pursuit of natural curiosities, to 
 which his own life was to be added. His 
 abilities recommended him to the ministry 
 as a proper person to accompany Bougain- 
 ville round the world, and he embarked in 
 1766, and highly distinguished himself by the 
 labor and success of his researches. He died 
 at the isle of France in 1773, leaving to the 
 king's cabinet all his collection, amounting 
 lo 2()0 volumes in folio, besides the contents 
 of 32 cases, containing great treasures, se- 
 lected during his voyage. He mentions dis- 
 covering a nation of dwarfs of 3 1-2 feet 
 liigh, in the interior parts of Madagascar. 
 
 CoMMiRE, John, a Jesuit born at Am- 
 boise. He wrote Latin in so elegant a style, 
 that his fables are esteemed equal to those of 
 PhjEdrus. He died at Paris 1702, aged 77. 
 His poems appeared 2 vols 12mo. 1754. 
 
 CoMMODi, Andrea, a Florentine painter 
 who died 1638, aged Ti. His Lucifer and as- 
 sociates fallen from heaven, painted for Paul 
 v. was much admired. 
 
 CoMMouiANusof Gaza, a christian poet 
 of the fourth century, author of Institutiones, 
 a sort of composition neither elegant nor 
 valuable. 
 
 Com MOD us, Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, 
 succeeded his father Antoninus as emperor 
 of Rome 180. After a series of dissipation, 
 cruelty, and every profligacy, he was poison- 
 ed by Marcia hia concubine 192. 
 
 CoMTE, Lewis le, a French Jesuit, who 
 went in 1685 to China as a missionary. He 
 published an interesting account of his mis- 
 sion on his return to Europe, and died at 
 Boui-deaux 1729. 
 
 Co MP TON, Spencer, son of the first earl 
 of Northampton, was master of the i-obes to 
 the prince of Wales, afterwards Charles L 
 and accompanied him to Spain. When 
 Gharles succeeded to the throne, Compton 
 loyally supported his measiu-es, and attended 
 him in his expedition against the Scots. 
 When the royal standard was set up at Not- 
 tingham, he was among the truest of his 
 friends. At the battle of Kopton-heath near 
 Stafford, March 19th 1G43, h© was encom- 
 passed by the enemy, and when after deeds 
 of valor, he was offered quarter, he boldly 
 declared he would not receive it from the 
 hands of rebels and rogues, upon which he 
 was slain with a blow of an halbert on the 
 head. He was buried in All-hallows church, 
 Derby. He left six sons and two daughters 
 by Mary daughter of sir Francis Beaumont. 
 
 Compton, Henry, a prelate, youngest 
 son of Spencer, just mentioned. He was 
 born in 1632. He was educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, and after three vears' resi- 
 dence he set ofT. in 1052, on his travels. 
 
 At the restoration he obtained a cornetcy in 
 a regiment of horse, but he afterwards studi- 
 ed divinity at Cambridge, where he became 
 M. A. Soon after entering into orders he 
 obtained the rector}' of Cottenham, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, a canonry at Christ -church, and 
 the mastership of St. Cross hospital near 
 Winchester. In 1674, he was made bishop 
 of Oxford, and the next year succeeded to 
 the see of London. In lliis elevated situation 
 he was intrusted with the education of the 
 princes.ses Mary and Anne, and the strong 
 attachmejit which they showed to the pro- 
 testant religion is honorably attributed to the 
 wholesome instructions of the learned pre- 
 late. He labored assiduously to reconcile 
 the dissenters to the tenets of the church, 
 and he most ably resisted the claims and the 
 doctrines of the catholics. His zeal as a 
 protestant pi'elat.e displeased James II. and 
 therefore he removed liim from the privy 
 council, and on his refusing to suspend Dr. 
 Sharp, rector of St. Giles, from his ecclesi- 
 astical ofTiee, he was summoned before Jef- 
 ferys and a commission, and arbitrarily de- 
 prived of all his episcopal functions. This 
 violence on the part of the king was noticed 
 by Mary and by William prince of Orange, 
 and at last James, afraid of the consequences 
 of his conduct, consented to restore the 
 bishop to his offices. Compton however re- 
 ceived with sullenness the reparation offered 
 to his episcopal dignity, and when the king- 
 dom was invaded by William, he warmly es- 
 poused his cause, and conducted the princess 
 Anne to Nottingham, to prevent her being 
 conveyed to France. With all the ardor^bf 
 a friend, and the zeal of a partisan, he con- 
 gratulated William on his landing, and sup- 
 ported his claims to the throne in the house 
 of lords, and at last consecrated hinij^and 
 fixed the crown on his head. Everj^ fetep 
 however which he pursued M'as tinctured 
 with moderation, but because he wished the 
 reconciliation of the dissenters, and opposed 
 the prosecution of Sacheverell, he has been 
 branded with the epithets of a weak ami- 
 bigoted partisan. He died at the age of 81, 
 July 7th, 1713, and was buried in Fulham 
 church yard. He was an eminent divine as 
 well as an able statesman, strongly attached 
 to the constitution, and displaying the since- 
 I'ity of his profession by a pious and exem- 
 plary life. He wrote some tlieological tracts, 
 justly esteemed for soundness of doctrine, 
 and for moderation, and was a great encou- 
 rager of botany, as the patron of llaj, Pluke- 
 net, and other naturalists. His garden was 
 much admired for his fine collection of ex- 
 otics. 
 
 Co NAN T, John, D. D. an English divine, 
 was born at Yeaterton, Devon, 1 8th October 
 1608, and educated atExeter college, Oxford, 
 of which he became fellow and tutor. Dur- 
 ing the civil wars he left the university, but 
 in 1649 he was unanimously elected rector 
 of his college; he was also divinity professor, 
 and in 1657 was admitted vice chancellor. 
 At tlie restoration he appeared in London, 
 at the he.'^d of tT»e university, to congratulatft 
 
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 CO 
 
 tUe king ; but though he assisted at the Savoy 
 as one of the commissioners, he refused to 
 comply with the act of uniformity, and was 
 consequently deprived of all his preferments 
 in 1662. He was afterwards re-admitted into 
 the bosom of the church 1 670, being ordained 
 by Reynolds bishop of NorAvich, whose 
 daughter he had married, and by whom he 
 had six sons and six daughters. He was soon 
 after made minister of St. Mary, Alderman- 
 bury, which he exclianged for Allsaints in 
 Northampton, a place to which he was 
 strongly attached. He became archdeacon 
 of Norwich 1675, and in 1681 had a prebend 
 in the church of Worcester. In 1686 he had 
 the misforlune to lose his eyesight, and died 
 seven years after, I2th March 1693, and was 
 buiied in his church, Northampton. He 
 was a man of great piety, of extensive learn- 
 ing, and of singular modesty. Six volumes 
 of his sermons have been published. 
 
 Coxc A, Sebastian, a painter born at Gaeta. 
 He died 1761, aged 82. His pieces were 
 much esteemed and many of them are in the 
 possession of the king of Naples. 
 
 CoNCANEN, Matthew, a native of Ireland, 
 bred to the law. He came to London as a 
 literary adventurer, and he gained a liveli- 
 hood and some reputation by Avriting in sup- 
 port of the measures of the ministry. His 
 attack upon Pope procured him a respectable 
 ])laee in the Uunciad; but the patronage of 
 the duke of Newcastle advanced liim to the 
 lucrative ofiice of attorney -general for Ja- 
 maica. In this appointment, for 17 years, he 
 conducted hin)self with all the integrity and 
 tonor of a man of virtue, and after acquiring 
 a respectable and independent fortune, he 
 returned to England, with the flattering in- 
 tention of spending the rest of his life in Ire- 
 lanliif . He fell liowever into a rapid consump- 
 tion, and died at London 22d Jan. 174-9. He 
 wrote Wexford-wells a play, besides some 
 songs, in the Musical miscellany, and a well- 
 known letter addressed to Warburton. 
 
 CoNCiN-A, Daniel, a Dominican of Ven- 
 ice, celebrated as an eloquent preacher, and 
 as a man of abilities, often consulted by Ben- 
 edict XIV. He v/as author of a system of 
 christiaj) theology 2 vols. 4to. — and other 
 pieces on practical and casuistical subjects, 
 and died at Venice 1756, aged 70. 
 
 Co NCI Ni, better known by the name of 
 marshal d'Anere, was a Florentine, and 
 came to France in the suit of Mary de Mc- 
 dicis wife of Henry the great. By his in- 
 trigues and those of his wife Eleonora Gali- 
 gay, he became from a gentleman of the 
 bed-chamber, a marquis, and a marshal of 
 France. The enemies which his elevation 
 and his pride procured contrived his ruin, 
 Lewis XIII. was prevailed upon to get rid of 
 this dangerous favorite, andConcini was shot 
 by Viti-y and his accomplices on the Louvre 
 bridge, 24th April 1617, and his body was 
 icnominiously insulted by the populace. His 
 ■wife also lost her head, and his son was de- 
 clared incapable to hold any office in the 
 kingdom. Wlien his wife was accused of 
 witchcraft, in influencing the mind of the 
 
 queen, she said, her magic was only the in- 
 fluence of a great mind over a weak one. 
 
 Co ND AMINE, Charles Marie de la, born 
 at Paris 1701, was knight of St. Lazai'e, and 
 member of several learned academies. He 
 early travelled to the eastern parts of the 
 world, and in 1736 he was chosen with Go- 
 din to go to Peru, to determine the figure 
 of the earth at the equator. On his return 
 he visited Rome, and was, by the dispensa- 
 tion of the pope, permitted at the age of 55 
 to mai'ry his niece. He died 4th Feb. 1774, 
 in consequence of an operation for the re- 
 moval of a hernia. He was a man of great 
 eminence as a mathematician, though his 
 fondness of flattery rendered him too often 
 regardless of the solid praise which should 
 belong to a man of merit, modesty. He 
 was acquainted with many learned persons, 
 and perhaps more from ostentation than the 
 real wish to advance the cause of science. 
 His works are, distance of the tropics — rela- 
 tion of a voyage to America — observations, 
 &c. on the inoculation of the small-pox — on 
 education — tracts through Italy — measure 
 of the three fii*st degrees of the meridian. 
 
 CoNDE, Lewis first duke of, son of 
 Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, was 
 distinguished for his valor at the battle of St. 
 Quintm, and afterwards for his intrigues, 
 as the leader of the rebellious Hugonots. 
 Active and vigilant during the civil wars of 
 that period, he was wounded at the battle of 
 Dreux, and seven years after fell at that of 
 Jarnac 1569, aged 39. His memoirs of his 
 own times appeared after his death, and pos- 
 sess merit. The best edition is that of 1743, 
 6 vols. 4to. 
 
 CoNDE, Henry prince of, was known in 
 the court of Henry IV. of France, by whose 
 influence he became a catholic. He was 
 sent to the bastille 1616, and liberated three 
 years after. The death of Lewis XIII. re- 
 stored him to public favor, he became min- 
 ister to the regent, and displayed his valor 
 and his abilities in the service of his country, 
 and died at Paris 1646, aged 58. 
 
 CoNDE, Levis prince of, duke of Eng- 
 nein, son of the preceding, deserved the 
 name of the great. He was born at Paris 
 1621, and Richelieu observed in his earliest 
 years his pi'omising abilities, and foretold his 
 future greatness as a general and as a man. 
 Though but 22 he defeated the Spaniards at 
 the famous battle of Rocroi, and after ta- 
 king Thionville and other fortified towns, he 
 entered Gei-many as a conqueror. His at- 
 tempts afterwards .upon I^erida in Catalonia 
 proved abortive, but in Flanders he acqui- 
 red fresh honors, by the defeat of the im- 
 perialists, and the submission of an exten- 
 sive tract of country. In the civil wars of 
 France, he espoused the cause of the court, 
 though afterwards he opposed the views of 
 Mar-arine and of the monarchy, and, in the 
 spirit of indignation and unyielding pride, he 
 entered into the service of the Spaniards in 
 Flanders against his country. The peace of 
 the Pyrenees, 1659, reconciled him to his 
 country, and enabled him to atone for tlie 
 
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 syj 
 
 CO 
 
 injuries which his desertion had inflicted on I 
 his honor and France. He was afterwards 
 employed against the prince of Orange ; but 
 though wounded at the passage of the Rhine, j 
 he completed the conquest of Franche-com- i 
 te, and spread terror into Germany, after ] 
 the resignation ofTurennc. He died of the j 
 gout at Fontainbleau 1686, aged 65, leaving 
 two sons by his v/ife, who was the niece of 
 cardinal Richelieu. 
 
 CoNDE, Henry Julius de, prince of, son 
 of the great Conde, distinguished himself 
 under his father, at the passage of the 
 Rhine, and at the battle of Senef. He was 
 a liberal patron of men of letters and died 
 1709, aged 66. 
 
 CoNDER, John D. D. was born in Cam- 
 bridgeshire 1714, and was educated as a dis- 
 senter. He was a minister of a congrega- 
 tion at Cambridge, and afterwards kept a 
 school at Mile-end, and in 1761 succeeded to 
 the meeting on the Pavement, Moorfields. 
 He died 1781, aged 67. He printed several 
 sermons, besides an essay on the importance 
 of the clerical character. 
 
 CoNDiLLAC, Stephen Bonnot de, of the 
 French academy, born at Grenoble, Avas 
 preceptor to the infant son of the duke of 
 Parma. He died at Flux near Baugenci, 2d 
 Aug. 1780, of a putrid fever. He was a man 
 of great erudition, strong sense, and austere 
 manners. He wrote in 3 vols. l2mo. essay 
 on the origin of human sciences — on animals 
 -—on the sensations, &c. — besides a course 
 of study for the instruction of his pupils in 
 l6vols. 12mo — and commerce and govern- 
 ment considered in their mutual relations, 
 &c. l2mo. These volumes display great 
 philanthropy, though often they are devoid 
 of warmth and vivacity. He is accused by 
 some of favoring the principles of the mate- 
 rialists. 
 
 CoNDORCET, John Anthony Nicholas 
 Caritat, marquis of, one of the founders of 
 the French republic, was born 17th Sept. 
 1743, at Ribemont in Picardy, of a noble 
 family. He preferred the pursuits of litera- 
 ture to the military profession, and studied 
 mathematics and belles lettres at the col- 
 lege of Navarre, and at the age of 21 he 
 gained the applauses of the learned, by his 
 ingenious memoir on the calcul difterentiel, 
 which was received by the academy of Pai-is 
 with marked approbation. He afterwards 
 became the friend of d'Alembert, and of 
 Voltaire, and corresponded with the king of 
 Prussia, and when made secretary of tlie 
 academy of sciences, he distinguished him- 
 self by the spirited eloges which he pro- 
 nounced on the meritorious services of his 
 departed brethren. In the constituent as- 
 sembly he was made governor to the dau- 
 phin ; but his zeal in favor of republican 
 principles overpowered the respect which 
 he owed to majesty, and though patronised 
 by Lewis XVI. he ventured to recommend 
 the abolition of monarchy, and the triumph 
 of liberty. But though hostile to the mon- 
 archy, he showed some compassion for the 
 king, and opposed his violent trial ; but his 
 
 measures were viewed with jealousy by 
 Robespierre and his party, and he was re- 
 garded as a hypocrite, who, under the mask 
 of moderation and philosophy, aspii-ed at 
 the sovereign power. He was therefo*«e 
 condemned 28th July, 1793, as one of the 
 Girondists, and for a while concealed him- 
 self at Pai'is, bntarterM-ards sought refuge at 
 the house of a friend in the country. His 
 friend unfortunately vas absent, and he was 
 obliged to hide himself for several nights in 
 some quarries, till Inmgtr forced him to seek 
 relief in a neighboring tavern. His long 
 beard, squalid ap(»earan<e, an<l the vora- 
 cious appetite with which he devonred the 
 bread placed before him, rendered him sus- 
 pected, he was arrested, and might have 
 escaped under the character of a distresse<l 
 servant, but a Horace found in his pocket, 
 proved him to be a man of education, and of 
 consequence. On the morrow the gaoler 
 fouiul him dead, a sacrifice cither to exces- 
 sive fatigue and continued want, or to poison, 
 28th March, 1794. In his chai'acter, Con- 
 dorcet was weak but ambitious, fond of nov- 
 elty, and, in pursuit of imaginary happiness, 
 little attentive to the feelings of humanity, 
 tlie calls of virtue, and the precepts of Chris- 
 tianity. He was, according to d'Alembeii:, 
 a volcano covered with snow. His writings 
 were respectable. Besides a sketch of the 
 progi'ess of the human mind — a treatise on 
 arithmetio — a tract on calculation, and on 
 the problem of the three bodies — analytical 
 aifairs, &c. he wrote eulogies on Bernouilli, 
 d'Alembert, Euler, Jussieu, Buffon, and 
 others, which possessed great merit, though 
 that on Voltaire is considered as turgid and 
 insignificant. His publications Vt-cve 26 in 
 number. 
 
 CoNDREN, Charles de, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, priest of the congregation of the 
 oratory, and confessor of the duke of Or- 
 leans, is known for his influence in produ- 
 cing a reconciliation between the king and 
 Orleans. Satisfied with a life of privacy, 
 aud the humble dignity of general of his or- 
 der, he nobly refused a bishopric and th* 
 hat of a cardinal, and died 1641. His diir- 
 courses, letters, iic. have appeared in 2 vols. 
 12rao. 
 
 CoNFVCius or CoN^G-FU-TXE, a cele- 
 brated Chinese philosopher, born at Chan- 
 ping, of a noble family, about 550 B. C. At 
 the age of three he lost his father, but his 
 education was honorably superintended by 
 the kind care of his grand lather, and his Wis- 
 dotn and abilities displayed themselves witli 
 such advantage, that he became the prime 
 minister of the kingdom of Lu. Hi« labors 
 were ardently directed to the reformation 
 of manners, but the dissipation of the king, 
 who attached himself to several concubinesi^ 
 displeased him, and he indignantly resigned 
 his offices, and retired to privacy, and the 
 cultivation of philosophical pursuits. So ex- 
 tensively spread was his reputation, that he 
 was frequented by above SOOO disciples, 
 whom his examples and precepts formed tit 
 virtue ami morality. He taught his disci- 
 
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 ^y^ 
 
 CO 
 
 pies that the first duties were to serve, ohey, 
 ■and fear God, to love their neighbor as 
 themselves, and to curb their passions to 
 the guidance of reason. Thus deservedly 
 respected and beloved, Confucius selected 
 ten of his pupiis, to whom he communicated 
 the vast resources of his mind, and all the 
 precepts which might render and preserve 
 them happy iu'the possession of wisdom and 
 virtue. He I'eturrted afterwards to tlie king- 
 dom of Lu, where he died aged 73. The 
 king- no sooner heanl of his death, than he 
 exclaimed, *' that the gods had removed him 
 from the earth, because they wished to pun- 
 ish her inhabitants." His memory was hon- 
 ored in the most solemn manner, he was re- 
 garded as a departed saint, and public edifi- 
 ces were raised to celebrate his services to 
 mankind. His books on morals have been 
 translated into French, and they possess ex- 
 cellent rules for virtue and morality. He 
 married, when young, but though he lost his 
 wife some years after, he disdained to follow 
 the example of his countrymen, who kept 
 concubines. His descendants are still rever- 
 ed in China, and are regarded as mandarins 
 of the first order of the kingdom. 
 
 CoNGREVE, William, an Enghsh dra- 
 matic writer, born in Staffordshire, 1672. He 
 was educated at Kilkenny school, and Dublin 
 college, whence many have supposed him to 
 be a native of Ireland. After the revolution 
 he came to London, and entered at the Mid- 
 dle temple, but soon relinquished the profes- 
 sion for the cultivation of the muses. His 
 first production Avas " Incognita, or love and 
 duty reconciled," a novel of some merit, 
 though the composition of a youth of 17. 
 His first play was the Old Bachelor in 1693, 
 which was revised and applauded by Dryden, 
 and deservedly recommended the author to 
 the patronage of lord Halifax, by whose influ- 
 ence he became commissioner for licensing 
 hackney coaches, andheld other officesworth 
 600Z. a-year. The next year appeared his 
 Double Dealer, but with not so much popu- 
 larity. On the death of queen Mary, Con- 
 greve wrote a dehcate and much admired pas- 
 toral, called the Mourning muse of Alexis, 
 and in 1695 he produced his popular comedy 
 of Love for Love, and the same year, an ode 
 on the taking ofNamur. The next produc- 
 tion was the Mourning Bride, a tragedy, 
 which was first acted in Lincoln's-inn fields' 
 theatre, and was universally applauded. The 
 reputation of Congreve, but more particular- 
 ly the licentiousness of his plays, drew upon 
 him the censures of Jeremy Collier the zea- 
 lous reformer of the stage, and though Con- 
 greve defended himself, yet truth must own 
 the charge of immorality too well established 
 to be refuted. Though dissatisfied with the 
 public cry raised against him, yet he produ- 
 ced another comedy. The way of the world, 
 which was condemned by the critics of the 
 times, but nevertheless possesses great me- 
 rit. Though he now withdrew from public 
 life as an author, his fi*iends were occasional- 
 ly complimented with his able assistance, he 
 wrote epilogues, and assisted Dryden in his 
 
 Virgil, and contributed the whole of Juvenal's 
 11th satire. The last 20 years of his life, 
 Congreve spent in ease and retirement. He 
 was at last afflicted severely with the gout, 
 which together with a bruise he received in 
 being overturned in his chariot, hastened his 
 death. He died in Surry-street, Strand, 
 19th January 1729, and was buried with great 
 solemnity in Westminster-abbey, where a 
 monument was erected to his honor by Hen- 
 rietta, duchess of Marlborough. Congreve 
 enjoyed in his time much of what can render 
 life agreeable, easy and hai>py. His appoint- 
 ments and the secretaryship of Jamaica yield- 
 ed him not less than 1200/. a year, and with 
 an easy and independent fortune he was flat- 
 tered with the friendship of the great and of 
 the learned, and had Dryden, Steele, and 
 Pope, among his most devoted admirers. H6 
 died very rich, the fruit of his great but not 
 unbecoming economy. His comedies, says 
 Johnson, are the works of a mind replete 
 with imagery and quick in combination, 
 though of his misceflaneous poetry little can 
 be said that is favorable. Voltaire, who knew 
 and admired him, says, that he raised the 
 glory of English comedy to a greater height 
 than any writer before or after him ; but his 
 grand defect was entertaining too mean an 
 idea of the character of an author, though to 
 that he was indebted totally for his fame and 
 fortune. 
 
 Connor, Bernard, a physician, born in 
 the county of Kerry, 1600. As his finends 
 were catholics, he was not regularly educa- 
 ted in Ireland, but in 1686 he went over to 
 France, and at Montpellier and Paris, distin- 
 guished himself for his assiduity, and his 
 great knowledge of anatomy and chemistry. 
 He afterwards travelled through Germany as 
 the tutor of the two sons of the chancellor of 
 Poland, and on his arrival at Warsaw, re- 
 commended himself so much by his skill in 
 the knowledge and cure of diseases, that he 
 became physician to the king, John Sobieski. 
 After collecting much valuable information 
 on the natural history and other curiosities 
 of Poland, he left Warsaw in 1694, as physi- 
 cian in the suit of the king's daughter, who 
 was going to espouse the duke of Bavaria at 
 Brussels, and from Holland, he came to Eng- 
 land^in 1695. He now began to read lec- 
 tures on anatomy, chemistry, and physic at 
 Oxford, and acquired such celebrity that he 
 was elected into the royal society and the col- 
 lege of physicians. He also delivered lee- - 
 tures in London and Cambridge with equal 
 success, but his evangelium medici divided 
 into 16 sections, published in 1697, drcAv upon 
 him the imputation of irreligion and even 
 atheism, and though he probably intended no 
 attack upon revelation, the work deserves 
 censure for its scepticism. On the death of 
 S'bbieski, and the tumults which a Polish 
 election generally produced, Connor was in- 
 duced to gratify the public curiosity by the 
 publication of his history of Poland in two 
 vols, which, though finished with more rapidi- 
 ty than correctness, contains many valuable 
 and interesting particulars concerning that 
 
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 CO 
 
 now ill fated kingdom. WliilSt in the enjoy- 
 ment of public celebrity and rising eramence, 
 Connor was attacked with a fever, wliich 
 quickly carried him off, October 1698, in his 
 32dyear. Though born and educated a 
 cathohc he embraced the docti-ines of the 
 church Of England, and died in her comrnu- 
 nion. His funeral sermon was preached by 
 Dr. Hayley, rector of St. Giles in the fields, 
 where his remains were deposited. 
 
 Co NGN, an Athenian general defeated by 
 Lysander. He afterwards defeated the Spar- 
 tans, and was reconciled to his countrymen. 
 He was betrayed to Tiribazus, and put to 
 death 2,"^^ B. C. 
 
 CoNON, an astronomer of Samos, the 
 friend of Archimedes. He flattered Ptolemy 
 by saying that the hair of queen Berenice was 
 b#come a constellation in the heavens. 
 
 Conrad I. count of Franconia, and king 
 of Germany 912. He opposed the Huns 
 who had invaded Germany, at the solicita- 
 tion of Arnoul duke of Bavaria, and at last 
 purchased their retreat with a sum of money 
 and a yearly tribute, and died 918. 
 
 Conrad II. sou of Herman duke of 
 Franconia, was made king of Germany 1U24, 
 and crowned emperor at Home 3 years after. 
 He was successful against his opponents, and 
 added to his dominions the kingdom of Bur- 
 gundy according to the will of king Rodol- 
 phus. He died 1039. 
 
 Conrad HI. son of Frederic of Suabia, 
 was duke of Franconia, and elected emperor 
 of Germany. Though violently opposed in 
 his elevation, he had the good fortuneto dis- 
 perse or reconcile his enemies, and after- 
 wards went to the crusades against tlie Sara- 
 cens. As the Greeks had poisoned the 
 fountains in the holy land, he nearly lost his 
 Avhole army, and with difficulty i-eturned to 
 FiUrope. He died at Bamberg, 1152. 
 
 Conrad IV. duke of Suabia, succeeded 
 his father Frederic II. as emperor 1250. His 
 elevation was opposed by Innocent IV. who 
 claimed the high privilege of disposing of 
 crowns and kingdoms, upon which he inva- 
 ded Italy, and took Capua, Maples, and other 
 places. His victories would soon have dis- 
 possessed the ambitious pope of his dDmin- 
 ions, but he died suddenly, and as it is sus- 
 pected of ])oison, 1254. 
 
 CoNRADiN or Conrad, son of the 
 fourth Conrad, was only three years old when 
 his father died. His uncle Mainfroi became 
 Jiis regent in the kingdom of Naples, but 
 pope Urban IV. bestowed the crown to 
 Charles of Anjou, who defeated his youthful 
 rival 1268, and soon after beheaded him at 
 Naples, when only sixteen years old. 
 
 Conrart, Valentin, secretary to the 
 French king's council, was born at Paris 
 1603, and died September 23, 1675. To his 
 tarste, his influence, and his love for literature 
 the French ascribe the origin of their French 
 academy, of which he is deservedly styled the 
 father, as her first learned men held their 
 first meetings in his house from 1629 to 1634. 
 Though Conrart knew nothing of Greek, and 
 little of Latin, he yet pubUghed some pieces 
 
 not entitled however to great merit. He 
 owes his celebrity to the affability of his man- 
 ners, the goodness of his heart, the hospitable 
 asylum which he gave to men of learning, and 
 especially his being regai-ded as the founder 
 of the academy, 
 
 CoNRi, Florence, a Franciscan friar, born 
 in Connaught, Ireland, but educated in Spain, 
 Philip HI. sent him under the title of titular 
 bishop of Tuam, to his native country, that 
 he might reconcile the disafl'ected Irish to 
 the prospects of a Spanish invasion. His 
 perfidious schemes were however defeated, 
 and he returned to Madrid, where he died 
 1629. He was author of the mirror of the 
 christian life, — an Irish catechism, Louvain 
 1626, besides some Latin pieces on Augus- 
 tine, &cc, 
 
 CoNRiNGTus, Hermannus, professor of 
 the law, was born at Norden in Frisia 1606, 
 and died at Helmstadt, where he was profes- 
 sor of physic and politics, and senior of the 
 university, in 1681. He was well skilled in 
 history as well as law, and enjoyed the friend- 
 ship of some of the princes of Germany. His 
 works, which are chiefly on law and history, 
 were printed at Brunswick in six vols, folio. 
 1731. 
 
 Constant, David, a native ofLaOsanne, 
 and there professor of philosophy, Greek, 
 and divinity. He wrote an abridgment of 
 politics, — on the passage of the Israelite.'? 
 through the red sea, — on Lot's wife, — the 
 bush of Moses, — the brazen serpent, — a sys- 
 tem of theology, 8»cc. — besides editions of the 
 classics. He died at Lausanne 1733, aged 95. 
 
 CoNSTANTiN, Robert, professor of phy- 
 sic, and belles lettres at Caen university, 
 where he was born, died of a pleurisy in 
 1605, aged 103, after enjoying to the last all 
 the faculties of his mind and body. His 
 knowledge of Greek was very extensive, as 
 his learned works fully evince, especially his 
 valuable Lexicon Greek and Latin. He wrote 
 besides three books on Greek and Latin an- 
 tiquities, — a dictionary of abstruse Latin 
 wordsj — a thesaurus rerum, &c, utriusque 
 linguce. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE the great, a Roman em- 
 peror after his father Constantius. He was 
 an able general, a sagacious politician, and a 
 benevolent prince. He is chiefly celebrated 
 for the building of Constantinople on the site 
 of old Byzantium, and for being the first em- 
 peror who embraced Christianity. He died 
 337, aged 66. 
 
 Cons TAN TINE II. son of the great Con- 
 stantine, was born at Aries, and became after 
 his father's death master of Spain, Gaul, and 
 Britain. He made war against his brother 
 Constans, and was slain at Aquileia 340. 
 
 Con STAN TINE HI. son of Constantius 
 IT. was surnamed Pogonatus, or the bearded, 
 and was crowned emperor 668. He was suc- 
 cessful against the Saracens, who besieged 
 Constantinople, and he destroyed their ships 
 with the Greek fire. Though valiant he was 
 ambitious and intriguing. He avenged his 
 father's murder, but he showed himself wan- 
 tonly cruel by the murder of his brothers I'i- 
 
CO 
 
 3S<^ 
 
 CO 
 
 lerius and Heraclius, who had been raised by 
 the army to a share of the imperial power. 
 He condemned the heresy of the monothelites 
 in a council at Constantinople, and died 685. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE IV. Capronymus, suc- 
 ceeded his father Leo the Isaurian 752, and 
 displayed his zeal against image worship. He 
 defeated the Saracens, and Artavasdes his 
 brother-in-law, who had made an insurrec- 
 tion against him, but he was afterwards rout- 
 ed by the Bulgarians, though in another bat- 
 tle he regained the victory. He died 175. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE V. Succeeded his father 
 Leo IV. in 780, though only ten years old, 
 under the guardianship of his mother Irene. 
 lie had the good success to thwart his 
 mother's schemes, who wished to make her- 
 self sole sovereign ; but during an invasion of 
 the Bulgarians, he was defeated, and was de- 
 prived not only of his power, but of his eyes, 
 by the order of his cruel mother 792. He 
 died some years after in obscurity. 
 
 CONSTANTINE VII. PoRPH YRO G ENI- 
 
 Tus, son of Leo the wise, was born 905, and 
 ascended the throne at the age of seven, un- 
 der the guardianship of his mother Zoe. 
 When of age he showed himself valiant and 
 active, he defeated the Lombards in Italy, 
 and drove the I'urks by threats and by mo- 
 ijey from the borders of his empire. He was 
 afterwards governed b)^ his wife Helena, 
 who oppressed the people and rendered her- 
 self odious. He was poisoutid by his son 
 llomanus 959. He was a learned man, and 
 wrote the life of Basilius the Macedonian, — 
 the geography of <he empire, — a treatise on 
 the aiFaii's of the empire, — de re rustica, 
 &c. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE IX. SOU of llomanus, 
 succeeded to the throne with his brother 
 Basil II. after John Zimisces, 976. He died 
 1028. 
 
 CONSTANTINE X. MoNOMACHUS Or 
 
 Gladiator, a Greek, who married Zoe, 
 daughter of Constantine IX. and ascended 
 the throne 1042. Insurrection and a Turk- 
 ish war were the striking features of his 
 reign. He died 1054. 
 
 Constantine XI. or 'Ducas, Avas 
 adopted as successor by Isaac Commenusl059. 
 His reign was turbulent and unhappy in con- 
 sequence of the invasion of the Scythians, 
 and the destruction of some of his cities by 
 an earthquake. He died 1067. 
 
 Constantine XHI. sonof John Paleo- 
 logus, succeeded his brother John in 1448. 
 He possessed bravery, and honorably fell 
 in the defence of Constantinople when be- 
 sieged and taken by the Turks 1453. In 
 him ended the Greek empire. 
 
 Constantine, Flavius Julius, a pri- 
 vate soldier, who by intrigue and great suc- 
 cess invested himself with the imperial pur- 
 ple in Britain, and added Gaul and Spain to 
 his dominions by his arms. He was besieg- 
 ed at Aries, Avhere he had fixed his resi- 
 dence, by Constantius the lieutenant of Ho- 
 norius, and when reduced to extremity he 
 offered to surrender provided his life was 
 spared. The conditions were accepted but 
 
 inhumanly violated. He was put to death, 
 and also his son, 411. 
 
 Constant i ne, a native of Syria, raised 
 to the papal chair 708. He travelled into 
 the east, and died 715. The antipope who 
 opposed Stephen III. bore also this name. 
 He was driven from Rome and died in a mo- 
 nastery. 
 
 Constantine, of Carthage in Africa, 
 was a physician of the 11th century. He 
 travelled into the east where he resided 30 
 years. He is supposed to be the first who 
 brought the Arabian and Greek physic into 
 Italy. After his return to Carthage he went 
 to settle at Reggio, and at last became a 
 monk of IVi jnte Casino. His works appear- 
 ed at BasU 1539, in folio. 
 
 Constantius, Chlorus, father of the 
 great Constantine, w as made colleague to 
 Galerius on Dioclesian's abdication. He died 
 at York 306. 
 
 Constantius, Flavius Julius, the se- 
 cond son of the gi'eat Constantine, succeeded 
 with his two brothers Constans and Constan- 
 tine to the empire of Rome. He defeated 
 Magnentius who had murdered his. brother 
 Constans and became sole emperor. He 
 died 361. 
 
 CoNTARiNi, Gaspard, a native of Ven- 
 ice, engaged in various embassies, and made 
 a cardinal 1538, and sent as legate to the 
 council of Trent 1541. He wrote some Lat- 
 in treatises on the immortality of the soul — ■ 
 the seven sacraments, — against Luther, — on 
 the office of pope, &c. — with great elegance 
 and spirit, and died at Bologna 1542. 
 
 CoNTARiNi Giovanni, a Venetian 
 painter, who died 1605, aged 56. He was 
 eminent in his profession and a great imita- 
 tor of Titian. 
 
 Contarini, Vincent, professor of elo- 
 quence at Padua, died in his native town, 
 Venice, 1617, aged 40. The most known of 
 his learned works are de re frumentaria, de 
 militari Romauorum stipendio vai'iai lectio- 
 nes, &cc. in 4to. 
 
 Conte, Jacobino del, a Florentine por- 
 trait painter, patronised by pope Paul III. 
 He died 1598, aged 88. 
 
 CoNTi, Guisto di, an Italian poet who 
 died at Rimini about the middle of the 16th 
 century. His poems ave greatly esteemed, 
 they were collected and published Venice 
 1592, in 4to. Florence 1715, and Verona 
 1753, in 4to. 
 
 CoNTi, abbe Anthony, a noble Venetian, 
 who died 1749, aged 71. By the extent of 
 his travels he not only formed a numerous 
 acquaintance with the learned of every coun- 
 try, but he greatly improved the powers of 
 his mind. He is author of some tragedies, 
 and of some ijoems which abound more with 
 metaphysics than poetical elegance. His 
 works in verse and prose were published at 
 Venice two vols. 4to. 1739, and another 
 1756. During his visit to England, Conti be- 
 came acquainted with Newton, and long es- 
 teemed and venerated the abilities and 
 friendship of that great man. 
 
 CoNTi, Arraand de Boux'bon prince of. 
 
CO 
 
 36 
 
 quitted the church for a military life, and 
 warmly espoused the party of the insurgents 
 against his brother the great Conde,. during 
 the civil wars of France. These two hostile 
 hrothcrs were both together sent prisoners 
 to yincennesby Mazarine. Contiwas made 
 in 1654 governor of Guienne, commander of 
 the armies in Catalonia, and governor of 
 Languedoc 166*. He wrote in French, trea- 
 tises on the duties of the great, — on come- 
 dies and plays, &c. — on the duties of provin- 
 cial governors, &c. — three vols. 12mo. Paris 
 I6fi7. He died 1668. 
 
 CoNTi, Francis Lewis de Bourhon, sou 
 of the preceding, distinguished himself at the 
 siege of Luxemburg, in the campaign in 
 Hungary, at the battles of Steinkerk Fleur- 
 us and Nerwinde. He was elected king of 
 Poland I6yr, but soon supplanted by the 
 elector of Saxony. He died at Paris 1709, 
 aged 45. His grandson Lewis Francis was 
 distinguished in the wars of Italy and Flan- 
 ders, and died at Paris, 2d August 1776, aged 
 59. 
 
 Conto-Pertana, Don Joseph, a Por- 
 tuguese poet, of great merit, and inferior 
 only to Camoens. His Quitterie la Sainte, 
 is a valuable epic poem. He died at Lisbon 
 1735. 
 
 CoNYBEARE, John, a learned English 
 prelate, born at Pinhoe, near Exeter, 31st 
 January 1692. He was educated at Exeter 
 gi'ammar college, and Exeter college, of 
 which he became fellow, and afterwards tu- 
 tor. In 1730 he was appointed rector of his 
 college, and on the same year he published, 
 hy the advice of bishop Gibson, an answer 
 to Tindal's Christianity as old as the crea- 
 tion, whicli proved him to be not only a great 
 champion in the cause of revelation, but an 
 able and acute scholar, and sound divine. 
 In 1732 he was appointed dean of Christ 
 church, and in 1750 he succeeded Butler in 
 the sec of Bristol. He did not however long 
 enjoy this new dignity, as he was a great 
 martyr to the gout, under which he at last 
 sunk 13th .luly 1755. He was buricl in 
 Bristol cathedral. Two volumes of his ex- 
 cellent sermons were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Cook, James, a celebrated navigator, 
 born at Marton in Cleveland, near Great 
 Ajton, Yorkshire, and christened 3d No- 
 vember 1728. His father was a poor cotta- 
 ger, who afterwards was employed as a hind 
 or upper servant on the farms of Thomas 
 Skottowe esquire at Great Ayton, where his 
 son was engaged in the labor of the plough 
 till the age of 13, when he acquired some 
 knowledge of arithmetic and figures at the 
 village school. At the age of 17 youngCook 
 •was bound apprentice for four years to a 
 grocer at Snaith, but his fondness for the 
 sea overturned his father's plans, and after 
 one year and a half's service the indentures 
 •were cancelled by the kindness of his master, 
 and in July 1746 he was bound for three 
 years in the service of Mr. Walker a ship 
 owner at Whitby. He was thus engaged to 
 the great satisfaction of his employer in the 
 VOL. I, 47 
 
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 CO 
 
 coasting and coal trade, till 1752, when he 
 was made mate of one of Walker's vessels, 
 and the next year he quitted his ma.ster'a 
 service, though he wasotFered the command 
 of one of his ships, and entered on board the 
 Eagle, a king's frigate of 28 or 30 guns, be- 
 ing desirous, as he said, " to try his fortune 
 that way." Between 1753 and 1760, when 
 he received a lieutenant's commission, he 
 was successfully employed in improvingbim- 
 self and storing his mind with that know- 
 ledge of navigation and mathematics, which 
 he afterwards displayed in so remarkable a 
 degree. The skill, firmness, and abiUty 
 which he showed while employed in Ameri. 
 ca and on the Jamaica station, recommend- 
 ed him, not only to the notice of sir WjHiam 
 Burnaby the commander, but to tlie aiyjiro- 
 bation of the admiralty, and when in 1767 
 the royal society insisted on the propriety of 
 observing the transit of Venus over the 3un's 
 disc, from some of the islands of the Pacific 
 ocean, heutenant Cook was appointed to 
 command the ship Endeavour in that new 
 and distant expedition. He was in conse- 
 quence raised to the rank of captain, and 
 sailed down the river on the 30th July, ac- 
 companied in this important voyage by sir 
 Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr, Green. 
 On the 13th April 1769, he reached Ota- 
 heite, where the observations were directed 
 to be made, and after i-emaining there till 
 13th July, he set sail for New Zealand, and. 
 after discovering several islands he reached 
 Batavia 10th October 1770. After losing 
 many of his men in this horrid climate, 
 where he was obliged to remain till the 27th 
 December for the repairs of his ship, he 
 proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 anchored in the Downs on the 12th June, 
 after an absence of nearly three years. The 
 great abilities M'hich captain Cook had evin- 
 ced in this expedition recommended him to 
 the command of the two ships intended to 
 explore the coasts of the supposed southern 
 hemisphere. On the 9ih of April 1772 he 
 sailed from Deptford on board the Resolu. 
 tion with captain Furneaux, who had the 
 command of the other ship, the Adventure. 
 They reached the Cape of Good Hope SOth 
 October, and leaving it on the 22d Nove'mn 
 ber they proceeded towards the south, in 
 pursuit of discovery. The vast fields of ice 
 which howeverpresented themselves in those 
 southern latitudes, and the imminent dan- 
 gers to which they hourly exposed the ships, 
 convinced the captain that no land was to be 
 found, and that further attempts were not 
 only useless hut perilous, and therefore on 
 the 17th January 1773, he sailed towards the 
 South sea, and on the 2l8t March 1774 re- 
 turned to the Cape, and reached England 
 on the l4th of July. During this dangerous 
 voyage of three years and 18 days, the cap- 
 tain lost only one man in his crew of 118, 
 though he navigated in various climates from 
 52 degrees north to 71 degrees south. Tire, 
 discoveries of islands in the southern seas 
 had now engaged the attention of the nation, 
 and another project, was formed to find out 
 
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 3JT 
 
 CO 
 
 a northwest passage, and tlins unite the 
 great Pacific ocean with the north of the At- 
 lantic, On this occasion Cook, again eager 
 to serve his country and advance the know 
 ledge of geography, bid adieu to his domestic 
 comforts, tiwd a third time with ardent zeal 
 embarked to surround the world. He set 
 sail in the Discovery in July 1776, and after 
 visiting several of the islands of the Pacific 
 ocean he penetrated towards the north, ex- 
 jilored the unknown coasts of western A- 
 merica, and turned back only when his fur- 
 ther progress was impeded by vast fields of 
 ice. Unable, in consequence of the ad\'an- 
 ced season, to go further, he visited the 
 Sandwich islands, and stopped at Owyhee, 
 where he unfortunately lost his hfe. Du- 
 ring the night the Indians carried away the 
 Discovery's cutter, and Cook, determined 
 to recover it, adopted the same measures 
 •which on similar occasions he had success- 
 fully pursued, and he seized the king of the 
 island, to confine him on boai'd his ship till 
 restoration of the vessel was made. In the 
 struggle which took place, the captain and 
 his men were assailed by the Indians, who 
 viewed with resentment the captivity of their 
 monarch, and before he could reach the boat 
 Cook received a severe blow on the head 
 which brought him to the ground, and una- 
 ble alone to resist a multitude of savage foes, 
 while his men in the boat and on the shore 
 seemed intent in defending themselves, he 
 was overpowered by the strokes of his assail- 
 ants. His body was treated with savage bar- 
 barity, and a few bones were recovered 
 ■which his mourning and disconsolate com- 
 panions committed to the deep. This mel- 
 ancholy event happened on the 14th Febru- 
 ary 1779. The account of the death of this 
 ■worthy navigator was received with general 
 sorrow. The services which he had ren- 
 dered his country, the humanity which he 
 had always showed in his intercourse with 
 the Indians, and the benevolence and con- 
 cern with which he watched over the health 
 ofhis men,duly entitledhim to universal res- 
 pect. Soon after his departure the royal so- 
 ciety voted him a golden medal, Avilh the 
 most honorable and most deserved testimo- 
 ny of their esteem and gratitude ; and though 
 he had not the happiness to receive, before 
 his death, this pi-oof of public affection, yet 
 l>osterity views and records with admiration 
 and reverence the homage due to the merits 
 of a great and a good man. Cook left by 
 bis wife, who long survived him, several 
 children. On the widow the king bestowed 
 a pension of 200/. and on each of the chil- 
 dren 251. a reward scarce adequate to the 
 many and immortal services of the father. 
 Cook, though cradled in poverty, yet im- 
 proved himself by diligence and assiduous 
 labor. He possessed great natural abilities, 
 an^ they were not abused ; but reading, 
 meditation and severe apphcation I'endered 
 them not only respectable but shining. Of 
 his first voyage the account was compiled 
 by Dr. Hawkesworth, perhaps not with suf- 
 ficient justice. George Forster son of Dr. 
 
 Forster, was the narrator of the second voy- 
 age, and as he had shared the adventures of 
 the naval hero, his relation must be consid- 
 ered not only as accurate but very interest- 
 ing. Among the compilers of the last voy- 
 age men of ability and reputation are men- 
 tioned, especially Dr. Douglas bishop of Sal- 
 isbury, captain King who was one of the of- 
 ficers in the expedition, and Mr. Anderson. 
 The principal islands discovered by Cook 
 were New Caledonia, New Georgia, Sand- 
 wich-land, and other less important places, 
 and thus by his labors and pei'severancehees* 
 tablished the non-existence of a southern 
 continent and the impracticability of a north- 
 ern pasgage between the Pacific and Atlan- 
 tic oceans? 
 
 Cooke, sir Anthony, was born at Gid- 
 ding-hall, Essex, about 1506. As his name 
 is not mentioned by Wood, it is probable 
 that he was educated at Cambridge. He so 
 distinguished himself by his learning, and the 
 respectability of his character, that he was 
 thought worthy to preside over the educa- 
 tion of the young king, Edward VI. In Ma- 
 ry's reign he lived in exile ; but he returned 
 under Elizabeth, and died at his seat 1576. 
 His daughters were all happy in their matri- 
 monial connexions. Mildred married lord 
 Burleigh; Anne, sir Nicholas Bacon ; Eliza- 
 beth, sir John Kussel, son of the earl of Bed- 
 ford; and Catharine, sir Henry Killigrew. 
 
 Cooke, Robert, was born as Beeston, 
 Yorkshire, and educated at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, whei-e he became proctor of 
 the university. He was an able divine and a 
 good scholar, well skilled in the knowledge 
 of ecclesiastical history. He i*etired upon 
 the vicarage of Leeds, in Yorkshire, and 
 died in 1614. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas, a poet, born at Brain- 
 tree, Essex, about 1707, and educated at 
 Felstech school. In his IDth year he edited 
 Andrew Marvel's works, and, by an elegant 
 dedication, introduced himself to the know- 
 ledge and patronage of lord Pembroke, who 
 not only esteemed him, but even assisted him 
 with valuable notes in his translation of He- 
 siod, published in 1728. Cooke translated 
 besides, Terence, and Cicero de natui*a deo-. 
 rum, and the Amphitryton of Plautus. He 
 wrote also five or six pieces for the stage, 
 which, however, gained him neither fame 
 nor money. He was concerned with Mot- 
 tley in writing Penelope, a farce, which be- 
 ing considered as throwing ridicule on Pope's 
 Odyssey, just then published, greatly irri- 
 tated the poet, who in consequence of this 
 gave Cooke a respectable place in the Dun- 
 ciad. Cooke died very poor, about 1750. 
 Some memoirs of him were published by the 
 late sir Joseph Mawbey, in the Gentleman's 
 magazine. 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- 
 bury, was born 22(1 July 1621, at Winborne 
 St. Giles's, Dorsetshire. He studied for two 
 years at Exeter college, Oxford, and after- 
 wards removed to Lincoln's-inn, where for 
 some time he applied himself to the law. 
 He was member for Tewkesbury in the par- 
 
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 ^36^ 
 
 eo 
 
 liament of 1640 ; und at the beginning of the 
 civil wars he seemed inclined to favor the 
 side of the king. He however retired in dis- 
 gust from Oxford, and soon after took a com- 
 mission in the parliamentary army. In 1G45 
 he was sheriff for Norfolk, and the next year 
 for Wilts: and he afterwards as member of 
 the house of commons, had the boldness to 
 cliarge Cromwell with tyranny and arbitrary 
 government. The opposition which he had 
 manifested against the usurpation rendered 
 him a fit person to solicit the king's return, 
 and he accoiulingly wfvs one of the twelve 
 ■who carried the invitation of the commons. 
 On the restoratioujhis services w ere rewarded 
 with a peerage, he was sworn a privy coun- 
 sellor, and made chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and one of the lords of the treasury. In 1672 
 he was raised to the dignity of lord chancel- 
 lor ; which, however, he resigned the fol- 
 lowing year, by the intrigues of his enemies, 
 and especially of James duke of York- From 
 a partisan of the court, he now became a vio- 
 lent opponent ; and the eloquence of his 
 speeches, and the firmness of his conduct, 
 had such effect, that the earl of Dauby w as 
 unable to carry the test hill, and other meas- 
 ures, through parliament, which the govern- 
 ment recommended ; and a prorogation fol- 
 lowed. On the meeting again of parliament, 
 Shaftesbury, with others, insisted that the 
 house was dissolved ; and so offended was the 
 king, that he sent him, together with Buck- 
 ingham, Salisbury, and Wharton, to the Tow- 
 er, where he remained for thirteen months. 
 Wlien set at liberty his opposition did not 
 cease ; and at last a change of ministry placed 
 him at the head of the council board. This 
 triumph was short* The duke of Yoi-k was so 
 enraged at the measures which Shaftesbury 
 had pursued in recommending the exclusion 
 bill, that he not only procured his dismissal 
 from office, but obtained his being committed, 
 for high treason, to the Tower. After four 
 months' confinement he was tried and ac- 
 quitted ; but so sensible was he of the power 
 and injustice of his enemies, that he fled 
 from their persecution, in 1682, and reached 
 Holland, where he proposed to end his days 
 in peace and retirement. His days, however, 
 were shortened by the attack of the gout, 
 which fell on his stomach. He died 22d Jan- 
 uary 1683, aged 62. His remains Avere con- 
 veyed to Winborne, where a handsome mon- 
 ument, erected by his great-grandson, re- 
 cords his character. Shaftesbury was a man 
 of no steady principles, of great ambition, and 
 little political fidelity. Chai'les II. who not 
 only said, but bore with great good humor, 
 sallies of raillery, once talking to him of his 
 amours, told him, *'I believe, Shaftesbury, 
 thou art the wickedest fellow in my domin- 
 ions." " May it please your majesty," re- 
 plied Shaftesbury, .with a grave face, *' of a 
 subject, I believe I am.** At which the mer- 
 ry king laughed heartily. Shaftesbury at 
 one time aspired to the dignity of king of Po- 
 land ; and in consequence of his fickleness in 
 his political connections, he was not improp- 
 erly called ShifLsbufy, and not Shaftesbury. 
 
 He married three wives. By the sec6nd only 
 he had issue ; an oidy son, Anthony, bora 
 1651, January 16, who was the father of the 
 personage next to be mentioned. 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- 
 bury, known as the author of the Char-acter- 
 istics, was born February 26, 1671, at Exe- 
 ter-house, London. He was educated under 
 the eye of his gl-andfather, who placed about 
 him a person who was well versed in the 
 learned languages, so that at the age of 11 he 
 could read Latin and Greek with ijreat ease 
 and fluency. In 1686 he began his travels, 
 and highly improved himself in Italy and 
 France in the acquisition of evei'y polite ac- 
 complishment. He was mc-aber for Poole 
 in the parliament of 1694; but he declined 
 sitting at the succeeding election, on account 
 of his health. He then passed over into Hol- 
 land, where, under an assumed name, in the 
 company of le Clerc, Bayle, and other ingen- 
 ious men, he spent a year, in the most per- 
 fect friendship and all the ease of literary in- 
 tercourse. On his return into England he 
 succeeded to the earldom of Shaftesbury ; 
 but he valued little the acquisition of a seat in 
 the house of lords, where he seldom appear- 
 ed. The enthusiastic extravagance of the 
 French prophets about this tim» began to 
 engage the attention of the nation; and 
 Shaftesbury, who dreaded the evils of per- 
 secution, published his letter concerning en- 
 thusiasm, addressed to lord Soraers. In 1709 
 he married a daughter of Thomas Ewer esq. 
 of Lee, Herts, by whom he had one son. The 
 precarious state of his health, which was al- 
 ways delicate, induced him to remove to a 
 warmer climate; and after being about a year 
 in Italy, he died at Naples, 4th February 
 1713. The 3 volumes of his Characteristics 
 were the only works which hewished to pre- 
 sent to the public, of which the most correct 
 edition is that of 1713. His name, however, 
 in literature was so respectable, that his let- 
 ters to a young man in the university were, 
 in 1716, presented to the public'; and in 1731 
 Toland also published letters from lord 
 Shaftesbury to Robert Moles worth esq. As 
 a philosopher lord Shaftesbury gained high 
 reputation ; but his principles were warmly 
 combated by able and indefatigable oppo- 
 nents. Leaving the purer principles of chris- 
 tian doctrine, he, in his admiration for the 
 learning and language of the ancients, re- 
 garded the character and the precepts of 
 Socrates and Democritus as more than hu- 
 man, and while he considered man as a po- 
 litical being, under the guidance of a provi- 
 dence, whose government excludes general 
 evil and disorder, he disregarded the impor- 
 tant doctrines of revelation and atonement. 
 
 Cooper, Maurice Ashley, brother to the 
 author of the Characteristics, translated the 
 Cyropaedia, addressed to his sister, the moth- 
 er of Mr. Harris of Salisbury. This work 
 appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. 1728, soon after his 
 death, and was highly esteemed, so that a 
 thii'd edition of it was printed in 1770. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas, a learned English pre- 
 late, born at Oxfo^d 1517, and eduoated at 
 
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 Si^^ 
 
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 Magdalen college school. He was electol 
 fellow of the college in 1540. In 1546 he 
 quitted his fellowship, and began to study 
 physic, apprehensive, it is said, of the perse- 
 cution of queen Maiy, as after her death he 
 returned to divinity, and took his degree of 
 D. D. 1567. He was dean of Christ-church 
 about this time, and two years after dean of 
 Glocester, and the next year, 1570, bishop of 
 Lincoln. In 1584, he was translated to Win- 
 chester. When bishop of Lincoln, he had 
 been active against those public exercises cal- 
 led prophesjings, which tended so much to 
 introduce poritanism, and now at Winchester 
 he was eqaally zealous against the catholics, 
 who wei'e both numerous and powerful. He 
 died at Winchester April 1694, and was bu- 
 ried in the cathedral. He has been greatly 
 commended by Wood, Harrington, and oth- 
 ers, for his great learning, eloquence, gravity, 
 and holiness of life. His writings are, chron- 
 icles from the I7thyear after Christ to 1560 — 
 thesaurus liaguie lloraanse et Britannieoe, a 
 ■work highly patronised by queen Elizabeth — 
 & dictionarum historicum poeticum, &c. — an 
 exposition of the chapters read in the Sunday 
 service — admonition to the people of Eng- 
 land — besides sermons, &c. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel, an English painter, "born 
 in London lb09. He was bred under iiis un- 
 cle Hoskins, but he gained so much from 
 the works of Vandyck, that he was called 
 Vandyck in little. His chief excellence was 
 in the representation of the features of the 
 head. His works were highly esteemed on 
 the continent; and he was intimately acquain- 
 ted with the most celebrated painters of his 
 age abroad. The king of France paid great at- 
 tention to him when at Paris; but he could not 
 obtain his Oliver Cromwell, though he offer- 
 ed 150/. for it. His best pieces were, O. 
 Cromwell and one Swingfield. He died in 
 London 1672, aged 63, and was buried in St. 
 Pancras' church. His elder brother, Alex- 
 ander, was equally known as a limner. He 
 •went over to Sweden, and became painter to 
 -queen Christina. 
 
 Cooper, John Gilbert, esq. born atThur- 
 ^anton, Nottinghamshire, was educated at 
 Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. He married miss Wright, 
 daughter of the recorder of Leicester, and 
 resided on his family seat, where he died 
 April 1769, after a long and tedious illness, 
 arising^from the stone. His chief work is 
 his life of Socrates, in which he was assisted 
 by his friend Mr. Jackson of Leicester. He 
 -wrote besides remarks on Warburton's edi- 
 tion of Pope's works, and translated the Ver 
 Vert of Gresset, His other woi'ks are, let- 
 ters on taste — a father's advice to his son — 
 some paper's in "the world," — and some fu- 
 gitive pieces in Dodsley's collection. 
 
 Cooper, Miles, Dr. Minister of the epis- 
 copal chapel, Edinburgh, was educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and became presi- 
 dent of the college of New-York. He died 
 tit Edinburgh 1st May 1785. He published 
 a volume of poems, besides a sermon preach- 
 ed at Oxford in 1777, on the origin of civil 
 government. 
 
 Co o T E, sir Eyre, an English general, bo"i*n 
 in 1726. He devoted himself to the profes- 
 sion of arms, and served in the king's troops 
 in the rebellion of 1745. In 1754 he left Ire- 
 land, for India, where he distinguished him- 
 self at the reduction of Hughley and Chan- 
 denagore, at the battle of Plassey, and the 
 siege of Pondichen-y. This last place, after 
 an obstinate siege, though defended by Lal- 
 ly, yielded to the English, and thus fell the 
 French power in the east. The services of 
 colonel Coote were handsomel)' acknowledg- 
 ed by the East India company, who voted 
 him a diamond-hilted sword, value 700/. In 
 1770 he was appointed commander in chief 
 in the cmnpany's settlements; but resigned 
 the office in consequence of a dispute with 
 the governor at Madras. On his return to 
 England he was invested with the order of 
 the bath, and made governor of Fort St. 
 George in Scotland; and on the death of gen- 
 eral Clavering he went again to the east as 
 commander in chief. In July 1781 he, with 
 ouly 10,000 men, defeated Hyder's army, 
 consisting of 150,000 men, and obtained fur- 
 ther successes over this active and formida- 
 ble enemy. The weak state of sir Eyre's 
 health did not prevent his taking the field 
 again, in 1783 ; but he sunk under his com* 
 plaints, and, two days after his arrival at 
 Madras, he died 26th April 1783. His re- 
 mains were brought to England, and buried 
 in Rockwell church, Hants, 14th September 
 1784. The East India Company have erect- 
 ed a monument to his memory in Westmin- 
 ster abbey. 
 
 CooTWiCH, John, a doctor of laws, of 
 Utrecht, known for his travels into the East, 
 and for the account of it which he published, 
 called travels into Jerusalem and Syria, in 
 Latin. 4to. 1619, containing many curious 
 particulars. 
 
 Copernicus, Nicholas, a celebrated as- 
 tronomer, born at Thorn, in Prussia, 19th 
 January 1472. He studied the learned lan- 
 guages at home, and applied to philosophy 
 and physic at Cracovia. In his 23d year he 
 set out for Italy, in search of knowledge ; and 
 so great was his reputation, that on his arri- 
 val at Rome he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics. After some year-s' absence he 
 returned home, and began to apply the vast 
 knowledge which he possessed to the exam- 
 ination and correction of the Ptolemiac sys- 
 tem then universally adopted and followed. 
 The opinions of preceding philosophers were 
 weighed with accuracy and judgment; but 
 of all the systems of ancient times none 
 pleased the illustrious mathematician so 
 much as that of Pythagoras, for its beauty, 
 simplicity, and ease. In his 35th year, Co- 
 pernicus bent all the powers of his mind to 
 this intricate subject ; and after twenty years' 
 laborious study, the cycles and epicycles of 
 former astronomers were removed from the 
 machine of the universe, and the sun was 
 nobly and independently placed in the center, 
 to illuminate and govern the whole. But 
 though convinced of the truth of his hypo- 
 thesis, the philosopher yet dreaded the bigot- 
 
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 s^/ 
 
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 ry and perseotition of the times. His work 
 ]ay long concealed, till the importunities of 
 bis friends prevailed upon him to publish ; but 
 a few hours after the first copy was brought 
 to him, he was seized with a violent effusion 
 of blood, which terminated his life 24th May 
 1543, in his 70th year. This truly great man, 
 who to the extensive knowledge of a compre- 
 hensive mind united the mild virtues and the 
 innocence of private life, was canon of 
 Worms; an appointment which he obtained 
 from his mother's brother, Wazelrodius, the 
 bishop of the place. Copernicus was not on- 
 ly a mathematician, but a painter, and it is 
 said that by the help of a looking-glass he 
 drew an excellent picture of himself. 
 
 Co pp A, Cavalier, a disciple and imitator 
 of Guido, who died 1665, aged 70. 
 
 CoQ., Peter le, a French ecclesiastic, born 
 atlfs, near Caen, 29th March 1728. Hebe- 
 came superior of the Eudistes, and remarka- 
 ble for his piety, learning, and modesty. He 
 wrote letters on ecclesiastical discipUne, 
 12mo. — treatise on funds— ;-on different kinds 
 of property — on the usury of commercial 
 loans, &c. He died of a paralitic sti-oke, 1st 
 September 1777. 
 
 COQ_uES, Gonzalo, a Flemish painter, who 
 died 1684, aged 66, He successfully imita- 
 ted Vandyck, and particularly excelled in 
 historical conversations. He acquired both 
 riches and reputation, and his pieces in his 
 lifetime were eagerly sought by the princes 
 of Germany, and by Charles I. A very re- 
 markable clearness of color appeared in the 
 heads and hands of his pictures. 
 
 Coram, captain Thomas, was born about 
 l668,and bred to the sea. From seeing many 
 children exposed, his humanity prompted 
 him to relieve them ; and to him Ave are in- 
 debted for the Foundling hospital, for which, 
 after seventeen years' benevolent attention 
 he obtained a charter. His charitable views 
 were extended to America ; he established 
 a place for the education of Indian girls, and 
 thus paved the way for a reconciUation be- 
 tween the natives and the settlers. His dis- 
 regard for private economy, whilst engaged 
 in public good, at last reduced his circum- 
 stances so much, that he lived on the benevo- 
 lent contributions of his friends, at the head 
 of whom appeared Frederic prince of Wales. 
 He died in London 29th March 1751, aged 
 84, and was, accoi'ding to his desire, buried 
 in the Foundling chapel. 
 
 Coras, John de, a native of llealmont, 
 who became public professor of law at Tou- 
 louse at the age of 18. He was afterwards 
 professor at Angers, Orleans, Paris, Padua, 
 and Ferrara, and then returned to Toulouse, 
 and became counsellor of the parliament, 
 and chancellor to the queen of Navarre. He 
 was imprisoned for his adhei'ence to the 
 protestant religion, and orders were sent 
 from the king to put him to death ; but 
 while the parliament resisted the arbiti*ary 
 mandate, some assassins broke into the pri- 
 son and murdered him, with above 200 other 
 prisoners, 1572. He wrote various woi-ks on 
 civil law, which were published together, 
 Lyons, 1558, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Coras, Jamea de, author of the life of 
 the preceding, was a native of Toulouse, 
 and author of Jonah and Nineveh penitent, 
 a poem of little merit. He died 1677. His 
 works appeared in IG65, 12mo. 
 
 Corbet, John, a native of Glocester, 
 educated at M:»gdalen-hall, Oxford. He ob- 
 tained the living of Bramshot, in Hamp- 
 shire, from which he was ejected m 1662, 
 for non-conformity. He <lied of the stone, 
 in London, 1680. He is autJior of an histo- 
 rical relation of the military government of 
 Glocester during the rebellion, 4to. besides 
 self-employment in secret, 12mo. 1681, a 
 work of merit. He was a zealous noncon- 
 formist, and had once, at Chichester, a warm 
 debate with bishop Gunning, on conformity 
 which ended without mutual conviction. 
 
 Corbet, Richard, an English poet and 
 divine, born at Ewell, in Surrey, .and educa- 
 ted at Westminster school and Christ chui'ch, 
 Oxford, of which he became dean, in 1620, 
 by the favor of king James. In 1629 he was 
 made bishop of Oxford, and in 1532 transla- 
 ted to Norwich. He died 28th July 1635, 
 and was buried in the cathedral of Norwich. 
 After his deatli, his poems were '^published, 
 under the title of Poetica stromata, 1648, 
 8vo. and another edition 1672, 12mo. 
 
 Corbulo, Domitius, a Roman general, 
 who carried arms against the Farthians, and 
 placed Tigranes on the Armenian throne. 
 He destroyed himself when he heard that 
 Nero, envious of his glory, had ordered his 
 assassination, A. D. 67. 
 
 CoRDAY d'Armans, Mary Anne Char- 
 lotte, a native of St. Saturnin, near Seez, in 
 Normandy, of respectable parents. She 
 was brought up at Ca|fn, where her beauty 
 and accomplishments were seen and ad- 
 mired by Belsunce, the major of a regiment 
 quartered in the town. The death of this 
 worthy favorite, who was murdered by some 
 assassins, excited the vengeance of the youth- 
 ful heroine, and when she saw her lover 
 branded with the name of conspirator, in a 
 paper published by Marat, she hastened to 
 Paris, determined to sacrifice to her resent- 
 ment the man who had so shamefully abused 
 the object of her affections, and had defend- 
 ed the condemnation of the deputies of 
 merit and virtue in the convention. She 
 was refused admittance at the house of Ma- 
 rat; but she obtained it by writing a letter, 
 in which she informed him that she wished 
 to disclose some secret of importance; and 
 while the tyrant was engaged in conver- 
 sation with her, she stabbed him to the 
 heart, and he fell at her feet. Undismayed, 
 and glorying in the deed, she refused to fly, 
 and was dragged to the abbayc, and then to 
 the revolutionary tribunal, where she heard 
 the sentence of condemnation with tranquil 
 composure. The serenity and dignity of her 
 features were so commanding, as she walke«l 
 to the scaffold, that Adam Lux, a deputy 
 from Mayence, captivated by her beauty, 
 requested of the bloody tribunal, to follow 
 her to death; and he had the singular satis- 
 faption of expiring by the same guillotine. 
 
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 Chax-lotte suffered July, 1793. SJie was 24 
 5'ears and nine months old ; and it is said 
 that by the female line she was descended 
 from Peter .Corneille. 
 
 CoRDEMOi, Geraud de, a French aca- 
 demician, and a great partisan of Descartes' 
 system. He was reader to the dauphin ; 
 and died 8th October 1684, at an advanced 
 age. He wrote a general history- of France, 
 during the two first races of kings, besides 
 some metaphysical and other tracts, 4to. 
 His son Lewis Geraud was abbot of Femieres 
 monastery. He wrote some controversial 
 pieces, and assisted his father in his history 
 of France. He died 1722. 
 
 CoRDUS, Aulus Crementius, a Roman, 
 author of a history of the civil wars of Rome, 
 much commended by Tacitus and Seneca. 
 He destroyed himself when he heard that 
 Sejanus meditated his death, by a false ac- 
 cusation before Tiberius. 
 
 Cord us, Euricius, a German physician 
 and poet, who died at Bremen 24th Decem- 
 ber 15.35. He was intimate with Erasmus 
 and other learned men. His Latin poems 
 appeared at Leyden 1623, in 8vo. He wrote 
 also botanologia, and some medical treatises. 
 
 Cord us, Valerius, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Hesse Cassel 1515. He devoted 
 iiimself to the learned languages, but parti- 
 cularly to the study of botany. He travex'sed 
 the mountains in Gei-many, and visited Pa- 
 dua, Pisa, and Florence ; but receiving a 
 dreadful kick from a horse, he died in con- 
 sequence of it, at Rome, 1554, aged 29. He 
 published remarks on Dioscorides, 1561, fol. 
 — historia stripium, 2 vols. fol. — dispensator. 
 pharmacor. omnium, 12mo. He was as re- 
 spectable in private as in public life. 
 
 CoRELLi, Arcanselo, a famous musician, 
 born at Fusignano, near Bologna, in 1653. 
 He preferred secular to ecclesiastical music, 
 and was so fond of the viohn, that he was 
 considered as the first performer on it in the 
 world. After visiting the north of Europe, 
 and receiving the applauses which his merit 
 deserved, in the German courts, after five 
 years' absence, he returned to Rome, whei*e 
 he was patronised by cardinal Ottoboni. He 
 died at Rome 1713, aged nearly 60, and was 
 buried in the Pantheon. He left his pi-oper- 
 t)', amounting to about 6000/. and his large 
 collection of pictures, to his great patron, 
 who, with becoming benevolence, bestowed 
 all the money on the relations of the de- 
 ceased. Corelli is considered as the author 
 of new and original harmonies, in a style 
 noble, elegant, and pathetic. 
 
 CoRiNNA, a Gi'eek poetess, called the 
 Lyric muse, from her obtaining five times 
 the prize over Pindar. 
 
 CoRio, Bernardine, an historian of Mi- 
 lan, born in 1460. He was employed by 
 Lewis Sforza to write the history of his 
 country ; hot when the Milanese was over- 
 run by the French, and himself taken pris- 
 oner, he died of grief, in 1500. Hi§ history 
 is much esteemed. The best edition \% that 
 of Paris, 1646, 4to. His nephew Charles 
 wrote a " portrait of the city of Milan." 
 
 Co RIO LAN us, Caius Marcius, a celebra- 
 ted Roman general, who, when disgraced 
 by his countrymen, fled to Tullus king of 
 the Volsci, whose armies he led against 
 Rome. His wife and mother interfered, and 
 at their request he marched back ; in con- 
 sequence of which he was murdered by 
 Tullus, B. C. 488. 
 
 CoRjTARius, or Haguenbot, John, a 
 German physician, born at Zwickow, in 
 Saxony. He early distinguished himself as 
 a scholar; and when a licentiate in medi- 
 cine, he rejected the prescriptions of the 
 Arabian physicians, and restored the mode 
 practised by the Greeks. He was fifteen 
 years engaged iik translating the works of 
 Hippocrates, .^tius, &c. He practised with 
 great success at Frankfort, Marpurg, Jena, 
 &c. and died of an apoplexy 1558, aged 58. 
 He wrote some medical tracts, besides trans- 
 lating some of the fathers. 
 
 CoRNARO, Lewis, a noble Venetian, 
 known for his great age. He died at Padua 
 1565, mor© than 100 years old. He wrote 
 a treatise on the advantages of a temperate 
 life, in his 81st year; and in this valuable 
 little book he ingenuously confesses the ir- 
 I'egularities of his younger years, and re- 
 commends to his youthful inquirers, at 
 whose request he had undertaken- the work, 
 the practice of regularity and temperance, 
 by which he enjoyed all the comforts of 
 lively spirits and uninterrupted health. In 
 his reformed mode of living, he never took 
 more than twelve ounces of food and four- 
 teen of wine. He wrote besides a treatise 
 on waters, especially the Lagunes, near 
 Venice. His wife nearly equalled him in 
 longevity. 
 
 CoRNARO, Helena Lucretia, a learned 
 Ven^'tian lady, who was educated at the 
 university of Padua, where she took her 
 degrees, and was made a doctor, and receiv- 
 ed the title of unalterable. At Rome she 
 was admitted at the university, and was in- 
 tituled the humble. She made a vow of 
 perpetual celibac}'^, that she might with 
 more intense application devote herself to 
 literary pursuits; and so great was the rep- 
 utation of her learning, that the most illus- 
 trious characters who travelled through 
 Venice were more anxious to see her than 
 all the curiosities of the city. Her great 
 application brought on infirmity and disease, 
 and hastened her death, which happened in 
 1685, in her 38th year. Her death was re- 
 corded by poetical effusions from the learn- 
 ed of Europe, and a magnificent funeral so- 
 lemnity was performed in her honor at 
 Rome. An eloquent oration was also pro- 
 nounced, in which she was celebrated as tri- 
 umphing over three monsters, pride, luxury, 
 and ignorance. She wrote nothing, though 
 capable to instruct and improve mankind by 
 her pen. 
 
 CoRNA2.z,ANi, Anthony, a native of Pla"- 
 centia, in the 15th century. He wrote the 
 lives of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, 
 in verse, besides sonnets, of some merit ; and 
 died at Ferrara. 
 
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 CoRNEiLLE, Peter, a celebrated Freoch 
 poet, born at Rouen, June 6, 1606. He was 
 brougbt up to the bar; but he soon abandon- 
 ed it as a profession not congenial to his ge- 
 nius. His first play was Melitc, a cornedy, 
 which originated in an aftair of gallantr}' ; 
 but so great was its popularity, during those 
 degenerate days of the French stage, that 
 Corueille was encouraged to contribute more 
 liberally to the public amusement. His next 
 piece was Medea, a tragedy ; and after many 
 others, appeared the Cid, in 1637, his chief 
 d'oeuvre, a tragedy which drew against him 
 the persecution and obloquy of rival wits and 
 unsuccessful poets, among whom was even 
 cardinal Richelieu himself, though he had 
 granted a pension to the author. Corneille 
 was chosen member of the French academy 
 in 1647; and lie died 1684, aged 79. He 
 was a man of great merit in private life, 
 liberal, humane, and devout, and rather of a 
 melancholy turn of mind. His poetical 
 works are among the sublimest effusions of 
 the French muse. 
 
 Corneille, Thomas, a French poet, 
 brother to the preceding. He was member 
 of the French academy, and of that of in- 
 scriptions. Though inferior to his brother, 
 yet his plays possessed merit. They were 
 published with those of his brother, Paris, 
 1738, in 11 vols. 12mo. He translated also 
 Ovid's metamorphoses, and some of the 
 epistles, — and wrote remarks on Vaugelas — 
 a dictionary of arts, 2 vols. fol. — an univer- 
 sal geographical dictionary, 3 vols, folio. He 
 died at Andeli 1709, aged 84. 
 
 Corneille, Michael, apainter, born at 
 Paris 1642. He was honored in consequence 
 of obtaining a prize, with the king's pension, 
 and travelled to Rome, where he greatly 
 improved himself. He studied particularly 
 the antique, in which he equalled the Ca- 
 ricci. He was, however, deficient in color- 
 ing. On his return to Paris he was made 
 professor of the academy, and his pencil was 
 employed in adorning the Tioble edifices of 
 Versailles and Trianon. He died at Paris 
 1708. His brother, John Baptist, was also 
 an eminent artist, and member of the aca- 
 demy. 
 
 Cornelia, a Roman lady, daughter of 
 the elder Scipio Africanus, and wife of Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus. She devoted herself to 
 the education of her two sons, Tiberius and 
 Cains, who alone survived of the twelve chil- 
 dren she had had ; and when they were sa- 
 ci'ificed to the public resentment she bore 
 their loss with Spartan fortitude. 
 
 CoRNELisz,, Lucas, a painter of Leyden, 
 who became chief painter to Henry VHI. 
 of England. The portraits of the constables 
 of Queenborough-castle, by him from Ed- 
 ward HI. to his time, are preserved at Pen- 
 hurst, in Kent. 
 
 CoRNELisz, James, a Dutch painter, of 
 the 16th century. His picture on the de- 
 scent from the cross, preserved in the old 
 church, Amsterdam, is much admired. 
 
 CoRNEnsz., Cornelius, of Haerlem, was 
 eminent as a painter. His deluge is much 
 celebrated. 
 
 1 CoRNELitTS, bishop of Rome, after Fa- 
 bian, 251, in opposition -to Novatian. This 
 produced a schism ; but under the persecu- 
 tion of Gallus, Cornelius was banished, and 
 died soon after, 252. 
 
 CoRNETO, Adrian, an Italian ecclesias- 
 tic, sent as legate by Innocent VII. to Hen- 
 ry VII. who bestowed on him the bishoprics 
 of Hereford and Bath and Wells, He after- 
 wards was employed as legate in Francti, and 
 was made a cardinal by Alexander VI. The 
 pope, who knew and dreaded his abilities, 
 determined to poison him at a supper; but 
 fell himself a victim to his own diabolical 
 purposes. Corneto left Rome on the suc- 
 cession of Julius II. but though recalled by 
 Leo X. he again soon after went into exile, 
 where he died. He was author of a learned 
 treatise de sermone latino — & de vei'a phi- 
 losophia — a poem on the chase, &c. and 
 deserves to be mentioned with respect, as 
 one of the zealous restorers of the purity of 
 Latin language. 
 
 CoRNUTUS, a grammai'ian and philoso- 
 pher of merit, tutor to the poet Persius., 
 He was put to death by Nero, A. D. 44. 
 
 CoRNWALLis, sir Charles, second son of 
 sir W. Cornwallis, w as a man of superior 
 abilities, employed by James I. as his ambas- 
 sador in Spaiu. He wrote the life of Henry 
 prince of Wales, to whom he bad been secre- 
 tary; and died about 1G30. His son William 
 wrote some essays, printed 1632, 8vo. 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles marquis, an Eng- 
 lish general, born 31st December 1738. lie 
 early devoted himself to the military profes- 
 sion, and in 1758~ obtained a captain's com- 
 mission in the light infantry. In 1761 he be- 
 came aid-de-camp to the marquis of Granby, 
 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and went 
 to Germany till the conclusion of the cam- 
 paign. He succeeded in 1762 his father iu 
 the earldom of Cornwallis, and three years 
 after was made aid-de-camp to the king, and 
 one of the lords of the bed-charaber. He 
 obtained the 33d r. riment of foot in 1766, 
 and two years after married miss Jones, a 
 lady of large fortune, who died of a broken 
 heart, when unable to dissuade him from his 
 attendance iu the campaigns against the 
 Americans. In the new world he displayed, 
 great spirit; but whilst he labored for the 
 subjection of the rebellious colonies, he treated 
 the people with humanity. The seizure of 
 Philadelphia by his forces was followed by 
 the reduction of South Carolina, and by the 
 defeat of general Gates, with an inferior 
 force ; but these advantages were tarnished 
 by the surrender of the whole army at York- 
 town, 1781, to the united forces of America 
 and France. Though this event proved so 
 disastrous to the British interests in America, 
 lord Cornwallis was never blamed for want of 
 courage, prudence, or sagacity ; but the gal- 
 lant conduct he had at all times shown in 
 this unfortunate war recommended him to 
 the ministry, in 1790, as the fittest person to 
 fill the government of British [ndia. The 
 fall of Bengalore was quickly followed by the 
 defeat of Tippoo, who at last consented to 
 make peace with the conquerors, by yi^ldihg 
 
CO 
 
 3^^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 a great part of his dominions, and b}^ putting 
 his two sons into the hands of the general, in 
 proof of his sincerity. Lord CornAVHiiis, after 
 a niild and vigorous administration in India, 
 returned to Europe, and was for his services 
 created a marquis, and made master-general 
 of the ordnance. His next employment was 
 in the civil and military government of Ire- 
 land, ^yhere he had the felicity to destroy re- 
 hellion, to capture an invading enemy in the 
 very bosom of the country, and, by the wisest 
 and most temperate measwres, to restore 
 confidence and harmony, where distrust, 
 mutual hatred, and secret violence, had long 
 reigned with impunity. After completing 
 the union between the two kingdoms, lord 
 Cornwallis returned to England, soon to ne- 
 gotiate the short-lived peace of Amiens. In 
 1805 Tie was prevailed upon to accept again 
 , the government of India, where the strong 
 and pacific measures of his former adminis- 
 tration were so much required. He was no 
 sooner arrived at Calcutta, than, without re- 
 covering from the effects of his voyage, he 
 set out on a visit to the northern provinces, 
 where his presence was necessary. Confine- 
 ment in a boat, without regular exercise, 
 and the heat of the weather, produced such 
 debility that he was at last obliged to stop at 
 Ghazepore, in the province of Benares, 
 above 1000 miles above Calcutta, where he 
 expired 5th October 1805. His remains 
 were interred at Ghazepore, and every mark 
 of respect paid to his memory, not only by 
 the British, but by4:he natives of India, who 
 regarded him as a humane and benevolent 
 governor. liis lordship left a son and a 
 daughter. 
 
 , CoRONEL, Paul, a native of Segovia, pro- 
 fessor at Salamanca. His gi'eat abilities were 
 employed by cardinal Ximenes in the publi- 
 cation of his polyglott bible. He died about 
 1524. 
 
 CoRONEi.Li, Vincent, a Venetian geo- 
 grapher, made in 1685,cosraographer to the 
 .French king. He founded an academy of 
 cosmography at Venice, where he died 1718. 
 He published abov^ 400 geographical charts, 
 &c. and other works, much valued. 
 
 CoRRADiNl, Peter Marcellinus, a lear- 
 ned civilian and cardinal, born at Sezza, in 
 1058. He was the favorite of pope Clement 
 XI. and wrote a curious work, vetus liatium 
 profanum et sacrum, 2 vols. fol. and a history 
 of Sezza, in 4to. He died at Rome 1743. 
 
 CoRRADUS, Sebastian, a grammarian and 
 jprofessor of belles lettres of Bologna, died" 
 1556. Ke wrote qusestura que Ciceronis vita 
 refertur, — & de lingua Latina. 
 
 Coi^REGio, Antonio da, a celebrated 
 ])ainter, born at Corregio, a town near Mo- 
 dena. Vid. Ai.legri. 
 
 CoRROZET, Giles, a bookseller, who died 
 at Paris 1 5th June, 1508, aged 58. He 
 wrote various things which possessed merit. 
 
 CoRSiNi, Edward, a monk, born at Fa- 
 «ano 1702. He died of an apoplexy at Pisa 
 in 176.'?, where be was professor of philoso- 
 phy, lie was a man of great erudition and 
 of astonishing perseverance. He published 
 
 some valuable works in criticism, philology, 
 and literature; the chief are, philosophical 
 
 and mathematical institutions, vols. 8vo. 
 
 a coui'se of geometrical elements, 1 vols. 
 8vo. — the fasti of the archons of Athens, 4 
 vols, 4to. — a coarse of metaphysics — the 
 history of the university of Pisa — disserta- 
 tion on the games of Greece, &c. 
 
 CoRT, Cornelius, an eminent engraver, 
 born at Hoorn, in Holland, 1536. He trav- 
 elled into Italy, and at Venice saw and assist- 
 ed the celebrated Titian. He settled at 
 Rome, Avhere he died 1578, aged 42. His 
 engravings are excellent, the very best ever 
 produced in Holland. They amount, accord- 
 ing lo MaroUes, to 151. 
 
 (JoRTESi, William, a French painter, 
 born at Franche Comt6. He studied at 
 Rome, and was employed and liberally re- 
 warded by Alexander VIII. He died 1679, 
 aged 51. 
 
 Cortes I, Giovanna, a paintress of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1736, aged 66. Her minia- 
 tures are greatly admired. 
 
 Cortex, Ferdinand, the conqueror of 
 Mexico, was born of a respectable family at 
 Medellin in Estramadura 1485. He quitted 
 the study of belles lettres, and of the law, for 
 the profession of arms, and, fired with the 
 adventurous spirit which animated his coun- 
 try, he in 1504 went to Hispaniola where one 
 of his relations was governor. In an expe- 
 dition to Cuba in 1511, he displayed such 
 bravery, that Velasquez the governor in- 
 trusted him with the command of the fleet 
 which was destined to make new discoveries 
 on the continent. On the 18th November 
 1518 the new commander set sail from San 
 Jago, in Cuba, with 11 small vessels, on board 
 of which were embarked 017 men, soldiers 
 and sailors, with 18 horses and 10 field pieces, 
 but only 13 firelocks. With this small force 
 he landed at Tabasco, which he took after a 
 dreadful slaughter of the inhabitants, and af- 
 terwards advancing to St. J uan de Ulva, he was 
 met by the ambassadors of Montezuma, the 
 king of Mexico, who by entreaties and pi-e- 
 sents earnestly solicited him to cease from 
 his enterprise, and not penetrate into tike 
 country. Cortez knew the terror wliich his 
 arms had inspired; the fire of. his artillery 
 was comparecl to the thunder of the heavens, 
 the horses on which the Spaniards rushed to 
 the battle were unknown and irresistible mon- 
 sters, and the huge vessels which, floating on 
 the bosom of the ocean, had brought these 
 strangers, were all such extraordinary ob- 
 jects in the eyes of the terrified and super- 
 stitious Indians, that the Spaniards were re- 
 garded as more than human beings. After 
 building a small fort at Vera-Cruz, and burn- 
 ing his ships, that he might inspire his fol- 
 lowers with confidence, Cortez advanced 
 through the provinces to the capital of Mex- 
 ico, supported by the co-operation of the 
 Zempoallans and other tribes which were 
 dissatisfied with the government of Monte- 
 zuma. With only 500 men badly armed, 
 and 15 horses, he defeated the Tlascalans, 
 who presumed to dispute his progress, and 
 
CO 
 
 3^6 
 
 CO 
 
 after rewarding the hospitality of the inhab- 
 itants of Cholula witli rapine and slaughter, 
 the conqueror presented himself at the gates 
 of Mexico. He was i-eceived with great 
 pomp and every mark of friendship by Mon- 
 tezuma, but though treated with confidence, 
 Cortez acted with duplicity, and seizing the 
 person of the unsuspecting monarch, he 
 compelled him in the rigor of confinement 
 to acknowledge himself the vassal of the 
 crown of Spain. Thus absolute in Mexico, 
 Cortez soon heard that Velasquez jealous of 
 his of glory, had sent an expedition under 
 Narvaez, to bring him back in chains to Cu- 
 ba ; but no ways dismayed at the intelligence, 
 he left one of his ofiiceis, Alvarado, governor 
 of the capital, and hastened back to Vera 
 Cruz. W^ith the sagacity of an intrepid sol- 
 dier he surprised and defeated Narvaez, and 
 by his conciliating conduct he had the art to 
 convert his enemies into friends, and to re- 
 turn to Mexico supported by those who had 
 come to destroy his hopes. Uui'ing his ab- 
 sence Alvarado had been guilty of excesses 
 towards the natives, and instead of submis- 
 sion Cortez found the most determined hos- 
 tility. Unable by force or by persuasion to 
 quell the tumult," he caused Montezuma, ar- 
 rayed in his royal robes, to appear before his 
 incensed subjects, but the Mexicans disre- 
 garded the interference of their captive mon- 
 arch, who during the battle received a mor- 
 tal wound. Yielding to the storm the Span- 
 iards retired from Mexico, and though they 
 had lost the half of their little army they 
 determined on revenge. On his way towards 
 Tlascala, Cortez was met by a large army of 
 the natives, whom he defeated with dreadful 
 slaughter at Otumba, and after recruiting his 
 forces with 5.50 infantry and 40 horses and a 
 number of allies from Tlascala, and other 
 neighboring towns, he marched back to 
 Mexico, December 1520. The conquest of 
 Texcueo, tl»e second city of the empire, was 
 followed by the siege of Mexico, which the 
 Dew sovereign Guatimozin, the nephew of 
 Montezuma, u brave prince, ably defended. 
 Tlie artillery of the Spaniards however pre- 
 vailed over the feeble weapons of the Indians, 
 and after three months' resistance, Guati- 
 mozin was seized in a canoe as he attempted 
 to escape on the lake, and his captivity was 
 followed by the f\dl of the capital, and the 
 destruction of the Mexican empire. Above 
 200,000 Indians made their immediate sub- 
 mission to those few bold adventurers ; but 
 they were not satisfied with theimmense trea- 
 sures of the plundered city, and the unfortu- 
 nate monarch was exposed to tortures, that 
 he might confess where the hidden riches of 
 Montezuma were deposited. It was at this 
 dreadful moment when the monarch lay ex- 
 posed with one of his ministers to the fury 
 of burning coals, that he heard the cry which 
 the poignancy of his sufferings, and not the 
 wish of making a discovery, extorted from 
 his favoi'ite, and looking at him w ith an air 
 of upbraiding indignation, he exclaimed 
 " what ! am I on a bed of roses." Guata- 
 niozin was saved from the flames to be shot 
 VOL. I. 48 
 
 by his inhuman persecutors, with some of his 
 ministers, on a charge of conspiracy. Mas- 
 ter of a populous and opulent empire, Cor- 
 tez though cruel and avaricious began to dis- 
 play the character of a prudent and benefi- 
 cent governor. Mexico which had been de- 
 stroyed during the siege rose from ruins, and 
 in 1529 assumed the form of the noblest of Eu- 
 ropean cities. But while these successes en- 
 larged the dominions of Spain, the conqueror 
 was an object of envy at home, and he was 
 soon recalled to give an account of his con- 
 duct, and after enduring for a while the re- 
 sentment of his enemies, he had the godd 
 fortune to procure the favor of his sovereign, 
 and a grant of new and enlarged powers. 
 When be pressed to Charles V. for an audi- 
 ence, and was asked who he was, the bold 
 adventurer replied, *' 1 am the man who has 
 given you more provinces than your father 
 left you towns." Besides the dignity of mar- 
 quis, the conqueror of Mexico received the 
 grant of large domains in New Spain, and 
 after visiting his conqifests in 1530, and con- 
 tinuing there some years, he returned to Eu- 
 rope, and died in his native country, 2d Dec. 
 1554, aged CS. He left several legitimate chil- 
 dren, and some besides by his two Indian mis- 
 tresses, one of whom was a daughter of Mon- 
 tezuma. Great and heroic as the character of 
 Coilez appears, he deserves the execration of 
 posterityibr the cruelties which he exercised 
 on the inoffensive natives. It was not only on 
 pretence of extorting their riches that these 
 wretched men were exposed to persecution 
 and death, but the most cruel methods were 
 pursued to convert them to Christianity by 
 men who in everj'^ action of their life violated 
 the precepts of the gospel. On one occasion 
 sixty caciques and above 400 leading men 
 were committed to the flames, and so horrid 
 were the practices of these fierce conquer- 
 ors, that as they expired, the Indians indig- 
 nantly rejected the promises of another and 
 a happer Ufe, when they heard that the re- 
 gions of paradise were to contain their un- 
 feeling murderers. The best account of the 
 conquests of Cortez is by Antonio de Solisin 
 Spanish, translated into French two vols. 
 12mo. 1775, and into English. 
 
 CoRTEZi, Paul, a learned Italian, born 
 1465, at St. Geminiano in Tuscany. He 
 was a great patron of literature and a learn- 
 ed man, and died bishop of Urbino, 1510, 
 aged 45. He wrote a dialogue on tlie learn- 
 ed men of Italy, besides other ingenious 
 treatises. 
 
 Co RT I, Matthew, a native of Pavia, where 
 he was professor of physic, and afterwards, 
 at Pisa and Padua. His celebrity recom- 
 mended him to Clement VII. who appoint- 
 ed him his physician, and after his death, he 
 retired to Bologna, from whence he settled 
 at Pisa, where he died 1544, aged 69. He 
 wrote treatises, de curandis ifebribus — de 
 vena sectione, in aliis affectibus & in pleuri* 
 tide, and other works. 
 
 CoRTicELLi, Salvatore, a monk of Bo- 
 logna, professor of the belles lettres in St- 
 Paul's coUege there, fellow of the Crasca 
 
CO 
 
 se<^ 
 
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 academy, and provincial of tile Barnabite 
 order. Among other works, he publishe'd 
 his Italian grammar in 1745, which was 
 universally approved, and particularly no- 
 ticed by Benedict XIV. his fellow towns- 
 man, who observed, in a letter to him, that 
 it was a wonder their native city should 
 speak Italian so ill, and vet teach it so well. 
 He died about 1770. 
 
 CoRYATE, Thomas, son of a clerg3'man, 
 born at Odcombe, Somersetshire, 1577, be- 
 came known for his extravagancies. He 
 studied for three years at Glocester-hall, 
 Oxford, and then was taken into the family 
 of Henry prince of Wales, where he was 
 the whetstone of the wits of those times. 
 In 1608 he travelled through France, Italy, 
 and Germany, &c. and on his return, pub- 
 lished an account of his adventures, which 
 he called. Crudities, in 4to. The work was 
 recommended by the verses of Ben Jonson, 
 Harrington, Inigo Jones, Donne, Drayton, 
 and others, and so pleased was the author 
 •with his success, that he determined to 
 spend ten years in the visiting of foreign 
 countries. With this intention, he set out 
 in 1612, and after visiting Constantinople, 
 the coast of Asia Minor, Eg3^pt, and all the 
 Levant, he advanced far into Persia, and 
 the dominions of the great mogul. He was 
 attacked at Surat in the East Indies, by a 
 flux, which carried him off 1617. Coryate 
 ■was not devoid of understanding ; but his af- 
 fectation, and his great self-consequence, ex- 
 posed him to the ridicule of the wits of the 
 age, and turned the best intentions into levi- 
 ty and contempt. It is unknown what be- 
 came of his notes and papers. During his 
 absence, some letters, &o. were published 
 as from him, but no regular account of his 
 adventures, in his last travels, has appeared 
 before the public. 
 
 CosiERS, John, a painter, born at Ant- 
 werp 1603. He was patronised by many 
 crowned heads, and his historical pieces de- 
 served universal commendation. 
 
 Co SI MO, Andrew and Peter, Italian pain- 
 ters, of whom the first excelled in the claro- 
 obscuro, and the other in ludicrous pieces. 
 Peter died 1521, aged 80, of a paralytic 
 stroke. He was a singular character, very 
 irrascible, and very superstitious. He had 
 for his pupils del Sarto and de Sangallo. 
 
 CosiN, John, an English prelate, born in 
 Norwich 30th Nov. 1594, and educated at 
 the free school there, and at Caius college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 was patronised by Overall, bishop of Lichfield, 
 and after his death by Neal, bishop of Dur- 
 ham, who gave him a prebend, and the rich 
 rectory of Branspeth. His collection of pri- 
 vate devotions, drawn up at the request of 
 Charles I. as well as his frequent intercourse 
 with Laud, drew upon him the censures of 
 the puritans, who loudly exclaimed against 
 his popish principles. In 1628 he took his 
 degree of D. D. and in 1G34 he was elected 
 master of Peterhouse, and in 1640 he was 
 made dean of Peterborough. The same 
 year a eomplaint was made against him, in 
 
 the house of commons, by Smart, a man 
 whom he with others had ejected from his 
 prebend at Durham, for preaching a sedi- 
 tious sermon, and in consequence of this, he 
 was deprived by a vote of the house, of all 
 his ecclesiastical preferments, and two years 
 after expelled from the mastership of Pe- 
 terhouse, because his persecutors suspect- 
 ed him of popish innovations. Upon this he 
 left the kingdom, and during the civil wars 
 resided at Paris, where he officiated as a 
 protestant minister, and was assisted by a 
 small pension from queen Henrietta. At 
 the restoration he was replaced into all 
 hh preferments, and the same year raised 
 to the see of Durham. In this elevated sit- 
 uation he employed himself in repairing and 
 beautifying the cathedral and the palace, and 
 in erecting schools and hospitals for the most 
 benevolent purposes. Besides the large en- 
 dowment which he settled, it is known, that 
 this humane prelate, during the 11 years in 
 which he was at Durham, spent not less 
 than 2000^. a year in charitable and pious 
 uses. He died of a pectoral dropsy, 15th 
 Jan. 1672, aged 78, and was buried in the 
 chapel of Bishops* Aucland. He left many 
 legacies for charitable purposes by his Avill. 
 He had one son and four daughters, and he 
 had the misfortune to see his son, in conse- 
 quence of his education among the Jesuits 
 at Paris, turn catholic; and though he at- 
 tempted to reclaim him, and even disinher- 
 it him, if he perseveredin his religious ten- 
 ets, he never succeeded. The various books 
 which he wrote display much learning, 
 solid judgment, and extensive information. 
 Though he was falsely accused of being a 
 papist, yet he was the friend of magnifi- />/ 
 cence andfpbmp in the outside of religion, 
 and like all the adherents of Laud's princi- 
 ples, he dwelt much on vain and insignifi- 
 cant ceremonies. 
 
 CosME, John Baseillao, a feuillant friar, 
 who, however, followed his father's profes-' 
 sion of surgeon, and became eminent as a 
 lithotomist. His instrument for dividing the 
 neck of the bladder, of which he gave an 
 interesting account in the journal desSavans 
 for 1748, though once much approved by 
 the faculty, is now neglected. His forceps 
 for breaking stones in the bladder was once 
 in general use ; and so great was his celebri- 
 ty as an operator, that the surgeons, througli 
 mere jealousy, prevailed upon the French 
 king to banish him. He died at Paris 18th Ju- 
 ly 1786, aged 79. 
 
 Cosmo I. son of John de Medici, Avas 
 born in 1519. When his cousin Alexander 
 was murdered, he had the art to procure his 
 election to the supreme authority of the 
 state; and he behaved with such firmness 
 and sagacity, that all the conspiracies form- 
 ed agamst his person and government by 
 the seditious of Florence proved abortive. 
 He assisted the emperor, in 1553, in the re- 
 duction of Sienna, which was annexed to bis 
 own territories by Philip II. and, in 1569. 
 he was raised by the pope Pius V. to the 
 sovereign title of grand duk^e of Tuscan^'- 
 
CO 
 
 Cosmo, thus successful abroad, and the ju- 
 dicious patron of literature, in the re-estab- 
 lishment of the university of Pisa, and in 
 the proraotioji of the arts, found himself un- 
 happy in his^mily. His son John, who was 
 a cardinal, and a man of merit, was, in a 
 hunting party, secretly stabbed by his brother 
 Garcia, who pretended ignorance of the 
 foul deed. The father suspected the inhu- 
 man son ; and when he confessed it, he, over- 
 powered by a fit of passion, stabbed him 
 with the same dagger which had robbed him 
 of his other son. This tragic scene so af- 
 fected the mother that she died a few days 
 after, a victim to silent overwhelming grief. 
 Cosmo died 1574, and left several children 
 to uphold the sovereign power which he had 
 so firmly established in Florence, 
 
 Cosmo II, grandson of the first Cosmo, 
 succeeded his father Ferdinand, 1609, and 
 during his reign displayed the virtues of a 
 benevolent prince, eager to advance the hap- 
 piness of his people, to cultivate hterature, 
 and promote the fine arts. He died 1621. 
 
 Cosmo III, succeeded his father Ferdi- 
 nand II. as grand duke of Tuscany, 1670. 
 He married the daughter of the duke of Or- 
 leans, from whom he was afterwards divorced; 
 and he anne.xed to his other dignities, with 
 the consent of the emperor and of the pope, 
 the title of royal highness. He is represent- 
 ed as so superstitious that he took orders, at 
 the Roman jubilee, for the privilege of sa- 
 luting the handkerchief which, according to 
 monkish traditions, our Saviour gave to Ve- 
 ronica, impressed with his own image. Cos- 
 mo was, like the princes of his house, a lib- 
 eral patron of letters, and particularly at- 
 tached to the study of chemistry. He was 
 one of the richest sovex'eigns of Europe, and 
 died 1723, after a happy reign of 54 years. 
 His son and successor, John Gaston, died 
 1737, without issue ; and the sovereignty of 
 Florence descended to the queen of Spain, 
 as sprung from the second Cosmo ; and she 
 exchanged it with France for the kingdom 
 of the two Sicilies, which was bestowed on 
 her son don Carlos. 
 
 CosNAC, Daniel de, a native of Limou- 
 sin, noticed by the prince of Conti, and rais- 
 ed by his interest to the see of Valence, and 
 afterwards to that of Aix, and other ecclesi- 
 astical honors. He died at Aix 1708, aged 
 81. Though a man of great abilities, he was 
 very deformed in his person. 
 
 CosPEAu, Philip, a French prelate, born 
 at Hainaut. He was very eloquent in the 
 pulpit, and substituted to the quotations 
 from the classics more appropriate texts 
 from the bible. He died 1646, aged 78, au- 
 thor of some theological tracts. 
 
 C OSS ART, Gabriel, a native of Pontoise, 
 who died at Paris 18th September 1674, 
 aged 59. He was a Jesuit, and assisted Lab- 
 be in his grand collection of councils, which 
 appeared in 1672, in 18 vols. fol. He wrote 
 besides, poetry, &c. 
 
 CossE, Charles de, marshal de Brissac, 
 a celebrated French general, born at Anjou, 
 of a noble family, of Neapolitan descent. 
 
 CO 
 
 He devoted himself to the profession of 
 arms, and distinguished himself in the wars 
 of Italy and Piedmont, and at the siege ot 
 Perpignan 1541. His services were noticed 
 and acknowledged by the French king, who 
 sent him as ambassador to Charles V. and 
 afterwards made him, in 1550, marshal of 
 the kingdom, governor of Piedmont, and 
 grand master of the artillery. His valor and 
 sagacity as a general were so conspicuous, 
 that several prmces and nobles placed them- 
 selves under him as in a school of hono^, 
 where the tactics of war, and the evolutions 
 of campaigns, could best be learned. He 
 died at Paris 31st December 1563, aged 57. 
 He wus a man of such honor and integi'ity, 
 that when the government refused to pay 
 the debts contracted by the army, he sold 
 part of his estates to satisfy the just demand. 
 
 CosTANXO, Angelo di, born at Naples 
 1507, after 53 years of perseverance and la- 
 bor, published an history of his native city in 
 Italian, folio. He was also a poet of some 
 consequence, and his sonnets and other pie- 
 ces were collected at Venice 1752, in 12mo. 
 He died at a very advanced age, about the 
 year 1590. 
 
 Cost A, Christopher, a Portuguese, na- 
 tive of Africa, who devoted himself to bota- 
 ny, and in his travels in Asia was seized by 
 some of theuncivili:^tl natives, and long de- 
 tained in slavery. On his return to Europe 
 he published an acpount of Indian plants, 
 &c. translated into Latin by Clusius, &c. 
 
 Costa, Emanuel, a Portuguese lawyer, 
 professor at Salamanca, 1550. His works 
 were published 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Costa, John, professor of the law at 
 Cahors, wrote some notes on Justinian's in- 
 stitutes, and died at Cahors, 13th Aug. 1637. 
 
 Costa, Margaret, an Italian poetess, 
 who published her works at Paris, which 
 she dedicated to cardinal Mazarin. 
 
 Costard, George, an English scholar*, 
 born about 1710. He was fellow and tutor 
 of Wadham colinge, and in 1764 he obtain- 
 ed the vicarage of Twickenham from the 
 chancellor Northington. He died Januaiy 
 1782, and his books and oriental MSS. were 
 sold by auction, the following March. He 
 wrote 15 different treatises chiefly on astro- 
 nomical subjects, and on the book of Job. 
 They are enumerated in TS'ichols' anecdotes 
 of Bowyer, and prove him to have been a 
 man of great learning and extensive infor- 
 mation. 
 
 CostE, Peter, a native of Uzez, who fled 
 to England on account of his religion, and 
 died at Pax'is 1/47, at an advanced age. He 
 translated Locke's essay on the human un- 
 derstanding, and on the reasonableness 
 of Christianity, and Newton's optics, into 
 French, and wrote besides, the life of the 
 great Conde — notes on Fontaine's fables, and 
 Montaigne's essays — and a defence of Bruy- 
 ere. 
 
 Coster, Lawrence, an inhabitant of 
 Haerlem, supposed by the Dutch to be the 
 inventor of printing, about the year 1430. 
 The best authorities however support th^t 
 
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 S^r 
 
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 the art of printing was first invented at May- 
 ence, though Meerman of Rotterdam, with 
 great ingenuity and ei'udition, maintains the 
 ctaims of his countrymen. Coster died 1440. 
 
 Cost HA, Ben Luca, a christian philoso- 
 pher of Balbec in Syria, in the 250th year 
 of the hegira. He translated several Greek 
 books into Arabic, and wrote some original 
 works on physic, astronomy, and mathema- 
 tics, of which Casiri in his bibloth. arab. de 
 I'escurial has given a catalogue. 
 
 Cot A, Rodriguez, a native of Toledo, 
 whose tragi-comedia de Calisto & Meliboea 
 has appeared in Latin and French transla- 
 tions. He florished 1560. 
 
 CoTELERius, John Baptist, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Nismes 1627. He very 
 early displayed great abilities in the know- 
 ledge of the learned languages, and at the 
 age of 12 was able to construe the new testa- 
 ment in Greek and the old in Hebrew, with 
 great ease, at the first opening of the book. 
 He was professor of Greek, and member of 
 the Sorbonnc. He published the works of all 
 the fathers who lived in the apostolic age, 
 with a new translation and learned notes, 2 
 vols. fol. 1672. He published besides, monu- 
 menta ecclesise Graicce, of which he only 
 completed three volumes before his death. 
 His gi'eat application had undermined his 
 constitution, so that he \v'as snatched away, by 
 an inflammatory disorder in his breast, in his 
 59th year, 10th August 1686. Besides ex- 
 tensive learning, he possessed the amiable 
 virtues of private life ; he was modest, unas- 
 suming, and devoid of all pride and affecta- 
 tion. 
 
 Cotes, Roger, an English mathematician 
 and astronomer, born at Burbach, Leicester- 
 shire, 10th July 1682. At Leicester school 
 and St. Paul's, London, he was well initiated 
 in classical literature, and at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, he began early to display that 
 fondness for mathematics which in his earlier 
 years had appeared in his family, Hebe- 
 came, in 1705, fellow of his college, and had 
 the tuition of the sons of the marquis of Kent, 
 to whom he was related. In 1706 he was 
 made Plumian professor of astronomy, and in 
 1713 took orders, and that same year, at the 
 recommendation of Bentley, published New- 
 ton's mathematica principia, with the im- 
 provements of the author, to which he pre- 
 fixed an excellent preface. He increased 
 further his astronomical reputation, by his 
 <lescription of the great fiery meteor seen 
 March 16, 1716. This great and rising genius 
 died at the age of 33, on the 5th June 1716, 
 to the regret of the university, and of every 
 lover of science and goodness. He was bu- 
 ried in Trinity chapel. His harmonia men- 
 surarum was published in 1722, 4to. by his 
 successor. Dr. Robert Smith, and also, by the 
 same, his valuable hydrostatical and pneu- 
 matical lectures, in 1737. 
 
 Cotes, Francis, an English painter in oil 
 and crayons. He was pupil to Kaapton ; and 
 died 1770, aged 45. 
 
 CoTiN, Charles, a French writer, who 
 died at Paris 1682. He was member of the 
 
 French academy, was an eloquent preacher, 
 a good scholar, and a respectable prose wri- 
 ter and poet. He is known, however, more 
 for the severity of Boileau and Molier's sa- 
 tires against him, than for his own excel- 
 lence. 
 
 CoTOLENDi, Charles, a native of Aix or 
 Avignon, was advocate in the parliament of 
 Paris, and respectable as an author. He 
 ti'anslated the Spanish history of Persia into 
 French, 2 vols. 12mo. — the life of Columbus — 
 the life of de Sales — besides dissertations on 
 the works of St. Evremond, and the life of 
 the duchess of Montniorenci. 
 
 CoTTA, John, a Latin poet, born near 
 Yerona. He was made prisoner by the 
 French at the battle of Ghiara d'Adda, in 
 1509. He died 1511, at Viterbo, of a pesti- 
 lential fever, aged 28. His epigrams and 
 orations are pi-inted in the carmina quinque 
 poetarum, Venice, 154*>, 4to. 
 
 CoTTE, Robert de, an architect, born at 
 Paris 1657. He was elected director of the 
 royal academy of architecture, and made 
 architect to the king, and intendant of the 
 royal gardens, edifices, kc. His genius was 
 advantageously displayed in adorning the 
 public buildings of Paris, the palaces of Ver- 
 sailles and St. Denys, and the colonade of 
 the Trianon. The chief beauties of his 
 works were lightness, elegance, and delicacy. 
 He died at Paris 1735, and was succeeded by 
 his son, Julius Robert, who was equally in- 
 genious. 
 
 CoTTEREL, sir Charles, groom-porter to 
 James L and master of the requests to 
 Charles II. He was well skilled in modern 
 languages, and possessed all the manners and 
 accomplishments of a gentleman. He re- 
 signed his ofl[ice of master of the ceremonies 
 to the king, to his son Charles Lodowick. 
 During the exile of his royal master, he trans- 
 lated Cassandra, the famed romance, and 
 was also concerned in the translation of Da- 
 vila's civil wars of France. 
 
 CoTTiNGTON, Fraucis lord, chancellor 
 of the exchequer, and first lord of the 
 treasury, in the reign of Charles I. was an 
 able minister, and employed for some time 
 as an ambassador in Spain. On the breaking 
 out of the civil wars he left his country for 
 Spain, where he died, at Valladolid, about 
 1651, aged 17. In his political character he 
 displayed great dissimulation, with all the 
 formal solemnity which he had imbibed at the 
 Spanish court. 
 
 Cotton, or Co ton, Peter, a Jesuit, 
 born 1564, at Neronde, near the Loire, early 
 distinguished for his zeal in converting here- 
 tics, and for his eloquence in the pulpit. He 
 became confessor to Henry IV. of France, 
 and possessed so much of his confidence that 
 it was a public expression, that the king was 
 good, but that he had cotton in his ears. Cat- 
 ton refused an archbishopric and a cardinal's 
 hat, which his master's partiality offered him. 
 After Henry's death, he was confessor to 
 Lewis Xlll. but he soon left the court, and 
 retired into the country. He died 19th 
 March 1626, aged 63. He wrote some ser- 
 
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 besides controversial and divinity 
 
 CO 
 
 Mions 
 tracts. 
 
 Cotton, sir Tlobert Bruce, an eminent 
 English antiquary, born at Denton, Hun- 
 tingiionsbire, 2'2d June 1570. He was of 
 Trinity collej^e, Cambridge, Avbere he took 
 his bachelor's degree, and then removed to 
 Loudon, where he became a member of the 
 antiquarian society, and soon distinguished 
 himself for his zeal in the search of antiqui- 
 ties. He was knighted by James I. and so 
 ^igh was his reputation for learning, infor- 
 mation, and integrity, that not only the most 
 leading men of the times consulted hira on 
 affairs of state, but the king himself em- 
 
 ?loyed his pen on several occasions. At 
 ames's request, he vindicated the character 
 of Mary queen of Scots, he a'so examined 
 ■what punishments should be inflicted on pa- 
 pists, and defended the ecclesiastical institu- 
 tion against the innovations of the puritans. 
 On the creation of baronets, in 1611, by 
 James, sir Robert Cotton appeared as the 
 thirty-sixth in the new dignity. But though 
 such a favorite with the court, he, in the suc- 
 ceeduig veign, joined the commons in the 
 cry for the redress of grievances, though he 
 i-ecoramended mild and gentle measures, 
 which, in establishing the privileges of the 
 people, might not endanger the safety of the 
 sovereign. In 1629, sir Robert became an 
 object of persecution to the court. A manu- 
 script, " which," it is said, " laid down a 
 plan how the kings of England might oppress 
 the liberties of their subjects, and for ever 
 enslave them and their posterity," was lent 
 out of his library, and being in a surreptitious 
 copy laid before the privy council, produced 
 his arrest and confinement in the Tower, 
 and the seizure of his valuable hbrary. Sir 
 Kobertwith difficulty extricated himself from 
 the virulence of his persecutors ; but he still 
 felt the indignities offered to his person and 
 character ; and the treatment he received in 
 some degree undermined his constitution, and 
 broke his heart. He died of a fever, at West- 
 minster, 6th May 1631, aged upwards of 60 
 years. Sir Robert was not only an able an- 
 tiquarian, but the friend and patron of men 
 of learning; and to his munificence, his able 
 assistance, and valuable communications, 
 Knollis, sir Walter Kaleigli, sir Francis Ba- 
 con, Selden, Speed, Camden, and other re- 
 spectable authors, have with gratitude ac- 
 knowledged themselves indebted. Though 
 distinguished as a man of letters, and a skil- 
 ful antiquarian, sir Robert is particularly en- 
 titled to the admiration of posterity for the 
 valuable library wliich now remains for the 
 information of the public, an immortal proof 
 of his munificence and indefatigable zeal in 
 the cause of science and of mankind. That 
 his pursuits were directed to such objects is 
 a happy circumstance for the public. In his 
 time, the many records and important manu- 
 scripts which had been plundered from the 
 dissolved monasteries were scattered Avith 
 profane indifference, and some friendly hand 
 was wanted to collect and preserve them for 
 the infonfiatio.fi of the learned. This valua- 
 
 ble collection, improved still by his son sir 
 Thomas and by his grandson sir John, was, 
 after being removed in various places, at last 
 deposited in the British museum in 1753. 
 
 Cotton, Cliarles, born in Staffordshire, 
 of a respectable family, became known for 
 his burlesque verses and ludicrous poetry, in 
 the reign of Charles and James II. He trans- 
 lated, with great spirit and success, Mon- 
 taigne's essays, which he inscribed to lord 
 Halifax, a nobleman who highly valued the 
 performance, which he had the capacity and 
 the good sense to appreciate. Cotton pub- 
 lished the wonders of the peak in Derby- 
 shire — Virgil travestied — Lucian burlesqued ; 
 of which poems an edition was printed in 
 1751. He died about the time of the revo- 
 lution, but the exact year is unknown. 
 
 Co TVS, a king of Thrace, in the age of 
 Alexander, died about 356 B. C Ano- 
 ther, who favored the cause of Pompey. 
 
 Another, who lived in the age of Augustus, 
 and to whom Ovid addressed one of his ele- 
 gies. His son bore the same name, and ex- 
 changed Thrace for the kingdom of Arme- 
 nia, A. D. 88. 
 
 CouDRETTE, Christopher, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, strongly attached to the partisans 
 of the Port Royal and to Boursier, against 
 the Jesuits, by whom he had been educated. 
 He opposed, with great ability, the papal bull 
 unigenitus, for which he was sent to the Bas- 
 tille for twelve months, in 1738. He died at 
 Paris 4th August 1774. He wrote memoirs 
 sur le formulaire, 3 vols. 12mo. — histoire 8c 
 analyse du livre de Paction de Dieu, &c. His 
 chief work is the history of the Jesuits, in 4 
 vols. 12mo. 1701, to which he added a sup- 
 plement of 2 vols. 1764. 
 
 CovEL, John, an English divine, born at 
 Honingshearth, Suffolk, 1638, and educated 
 at St. Edmundsbury and Christ college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He was 
 chaplain to the embassy at Constantinople, 
 where he continued for seven years. On his 
 return home, 1679, he took his degree of 
 D. D. and was chosen Margaret preacher of 
 divinity. The next year he was presented to 
 the living of Littlebury, in Essex, and in 1687 
 made chancellor of York, and the next year 
 master of Christ college, Cambridge. He 
 died in 1722, aged 85. During his residence 
 at the Porte, he devoted himself to the ex- 
 amination of the ancient and present state of 
 the Greek church ; and he gave to the world, 
 a few years before his death, a curious and 
 useful publication on the subject, in folio. 
 
 CovERDALE, Milcs, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at Cambridge. Fi'ora a friar 
 he became a protestant at the reformation, 
 and was made bishop of Exeter by Edward 
 VI. Duringthe persecutingreignof Mary, he 
 was ejected from his see, and permitted to 
 go into exile, at the interference of the king of 
 Denmark. When Elizabeth ascended the 
 throne, he returned, but he declined to reas- 
 sume his bishopric, as his principles were 
 now puritanical. He afterwards received the 
 living of St. Magnus, London, from which he 
 was ejected for nouconfoi-mity. He died 
 
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 poor, but respected, 20th May 156'r, aged 
 81. He assisted William Tindal ia the Eng- 
 lish version of the bible published in 1537, 
 and corrected it afterwards in the edition of 
 1540, with notes. 
 
 Coui.ON, Lewis, a French priest, who 
 left the Jesuits' society in 1640. He died 
 1064, His geographical works are greatly 
 esteemed, especially his historical treatise 
 of all the rivers in France, 2 vols. 8vc. He 
 wrote besides, lexicon Horaericum, and some 
 historical performances, &c. 
 
 CouPERiN, FraHicis, a Frenchman, or- 
 ganist of the chapel of Lewis XIV. He was 
 much admired for his execution on the harp- 
 sicord. He died 1733, leaving two daugh- 
 ters, who were equally eminent as musicians. 
 His two brothers, Lewis and Charles, were 
 also good performers. He wrote some pieces 
 for the harpsicord, in 4 vols. fol. 
 
 Couplet, Philip, a Jesuit, of Malines, 
 who went as missionary to China in 1659, 
 and returned in 1680. He died on his se- 
 cond voyage to the same place, 1693. He 
 wrote some works in the Chinese language 
 and in Latin. His Confucius Sinarum phi- 
 losophus, 1687, folio, is a valuable and cu- 
 rious work, in which the history of China, 
 the manners and religion of the inhabitants, 
 are ably treated. 
 
 CouRAYER, Peter Francis, a French di- 
 vine, born at Vernon, Normandy, 1681. 
 While canon and librarian of St. Genevieve, 
 Paris, he, after son:ie correspondence with 
 archbishop Wake, published his *' defence 
 of English ordinations," printed in Holland, 
 1727. This book exposed him to the perse- 
 cution of the catholics ; so that he took refuge 
 in England, where the university of Oxford 
 granted him adoctor'sdegree, and the crown 
 settled a pension upon him. He died in 1776, 
 after two days' illness, at the age of 95, and 
 was buried in the cloisters of Westmin- 
 ster aboey. He died in the faith of the catho- 
 lic church, though at Ealing, where he some- 
 times resided, he attended the English ser- 
 vice regulai'ly, declaring he received great 
 satisfaction in the prayers of the church. He 
 wrote several things, all in French. Those 
 best known are, Paul's history of the council 
 of Trent, 2 vols, fol. dedicated to queen Ca- 
 roline, who raised his pension from 100/. to 
 200/. — Sleidan's histoiy of the reformation. 
 After his death appeared his declaration of 
 his last sentiments, &c. 
 
 CouRCEi.LES, Stephen de, a native of 
 Geneva, divinity professor at Amsterdam, 
 after Episcopius, whose works he published, 
 with a life prefixed. He died 1658, aged 72, 
 author of various divinity tracts, published 
 by Daniel Elzevir, 1 vol. fol. 1675. 
 
 *^CouRT DE Gebelin, Anthony, a native 
 of Nismes, for some time protestant minis- 
 ter at Lausanne, and afterwards superin- 
 tendant of one of the museums of Pai'is, 
 He wrote monde primitif, compared with 
 the monde moderne, in 9 vols. 4to. a work 
 of merit and great erudition. He wrote 
 besides, the history of the war des Cevennes, 
 3 vols. 12mo. &c. He was a strong advo- 
 
 cate for animal magnetism, which exposed 
 him much to I'idicule. He died at Paris 13th 
 May 1784, aged 59- 
 
 Court AN VAux, Francis Caesar marquis 
 de, a French nobleman, who distinguished 
 himself in the wars of Bohemia and Bava- 
 ria, under his uncle, the duke of Noialles. 
 He was also eminent as a philosopher and as 
 an ingenious mechanic, and deserved by his 
 valuable communications a place in the aca- 
 demy of sciences. He died 1781, aged 63. 
 
 CouRTEN, William, son of a taylor at 
 Meninx, in the Netherlands, escaped with 
 difficulty from the tyranny and persecution 
 of Olivarez duke of Alva, and in 1568 reach- 
 ed London, where he settled his family. 
 Their business was the making of French 
 hoods, M'hich were in those days in great 
 reputation, so that by industry, the Courten 
 family increased their connexions and pro- 
 perty, and at the death of the father and 
 mother, which happened about the end of 
 Elizabeth's reign, or the beginning of James 
 L they were opulent and respectable mer- 
 chants in the trade of silk and fine linen. lo 
 the year 1651, their I'eturns are averaged at 
 150,000/. a-year; and so highly respected 
 was the familj-, that William and Peter re- 
 ceived the honor of knighthood. Under the 
 activity and able management of sir Wil- 
 liam, the concerns of the company were 
 greatly increased, so that not only the com- 
 merce of the nation was extended, but even 
 the king's dignity supported, as it is said that 
 by their loans to James I. and to Charles I. 
 the firm of Courten had a claim upon the 
 crown of not less than 200,000/. The exten- 
 sive concerns of this extraordinary family 
 were, however, lessened by the intrigues of 
 lord Carlisle, who seized, as a grant from 
 the crown, the island of Barbadoes, wliere 
 sir William had settled a factory, as on a 
 place which had been discovered by his own 
 ships, and been protected at his own ex- 
 pense. His property likewise suffered some 
 years after by the murder of his factors at 
 Amboyna, in the Spice islands, by the DutcU 
 and by the total loss of his property in that 
 part of the world. Though thus persecuted 
 by the frowns of fortune, he yet engaged 
 with new ardor in the Chinese trade; but 
 the loss of two ships richly laden completed 
 his disasters, and reduced him to poverty. 
 He survived not long this hea^y loss. He 
 died 1636, about the beginning of May, aged 
 64, and was buried in the church of St. An- 
 drew Hubbard. 
 
 Courten, William, the last male de- 
 scendant of the family just mentioned, was 
 born in Fenchurch parish, liOndon, 28th 
 March 1642. It is supposed that he lost his 
 father and mother before he was fourteen 
 years old ; but though his father, in conse- 
 quence of his insolvency, left the kingdom, 
 in 1643, and never again saw his son, yet he 
 was, it is imagined, carefully educated under 
 the eye of those many rich, independent, and 
 noble relatives which remained to him in 
 England. He early began to travel, and dis- 
 played a great genius for natural history, 
 
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 which he much improved by a residence at 
 Montpellier. In this delightful spot, so con- 
 genial to his studies, he cultivated the ac- 
 quaintance of learned men, particularly of 
 Tournefort and of sir Hans Sloane. When 
 of age, he returned to London, to pursue 
 his claims to the shattered wreck of the for- 
 tune of his family, and, in improving his 
 income, also to render more comfortable 
 his sister, who had Uved upon only thirty 
 pounds a-year. During his minority, a 
 person of the name of George Carew had 
 obtained letters of administration, and now 
 he sued for the restitution of his property ; 
 but the arts of the usurper, who was- a law- 
 yer and a courtier, prevailed over the sim- 
 plicity of the petitioner. Carew prevailed 
 in his intrigues, and Courten not only gave 
 up all claims to his paternal estates for an 
 unknown compensation, which he acknow- 
 ledged to receive, not de jure, but ex gratia, 
 but he exchanged his family name, and, un- 
 der the appellation of William Charleton, 
 he retired from England to his favorite 
 Montpellier. How long he staid on the 
 continent is not exactly known. After his 
 return to England he lived for fourteen or 
 fifteen years in chambers at the Temple, 
 and died at Kensington Gravel-pits, March 
 26, 1702, aged §3. The partiality which 
 Mr. Courten showed to natural history was 
 not employed in frivolous pursuits, or una- 
 vailing researches. He began early to make 
 a collection of whatever was curious, im- 
 portant, and remarkable, in medallic and 
 antiquarian history; and not less than 38 
 vols, in folio, and 8 in 4to. remain as proofs 
 of his great industry and indefatigable at- 
 tention. His curious collection, after being 
 about fifty years in the possession of his exe- 
 cutor and residuary legatee, was purchased 
 in 1763 for the use of the pubHc, and deposi- 
 ted in the British Museum. It is singular, 
 that though to his industry and perseverance 
 the nation is indebted for so valuable an ac- 
 quisition, no mention was made of him as the 
 first and most scientific collector. The sum 
 paid by the pubhc was 20,000/. which equals 
 scarce the value of the coins and precious 
 stones. Besides those learned friends alrea- 
 dy mentioned, Courten was intimate with 
 the great Locke. 
 
 CouRTiLX, Garien de sieur de Sandras, 
 born at Pai'is 1644, where he died 6th May 
 1712. He was in the army, and Avas some 
 time in Holland and on his return was con- 
 iined in the Bastile for his political worksf 
 and remained there nine yeax's. He was 
 author of different Avorks, the best known 
 of which are his life of Coligni — the conduct 
 of France since the peace of Nimeguen — 
 history of the Dutch war — political testa- 
 ment of Colbert — the life of Turenne — an- 
 nals of Paris and of the court in 1697-8. 
 
 CouRTivRON, Gaspard marquis de, a 
 native of Dijon, who died 4th October 1785, 
 aged 70, known as a soldier and a scholar. He 
 -was wounded in the campaigns of Bavaria, 
 while exerting himself to save the life of 
 marshal Saxe ; and he afterwards devoted 
 
 himself to literature. He wrote a treatise 
 on optics, 4to. 1752, and some other works. 
 Courtney, WiUiam, arciibishop of Can- 
 terbury, was the fourth son of Hugh Court- 
 ney, earl of Devonshire, by Margaret, grand- 
 daughter of Edward I. He was educated at 
 Oxford, and though possessed of abilities, 
 owed his elevation in the church to the 
 consequence of his family. AVhen 28, he 
 was made bishop of Hereford, and after- 
 wards translated to London, where he sum- 
 moned before him the great Wickliffe, in 
 St. Paul's cathedral, 1377. The bold re- 
 former was on this occasion attended by his 
 friends John of Gaunt and lord Percy, wbo, 
 in supporting his tenets, treated the prelate 
 with such asperity, that a tumult was ex- 
 cited among the citizens of London. Court- 
 ney was made chancellor 1381, and after- 
 wards raised to the see of Canterbury. He 
 was a violent persecutor of the \VickliffiteS|^ 
 and condemned their tenets in a synod. He 
 died at Maidstone 1396, aged 55. 
 
 CouRTOis, James, a native of Franche 
 Compte, eminent as a painter, and called le 
 Bourgnignon. He studied under his father, 
 who was also a painter; and in the French 
 campaigns of Italy he employed himself iu 
 delineating the battles in which he had Ijeea 
 present. His merits were noticed and pat- 
 I'onised by Guido and by Albano; and he 
 afterwards settled at Flqrence, Avhere he 
 married a painter's daughter. The sudden, 
 death of Ms wife, of whom he was knowa 
 to be very jealous, threw upon him the false 
 accusation of having murdered her ; in cow- 
 sequence of which calumny he entered into 
 the order oi" tlie Jesuits. He died 1676, 
 aged 55. 
 
 CouRTois, William, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was the pupil of Peter de Cortona, 
 and was patronised by Alexander VII. Hi-s 
 pieces were much admired, especially hb 
 battle of Joshua. He died 1673, aged 45, in 
 consequence of taking improper quack me- 
 dicines for the gout. 
 
 Cousi}.\ Jviim, a French painter, born at 
 Succy, near Sens, well skilled in mathemat- 
 ics. He wrote on geometry and perspec- 
 tive, and chiefly excelled in painting on glass. 
 Many beautiful specimens of his skill in paint- 
 ing exist in the churches of Sens and Paris, 
 and especially in St. Gervase's church. For 
 his eminence, he is called great. He was a 
 favorite with four kings; Henry II. Francis 
 II. Charles IX. and Henry III. He was liv- 
 ing in 1689 ; but the time of his death is un- 
 certain. 
 
 CotrsTON, Nicholas, sculptor to the 
 French king, was born at Lyons, and died 
 at Paris 1st May 1733, aged 75, member of 
 the academies of painting and sculpture. 
 He possessed great genius and a very delicate 
 taste. His pieces adyrn the palaces of Paris, 
 Versailles, and Marly. His Commodus in 
 the character of Hercules is particularly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 CousTON, William, brother to t-ie pre- 
 ceding, director of the academy of painting 
 and sculpture, died at Paris 22d Febfiiarr 
 
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 1746, aged 6Q. He was distinguished as an 
 able sculptor. He had a brother of the 
 same name, who died at Paris, 1746, aged 
 68, whose works were the mausoleum of 
 Dubois, and two groups of horses, at 
 Marly. 
 
 Co u ST ON, William, son of the last men- 
 tioned, improved himself by studying the 
 arts at Rome. He was rising into employ- 
 ment, and had just finished the mausoleum 
 of the dauphin, deposited in the cathedral of 
 Sens, when he died suddenly in July, 1777, 
 aged 61. His other works are the apotheosis 
 of Xavier — an Apollo — Venus and Mars, &c. 
 
 Couth ON, Geoi'ges, a native of Orsay, 
 in Auvergne, who was brought up to the 
 bar. At the revolution, he became member 
 of the national assembly and of the conven- 
 tion, and there displayed the most ferocious 
 and vindictive conduct. He lent all his pow- 
 ers to procure the destruction of the mon- 
 archy, and the disgrace and death of the 
 king ; and afterwards, as the friend and as- 
 sociate of Itobespierre, he recommended 
 the adoption of the most bloody and atro- 
 cious measures. In his zeal against crowned 
 heads, he proclaimed death to tyrants, and 
 peace to the cottage, and wished that kings 
 might no longer have an earth to support, 
 nor a sun to enlighten them. When sent as 
 deputy to Lyons, he struck with a hammer 
 the columns of the noblest edifices, exclaim- 
 ing, " Down, ye monuments of pride, I con- 
 demn you to destruction." His savage con- 
 duct was so well known, that when once com- 
 plaining of thirst, during a long debate in 
 the convention, one of the members observ- 
 ed, he ought to have a cup full of blood. 
 The fall of Robespierre, whose crimes he 
 had shared, was his own. He was guillotined 
 28th July 1794. Though of so ferocious a 
 heart, the features of his countenance were 
 mild and pleasing; but his body was deform- 
 ed, so that the convention permitted him to 
 sit while speaking. 
 
 CouvREUR, Adrianne le, a French ac- 
 tress, born at Fismes, in Champagne, 1690. 
 She first appeared in 1717, in the character 
 of Filectra, and was received with universal 
 applause. Her best character was Phaedra. 
 She died 20th March 1730. She was for 
 some time mistress to marshal Saxe, whom, 
 when reduced to distress in the acquisition 
 of his dukedom of Courland, she assisted 
 with a large sum of money raised upon her 
 jewels. 
 
 Coward, William, a medical writer, 
 born at Winchester, and educated there at 
 the college, and at Hart-hall, Oxford, from 
 which he was removed to Wadham. In 
 1680 he was chosen fellow of Merton, and 
 two years after he translated IDryden's Ab- 
 salom and Achitophel into Latin, which, 
 however, did not much contribute to his 
 lame, as it was surpassed by the rival trans- 
 lation of Atterbury. He took his medical 
 degrees in 1685 and 87, and after settling at 
 Northampton for some tijne, he i-emoved to 
 Londoa 1694. But not more devoted to 
 physical pursuits than literature, he soon 
 
 drew the public attention to his publication, 
 called Second thoughts concerning the hu- 
 man soul, in which, with great learning and 
 metaphysical kjiowledge, he united senti- 
 ments, which were repugnant to the opinions 
 of the best divines. Though he was a sincere 
 believer in the gospel, yet his ideas about the 
 immateriality and immortality of the soul, 
 drew upon him the censure of the public, 
 and he was ranked with Toland, Tindal, and 
 Gildon, as an enemy of the christian religion. 
 This work as well as his other book, called 
 the grand essay in defence of it, not only 
 drew the attacks of several writers, such as 
 Dr. Nichols, Broughton, and Turner, but 
 the animadversions of the house of com- 
 mons, who, on the 17th March 1704, voted 
 the books to be burned by the hands of the 
 common hangman, as containing doctrines 
 contrary to the church of England, and sub- 
 versive to the christian religion. Afterwards 
 Dr. Coward appUed himself to the pursuits 
 of his profession, and published his tract cal- 
 led Opthalmiatria, which appeared with the 
 approbation of Hans Sloane. From the per- 
 secution which attended his writings, it is 
 supposed that Dr. Coward removed from 
 London, as a hiatus occurs in his history, 
 for about twelve years. His heroic poem on 
 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, whether scepti- 
 tical or censorious, published about this 
 time, was Uttle attended to, and is how to- 
 tally unknown. His licentia poetica discus- 
 sed, appeared in 1709, but though inti'O- 
 duced with the poetical flattery of Aaron 
 Hill, of John Gay, and of Barklay, it pos- 
 sessed little merit, and found few admirers. 
 In 1718 Dr. Coward is mentioned in the 
 college of physicians' list, as residing at Ips- 
 wich, Avhere it is supposed he died about 
 1725. Though his writings no longer en- 
 gage attention, it must be acknowledged, 
 that he was not devoid of learning, judg- 
 ment, and abilities. Though sceptical in 
 his religious opinions, he still was exempla- 
 ry as a christian, and a firm believer in the 
 mercies offered to mankind by the gospel. 
 
 CowELL, John, an eminent civilian, born 
 at Ernsborough, Devon, 1554, anu educated 
 at Eton and King's college, Cambridge. He 
 became fellow of his college, professor of 
 civil law in the university, and master of 
 Trinity-hall. His Interpreter, was publish- 
 ed in 1607," in 4to. undertaken at the request 
 of Bancroft the archbishop. This hook dis- 
 playing great and extensive knowledge, for 
 some time remained uncensured, but at last, 
 it was observed that the author had spoken 
 with great freedom and severity of the com- 
 mon law, and of its professors, especially 
 Littleton, and had " disputed too nisely on 
 the mysteries of the monarchy," and assert- 
 ed that the monarch might make laws, with- 
 out the consent of parliament, and in con- 
 sequence of this, the house of commons 
 proceeded with great violence against him } 
 but James with becoming zeal interposed his 
 influence, and saved him from persecution. 
 After this Cowell retired to Cambridge, 
 where he underwent an operation for the 
 
CO 
 
 stone, M'hich proved fatal Utli Oct. 1611. 
 He was buried in Trinity-hall ehapel. He 
 wrote besides Institutes of the laws of Eng- 
 land—and a tract de regulis juris, which 
 last was never published. 
 
 Cowley, Abraham, an English x'oet, 
 born in Loudon 1618. He was educated at 
 Westminster school, and the accidental pe- 
 rusal of Spenser's works, so much roused 
 his poetical genius, that he published his 
 *' poetical blossoms," before he was removed 
 to the university. He entered at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, where he wi-ote some 
 poems, and planned the design of those mas- 
 cuhne pieces, Avhich have immortalized his 
 name. The loyalty of his sentiments, and the 
 noble independence of his conduct, howev- 
 er, proved displeasing to the republicans of 
 his college, and he was with some others 
 ejected from the university, and came to St. 
 John's college, Oxford, where he published 
 his satire of the Puritan and Papist. His 
 attachment to the royal cause, as well as his 
 literary merits recommended him to the no- 
 tice of the great; he was intimate witli lord 
 Falkland, and confidently engaged in tlie 
 king's service. During the civil wars, he 
 Avas settled in the duke of St. Alban's fami- 
 ly, and was absent from England about 10 
 or lii years, and during that time, perform- 
 ed some very dangerous journeys to Jersey, 
 Scotland, Flanders, Holland, and other pla- 
 ces, while he managed the correspondence 
 between the king and his consort, and 
 the various bodies of loyalists dispersed 
 through the kingdom. In 1656 he ventured 
 to come into England with great secrecy, 
 but he was arrested, though by mistake, 
 and was restored to liberty only by giving 
 bail for 1000/. After Cromwell's death he 
 returned to France, and at the restoration 
 he determined to retire to solitude and lear- 
 ned ease. His intentions were favored by 
 the liberality of the duke of Buckingham 
 and lord St. Alban's, who gave him an es- 
 tate, and the last eight years of his life were 
 spent in that comfortable retirement, which 
 he so much admired. He lived some time 
 atBarn-Elms, but as the situation was not 
 healthy, he removed toChertsey, where, in 
 consequence of exposing himself too long to 
 the cold air, he was attacked by a violent 
 defluxion and stoppage in his breast and 
 throat, which by being at first disregarded, 
 in a fortnight proved fatal. He died 28th 
 July 1667, aged 49, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey, near Chaucer and Spenser, 
 and a monument was erected to his honor, 
 by George duke of Buckingliam, 1675. 
 Cowley took his doctor's degi'ee in medicine 
 at Oxford, 1 657, and as it was under the re- 
 publican government, some have doubted 
 the sincei-ity of his attachment to the royal 
 cause, but his object was not of a political 
 nature. He wished to study medicine as a 
 science, and for that purpose a degree was 
 necessary. His books of plants were pub- 
 lished in 1662, and as he had employed him- 
 self not only in anatomical dissection, but to 
 the laborious consideration of simples, and 
 VOL. I. 49 
 
 •S/J CO 
 
 the deep researches of botany, his works oft 
 those subjects, are the thoughts of a master. 
 Besides the works already mentioned, he 
 published a new edition of his poems, mis- 
 cellanies — the Mistress — Piudaric odes — 
 Davideis — the Cutter of Coleman street, a 
 comedy, &c. Besides poems, he wrote in 
 prose, a proposition for the advancement of 
 experimental philosophy — and a discourse 
 on the government of Cromwell. Cowley i» 
 very respectable as a poet, and his verse 
 though sometimes uncouth and inelegant, 
 does not want fire and majesty. He aboun- 
 ded, as Addison observed, above all others 
 in genuine wit. Dr. Johnson places him at 
 the head of metaphysical poets. 
 
 CowPER, William, born at Pei'th, was 
 educated at Edinburgh, where he became 
 professor of philosophy. Though onginally 
 a strict presbjterian, he renoujiced liis sect, 
 and embracing the doctrines of the cburch, 
 was made bishop of Galloway, 1614. He 
 died three years after, aged 53. He was an 
 able divine. His works were printed in one 
 vol. folio, 
 
 CowPEU, William, D. D. youngest son 
 of earl Cow per, was born in London, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 After possessing some small living, he was 
 made dean of Durham, which beheld till his 
 death 177'2, in his 59th year. He wrote an able 
 treatise on geometry, besides eight sermons, 
 and an advice to a lady much esteemed. 
 
 CowPER, William, M. D. a physician of 
 reputation at Chester, who died 'iOth Oct. 
 1767. He published some antiquarian trea- 
 tises, and was preparing at the time of his 
 death, an history of Chester. 
 
 CowPER, William, a celebrated English 
 poet. He was the son of Dr. Cowper, chap- 
 lain to George II. and rector of Berkhamp- 
 stead, Hertfordshire, where he was bom 
 1731. He lost liis excellent mother when he 
 was only six years old, and after learning 
 the rudiments of language at Market-street 
 Hertfordshire, he removed to Westminster 
 school where he continued till his 18th year. 
 As the great nephew of chancellor Cowper, 
 he was marked for eminence in the law, and 
 after being for some time in the office of an 
 attorney, he entered at the Inner-temple, 
 and at the age of 31 he was appointed clerk 
 in the house of lords. This bonorable of- 
 fice his great timidity prevented him from 
 accepting, and when afterwards nominated 
 clerk of tlve journals, which seemed to re- 
 quire no personal attendance, his agitation 
 of mind became excessive when called upon, 
 at the bar of the house, on an unusual occa- 
 sion, to perform the duUes of his place, and 
 he resigned under the greatest depression of 
 spirits. Weakness of nerves, produced de- 
 bility of body and of mind, but by the friend- 
 ly attention of Dr. Cotton of St. Alban's, his 
 melancholy terrors gradually subsided, and 
 fi'om a dejected gloom he rose to the purer 
 use of his mental faculties and to the enjoy- 
 ment of rational conversation, and the cbeer- 
 
 g and serene understanding of the hopes 
 revelation, in 17C5 he settled at Hunl,- 
 
CO 
 
 s/^ 
 
 CO 
 
 ingdon, and became the friend and the inti 
 mate of Mr. Unwin, a neighboring clergy- 
 man, after whose unfortunate death, by a 
 fall from his howe in 1767, he retired to 
 Olney, Bucks, with his widow, whom he 
 regarded with ail the affection of a mother. 
 His time in retirement was spent, not only 
 in devotion but in literature, and he contri- 
 buted sixty-eight hymns to the collection 
 which his friend Mr. Newton the curate of 
 Olney, and an eloquent supporter of the 
 doctrine of Calvin, gave to the world. In 
 1782 he appeared himself before the public 
 by the publication of a volume of poems, 
 and in 1785 the general voice of approbation 
 was raised towards him on the appearance 
 of his second volume. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in a translation of Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyssey in blank, verse, and in the opinion 
 of some judges the work, though inferior to 
 the versification of Pope, possesses great 
 merit, and presents to the English reader a 
 more pleasing and perfect picture of the 
 great original. In 1786 he removed with 
 Mrs. Unwin to Weston, Northamptonshire, 
 and afterwards turned his thoughts to a life 
 of Milton, and to a complete edition of his 
 poems, and after he had made some little 
 progress he was introduced to Mr. Hayley, 
 who had been engaged on the same subject, 
 and thus arose an intercourse of friendship 
 which continued to the last period of life. 
 The poet had communicated so much plea- 
 sure and instruction to the world by the 
 sweetness of bis lines, and the pui'e pre- 
 cepts of morality and benevolence which ev- 
 ery where captivate the reader, that the 
 king honoi'ably bestowed upon him a pension 
 of 300^. per annum in 1794 ; but the compli- 
 ment, so flattering to a man of talents, and 
 so becoming the sovereign of an enlightened 
 nation, gave more satisfaction to his friends 
 than to himself The wretched poet was 
 again sunk into dejection and religious me- 
 lancholy, and l&w intervals of reason beamed 
 upon the afflicted mind of this amiable man. 
 For a while indeed he amused himself in 
 the revision of his Homer, but again I'elap- 
 sed into that depression of spirits which rob- 
 bed him of all the comforts and the serenity 
 of a reflecting mind. He died 25th April, 
 1800, at Dereham Norfolk, where a hand- 
 some monument In the church marks the 
 spot where his remains were deposited. In 
 exhibiting a story in poetical numbers Cow- 
 per possessed a peculiarly happy genius ; his 
 John Gilpin, which was related to him by 
 his friend lady Austin, to amuse him in a 
 tedious hour of melancholy, when conver- 
 ted into verse by his pen proved a most pop- 
 ular ballad, and has since continued to please 
 and amuse the nation. In his manners 
 though reserved he was pleasing, his eon- 
 versation was cheerful, and Mrs. Unwin, 
 lady Austin, lady Hesketh, and Mrs. Throg- 
 morton and others, were not only honored 
 with mai'ks of his friendship, but immoi'tali- 
 zed by the happy effusions of his delicate 
 and sportive muse. The singular subjects 
 of one of his best pieces was undertaken at 
 
 thft request of lady Austin, who called forth 
 his-powers of composition by bidding him 
 write, on a sofa. The sofa must be regar- 
 ded as a most valuable composition, and 
 though in that and in his other larger poem 
 The task, there is perhaps no well digested 
 plan or regular connection, the whole must 
 be considered as the effort of a great genius, 
 assisted by the feelings of a truly humane, 
 virtuous, and benevolent heart. An elegant 
 and pleasing account of the life and writings 
 of this extraordinary man has been publish- 
 ed by his friend Mr. Hayley. 
 
 Cox, Richard, an English prelate of mean 
 parentage, born at Whaddon, Bucks, about 
 1500. He was educated at Eton and King's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became a 
 fellow. He was invited by Wolsey , to form on e 
 of t.he chosen few, on his new foundation at 
 Oxford ; but after some time his open avow- 
 al of Luther's principles, rendered him ob- 
 noxious to the censures of the university, 
 and he was stripped of his offices and impri- 
 soned. Afterwards he was made master of 
 Eton school, and by the favor of his patron 
 and friend Cranmer, he was raised to the of- 
 fices of archdeacon and prebendary of Ely 
 and Lincoln, and of dean of Christ church. 
 As tutor to king EdAvard VI. he became a 
 great favorite at court, was made privy 
 counsellor, and chancellor of the university 
 of Oxford, canon of Windsor, and dean of 
 Westminster. During the bloody reign of 
 Mary he left England, and maintained on 
 the continent, his reputation for learning, 
 and for adhering to the protestant faith. 
 On Elizabeth's accession, he returned to 
 England, and gained such popularity by his 
 eloquence and zeal against popery, that hte 
 was raised to the see of El)', over which he 
 presided for 21 years. His opposition to the 
 catholics, drew upon him the resentment of 
 his enemies, aivd even the queen herself 
 shewed herself unfriendly to him. Exposed 
 to the persecution of chancellor Hatton, who 
 %vished to strip him of all his ecclesiastical 
 domains, he at last offered to resign his dig- 
 nities, provided that 200/. per annum were 
 allowed him, to support him in his retire- 
 ment and solitude. None, however, could 
 be found to succeed upon those disgraceful 
 terms, and he held the bishopric till his 
 death, 1581, in his 83d year. He was a great 
 advocate for the maiTiage of the clergy, and 
 he was the first who brought a wife to live in 
 a college. He wrote several theological 
 tracts, but he is chiefly known for the active 
 part which he took in the compilation of the 
 liturgy. The four gospels — the acts of the 
 apostles — and the epistle to the Romans, 
 were also translated by him, in the share 
 which he had in the bible, now called the Bi- 
 shops' bible. He was also concerned in the 
 compilation of Lily's grammar. 
 
 Cox, sir Richard, chancellor of Ireland, 
 was born at Brandon, county of Cork, 25th 
 March, 1650. Though left an orphan under 
 the age of three, he yet, under the protect- 
 ing care of his grandfather and of his uncle, 
 evinced great natural abilities. For three 
 
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 S/S 
 
 eR 
 
 years he practised as an attorney, but coming 
 to Gray's inn in 1671, he studied for the bar. 
 lu consequence of an early marriage, he had 
 a large family, and the cares which they 
 brought upon him, roused him from the ob- 
 scurity where for seven years he had been 
 lost as a farmer, and by the interest of sir 
 Robert Southwell, he was elected recorder 
 of Kinsale. He now practised with great 
 success in the laAv, but removing from the 
 convulsion which agitated the prolestants he 
 came to Bristol, where, from his many avo- 
 cations, he devoted himself to the completion 
 of his history of Ireland. At the revolution 
 he was made under secretary of state, after- 
 wards recorder of Waterford, in 1690 second 
 justice of the common pleas, and the next 
 Vear governor of the county and city of Cork, 
 in this singular character, uniting the office 
 of judge ^with military duties, he behaved 
 with great spirit and propriety, he was 
 knighted in 1692, and the next year made 
 chancellor of Ireland, and in 1706 created a 
 baronet. On the accession of George T. he 
 as well as some of the Irish judges, were re- 
 moved from office, but while he hoped to 
 spend the i*est of his life in literary and in- 
 dependent retirement, he found himself ex- 
 posed to the censures of the Irish parliament, 
 who, however, never proceeded further 
 against him. In April 1753, he was seized 
 with a fit of apoplexy, which ending in a palsy, 
 carried him off, the following 3d May, in his 
 84th year. He was esteemed not only as an 
 able lawyer, and impartial historian, but as 
 an humane and beneficent^ man. Besides his 
 Hiberrua-Anglicana in folio> he wrote an in- 
 quiry into religion, and the use of reason in 
 reference to it, 8vo. — an address to those of 
 tlie Roman communion in England, 12mo. 
 
 Cox, Leonard, a grammarian, born at 
 Monmouth, and educated at Cambridge. He 
 was for some time, and with great reputa- 
 tion, master of Reading school, after which 
 he travelled through France, Germany, Po- 
 land, and Hungary, where, as a teacher of 
 the learned languages, he acquired much 
 fame. He died at ("aerlton, Monmouthshire, 
 1549. He ^ rote some Greek and Latin trea- 
 tises, besidev a commentary on Lily's gram- 
 mar. 
 
 CoXETER, Thomas, born at Lechlade, 
 Glocestershire, Sept. 1689, entered at Trin- 
 ity college, Oxford, from whence he removed 
 to London, to study the law, but the death of 
 his patron sir John Cook in 1710, overturned 
 liis hopes of high distinction. Left without 
 any plan to pursue, he became the friend 
 and companion of authors and booksellers, 
 and began to make a curious collection of 
 old plays. He proposed to write the bio- 
 graphy of the old English poets, but did not 
 proceed far in the work. He gave in 1739 a 
 new edition of Baily's life of bishop Fisher, 
 and circulated proposals for publishing an- 
 cient plays, a plan which was afterwards 
 adopted by Dodsley. He was in 1737 secre- 
 tary to a society for the encouragement of 
 English history, under whose auspices Carte's 
 history of England, first volume, appeared. 
 He died April l«tk 1749, aged 59. 
 
 Coxis, Michael, a painter of Mechlin, 
 who died 1592, aged 95. His imitations of 
 Raphael are greatly admired, as well as his 
 designs. 
 
 Coyer, I'Abbe Gabriel Francis, a French 
 writer who was born at Baumelles Nones, 
 Franche Comte and died at Paris July 18th 
 1782, in an advanced age. Originally a Jes- 
 uit, he abandoned the order, and lived by his 
 pen. His works possess vivacity, ease, and 
 wit. He wrote Bagatelles morales, — the 
 history of John Sobeiski 3 vols. 12mo. — tra- 
 vels in Italy and Holland, 2 vols. — observa- 
 tions on England, — treatise on preaching, 
 and on public education, besides a translation 
 of Blaekstone's commentaries. 
 
 CoYPEL, Charles Atithony, a celebrated 
 painter, who died at Paris, his native city, 
 1752, aged 58. He was painter to the duke 
 of Orleans and to the king, and by his amiable 
 manners and extensive endowments he de- 
 served and enjoyed the friendship of the great. 
 Hewasauthorof some theatrical pieces, which 
 were performed in private theatres, and he 
 also composed several dissertations on paint- 
 ing, and some academical lectui-es. He was 
 very charitable, and for his many virtues was 
 highly esteemed by the duke of Orleans. 
 He erected a preparatory school at Pans 
 for students before they went to Rome, and 
 he also projected the exhibition of the pic- 
 tures in the Luxemburg gallery. His father 
 Anthony, who died in 1722, aged 61, was also 
 an eminent artist, and painter to the king, 
 and his grandfather Noel had been equally 
 celebrated a^ Paris, and at Rome where he 
 was director of the French academy of 
 
 painting. He died 1707, aged 79. Noel 
 
 Nicholas, the son of Noel, was also known 
 not only as a painter of fine church pieces, 
 but as an able professor in the academy. He 
 died 1735, aged 43. 
 
 CoYSEvox, Anthony, a French sculptor, 
 born at Lyons. He died 1720, aged 80, chan- 
 cellor and regent of the academy of painting 
 and sculpture. Versailles was embellished 
 by the finest of his pieces. At Marly his 
 Neptune and Amphitrite, and at the chui'ch 
 of St. Eustachius the statue of Colbert, are 
 likewise fine specimens of his great powers. 
 
 CoYTiER, James, physician to Lewis 
 XI. of France, is remarkable for the great 
 ascendancy which he obtained over the su- 
 perstition and timidit)' of that monarch, who 
 seemed greatly tei'rified at the thought of 
 death. This influence he artfully exerted 
 to advance his interests and those of his 
 family. 
 
 CozzA, Francesco, a painter, born at Pa- 
 lermo in Sicily. He was puj)il to Uomini- 
 chino, and eminent in fresco and in oil paint- 
 ing, and employed himself in several of the 
 great works which adorn Rome, where he 
 died 1664. 
 
 Craasbeck, Joseph van, a painter boinn 
 at Brussels, 1608. He died 1668. He was 
 pupil to Brouwer, and chiefly excelled ia 
 vulgar scenes, where he represented drunk- 
 enness and ale-house quarrels with great 
 spirit. 
 
 Crab, Roger, a« English hermit, born in 
 
CR 
 
 S/e 
 
 CR 
 
 Buckinghamshire in t!ie begimiiiig of tlie 
 I6t;h cenliiry. He left his occupation of 
 hatlei', and vvitli a mind influeue*ed by fanati- 
 cism and the love of siugahirity, he disposed 
 of his property, and distributed it to the 
 poor, and building a small hut at Ickman 
 near Uxbridge, he lived there in great aus- 
 terity. His reputation for sanctity and ab- 
 stinence was such that he was visited by many 
 respectable persons, who consulted him as a 
 seer and propljet. He is said to have fore- 
 told the restoration, and the elevation of the 
 house of Orange to the British throne. 
 
 Crabb, Habakkuk, an eminent dissenter, 
 born at Wattisfield, Sufiblk, and educated 
 under Dashworth at Daventry. He officiated 
 as minister at Stowmarket, and afterwards 
 at Cirencester, and then joined his brother- 
 in-law Fenner in the care of a school at the 
 Devizes. On the death of his friend the 
 veil known Thomas Hanmer, he was invited 
 by his congregation, but his principles were 
 not appreciated with thatlibei-ality which he 
 expected in his native place ; and as being 
 accused of departing from the faith of the 
 dissenters, lie retired from his ministry to 
 Royston, where the loss of his wife added 
 to other disappointments brought on a ner- 
 vous fever which hurried him to his grave, 
 two years after his wife, Dec. 25th 1795. 
 He left several manuscript sermons, some 
 of which have been published. He was a 
 repectable man, and for 45 years a very ex- 
 emplaiy character, who while he dissented 
 from the church, yet respected the opinions 
 of his neighbors, and preached religion with- 
 out disseminating faction. 
 
 Craddock, Samuel, rector of North 
 Cadbury, Somersetshire, was ejected for 
 nonconformity in 1662. He was a respecta- 
 ble man, and his principal works display 
 considerable ability. He published the his- 
 tory of the Old and New testament — the 
 apostolical history — the harmony of the four 
 gospels, &c. He died Oct. 7th 1706, aged 86. 
 
 Craddock, Luke, a painter of great 
 natural genius. His birds were greatly ad- 
 mired, and rose in value to three or four 
 times their original price, after his death. 
 He work,ed generally for dealers, and refus- 
 ed to employ his pencil for the great, ob- 
 serving that they restrained his fancy. He 
 died 1717, and was buried in St. Mary's 
 Whitechapel. 
 
 Craig, Nicholas, a learned Dane. He 
 was born at Ripen in 1541, and w^as regent of 
 the school at Copenhagen in 1576. He died 
 1602, aged 61. He was engaged by the king 
 of Denmark in some important negotiations, 
 ■which he fulfilled with great credit and satis- 
 faction. He wrote a learned book on the 
 republic of the Lacedemonians, reprinted 
 at Leyden, 1670, 8vo. besides the annals of 
 Denmark in six books, reprinted at Copen- 
 hagen in 1737, folio. 
 
 Craig, sir Thomas, a learned Scotch 
 lawyer, born at Edinburgh, 1548, where he 
 died 1608. He acquired eminence at the 
 bar. He is well known for his ** Jus Feu- 
 dale," a learned work universally admired. 
 
 He wrote also a treatise on the sovereigrity 
 of Scotland, and in another work proved the 
 legality of James's succession to the English 
 crown. 
 
 Craig, James, a Scotch divine, born at 
 Gifford, Eftst Lothian, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh. He was much admired as a popular 
 preacher. He diet! at Edinburgh 1744, aged 
 62. He published 3 vols, of sermons, chiefly 
 on the heads of Christianity, besides 2 vols, 
 of divine poems much esteemed. 
 
 Craig, John, a Scotch mathematician, 
 who became known by his " theologiae 
 christians principia mathematica," in 36 
 pages 4to, printed at London 1699, and re- 
 printed at Leipsic 1755. In this small work 
 he entertains curious reveries, and attempts 
 to prove, by mathematical calculation, that 
 the christian religion will last only 1454 
 years from the date of his book. This work 
 was refuted by the abbe Houteville, in his 
 christian religion proved by facts. He had 
 also a dispute with J. Bernouillion the quad- 
 rature of carved Hnes, and curvilinear fig- 
 ures, and also on an algebraic question, in 
 which he acknowledged, very candidly, in 
 the philosophical transactions, the fallacy of 
 his own suppositions. 
 
 Craig, William, a Scotch divine, born at 
 Glasgow, Feb. 1709, and educated at the 
 university there. Early devoted to the pur- 
 suits of classical literature, and highly sensi- 
 ble of their beauty and simplicity, he with 
 the approbation of his friends Clerk and 
 Hutcheson, transfused their most striking 
 passages, not only into his conversation, but 
 his pulpit oratory, which was solemn, ele- 
 gant, and correct. The popularity of his 
 I)reaching recommended him to the notice 
 of Mr. Lockhart of Cambusnethan, who 
 presented him to that parish. After refusing 
 the honorable invitations of some other pat- 
 rons, he at last removed to Glasgow, where, 
 in the circle of his friends, and in the midst 
 of an applauding audience at St. Andrew's 
 church, he pursued his ministerial career 
 with earnestness, animation, and success. 
 Though some of his cotemporaries preferred 
 to hear the abstruse tenets of speculative 
 theology, and all its mystei'ious doctrines, 
 enlarged upon in the pulpit, he applied him- 
 self to bring home to his hearers their du- 
 ties, and the knowledge of their character, 
 according to the precept and the example of 
 the great Saviour. Mr. Craig was sensibly 
 affected by the death of his wife, 1758, with 
 whom he had lived happily 16 yeai's, and 
 though afterwards he married again, he 
 never recovered his wonted spirits. The 
 death of his second wife and of his eldest 
 son increased his dejection, and he at last 
 sunk gradually into the grave, 1783, aged 
 75. 
 
 Crackanthorp, Richard, was born at 
 Strickland, Westmoreland, and educated at 
 Queen's cellege, Oxford. He was an elo- 
 quent preacher, well acquainted with divin- 
 ity, and much admired by the puritans. 
 He went as chaplain to an embassy to the 
 emperor, and afterwjirds was presented f5 
 
CR 
 
 the rectory of Braintree in Essex. He died 
 in 1624, at his rectory of Black-Notley. His 
 works are Justinian defended against Baro- 
 jiius — a defence of Constantine — a treatise 
 on the 5th general council, &c. — five books 
 of logic — a defence of the Anglicim church, 
 &c. 
 
 Cramer, John Frederic, a learned pro- 
 fessor at Duisburg, resident for the king of 
 Prussia at Amsterdam, died at the Hague, 
 1715. He was well skilled in civil law, lan- 
 guages, and medallic history. He translated 
 Fuft'endorf's introduction to history, and 
 wrote vindicise nominis Germanici contra 
 gal I OS, &c. 
 
 Cramer, Gabriel, an able mathematician, 
 born at Geneva 1094. He was the pupil of 
 John Bernouilli, and became known over 
 Europe for his great skill in mathematics. 
 He desti'oyed his health by excessive appli- 
 cation, and died at the baths of Languedoc 
 in 1752. He published some works^ besides 
 an edition of the two IJernouilli's works, 
 published 6 vols. 4to. 1643. 
 
 Cramer, Nicholas, a Flemish painter, 
 who died 1710, aged 40. His pieces are 
 much admired for taste and correctness. 
 
 Cramer, Daniel, a native of Beltz in 
 Brandenburg, professor of eloquence at 
 Wittemberg, and afterwai'ds dean and con- 
 sistical professor at Stellen, where he died 
 1598, aged 30, He was an able divine, and 
 wrote also on the logic and metaphysics of 
 Aristotle — scholse propheticte — arbor he- 
 reticsB consangiiinitates, &c. 
 
 Cramer, John James, a native of Elgg, 
 professor of the oriental languages at Zurich, 
 and afterwanls at Herborn, where he also 
 filled the chair of divinity and ecclesiastical 
 liistory. He wrote exercitationes de ara ex- 
 teriori secundi templi, 4to. — theologia Is- 
 raelis, 4to. — and died 1702, aged 29. His 
 brother John Rodolphus, Hebrew and di- 
 vinity professor at Zurich, and dean of the 
 college of the cannons, was author of some 
 valuable works on Hebrew antiquities, dis- 
 sertations, harangues. Sec. He died at Zu- 
 rich 1737, aged 59. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a native of 
 Quedlinburg, who first reduced the art of 
 assaying in metallurgy into a system, and 
 wrote on it elementa artis docimasticie, 8vo. 
 1739. He wrote besides, elements on metal- 
 lurg)', 2 vols, folio — introduction to t]\e care, 
 &c. of forests, with a description of the 
 method of burning charcoal, &c. 1766, fol. 
 He died near Dresden, 1777, aged 67. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a German wri- 
 ter, who, after studying at Leipsie, and giv- 
 ing public lectures, and editing a weekly pa- 
 per called the Guardian spirit, removed 
 1754 to Copenhagen, as chaplain to the 
 court. He was made professor of divinity 
 1765 ; but the disgrace of Struensee was fa- 
 tal to his fortunes for a while, yet though 
 dismissed, he was again recalled from Lu- 
 hec, M'here lie had taken refuge, and he di- 
 ed divinity professor at Kiel 1788, aged 65. 
 He was not only an able divine, but a poet of 
 considerable merit. Besides a spirited ver- 
 
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 sion of the psalms, odes, and other poems, 
 he wrote the life of Gellert, sermons, mis- 
 cellanies, &c. and translated the best part of 
 Chrysostom into German, and Bossuet's 
 universal history, with dissertations. 
 
 Crane, Thomas, a nonconformist, born 
 at Plymouth, and educated at Exeter col- 
 lege, Oxford. Cromwell gave him the living 
 of Itumpesham in Dorsetshire, from which 
 he was ejected in 1662. He died 1714. He 
 published a treatise on divine providence. 
 
 Cranius, Luca, a painter of Bamberg, 
 who died 1553, aged 83. His pieces though 
 once adraii'ed, are now no longer esteemed. 
 His son imitated his manner of painting, and 
 <lied 1586, aged 76. 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Aslacton, Nottingham- 
 shire, 1489. He was educated at Jesus col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he became a fel- 
 low. By his marriage he lost his fellowship, 
 but recovered it in consequence of the early 
 death of his wife in childbed, and he took his 
 degree of D. D. in 1523. The freedom and 
 ubility with which he canvassed the king's 
 marriage with his brother's widow, recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the court, anfl 
 Henry soon employed his abiUties in defence 
 of his views. Cranmer went to Rome with 
 the book which he had written in support of 
 the invalidity of the king's marriage, and 
 oflered to dispute, with any ecclesiastic 
 whom the Roman pontiff might appoint, but 
 the challenge was not accepted. He now 
 continued in Germany as ambassador from 
 the king, and he married a second wife, a 
 niece of Osiander at Xuremburg. Upon the 
 death of Warham he was raised to the va- 
 cant see of Canterbury, but without ac- 
 knowledging the pope's supremacy ; and two 
 months after. May 1533, he pronounced the 
 divorce between Henry an(- queen Catba- 
 rine of Arragon, and married the king to 
 Anne Boleyn. Thus at war with the author- 
 ity of the pope, he began earnestly to labor 
 for the advancement of the reformation, by 
 the translation of the bible into Enghsh, and 
 by inveighing against the vices and the usur- 
 pation of the court of Rome. In 1536 he 
 divorced Henry from Anne Boleyn, but 
 though seemingly the favorite of tl>e king, 
 he boldly opposed his measures for the con- 
 fiscation of all the monasteries into the roy- 
 al treasury, whilst he wished to convert 
 those immense spoils for the a<lvancement 
 of literature and religion by the appoint- 
 ment of readers of divinity of Greek and 
 Hebrew in every cathedral in the kingdom. 
 After the death of Cromwell, he retired 
 from public affairs, but his influence was 
 such, that he procured the passing of laws, 
 for the promotion of true religion, and the 
 modification of the six articles, which prov- 
 ed so obnoxious to the clergy. His enemies, 
 however, were not silent in these times of 
 popish intrigue and corruption, and the 
 commons, as well as the privy council, se- 
 verally reprobated his conduct, till Henry 
 interposed, and saved him from further 
 prosccutJou. At the king's death, he was 
 
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 one of the regents of the kingdom, and ex- 
 ecutors of his will, and he crowned Edward 
 "VI. whose godfather he was. He now la- 
 bored assiduously in the reformation. The 
 homilies were composed, and some by Cran- 
 iner himself ; the six offensive articles Mere 
 repealed, the communion was given in both 
 kinds, the oiRces of the church were revi- 
 sed, the visitation of the clergy regularly 
 enforced, and the book of common-prayer 
 •was completed and established by law. The 
 elevation of Mary to the throne, now threat- 
 ened Cranmer with persecution. Though 
 he originally opposed the views of lady Jane 
 Gray, he now espoused her cause, and the 
 successful queen, imitated at his conduct, 
 and perhaps more at his consequence among 
 the protestants, summoned him before the 
 council, and soon after he was sent to the 
 tower. He was attainted for high treason 
 Nov. 3d, 1553, and found guilty, but at his 
 earnest solicitation, he was pardoned for the 
 treason, and arraigned by his persecutors 
 for heresy. He was removed in April 1554, 
 ■with Ridley and Latimer, to Oxford, to dis- 
 pute and make his defence before popish 
 commissioners; but on the refusal of him- 
 self, and his venerable friends Co subscribe 
 to popery, they were condemned as here- 
 tics. In Sept. 1555 he was again arraigned 
 in St. Mary's, Oxford, of blasphemy, per- 
 jury, incontinency, and heresy ; and while 
 they pretended to summon him to Korae, 
 to make his defence »within 80 days, they 
 secretly determined his execution. Cran- 
 mer, though firm to his faith, yet yielded 
 before the terrors of death, and in a mo- 
 jnent of weakness and despair, he was pre- 
 vailed to sign his recantation, and to reim- 
 brace popery. But notwithstanding this 
 concession, his enemies resolved to commit 
 him to the flames, and when he was brought 
 to St. Mary's church in order to make a 
 profession of his faith, he surprised his per- 
 secutors, by an awful appeal to heaven and 
 their consciences, and by a solemn renunci- 
 ation of the tenets he had lately, in a mo- 
 ment of error, embraced, emphatically ex- 
 claiming, "that, that one thing alone wrung 
 his heart, and that the hand which had false- 
 ly signed the dishonorable deed, should first 
 perish in the flames." This manly conduct 
 surprised and enraged his enemies, he was 
 immediately dragged over against Baliol col- 
 lege, where, standing in his shirt, and with- 
 out shoes, he was fastened to the stake. 
 The fire was soon kindled, and the venera- 
 ble martyr stretching his right hand into the 
 flames, exclaimed, *' this hand hath offend- 
 ed, this unworthy hand." His miseries were 
 soon over, and his last words were, *'Loi'd 
 Jesus receive my spirit." This happened 
 21st March 155G, in his 67th year. Cran- 
 mer, as the great promoter of the reforma- 
 tion, is deservedly respected ; but his learn- 
 ing, his perseverance, and his zeal, are not 
 more remarkable than the integrity of his 
 heart, the gentleness of his disposition, and 
 the humane virtues of his character. He pat- 
 lonjsc.d learned men ; under his protection. 
 
 Bucer and Fagius settled at Cambridge, and 
 Peter Martyr at Oxford, and John a Lasco, 
 Ochinus, Tremellius, and others, were en- 
 abled to advance the interests of science and 
 of religion. His works were chiefly on the 
 religion and the controversies of the time, 
 and besides 26 difterent publications, which 
 are mentioned as written by him, there are 
 some manuscripts preserved in the king's li- 
 brary purchased for 50/. besides those m the 
 Cotton collection, and other private reposi- 
 tories. 
 
 Crapone, Adam, a native of Salon, 
 known for the canal which still bears his 
 name, which he formed between Aries and 
 the Durance. He had projected the canal 
 of Languedoc, which was afterwards finished 
 by Lewis XIV. He was poisoned through 
 envy at Nantes, in his 40th year, 1598. 
 
 Chashaw, Richard, an English poet, 
 born in London, and educated at the Char- 
 ter house, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge. 
 He was afterwards fellow of Peterhouse, but 
 was ejected during the rebellion, for deny- 
 ing the covenant, and soon after was conver- 
 ted, or as Pope says out-witted, to the cath- 
 olic faith. He went to Paris in quest of pre- 
 ferment, but his distresses and poverty be- 
 came very great, till the benevolence of 
 Cowley not only relieved him, but recom- 
 mended him to queen Henrietta. By her 
 influence he went over to Italy, and Mas 
 made secretary to an Italian cai'dinal, and 
 soon after obtained a canonry in the church 
 of Loretto, where he died 1650. He was an 
 excellent scholar, well acquainted %vith He- 
 brew, Greek, Latin, Italian, and Spanish. 
 He wrote Steps to the temple, — the delights 
 of the muses, — carmen Deo nostro, &c. 
 He is best known by the encomiums of 
 Pope, who not only admired his poetry, but 
 borrowed some passages from it. An edi- 
 tion o4' his works appeared 1785. 
 
 Crasso, Lawrence, baron of Pianura, 
 wrote an history of the Greek poets 1678, 
 commended by the Italians, tut severely- 
 censured by the French. He also publish- 
 ed the eulogiums of the literati of Venice, 
 two vols. 4to. 1666. 
 
 Crassus, Lucius LicinJus, a Roman ora- 
 tor, greatly commended by Cicero. He di- 
 ed about 92 B. C. 
 
 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, one of the 
 triumvirs with J. Csesar, and Pompey, was 
 surnamed the rich. His wish to increase 
 his opulence by the conquest of Parthia 
 proved his ruin. He was defeated and killed 
 in Syria B.C. 53. ^ 
 
 Crates, a philosopher, B. C. 328. He 
 was disciple to Diogenes the cynic, and pri- 
 ded himself on his poverty, and the mean- 
 ness of his behavior. 
 
 Crates, an academic philosopher of 
 Athens B. C. 272. 
 
 Cratesipolis, a queen of Sicyon, cel- 
 ebrated for her valor after the death of her 
 husband Alexander B. C. 314. 
 
 Cratinus, a poet of Athens, who 
 Avrote 21 plays, &c. He died B. C. 431, 
 aged 97. 
 
 Cratippus, an Athenian philosopher. 
 
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 CR 
 
 best kno^yn as the instructor of Cicero's 
 son. 
 
 Crato or de Craftheim, John, a 
 native of Breslaw, physician to the empe- 
 ror Ferdinand I. Besides medical tracts, 
 he wrote some poems ; and as he was in- 
 timate witli Luther, the little work called 
 Luther's tahle-talk, has been extracted from 
 his writings. He died 1585 at Breslaw 
 aged 66. 
 
 Crawford, David, a Scotch lawyer, 
 born atDrumsoy 1665, He was made his- 
 toriographer of Scotland by queen Anne, 
 and devoting himself to his favorite study of 
 historical antiquities, he published memoirs 
 of Scotland, dui'ing the times of the four re- 
 gents — a peerage, in folio, — the history of 
 the royal family of Stuart, — and a descrip- 
 tion of the country of lienfrew. He wrote 
 besides the life of Guithery bishop of Dun- 
 keld, and began the history of Scottish af- 
 fairs. He died in his native place 1726, aged 
 61. 
 
 Crawford, William, a divine, born at 
 Kelso, and educated at Edinburgh. In 1711 
 he opposed vigorously the sett^lement of min- 
 isters by presentations, in which he was sup- 
 ported by some of the clergy. He died 1742, 
 aged 66. He wrote " dying thoughts," be- 
 sides sermons, pubUshed 2 vols. 12rao. 
 
 Crayer, Caspar de, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp in 1585. He studied under Ra- 
 phael Coxis, whom he soon surpassed in the 
 boldness of genius, and in the graceful exer- 
 tion of his pencil. His portrait of cardinal 
 Ferdinand, brother to the king of Spain, 
 was so exquisitely finished a performance, 
 that the monarch sent the artist a golden 
 chain, and a medal, and settled a handsome 
 pension upon him. He was greatly esteem- 
 ed by llubens and by Vandyck. Thovigh he 
 ■was indefatigable in his application he lived 
 to a great age, supported by constant tem- 
 perance and regularity. Though chiefly he 
 excelled in portrait painting, yet his histori- 
 cal pieces are much admired. His centurion 
 alighting from his horse to prostrate himself 
 at the feet of Christ, was seen with undis- 
 guised approbation by Rubens, and is admi- 
 red as a masterly performance. He died 
 1669. 
 
 Crebillon, Pi-osper Joliot de, a French 
 tragedian ranked next after Corneille and 
 Racine, was born at Dijon 1674. He origin- 
 ally studied the law, but the impetuosity of 
 his passions thwarted the views of his friends, 
 and at last he produced a tragedy which 
 met with applause, and encouraged him in 
 the career of a theatrical writer. He mar- 
 vied, but in consequence of it, lost his fath- 
 er's protection, who disinherited him, though- 
 the cruel will was revoked on his death-bed. 
 In 1711 Crebillon lost his wife, whose death 
 he feelingly deplored, and he long contin- 
 ued, like most men of letters, exposed to 
 distress and poverty, till a place in the 
 French academy and the office of police cen- 
 sor rendered his circumstances affluent. He 
 lived to a great age, highly respected and 
 admired for his virtues, as well as literary 
 
 abilities. He died 1762, aged 88. Being ask- 
 ed one day which of his productions he 
 thought best ; " I do not know," says he, 
 " which is the best ; but this (pointing to his 
 son) is certainly my worst." His best plays 
 are his Atreus, Electra, and Rliadamistus. 
 
 Crebillon, Claude Prosper Joliot de, 
 son of the preceding was born at Paris, Feb- 
 ruary 12th 1707, and died there 12th April 
 1777. He is known as a writer of novels, 
 some of which are licentious and immoral. 
 His works were collected in 11 vols. 12mo. 
 1779. Crebillon might be called the Petro- 
 nius of France, as his father was denomin- 
 ated the ^schylus. The father says d'AI- 
 embert, "paints in the blackest colors the 
 crimes and wickedness of man, whilst the 
 son draws with a delicate and just pencil the 
 refinement, the shades, and even the graces 
 of our vices." Crebillon was censor royal. 
 Though he lived in friendly terms with his 
 father, yet he highly displeased him for a 
 little time by his marriage with an English 
 woman. 
 
 Credi, Lorenzo di, an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence. He died 1530, aged 78. 
 He studied under Verochio, where da Vinci 
 was a pupil with him. 
 
 Creech, Thomas, an English poetical 
 translator, born near Sherborne, Dorset, and 
 educated at Sherborne, and Wadham college 
 Oxford. He distinguished himself by his 
 classical learning, and his translation of Lu- 
 cretius rendered him so I'espectable that he 
 was elected fellow of All-souls. In 1701 he 
 was presented by his college toWelwyn rec- 
 tory in Herts, but before he went to reside 
 on his living, he put a period to his existence 
 at Oxford. The causes of this unfortunate 
 event are not known. Some say that the 
 contemptuous treatment which he received 
 from a woman, with whom he was in love, 
 so stung him that he hanged himself in his 
 study, where three days after he was found; 
 but Jacob ascribes his death to the raorose- 
 ness of his temper. Besides his LucretiUs, 
 he translated Horace in 1684, and turne(l 
 the satires to our own times, observing that 
 Rome was now rivalled in her vices, and 
 that parallels for hypocrisy, profaneness, 
 avarice, and the like, were easy to be found. 
 jHis inferior works are translations of Theoc- 
 ritus, some of Ovid's epistles, the ISth satire 
 of Juvenal, the lives of Solon, Pelopidas, and 
 Cleomenes, from Plutarch, and of Pelopidas, 
 from Cornelius Nepos, kc. On his father's 
 monument he is called the learned, much 
 admired, and much envied Mr. Creech. 
 
 Crell, Lewis Christian, a native of Neii- 
 stadt, -who studied atLeipsic, and there ob- 
 tained the rectory of St. Nicholas' school, 
 and the philosophy professorship. He wrote 
 de civis innocentis in manus hostium ad ner- 
 vum traditione — de Scythala Lacocicft — de 
 providentia Dei in regibus constituendis, 
 &c.— and died 1735, aged 64. 
 
 Crellius, John, a Socinian, born near 
 Nuremberg, 1590. As his opinions were not 
 tolerated in his own country, he settled in 
 Poland 1612, where he became proffcssor to 
 
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 CR 
 
 the unitarians. He died at Racovia of an ep- 
 idemic fever in his 43d year. He was a man 
 of very extensive learning. He wrote among 
 other things several tracts upon the new tes- 
 tament, and an answer to Grotius' book de 
 satisfactione Christi, against Socinus, which 
 <jrotius treated with respect, and acknow- 
 ledged to be drawn up with moderation. His 
 works form two vols, folio. 
 
 Cremonini, Caasar, an Italian philoso- 
 pher, who was born at Cento in the Mode- 
 uese, and died at Padua of the plague at the 
 age of 80, IfiSO. He was professor at Ferra- 
 ra and Padua, and he publi^)ed several 
 works in Italian on philosophy, in support of 
 the doctrines of Aristotle, in which lie main- 
 tained the materiality of the soul. 
 
 Crenius, Thomas a native of Branden- 
 burg, corrector of the press at Rotterdam 
 .•ind Leydeii. He died at Leyden 17'28, aged 
 89. His writings, which are in Latin, are 
 very numerous, and chiefly on philological 
 subjects. 
 
 Creq_ui, Charles de, prince deFoix, duke 
 de Lesdiguieres, was marshal and peer of 
 Fi-ance, and distinguished himself by his duel 
 -with don Philippin, bastard of Savoy, to 
 whom in the first encounter he granted his 
 life, but slew in the second. His valor was 
 displayed against the Spaniards ut the relief 
 at Ast and Verrue, at the taking of Pignerol 
 and the Maurienne, and at the battle of 
 TheSin. He was killed by a cannon ball at 
 the siege of Bremen 16.)S, in his 60th year. 
 He was also an able and eloquent negotiator, 
 as these verses made on his death aftirm : 
 Qiiiftdt eloquii fiiimen, qidfiiimen inarmisi 
 
 Adjtnmen, Martis,fmnine, clams obit. 
 He married successively two daughters of 
 the constable de Lesdiguieres, by the first of 
 whom only he had children. 
 
 Or EQ_u I, Francis de, great ' grand-son of 
 the foregoing, was marshal of France, and a 
 man of hei'oic courage. Though defeated in 
 1675 near Consarbrick on the Same, he flew 
 to the relief of Treves, and chose rather to 
 surrender at discretion than capitulate. In 
 the campaigns of 1677 and 1678, he display- 
 ed prodigies of valor. He defeated the duke 
 of Lorraine at Kochersberg, took Friburg, 
 pursued his dispirited enemies towards Of- 
 femburg, and burnt the bridge ofStrasburg. 
 He took Luxemburg in 1684, and died three 
 years after, February 4th, 1687, aged 63. 
 He was commander of the gallies since 1661. 
 
 Crescens, a cynic philosopher, who at- 
 tacked the Christians, and prevailed upon 
 the people to put Justin to death, because 
 he had refuted his opinions, in the second 
 century. 
 
 CrEscembeni, John Maria, an Italian 
 born at Maurata in Ancona 1663. He was 
 founder of the celebrated Arcadian academy 
 for the reformation of learning, taste, and 
 criticism. He was Its first director in 1690, 
 and continued so till his death 1728. He 
 was eminent both as a poet and a prose wri- 
 ter. His chief works arc a valuable history 
 of Italian poetry, reprinted six vols, 4to. 
 Venice 1731 — and an history of the acade> 
 
 my of Arcadia, with anecdotes of its mem- 
 bers, seven vols. 4to. history of vulgar po- 
 etry, &c. seven vols. 4to. 
 
 Crescentius, Peter de, a native of Bou- 
 logne in the l4th century, who, to avoid the 
 troubles of his country, ti-avelled for 30 years 
 as a law practitioner. On his return he pub- 
 lished his valuable work on agriculture, cal- 
 led opus ruraliura commodorum, dedicated 
 to Charles H. of Sicily. The best edition is 
 Gesner's, Leipsic 1735. It has been trans- 
 lated into various languages. 
 
 CreoPI, Daniel, a Bolognese painter Avho 
 died 1630, aged 38. His portraits have 
 great merit, and especially his church pain- 
 tings. 
 
 Crespi, Guiseppe, Maria, a painter of 
 Bologna, who died 1747, aged 82. His meth- 
 od of painting was in a darkened room, with 
 a few rays from the sun or from the light of 
 a flambeau, by which he gave greater vivaci- 
 ty to his subjects, and a more judicious dis- 
 tribution of light and shade. 
 
 Cressy, Hugh Paulin, an English divine, 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, and educated 
 there and at Oxford, where he became fellow 
 of Merton college. He was chaplain to Tho- 
 mas lord Wentworth, and afterwards to Lu- 
 cius lord Falkland in Ireland, from whom 
 he obtained the deanery of LaughUn, atid a 
 canonry of Windsor, which however he nev- 
 er enjoyed. After the death of Falkland 
 he travelled with Bertie afterwards lord 
 Falmouth ; but in Italy, listening to the per- 
 suasions of the catholics, he became a con- 
 vert, and made a public profession of his 
 faith at Rome 1646. From Rome he came 
 to Paris, and was taken under the protection 
 of queen Henrietta, and afterwards retired 
 to the college of Douay, where he changed his 
 name to Serenus de Cressey, and during 
 seven years' residence published several A'al- 
 uable and laborious works. At the restora- 
 tion he came to England, and was chaplain 
 to queen Catharine, and resided in Somer- 
 set-house, Strand. Though a catholic he 
 was however respected universally, as he 
 never interfered with the intrigues and pol- 
 itics of the times. His pen indeed was fre- 
 quently engaged in the defence of his faith, 
 but whilst his friends considered him as their 
 ablest champion, the protestanta respected 
 him as a learned, judicious, and candid wri- 
 ter. His attack on one of Stillingfleet's 
 works raised against liim the censures of 
 his old friend Clarendon, whom he answered 
 with spirit but moderation. The unpopular- 
 ity of popery at last induced him to spend 
 the last period of his life away from the 
 capital, and he retired to East Grinstead in 
 Sussex, where he died soon after, 10th of Au- 
 gust 1674, aged 70. His mild, humane, and 
 humble deportment had endeared him to all 
 ranks of people. The most known and val- 
 uable of his works is his ecclesiastical history, 
 of which only one volume was published, as 
 the second, in which he meant to bringdown 
 the history to the dissolution of jnonasteries, 
 was left incomplete at his death. 
 
 Crest r, Domtnico, an historical painter. 
 
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 ^ry 
 
 CR 
 
 the pupil of Zucchero, known by the name of 
 Passignano, from the place of bis birth, near 
 Florence. He died 16,38, aged 80. 
 
 Cretin, William du Bois, surnamcd, a 
 French poet, vhose chief merit was puns, 
 low wit, and equivoques. He was historian 
 royal under Charles VIII. Lewis XII. and 
 Francis 1. and died in 1525. Marot admir- 
 ed him greatly ; but the judgment of poster- 
 ity is not so tavorable. His works were re- 
 printed in 12mo. 1724, at Paris. 
 
 Crevier, John Baptiste Lewis, profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Paris, is know^n as the pu- 
 f)il of ItoUin, and the finisher of bis Roman 
 listory. He published an edition of Livy, 
 C vols. 12mo. — the history of the lioman 
 emperors to Constantine, 12 vols. 12mo — 
 the history of the xmiversity of Paris, 7 vols. 
 12mo.-i-rbetorique Francoise, &ic. He died 
 1765, in an advanced age, lespected as a man 
 of talents and of extensive knowledge. 
 
 Crew, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham, was 
 born Jan. 31. 16.34, and succeeded to the title 
 of lord Crew on the death of his brother. 
 He was educated at Lincoln college, Oxford, 
 was proctor of the university 1663, after- 
 wards clerk of the closet to Charles II. dean 
 of Chichester, bishop of Oxford 1671, and 
 tliree years after translated to Durham. On 
 the accession of James II. he was admitted 
 of the privy council, and showed himself 
 very friendly to all the measures of the court, 
 in religion and in politics. He paid i?articu- 
 lar respect to the pope's nuncio, when he 
 came to London, and refused to introduce 
 dean Patrick to the king, because he was too 
 zealous against popery. The unpopularity 
 of James's government, and the landing of 
 the prince of Orange, however, made great 
 alterations in the bishop's conduct. He 
 withdrew from the king's councils, and, upon 
 the abdication, he expressed a wish to re- 
 sign his ecclesiastical dignities to Dr. Burnet, 
 with an allowance of 1000/, for life. He af- 
 terwards left his retirement, and appeared 
 in parliament; but his name was excepted 
 frona the act ofindemnit)' of 1690. His par- 
 don, however, at last was procured by the 
 Intercession of his friends, and he passed the 
 remainder of his days in peace. He died 
 September 12th, 1721, aged §8. Notwith- 
 standing his adherence to the violent, illegal, 
 and arbitrary measures of a comipted court, 
 he was a liberal patron, and his munificence 
 in favor of the indigent, and of public bodies, 
 is a convincing px'oof of the goodness of his 
 heart. 
 
 Crichton, James, a Scotchman of the 
 16th century, whose adventures and person- 
 al endowments, have procured him the name 
 of " the admirable Crichton." He was born 
 in 1551, or according to lord Buchan, in 1560. 
 His father was lord advocate of Scotland, and 
 by his mother, who was a Stuart, he was de- 
 scended from king Robert II. He was educa- 
 ted at Perth, and at the university of St. An- 
 drews, where, under the tuition of profes- 
 sor Rutherford, he made such wonderful 
 progress, that at the age of 20 he had run 
 through the whole circle of science, aiid 
 
 ' VOL. I. 50 
 
 could write and speak to perfection 10 dif- 
 ferent languages. Thus gifted with mental 
 endowments, and aided by all the advantages 
 of a graceful person, elegant manners, and 
 polite accomplishments, he travelled to Pa- 
 ris, where he publicly challenged the mobl 
 renowned schal-ars, to dispute Avith hlrn in 
 any art or science which they pleased, and 
 in 12 languages. On the ai)pointed day he 
 appeared at the college of Navarre, and 
 from 9 in the morning till 6 in the evening, 
 be so defeated hisojjponents, and astonished 
 his auditors, that the president in admiration, 
 with four of the most eminent professors of 
 the imiversit)'^, presented him with a diamond 
 ring, and a purse of gold, as a token of their 
 approbation. The next day, «iot exhausted 
 by preceding exertions, he ai>peared at the 
 Louvre, and exhibited sucii feats in tilting, 
 that, in the presence of ihe princes of t^e 
 court, he carried away the ring 15 times suc- 
 cessively, and broke as many laYices on the 
 Saracens. At Rome he challenged the wits 
 and the learned of that city, to propose any 
 question to him, to which he would give an 
 immediate answer, and in the presence of 
 the pope, the cardinals, and great rnen of 
 the place, be obtaindd in his defence as much 
 eclatas he had received at Paris, Boccalini 
 however asserts, that his challenge was re- 
 ceived with pasquinades, and that he retired 
 from Rome'in disgust. From Rome he pas- 
 sed to Venice, where he introduced himself 
 by an elaborate poem, to the notice and 
 friendship of the learned Aldus Mamitius. 
 He gained also the friendship of Laurentius 
 Mussa, Spero, Speronius, John Donatus, 
 and other learned persons, and after he had 
 been honored with an audience from the 
 doge and the senate, in which he astonished 
 them by the rapidity of liis eloquence, and 
 the gracefulness of his manners, he fisited'" 
 Padua. At Padua he pronounced an extem- 
 pore poem, on the beauties of the university, 
 and after disputing for six hours, Avitb the 
 most celebrated professors, and refuung the 
 doctrines of Aristotle, he concluded by de- 
 livering an oration in praise of ignorance, 
 which excited universal applause. He fur- 
 ther exposed the ei-rors of Aristotle, in the 
 ])resence of the university, and for three 
 days astonished his hearers, supported his 
 propositions, and obtained the praises and 
 the acclamations of the most crowded audi- 
 ences. At Mantua he displayed his bodily 
 agility by attacking and killing a gladiator, 
 who had foiled tlie most skilful fencers if^ 
 Europe, and had lately slain three antago- 
 nists; and with great benevolence, this ad- 
 mirable Scotsman bestowed the reward he 
 obtained for this exploit, upon the widows of' 
 the three persons who lately bad lost their 
 lives. The duke of Mantua was so pleas- 
 ed with him, that he appointed him -tutor 
 to his son Gonzaga, a youth of dissolute 
 manners, and of an unprincipled heart,, 
 Crichton, to show his gratitude, and to sup- 
 port his fame, wrote in consequence of this, 
 a comedy, in which he acted in 15 different 
 characters, and all with inimitable success- 
 
CR 
 
 39Z 
 
 In the midst of his popularity, Avhile wxdking 
 during tlie carnival, and playing upon his 
 guitar in the streets of Mantua, he was su- 
 denly attacked by six men in masks. Their 
 number proved no defence against the su- 
 perior dexterity of Crichton, they were all 
 disarmed, and the leader falling on his knees, 
 begged for life. It was Crichton's pupil, to 
 whom the astonished master recollecting his 
 rank, immediately presented the swoi'd, with 
 every apology for the opposition which he 
 had made. Instead of accepting the genero- 
 sity, the perfidious prince buried the sword 
 into his defenceless bosom. The cause of this 
 brutal and cruel action in Gonzaga, is ascri- 
 bed by some to jealousy ,because Crichton was 
 a greater favorite in the eyes of some admi- 
 red lady ; but others attribute it to a drunk- 
 en frolic, leaving it undetermined whether 
 the meetittg was designed or accidental. 
 Thishappened July 1583, though lord Buch- 
 an fixes it on the preceding year, and asserts 
 that he was then 22, though others with 
 greater probability make him 32 years old. 
 His death was umversally lamented, the peo- 
 ple of Mantua mourned for him three fourths 
 of a year, and his picture appeared in the 
 chambers and houses of every Italian. To 
 the character already mentioned, it may be 
 added, that Crichton's memory was univer- 
 sally retentive, and he was naturally endow- 
 ed with great powers for declamation, unex- 
 hausted fluency of speech, and unusual readi- 
 ness to reply, 
 
 CaiLLON, Lewis de Berthon de, a 
 French general, knight of Malta, descend- 
 ed from a noble Italian family, was born 
 1541. At the age of 15 he merited the no- 
 tice of Henry IL by his valor at the siege of 
 Calais, and he distinguished himself after- 
 wards against the Huguenots, at the battles 
 of Dreux, Jarnac, and Monoontour. At 
 the battle of Lepanto in 1571, his valor was 
 conspicuously displayed, as well as in the 
 other encounters of these warlike and peril- 
 ous times, so that he was deservedly called 
 by Henry IV. the brave Crillon. At the 
 peace of Vervins he retired to his estates at 
 Avignon, where he died 2d December 1615, 
 aged 74. Bening, a Jesuit, pronounced his 
 funeral oration in a bombastic style, and 
 Madame de Lusson published his life in 2 
 vols. 12mo. Besides great and incompara- 
 ble valor, Crillon possessed integrity, honor, 
 and virtue, and when invited by Henry III. 
 to murder Guise, he answered that he would 
 fight him, but he no a'ssassin. 
 
 Crillon Mahon, N. duke de, distin- 
 guished himself in the seven years' war, and 
 afterwards quitted the service of France for 
 that of Spain, where he was made a grandee 
 of the first order. In the war between Eng- 
 land and Spain he was placed at the head of 
 the armies, and had the good fortune to 
 take Minorca, in 1782, in consequence of 
 which he assumed the name of Mahon from 
 the capital of the island. In hjs attempts to 
 reduce Gibraltar he was more unfortunate, 
 and saw the measures he adopted all bafiled 
 by the si<{>erior valor of the English, and the 
 
 vigilant cave of general Elliot. la the revo- 
 lutionary war he would take no part in the 
 cause of Spain, but remained neuter. He 
 died at Madrid 1796, aged 80. 
 
 Crinesius, Chx'istopher, a native of Bo- 
 hemia, professor of theology at Altorf, 
 where he died 1 626, aged 42. He wrote a 
 dissertation on the confusion of tongues, — 
 Exercitationes Hebraicss, — Lexicon Syria* 
 cum, 4to. 2 %^ols. — lingua Samaritica, &c. 
 
 Crinitus, Petrus, a native of Florence, 
 professor of belles lettres, after Angel us 
 Politianus. He was a man of great learning, 
 but addicted to the basest sensualities. He 
 died 1505, aged 40. He wrote lives of the 
 Latin poets, and de honesta disciplina, be- 
 sides poems of no great merit. 
 
 Crisp, Tobias, the champion of Antino- 
 mianism, was educated at Eton, and took his 
 bacheloi''s degree at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards removed to Baliol, Oxford, where he 
 took his degi-ees of D.D. He was rector of 
 Brink worth, Wilts, in 1627, and there he 
 lived in a hospitable manner, regular, vir- 
 tuous, and devout. He came to London in 
 1642, where his tenets respecting grace op- 
 posed him in a controversy with 52 divines. 
 He died 27th February 1642. His sermons 
 were reprinted 1689, He assei'ted in his 
 discourse " Christ alone exalted," that sal- 
 vation was completed on the cross, and that 
 belief was all that was required of the hap- 
 py elect. 
 
 Critias, one of the thirty tyrants ap- 
 pointed over Athens by Lysander. He fell 
 in battle B. C. 400. 
 
 Crito, one of the pupils and friends of 
 the great Socrates. 
 
 Critobulus, a physician, who is said 
 to have extracted the arrow which wounded 
 the eye of Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Critolaus, a Greek historian. 
 
 Crito LA us, a native of Tegea in Arca- 
 dia, who fought against the Pheneans. When 
 defeated by the Romans he poisoned himself 
 B. C. 146. 
 
 Croese, Gerard, a protestant divine of 
 Amsterdam, author of the history, of the 
 quakers, translated into English, and of Ho- 
 merus Hcbra;us. He died 1710, aged 68, 
 near Dordrecht. 
 
 Crcesus, last kingof Lydia, is famous for 
 his opulence and his liberal patronage of 
 learned men. He was defeated by Cyrus 
 king of Persia B. C. 548, and reduced to 
 privacy. 
 
 CROius'or DE Croi, John, a native of 
 Usez, who became there a protestant minis- 
 ter. He wrote Specimen conjectuarum, 8c 
 observationum in qusedan Origenis, Irenxi, 
 & TertuUiani loca, 168^, — observationes 
 sacrse & histor. in Nov, Testam. 1644, &c. 
 He died 1659. 
 
 Croft, Herbert, an English prelate, de- 
 scended from an ancient family, was born at 
 Great Milton, Oxfordshire, 18th October 
 1603, at the seat of sir William Greene. 
 At 13 he was sent to Oxford, but upon the 
 conversion of his father to popery, he was 
 removed from the university, and placed in 
 
GR 
 
 &g'5' 
 
 eR 
 
 the raonastexy of Douay, and afterwards in 
 the college of St. Omer's. A visit to Eng- 
 land on family affairs introduced him to the 
 acquaintance of Morton bishop of Durham, 
 who prevailed upon him to return to the 
 protestant ftuth, and by the advice of Laud, 
 he again entered at Christ church, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees. He was now 
 preferred to a living in Glocestershire, and 
 to another in Oxfordshire, and in 1G39, he 
 was made prebendary of Salisbuir, and the 
 next year took his degree of D. D. He was 
 ^terwards prebendary of Worcester, canon 
 of Windsor, and in 1644 dean of Hereford, 
 but he suffered like all loyal subjects during 
 those troublous times, till in 1659, by the 
 death of his two elder brothers, he succeed- 
 ed to all the estates of his family. At the 
 restoration he was raised to the see of Here- 
 ford 1661, which he refused to quit for high- 
 er preferment, employing himself in deeds 
 of charity, benevolence, hospitality, and 
 frequent exhortation from the pulpit. His 
 small treatise "the naked truth," printed 
 at a private press, was published in 1675, 
 when the papists hoped to take advantage of 
 the quarrels of the nonconformists with the 
 church of England, and it became a popular 
 work, which not only drew the attention of 
 pax-liament to the subject, but produced 
 some severe attacks against it. One of these 
 by Dr. Turner of St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, was answered by Andrew Marvell, 
 who applauded the bishop's works, and ably 
 defended his principles. Besides this, the 
 bishop published some occasional sermons, 
 religious tracts, a legacy to his diocese, and 
 in 1685, animadversion on Burnet's theory 
 of the earth. In the latter part of his life 
 he wished to resign his bishopric from some 
 scruples of conscience. He died at Here- 
 ford 18th May 1691, and was buried in the 
 cathedral. His only son Herbert was made 
 a baronet by Charles 11. 1671, and died 
 1720. 
 
 Croft, William, a musician, born at 
 Nether-Eatington, Warwickshire. He was 
 pupil to Dr. Blow, whom he succeeded as 
 master of the children, and composer to the 
 chapel royal, and organist at Westminster- 
 abbey, in 1712 he published his divine har- 
 mony, and in 1715 he became D, Mus. and 
 in 1724 he published by subscription his 
 *' rausica sacra," two vols. He died August 
 1727, aged 50, from an illness occasioned by 
 his attendance at the coronation of George 
 II. He was buried in Westminster-abbey. 
 
 Croft ON, Zachaiy, an Irish nonconform- 
 ist, educated at Dublin. During the Irish 
 troubles he came to England, and obtained 
 the living qf Wrenbury in Cheshire, from 
 which he was expelled in 1648, for refusing 
 to take the engagement. He afterwards 
 held St, Botolph's noar Aldgate. At the 
 restoration he engaged in a controversy 
 with bishop Gauden, who combated the 
 superiority of his learning by imprisoning 
 him in the tower, from which he was Avith 
 difficulty liberated. He afterwards hved in 
 Cheshire, and lastly opened a school near 
 
 Aldgate, where he died 1672. He was author 
 of some controversial pamphlets. 
 
 Croix du Maine, Francis Crude de la, 
 a learned French writer in the 16th cen- 
 tury. He was passionately fond of litera- 
 ture, and made a most valuable collection of 
 books. He published in 1584, his French 
 library, or a general account of all authors 
 who wrote in that language. The time of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Cuoix, Francis Petit de la, secretarj' and 
 interpreter to the French king, in the Turk- 
 ish and Arabic died November 4th, 1695, 
 aged 73. He was a man of great integrity 
 and refused to be bribed by the Algerines, 
 to iTKike a treaty with them favorable to 
 their interests. He digested Thevenot's 
 voyages to the East-Indies, he made an ac- 
 curate catalogue of all the Turkish and 
 Persian books in the French king's library, 
 and composed besides two dictionaries for 
 tlie French and Turkish languages, and also 
 a learned history of Genghis Khan, with a 
 good map of the north of Asia. His son 
 added an abridgment of the lives of those 
 authors from whom it was extracted, which 
 was translated into English, 1722, in Svo. 
 
 Crompton, William, M. A. was born at 
 Barnstaple, of which, after an Oxford edu- 
 cation, he became minister. He was ejected 
 after the restoration for nonconformity, but 
 his manners wei'e so inoffensive, and his con- 
 duct so virtuous, tliat he was respected by his 
 congregation among whom he still preached 
 in private houses, till his death 1696. He 
 published a remedy against superstition, and 
 other small tracts. ^ 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex, an 
 eminent statesman under Henry VIII. was 
 son of a blacksmith at Putney, Surrey, and 
 born about 1490. His education like his 
 origin was low, but he possessed strong natu- 
 ral parts, Avhich he improved by indefati- 
 gable application. He was at Antwerp for 
 some time, as clerk to the English factory, 
 and he afterwards travelled on the continent, 
 as the private agent of the king, and in the 
 chai-acter of a soldier, he was engaged with 
 Bourbon in the sacking of Rome. On his 
 return to England, he was admitted into 
 Wolsey's family, and completely gained his 
 confidence and friendship, which he repaid 
 with the strongest attachment, and by a. 
 most able and eloquent defence of him in 
 the house of commons, when he was im- 
 peached. After Wolsey's fall, he served the 
 king with equal fidelity, and was rewarded 
 with honors and riches. He gradually rose 
 to be a privy counsellor, chancellor of the 
 exchequer, secretary of state, master of the 
 rolls, keeper of the privy seal, earl of Es- 
 sex, and high chamberlain of England. His 
 zeal in the reformation was very pleasing to 
 the king, and he not only directed his ven- 
 geance in the dissolution of the abbeys and 
 monasteries, but largely shared in the spoils 
 of the plundered church. In destroying the 
 relics of popery, he was the means of intro- 
 ducing good regulations, and he provided 
 that the bible should be read in English, ia 
 
CR 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CR 
 
 the several cluirches, and also Uiat a register 
 of births, marriages, and buryijigs should be 
 regularl}' kept. The prost»erity, however, 
 -which he hud long enjoyed, was now ail at 
 once destroyed, by the active part M'hicii he 
 took in procuring the marriage ot his master 
 ■with Anne of (Jleves. Henry, dissatisfied 
 with his new queen, wreaked his vengeance 
 on his favorite^ who had promoted his union, 
 and Cromwell, unpopular for the dissolution 
 of religious houses, and the large subsidies 
 ■which he had extorted from the people, was 
 now arrested, and arraigned as a traitor. 
 Though forsaken by all his former friends, 
 e?i-cept the undaunted Cranmer, and unable 
 to find one defender, for fear of the royal 
 resentment, he yet ]>leaded for mercy in a 
 letter to the king in such moving terms, that 
 Henry read it thi-ee times, and probably 
 would have pardoned Jiim, had not his pas- 
 sion for Catharine Howard kindled his furjr. 
 Crom-weli suffered on Tower-hill, after six 
 weeks' imprisonment, July 16th1 540. Though 
 abused by the papists as cruel, ambitious, and 
 craft)'', he is represented as preferring men 
 of learning and abilities, more than any of 
 his predecessors ever had done. His son 
 was created lord Cromwell. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, tlie celebrated pro- 
 tector of England, was born of a very res- 
 pectable family at Huntingdon 25th April 
 1599. He received his education in the 
 grammar-school of his native town, and in 
 1616 was admitted as fellow commoner at 
 Sidney college, Cambridge. He did not 
 however here pay much attention to aca- 
 demical studies, as foot-ball, cricket and 
 other exercises, were more congenial to his 
 pursuits, and therefore his mother, !iow be- 
 come a widow, sent him in 1G18 to Lincoln's- 
 Inn. Irregularities here prevailed, and li- 
 centioas and intemperate pleasures engag- 
 ed his attention more than the law,- till at 
 last when 21 he married Elizabeth the 
 daughter of sir James Boucher of Essex, 
 and retired to lead a regular life at Hunting- 
 don. Some time after he removed into the 
 isle of Ely, where his uncle had left him an 
 estate of 400/. a year, and then he relin- 
 quished the principles of the church of Eng- 
 land, and became a zealous puritan. He 
 was elected into parliament in 1628, and 
 distinguished himself by his violence against 
 the bishops; but the warmth with which he 
 supported ministers of his own persuasion 
 soon reduced his fortunes and obliged him 
 to take a farm at St. Ives. For five years 
 he endeavored to improve his income in ag- 
 ricultural pursuits, but instead of increasing 
 it, he nearly ruined himself, and ia 1637 he 
 formed the plan of passing over to New-Eng- 
 land, which he was pi-evented from doing by 
 a proclamation from the king, against migra- 
 tion. As he had acquired some distinction 
 among the puritans for hisTgift of preaching, 
 prayiijg, and expounding, he had the inter- 
 est by means of the people of his persuasion 
 to recommend himself to the corporation of 
 Cambridge, and to be chosen their repre- 
 sentative in the parliament of 1640, In tlie 
 
 house he ^ras a frequent speaker, but, with- 
 out art or elocution, he exclaimed warmly 
 against grievances in church and state, and 
 zealously promoted the remonstrance of 
 November 1641 which laid the basis of civU 
 war. Courted by the leading men of oppo- 
 sition, by his relation Hampden, by Pym, 
 and others who knew his firmness and his de- 
 votion, he became well acquainted with the 
 intrigues of the times, and when the par- 
 liament I'esolved in 1642 to levy -war, he 
 went to Cambridge, whei'e he raised a troop, 
 of horse, of which he took the command. 
 His severity to the royal members of the 
 university, who contributed their plate to 
 the service of the king, was very culpable ; 
 but his wish was to destroy every thing which 
 tended to support the royal cause, and ia 
 this attempt he evinced such zeal and activ- 
 ity that in a few months he acquired tlie 
 character of a good oflicer, and his soldiers 
 were the best disciplined troops in the king- 
 dom. After various proofs of his devotion 
 to the republican party, Cromwell, who 
 was now become a lieutenant genex-al had 
 an opportunity of distinguishing hinuffelf at 
 the battle of Mja-ston-moor, 3d July, 1644, 
 where his cavalry, called Ironsides, changed 
 the fortune of the day, and insured victory 
 wherever they appeared. At the second 
 battle of Newbury, his intrepidity again ap- 
 peared conspicuous, his valor and services 
 were regarded as so extraordinary, that he 
 was called the savior of the nation and in 
 the self-denying ordinance which was pas- 
 sed by the parliament, for the exclusion of 
 officers from seats in the house, Cromwell 
 alone was excepted. His successes continued 
 to insure the approbation of the republi- 
 cans, and the fatal battle of Naseby, 14th 
 June 1646, established his triumph as the 
 ablest general of the times, and the firmest 
 supporter of the public liberties of the state. 
 He was thanked by the parliament and re- 
 warded with a pension, but while the popu- 
 lar leaders considered him as fully devoted 
 to their services thev soon saw cause to 
 doubt his sincerity. When the king had 
 thrown himself into the hands of the Scotch, 
 and had been shamefully sold to the English, 
 the parliament began to regard the army 
 whose services had insured them the vic- 
 tory as useless and dangerous, and there- 
 fore ordered part of it to be disbanded, but 
 Ci'omwcll by his intrigues prevented the ex- 
 ecution of their plans, and whilst he step- 
 ped forth as the advocate of their rights 
 against the tyranny of the parliament, he 
 secured fully to his person the attachment 
 of the soldiers. No sooner was tlie king 
 lodged in Holmby castle than the artful gen- 
 eral made himself master of his person by 
 means of coi'net Joyce, and thus, by declar- 
 ing himself the arbiter of his fate, he was 
 courted and flattered both by the unfortu- 
 nate Charles, who wished for his own re- 
 lease, and by the parliament, who labored 
 for his destruction. After rendering the 
 king more unpopular with the parliament, 
 and the parliament suspected to the army, 
 
CR 
 
 t^S^ 
 
 CR 
 
 Ci'omwell at last took the bold measure of 
 excluding from the house of commons those 
 members whom he knew to be averse to his 
 schemes of ambition, and the trial of the 
 devoted monarch soon after fo'' owed. Cronv- 
 well acted openly as one of liis judges, and 
 he signed the warrant for his execution, and 
 by this bloody deed thus paved the way to 
 his own greatness. The government was 
 now placed in the hands of a council of state, 
 ■whose decisions were directed by the art- 
 ful general ; but while he considered him- 
 self as secure, his power was threatened by 
 rebellion in the army, and even in his own 
 favorite regiment. With his usual presence 
 of mind he appeared among the rioters, sup- 
 ported by some regiments on whom he could 
 depend, and calling four men by name out 
 of the ranks, he made them cast dice for 
 their life, and obliged the two that escaped 
 to shoot the others. Having thus restored 
 tranquillity he was received every where 
 •with marks of respect, and satisfied that 
 the spirit of insubordination was subdued in 
 England and Scotland, he embarked with an 
 army for Ireknd 1649. He quickly here 
 routed the enemies of the republic, and with 
 such acts of inhumanity that his very name 
 became a terror to the Irish. In 1650 he 
 returned to London, and was publicly thank- 
 ed for his services by the submissive com- 
 mons who invested him with the chief com- 
 mand of the army in Scotland, where Charles 
 11. had been acknowledged king. He march- 
 ed to the north with his usual rapidity, and 
 on the 3d September 1650 he defeated the 
 Scotch army in a dreadful battle, at Dun- 
 bar, and the next year, on the same auspi- 
 cious day, he completed the ruin of Charles' 
 fortunes by the crowning victory, as he said, 
 at Worcester. His success was regarded as 
 so important that a general thanksgiving was 
 appointed, and the third of September de- 
 clared an anniversary state hoHday. In the 
 midst of these public honors Cromwell nev- 
 er lostsight of hisambitious projects. Though 
 commander in chief of the whole island, and 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland, he found that his 
 power depended on the will of the parlia- 
 ment, and therefore he determined to dis- 
 miss them. Whilst the commons and the 
 council of the officers were distracted by 
 opposite opinions on subjects of govern- 
 ment, Cromwell forwarded secretly his own 
 views, and all at once rising up in his seat in 
 the house, he bade the speaker leave the 
 chair, and the whole body be gone and give 
 place to honester men ; and filling the room 
 •with armed soldiers he turned the whole as- 
 sembly out, and locking up the doors he re- 
 tired to Whitehall. The dismissal of the 
 parliament was followed by that of the coun- 
 cil of state, and the appointment of a body 
 of officers, subordinate to the usurper's au- 
 thority. Though he permitted a mock as- 
 sembly to be called, under the name of coun- 
 cil of state, he was soon after displeased with 
 their conduct, and by the voice of liis gen- 
 eral officers, he assumed the title of protec- 
 tpr of tjie commonwealth of England, and 
 
 was invested with the new office, 16th Bee. 
 1653, in the chancery court, Westminster- 
 hall. Thus absolute in the government, he 
 appointed a council of state, consisting of 
 men of superior wistlom and sagacity, and 
 adopted such measures as could give stabili- 
 ty to his power, and add to the security and 
 independence of the kingdom. Peace was 
 made with Sweden, Hollaiid, Portugal, and 
 France, the most upvvright judges filled the 
 courts of Westminster-hall, and liberty of 
 conscience was tolerated with the most 
 magnanimous moderation. Notwithstand- 
 ing the popularity of his measures, howev- 
 er, he met with opposition from the people, 
 and the parliament, which he assembled 
 with great solemnity, presumed to dispute 
 the legality of his office, and were dismis- 
 sed with a severe reprimand. In 1655, 
 though threatened with conspiracies, he 
 supported with a vigorous hand the honor of 
 the nation. Blake conquered Jamaica, and 
 humbled the native powers on the Mediter- 
 ranean shores, who had plundered the Brit- 
 ish commerce, and a treaty of offensive al- 
 hance was formed with France against the 
 Spaniards in the Netherlands, and Dunkirk 
 was taken possession of by the English. The 
 expenses of government were however such, 
 that the protector called another parlia- 
 ment, 19th Sept. 1656, but to insure their 
 obedience, he obliged them at the door of 
 the house to swear allegiance to his person. 
 This had due eft'ect, the members awed into 
 deference for his power not only voted him 
 supplies, but decreed new statutes for the 
 security of his authority, and bestowed up- 
 on him the title of king, which by the ad- 
 vice of his friends and relations, and much 
 against his inclination, he declined. He 
 however, assumed the power of creating 
 peers, and again, to give greater dignity to 
 his authority, he was in 1657 a second time 
 inaugurated protector in Westminster-hall, 
 with all the pride and pomp of a coronation. 
 At the end of a year his fears were alarmed 
 by the publication of " killing no murder," 
 a pamphlet by colonel Titus, which directed 
 against him the dagger of every bold assas- 
 sin, and in 1658 he felt not a little disap- 
 pointment at the conduct of his parliament, 
 which he addressed as composed of lords 
 and commons, in the usual language of the 
 kings of England, though none of the an- 
 cient nobility condescended to appear among 
 them. These open insults, together with 
 the secret machinations of his enemies and 
 the general odium of the people, was in- 
 creased by the death of his favorite daugh- 
 ter Mrs. Claypole, who on her death-bed 
 bitterly reproached him with the tyranny of 
 his conduct. The severe agitations of his 
 mind at last undermined the powers of his 
 constitution, and his deportment became 
 altered, he grew reserved and suspicious, and 
 the attacksof a slow fever were succeeded by 
 a tertian ague. Though the disorder seem- 
 ed at first not alarming, his physicians per- 
 ceived his danger, but regardless of their 
 intimations, he depended upon the prayers 
 
CR 
 
 S8>^ 
 
 CM. 
 
 of the godly for recover}^ and hoped that 
 tlie interference ot" heaven would be exert- 
 ed for his preservation. His disorder prov- 
 ed fatal, 3d September 1658. He was car- 
 ried with great funeral pomp from Somer- 
 set-house and buried in the chapel of Henry 
 VII. in Westminster-abbe}", but after the 
 i-estoi'ation his body was taken up and hung 
 on the gallows. Though an usurper and a 
 tyrant, Cromwell possessed great powers of 
 mind and contributed much to the prosperi- 
 ty and glory of the nation. Not only Milton 
 defended his government, but Waller, Sprat, 
 Dryden, and Cowley, celebrated his virtues 
 and the triumph of his protectorate. How 
 blameworthy soever he might have been in 
 the acquisition of his power, observes one 
 of his biographers, he certainly rivalled the 
 greatest of the English mortarchs in glory, 
 and made himself courted and dreaded by 
 the nations around him. In his religious 
 opinions he was a wavering fanatic, and 
 though grave and demure he had the hypo- 
 crisy to adopt such tenets only as tended 
 best to secure his usui-pation. Of all his 
 children only six lived to maturity : Rich- 
 ard his successor, who held the protector- 
 ate with feeble hands, and resigned it for a 
 life of ease and obscurity, was born 4th Oc- 
 tober 1626, auddiedat Cheshunt, July 13th 
 1712 : Henry, born 20th January 1627, was 
 lieutenant of Ireland, and died 25th Mai'ch 
 1674 : Bridget, who married Ireton, and 
 afterwards general Fleetwood : Elizabeth, 
 his favorite daughter wlio married Mr. 
 Claypole of Northamptonshire : Mary, who 
 married lord Fauconberg, and is supposed 
 to have interested herself warmly for the 
 restoration of Charles II. and died March 
 1712 : and Frances, the youngest, who 
 married Mr. Rich, grandson to lord War- 
 wick, and afterwards sir John Russel of 
 Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. His moth- 
 er lived with him at Whitehall, but in the 
 midst of the splendors of absolute authority 
 she enjoyed it not, and was filled with ter- 
 ror for the fate of her son, whom she nev- 
 er considered safe, except she saw him 
 twice a day. His wife was a woman of mas- 
 cvdine powers of mind, and she gloried in 
 the elevation to which her husband's guilty 
 ambition, spurred on by her constant ex- 
 hortations, had raised her family. She sur- 
 vived for some years the downfa! of his pow- 
 er, and of that of her son, and died in i-e- 
 tirement 1672. 
 
 Croneck, John Frederic baron de, born 
 at Anspach, died of the small-pox, 1758, 
 aged 27. He distinguished himself as a sen- 
 sible and ingenious poet. He travelled over 
 Europe, and at Paris gained the friendship 
 of the learned and the great. His works 
 •were printed in German, at Leipsic, 1760. 
 
 Cronstedt, Axel Frederic, a native of 
 Sudermania, in Sweden, educated at Upsal, 
 •where he applied himself to natural history. 
 He was employed as inspector of the mines, 
 1744, and in 1753 was elected member of the 
 royal academy of sciences at Stockholm. He 
 published various works ou the arrangement 
 
 of minerals and the fossil productions of na- 
 ture. He died 1765, aged 48. 
 
 Crook, sir George, was born at Chilton, 
 Bucks, and educated at Oxford, and the In- 
 ner-temple. He rose to the offices of king's 
 Serjeant, justice of the common pleas, and 
 chief justice of England. In the commons, 
 he voted against ship-money. He died at 
 Waterstock, Oxfordshire, 1641, aged 82. 
 He founded and endowed an hospital at 
 Beachley, in Buckinghamshire, where also 
 he built H chapel. 
 
 Crosby, Brass, lord mayor of Lond^, 
 was born at Stockton-upon-Tees in 1725, 
 and earh' came to London, where he practi- 
 sed as an attorney. He purchased the place 
 of remembrancer to the city, in 1760, which 
 he sold again the next year, and in 1764 he 
 was elected sheriff, the next year alderman, 
 and in 1770 lord mayor. In this high office 
 he distmguished himself by his opposition to 
 the court in the prosecution of Wheble and 
 other printers ; and he spiritedly supported 
 Wilkes and Oliver, for which he was sent to 
 the Tower. During his confinement, his 
 conduct was applauded by the city, and vari- 
 ous addresses came to him from some coun- 
 ties and respectable towns. He was released, 
 23d July, by the prorogation of parliament, 
 and conducted to the mansion-house in great 
 pomp by the populace, and honored, at the 
 expiration of his office, by the thanks of the 
 corporation, and the vote of a cup of 100/. 
 value. He died 14th February 1793. 
 
 Cross, Michael, an English artist, who 
 was employed by Charles I. to copy the best 
 pictures of Italy. It is said, that being per- 
 mitted by the doge of Venice to copy the 
 Madonna of Raphael, in St. Mark's church, 
 he left liis copy behind, and brought away the 
 original, which, in the time of the republic, 
 was sold to the Spanish ambassador, and now 
 adorns the Escurial. 
 
 Cross, Lewis, a painter, who died 1724. 
 He retouched a picture of Mary queen of 
 Scots, in the possession of the duke of Ha- 
 milton, and with such effect, that several co- 
 pies have been taken from it. 
 
 Crousaz., John Peter de, a mathemati- 
 cian of eminence, born at Lausanne 13th 
 April 1668. He was intended for the ai'my 
 by his father; but his inclinations were bent 
 to literature ; and the perusal of des Cartes' 
 works totally directed his attention to mathe- 
 matics and philosophy. After travelling over 
 Europe, he was elected professor, and, in 
 1706, made rector of the academy of Lau- 
 sanne, and, in 1724, mathematical professor 
 at Groningen. He was afterwards preceptor 
 to Frederic of Hesse Cassel, nephew to the 
 king of Sweden, and, after being engaged in 
 some embassies, he returned to Lausanne, 
 where he died, 1748, aged 85. He wrote es- 
 say on logic, afterwards enlarged to 6 vols. 
 8vo. — a treatise on beauty, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 on the liberty of thinking — on ancient and 
 modern pyrrhonism, folio — sermons — com- 
 mentary on Pope's essay on man — miscella- 
 neous works — and pieces on philosophy and 
 mathematics. 
 
GR 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 cu 
 
 Crown E, John, a native'of Nora Scotia, 
 who came over to England, eager to acquire 
 fame and independence by the powers of his 
 mind. His distresses at first were so great 
 that he became upper servant in an old lady's 
 family, from which he soon extricated him- 
 self by the wit and humour of his writings. 
 He became a favorite with the court, and 
 was employed by Charles II. at the request 
 of Rochester, to write the masque of Calyp- 
 so. Upon the discovei-y of the popish plot, 
 he embraced the part of the tories, and wrote 
 his " city politics," to satirise the whigs, a 
 comedy, which, white it pi'ocured him ap- 
 plause, excited against him the resentment 
 of a powerful faction. Anxious now to retire 
 from the intrigues and persecutions of poli- 
 tics, he petitioned the king for a place for 
 life; to which Charles assented, provided he 
 wrote another comedy. Even the king him- 
 self assisted him, by recommending him to 
 horrow from the Spanish comedy of " non 
 pued esser ;'* from which was produced the 
 play of Sir Courtly Nice ; but, on the last day 
 of rehearsal before the comedy could be act- 
 ed, the king died, and all the hopes of the 
 poet were dashed to the ground. Instead of 
 independence. Crowns now had recourse to 
 his wit for maintenance. He died about 
 1703, author of 17 plays, besides the " church 
 scuffle," a heroic poem, and two other poems, 
 Pandion and Amphigenia, and the Dseneids. 
 Croxall, Dr. Samuel, was boi-n at Wal- 
 tonti-upon-Thames, Surrey, and educated at 
 Eton school, and St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. At the university he wrote the fair 
 Circassian, which he dedicated to Mrs. Anna 
 Maria Mordaunt, of whom it is said he was 
 deeply enamoured, but as the poem was a 
 **■ licentious imitation of Solomon's songs, he 
 carefully avoided disclosing himself to be the 
 author, before he applied for ordination. He 
 obtained the living of Hampton, Middlesex, 
 the parishes of St. Mary Somerset, and 
 Mountshaw, London, and became chancel- 
 lor, prebendary, and canon of Hereford, and 
 afterwards added the archdeaconry of Salop 
 and the living of Sellek to his other prefer- 
 ments. As the church of Hereford was go- 
 vei-ned by him during the old age of bishop 
 Egerton, he very improperly pulled down an 
 old chapel adjoining the palace, to build a 
 house for his brother. His politics inclined to 
 thewhigs, and hence in queen Anne's reign he 
 wrote in their support, and published his two 
 cantoes in imitation of Spenser, to satirise 
 Harley's administration. He wrote besides 
 *• the Vision," a poem addressed to lord Ha- 
 lifax, — the fables of ^sop, — scripture poli- 
 tics, — the royal manual, — and all the dedica- 
 tions prefixed to " Select Novels." He died 
 at a great age, February 13, 17.'>2. 
 
 Ckoxe, Mathurin Veyssiere la, born at 
 Nantz 1661, became a Benedictine monk in 
 1678, and distinguished himself by his exten- 
 sive learning, A bold and independent mode 
 of thinking, added to disgust and disappoint- 
 ment, induced him to abandon his order and 
 his rehgion in 1696. He made his recanta- 
 tion at Basil, and employed himseU* in Berlin 
 
 as an instructor of youth, as librarian to the 
 king, and as professor of philosophy. He 
 died 1739, aged 78. He wrote some valuable 
 works, dissertations Listoriques, 8ec. — an Ar- 
 menian dictionary, 4to. compiled after twelve 
 years' labor — histoire du Christianisme des 
 indes, 12mo.— -du Christianisme d'Ethiopie, 
 8c d'Armenie, kc. 
 
 Cruciger, Caspar, a protestant of Leip- 
 sic, author of some commentaries on Scrip* 
 ture. He died at Wittemberg 1548, aged 45. 
 Cruden, Alexander M. A. was born at 
 Aberdeen, and educated at the Marischal 
 college there. He settled in London in 1728, 
 and kept a bookseller's shop under the royal 
 exchange; but maintainod himself chiefly by 
 superintending publications for the press. la 
 1737 his Concordance was published, and it 
 again appeared improved in 1761, as a most 
 valuable book. Cruden was occasionally de- 
 ranged. A.bout the year 1738 he went on a 
 romantic view to reform the English univer- 
 sities, and was soon after confined at Chelsea. 
 He was a second time in confinement in a 
 mad-house, and was at last found dead, in a 
 praying posture, at Islington, 1774, aged 70. 
 He was a worthy, pious, and inoffensive man. 
 
 Crusius, or Krans, Martin, a native of 
 Bamberg, professor of belles lettres at Tu- 
 bingen, and the first who taught Greek ia 
 Germany, died at Estringen 1607, aged 8 L 
 He is the learned compiler of Turco-Gra;- 
 cise, libri octo 1584 — annales Suevici ad ann. 
 1549 — Germano-Grsecite libri sex, 1585, foL 
 
 Cruz, Juana Inez de la, an ingenious lady, 
 horn at Mexico, She was naturally endowed 
 with great powers of mind, which v/ere care- 
 fully cultivated, and rendered her well skil*. 
 led in philosophy, history, mathematics, po- 
 etry, and every branch of literature. The 
 poems which she published possessed great 
 merit, according to the opinion of fatheir 
 Feyjod. The best part of her life was spent 
 in the seclusion of the monastery of St. Gero-», 
 nimo, where she died, after 27 years' resi- 
 dence, aged 44, in 1695. 
 
 Crytopylus, Metrophanes, a Greek, 
 who studied the Latin and Enghsh languages 
 at Baliol college, Oxford, and retux-ned -in 
 1622 to his own country, where the patrJarcb 
 of Constantinople made him his secretary 
 and chancellor. He was raised to the see of 
 Alexandria on the translation of Cyril Lucar. 
 The confession of faith attributed to Cyril, 
 and published in Greek, 1629, was written 
 by hiro. He died after 1641. 
 
 Ctesias, a Greek physician in the service 
 of Artaxerxes, king of Persia. He wrote a 
 history of Persia. 
 
 Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexan- 
 dria, B. C. 125, known as the inventor of the 
 pump, the water-clock, &c. 
 
 Ctesiphon, an Athenian, whose attempt 
 to decree a golden crown to Demosthenes 
 was opposed by -S^schines, and produced the 
 two famous orations of the rival orators de 
 corona. 
 
 Cud WORTH, Ralph, a celebrated divine, 
 born 1617, at Aller, Somersetshire, where 
 his faChtr was rector. He was of Emaauel 
 
college, of which he hecarae fellow and tutor, 
 and where he had among his pupils sir Wil- 
 liam Temple. In 1641 he was presented to 
 the rectory of North Cadbury, Somerset- 
 shire, and the following year he published 
 his " discourse concenung the true notion of 
 the Lord's supper," and afterwards his trea- 
 tise, " the union of Christ and the church, a 
 shadow." In 1644 he took his degree of B. 
 1). and was that year appointed master of 
 Clare-hall, and the year after regius profes- 
 sor of Hebrew. In 1647 he preached before 
 the house of commons, for which he received 
 the thanks of the house. In 1651 he took his 
 degree of J3.D. and 3 years after was elected 
 master of Christ's college, at which time he 
 also married. He was, in 1657, one of those 
 who were consulted by parliament about the 
 English translation of the bible, and hy his 
 learning and consequence he gained the 
 friendship of Whitelocke, and of Thurioe 
 the able secretary of the two protectorates. 
 At the restoration, Cudworth wrote a copy 
 of congratulatory verses to the sovereign, 
 and, in 1672, he was presented by Sheldon 
 bishop of London, to the vicarage of Ash- 
 well, Hertfordshire. In 1678 he was instal- 
 led prebendary of Glocester, and he then 
 published in folio his famous work ** the true 
 intelleetnal system of the universe, wherein 
 the reason and philosophy of atheism are con- 
 futed, and its impossibility demonstrated." 
 This work, from its nature and importance, 
 had many assailants ; but it is acknowledged 
 by Di-yden, Bayle, and Shaftesbury, that he 
 was so fair and mo<lerate in bis principles 
 that he almost betrayed the cause M'hich he 
 meant to defend. A warm dispute was rais- 
 ed in consequence between him and leClerc. 
 The work was translated into Latin, in 1733, 
 by the learned Mosheim, and the original 
 was republished, in 1743, in 2 vols. 4to. by 
 Dr. Birch, Avith great additions, and with an 
 accurate statement of all the quotations, and 
 a life of the author by the editor. Cudworth 
 died at Cambridge 2fith June 1688, and was 
 buried in Christ college chapel. Of his post- 
 humous works, which were a continuation of 
 his intellectual system, one was published by 
 Chandler bishop of Durham 1731, called ** a 
 treatise concerning eternal and immutable 
 morality," intended chiefly against Hobbes 
 and others. His other MSS. were on moral 
 
 cu 
 
 good and evil — a book of morality, with 
 Hobbes' philosophy explained — discourse on 
 liberty and necessity — de libero arbitrio— 
 on Daniel's prophecy of the 70 weeks — of 
 the verity of the Christian religion, against 
 the Jews — Hebrew learning, &c. Cudworth 
 was a man of extensive erudition, well skil- 
 led in the languages, an able philosopher, an 
 acute mathematician, and a profound meta- 
 physician. Though he embraced the cor- 
 puscular philosophy, and considered Plato as 
 a guide with respect to the Deity, he was de- 
 servedly esteemed for his virtues, his piety, 
 his moderation, and humanity. His only 
 daughter, Damaris, married sir Francis 
 Masham, and was distinguished as much for 
 her learning and genius as for all the amiable 
 virtues of her sex. 
 
 CuERENHEUT, Theodorcvan, a singular 
 character, born at Amsterdam 15'22. He was 
 a man of science, and had a turn for poetry ; 
 but he chiefly maintained himself at first by 
 engraving, in which he displayed skill and 
 genius, though he was too hasty and volatile 
 in his execution. He settled at Haerlem, 
 and was honorably employed several times 
 as ambassador to the prince of Orange. Such, 
 at last, were his extraordinary ideas about re- 
 ligion, that he asserted no one could ofliciate 
 as a minister without a supernatural mission, 
 and that it was unworthy a Christian to enter 
 a place of public worship. These wild ideas, 
 in the indulgence of which he would hold no 
 communication with papists or protestants, 
 procured his banishment from the countr}'. 
 He died at Tergont 1590, aged 68. His 
 works were published, 3 vols, tolio, 1630. As 
 an artist, he worked with the Galles, and had 
 Henry Goltzius for his pupil. 
 
 CuEVA, Alfonsus de la, known by the 
 name of Bedmai*, was ambassador from 
 Philip III. to the Venetian republic. In this 
 sacred character he plotted the seizing of 
 the city; but when the conspiracy Avas dis- 
 covered, and the conspirators, put to death 
 by drowning, the author of the horrible 
 scheme, out of respect to the Spanish king, 
 was secretly dismissed by the senate to avoid 
 the fury of the populace. Cueva fled to 
 Flanders, where he became pi*esident of the 
 council, and received a cardinal's hat. In 
 consequence of the severity of his govern- 
 ment he retired from Flanders to Rome, 
 where he died, 1665. He was a man of as- 
 tonishing powers of mind, great political sa- 
 gacity, an acute judge of the manners and 
 prejudices of mankind, composed in the 
 most violent and popular agitations, and such 
 a master of the knowledge of the human 
 passions, that his conjectures about futurity 
 seem almost prophetical. Some attribute to 
 him a treatise against the republic of Venice, 
 though Velser is supposed to be the author. 
 
 Cuff, Henry, a celebrated wit, unfortu- 
 nate for his connexion with Essex, was born 
 at Hinton St. George, Somersetshii'e, 1560. 
 He was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, 
 where he became fellow ; but a joke upon 
 the well known humorous dishonesty of its 
 founder drew upon him the resentment of 
 the president, and he was ejected from the 
 society. His merit, however, was so univer- 
 sally known, that he was admitted at Mer- 
 ton, and two years after, 1588, was elected 
 one of its fellows. He was afterwards Greek 
 professor and proctor of the university ; and 
 then travelled abroad to improve himself 
 for some active scene of life. His many 
 qualifications, and the interest of his friends, 
 recommended him at last to the earl of Es- 
 sex, whose secretary and confidant he be- 
 came. This proved a most fatal engagement. 
 When Essex was condemned, he accused 
 Cuff as being the author of his misfortunes, 
 and sir Henry Neville confirmed afterwards 
 the accusation, in consequence of which the 
 wretched secretary, perhaps no otherwise 
 guilty than as the toolof abol4 and ambitious 
 favorite, was arraigned, and. though he de- 
 
cu 
 
 3^/ 
 
 CU 
 
 fended himself with great animation, he was 
 condemned, and executed at Tyburn 30th 
 March 1601. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing and genius, and though his memory has 
 been censured by Bacon, Wotton, and even 
 by his friend Camden, he had some amiable 
 qualities. He wrote a carious philosophical 
 piece, which appeared 1 607, called the dif- 
 ferences of the ages of man's life, together 
 with the oiMginal causes, progress, and end 
 thereof, 8vo. 
 
 CuGNiERES, Peter de,an upright magis- 
 trate, advocate of the parliament of Paris 
 in 1329, who supported the rights of Philip 
 Valois against the clergy. 
 
 CujAcius, James, an eminent lawyer, 
 born at Toulouse 1520. He was of mean 
 origin ; but the greatness of his genius com- 
 pensated for his obscurity, and by his inde- 
 fatigable industry, without the assistance of 
 a master, he made himself perfect in the 
 knowledge of Greek and Latin literature, 
 and particularly in civil law. He was meanly 
 refused the professor's chair in his native 
 town ; but V»is abilities attracted pupils from 
 every country ; and to his superior talents in 
 education, France owed the ablest and the 
 most expert of her lawyers and magistrates. 
 He settled at Cahors, and afterwards at Bour- 
 ges, which he would not quit, though honored 
 by the king of France, and invited to Turin by 
 the duke of Savoy, and to Bologna by pope 
 Gregory XHI. He was so kind to his pupils, 
 and so communicative and familiar, that he 
 ■was called the father of his scholars. He 
 died at Bourges 1590. His works were pub- 
 lished at Paris, 10 vols. fol. 1659, by Fabrot. 
 
 CuLLEN, William, the celebrated physi- 
 cian, was born in Lanerkshire, and served 
 his time with a surgeon and apothecary at 
 Glasgow, and then went as surgeon in a ves- 
 sel from London to the West-Indies. On 
 his return he settled at Shotts, and after- 
 wards at Hamilton, where an accidental in- 
 troduction to the duke of Hamilton laid the 
 foundation of his advancement. By the ad- 
 vice of his patron he removed to Glasgow, 
 where he obtained an appointment in the 
 university. It was about this time that he 
 had formed an intiniacy and partnership with 
 William Hunter, afterwards equally cele- 
 brated. In 1740 CuUen took his degree of 
 M.D, and in 1746 he was appointed lecturer 
 in chemistry at Glasgow, and in 1751 was 
 nominated king's professor of medicine. 
 His practice was now very extensive, and his 
 reputation as a lecturer proved by the in- 
 creasing number of his pupils. In 1756 he 
 was invited by the university of Edinburgh 
 to the vacant chair of chemistry, and in this 
 new office he displayed such powers, and 
 such knowledge, that an opposition was rais- 
 ed against him by those who envied his fame, 
 and could not rival his abilities. His chai*ac- 
 ter, however, became more respectable 
 from opposition; the mildness of his man- 
 ners recommended him not less than his 
 professional knowledge; and so well estab- 
 lished was his merit that he was made profes- 
 sor of medicine by the magistrates of Edin- 
 VOL. I. 51 
 
 burgh, on the death of Dr. Alston, in 1763. 
 He published the lectures which he deliver- 
 ed, in consequence of the appearance of ^ 
 surreptitious copy. He at last resigned his 
 office to Dr. Black, in consequence of his 
 growing infirmities, though he afterwards 
 joined Dr. Gregory as candidate for giving 
 lectures on the practice of physic. These 
 illustrious coadjutors lecturetl alternately, 
 till the death of Dr. Gregory, and then Dr. 
 Cullen succeeded to the care of all the pu- 
 pils, which he continued to do till within a 
 few months of his death. He died 11th Oc- 
 tober 1790. He married miss Johnston, the 
 daughter of a clergyman, by whom he had 
 a numerous family. She died 1786. His 
 other works were, linoe of physic, 4 vols. 
 8vo. — synopsis nosologise methodicse, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — a treatise on the recover}' of di'owned 
 persons, Sec. 8vo. 
 
 CuLLUM, sir John, was born 21st June 
 1733, and educated at Bury school and Cath- 
 arine-hall, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He died at Hardwicke-house, 9th 
 October 1785, rector of Great Thuiiow, 
 Suffolk, and member of the royal and anti- 
 quarian- societies. He published the history 
 and antiquities of Hawsted, Suffiilk. 
 
 CuLMER, Richard, a violent fanatic, edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his master's degree. He was 
 expelled from the hving of Goodneston, in 
 Kent, for refusing to read the book of sports, 
 and then became lecturer at Canterbury, 
 and was afterwards employed by the parlia- 
 ment in breaking down and defacing images, 
 pictures, &c. from all places of worship. In 
 his indiscriminating zeal, he demolished the 
 beautiful painted window of Canterbury ca- 
 thedral, of which he gave an account: and 
 for his meritorious services in the cause of 
 republicanism he Avas promoted to the va- 
 cant living of Minster in Kent, from which 
 he was ejected at the restoration. He was a 
 most abusive and litigious character, and 
 from his fondness for fighting he was called 
 the blue-skin Dick. 
 
 CuLPEPER, Nicholas, son of a cleygy- 
 man of that name, after a few years spent 
 at Cambridge, was bound to an apothecary. 
 He engaged himself deeply in the study of 
 astrology, of which he became professor. He 
 died in Spital-fields 1654. He wrote several 
 books, the best known of which is his " her- 
 bal," in which he describes the good and 
 bad qualities of plants, as if by casting their 
 nativities. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard, a learned pre- 
 late, son of a citizen of London, where he 
 was born July 15, 1632. He was educated 
 at St. Paul's school and Magdalen college, 
 Cambridge, where he became fellow. He 
 took his degree of M.A. 1656, and two years 
 after he was presented to Brampton rectory, 
 Northamptonshire. He was drawn from 
 his solitude, in which he diligently discharged 
 all the pastoral duties, by the elevation of 
 his friend Orlando Bridgman to the seals, 
 1667, from whom he received the living of 
 All-hsdlows, Stamford. He published in 
 
cu 
 
 5^^ 
 
 CU 
 
 1672, his work de legibus naturse disquisitio 
 pliilosophica, &c. which has been translated 
 into English by Tyrreland by Maxwell. This 
 performance greatly raised his reputation 
 for science and for knowledge ; and he was 
 further distinguished for the exercises which 
 he performed when he took his degi'ee of 
 D.D, in 1680. In 1686 he published his essay 
 ■on Jewish measures and weights, a work of 
 great merit, and full of accurate calculation. 
 In 1691 he was raised to the see of Peterbo- 
 j'ough by William, without solicitation or in- 
 terest, but merely from the eminence of 
 liis learning, his exemplary manners, and his 
 strong attachment to the protestant faith. 
 In his episcopal duties he was indefatigably 
 vigilant, observing to his friends who dissuad- 
 ed from exertions which might injure his 
 heakh, " that he would fulfil his duties as 
 long as he could, and that a man had better 
 wear out than rust out." Some part of his 
 time, however was devoted to literatui'e, he 
 was a sound mathematician, well acquainted 
 with oriental learning, and perfectly inform- 
 ed in all the branches of science and philoso- 
 phy. In his pursuits to discover the true 
 causes of idolatry, he paid great attention to 
 the shattered Phoinician histoiy of Sancho- 
 niathon ; but though great labor was bestow- 
 I ed on the subject, and a book prepared for 
 the press, his bookseller objected, on account 
 of the times, to the publication, which was 
 deferred till after his death, when his son-in- 
 law, Mr, Payne, gave to the woi-ld, in 1720, 
 his Sanchoniathon's Phronician history, from 
 Eusebius' prsepar. evangel. &c. and in 1724, 
 jjis second work, his origines gentium anti- 
 quissimtB. The bishop lived to a good old 
 age, and to the last retained the great pow- 
 ers of his mind. He died October 9, 1718, 
 in his 87th year, in consequence of a violent 
 attack of the palsy, which proved immedi- 
 ately fatal. He was buried in his own cathe- 
 dral. 
 
 Cumberland, William duke of, second 
 son of George IJ. was born 17'21. He was 
 at the battle of Dettingen with his father, 
 and distinguished himself so much, that at 
 the battle of Fontenoy he might have in- 
 sured a most glorious victory, had he been 
 ably supported by the Dutch troops. His 
 ii.ext services were the defeat of the pre- 
 tender at the battle of Culloden, 1746, for 
 which he was highly applauded by the par- 
 liament (and by tlie nation. In 1747 he lost 
 the battle of Val, by the hesitating assist- 
 ance of the Dutch. He died 1765. 
 
 CuMBERi-AND, Henry Frederic duke of, 
 son of Frederic, prince of Wales, was cre- 
 ated duke in 1766, and in 1771 married Anne 
 Horton, daughter of lord Carhamptou, and: 
 widow of Mr. Horton. This union was the 
 cause of the royal marriage act. He was 
 gi'and master of the free masons, and died 
 September 1790, aged 45. 
 
 Cuming, William^ an eminent physician, 
 born at Edinburgh 1714, and educated at 
 the high school and university of that city. 
 After residing some time at Paris and Ley- 
 den, he came to London, from whence he 
 
 removed to Dorchester. In this situation, 
 from which he refused to retire for the 
 more extensive practice of London, he soon 
 gained universal reputation, and recom- 
 mended himself to his patients as well by the 
 gentleness of his manners and his probity 
 as by his learning and his skilful manage- 
 ment of diseases. Though he did not com- 
 mit any thing to the press, he was particularly 
 attentive to assist his friendi, among whom 
 Mr. Hutchins, the historian of Dorsetshire, 
 has paid very handsome and deserved com- 
 pliments to his abilities and kind assiduity. 
 Dr. Cuming was afflicted with great weak- 
 ness in his eyes, which, though it lessened, 
 did not damp, his pursuits after knowledge. 
 He was fellow of the London and Edinburgh 
 societies of antiquarians, and he was also 
 fellow of the college of physicians. He died 
 of a dropsy, 25th March 1788, aged 74. 
 
 CuN-Eus, Peter, alearned lawyer, profes- 
 sor at Leyden, was born at Flushing 1586. 
 He was educated for the church ; hut the ran- 
 cor of the theological disputes of the times 
 disgusted him, and he applied himself to 
 belles lettres and to the law. He was a man of 
 great learning, and deservedly commended 
 by Vossius, Casaubon, Scaliger, and others. 
 He died 1638. He wrote, among other valu- 
 able works, de republica Hebrseorum — satira 
 Menippsea, in sui sseculi homines iriepte eru- 
 ditos — remarks on Nonius' , Dionysiaca— a 
 translation of JuUan's Csesars, &c. 
 
 CuNEGONDE, daughter of Sigefroi count 
 of Luxembourg, married the emperor Heniy 
 II. by whom she had no children. Some his- 
 torians accuse her of incontinence, while 
 others regard her as ill treated by her hus- 
 band , after whose death, in 1024, she retired 
 to a monastery. 
 
 Cunningham, William, a physician, 
 who, as bishop Tanner'infornas us, resided in 
 Coleman-street, London. He lived at Nor- 
 wich about 1559; but, in 1563, was a public 
 lecturer in Surgeons' hall, London. He was 
 a man of great learning as an astronomer and 
 physician, and was equally eminent as an in- 
 genious engraver on copper 
 
 CuNiTiA, Maria, a learned lady in the 
 17th century, born in Silesia. She possessed 
 a perfect knowledge of ancient and modern 
 languages, but particularly excelled in mathe- 
 matics and astronomy, on which she wrote 
 some ingenious treatises, especially her Ura- 
 nia propitia, in 1650, in Latin and German, 
 dedicated to the emperor Ferdinand III. 
 This work contains astronomical tables, calcu- 
 lated vu Kepler's hypothesis, and displays 
 her Q;''/Vers as a scholar and mathematician 
 to hav ibeen very great and most respectable. 
 She married a physician, Elias de Lewin, 
 and died at Pistehen 1664, much regretted 
 as a person of science, and highly beloved as 
 a woman of an amiable character. 
 
 Cunningham, Alexander, a Scotch his- 
 torian, born atEttrick,near Selkirk, in 1654. 
 He was educated in Holland, where no doubt 
 he imbibed all the principles of governmejit 
 then fashionable, and where he became ac- 
 quainted with the fugitive lords Sutherlalid 
 
w 
 
 B^y 
 
 cu 
 
 and Argyle. He came over with William at 
 the revolution, and maintained an intimacy 
 •witb the most popular members of govern- 
 ment. He Avas for many years employed as 
 travelling tutor to lord Hyndford and his bro- 
 ther William, and afterwards to lord Lome, 
 and viscount Lonsdale ; and during his visits 
 to the courts on the continent, he had the 
 means of making important observations on 
 the manners and politics of various countries, 
 which he communicated in confidence to the 
 king and to his ministers. To this may be 
 attributed the vast information which he 
 manifests in his writings, and the great mili- 
 tary knowledge which he displays, and which 
 he derived from the friendship of his pupil 
 lord Lome, afterwards so famous as John 
 duke of Argyle. At the accession of George 
 I. Cunoingliain, by the partiality of his friends, 
 Argyle, Sunderland, and Walpole, was sent 
 as envoy to the Venetian republic, where he 
 resided five years, till 1720. He afterwards 
 lived in studious retirement, respected as a 
 politician and as a man of letters. From an 
 inscription in St. Martin's church over an 
 Alexander Cunningham, supposed to be his, 
 he died 15th May 1737, in the 83d year of 
 his age. His history of Great Britain, from 
 the revolution to the accession of George I. 
 ^appeared in 2 vols. 4to, 1787, translated into 
 English from the Latin manuscript, by Dr. 
 W. Thomson, Tl\e work had passed into 
 the hands of Dr. HoUingberry, and was re- 
 commended, from its valuable contents, for 
 publication, by lorxl Hardwicke and Dr. 
 Douglas bishop of Salisbui-y. It is indeed a 
 work of merit, and it relates the particulai's 
 of an imx)ortant period with accuracy, spirit, 
 and impartiality ; though, in the drawing of 
 .some characters, especially that of Burnet, 
 the author shows himself prejudiced and un- 
 candid. To our author some haA'e likewise 
 attributed the celebrated criticisms on Ho- 
 race, 2 vols. 8vo. 1721, and those posthumous 
 remarks on Virgil published 1742; but by 
 those who have examined the matter with 
 great care and nicety, the matter is left 
 doubtful. It appears, indeed, tJiat the histo- 
 rian and the critic were both of the same 
 name, both Scotch, both lived in the same 
 times, both educated in Holland, both emi- 
 nent for their skill in the game of chess, both 
 employed as travelling tutors, and both at- 
 tained to an advanced age. The coincidence 
 is so remarkable, that the character should 
 he considered as belonging solely to the Ve- 
 netian envoy, whose learning was adequate 
 to the most refined criticism, and the deep- 
 est observations on ancient times atul man-^ 
 jicrs, 
 
 CuNNiNGHAM,,Tohn, son of a wine-mer- 
 cliant in Dublin, displayed early evid-encesof 
 poetical genius. At 17 he wrote his "love 
 in a mist, or the lass of spirit ;" from which 
 Garrick drew the praminent features of his 
 *' lying varlet." He was for several years of 
 his life engaged as a strolling player, in the 
 north of England and in Scotland. He set- 
 tled at last at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a place 
 to which he was very partial, and where he 
 4ied 18th Stpteiuber 1773, aged 42. 
 
 CwNY, Lewis Anthony, a Jesuit -of Lan- 
 gi*es, who died 1755. He. is known by three 
 funeral orations, on the dauphin of France, 
 the queen of Poland, and cardinal Rohan. 
 
 CuPANO, Francis, a Sicilian ecclesiastic, 
 who published, in 1667, a catalogue of the 
 plants of Sicily, and also a valuable history of 
 the island. 
 
 CuPERUS, Gisbert, professor of history 
 and burgomaster of Daventcr, was born at 
 Hemmen, in Gueldres, 1644. He died at 
 Daventer 1716. He wrote observationes criti- 
 ticai et chronologicx, 3 vols. 4to. — apotheosis 
 Homeri, 4to.— history of the three Gor- 
 dians — a collection of letters. 
 
 CuR^us, Joachim, a Gcrnnan physician, 
 born in Silesia. He improved himself great- 
 ly by travelling, and died 1573, aged 41. He 
 wrote, in Latin, the annals of Silesia and 
 Breblau, in folio. 
 
 CURCELLJEUS, Stephen, an eminent di- 
 vine, horn at Geneva, died at Amsterdam 
 1658, aged 72- After residing some time in 
 France, he settled at Amsterdam, where he 
 Avas followed by the Arrainians, and Avhere 
 he succeeded Episcopius a^ divinity profes- 
 sor. He was an able critic and a great lin- 
 guist, and wrote several theological tracts. 
 He published a new edition of the Greek tes- 
 tament, with various readings, and with a co- 
 pious dissertation, in which he properly ob- 
 serves, that none of the readings affect in the 
 least degree the articles of faith. Polemburg, 
 the successor of Curceilseus in the professor's 
 chair, has prefixed an account of his life to 
 the folio edition of his works. 
 
 "Curio, an orator of Home, who called 
 Caesar the man of all the women and the 
 woman of all the men. His son was aJsc 
 eminent as an orator, and as the friend ot 
 Caesar. 
 
 CuRio, Ccelius Secundus, was born at San 
 Chirico, in Piedmont. His abjuration of the 
 Romish religion, for the tenets of Luther, 
 exposed him to the persecution of the catho- 
 hcs, and he was seized and confined in the 
 prison of Turin, by the bishop. He however 
 escaped frdm his enemies, and fled to Salo 
 and Pavia; but the influence of the pope still 
 persecuted him over Italy, till he took re- 
 fuge at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he 
 became principal of the college. lie after- 
 wards removed to Basil, where for twenty- 
 two years, till his death, 1569, at the age of 
 67, he continued i-cspectably to fill the chair 
 of eloquence and belles lettrcs. His work, 
 '* de auipUtudine beati regni Dei," 1550, in 
 8vo. is a curious composition. He wrote be- 
 sides, ** oposcula," 8vo. — letters — CalvinuS 
 judaisans, &c. 
 
 CuRius, Dentatas Marcus Annius, a Ro» 
 man consul, distinguished in the wars against 
 Pyrrhus. He preferred poverty to riches, 
 and rejected with disdain the offers of the 
 Samnites, who sohcited him with lai'ge bribes, 
 about B. C. 272. 
 
 Curl, Edmund, a bookseller, whose narge 
 has obtained immortality iu Pope's Dunciad. 
 He -was born in the west of England, anil, 
 from low beginnings, kept a shop in the 
 
cu 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 cu 
 
 neighbourhood of Covent garden, \vli.ere the 
 books he published were generally enlarged 
 by wi-etched notes, forged letters, and bad 
 plates. He lost his ears for publishing " the 
 nun in her smock," and other licentious pie- 
 ces. He died 1748. 
 
 CuROPALATE, John, an officer in the 
 household of the Greek emperor of that 
 name. He wrote a Greek history from the 
 time of Michael Curopalate to the reign of 
 Alexius, from 813 to 1081. This work has 
 been most shamefully pillaged by Cedrenus, 
 who wrote an abridged history from the be- 
 ginning of the world to the reign of Isaac 
 Comraenus. Syncellus, Theophanes, and 
 others, have also borrowed from him. 
 
 CuRRADi, Francesco, an Italian painter, 
 who died 1660, aged DO. He was very cor- 
 rect in his historical pieces, and had a per- 
 fect knowledge of the chiaro-obscuro. 
 
 CuRRiE, James, an eminent physician. 
 He was born, 1756, at Kirkpatrick-Fleming, 
 Dumfrieshire, and, after receiving a proper 
 education at Dumfries school, he was sent to 
 Virginia in a commercial capacity. The in- 
 tricacies of commercial business, however, 
 had no attraction for him, and he returned 
 ■with eagerness to study medicine at Edin- 
 burgh, where, after three years' residence, 
 he took his degree of M. D. He settled at 
 Liverpool, and acquired deserved celebrity, 
 not only from his practice, but the candor 
 and benevolence of his h^art, his classical 
 taste, and his general information. He af«». 
 terwards removed to Bath, on account of ill 
 health, and died at Sidmouth, Devonshire, 
 Slst August 1805. Dr. Currie was well 
 known as the author of a letter, commercial 
 and political, to Mr Pitt, published under 
 the assumed name of Jasper Wilson, 1793, 
 which passed through sevex'al editions, and 
 attracted much of the public attention from 
 its own merits, and from the answers which 
 were made to it. Besides his medical re- 
 ports on the effects of water, cold and warm, 
 as a remedy in febrile diseases, 8vo. 1707, 
 with an additional volume 1804, he wrote 
 some valuable papers in the Manchester 
 transactions, the collections of the Loudon 
 medical society, and the philosophical trans- 
 actions. He also edited Burns' poems in 
 1800, with a pleasing account of the poet's 
 life, and a learned criticism on his writings. 
 
 CuESON, or CoRCEONE, Robert, an Eng- 
 lishman, who studied at Oxford and Paris. 
 ^ He became chancellor of Paris university, 
 and was made a cardinal by Innocent III. in 
 1212. He was active in preaching the cru- 
 sades, and died at Damietta 1218. He wrote 
 on the question, whether Origen be saved or 
 not. The work is now lost. 
 
 Curt I us, Martins, a Roman, who is said 
 to have sacrificed his life for the good of his 
 country, by leaping into a gulf, which could 
 close only when Rome had thrown into it 
 whatever she held most precious, about 362 
 B.C. 
 
 CuRTius, Quint. Rufus, a Roman histo- 
 rian, whose life of Alexander the great, in 10 
 bqoks, is much adir^red. The age in which 
 
 he lived is not accurately ascertained, though 
 some place him in the reign of Trajan. 
 
 CusA, Nicholas de, a cardinal, born at Cu- 
 sa, of mean parentage. His great merit, and 
 his extensive knowledge of law and of divinity, 
 recommended him to the notice of pope 
 Nicholas V. who made him a cardinal 1448, 
 and bishop of Brixia two years after. He was 
 sent by the pope to Germany as legate, in 
 1451, to preach the crusades against the 
 Turks, in which he was unsuccessful. He 
 died at Todi, in Umbria, 1464, aged 63. His 
 works, which were numerous and valu- 
 able were collected and printed in three 
 vols. Basil, 1565. They contain, besides con- 
 troversial and metaphysical tracts, some geo- 
 graphical and astronomical pieces, and Cri- 
 bratio alcorani, a treatise intended against 
 the spreading of Mahomet's doctrines after 
 the fall of Constantinople. 
 
 CuspiNiAN, John, a German, who was 
 born at Sweinfurt, and died at Vienna 1529, 
 aged 56. He was physician to the emperor 
 Maximilian I. by whom he was employed in 
 some important negotiations. He wrote a 
 learned Latin history of the Roman empe- 
 rors from Julius Csesar to the death of Max- 
 imilian I. — a history of Austria — a history of 
 the Turks, and of their cruelty towards the 
 Christians. 
 
 CussAY, N. governor of Angers, is known 
 for his noble reply to the duke of Guise, who 
 had ordered the protestants of An jou to be 
 massacred on the fatal day of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. " Tell the king," answered he, " that 
 my fellow citizens are brave and loyal, but 
 not assassins." 
 
 CusTiNES, Adam Philippe count de, was 
 born at Metz 4th Februaiy 1740, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in the seven years' war. 
 In the American war he assisted the revolt- 
 ed colonies at the head of his regiment, an<i 
 in the national assembly he espoused warmly 
 the popular party. When placed in the 
 command of the army of the Rhine, he took 
 the cities of Spires, Mentz, Frankiort, &c. 
 but a reverse of fortune obliged him to fall 
 back. Want of success was in the eyes of a jea- 
 lous tribunal considered as treason, and Cus- 
 tines perished on thescafrold 27th Aug. 1793, 
 He was weak in his conduct, proud in pros- 
 perity, but a coward in adversity. His son, 
 with greater firmness than his father, met 
 the stroke of the guillotine 3d January 1794, 
 aged 25. 
 
 CuTHBERT, an English saint, born in the 
 north, and educated by tlie Scottish monks 
 in the abbey of Icolmkill. He settled in the 
 island of Lindisferna, four miles from Ber- 
 wick, now called Holy-island ; from whence 
 he came to the court of Egfred king of Nor- 
 thumberland, whom, with many of his nobles, 
 he converted to Christianity, and baptized. 
 He was made bishop of the Northumbrian 
 Saxons ; but, from his fondness for solitude, 
 he retired to Holy-island, where he found- 
 ed a monastery, and where he died 686, 
 leaving behind him a great number of pupils, 
 and a deserved character of Sanctity, virtue, 
 and devotion. 
 
CY 
 
 3^3 
 
 CY 
 
 CuTTS, John lord, was born of an ancient 
 family at Matching, in Essex, and distin- 
 guished himself in the wars of William III. 
 He was early in the service of Monmouth, 
 and signalized himself greatly, under the 
 duke of Lorraine, in Hungary, and at the ta- 
 king of Buda by the imperialists. At the 
 revolution, he had a regiment of foot, was 
 created baron in Ireland 1690, governor of 
 the Isle of Wight 1693, and complimented by 
 Hopkins as one to whom a double ci-own was j 
 due, as a hero and a poet. On queen Anne's : 
 accession he was made lieutenant general i 
 of the forces in Holland, commander of the . 
 forces in Ireland in 1705, and afterwards one j 
 of the lords justices of that kingdom; an ap- j 
 pointment which broke his heart, because it 
 removed him intentionally out of the sphere 
 of active enterprise. He died at Dublin 
 Sfith of January 1707, and was buried in 
 Christ-church cathedral. He wrote a poem 
 on queen Mary's death, and published, 1687, 
 poetical exercises, written on several occa- 
 sions — a poem on wisdom — another on Wal- 
 ler. The poetry, though not deserving to 
 rank very high, yet possesses merit, and jus- 
 tifies the praises of Waller and others. 
 
 Cyaxares I. king of the Medes after 
 Phraortes, died 585 B. C. 
 
 Cyaxares II. king of Media, is supposed 
 to be the famous Darius, who died 536 B. C. 
 
 Cygne, Martin du, a learned Jesuit, pro- 
 fessor of eloquence, born at St. Omer, died 
 J 669, aged 50. He wi'ote explanatio rheto- 
 ricje — ars raetrica et ars poetica — fons elo- 
 quentise, &c. 4 vols. 12mo. — comiedise 12 cum 
 Terent. tum Plaut. concinnatse, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 CvNiEGiRUS, an Athenian, who at the 
 battle of Marathon, pursued the flying Per- 
 sians to their ships, and in swimming after 
 them had both his arms and his head cut off. 
 
 Cyneas, a Thessalian philosopher, who 
 accompanied Pyrrhus in his invasion ofltaly. 
 He called the Roman senate an assembly of 
 kings. 
 
 Cyprian, Thascius Csecilius, one of the 
 fathers of the church, born at Carthage. 
 He was bishop of Carthage, and suffered 
 martyrdom 258. He wrote some valuable 
 works, edited b}^ Dr. Fell, and translated in- 
 to Engh'sh by Marshall. 
 
 Cypriani, or Cipriani, an Italian 
 painter, who settled in England, and died in 
 London 1785. He possessed great merit in 
 his profession, and his pieces spread over 
 Europe by the graver of Bartolozzi, are well 
 known and admired for grace, beauty, and 
 expression. In private life he was highly 
 and deservedly esteemed for his many tal- 
 ents and virtues. His son inherited his vir- 
 tues. 
 
 Cyrano, Bergerae, a French author, 
 
 born in Gascony 1620. He early entered 
 the army, where his valor distinguished him 
 in the field as well as in duelling, and pro- 
 cured him the appellation of the intrepid. 
 He was shot through the body at the siege 
 of Mouzon, and run through the neck at 
 that of Arras in 1640 ; but his prospects of 
 promotion were so small, compared to the 
 dangers and difficulties to which he exposed 
 himself, that he abandoned the arm)', to 
 wield the pen of wit and poetry. Though 
 fond of independence and liberty, he attached 
 himself to marshal Gassiou, and afterwards 
 to the duke of Arpajon. He died in 1655, 
 aged 35, in consequence of a blow received 
 on the head by the fall of a piece of timber. 
 His works consist of a tragedy on the death 
 of Agrippina, mother of Germanicus — the 
 pedant, a comedy — besides a comic history 
 of the states and empires of the sun and of 
 
 the moon letters — dialogues — and frag- 
 
 metits of physics, &c. He abounded in wit 
 and humor, he wrote with great facility, and 
 interwove in his philosophical romance the 
 system of Des Cartes. In many parts, from 
 his fine strokes of satire on the wild inqui- 
 I'ies of the philosophers of the age, he has, 
 says lord Orrery, directed the plan which 
 Swift afterwards pursued. 
 
 Cyril of Jerusalem, one of the fathers, 
 who was bishop of Jerusalem. He died 386, 
 author of some works. 
 
 Cyril of Alexandria, bisliop of that see, 
 died 444. He was violent in his measures to 
 banish the Jews and Novatians from Alex- 
 andria ; and wrote various works, edited at 
 Paris, 7 vols. fol. 
 
 Cyrill, Lucar, was horn in Candia 1575, 
 and educated at Padua and in Germany. 
 He was made bishop of Alexandria, and af- 
 terwards, 1621, patriarch of Constantinople. 
 He was deposed, for his attempts to reform 
 his clergy, and at last was strangled, by or- 
 der of the grand signior, in 1638. His con- 
 fession of faith and his letters were publish- 
 ed, Amsterdam, 1718. 
 
 Cyrus, the elder, king of Persia, was son 
 ofMandane, the (laughter of Astyages, He 
 dethroned his grandfather, established the 
 Persian empire, and was at last killed in the 
 battle against Tomyris queen of the Massa^ 
 getse, B. C. 530. 
 
 Cyrus, the younger, son of Darius, revol- 
 ted against his brother Artaxerxes, and was 
 defeated by him in the plains of Cunaxa, 
 401. Had he not been too rash, he n)ight 
 have obtained the victory. The retreat of 
 the 10,000 Greeks who accompanied him is 
 celebrated in ancient history. 
 
 Cyrus, a Latin poet, in the reign of the 
 younger Theodosius. He afterwards be- 
 came a Christian and bishop of Phrygia. 
 
DA 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 DA 
 
 DAC, John, a German painter, born at 
 Cologne 1556, and employed by the 
 emperor Rodolph, who rewarded his great 
 abilities with honors and with opulence. 
 His pictures are all in a grand style. 
 
 Dacier, Andrew, a French philosopher 
 and critic, born at Castres, in Upper Lan- 
 guedoc, 6th April 1651. His parents were 
 protestants, and he was educated at Castres, 
 and Puylousens, but chiefly at Saumur, un- 
 der the celebrated Tanaquil Faber, whose 
 daughter he married. At Paris he was re- 
 commended to the duke of Montausier, and 
 %vas placed in the number of those who were 
 to publish the classics for the use of the 
 young dauphin. His first Avork was the edi- 
 tion of PompeiHS Festus, 4to. 1681, greatly 
 improved io the edition of 1609. His Ho- 
 race, with a French transisUion, appeared in 
 1681, in 10 vols. 12mo. and has freqsently 
 been reprinted. He next published St, An- 
 astasius contemplations, with notes and a 
 Latin translation, in 1682. The next year 
 he married Faber's daughter ; and, in 1685, 
 he with her abjured the protcstant religion. 
 JHe published nothing afterwards till 1691, 
 •when his moral reflections of Marcus An- 
 toninus 2 vols. 12mo. appeared ; and in 1692 
 Aristotle's poetics, with a translation and 
 witical remarks, in 4to. which some have 
 considered as his best performance. In 1693 
 he published a translat^^ of the (Edipus and 
 Electra of Sophocles ; m 1694, the first vol- 
 ume of Plutarch's lives ; in 1697, the trans- 
 lation of the works of Hippocrates, 2 vols. 
 J 2mo. ; in 1699, that of Plato's works, 2 vols. ; 
 in 1706, the life of Pythagoras, his symbols, 
 golden verses, &c. 2 vols. ; in 1715, Epicte- 
 tus, 2 vols. ; and in 1723 the lives of Plu- 
 tarch were completed, in 8 vols. 4to. Be- 
 sides these, Dacier i)ublished notes on Lon- 
 ginus, a dissertation on the origin of satire, 
 speeches in the French academy, answers 
 to some critics who had censured bis person 
 and manners, &c. besides a commentary on 
 Theocritus, and a treatise on religion, never 
 published. As he had been concerned in tlie 
 compilation of the medallic history of Lewis 
 XIV. the monarch settled on him a pension 
 of 2000 livres, and appointed him keeper of 
 his books in the Louvre, in 1713 he was 
 made perpetual secretary to the French 
 academy, and in 1717 he obtained a rever- 
 sionary grant of 10,000 crowns, as library 
 keeper to the king, which was aflferwards to 
 devolve to his wife if she survived him. Her 
 death, in 1720, prevented her enjoyment of 
 a gi'ant so very honorable to her merits. Da- 
 cier, though greatly afi^icted for the loss of 
 bis wife, yet would have married a second 
 time had not death prevented it. He was 
 carried off by an ulcer in his throat, which 
 he had disregarded, as not dangerous, Sep- 
 tember IS, 1722, in his 71st year. He was 
 a man of great and extensive learning, who 
 applied the powers of his mind, and the most 
 indefatigable industry, to infuse into his na- 
 tive language allthe beauties and all the graces 
 ojTsoijie of the best writers of ancient times. 
 
 Dacier, Anne, wife of Andre^v Dacier, 
 
 daughter rf Tanaquil Faber, or le Fevre, 
 was born at Saumur 1651. When she was 
 11 years old her father discovered the strong 
 natural powers of her mind, and immediate- 
 ly laid the foundation of a learned education 
 which was happily completed. In 1674, she 
 published an edition of Calliraachus in 4to. 
 and in consequence of her extensive know- 
 ledge, she was engaged in the editing of the 
 classics for the use of the dauphin. Her 
 Florus, appeared in 1674, in 4to. and her 
 Aurelius Victor 1681. In the mean time 
 her reputation was so universally spread, 
 that Christina queen of Sweden wrote her 
 some pressing letters, and invited her to em- 
 brace the Uomish religion, and to come to 
 .settle at Stockholm, where every mark of 
 respect and patronage would be shown to 
 her. These oflfers she declined, and contin- 
 ued her labors in the service of the dauphin. 
 In 1681, her translation of Anacreon and 
 Sappho appeared, so much commended by 
 Boileau, and in 1683, were pubhshed Eu- 
 tropius 4to, and a French translation of the 
 Amphitryo, Epidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, 
 three toIs. and the next year the Plautus 
 and Clouds of Aristophanes 12mo. with Dic- 
 tys Cretensis ami Dares Phrygius.. In 1683 
 she married Dacier, a scholar with whom 
 she had shared the instruction of her fath- 
 er and two years after she joined him in a 
 recantation of the protestant tenets. It has 
 been indeed insinuated that she had been 
 previously married to Lesnier a bookseller 
 of her father, and that she ran away from 
 him for the society of Dacier, to whom she 
 never was regularly married, an imputation 
 too gross and illiberal to be credited. After 
 her conversion, by the influence of the duke 
 of Montausier, a pension of 1500 livres was 
 settled on her husband, and 500 on herself. 
 In 1688 she published her translation of 
 Terence's plays with notes 3 vols. 12mo. the 
 best edition of which is that of 1717. She 
 also assisted her husband in his Marcus An- 
 toninus and his Plutarch, and in 1711 she_pub- 
 lished her translation of Homer's Iliad with 
 notes 3 vols. 12mo. In 1714 she wrote a de- 
 fence of Homer against de la Motte, and two 
 years after against Hardouin, in which she 
 displayed much erudition, great taste, and 
 not a little acrimony. She was however af- 
 terwards reconciled to de la Motte. Her last 
 work, the Odyssey of Homer translated from 
 the Greek, appeared in 1716, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 The two last years of her life she sunk into 
 disease and debility, and died Aupust 17th 
 1720, aged 69. She had a son and two daughr 
 ters, the son died young, one of the daugh- 
 ters was a nun, and the other, who possessed 
 the virtues and accomplishments of her sex, 
 died in her 18th year. Besides learning, 
 Madame Dacier was graced with the noblest 
 ornaments of human nature, with generosi- 
 ty, firmness, mildness and exemplary piety. 
 She had so much modesty that she never dis- 
 coursed on literature, to display her superi- 
 ority ; but when requested to write her name 
 and a sentence, in the book of a northern 
 scholar, accdrUjing to the custom of the coan- 
 
DA 
 
 sr^ 
 
 DA 
 
 tcy, slie strenuously declined to enrol herself 
 among the most illustrious characters of the 
 age. When at last prevailed upon, she 
 wrote her name with a verse from Sopho- 
 cles, expressive that silence is the best orna- 
 ment of the female sex. To the universal 
 respect of Europe the academy of Uicovatri 
 at Padua added the honor of enrolling her 
 name among their members in 1684. 
 
 Dagar, Jacob, a native of Paris, the 
 'pupil of Vouet, and eminent as an historical 
 and portrait painter. He was patronised by 
 Christian V. of Denmark, at whose court 
 he long resided, and then he visited London, 
 and returned to (/Openhagen where he died 
 1716, aged 76. 
 
 Dagobeiit I. succeeded his father Clo- 
 taire II. as king of France 628. He made 
 war against Saxouy, Britany, and Gascony, 
 but stained by cruelty the laurels which he 
 obtained in the field of battle. He divorced 
 his wife, and not satisfied to marry three 
 others to whom he gave the name of queens, 
 he kept a great number" of concubines. It 
 is said that after conquering the Saxons he 
 caused all those to be put to death whose 
 stature exceeded the length of his sword. 
 He died at Epernay fiS8, aged 36, and was 
 the first monarch buried at St. Denys, which 
 he had founded six years before. 
 
 Dago BERT II. son of Sigebert II. was 
 prevented from ascending his father's throne 
 by the influence of Grimoald mayor of the 
 palace, who caused his own son Childebert 
 to be crowned king. He afterwards obtain- 
 ed the kingdom of Austrasia, and was assas- 
 sinated five years after 679, aiid was buried 
 at Stenay. 
 
 Dagobert III. succeeded as king of 
 Neustria to his fattier Childebert. He die<l 
 four years after 17th Jan. 715. 
 
 Dagobert, N. a French republican ge- 
 neral, who distinguished himself in Italy and 
 against the Spaniards. He died in the midst 
 of his victories beyond the Pyrenees 21st 
 April 1794. 
 
 Dagoumer, William, professor of phi- 
 losophy, and rector of the university of Paris, 
 was born at Pont-audemer, and died at Cour- 
 bevoye in 1755. He published a course, of 
 philosophy in Latin, a French work against 
 the advertisements of Languet archbishop 
 of Sens. He is ridiculed by le Sage in Gil 
 Bias under the name of Guillomer. 
 
 Dahl, Michael, a Danish painter patron- 
 ised by queen Anne and George prince of 
 Denmark. He died in England 20th Octo- 
 ber 1743. 
 
 Dahlberg, Eric, a Swedish engineer, 
 whose excessive application compensated 
 for the early loss of his parents, and the 
 misfortunes of a neglected education. He 
 prepared for the brave defence of Thorn, 
 and accompanied Gustavus Adolphas in his 
 Polish expedition, and advised him to march 
 his army across the Great Belt whfen frozen, 
 and thus penetrate into the very heart of the 
 Danish kingdom and besiege the capital. His 
 great services Avere rewarded in 1660 with 
 the rank of uobility, and he was sucxsessively 
 
 raised to the command of Malmo, the car.e 
 of pie fortifications, and the government of 
 Livonia. He died at Stockholm 1703, aged 
 78. He wrote Suecia aniiqua and hodierna, 
 three vols. fol. 1700, and distinguished him- 
 self so much as an engineer that he was de- 
 servedly called the Vauban of Sweden. 
 
 Daille, John, an eminent protestant 
 divine, born at Chatelleraiit sixth January 
 1594. His father intended to place him ifi 
 his own situation as receiver of the cousigs.x- 
 tions at Poitiers, but the fondness of the Doy 
 for books and literature turned his thoughts 
 to another channel, and he educated him iti 
 the schools of Poitiers and Saumur. At the 
 age of eighteen he was admitted into the 
 family of du Plessis Mornay to be the tutor 
 of his two grandsons, and in this situatioa 
 he continued scveq years before he began to 
 travel, and received, as it is said, more in- 
 struction from the learned conversation and 
 company of the grandfather than he com- 
 municated to his pupils. He began bis tra- 
 vels in 1619, and with his two pupils passed 
 through Geneva, Piedmont, Lomburdy, and 
 Venice, where he was introduced to the 
 acquaintance and friendly intimacy of father 
 Paul. While at Mantua one of his pupils 
 was taken ill, and soon after died, so that 
 Daille with difficulty and great danger con- 
 veyed the body concealed as a Ijale of goods 
 under the care of two servants to the hurial 
 place of his father, from the suspicious eye of 
 the inquisitors who viewed with jealousy the 
 conduct of the protestants. With the other 
 pupil he continued his travels, and after vi^t- 
 ing Switzerland, Germany, Flanders, Hol- 
 land, and England, they returned to France 
 late in 1621. In 162.3, Daille was ordained and 
 first officiated in the family of the venerable 
 Mornay, who died soon after in the arms of 
 his beloved and reverend friend. The year 
 1624 was employed ia digesting some papers 
 which afterwards were >t)ubhshed as me- 
 moirs, and in the following, year Daille be- 
 came minister of the church of Saumur, 
 where he spent the rest of his life. In 162S 
 he wrote his celebi-ated book " on the use 
 of the fathers" which lord Falkland and his 
 friend Chillingworth greatly valued, and be- 
 gan to translate, but left unfinished; but it 
 appeared in 1651 in an English dress by the 
 hands of Thomas Smith of Cambridge, and 
 in Latin by Mettayer of St. Quintift. In 
 1633 he published his apology for the re- 
 formed churches, which he also translated 
 into Latin, and Mr. Smith into English in 
 1658. These books, from their importance, 
 and the masterly manner in which the sub- 
 ject was treated, excited a great outcry 
 among the catholics, but they maintained, 
 their character against all the attacks and 
 insinuations of popery. Daille was at the 
 synod of Alencon in 1637, where his autho- 
 rity was ably exerted to reconcile the pro- 
 testants in the then disputed tenets about 
 universal grace. These principles he warm- 
 ly embraced, and indeed published in 1655 
 a Latin work against Spanheim the Leyden 
 professor, as '' an apology ffr the synods of 
 
DA 
 
 ♦^/<^ 
 
 DA 
 
 Alencon and Charenton." This great and 
 good man died at Paris 15th Apriri670, af- 
 ter enjoying tlirough life, except from a 
 small attack of apoplexy for 10 days, the most 
 nninterrupted good health, and with it the un- 
 diminished faculties and powers of his mind. 
 His reputation was so high that the protest- 
 ants in France declared they had seen no 
 better writer since the days of Calvin. He 
 "wi'ote besides several works which were 
 chiefly of a controversial nature, and which 
 equally evinced his learning, erudition, and 
 dexterity of argumentation. He married in 
 1625, but lost his wife six years after, by 
 vhom he had only one son, Hadrian, who 
 tfistinguished himself as an able divine. He 
 was invited to Rochelle as a minister, and 
 after five years' residence he was chosen 
 minister of Paris, with his father 1658. At 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes he re- 
 tired to Switzerland, and died at Zurich, 
 May 1690. His MS. and some of his fa- 
 ther's works were deposited in the public 
 library. 
 
 Dale, Samuel, an apothecary of Brain- 
 tree, Essex, who became by his merit in 
 1730, a licentiate of the college of physicians 
 and fellow of the I'oyal society. He wrote 
 Pharmacologia,seu manuductio ad materiam 
 medicam, often printed, — the antiquities of 
 Harwich and Dover court, in 4to. improved 
 from the works of Silas Taylor, besides 
 some valuable papens in the philosophical 
 transactions, &c. He died at Bocking, where 
 ke had settled as a physician, 1739, aged 80. 
 
 Dalechamps, James, a learned physi- 
 cian born at Caen 1513. He died at the age 
 of 75, at Lyons, where he had practised from 
 1552 to 1588. He wrote a general history 
 of plants, three books de peste, besides Pli- 
 ny's natural history with valuable notes, and 
 also translated into Latin, Athenseus, in the 
 completion of which he was engaged thirty 
 years. 
 
 Dalen, Cornelius Von, an eminent 
 Dutch engraver, who florished about 1640. 
 He engraved a great variety of portraits, 
 and some antique statues, all in a masterly 
 style. 
 
 Dalens, Dirk, a landscape painter of 
 Amsterdam, who did 1688, aged 29. He is 
 happy in the expression and faithful deline- 
 ation of his pieces. 
 
 D'alibrai, Charles Von, a Parisian who 
 abandoned the profession of arms for the 
 muses. He was of a dissipated turn of mind, 
 and fond of merry society, and he declared 
 that he would die by the mouth of the bottle 
 rather than by the mouth of the cannon. As 
 he had a moderate income, and was free 
 from ambition, he enjoyed with great con- 
 tentment what he had, and employed his 
 sportive muse as fancy or occasion directed. 
 In the latter part of his life he lived much 
 in the country ,» and died at an advanced age 
 about the beginning of 1655. His Avorks 
 appeared in 1553, in 8vo. divided into six 
 parts, containing bacchanalian, satirical, he- 
 roical, moral, and christian poems, of no 
 gfeat merit indeed, but frequently happy in 
 
 delineation of character and in flashes of 
 wit. He also translated Perez's letters, and 
 73 epigrams, against Montmaur. 
 
 Dalin, Oiausde, a learned Swede, born 
 at Winsberg in 1708. He is deservedly cal- 
 led the father of Swedish poetry, by his two 
 poems on the liberty of Sweden, and the 
 tragedy of Brunhilda. He rose by his gen- 
 ius to fame and fortune, and was appointed 
 preceptor to prince Gustavus, and at last be- 
 came chancellor of the court. He wrote, at 
 the request of the government, the history 
 of Sweden, which he brought down to the 
 death of Charles IX. He wrote besides, epis- 
 tles, fables, satires, panegyrics, &c. and 
 translated Montesquieu's book on the de- 
 clension of the Romans. 
 
 Dallington, sir Robert, author of the 
 aphorisms of Tacitus, was born at Gedding- 
 ton, Northamptonshire, and educated at 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. He was secre- 
 tary to Francis earl of Rutland, knighted by 
 queen Elizabeth, and made master of the 
 Charter-house. He died 1637. He wrote 
 besides a survey of the great duke's estate in 
 Tuscany 4tc. method for travel, or a state of 
 France, in 1598, 4to. 
 
 Dalmatin, George, a Lutheran, minis- 
 ter of Laybach in Carniola, from Avhich he 
 was expelled by the violence of the catholics 
 1598. He was protected in his disgrace by 
 the baron of Aursperg, in whose house it is 
 said he died. He translated the bible into 
 the Sclavonian language 1584, and wrote 
 some tracts. 
 
 Dalmatius, a bishop of Cyzicum, whp 
 attended the council of Ephesus, and wrote 
 the acts of the synod of Nice. 
 
 Dalrymple, David, son of sir James 
 Dalrymple hart, auditor of the exchequer 
 for Scotland, was born in Edinburgh 28th 
 October 1726. His mother was Christian, 
 daughter of Earl Haddington. He was ed- 
 ucated at Eton, from whence he removed to 
 Uti'echt, where he continued till 1746. la 
 1748 he was called to the bar, and soon dis- 
 tinguished himself as an advocate. His name 
 as a lawyer was so eminent that he was rais- 
 ed in 1766 to the dignity of one of the judges 
 of the court of session, when he assumed, as 
 is usual, the appellation of lord Hailes, by 
 which he is best known among the learned. 
 He became however conspicuous, not less by 
 his learning, and his writings, than by his in- 
 tegrity, candor, and firmness, as a judge. In 
 1773 he published remarks on the history of 
 Scotland, and in 1776 and 1779, annals of 
 Scotland, 2 vols. 4to. containing the history 
 of 14 Scottisli kings ; which valuable work, 
 however, the author did not complete. He 
 published besides, memorials and letters re- 
 lating to the history of Britain, in the reign 
 ofjamesl. and Charles I. 2 vols, 1762 and 
 1766 — a catalogue of the lords cf session 
 from 1532 — biographia Scotica — remains of 
 christian antiquity, 3 vols, and other nume- 
 rous tracts on antiquities, history, divinity, 
 &c. Lord Hailes, though infirm in health, 
 sat on the bench till within three days of his 
 death, which happened 2gth Nov. 1792, in 
 
DA 
 
 his 66th year. He left no male issue, but 
 •nly two 'daughters by two different wives. 
 
 Dai.ton, iNIichael, an English lawyer, 
 born in Cambridgeshire, and bred at Lin- 
 coln's-inn. He wrote a well known book on 
 the office of ajustice of peace, and on the du- 
 ty of sheriffs. He was queen's counsel in 
 1599, and died before the civil wars. 
 
 Ualton, John, U. D. was born atDcane 
 in Cumberiand, where his father was rector, 
 1709. He was educated at Lowther, and at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and became tutor 
 to lord Beauchamp. He employed hini- 
 sclf in the mean time, in adapting Milton's 
 ma»que at Ludlow-castle to the st-j;e, which 
 he rendered, by a judicious selection of songs 
 from other works of the author, and some 
 of his own, a very popular piece, still known 
 and admired under the title of " Comus." 
 During the celebrity of this pei'forniance, 
 he sought out Milton's grand-daughter, who 
 '\vas overwhelmed with old age and poverty, 
 and honorably exerted his influence to pro- 
 cui'e her a benefit, witich produced her I'^OZ. 
 His ill health afterwards prevented him from 
 attending his noble pujjil^ who unfortunately 
 died of tlie small-pox at Bologna. After be- 
 ing elected to a fellowship in his college, lie 
 took orders, and was presented some time 
 after, by the duke of Somerset, to the living 
 of St. Mary at Hill, and by his influence to a 
 prebend at Woi-cester, where he died 1703. 
 lie published a volume of sermons, 1757 — 
 two epistles, 4to. — a descriptive poem on the 
 coal mines near Wliitehaven — reniarks on 
 12 historical designs of Kaphael. His brotii- 
 er Iticiiard was librarian to the king, and 
 jmbUshed a description of some prints, from 
 drawings of his own, of the procession to 
 Mecca. 
 
 D A LIE I. L,. Andrew, an eminent Greek 
 scholar, born at liatho, near Edinburgh, 
 about 1750. From his village scliool he came 
 to Edinburgh, and studied with such zeal 
 and application, that he beca'me professor 
 of the Greek language in the university, 
 keeper of the university librai-y, and one of 
 the secretaries of tlie royal society ofJid- 
 inburgh, &:c. His literaiy acquirements 
 were such, that he was selected to su])erin- 
 ^end the education of the present lord Lau- 
 derdale, whom he accompanied on the con- 
 tinent. As a professor, Mr. Dalzell posses- 
 sed great abilities and powerful eloquence, 
 and his lectures wcve so popular, that the 
 study of the Gi*eek language Avhich had long 
 been neglected in Scotland,^ became under 
 liis auspices, a favorite pursuit with the 
 youthful students of the university. To fa- 
 cilitate the labors of his pupils, he devoted 
 much of his time in the compo-sition of val- 
 uable notes, in the elucidation of the Greek 
 classics, which he published under the name 
 of Analecta minora &c majora, &c. He 
 wrote besides, some papers on biography, 
 and on literary subjects in tlie Edinburgh 
 society transactions, and recommended to 
 the English student. Chevalier's description 
 of the plain of Troy, by giving an elegant 
 tran.slationof it, enriched with learned notes. 
 
 3^^ 
 
 DA 
 
 He also edited the posthumous works of his 
 fathc)'-in-law Dr. J. Drysdale, whom he suc- 
 ceeded as principal clerk to the general as- 
 sembly of the church of Scotland. This 
 amiable man and elegant scholar died 8tU 
 December 1806. 
 
 Dx\.L7iEL, Thomas, a Scotch officer, ta- 
 ken prisoner at the defeat at Worcester, 
 and toiilined in the tower, trom which he 
 esca})td to Russia, where the czar made 
 him a general. At the restoration he re- 
 turned to England, and (Jharles H. made 
 him, for hW many services, commander in. 
 chief of all iiis forces in Scotland. He was 
 a singular man in his dress and ap})earancG, 
 He had been brought up hardy, and af- 
 ter the death of Charles 1. he never shaved 
 his beard, wliich grew Avliite and btishy, and 
 descended to his middle. Hi? ' "Sd head was 
 generally covered with a be"" «r hat, the 
 brim of Avliich, was not more fdan three in- 
 ches broad. He generally came' to London 
 once or twice a year, to kiss the king's liand, 
 wlio had great regard for him, but whenev- 
 er he appeared in the capital, the singulari- 
 ty of his dress and appearance drew crowds 
 of boys around him. The time of his death 
 is unknown. 
 
 Damascenus, John, a learned lather of 
 the church, born at Damascus. He died 
 about 750. His works were edited, 2 vols, 
 fol. 1712, Paris. 
 
 Dam ASCI us, a stoic philosopher, pupil 
 to Isidorus, whose life he wrote. He flor- 
 ished about 540, A. D. 
 
 Dam ASUS I. a Spaniard, raised to the pa- 
 pal throne 306. Though warmly opjAsed 
 by Ursin the antipope, he was acknowledg- 
 ed by the Italian bishops, and by the coun- 
 cil of Aquileia, who condemned his oppo- 
 nent. He was a zealous enemy to the ten- 
 ets of the Arians, and died 384, aged 80. 
 Some of his letters have been published. 
 
 Damasus H. bishop of Brixea, was elect- 
 ed pope on the day of the resignation of Ben- 
 edict IX. He died at Palestrina, 23 days af- 
 ter liis election, 1048. 
 
 Dambourney, N. was born at Jvouen, 
 10th May 1722, and died there, 2d June 
 1795. He distinguished himself, not only as 
 a merchant, but as a man of science, well 
 acquainted with philosophy and cliemistry. 
 He made some curious experiments ori 
 plants, kc. and published valuable tracts. 
 
 Damien, Peter, cardinal and bishop of 
 Ostia in the eleventh century, was original- 
 ly a Benedictine monk, whom his superiors 
 and not his ambition raised to places of em- 
 inence and dignity. He publicly condemned 
 the wars which the popes carried on against 
 the emperors, and asserted, from tiie exam- 
 ple of our Savioui*, that the ecclesiastics 
 were tooppose their enemies, not by the ai'ms 
 of the flesh, but by the sword of the spirit. 
 He was equally severe against the licentious 
 manners of his age, which he attempted to 
 correct and reform. His works were print- 
 ed at Paris 1663. He died about 1073. 
 
 Dam 1 EN 3, Robert Francis, a French- 
 man, known for his attempt to assassinate. 
 
DA 
 
 'J^r 
 
 DA 
 
 Lewis XV. He was executed 2Sth March, 
 1757, in a manner most horrible and wan- 
 tonly barbarous. Vid. Chastel. 
 
 Damo, the (laughter of Pythagoras, was 
 well skilled in the philosophy of her illus- 
 trious father. 
 
 Damox, a Pythagorean philosopher, ce- 
 lebrated for his friendship with Pythias, 
 which Dionysius the tyi-antsaw, and desired 
 to share. 
 
 Damon, an Athenian musician, the friend 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Damocles, a flatterer in l^e court of 
 Dionysius, who, for a while, assumed the 
 dress and dignity of the tyrant, to e.xperi- 
 <tnce what happiness existed on a throne. 
 
 Damocuii us, a Greek historian, author 
 of a treatise on tactics, and of an(»ther on the 
 Jews, whoi*^^'^*: accused of worshipping the 
 head of a a i^ \> 
 
 Damouku, Lewis, a French lawyer, who 
 died 10t]i Nov. 1788, author of a life of Ni- 
 non de I'Enclos, and other works of little 
 merit. 
 ' Dampier, John, a native of Blois, who 
 entered among the cordeliers, J(nd was di- 
 rector of a nunnery at Orleans, where he di- 
 ed before 1550. His Latin \k)ems, after the 
 manner of Catullus, are elegant and valua- 
 ble, and are published in the first volume of 
 the delioiiC poetarum Gallorum. 
 
 Dampier, Capt. William, a famous na- 
 ^"igator, born at East (Joker in Somerset- 
 shire, ifi5!2 He early went to sea, and join- 
 ed captain Cook, in order to cruize against 
 the Spaniards. They accordingly proceed- 
 ed tv-) the South-seas through the straits of 
 Magellan, where they took several prizes, 
 and where Cook died, 1684, and was suc- 
 ceeded in command by Davis. They after- 
 wards attacked and burned the town of Pla- 
 tii, and then advanced to the bay of Pana- 
 ma, near wliich they took a Spanish ship 
 sent with dispatches to Lima, and from the 
 intelligence received on board they medita- 
 ted an attack on the plale ships, which ended 
 unsuccessfully. Their next attack wasagainst 
 Leon, on the Mexican coast, which they 
 <lestroyed, and also Rio Leja, and there 
 Dampier left Davis, and sailed with captain 
 Swan, to examine more fully the northern 
 parts of Uie Mexican shore ; hut meeting 
 witli no success, and being disappointed in 
 their wishes to sieze the rich Manilla ship, 
 they sailed across the great Pacific ocean for 
 the East Indies. After visiting St. John's 
 island. New Holland, Triest, and Nicobar, 
 Dampier left his companions, and arrived 
 at the English factory at Achan, where he 
 afterwards engaged with captain WeUlon in 
 trading voyages for 15 months, and then en- 
 tered as gunner at a f^ictory at Bencoolcn. 
 In IG'JI he made his escape from the vigi- 
 lance of the governor, and brought all his 
 papers and journals with him, and reached 
 the Downs, Sept. I6th. As he was nov.- in 
 v/antof money he sold his share in an Indi- 
 an prince, wliom his companions carried 
 about for exhibition. He was afterwards 
 engaged for three years, till 171,1, iaa voy- 
 
 age under the British merchants to the SotitL 
 seas, of which he has recorded several cu^ 
 rious and very interesting particulars. His 
 voyage round the world Ijas been frequently 
 pul)lished, andis considered as an accurate 
 and valuable performance. The time of 
 Dampier's death is unknown. A good like- 
 ness of him is preserved in Trinity-house, 
 Tower-hill. 
 
 Dampierue, N. a French general, who 
 distinguished himself under Dumoiu'ier at 
 the battle of Jemappe. Though active and 
 warlike he was driven from Aix-la-chapeile, 
 and was beaten by the allies at Quaivrain. 
 As he wa . examining the works of the ene- 
 my his thigh was carried off by a canon ball 
 from an English battery, belbre the camp at 
 Famars, and he died two days after, lOth 
 May 17«J3. 
 
 Dan, the fiflh son of Jacob by Bilhah the 
 maid of Rachel, was tlie liead of a tribe, 
 whose territories were on the shores of the 
 Mediterranean between Joppa and Ascalon. 
 
 Dancer, Daniel, a well known miser 
 born near Harrow, Middlesex. The love of 
 money was the ruling principle in his fami- 
 ly, and Mhen he inherited his paternal es- 
 tate, which was considerable, he pursued 
 the same plan of rigid mean pai-simony. His 
 intercourse with the world was merely in 
 the selling of his hay, and the other pro- 
 duce ot his farm, and the winter comforts 
 of his fire side, hi his inhospitable house, 
 arose from the scanty supphes laboriously 
 collected from the hedges, or the scattered 
 boughs on the neighboriirg common. On the 
 death of his sister, from whom he received 
 some property, he exchanged the hay bands 
 which hitherto had protected his legs, for 
 a second-hand pair of black worsted stock- 
 ings, which were the only tokens of his 
 mourning. This singular character died 
 1794, aged 80, and left the whole of his 
 pi'operty to lady Tempest, who it seems 
 had behaved towards him with charity, in 
 the hope of alleviating his apparent povert\'. 
 
 DanchEt, Anthony, a Fi-ench poet, 
 born at Riorn 1071. At 1<J he became profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Chartres, and four years 
 after he came to Paris, where he devoted 
 himself to write for the theatre. He was 
 member of the French academy and of that 
 of inscriptions, and had also a place in the 
 king's library. He died 1748, universally 
 esteemed as much for his private Character 
 as for his writings. His works, consisting 
 of tragedies, song's, operas, &c. were printed 
 at Paris 1751, 4 vols, hinio. 
 
 Dandini, Jerome, a Jesuit, born at 
 Ccseria in Italy 1554. He was the first of 
 his order who taught philosophy at Paris. 
 1 !e was in consequence of his learning rector 
 of tlie colleges of Ferrara, Forii, Bologna, 
 i'.arma, anil Milan. He also taught phdoso- 
 jiiiy at Perugia 15'JG, when he was appoint- 
 cd'by pope Clement VIH. to be his legate to 
 1 he Maronitos of mount Libanus. He wrote 
 :in aCco«mt of his journey in Italian, which 
 
 Simon translate<l into French, 
 e J at Fovli 1034, aged 80. Hi 
 
 Dandini oi- 
 
 comnicnta- 
 
DA 
 
 ry on Aristotle's three books de annna, ap- 
 . p'eared at Paris 1611, folio, and Ms ethics ut 
 Cesenu 1651. 
 
 Dan DIN I, Pietro, an eminent painter, 
 born at Florence 164G. He studied under 
 "N'alerioSpada, and his uncle Vincentio Dan- 
 dini, and alter travelling through Italy he 
 resided for some «iine at Venice, and also 
 at Parma and Modi-na, that he might more 
 carefully view and copy the linest \)i*3ves of 
 the greatest masters. On his return to 
 J-'lorence he was employed by the grand 
 duke in adorning his palaces from subjects 
 from sacred and tiibulous history, as well as 
 in fancy and caricature pieces. His genius 
 •was great, and he displayed astonishing pow- 
 1,'rs in the iniitatirHi of Titian, Veronese, 
 and Tintoretto. He died 1712. His son Oc- 
 tavio was equally eminent as a painter. 
 
 DAxniNi, Ca;sare, an historical painter 
 of Florenc-e. He was extremely correct iii 
 his drawings, and his pieces were all finish- 
 ed in a superior style. His altar pieces at 
 Florence are greatly aduiired, especially 
 that of the chapel I'Annonciata. He was 
 brother to Vincentio and uncle to Pietro. 
 
 Dan DIN I, Hercule Francois, professor 
 of law at Padua, died 17i7, aged .^6. He 
 ivas author of several learned works, de sci-i- 
 bendi ratione, de sei'vitutibus prtediorum in- 
 terpretationes per epistolas, bzc. 
 
 Dandolo, Henry, a Venetian, raised 
 to the rank of doge of his country 1192. 
 Though then 84 years old, vigor, wisdom, 
 imd activity marked his g«jvernmeut. He 
 conquered Zara which h«d revoked, engag- 
 ed in the crusades, and displayed astonish- 
 ing valor at the siege of Constantinople. He 
 ■was in consequence of liis services treated 
 lord of Romania, and died 1205. 
 
 Dandolo, Andrew, doge of Venice, 
 made an alliance with Egypt, which pro- 
 duced a rupture with the Genoese, who 
 ■were jealous of liis prosperity. He died 
 13.54, aged 44. He wrote an history of Ve- 
 nice, and as the friend of literature corres- 
 ponded with Petrarch and ei»ier learned 
 men. 
 
 Dandue Car don, Michael Francois, 
 known as a painter and as a writer, was born 
 at Aix in Provence, 22d iMay 1700, and died 
 14th April 1783. He was professor of the 
 academy of p;.iinting, and was admired for 
 liis historical pieces. He wrote, besides some 
 poetry of inferior merit, the life of Carlo 
 "\"anlo, 12mo. 17C5 — treatise on ]iainting, 
 sculpture, &ic. — well known anecdotes on 
 the death of Boucliardon — conference 'on 
 the utility of history to artists. 
 
 Dandrieu, Jolin Francis, a famous nui- 
 si-cian, who died ;.t Paris ]7-'iO, aged 5C). He 
 composed three books of pieces for the Ijfirp- 
 sicord, one for tlie organ, with pieces for 
 chi-istmas, much admired by connoisseurs. 
 
 Daneau or Dan^eds, Lambert, a Cal- 
 v^uist preacher, who was ]M)rn at Orlean*), 
 and died at Castres in 1506, aged 66. He 
 taught theology at Leyden, and published 
 commentaries on Matthew and Mark, a po- 
 etical system of geography, aphorismi politi- 
 ci & rai'.itares. 
 
 Danes, Peter, born at Paris, studied at 
 the college of Navarre, and was Greek pro- 
 fessor at the college royal for five years. He 
 ■was tutor to the dauphin afterwjirds Francis 
 H. and he was present at the council of 
 Trent, where he delivered a celebrsi.tcd 
 speech in 1546. During his stay at Trent he 
 w as made bishop of Lavaur. He died at Pa- 
 ris 23d April 1577, aged 80. He was a pre- 
 late of extensive learning, commanding elo- 
 quence, great gravity of nuuniers and genu- 
 ine piety. He -nrote several things, but ne- 
 ver set" his name to them. The 10th book 
 of Paulus iEmilius' history of France is at- 
 tributed to him. His opuscula, with his life, 
 were published b} his kinsman Peter Hilany 
 Danes in 1731, 4to. 
 
 Da NET, Peter, a Fixnch abbe, among 
 those learned men who jjublished tiie clas- 
 sics for the use of the dauphin. He published 
 
 beside 
 
 dictionarv 
 
 Phcedrus vi ith notes, 
 
 and othcj: works, and died at Paris 1709. 
 
 Dangeau, LouisCourcillou <le, member 
 of the French academy, and abbot of Cler- 
 mont and Fontaine-Daniel, was born at Pa- 
 ris, Jan. 1643, and died there Jan. 1st, 172.T. 
 He usefully devoted his time to facilitate thft 
 study of belles lettres, history and geography, 
 for which he invented several new and ingeni- 
 ous games. He published a new method to 
 learn historical geography, two vols folio. — 
 the principles of heraldry in 14 plates 4to — 
 historical games of the kings of France — 
 reflections on the parts of grar.»mar — of the 
 election of the emperor. liis principal work 
 is the dialogues ou the immortality of the 
 soul, attributc<l by souje to the abbe de Cho- 
 isi. He was master of a great variety of lan- 
 guages, but his benevoler.ee was equal to his 
 learning. By economy he was in possession 
 of a respectable income, which was liberally 
 applied to the relief of indigence and dis- 
 tress. 
 
 Dangeau, Phihp de Courcillon, marquis 
 de, brother of the precedirig, was born in 
 1638. He was a great favorite at the court 
 of Lewis Xi V. for his many accomplishments, 
 and his taste for literature procured him :i 
 seat in the French academy and in that of 
 sciences. He died at Paris 1720, at the age 
 of 82, grand master of the military orders of 
 X. dame du moot Carmel, and Lazarus of 
 Jerusalem. His conversation, manners, dis- 
 interestedness, and many other vii-tues, were 
 the admiration of the age. He left some me- 
 moirs in MS. fi-om which Voltaire, Henault, 
 and la IJeaumelle, have drawn some curious 
 particulars. There is also another MS. in 
 which he exhibits in a very interesting man- 
 ner tlie character of Lewis XIV. among Im 
 courtiers. 
 
 Danhewer, John ('onrad, a native of 
 the Brisgaw of the Lutheran persuasion. He 
 was theological profes^^or at Strasburg, v/here 
 he died 1666, aged 63. He was author of 
 some theological tracts, and violently oppo- 
 .sed the intended union between the Calvan- 
 ists and the Lutherans. 
 
 Danican, Andrew, a native of Drieux 
 near Paris^ nicknamed Phihdor by the kiu^ 
 
DA 
 
 of France. lie was a great chess playT. He 
 published at London 1749, his iinjilyse du 
 jeu des echecs, uiu! his musical compositinn of 
 the carmen secukirc of Horace, so much ad- 
 mired, wfls perforiued at Frecmusons-hall 
 1779, as also Congreve's ode to huimony. 
 He was esteemed for his many private good 
 qualities, as well as ijis singular dexterity at 
 chess. He played, not two nioiitlis bet'ore 
 Iiis death, two games at the same time and 
 blindfolded, with two of the best chess play- 
 ers of the country, and was declared victori- 
 ous. His infirmities were increased by a 
 malevolent insinuation that he was a person 
 suspected liy government, and he gradually 
 sunk into the grave, after a long residence 
 in Eiugland, 31st August 171).!, aged above 70. 
 Daniel, the last of the four great pro- 
 phets, was of the royal blood of .ludah, and 
 ■was carried away a captive to Babylon COfi 
 B.C. He was tliere educated to become one of 
 the favorites of Nebuchadnezzar, and his 
 name was changed to Belteshazzar. So ra- 
 pid was his progress in the sciences and the 
 language of Chaldca, and so great his wisdom, 
 that the king intru^;ted him with the govern- 
 ment of Babylon, and made him chief of tlie 
 jnagi, upon his true explanation of the dream 
 of the mystic statue, which prciigured tlie 
 four great empires of Assyria, I'ersia, Alex- 
 ander, and his successors. He actjiiired sin- 
 gular celebrity by explaining the writing up- 
 on the wall under Belshazzar, and under 
 Darius he bc->:ame prime minister. His fa- 
 vor with the king however excited the envy 
 of the courtiers, and he v.'as by their intrigues 
 thrown into the den of lions, f(jr refusing to 
 honor Darius with divine honiage. His pres- 
 ervation in this <lreadful situation restored 
 him to the royal favor, and brought on the de- 
 sti'uction of his enemies. The book of Dan- 
 iel is wx'itten partly in liebrev/, and partly in 
 Chaldee. 
 
 Daniel, Arnauld, a native of Tarascon, 
 •under Alphonsus I. count of Provence. He 
 wrote several poems, from which Petrarch 
 received great assistance. He died about 
 1189. 
 
 Daniel, Peter, a learned advocate of Or- 
 leans, died at Paris IGO.3. He, published the 
 aulularia of Plautus and commentaries ofSer- 
 vius on Yirgil. His libi-ary, which was very 
 valuable, was afterwards conveyed partly to 
 Stockholm, and pai>tly to the Vatican. 
 
 Daniel, Sainviet, an F.nglish i)oet and 
 historian born at Taunton in Somersetsliire 
 1;)62. He entered at -Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, hut after three years' residence left the 
 university witliout a degree, and by the in- 
 Jluence of his brother-in-law John Florio, be 
 became groom of the privy chamber to Anne 
 queen of James I. He had succeeded Spen- 
 ser as poet laureat, and by his genius and 
 learning he gained the IViendship of the most 
 eminent men of the times, such as Camden, 
 sir John Harrington, Spehnan, Cotton, Ben 
 Jonson, Owen,''Stradling, fcc. He lived, 
 while near the court, at a house in Old-street, 
 ■where he composed many of his dramatic 
 pieccs:, butin his oW age he went to reside 
 
 DA 
 
 at a farm which he had at Bcckington, Som- 
 ersetshire, where he ended bis days hi peace 
 and retirement 16 1 9. His poetical works, 
 consisting of dramatic and other lighter pie- 
 ces, besides a poem in 8 books on the wars 
 of York and Lancaster, were pubhshed in 2 
 vols. li2mo. 1718. His history of England to 
 the end of Edward IH. in 2 vols. -ito. contin- 
 ued afterward by Trussel, was written, it is 
 said '* with great brevity and politeness, and 
 his political and mora! reflections are very 
 fine, useful, and instructive." This historv, 
 as Langbanie observes, is the crown of all his 
 works. There is another Samuel Daniel, 
 mentioned by Wood as publisher in 1642 
 of "archiepiscopal priority established by 
 Christ, and of " the birth, Hfe and death, of 
 the Jewish Unction." 
 
 Daniel, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Rouen, 8th February I64y. At the 
 age of 18 he was admitted among the Jesuits, 
 and early began to display his abilities by de- 
 livering lectures on literature, philosophy, 
 and theology. One of his first performances 
 was a voyage to the world of Descartes, a 
 romance, most ingenious and excellent, as 
 Bolingbroke observes, which ridiculed the 
 Cartesian system, and which became so cel- 
 ebrated as to be translated into several lan- 
 guages. His great Avork is his history of 
 France to the death of Henry IV. published 
 at Paris in 3 vols, folio, 1713, and afterwards 
 corrected and enlarged in 7 vols. 4to. 1722. 
 This Avork was afterwards continued to 
 the death of Lewis XIV. but in an inferior 
 style. Father Daniel wrote besides several 
 theological and other tracts, one of which 
 " dialogues between Cleander and Fudoxus," 
 passed through 12 editions in less than 2 
 years. All these smaller tracts were col- 
 lected in two vols. 4to. This very learned 
 and amiable Jesuit died at Paris 23d June 
 1728. 
 
 Dante, Allghieri, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, born at Florence 27th May 1265, of 
 an ancient family. He early displayed his 
 poetical talei.is, but the ambition of being el- 
 evated among the ruling men of his native 
 city, engaged him in all the troubles and 
 miseries of violent taction. His friends were 
 defeated in the tumult, and he sought with 
 them safely in banishment. In his exile at 
 Ravenna, he vented the severest shafts of 
 his resentment against his enemies, and be- 
 cause the pope and Phliip of Valois, brother 
 to the French king, had b<;en instrumental 
 in his dnwnfal, he ridiculed them in his wri- 
 tings, and intimated that Hugh Capet the 
 progenitor of the monarch was risen from 
 the mean occupation of a butcher. He also 
 incited the prince of VeruTia to make war 
 against the Florentines, and to ])iocurc his 
 recall, but all to little purpose. In his hon- 
 orable exile, at the court of Guy Polentano, 
 prir.ce of Ravenna, he was sent by that sove- 
 reign to negotiate with the Venetians who 
 wished to make war against him, but the ma- 
 gistrates of Venice treated the ambassador 
 with contempt, and refused to admit him 
 within tlieir walls'. I'his arrogant conduct 
 
DA 
 
 ^*^/ 
 
 DA 
 
 bad such an effect upon the sensible and ir- 
 ritable heart of Dante, that at his return to 
 ilavenna, unable to survive tlie affront, he 
 died July 1321, aged 57. To his misfortunes 
 perhaps we are "indebted for his ptieras, for 
 unable to revenge himself by force, he drew 
 the pen of satire in his own defence. Pis 
 triple poem, of \)aradise, purgatory, and jiell, 
 displays astonishing powers of genius, and at 
 once exhibits the sweetness and graces of 
 poetry with tiie bitterness of insatiable enmi- 
 ty. The reputation and the usurped power 
 ■of the pope, Boniface VIII. the pedigree of 
 the French king, and the prostituted venality 
 of Florence, thatrlen of thieves, are the sub- 
 jects which engage andenAamethe virulence 
 of the poet. He every where displays spirit, 
 fire, and sublimity, and from his conipobitions, 
 .succeeding poets have learned notonly how to 
 point the shaft of satire, but to write with el- 
 egance, dignity, and grace. His works were 
 collected and pirtnled at Venice 1564, with 
 the notes of Cliristopher Landini, and vari- 
 ous and improved editions have since that 
 time appeared. He wrote also aLatiuAvork 
 on monarchy, and another de vulgari elo- 
 quentia. " 
 
 Dante, Peter Vincent, a native of Pe- 
 rouse, who died 151'2, He so successfully 
 imitated the verse of the famous Dante, that 
 lie was called by his name. He was en;!- 
 uent for his skill in mathematics and archi- 
 tecture, and he invented several uscfid ma- 
 chines, and wrote a commentary on Sacro- 
 bosco's sphere. 
 
 Dante, Vincent, grandson to the pre- 
 ceding, was well knOAvn as a painter and 
 sculptor and mathematician. He died at Pe- 
 rouse 1576, aged 40. His statue of Julius 
 III. is much admired. He wrote the lives of 
 those who excelled in drawings for statues. 
 He refused the invitations of Philip II. of 
 •Spain to finish the paintings of the Escurial. 
 
 Dante, Ignatius, a descendant of the 
 great poet, was born at Perugia, and became 
 known for his skill in mathematics as well as 
 in divinity and philosophy. He read lectures 
 on geography at Bologna, and was engaged 
 by Gregory Xlll. to draw Geographical maps 
 and plans. He evinced such dexterity in 
 this that the pope raised him to the bishopric 
 of Alatri. He died 1586. He published in 
 1569 at Florence, a treatise on the astrolabe, 
 hesides notes on the universal planisphere. 
 He made aspherc of the worhl in five tables. 
 The meridian line, which he drew through 
 St. Petronius' church in Bologna 1576, was 
 afterwards iinished by Cassini. 
 
 Dante, Jo^^m Baptiste, of the same fami- 
 ly as the preceding, was born at Perugia, 
 and distingCislied himself by his mechani- 
 cal powers in making a pair of wings with 
 «ich nicety that he could sup])ort himself 
 in the air, and fly across the lake Thrasy- 
 menu.s. In one of Ins exhibitions before 
 the people of Perugia, one of the wings 
 hroke and he fell on the top of a church, and 
 shattered his Uiigh. He was afterwards pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Venice, and died 
 before he was forty } cars old, about the end 
 of the i5th century.' 
 
 DANT0 7>r, Ceorgc James, a native of Ar- 
 
 ci.s-sur-Au])e, born 2Gth October 1759. He 
 was originally a lawyer, but the revolution 
 drew him into public notice, as the associate 
 of Robespierre and Warat. To an unprin- 
 cipled hatred against Lewis XVI. he added 
 the most ferocious spirit, and after viewing 
 the massacres of September with pleasure, 
 he prepared to organize the public bodies of 
 the state to r'esist the invasion of the Prus- 
 sians. Undismayed amidst the general ter- 
 ror, he opposed the project of removing the 
 couveiition beyond the Loire ; but while he 
 permitted the cruelties of anarchy, he se- 
 cretly pa\ed the way for his own elevation to 
 the sovereign power. For a while liobes- 
 ])ierre was his fi-iend, but when he saw his 
 superior eloquence, and his influence among 
 the Jacobins^ he marked him for destruction. 
 Dragged before the bloody revolutionary- 
 tribunal, which he had himself established, 
 Danton showed firmness and indilference. 
 He was guillotined the first day of April 1794. 
 Indolent yet cruel, ambitious and vulgar, 
 this bloody tyrant possessed with a stentorian 
 voice, the imposing powers of persuasion, 
 and w hile devoted to wine and low pleasures, 
 he gained the good o])inion of his guilty as- 
 sociates by gross ribaldry and licentious wit. 
 
 Dantx, John Andrew, a learned Luthe- 
 ran divine, born at Sanhusen near Cotha. 
 Afler travelling in Holland and England, he 
 settled at Jena, where, as professor of the 
 oriental tongues, and of theology, he distin- 
 guished himself. He died of an apoplexy, 
 17'27, aged "t'i. He wrote Hebrew and Chal- 
 dee grammars — sincei'itas sacres, scripturae 
 veteris testamenti — translations of rabbinical 
 writings, dissertations, &c. 
 
 Daran, James, a native of St. Frajf)n in 
 Gascony, who became surgeon general in 
 the imperial army at 'i'urin and Milan. He 
 refused the honorable offers of Amadeus to 
 settle in Italy, and returned to Finance, 
 where he ^m^. 1784, aged 83. He wrote a 
 treatise on the virulent gonorrhoea — obser- 
 vations on the diseases of the urethra, &c. 
 He was very expert in his operations in dis- 
 eases oi" the bladder, of the urethra, &c. 
 
 Darcet, N, an able chymist and physi- 
 cian of France, w ho was professor in the- 
 national institute, -nud died at Paris 1801,. 
 aged 75. He made eome curious experi- 
 ments with Rouelie and Macquer", and pub- 
 lislied some valuable memoirs on potteries, 
 and on the various kinds of earth to be used 
 in tliose manufactories. He also analysed 
 minerals, and gave to tlje public the state of 
 the Pyrenees, with conjectures on the causes 
 of their gradual wasting away, &c. 
 
 Darci, 
 
 count, a celebrated phi- 
 
 losopher and engineer, born in Ireland 1725. 
 As he was attacheil to the Stuart family, he 
 removed to Paris in 1739, and at the age of 
 17 he distinguished himself by a new solution 
 of the prob!/m of the curve of equal pres- 
 sure, in a resisting medium. He was en- 
 gaged in the war of 1744, and was taken 
 pi'isoner by the English. In 1760 he publish- 
 ed his essay on artillery, with curious exper- 
 imeuis en t!ic clmrges of powder, &c, and 
 
DA 
 
 //^Z 
 
 DA 
 
 in 17C5 appeai-ed his memoir on the du- i he took his degree of M. B. 1755; From 
 ration of the sensation of sight. This is the j Cambridge he went to Edinburgh, whei-c he 
 most ingenious of his works, and proves him I more particularly devoted himself to the 
 to he an accurate experimentalist. His me- I study of physic, and where he took his med- 
 moir on hydraulic machines, and also his j ical degrees. He afterwards settled at Lich- 
 
 other works on experimental philosophy, 
 evince a great genius, and a man who to the 
 patience of observation united great and 
 quick discrinjinntion, and solidity of judg- 
 ment. Though an exile he was attached to 
 his country, and loved the name of an Irish- 
 man. He died at I'aris, of a cholera morbus 
 in 177'J. 
 
 Dar.gonne, Dom Bonaventure, a leatn- 
 rd Carthusian monk, who died 1704, aged 
 64. He is autlior of un traite de la leci.ure 
 lies pei'es de I'cglise — des melanges d'his- 
 toire & de literature — and other tilings. 
 
 Darius, the Medc, supposed to be the 
 same as Cyaxai-es the son of Astyages, who 
 <liod at Babylon, about 348 B. C. 
 
 Darius I. son of Hystaspes, was king of 
 Persia after Cambyses, and after the de- 
 struction of the usurper Smerdis. His se- 
 lection out of the seven nobles, who had 
 united to dethrone the impostor, was owing 
 to the neighing of his horse. He destroyed 
 Babylon, and restored the captive Jews to 
 their country. His forces were defeateil at 
 Marathon by Miltiades, and he died B. C 
 4-8.^, as he ])repHred to invade Greece. 
 
 Darius H. kingof Persia, after his father 
 Artaxc^'xes, was father of Artaxerxes and 
 (vyrus tlie younger. He died in the 19th 
 year of his reign, B. C. 404. 
 
 Darius HI. the last king of Persia, was 
 defeated by Alexander the great, in the 
 dreadful battles of Granicus, Issus, and Ar- 
 bela, and was murdered as he fled from the 
 field hy Bessus, about 331 B. C. 
 
 Darq^uier, Augustine, an eminentastro- 
 iiomer, born at Toulouse, 23d Nov. 171 8. He 
 early paid attention to mathematical and as- 
 tronomical pursuits, and as he was blessed with 
 a comfortable independence, he i)rovided 
 himself with the best instruments, and built an 
 observatory in his own house. More general- 
 ly to dilftise his extensive knowledge, he took 
 pupils whom he ably instructed in astronomy. 
 He paid the expense of calculations to give 
 greater accuracy to liis observations, and re- 
 ceived no pecuniary assistance whatever 
 from the government. This learned and 
 patriotic man died in his native town iSth 
 Jan. 1802, after escaping t!»e storms of tlic 
 revolution, and being admitted member of 
 tlie national institute. He wrote 2 vols, of 
 observations, published at his own expense — 
 ■Lambert's cosmological letters, translated 
 and printed at Utrecht — elements of geome- 
 try from Simpson — observations on the solar 
 eclipse of 1778, from the Spanish of Ulloa — 
 betters on practical astronomy. His last ol>- 
 Fcrvations to March I7j)8 appeared in la 
 Lande's histoire celeste. 
 
 Darwin, Erasmus, an EngKsh poet and 
 physician, born at Newark in Nottingham- 
 shire, 1732. As his family was i-espectable, 
 he received a liberal education, and then en- 
 tered at St.Jchr/s college, Cambridge, where 
 
 field; where lie acquired great celebrity 
 his profession. His first wife was miss How- 
 ard of Lichfield, who bore him three sons, 
 and after her <Ieath, which hap})ened in 1770, 
 he married the widow of col. I'ole, a lady of 
 agreeable manners, and possessed of a hand- 
 some fortune, by whose persuasion, in 1781 
 he retired to Derby. He died at Derby very 
 suddenly, 18th April 180'iJ. In private life 
 Dr. Darwin was amiable and benevolent, in 
 his conversation easy and entertaining, and 
 in his manners aifable. The best known of 
 his M orks arc Ids botanic garden with philo- 
 sopliical notes, in two i)arts — the economy of 
 vegetation — the loves of the plants, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — zoonomia, or the laws of organic life, 
 4 vols. 8vo. — phytologia, or the philosophy 
 of agriculture and gardening, 4to. He wrote 
 besides, treatise on female education, 4to.— 
 some papers in the philosophical ti'ansactions, 
 on medical and philosophical subjects — a 
 thesis on the movement of the heart and the 
 arteries, \i\ consequence of the stimulus of the 
 blood — the system of vegetables of Linnseus, 
 published by the Lichfield botanical society, 
 Jscc. As a poet and botanist, the name of 
 Darwin is respectable, his verses display ele- 
 gance, grace, and beauty, but they seldom 
 rise to sublimity, and they please more by 
 the easy How of numbei*, than by the fire of 
 description. His graces are the tinsel of or- 
 nament, not tlie animated, the fiery language 
 of the muse. In his system he branches out 
 too much into the fields of fancy, and he 
 seems delighted in informing his readers 
 that his notions of religion were vague and 
 unprincipled. Ovid, in another age, had 
 changed men into trees and plants; but the 
 poet of Lichfield transforms his flowers into 
 human beings, and with all the feeling of 
 carnal passion he desci-ibes the inhabitants 
 of his parterre and of his green house, as 
 conveying their amoi'ous sighs, and their 
 tender glances, with all the art and coquetry 
 of modern times. 
 
 Darwin, Charles, son of Dr. Darwin, 
 was horn at Lichfield 1758, and educated at 
 Christ's church, Oxford, and at Edinburgh, 
 where he obtained the first prize medal from 
 tlie Esculapian society, in a treatise on the 
 means of distinguishing pus from mucus. 
 He wrote in Latin, an account of the retro- 
 gi'ade motions of the absorbent vessels of 
 animal bodies in some tiisease.s, whicli his 
 father published in English. He died 1778, 
 at a time when his father promi'ed hiinselt' 
 much happiness from the exertions of his 
 great and extensive abilities in the medical 
 world. 
 
 Da&sier, .lolin, medalist to the republic 
 of Geneva, struck a series of the English 
 kings, with a hoi>e of procuring an establish- 
 ment in the English mint, which however 
 did not succeed. His nephew, James An- 
 thon)', in 1740 was appointed second engraver 
 
DA 
 
 (/^^ 
 
 DA 
 
 to tie mint in London, but returned to Ge- 
 neva five years aftei-. The family were in- 
 genious. They executed a set of the reform- 
 ers in bx'ass, small, and also large medals of 
 the great men then living. Their bronze 
 medals of Roman history are valuable, 
 
 Dassouci, a French musician and poet 
 of the 17th century. He obtained celebrity 
 by his buffoonery, and was introduced to the 
 court of Lewis Xlll. and XIV. Ife left Pa- 
 ris in 1655, and travelled through Lyons, 
 ■where he was noticed and entertained by 
 Moliere, and afterwards visited Turin, an<l 
 other places, where, by Ids wit, drollery, and 
 nrlirices, he maintained himself, and procu- 
 red the patronage of the great. He died at 
 the latter end of tlie ITth century. In 1674 
 he published two small volumes, composed 
 in the Chatelet prison. He was ridiculed by 
 Boilcau, and severely lampooned by Cyrano 
 de Bergerac, under the name of Soucidas. 
 
 Datames, an illustrious general of Per- 
 sia, wIjo, after the most meritorious services, 
 was treated with contempt and suspicion, 
 and in consequence revolted against his sove- 
 reign. He was assassinated by Mithridates, 
 361B. C. 
 
 Dati, Augustin, a native of Sieuna, 
 where he became teacher of rhetoric and of 
 the classics, and afterwards lirst magistrate. 
 He wrote a treatise on the immortality of 
 the soul — epistles — orations — the history of 
 Sienna, &c. printed in 1 vol. fol. 1503, and he 
 died 1478, aged 58. 
 
 Dati, Carlo, a native of Florence, pro- 
 fessor of literature tlnere. He was remarka- 
 ble for the civility he showed to strangers 
 who visited his native city, and he became 
 known by his works, which consisteil of Ital- 
 ian poems on Lewis XIV. and other things. 
 He proved in one of his ti*acts, that Marsen- 
 nus is not the inventor of the cycloid, but 
 Galileo, and he also ascribes great merit to 
 Toricelli for the explanation of the suspen- 
 sion of quicksilver in a glass tube. His chief 
 work, according to Boyle, is the life of four 
 of the illustrious painiers of ancient times, 
 Zeuxis, Parrhasius, Appelles and Protoge- 
 nes. Dati died 1675, respected for his ami- 
 able manners not less than for his extensive, 
 erudition. 
 
 Daval, Peter, a barrister of the MUldle- 
 temple, know n as an able niathematician. He 
 translated cardinal de Retz's memoirs, 1723, 
 and died 8th Jan. 1763, being then accomp- 
 tant general to the court of chancery. His 
 opinion on elliptical arclies, at the time of 
 building Biackfriars bridge, is recorded in 
 the London magazine, March 1760. 
 
 Davaxzati, Bernard, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who translated Tacitus into Italian, 
 and wrote besides, treatises on Tuscan agri- 
 culture — history of the English schism — an 
 account of exchanges, &c. and died 1600, 
 aged n. 
 
 Daubenton, John Lewis ISIarie, an emi- 
 nent anatomist, bnrn nt Montbard in Burgun- 
 dy, May 1710. AVh(>n he had completed his 
 medical studies, he became the active associ- 
 ate of Buffon, in tue proparatioii anrl (he 
 
 completion of his valuable natural historf, 
 and published besides instruction for shep- 
 herds — a treatise on trees and shrubs — and 
 many curious and interesting memoirs on 
 subjects of mineralogj- — on the improvement 
 of wool, &c. He Avas at first keeper of the 
 royal museum, and in 1744 was elected 
 member of the academy of sciences, and in 
 1799 he was chosen member of the conser- 
 vative senate. He died Slst Dec. of the 
 same year. 
 
 Daubenton, William, a Jesuit of Aux- 
 errc, confessor to Philip V. of Spain. It is 
 supposed, that he enjoyed so much tiie royal 
 confidence, that the monarch intrusted him 
 with his intention of abdicating his throne, 
 an important secret which the lavorite dis- 
 closed to Orleans regent of France. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1723, aged 75. He wrote 
 some funeral orations — some sermons, 2 vols, 
 folio, &c. 
 
 Davexant, John, bishop of Salisbury, 
 was born in Watling-street, 1576, where hi."? 
 father was a merchant, he was educated at 
 Queen's college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow in 1597. He took his degree 
 of D. D. 16U9, and the same year was elected 
 lady Margaret's divinity ])rofcssor, and iu 
 1614 was chosen master of his college. His 
 learning recommended him to James L who 
 sent him with other eminent divines to the 
 synod of Dort 1618, and he was in 1021 rais- 
 ed to the see of Salisbury. He however in- 
 curretl the king's displeasure, by treating in 
 a discourse oij predestination. He died of a 
 consumption, 20th April 1641, and was buri- 
 ed in his cathedral. He was a learned di- 
 vine, and very exemplary iu his manners, 
 but a strong Calvinist. He published an ex- 
 position of the epistle to the Colossians, — 
 questions on which he had disputed in the 
 schools, in numbers, 49 — animadversions 
 on lloai'd's treatises — and other theological 
 tracts. 
 
 Davenant, William, an English poet, 
 born at Oxford 1605. As his father kept an 
 inn there, and his mother was a great beauty, 
 malevolence has wantonl}' insinuated tiiat to 
 Shakspeare, who generally stopped there 
 on his road between London and Stratford, 
 our author was indebted for his life and his 
 poetical talents. Young Davenant received 
 his grammar learning at Oxford, and then 
 entered at Lincoln college ; but his love of 
 poetry led him from the university, and he 
 became page to tlic duchess of Richmond, 
 and afterv/Hi'ds to lord Brooke, who himself 
 had some poetical talents. In 1628 he began 
 to wi'ite plays, and soon recommended him-, 
 self to the friendship of the wits of the age. 
 in consequence of a criminal intercourse 
 with a black female in Axeyard, Westmin- 
 ster, he had about this time the misfortune 
 to lose his nose; but though disfigured, and 
 though ridiculed for the adventure, he did 
 not paii. with his merriment, or the cause of 
 his disgrace. In 1637 he succeeded Ben 
 Jonson as poet laureat, but his attachment 
 to the king's person produced an accu.sation 
 agninst him, and he was charged witfi an at- 
 
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 ^^<^ 
 
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 tempt to seduce the array. He was bailed 
 rand immediately withdrew to France, and 
 afterwards on his return he was knighted by 
 the king, n«ear Gloccster, 1043. At the be- 
 ginning of the civil troubles, he again ijetired 
 to France, whei'e probably to please the 
 court, he changed his i-cligion, and in conse- 
 quence of the M'eight he thus acquired he 
 was commissioned confidentially by the queen 
 to persuade Charles to give up the church 
 for his security, an intimation which highly 
 displeased the king, who forbad Davenant 
 ever to appear before him again. The queen 
 afterwards employed him to transport some 
 artificers from France to Virginia, but the 
 ship was seized by the English cruizers, and 
 Davenant thrown into prison, and threatened 
 with persecution and death, from which hoM-- 
 evcr the .friendship and interference of Milton 
 and others saved him. After two years' con- 
 finement in the tower he was liberated, and 
 now to maintain himself, he began, as trage- 
 dies were considered as profane, to exhibit 
 moral virtues in verse, and to perform in reci- 
 tative music. At the restoration he obtained a 
 patent for acting plays in Lincoln's Inn fields. 
 He died 17th April 1668, aged 63, and was 
 interred in Westminster- abbey, where these 
 words record his name, *' O rare sir William 
 Davenant." His works were published b}-^ 
 his widow in 1673, and dedicated to James 
 duke of York. They consist of plays and 
 poems in which is the famous (londibert, in 
 which his favorite black female is introduced. 
 Havevant, Charles, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was born in Ifi.'^G, and educated 
 at Cheam, Surrey, and Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford. He took no degree, and at the age of 
 19, he distinguished himself by the acting of 
 the only tragedy he wi'ote, Circe, which ap- 
 peared with great applause at the duke of 
 York's theatre. From the theatre, howev- 
 er, where he had some interest from the 
 property left by his fathei*, he turned his 
 thoughts to civil law, and liad the degree of 
 doctor conferred on him by Cambridge. He 
 served for St. Ives in the parliament of 1G85, 
 and in 1698 and 1700, for Great Bedwin. 
 He was appointed by James H. to inspect all 
 plays, and preserve the decorum of the stage, 
 and he afterwards held for 16 years the of- 
 fice of commissioner of excise, and lastly 
 that of inspector general of the exports and 
 imports, till his death, which happenetl sixth 
 November 1714. Dr. Davenant's knoAvledge 
 of the constitution, and his great skill in fig- 
 ures, rendered him an able political and fi- 
 nancial writer. Though some of his pam- 
 phlets for their freedom, their independence 
 of language, and severity of censui*e, drew 
 Tipon "him the attacks of some able oppo- 
 nents, yet his abilities were universally ac- 
 knowledged, and his opinion always highly 
 respected. His first political work was an 
 essay upon the ways and means of supplying 
 the war 1695, and he treated the subject in 
 so m.asterly a manner that whatever he af- 
 terwards wrote was souglit with avidity, and 
 read with deference. His otlier works are 
 all upon political and finaticlai subjects. 
 
 Tliey were the best part collected and revi- 
 sed by sir Charles Wliitworth in five vols. 
 8Vo. 1771. 
 
 Uavenant, William, fourth son of sir 
 William, was educated at Magdalen-hall, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of M. A. 
 1680, and entered into orders. He transla- 
 ted into English, la Mothe le Va) er's ani- 
 madversions on Greek and Latin historians. 
 He M'as presented to a living in Surrey by 
 his friend Robert Wyniond Sole esquire, 
 and it was in the company of tliisgentlema» 
 that he visited Paris, Avhere he was unfor- 
 tunately drowned, as he was swimming for 
 his diversion in the summer of 1681. 
 
 Davenport, Christopher, a learned 
 Englishman, born 1598 at Coventry, where 
 he received his grammar education. He en- 
 tered at Merton college, Oxford, and two 
 years af"ter went toDouay and Ypres, where 
 he changed his religion and assumed the 
 habit of a Franciscan. He afterwards trav- 
 elled into England under tlie name of Sancta 
 Clara, and was chaplain to queen Henrietta. 
 In this office he was veiy active in advancing 
 the cause of popeiy, by persuasion as well 
 as by writing, and indeed so formidable did 
 his influence appear, that one of the articles 
 of impeachment against Laud, was his hold- 
 ing conferences with this dangerous Francis- 
 can. During the civil wars Davenport was a 
 fugitive residing sometime abroad, and some- 
 time in London and Oxford, but after the 
 restoration he was appointed chaplain to 
 Catharine of Portugal, Charles's queen, and 
 he was a third time made provincial of his 
 order in England. He died 31st May 1680. 
 He wrote, among several works, ])araphrasti- 
 ca expositio articulorum confessionis Angli- 
 cte, & Dens, Natura, Gratia, in which he at- 
 tempted to reconcile the king, the church, 
 and the articles of religion, to the church of 
 Rome. 
 
 Davenport, John, elder brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Coventry 1597, and 
 entered at IMerton college 1613. He diti not 
 like his brother become papist, but a most 
 zealous puritan. After being minister of St. 
 Stephen's church, Coleman street, and ad- 
 mired for his oratory, he passed over to 
 Amsterdam, where the minister of the Eng- 
 lish church, John Paget, prevented his asso- 
 ciating with his congregation, a measure 
 whicli produced a controversy between the 
 two divines. At the breaking out of the re- 
 bellion he returned to England, but soon af- 
 ter embarked for America, where he be- 
 came minister of New-Haven. He died at 
 Boston 1669. He wrote sermons — a cate- 
 chism containing the chief heads of the chris- 
 tian religion — and other theological tracts. 
 
 David, king of Israel, was born at Beth- 
 lehem 1085 B.C. and anointed by Samuel, 
 whilst he was keeping the fiocks of his fath- 
 er Jesse. His courage in killing the giant 
 Goliah, with a sling and a stone rendered 
 him conspicuous in Israel, but Saul, who at 
 first wished to patronise him, gi-cw jealous 
 of his popularity, and pursued him witli 
 the iutenlion of xmtting him to death , Thus 
 
DA 
 
 expelled from his country David wandered 
 among the neighboring nations, always res- 
 pected for vaior and integrity, and at tlie 
 death of Saul, he Avas acknowledged king of 
 the tribe of Judah. After some time,on the 
 death of Mephibosheth the son of Saul, avIio 
 had been placed on his father's throne by the 
 intrigues of Abner, David Mas received as 
 sole monarch by ail the tribes of Israel, and 
 his reign for 30 years was marked by pros- 
 perity, glory, and fame. He extended his 
 dominion over some of the adjoining coun- 
 tries, and took Jerusalem the city of the .Jeb- 
 usites, which he called the city of David ; 
 but las reputation was stained by his adulte- 
 rous intercourse with Bathsheba, and his 
 foCll murder of Uriah her husband. In a 
 moment of arrogance too he caused the peo- 
 ple to be numbered which was severely pun- 
 ished by the visitation of a plague. His trans- 
 gressions were also visited by dissension in 
 his own family, and by the revolt of his fa- 
 vorite son Absalom who proclaimed himself 
 king. The death of this prince, who was 
 slain by Joab, greatly affected the mourning 
 father, who in his old age resigned the gov- 
 ernment into the hands of Solomon his son. 
 David died aged 70 B. C. 1015, highly re- 
 spected for his character of benevolence, 
 courage and piety. The psalms which he 
 composed, in a strain of great sublimity and 
 commanding eloquence, are strong proofs 
 of his devotion as well as of his trust in the 
 Divine Providence. 
 
 David, Saint, the patron of Wales, was 
 a native of tke province, and educated at 
 Bangor in the 5th century. He founded sev- 
 eral monasteries in Wales, where his monks 
 maintained themselves by their labor and 
 industry. He governed the see of St. Da- 
 vid's 65 years, and was buried in the cathe- 
 dral there. The symbol of the leek attri- 
 buted to him is supposed to originate in the 
 custom of Cymhortha, still oliserved among 
 the farmers of the country, where in assist- 
 ing one another in ploughing their land, they 
 bring each their leeks to the common repast 
 of the whole party. 
 
 David, an Armenian philosopher, in the 
 middle of the fifth century, who studied at 
 Athens. He translated some of the works 
 of Plato and Aristotle, and other learned 
 Greeks, which are preserved in the French 
 king's library. 
 
 David, de Dinant, a disciple of Amauri, 
 in the beginning of the 13th centurj'^, who 
 tfiught that God was original matter, a sys- 
 tem afterwards nearly adopted by Spinoza. 
 
 David, George, a fanatic of Ghent, ed- 
 ucated as a glazier. In 15t*5 he began to 
 preach as the true Messiah, the third David, 
 the nephew of God. This strange doctrine 
 ci'eated followers and persecution, and he 
 fled to Friesland, and afterwards to Basil, 
 where he died 1556. He prophesied that 
 after three days he would rise again, and 
 about that time the magistrates of Basil in 
 contempt of his opinions dug up his body, 
 which together with liis writings was burnt 
 by the executioner. 
 
 VOL. I. 53 
 
 ^^6- DA 
 
 David, de Pomis, a Jewish physician of 
 the 16th century, who pretended to be des- 
 cended from the trae stock of Judah. He 
 wrote de senumaftectibus, 8vo. — a rabbinical 
 dictionary, Hebrew and Italian, Venice, folio. 
 1587, very useful and learned. 
 
 David, Gantz, a Jewish historian of the 
 16th century, author of a Hebrew chronicle, 
 4to. part of which was translated into Latin 
 by Vorstius with notes, Leyden 1644, 4to. 
 
 David, of Hirazug, a Welsh divine and 
 poet, called the black, about 1350. He al- 
 tered and improved the grammar and pro- 
 sody of Edeyrn, at the time of the conquest 
 of his country by Edward I. and according 
 to the new institutions and manners which 
 that era produced, the missal or the office 
 of the Virgin was translated by him into 
 Welsh, and is still preserved. 
 
 David el David, a Persian Jew, in 
 the 12th century, who pretended to be the 
 Messiah, and prevailed upon some of his 
 countrymen to support his imposture. He 
 was at last defeated and beheaded in the 
 king's presence, who ordered the Jews to be 
 massacred through the empire. 
 
 Da VI D Ab Gwill m, a celebrated Welsh 
 bard, patronised by Ivor the Generous. His 
 poetry which possessed beauty, fire and sub- 
 limity was chiefly on subjects of love, and 
 147 of his poems were inscribed to the fair 
 Morvid his mistress, who however proved 
 unkind to his merits, and married Rhys 
 Gwgan, an officer, vvho distinguished himself 
 in the English army at the battle of Crecy. 
 His works were edited at London 1789. 
 
 David, emperor of Trebizonde, after 
 John his brother, was of the imperial fam- 
 ily of the Commeni. He was defeated by 
 Mahomet II. who insolently offered him the 
 choice either of being converted to mahome- 
 tanism, or to suffer death. He heroically 
 chose death, and suffered 1461. 
 
 David Ap Edmund, a Welsh poet in 
 the 15th century, born at Hanmer in FUnt» 
 shii'e. He was the president of an assembly 
 of bards who met at Caermarth.en, at the 
 request of Edward IV. and were opposed by 
 a poetical band from another province. At 
 that meeting a number of canons of poetry 
 were established and agreed upon. 
 
 David I. earl of Northumberland and 
 Huntingdon, was king of Scotland, after his 
 brother Alexander the Fierce 1 124. He was 
 brought up in England, and mari-ied Maud 
 the grand niece of William the conqueror, 
 and after the death of the first Henry, he 
 maintained with spirit the claims of the em- 
 press Maud to the English throne against 
 Stephen. To enforce her pretensions he 
 entered England, ajid seized Cai'lisle which 
 though conquered afterwards at the battle 
 of North Allerton 1138, he was permitted 
 to retain. He died at Carlisle 11th May 
 1153, universally respected jas a mild, pop- 
 ular, and benevolent king. 
 
 David H. king of Scotland, was son of 
 llobert Bruce, whom he succeeded when, 
 five years old. During the invasion of his 
 country by Buliol he was conveyed to France, 
 
DA 
 
 6/a^ 
 
 DA 
 
 but returned after the defeat of his enc- 
 juies 1342. He was in 1346 taken prisoner by 
 Jin English army, after a valiant resistance, 
 and sent a close pi'isoner to the tower, from 
 which after a long confinement of 10 years, 
 he was liberated on paying a heavy ransom. 
 He died 1371, aged 47, leaving no issue by 
 his wife Jane daughter of Ed w ard II. of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Davidis, Francis, a Hungarian, who at 
 various times embraced the tenets of the 
 Koman catholics, the Lutherans, the Cal- 
 vinists, the Unitarians, &c. As he opposed 
 both Socinus and Blandrata, and declai-ed 
 that no worship was due to Christ, he was 
 accused of favoring Judaism, and was in con- 
 sequence thrown into prison where he died 
 1579. He wrote some tracts on the millen- 
 nium, and other theological subjects. 
 
 Da VIES, sir John, a lawyer and poet, 
 horn at Chisgrove. Wilts 1570. He was of 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and then removed 
 to the Middle temple, where he was called 
 to the bar. He was member of parliament 
 in 1601, and on the queen's death went with 
 lord llunsdon and others to Scotland to con- 
 gratulate James, who knowing the charac- 
 ter of his writings received him with great 
 eordiality and respect. He was solicitor and 
 attorney-general to the king in Ireland, and 
 also speaker of the Irish house, and on re- 
 turning to England in 1612, he was made an 
 English Serjeant at law, afterwards one of 
 the judges, and in 1026 lord chief justice of 
 the king's bench. He died, however, sud- 
 denly of ail apoplexy before his installation. 
 He was a man of great spirit, of extensive 
 erudition, but more distinguished for wit 
 and learning, than as an able lawyer. His 
 nosce teipsum, on the nature and immor- 
 tality of the soul, a poem dedicated to 
 queen Elizabeth, has gone through several 
 editions. He wrote, besides smaller poems 
 — orehestj-a — on dancing — hymns of Astrea, 
 &c. edited 1773, in 12mo. and some law 
 tracts — an abridgment of sir Edward Coke's 
 reports — jusimponendi vectigaha, &c. edited 
 1786, 8vo. Sir John married Eleanor, daugh- 
 ter of lord Touchet, by whom lie had a son, 
 an idiot, wlio died young, and Lucy, who 
 married lord Huntingdon. Lady Davies 
 pretended to be a prophetess, and the sun- 
 day before her husband's death she suddenly 
 hurst into tears, which she declared were 
 his funeral tears. She died in London 1552, 
 and was buried at St. Martin's in the fields, 
 near her husband. An account of her won- 
 derful and strange prophecies, was published 
 in 1649. 
 
 Davies, John, was born at Llanveres in 
 Denbighshire, and educated at Ruthin 
 school by Morgan, afterwards bishop of St. 
 Asaph. He was of Jesus, and afterwards of 
 Liuc;oln college, Oxford. He took his doc- 
 tor's degree 16I6, and became rector of 
 Mallwyd and canon of St. Asaph. He was 
 an excellent scholar, and well acquainted 
 with the history and antiquities of his conn- 
 try. His works are — Antique linguie Bri- 
 tannicsg, nunc diet® Cai^bro-Britannicje, 
 
 &c. Vudimcnta, 1621 8vo. Dictionariuift 
 Latino — Britannicum folio, 1632. Adagia 
 Britannica^ &:c. He also assisted his friends 
 bishops Morgan, and Parnv, to translate the 
 bible into Welsh. He died 1644. 
 
 Davies, John, an eminent critic, born 
 in London 22d April 167y. He was educa- 
 ted at the charter-house and Queen's col- 
 lege Cambridge, of which he became fellow 
 in 1701. In 1711 he was made rector of 
 Fen-ditton, near Cambridge, and prebend- 
 ary of Ely, and 1717 chosen master of his 
 college and created D.D. He died 7th 
 March 1732, aged 53, and was buried in the 
 chapel of his college. He was the learned 
 editor of the works of Maximus Tyrius, 
 Coesar, Minucius Felix, Cicero's philosophi- 
 cal pieces, &c. Lactantius, &c. Though 
 universally admii'ed as the editor of these 
 valuable classics, yet the abbe d'Olivet, has 
 censured Dr. Davies as a puerile, weak, and 
 injudicious annotator. 
 
 Davies, John, a poet and writing master. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards 
 resided in Fleet-street. Most of his poetical 
 pieces are mentioned by Wood. He wrote 
 also the scourge of folLy, in epigrams, and 
 the anatomy of fair writing, a copy-book, &c. 
 He died about 1618. 
 
 Davies, Samuel, an American dissent- 
 ing clergyman, born at Newcastle, Dela- 
 ware, 3d November 1724. He succeeded in 
 1759, as president of the college of New- 
 Jersey, and died February 4th 1761. His 
 sermo.is, 3 vols. 8vo. were published by Dr. 
 Gibbons, London, and are in esteem, 
 
 Davies, Thomas, a bookseller. He was 
 in 1728 at the univei-sity of Edinburgh, and 
 in 1736 appeared as an actor at the Hay- 
 market theatre. He then coramen«ed book- 
 seller in Duke's court, but soon returned to 
 the theatre, and after strolling over the 
 country he appeared in 1752 at Drury-lane, 
 with his wife, a Miss Yarrow, a woman of 
 great beauty and unspotted virtue. In 1762 
 he again commenced a bookseller in llussel- 
 sti'eet, and in 1778 became a bankrupt, but 
 the influence and friendship of Dr. Johnson, 
 and a benefit at Drury-lane from Mr. Sher- 
 idan, restored him to the comforts of inde- 
 pendence. In 1780 he published his life of 
 Garrick, which improved his income and 
 enlarged the number of his friends. He 
 also Mrote memoirs of Henderson, a life of 
 Massinger, of Dr. John Eachard, Mr. Lillo, 
 sir John Davies, and also dramatic miscel- 
 lanies 3 vols, besides some fugitive pieces in 
 the newspapers. He died 5th May 1785, 
 and was buried in the vault of St. Paul's, 
 Covent-garden. 
 
 Da VI LA, Henry Catherine, a celebra- 
 ted historian, born at Cyprus, from wljicli 
 he fled when that island was subdued by the 
 Turks 1571. He came to Avila in Spain, 
 where he understood his family originated, 
 and he afterwards passed to France, where 
 he became a favorite at the court of Henry 
 HI. The death of the monarch disconcerted 
 the plans of Davila, who expected there for 
 himself, his brother and two sisters, a per- 
 
DA 
 
 maoent settlement, and though he remained 
 for a little while in the service of Henry IV. 
 he went to Venice, where he was honorably 
 received. On his way to Verona, on the 
 affairs of the Venetian i-epuhlic, he was 
 grossly insulted by a person who at last dis- 
 charged a pistol at him, and wounded him 
 mortally. The son of Davila, a youth of 18, 
 revenged his death, and immediately cut the 
 assassin to pieces. During his residence at 
 Venice, Davila wrote in Italian his history 
 of the civil wars of France in fifteen books, 
 from the death of Henry IT. 155'J to l.i98. 
 This liistory, considered by Bolingbroke as 
 equal to Livy's annals, is highly esteemed 
 for its authenticity, correctness, and the 
 elegance of the composition. The best 
 edition is that of London 2 vols. 4to. 1755. 
 
 Davila, Peter Francis, a famous Span- 
 •ish naturalist, who in the pursuit of conehy- 
 lioiogy, and mineralogy corresponded with 
 the most learned men in Europe. He died 
 at .Madrid 1785. An account of his valuable 
 cabinet was published in 3 vols. 
 
 Davis, Henry Edwards, a native of 
 Windsor, llth July 1756. He was educa- 
 ted at Ealing, Middlesex, and at Baliol col- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he became fellow 
 and tutor. In 1778 he wrote his examination 
 of Gibbon's decline and fall of the Roman 
 empire, a work which though the produc- 
 tion of a young man was considei-ed as so 
 respectable, that of many attacks it was the 
 only one which the historian deigned to 
 answer. He died lOth February 1784, of a 
 lingering illness, and left behind him a most 
 i-espectable character for erudition, for 
 goodness of heart, and amiableuess of man- 
 ners. He was buried at Windsor. 
 
 Davis, John, a native of Sandi'idge, De- 
 vonshire, esrly inured to a sea life. He ob- 
 tained in 1585 the command of some vessels 
 to discover a northwest passage to the East- 
 Indies, and he gave his name to the straits 
 which he visited, and the next year he pro- 
 ceeded in his spirit of discovery to the coast 
 of Gi'eenland, and as high as the 73d degree 
 of north latitude. He was with Cavendish 
 ill 1591, in his expedition to the South seas, 
 and afterwards he was employed in five 
 voyages to the East-indies. He was not only 
 an able seaman but a correct writer, as ap- 
 pears by the account of his voyages which 
 he published. He was unfortunately killed 
 on the shores of Malacca in a quarrel with 
 some Japanese 1605. 
 
 Davison, Jeremiah, boi'n in England, of 
 Scotch parents, was pupil to Lely, and excel- 
 led in painting satyrs. He died 1745. 
 
 DAUMits, Christian, a native of Misnla, 
 regent of the college of Zwickau, where he 
 died 1687, aged 75. He gave proofs of his 
 learning in his tractatus de causis amissarum 
 linguse Latina*. radicum, 8vo. — epistolas 4to. 
 — indagator ci restitutor linguaj Grtec. radi- 
 cum, — and iioems. 
 
 Daun, Leopold, count, a great general 
 born in 1705. He was colonel in 1740, and 
 distinguished himself in the wars of Maria 
 Thercsayand afterwards willi greater gloiy 
 
 4.^ ^^ 
 
 in the relief of Prague, &c." against the king 
 of Prussia whom he defeated at Chotche- 
 mitch in 1757, to commemorate which great 
 victory the empress instituted the military 
 order which beax's her name. He again- dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Hochkir- 
 chen in 1758, and at the siege of IJresden, 
 but he was totally defeated at vSiplitz near 
 Torgau, in 1760. The peace of 1763 re- 
 stored him and the country to tranquillity, 
 and he died at Vienna 5th February 1766 at 
 the age of 61, leaving behind him the cha- 
 racter of a brave and circumspect general, 
 a humane and benevolent man, and a devout 
 christian. 
 
 Daunois, Countess, acquired some ce- 
 lebritv, bv her romances and travels in Spain, 
 She (iied'lTOS. 
 
 Daurat, John, a French poet, born 
 near the head of the Vienne 1507. He so 
 ably distinguished himself by his learning 
 and application, that he became Greek pro- 
 fessor at Paris, and evinced the .superiority 
 of his mode and powers of education, by the 
 number of able and illustrious scholars who 
 studied under hiju. Though learned, he 
 was careless of his affairs, and consequently, 
 poor. Charles IX. made liim his poet lau- 
 I'eat, and was frequently delighted with his 
 conversation. Daurat restored the custom of 
 
 writing anagrams, in which he was very suc- 
 cessful, and so prolific was his muse, that it is 
 said he wrote in Greek and Latin, not less 
 than 50,000 verses, besides poems in Frencli. 
 He was, as Scaliger observes, a good critic; 
 but he foolislily employed the last years of 
 his life in finding out tiie bible in Homer's 
 verses. After losing his first wife, by whom 
 lie had some children, he at the age of 80 
 married a young girl, by whom he had a 
 son. He died at Paris 1588, aged 81. 
 
 Dawes, sir William, an Eiiglish prelate, 
 born at Lyons near Braintree, EsseX| 12th 
 September 1671. From Merchant-taylors' 
 school he went to St. John's college, Oxford ; 
 but about two years after, in consequence of 
 the death of his two elder brothers, and his 
 inheriting tlie estates of his father sir John 
 Dawes bart. he removed to Cambridge, as 
 nobleman of Catherine-hall. Soon after 
 taking his degree of M.A. he married Fran- 
 ces, daughter of sir Thomas Darcy, and at 
 the proper age entered into orders, and iu 
 1696, after being made D.D. by royal man- 
 date, he was elected master of his college. 
 King William, who W'as pleased with one ot 
 his sermons, gave him a prebend of Worces- 
 ter, and he was afterwards made rector and 
 dean of Bocking", Essex, in every situation 
 reeomraending himself to the good opinion 
 of his neighbors, by his affable, benevolentV 
 and cliaritable conduct. On the accession of 
 queen Anne, he was made one of the royal 
 chaplains; but a sermon which lie j)reached 
 offended .some of the ministers, and the see 
 of Lincoln intended for him, was conferred 
 on Wake, 1705. Two years after however, 
 the queen named him for the see of Ches- 
 ter, and in 1714 he was translated to York- 
 He died of a diarrhcea, and ap iuflammatipa 
 
DA 
 
 ^^9r 
 
 DE 
 
 Qf the bowels, 30lh April 1724, and wasburied 
 near his lady in Catharine-hall. He had seven 
 chihlren, thx*ee of whom only survived him. 
 This respectable and worthy man published 
 an anatomy of Atheism, a short poem, 1693 
 — the duties of the closet — sermons preach- 
 ed on several occasions — the duty of com- 
 municating, &c. — a preface to HlackaH's 
 works. His whole works were collected in 
 1733 in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Dawes, Richard, the celebrated author 
 of Misceflanea Critica, was born in 1708, and 
 educated under the famous Anthony Black- 
 wall, and aftei'wards at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge. In 1736 he published a speci- 
 men of a Greek translation of paradise lost. 
 His attack upon Bentley, is censured by 
 Toup. He was elected master of Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne school 1738, which he resigned 
 eleven years after, and died in 1766 at He- 
 worth near Newcastle. His miscellanea 
 critica, has been very learnedly edited by 
 bishop Burgess, O.xford, 1781. 
 
 Day, John, an eminent printer, who had 
 a shop in Aldersgate-street, and another at 
 the west door at St. Paul's. He died 23u 
 July 1584. His name deserves to be com- 
 memorated, not only as the printer of a bible 
 dedicated to Edward VI. of Latimer's ser- 
 mons, of Tyndall's works, of the book of 
 martyrs, &c. but as a man whose great dili- 
 gence in his profession, widely disseminated 
 knowledge, and advanced, not in a slight de- 
 gree, the progress of the reformation. 
 
 Day, Thomas, an eminent writer, born 
 in London, 22d June 1748. His father was 
 a collector of the customs, and at his death 
 left him an unprotected infant, but with an 
 income of 1200/, a year. After being eight 
 or nine years at the Charter house, he en- 
 tered at Corpus Christi, Oxford, where he, 
 however took no degree. He afterwards 
 wished to apply himself to the study of me- 
 dicine, from which he was dissuaded by his 
 friend Dr. Small, of Birmingham, and he at 
 
 ■ last entered at the Middle temple, and was 
 called duly to the bar, but never practised. 
 In his opinions of mankind he was romantic, 
 he was an enthusiastic admirer of A^irtue, 
 and had such detestation of female seduction 
 that he challenged, to no effect, a nobleman 
 whom report described as a vile and licen- 
 tious violator of virgin innocence. In his 
 schemes of visionary perfection, he selected 
 two girls from the poor-house at Shrews- 
 buiy, with the intention of educating them 
 after the principles of llousseau, and of se- 
 lecting one of them for his wife; but the 
 Conduct and affection of the two young wo- 
 men did not answer his sanguine expecta- 
 tions, though he honorably performed his 
 engagements towards them, and presented 
 them with 500/. each, when respectably 
 
 I married, the one to his friend Mr. Bicknell, 
 and the other to a creditable tradesman. In 
 
 I the beginning of the American war, he em- 
 braced the part of the colonies, against the 
 conduct of the mother country, and he 
 published some political tracts, and two po- 
 ems called the devoted legions, and the deso- 
 
 lation of America. Though long regardless 
 of the sex, and afterwards disappointed in 
 his addresses, he married miss Esther 
 Milnes, and retired to the enjoyments of 
 domestic life and of agricultural pursuits on 
 his estates in Essex and Surrey. In the as- 
 sociation for the redress of grievances, Mr. 
 Day was frequently a leading man, and an 
 eloquent speaker, and in 1786 he published 
 a pamphlet against the increase of taxes, 
 and another concerning the bill in parlia- 
 ment for the exportation of wool. The work 
 which has gained him celebrity, is his Sand- 
 ford and Merton, in three vols, published 
 separately, in 1783, 86, and 89, for the in- 
 formation of youth, a composition of singu- 
 lar merit, which, to simplicity of diction, 
 and interesting anecdotes, unites respect for 
 virtue, morality, and religion. On the 28th 
 September 1789, Mr. Day attempted, with 
 more boldness than prudence, to ride a fa- 
 vorite but untamed horse, which by a sud- 
 den plunge, threw off his rider, and by a 
 violent kick on the head put an immediate 
 end to his existence. Mrs. Day heard the 
 afflicting intelfigence with horror, she closed 
 the curtains of her bed, and never again 
 suffered the light of the sun to visit them, 
 and after two years spent in this melancholy 
 retirement, she followed hei* husband to the 
 grave. The epitaph which Mr, Day had 
 written and designed for his friend Doctor 
 Small's tomb, was inscribed on his OM'n. 
 
 Deacon, James, an English gentleman, 
 known for his skill in music, drawing and 
 painting. He died May 1750. 
 
 Deageant, rie St. Marcellin, Gui- 
 chard, a French writer, at first in the service 
 of marshal d'Aocre, and afterwards of the 
 duke of Luynes, whom he assisted against 
 his first patron. He was employed as an able 
 negotiator by the court, and when he became 
 a widower, Lewis XHI. wished to make him 
 bishop of Evreux, but he preferred a second 
 wife and pohtic» to ecclesiastical honors. In 
 the fluctuations of court favors, he was at 
 la.st disgraced and sent in exile to Dauphiny, 
 where he died 1639, in a good old age. He 
 wrote some memoirs of state, from the time 
 of Henry IV. to the year 1624, which though 
 inelegant, contain some curious particulars. 
 1 hey weife printed by his grandson at Gre- 
 nistble in i2mo, 1668. 
 
 1>&»0RAH, a prophetess of Israel, who 
 prevailed on Baruch to attack Sisera the 
 general of Jabin. When her countrymen had 
 obtained the victory, she composed a beauti- 
 ful ode, B. C. 1285. 
 
 De Bure, William Francis, a bookseller 
 at Paris, well known for his bibliographe in- 
 structive, 7 vols. 8vo, 1763, &c. He died at 
 Paris 15th July 1782, aged 50. 
 
 Decebabus, a kingof Dacia, who by his 
 valor in defeating the Roman legions, obtain- 
 ed a yearly tribute from Domitian and Nero. 
 Trajan more warlike refused to pay the dis- 
 graceful subsidy, and conquered Decebalus, 
 and reduced his country to a Roman province, 
 105. 
 
 Decembrio, Peter Candido, a native of 
 
DE i^a/ 
 
 Pavia, secretary to the pope, and afterwai'ds 
 to Alphonsus king of Arragon. He wrote 
 lives of Philip Maria Visconti, and Francis 
 Sforza, dukes of Milan,— and besides, pub- 
 Hshed Italian translations of Quintns Curtius, 
 and Livy — and a Latin version of Diodorus 
 Siculus, of Appian, and of part of Homer. 
 He died at Milan, 1477 aged 78. 
 
 Dechales, Claudius Francis Mdhet, an 
 eminent mathematician and astronomer, 
 born at Chamberry 1611. He was not less 
 respectable in private life, than as a man of 
 learning. He read public lectures at Paris 
 for four^years, and afterwards taught naviga- 
 tion at Marseilles, and died professor of 
 mathematics at Turin, 28th March, 1678, 
 aged 67. His works containing an edition of 
 Euclid's elements — discourses on tbrtincation 
 and navigation — architecture — optics — hy- 
 drostatics — trigonometry, &c. were first col- 
 lected in three vols, folio, (jailed Mundus 
 mathematieus, as a complete course of ma- 
 thematics, and they were afterwards impro- 
 ved and published in 4 vols. 1690 at Lyons. 
 
 Decio, Philip, a native of Milan, lecturer 
 in jurisprudence at Pisa, Pistoia, and other 
 places in Italy, where he acquired such cele- 
 brity, that no one could dispute with him. 
 He afterwards settled in France, but died at 
 Pisa 1635, aged «2, 
 
 Decius, a Roman consul, immortalized 
 in the annals of his country, for devoting 
 himself to the gods manes in the midst of a 
 battle against tlie Latins, and thus insiiring 
 the victory to his army. His son and grand- 
 son on similar occasions followed his glorious 
 example, and thus obtained the victory for 
 their country. 
 i Decius, a Roman emperor after Philip 
 He defeated the Persians in battle, but un- 
 fortunately perished in a morass with his 
 army, in a fight against the Goths, 2.51 A. D. 
 
 Decker, or Deckher, John, a learned 
 Jesuit, born at Hazebi-uck, in Flanders, was 
 professor of theology at Douai and Louvain. 
 He was sent on an embassy into Ntiria, and 
 was made chancellor of Gratz university. 
 
 DE 
 
 where he died 1619, aged 69. He wrote 
 Velificatio sen theoremata de anno ortus ac 
 iTiortis doraini, 4to. — tabula chronographica a 
 capta per Pompeiura Jerosolym& ad deletajn 
 a Tito urbem, 4to. in which he displayed 
 great erudition and extensive knowledge of 
 chronology. 
 
 Decker, Thomas, a poet, in the reign of 
 James I. He acquired some celebrity by the 
 satire of Ben Jonson, who ridiculed him, 
 in his Poetaster, under the name of Crispi- 
 nus. Decker resented the affront in his play 
 of Satyromastix, where Jonson, under the 
 name of young Horace, is the hero of the 
 piece ; and so successful and popular was the 
 poetic invective, that the play was universal- 
 ly followed. Decker wrote three of his plays 
 in conjunction with Webster, and one with 
 Rowley and Ford ; and though his abilities 
 were not of a superior degree, yet he was ad- 
 mired, and his " honest whore," and *' old 
 Fortunatus," are said to possess merit equal 
 to any of tlie compositions of otLer theatrical 
 
 writers, Shakspeare excepted; The tiiue 
 of his birth and death is unknown, though it 
 is certain he was alive after 16J8. 
 
 Dedekind, Frederic, a German of the 
 16th century, whopubhshed a very ingenious 
 ironical eulogium on incivihty and rudeness, 
 intituled, Grobianus, sive de incultis mori- 
 bus et inurbanis gestibus, Franckfort, 8vo. 
 1558. 
 
 Dee, John, a mathematician of eminence, 
 born in London 18th July, 1527. He was 
 educated at Chelmsford, and St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where, for three years, he 
 says, he devoted each day 4 hours to sleep, 2 
 to meals and exercise, and 18 to study. He 
 went to the low countries in 1547, and on his 
 return he was made fellow of Trinity -col- 
 lege, just founded by Henry VIII. His at- 
 tention to mathematical studies, so closely 
 connected with astronomy, and, in those 
 days, to astrology, brought upon him at tliis 
 time the suspicion of magician ; and, to avoid 
 this, he retired to Louvain, in 1578, wliereit 
 is s.ipposedhe took the degreeof L. L. D. In 
 1551 he visited Paris, where he read lectures 
 on Euclid's elements ; but the most flattering 
 promises could not prevail upon him to set- 
 tle there. He therefore returned to England, 
 1551, and was so highly respected that he was 
 presented to the king, and made rector of 
 UptoD-upon-Severn. In Mary's reign, his 
 correspondence with Elizabeth's friend* ex- 
 posed him to the suspicions of treason, and 
 therefore he was arrested, and at last with 
 difficulty set at liberty. He paid his court to 
 queen Elizabeth, who flattered him with 
 compliments ; but the general belief of ius 
 being a conjuror was in the way of his pro- 
 motion, and the books which he published 
 countenanced the imputation, from the mys- 
 terious language and incompi-ehensible sub- 
 jects which they contained. In 1564 he left 
 England, to present a work to the emperor 
 Maximilian; and, in 1571, the queen paid 
 such respect to his celebrity that she sent two 
 physicians to attend him when confined by 
 sickness in Louvain. On his return to Eng- 
 land he settled s(t Mortlake, where he col- 
 lected a choice library of above 40C>0 volumes; 
 which however, during his absence, in 1583, 
 was plundered by the populace, who firmly 
 believed that he had a familiar connection 
 with tlie devil, by his magical incantations. 
 The appearance of a new star in 1572, and 
 of a comet in 1577, gave him opportunities of 
 distinguishing himself as an astronomer; and 
 he engaged the queen's patronage by his able 
 assertion of her right to the countries disco- 
 vered by her subjects, and by his ingenious 
 plans for the reformation of the calendar. In 
 1581 he began hisattempts to penetrate more 
 deeply into futurity, and assisted ?>y Kelly, a 
 young man of Worcestershire, he launched 
 forth into those extravagancies in mystery and 
 superstition by which he pretended to"^hoId 
 intercourse with departed spirits. For two 
 years he was engaged in these unbecoming 
 pursuits, and was at last persuaded by Albert 
 Laskj, a Polish lord, who entertained the 
 same notions of astrology, to pass over to 
 
DE 
 
 4^/^ 
 
 DE 
 
 the cuutlnent, more securely to indulge tlieir 
 mysterious incantations. After travelling 
 through Germany, the tliree conjurors reach- 
 ed Poland, and, after an introduction to the 
 emperor llodolph, and to Stephen king of 
 Poland, Dee and Kelly were at last, after the 
 exhibition of some magvcal tricks, banished 
 Ji-om the country' by the interference of the 
 pope's nuncio. The noise of this fanatical 
 adventure reached Elizabeth, who desired 
 Dee to return, lie obeyed, and travelling 
 ■with great pomp and becoming solemnity, 
 reached England 23d November 1589, and a 
 few days after was presented to the queen, 
 who received him graciously. But though 
 so powejL'ful over supernatural agents. Dee 
 ■uas poor, and Uicrefore he petitioned the 
 i|ueen for a liberal subsistence. Two com- 
 missioners were appointed to examine his 
 papers and the transactions of his life ; and 
 though their report was favorable, he yet ob- 
 tained no relief At last, however, by the 
 interference of lady Warwick and archbish- 
 op Whitgift, he obtained the chancellorship 
 of St. Paul's, and, tw o years after, the war- 
 denship of Manchester college, where he 
 spent seven j-ears in a disturbed and uncpiiet 
 mauner. In 1604 he petitioned James that 
 he might be tried, and that all aspersions of 
 magical incantations might be wiped away 
 from his character; but the king, knowing 
 the,4Pwbit9 of his life, disregarded it; and 
 Dee ^t last removed to Mortiake, where he 
 began again to practise his mysterious arts. 
 Though old and infirm, Dee still believed in 
 his astrological calculations, and the vanity 
 fiWiX ostentatious ambition which for above 
 ftfty- years he had displayed forsook him not 
 vhen sinking into the grave. He died mise- 
 rably poor, in lf)08, aged 80, and was bui'ied 
 at Mortiake. He was'twice married, and he 
 left a numerous family. The eldest of his 
 sons, Arthur, Avas brought u]) under Camden, 
 and Avas physician to Charles 1. His writings 
 were very numerous ; but besides what he 
 published, several MSS. are preecrved in 
 the Cotton Ubrary and in the Ashmolean mu- 
 seum. His notes and preface to Billingsley's 
 Euclid, and some other works, prove him to 
 have been a very able mathematician. An 
 account of his communications Avith spirits 
 and his conferences with the emperor of 
 Germany and the king of Poland, written by 
 his own hand, was published, with a curious 
 preface, by Dr. Merie Casaubon, in 1G5(>, fo- 
 lio, and it attracted for some time the pubhc 
 attention. Dr. Hooke, some years after, at- 
 tempted to show that Dee was not an astro- 
 loger, but that he Avas a spy, amd that the 
 figures and hieroglyphics he used were not 
 those of au enthusiast or magician, but of an 
 artful man, employed to watch the conduct 
 v^\(^ develope the measures of government. 
 To this conjecture, however, few assented. 
 
 Defesch, William, a German, eminent 
 for his skill on the violin. He was leader of 
 the band at Marybone-gardens, and also 
 composed for Vauxhall. His musical com- 
 P9sitions, songs, and ballads, Avere much ad- 
 miyg^ H^ died about 1750, aged 70. 
 
 De Foe, Daniel, was born in the pari sli 
 of St. Giles' Cripplegate, about 1668, Avhere 
 his father, James Foe, was a butcher. He 
 Avas educated among the dissenters, and 
 Avarmly embraced their tenets ; and he pro- 
 bably prefixed De to his name to conceal the 
 obscurity of his origin. He Avas early an 
 author, and published, 1680, a pamphlet on 
 the contest betAveen the Turks and Austri- 
 ans. In 1683 he folloAved in arms the for- 
 tunes of Mmimouth, and escaped, much to 
 the wonder of jUI hishistoi'ians, the sanguin- 
 ary grasp of Jeffries. He became a livery- 
 man of London 1688, ami zealously favor- 
 ed the revolution. About this time he Avas 
 a hosier, though he afterwards denied the 
 occupation ; and in 1692 he was so reduced, 
 either b}^ misconduct or by the unfavorable 
 circumstances of the times, that he fled fiora 
 his creditors, though he afterwards very 
 honorably <lischarged the best part of his 
 debts. Though offered a respectable com- 
 mercial situation at Cadiz by his friends, he 
 determined to live by his pen. In 1695 he 
 Avas made accountant to the commissioners 
 of the glass duty, in which he continued till 
 the suppression of the tax in 1699. He uoav 
 published various pamphlets on political and 
 temporary subjects, one of which, his *' true 
 born ELnglishman,'' a satire, in verse, in de- 
 fence of the revolution, recommended him 
 to the notice of king William. His *' short- 
 est way with the dissenters," in 1702, as it 
 reflected on the government and the church, 
 Avas noticed by the house of commons, and 
 he Avas sentenced to stand in the pillory, to 
 be fined, and imprisoned. He was liberated 
 from his confinement in 1704, by the friend- 
 ship of Harley and of Godolphin, and im- 
 mediately retired to St. Edmundsbury, 
 where his pen was again employed on po- 
 litical subjects. In 1706 he produced some 
 essays to remove the prejudices of the Scotch 
 against the union; and so great were his 
 services considered, that he Avas sent by 
 Godolphin to Edinburgh to confer upon the 
 subject Avith the leading men of Scotland. 
 Upon the conclusion of the union, he Avas 
 rewarded for his services, and two years af- 
 ter, 1709, he published the history of the 
 union, in a manner so satisfactory, that, in 
 1786, the same pamphlet was republished, 
 when the Irish union Avas projected. In 1713 
 some of his publications were considered 
 as jacobitical, in consequence of Avhich he 
 Avas prosecuted, but at last liberated front 
 Newgate by the influence of his friend lord 
 Oxford. He found himself so neglected on 
 the accession of the house of Hanover, that 
 he published his appeal to honor and justice, 
 the last of his political tracts, as he Avas seiz- 
 ed with an apoplexy before the work Avas 
 finished, and as he afterwards devoted him- 
 self only to useful and general instruction. 
 In 1715 he Avrote the family instructor ; and 
 in April 1719 appeared the first part and 
 August following the second part of llob- 
 inson Crusoe; a Avork which, though abu- 
 sed by some of his contemporaries, lias 
 survived by i'ts merit the malevolence of 
 
DE 
 
 ^// 
 
 DE 
 
 eriticism, and triumphed over the opposi- 
 tion of party, and stands now as the most 
 lasting monument of literary fame and mer- 
 its of the author. It is said by some, indeed 
 that this interesting book wasdislionestly bor- ; 
 rowed from tlie papers of Alexander Selkik, 
 a Scotchman, who lived four years and four 
 months in an uninhabited island, till reliev- 
 ed by captain Wood Rogers in 1709. Sel- 
 kirk's adventures, indeed, appeared before 
 the public in the captain's voyage ; and 
 therefore, though the idea of a man thrown 
 upon a desert island might be borrowed 
 fiom Selkirk's adventures, yet the rest of 
 the story evidently belongs to the genius and 
 superstructure of De Foe. This respecta- 
 ble writer died at his house at Islington 1731, 
 leaving one daughter, who married Mr. H. 
 Bakei", the naturalist. The publications of 
 De Foe are very numerous, and possessed 
 great merit, and, at the time in which they 
 appeared, they were considered as very 
 powerful engines in the hands of party. 
 His attempts to write poetry were not sac- 
 cessftd, after the noble strains of Waller 
 and Dryden ; and if his verses were read, 
 St was more in consequence of the satire 
 which tliey conveyed than of the merit and 
 beauty of the numbers. The life of a polit- 
 ical writer must be exposed to the attacks 
 of open and secret enemies, a circumstance 
 which De Foe's political career sufficiently 
 evinced, but whatever might ha%'e been the 
 provocations which lie gave to his oppo- 
 nents, it is to be observed, to the tliscredit 
 of Pope, that, without the most distant 
 imputation of offence, De Foe appeared dis- 
 graced in 1728, in the libellous lines of the 
 Dunciad. 
 
 Deghuy, an ingenious French engraver, 
 ■who died 1748. He engraved the pieces of 
 some of the greatest masters, among whom 
 are the names of llcmbrandt, Vernet, Aved, 
 Tintoretto, &c. 
 
 Dejaure, N". a French poet, who died 
 young, and suddenly, October 1800. His 
 pieces, called le franc JJreton — Montano — 
 iiodoiska, an opera, have been received on 
 the stage with applause. 
 
 Deidier, Anthony, a medical profes- 
 sor of Montpellier, who published in 1733, 
 a curious dissertation, de venereis morbis, 
 in which he supposes that the disease is com- 
 municated by a number of small animalcules. 
 
 Dejotarus, tetrarch and king of Gala- 
 tea, espoused the cause of Porapey in the 
 civil wars, for which he was dethix)ned by 
 Cxsar. 
 
 Delamet, Adrian Augustin de Bussy, 
 an ecclesiastic, born of a noble family in Pi- 
 cardy. He attended his relation cardinal de 
 lletz in his ti^avels, and then settled at the 
 Sorbonne at Paris, where he died, 20th Ju- 
 ly 1691, aged 70. He wrote among other 
 things, a resolution of cases of conscience, 
 afterwards republished by Treuve, under the 
 name of dictionary of cases of conscience, 
 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Dei.any, Patrick, an eminent divine, 
 feotti iu Ireland about 1686. His father was 
 
 originally a servant in the family of •sir John 
 Kennel, the judge, and ai^icrwards rented 
 a small farm. Young Delany was brought 
 up as sizar at Trinity -college J)ublin, of 
 which he became fellow. At this time he 
 formed a very intimate acquaintance with 
 dean Swift, and soon distinguished himself 
 as a popular preacher, and as an active and 
 successful tutor iu his college. The part, 
 however, which he took in supporting two 
 young men who had, for misconduct, been 
 expelle<l, proved oftensive to the provost and 
 to Boulter the primate, Avho wished to op- 
 advancement, Ijord Carteret, iii 
 
 his 
 
 pose 
 
 1727, jjresented him to the chancellorship 
 of Clirist church, and a prebend in (he ca- 
 thedral of St. Patrick. In 1729 he began 
 the periodical paper called the Tribune, con- 
 tinued to 20 numbers; and in 1731 he came 
 to London, to publish his ** revelation ex- 
 amined with candoi'," a work to which he 
 added a second volume, and, thirty years af- 
 ter, a third, and which was universally and 
 deservedly admired. When in London, he 
 mai-ried Mrs. Margai-etTenison, a rich Irii?h 
 widow, who died December 6, 1741. In 
 1738 he published his " reflections upon po- 
 lygamy," a curious work, which was follow- 
 ed, in 1740 and 1742, with an historical ac- 
 count of the life of David king of Israel, in 
 3 vols, a performance which, whilektlis- 
 played the ingenuity, learning, j^mT^lg-, 
 ment of the author, httle contributed to tlie 
 honor of the sacred writings, whose authenti- 
 city and character cannot rest uposi the la- 
 bors of men. In 1743, 9th June, he took 
 for his second wife tlie widow of Alexander 
 Pendarves, a woman of great excellence 
 and known genius; and the following year 
 he was raised to the deanery of Down. The 
 most considerable of his pi'oductions after he 
 became dean, was his " remarks on the life 
 of Swift by lord Orrery.*' This publication 
 set in fairer colors the .character of Swif^, 
 and exhibited him in a more amiable view, 
 from the recollections of friendship f.r.d in- 
 timacy, than that of lord Orrery. His la- 
 'hors, however friendly, did not pass uncen- 
 sured from the pen of Dean Swift, esq. who 
 reflected, witb petidence and abuse, on thfe 
 publication of Dr. Delaay ; who replied, in 
 17.'55, with great temper and truly christian 
 moderation. Besides these, he published 
 sermons, and some theological tracts. He 
 died at Bath, May 17G8, in the 85d year of 
 bis age. Dr. Delany was remarkable, not 
 more for his learn) ng, than for las benevolence 
 and hospitality. He left little property be- 
 hind him, though the last twenty years of 
 his life his annual income was 3000^. <n hich 
 generously were distributed at thecal] of in- 
 digence and distress. 
 
 Delanv, Mary, second wife of Dr. I>e- 
 lany, was daughter of Barnard GranVille, 
 afterwards lord Lansdowne, and was born 
 at Coulton, Wilts, l4-*h May 1700. When 
 she was 17, she was influenced by her rela- 
 tions, against her inclinations, to marry Al- 
 exander Pendarves, esq. of Roscrow, in Corn- 
 wall, a gentleman of great property, but 
 
mucli advanced in life ; but though she lived 
 unhappy, her time was usefully devoted to 
 the cultivation oT her mind, naturally vigor- 
 ous and eager after improvement. In 1724 
 she became a widow; in consequence of 
 which she left Cornwall, and resided chiefly 
 in London. After a widowhood of 19 years, 
 she maiTied, in 1743, Dr. Delany, whom 
 she had long known as the friend of her 
 learned correspondent dean Swift, and with 
 him she lived the happiest of wives, tiU his 
 death, in 1768. Wheii this melancholy event 
 took place, slie wished to settle at Bath, but 
 the duchess of Portland who knew ai)d lov- 
 ed her virtues, insisted upon her living with 
 her at Bulstrode, and she continued in that 
 hospitable I'etreat for some years. On the 
 death of the duchess, the king, with lauda- 
 ble benevolence, assigned Mrs. Delany, a 
 house, ready furnished, in St. Alban's street, 
 Windsor, and granted her a pension of 300^, 
 a year, which she enjoyed till her death, 
 J 5th April 1788, at the advanced age of 
 jiearly 88. Mrs. Delany is well known for 
 her spirited and elegant correspondence 
 with some of the learned and of the witty 
 of the times, but particularly for her great 
 skill in drawing and painting. Her pieces, 
 which are numerous and tastefully executed, 
 adorn the mansions of her relations, as well 
 as her works in embroidery and in shells. 
 Sh^s also known for inventing, at the age 
 of 74, an ingenious Flora, by the tasteful 
 application of colored papers together, skil- 
 fully cut with scissars, and so delicately dis- 
 posed, upon black ground, as to imitate and 
 almost equal the works of nature. In this 
 elegant accomplishment she continued to be 
 engaged till her 83d year, when her sight 
 began to fail ; and so astonishing was her as- 
 siduity, that not less than 980 plants were 
 exhibited in her beautiful flora, which is 
 now in the possession of her nephew. Court 
 Dewis, esq. She also wrote some poetry. 
 
 Delaujje, Thomas, a nonconformist, 
 who, in 1683, wrote an answer to Dr. Cala- 
 my's discourse concerning a scrupulous con- 
 science. His book called " plea for noncon- 
 formity," gave such offence, that he was 
 tried, and sentenced to pay a heavy fine ; 
 which as he could not do, he died in prison. 
 Deleyre, Alexander, a native of Bour- 
 deaux, who wrote an analysis of lord Ba- 
 con's works, 3 vols. 12mo. — the genius of 
 Montesquieu — the spirit of St. Evremond, 
 &c. He also assisted Raynal in his history of 
 the commerce of the Indies, and contribu- 
 ted some valuable articles to the encyclo- 
 pedic. He died 1797. 
 
 DifLFT, Jacob, a celebrated portrait 
 painter, of Delft, who died 1661, aged 42. 
 He was grandson of Mirevelt, whom he ri- 
 valled in the efforts of his pencil. 
 
 Delius, Christopher Traugott, a native 
 of Walhausen, in Thuringia, who, after serv- 
 ing in the army, was made surveyor of the 
 Hungarian mines, and then placed at Vien- 
 na, in the department of the mines and of 
 the mint. He was an eminent mineralogist, 
 and wrote a dissertation on mountains, 8vo. — 
 
 De 
 
 an introduction to the art of mining, 4to 
 He died in Italy 1799, aged 51. 
 
 Delmont, Deodalt, an historical pain- 
 ter, born at St. Tron. He was pupil to llu- 
 bens, who highly esteemed him. He died 
 1634, aged 53. 
 
 Delobel, a IVench painter, of the 17th 
 century. His pieces which are in a very su- 
 perior style, adorn cliiefly the churches and 
 cathedrals of France. 
 
 De Lolme, John Lewis, L. L. D. a na- 
 tive of Geneva, who for some years resided 
 in England, and acquired great celebrity as 
 an author. In the latter part of his life he 
 retired to the continent, and died in Swit- 
 zerland, March 1807. He was in his character 
 a man of talents and information, entertain- 
 ing and witty in his conversation, temperate 
 in his living, but in his person little attentive 
 to the graces of outward appearance. He is 
 author of pai'allel between the English con- 
 stitution and the former government of Swe- 
 den, 1772 — treatise on the constitution of 
 England, 1775, a work of singular merit, 
 often reprinted, and commended by the ap- 
 probation not only of lords Camden and 
 Chatham, and other great political charac- 
 ters, but by the nervous writer of Junius' 
 letters — essay on the union of Scotland with 
 England, 1787 — memorials of human super- 
 stition — observations on the tax on windows, 
 1788 — observations on the late national em- 
 barrassments, 1789, &c. 
 
 Delrio, Martin Anthony, a learned Je- 
 suit, born at Antwerp, of Spaniah parents, 
 1551. He studied at the universities of Paris, 
 Douai, and Louvain, where he displayed as- 
 tonishing powers of memory, and great quick- 
 ness of learning. He was admitted L. L. D. 
 at Salamanca, and afterwards became a 
 counsellor of the parliament of Brabant, and 
 entered the Jesuits' order at Valladotid. He 
 taught belles lettres at Liege, Mayence, 
 Gratz, and Salamanca, and died at Louvain, 
 two years after his friend Lipsius, 1608, 
 Besides notes on Seneca, Claudian, and So- 
 linus, he wrote explications of difficult pas- 
 sages in scripture — commentaries on the old 
 testament — disquisitiones raagicse. 
 
 Delrio, John, a native of Bruges, dean 
 of Antwerp, died 1624. He wrote com- 
 mentaries on the ll9th psalm. 
 
 Demades, an Athenian orator, for some 
 time at the court of Philip of- Macedon. 
 He was put to death by Cassander, B. C. 
 322. 
 
 Demaratus, a king of Sparta, who was 
 obliged to resign the crown in consequence 
 of the imputation of his enemies, who accu- 
 sed him of being illegitimate. He retired 
 to Persia, where he was honorably received. 
 Demeste, John, M. D. chaplain and chief 
 surgeon to the forces of the prince of Liege, 
 was a native of Liege, where lie died, Au- 
 gust 20, 1783, aged 38. He is well known 
 as the author of some ingenious letters oa 
 chemistry, Paris, 1779. 
 
 Demetrius, Poliorcetes, son of Antigo- 
 nus, was honored by the Athenians with the 
 dedication of brazen statues, because he ba<l 
 
delivered their city from the power of De- 
 metrius Phalereus, and defeated Cassander 
 at Thermopylse. Though beaten at the bat- 
 tle of Ipsus, he had the good fortune to seat 
 himself on the tljrone of Macedonia ; where 
 his posterity remained till the age of Pei*se- 
 us. He <lied B. C. 28(i. 
 
 Demetrius, Sotor, king of Syria, was 
 son of Selcucus. He was for some time an 
 hostage at Rome, and perished in battle, B. 
 C. 150. 
 
 Demetrius II. surnamed Nicanor, was 
 king of Syria after liis father, Demetrius I. 
 He formed an aUiauce with the Jews, and 
 WHS at last killed 1/y the governor of Tyre, 
 B.C. 127. 
 
 Demetrius Phalereus, a philoso- 
 pher, the discijile of Theophrastus. He 
 was highly honore<l by tlie Athenians, and 
 afterwards was hospitably entertained by 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt. He contributed 
 200,000 voUunes to tbe Alexandrine library, 
 and flied by the bite of an asp, 2y4 B. C. 
 
 Demetrius, a' cynic philosopher, in the 
 reign of Caligula, afterwards banished by 
 Ye.spasian for Lis insolence. 
 
 Demetrius, czar of Hussia, son of the 
 czar John Bassilowitz, is by some histori- 
 ans called the false Dgmetrius, and regar- 
 ded as an obscure native of Jaroslaw, who 
 was instructed by an artful njonk to assume 
 the character of the real Demetrius, who, 
 it is said, had been murtlercd by Boris Gu- 
 denow. This youthful adventurer, whether 
 really the prince or pretender, invaded Rus- 
 sia with a small army, in 1004, and was so 
 successful as to seat himself on tlie throne. 
 After a short reign of eleven months, he 
 wjas assassinated, 1606. He had married tJie 
 daughter of Mnieski, palatine of Sendomir, 
 who hud warmly espoused his cause. 
 
 De Missy, Csesar, a learned divine, born 
 at Berlin 2cl January 1703. He studied at 
 Berlin and at Fi-ankfort on the Oder ; and 
 after preaching t)r five years in several 
 towns of the United Provinces, he came to 
 London, whei*e he was ordained to serve 
 the Savoy cbapel, and is 1762, named by 
 the bishop of London French chaplain to 
 the king. He died lOlh August 1775. He 
 published some poetical pieces — essays on 
 profane and sacred literature — ei»itomes of 
 books, memoirs, &c. but generally anony- 
 mously, oi' only with bis initials. He also 
 assisted many of his friends, particularly 
 Westein, in his edition of the Gi-eek testa- 
 ment, and Jortin in his life of Erasmus. He 
 was a learned and pious man. 
 
 Democedes, a physician of Crotona, 
 who, after serving Polycrates of Samos, be- 
 came the slave and the physician of Darius 
 king of Persia. He returned to his country 
 by stratagem, and married the sister of 
 Milo, the celebrated wx-estler. 
 
 Democritus, a famous philosopher of 
 Abdej«i, whose mental acquirements were so 
 great and extraordinary that his countrymen 
 accused him of madness. Hippocrates, 
 however, saw and acknowledged his merit. 
 He laughed constantly at tbe follies of man- 
 \OL. J. ,'ri 
 
 DE 
 
 kind. He died at the age of 109, about 
 351. 
 
 Demon AX, a philosopher of Crete in the 
 reign of Adrian. He had the highest con- 
 tempt for ricbes, and lived upon the aecidrti- 
 tal supplies which he received from, his 
 friends and strangers. He lived to his 100th 
 year. 
 
 Demoivre, Abraham, an eminent math- 
 ematician, born at Yitri, Champagne, May 
 1667. He left France at the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, and came Wi England, 
 where, by studying the principra of New- 
 ton, he made himself a complete master of 
 mathematics, in which he read some poj)- 
 ular lectures for his support. He was ad- 
 mitted member of the royal society in Lon- 
 don, and of the academy of sciences, Paris ; 
 and died in London November 1754. His 
 works are strong evidences of his superior 
 learning and great application. He publish- 
 ed, miscellanea analytica, 4to. — a treatise 
 on annuities — and his great woi'k, *' doc- 
 trine of chances," in 1718, 4to. twice re- 
 printed, with considerable improvements. 
 
 Demosthexes, a celebi*ated orator of 
 Athens. Though but the son of a black- 
 smith, he rose to consequence ; and though 
 neglected by liis guardians, and impeded iu 
 his education by weakness of lungs, and an 
 inarticidate pronunciation, his assiduity over- 
 came all obstacles, and enabled him to rise 
 superior to every difficulty, and become tbe 
 most illustrious and eloquent orator of all 
 antiquity. He warmly resisted the politics 
 and the insinuating conduct of Philip of Ma- 
 cedon, and was equally violent against his 
 son and successor, Alexander the great ; but, 
 in spite of his eloquence, tbe arts and the 
 valor of the Macedonians prevailed, and De- 
 mosthenes unhappily found, that the Athe- 
 nians whom he addressed were only the de- 
 generate sons of those heroes who had bled 
 at Marathon, at Salamis, and at Thermopy- 
 lae. Demosthenes, who had inveighed against 
 the bribery of the Macedonians, himself was 
 accused of receiving some splendid presents 
 of tuoney from Harpalus, the deputy of 
 Alexander ; but the unpopularity of his con- 
 duct continued but a short time ; till at last 
 the victories of Antipater obliged the Athe- 
 nians to deliver their orator, and Demosthe- 
 nes, rather than fall into the hands of his 
 enemies, destroyed himself by poison, B. C. 
 322. The best edition of his orations is that 
 of Reiske. 
 
 Demours, Peter, a native of Marseilles, 
 known for liis eminence as a physician and 
 for the dexterity of his surgical operations, 
 and his great skill as an oculist. He died 
 at Paris 26th June 1795, aged 'i^, author 
 of some respectable works on his profession. 
 Dempster, William, a learned Scots- 
 man, born in the shire of Angus, 1490, and 
 educated at St. Andrew's, from whence he 
 went to Paris, and was successfully employ- 
 ed by the university there to refute the 
 books of Raymond Lully, who had im« 
 pugned Aristotle's philosophy. After visit- 
 ing Padua 4nd other places, Jie rcturAed to 
 
DE 
 
 Scotland, of which he published an ecclesi 
 astical histoiy, in which he magnifies the 
 
 He died 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 DE 
 
 most common events into miracles, 
 at Paris 1557. 
 
 Dempster, Thomas, a native of Scot- 
 land, who studied at Paris, and there taught 
 classical learning. His quarrelsome temper 
 however, and his severities to his pupils, 
 rendered him unpopular, and he was obli- 
 ged to fly from Paris, and to return to Scot- 
 land. He afterwards went to Pisa, where 
 his wife, a v/oman of great beauty, ran away 
 ■with one of hia scholars, a misfortune which 
 he bore with all the indifference of stoicism. 
 He aiterwards read lectures on polite learn- 
 ing in various universities, and obtained a 
 professor's chair atNismes, from -whence he 
 retired to Bologna, where after some years' 
 residence he died 1625. He wrote some 
 learned works, commentaries on Rosinus' 
 Koraan antiquities, and on Claudian, — four 
 books of epistles, — dramatic pieces and po- 
 ems, — a martyrology of Scotland, — a list of 
 Scottish writers, &cc. He was a man of as- 
 tonishing memory, so that he was properly 
 called a living library. His application was 
 indefatigable, he never studied less than 14 
 hours daily, but he wanted judgment and 
 discrimination. He was so partial to his 
 country that he attributed to the natives of 
 it, nearly all the books whicli English, "Welsh 
 and Irish authors had composed. He has 
 therefore been censured by protestants as 
 well as papists, and Baillet has observed that 
 in his ecclesiastical history of Scotland, in 
 19 books, he had no conscience, he forged 
 titles of books never published to raise the 
 glory of his native country, and he has been 
 guilty of several cheating tricks by which he 
 has lost his ere Jit among men of learning. 
 
 Denh AM, sir John, an English poet, born 
 in Dublin 1615. His father was chief baron 
 of the exchequer in Ireland, and when af- 
 terwards removed to the English bench, he 
 brought his son with him, who was educa- 
 ted in London, and in 1631 entered at Trin- 
 ity college, Oxford. During his residence 
 in the university, and afterwards while a 
 student at Lincoln's Inn, he was devoted to 
 gaming and dissipation, more than to learn- 
 ing and science, and his father not only au- 
 gured the most fatal consequences,but threat- 
 ened to disinherit him. In 1G41, three years 
 after the death of his father, he published 
 bis tragedy of" Sophy," which, says Waller, 
 Vroke out like the Irish rebellion threescore 
 thousand strong, when nobody was aware 
 of it. Soon after he was sheriff of Surry, 
 and governor of Farnham castle, but not un- 
 derstanding military affairs he came to the 
 king at Oxford, where, in 1643, he publish- 
 ed his ♦* Cooper's hill," a poem, says Dry- 
 den, which for rtiajesty of style is and ever 
 •will be the standard of good writing. His 
 attachment to the royal cause during the 
 civil wars, insured him the confidence of the 
 queen, who intrusted him with a commis- 
 fflon to her unfortunate husband a captive in 
 the army. He after\rards went as ambassa- 
 dor with lord Cx-oft from Charles II. to Po- 
 
 land, and in 1562 he returned to Engfknt!, 
 where he found his estates greatly reduced 
 in consequence of his former habits of ga- 
 ming, and the i)ersecutions of the civil war. 
 For abdut a year he was hospitably enter- 
 tained by lord Pembroke. At the restora- 
 tion he entered upon his office of surveyor 
 general to the king's buildirtgs, and at the 
 coronation he was created K. B. In the lat- 
 ter part of his life, in consequence of some 
 domestic difference on his second marriage, 
 he unfortunately lost his senses, which he 
 however recovered. He wrote some verses 
 on Cowley's death, and soon followed him 
 to the grave. He died March 1668, and 
 was buried in Westminster-abbey near the 
 remains of Chaucer, Spenser, and Cowley. 
 Denham's works iiave been published to- 
 gether at difterent times, the sixth edition 
 of which appeared in 1719. These poems 
 are above 20 in number, containing besides 
 the Sophy, and Cooper's hill, the destruc- 
 tion of Troy, and Cato Major. Wood men- 
 tions other works of Denham, such as a new 
 version of the psalms, a pane^ric on gen- 
 eral Monk, the true presbyteriaTi, &c. Den- 
 
 ham, as Johnson has observed, is deservedly 
 considered as one of the fathers of English 
 poetry. Cooper's hill is the work that con- 
 fers upon him the rank and dignity of art 
 original author. He seems to have been, at 
 least among us, the author of a species of 
 composition that may be denominated local 
 poetry, of which the fundamental subject is 
 some particular landscape to be poetically 
 described, with the addition of such embel- 
 lishments as may be supplied by historical ret- 
 I'ospections or incidental meditaiion. He i? 
 one of the writers that improved our taste 
 and advanced our language, and whom we 
 ought therefore to read with gratitude, 
 though having done much, he left much to 
 do. 
 
 Denelle, an infamous revolutionist. 
 He was the friend of INIarat, and shared all 
 his crimes, and at last, after trying to poison 
 his wife and five chiUlren, he killed them 
 with his own hand with blows. He expiated 
 his crimes on the scaffold. 
 
 Denneh, Balthasar, a portrait painter, 
 born at Hamburgh 1685. He was ofJered, in 
 London, for his excellent portrait of an old 
 woman, 500 guineas which he refused. He 
 died 1747. 
 
 Dennis, John, an English critic, born in 
 London 1657, and educated at Harrow and 
 Caius college, Cambridge. After taking his 
 bachelor's degree he was expelled for at- 
 tempting to stab a person in the dark, upon, 
 which he travelled over France and Italy, 
 and at his return set up for a man of fashion 
 and of wit. He began his literary career 
 as early as 1690, anil continued to wi'ite till 
 his death in 1733. He was intimate with the 
 great and the learned of the times, but his 
 temper was so violent, and his pride and sus.. 
 picions so great, that his life was a continual 
 scene of tumult and quarrel, iuBamed and 
 cherished by the invectives of his pen. He 
 wrote in 1692, a pindaiic ode on Williara'p 
 
DE 
 
 ^/i> 
 
 DE 
 
 Tf i(j|h-y at Aghrim, and he also honored the 
 death of that monarch and that of his queen, 
 with poetical incense. In 1704 came his fa- 
 vorite tragedy " Liberty asserted," in which 
 he used such violent languaj^c against the 
 French nation that in the pride of self-con- 
 sequence he persuad9<l himself peace could 
 never be re-established between the two 
 countries without his being delivered \-$ to 
 the offended enemy. With this idea he ap- 
 plie<l to the duke of Marlborough for his pro- 
 tection, who declared to the alarmed poet 
 that he had no influence with the ministry, 
 but that he thought, without being terrified, 
 Ins own case as desperate, as he had done the 
 French almost as much mischief as Mr, 
 Dennis himself. Tl»is singular character 
 thus exposed to ridicule, is sfiid on another 
 occasion to have been walking near the sea 
 while the guest of a friend in Sussex, and 
 that at the sudden sight of a ship sailing as 
 he imagined towards him, he decamped in 
 the greatest hurry, calling his friend a trai- 
 tor for conspiring to deliver his person up 
 to the French, ilis poems on tlie battles of 
 Blenheim ami Ramillies gained him the 
 friendsliip of the victorious hero of the day, 
 who presented him with 100/. and procured 
 him an appointment in the customs-worth 
 120/. per annum. He also wrote some prose 
 pieces, especially priestcraft dangerous, &c. 
 against Sacheverell's political union, and 
 some severe reflections on Pope's essay on 
 criticism, and Addison's Cato. This not 
 only occasioned a curious pamphlet called 
 the narrative of Dr. Itobert Norris, con- 
 cerning the strange and deploi'able frenzy 
 of Mr. John Dennis, but it drew upon him 
 the satirist's resentment, and entitled him 
 to a conspicuous place among the heroes of 
 the Danciad. Though now disregarded as a 
 writer and a critic, he was esteemed in his 
 day, but it was observed by a wit that Den- 
 nis was the fittest man in the world to in- 
 struct a dramatic writer, for he laid down 
 rules for writing good plaj's, antl showed him 
 what were bad by his own. 
 
 Denny, sir Anthony, a favorite of Henry 
 YHI. born at Cheshunt, and educated at St. 
 Paul's school and St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. H^s great abilities soon recommend- 
 ed him to the court, where he became gen- 
 tleman of the bed chamber, groom of the 
 stole, and a privy counsellor. He was also 
 knighted by the king, ami in the general 
 plunder of the property of the church, sir 
 Anthony received from his capricious master 
 very large and valuable grants of lands in 
 Hertfordshire. When Henry was on his 
 death bed, sir Anthony alone had the cour- 
 age and humanity to approacli him, to re- 
 mind him of his situation, and to exhort him 
 to devote the few remaining moments of lite 
 to the momentous concerns of religion. The 
 king had such an opinion of his integrity, 
 that he made him one of the ex»cHtors of 
 his will, and of the counsellors of his suc- 
 cessor, and gave him a legacy of 300/. Sir 
 Anthony was a man of great piety as \i;ell as 
 learning: He died 1550, Icavhig by h'is lady 
 
 Joan, daughter of sir Philip Champernon of 
 Modbury, Devon, six children, of whom 
 Henry the eldest was father of Edward who 
 was knighted, and in 162G made earl of Nor- 
 wich. 
 
 Dexton, John, an English divine, edu- 
 cated at Clare-hall. Cambridge, and ejected 
 for nonconformity from the living of Oswald 
 kirk, Yorkshire, in 1602. He afterwards 
 conformed and after being re-Ordained, was 
 presented to the living of Stonegrave, and a 
 prebend of York, which hehehl till his death 
 4th January 1708, in his 83d year. He pub- 
 lished some sermons and religious tracts, and 
 was the intimate friend and correspondent of 
 Tillotson afterwards the primate. 
 
 Dentkecoi,l,es, Francis Xavier, a Je- 
 suit, born at Lyons 1664. He went to China 
 as missionary Avith Parennin, and he died 
 there on the same year as his associate 1741, 
 and both aged 77. This Jesuit wrote several 
 works in the Chinese language to recom- 
 mend the christian religion to the disciples 
 of Confucius, and some interesting i)ieces of 
 his are also found in " lettres edifiantes &£ 
 curieuses," and in du Halde's Chiira. 
 
 Denys, James, an historical painter, born 
 at Antwerp 1645. He studied in Italy, and 
 resided for some time at the court of Mantua, 
 where he was highly honored. He returned 
 afterwards to his native city, where he died. 
 
 Deparcieux, Anthony, a mathemati- 
 cian, born in the diocese of Usez. lie wrote 
 a treatise on trigonometry 4to. — essays on 
 the probabilities of the duration of human 
 life 4to. a valuable work, which obtained him 
 a seat in the academy of sciences, — memoir 
 on the inundations of the river Seine, &c. 
 His skill was much applauded in his con- 
 struction of sun-dials on a new i»lan, and also 
 for his meridian lines. He died 17GS, aged 
 65. 
 
 Derby, James Stanley earl of, an Eng- 
 lish nobleman, celebrated for his courage 
 during the civil wars. With only 600 horse 
 he bravely defended himself at W^igan against 
 col. Lilburne and 3000 horse and foot, but 
 when taken at the battle of Worcester, he 
 was basely beheaded though faitiifully pro- 
 mised pardon, October loth, 1651. His 
 widow imitated his heroic conduct, and after 
 the brave defence of Latham house, she re- 
 tired to the Isle of Man, where she defied 
 the attacks of her enemies. She was the 
 last person who submitted to the power of 
 the regicides. 
 
 Dercyllidas, aLacedtemonian general, 
 who avenged his country against the Pcnslans 
 and defended Chersonesus against the in- 
 roads of the Thracians about 400 B. C. 
 
 Dereing, Edward, an eminent divine, 
 born in Kent, fellow of Christ's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was pi-eacher at St. Paul's Lon- 
 don, and distinguished himself by bis elo- 
 quence before the court. He died .1570, 
 much respected for his piety as well as leariv- 
 ing. He wrote sermons, — lectures on the 
 epistle to the Hebrew*, — answer to Harding, 
 Sec. 
 
 DERHAMi Willi'ara, an able philosopher 
 
DE 
 
 ^'/^ 
 
 1>E 
 
 and divine, born at Stoughton near Worcos- 
 ter, 26th November 1657, and educated at 
 Blockley, and Trinity college, Oxford. He 
 was presented in 1682 to Wargrave vicar- 
 age, Berks, and in 1689 to Uprainster rectory, 
 Essex. He devoted the best part of his tinie 
 to mathematics and experimental i)hilo.so- 
 phy. He was clioscn fellow of the royul so- 
 ciety, and enriched the philosophical trans- 
 actions with many curious and valuable com- 
 munications. In 1716 he was made canon of 
 Windsor, and the university of Oxford in 
 1730 honorably granted him the degree of 
 D.L). for his meritorious services in the cause 
 of science. This pious and good man, always 
 employed in the labors of philosophy, hu- 
 manity and religion, died 5th April" 17.35, 
 aged 78, and was buried at Upminster. His 
 publications are very numerous, not less than 
 40, and mostly on philosophical subjecls. The 
 best known of his works are his physico-the- 
 ology, 1 6 discourses preached at Bojle's in- 
 stitution 1711 and 12, and in 1714 his astro- 
 theology, and in 1730 his christo-theology, a 
 sermon to prove the divine origin of Chris- 
 tianity, besides the artificial clock-maker, 
 an ingenious book the fourth edition of 
 ■which was xmblished 1734. He also assisted 
 some of his literary friends, he revised the 
 ** miscellanea curioso," he prepared notes 
 and observations for Kleazer Albin's natural 
 history 4 vols. 4to. and published some pieces 
 of Mr. Ray, and also the experiments of 
 Dr. Robert Hooke. He left behind him a 
 very valuable collection of curiosities, 
 
 Dering, sir Edward, a native of Kent, 
 very violent in parliament in favor of repub- 
 lican principles. He brought in a bill for the 
 abolition of bishops, deans, and chapters, 
 and proposed other plans of reforms. After- 
 wards however he changed his opinion and 
 espoused the royal cause which he supported 
 with a troop of horse, equipped at his own 
 expense. He was a great sufterer in the civil 
 wars, and died before the restoration. His 
 speeclies in parhament were published in 4to. 
 Derrick, Samuel, a linen draper of 
 Dublin, who in 1751 came to London with 
 the intention of supporting himself as a lite- 
 rary character. He once attempted the 
 character of Glocester in Jane Shore, but with 
 such ill success ftiat it was never repeated. 
 After this he subsisted by pamphlet writing, 
 but his extravagance led him into perpetual 
 difficulties. He was on Beau Nash's death 
 by means of his friends appointed in his])lace 
 master of the ceremonies at Bath and Tun- 
 bridge, but ill conduct prevented his rise to 
 independence, and he died very poor 7th of 
 March 1769, aged 45. He translated among 
 other things Sylla, a dramatic entertainmi«nt 
 by the king of Prussia, 8vo. 1753. 
 
 Deryk or Derick, Peter Cornelius, a 
 landscape painter of Delft, the pupil of Hu- 
 bert Jacobs. He studied afterwards in Italy, 
 and died 1630, aged 62. 
 
 Deryke, William, an histoi'ical painter 
 at Antwerp, who died 1697. 
 
 J)esagui.iers, John Thcophilus, son of 
 a protestant minister at Rochelle, where he 
 was bora I'ith March l6S3, and whifh he 
 
 left at the revocation' of the edict of N^Jes. 
 He was educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 and he succeeded Dr. Kiel in reading lectures 
 on experimental philosophy. In 1712 he 
 married, and was the first who introduced 
 the reading of lectures in London, Avhere he 
 had for his audience not only the learned 
 and the great, but also George I. and George 
 IT. :-.d the I'oyal family. He was patronised 
 by the duke of Chandos, who gave him the 
 livingof Edgware, and he afterwards became 
 chaplain to the prince of Wales, and had a 
 valuable living in Essex. In the latter part 
 of his life, he had lodgings under the piazzas, 
 Covent-garden, Avhere his lectures were con- 
 tinued till his death 1749. He Avas raem!>er 
 of several foreign academies, and published 
 a course of experimental philosophy, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1734, — Gravesand's mathematical ele- 
 ments of naturid philosophy, — and an edition 
 of Gregoi'v's elements of catoptrics and 
 dioptrics. 
 
 Desaix, Lewis Charles Anthony, a 
 French general, born of a respectable family 
 at Vegou, near Uiom in Aug-ist 17C8. He 
 embraced the military profession as lieuten- 
 ant in the regiment of Britany", and at the 
 revolution he assisted Custine as his aid-de- 
 camp. He was wounded in the cheek at the 
 battle of I/auterburg, but disregarded the 
 pain while he boldly rallied tlie yielding bat- 
 talions to the fight. He was geiieral of di- 
 vision under Moreau, wliom he assisted in 
 his glorious retreat from the Danube ; and 
 afterwards he drove the Germans from tlie 
 Rhine, and at the battle of Rastadt he obliged 
 the archduke Charles to retreat. He bravely 
 defended the bridge of Kehl, and afterwards 
 in consequence of the ti'eaty of Campo Eoi-*' 
 mio, he attended Bonaparte into Eg)'pt, In 
 this distant country, he every M'here dis- 
 played the same presetice of mind, the same 
 bravery, and after dispersing the Arabs, and 
 the scattered forces of Murad-bey, and El- 
 phi-bey, he was named comman<ler of Upper 
 Eg}-pt Avhich his valor and steadiness had 
 completely subdued. After Bonaparte's re- 
 treat from Egypt he signed the treaty of 
 El-arisch with the English and the Turks, 
 and returned to Europe, but was detained as 
 a prisoner by lord Keith. When set at lib- 
 ertj' he hastened back to Prance, and found 
 his friend Bonaparte advancing to the con- 
 quest of Italy. His happy arrival, after a 
 severe march of 30 miles, with a fresh squad- 
 ron, gave the decision to the memorable bat- 
 tle of Marengo, but at the very momeiit 
 that he insured the victory to his already 
 yielding countrymen, the brave Desaix re- 
 ceived a fatal shot in the breast and immedi- 
 ately expired 14th June 1800. He was buri- 
 ed with the military houors whicli his ser- 
 vices and his private virtues deserved. 
 
 Desault, Peter, a native of Arsac, dis- 
 tinguished as a physician. His treatise on the 
 venereal disease and on the method of curing 
 it without salivation, was much admired, and 
 also tlwt on the stone in the kidneys, and the 
 bladder, which was attacked by Astruc. He 
 died at Bourdeaux 1737, aged 02. 
 Desault, Peter Joseph, a French siir- 
 
DE 
 
 geon whose journal de chirurgie was trans- 
 lated into English by Gosling. He was born 
 at Maguibernois near Maeon, and died June 
 1st 1795, in his 46th year, not without suspi- 
 cion of being poisoned for his attendance on 
 the unfortunate Lewis XVII. It is remark- 
 able that his successors, Clopart and Doublet, 
 died within four days after. He hud been 
 much esteemed as a professor of anatomy at 
 Paris where 3(X) pupils together attended 
 his lectures, and also as surgeon at the liospi- 
 lal of charity, and at the hotel Dieu, 
 
 Des Barreaux, James de Vallec lord, 
 • French nobleman, born at Paris lG02. He 
 was brought up by the Jesuits, who in vain 
 trideavored to gain him over to their society, 
 and he afterwards became counsellor in the 
 parliament of Paris, where his wit was more 
 admired than Ijis application. He exposed 
 liimself to the resentment and persecution 
 of Richelieu, by refusing to yield a favorite 
 mistress to the hoary libertine, and thus 
 banished from regular employment he spent 
 his time in visiting his friends, and in pursu- 
 ing his pleasures. About four or five years 
 before his death, however, he began to re- 
 flect upon the vicious course of his conduct, 
 and after disregarding the truths and the 
 practice of Christianity, he gave himself up 
 to serious meditation, and to penitence. He 
 retired to the pure air of Chalon on the 
 Soan, where, alter an exemplary close of 
 life, he died 1647. Some time before his 
 death he wrote the famoiis sonnet so full of 
 contrition " grand dieu, tes jugemens," &c. 
 He was, in the days of his gaiety and liber- 
 tinism, author of some poems in Latin, and 
 also in French, and of some popular songs, 
 &cc. 
 
 Desbili.ons, Francis Joseph, a French 
 Jesuit, born at Chateauneuf 25th January 
 1711. After rcadmg lectures in the colleges 
 of Caen, Nevers, la Fleche, and Bourges, he 
 came to Paris, where he studied for 15 years 
 in the college of Lewis XIV. At the aboli- 
 tion of his order 1762, he retii'ed to Man- 
 heim, where he published his fables, on wliich 
 he had so long been engaged, 530 in number, 
 divided into 15 books, in two vols. He also 
 published a learned edition of Phsedrus, and 
 wrote some Latin poems, and left in MS. 
 an history of the Latin tongue. He died 19th 
 March 1788, aged 78. 
 
 Uesbots, Francis Alexander, author of a 
 militar}' dictionary 3 vols. 8vo. — a dictionary 
 of agriculture two vols. 8vo. — a dictionary 
 of animals 4 vols. 8vo. and other works, died 
 in the public ho.spital at Paris 1784, aged 85. 
 
 Des Cartes, Rene, a French philoso- 
 pher. FiW Cartes. 
 
 Desericius or Deseritx, Joseph In- 
 nocent, a native of Nitra in Hungary, made 
 a Roman cardinal, and sent by Benedict 
 XIV. as ambassador to the hospodar ofWal- 
 lachia. He died 1765, aged 63. He wrote 
 pro cultu litcrarum in Hungaria, ac specia- 
 tim eivitate difficcsique vindieatio, 4to. — de 
 Jiiitiis & majoi'ibus Ilungarorum commen- 
 taria, 5 vols. fol. — Jiistoria episuopatus dicfxe- 
 sis & ciritatis Vachnsis, fol. ^c. 
 
 ^V 
 
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 Descodets, Anthony, a native of Pang, 
 eminent as an architect. When going to 
 Rome in 1674 he was captured by the Alge- 
 rines, and remained 10 months in slavery, 
 and when he reached the capital of Italy at 
 last, he composed his work " the ancient edi- 
 fices of Uf»mo drawn and measured with ex- 
 actness," fol. Avhich was newly edited 1779. 
 He was made comptroller of the royal buil- 
 dings at Paris and architect to the king. He 
 died 172S, aged 75. Two of his works on ar- 
 chitecture have appeax'cd since his death. 
 
 Deshats, John Baptist Henry, a FrencK 
 painter, born at Uouen 1729. Under the di- 
 rection of Vermont, Uestout, and Carlo Van- 
 loo, he improved his strong natural abilities, 
 and in 1751 obtained the ]>rize of the acade- 
 my. After visiting Rome for improvement 
 and information, he returned to Pains, and 
 was admitted into the academy with univer- 
 sal approbation. The superior merit of bis 
 pictures promised the noblest monuments of 
 genius to adorn the French school, but he 
 unfortiiT.&tely died in the midst of his career 
 in 1765. The most celebrated of his pie- 
 ces are the marriage of the Virgin, the re- 
 surrection of Lazarus, Potiphar's wife and 
 Joseph, the combat of Achilles and Xanthus, 
 Jupiter and Antiope, Artemisia at her hus- 
 band's tomb, &c. ■ 
 
 Desiderius or Didier, last king of 
 Lombardy, succeeded Astolphus 756. His 
 invasion of the papal dominions was resisted 
 at the request of the pope by Charlemagne 
 his son-in-law, and Didier was made prisoner 
 and died in France. His other daughter had 
 married a brother of Charlemagne, Carlo- 
 man, another son of Pepin king of France. 
 
 Desmahis, Joseph Francis Edward de 
 Corsembleu, a French writer, born at Sua- 
 ly-sur-loire, who died February 25th 1761, 
 aged 38. He was a man of great abilities, 
 very amiable in his manners, moderate in his 
 wishes, and benevolent in his intercourse 
 with mankind. He used to say, *' When my 
 friend laughs, it is his business to inform me 
 of the cause of his joy ; but when he weepp, 
 it is mine to discover the sources of his 
 gi'ief," He wrote the comedy of the " im- 
 pertinent," which met with great applause. 
 He also wrote miscellaneous works, and in 
 his poetical pieces displayed ease, grace, and 
 elegance. His works were published I777j 
 two vols. 12mo. Paris. 
 
 Des Maizeaux, Peter, a learned biog 
 rapher, born at Auvergne 1666, where hi.s 
 . father was a protestant minister. He came 
 early to England and was elected secretary 
 to the royal society. He died 1745. He 
 edited the works of St. Evreraont three vols. 
 4to. and also published the life of Bayle, pre- 
 fixed to his dictionary. He had some hand in 
 the general historical dictionary, 10 vols. fol. 
 and m other useful Avorks, and wrote the 
 lives of Chillingworth and John Hales. 
 
 Desmares, Toussaint, a priest, native of 
 Vire in Normandy. He defended the cause 
 of the Jansenists before pope Innocent X. 
 and distinguished himself by his sermons. 
 He was persecuted for his opinions, but hu- 
 
DE 
 
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 DE 
 
 ihaiiely prjutected by the duke oX Liuncoui't, 
 at whose house in Eeauvias he ended his 
 days 1687, aged 87. He wrote the necro- 
 loge de port royal, printed 4to. 1723, and 
 other ivorks. 
 
 Desmarets, Nicholas, nephew of Col- 
 bert, and minislerof state and comptroller in 
 the reign of Lewis XIV. died 1721. lie 
 published a very curious and interesting ae- 
 count of his administration. 
 
 J3ESMOLETS, Peter Nicholas, an ecclesi- 
 astic, born at Paris. He edited Lamy's trea- 
 tise de tabernaculo ftetleris sancta civitate Je- 
 rusalem & tempio ejus fol. — Ponget's insti- 
 tutiones catholicsE in raodum catecheseos, 2 
 vols. fol. — and continaed Sallengre's me- 
 moirs of literature, 11 vols. 12mo. He died 
 1760, aged S3. 
 
 J)esmoui.ins, Benedict Camille, a native 
 of Guise in Picardy, who displa3'ed his re- 
 publican zeal at the taking of the Bastille, and 
 in the demolition of the monarchy. As the 
 friend of Danton he was one of the original 
 founders of the Jacobin club, and he had a 
 share in the atrocities of the '20th of June 
 and the 10th of August 1792. His influence 
 in the convention was seen with jealousy by 
 Robespierre, and he marked for slaughter 
 the man who presuuned to defend Orleans, 
 andTto talk of a committee of clemencj'^ in 
 die midst of a sanguinar}' assembly. The 
 fall of Danton was his omu ; when sirred in 
 the night, 31st March 1794, ho opened his 
 windows to call in vain for help against the 
 satellites of tyranny, and \vi(h Young's niglit 
 thoughts, and Harvc} 's meditations in his 
 hand, he Mas dragged to prison, and itnme- 
 diately afier to the scafiold. His writings 
 were periodical — the revolutions of France 
 and Brabant — the history of ibe Brissotins — 
 the Vieux Cordelier. Ilis wife, who wished 
 to share his fate, Mas permitted to follow him 
 10 days after to the scanold. When asked 
 his age by the blond}- tribunal, he answered, 
 ** My age is that of Jesus Christ when he suf- 
 fered death," 35. 
 
 D'EsPACNE, John, minister of a French 
 congregation at Dtirham-house, Strand, died 
 about 1660. He v/as much admired as a 
 preacher, and several of his woi'kshave been 
 translated into English. They are all on the- 
 ological subjects. 
 
 JJespard, Edward Marcus, a native of 
 Queen's county in Ireland, of a respectable 
 family. He early embraced a military life, 
 and was employed in the West Indies, on 
 the Spanish main, and in the bay of Hondu- 
 r.as, where he was appointed superintendant 
 of the English colony. His conduct in this 
 office gave offence to the settlers, and in cou- 
 quencc of their complaints he was recalled 
 home 1790; but when he applied to govern- 
 ment to investigate his administration his 
 representations were i-ejectcd without ex- 
 planation. This rendered him a disaffected 
 subject, and the French revolution no soon- 
 er tended to disseminate principles of disloy- 
 alty and rebellion, than he warmly embraced 
 tlie new docti'ines. He was seized for his 
 a^ijious Conduct, under the suspension of 
 
 the liabeas corpus act, and confined in seVr 
 eral prisons, but when at last liberated, past 
 misfortunes had made no impression upoft 
 him, but rather stimulated him to revenge. 
 He now formed the plan of seducing the sol- 
 diery from their allegiance, and in the se- 
 cret committees which he held with his as- 
 sociates, under the sanction of a solemn oath 
 it was agitated to assassinate the king, as he 
 proceeded to the opening of parliament. This 
 murderous design was happily discovered by- 
 some of the accomplices, and Despard and 
 liis associates were seized, and tried at a 
 special commission in Southwark, 5th Febru- 
 ary 1803, and on an impartial trial his atro- 
 cious guilt was made too evident to deserve 
 pardon. He suffered on the 51st March with 
 nine others, and after their heads had been 
 cut off, their bodies were delivered to their 
 friends for interment. Without contrition, 
 sorrow, or concern, this infatuated man met 
 his fate, and convinced the spectators how 
 well qualified he was for the worst of nefari- 
 ous attempts. 
 
 Despautere, John, a Flemish gram- 
 marian, wlio was born at Ninove, aiwl died 
 at Comines 1520. He had the use of only 
 one eye. His 'works, which were cliiefly 
 grammatical,werein great vogue in all schools 
 at one time, but now they have given way 
 to more modern and methodical elements of 
 education. 
 
 Despierres, Jolin, superior of the Ben- 
 edictine college at Douay, died there 1664, 
 aged 67. He was eminent as a mathemati- 
 cian, and as a meclianic, and wrote treatises 
 on the lloman calendar— a defence of the 
 vulgate translation of the bible — a commen- 
 tary on the psalms, &c. — and he also con- 
 structed an iron sphere which with great ex- 
 actness represented the planetary system. 
 
 Despi.aces, an eminent French engi'a- 
 ver, who died 1749. His best pieces were 
 his .soldier holding a dagger at Astynax in 
 his mother'sarms, his descentfrom the cross, 
 after Jouvenet, his rape of Helen after Guido. 
 Anotherof the same name engraved several 
 pieces for the csiljinet de Crozat. 
 
 Desportes, Claude a painter of Cham- 
 pagne, who died at Paris 1743, aged 82. He 
 was highly favored by Lewis XIV. and XV, 
 His best pieces are preserved at Marly. He 
 excelled in grotesque figures, and in animals, 
 flowers, fruits, &c. liis son and nephew 
 were equally celebi'ated. 
 
 Des TOUCHES, AndreAv, a Frenchman, 
 who went to Slam, and abandoned the pro- 
 fession of a soldier, for that of musician. 
 Though unacquainted with rules, by the 
 mere powers of genius he produced his Lsse, 
 an opera, which so highly pleased the French 
 king, that he gave him 2C>0 louis, with many 
 commendations. Afterwards he studied the 
 rules of musical composition, but his other 
 pieces were never equal to Isse. He died 
 1749. 
 
 Destro (jches, Philip Nericaut, a French 
 dramatic writer, born at Tours, and educa- 
 ted at Paris. He shone also as a negotiator 
 in Switzerland, and Tastly in Lopdon, wlieie 
 
DE 
 
 f-r 
 
 Jb\i. 
 
 he resided seven years, and wlicre lie mar- 
 ried. On his return to Paris he w as receiv- 
 ed with esteem for his services, but the death 
 of the regent shattered his fair hopes of pre- 
 ferment and reward, and he retired to Fort- 
 oiseau,near Melun, where he forgot tlic in- 
 gratitude of the court in the cultivation of 
 the muses and of agriculture. Cardinrd 
 Fteury in vain wished to <haw hin^ from his 
 retirement to go to Uussia. He died IJCA- 
 His works were pubHshed by his son, by the 
 order of Lewis XV. 4 vols. 1757, and 10 vols. 
 12mo. Though devoid of the gaiety of Ueg- 
 nard, and the strong touches of Moliere, he 
 yet commands attention by his intei*esting 
 scenes, and his tender and affecting delinea- 
 tions of nature. HisPhilosophe Marie, and 
 his Glorieux, a comedy, rank next to the 
 compositions of Voltaire. 
 
 Devaux, John, a native of Paris, esteem- 
 ed as a surgeon, and author of a treatise on 
 preserving health, by instinct — on making 
 reports on surgery — and other works, be- 
 sides translations of medical works into 
 French. He died 1729, aged 80. 
 
 Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex, the 
 favorite of Elizabeth, was born lOth Novem- 
 ber 1567, at Netheruood, Herefordshire, and 
 under the guardianship of lord Burleigh he 
 was educated at Cambridge by Dr. VVhit- 
 gift afterwards primate. His first appear- 
 ance at court w^as in his 17th year, and in 
 1585 he accompanied the earl of Leicester to 
 Holland, and distinguished himself greatly by 
 his courage at the battle ok' Zutphen. At 
 his return he was master of the horse to the 
 queen, and at the assembling of an army at 
 Tilbury fort against the Spanish invasion, he 
 was declared general luxler Leicester, and 
 soon after made knight of the garter. Thus 
 elevatedin rankhe disputedforthequcen'sfa- 
 vor with sir Charles Blunt earl of Devonshire, 
 who wounded him iu the knee, but after- 
 wards became his most intin^ate friend. In 
 1589 he went with sir John Norris and Fran- 
 cis Drake in the expedition to replace Anto- 
 nio on the throne of Portugal, but as it M'as 
 without the queen's permission, he was soon 
 recalled with marks of displeasure, which, 
 howevei', his presence soon dissipated. His 
 private marriage with the widow of sir Phil- 
 ip Sidney, daughter of sir Francis, Walsing- 
 ham, was also disagreeable to the queen, and 
 his unsuccessful expedition to assist Henry 
 IV. of France, and his quarrel with lord 
 Burleigh about the Si>anish war, tended to 
 sliow the violence of his temper and the am- 
 bition of his heart. Though Burleigh, by 
 ])roposing a i)eace with Spain, opposed him, 
 yet he loved him, and after the death of that 
 statesman, Essex found that he had lost a 
 most valuable friend, whose advice and pro- 
 tection often interposed Ijetween him and 
 the commission of wrong. He succeeded 
 Burleigh as chancellor of Cambi'idge, but 
 fiis enemies viewed the increase of his digni- 
 ies with a jealous eye. When a consulta- 
 Inn took place about apiK)inting a viceroy in 
 irclaiid, the queen recommcndefl sir Wil- 
 liam Kffolllg, and Esstx sir Gcoi-ge Carew, 
 
 and when the favorite saw his miajtres* un- 
 willing to yield to his persuasion, he con- 
 temptuously turned his baok upon hey. Eli- 
 zabeth resented the ill conduct of Essex, and 
 gave him a box on th<^ ear, upon which he 
 placed his hand on his sword, with threaten- 
 ing attitudf, swearing he would not tukfr 
 such an nftVont even from hur fathei-. 'i"he 
 courtiers present interfered, and he left the 
 palace with urisnbduod indignation. His 
 friends however prevailed upoji him to make 
 concessions, and be was apparently recon- 
 ciled to Elizabelii, and soon after b\ the ar- 
 tifice of his enemies sent over to Ireland. 
 The ill success of his ministry there encour- 
 aged his opponents, who persuaded the queea 
 to levy an army under Nottingham, to coun- 
 teract the rebellious schemes of Essex. Es- 
 sex heard of their plans, and coming sud- 
 denly over to Englajui, he was appar«)tly 
 received with cordiality, hut soon after strip- 
 ped of all his honors except of the office of 
 master of the horse. While thus disgraced, 
 he was advised by his favorite Culfe to re- 
 store himself to tlie queen's partiality by 
 force> but though he disapproved all violent 
 measures, he could not refrain saying the 
 queen grew old and cankered, and that her 
 mind was as crooked as her carcass. The 
 rash woi-ds were reported to the queen, and 
 Essex was summoned to appear before the 
 council, but he conceived his person in dan- 
 ger, and instead of submitting he prepared 
 to resist. After an unavailing struggle, and 
 some bloodshed, he surrendered and wa* 
 conveyed to the tower. He was ai-raigned 
 before his peers on the I9th February 1601, 
 and condemned to lose his head, and his cjk- 
 ecution took place on the 25th, He was in 
 person tall, hut careless in his dress. He 
 was learned and to his honor protected and 
 encouraged learned men. Warm in his 
 friendships, and sound, except in few instan- 
 ces, in his morals, he was a good protestant. 
 It is remarkable that his execution took 
 place not withocjt great struggles in the 
 queen's afltections. In the days of tbejr 
 friendship, she had giv^n him a ring with 
 promises that it would restope him at all 
 times to her favor, and therefore she suffered 
 to be sacrificed the man who so proudly Re- 
 fused to purchase and at so little price her 
 pardon. The fatal ring indeed was sent by 
 the repenting Essex, but lady Howard ihv. 
 bearer refused to deliver it, and on her death- 
 bed she revealed to the queen her ill conduct, 
 which she attributed to the jealousy of her 
 husband. The queen heard the dreadful 
 tale with astonishment, she retired over- 
 whelmed wiih grief, and a few M'eeks after 
 expii'tid, 
 
 Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex, soir 
 of Elizabeth's favorite was born 1;T92, and 
 educated at Merton college, Oxford, under 
 sir Henry Saville. His marriage with lady 
 Frances Howard, lord Sufiblk's daughter, 
 was very unfortunate, for the lady accused 
 him Qf impotency, and obtained a divorce 
 that she might mariy her new favorite OaVi- 
 earl of SoiQerset. E^sex sci-ved in tire Pa- 
 
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 ffltinate under sir Horatio Vere, and in Ilol-i Cromwell, \.(i negotiate a peace. A pacifi- 
 Jand, under prince Maurice, and ou his re- 1 cation took place, but the secret aKicle to 
 rurn to England appeared in parliament as j exclude iheiaraily of Orange from the stadt- 
 
 a violent opposer of the measures of govern- 
 luent. During the civil wars he headed the 
 parliamentary army, faced llie king's forces 
 at Edgehill, and at the first battle of New- 
 bury, and after reducing Reading and re- 
 lieving Gloceater he in 1644 returned to the 
 avest of England. Here he was unsuc- 
 cessful against the king's troops, and he 
 owed his safety to flight by sea from the un- 
 tenable garrisons of Cornwall. In 1645 the 
 parliament, jealous of his power, or dissat- 
 isfied with his conduct, deprived him of his 
 office by the self-denying ordinance, and the 
 next year he died at Essex-house in the 
 Strand. 
 
 D'ewes, sir Symonds, an English histo- 
 lian and antiquarian, born in 1602, at Cox- 
 «len Dorsetshire, the seat of Mr. Symonds, 
 his mother's father. His ancesters came 
 from the Low Countries. In 1618 he enter- 
 ed at St. John's college, Cambridge, atid 
 two years after begf<n his collection of mate- 
 rials for an history of England. His learn- 
 ing and his labors recommended him to the 
 notice of the most distinguished characters 
 of the times, of Cotton, Spelman, Selden, 
 and others. In 1626 he married Anne 
 daughter of sir William Clopton, Avho was 
 scarce 18, with whom he lived in great do- 
 mestic happiness. His great work was fin- 
 ished when he attained his 30th year, but he 
 did not publish it, and it appeared after- 
 wards under the title of Journals of all the 
 parfiamenls during the reign of Elizabeth, 
 kc. revised by Paul Bowes 1682, folio. He 
 served the office of sheriff for Suffolk, and 
 was knighted, and in 1641 was made baronet ; 
 but nothwithstanding these marks of royal fa- 
 vor, he embraced the cause of the parliament. 
 He sat in the house till December 1648, 
 when lie was ejected for supi)osed attach- 
 ment to the king. He died April 18th 1650, 
 and Avas succeeded by his son Willoughby, 
 to whom the journals were inscribed by Mr. 
 Bowes. The manner in which sir Symonds 
 spoke of Camden's Britannia has drawn up- 
 on him the censures of several writers, and 
 he cerkainiy was very injudicious in asserting 
 that scarce a page of it was free from er- 
 rors. From his MSS. preserved among the 
 Harleian papers, there are some particulars 
 of his Hfe. 
 
 De Witt, John, the famous pensiona- 
 ry of Holland, was born at Dort in 1625, and 
 educated there. His abilities were so great, 
 and his improvement so rapid, that -at the 
 iige of 23 he published his " Elementa cur- 
 varum linearum," a Avork displaying the 
 deepest knowledge of mathematics. After 
 taking the degree of E. L. D. and travelhng 
 for sun»e time, he Avas made pensionary of 
 his native town, and began to distinguish 
 himself by Ijis skill in political affairs. He 
 Avarmly but unsuccessfully opposed the war 
 between England and his country, and Avfien 
 afterwards raised to the high office of pen- 
 ^ionan' f H^f»'land, he sent ambassadors to 
 
 holdership, brought public odium on De 
 Witt's administration. Notwithstanding the 
 clamors of his enemies, and the pulpit in- 
 vectives of the cleigy, he subdued all o]>po- 
 sition by his firmness, and when his oflice 
 expired, he Aias unanimously re-electe<l bv 
 the states, 15th Sept. 1663. When war wa's 
 unfortunately declared against England, af- 
 ter the restoration, De Witt exerte<i all his 
 power to make the naval armaments as res- 
 pectable as possible, and after Opdam's de- 
 feat, he Avas one of those named to preside 
 oyer the fleet. The fleet Avas shut up in the 
 Texel; but Avhilst the commanders consid- 
 ed it impossible to sail but with only 10 points 
 of the compass, he by mathematical calcu- 
 lation, convinced them that only four points 
 were against them, and '28 for them, and in 
 consequence of this, the ships wei'e safely 
 conveyed through a passage, Avhich since 
 tliat time has been called De Witt's diep^ 
 Of this affair, and of the events which took 
 place afterwards, he Avrote an accurate re- 
 lation, for which he received the thanks of 
 the state. Of the famous battle of three 
 days, in 1666, he also gave a full account to 
 the slates, and in 1667 he established an 
 edictfor ever to abolish the stadtholderate in 
 Holland ; but in 16~2 Avhen the prince of Or- 
 ange Avas nominated captain general, the 
 mob invited him to accept the office of stadt- 
 holder, and De Witt, no longer popular, re- 
 signed his office, after receiving the solemn 
 thanks of the states for his services. When 
 Holland was invaded by the French, the 
 odium was tlirown by the friends of the Or- 
 ange family on De Witt and his party, and 
 so violent were the tumults, that De Witt's 
 brother, Cornelius, was accused by Tick- 
 laer, a barber, and though declared inno- 
 cent, was sentenced to exde, and soon after 
 the prison in which he was, was attacked, 
 and he as well as his brother, who un- 
 foilunately was present, were inhumanly 
 butchered. Their dead bodies wei-e drag- 
 ! ged to the gallows, and the pensionary's re- 
 mains Avere hung one foot higher than those 
 of his brother. Their bodies thus insulted 
 were cut into a thousand pieces, and it is 
 even said, that some of the flesh was broiled 
 and eat by the savage murderers. Thus fell 
 this virtuous and amiable man, in his 47th 
 year. As a politician he had no equal, and 
 his love to his country Avas inferior to none 
 of his other virtues. Without pride and 
 pomp, he lived upon little more than 700/. a 
 year, though at the head of a government ; 
 and with the greatest and most laudable in- 
 tegrity, he refused a gift of 10,000/. with 
 Avhich the states wished to reAvard his noble 
 services, observing, that such libei-ality was 
 a bad precedent in a government. His AVork 
 called, " the true interest and political max- 
 ims of the republic of Holland," translated 
 into English by John Campbell, is a glorious 
 monument o<" his abilities as a statesman, 
 and it displays the true maxims by Avliich a 
 
DI 
 
 4f^y 
 
 DI 
 
 gffvei'nment may become popular at liome 
 and respectable abroad, whilst it maintains 
 jtistice with liberty, and encourages trade 
 vitliout oppression, or monopoly. 
 
 Dewitt, James, a painter of Amster- 
 dam, born 1695. He was pupil to Van Hal. 
 His best work is Moses appointing the 70 
 elders, painted for the burgomasters of Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Deynum, John Baptist Van, an emin- 
 ent miniature painter of Antwerp, born 
 1C20. 
 
 De YSTER, Lewis, an eminent painter and 
 engraver of Bruges, who died 1711, aged .55. 
 His death of the Virgin, is his best piece. 
 His daughter Anne was equally famous as a 
 X)ainter, but she relinquished the profession 
 to construct organs and harpsichords, and 
 consequently died poor, 1740, aged 50. 
 D'h o s I ER, Peter, a native of Marseilles, the 
 first who formed genealogies into a science. 
 He was patronised by Lewis XUI. and XIV. 
 who made him counsellor of state. He died 
 1660, aged 68. 
 
 DiACONUS, Paulus, a Lombard, born at 
 Friuli, and educated at the court of Pavia. 
 He became a monk in the monastery of 
 Monte Casino, where he composed his his- 
 tory of the Lombards, in six books. He is 
 considered as accurate in the affairs of his 
 own nation, though not equalljr exact in 
 treating foreign aftairs. He died 770, His 
 liistory was printed 1611, and is also found 
 in Muratori's Kerum Ital. Scriptores. 
 
 Di AGORAS, a philosopher born at Melos, 
 who professed publicly atheism, for which 
 he w-as accusetl before the Athenians. He 
 afterwards perished in a shipwreck, 412 
 B.C. 
 
 Diaz, Bartholomew, a celebrated Poi'tu- 
 guese navigator, who in 1406 discovered the 
 most southern cape of Africa, to which he 
 gave the name of the Cape of Storn>s. This ap- 
 pellation, so ill omened, was altered by John 
 II. king of Portugal, to the name of the 
 Cape of Good-hope. 
 
 UtAX, John, a Spaniard, who studied at 
 Paris, and embraced the doctrines of Lu- 
 ther. He afterwai'ds visited Calvin at Ge- 
 neva, and Bucer at Strasburg, and met at 
 Neuburg his brother Alphonsus, who, as a 
 violent catholic, endeavored to convert him 
 from the protestant faith. Unable to do 
 this, Alphonsus pretends to return home, 
 and the next morning^ instigates an assas- 
 sin to enter his brother's apartment, and 
 with an axe to dash out his brains, whilst he 
 himself awaits the even! at the door of his 
 chamber. Ij^Xic. assassins were pursued and 
 seized at Inspriick, but Charles V. took 
 their punishment into his own hand. This 
 dreadful deed was perpetrated the 27th 
 March 1546. 
 
 Dice ARCH us, a philosopher of Messina 
 in Sicily, who wrote a treatise on the geog- 
 raphy of Greece, &c. published 1709. 
 
 DiCENEus, an Egyptian philosopher, in 
 the age of Augustus. He travelled into Scy- 
 thia, where he persuaded the people to 
 learn and to practise temperanca. 
 VOL. I. 5/5 
 
 DiCETO, Ralph de, author of abbrevia' 
 tiones chronicorum, or an epitome of Eng- 
 lish history to the conquest — & imagines 
 historiarum, or lives of some English kings 
 — was dean of St. Paul's, London, 1210. 
 
 Dick, sir Alexander, son of sir V/illiara 
 Cvinningham of Copington, by the daughter 
 and \veiress of sir James Dick of Preston- 
 lield, Wf»s born 1703. He studied medicine 
 at Edinbur^b and afterwards under Boer- 
 haave at Leycler», where he took his degrees, 
 and after visiting several countries of Eu- 
 rope, he returned to En^and, and began to 
 practise in Pembrokeshire. On the death 
 of his brother sir William, he as^uxmed the 
 name of his matex'nal grandfather, a^ul re- 
 tired to his family seat at PrestonlJeld, wbero 
 he died 1785. He was in 1756 president of 
 the college of physicians in Edinburgli, and 
 liberally contributed to the honor and sup- 
 port of'bis pi*ofes3ion. He was in 1774 hon- 
 ored with a medal from the London society 
 of arts and commerce, for his successful 
 culture of rhubarb, the first attempt of rear- 
 ing whicli in England was owing to his patri- 
 otic views. 
 
 Dickinson, Edmund, an eminent phy- 
 sician, son of the rector of Appleton, Berk- 
 shire, Avhere he was born 1624. He was 
 educated at Eton, and at Mcrton college, 
 Oxford, where he took his medical degrees. 
 He published in 1055 his Delphi Phceniciz- 
 antes, a learned work, in which he proved 
 that the Greeks borrowed their history of 
 the oracle of Delphi from the scriptures, 
 especially the book of Joshua. This book 
 was universally admired, and Sheldon the 
 primate wished in vain to turn the attention 
 of the ingenious author to theological studies. 
 After practising for some time in Oxford, 
 where he had the misfortune to lose his fir.st 
 w ife in childbed, and his second soon after 
 his marriage, he iit 1684 settled in London, 
 where, by recovering lord Arlington, he ob- 
 tained an introduction at court, and became 
 physician to Charles II. and afterwards to 
 ids successor. Upon the abdication he re- 
 tired from pi'actice, and applied himself to 
 the completion of his Physica vetus & vera, 
 &c. which when just finished was unfortu- 
 nately burnt, and cost liim the heavy labors, 
 of recomposition. It appeareti in 1702, and 
 it proved that the metliod and mode of the 
 creation of the universe, according to the 
 principles of true philosophy, are related iu 
 a concise and general way by Moses. Ha 
 wrote besides, diatriba de Note in Italian! 
 adventu, &c. — de orgine Druidum, &c. lie 
 was also an able chemist, and was intimate 
 with Theodore ISIundanus, an illustrious 
 professor in that science at Paris. He died 
 of the stone in April 1707, hi his 83d year, 
 and was buried in the chapel of St. Martin 
 in the fields. 
 
 Dickson, David, a Scotch divine, horn 
 at Paisley 1591, and educated at Glasgow. 
 He was an eloquent preacher; hut he was 
 too violent against the episcopalians, Avhich 
 subjected him to much obloquy, and to per- 
 secution. Ho was in 1638 a eomoiissioner 
 
DI 
 
 ^ZZ 
 
 DI 
 
 to the general nssembly at GIasg;o\v, and iii 
 1643 in Westminster. He was (liviuity \n'0- 
 fessor at Ediriburg^h, but in 1662 he was 
 stripped of all his employments, and died at 
 Edinburgh tvvo years after, aged 73. He 
 wrote a commentary on St. Matthew — tiie 
 epistle to the Hebrews and Romans — an<^' 
 the psalms, &c. — besides some divinity 
 tracts. 
 
 DiCTVs CuETENSis, an ar><;«ent histo- 
 rian, said to have been enjrf>s«;d in the Tro- 
 jan war, under Idomen'^s. The work ex- 
 tant under his namp'S spurious. 
 
 Diderot, T>«onysius, a celebrated writer, 
 son of a f>"tler, was born at Langres 1713, 
 and pWucated by the Jesuits, and afterwaixls 
 at Paris. His father wished liim to study 
 the law, but belles lettres wei-e his favorite 
 pursuits, and when settled in the capital, he 
 soon acquired by his wit, his learning, and his 
 genius, friends, pati-ons, and encourage- 
 ment. His first publication was Pensees 
 philosophiquesin 1746 which afterwards was 
 published under the title of Etrcnnes aux 
 esprits forts. He now employed himself 
 with Eidons and Toussaint, in publishing an 
 universal dictionary of medicine, in six vols, 
 folio. Tliis work, though deficient in many 
 respects, procured him a greater share of 
 reputation, and he now formed the gigaiitic 
 plan of a Hictionnaire encyclopedique. In 
 this laboi'ious undertaking he was assisted 
 by d'Alembert, and by several other asso- 
 ciates, whose genius, diligence, and judg- 
 ment were united to produce a work of 
 merit, and of universal interest. Diderot 
 himself took the arts and trades, and infused 
 into his subjects, all the knowledge, the bril- 
 liancy, and the nervousness of language, of 
 -which he was so capable ; but he did not 
 "find in his fellow laborers, the same zeal, 
 nor the same abilities. While his own part 
 was completed with spirit and success, his 
 associates proved too often inadequate to 
 their undertakings; their contributions are 
 ill digested, puerile, and contradictory, with- 
 out system, without union, and devoid of in- 
 terest and accuracy. This great work, 
 which cost twenty years' labor to Diderot, 
 was retarded in its progress by the suspi- 
 cions of the court, who considered some 
 reflections on govt- rnment and religion, as 
 improper and indelicate, and not only some 
 copies were seized, but the printars them- 
 selves were sent to the bastille. The work 
 was delivered to the public between 1751 
 and 1767, and soon sold off, but Diderot did 
 not find that increase to his independence 
 which he expected, so tiiat he was obliged 
 to sell his library, which was purchased for 
 50,000 livres by the empi-ess of Russia ; but 
 with a generosity truly great, the philoso- 
 pher was permitted the use of his books as 
 long as he lived. Though laboriously en- 
 gaged in the encyclopedia, Diderot found 
 time to write his Bijoux indiscrets, 2 vols. 
 12mo. a licentious and disgusting romance, 
 the Fils natural, and the Pere de famille, 
 1757 and 1758, two prose eomedies, wliicb, 
 in an elegant and nervous style, paint the 
 pa^sion^, strongly interest the het^rt,, and 
 
 render virtue in her various trials truly 
 great, noble, and amiable. His letters on. 
 the blind appeared in 1749, bat the free^ 
 doms, and the scepticism of the author 
 cost him his libei-ty, and he was imprisoned 
 for six months at Vincennes, where the 
 gloom and horrors of confinement nearly 
 deprived him of reason, had not the conver- 
 sation of J. J. itousseau and other literary 
 men comforted his affliction. In 1751 he 
 delivered his opinion on metaphysics, poet- 
 ry, eloquence, &c. in a letter on the deaf 
 and dumb, 2 vols. 12mo. Diderot's other 
 works are — priiiciples of moral philosophy, 
 12mo. — history of Greece, translated irom 
 Stanj-an, 3 vols. 12mo. — pieces on mathe- 
 matical subjects — tbe code of nature — the 
 sixth sense — of public education — reflections 
 on the interpretation of nature — panegyrics 
 on Richardson — and the life of Seneca, a 
 useful work. He died suddenly on rising 
 from table, 31st July 17.S4, aged 71. Dide- 
 rot's character has been variously described. 
 His frankness and candor are extolled by his 
 friends, whilst his enemies reproach him as 
 an artful, interested, pliant, and dangerous 
 character. Of his e.xtensive learning, and of 
 his knowledge in evei-y branch of science, 
 his writings are most lasting monuments. It 
 is however to be lamented, tbat his erudi- 
 tion was not always employed in the support 
 of virtue and morality, nor his abilities ex- 
 erted to animate man in tbe cultivation of 
 what is so necessary tqhis welfare and hap- 
 piness, the religious duties. A partial col- 
 lection of his works has been published in 6 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Dtdius Julianus, M. Salvius Severus, 
 a Roman emperor, who purchased the dia- 
 dem of the corrupt soldiery. Severus wa.? 
 soon after raised to the throne, and Didius 
 was put to death after a short reign of 66 
 days, A. D. 193. 
 
 Dido or Elissa, queen of Carthage, fled 
 from Tyi-e after the murder of her husband 
 Sichieus, by his brotlier Pygmalion, and she 
 settled on the coast of Africa, wliere she 
 laid the foundation of a new empire. Virgil 
 and others represent her as visited by iEne- 
 as, after wJinse departure she destroyed 
 herself through grief and disappointed love. 
 
 DiDOT, Francis Ambrose, an eminent 
 printer at Paris. The works which he 
 printed were peculiarly admired for the cor- 
 rectness, elegance, and beauty of the type, 
 and among these, the edition of the classics 
 published by order of Lewis XVI. for the 
 use of the dauphin, ranked very high. He 
 made some usefvd improvemenis in paper 
 mills, and in printing machines, and to 
 his ingenuity the invention of stereotype- 
 printing may be fairly ascribed, to the per- 
 fection of which he devoted himself with so 
 much zeal, that at the age of 73 he perused 
 five times successively, the edition of Mon- 
 taigne which his sons had undertaken. He 
 died at Paris, 10th July 1804, aged 74, and 
 was succeeded in his business by his sons, 
 the eldest of whom is lately dead, leaving 
 his concern to his brother, and to his son. 
 DiDYMx^s, of A-lexandria, an ancient 
 
DI 
 
 gramroarlan, in the age of Augustus, said to 
 nave been the author of 400 books. 
 
 DiDYMUs, of Alexandria, an able writer, 
 though blind at the age of five. He tlied 
 395, aged 85. 
 
 DiECMAN, John, a native of S tad e, who 
 became superintendant of the duchies of 
 Bremen and Verdun, and i-ector of Stade 
 university, where he dicil 1720, aged 73. 
 Besides several theological, metaphysical, 
 and philosophical works, he published an 
 edition of Luther's bible, used at Stade. 
 
 DiEMEN, Anthony Van, a native of Kuil- 
 enberg, where his father was burgomaster. 
 He went to the East-Indies, and gradually 
 rose to be governor of the Dutch territories 
 there, an office which he discharged with 
 great zeal, ability, and success. He sent in 
 164'2 Abel I'asmrm on a voyage of discovery 
 to the southward, and the land which was 
 discovered on the south of New Holland, 
 "was called in his honor Van Diemen's land. 
 He died 1645. 
 
 DiEMERBROEK, Isbrand, a learned pro- 
 fessor of anatomy at Utrecht, born at Mont- 
 fonl in Holland. He died at Utrecht, 1674, 
 aged 65. His works are a treatise on the 
 plague — an history of distempers — a miscel- 
 lany of pieces on physic and anatomy, folio. 
 DiEPENBECK, Abraham, a painter of 
 Boisleduc, who died at Antwerp 1675, aged 
 67. He studied under Rubens, and first 
 painted on glass, and afterwards in oil. His 
 drawings are numerous, and his temple of 
 the muses is considered as a master piece. 
 
 DiEST, Adrian Van, a landscape painter, 
 of the Hague, who died 1704, aged 49. He 
 spent the best part of his life ia England, 
 where his pencil was employed in delineat- 
 ing the beauties of the western plants of the 
 island. 
 
 Die TRIG, John Conrad, a Lutheran, 
 native of Butzbach in Wetteravia. He was 
 professor of Greek and history in his native 
 town, and removed in IG53 to Giessen, 
 where he died 1QC)T, aged 55. He was 
 author of a book de peregrinatione studio- 
 rum — antiquitates Homaiiie lexicon etymo- 
 logico-grtccum — anriquitates novi testamenti 
 — antiquitates bibiise, &c. 
 
 Dietrich, Joiin William Ernest, a na- 
 tive of Weimar, where his father was emi- 
 nent as a painter of battles, and of portraits. 
 After studying under his father, he went to 
 Dresden to improve himself under Alexan- 
 der Thiele, and thence removed to Italy. 
 His abilities recommended him to the public 
 notice, and he was made professor of Dres- 
 den acadenfy, and director of the painting 
 school of Meissen, and died 1774, aged 62. 
 His landscapes, portraits, scripture pieces, 
 conversations, &c. were much admired, and 
 he acquired soniQ^ celebrity also as an en- 
 graver. ^~--~-_, 
 
 DiETRY, a painter of Dresden, who died 
 tliere 1730, aged 45. His two views near 
 Home are very pleasing proofs of his great 
 skill in landscape painting. 
 
 DiEU, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born 
 at Flushing, 7th April 1590. He early dis- 
 
 tinguished himself as a preacher, and iefused 
 to be the court minister at the Hague, as he 
 was more desirous to censure than counten- 
 ance the licentious morals of the great. He 
 came to Leydcn to teach with his uncle and 
 preceptor, the learned Colmiius, and he was 
 divinity professor in the Wnlloon college till 
 his death in 1642. He published m 1651 a 
 commentary on the foui* gospels — and notes 
 on the Acts, after a careful examination of 
 several translations, — the history of our 
 Saviour in the Persian language by the 
 Jesuit Jerome Xavier, and a Latin transla- 
 tion — rudiments of the Hebrew and Persian 
 tongues — besides tlie revelations of St. John, 
 in Hebrew and Syriac, with a Latin version 
 — and other inferior treatises. His father 
 Daniel de Dieu, was minister of Flushing, 
 and a very learned orator, who could fluent- 
 ly preach in German, Italian, Fi-ench, and 
 English. 
 
 DiGBY, Everard, an English gentleman 
 of Drystoke in Rutlandshire, educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He wrote some 
 curious and learned books, de arte natandi, 
 — de duplici methodo, &c. — theoria analiti- 
 ca — a dissiuisive from taking tue church 
 livings, &c. He died 1592. 
 
 DiGBY, sir Everard, son of the preceding, 
 was educated in the Romish church after 
 his father's death. He was recommended 
 to queen Elizabeth, whose court he attended, 
 and he was knighted by king James. Though 
 of mild manners, and peaceful disposition, 
 and rich and independent from his own pa- 
 ternal estates, and the property of his wife, 
 daughter of William Mulsho esq. of Go- 
 thurst, Bucks, he yet engaged in the schemes 
 for the destruction of the government. 
 Though not immediately an agent in the 
 gunpowder plot with Guy Fawkes, he gave 
 1500^. towards the expenses of it. On the 
 discovery of this, diabolical scheme, there- 
 fore he was sent to the towor, and when ar- 
 raigned he pleaded for his conduct, that the 
 king liad broke his promises to the catholics, 
 and that the restoration of the catholic re- 
 ligion was an event, which in the opinion of 
 this infatuated sect, it became every sub- 
 ject to accomphsh by whatever means they 
 could ; and he added, that as he alone was 
 guilty, pardon should be extended to ail 
 others, and his family particularly, not ruin- 
 ed. On the JOth January 1606, pursuant to 
 his sentence, he was hanged, drawn, and 
 quartered at the west end of St. Paul's, 
 London, and he died very penitent, and 
 p-ixious to make deep atonement for the 
 meditated horrors of the conspiracy. 
 
 Dig BY, sir Kenelm, an eminent philoso- 
 pher, eldest son of the preceding, was born 
 at Gothurst, Bucks, 11th June 1603. He 
 was educated under the care of Laud then 
 dean of Glocester, and in 1618 he entered 
 at Glocester-hall, Oxford, where during the 
 three years of his residence, he displayed 
 such great abilities, and so extensive a know- 
 ledge, that he was compared to the celebra- 
 ted Picus de Mirandula. After travelling 
 through France, Sgain, and Italy, he re- 
 
turned to England in 1623, and was knight- 
 ed. He then engaged the attenliou of the 
 learned and the curious, by the introduction 
 of a secret medicine, afterwards well known 
 by the name of sympathetic powder, which 
 lie discovered in his travels, lie became a 
 favorite of Charles I. and when a quarrel 
 arose with the Venetians, he was sent with 
 a fleet into the Mediterranean in 16'2S, and 
 acquired great reputation by his conduct at 
 Algiers, and by his attack of the hostile fleet 
 in the bay of Scanderoon. In 1630, after a 
 visit to France, he was reconciled to the 
 Itomish church, much to the regret of his 
 guardian and friend Laud, who expostulated 
 with him in vain, and he defended his mo- 
 tives, and published 1638, a conference with 
 a lady about the choice of religion, re-print- 
 e«l 1654. In 1639 he was very active to levy 
 contributions among the papists for the 
 king's service, for wliich interference he was 
 called before the parliament, and imprison- 
 ed in Winchester-house, from which, how- 
 ever, he was released in consequence of the 
 honorable interference of the queen of 
 France, Upon his liberation lie retired to 
 Paris, and soon after visited Des Cartes at 
 Egmont, and laid the foundation of that 
 friendly intercourse and literary communi- 
 cation, Avhich always afterwards prevailed 
 between these two celebi'ated characters. 
 During his retirement in France, sir Kenelm 
 devoted himself to philosophical pursuits, 
 «nd published his treatise of the nature of 
 bodies — and another on the operation and 
 nature of man's soul, &c. 1644 — an institu- 
 tionum peripateticarum libi'i quitique, &c. 
 1651. Upon the destruction of the regal 
 power, he returned to England to collect 
 the shattered remains of his fortune, but 
 the parliament ordered him to leave the 
 country on pain of confiscation and loss of 
 life. His I'eturn to I*aris was agreeable to 
 queen Henrietta, whose chancellor he had 
 been appointed, and he was sent by her as 
 negotiator to pope Innocent X. The eleva- 
 tion of Cromwell to supreme power enabled 
 liim to revisit England, and after staying 
 there the best part of the year 1655, and 
 engaging, it is supposed, to reconcile the 
 papists to the usurpation, he returned to 
 Paris. He afterwai'ds spent some time at 
 Toulouse and Montpellier, where, as a man 
 of letters and as a philosopher, he was cour- 
 ted and respected. At the restoration he 
 came back to England, and became a favor- 
 ite in the court of Charles II. though his 
 enemies failed not to ret>resent him as lately 
 employed in the service of the usurper. At 
 the establishment of the royal society he 
 ■was made one of the council. He was very 
 
 grievously afflicted the latter part of his life 
 y the stone, of which painful disorder he 
 died at his hotise, Covent-garden, June Uth 
 1665. His remains were intended in Christ- 
 shuxch, Newgate. His valuable library, 
 Avhich, during the troubles, had been re- 
 moved to France, became at his death the 
 property of the French king. Besides the 
 fooks mentioned, sir Kenelm published ob- 
 
 DI 
 
 servations on Dr. Brown's religio raedici-— 
 observations on the 22d stanza of the 9tU 
 canto, second book of the fairy queen — a 
 discourse on the vegetation of plants— a 
 treatise of adhering to God, translated from 
 Albertus Magnus. Sir Kenelm was ridiculed 
 for asserting, on the re^iort of some of his 
 friends, that there was a city near Tripoli, 
 whose inhalMtants, beasts, kc. had in a few 
 hours been turned to stone, by petrifying 
 vapor from the earth ; a circumstance sup- 
 ported by the observations of late travellers, 
 mentioned in Dr. Hob- Hook's philosophical 
 observations, &c. 1726, 8vo. Sir Kenelm 
 left an only son John, who succeeded him to 
 his estate. Another son, Kenelm, was slain 
 in the king's cause at the battle of Saint 
 Neots. 
 
 Dig BY, John, a nobleman descended of a 
 respectable family at Coleshill, Warwick- 
 shire. He was of Magdalen college, Oxfonl, 
 and after finishing his travels, he was intro- 
 duced to James 1. who appointed him gentle- 
 man of the privy chamber, and in 1606 
 knighted him, and in 1611 and 1614 sent him 
 as his ambassador to Spain. In 1616 he be- 
 came a privy counsellor, and chamberlain to 
 the king; two years after he was made baron 
 Digby of Sherbourne, and 1620 sent ambas- 
 sador to the archduke Albert, and next year 
 to the emperor. In 1622 he went to Spain 
 to negotiate the prince's marriage with the 
 infanta, and on his return he was created earl 
 of Bristol. He opposed Buckingham in par- 
 liament, and for a while he favored the popu- 
 lar pai-ty ; but in the civil troubles he was ex- 
 iled, and died at Paris 21st Jan, 1653. He 
 was author of some poems, of airs and dia- 
 logues. He also translated, it is supposed, 
 at James I.'s request, Du Moulin's defence of 
 the catholic faith, contained in the books of 
 king James against the answer of N. CoefFe- 
 tean, &c. 1610. 
 
 Digby, George, earl of Bristol, son of the 
 preceding, was born at Madrid, October 
 1612. He was educated at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, where he distinguished himself by 
 his abilities, and by his friendship with the 
 celebrated Peter Heylin. In his politics he 
 embraced the popular cause, and was one of 
 Strafford's accusers ; but he afterwards favo- 
 red the king's party, and was expelletl from 
 the house of commons for speaking in the 
 defence of that unfortunate nobleman. Du- 
 ring the civil wars he was very active in the 
 royal cause, and in Ireland, Jersey, and 
 France he displayed his zeal in the service of 
 his unfortunate master. After Charles' death 
 he was exempted from pardon by the parlia- 
 ment, and consequently spent his life in ex- 
 ile, but at the restoration he was made a 
 knight of the garter, but by violently oppo- 
 sed in parliamen*. the great Clarendon. He 
 died at Chelsea, 20th March, 1676. It is re- 
 markable, that though he wrote against pope- 
 ry he died a papist, and though a papist he 
 spoke in favor of the test act. 
 
 Di GOES, Leonard, a learned mathemati- 
 cian, born at Bai'bam in Kent, and educated 
 at University college, Oxford. He wrote 
 
DI 
 
 ^/^i> 
 
 DI 
 
 Tectonicum, to shew the measuring of land, 
 &CC. 1556, 4to. improved by his son Thomas 
 1592, — a geometrical practical treatise — pan- 
 tometria, pubhshed by his sou 1591 — prog- 
 nostication of everlasting right, good eftect, 
 or rules to judge tlie weather by the sun, 
 moon, stars, &c. 1504. He died 1574. 
 
 DiGGES, Thomas, only son of Leonard, 
 after studying at Oxford, proved himself a 
 very great mathematician. He went as mus- 
 ter-master general to tbe forces sent by Eli- 
 zabeth to defend the Netherlands. Besides 
 improving some of his father's works, he 
 published alae sive scalte, &c. mathematical 
 Aviugs or ladders, 1573, 4to. — an arithmetical 
 military treatise, 4to. — a geometrical trea- 
 tise, &c. — a description of celestial orbs, kc. 
 — motive for association, &c. — England's de- 
 fence, kc. He died 1595. 
 
 DiGGES, sir Dudley, eldest sou of Tho- 
 mas, was bora 1583, and educated at yni- 
 versity college, O.vford. He studied the law, 
 and after being knighted, travelled to improve 
 liimself in foreign lands. He was sent in 1C18 
 as ambassador to Prussia by James 1. and 
 two years after he went to Holland as com- 
 missioner. He was in parliament in the reign 
 of James, and of Charles I. and his conduct 
 was very independent, and often hostile to 
 the measures of the court, so that he was 
 sent to the tower for his accusation against 
 Buckingham. So powerful was his influ- 
 ence, that measures were adopted to gain 
 him over, and by a reversionary grant of the 
 office of master of the rolls in IftSU, which he 
 obtained in 1636, he was brought over to 
 favor the measures of government. He did 
 not long enjoy this honorable office, as he died 
 8th March 1639, universally lamented. He 
 published a defence of trade, 4to. — a dis- 
 course on the rights and privileges of the sub- 
 ject, or a conference with the lords by a 
 committee of both liouses, 1628 and 1042 — 
 speeches on several occasioivs inserted in 
 lluthworth's collections — letters between 
 Walsingham and Burleigh, and others, about 
 EUzabeth's marriagp with the duke of An- 
 jou. 
 
 DiGGES, Thomas, brother to sir Dudley, 
 was educated at University college, and im- 
 proved himself by travelling abroad. He 
 translated Gerardo, tlie u»fortunate Span- 
 iard, from Cespades — and Claudian's rape of 
 J*roserpine into English verse. He was a 
 learned man, and died 1035. 
 
 DiGGES, Dudley, third son to sir Dudley, 
 was educated at University college, and be- 
 came fellow of All-souls, 1633. He wrote an 
 answer to observations on his majesty's an- 
 swers and expresses — and the unlawfulness 
 of subjects taking up arms against their sove- 
 reign, 1643. He died 1643. 
 
 DiLLENius, John James, an eminent bo- 
 tanist, born at Darmstadt in Germany 1681, 
 and educated at the university of Giessen, in 
 Upper Hesse. He established his reputation 
 as a learned botanist, by his valuable commu- 
 nications to the miscellanea curiosa, and by 
 his other ingenious publications. In his dis- 
 sertation on the coffee of the Arabians, he 
 
 gives his preparations made with peas, beanf, 
 &c. and asserts, that from rye can be produ- 
 cied, that which most nearly i-esembles cof- 
 fee. He enumerates not less than ^80 plants, 
 exclusive of mushrooms and mosses in the 
 neighbourhood of Giessen, and thus displays 
 the nu)5it indefatigable and ardent industry. 
 His acquaintance with Dr. Sherard, who had 
 been British consul at Smyrna, was produc- 
 tive of an alteration in his plans ; he follow- 
 ed his friend to England in 1721, and there 
 resided the rest of Iiis life. He fii'st engaged 
 himself in this country, in a new edition of 
 Ray's synopsis stirpium Biittannicarum, 
 and by the death of his friend in 1728, and 
 his bequeathing of 3C)00/. to the university ot* 
 Oxford for a botanical professorship, to which 
 Dillenius was first to be appointed, he was 
 raised to comfortable independence, and 
 learned retirement. In this wished for situ- 
 ation he applied himself diligently to the im- 
 provement of botany, and in hishortus Eltha- 
 mensis, 417 plants, chiefly exotics, were de- 
 scriljed and figured with the most careful at- 
 tention. His expectations, however, did not 
 answer ; botany Avas not yet a favorite study, 
 and the author sold few of his copies, antl 
 where he flattered himself with profit, he ex- 
 perienced only loss. In 1735 the university 
 granted him the degree of M.D. and the fol- 
 lowing year he was honored with a visit from 
 his friend and correspondent LinnsBUs. He 
 noAv devoted himself to the completion of an 
 histoiy of mosses, and probably would have 
 undertaken the funguses, had not death clo- 
 sed prematurely his labors. He was attack- 
 ed the last week in March 1747 with an apo- 
 plexy, and died on the 2d April, aged 60. In 
 ills private character, Dillenius was very re- 
 spectable, naturally of a mild temper, but 
 fond of retirement, that his studious pursuits 
 might meet less interruption. His draw- 
 ings, dried plants, MSS. &c. were pur- 
 chased by Dr. Sibthorpe his successor, and 
 now enrich the treasures of Oxford. 
 
 Dillon, Wentworth, earl of Roscom- 
 mon. Vid. Roscommon. 
 
 DiLWORTH, Thomas, a diligent .school- 
 master, whose spelling book — book-keeper's 
 assistant — schoolmaster's assistant — miscella- 
 neous arithmetic, kc. — are well known as 
 useful and popular bonks. He was for some 
 time engaged at Stratford-le-bow with Dycbe, 
 and then set up a school for himself at Wap- 
 ping. He died 1781. 
 
 DiMSDALE, Thomas, an cniinent English 
 physician, born at Thoydon-garnoui, Essex, 
 where his father was a surgeon. His family 
 were quakers, and his grandfather was thfc 
 companion of Penn in America. Youiiu 
 Dimsdale, after studying at St. Thomas' hos- 
 pital, settled at Hertford, whicji he quitted 
 in 1745 in consequence of the death of his 
 wife, and engaged as surgeon in the duke of 
 Northumberland's army in the Scotch cam- 
 paign. On the taking of Carlisle he returned 
 to Hertford, where he again married, and in 
 1761 began to pi-actice as physician. His ce- 
 lebrity as an inoculator in the small-pox, re- 
 commended him to the empress Catharine; 
 
DI 
 
 4re^ 
 
 DI 
 
 at whose request be visited Russia in 1768, 
 His successful inoculation of tlie empress, 
 ami of her sou the grand duke, was rewarded 
 •with the rank, of baron of the empire, of 
 counsellor of state, and of physician to the 
 empress, besides a pension of 500Z. per ann. 
 and a present of 12,fX)0/. His son wim had 
 accompanied him sliared his lionors, and was 
 presented with a gold snuff-box set with dia- 
 monds. In 1781 Dimsdale was again in Rus- 
 sia to inoculate the grand duke's two sons, 
 and so respectable was his character, that be 
 was elected member of parliament for Hert- 
 ford in 1780, and again 1784, but resigned 
 his pretensions at tlie next general election. 
 This able practitioner bad the misfortune to 
 lose his eye-sight by a catarrh, which liow- 
 ever was happily removed by Werizell. He 
 died 1800. He was author of tracts on inocu- 
 lation, with an account of his journey to Rus- 
 sia, 8vo. 1781. 
 
 DiNARCHUS, aGreekoi'ator, the pupil of 
 Theophrastus. He was banished for a false 
 accusation of receiving bribes, li. (>. 340. 
 
 Dingle Y, Robert, an English writer, 
 educated at Magdalen college. He became a 
 zealous puritan, and Avas made rector of 
 Bri.xton in the Isle of Wiglit, by the interest 
 of bis uncle co!. Hammond, when governor 
 there. He died 1659, aged 40. Among his 
 •works are mentioned, the deputation of an- 
 gels, proved by the divine right of nature, 
 from many rubs and mistakes, &c. 
 
 Ding, compiler of the six books of decre- 
 tals, and author of a valuable commentary on 
 the rules of law, was i)rofessor of jurispru- 
 dence at Bologua, and died aboqt 1307. It is 
 said, that he expected to be made a cardinal, 
 as the reward of his services, and in conse- 
 quence of such hopes he took oi'ders, and di- 
 vorced his wife. 
 
 DiNOCRATES, a Macedonian architect, 
 ivhose abilities were emplo3"ed in the building 
 of the city of Alexandria. His offer to cut 
 mount Athos into tlie form of a statue in 
 honor of Alexandei', was rejected by the 
 monarch. 
 
 DiNOSTRATUs, a matlicmntician, the 
 pupil of riato. He is the inventor of the 
 quadratic curve which bears bis name. 
 
 DiNOTH, Ricliard, a protestant writer of 
 Coutances, who tlied 1680, leaving au accu- 
 rate work, de hello civili Gallico. 
 
 DiNouART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, 
 canon of St. Bcnnet, Paris, and member of 
 the academy of the Arcades at Rome, was 
 born at Amiens 1st Nov. 1715, and died at 
 Paris 23d April 1786. He first engaged at 
 Paris with Joannet in periotlicul pubUcations, 
 where tlie severity of bis remarks drew ujjon 
 him trouble and law-suits. In 1760 he began 
 liis ecclesiastical journal, which pi'oduced 
 liim an extensive correspondence with France, 
 but he was little attentive in this periotlical 
 work to propriety, as nostrums, and sermons 
 •were recommended in the same pgge to his 
 readers, and large quotations from various 
 authors were made without any acknowledge- 
 ment. His other Avorks are embryologia 
 sacra, 12mo. — the manual for pastors, Svols. 
 
 l2mo.— the rhetoric of preachers, Sec—be- 
 sides some Latin and French poems of infe- 
 rior merit. 
 
 Did Chrysostom, an orator of Prusa 
 in Bithynia, wantonly disgraced by Domi- 
 tian, but treated with great kindness by 
 Trajan. 
 
 DiocLES, a mathematician in the fifth 
 century, the inventor of the cissoid or curve 
 hue, which Newtow calls one of the defec- 
 tive hyperbolas. 
 
 Diocletian, Caius Valerius, a Roman 
 emperor, born of an obscure family in Dal- 
 matia. He succeeded Numerian in 284, and 
 after a glorious reign of valor, and the hon- 
 orable patronage of virtue and learning, he 
 laid down his power at Nicomedia 304, and 
 retired to privacy at Salo^ia, where he died 
 313. 
 
 DiODATi, John, a native of Lucca, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Geneva, where be 
 died 1652, aged Ti. He is well known for 
 his translations of the bible into Italian, with 
 notes, 4to. 1607, into French, 1644 — and 
 father Paul's liistory of the council of Trent 
 into French. 
 
 DioDORUs SicuLUS, a Greek historian, 
 born at Argyrium in Sicily. Of his universal 
 history only 15 books remain, best edited by 
 Wesseling. He flourishe<l about 44 B. C. 
 
 DiODORUS, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as 
 a divine, and also as an instructor of youth 
 in the fourtli century. Of his writings only 
 a few fragments remain. 
 
 DiOGENESi a famous cynic philosopher, 
 born at Sinope, in Pontus, B. C. 414. He 
 Avas so independent in his character and con- 
 dirct, that he preferred living in a tub to 
 the comforts of a house. Pride, however, 
 and misanthropy, seem to have predomina- 
 ted in him, over virtue and true philosophy. 
 
 Diogenes, a philosopher of Babylon, 
 B. C 200. He succeeded Zeno in his school, 
 and attended Carneades to Rome in his 
 
 Diogenes Laertius, a Greek histo- 
 rian ofCilicia. His lives of philosophers in 
 10 books are esteemed. He died A. D. 222. 
 
 Diogenes, a Cretan philosopher, the 
 Sfuccessor of Anaximenes, B. C. 500. 
 
 DioGNETUs, a philosopher, preceptor to 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Dion, a S3'racusan, celebrated as the 
 friend of Plato, and particularly as the re- 
 lation and the opponent of the Dionysi, ty- 
 rants of Sicily. After successfully expel- 
 ling the younger Dionysius, he was himself 
 soon after murdered about 354 B. C. 
 
 Dion Cassius, an historian of Bithyitia 
 in the third century. Of his Greek history 
 fiom the age of Romulus to the i-eign of 
 Alexander Severus, much has been lost. 
 
 DioNis, Peter, a French surgeon Avho 
 died 17J8. His skill in anatomical disser- 
 tations and chirurgical operations Avas very 
 great. He published some valuable works, 
 — uncours d'operations de cbirurgie, — I'aii- 
 atomie de Thomme, — & traits de la maniere 
 de secourir les femmes dans les accouclie- 
 mfeas, ^c. 
 
DI 
 
 DiONYSicu^ I. tyrant of Sicily, rftisetl 
 laraself from obscurity to the sovereign pow- 
 ei-, which he maintained with great vigor. 
 His reign is however marked by many ac- 
 tions of cruelty and oppression, and iiis con- 
 duct towards Plato, whom he orderetl to be 
 sold as a slave, was infamous in the extreme. 
 He died 366 B. C. after a reign of near 40 
 years. 
 
 DioNYSius n. succeeded his father as 
 tyrant of Syracuse, and exceeded him in 
 ci'uelty though he was inferior to him in sa- 
 gacity. He was at last expelled by Dion B. 
 (J. 343, and died a private man at Corinth. 
 
 DiONYSius rERiEGETES, author of 
 Periegesis, or geography of the world, in 
 Gi'eek verse, was patronised by Augustus. 
 
 BioNYSius, an historian of Halicarnas- 
 sus, who settled at Rome B.C. SO, and wrote 
 a vaKiable work called Roman antiquities, of 
 which only 11 books are extant. He wrote 
 St) me other works. 
 
 UioNYSius, a tyrant of Heraclea, who 
 married a niece of Darius. He was remark- 
 able for his corpulence, and died 304 B. C. 
 
 J3ioNYStus,a bishop of Corinth, whosuf- 
 fercd martyrdom 178. 
 
 DioNYSius a bishop of Alexandria, the 
 disciple of Origen. He wrote some things, 
 and was exposed to persecution. He died 
 267. 
 
 DiONYsrus, bishop of Rome after Sixtus 
 259, condemned the heresy of Sabellius in a 
 full synod, and died 269. 
 
 DiONYSius, a Romish monk called the 
 little, in the fifth century. He compiled a 
 book of decretals, and translated from the 
 Greek, a body of canons, and invented, as 
 it is said, the victorian period, or method ot 
 calculating the time of Easter. 
 
 DiONYSius, the Areopagite, a learned 
 Athenian, member of the court of the areo- 
 pagus, and converted to Christianity by 
 Paul's preaching on the unknown God, as 
 m.entioned in the Acts 17. He is supposed 
 to have suffered martyrdom, but when or 
 where is unknown. 'I'he works published 
 under his name, Antwerp, 2 vols. 1634, are 
 spurious. 
 
 DioPHANTus, a mathevnatician of Alex- 
 andria, said to have invented .nlgebra. The 
 age in which he lived is unknown. Tlis six 
 books on arithmetic, in Greek and Latin, 
 were published Paris 1621. 
 
 DioscoRiDES, Pedacus, a physiciim un- 
 der Nero. He wrote five books on the vir- 
 tues of plants, edited by Saracenus 159S fol. 
 
 DiPPEL, John Conrad, a curious and ex- 
 travagant character, who called himself in 
 his writings, Christianus Democritus. He 
 warmly opposed the Pietists at Strasburg, 
 and afterwards supported them at Giessen. 
 When unable to get a wife and a professor's 
 chair, he began his invectives against the 
 protestants, and soon after turned his 
 thoughts to chemistry, and pretended to 
 have discovered the philosopher's stone. 
 But though thus rich in his opinion ^le was 
 literally poor, and in consequence of his debts 
 successively confined in the prists of Berlin, 
 
 ^.^/ 
 
 DI 
 
 Copenhagen, Frankfort, Leyden, Amster- 
 dam, &ic. In 1727 he went to Stockholm to 
 prescribe for the king, but the Swedish cler- 
 gy, though pleased with the recovery of the 
 monarch, banished Uie operator, who re- 
 turned to Germany. In 1733 he published 
 a statement to pr<ne that he should not die 
 till the year 1808, but the next year, unfortu- 
 nHtel)' for the prophecy, he was foun<l dead in 
 his bed at W'idgenstein, 25th April 1734. He 
 wrote some enthusiastic works, and denied 
 the divine inspiration of the holy scriptures. 
 
 DiROis, Franci.s, doctor of the Sorijonne, 
 is known for his work called Preuves & pre- 
 juges pour la religion chretienne & catho- 
 lique, contre les iausses religions & atheism, 
 and for other ecclesiastical labors. He died 
 about 1700. 
 
 Disney, John, a native of Lincoln, educa- 
 ted at the grammar school there, and among 
 the dissenters, and afterwards removed to 
 tlie jNIiddle temple. He never howevei' 
 practised at the bur, but devoted himself to 
 the arduous offices of public magistrate in 
 his native country, and Avas so upright and 
 zealous in the support of virtue and morali- 
 ty, that he received the thanks of the judges 
 at the assize. Though brought up among 
 the dissenters and the son of a dissenter, he 
 yet honored the church of England, and at 
 the age of 42, took orders and succeeded to 
 the livings of Croft, and Kirkby on Baine, 
 Lincolnshire, and in 1722 to that of St. Alary, 
 Nottingliam. He was author of two essays 
 on the execution of the laws against immor- 
 ality and profaneness, 8vo. — Flora prefixed 
 to Hapin'spoem on gardens, translated, — re- 
 marks on Sacheverell's sermon, — primitive 
 sacrje, or reflections on devout solitude 8vo. 
 — genealogy of the house of Brunswick Lu- 
 nenburg, — view of ancient laws against im- 
 morality, kc. folio. This excellent man 
 died at Nottingham 1730, aged .53. 
 
 DiTHMAR, a Benedictine monk, bishop 
 of Mer.sburg, died 1028, aged 42. He is 
 known for a valuable chronicle of the em- 
 perors Henry I. Otho H. and HI. and Hen- 
 ry H. the best edition of which is that pub- 
 lished by Leibnitz in his collection to illus- 
 trate the history of Brunswick. 
 
 DiTHMAR, Ju-stus (Jhristopher, member 
 of the academy of Berlin, and historical pro- 
 fessor at Frankfort, where he died 1737. 
 His works on the history of Germanv evince 
 gieat learning and strong application, 
 
 DiTTON^, Humphrey, an eminent math- 
 ematician, born at Salisbury, 29th May, 
 1075. Me entered upon the labors of the 
 ministry at his father's request, and for 
 some time officiated at a dissenting meet- 
 ing house at Tunbridge, where he married. 
 The death of liis father soon after enabled 
 him to pursue his favorite studies, and to 
 abandon divinity for mathematics. By the 
 interest of his friends, and especially sir 
 Isaac Newton, he was appointed master of 
 the mathematictd school, Christ's Hospital, 
 where he continued till death 171.'». Jle fa- 
 vored the world with some learned works, 
 and his tracts on tiie tangents of curve*, in 
 
DO 
 
 splierical catoptrics, general laws of na- 
 ture and niotioa, Alexandra's synopsis algc- 
 ])raica, the institution of fluxions, his dis- 
 course on tlie resurrection of Jesus, and the 
 new law of lluxions and a treatise on per- 
 spective, are well known. 
 
 DiviNi, Eustachius,an Italian artist, em- 
 inent in the making of telescopes. He dis- 
 puted with lluygeiis about the discovery of 
 Satan's ring, but tlie pamphlets written on 
 this occasion show that the Italian's tele- 
 scopes were not so good as those of his op- 
 IJOiicnt. lie died about IGfii. 
 
 Dlugoss, John, a Pole, who became 
 archbishop of Leopol, and died 14S0, aged 
 05, much persecuted by king Casimir. His 
 history of Poland, in Latin, though accu- 
 rate, is written in barbarous language. He 
 brought it down to the year 1444. The 
 12 first books were printed at Frankfort 
 1711, folio, and the 13th atLeipsic 1712. 
 
 Dob SON, William, an English painter, 
 horn in London 1610. Lender Peake, a sta- 
 tioner, he had the opportunity of copying 
 Titian and Vandyck's pieces with such suc- 
 cess that he was generously recommended 
 hy Vandyck to Charles T. who patronised 
 him. Though highly favored at court, he 
 died poor at his house in St. Martin's lane 
 1647. Had his genius been early tutored 
 by the hand of art, he migiit have become 
 a very great master. His pieces however 
 in history and portraiture exhibit unusual 
 powers. 
 
 DoD, John, a nonconformist of Jesus col- 
 lege, Cambridge, who died about 1645. His 
 pious observations Mere once very popular 
 among the vulgar, as well calculated to re- 
 commend virtue and I'eligion. He was cal- 
 led the decalogist, from his exposition of 
 the 10 commandments in conjunction with 
 liobert Cleaver. He was vei'y eminent as 
 a Hebrew scholar, in which he instructed 
 his friend John Gregory of Oxford. 
 
 Do DART, Denys, physician to Lewis 
 XIV. was born at Paris 1634, and died 
 1707, greatly regretted. He was a suppoi't- 
 er of Sanctorius' notions about insensible 
 perspiration, and he made an experiment 
 upon himself during Lent, by which he found 
 that he weighed at tlie end of that season 
 of abstinence only 107 pounds 12 ounces, 
 having lost during that time eight pounds 
 five ounces. He was a very religious and 
 amiable character. His son Claude, was 
 physician to the king, and died at Paris 1720, 
 leaving notes on Pomey's history of drugs. 
 
 DoDD, William, a learned but unfortunate 
 divine, born 1729 at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 
 where his father was vicar. In 1745 he en- 
 tered at Clare-hall, Cambridge, where he 
 early distinguished himself and took his de- 
 grees. He published about this time the 
 beauties of Shakspeare, 2 vols. 12mo. and 
 liaviftg entered into orders in 1753, he became 
 a popular and eloquent preacher in London, 
 and was appointed lecturer to some chari- 
 ties, especially the Magdalen hospital, in 
 whose establishment h? had been zealously 
 active. In 1761 he wrote a sonnet in praise 
 
 DO 
 
 of Dr. Sipiiie, bishop of St. David's, auu 
 for his flattery was made his chaplain, and 
 afterwards prebendary of Brecon. But 
 though his income was respectable from his 
 ecclesiastical appointments, and from his 
 connections with the booksellers, mIio allow- 
 ed him 100/. a year to superintend the Chris- 
 tian's magazine, his expenses were gi-eat 
 from an improper spirit of extravagance and 
 gaiety which he thoughtlessly indulged, la 
 1765 he began to publish in weekly numbers 
 his coHimentary on the bible, which drew 
 the public attention, as being collected from 
 the papers of Lock, Waterland, West, Cla- 
 rendon, and other celebrated men, and the 
 work was completed in 3 vols, folio, and ded- 
 icated to bishop Squire, Avho unluckily for 
 the author died soon after. In 1766, as be- 
 ing king's chaplain, he took the degree of 
 L. L. D. and soon after jmblished a volume 
 of poems, and in 1769 he translated Massil- 
 lon's sermons, inscribed to the jirince ot 
 Wales. In 1771 appeared his sermons to 
 young men 3 vols. 12mo. dedicated to his 
 pupils Charles Ernst, and Philip Stanhope, 
 afterwards earl of Chesterfield. He was 
 presented in 1772 to the living of Hocklifte, 
 Bucks, by his pupil, but though his income 
 was enlarged his expenditure increased in 
 far greater proportion, and in a thoughtless 
 moment of ambition and avarice, he endea- 
 vored to obtain the vacant living of St. 
 George's Hanover square, by offering in an 
 anonymous lottcr 3()00Z. to lady Apsley, if 
 she Avould use her influence for the appoint- 
 ment. The unfortunate letter was divulged, 
 and the chancellor Apsley laid it before the 
 king, in consequenee of which Dodd, now 
 proved to be the author of it. was not only 
 erased from the list of chaplains, but ridi- 
 culed in the papers, and lampooned on the 
 stage in one of Foote's pieces at the Hay- 
 market. Ashamed of his conduct he fled to 
 Geneva, where his pupil lord Chesterfield 
 honorably gave him in addition the living of 
 Winge in Bucks ; but so extravagant and ri- 
 diculous Avas the conduct of this ill fated di- 
 vine, that he appear^ at the races at Sab- 
 Ions near Paris, in a phaeton, in all the attire 
 of French foppery. On his return to Lon- 
 don he preached his last sermon at the Mag- 
 dalen 2d February 1777, and two days after 
 signed a bond for 4000/. which he had forged 
 in the name of lord Chesterfield, and by 
 Avhich he obtained money to relieve his ne- 
 cessiiies. The forgery was soon discovered, 
 Dodd was tried and condemned at the Old 
 Bailey 24th February, and executed at Ty- 
 burn 27th June. Between the passing of 
 his sentence and its execution, which had 
 been delayed in consequence of doubts about 
 the admissibility of the evidence of the man 
 who had drawn up the bond, great interest 
 was made, and a petition signed by thousands 
 presented to the king, to save from ignomin- 
 ious death this unfortunate man, but all in 
 vain. During his confinement he behaved 
 with great i)enitence, and addressed his fel- 
 low prisoners in his ** thoughts in prison," 
 with energy and Chrrstiaa fortitude. H« 
 
DO 
 
 -^^X 
 
 DO 
 
 tY'anslated Callimachus, and wrote 4 yoIs. of 
 sermons on the miracles and parables of our 
 Saviour. His publications are said to have al- 
 together amounted to 55 in number,chiefly on 
 religious and moral subjects. Before the com- 
 mission of his forgery he offered proposals 
 for a histoid of frec-masnnry 2 vols. 4to. lie 
 was married in 1 751, but he left no children. 
 
 DoDDUTDGE or DoDERiDGE, sir John, 
 a native of Barnstaple, Devonshire, educated 
 nt Exeter college, Oxford, where he took his 
 bachelor's degree 1576. He then removed 
 to the Middle-temple, and became in 1603 
 Serjeant at law, solicitor to the king, and in 
 ICl'^J a judge of the common pleas, and after- 
 wards of the king's bench. He died at Eg- 
 ham, Surrey, and was buried in Exeter ca- 
 thedral, where a monument records his ser- 
 vices. He is author of the lawyer's light, or 
 direction for the study of the law, 4to. 1629, 
 — a complete parson, or description of ad- 
 •vowsons, &c. 4to. 1030, — history of the an- 
 cient and modern estates of Wales, Cornwall, 
 and Chester, 4to. 1630,— the English law- 
 yer 4to. 1731, — opinion on the antiquity, 
 power, order, &c. of the higlj court of par- 
 liament in England IG58, published by his re- 
 lation John Doddridge recorder of Barnstaple. 
 
 Doddridge, Philip D. D, an eminent 
 dissenting divine, son of an oilman in Lon- 
 don, where he was born 2Gt!i June 1702. 
 He was educated at private schools at Kings- 
 ton-on-Thames and at St. Alban's, and began 
 at the latter place a lasting frien<lship with 
 Dr. Samuel Clarke who became his religious 
 instructor, and, on his' father's death, his 
 faithful guardian. Tinctured with tlie tenets 
 of the dissenters, he declined t!»e libend of- 
 fers of the duchess of Bedford, who wished 
 to bring hiui up at the university, and to 
 raise him to preferment, and in 1719 he went 
 to the academy of Mr. Jennings at Kib- 
 worth in Leicestershire, where he displayed 
 uncommon diligence. He afterwards took 
 the care of a small congregation at Kibworth, 
 and soon after succeeded on Jennings' death 
 to his academy, which, at the invitation of 
 his friends, he removed to Northampton, 
 ■where he continued the rest of his days, re- 
 spected as a divine, successful as an instruct- 
 or, and beloved as a private man. He died 
 2Gth October 1751, at Lisbon, where he had 
 gone for the recovery of his health, and Avas 
 buried in the ground of the English factory 
 there. This amiable character, so much re- 
 spected by all parties, published several reli- 
 gious tracts, tlie best known of which are, 
 the principles of the christian religion. Sec. — 
 the rise and progress of religion in the soul, 
 — remarkable passages in the life of col. 
 James Gardiner, &c. — ten sermons on the 
 power and grace of Christ, &c. — the family 
 expositor, containing a version and para- 
 phrase of the New testament with critical 
 notes, &CC. a valuable work, in 6 vols. 4to. 
 Some of his letters and smaller tracts have 
 been published by Stedman of Shrewsbury. 
 
 DoDOENS or DoDON^us, Rambert, a 
 
 professor at Lejden, died 1 585, aged 67. He 
 wrote an history of plants, Antwerp fol. 
 1616, U"anslated into French by I'Ecluse. 
 
 DoDSLEY, Robert, a well known booksel- 
 ler and writer, born at Mansfield, Notting- 
 hamshire, 1703. Receiving little of education, 
 he began life as footman in the family of 
 Mrs. Lowther, but in this servile situation 
 he indulged his natural talents for poetry 
 and satire, and wrote the muse in livery, and 
 a small dramatic piece, called the I'oyshop, 
 which accidentally was seen by Pope, and 
 engaged all his attention. Interesting him- 
 self in the cause of this humble poet, he pro- 
 cured for him the introduction of his piece 
 at the theatre, and manifested for him to the 
 end of life the most cordial and honorable 
 friendship. The Tovshop was succeeded by 
 " the King and Miller of Mansfield," in 1736, 
 and from the great success of these two pieces, 
 he was enabled to settle himself independent- 
 ly as a London bookseller, a situation in which 
 he maintained the greatest respectability of 
 character with the most benevolent inten- 
 tions and great humility of deportment. Af- 
 ter acquiring a very handsome fortune, 
 Dodsley retired from business in favor of his 
 brother, and died 25th September 1764, ia 
 his 61st year, at the house of his friend Mr. 
 Spence of Durham, and was buried in the ab- 
 bey church at Durham. His works consist of 
 six dramatic pieces of which the Cleone, a 
 tragedy, is much admired, besides pubhc vir- 
 tue, a poem 1754, 4to. trifles 1745, 8vo. Mel- 
 pomene, agriculture a poem, the economy 
 of human life, and another book of trifles, 
 collected after his death. He also collected 
 some scattered poems of great merit in 6 
 vols. l£uio. an<t also plays by old authors in 12 
 vols. 12mo. which have lately been reprinted, 
 and introduced to the public by a handsome 
 and well deserved compliment, lotiie genius, 
 charactei', and integrity of the first editor. 
 
 DoDSOX, Michael, a native of Marlbo- 
 rough, Wilts, son of a dissenting minister. 
 Under the protection of his paternal uncle, 
 sir Michael Foster the judge, he studied the 
 law, and Mas called to the bar 1783. In 1770 
 he had been made by lord Camden commis- 
 sioner of baidcrupts. Besides a translation 
 of Isaiah with notes published in 1790, and 
 ably defended against the attacks of Dr. 
 Sturges, he wrote the life of judge Foster, 
 for the Biographia Brit, and the life of Hugh 
 Farmer, some papers, &c. among the essays 
 published for the promotion of scripture 
 knowledge. He died 179'J, aged 67. 
 
 DoDSwoRTir, Roger, an indefatigable to- 
 pographer, born 24th July 1585, at Newton 
 Grange, St- Oswald, Yorkshire, He died 
 August 1554, and was buried at RufFord, 
 Lancashire. In his laborious researches in 
 the antiquities of his native country he wrote 
 122 volumes, besides olhcr MSS. which alto- 
 gether amount to 1 62 folio vols, which were 
 never published but are deposited in tha 
 Bodleian library. Gen. Fairfax, was, not- 
 withstanding tlid violence of the times, a 
 
 botanist of Malines, physician to the empe- ' great patron of Dodsworth, and to the libe- 
 
 rors Maximilian If 
 VOL. I 
 
 and Rodolphus II. 
 
 56 
 
 and I rality of his nephew, dean Faiifax of Nor- 
 
DO 
 
 '^J^ 
 
 DO 
 
 T.Mch, the university of Oxford are indebted 
 for this valuable collection. 
 
 Do DWE Li^, Henry, a learned writer, born 
 in Dublin October 1641, but of English pa- 
 rents Me came over to England in 1648, 
 aiul was placed at a school in\\)rk, but the 
 death of his fnthcr by the plague at Water- 
 ford, and of his mother, by a consumption 
 soon after, reduced him to a wretched and 
 indigent situation, from which he was at last 
 I'clJeved by his uncle a clei'gyman of Suffolk, 
 V, ho in 1654 sent for iiim, paid his debts, and 
 aiterwards had him conducted to Dublin. 
 In 1656 he entered at 'I'rinity college under 
 Dr. Stearnc, and became fellow, but in IGGG 
 quitted his fellowship because he would not 
 go into orders, as the statutes required. He 
 tiiju passed over to England, but afterwards 
 revisited Ireland, and in 1674 sett!e<l in Lon- 
 don, wijcve he soon formed a lasting friend- 
 shi{) with several learned men, especially 
 bislioj) l^loyd. In iGfJS he was without his 
 knowleiige, and in his absence, elected Cam- 
 den professor of history at Oxford, of which 
 employment however he was deprived 3 
 years after for refusing to take the oaths of 
 allegiance. He afterwards settled at Cock- 
 huui, Berkshire, and separated from the 
 churcli because new bisiiops were appointed 
 to succeed soch as refusexl the oath of alle- 
 giance. In consequence of his acquaintance 
 ■with Mr. Cherry of Shottesbrooke, he re- 
 moved to that village, and after the death of 
 the Dodwells liis nei)hcws, whom he nomi- 
 nated his heirs, he married the daughter of 
 the person where he lodged at Cookham in 
 1694, by wliom he had 10 children, six of 
 whom survived him. He was afterwards 
 reconciled to the church, and died at Shot- 
 tesbrooke ~th June 1711, aged 70. His 
 Aviiti:igs, which are very numerous, and 
 ■wltich prove him to have been a man of in- 
 defatigable diligence and extensive learning, 
 are on controversial, theological, and classical 
 subjects. ' The best known of these are an- 
 nals of Thucydides and Xenophon, — de vele- 
 ribus Graicorum, Itomanorumque cyclis, obi- 
 terque de cyclo Judseorum, — setate Christi, 
 dissertiitiones decem, cum tabuUs necessariis 
 
 answered by his own brother, and by Lelandj^ 
 and Doddridge. He was brought up to the 
 law, and was a zealous promoter of the so- 
 ciety for the promotion of arts, manufactures, 
 and commerce. — His next brotiier, William^ 
 D.D. of Trinity-college, Oxford, was arch- 
 deacon of Berks, prebendary of Sarum, and 
 rector of Shottesbrooke. Besides an answer 
 to his brother's pamphlet, he wrote a disser- 
 tation on Jephthah's vow — practical dis- 
 courses, 2 vols. — an answer to Dr. Middle- 
 ton's free inquiry — defence of the answer 
 against Toll, 1751, &c. 
 
 Does, Jacob van der, a Dutch paintei*, 
 who died 1673, aged 50. As his temper was 
 gloomy, it is supposed his pictures partake 
 strongly of his feelings. His landscapes are 
 very much admired. His pieces are gene- 
 rally in the style of Bombaccio. 
 
 Does, Jacob van der, son of the preceding,, 
 was born at Amsterdam, and died 1659, aged 
 19, giving, by the feu pieces which he finish- 
 ed, the most promising tokens of a great 
 genius in the art of painting. 
 
 Does, Simon van der, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, died 1717, aged 64. His landscapes, 
 portraits, battles, Sec. are in a pleasing style- 
 Do gget, Thoaaas, an author and actor, 
 born in Castle-street, Dublin. He first ap- 
 peared on the Ii-ish stage, but afterwards 
 came to England, and engaged himself iu 
 the Drury-lane and Lincoln s-inn-fields com- 
 panies, where he was particulai-ly applauded- 
 in the characters of Fondle-wife, in the Old 
 Bachelor, and Ben in Love for Love. He 
 was joint manager of Drury-lane with Wilks 
 and (Jibber ; but gave up his concern, because 
 Booth was forced upon him as fellow-mana- 
 ger in tlie house; and he retired in the me- 
 ridian of his reputation, to the private en- 
 joyment of a moderate fortune. He died 
 highly respected, 22d September 1722. In 
 his principles he was a whig, and so sti'ongly 
 attached to the house of Hanover that he left 
 a waterman's coat and silver badge to be 
 rowed for yearly by six watermen, on the 
 Thames, against the stream, from the Old 
 Swan, London- bridge, to the White-Swan, 
 Chelsea, on the 1st of August, the anniver- 
 
 4to. 1701, a most excellent book according ; sary of George I.'s accession to the throne, 
 to Dr. Halley, an epistolary discourse pi-ov- | He wrote only one comedy, " the country 
 
 ingfrom the scriptures and the first fathers 
 that the soul is a principle naturally mortal, 
 hut immortalized actually by the pleasure of 
 God, to punishment or reward, by its union 
 with the divine baptismal spirit, wherein is 
 proved that none have the power of giving 
 this divine immortalizing spirit since the 
 ajiostles, but the bishops, 1706, 8vo. a work 
 vhicii gave rise to a violent controversy, 
 which was defended by the author in three 
 diiferent treatises against the attacks of 
 Chishull, Norris and Clarke, &cc. — chronolo- 
 gy of Dionysius Halicarnassus — exercita- 
 tiones duie, kc. — Julii vitalis epitaphiura, &c. 
 Do DWELL, Henry, eblest son of the pre- 
 cv'dl.iig^ viiS author of an anonymous pam- 
 phlet, "Cbristiimity not founded on argii- 
 ment;" iiU'artfu! v.ork, in wliith he attempt- 
 ed t9 t!i:i;:riuiuc. and vilily religion. Iu was 
 
 wake," 1696, 4to. better known in its altered 
 form of " Flora, or Hob in the well," a farce. 
 
 Do I SSI N, Lewis, a Jesuit, who died 1753, 
 aged 32. He displayed great powers in the 
 composition of elegant Latin verse, in his 
 two poems on the art of sculpture and the 
 art of engraving, in which he celebrates in 
 an animated style, the immortal labors oi 
 Praxiteles, Miron, &c. 
 
 DoLA BELLA, P. Cornelius, son-iu-law of 
 Cicero, was the friend of Ctesar, and became 
 governor of Syria. When besieged in Lao- 
 dicea by Cassius, he killed himself, in his 
 27th year. 
 
 DoLBiN, Jolin, descende<l from an an- 
 cient family in North Wales, was born at 
 Stanwick, Northamptonshire, 1624, and edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, and Christ-- 
 cliMrfh, Oxibrd. During the civil wars, he 
 
DO 
 
 ^3/ 
 
 DO 
 
 ■bravely espoused the king's side, and was 
 major in his army ; but upon the triumph of 
 the republicans, he returned to a collegiate 
 life, and was turned out in 1648. At the 
 restoration he became canon of Christ- 
 church, ai'chdeacon of London, dean of 
 Westminster, and in 1066, bishop of Roches- 
 ter, and in 1683 was translated to York, 
 where he died 1686. He was an eloquent 
 and admired preacher, and his sermons, de- 
 Jivered before Charles II. and on other occa- 
 sions, possess merit. 
 
 Dolce, Lewis, a native of Venice, who 
 died there 1568, aged 60. He wrote several 
 poems, and translated some ancient atithors, 
 <)vid, Seneca, Euripides, kc. in a style pure 
 and elegant. He published Dialogo delia 
 pittura, intitolato I'Aretino, Venice, 1557, 
 Svo. reprinted at Florence 1735 — cinque pri- 
 mi canti del Sacripante, 1535, Sao. — Prima- 
 leone, 4to. — Achilles and -Slneas, 1570, 4to. — 
 poems in different collections, and the life of 
 Charles V. 
 
 Dolce, Carlo, a painter of Florence, who 
 died 1686, aged 70. His St. John, though 
 painted only in his 11th year, was much ad- 
 mired. His religious pieces are very highly 
 fiiiished. 
 
 Do LET, Stephen, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Orleans 1508. He was a printer and 
 bookseller at Lyons, where he published 
 some of his works for the reformation and 
 improvement of the French language. He 
 'Tentured, however, to give way to licentious 
 and profane ideas in !us writings, which drew 
 upon him the vengeance of the inquisition, so 
 that he Avas condemned to be burnt for athe- 
 ism. He suffered the dreadful punishment 
 on his birth-day, ?)(\ August 1546. Though 
 some attribute his sufferings to his attachment 
 to Lutheranism, yetBeza and Calvin seem to 
 ])lace him is the number, not of martyrs, but 
 of impious blasi)heniers. 
 
 DoLOMiEu, Deodat, commander of the 
 order of Malta, member of the academy of 
 sciences and of the institute at Paris, was 
 ■made inspector of the mines. In the pursuit 
 of knowledge he exposed himself to all the 
 "inclemencies of the air, the climate, and the 
 seasons, and regarded neither expense nor 
 difficulties for his favorite studies of nature.' 
 He was in Egipt with Bonaparte, and on his 
 return was taken priso!)er, and confined at 
 Messina, from whence he was liberated by 
 the kind interference of sir Joseph Banks. 
 He died suddefdy at Cree, near Macon, in 
 1802, as he was preparing a scientific excur- 
 sion to the noi-th, to examine the rocks and 
 the natural curiosities of unexplored regions. 
 He published a voyage to the isles of Lipari, 
 1781 — memoir on the earthquake of Calabria 
 in 1783 — a mineralogical dictionary — a trea- 
 tise on the origin of basaltes — memoir on 
 iEtna, ixc. 
 
 Do MAT, John, a French laAvyer, born at 
 tjlermont, in Auvergne, 1625. He studied 
 the learned languages and belles lettres at 
 Paris, and applied himself to the laAV at 
 Bourges, where, though only 20 years old, he 
 •*-aS offered, on account of his great proficien- 
 
 c)', a doctor's hood. He became a picader at 
 Clermont, and, as advocate to the king, Avhich 
 he continued for thirty years, he was, for his 
 integrity and extensive abilities, the arbiter 
 of all the affairs of the province. In 164S lie 
 married, and by that marriisge had thirteen 
 children. He ai)plied himself to simplify the 
 laws of the state, anil to reduce them from 
 confusion to order and regularity; and Avasso 
 successful in his plan that LcavIs XIV. grant- 
 ed him a pension of 2000 livres, and encour- 
 aged him in the prosecution I'he first volume 
 Avas published 16S9, in 4to. c:die(!, '* the civil 
 laAvs in their natural order;" to AvLich three 
 volumes of equal size and value were after- 
 wards added. Domat was the fpieiwl of Pas- 
 cal, whom he assisted in some of his experi- 
 ments on ail', and in other branches of philo- 
 sophy. He died at Paris 1696. A new edi- 
 tion of his Avorks appeared in 1777, in folio. 
 
 DoMEXicHiNO, an Italian painter, bora 
 at Bologna 1581. He was the pupil of Cal- 
 vert the Fleming, and afterwards of the Ca- 
 raccis ; but he was so sIoav in his progress 
 that his fellow students called him " the ox." 
 Annibal Caracci observed, upon this ridicu- 
 lous appellation, that " this ox, by dint of 
 labor, Avould in time make his ground so 
 fruitful that painting itself Avould be fed by 
 whatit produced" — a prognostic of his future 
 greatness, Avhich was most truly fulfilled. He 
 applied to his Avork Avith great study and 
 zeal ; and though he wanted genius, yet so- 
 lidity and judgment, and a strong enthusiastic 
 ardor, made him one of the greatest Italian 
 masters. According to N. Potissin, his 
 communion of St. Jerome and Raphael's 
 transfiguration, were the two best pieces 
 which e\-er adorned Rome. He also slionc as 
 an architect, and built the apostolical palace 
 for Gregory XV. He Avas reserved, but 
 mild in his manners; but his great merit 
 raised him many enemies, who Avere jealous 
 of his fame, and envious of his eminence. 
 Heclied 1641, not Avithout suspicion of poison. 
 
 Dominic, de Guzman, a Spaniard, born 
 1170, at Calahorra, in Arragon, known as the 
 founder of the order of the prcdiciuits, and 
 the establishor of the inquisition in Laugue^ 
 doc. Before he was born, his mother dream- 
 etl she had a dog vomiting fire in her Avonib ; 
 and thedi'tam Avas fuifilled, Avhen Dominic, 
 f )llowed by fire and sword and the army of 
 Innocent 111. preached to the Albigenses, 
 anil, Avith the offer of death or abjuration, 
 converted above 100,000 souls. He Avas the 
 first master of the sacred p:dace, an office 
 which at his suggestion Honoi-ius III. esta- 
 blished. He died at Bologna l'J21, and Avas 
 afterwards canonized foi" his great services. 
 The great men of the order were, Thomas 
 Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, cardinal Cajetan, 
 DominicusSoto, Lewis of Granada, &c. ; and 
 it is said that the Dominicans produced to the 
 church no less than 3 popes, 48 cardinals, 23 
 patriarchs, 1500 bishops, 600 archbishops, 43 
 legates, and other inferior agents actively 
 emjjloyed in the service oi the Homish 
 church. 
 
 DoMiNiCHiNi, Lodovico, a native «f 
 
DO 
 
 J^S^ 
 
 DO 
 
 !*lacentia, famous for his voluminous trans- 
 lations from iincient authors and other Avorks, 
 M hich are mentioned in Barttti's ItaUan li- 
 brary. He was poor, and died 1574. 
 
 DoMiNis, Mark Antony de, originally a 
 Jesuit, afterwards bishop of Segni, and last- 
 ly archbishop of Spolato, in Dalmatia, in the 
 I6th century. He was vep' unsettled in his 
 religious notions, thougliXo elevated in the 
 church ; and he wrote his famous book, call- 
 ed ♦' de republica ecclesiastica," in which he 
 assailed the papal power. This work was 
 seen in MS. and corrected by the learned 
 Bedell, who was chaplain to sir Henry Wot- 
 ton, the ambassador of James I. to Venice, 
 and by his means it was published in London. 
 De Dominis accompanied his friend Bedell 
 on his return to England, and was received 
 ■with great respect by the English clergy. 
 He was favored by the king, and made dean 
 of Windsor; but, after preaching against the 
 pope, and endeaA'Ouring to reconcile and re- 
 unite the Ilomish and English churches, he, 
 with his nsnal wavering temper, expressed 
 an inclination to return to Rome. He there 
 abjured all his errors 1622, and was received 
 into the pope's protection; Jjut an expression 
 against Bellarmine, who, as he said, had not 
 refuted his arguments, in his answer to him, 
 rendered him suspected to the catholics. He 
 Avas seized and imprisoned, and died in con- 
 finement, in the castle of St. Angelo, 1645. 
 It was afterwards discovered, tliat his wri- 
 tings and correspondence had been very hos- 
 tile to the pope, and therefore, by order of 
 t.lie inquisition, his body was dug up, and to- 
 gether with his writit)gsburnt in FloxVs field. 
 He wrote besides a treatise, de radiis visus et 
 luces, Sec. in which he was the first who gave 
 a rational explanation of the colors of the 
 rainbow. 
 
 DoMiTiAN, Titus Flavins, a Roman em- 
 peror, after Titus son of Vespasian. From a 
 very mild character at the beginning of his 
 reign, he became licentious, debauched, 
 cruel, and vindictive, and was at last assassi- 
 nated 9C, in his 45th year, 
 
 DoMiTiANUs, Domitius, general ofDio^ 
 clesian was proclaimed eiT\peror in Egypt 
 288, and died a violent death two years af- 
 ter. 
 
 Do NATO, Bernai-dino, Greek professor at 
 Padua, and other Italian cities, died about 
 1550. He was the learned author of a Latin 
 dialogue on the ditterence between Aristotle's 
 and l-*lato's philosophy, and translated into 
 Latin, besides some of Galen's, Ai'istotle's 
 and Xcuophon's works, the demonstratio 
 evangeiica of Eusebius, &c. 
 
 DoNATO,; an architect and sculptor of 
 rioi'ence. He was emjdoyed by Cosmo de 
 ^ledicis, by Venice and other states. His 
 Judith cutting off the head of Holofernes is 
 his best piece. He died I iGfi, aged 83. 
 
 DoNATO, Jerom, a Venetian nobleman, 
 eminent for his learning, for his military ser- 
 vices, and particularly for his negotiations. 
 He was the successful ambassador in the re- 
 conciliation made between his country and 
 pope Julius II. When asked by the pope 
 
 why Venice claimed the sovereignty of tlie 
 Adriatic, he answered, your holiness will find 
 the concession, on the back of the record of 
 Constantine's grant to pope Silvester of the 
 city of Rome and of the ecclesiastical states 
 — a bold answer on a donation about doubt- 
 ing which in former times 1478 persons had 
 at . Strasburg been sent to the flrimes. This 
 great statesman died of a fever at Rome 
 1511, just before the pacification was signed. 
 
 DoNATO, Alexander, a Jesuit of Sienna, 
 who died at Rome 1640. He wrote a very 
 valuable description of Rome 1639, 4to. call- 
 ed Roma vetus & i-ecens, besides poems in 
 8vo. Cologne 1630, and other works. 
 
 Do NATO, Marcellus, an Italian count, 
 who held some important offices at Mantua, 
 and died at the beginning of the 17th centuiy. 
 He wrote a learned work, scholia on the 
 Latin Avriters of the Roman history 1607, 8vo, 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Do NAT us, bishop of Carthage was ban- 
 ished 356. He maintained that the three 
 persons of the trinity are of the same sub- 
 stance, yet unequal. 
 
 Do NAT us, ^Jius, a grammarian of the 
 fourth century, preceptor of St. Jerome, and 
 author of commentai'ies on Terence and 
 Virgil. 
 
 Do NAT us, bishop of Numidia, founder of 
 a sect after his own name 311, was deposed 
 for supporting Majorinus as a candidate for 
 the see of Carthage against Cecilianus. 
 
 DoNCKER, Peter, a painter of Gouda, 
 disciple to Jacques Joi-daens. He studied at 
 Rome, and died 1608. There was also 
 another painter named John, of the same 
 place, who died young. 
 
 DoNDUS, or DE DoNDis, James, a phy- 
 sician of Padua, surnamed Aggregator, from 
 the number of medicines he had made. He 
 was also well skilled in mechanics nnd in 
 mathematics, and he invented a clock on a 
 new construction, which pointed out not only 
 the hours, but the festivals of the year, ami 
 the course of the sun and moon. He found 
 out also the secret of making salt from the 
 wells of Albano, and died 1350. He wrote 
 Promptuarium medicinje Venice, fol. 1481. — 
 de foutibus calidis Patavini agri, 155.3, folio. 
 — the flux and reflux of the sea. 
 
 DoNEAu, Hugh, Donellus of Chalons-sur- 
 Soane, professor of law at Bourges and Or- 
 leans, was saved from the massacre of Bar- 
 tholomew by the afi^ection of his scholars, and 
 escaped into Germany, and died at Altorf 
 1591, aged 64. He wrote commentaria de 
 jure civili, five vols, fol. reprinted'at Lucca 
 12 vols, fol, 1770. — Opera posthuma, 8vo. 
 
 Don I, Anthony Francis, a Florentine 
 priest, who possessed great Satirical powers, 
 and died 1574, aged 61. His tvorks are, let- 
 ters in Italian 8vo. — la libraria 8vo. — la Zuc- 
 ea four parts with plates Svo. — tmond, celcs- 
 ti, ternfstri, &c. — Imarmi cive Raggiona- 
 menti, kc. 4to. 
 
 DoNi d'Attichi, Lewis, a Florentine 
 noble, whose modesty and learning I'ecom- 
 mended him to Richelieu, who made him 
 bishop of Reiz, and afterwards of AutunMle 
 
DO 
 
 ^3S 
 
 DO 
 
 Oied 1C64, aged 68. He wrote in French a 
 history of the Minims, 4to. a society to i^ich 
 he belonged, — and in Latin the life of queen 
 Joan 8vo. — of cardinal de Berulle 8vo. — and 
 of the cardinals, two vols. fol. 1660. 
 
 Don I, Jolin Baptiste, an Italian, who died 
 in his native city of Florence 1647, ag:ed 51. 
 
 as hostile to the king, and thereibrc he was 
 obliged to vindicate himself before James 
 who expressed himself much pleased with 
 his conduct. He was in 1630 attacked by a 
 fever vvljich brought on a consumption. He 
 preached at court the first Friday in lent, on 
 the words " to God the Lord belons; the is- 
 
 He was professor of eloquence, and member sues from death," which was considered as 
 of the Florentine and del crusca academies, j his funeral sermon. He died 31st March 
 
 and invented a musical instrument called lyra 
 barbarini. He wrote a well known treatise 
 on music in Latin, and other tracts on the 
 same subject in Italian. 
 
 DoxNE,.lohn, an English poet and divine, 
 born in London l-'J/S, and descended by his 
 mother from sir Thomas More. At the age 
 of 11 he went to Oxford, and after three 
 years' residence he removed to Cambridge, 
 and three years after to Lincoln's-inn. His 
 friends were papists, but he refused to be 
 shackled by their opinions and prejudices, 
 and at the age of 19 he embraced the pro- 
 testant fidth. When 21 he began to travel, 
 and accompanied the earl of Essex in 1596 
 and 97, against Cadiz and the Azores, and 
 afterwards visited Spain and Italy, and form- 
 ed the resolution of going as far as Jerusa- 
 lem, wlii«h however he did not do. On his 
 return to England he became secretary to 
 f^ger ton keeper of the great seal, but his secret 
 attachment and his marriage to the daugh- 
 ter of sir George More, chancellor of the 
 garter, threatened for a time every possible 
 misfortune to him. The father was so irri- 
 tated that he not only prevailed upon Eger- 
 ton to dismiss the offender from his service, 
 but he procured his imprisonment, and that 
 of the two brothers, Brooke, the one the 
 minister who had mai'ried himand the other 
 the friend who had given the lady away. 
 He at last liberated himself and his friends 
 from confinement, and was with difficulty 
 reconciled to his father-in-law, who consen- 
 ted to make him a decent allowance. Though 
 not replaced in the favor of Egerton, he ap- 
 plied himself diligently to the study of civil 
 and canon law, and was much respected for 
 his learning and abilities. About the year 
 1612, he accompanied sir Robei't Drury to 
 Paris, and about that time he displayed such 
 ability in a treatise on the oaths of allegi- 
 ance and supremacy then agitated, that king 
 James highly favored him, and in compli- 
 ance with his intimation and the request of 
 his friends, he now applied himself to divin- 
 ity and took orders. James made him his 
 chaplain, and the university of Cambridge 
 confei'red on him the degree of D. D. At 
 this time to his great grief his wife died on 
 the birth of her 12th child. He was no soon- 
 er ordained than 14 livings in the country 
 were offered to him, which he declined to re- 
 side in London, where he became Llricolu's- 
 inn preacher, and two years after was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to lord Doncaster's embas- 
 sy to Vienna. In 1621, he was made dean 
 of St. Paul's, and afterwards he was pre- 
 sented to St. J)unstan in the west and anoth- 
 er benefice. His eloquence as a preacher 
 -w^s jfi^eat,, l^ut his enemies represented him 
 
 1631, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. 
 Dr. Donne was in his character an amiable 
 and benevolent as well as an ingenious and 
 learned man, and lord Falkland said of him 
 that he was *' one of the most witty and 
 most eloquent of our modern divines." To 
 his Pscudomartyr be was indebted in some 
 degree for his honors, but it is a book, as 
 Warburton has observed, of little merit, 
 agreeing merely with the opinions of the 
 times, and applauded by James. He pab- 
 lished also some poems consisting of songsj 
 sonnets, epigrams, elegies, satires, &c. all 
 printed in one vol. 12mo. 1719. In speak- 
 ing of these, Dryden has given Doime the 
 character of the greatest wit, though not the 
 greatest poet of the nation. Pope has shown 
 the highest respect to his memory by era- 
 ploying his pen to render his satires into mod- 
 ern numbers and all the graces of his own 
 poetr}'. He wrote, besides paradoxes, es- 
 says, &c. three volumes of sermons, essays 
 in divinity, letters to several persons, the 
 ancient history of the scptuagint, biathana- 
 tos, or on suicide, &cc. His son John was 
 educated at Westminster school, and Christ 
 church, Oxford, he took the degree of LL. D. 
 at Padua, and had tlio same at Oxford. He 
 died 1662, and was buried in St. Paul's 
 church Covent-gai'den. Wood represents 
 him as an atheistical ImlToon, but adds, that 
 Charles II. valued him as a man of sense 
 and parts. He wrote some frivolous trifles. 
 
 Donne, Benjamin, a mathematician, born 
 1729, at Biddeford, Dovenshire, where for 
 some years he kept a scliool, and afterwards 
 at Bristol. He was made master of mechan- 
 ics to the king in 1796, and died two years 
 after, respected as a very iiigenious and be- 
 nevolent character. He M'rote mathemati- 
 cal essays in 8vo. treatises on geometry, 
 book-keeping, and trigonometry, an epitome 
 of natural experimental philosophy, and the 
 British mariner's assistant, and in the first 
 part of Ills life received JOO^. from the socie- 
 ty of arts .'ind cnmmcrce for his able survey 
 of his native country. 
 
 DobnTTLE, Thomas, a nonconformist, 
 born at Kidderminster 1630, and educated at 
 Pembroke -1 1 all, Cambridge. He was for 
 nine years minister of St. Alpage, London, 
 IVom which he was ejected in 1662. He af- 
 terwai'ds kept an academy in Monkwell- 
 street, Cripplegate, and officiated among 
 the dissenters till his death, m the 24th. 
 May 1707, at the age of 77. Ue wrote sev- 
 eral books of practical divinity. His treatise 
 on the sacrament has been frdqiiently prin- j 
 ted, as ajso his call to delaying Sinners. Me-/ 
 moirs of him are prefixed to his " body of 
 divinity," published after lus death. Hi« 
 
■DO ^^^ 
 
 was for some time minister at 
 
 DO 
 
 ■50Q Samuel 
 Reading. 
 
 1)opp/.e-Maier, John Gabriel, author 
 t)f some tracts on geography, dialling, astroii- 
 om}', of the account of the iTiathematicians 
 trf ^i uremburg, and of several translations 
 from English mathematical works into La- 
 tin and German, died at Nuremburg, where 
 he was pi'ofessor of mathematics 1750, aged 
 ^3. He was fellow of the London royal so- 
 ciety, and of the academies of Berlin and Pe- 
 tersburg. 
 
 "DoRBAY, Francis, a French architect, 
 ■who furnished the design of several beautiful 
 ■works at the Louvre, Thuilleries, &c. He 
 -was born at Paris, and died there 1697. 
 
 DoRFLiNG, a Prussian, Avho from the 
 profession of a tailor became a soldier, and 
 gradually rose to the highest military honors 
 under Frederic William, electoi* of Bran- 
 <lenbiirgh. He distinguished himself great- 
 ly against the Swedes, and -when become 
 lield marshal, some envying his elevation ob- 
 served he had still the appearance of a tay- 
 
 lor. " Yes," savs the valiant Dorflinsr, 
 
 was once a taylor; I formerly cut out cloth, 
 hut now, (clapping his hand to the hilt of 
 his sword,) here is the instrument with 
 •which 1 cut oft' the ears of them that speak 
 ill of me." 
 
 Dor I A, Andrew, a noble Genoese, born 
 at Oneille 1468. He embi'aced the military 
 profession, and signalized himself in Italy, 
 and particularly in Corsica, which island he 
 -bravely reducetl under the power of the re- 
 public. Uistinguished as a warrior by Innd, 
 his countrymen wished to employ his abili- 
 ties by scaj and accordingly in 1513 he M'as 
 named captain general of the gallies of Ge- 
 «ioa, and soot, enricheii himself and his brave 
 ■companions by successful attacks on the pi- 
 rates of the Mediterranean. The i*evolu- 
 tions of Genoa engaged Doria in the service 
 of Francis I. of France, after whose defeat 
 at Pavia, he became admiral to pope Cle- 
 ment VH. Upon the sacking of Kome by 
 Bourbon 1527, Doria returned to the P'rench 
 service, and was honorably received by Fran- 
 cis, who granted him a pension and appoin- 
 ted him admiral of the seas of the Levant. 
 His great talents were now employed in es- 
 tablishing the preponderance of the French 
 power in Italy, and the emperor baffled, 
 saw his fleets destroyed and his armies de- 
 feated by the geniusof this intrepid repub- 
 lican. But when Naples, besieged by the 
 French forces, was ready to submit, Doria 
 changed the face of war. Long viewed with 
 jealousy by the courtiers of Francis, he be- 
 eame suspected to the monarch, who or- 
 dered his person to be siezed ; but Doria's 
 vigilance frustrated the designs of his ene- 
 mies, and by tlirowing himself under the 
 protection of the emperor he was received 
 with open arms. Francis in vain, by evei-y 
 sacrifice, endeavored to regain iiis confi- 
 dence, and the emperor on the other hand 
 ■wished to secure him even by making him 
 the sovereign of Genoa, an office which Do- 
 ria rejected with nc^le patriotism. Doria 
 
 thus successful in preventing the capture of 
 Naples, attacked Genoa, which had fallen 
 under the French power, and though only 
 with 13 gallics anil 500 men, he in one night, 
 1528, made himself master of the place 
 without bloodshed, and was hailed by the 
 grateful Genoese by the endearing terms of 
 father and the deliverer of his country. A 
 new ajid moderate government was estab- 
 lished, and Doria, now owner of 22 gallies, 
 and supported by brave and faithful associ- 
 ates, signalized himself in maritime affairs, 
 took Coron and Patras from the Turks, and 
 assisted Charles V. in the reduction of Tu- 
 nis and Gouletle. The expedition against 
 Algiers, in 1541, and the aflair of Prevazzo 
 undertaken against his advice, proved how- 
 ever -very unfortunate, and it has heen in- 
 sinuated that Poria, when opposed to Bar- 
 barossa the commander of the Turkish for- 
 ces, did not display his usual valor, but se- 
 cretly wished to prolong a war which ce- 
 mented his influence, and made him a ne- 
 cessary ally. He was loaded with honors for 
 his eminent services by the emperor, and to 
 the marquisate of Tursi in Naples, was ad- 
 ded the dignity of grand chancellor of that 
 kingdom. Engaged to the very last in the 
 service of his country and of his ally, Doria 
 died 25th November 1560, aged 93, poor 
 indeed in fortune, but honored by his coun- 
 try, and respected by the whole world. His 
 life was twice attempted by assassins, but 
 their conspiracy failed. Doria, though of a 
 benevolent and humane temper, once yield- 
 ed to a dishonorable resentment, and order- 
 ed de Fresco, a man Avho had conspired 
 against him, to he sewn up in a sack and 
 thrown into the sea. 
 
 Doni GNY, Michael, a French painter and 
 engraver in aquafortis, born at St. Quintin 
 1617. Me was pi"ofessor of t!ie academy of 
 painting at Paris, and died 1665. His paint- 
 ings are seen in the castle de Vincennes, and 
 his engravings were of his own pieces. 
 
 Do RIG NY, Nicholas, an eminent French 
 engraver, whose finest pieces are the bark 
 of Lanfranco, the St. Petronilla of GuercW- 
 no, the descent from the cross by Voleterra, 
 the transfigni-ation after Raphael, he. He 
 was knigh'ied by George I. and died at Paris 
 1746, aged 90. His brother LtMvis, also a 
 painter, died at Verona 1742, aged 48. 
 
 Do RING or Do RINK, Mathias, a Ger- 
 man Franciscan profes.sor, born at Kiritz, 
 where he died ;494. He is said to be the 
 author of the abridgment .of the historical 
 mirror of de Beauvais continued to 149.3. 
 He inveighs with asperity against the vices 
 of the cardinals and popes, and he may be 
 considered as the forerunner of Luther. 
 
 DoRlSLAUS, Isaac, a Dutchman Avho 
 came from Leyden to England, and l)y the 
 interest of Fulk lord Brooke, read lectures on 
 history at Cambridge. When expelled by Co- 
 sin the vice-chancellor, as suspected of repub- 
 lican principles, he became judge advocate in 
 the I'oyal army against the Scots, but with an 
 unpardonable levity he quitted the kiqg's 
 service for that of the parliament, and as^ 
 
DO 
 
 ^^6" 
 
 DO 
 
 skted, it is said, in drawing up the articles 
 of accusation against his sovereign. Thus 
 recommended by guilt and profligacy to the 
 ruling powers, he went in 1649, as ambassa- 
 dor from the republic to Holland, where he 
 was attacked while at supper by some en- 
 thusiastic royalist and stabbed to the heart. 
 His body, by the direction of the parlia- 
 ment, was brought over to England, and bu- 
 ried in Westminster-abbey, but removed at 
 the restoration to St, Margaret's church- 
 yard. 
 
 DoRMANS, John de, bishop of Beauvais, 
 a cardinal, and chancellor of France under 
 Charles V. died 7th Nov. 1373. He was a 
 liberal patron of letters, and founded the 
 college which bears his name at Paris. 
 
 DoRNAVius, Gaspar, a physician, born 
 at Zigenrick, in Voightland, died very old, 
 in 1631. He is author of some humorous 
 and whimsical pieces — araphitheatrum sa- 
 pientise Socraticse, two vols, folio. — homo 
 diabolus 4to. &c. 
 
 DoRSCH, Everard, a Dutch engraver on 
 gems of superior abilities. He was born at 
 iiuremberg, and died 1712, aged 63. His 
 son Christopher was equally celebrated, and 
 finished portraits on gems, without the as- 
 sistance of drawings, with astonisldng accu- 
 racy. He was also a painter. He died 1732, 
 age<l 56, at Nuremberg. 
 
 DosiTHiEus, the fii'st heresiarch, a ma- 
 gician of Samaria, who pretended to be the 
 true Messiah, and applied to himself all the 
 prophecies concerning the Saviour. Among 
 his 30 disciples he admitted a woman whom 
 he called the moon. He privately retired to 
 a cave where he starved himself to death 
 that he might persuade his followers tliat he 
 was ascended into heaven. His followers al- 
 ways staid tii hours in the same posture in 
 which they were when the sabbath began. 
 They existed in Egypt till the sixth centuiy. 
 
 Doublet, N. an eminent French sur- 
 geon, who died at Paris 1795. He wrote 
 some valuable pieces on his profession. 
 
 DouciN, Lewis, a French Jesuit of Ver- 
 non in Normandy. He wrote an history of 
 Nestorianism — a work against the Jansen- 
 ists — and other pieces, and died at Orleans 
 1736. 
 
 Dove, Nathaniel, an ingenious penman, 
 author of " the progress of time," contain- 
 ing verses on the four seasons and the 12 
 months of the year, Avith 16 plates. lie was 
 clerk in the victualling office. Tower hill, 
 and kept in 1740 an academy at Ilexton. He 
 died 1754, aged 44. 
 
 DouFFET, Gerard, a painter of Liege, 
 born 16th August 1594. He was the pupil 
 of Rubens, and distinguished himself by the 
 accuracy, variety, correctness and sweetness 
 of his pieces. He tlietl about 1660. 
 
 DouGADOS, Venance, a capuchin born 
 near Carcassone 1764. The revolution open- 
 ed to him a field for the display of intrigue 
 and of ambition, but as the friend of the 
 federalists he was di-agged to the scaffold and 
 suffered 1794. He wrote some poetical pie- 
 ces which possess merit, and have been pub- 
 lished at Nice, 
 
 DoiTGLAS, Gawin, youngest son of tiio^, 
 sixth earl of Angus, was born at Brechin iu 
 Scotland 1471, and educated at St. Andrew's^ 
 He perfected his education by travelling ia 
 Italy and Germany, where he cultivated the 
 muses, and merited the acquaintance and 
 commendation of the learned. On his re- 
 turn to Scotland in 1496, he was made pro- 
 vost of St. Giles's church, Edinburgh, in 151.5, 
 bishop of Dunkeld to which the rich abbey 
 of Aberbrothic was afterwai'ds added. He 
 was exposed to the vlifulent persecutions of 
 the times, and came to Lontlon, where he 
 died of the plague in April 1522. His chief 
 works, which prove him to be an eminent 
 scholar and poet, are a translation of Vir- 
 gil's jEueid — the palace of honor, a poem— 
 aureie narrationes & comcdiai sacraj — de re- 
 bus Scoticis liber. As Chaucer in England, 
 so he in Scotland is the great forerunner of 
 the revival of learning. 
 
 Douglas, William, a Seotcli nobleman, 
 commissioned by Robert Bruce, who had 
 made a vow which he could not fulfil, to go 
 on a crusade, to carry his heart to the holy 
 land. Douglas set out after the king's dealhy 
 1327 ; but he perishe<l by the way, with the 
 illustrious Scots who Tollowed in his train. 
 
 Douglas, James, an English anatomist^ 
 and great practitioner in the obstetric art^ 
 m the beginning of the 18th century. He- 
 wrote bibliographiaj anatomite specimen, 8vo- 
 miographia5 comparatte specimen, 1706 — de- 
 scription of the perilonteum, London, 1730 
 — a history of the lateral operation for the 
 stone, 8vo. — and papers in the philosophical 
 transactions. He patronised John Hunter; 
 and died 1742. His brother JohnSvas sur- 
 geon in the Westminster-hospital. 
 
 Douglas, sir Charles, a Scotsman, en- 
 gaged in the Dutch navy, and afterwai-ds iu 
 the English service during the Americaa 
 war. He commanded with reputation in the 
 gulf of St. Lawrence, and di<)d 1789, a rear- 
 admiral. 
 
 Douglas, James earl of Morton and Ab- 
 ei'deen, was born at Edinburgh 1707, and 
 distinguished himself by his love of science 
 and hterature. He established, when 26>, 
 the philosophical society of Edinburgh, and 
 was, in 1733, elected president of tlie Lon- 
 don royal society. The academy of scien- 
 ces at Paris paid respect to his virtues,, by 
 electing him an associate ; and as the patron 
 of merit, and an able astronomer, ho de- 
 served the good opinion of the learned world. 
 He died 1768, leaving a son and daughter, 
 
 Douglas, John, a learned prelate, bora 
 in 1721, at Pittcnweem, iu Flfesiiire. From 
 Dunbar school he removed, iu 1736, to St. 
 Mary-hall, Oxford, and two years after was 
 elected to an exhibition in Baliol college. He 
 took his first ilegree in 1741, and then went 
 to Montreal and to Ghent, to acquire a com- 
 petent knowledge of the French lahguage. 
 As chaplain of the 3d regiment of foot guards, 
 he went in the expedition in Flanders, and 
 was present at the battle of Fontenoy, in 
 ir-*^5. He afterwards attended lord Pnltney 
 in his travels on the conti|>ent; tnid on his 
 retui:n to England, iu 17i9, he obtained 
 
DO 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 DO 
 
 from his palron the donative of Uppingtoh, 
 Shropshire, which he soon after exchanged 
 for the vicarage of High Ereal, in the same 
 county. By the interest of his friends, and 
 by his own merits as an able and acute wri- 
 ter, he rose to higher honors in the church. 
 He was made, in 1760, chaplain to the king ; 
 and in 1762 he obtained a canonry of Wind- 
 sor, which he afterwards exchanged for tJie 
 residentiaryship of St. Paul's, resigned by 
 him hi 1788 for the deanery of Windsor. 
 He had, in 1764, exclianged his Shropshire 
 livings for St. Austin's and St. Faith's, Wat- 
 Hng-street, London; and in 1787 lie was 
 raised to the see of Carlisle, from which lie 
 was translated, in i791, to Salisbury. His 
 powers as a writer were strong, respectable, 
 and multifarious. His first work was, the 
 vindication of Milton from the charge of 
 plagiarism, against Lauder, 1750 — and he 
 afterwards published, the criterion of mira- 
 cles, 1754, a work of great merit, of which 
 he prepared another edition in 1806 — an apo- 
 logy for the clergy against the Hutchinsoni- 
 ans, &c. — the destniction of the French 
 foretold by Ezekiel — several pamphlets a- 
 gainst Archibald Bovver — a defence of lord 
 George Sackville — a letter to two gi'eat men 
 on the approach of peace, &c. Besides these 
 works, he assisted in the publication of lord 
 Clarendon's diary and letters — of Cooke's 
 voyages — of lord Hardwicke's miscellaneous 
 .papers, &c. and he also published several po- 
 litical papers in the public advertiser and in 
 other periodical publications. He was, in 
 1786, elected one of the vice-presidents of 
 the antiquarian society, and was also one of 
 the trustees of the Br-itish museum ; and af- 
 ter a life thus actively devoted to the cause 
 of literature and religion, retaining his fac- 
 ulties to the last, he died of a gradual decav, 
 without a struggle, 18th May 1807, aged 86, 
 and was buried in St. George's chapel, Wind- 
 sor. He was twice niai-ried ; first in 1752, 
 when he became a widower in the short space 
 of three months; and secondly in 1765. By 
 his last v/ife, daughter of Henry Brudenell 
 Uooke, esq. who died two years before him, 
 he left one son and one daughter. 
 
 Do USA, James, a noble Dutchman, born 
 at Northwick 1545. After studying with 
 great reputation at Paris, he returned to 
 floUand, where he married early, and ap- 
 plied himself to political aftairs. For tAventy 
 years he was curator of the banks and dykes 
 of Holland, and distinguished himself so 
 much at the siege of Leyden in 1574, tlnitthe 
 prince of Orange made him governor of the 
 town, and curator of the university founded 
 there. He was most eminent as a scholar, 
 and his genius was di.splayed in several poet- 
 ical productions. He also wrote the annals 
 of his country, besides critical notes on Ho- 
 race, Sallust, Plautus, Catullus, Tibullus, Szc. 
 He was in his private character as amiable as 
 he was respected in hi« public duties. He 
 died 160>, and his memory was honored by 
 the oration of Daniel Heinsius. He had four 
 sons, James, George, Francis, and 'i'heodo- 
 rus. James was ft very extraordinary gen- 
 ius, who attuintd mafuritv of wisdom and ' 
 
 erudition in the flower of youth. Besides 
 poems of great merit, he wrote at the age of 
 19, las book de rebus eoelestibus — and hi» 
 paneg}'ric on a shadow — critical notes on 
 several Latin authors — and assisted his father 
 in his annals. He was made preceptor to 
 the prince of Orange, and librarian to the 
 university of Leyden; but he unfortunately 
 died 1597, in his 26th year, when his abilities 
 promised the noblest additions to the great- 
 ness and learning of his country. George 
 was a good linguist, and published an account 
 of a voyage to Constantinople. Francis pub- 
 lished Scaliger's epistles — annotations on the 
 fragments of Lncilius, &c. Theodorus pub- 
 lished Logotheta's chronicon, with notes, 
 &c. 
 
 DouvRE, Thomas de, a native of Bay- 
 eux, raised, for his learning and virtues, by 
 William the conqueror, to the see of York, 
 where he rebuilt his cathedral. He com- 
 posed some books on music, and was a great 
 patron and benefactor to his clergy. After 
 being archbishop for twenty -eight years, he 
 died 1100. 
 
 DouvRE, Thomas de,nephew to the fore- 
 going, was also archbishop of York in 1108. 
 He had violent quarrels with Anselm of 
 Canterbury about the precedency of the two 
 sees. He died 1114, greatly respected for 
 his constancy, virtues, and faith. 
 
 DouvRE, Isabella de, of the same family 
 as the preceding, was mistress to Robert the 
 bastard of Henry I. of England, by whom she 
 had Richard, afterwards bishop of Bayeux, 
 1133. She retired in her old age to solitude 
 and penitence at Bayeux, where she died 
 1166. 
 
 DoM', Gerard, pupil of Rembrandt, was 
 born at Leyden 1613. His pieces which are 
 all small, and to be viewed to advantage on- 
 ly by the help of a magnifying-glass, possess 
 astonishing expression, and are extremely 
 delicate. He was patient in his labors, and 
 was not less than three days in representing 
 a broomstick, and five in i)ainting a hand. 
 He died in a good old age, but when is not 
 ascertained 
 
 DowAL, William Mac, a learned Scots- 
 man, born in 1590, and educated for seven 
 years by Nisbet at Musselburgh, and after- 
 wards at St. Aiidrew's. In 1614 he went to 
 Groningcn, where he studied civil law, and 
 took his doctor's degree, in 1625. He was 
 made advocate to the army of count Nassau, 
 and in 1629 and 1635 came as ambassador 
 to Charles L to support the freedom of the 
 seas about the herring-fisheries. He was 
 made by Charles one of the council of state 
 for Scotland, in which offi:ce he was continu- 
 ed by Charles H. with the additional title o4" 
 ambassador to the United States. He died 
 in London, but when not known, having had 
 two wives, both Dutch women, the last of 
 whom he buried 1652. 
 
 DowNHAM, John, was born at Chester, 
 son of the bisliop of that see. He was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, and is author of that pi- 
 ous and well known book, " the Christian 
 warfare." He died in London 1644. 
 
 DowNJTCG, Caiibut, an English diVine, 
 
DR 
 
 ^Y 
 
 DR 
 
 doctor of laws, nnd incumbent of Hackney, 
 Middlesex, and Hickford, Bucks. He was 
 disappointed in his views of higher prefer- 
 ment, upon which he embraced the republi- 
 can party, and preached some violent ser- 
 Ttions, asserting the lawfuhiess of subjects to 
 take up arms against the king. In 1643 he 
 was a grand covenanter, but died the next 
 year. Some of his sermons have been prin- 
 ted. His son, sir George, was secretary to 
 the treasury, and commissioner of customs 
 under Charles H. 
 
 Drabicius, Nicholas, an enthusiast, born 
 1 587, at Stransnitz, in Moravia. He became 
 a minister in 1616 at Urakotntz ; but the 
 persecutions against the protestants obliged 
 him to fly to Leidnitz, in Hungary, Avbere he 
 turned woollen draper for his sustenance. 
 His improper conduct and frequent ebriety 
 exposed him to the censures of his superi- 
 ors ; but in his 50th year he determined to 
 distinguish himself as a propiiet. His visions 
 began in 1638, and though at first little re- 
 garded, yet they engaged the curiosity and 
 acquired the respect of the vulgar, and, by 
 denouncing destruction against the house of 
 Austria and the papal power, he inspired 
 with fear even the bravest of generals. He 
 was assisted in his fanatical reveries by Co- 
 tnenius, a man of learning, but weak princi- 
 ples, with whom he published his revelation 
 called *' lux in tenebris." Drabicius was per- 
 sectited by the house of Austria, for the ruin 
 which he falsely prophesied against it, and 
 ■what became of him is imknown. Some 
 suppose that he was burnt as an impostor and 
 false prophet, and others say that he died in 
 Turkey, where he had taken refuge. Co- 
 menius published an abridgment of the I'e- 
 veries of Drabicius, Kotterus, and others, at 
 Amsterdam, in 1660, and reprinted it under 
 the title of lux e tenebris novis radiis aucta, 
 &c. 1666. 
 
 Draco, a celebrated Athenian, B. C. 643, 
 whose laws were so severe that they were 
 said to be written in blood. 
 
 Dracomites, John, a Lutheran divine, 
 born at Carlstadt, in Franconia. He was made 
 a bishop in Prussia, and was the learned au- 
 thor of commentaries on the prophets and the 
 gospels, and began a polyglott bible, but di- 
 ed before its completion, 1566. , 
 
 Dragut, Uais, i.e. captain Ragut, the 
 favorite and successor of Barbarossa, was 
 born of obscure parents, in NatoHa. In abil- 
 ities no ways inferior to his master, he dis- 
 tinguished himself in the courts of Naples and 
 Calabria; but being taken by Doria's ne- 
 phew, he passed seven long years in captivi- 
 ty. In 1560 Doria was besieged in the har- 
 bor of the isle of Gerbes ; but the artful pi- 
 rate eluded the vigilance of his enemies, by 
 conveying his gallics aci'oss the land, and 
 took the capital of Sicily, to the astonish- 
 ment of his opponents. In 1566 he assisted 
 Solyman II. against Malta with fifteen gal- 
 lies and while reconnoitring, a piece of 
 stone struck by a cannon ball gave him so 
 violent a blow on the ear that he died a short 
 lime after. 
 
 VOL. I. 57 
 
 Drake, sir Francis, an illustrious naviga- 
 tor, son of a sailor, and born at Tavistock in 
 Devonshire 1545. He was brought up by 
 his kinsman sir John Hawkins, and at the age 
 of 18 was purser to a Biscayan trader, and 
 at 20 went to Guinea, and at '22 obtained the 
 command of the Judith. He distinguished 
 himself greatly in the gulf of Mexico, under 
 sir John Hawkins, and pi'ojeeted expeditions 
 against the Spaniards in America, which he 
 executed with great firmness and success, iti 
 1570, and 1572. He afterwards served in. 
 Ii-eland under Walter earl of Esse.x, and at 
 his death he was recommended by sir Chris- 
 topher Hatton to queen Elizabeth, who en- 
 tered into all his views of attack and discov- 
 ery. On the 13th of Dec. 1577, he set out on 
 his celebrated voyage, with five small ships, 
 and only 164 able men. Of these ships two 
 were destroyed on the coast of Brasil as unfit, 
 and one returned home, so that only with hit 
 own vessel he entered the straits of Ma- 
 gellan, and coasting along Chili and Peru, 
 he enriched his companions by the plunder 
 of the unsuspecting Spaniards. He sailed as 
 high as the 48 degree nortli latitude with 
 hope of finding a passage to the European 
 seas, and gave the name of New Albion to 
 the country. From thence he set sail the 
 29th Sept. 1579 for the Moluccas, and after 
 visiting some savage islands, and enduring 
 many hardships, he doubled the cape of- 
 Good Hope on the 15th of March 1580, ha- 
 ving then only 57 men and three casks of wa- 
 ter. He continued his voyage, and after wa- 
 tering in Guinea, he reached Plymouth on the 
 third of Nov. after an absence of two years 
 and ten months. The glory of sailing round 
 the world, and the vast plunder obtained 
 from the Spaniards, were however viewed 
 with^ indignation by some Avho regarded 
 Drake as a common pirate ; but the queen 
 approved the bold expedition of her naval 
 hero, and on the 4th of April 1581, she went 
 on board his ship atDeptford and dined with 
 him, and conferred on him the honor of 
 knighthood. This ship also was preserved to 
 commemorate the glory of the enterpi'iser,till 
 decaying by time it was broken up and a 
 chair made of the timber presented to the 
 university of Oxford. In 1585 Drake took 
 St. Jago, St. Domingo.Carthagena, &c. in the 
 West "indies, and in 1587, heattacked Cadiz 
 and burned more than 10,000 tons of ship- 
 ping, which he merrily called burning the 
 Spanish king's beard. When the invincible 
 armada approached England, Drake was 
 made vice admiral under lord Howard, and 
 in the encounter he behaved vvith great cour- 
 age, though his eagerness to pursue die plun- 
 der proved nearly fatal, by his suffering his 
 admiral to be exposed in the midst of the 
 hostile fleet. Fortune however favored the 
 English, and Drake enriched himself and his 
 crew by the seizureof Pedro's galleon, which 
 produced 55,000ducatsofgold. In 1589 Drake 
 Was sent to restore Antonio to the kingflom 
 of Portugal, but without success ; and he af- 
 terwards went to the West Indies where his 
 quarrel with sir John Hawkins disconcerted 
 
DR 
 
 ^SSr 
 
 DR 
 
 the plans of the expedition %vhich ended un- 
 successfully. Thesfe unfortunate events prey- 
 ed much upon the mind of Drake, he fell in- 
 to a melancholy, and was carried off by a 
 bloody flux on board his ship near the town 
 of Norabre de Dios 28th January 1596. His 
 death was universally l-.iraented, for he was 
 respected not only as a naval hero, but as a 
 Avorthy private character. He was twice 
 member of parliament for Bossiney and af- 
 terwards for Plymouth, a town where his 
 name is still revered for the water which he 
 conveyed there in 15 S7 by a circuitous canal 
 of 20 miles from springs at the distance of 
 eight miles. His widow, daughter of sir 
 George Sydenham, by whom he had no issue, 
 married after his deatli Williara Courtenay, 
 esq. of Powderhara castle. 
 
 Drake, James, a physician and political 
 writer, born at Cambridge 1667, and educa- 
 ted there. In 1690 he took the degree of 
 M.D. and became soon after fellow of the 
 royal society and of the college of physi- 
 cians, but he prefered writing for the book- 
 sellers to professional engagement. His 
 "History of the last parliament of king 
 William," 1702, was considered as so severe 
 in his reflections ou that monarch, that he 
 ■was prosecjited by the attorney-general, but 
 acquitted. In 1704, upon the rejection of the 
 bill to prevent occasional conformity, he 
 ventured, with Poley, member for Ips- 
 wich, to publish the memorial of the church 
 of England, &c. which highly offended Go- 
 dolphin, and roused the vengeance of the 
 house of commons, who offered a reward for 
 the discovery of the author, who, however, 
 though suspected, remained unatlacked. In 
 1706 he was prosecuted for the publication 
 of Merciu'ius Politicus, a newspaper which 
 severely reflected upon the conduct of gov- 
 ernment, and though acquitted thi'ough a 
 Haw in the information, he took to heart the 
 asperity of his persecutors, and falling into 
 a fever'he died at Westminster the second of 
 March 1707. He wrote, besides the " Sham 
 lawyer," a comedy, — an English translation 
 of Herodotus, never published, — a " new 
 system of anatomy," a work of great merit, 
 published by Dr. Wagstaffe, and again in 
 1717, in two vols. 8vo. M-ith an appendix, 
 1728, — and notes to le Clerc's histoiy of 
 physic. 
 
 Drake, Samuel, fellow of St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, published in 1729, folio, a 
 splendid edition of archbishop Parker's "de 
 antiquilate Britannicse eeclesia;, &c." 
 
 Drake, \rilliam, a physician, born 1687, 
 at York, where he settled, after taking his 
 degrees at Christ-church, Oxford. In his 
 old age he collected various records, and 
 published a valuable history of York, with 
 copper-plates, &c. folio. He was the friend 
 of Mead, Fawkcs, &c. and died greatly re- 
 spected 1760, aged 7.3. 
 
 Drake, iioger, D.D. a physician, who 
 afterwards became a popular preacher in 
 London, and was one of the Savoy cotnmis- 
 sioners. He died after the restoration. He 
 was learned, pious, and charitable, aud wrote 
 
 some sermous, besides a sacred chronologv- 
 
 Drakexberg, Christian Jacob, the welt 
 known centenary of the north, was born at 
 ( Stravenger, Norway, 1624, and died at Aar- 
 } rhuys in 1770, aged 146. After living in ce- 
 I libacy till his llStlx year, he married a wi- 
 j dow aged 60. His great old age bi'ought 
 about him many respectable visitors, who 
 were pleased with his good sense, his humi- 
 lity, and the sound state of his faculties. 
 
 Drakenborch, Arnoldus, professor of 
 feistory and eloquence at Utrecht, died 1748, 
 aged 64. He is well known as the editor of 
 Livy, 7 vols. 4to. and Silius Italicus with very- 
 learned notes. 
 
 Dran, Henry Francis le, a famous sur- 
 geon and lithotoniist, who died at Paris 1770. 
 aged 85. He was author of observations on 
 surgery 2 vols, 12nio. — on gunshot wounds, 
 — on the various modes of lithotomy, — on 
 the operations of surgeiy, translated into 
 English by Gataker, &c. 
 
 Draper, sir William, an English gene- 
 ral, son of a collector of the customs at Bris- 
 tol, educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He embraced the military pro- 
 fession, and in the East-Indies acquired the 
 rank of colonel. In 1761 he was made bri- 
 gadier in the expedition against Belleisle, 
 and in 1763 he went with admiral Cornish 
 against Manilla. The place was taken, but 
 the ransom of four millions of dollars, which 
 the governor pledged himself to pay, was. 
 resisted by the Spanish government, and 
 the conquerers were thus robbed of their 
 expected reward. Draper, however, was 
 made in conseqtience of his sei'vices, knight 
 of the bath, and on the reduction of his re- 
 giment, colonel of the 16th. In gratitude 
 for his education he presented the colors of 
 the conquered fort to King's eoUege. In 
 1769 he engaged in the controversy with the 
 celebrated Junius, in defence of the marquis 
 of Gran by, and his two letters were answer- 
 ed with great spirit and severity by his un- 
 known antagonist, whom, however, he again 
 attacked under the signature of Modeslu''. 
 In October 1769, he Avent to America for 
 his health, where he married miss de Lan- 
 cey, daughter of the chief justice of New- 
 York. In 1779, he was mside lieutenant go- 
 vernor of Minorca, and on the surrender of 
 the place he exhibited twenty-nine chai*ges 
 against the governoi", Murray, twenty-seven 
 of which were deemed frivolous, and for the 
 other two, the governor M'as reprimanded; 
 after which the accuser was directed by the 
 court to make an apology to his general, to 
 which he acquiesced. He lived afterwards 
 in retirement^ and died at Bath 8th Januarv 
 1787. 
 
 Drayton, Michael, an English poet, 
 born at Harshull, in Warwickshire, 156S. 
 He was educated at Oxford, where, how- 
 ever, he took no-degree, and devoted him- 
 self early to the cultivation of the muses. 
 In 1593 he published the shepherd's garland, 
 afterwards re-printed under tlie name of 
 pastorals, and before 1598 he presented be- 
 fore the public his Barons' wars, England'sr 
 
DR ^3^ 
 
 ^eroical epistles, downfals of Robert duke 
 of Norraandv, Matilda, and Gaveston. Thus 
 distinguished as a favorite of the muses, he 
 welcomed the arrival of James I. iu a con- 
 ^s^raiulatory poena, but he met with marked 
 neglect instead of remuneration from the 
 court. In 1613 he published the first paxa 
 of his Poly-Olbion, a descriptive poem, 
 which ill its account of the rivers, raoun- 
 'rains, productions, antiquities, and remark- 
 able historical features, contains more cor- 
 rectness and truth of delineation than real 
 and sublime poetry. The metre of twelve 
 syllables is particularly oflensive, and the 
 
 DR 
 
 was born 1633 at Paris, and became M.D. at 
 M(mtpellier, and was appointed physician to 
 the king's forces in Flanders under Turen- 
 ne. He was afterwards physician to William 
 and Mary of England, and died at Leyden 
 May 169/", leaving a son of his own name. 
 He was not less esteemed as a private cha- 
 racter than as a medical man, a* he was hu- 
 mane, pious, benevolent, and learned. His 
 treatises on his profession are highty esteem- 
 ed. The fourth son of Drelincourt, Antho- 
 ny, was a physician at Orbes in Switzer- 
 land ; the fifth died at Geneva, studying divi- 
 
 ..-, „._ nity; the sixth, Peter, died dean of Ar- 
 
 poem is now regarded only for the accuracy magh; the other children died young, ex- 
 of its narrative and of its description. In cept a <laughter, who jnarried Mahioc, ad- 
 
 1627 Drayton published a second volume of 
 bis poems, containing the battle of Agin- 
 couit, miseries of queen Margaret, court of 
 fairies, quest of Cynthia, shcpheiV.s' syrena, 
 elegies, and a spirited satire against female 
 utfectation called mooncalf. In 1G30 another 
 volume ai)peared called the muses' ely.sium, 
 etc. Drayton died 1031, and was buried 
 timong the poets in Westminster-abbey. 
 Though called poet laureat, it is a compli- 
 mentary appellation, as Ben Jonson was the 
 laureat of this time. Di*ayton's works were 
 published in I'iS, in 1 vol. fol. and in 1753 in 
 10 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Drebel, Cornelius, a Dutch iihilosopher, 
 born at Alcmaer 157'J, died in London 1634. 
 As he pretended to be an alchymist some 
 curious particulars are related with respect 
 to his power to cause rain, eoid,&c. by the 
 operation of his machines. To his ingenuity- 
 some attribute the invention of the micros- 
 cope and the thermometer, to which some 
 add the telescope. Among other things he 
 V. rote de natura elementorum, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Drelincourt, Charles, a calvanjst mi- 
 nister, bom at Sedan, July 1595, and educa- 
 ted there and at Saumur. Though a pi'o- 
 testant and a powerful enemy against the pa- 
 pists, yet he was universally esteemed and 
 beloved by them there and at Saumur. His 
 discourses as a preacher were very edifying, 
 and his writings particularly consolatory, as 
 interesting the soul in tbat inward devotion 
 and sincerity of prayer which alone can 
 prove acceptable to the God of purit) . 
 Many of his writings, thirteen in number, 
 were controversial. Besides these lie pub- 
 lished consolations against the fear of death, 
 V hich have ]»assed through more than forty 
 editions, and have been translated into va- 
 rious languages, — 'his charitable visits, in 5 
 vols, and 3 vols, of sermons, &c. all equally 
 remarkable for tiie jiiely, devotion, and i-e- 
 ligious assertions with which they inspire 
 the attentire reader. He di»d the third of 
 November 101)9. He married in 1025, and 
 by his wife had sixteen children, the first 
 seven of whom were sons, and the rest six 
 sons and three daughters intermixed. The 
 eldest son Lawrence was an able preacher, 
 and liis sermons and sonnets were gi'eatly 
 esteemed. He died IGSI, aged 5U. Henry 
 the second son was minister, and publislied 
 ^Iso some se^-mons. The third son, Charles, 
 
 vocate of the parliament of Paris. 
 
 Dresserus, Matthew, a German, bom 
 at Eri'urt in I'huriugia, 1536. ^e became 
 professor of rhetoric and history at Erfurt, 
 and afterwards at Jena, and in 1581 accept- 
 ed the chair of polite leai-ning at Leipsic. 
 He engaged, though unwillingly, in the pue- 
 rile disputes which in those days divided the 
 attention of the leai'ned between the dis- 
 ciples of Aristotle and of Ramus. He was 
 learned and laborious, and by his influence 
 the confessiou of Augsburgh, was received 
 in the univei-sity of Leipsic. He died 1607. 
 He had been twice married. His writings 
 were chiefly on controversial subjects, and 
 are no longer rememboi-ed. 
 
 Drevet, Peter, two famous engraver 5 
 at Paris, who both died there 1739, the fa- 
 ther, aged 75, and tlie son 42. Their works 
 are highly esteemed. Claude, their relation 
 possessed also merit in the same line. 
 
 Dreux du Radier, John Francis, an 
 advocate, born at Chateauneuf Thimerais 
 10th of May 1714. He abandoned the bar for 
 the pursuits of hterature, but he did not gain 
 much reputation as a poet, as his verses 
 were dull, incorrect, and prosaie. His prose 
 writings are bibliothequehistorique politique 
 du Poitou, 5 vols. 12mo. — I'Europe illustree, 
 — tablettes, anecdotes des rois de France, 3 
 vols. ISmo. — histoires anecdotes des reines, 
 
 &CC. six vols. 12mo. He died tlie first of 
 
 Mai'ch, 17S0. Though sarcastic in his writ- 
 ings he was a benevolent man in hischaracter. 
 Drexelius, Jeremiah, a Jesuit of Augs- 
 burgh, who died at Munich 1638, aged i7. 
 His works were published at Antwerp two 
 vols, folio. He has a carious poem on hell 
 torments, in which he calculates how many 
 souls can be contained in a narrow space in 
 those dreadful regions. 
 
 Driedo, John, a learned divinity profes- 
 sor of Louvain, who died there 1535. His 
 abilities were engaged in the opposition of 
 the Lutheran Calvanists, and he published 4 
 vols. fol. on theological subjects. 
 
 Drixker, JEdwaru, an American cente- 
 nary, born Dec. 24lh 1G80 in a small cabin 
 where the corner of Walnut and Second- 
 streets, Philadelphia, now stand. At the 
 age of twelve he vent to Boston as appren- 
 tice to a cabinet-maker, and in 1745 return- 
 ed to Philadelphia, with his family, where 
 he lived the rest of his life. He was four 
 
DR 
 
 ^^^^7 
 
 DR 
 
 limes married, and hnd 18 children, all by 
 Jiis first wife, and before his death he had 
 a grandchild boi-n to one of his grandchil- 
 dren, being the fifth in succession from him- 
 self. He retained all his faculties to the last, 
 though his eyesight failed him some time 
 before his death. He lost all his teeth about 
 thirty years before he died. In his meals he 
 was moderate, but he eat often and never 
 took any supper, and he was never seen in a 
 state of intoxication. His memory contin- 
 ued so perfect that he could relate the min- 
 utest events in his youth, and never repeated 
 them twice to the same company. He had 
 the unusual happiness of seeing a place of 
 desolation, the lurking spot of wild beasts 
 and birds of prey, converted to a handsome. 
 
 his retirement he wrote the history of the 
 five Jameses, which was published after his 
 death. He also wrote other pieces which, 
 tended to pacify his countrymen, and rouse a 
 spirit of loyalty through the nation. He was 
 intimate with the learned men of the times, 
 with Drayton, Jonson, the marquis of Mon- 
 trose, &c. He married in 1644, and had 
 three children, and died 1649. His works, 
 consisting of poetry and prose, with his life 
 prefixed, were printed in folio, Edinbui*gh 
 1711. His son William was knighted by 
 Charles H. 
 
 Drummond, Robert Hay, second son of 
 the seventh earl of Kinnoul, by a daughter of 
 Robert Harley lord Oxford, was born 10th 
 Nov. 1711, at London, and educated at West- 
 
 populous, and florishing city, and after living minster-school and Chriet-church, where he 
 under seven sovereigns, and beholding the " " ' " 
 
 great Penn establish his treaty with the In- 
 dians, and the congress sign their alliance 
 with France, lie hailed the day which made 
 America a free independent republic. This 
 venerable man, deservedly respected for his 
 virtues n private life, died Nov. 17tli 1782, 
 aged 103. 
 
 Dro LINGER, Charles Frederick, privy 
 counsellor and librarian to the margrave of 
 Baden Durlach, was admired as a poet and 
 scholar. He died 1742, and his poetical 
 works appeared the next year at Basil in 8vo. 
 full of energy, elegance, and correctness. 
 
 Drou, N. a French advocate, distinguish- 
 ed for his eloquence as well as humanity. 
 He defended with zeal and ability the cause 
 of the poor as well as of the rich. He died 
 June 1783 much respected. 
 
 Drouais, Hubert, a painter, born at la j slavery 15 years. On his return he publish 
 Rouge, Normandy, died at Paris Feb. ytli ed, 1729, a very interesting account of that 
 1767, aged 68. He was the pupil of his j uncivilized country, which, though extraor- 
 
 was student. In 1736 he took orders, and 
 the next year was made king's chaplain, and 
 in 1743 was abroad with the king, before 
 whom he preached after the battle of Det- 
 tingen. His abilities, and particularly the 
 influence of his relations, insured his promo- 
 tion in the church, he became prebendary of 
 Westminster, in 1748 bishop of St. Asaph, in 
 1761 bishop of Salisbury, and soon after was 
 translated to York. He published six occa- 
 sional sermons, besides a sensible letter on 
 theological study, which was edited in one 
 vol. 8vo, 1803, wUh.his life. He died in 1773 
 leaving only three of sevei'al children by his 
 Avife, daughter of Peter Auriol, a London 
 merchant. 
 
 Dkury, Robert, was shipwrecked 1762, in 
 
 the Degrave East Indiaman, on the south 
 
 ' side of Madagascar, where he remained in 
 
 father, Avho was likewise a painter, and he 
 enjoyed the sublimest of satisfactions of sha- 
 ring with his parents and in the bosom of his 
 family the applauses which were liberally be- 
 stowed on the exertions of his pencil. By his 
 genius and industry he raised himself from 
 an humble situation to fame and opulence. 
 His son Germain John was a painter of pro- 
 mising abilities, and died at Rome 1790 aged 
 27. 
 
 Drouet, Stephen Francis, a laborious 
 Frencli writer, who edited Moreri and also 
 Lenglet's Methode, &cc. He died 1779, aged 
 54. 
 
 Drummond, William, a Scotchman, son 
 of sir John Drummond of Hawthornden, 
 where he was born 1585, He was educated 
 at Edinburgh, and in 1606 he passed over to 
 France and studied civil law at Bourges. He 
 however abandoned the pofession of the law 
 for the muses, and for the peaceful retire- 
 ment of Hawthornden, which soon became 
 disagi'eeable to him on the sudden death of a 
 young lady to M'hom he was betrothed. In 
 consequence of tliis he went to settle on the 
 continent, and resided for eight years be- 
 tween Rome and Paris, and travelled over 
 Germany, Italy, and France. He visited his 
 country afterwards, but soon left it on ac- 
 count of the civil broils of the time. During 
 
 dinary, is considered as accurate, as it cor- 
 responded with the papers of Mr. Benbow 
 who shared the calamity. Three only with 
 Drury escaped the ferocity of the natives. 
 
 Drury, Dru, a jeweller in the Strand, 
 London, better known as fellow of the Lin- 
 nsean society, and as a naturalist, and an in- 
 defatigable collector of curiosities. He died 
 Jan. 1804, and after his death there were 
 found in the neck of his bladder three large 
 oval stones, more than two inches long, and 
 one deep, nearly two ounces in weight. He 
 wrote three volumes on insects. It is sup- 
 posed that he was descended from Dru Dru- 
 ry a well known character in tlie reign of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Drusilla, Livia, daughter of Germani- 
 cus, disgraced herself by her incestuous com- 
 merce with her brother Caligula. She died 
 38 A. D. aged 29. 
 
 Drusius, John, a learned protestant, 
 born at Oudenard 1555. He was educated at 
 Ghent and Louvain, and upon his father's 
 settlement in England came to Cambridge, 
 where he learned Hebrew. His return to 
 France was prevented by the Bartholomew 
 massacre, and he went by invitation to Ox- 
 ford, where he became professor of the ori- 
 ental languages for four years, though only 
 22. He afterwards studied law at Louvain, 
 
DR 
 
 9'< 
 
 / 
 
 DR 
 
 and settled atLeyden as professor of oriental 
 languages, where he married, and then re- 
 moved in 1585, in consequence of the scanti- 
 ness of his salaiy, to Franeker, where he fil- 
 led the professor's chair with great credittill 
 his death in 1G16. He was very learned in He- 
 brew, and in the Jewish antiquities, and the 
 text of the old testament, as his works fully 
 evi nee. He had two daughters and one son. 
 One of the daughters married Curiander who 
 wrote the life of his father-in-law. His son 
 was so well skilled in the learned languages, 
 that he could write at 12 extempore in verse 
 and prose, and at 17 he made a Latin speech 
 to James I. which was much applauded. He 
 died at the age of 21, of the stone. He left 
 some learned works, so excellent that Sca- 
 liger declared that Dinisius the son knew He- 
 brew better than his father. 
 
 Drusus, son of Gerraanicus, was put to 
 death by Tiberius through the intrigues of 
 Sejanus, A. D. 93. 
 
 Drusus, M. Livius, an ambitious Roman, 
 murdered for his attempts to recommend 
 and enforce the agrarian law, B. C. 190. 
 
 Drusus, Nero Claudius, brother of the 
 emperor Tiberius, was honored with a tri- 
 umph for his victories in Germany, and died 
 B. C. 91, aged 30. 
 
 Drusus, son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
 was banished by the intrigues of Sejanus, 
 whom in a fit of resentment he had siruck, 
 A. D. 2S. 
 
 Dryander, John, aphysician and mathe- 
 anatician of Wetteren in Hesse, lecturer at 
 Marpurg, where he died 20th Dec. 1560. 
 His works are valuable on medicine and 
 mathematics, and his discoveries in astrono- 
 my and his invention of mathematical instru- 
 ments are important. 
 
 Dryden, John, an illustrious English po- 
 et, was born of a very respectable family at 
 Aldwincle near Oundle, Northamptonshire, 
 the 9th of Aug. 1631. He was educated at 
 Westminster under Busby, and at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He early gave proof of 
 superior poetical abilities, and even while at 
 school translated the third satire of Persius, 
 and wrote a poem on the death of lord Hast- 
 ings. In 1658 he published hei'oic stanzas on 
 Cromwell, and in 1660, Astrca redux, on the 
 restoration of Charles II. In 1662 he ad- 
 dressed a poem to chancellor Hyde, and 
 Ijublished his satire on the Dutch. In 1666 
 appeared his Annus-mirablis, and in 1668, he 
 was, on the death of Davenant, appointed 
 poet laureat and historiographer to the king. 
 He next Avrote his essay on dramatic poetr}', 
 inscribed to the earl of Dorset, and in 1669, 
 appeared his first play •* The wild gallant," 
 which was not well received, but ill success 
 did not however discourage him, as in the 
 space of 25 years he produced 27 plays. He 
 was satirized and ridiculed, in 1671, under the 
 character of Bays in the duke of Bucking- 
 ham's comedy of the Rehearsal, an attack 
 which he affected to despise, but Avhich he 
 fully resented by representing the duke as 
 Zimri in his Absalom and Achitophcl. In 
 i670 he published Mith lord Mulgrave his es- 
 
 say on satire, bat as it reflected on the cha- 
 racter of the duchess of Portsmouth and lord 
 Rochester, three men were hired soundly to 
 cudgel him for his insolence, in Wills' cofiee- 
 house Covent garden. In 16S0 he was con- 
 cerned in the translation of some of Ovid's 
 epistles, and the next year he published his 
 celebrated poem Absalom and Achilopliel, in 
 which he satirized severely the rebels who 
 espoused the cause of Monmouth against the 
 king. The king appeared under the name of 
 David, Monmouth of Absalom, Shaftesbury 
 of Achitophel, and Buckingham of Zimri. 
 This poem was deservedly popular, and was 
 translated into Latin verse by both Dr. Cow- 
 ard and the famous Atterburj'', but the au- 
 thor never could be persuadeil to finish the 
 story, as he was unwilling to shew Absalom 
 unfortunate. A second part indeed was 
 written by Tate to which Dryden contributed 
 about 200 lines, but far inferior to the first. 
 In 1681 appeared the Medal, a satire against 
 sedition, inconsequence of Shaftesbury's ac- 
 quittal, and the next year Religio laici Avas 
 published, and in 1683 the tragedy of the 
 duke of Guise, which pi'oved so oftensive to 
 the whigs. The translation of Mairabourg's 
 history of the league was published in 1684, 
 and the next year Dryden changed his reli- 
 gion to please his patron James 11. His con- 
 duct deservedly exposed him to the ridicule 
 and satire of ihe wits of the times, and par- 
 ticularly T. Browne, Burnetand Stillingfleet, 
 whose attacks he wished to repel by defend- 
 ing the llomish faith. His Hind and Panther 
 was published in 1687, but while he repre- 
 sents the church of Rome under the former 
 beast, and under the latter the church of 
 England, he betrays weakness of argument, 
 and a gross abuse of poetical talents, and his 
 ridiculous allusions are well and humor- 
 ously exposed in " the hind and panther 
 transversed to the story of the country mouse 
 and city mouse," by the united labors of 
 Montague lord Halifax, and of Prior. The 
 Britannia rediviva appeared in 1888, and on 
 that year the poet, in consequence of his re- 
 ligion, was removed from the appointment of 
 laureat, which was bestowed on Shadwell. 
 Lord Dorset however behaved with great 
 hbei-ality, and while as chamberlain he dis- 
 missed the catholic poet, he allowed a pen- 
 sion out of his own pocket equivalent to the 
 royal salary. The spleen of Dryden on this 
 occasion was discharged with astonishing ef- 
 ficacy on his successor in the Mac Flecknoe, 
 a satire, the severest that has appeared in 
 any country or language. About this time 
 he translated father Bouhour's life of Xavier, 
 and in 1693, he published the Juvenal of Per- 
 sius, assisted by some of his friends. In 1695 
 he translated in prose du Fresnoy's art of 
 painting, and two years after his Virgil ap- 
 peai'ed, a work which has in various e«litionB 
 continued to command the public admiration, 
 and which, as Pope observes, is notwithstand- 
 ing some human errors the most noble and 
 spirited translation in any language. In 169S 
 he published his fables ancient and modern 
 from Homer, Ovid, Boccace, and CliaUcer. 
 
DU 
 
 ^^Z 
 
 DU 
 
 Besides these mimerous works he was enga- 
 ged in the translation of some of Plutarch's 
 lives and various otlier nnscelhinies. Tliis 
 great man died in consequence of the inflam- 
 jnatiun in his foot caused by the growing of 
 ]iis nail mider the flesh, May the 1st, 1701, 
 and he was interred in Westminster abbey, 
 Avhere a monument was erected over his re- 
 mains by John Sheffield duke of Bucking- 
 ham. He had married lady Elizabeth How- 
 ard daughter of the earl of Berkshire, who 
 survived him eight years, by whom he had 
 three sons, Charles, John, and Henry. The 
 •eldest was usher of the i)alace to pope Cle- 
 ment H. and soon after his return to England 
 was drowned in the Thames near Windsor 
 IZOi. He had written some pieces. John 
 ivas the author of "the husband his own 
 cuckold," a comedy printed 1690. Henry 
 entered into a religious order. It is said in 
 Wilson's memoirs of Congre ve, that Dryden's 
 remains were indecentljviusultedby Je'fferies 
 the dissipated son of the chancellor, who 
 upon the pretence of paying greater honor 
 to the deceased poet, stopped the funeral in 
 the midst of the procession, and afterwards 
 4ilisdainfully left it to the care of an underta- 
 Icer. Dryden's character as a prose writer 
 is as well established as that of a poet. His 
 dedications, essays, prefaces, &u. are very 
 «legantand masterly productions, and display 
 great powers of judgment, criticism, and 
 erudition. His poems prove him one of the 
 greatest poets of his country, aTul as Congre ve 
 says, no man has written in any language, so 
 much and so various matter, and in so vari- 
 ous manners, so well. His ode on St. Ceci- 
 lia's day,.and his fables, though composed in 
 the latter part of life, show him in ima- 
 gination and fire even greater than himself. 
 For the correctness «f his prose he owned 
 himself indebted to the frequent reading of 
 Tillotson's e:<cellent writings. His dramatic 
 vorks are perhaps the least valuable of his 
 j»oetry, and he confesses himself to be not ve- 
 jy fit-for that sort of writing in whichhisprede- 
 cessors had shone so superior to himself. The 
 great fault and probably the only fault which 
 criticism can observe in his works is the as- 
 tonishing rapidity with which he composed, 
 whidi consequently prevented correctness, 
 and all the accuracy whicii must arise from 
 frequent meditation and impartial revision. 
 If he had wi'itten but the tenth part of what 
 he lias published, his name would have stood 
 liigh in the list of fame, and if he had ap- 
 plied himself only to one species of the vari- 
 ous subjects on which he has treated, still he 
 would have appeared a most respectable and 
 eminent author entitled to preference and 
 distinction. Dr. Johnson's critique on Dry- 
 dcn is well worth the most attentive perusal. 
 DuAREN, Francis, a French civilian, born 
 iit St. Brienne inBretagne 150'J. He taught 
 civil lav/ at Bourges, where he died 1559. 
 His works, which are chiefly on law, were 
 published in his hfe time, Lyons 1554, and 
 after his death a more complete edition ap- 
 peai'cd by his scholar Cisner 1579. 
 D u B c A G F , Mary An ne le Page, a French 
 
 lady, bornatUoueu 1710. She early dis- 
 ])layed her poetical powers by a spirited 
 translation into French of Pope's temple of 
 fame, and oftervvards of Milton's paradise 
 lost, and of tlie death of Abel. Her Ama- 
 zons, a tragedy, was received with flattering 
 ajiplavu-eiu 1749, and soon after her Colum- 
 biad, an epic poem in 10 cantos on the dis- 
 covery of America, proved Jier to be ani- 
 mated by the strongest fire of the muses. 
 She pul)I;shed besides, her travels through 
 England, Holland, and Italy, in the form of 
 letters, and also the composition which ob- 
 tained the first prize granted by the Itoueu 
 acaticmy in 1740. She was member of the 
 learned academies of Rome, Bologna, Pa- 
 dua, Lyons, Rouen, kc. and died August 
 f8().i. Her works were collected in three 
 vols, Lyons. 
 
 Dubois, William du, a French prelate, 
 son of an apothecary at Limosin. Though 
 originally but a valet in St. Michael's college, 
 Paris, he rose to cr>nsequence by the influ- 
 ence of the regent Orleans, to whom he was 
 reader, and afterwards preceptor, and whom 
 he ably supported in all his schemes of licen- 
 tious pleasure, and of wild ambition. In 
 1G93 he obtained the rich abbey of S^t. Just, 
 and .afterwards became counsellor of state, 
 and in 1717, passed as ambassador to Eng- 
 land to sign the triple alliance. He was next 
 appointed minister and secretary of state, 
 presented to the archbishopric of Cambray, 
 in 1721 made a cardinal, and in 1722 raised 
 to the dignity of prime mmister. He died 
 172.3, aged 07, leaving behind him the una- 
 miable character of a mean intriguing politi- 
 cian, of an immoral priest, and a designing 
 hypocrite. 
 
 Dubois, Dorothea, daughter of Annesley, 
 afterwards earl qf Anglesea, by Anne Symp- 
 son, married a musician, and endeavored by 
 her writings to reclaim her rights and privi- 
 leges from her father, who had meanly de- 
 nied his marriage with her mother, and dis- 
 owned her as his child. She wrote the di- 
 vorce, a musical entertainment, — and Theo- 
 dora, a novel, two vols. 1770, in which she 
 delineates her unfortunate history. She died 
 at Dublin 1774. 
 
 Dubois, Simon, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who came to England, Avhere he met great 
 encouragement. His battles, cattle, &c. were 
 highly finished. He died 1708. 
 
 D u 15 s, Charles Francis, a Frenchman, au- 
 thor of the life of Barillon bishop of Lucon. 
 He c^ontinucd the Liicon conferences in 17 
 vols. 12mo. and died 1724, dean of St. Lucon, 
 ged 03. 
 
 Dub OS, John Baptist, abbot of Resons, 
 died 1742, aged 72. He wrote critical re- 
 flections oti ]»oetry and painting, two vols. 
 12mo. critical history of the establishment 
 of the French monarchy in Gaul^ besides 
 some political pieces, &c. 
 
 DuBOS, Jerome, a Dutch painter, whose 
 representation of hell was finished with such 
 eflctt that it struck astonishment and terror 
 into the spectators. He lived in tlie begin- 
 ning of the 16t.h century. 
 
DU 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 DU 
 
 DuBOUCHER, Matthew, a native of Dax, 
 ■who published some law tracts, besides a 
 poem on friendship, a drama, and an opera 
 in three acts. He died 1801. 
 
 DuBRAU, orDuBRAvrusScALA, John, 
 bishop of Olmulz in Moravia, was born at 
 Filtzen in Bohemia, and died 1553. He was 
 employed as ambassador in Silesia, and was 
 the author of some learned works, especially 
 a valuable history of Bohemia, in 33 books, 
 edited 1575, and afterwards improved Frank- 
 fort 1688. 
 
 Due, Fronton du, Fronto Ducosus, a Jesuit 
 of Bourdeaux, well known as a learned critic 
 and an excellent Greek scholar, fie devot- 
 ed his time to study, devotion, and absti- I 
 nence. He is the editor of Chrysostom's | 
 work, six vols. fol. 1613, — three volumes of j 
 controversy, — of the history tragique de la ; 
 pucelle d'Orleaus, kc. He died of the st^ne 
 at Paris 27th September 1624. A stone 
 weighing five ounces was found in his blad- 
 der. 
 
 Due, John le, a Dutch painter, born 1636, 
 at the Hague, where he was director of the 
 academy of painting. He was the disciple 
 of Paul Potter, and equalled his master in 
 execution. 
 
 DueAKEL, Andrew Coltee, a learned an- 
 tiquarian, born at Greenwich, 1714, and ed- 
 ucated at Eton, and St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took the degree of LL.D. 
 He became member of Doctor's Commons 
 1743, and mai'ried 1749. In 1757 he was 
 made Lambeth librarian under tjie primate 
 Hutton, and he devoted himself with great 
 cai'c and assiduity in perfecting and improv- 
 ing the catalogues of that valuable eollection. 
 Of all his preferments that which pleased 
 him. most was his commissariate of Sc. Catli- 
 arine's, of which peculiar he has given a 
 very elaborate history, with beautiful en- 
 gravings. He was so devoted to the pur- 
 suit of antiquities, that he generally travelled 
 every year In company with his friend Sam- 
 uel Gale esquire, with a Camden's Britan- 
 Tiia and a set of maps, and by proceeding 
 about 15 miles a day, enjoyed the opportu- 
 nity of examining every place Avith leisure 
 and accuracy. He was a very clieerful and 
 liospitable man, and of his knowledge of 
 antiquities the best specimen is his history 
 of Croydon palace, and of Lambeth, besides 
 the account of Doctor's Commons, wliich he 
 did not live to complete. He died three 
 days after his return from his visitation as 
 ofiicial of Canterbury, at South Lambeth, 
 aged 72, 29th May 1785. 
 
 DucART, Isaac, a flower painter, horn at 
 Amsterdam. He painted generally on satin, 
 and with extraordinary eftcct. He died 1697, 
 aged 67. 
 
 DucAS, Michael, a Greek historian, au- 
 thor of a history of the Grecian empire from 
 Andronicus the elder to the fall of the em- 
 pire. Though his language is harsh and in- 
 elegant, yet he relates with accuracy and im- 
 partiality. The work was printed at the 
 Louvre, fol. 1649, and translated by Cousin 
 into French 1672. 
 
 DucHAL, James, a dissenting minister, 
 born in Ireland 1697, and educated at Glas- 
 gow, where he took t'he degree of D.D. Af- 
 ter being 11 years minister of a dissenting 
 congregation at Cambridge, on the removal 
 of his friend Abernethy from Antrim, he 
 succeeded him there, and at his death was 
 chosen minister of the congregation iu 
 Wood-street, Dublin. He died 1761. In 
 the decline of life he wrote above 700 ser- 
 mons, out of which v/ere selected tlie three 
 vols. 8vo. publi^ihed 1764. During his life he 
 published a volume of sermons. 
 
 DuCH ANCE, Gaspard, a French engr.aver, 
 who died 6th January 1757, aged 97. After 
 engaging on the engraving of Leda, lo, and 
 Danae, without draperies, he executed the 
 driving of the money changers, and the 
 Pharisee's supper. The palaces of France 
 are adorned with the best of his pieces. 
 
 DuCHAT, Jacob le, a Frenchman, born at 
 Metz 1658. He followed the profession of 
 the bar till the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, and in 1701, he settled at Berhn, 
 where he died, 1735. He was learned, and 
 he is known rather as an editor than an 
 author. He edited the Menippean satires, 
 the works of Rabelais, &c. and contributed 
 much to the completion of his friend Bajrle's 
 dictionary. A book called Ducatiana ap- 
 peared at Amsterdam 1738, two vols. 12ma. 
 Du CHAT EL, Gaspard, a deputy in the 
 French convention, celebrated for his able 
 and manly defence of the unfortunate Lewis 
 XVI. These honorable eiforts in the cause 
 of innocence were regarded by the tyrants 
 with envy, and Duchatel falely accused of 
 holding a treasonable correspondence with 
 the Vendean rebels, was guillotined Novena- 
 hber 1793. 
 
 DucH ATE let-d'Haraucourt, Lewis 
 Marie Florent due, a native of Sauinur, who 
 became colonel in the French army, and 
 was one of the (!eputies in the national as- 
 sembly. He was imprisoned for his attach- 
 ment to his royal master on the 10th August, 
 and fell on the scaffold November 1792, aged 
 66. He left memoirs of his mission as am- 
 bassador in England, lately published. 
 
 DucHE^ DE Vancy, .Joseph Francis, a 
 French poet born at Paris 29th October 
 1668. He Avas patronised by Madame de 
 Maintenon, and he er. gaged and insured 
 universal respect by the mildness of his 
 manners, his inoffensive conduct, and his 
 genuine wit, never directed against virtue 
 or religion. He was member of the academy 
 of inscriptions and belles lettres, and died 
 I4tli December 1704, aged ST. He wrote 
 three tragedies, Jonathan, Absalom and De- 
 boi'ah, besides ballets and pieces for the ope- 
 ra, which had gre.i.t merit, and were receiv- 
 ed with universal applause. His hymn.s, 
 sacred canticles, and edifying stories, com- 
 posjctl for the pupils at St. Cyr, possess great 
 excellence. 
 
 Di'CK, Arthur, a civilian born in Devon- 
 shire 1580, and educated at Exeter college, 
 and liart-hali, Oxford. He became fellow 
 of All-souls, and took his degrees in law, and. 
 
DU ^,^ 
 
 after travelling through France, Italy, and 
 Germany, he was made chancellor of Bath 
 and Wells, afterwards of London, and then 
 master of the requests. He suffered much 
 during the civil wars for his attachment to 
 the royal family, and died in his retirement 
 at ChisAvick 1649. He wrote vita Henrici 
 Chichele, &c. — & de usu et authoritate juris 
 civilis Romanorum in dominiis principium 
 Chrisiianorum, an useful book, often reprint- 
 ed. 
 
 Duck, Stephen, a poet of extraordinary 
 fortune, who from a thresher became the 
 respectable minister of a parish. Though 
 little blessed with educjition, he was natural- 
 ly endowed with a strong mind and perse- 
 vering temper; and at the ageof 24he began 
 to apply himself laboriously to the acquisition 
 of knowledge, and devoted to retired study 
 those few hours which he could spare from 
 the active and menial occupation of a servant. 
 By little and little he purchased a few and 
 necessary books, and, with a scanty library, 
 and great application, he became something 
 of a poet and of a philosopher. The lines 
 of Milton enriched bis imagination, and the 
 correctness of Addison's Spectators improv- 
 ed his understanding, and helped him in the 
 regular disposition of his thoughts. By de- 
 gfrees his poetical attempts became respecta- 
 ble, and, by being reported in his neighbor- 
 hood, were made known to some of the cler- 
 gy, and at last to queen Cax'oline, who, pleas- 
 ed with him, settled a pension of 30/. upon 
 him, and thus enabled him not only to live 
 independently, but to take orders ; after 
 which he was presented to tlie living of By- 
 rleet, Surry. In this new office he behaved 
 with great propi-iety ; he was followed as a 
 preacher, and respected as a man ; but his 
 spirits sunk into a dreadful melancholy, and, 
 in an unfortunate moment, robbed of his 
 reason, he threw himself from a bridge, near 
 Reading, into the Thames, and was drowned. 
 May or June 1756. His poems have been 
 published ; and though he was not a first- 
 rate poet, yet he possessed merit, and de- 
 served the censure of the cynical Swift. 
 
 DucLOS, Charles Dineau, historiographer 
 of France, and secretary to the French 
 academy, was born at Diuant, in Bretagne, 
 1705, and educated at Paris. In 1744 he was 
 mayor of Dinant, and in 1755 received a 
 patent of nobility, and died 26th March 1772, 
 respected and beloved. Though consider- 
 ed as one of the philosophers of France, he 
 proved by his conduct, writings and conver- 
 sation, that he was moderate in his opinions 
 and the friend of morality and virtue. He 
 never published any thing as historiographer, 
 and observed, that he never would ruin him- 
 self by speaking truth, nor debase himself by 
 flattery. His history of Lewis XV. was, af- 
 ter his death, lodged in the hands of the 
 minister. His works are, romances, ingeni- 
 o\is and interesting — the confessions of count 
 *** — the baroness de Luz — history of Lewis 
 XI. 3 vols. l2mo. — memoirs on the manners 
 of the 18th century — .\cajoH, &c. Though he 
 took Tacitus for his model,' he resembles him 
 
 DU 
 
 little in Ufs delineation of characters^ and the 
 interest of his narative. He was also engaged 
 in the dictionary of the academy, and in the 
 continuation of the history of that society. 
 
 Due LOS, Mary Ann, a French actress, of 
 great merit, born at Paris. She excelled 
 chiefly in the representations of queens and 
 princesses, and for many years engaged the 
 public applause. Her maiden name was 
 Chateauneuf; that of Duclos was assumed; 
 and she married, in 1730, Duchemin, an 
 actor, from whom she was divorced three 
 years after. She died at Paris 1748, aged 78. 
 DucREux, N. a native of Paris, eminent 
 as a painter. He was at Vienna to take por- 
 traits of the imperial family. He died at 
 Paris of an apoplexy, 1802, aged 64. 
 
 DucRoisy, Philibert Gassaud, a Frencli 
 actor, intimate with Moliere. It was for 
 him that the poet wrote the excellent char- 
 acter of his Tartuffe. 
 
 DuDEFFANT, N. a French lady, well 
 known in Paris for her knowledge of criti- 
 cism, her elegant taste, and her pleasing and 
 agreeable manners. She was acquainted 
 with all the learned men of the times, who 
 frequented her house. She died 1780, aged 
 84, the last thirty of which she had been 
 Wind. 
 
 DuDiTH, Andrew, a divine, born at 
 Buda, in Hungary, 6th February 1533, and 
 employed by Ferdinand II. in affairs of im- 
 portance, and rewarded with the bishopric 
 cf Tina, in Dalmatia. He was a man of 
 great learning, and of such application that 
 he is said to have transci^ibed three times 
 the works of Cicero, to make himself per- 
 fect master of his style and manner. He 
 was deputy at the council of I'rent, where 
 he became intimate with cardinal Pole ; 
 and at his return he embraced the protest- 
 ant religion, resigned his bishopric, and 
 married one of the queen's maids of honor, 
 by whom he had a son, who gave him great 
 trouble. After her death he married a sec- 
 ond time, and died 23d February 1589. His 
 works on physic, controversy, and poetry, 
 are numerous, and possess merit. He was 
 a man of great mildness, benevolence, and 
 regularity. 
 
 Dudley, Edmund, a celebrated lawyer 
 and statesman, born in 1462, of a respecta- 
 ble family. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and removed to Gray's inn ; and he became 
 so respectable for his knowledge of law, and 
 for his general information, that Henry VII. 
 admitted liim of the privy council, and made 
 him one of his favorites. In 1494 he married 
 Elizabetii Grey, daughter of viscount I'Isle. 
 In 1504 he was speaker of the house of com- 
 mons, and two years after he obtained the 
 stewardship of the rape of Hastings. His 
 services to his master were numerous ; and 
 it is said that Henry, to fill his coffers, used 
 this artful favorite, who, little regardless of 
 conscience or of reputation, joined with 
 Empson to oppress and harass the people, 
 and by various methods of influence, in- 
 trigue, or terror, extorted great fines and 
 ransoms, so that, according to Bacon, they 
 
DU 
 
 turned law and justice to wormwood and 
 rapine. This conduct, however, did not 
 pass unpunished. Henry was scarce in his 
 grave before the public indignation called tbr 
 the punishment of his wicked and corrupt 
 ministers ; and Empson and Dudley were 
 both yielded up by Henry VHI. and after 
 being attainted and convicted of high trea- 
 son, they lost their heads on Towerhill, 18th 
 August 1510. During his imprisonment in 
 the Tower, Dudley wrote "the tree of the 
 commonwealth, by Edmund Dudley, esq. 
 late counsellor to Henry VH. the same Ed- 
 mund being at the compiling thereof pris- 
 oner in the Tower, 1 Henry VIH." It is 
 still in manuscript. 
 
 Dudley, John, son of the above, baron 
 Malpas, viscount iTsle, earl of Warwick, and 
 duke of Northumberland, was born in 1502. 
 He was restored in blood from the igno- 
 minious attainder of his father, and soon be- 
 came known at court as the friend of Suf- 
 folk, of Wols^y, and of Cromvvell, and as 
 the favorite of the king. Henry, pleased 
 Avith the versatility of iiis talents, created 
 liim viscount I'Isle, and knigijt of the garter, 
 and afterwards, for his many services and 
 J.is great courage, appointed him high admi- 
 ral for life. He also received important 
 grants of church lands, and was nominated 
 one of the sixteen executors of the king's 
 will. On the death of Henry, Dudley was 
 succeeded as high admiral by sir Thomas 
 Seymour, brother to Somerset the protec- 
 tor ; but, as an equivalent for his loss of 
 dignity, he was created earl of Warwick, 
 and chamberlain. of England. His military 
 abilities were now employed against the in- 
 surgents of Norfolk, and, by a Avell mana- 
 ged negotiation, instead of fighting them, 
 he prevailed upon them to lay down their 
 arms, and to deliver up their leaders. His 
 influence in the cabinet was now so gi'eat,- 
 that the young king confided much to his 
 advice and authority ; he was made duke of 
 Northumberland ; and a short-lived recon- 
 ciliation was effected between him and the 
 duke of Somerset, by the marri.age of his 
 eldest son with the latter's daughter. Rivai- 
 ship, however, could never be extinguished. 
 Somerset, though uncle to the king, was 
 tried, condemned and executed for a pre- 
 tended conspiracy against Northumberland. 
 The victorious but guilty favorite now suc- 
 ceeded to all the honors of his fallen enemy, 
 he became chancellor of Cambridge, and 
 not only guided the young king, but in conse- 
 quence of his weak state of health determin- 
 ed to raise his own family to the sovereign 
 power. He with iwecipitation effected a 
 marriage between his fourth son, lord Guild- 
 ford Dudley, and lady Jane Gray, eldest 
 daughter of the duchess of Suffolk, in whose 
 favor he caused the yielding Edward to settle 
 the succession. No sooner had Edward expi- 
 red than Jane was eouve)-ed to the tower by 
 her ambitious father-in-law, ■and on the U»th 
 of July proclaimed queen. Submission to 
 these measures was demanded Xrom Mary, 
 and when the men of Suffolk rose up in her 
 V0L. I. 58 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 DU 
 
 favor, Nortliumberland advanced wiili a body 
 of troops to check the insurgents, lie soon 
 found however the unpopularity of his mea- 
 suref5, when he reached St. Edmundsbury, 
 no supplies arrived to support his plans, and 
 he retired to Cambridge, where seeing lus 
 followers deserting his standard, he affected 
 attachment to Mary, and caused her to 
 be proclaimed queen, and threw up his cap 
 into the air, in sign of joy. Mary pleasctl 
 with her succe.ss did not relent towards her 
 enemy, Northumberland was arraigned and 
 condemned, and he lost his head on Tower- 
 hill, after making a profession of the Ro- 
 mish religion 22d Aug. 1553. Thus fell this 
 powerful subject, wliose many virtues were 
 lost by a i-estless and at last fatal ambition, 
 v/hich swept away not only him but the in- 
 nocent lady Jane and her virtuous consort. 
 Northumberland had eight .sous and five 
 daughters, some of whom died before him. 
 Dudley, Ambrose, son of the preceding, 
 was born 1530. He was knighted for his 
 bravery against the Norfolk insurgents, and 
 shared the condemnation of his unfortunate 
 fatlier, but was pardoned by the queen 154J. 
 In 1557, he distinguished himself with his 
 two brothers Robert and Henry, at the 
 siege of St. Quintin, and for his gallant ser- 
 vices was res4;ored in blood by the kindness 
 of Mary, and Avas afterwards under Eliza- 
 beth created baron I'Isle and earl Warwick'. 
 His services to the countiy were great, and" 
 to his honor it is mentioned that he had no 
 share in the intrigues and disgraceful ii^eas- 
 ures of the times, and therefore was deser- 
 vedly called " the good earl of Warwick." 
 He died in consequence of the amputation 
 of his leg from a wound received in his val- 
 iant defence of Newhaven against the 
 French, Feb. 1589. Though three times 
 married he left no issue. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, baron Denbigh, earl of 
 Leicester, son of John duke of Northum- 
 berland, and brother of Ambrose earl of 
 Warwick, was born 1532. He became a 
 favorite at the court of Edward, and was 
 knighted, and in 1550, he married Amy 
 daughter of sir Jolm Robsart. Under Mary 
 he fell into the sariie disgrace as his father, 
 and he was condemned, but by the queen's 
 favor pardoned in 1554, and afterwards re- 
 stored in blood. On the accession of Eliza- 
 beth he became a great favorite, and was 
 made knight of the gartei*, master of the 
 horse, and a privy counsellor, and so much 
 honored by the queen and flattered by the 
 people, that he was called " the heart of 
 the court." Though opposed in some of his 
 measures by the earl of Sussex, he yet shar- 
 ed the queen's favor, and obtained the grant 
 of whatever lands and oflices he pleased, to 
 gratify his pride, or the avarice of his friends. 
 Elizabeth, to show how much she esteemed 
 him, proposed him in marriage to Mary' 
 queen of Scots, with the intention of admit- 
 ting him to share her bed, if that unfortunate 
 princess listened to tlie proposal. Mary 
 however rejected this offer from Dudley, 
 wlio it is said on tlie S*h of September 1560 
 
 dk 
 
Dir 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 BU 
 
 Iiad caused his ill-fated wife to be strangled 
 and thrown down a pair of stairs at Cuninor 
 near Abingdon, that she might not stand in 
 the way of his criminal ambition. In 1564 
 he was created earl of Leicester with unu- 
 sual solemnity, and to the honors of chancel- 
 lor of Oxford and high steward of Cambridge, 
 was added the order of St. Michael from 
 the king of France. About 1.572 he pri- 
 vately married lady Douglas Sheffield, but 
 though he had by her a son whom he cal- 
 led his base son, and a daughter, he never 
 acknowledged her as his v ife, and when he 
 espoused lady Essex, he, after attempting 
 in vain to pacify her, and to silence her pre- 
 tensions to his hand and heart, endeavored 
 to cuf her off by poison, from which she 
 however escaped, with the loss of her hair 
 and nails. When on hcfr progi'ess, Elizabeth 
 nnd her suite were sumptuously entertained 
 for 17 days at Kenilworth castle, Warwick- 
 shire, a mansion which the earl had obtain- 
 ed from the favor of his mistress, and had 
 embellished at the expense of 60,000/, 
 Though Leicester stood so high in the gra- 
 ces of the queen, there were not wanting at- 
 tempts to destroy his influence and conse- 
 quence. Elizabeth was highly displeased 
 with his union with lady Essex, of which she 
 had been for some time kept ignorant, and 
 in 1584 a viruJont attack was made on the 
 favorite by a work called " Leicester's com- 
 Mionwealth," which exhibited him in the 
 odious character of an atheist, a traitor, a 
 public oppressor, and a monster of ambition, 
 cruelty and lust. This fdmous book, con- 
 sidered as so hostile to overgrown ministers, 
 and afterwards republished to bring into dis- 
 grace the government of Charles I. and 
 Anne, was read with avidity by the people ; 
 hut Blizabeth screened her favorite with 
 the shield of her never-ceasing partiality and 
 esteem. In 1585 he went to the Low Coun- 
 tries as governor, at the request of the dis- 
 tracted inhabitants, but his conduct was dis- 
 pleasing to the queen, and he was recalled, 
 and though criminated by his enemies for 
 violence and maladministration, he uas re- 
 instated in the royal favor. In 1588 he was 
 made lieutenant-general of the army assem- 
 bled atTilbury to oppose the Spanish arma- 
 da, and he there received high and flattering 
 commendation from the queen. He died 
 Sept. 4th, 1588, at Cornbury, Oxfordshire, 
 and was buried with great magnificence at 
 Warwick. This ambitious favorite was^en- 
 dowed with great talents ; the influence 
 which he possessed over the queen he main- 
 tained by his intrigues and duplicity. He 
 affected regularity and piety to an offensive 
 degree, but when his views were thwarted, 
 neither virtue nor innocence could resist the 
 secrecy of his measures, or the perseverance 
 of his guilt. Poisoning was the favorite 
 recipe to which he had recourse to remove 
 his enemies or rivals. He left the greater 
 part of his estates to^ his base son Robert. 
 
 "Dudley, Robert, son of the earl of Lei- 
 cester by lady Douglas Sheffield, was born 
 at Sheen in Sun-ev 1573. His bii-th was 
 
 carefully concealed from the knowledge oC 
 queen Elizabeth, as well as of lady Essex, to 
 whom the earl was either betrothed or mar- 
 ried. He was sent to school at Offingham in 
 Sussex, and removed to Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, where he became known for his many 
 mental and personal accompUshments, 
 Though he inherited the better part of his 
 father's estate, after the death of his uncle 
 Ambrose, yet dissatisfied with a life of indo- 
 lence, he projected a voyage to the South 
 seas, which however the government would 
 not suffer to proceed, till Nov. 1594. His first 
 wife was the sister of the famous ThomasCa- 
 vendish, and for his second he took Alice 
 daughter of sir Thomas Leigh. In 1605, he 
 commenced a suit to prove the legitimacy 
 of his birth, but in this he was opposed by 
 the lady dowager of Essex, who threatened 
 to prosecute him for a conspiracy. Upon 
 this he retired to the continent, where he 
 assumed the title of the earl of Warwick, 
 for which he was summoned back to Enjf- 
 land, and on his refusal his property was 
 forfeited to the crown during his life. He 
 settled at Florence, where he was patron- 
 ised by the duke Cosmo II. and by the influ-> 
 ence of his consort, sister to the emperor 
 Ferdinand II. he was created a duke of tho 
 Roman empire, and ten years after he was 
 enrolled by pope Urban VIII, among the 
 Roman nobility. These high honors were 
 deserved by the ser%'ices which he performed 
 for his patrons. He formed the plan foi' 
 draining the extensive morass between Pisa 
 and the sea, and by his wise regulations he 
 raised Leghorn from an insignificant town, 
 to a respectable and populous sea port. He 
 lived in great magnificence, and to his titles 
 assumed that of duke of Northumberland. 
 He died at his castle of Corbello, three miles 
 from Florence, Sept. 1659. In philosophy, 
 chemistry, and physic, he Mas as eminent 
 as in pontics. The account of his voyage is 
 published in Hackluyt's collection, and hia, 
 principal work besides is ** del arcano del 
 mare, ' &c, Florence 16.30,1646. It is ver\- 
 valuable for its charts and plans, and for pro- 
 jects there offered for the improvement of 
 commerce and navigation. He also wrote 
 a proposition to bridle the impertinence of 
 parliaments, &c. which was submitted to 
 James, and which was intended to pave the 
 recall of the intriguing author to England ; 
 but instead of being approved it drew upon 
 him the censui'e of politicians, and v/as made 
 a charge of indirect accusation against 
 James and his unfortunate sou. Though he 
 left his wife lady Alice and four daughters 
 in England, yet he afterwards, by a dispen- 
 sation from the pope, married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of sir Robert Southwell, a young 
 lady who had accompanied him in his exile 
 in the habit of a page, and who atoned for 
 the follies and the immodest conduct of her 
 youth, by the exemplary deportment of a 
 respectable matron. By her he had a son, 
 Charles, who called himself earl of War- 
 wick, and four daugliters. 
 DuEFET, Thomas, from the professioix 
 
DU 
 
 ^^y 
 
 DU 
 
 'ot' a milliner, rose to the rank of a dra- 
 matic writer. He travestied Dryden, Shad- 
 well, and Settle, but bis plays, which for a 
 while commanded the public attention, have 
 long since been forgotten. His Mock tcm- 
 
 drals, which were afterwards deposited iu 
 the library of his friends. He was with 
 Charles at the battle of Edge-hill, and at the 
 siege of Oxford, where he was in 164'2, 
 made M. A. Upon the reduction of Oxford 
 
 pest. Psyche, Emperors of Morocco, are i he returned to London, and after compound- 
 
 mentioned, but they lived for a day. He 
 florished in the 17th century, but the time 
 of his death is not mentioned. 
 
 DuFUESNE, Abraham Alexis Quinault, 
 a French actor of eminence. The noblest 
 characters of the theatre Avere exhibited by 
 him with great success, but it is remai-ka- 
 able that in private life, he could scarce for- 
 get the authority which he exercised as a 
 theatrical monarch. He died 1767 aged 72. 
 
 DuFRESNOY, Charles Alphonse, a na- 
 tive of Paris, who acquired some emin- 
 ence as a painter, and as a poet. He died of 
 a paralytic sti'oke 1605, aged 54. 
 
 DuFRESNY, Charles Hiviere, a native of 
 Paris, called grandson of Henry IV. from 
 liis great i-esemblance to that monarch. He 
 was employed about the court, in laying out 
 the garden and pleasure grounds, and when 
 dismissed he became a dramatic writer. 
 His works were published in G vols. 12rao. 
 He died very poor 1724, aged 86. 
 
 DuGARD, William, son of a clergyman, 
 was born at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, 
 1606, and educated at Worcester school, and 
 Sydney college, Cambridge. About 1631 
 he was appointed master of Stamford school, 
 and in 1637 master of Colchester school, and 
 1644 master of Merchant taylors,* London. 
 He was displaced for assisting iu the print- 
 ing of Salmasius's defence, and was impri- 
 soned in Newgate, and his wiie and child- 
 ren reduced to poverty, 1650. Upon his 
 release he opened a private school, the same 
 year, and the following September was rein- 
 stated at Merchant-taylers.' In 1662 however 
 he was ejected for the violation of some of the 
 rules, and opened a school in Coleman-street, 
 where he had 193 scholars. He was a man 
 of great learning, and much and deservedly 
 esteemed as a teacher. He died 1682. His 
 " Lexicon Grrcjci Testamenti" has been im- 
 proved and edited by Bowyer. He wrote 
 besides a compendium of rhetoric, a Greek 
 grammar, a selection of Lucian's dialogues, 
 
 DuGDALE, sir William, an eminent his- 
 torian and antiquary, born at Shustoke near 
 {joleshill, Warwickshire, 12th Sept. 1605. 
 He was educated at Coventry grammar- 
 school, and instructed by his father in civil 
 law and history. In 1623 he mai'ried at his 
 f^jther's request, and tw o years after settled 
 at Blythe-liall near Coleshill, on an estate 
 v/hich he purcluised. He devoted himself 
 deeply to the study of antiquities, and in 
 1638 he came to London, and by the influ- 
 ence of his friends Hatton and Spelman he 
 luocuredan appointment in the Heralds' of- 
 iicc. Ill tills favorite I'etreat he had the 
 jueans of improving his collections, and by 
 x\\(i encouragement of sir Christopher Hat- 
 con he was employed in taking draughts of 
 the most cdebrated of the English cathe- 
 
 ing for his estate he applied himself labori 
 ously with his friend Dodsworth in complet- 
 ing their collection from the records of the 
 Tower, and other places. Of his Monasti- 
 j con Anglicanum the iirst volume appeared 
 in folio 1655, the second 1661, and the third 
 1673, a curious collection of all the founda- 
 tion charters of the dissolved monasteries. 
 His antiquities of Warwickshire were pub- 
 lished in 1656, after the laborious researches 
 of 20 years, of which valuable compilation 
 appeared in 1730 by Dr 
 
 iditiou 
 
 a second 
 
 Thomas. His history of St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral was published in 1658, and it was af- 
 terwards greatly improved and edited by Dr. 
 Maynard. At the restoration, he was made 
 norroy king at arras, and in 1677 created 
 garter, and knighted by the king. He died 
 at Blythe-hall, of a cold, 10th Feb. 1686, in 
 his 81st year, and was buried in Shustoke 
 church, whei-e he had erected a tablet of 
 white marble. With his wife, who died 
 18th Dec. 1681, aged 75, he lived 59 years, 
 and by her he had several children. One of 
 his daughters married Ash mole of antiqua- 
 rian memory, his sons all died young except 
 John, who was Windsor herald, and noi'roy 
 king at arms, and was knighted, and died 
 Aug. 31st, 1690. Besides the works already 
 mentioned, sir William wrote the history of 
 drainingand embankingfens and marshes, &c. 
 republished 1772 — Spelman's councils frona 
 1066 to 1531 — Spelman's glossarium arclia- 
 iologicum,&tc. — origines juridicales,&c. — the 
 baronage of England three vols, fol. wbiclr, 
 though the labor of 30 years, is not without 
 inaccuracies — a short view of the late trou- 
 bles in England, &c. — the ancient usage of 
 bearing arms, 8ic. — a perfect copy of the 
 summons of nobility to the great councils, 
 &c. Many of his manuscript collections, to 
 the number of 43 vols, in folio, he gave to 
 the university of Oxford, where they are 
 now preserved, besides several books to the 
 Heralds' office, London. 
 
 DuGOMiER, N. a French general, born 
 at Martinico. In the revolution war he was 
 appointed commander in Italy, and was af- 
 terwards snccessful in retaking 'i'oulon from 
 the English. He next was employed against 
 the Spaniards, and defeated them in various 
 encounters; but he was killed 17th Nov. 
 1794, at the battle of St. Sebastian. His 
 name was inscribed in the Pantheon. 
 
 Duguav-Trouix, Hene, a celebrated 
 French admiral, born at St. Maloss, 10th June 
 1673. He early distinguished himself by his 
 intrepidity and perseverance, and in various 
 encounters with the English and the Dutch 
 he came off victorious. In 1711 he took Rio 
 Janeiro fi-om the Portuguese, arul every 
 where in the Indies, and also iu the Mediter- 
 ranean against the corsairs, he displayed the 
 greatest skiU united with the most tonsum- 
 
DU 
 
 <r^^ 
 
 DU 
 
 tnate wisdom. This brave man, honored bv 
 
 the kin":, and respected by the natioii, died 
 at Pjtris 27th Sejjt. 1736. His mcmoiro ap- 
 peared at Paris, in 4to. by de la Garde. 
 
 DuGUET, James Joseph, a French wri- 
 ter, born 1649. Me Atas a priest of the or- 
 atory, and'wetit to Brussels to his friend Ar- 
 -naiild, but returned to Paris, wliere lie led 
 a very retired life, and died \l'c2i. He was 
 a man of great learning, and uncommon 
 sweetness of manners, but his fina opposi- 
 tion to the bull unigenitns, exposed him to 
 much obloquy and Iroubie. He wrote near- 
 ly 20 works in French, on theological sub- 
 jects, in a style clear, pleasing, and perspi- 
 cttous. 
 
 DuHALDE, John Baptist, a French Je- 
 suit, born at Paris, His historical and ge- 
 ographical description of the empire of Chi- 
 na, and Chinese Tartai-y, in 4 vols. fol. was 
 compiled from the records of French 
 missionaries, a work of great merit. He 
 •wrote besides Latin poems — essays — letters 
 — &c. and died at Pai'is, 1743, aged 69. 
 
 DuHAMEL, John Baptist, a French ec^ 
 clesiastic, born at Vire, 1624, and eminent 
 as a philosoplier and a man of science. He 
 published astronomia physica — de mcteoris 
 & fossilibus — de mentehumana — decorpore 
 animate — de consensu veteris & novte philo- 
 .sophisB — and other learned works, and died 
 6th August 1706, aged 82. 
 
 D»iiAMEL DU MoNCEAxr, Henry Le%v- 
 iSf a learned Frenchman, who devoted him- 
 self to the improvement of agriculture and 
 commerces of the marine and of mechanical 
 ;\rts. He published various ingenious works, 
 and died universally respected for his abil- 
 ities and patriotic exertions, 23d xVug. 1782, 
 aged 82. 
 
 DuHA^^, Lawrence, a professor ofphy- 
 Ipsophy for 38 years at the college du Pies- 
 sis. He died canon of Verdun 1730, aged 
 70. He left a book " philosophus in utram- 
 que partem," of great use in scholastic sub- 
 tilties. 
 
 UuiLLius, Nepos, the first lloman who 
 obtained a naval victory over Carthage. A 
 column was erected to his honor, B. C. 260. 
 DuiSBURG, Peter de, a native of Duis- 
 bui'g, in the duchy of Clevc3, in the I6rh 
 century, author of a chronicle of Prussia 
 from 1226 to 1325. It contains many valu- 
 able particulars. 
 
 DxTjARDi:':, Charles, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Amsterdam. He died at Venice 
 1674, aged 34. He was the able disciple of 
 Bergham, and excelled in the delineation of 
 miarkets, robbers, mountebanks, and land- 
 scapes. His productions urc greatly esteem- 
 ed. About 50 of lil3 engravings in aquafor- 
 tis are preserved. 
 
 Duke, liichard, a poet, educated at West- 
 minster and made fellow of Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees of M. 
 A. 1683. Hewastlie friend of Otway, and 
 of the poetical wits of the times, and was 
 for some time tutor to the duke of Rich- 
 mond. His poetry is not very respectable. He 
 ■w^t'Ote a poem on the marriage of Anne and 
 the dufec of Denmark. He vra"? made chan 
 
 lain to the king, prebendary of Glocester^ 
 and obtained the rich living of Witney, Ox- 
 fordshire, Avhei-e he was found dead in his 
 bed, after returning the preceding evening" 
 from an entertainment, 10th Feb. 1711. He 
 published a volume of sermons and another 
 of poems. 
 
 DuLAU, John Marie, a native of Peri- 
 gueux, M'ho became archbishop of Aries, 
 and wasin the states general, of 1789- Though 
 he did not venture, through timidity, to 
 speak in favor of moderation, yet he wrote 
 with spirit and ability against" the banish- 
 ment of the priests. He was arrested by the 
 suspicious jacoWns, and was one of those 
 wretched victims sacrificed in the prison of 
 the CarmcsinSept. 1792. 
 
 Dui.AUKENT, N. a native of Artois, who 
 employed his great abilities on subjects of 
 licentiousness. The best known of his im- 
 moral works, is his Compere Matthieu, S 
 vols. I'his wortliless ecclesiastic, who prov- 
 ed so great an enem}- to religion and morali- 
 t}-, died about the end of the last century. 
 
 DuLLART, Herman, a painter and poet 
 of Rotterdam, the disciple of Rembrandt. 
 He was of a weak constitution, and refused 
 to become one of the magistrates of Rotter- 
 dam. He so successfully imitated his mas- 
 ter, that their pieces are frequently mista- 
 ken one for the other. He was well skilled 
 in music. He died 1684, aged 48. 
 
 Dumas, Lewis, a native of Nisraes, natu- 
 ral son of Montcalm, lord of Candiac. Though 
 bred to the law, lie was eminent as a matlie- 
 matician, and invented the bureau typograph- 
 ique, to teach children reading and writing 
 mechanically, and also another instrument 
 for musical instruction. He wrote an histo- 
 ry of Mary queen of Scots, and died 1744, 
 aged 68. 
 
 DuMEE. Joan, a learned lady, born at Pa- 
 ris. She married very young, and at tbe 
 age of 17 lost her husband, wlio fell in Ger- 
 many at the head of his company. She de- 
 vote«l herself with unusual application to a-s- 
 tronomy, and published at Paris, in 1680, 
 ** discourses of Copernicus on tbe mobility of 
 the earth," 4to. in which she displays great 
 knowledge and extensive erudition.- 
 
 DuMESNiL, N. a ])rofossor of rlietoric 
 at Paris, autlior of Latin synonvms. He died 
 at Valogiie 1802, aged 82. 
 
 DuMONT, Jolin, baron of Carlscroon, his- 
 toriographer to t]:e emperor, fled fi-om France 
 to Holland, upon the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes. He wrote *' des memoirs poli- 
 tiques, &:c."4 vols. l2nio. an useful perform- 
 ance, which contains every fact of import- 
 ance fron) the pe.ice of Monster, to the year 
 1676 — Iviivcls in France, Italy, }<cc. 4 vols. 
 12mo. — uriiversal diplomatic body, kc. 8 volfj. 
 fol. — Historical letters, kc. lie died about 
 1726 at a gi-eat age. ' 
 
 DuMONT, George, a native of Paris, se- 
 cretary to the French cntbassy at Peters- 
 burg. He was author of hii.tf)ry of the com- 
 merce of English colonies — present state of 
 English commerce-— treatise on the circula- 
 tion of crcdir, Kc. and diejl 1788, aged 03. 
 
DU 
 
 ^4^f 
 
 DU 
 
 D.UMONT, N. a French painter, surnamed 
 the koraan. He died at Paris 17S1, very old. 
 His pieces possess merit. 
 
 DuMOURiER, Anthony Francis Diiperier, 
 a native of Paris, eminentas a commissary in 
 tiie French armies. He Avas author of lii- 
 chardet, a poem, 2 vols. — some comedies 
 translated from the Italian, Spanish, and 
 English, — an opera, &c. He died 17Gr, aged 
 CO. 
 
 Dux, David Ei'skin.e lord, hoiMi at Dun, 
 and educated at St. Andrew's and Paris, 
 ■where he studied tlie law. He avus called to 
 the har, 1G96, and opposed the Scottish union, 
 hut was a benoiactor to the persecuted epis- 
 copal clergy. He was called to the bench 
 1711, and took the name of Dun, He died 
 at Dun 175.5, five years after he had retired 
 from the court ©f justiciary, aged 85. His 
 ♦* advices," 12mo. is an excellent perform- 
 ance. 
 
 Dunbar, William, an eminent poet of 
 Scotland, born 1465 at Sal ton, on the south 
 of East Lothian. He was originally poor, and 
 after travelling as a noviciate of the francis- 
 can order, he returned liorae in his 25th 
 year. His " thistle and the rose," was Avrit- 
 ten on the marriage of James IV. of Scotland 
 with Margaret daughter of Henry VII. but 
 wliilsthe expected ecclesiastical preferment 
 for the offering of his poetry, he unfortunate- 
 ly was disappointed ; for the great listen with 
 delight to the flattering compliments of the 
 learned, but seldom reward merit. He wrote 
 besides, the golden terge — the frcirs of Ber- 
 wick — the twamarrit wemen — and the wedo. 
 His poetry is commended by VVarton, as 
 next in rank to Chaucer's and Lydg;ite's, and 
 Pinkerton, wilh national partiality, says, that 
 lie surpasses the morals and satires of Lang- 
 land, Chaucer's humor and knowledge of life, 
 Gowcr's allegoi'y, and the description of 
 Lydgale. His works were published with 
 learned notes by sir David Dalrymple. He 
 died about 1580, 
 
 l)u>:cAX, Mark, a Scotch physician, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy, and principal of the 
 Calviuists' college at Saumur. He was invi- 
 ted by James I. to settle near his person, 
 which he declined, and lie died 1640 at vSau- 
 mur, where he had married. He wrote 
 some philosophical works, and a treatise 
 against the possession of the UrsnUne nuns of 
 London, which excited some public resent- 
 jiieiit against liim. 
 
 Du^' CAN, Daniel, an eminent pljysician 
 ]iorn at Montauban in Ijanguedoc, 1649, of a 
 i";unily of Scottish original. The lof;s of iiis 
 parents while in his cradle, was compensated 
 by the paternal attention of liis mother's 
 brother, Daniel Paul, a learned counsellor 
 of Toulouse, who had him educated at Puy 
 Laurens, and at Montpellier, where, under 
 the care of Dr. Charles Babeyrac, he studied 
 eight years, and when 'J4 he took his degree 
 ofM. D. From Montpellier he came to 
 Paris, where he resided seven years, and 
 published his " explication nouvelle k me- 
 ^haniquc des actions animales, 1678," which 
 If as well received, and the foUoAving year lil» 
 
 visited London, for business as welP as to 
 make inquiries into the effects of the plague 
 of 1665. After a residence of two yeai's he 
 was recalled to Paris, on acciount of the de- 
 clining health of his great friend and patron 
 Colbert. About this time he published his 
 " chymie naturelle, on explication de la nour- 
 riture de Panimal," Avhich, when completed 
 in three parts, was read Avith universal ap- 
 plause. On the deatli of Colbert he left Pa- 
 ris, 16S3, and retired to Montauban with the 
 intention of selling his property and settling 
 in London. Here, however, he eontinueS 
 tdl the persecution against the pi-otestants 
 forced him for refuge to Geneva, and after- 
 wards to Berne, where he obtained the pro- 
 fessorship of anatomy. After residing at 
 Berne eight or nine years, he went to attend 
 the princess of the landgrave of Hesse Cas- 
 sel, where, for three years he was treated 
 with the respect due to his merit. At this 
 time he wrote his popular treatise on the 
 abuse of hot liquors, especially tea, coffee, 
 and chocolate, Avhich had lately been intro- 
 duced into Germany, and he published it af- 
 terwards at Rotterdam 1705, at the request 
 of Dr. Boerhaa\-e. His character and the 
 benevolence Avith Avhich he treated the va- 
 rious prote.stant emigrants whom persecution 
 drove out of France, recommended Iiira 
 strongly to the king of Prussia, bj- whom he 
 Avas honorably invited to Berlin, Avhere,. 
 though physician to the household, he staid a 
 little time and removed to the Hague. B'or 
 12 years he resided at the Hague and finally 
 settled in London in 1714. He died in Lon- 
 don April 30tb, 1735, aged 86. This amiable 
 man, so universally respected for his human- 
 ity and benevolence, wrote besides the books 
 already mentioned " histoirc de I'animal, 
 &c." and left besides several manuscripts ojx 
 medical subjects. His conA'ersation " says 
 liis biographer," Avas easy, cheerful and in- 
 teresting, pure from all taint of part)' scan- 
 dal or idle raillery; this made his company 
 desired by all who had a capacity to know its 
 value, and he afforded a striking instance that 
 religion must naturally gain atrength from 
 the successful study of natui-e. It is remai'k- 
 ablc that for three generations before him 
 medicine foiuid most respectable professors 
 in his family. 
 
 Duncan, William, a learned Avriter, pro- 
 fessor of pliilosophy in the Marischal college 
 of Aberdeen. He avus born at Aberdeen m 
 July 1717> and Avas educated there under the 
 celebrated Dr. i^iackAvell. He came to Lon- 
 don in 1739, and there cliiePiy employed him- 
 self in Avi'iting for the booksellers. HisAvorks 
 appeared generally Avithout his name. He 
 translated some books from the Frencji, and 
 Avas concerned in tiiat tr;insiation of Horace 
 known under the name of Watson. He was 
 the coadjutor of i3r. Johnson, Campbell, and 
 Fordyce, in tise preceptor Aviiich Dodsley 
 published, and he wrote for bis share the lo- 
 gic:;! part. He also translated several of 
 Cicero's orations, and likewise Ccesar's com- 
 mentaries which appeared in 1752, folio, 
 with fine cuts, lu 1753 Ire removed to Aber- 
 
DU 
 
 Y 
 
 Been where he had been the preceding year 
 appointed professor of philosophy. He died 
 a bachelor May 1st 1760, aged 43. Though 
 a man of no superior genius, he possessed 
 taste, judgment, and good sense, and his 
 abilities were* rather solid than shining. He 
 was universally beloved in private lifp. 
 
 Duncan, Adam lord, a well known Eng- 
 lish adniira!, born at Dundee of a respectable 
 family. As a younger son he was bred to the 
 sea, and in 1761, was made post captain. He 
 served under Keppel as his captain, and in 
 17S7 was made rear admiral, in 1703 vice ad- 
 miral, and in 1795 admiral of the blue. His 
 station during the late war was in the north 
 &ea to block up the Texel, but in his tempo- 
 rary absence during the mutiny of the fleet, 
 the Dutch escaped from their ports, and 
 were soon brought to an engagement by the 
 Knglish admiral, near Camperdown, within 
 five miles of their own shores. On this cele- 
 l>rated day, lUh October 1797, the Dutch ad- 
 miral De Winter struck with eight ships to 
 the superior valor of the English, and in re- 
 ward for his conduct Duncan was created 
 the 21st of the same montli viscount Duncan 
 of Camperdown, baron Duncan of Lundie, 
 Perthshire, with a pension of 2000/. on him- 
 self and his two successors in the peerage. 
 Ijord Duncan, whose character in private life 
 as a man and as a christian, was equal to his 
 bravery as a seaman, died 1804. He was in 
 stature a comely pferson, full six feet three 
 inches tall, so that lie observed jocosely to the 
 Dutch admiral who was likewise a man of 
 tall stature, I wonder how you and 1 have es- 
 caped the balls in this hot battle. During the 
 mutiny of his fleet the admiral addressed the 
 crew of Ids ship, the Veteran, with a tone of 
 afteetion and of firmness, and in a speech so 
 sensible and so judicious, as to call forth the 
 admiration even of bis rebellious crew. 
 
 DuNCOMBE, WiiKam, an English writer, 
 liorn at Stocks, Hertfordshire. In 1726 he 
 married the only sister of John Hughes, 
 whose poems he edited in two vols. 12mo. 
 1735, and the miscellanies of the other bro- 
 ther Jabez, in one vol. 1737. He translated 
 Racine's Athaliah, wliich met Avith applanse, 
 and afterwards edited the works of Mr. 
 Needier, and he produced his L. J. Brutus 
 on the boards of Drurylane, and it was pub- 
 lished in 1735 and 1747. He besides edited 
 «ome of Herring's sermons, and published 
 Horace in English verse by several hands 
 1757. He died 26 February 1769, aged 80. 
 DuNCOMBE, John, son of the preceding, 
 ■was born in 1730. He was educated at pri- 
 vate schools at Romford and Felsted, where 
 he disx>layed great regularity, uncommon ap- 
 plication, and superior talents. At the age 
 of 16 he was admitted at Benet's college, 
 Cambridge, at the i-ecommendation of arch- 
 bishop Herring his father's friend. In 1750 
 he was chosen fellow of his college, and three 
 years after took orders, and became assistant 
 preacher at St. Anne's Soho, where his elo- 
 <iuence as an orator, and his amiable man- 
 ners in private hfe, gained him the respect of 
 a populous neighborhood. In 1757, thepri- 
 
 6^^ 
 
 DU 
 
 mate Herring gave him the livings of St. An- 
 drew and St. Mary Bredman, Canterbury, 
 but the death of that excellent patron, two 
 months after, cut off" all hopes of further and 
 rnorc valuable preferment. He married in 
 1765, the daughter of Mr. Highmore the 
 painter, with whom he enjoyed 23 years of 
 uninterrupted domestic happiness. In 1766, 
 Seeker appointed him one of the six Canter- 
 bury preachers, and the next primate. Corn- 
 v.allis, presented him, in 1773, to the living 
 of Hernc, six miles from Canterbury. He 
 was also master of Hai'bledown and St. John's 
 hospitals, which, though places of trust and 
 not emolument, enabled him to display his 
 regard for the pooi', and his humane endea- 
 vours to relieve their necessities. He was al- 
 so an active magistrate, and in this oflice he 
 was the means of encouraging virtue and of 
 cliecking vice. He was attacked by a pai'a- 
 lytic stroke 21st June 17S5, from which 
 he never recovered, and died on the 18th of 
 the following January, He left only one 
 daughter. His works are chiefly fugitive pie- 
 ces published in Dodsley's collection, and in 
 periodical magazines, besides the Seminead, 
 and a poem on the death of Frederick prince 
 of Wales. He also greatly assisted his father 
 in his translation of Horace, and published 
 the seventh satire of the second book in 
 1752, imitated, and inscribed to R. Owen, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 DuNGAL, a monk of St. Dennis in the 
 ninth century, supposed to be an Irishmaa. 
 He was consulted by Charlemagne with res- 
 pect to the two eclipses of the sun which 
 happened 810, and his answer is preserved in 
 the lOth vol. 4to. of d'Acheri's spicilcgium. 
 A tract also by him against the worship of 
 images, may be found in the Bibliotheca pat- 
 rum 1608, 8vo. 
 
 DuNLOP, William, M. A. was born 1692 
 at Glasgow, where his father was principal of 
 the university. He applied himself for about 
 two years to the study of the law at Utrecht, 
 but abandoned the plan at the representation 
 of Mr. Wishart, and became, by means -of 
 his friend, regius professor of divinity and 
 church history at Edinburgh 1716. He dis- 
 tinguished himself much as a preacher, and 
 died of a dropsy 1720, aged 28. He publish- 
 ed two volumes of sermons 12mo. and an es- 
 say on confessions of laith. 
 
 DuNLOP, Alexander, M. A. brother to 
 the above, was born in 16S4, in America 
 where his father was in exile. Me came ovei- 
 at the I'evolution, and was in 1720 appointed 
 professor of Greek in Glasgow university. 
 He published in 1736, a Greek grammar 
 which still maintains its superiority in the 
 Scotch university, and died at Glasgow 1742, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Dunn, Samuel, an English mathemati- 
 cian born at Crediton, Devonshire, where he 
 kept a school for some years, and Avhere he 
 founded a mathematical school. He after- 
 wards removed' to Chelsea, where he kept 
 school, and was appointed mathematical ex- 
 aminer of those ofiicers who entered into the 
 East India company's service. He died 1792v 
 
DU 
 
 ^O-/ 
 
 DU 
 
 author of several mathematical treatises-— an 
 atlas — treatises on book keeping 
 
 Dunning, John, lord Ashburton, was 
 born 18th October 1731, at Ashburton, in 
 Devonshire. He rose by his merit at the 
 bar, and greatly distinguished himself in par- 
 liament. He was raised to the peerage in 
 1782, and made chancellor of the duchy of 
 Lancaster, and recorder of Bristol. He died 
 18th August 1783, leaving only one son. 
 
 DuNOD DE Charnage, Francis Igna- 
 tius, the learned professor of law at Besan- 
 con, his native town, died there 1751. He 
 wrote "memoires of the court of Bourgog- 
 ne" three vols 4to. — history of the church 
 &c. of Besancon, two vols. 4to. — treatise of 
 descriptions, &c. His son Joseph, left some 
 notes on his father's works. Peter, a Jesuit 
 of the same family, published a curious woik, 
 called the discovery of the town of Antre in 
 Franche Conite. 
 
 DuNois, John, count of Orleans andLon- 
 gueville, was the natural son of Lewis duke 
 of Orleans, and born 23d November 1407. 
 He distinguished himself in arms, in the de- 
 feat of the earls of Warwick and Suffolk, and 
 in the defence of Orleans, till it was relieved 
 by Joan of Arc. He pursued the English, and 
 took from them Blaic, Bourdeaux, Bayonne, 
 &c. He was rewarded for his services by 
 Charles VH. who called him the restorer of 
 his country, and gave him large grants of 
 h^nds, with the office of grand chamberlain of 
 France. This great hero, so respectable al- 
 so for the virtues of private life, died 24th 
 November 1468, aged 51. 
 
 Duns, John, commonly called Duns Sco- 
 tus, a celebrated theologian of the franciscan 
 order, bom at Dunstance, Northumberland. 
 He became fellow of Merton, Oxford and, 
 then went over to Paris, where his abilities 
 and hisacuteness in disputation procured him 
 the appellation of the subtil doctor. He op- 
 posed the doctrines of Tliomas Aquinas, 
 hence his followers were called Scotists, and 
 his opponents Thomists. He afterwards went 
 to Cologne where he died 1308. It has been 
 said by Paul Jovius that he was attacked by 
 an apoplexy and buried as dead, and that up- 
 on his recovery, he languished in a most mis- 
 erable manner in his coffin till he expired. 
 His works were printed at Lyons- 1639, 10 
 vols, folio, and are now little regarded. 
 
 Dun ST AN, St. archbishop of Cantei^bury, 
 was born in 924. He embraced the ecclesi- 
 astical life, and was made by Edgar, bishop 
 of Worcester, and afterwards in 959 transla- 
 ted to Canterbury. He was also abbot of 
 Glastonbury. He is well known as a man of 
 intrigue, and of great spiritual power, which 
 he showed with unusual obstinacy in the En- 
 glish court, especially under Edmund. The 
 pope knowing his influence, made him his le- 
 gate. He died 988. 
 
 Du NTON, John, a bookseller, born at 
 Oraffham, Huntingdonshire, l4th May 1659. 
 Upon failing in his business as bookseller, 
 after twenty years' success, he began author, 
 and in 1701 was employed in the Post angel 
 paper. He afterwards b"gan the Athenian 
 
 Mercury, which was a plan to answer ques- 
 tions, monthly proposed by unknown per- 
 sons, and which was re-published by Bell 
 under the name of the Athenian Oracle, 4 
 vols. 8vo. In 1710 he published his Atheni- 
 anism, containing 600 treatises, in prose and 
 verse, on all subjects. Though prolix and 
 sometimes obscure as a writer, he yet pos- 
 sesses merit as a satirist, and some of his pie- 
 ces will be read with pleasure. He also 
 wrote *' Dunton's lifa.and errors." He died 
 about 1725. 
 
 Du Paty, advocate general, afterwards 
 president of the parliament at Bourdeaux, 
 was born at Rochelle, and died at Paris 1788^ 
 not far advanced in life. He distinguished 
 himself as an eloquent and powej-ful orator, 
 and as an upright magistrate. His historical 
 reflections on penal laws, are a very valuable 
 work. He v/rote also academical letters and 
 discourses on Italy, two vols. 8vo. 1788. He 
 affected to imitate Diderot, and was deficient 
 in taste. Voltaire with sarcastic self-conse- 
 quence spoke witl*. indifference of his abili- 
 ties. 
 
 DuPERRAY, Michael, a French lav/yer, 
 who died at Paris 1730, aged 90. He wrote 
 some works chiefly on ecclesiastical sub- 
 jects, &c. 
 
 DuPHOT, N. a French general, who after 
 serving with distinction in Italy, was sent as 
 ambassador to the pope. He was thei^e as- 
 sassinated in 1797, in a popular tumult, and 
 though the pope could not prevent, and was 
 not privy to the commotion, the death of 
 the ambassador was made a prcte.vt by the 
 French for seizing the ecclesiastical states. 
 
 DuPiN, Lewis EUis, a learned, and well? 
 known critic, was born at Paris 17th June 
 1657. He early displayed great partiality 
 for literature, and embraced the ecclesiasti- 
 cal profession, and became doctor of the 
 Sorbonn^ 1684. He devoted himself to the 
 composition of his great work called *' Bi- 
 bliotheque universelle des auteurs ecclesias- 
 tiqucs,'^ the first volume of which appeared 
 1686. The boldness, however, with which, 
 he spoke of various writers gave offence to 
 the critics, aud the author was obliged by 
 Harlay, archbishop of Paris, to retract some 
 of his opinions, and to suppress the work in 
 1693, with the privilege of continuing it un- 
 der the altered title of Bibliotheque nou- 
 velle. Besides this great work which was 
 brought down in several volumes to the end 
 of the 16th century, Dupin wrote others, the 
 chief of which are — prolegomena to the 
 bible, — notes on the psalms and pentateuch, 
 — a profane history — a ti'eatise of power ec- 
 clesiastical and temporal, — and method of 
 studying divinity, Sec. He was professor of 
 the Royal college, from which he was re- 
 moved in the famous cas de conscience, but. 
 afterwards restored. He died at Paris 1719j., 
 aged 62. He was a man of extensive eru- 
 dition, and of indefatigable application. His 
 ecclesiastical bibliotheque, so valuable for 
 the analytical account of authors and of their 
 writings, which it accurately gives, has been, 
 translated into Endish with notes. &c. He. 
 
coiTcaponded witli Wake the English pii- 
 mate about the union of the two churches. 
 
 Du PL ANIL, J. D. a French physician, 
 ■ivho h'anslated various works into French 
 Ironi the English, among which was Buch- 
 an's domestic medicine. He died at Paris 
 1802. 
 
 DuPLEix, Scipio, was horn p.t Condom 
 15G6, and noticed by queen Margaret, who 
 brought him to Paris in IG05, and' made him 
 master of requests, and afterwards historio- 
 grapher of France. In his old age, which 
 he reached without sickness or infirmity, he 
 wrote a book on the hberties of the GaUicaii 
 church, which he presented to chancellor 
 Seguier for the liberty of printing, but the 
 courtier with unparalleled audacity threw it 
 into the tire, which so shocked the venerable 
 author, that he returned to Condom and 
 died soon after, of deep vexation, 16G1, aged 
 92. His works are memoirs of the Gauls 
 1G50, folio, a book of great value, — history 
 of France in six vols, folio, not very ac- 
 curate or impartial — an account of the flat- 
 teries heaped on Richelieu, and the violent 
 reflections thrown on the deceased Marga- 
 ret, now nd longer the patroness of the au- 
 thor,— Roman history three vols. foHo, an 
 insipid performance, — a course of philoso- 
 phy three vols. 12mo. — natural curiosity, 
 &c. 8vo. insignificant and often licentious, — 
 the liberty of the French language against 
 Vaugelas, &c. 
 
 DuPLEix, Joseph, a French merchant, 
 appointed in 1730 director of Chanderna- 
 gore in the East-Indies, u colony which, by 
 his wisdoui and firmness he raised from ])o- 
 verty and distress to consequence and opu- 
 lence. He inspired his countrymen with 
 the spirit of commerce and enterprise, and 
 ^tablished mercantile connexions witli the 
 Red se«, the Maklives Goa, the Manillas, 
 Stc. He was appointed governor of Pou- 
 dicherry in 1742, and defended the place 
 with uncommon bravery in 1748 for forty- 
 two days against the attack of two English 
 admirals. For these services he was re- 
 warded by the French king with the red 
 riband, and the title of marquis, and by the 
 great Mogul with the title of nabob. He 
 was recalled in 1753 during the war wliich 
 broke out in the East between tlie English 
 and the French, in the support of two rivals 
 for the nabobship of Arcot, and he was so 
 hurt at the idea of being called awr^y from 
 the exercise of sovereign power to a private 
 station, and of soliciting the French East- 
 India company for the payment of his ar- 
 rears, that he fell under, a dejection of spi- 
 rits and died soon after. His conduct to- 
 wards la Bourdonnaye, his rival in the East, 
 is the most exceptionable part of his charac- 
 ter. Jealousy of power prompted him to 
 use severe measures against him, in 1747, 
 and afterwards Bourdonnaye had influence 
 enough to procure the i-ecall of his prosper- 1 
 ous adversary. 
 
 DuPORT, James, a learned divine educa- 
 ted at Cambndge, where he became profes- 
 sor of Greek, aud master of Magdalen col- 
 
 t)U 
 
 lege. He wfts raised to tlie deanery of Pe^ 
 terborough, and died 1680. His great eru- 
 dition as a classical scholar is evinced in his 
 learned works. He wrote a Greek versioa 
 of the psalms, — gnomologia Homeri cum 
 duplice parallelisimo, Cambridge, 1660 — po- 
 etica stromata, lG7fi, 8vo. — and lectures 
 published with Nedham's Theophrastus' 
 characters, 1712. 
 
 DuPORT, Francis Mathurin, counsellor 
 of the parliament of Paris, distinguished 
 himself in the revolution as a violent enemy 
 to the measures of the couil. His con- 
 nexion with Orleans at last proved fatal to 
 him, and he suffered under the guillotine 
 20th of April 17U4, aged 46. 
 
 DupPA, Brian, a learned prelate, born 
 I58y at Lewisham, Kent, and educated at 
 Westminster, and Christ-church, Oxford. 
 In 1612 he was elected fellow of All-souls, 
 and after having travelled in France and 
 Spain, he took his degree of D.D. in 1625, 
 and was in 1G29, by the interest of the earl 
 of Dorset, made dean of Christ-church. lu 
 1638 he became tutor to the prince Charles, 
 and to his brother James, and abdut that 
 time was raised to the see of Chichester. In 
 1641 he was translated to Salisbury, but he 
 received little benefit from it, and on the 
 suppression of episcopacy he attended his 
 master, especially in the isle of Wight, and 
 assisted him, it is said, in the composition of 
 the Eikon Basilike. He afterv/ards lived iu 
 retirement at Richmond, till the restoration; 
 when he was made bisliop of Winchestei*, 
 and lord almoner. He died in 1GC2 aged 75, 
 at Richmond, in Surrey, a place which he 
 loved, and where he erected and endowed 
 au alms-house. A few hours before he ex- 
 pired, Charles II. visited this venerable pre- 
 late, and kneeling by his bed-side implored 
 his blc-ssing, which the dying man, placing 
 one hand on the king's head, and raising the 
 other to heaven, gave him with great fervor 
 and piety. He Avas buried iu Westminster- 
 abbey. He left many charitable legacies tn 
 those places, or societies, with which either 
 by birth, office, or predilection, he had been 
 connected. He wrote some things chiefly 
 on devotional subj;"cts, as " a guide for the 
 penitent," " the soul's soliloquies, &c." 
 
 DUPUAT, Anthony, an eminent Frencli 
 statesman. He wns first at the bar, and 
 rose gradually to the first presidency of the 
 parliament of Paris, 1507, and the chancel- 
 lorsliip of France 1515. He was tutor to 
 Francis I. v.hen count of Angouleme, and 
 by checking his criminal passion for the 
 wife of Lewis XII. he gained his confidence 
 and patronage. He advised ]»is niaster, 
 whose necessities were great, to raise money 
 by selling the offices of judicature, and by 
 his suggestions the chamber called Tournelle 
 M us esiabljslied, which augmented the taxes 
 and in:>proved the royal revejiue by the op- 
 pi-ession of the poor. By the advice of his 
 favorite, Franci.s also abolished the pragma- 
 tic sanction, and established the concordat, 
 by which, while the king nominated to va- 
 cant l^eu'riccs. the pope received a Inrge an.- 
 
DU 
 
 4.S-S 
 
 DU 
 
 nual income from the churches. This step 
 rendered Uuprat a favorite at Rome, he be- 
 came an ecclesiastic, and tVom tlie sees of 
 Meaux, Albi, Valence, Die, Gap, and Sens, 
 which he successively filled, he was honor- 
 ed with the purple 1527. He was after- 
 wards a legate in France, and on the death 
 of Clement VII. it is said he aspired to the 
 tiara, an ambitious step which the Frencli 
 king ridiculed and by no means promoted. 
 I'his artful prelate, to whom his ambition 
 and his intrigues raised many enemies, died 
 at his chateau de Nantoillet 9th July 153.5, 
 overwhelmed with remorse, and worn out 
 by diseases. He was a man of the most am- 
 bitious and selfish character, whose whole 
 conduct was guided by interest and avarice. 
 To increase his power or enlarge liis fortune 
 he scrupled at no sacrifice on either of lame 
 or virtue, and therefore his death was as uu- 
 lamentcd as his life had been guilty. He 
 built at the hotel de Dieu at Paris a hall 
 ■which still bears his name, on which the 
 king observed that it should have been much 
 larger, if it could contain all the poor Duprat 
 had made. 
 
 DuPRE, DE GuYER, John, a hermit said 
 to have built with only the assistance of his 
 arervant the hermitage of Friburg in Swit- 
 zerland, in the solid rock, the chimney of 
 which rises 90 feet in height. 
 
 DuPRE, Mary, a learned lady of the 17th 
 century, born at Paris, and educated by her 
 uncle des Marets de St. Sox'lin in the learn- 
 ed languages and in rhetoric, versification, 
 and philosophy. She also studied Descartes, 
 and was called the Cartesienne. She was 
 intimate with the learned of her time, and 
 h«r pieces of poetry and also her prose wri- 
 tings were read with great applause. 
 
 DuPRE d'AuNAY, Lewis, a native of 
 Paris, member of severallearned academies. 
 He died 1758. He wrote letters of the 
 generation of animals, — traite des subsis- 
 tances militaires, two vols. 4to.— reflec- 
 tions on the transfusion of blood, 12mo. &c. 
 
 DuPRE de St. Maur, Nicholas Francis, 
 a native of Paris, who died there December 
 the 1st, 1774, aged 80. He was a member 
 of the Frencli academy. He translated 
 Milton's Paradise lost, with Addison's odes, 
 and also Paradise regained, by a Jesuit, four 
 vols. 12mo. He wrote an ossay on the coins 
 of France, 1740, 4to. a valuable work, — in- 
 quiries on the value of money, &c. — the 
 table of the duration of human life. He was 
 well informed in matters of agriculture, 
 economy, and commerce. 
 
 Dupuis, Claude, a French engraver of 
 merit who died at Paris, 174^ aged 57. His 
 brother Gabrfel Nicholas was also an emi- 
 nent engraver, and died 1771, aged 72>. 
 
 Du(iUESNE, Abraham, a native of Nor- 
 mandy, who distinguished himself in the 
 French navy in various fights against the 
 Spaniards, the Dutch, the Genoese, kc. 
 He died at Paris the second February 168S, 
 aged 78, much and deservedly respected, 
 not less in his private than liis public cha- 
 racter. 
 
 vol.. I« 5'9 
 
 DtJRAND, \\ illiam, a native of Provence, 
 eminent as a lawyer, and afterwards raised 
 to a bisliopric by the pope. He died at 
 Rome 1296, aged" 59, author of a Speculum 
 juris, &c. a Avork of merit. His utphew 
 was also a bishop, and wrote on general 
 councils. 
 
 DuRAXD, DE St. Pourcain, William, 
 a French bishop, called from his powers of 
 argumentation the resolute doctor. He was 
 author of commentaries on the sentences 
 and other works, and died 1332. 
 
 Durance, N. a physician of eminence 
 at Dijon, who published some interesting 
 tracts on his profession. He died at Dijon, 
 1799. 
 
 Durant, Gilles, sieur dc la Bergerie, 
 advocate in the parliament of Paris. He 
 was one of th^ nine appointed by the court 
 to reform the customs of Faris. He pos- 
 sessed great talents for ludicrous poetry, and 
 his verses on the ass that had joined the 
 league, and had fiillen during the siege of 
 Paris 1590, are much admired He wrote 
 other humorous pieces, which equally com- 
 mand the approbation of the ])ub!ic, though 
 some arc of a liccntipus tenjtlency. Some 
 suppose that he was broke on the wheel, 
 lOth of July 1G18, for a libel on the French 
 king, but the sullerer was another person, 
 who with his two brothers endured that 
 savage punishment. Durant's works were 
 printed 1594. 
 
 DuRANTi, John Stephen, a native of 
 Toulouse, of whose parliament he was advo- 
 cate-general, and afterwards in 1581 first 
 president. He violently opposed the league, 
 and perished in a tumult which he endea- 
 vored to appease, being shot by a musket 
 ball 10th of Feb. 1589, and treated with every 
 mark of insult and indignity by the mob. 
 This meritorious martyr had the year before 
 successfully employed his influence to pre- 
 serve Toulouse from the plague, and he had 
 deserved the afi'ection of his country by his 
 liberality and charity of some institutions 
 which he founded for the education of youth 
 and the relief of indigence. He wrote also 
 a book de ritibus ecclesiic, printed at Rome 
 1591 folio. 
 
 DuRBACH, Anne Louisa, a German po- 
 etess, born 1722. From the ufiean occupa- 
 tion of watching cattle, she raised herself to 
 distinction by the reading of books, and by 
 uncommon application to literature. At 17 
 she married a woolcomber, but with him and 
 with another afterwards^ slie was exposed to 
 great poverty, till the age of 40, when her 
 muse celebrated in a triumphal ode the bat- 
 tle of Lowoschutz. This piece was noticed, 
 and recommended to the Prussian niona^'ch, 
 who sent for the poetess to Berlin, and by 
 his patronage placed her above want. Her 
 poems have been published, and possess 
 great merit. She died about 1780. 
 
 DuRELL, John, a divine of eminence, 
 born 1626 in the island of Jersey, and edu- 
 cated at Merton college, which he left at the 
 beginning of the civil wars, and then passed 
 to Caeo, where, he took has degree of M.A. 
 
He was ordained by the bishop of Galldwar, 
 at Paris 1651, and was afterwards invited by 
 tho church of Caen to supply the place of 
 the famous I^ochart during his absence at 
 the court of Christina of Sweden, an honor- 
 able appointment, which however he did 
 not frfccept. At tlie restoration he was chap- 
 laiu to the liing, and preferred to a prebend 
 at Salisbury, afterwards at Windsor, and 
 then atDurliam. In 1669 he took his de- 
 gree of D. D. at Oxford, and in 1677 Avas 
 raised to the deanery of Windsor. For this 
 preferment he M-as indebted to his abilities 
 as well as to the partiality of Charles, wlio 
 ^-as Av ell acquainted Avith his merits, and liad 
 known him in Jersey and hi France. He di- 
 ed 1683, aged 58, and was buried at AVind- 
 sor. His wi'itings were chiefly controversial^ — 
 a vindication of the cliurcli of England 
 against schismatics — a view of tlie govern- 
 juent, &c. of the church of Kngland, 4to. — 
 besjdt;s a translation of the liturgj- into Latin 
 and Frencli. 
 
 DuRELL, David, a native of .lersey, edu- 
 cated at Pembroke college, Oxford, Avhere 
 he took his master s degree. He afterwards 
 became fellow of Hertford college, of Avhich 
 in 1757 he Avas made principal. In 1764 he 
 took his degree of D. U. and in 1767 was 
 made prebendary of Canterbury. He ser- 
 ved the oifice of vice chancellor and died 1775, 
 aged 47. He Avas author of critical remarks 
 on the books of Jol), Psalms, Ecclesiaste 
 snd Cauticles, 4to. — the Hebrew text of t!ie 
 X)arallcl prophecies of Jacob and ]\Ioscs, re- 
 lating to the 12 tribes, Arith a trauslation and 
 notes, &c. 4to. 
 
 DuREU, Albert, a celebrated painter and 
 engraver, born at Nuremberg 20th May. 
 1471, of Hungarian parents. After being 
 well instructed in arithmetic, perspective, 
 and geometry, he began to exhibit some of 
 liis pieces before the public, and his three 
 graces were the first performance which fax- 
 ed the admiration of his coimtry upon him, 
 in 1497. He painted little, therefore his pic- 
 tures are very scu-ce, and as highly valued. 
 His Adam and Eve are still preserved in the 
 royal palace of Prague, and also a picture 
 of Christ bearing the cross, an adoration of 
 the wise men, and at Frankfort two pieces 
 of the passion and an assujnption of exqui- 
 site beauty. In the senators' hall at Nurem- 
 berg are also still exliibited with national 
 pride, a portrait of Charlemagne, and of 
 some of ttie emperors, with tlie 12 apostles. 
 His engravings are highly admired. Instead 
 of the tedious mode of engraving on cop- 
 per, he first attempted to work on wood, and 
 iis first pieces in that way, Avere the behead- 
 ing of John the Baptist, and the presenta- 
 tion of his head to Herod, published in 1510. 
 One of his best pieces is said hy Vasari to 
 be a St. Eustachius kneeling before a stag. 
 The merit of Durer was not lost in obscuri- 
 ty, he Avas esteemed by tlie great, and the 
 emperor Maximilian not only iiatronised 
 him but granted him a pension and a patent 
 of nobility. He died in his native city, 6lh 
 Ai)j-il 1528, and was buried in St, John's 
 
 DU 
 
 church, where his friend Pirklieimer placet! 
 an honorable inscription over his remains. 
 Besides his great reputation as an artist, he 
 possessed Avhat is equally valuable, a respec- 
 table character in private life. He was 
 cheerful but not licentious in his conversa- 
 tion, the firm friend of virtue and piety, and 
 he ncA'er, like some of his fellow artists, 
 employed his talents on any thing that was 
 either obscene or profane. He Avrote some 
 books in German, published after his death, 
 on the rules of painting — institutiones geom- 
 etrise, he. His Avife, who was beautiful, but 
 is described by some as a Xantippe, sat to 
 him, and from her features he painted the 
 face of the Virgin IMary. 
 Dure T, Lewis, aphysican, born at Beauge- 
 -Ville in Brescia. He practised Avith great 
 
 success at Paris, and Avas in the household 
 of Charles IX. and Henry HI. He was pai*- 
 ticulaiiy esteemed by this last monarch, avIio 
 grautcd him a pension of 4tK) crowns of gold, 
 Avith a survivance to his five sons, and in 
 proof of his great esteem was also present 
 at the marriage of his daughter. Duret di- 
 ed 22d January 1586, aged 59. He was a 
 true follower of Hippocrates, and treated 
 medicine afteii the manner of the ancients. 
 His best work is a commentary on Hippo- 
 crates published Paris 1621, foho, after be- 
 ing completed and revised by his son John, 
 who like himself was eminent as a physi- 
 cian. The son died 1G29, aged 66. 
 
 D'Urfev, Thomas, a facetious English 
 poet. His parents who were Huguenots, 
 left iiochelle before it was besieged by Lew- 
 is XIII. in 1628, and they settled at Exeter, 
 AA'here the poet was born. He applied hinir- 
 self to the law, but the Hvcliness of his gen- 
 ius, and the volatility of his mind, carried 
 him to the cultivation of poetry, and as he 
 possessed the poAvers of wit and the keen- 
 ness of satire, his plays wei*e received on 
 the stage with great applause. His face- 
 tiousne^s and easy manners recommended 
 him to the notice of the great, and Charles 
 II. was often seen with this favorite of the 
 muses, most familiarly leaning on his shoul- 
 der, or humming over a song with him. 
 But though popular, his ballads, songs, and 
 plays possessed all the coarseness of Avit, U- 
 centiousness, and indelicacy Avhich Avere 
 fashionable in the days of the second Charles, 
 and which better times have happily banish- 
 ed, so that within 30 years after his death, 
 none of his pieces were suffered to appear on 
 the stage. This humorous author, familiarly 
 known b)-- the name of Tom, lived much 
 with the earl of Dorset at Knole, where 
 there is still preserved a picture of him, ta- 
 ken by stealth, as he was sleejung in his 
 chair after dinner, but in the last part of 
 his life he was haunted by povert)'^, for, re- 
 gardless of the niorroAv he had aiways 
 squandered the present aAvay. To relieve 
 hijn from distress, the players very gener- 
 ously, at the solicitation of Addison, came 
 forward to pertbi-m " the Plotting sisters" 
 for the benefit of the author, who humor- 
 ously taid, he had Avritten ujiore odes (haft 
 
DU 
 
 4f^~,^ 
 
 DU 
 
 Jlorace, and four times as many comedies as 
 Terence, and this temporary relief set him 
 above want. He died ^6th February 1723, 
 and was buried in St. James' churcliyard, 
 Westminster. His age is not exactly known, 
 though it must have been about 70. His 
 sonnets, ballads, &c. are contained in G vols. 
 12mo. and called " Pills to purge melanclio- 
 ly," and they are handsomely recommend- 
 ed by the 29th number of the tuiardian, in 
 the 67th number of which work also may 
 be found a humorous account of the author. 
 Durham, James, a Scotch divine, born 
 in AVest liOthian 1620, and educated in St. 
 Salvador's college, St. Andrew's. At the age 
 of 30 by the peisuasion of his friends he 
 look orders, and became a very popular and 
 eloquent preacher at Glasgow. He died of 
 a consumption 16.58, aged 38. He wrote a 
 commentary on the revelations— discourse 
 on scandal — sermons on the 53d of Isaiah 
 and the Song of Solomon, kc. 
 
 DuRiNGEK, Melchior, pi'ofessor of ec- 
 clesiastical history at Berne, passed his 
 wliole life in celibacy, solitude, and melan- 
 choly. He fell from the story of his house, 
 which was unfortunately on fire, and died 
 an hour after, 1st Januai-y 1723, aged 76. 
 The autlior of physica sacra, printed at Am- 
 sterdam 1732, is much indebted to the la- 
 bors of DurJnger. 
 
 DuRY or DuRvEus, John, a Scotch di- 
 vine, Avho labored earnestly to reconcile the 
 Lutherans and Calvinists, but to little pur- 
 pose. He began about 16.34 to travel through 
 Europe, engaged in this gigantic undertak- 
 ing, and after conferring with the divines of 
 England, Germany, Sw eden, Denmark, Hol- 
 land, Geneva, and other places, he at last, 
 after 40 years' laborious pursuit, found him- 
 self disappointed, and though all commend- 
 ed his spirit and extolled the purity of his 
 intentions, none would resign their opinions 
 and their faith to the decision of their neigh- 
 bors. It is unknow n when he died, but in 
 the last part of his life he was honorably 
 patronised, by Hedwig Sophia, princess of 
 i lesse, who allowed him a comfortable re- 
 tirement, with a table well furnished, and 
 every convenience. He wrote much in fa- 
 A'or of his grand plan, and evinced himself 
 a man of extensive learning, gi-eat zeal, be- 
 coming piety, but rather fanatical. His let- 
 ter to Dumoulin, concerning the churches 
 of England, Scotland, and Irel.'ind, under 
 Cromwell, is curious. It is pa]>lished Lon- 
 don 1658, 12mo. 
 
 DusART, a painter of Ilaerlcra, disciple 
 of Adrian Ostade. He was cliiefly great ii^ 
 the description of taverns and low conipany. 
 He died 1704, aged 39. 
 
 DussAULX, John, a native of Chartres, 
 who after distinguishing himself in the war 
 of Hanover under Richelieu, devoted him- 
 self to literary pursuits. At the revolution 
 lie became member of the convention, but 
 his conduct was moderate and humane, and 
 he was one of the 73 pi'oscribed deputies 
 who were impi'isoned for opposing the mea- 
 sures of their more vio^mt associates; He 
 
 was afterwards member of the council oT 
 ancients, and president of the national insti- 
 tute, and died at Paris lOth March 1799, 
 agecl 71. He published a translation of Ju- 
 venal— de la passion riujeu, 8vo. — eiogc de 
 Blanchet — raemoire sur les satiriques Latins, 
 &c. 
 
 Duval, Peter, geographer royal of 
 France, was born at Abbeville. He died at 
 Paris 1683, aged 65. He studied geography 
 under his learned maternal uncTe Sanson, 
 and is the author of some geograpical tracts 
 and maps, formerly in great esteem. 
 
 Duval, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, who 
 died 1732, aged 88. He studied in Italy un- 
 der Cortona, and was made bj' William III. 
 director of the academy at the Hague. 
 
 Duval, A^alentine Jamerai, au extraor- 
 dinary character, born in 1095 at Artonay 
 in Champagne. At the age of 10 he lost his 
 father whoWas a poor laborer, but thus des- 
 titute, overwhelmed, with his mother and 
 her family, by povert}-, he began to hope for 
 better times. He hired himself witli a pea- 
 sant of the village, and even in the employ- 
 ment of keeping the poultry yard, he drew 
 the attention of his youthful associates, and 
 by his superior agility guided Hieir innocent 
 sports. In the winter of 1709 he travelled 
 towards Lorraine, and in the cold journey 
 he was attacked by the small-pox under 
 which he must have sunk but for the timely 
 assistance of a shepherd near Monglat, who 
 supplied him with dry bread and water, in 
 a miserable sheeji-pen where the breath of 
 the crowded sheep hastened the termination 
 of his disorder by occasioning a strong and 
 lasting perspiration. Recovered from this 
 dreadful malady he went to Clezantine, a 
 village on the borders of Lorraine, where lie 
 continued two years in the service of anoth- 
 er shepherd, and then became an attendant 
 on brother Palemon at the hermitage of La 
 Rochette near Deneuvre. From this peace- 
 ful abode he Avas soon removed to the her- 
 mitage cf St. Anne near Luneville, and 
 there employed in the service of four her- 
 mits and in acts of charitable hospitality, he 
 learnt to write, and with eagerness devoured 
 the books which his indigent abode afFoitled. 
 His activity was here cmplo} ed in the pur- 
 suit of game which he sold and converted to 
 the increase of his books and knowledge, 
 and his accidental finding of a seal belong- 
 ing to Mr. Forster, an English gentleman re- 
 sident at Luneville, which he very honora- 
 bly advertised, i)rocured him new and solid 
 advantages. Forster rewarded his honesty, 
 and assisted him in the purchase of books 
 and of maps, and his library soon increased 
 to 400 volumes. Here, while one day en- 
 gaged deeply in the study of a map at the 
 foot of a tree, he was found by the attend- 
 ants of the princes of Lorraine, and the per- 
 tinent and very sensible remarks which he 
 madeonthe inquiries of bis illustrious visitors, 
 engaged so much their attention that thej 
 promised him their protection, and introduc- 
 ed him to Leopold duke of Lorraine. The 
 young adventurer quitted tl^e hermitage with 
 
DV 
 
 ^6-0 
 
 DY 
 
 tears oC gratitude, and soon, under the care 
 of the Jesuits of Pont-a-Mousson, he made 
 himseU' ntaster of his favorite studies, his- 
 tory, geography, and antiquities, Jlis pro- 
 gress here Avas astonishing, hut while he en- 
 deavoured once to cure the impetuous passion 
 of love by hemhjck, as he read in St. Jerome, 
 he nearly destroyed himself, ami long after 
 felt the terrible eftects of this violent remedy. 
 In 1718 he visited Paris in the suite of his pat- 
 ron Leopold, and at his return became hisli- 
 hrariun,and also professor of history at Lune- 
 \ille. In this new office Duval distinguished 
 himself greatly, he was attended by several 
 EngUshmen, and particularly by Pitt after- 
 wards earl of Ch:itliam, tvhose genius and 
 manners he admired, and whose future em- 
 inence he prophetically announced. He now 
 found himself raised to comfortable indepen- 
 dence, and in the fullness of his heart he 
 showed his gratitude to the hermits of St. 
 Anne his benefactors, by rebuilding and 
 adorning their residence, and enabling them 
 to extend their charities. On the deatli of 
 Leopold in 1738, he followed his son Francis 
 who exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany, but 
 though Florence afforded him many com- 
 forts from the salubrity of its climate, and 
 the rich treasures of its libraries, he yet sigh- 
 ed for his native land. Francis, on his mar- 
 riage with the heiress of Austria, soon grat- 
 ified his wishes, and when removed to Vienna 
 he called his respectable attendant near his 
 person, and gave him the care of his collec- 
 tion of medals. In this situation Duval lived 
 respected and beloved, and when in 1751 he 
 was nominated preceptor to the young prince 
 Joseph, he did not offend his imperial pat- 
 rons by modestly i-efusing an office so flat- 
 tering to vanity. He enjoyed good health 
 from the temperance of his habits, and the 
 hard mode c^ life to which he had inured 
 himself, and devoted himself to the cultiva- 
 tion of literature and to the correspondence 
 of his fi'iends, especially of madame de Gut- 
 tenberg, lady of the bed-chamber to the em- 
 press, a woman whose understanding was 
 similar to his own, and whose goodness of 
 heart like his own was displayed in frequent 
 acts of benevolence and charity. In 1752, 
 Duval visited Paris, and was honorably re- 
 ceived by the learned, and on his return pas- 
 sing by Artonay his native village, he pur- 
 chased the house which the indigence of his 
 sister had sold, and built on the spot where 
 he was born a neat house, which he appro- 
 priated to the residence of the public school- 
 master of the place. This venerable and 
 pious character died third November 1775, 
 aged 81, displaying in his' last moments that 
 resignation and faith which close the life of 
 a good man. 
 
 DuvENEKE, Marc Van, an historical 
 painter of Bruges, who died 1729, aged 55. 
 He was the pupil of Carlo Maratti, and 
 painted chiefly for churches, and many of 
 his pieces are still pi*eserved at Bruges. 
 
 Dyche, Thomas, an English clergyman, 
 well known as a schoolmaster, at Strafford - 
 le-bow, and as the autlior of an English dic- 
 
 tionary, spelling-book, Latin vocabulary, &(5. 
 He died about 1750. 
 
 Dyer, sir James, an eminent lawyer, 
 born at Roundhill, Somersetshire, 1511," and 
 educateil at Broadgate hall, Oxford, and re- 
 moved to the Middle temple, London. 
 Here by assiduity he distinguished himself, 
 and in 1553, he was mnde sergeant at law, 
 and elected speaker of the house of com- 
 mons. In 155G he was made one of the 
 judges of the common picas, in 1557 remo- 
 ved to the king's bench, and in 1559 again 
 I'estored to the comtnon pleas, and the next 
 January he was made ciiief justice of that 
 court. This respectable and upright ma- 
 gistrate died at his fieat of Stanton, Hunting- 
 donshire, 24th March 1581, aged 70. He 
 wrote a large volume of reports, published 
 20 years after his death, and reprinted often, 
 and deservedly commended by sir Edward 
 Coke, He left also some other law tracts, 
 and, for his learning and great excellence of 
 character, fully merited the eulogium passed 
 on him by Camden. 
 
 Dyer, William, a nonconformist, ejected 
 from his hving of Cholesbui')', Bucks, in 
 1062, He turned quaker the latter part of 
 his life, and died 1696, aged GO and was bu- 
 ried at Southwark. He wrote some sei'- 
 mons, and theological tracts much in the 
 stvlejof Banyan's. They were reprinted 
 1671. 
 
 Dyer, John, an English poet, born at Ab- 
 erglasney, Caermarthenshire, 1700. He was 
 educated at Westminster school, and re- 
 turned home to study the law, lus father's 
 profession, but he had « greater relish for 
 poetry and design, and therefore he deter- 
 mined to become a painter. In 1727 he pub- 
 lished his " Grongar-hill," a beautiful little 
 poem, and afterwards set out for Italy todcT 
 lineate the antiquities of that celebrated 
 country, and employed much of his time 
 among the enchanting prospects near Home 
 and Florence. At his return home in 1740 
 appeared his poem " the ruins of Rome," 
 and soon after, by the advice of his friends, 
 he took orders. He was presented to Cal- 
 thorp, Leicestershire, which, after a re- 
 sidence of 10 years, he exchanged for Belch- 
 ford, Liincohishire. In 1 752 he was present- 
 ed by sir John Heathcote to Coningsby, and 
 in 1756 the chancellor added to it, Kirkby 
 on Bane ; but whilst he began to enjoy him- 
 self, and prepared the improvements of his 
 parsonage house, and of his garden, the cup 
 of felicity Avas dashed from his hand, and he 
 was carried off by a rapid consumption 1758, 
 and buried at Coningsby, where no memo- 
 rial records the virtues of its pastor. He left 
 a widow and four children, one son and 
 three girls. The son, heir to his father's 
 taste and classical knowledge, died in Lon- 
 don April 1782, aged .32, as he was prepar- 
 ing to extend his ti'avels to Italy. The 
 ** fleece," which was published a httle before 
 the poet's death — Grongar-hill — and the ru- 
 ins of Rome, are the three poems which 
 raised Dyer above mortality. The simplici- 
 ty of his fines is enriched with true s(u,bfimi- 
 ty, and the whole breathe foi*th the purest 
 
DY 
 
 ^^7 
 
 DY 
 
 fiames of benevolence and humanity, and 
 have gained, and will preserve universal 
 admiration. His works were printed in one 
 Tol. 8vo. 1761. 
 
 DvNAMUS, a rhetorician of the fourth 
 century, boru at Bordeaux, which he left on 
 an accusation of adultery. He died 360 in 
 Spain, where he had married a rich widow. 
 
 EA 
 
 EACHiXRD, Dr. John, an English divine, 
 born in Suffolk 1636. He was educated 
 at Catharine-hall, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow, and in 1675 master, the year 
 after wlrich he took his degree of D. D. He 
 died 7th July 1697, aged 61, and was bvu'ied 
 in the chapel, where a handsome inscription 
 is placed over his remains. He is well known 
 as the author of the grounds and occasions 
 of the contempt of the clergy and religion in- 
 qnired into, in a letter to U. L. 1670, wliich 
 was attacked by seveiml writers, and ans- 
 wered by him. In 1672 he published Mr. 
 Hobbes' state of nature considered, in a dia- 
 logue between Philanthus and Timothy, 
 dedicated to Sheldon the primate, which 
 Hobbes never noticed, and i>erhaps wisely, 
 as bis superior powers must have sunk be- 
 fore the wit and raillery of his opponent. 
 These two performances were long in es- 
 teem, and desierved the high commendations 
 of Swift. All Dr. Eachard's works were 
 printed complete in 1774. 
 
 Eames, John, a" native of London, edu- 
 cated at Merchant-taylors' and intended for 
 the ministr}- among the independent dissen- 
 ters. A strong defect in the organs of 
 speech rendered it impossible for him to 
 appear with advantage before a congrega- 
 tion, and therefore he employed himself in 
 educating young persons at the expense of 
 the independent fund, and after undertak- 
 ing the class of mathematics, thp learned 
 languages, and philosophy, he filled the chair 
 of divinity with considerable respectability. 
 His learning recommended him to the no- 
 tice of sir Isaac Newton, and other eminent 
 men, and procured him a seat in the royal 
 society, whose transactions he abridged with 
 the assistance of another person. He died 
 174i.. 
 
 Eaele, John, a native of York, educated 
 at Merton-college, Oxford, and made tutor 
 to Charles prince of Wales. He was a great 
 sufferer during the civil wars, and at the 
 restoration was made dean of Windsor, then 
 bishop of Worcester, and in 1663 bishop of 
 Salisbury, where he died two years after. 
 He was author of a translation of the Icon 
 Basilike into Latin — micro cosmography, or 
 a piece of the woi-ld characterized in essays 
 and characters, 12mo. — an elegy on Francis 
 Beaumont the poet, &c. 
 
 Earle, William Benson, a benevolent 
 character, born at Shaftesbury, 7th July 
 1740. He was a man of polished mannei-s, 
 well acquainted with the circle of belles let- 
 tres, and in disposition most humane and 
 charitable. He left by his will 2000 guin- 
 eas to the matrons in bishop Ward's hospi- 
 tal, Sarum, and ta various other public institu- 
 tions in Winchester, Salisburv, Bristol, Lon- 
 
 EB 
 
 don, Bath, &c. handsome legacies, expressive 
 of his respect for those foundations, which of-- 
 fer relief to the aged, the weak, the indigent, 
 and the unfortunate. Other legacies also 
 were left for the improvements of the Salis- 
 bury concert, and for agricultural purposes. 
 This benevolent man died 21st March 1796, 
 in the Close, Sarura, and was buried with- 
 out pomp with his ancestoi's in Newtoa- 
 Toney church. 
 
 Ebertus, Theodore, a learned profes- 
 sor of Frankfort on the Oder, in the 17th 
 century. His works are, Chronologia sant;- 
 tioris linguse doctorum,* — elogia jurisconsul- 
 torum,&c. 8vo. — PoeticaHebraica,8vo. 1628. 
 Eb I ON, the founder of a sect about the 
 year 72. St. John is supposed to have writ- 
 ten his gospel against the doctrines of the 
 Ebionites who denied the divinity of our 
 Saviour, and acknowledged as true only a 
 mutilated and interpolated copy of St. Mat- 
 thew's gospel, rejecting all the other books 
 of the new testament. Some authors sup- 
 pose that there was no such person as Ebion. 
 EccARD, John George d', a German liis- 
 torian and antiquary, born at Duingen, 
 Brunswick, 1670. He was professor of his- 
 tory at Helmstadt, and succeeded his friend 
 Leibnitz in the chair of Hanover 1716. 
 His debts obliged him to leave his situation 
 1723, and turning Roman catholic he retired 
 to Wurtzburg, where he obtained the office 
 of episcopal counsellor and librai-ian. He 
 was ennobled by the emperor, and died 1730. 
 His works are Corpvis historicum medii ssvi 
 a Caroli magni tempor. ad finem seculi xv. 
 two vols. fol. a learned and valuable work, — 
 leges Francorum, &e. — de origine Germa-- 
 norum, — historia studii etymologici, &c. 
 EccHEi.LENSis, Abraham, a Maronite 
 
 Professor of oriental languages at Rome, 
 le translated from the Arabic into Latin 
 some of the books of ApoUoniur.' conies, and 
 went to Paris to assist Ic Jay in the publica-. 
 tion of his polyglott bible. He quarrelled 
 with le Jay, and also with Flavigny, who had 
 attacked his edition of the bible, and he 
 showed himself wantonly severe and licen- 
 tiously satirical. He was recalled from Paris 
 to assist the translating of the scriptures inta 
 Arabic, and died at Rome 1 664. 
 
 EccLES, Solomon, an English musician, 
 who in the zenith of his fame turned qua- 
 ker and destroyed his instruments. He now 
 became as ridiculous as before he had been 
 admired, and for a while amused the public 
 by his foolish plans, to reconcile all mankind 
 to one religion. The confinement of a pris- 
 on at last cured him of his folUes, but he died 
 without religion the last years of the i7th 
 century. 
 Ebroin-^^, mtiyor of the palace uhder Clo- 
 
EO 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ED 
 
 thai re III. and Thiery I. maintained for a 
 while the great power Tvhich his intrigues 
 and hypocrisy had obtained, but his pride 
 and cruelty offended the French nobles, and 
 he was at last confinetl in a monastery. He 
 however escaped, and soon returned with an 
 army to regain his lost influence. His ene- 
 mies and rivals were sacrificed to his ambi- 
 tion and revenge, nnd the greatest atrocities 
 vere exercised in the name of public justice. 
 This tyrant, execrated by the people, was at 
 last assassinated by Hermanfroi, a noble 
 ■whose death he meditated, 681. 
 
 EcHARD, Jacques, a dominican who was 
 born at Rouen, and died at Paris March ISth 
 1774, aged 60. He wrote an account of the 
 learned men whom his order had produced, 
 two vols. fol. Paris 1719, and 1721. 
 
 EcHARD, Lawi'ence, an English historian 
 and divine, born at Bassam near Beccles, 
 Sufiblk, 1671, and educated at Christ college, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. 
 A. 1695. He took orders and obtained the 
 livings of Welton and Elkinton, Lincolnshire. 
 In 1706, he published his history of England, 
 from the time of the Romans to James 1. 
 in one volume folio, to whicli he added a se- 
 cond and a third volume 1718, up to the set- 
 tlement of William and Mary. He wrote 
 also an ecclesiastical history, and an English 
 translation of Plautus and 'i'ercncc, besides a 
 gazetteer, &c. He was made pr«bcndary of 
 Lincoln, and in 1712, archdeacon of 8towe, 
 and soon after presented to the livings of 
 Rendlesham, Sudborn, and Alford, Suftblk. 
 His declining state of Iiealth obliged him to 
 go to Scarborough for tJie waters, but he di- 
 ed by the way, while in his chariot, 16th Au- 
 gust 1730. lie was an author of great judg- 
 ment and perseverance, but the labors of 
 more modern ami elegant writers have ren- 
 dered his works obsolete. He was twice 
 married, but had no children. 
 
 EcKius, John, a learned professor of In- 
 goldstadt, born in Suabia 1485. He warmly 
 opposed the great leaders of the reformation, 
 and disputed at Leipsic with liUther, before 
 the duke of Saxony, and at Worms against 
 Melancthon. He was adiviae of great abili- 
 ties, warm zeal, and extensive erudition. His 
 writings are chiefly on controversial sub- 
 jects, in support of the popish supremacy 
 against the protestauts. He died at Ingold- 
 stadt 1543. 
 
 EcLUSE, Charles de 1' Clusius, a physi- 
 cian of Ai'ras, who had the care of the sim- 
 ples of Maximilian II. ami Rodolphus II. 
 Disliking the life of a courtier, he retired to 
 Frankfort ou the Maine, and then to Ley- 
 den where he ^x^Cx professor of Botany, 4th 
 April 1609, aged 84. His works on botanical 
 subjects were published two vols, fol. Ant- 
 werp 1601-5. 
 
 EcLUSE DES LoGES, Pierre Mathuran 
 de I' doctor of the Sorbonne was born at Fa- 
 laise, and obtained the prize of eloquence at 
 the French academy 1743, and died 1775. 
 He edited, but with great partiality, the me- 
 moirs of Sully. 
 
 Edelinck, Gerard, an engraver, born'at 
 Antv=ctX* 1641. The uiuaiilcence of Le^is 
 
 XIV. invited him to France, "where he exe. 
 cuted in the most finished style the|holy fam- 
 ily of Raphael, Alexander in Darius' tent by 
 le Brun, and Mary Magdalen also by le Brun. 
 Some of his portraits are excellent, especially 
 his own. He died 1707, aged 66, at the ho- 
 tel of the Gobelins. 
 
 Edema, Gerard, a Dutch painter, born 
 in Friesland. He visited Surinam, and af- 
 terwards America, to paint the views, the 
 trees, insects, &c. of the country, and came 
 to London 1670. He was much admired for 
 the bold features of his landscapes ; and his 
 rocks, mountains, and cataracts displayed 
 awful grandeur. He hastened his dissolution 
 by excessive drinking, and died about 1700. 
 Eder, George, a learned lawyer of the 
 16thcentury, born at Friesingen, and coun- 
 sellor to the emperors Ferdinand, Maximili- 
 an, and Rodolphus. His best work is ffico- 
 nomia bibliorum seu partionum biblicarum li- 
 bri quinque folio. 
 
 Edgar, /iocceeded on the throne of Eng- 
 land after h\% brother Edwy 959, and deser- 
 ved from his lAildness the name of peacea- 
 ble. He was a warlike prince, and obtained 
 some important victories in Scotland and in 
 Ireland, and also in AVales, where he exact- 
 ed from the inhabitants a tribute of Avolves' 
 heads, which thus cleared tlio country from 
 those rapacious animals. After the death of 
 his queen Egelflida, he married the beautifnl 
 Elfrida, daughter of the earl of Devonshire, 
 whom his favorite Ethelwolfe, overpowered 
 with the love of her beauty, claimed for him- 
 self instead of demanding hei-for his master. 
 Edgar died 975, aged 3 J. 
 
 Edgar, son of Malcolm III. was king of 
 Scotland, and died 1107. His sister married 
 Henry king of England, and by this union 
 restored peace between the two countries. 
 
 Edmer or Eadm^r, an English bcnc- 
 dictine of Canterbury, afterwards abbot of 
 St. Alban's, and bishop of St. Andrew's ia 
 Scotland. He Avrote the histoiy of his own 
 limes from 1066 to 1122, called Historia no* 
 vorum, and also the life of Anselm and Wil- 
 fred and some other tracts. His historia was 
 printed with notes by Selden 1623, and re- 
 printed 1675 by Gerberon. 
 
 Edmondes, sir Thomas, a statesman 
 born in Devonshire about 1563, and introdu- 
 ced at court under the patronage of sir Fran- 
 cis Walsingliara. He was employed by Eli- 
 zabeth in some negotiations, but when her 
 ambassador at Paris he was allowed only 20^. 
 a day, so that he complains severely of his in- 
 ability to support the dignity of a royal rep- 
 resentative, and adds that *• he has not the 
 means wherewith to put a good garment on 
 his back, to appear in honest company." He 
 was sent in 1599 to Brussels, and was after- 
 wards employed as one of the clerks of the 
 privy council. He was knighted by James I. 
 and engaged in affairs of trust and importance, 
 and afterwards appointed to the offices ot' 
 comptroller of the king's household, and pri- 
 vy counsellor, and in 1618, of treasurer of the 
 household. In the two first parliaments of 
 Charles L he sat for Oxford, and some of 
 his speeches are gfeservcd, In 1C29 he went 
 
£D 
 
 ^^'/ 
 
 ED 
 
 as ambassador to the French court, and al- 
 terwards retired from office, and died in 
 peaceful privacy 1639. He was a man of 
 great abilities, eminent as a negotiator, active 
 us a courtier, upright, firm, and incorrupti- 
 ble, as attached to the privileges of his king 
 and country. Some of his papers, which 
 once consisted of 12 vols, folio, have been 
 preserved, and some of his letters are pub- 
 lished in Sawyer's three volumes of memo- 
 rials of affairs of state 1725, and Dr. Birch's 
 View of negotiations &c. 1749, 8vo, 
 
 EuMONUES, Clement, son of the prece- 
 ding, wasboi'n at Sharwardinc in Shropshire, 
 and educated at All-souls' college, of which 
 he became fellow 1590. By the interest of his 
 father he was made secretary for tlie Trench 
 to Elizabeth, and afterwards remerubrancor 
 of the city of London, master of the requests, 
 and clerk to the eouncil, and in IG17 knight- 
 ed. He Avasaman of learning, well skilled 
 in arts and sciences. He wrote observa- 
 tions on the first 5 books of Cicsar's civil wars 
 1600, folio, besides observations on the com- 
 mentaries, kc. He died in St. Martin's in 
 the fields, l'2th October 1622, and was buried 
 at Preston near Northampton. 
 
 Edmund, St. king of the East Angles, 
 was for his sanctity made one of the saints of 
 the calendar. He was taken prisoner in 870, 
 by Ivar the Dane, and shot to death with ar 
 vows, after being fastened to a tree. He was 
 buried at St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk, 
 
 Edmund, St. a native of Abingdon, who 
 studied at Paris, and for his eminence as a 
 preacher was made archbishop of Canterbury 
 by Innooeut HI. A quarrel with Henry HI. 
 obliged him to leave the kingdom, and retire 
 to France where he died 1240. He was can- 
 onized by Innocent IV. 1249. 
 
 Edmund I. son of Edward the ekler, suc- 
 ceeded his brother Athelstan as king of En- 
 gland 941, and added Mercia, Northumber- 
 hmd, and Cumberland, to his dominions. He 
 was stabbed to death at Puckle church, 
 Glocestershire 948, by Leolf, a robber, 
 whom he had banished. 
 
 Edmund II. surnamed Ironside, succeed- 
 ed his father Etheldred 1016, and took for 
 his partner on the throne Canute who oppo- 
 sed him. He was as-assinated at Oxford, by 
 ► two of his servants 1017. 
 4^ Edward, the elder, succeeded his father 
 Alfred, as king of England 900. He defeat- 
 cd the Scotch and Welsh, and repi'essed the 
 invasion of the Danes. He erected five 
 bishoprics, and by founding the university of 
 Cambridge, he extended his pi'otection to 
 learning. He died 925, and was succeeded 
 by his illegitimate son Aldestan. 
 
 Edward, St. or Martyr, the younger, sori 
 of Edgar the great, succeeded to the English 
 crown 975, and was basely murdered at 
 Corfe castle 978, by his step-mother Elfrida, 
 ■who wished to place her own son Ethelred 
 on the throne. 
 
 Edward, surnamed the confessor, son 
 of Ethelred, succeeded his brother Hardiea- 
 nute 1041. He was a weak and impolitic 
 prince, and suffered his kingdom to be go- 
 
 verned by carl Godwin, whose daughter hfc 
 had married. At his death, unable or un- 
 willing to settle the succession about which 
 he had consulted his iViend William of Nor- 
 mandy, lie left his kingdom a prey to ambi- 
 tious factions. He died 5th January 1066, 
 and after tlie short but unfortunate reign ol 
 Harold, be was succeeded the following Oc- 
 tober by William tlie conqueror. 
 
 Edward I. king of England, son and suc- 
 cessor of Henry 1 II. a\ as born at Winchester. 
 He was recalled from his expedition in Asia 
 against the infidels to ascend the throne 1272, 
 and he distinguished himself by the vigor and 
 wisdom of his government. The "Welsh 
 were subdued, and torcaoncile them to their 
 change of master, the king created his own 
 son prince of Wales. In 1286 he was ap- 
 pointed umpire between the rival competi- 
 tors for the crown of Scotland, a^d he so art- 
 fully conducted himself, that he nearly made 
 the whole kingdom subservient to his power. 
 He died at Ctu-lisle 5th July 1307, aged 68, 
 as he was preparing to march against the 
 Scots, who had revolted against him, and on 
 his death-bed he recommended to his son the 
 prosecution of the war. From the wisdoi* 
 and equity of the laws wiiich he established, 
 Edward has been called the English Justini- 
 an, and to his fondness for war and his ex- 
 pensive levies, the people may be said to be 
 indebted for their liberties, which were ce- 
 mented by the weight and consequence givea 
 to their representatives first called to sanc- 
 tion and to support the moasures and the 
 taxes of government. After the death of his 
 first wife Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III, 
 king of Castile, he married Margaret daugh- 
 ter of Philip the hardy of France. 
 
 Edward 11. son and successor of the 
 preceding, was born at Caernarvon, and as- 
 cended the throne 1307. He was devoid oX 
 that vigor and firmness requisite in the head 
 of a turbulent kingdom, and his ill judged 
 attachment to his worthless favorites GaveS- 
 ton and the Spencers raised his barons in 
 opposition to liis measures and ■embittered 
 the whole of his life. Not ojily his ]peopJe 
 but his own Avife, rose up against him, and 
 after the punishment of his faTorites he wa|i 
 solemnly deposed by the nobles, and shut up 
 in Berkeley castle, where soon after he was 
 murdered in the most barbarous aud insult- 
 ing manner, 1327, aged 42. 
 
 Edward HI. son of the preceding, was 
 bora at Windsor 1312, and ascended the 
 throne on his father's death 1327. After a 
 glorious campaign in Scotland, where Baliol 
 paid homage to him for his cro'w-B, he turned 
 his arms against Philip king of France. HJ^ 
 successes brought on the celebrated victory 
 of Cressy 1346, in which 30,000 French fell, 
 and after the capture of Calais, peace was> 
 re-established between the two countries; 
 The succession of John on the French thronfc 
 renewed the war, and in 1357 another dread- 
 ful battle was fought at Poitiers, by the blacl^ 
 prince, who in the midst of the slaughter 
 took the French monarch prisoner. The 
 arms of E4wHrd Jjjid also been sugcessfut 
 
 
 J^^. 
 
 ,/-i^i/h^\ 
 
 ^ .-^f.^ J 
 
 
 <^/ma^ 
 
ED 
 
 ^(^^ 
 
 ED 
 
 HgainsJt the Scotch, and their "kujg David 
 Bruce was taken prisoner, and thus England 
 saw two captive monarchs in her capital. 
 These glorious actions were unfortunately 
 ohscured by the misfortunes of the latter 
 end of the king's reign. The monarch 
 abandoned the cares of government to his 
 rapacious ministers, and lost himself in the 
 grossest sensuality. He died 23d July 1377, 
 aged 65, and was succeeded by his grandson 
 Kichard II. During his reign England was 
 greatly improved by her connexion with 
 the continent, and the arts and manufac- 
 tures of the Flemish, were transplanted into 
 the island, where the industry and the bold 
 genius of the inhabitants have since cherish- 
 ed and improved them. The order of the 
 garter was established in this reign. 
 
 Edward IV. son of Richard duke of 
 'York, claimed the crown as descended from 
 the second son of Edward III. in preference 
 to the reigning monarch Henry VI. the de- 
 scendant of a tliird son of Edward III. This 
 rivalship, which filled the kingdom with 
 blood, had already beeii disputed in six bat- 
 tles, in one of which Richard the duke of 
 York fell, and in seven others it continued to 
 engage the passions of contending armies, 
 till Edward prevailed, and M*as crowned at 
 Westminster 1461. His marriage with Eli- 
 zabeth Woodville, disgusted greatly his 
 friend Warwick, who received the surname 
 of king-maker, and the dissatisfaction was so 
 r-ooted, that another civil war was to decide 
 the dispute. Warwick joining himself to the 
 forces of the deposed Henry, defeated Ed- 
 ward's army at Banbury 1469, and soon after 
 took him prisoner. Edward found means to 
 escape, and Warwick, defeated in his turn, 
 fled to France for new supplies, and soon 
 returned to place Henry from a prison oa 
 the throne. In his turn, Edward became a 
 fugitive, but unbroken by misfortunes, he 
 collected forces on the continent, and on his 
 return defeated his enemies, and slew War- 
 wick in the field of battle, and in another 
 fight in Tewsksbury park so completely 
 routed the forces of Margaret, the heroic 
 queen of the cowardly Henry, that no fur- 
 ther opposition was raised against him. Re- 
 spectable as a warrior and as a negotiator, 
 Edward became despicable as a monarch, 
 and lost himself in effeminacy, and in the 
 indulgence of the most sensual appetites. 
 He died 9th April 1483, aged 41. 
 
 Edward V. son of Edward IV. was 
 only twelve years old on his father's death. 
 The guardianship of his minority was in- 
 trusted to his uncle Gloucester, whose am- 
 bition prompted him to the commission of 
 the foulest crimes. The young monarch, 
 with his brother the duke of York, were on 
 pretence of greater safety, conducted to the 
 lower, and soon after barbargusly smothered 
 1483, and the cruel uncle ascended the va- 
 cant throne, under the name of Richard HI. 
 The bodies of these unfortunate princes 
 •were discovered in 1678, and conveyed to a 
 decent burial in Westminster-abbey. 
 
 Edward VI. son of Henry VIII. by Jane 
 Seymour, ascent^ed the English ihrone, at 
 
 the age of 10, 1547. His character exhibited 
 strong marks of benevolence, virtue, and 
 humanity, but the goodness of his inclina- 
 tions was often prevented by the intrigues 
 or the malice of his ministers. He continued 
 the work of the reformation begun by his 
 father, and by the powerful co-operation of 
 Cranmer, nearly settled the religious estab- 
 lishment in the form in which it now exists. 
 To avoid the errors of a popish reign he set 
 aside by his will his two sisters Mary and 
 Elizabeth, and settled the crown on his 
 cousin the lady Jane Grey, but his benevo- 
 lent v.ishes failed, and the bloody reign of 
 Mary overturned for a while his excellent 
 institutions. He died of a consumption 1553, 
 aged 16. He showed himself a munificent 
 patron of literature, by the foundation of 
 sevei'al schools in the kingdom, and by the 
 liberal endowment of Christ-church, Bride- 
 well, and St. Thomas's hospital. 
 
 E dward, prince of AVales, surnamed the. 
 black prince from the color of his armour, 
 was eldest so'n of Edward III. He distin- 
 guished himself by his valor in the field of 
 battle in the wars of France under his father, 
 especially at Gressy, and afterwards he com- 
 manded the English forces on the glorious 
 victory of Poictiers, where he took John 
 the king of France and one of his sons pris- 
 oner. Sensible of the deference due to I'tiy- 
 alty he waited behind the chair of this illus- 
 trious prisoner on the evening of the battle, 
 and when he conveyed him to London ho 
 entered the capital mounted on a small black 
 horse, while the royal captive was borne by 
 a beautiful white charger richly caparisoned. 
 This warlike prince, who was the idol of the 
 nation, died of a consumption before his fa- 
 ther 1376, aged 46; and by a daughter of 
 Edmund of Kent, brother to Edwai'd IL a 
 widow, he lelt one son Richard, who ascend- 
 ed the throne ai'ter the death of Edward III. 
 The crest which he took from the blind king 
 of Bohemia became afterward* the crest of 
 the succeeding princes of Wales, distin- 
 guished by three ostrich feathers and the 
 motto Ich dien, I serve. Edward, as bene- 
 volent as he was brave, extended his protec- 
 tion to Peter the cruel king of Castile, and 
 received him in Aquitainc, which he had ob- 
 tained by the treaty of Bretigny ; but though 
 replaced on his throne by the expulsion of 
 his usurping brother Henry count of Trans- 
 tamare, the ungrateful prince foi'got his ob- 
 ligation to the English victor, and even refu- 
 sed to defray the expenses of the troops 
 which had restored his fortunes. 
 
 Edwards, Richard, an English writer, 
 bgrn in Somersetshire, 1523, admitted of 
 Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and elected 
 student of Christ's church. Fie was made 
 gentleman of Elizabeth's chapel, and taught 
 music to the children of the choir. He 
 wrote thi-ee plays, the first of which is dated 
 1562, besides poems published after his 
 death in a collection called " a paradise of 
 dainty devises" 1578. He was member of 
 Lincoln's Inn, and in his last illness wrote 
 " thife' soul's taiell/' mttch esteemeiL He 
 died 1566. 
 
Edwards, Thomas, an English divine, 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his master^s degree 1609. 
 He was a nonconformist, and violently op- 
 posed the royalists during the civil wars. 
 He generally px-eached about London, and 
 at Hertford, and after the fall of royalty, 
 he expressed his disapprobation against the 
 sect of independents, with such freedom that 
 upon the triumphal return of Crom%rell to 
 London, he fled to Holland, where he died 
 of a quartan ague, 24th August 1047, aged 
 48. His writings, which arc extremely vir- 
 ident and abusive, are chiefly in favor of the 
 puritans, and of the presbytery. The most 
 ftnown of these are his Gangrtena in three 
 parts, — antapologia, &c. Mr. Edwards pro- 
 fesses himself to be " a plain open hcai'ted 
 man, who hated tricks, reserves, and de- 
 signs, zealous tor the assembly of divines, 
 the use of the Lord's prayer, kc." He was 
 from his zeal called the young Li^ther at 
 Cambridge. He had by his wife, who was 
 an heiress, four sons and one daughter. 
 
 Edwards, John, a divine of the chui'ch 
 gland, son of the precedin 
 
 ED 
 
 of E 
 
 was born 
 ut Hertford 26th February 1637. He was 
 educated at Merchaiv-taylors' and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He took his master's degree 1661, 
 und was soon after ordained, and then un- 
 rlertook the cure of Trinity church, Cam- 
 bridge, where his sensible discourses and 
 eloquent delivery procured him a large and 
 admiring audience. In 1668 he went for 
 one year to reside at St. Edniondsbury as 
 lecturer, and on liis return to the univer- 
 sity, in consequence of some dispute with 
 the society of his college, he removed to 
 Trinity-hall, and then became minister of 
 St. Sepulchre's church there. In 1676 he 
 irtarried the widow of Mr. Lane, of Cam- 
 bridge, and then went to reside on the small 
 living of St. Peter's, t^olchester, where for 
 three years he continued the respected and 
 beloved pastor of his parishoners. In 1697, 
 displeased with the conduct of the Colclies- 
 ter clergy towards him, he removed to 
 Cambridge, where two years after, he pro- 
 ceeded to his degi'cc of D.D. In 1701 he 
 lost his wife, and some time after he took 
 for his second wife a niece of his first wife's 
 first husband. He died 16th April 1716, 
 aged 79, and his wife survived him thirty- 
 nine years, and died January 4, 1745, aged 
 81. Dr. Edwards, after his return to Cam- 
 bridge, applied himself very assiduously to 
 the service of literature. Though he had 
 no collection of books, he drew much assis- 
 tance from the libraries of the university, 
 and in his writings, which are numerous, 
 showed himself most indefatigable, well 
 skilled in ecdesii^tical history, and a 
 subtle and able polemic. That he was oc- 
 casionally unpopular among the clergy arose 
 from his decided partiality for calvinisfcic 
 princijjles, and his bias towards the abjured 
 doctrines of the old puritans. Dr. Kippis 
 l)as called hitn the Pau^, the Augustine, the 
 Bradwardine, the (^alvin, of his age; but 
 
 voT.. r. 60 
 
 though he possessed merit hi a A'cry great 
 degree, the commendation is perhaps im- 
 moderate. His writings are now little known. 
 
 Edwards, George, the father of ornitho- 
 logists, was born at Stratford, Essex, third 
 April 1694. He was brought up to trade, 
 but the great powers of his genius began to 
 be developed by the perusal of books ou 
 natural history, antiquities, &c. and at the 
 expiration of his apprenticeshij), iii Feji- 
 church -street, he travelled abroad, and visi- 
 ted Holland, and two years after, N(U"way, 
 Avhere his researches were attended with 
 the most unbounded friendship and hospi- 
 tality from the natives. In 1733 he was, by 
 the 'recommendation of sir Hans Sloane, 
 chosen librarian of the college of physicians, 
 where he obtained apartments; and he be- 
 came afterwards fellow of the royal aiul an- 
 tiquarian societies, London, and other learn- 
 ed societies abroad. The first of his learned 
 and valuable labors appeared in the history 
 of birds, 4 vols. 4to. in the years 1743, 1747, 
 1750, and 1751 ; and in 1758, 1760 and 1764, 
 three more 4to. vols, were added, *' called, 
 " gleanings of natural history :" two most 
 vi^uable works, containing engravings and 
 descriptions of upwards of 600 subjects in 
 natural histoi'y never before delineated. 
 This worthy mac died 23d July 1773, aged 
 81. 
 
 Edwards, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- 
 vine, who wrote against the Socinians. He 
 was of Jesus college, Oxford, of which, on 
 the promotion of Dr. Lloyd to the see of St 
 David, he became principal, IQSO. His wri- 
 tings are chiefly controversial, and show him 
 to have been a zealous but bigoted dispu- 
 tant. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, an qjlegant writer. 
 He purchased Turrick, in Bucks, where he 
 chiefly resided ; and lie died on a visit to his 
 friend Richardson, at Parson's Green, 8th 
 January 1757, aged 58, and was buried ia 
 Ellesborough cliiirch-yaixl, Bucks. He dis- 
 tinguished himself as an able critic and a 
 good scholar in his canons of criticism, first 
 printed 1747, and his letter to the author qf 
 a late correspondence, &ic. which drew upon 
 him the severity of Warburton's vengeance, 
 illiberally wi'eaked in a note on the Dunciad. 
 He also wrote some sonnets, thirteen of 
 which are preserved in Dodsley's collection, 
 eight in Pearch's, and four in Nichols'. Hi§ 
 trial of the letter Y is elegant. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, an eminenl divine 
 of the church of England, born at Coventry 
 lOfch August 1729. He was educated partly at 
 Coventry school, and partly under his father, 
 who was the vicar of St. Michael's, Coven- 
 try, and in 1747 he entered at Clai-e-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 early displayed his knowlege of the li?arned 
 languages by the publication of a new Eng- 
 lish translation of the psalms from the origi- 
 nal Hebrew, with notes, 8vo. 1755. In 1758 
 he was chosen master of Coventry gram- 
 mar-school, and rector of St. John the Bap- 
 tist in that city ; and the sape year married 
 the daughter, of 5tonvcr Parrot, esq by 
 
KD 
 
 ^<^Z 
 
 EG 
 
 whom he had one son, Dr. Edwards, of 
 Cambridge. In 1759 he published his useful 
 •work, " the doctrines of irresistible gi'ace 
 proved to have no foundation in the writings 
 of the new testament ;" and in 1752 he at- 
 tacked Dr. Lowth's " metricse Harianse 
 brevis confutatio ;" and by thus supporting 
 Hare's meti'ical system, he began a contro- 
 versy, which was contihued for some time, 
 and after some pamphlets between the rival 
 divines, ended at last in the general opinion 
 of the. superiority of Lowth's arguments. 
 In 1766 our author took his degree' of D.D. 
 and in 1770, upon obtaining the valuable 
 living of Nuneaton, Warwickshire, from the 
 crown, he retired from Coventry, and fixed 
 his residence there for the rest of his life. 
 The loss of his wife. May 1784, greatly af- 
 flicted him, and he never recovered the 
 shock. He died at Nuneaton 30th June 
 1785, aged 56, Besides the above. Dr. Ed- 
 wards published two dissertations, on bigot- 
 ry, and on the interpretation of the new 
 testament, and some very learned notes on 
 some of the idyllia of Theocritus. As a 
 teacher. Dr. Edwards was able and assiduous, 
 and as a minister he was attentive, exemp- 
 lary, and devout. The habits of a sedentary 
 life, however, rendered him little fond of 
 company, and though the correspondent of 
 some learned men, he was the intimate 
 friend of few, among whom bishop Law of 
 Caiiisle was the chief. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, an American, born 
 at Windsor in Connecticut, and educated at 
 Yale college. He was the minister of a 
 Presbyterian congregation at New-York 
 1722, and two years after he was made tutor 
 in his college ; but resigned in 1726, to as- 
 sist his grandfather, the minister of North- 
 ampton. He was in 1750 ejected by his 
 congregation, for recusing to administer the 
 sacrament to some particular i)ersons ; and 
 the next year he went as missionary among 
 the Indians. In 1757 he was made president 
 of the college, New-Jersey, and died of the 
 smalUpox the next year. He was author of 
 the life of David Brainerd, a missionary — 
 narrative of the work of God in the conver- 
 sion of many hundred souls in Northampton 
 — the doctrine of original sin defended — 
 inquiry into the freedom of will as supposed 
 to be essential to moral agency — sermons, 
 &c. 
 
 Edwards, William, a common mason, 
 who, by the strong powers of his untutored 
 genius acquired great celebrity as a bridge- 
 builder. His bridge over the river TaaflT, 
 ■which is the segment of a circle, the chord 
 of which is 147 feet from the surface of the 
 ■water, is a I'emarkable instance of his inge- 
 nuity. He was occasionally a methodist 
 preaclier; and died 1789, aged 81. 
 
 Edwy, succeeded his uncle Edred as king 
 of Eng^land 955, and married Eigiva, who 
 was related to him within the prohibited 
 degrees. This circumstance proved his ruin, 
 and that of his queen, who was seized by 
 Odo, the archbishop, and after being brand- 
 ed with a hot iron in the face, to destroy her 
 
 beautiful features, was banished to Ireland, 
 where she expired by a most cruel and violent 
 death. The king was also excommunicated, 
 and died in e.xile 959. 
 
 EECKH0UT,GerbrantVanden, a painter, 
 born at Amsterdam 19th of August 1621, 
 He studied the manner of his master Rem- 
 brandt with such success that his pictures 
 drew equal applause, and possessed equal 
 merit. He preferred historical subjects to 
 portraits, and excelled chiefly in the repre- 
 sentation of the feelings of the soul in the 
 features of the countenance. His best pieces 
 are — a Jesus among the doctors, — the infant 
 Jesus in the arms of Simeon, — Abraham, 
 dismissing Ilagar and Ishmael, — the conti- 
 nence of vScipio, — and a woman looking for 
 the fleas of her dog. He died 22d July 1674> 
 a bachelor. 
 
 Eeckhoute, Anthony Yanden, a painter, 
 born at Bruges. He travelled into Italy 
 with his brother-in-law Deyster, and while 
 he executed the flowers and the fruits, his 
 companion completed the figures of the se- 
 veral pictures which were thus conjointly 
 produced. After his return home, Eeck- 
 houte purchased an honorable post under 
 the bishop of Bruges ; but, to the astonish- 
 ment of all, he suddenly abandoned his coun- 
 try, where he was loved and patronised, and 
 embarked for Italy. In his way he was 
 carried by a storm to Lisbon, where his 
 works soon recommended him to general 
 notice ; and after the residence of two years 
 he married a lady of quality, and of opulent 
 ortune. His rivals, however, viewed his 
 success with jealousy, and as he waa i-iding 
 out in his coach, he was shot with a ball and 
 instantly expired 1695. The causes of this 
 melancholy catastrophe are unknown. His 
 fortune descended to liis sister who had 
 married Deyster. 
 
 Egbert, last king of the Saxon heptarchy, 
 and first king of England, was proclaimed 
 monarch of Wessex 800, and of all England 
 in 828. He died 10 years after, distinguished 
 for valor and success against his Danish inva- 
 ders. 
 
 Egede, John, a Dane, who went as mis- 
 sionary to Greenland 1721, where he resided 
 15 years. His description of Greenland ap- 
 peared 1729, and he died 1758. His son 
 Paul assisted him in his endeavors to con- 
 vert the Greenlanders, and Avas appointed 
 bishop of the country, and died 1789, aged 81. 
 He republished his father's history, besides 
 a journal about the occurrences of Green- 
 land. 
 
 Egerton, Thomas, an eminent lawyer, 
 natural son of sir Richard Egerton, of Kid- 
 ley, Cheshire, born 1540. He was educated 
 at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, and removed 
 to Lincoln's Inn, where he assiduously ap- 
 plied himself to the law. In 1591 he was 
 made solicitor general to the queen, in 1592 
 attorney general, and knighted, and after- 
 wards he rose to the office of roaster of the 
 rolls, and of keeper of the great seal. James 
 I. in 1603 created him baron Ellesmere, and 
 made him chancellor of England. In 161^ 
 
EG 
 
 ^1^.^ 
 
 EI 
 
 he was elected chancellor of Oxford and 
 made viscount Brackley. He died 15th 
 Mai-ch 1017, at York-house in the Strand, 
 and was buried at Dodleston Cheshire, lie 
 left some law manuscripts, and published 
 some oljservations on his office, its privileges 
 and prerogatives, and a speech concerning 
 the postnati. His descendants how enjoy his 
 estates represented by the eai-l of Bridge- 
 water. 
 
 Egerton, John, a learned prelate, born 
 30th November 1721, in London, and edu- 
 cated at Eton, and Oriel college, Oxford. 
 He was son of the bishop of Hereford, and 
 desaended from the earl of Bridgewater's 
 family. On taking orders he was presented 
 by his father to the living of Ross, afterwards 
 made archdeacon of Hereford, and the year 
 after prebendary of Hereford. In 174^, he 
 married lady Ann Sophia, daughter to the 
 duke of Kent, and the year after became 
 chaplain to the king, and in 1750 was made 
 dean of Hereford. In 1756 he was consecra- 
 ted bishop of Bangor, and by diploma from 
 Oxford made LLU. In 1768 he was transla- 
 ted to Lichfield, and in 1771 to tlie see of 
 Durham. These high and rapid preferments 
 were not undeserved. The bishop possessed 
 among his many virtues the manners of con- 
 ciliation and humility, and by a temperate 
 condescending conduct he restored peace 
 and good will among the political contending 
 lactious which unhappily divided his county 
 when he succeeded to Durham. By hospi 
 tality and aftability he recommended himself 
 to his clergy, and by his anxious concern for 
 tlie general improvement of agriculture and 
 the encouragement of useful projects through 
 the diocese, he rendered himself deservedly 
 popular, and greatly beloved. The respect- 
 ability of the pastor, and the comforts of the 
 poor were always nearest his heart, there- 
 fore his patronage was extended only to the 
 virtuous and good, and his charity tended to 
 encourage humble i)overty in honest pur- 
 suits and in industrious diligence. This very 
 virtuous and venerable prelate, after a life 
 usefully spent in distributing liberally and 
 judiciously the many favors which Provi- 
 dence had placed at'his command, died at 
 his house, Grosvenor-square, London, 18th 
 January 1787, and Avas privately buried in 
 St. James's church. His lordship was mar- 
 ried to his second wife Mary .sister of sir 
 Edward Bough ton in 1782, who survived 
 him without issue. Though well educated, 
 and with a mind stored with all the learning of 
 ancient and modern times, he published only 
 three sermons preached on public occa- 
 sions. 
 
 Eggeling, John Henry, a native of 
 Bremen, who travelled over Europe to in- 
 crease his knowledge and enlarge his mind. 
 On his return he was made secretary to his 
 republic, and died respected 1715, aged 7-1. 
 He wrote explications of medals and other 
 ancient monuments. 
 
 EgINHART. Vid. -SlGlNHAIiD. 
 
 Egmont, Lamoral count, one of the 
 lords of the Low Countries, born in Hol- 
 
 land 1522. He distinguished himself in the 
 service of Charles V. in Africa, and also 
 under Philip II. at the battles of St. Quin^ 
 tin and Gravelines, where he was general oT 
 horse. Though attached to his sovereign, 
 he seemed unwilling to assist in the enslav- 
 ing of his country, and therefore being sus- 
 pected by the duke of Alva of favoring the 
 cause of the prince of Orange, and more- 
 over hated by the tyrant for his superior 
 abilities, he was beheaded by the governor's 
 order at Brussels, 5th June 1568, together 
 with Philip de Montmorency count Horn. 
 On this dreadful occasion the French am- 
 bassador wrote to his court that he had seen 
 that head fall which had twice made France 
 to tremble, and Philip observed that the 
 heads of salmons were of greater account 
 than many thousands of frogs. Some others 
 of the family were equally illustrious iu 
 arms. The count's last descendant died 
 1707, aged 38, in the service of France. 
 
 Egmont, Justus Van, a painter, born at 
 Leyden 1602. He travelled early, and re- 
 sided a Jong time in France, where be was 
 painter tp Lewis XIII. and XIV. and one of 
 the twelve elders in the establishment of the 
 academy for painting and sculpture. He re- 
 turned to Antwerp, where he died 8th Jan. 
 1674, and his wife June 1685. 
 
 Egnatius, John Baptist, a learned man, 
 born at Venice 1473. He was pupil to the 
 famous Politian, and like him he contributed 
 by the force and excellence of his instruc- 
 tions to the revival of learning. When, 
 grown old, the republic paid liira the highest 
 honors for his eminent services in education, 
 and for his virtues, and decreed that his 
 stipend should be continued as public teach- 
 er, and that he should be exempted from all 
 taxes. The woi-ks which he published ai'e 
 numerous, but they do not exhibit any marks 
 of superior excellence, as the abilities of the 
 author consisted chiefly in an astonishing i*e- 
 tentive memory, in a sti-iknig ready elocu- 
 tion, and in a convincing mode of conveying 
 instruction. This respectable man died at 
 Venice 155.3, leaving his estate and fine li- 
 brary to the three illustrious families of 
 Molino, Lauredano, and Bragadeno. His 
 works are orations, — epistles, — a poetical 
 panegyric on Francis I. of France, — de llo- 
 manis principibus vel Csesaribus, — de ex- 
 emplis virorum illustrium, — on the origin of 
 the Turks, &c. 
 
 Ehret, George Dionyaus, a German, 
 eminent as a painter of flowers. After 
 painting for Mr. Clifford of Holland, the 
 beautiful figures of the Hortus ClilVortianus, 
 he came to England, Avhere he inet with 
 great encouragement, and was made mem- 
 ber of the royal society. One hundred of 
 his botanical figures appeai*ed in the Plantae 
 selectse. He died 1770, aged 60. 
 
 EiSEE, Charles, an artist, who died poor 
 at Brussels, January 4th 1778. He made 
 excellent designs for Fontaine's tales, 1762, 
 for Ovid's metamorphoses 1767, for the 
 Honriade, &c. 
 EisENGREiN, Martin, D.D. a nalfve pf 
 
EL 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 EL 
 
 Stutgard, chancellor of the university of 
 Ingolstadt, died 1578. Though he gloried in 
 Jlbaniloning the party of antichrist, with the 
 protestants, he afterwards altererl his opin- 
 ion, embraced the popish religion, and be- 
 came a violent supporter of its tenets. His 
 v-ritings wei'C mostly controversial. 
 
 EisENSCHMiDT, John G^spar, a German 
 jnatlicmatician and physicinn, born at Stras- 
 burg, where he died 1712, aged 56. He was 
 intimate with du Verney, Tourncfort, and 
 other learned men. He wrote a treatise on 
 the Aveights and measures of various nations, 
 and the value of ancient coins, and a treatise 
 on the figure of the earth. 
 
 Ekins, Jeftery, D.D. an English divine, 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 held successively the rectories of Quainton, 
 Sedgefield, and JMorpeth, Durham, and was 
 made dean of Carlisle. He published a 
 translation of Apollonius llhodius' loves of 
 Jason and Medea, 3 vols. 4to. 1771, and died 
 1791. 
 
 Elbee, N. d', a native of Poitou, for 
 some time engaged in the service of Saxony. 
 During the revolution he espoused the cause 
 of his suffering countrymen in la Vendee, 
 and put himself at the head of the royalists 
 there, 1793, and, by the most masterly ma- 
 ticeuvres, the greatest intrepidity, and the 
 most consummate prudence, he succeeded in 
 defeating all the republican forces sent for 
 }iis destruction. After the victories of Grol- 
 leau, Thonars, Saumur, Chatenay, Chssot, 
 8cc. he was unfortunately defeated at the 
 battle of Chollet, and retired to Noirmon- 
 tiers, where he was taken, and condemned 
 to be shot. This extraordinary man, the 
 bravest and the most formidable of the roy- 
 alists of la Vendee, was then aged 42. 
 
 Elbene, Alphonsus d', a native of Flo- 
 rence, bishop of AIbi, died 8th February 
 1608, in an advanced age. His works are, 
 de regno Bui'gundiai & Arelatis, 4to. 1002 — 
 de famiha Capeti, 1595, 8vo. &e. He was 
 succeeded as bishop by his nephew Alphon- 
 sus, who quitted his dignity, in the civil 
 troubles of Lang^edoc, and died at Paris, 
 counsellor of state, 1661. 
 
 Elbceuf, Rene de Lorraine, marquis d', 
 seventh son of Claude duke of Guise, died 
 1566. His grandson Charles married Catha- 
 rine, the daughter of Henry IV. and Ga- 
 brielle d'Estrees, and died 1657, These 
 great and illustrious characters were con- 
 cerned in the intrigues and tumults of the 
 French court under Richelieu and Mazarin. 
 The last male descendant of this noble house 
 yas Kmanuel Maurice, due d'Elboeuf, who 
 died in France 1763, aged 86. He is par- 
 ticularly known as the discoverer of Hercu- 
 laneum. As he had served the emperor in 
 Naples, he settled tl>ere, at Portici, and be- 
 ing offered pieees of ancient marbles, to or- 
 nament his villa, by a peasant, who found 
 them in cUgging a well, he purchased the 
 ground, and by carefully making excava- 
 tions Herculaneum was discovered.. 
 Elbruckt, John V^, a painter, born 
 
 at ElboTi rg, near Campers, 1500. He settled 
 at Antwerp, where sorrie of his pieces are 
 preserved, especially, in the Fishmonger's 
 chapel, the miraculous draught of fishes. 
 His landscapes, human figures, and his stor- 
 my sea, were admirable. 
 Eleanor, Duchess of Guienne, suc- 
 ceeded her father, William IX. in 11.37, 
 though only 15, and the next year she mar- 
 ried Lewis VII, king of France, whom she 
 accompanied to the holy land. Lewis was a 
 character full of oddity and superstition, and 
 when he cropped his hair, and shaved his 
 head, at the instigation of I'eter of Lombar- 
 dy, who told him that God hated long hair, 
 he soon appeai'ed ridiculous, and conse- 
 quently despicable to his wife, who was play- 
 ful and volatile. His conduct, it is said, pro- 
 duced inccnistancy, and Eleanor passed many 
 guilty hours in the company of her uncle 
 Raymond, prince of Antioch, and of Saladiri, 
 a Turk of commanding appearance; and 
 when Lewis complained of her levity, on 
 his return to France, a quarrel arose, and 
 a divorce ensued, 1152. Six weeks after, 
 Eleanor married Henry duke of Normandy, 
 afterwards Heniy II. of England, by whom 
 she had four sons and a daughter. Guienne 
 and Poictou, the dowry which she brought 
 to her husband, afterwards proved the 
 source of those dreadful wars which for 
 three centuries deluged France with English 
 blood. Eleanor gave up, in 1162, Guienne 
 to her second son, Richard, and died 1204, 
 a nun in the abbey of Fontevrault. Her 
 history was published at Rotterdam by Lar- 
 rey, 1691, I2mo. Her quarrel with her 
 husband, who had an adulterous intercourse 
 with the fair Rosamond of Clifford, in Wood- 
 stock-park, incited her to encoui-age the re- 
 bellion of her sons against their.father, and 
 at last procured her imprisonment for six- 
 teen years. 
 
 Eleazau, high-priest of Judea after his 
 brother Simon, 292 B. C. It is said that he 
 gave Ptolemy Philadelphus a copy of the bi- 
 ble, which was by order of the monarch 
 translated by 70 persons, and'is now known 
 by the name of the septuagint. 
 
 Eleutherius, a native of Nicopolis, 
 made pope 170. He opposed the Valentini- 
 ans with great zeal, and died 185. 
 
 Eli, the high-priest and the judge of the 
 Israelites, B. C. 1156, was regardless of the 
 licentious conduct of his sons, Hophni and 
 Phineas, against whom the^ngerof the Lord 
 was announced in a vision revealed to the 
 young prophet Samuel. The aged father 
 heard the threatened punishment with re- 
 signation, and when the ark of God was taken 
 by the Philistines, and his two sons slain in 
 battle, he, at the melancholy report, fell back 
 from his scat, and broke his neck, the 93d 
 year of his age. 
 
 E L I A s, Matthew, a painter, born at Peene^ 
 near Cassel, of obscure parents, 1658. As he 
 was one day keeping the only cow belonging 
 to his widowed mother, Corbeen, the famous 
 painter, observed him making a fortificatiou 
 of mud by the road.si(^e, a»d, pleased with 
 
EL 
 
 ^^6 
 
 EL 
 
 the regularit)' of his Avorks, andthe attitude | great persecution from queen Jezebel, he 
 
 of his figures, he stopped, and prevailed upon 
 him to come to Dunkirk and live with him. 
 Here he engaged the affection of his friend 
 and patron, by his great application' and his 
 superior abilities ; and at the age of 20 he was 
 enabled to go to Paris, ftirther to improve 
 himself. His pieces soon gained the public 
 attention ; but though courted and flattered, 
 Elias never forgot his gratitude and respect 
 to his kind benefactor. He married at Paris, 
 and was appointed professor at St. Luke, 
 and raised to other respectable offices. He 
 afterwards visited ]3unkirk, and settled; there, 
 employing his pencil in adorning the church- 
 es and chapels of that part of France. He 
 lived always with the same regularity and 
 temperance. ^Mild in his manners, iuoflen- 
 sive in his conduct, he was seldom seen but 
 at church and in his work room. He M'orked 
 till the last period of life, and expired '22d 
 April 1741, aged 82, highly respected. He 
 had only one sou, who died doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne at Paris ; and he never had more than 
 one pupil, Carliei', as he rather discouraged 
 the attempts to painting, which -were attend- 
 ed with great tiH)uble, and often unrewarded. 
 Though correct and grand in his draAvings, 
 he failed in his draperies; and some of his 
 female figures are represented without judg- 
 ment and without taste. 
 
 Elias, Levita, a German rabbi, of the 
 I6th century. He taught Hebrew at Venice 
 and Rome, and was a very learned man and 
 a most judicious critic. He published, lexi- 
 con Chaldaicum, 1541, folio — traditio doctri- 
 nse, 1538, 4to. — some Hebrew grammars — 
 Domenclatura Hebraica, 1542, 4to. — coUec- 
 tio locorum in quibus Chaldseus paraphi'astes 
 interjecit nomen Me&sise Christi, &c. 1572, 
 8vo. 1 
 
 Elich, LewisPhilip, a native of Marpurg, 
 known in the 17th century for his foolish 
 book, de magia diabolicti, which was cancelled 
 by the magistrates, but afterwards published 
 at Frankfort under aditterent title, 1607. He 
 now avoided persecution by flight, and turn- 
 ed Uoman catholic. He published another 
 book at Frankfort, 1G09, de miseria homines, 
 &c. He was immoral and imxjious in his sen- 
 timents, and his conduct has been warmly at- 
 tacked and exposed by his opponent, Taudler, 
 professor of medicine at VVittemberg. 
 
 Elichman, John, anative of Silesia, who 
 practised physic at Leydcn, and was well ac- 
 quainted with sixteen languages, and, accord- 
 ing to Salmasius, superior to every European 
 in the knowledge of Persian. Fie wrote in 
 Arabic, de usu Arabicse lingua; in medicimi, 
 1G36— a dissertation de termino vitte, kc. 
 IGSy — and a Latin translation of Cebes'pic- 
 ttu*e, printed at Leyden, 1640, with a Greek 
 and Arabic version. 
 - Elieier, a rabbi, of the 8th century, said 
 .by some to be conteraiiorary with Christ. 
 His valuable " chapters, or sacred history," 
 wei-e translated into Latin, with notes, by 
 Vorstius, 1664, 4to. 
 
 Elijah, an illustrious prophet of Israel, 
 under Ahab and Ahaziah. After sufTeriiig 
 
 was taken up to heaven in a chariot of bre, 
 895 B. C. and left his mantle and his pro- 
 phetic powers to his sei-vant Elisha. 
 
 Eliot, Thomas, a native of Suffolk, she- 
 rift" of Cambridge under Henry VHl. He 
 chiefly resided at Cambridge, and was the 
 author of the first dictionary, Latin and Eng- 
 lish, ever published in England. He died 
 1546. 
 
 Eliot, John, a puritan, born in Devon- 
 shire or Cornwall, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. He went to America in 1031, and 
 established a grammar school and an inde- 
 pendent congregation at Roxburg. In his 
 zeal to make convei'ts, he applied himself to 
 learn the Indian language, 1646, and, as a vo- 
 luntary missionaiy, he converted many of 
 the natives to tlie Christian religion, and, to 
 enlarge their understanding, translated into 
 their language the bible, and some popular 
 tracts. He died at Roxbui^ 1689. 
 
 Eliott, sir Johji, a native of Peebles, of 
 obscui*e origin. He showed great application 
 in his youth, and, by the direction of his fa- 
 ther-in-law, he became Avell acquainted with 
 Latin and Greek. He was first employed ia 
 the shop of an apothecai'v in the Hay-mafket, 
 Londjon, and quitting this, for more venturous 
 services, he went to sea as surgeon A rich 
 prize soon rewarded his labors, and enabled 
 him, on his return to London, to assume the 
 air and the name of physician. He was in 
 this new character befriended. by sir William 
 Duncan, and soon gained reputation and opu- 
 lence. His address greatly recommended 
 him, and though he was neither very leai'ned 
 nor very ingenious, he however became one 
 of the most popular physicians in London; 
 his fees amounted to little less than 5000^. a- 
 year ; and such was his consequence, that he 
 was created a baronet, by the influence of 
 madame Schwellenbergen and lord Sackville. 
 Thus raised to eminence, and patronised by 
 the priuQe of Wales, and courted by the 
 great, sir John showed that he knew well 
 how to use the favors of fortune. His hospi 
 tality Avas very great ; but while the friend of 
 the witty and the learned, Avhile courted by 
 M'Pherson, Horace Walpole, Astle, Town- 
 ley, Whitefoord, Armstrong, and other% 
 he did not forget the labors of his profession, 
 nor did he, while attending the opulent, dis- 
 dain to administer to the poor without fee or 
 reward. It is supposed that the hospitable 
 ti-eats with which he delighted his friends, 
 and the pleasures of the table, in which he 
 moderately indulged, hastened the decay of 
 his constitution. In the languishing hour of 
 sickness he tried in vain the waters of BatVt 
 and other placos, and sea voyages. He died 
 suddenly, at Brocket-hall, it was imagined, 
 from the I'upture of one of the larger vessels, 
 and Avas buried at Hatfield, 1787. He left u 
 handsome fortune, to be divided among his 
 eight surviving children. 
 
 Eliott, George Augustus, the braA'^e de- 
 fender of Gibraltar, was born at Stobbs, 
 Roxburgshire, 1718, the youngest of the nine 
 sons of Sir Gilbert Eliott, of an ancient fj|^«u- 
 
KL 
 
 ly, said to have accompanied tlie conqueror in 
 his invasion of England. He was educated 
 under a private tutox', and then went to 
 Leyden, where he made great progress in 
 raiJitary science, which he completed at the 
 ecole royale of La Fere in Picardy. He af- 
 terwards served in the Prussian service, and 
 on his return to Scotland in his 17th year, he 
 entered as volunteer in the '23d i*egiment of 
 foot. The next year he went into the engi- 
 neer corps at Woolwich, and then by his un- 
 cle's interest became adjutant of the second 
 troop of hoi'se grenadiers. He went with 
 this highly disciplined regiment into Germa- 
 ny, and was at the battle of Dettingen, where 
 he was wounded. After rising to the rank 
 of lieutenant colonel in this regiment, he re- 
 signed his coromissjon as engineer, and was 
 soon after made aid-de-camp to George U. 
 In 1759 he quitted his regiment to raise and 
 discipline the first regiment of light horse 
 called after him Eliott's, and with them in 
 the character of brigadier general, he went 
 in an expedition to the French coast, and af- 
 terwards to Germany, where discipUne, ac- 
 tivity, and entei'prise reflected the highest 
 honop on the general, and on the men. He 
 was recalled from Germany to be second in 
 command in the expedition against the Ha- 
 vannah, where his intrepid courage in the ac- 
 tion, and his great humaiiity towards the 
 conquered, were eminently displayed. At 
 the peace, the gallant regiment was reviewed 
 in Hyde park by the king, who was so pleased 
 •with their appearance and so grateful for 
 their valor that he bestowed upon them the 
 appellation of royals. In 1775, general Eli- 
 ott succeeded A'Court as commander in chief 
 in Ireland, but before he had completely ta- 
 ken possession of his ofhcc, he was nominated 
 governor of Gibraltar, an appointment for 
 which, by his habits, his intrepidity, and his 
 experience, he was well calculated. While 
 he established in the garrison a severe but 
 salutary system of discipline, he exhibited to 
 his soldiers an example for them to follow. 
 He inured himself to the severest privations, 
 he eat no flesh, nor drank wine, but lived on 
 vegetables and water; he never slept more 
 than four hours at a time, and therefore the 
 abstemiousness and the vigilance of the gene- 
 ral were soon seen and imitated as the best 
 qualifications of a good soldier. Thus perse- 
 vering, active, vigilant, he maintained the ho- 
 nor of his country, and defended a barren 
 rock with victorious success against the com- 
 bined forces of Spain and France. The skill 
 and valor displayed in the memorable siege of 
 1782, had fixed "upon the gallant commander 
 and his brave garrison the eyes and the ad- 
 miration of the world, and therefore on his 
 return to England, at the peace, he was 
 greeted by the nation with acclamations, by 
 the senate with thanks, and by the king with 
 the honorable reward of a peerage by the ti- 
 tle of lord Heathfield, baron Gibraltar. This 
 illustrious veteran died at his chateau, at Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, of a second attack of the palsy, 
 sixth July 179Q, in his 73d year, at a moment 
 when he was preparing tp return through 
 
 ^<-f 
 
 EL 
 
 Leghorn to his favorite garrison. His re- 
 mains were brought over to England, and bu- 
 ried at Heathfield, Sussex, where a handsome 
 monument is erected. Lord Heathfield had 
 married Ann daughter of Sir Francis Drake, 
 who died 1769, leaving a son, who succeeded 
 to his father's honors, and a daughter mar- 
 ried to J. T. Fuller of Bailey -park, Sussex. 
 
 Elio r T, Richard, an English divine, born 
 at Kingsbridge, Devon, and educated at Be- 
 net college, Cambridge, where he proceed- 
 ed A. B. and took orders. He was expelled 
 from St. George's chapel, Hyde-pai-k, for 
 printing a sermon on salvation by faith with- 
 out works, and afterwards became minist<^r 
 of a dissenting congregation, Glass-houje 
 yard, Aldersgale street. Ffe died suddenly 
 in his pulpit 1789. He published some con- 
 troversial tracts and sermons, and defended 
 himself against the attack of Dr. Dodd, about 
 his discourse on faith. 
 
 Elisha, a pi'ophet among the Israelites. 
 He was called from the plough to become 
 the servant of Elijah, and afterwards when 
 his master was carried up to heaven in a 
 chariot of fire, he received his mantle and 
 was appointed his successor. He was highly- 
 respected by the people of Judea and by the 
 Syrians, wl^ frequently consulted him. He 
 died at Samaria about 830 B. C. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England, daugh- 
 ter of Henry VIII. by Ann Boleyn, Avas 
 born seventh September 1533. She was de- 
 clared illegitimate by her capricious father, 
 but her dying mother recommended her to 
 the care of Parker, afterwards archbishop 
 of Canterbur)^ by whom her principles of 
 religion were fixed, and her mind cultivated 
 and improved. She lived in privacy and re- 
 tirement, but on Mary's accession she w-as 
 imprisoned and nearly sacrificed to the 
 queen's bigotry by the influence of bishop 
 Gardiner, who represented her as the fu- 
 ture prop of protestantism. PhiUp, how- 
 ever, interceded for her, as he already 
 marked her for his second wife on Mary's 
 decease. She was drawn from prioon to sit 
 on the throne 1558, and thus educated in 
 the school of adversity, she came to govern 
 a gallant and rising nation, and by her wis- 
 dom and energ)' to fix their destinies on the 
 most glorious basis. With a soul heroic and 
 magnanimous, an understanding polished by 
 the knowledge of literature and of the learn- 
 ed languages, she yet possessed the weak- 
 ness of her sex, and loved to be admired and 
 courted for the elegancies of her dress, and 
 the beauties of her person. Prudent and 
 discerning in all her measures, she proceed- 
 ed with caution in her determination to es- 
 tablish the protestant religion, she treated 
 the catholic party with tenderness, and pro- 
 fessed a gl'eat willingness to be on amicable 
 terms even with pope Paul IV. Before she 
 ascended the throne the king of Sweden 
 made proposals of mai-riage to her, which 
 she rejected. Philip her brother-in-laAv was 
 equally unsuccessful, and the duke of Anjou 
 who for a while seemed to be treated with 
 partiality and affectiop, was: dismissed at last 
 
EL 
 
 with coldness and indifference, 
 ment indeed interfered, but she declared 
 that she was wedded to her people, and that 
 she wished Ixer tomb-stone to record that 
 after reigning so long she had lived and died 
 a virgin queen. Authors have been puzzled 
 to account for this settled aversion to the 
 marriage slate, and whilst some have sug- 
 gested tliat this coldness of constitution arose 
 Irom natural causes, others have intimated 
 that her hours of retirement were not al- 
 ways devoted to continence. The suspicions 
 are wanton, false and illiberal ; though she 
 was beautiful and young, and loved enter- 
 tainments, dress, and pleasure, though she 
 selected tho handsomest and best shaped 
 men, such as Leicester and Essex, for her 
 iavorites, yet nothing can be advanced Avith 
 truth against the chastity of her character. 
 Though she had favorites, in uo instance is 
 it mentioned that she forgot her rank or the 
 dignity of her sex, and indeed there were 
 so many watchful eyes about her court and 
 person, that had she been incontinent, her 
 weakness would have been divulged, and 
 her amours recorded to posterity. That she 
 wished to govern her favorites, and by them 
 her people, by the soft influence which fe- 
 male charms possess over the heart is pro- 
 bable: but when it is considered that when 
 settled on her throne she Avas nearly thirty, 
 that the warmer passions of youth had sub- 
 jsided, and that her great ambition was to 
 rule M'ithout a superior or rival in the affec- 
 tion of her subjects, the wonders of her celi- 
 bacy will cease. She was fortunate in the 
 choice of her ministers, but though she 
 could depend on Cecil and on Walsingham, 
 she yet loved business, and i-egarded the 
 prosperity and happiness of the nation as 
 her immediate care. It is unnecessary here 
 to mention the glorious events which mark- 
 ed her reign. The most indelible blot, how- 
 ever, on her character, is her treatment of 
 the unfortunate Mary, whom, as her rival 
 in beauty, and as her presumptive heir she 
 hated. Instead of pitying her misfortuoes 
 indeed, she deceived her; and instead of 
 granting her liberty, or replacing her on her 
 throne, she ignominiously led her to a scaf- 
 fold, and then meanly pretended to blame 
 the horrible proceedings as the act of her 
 ministers. After an illustrious reign of 44 
 years four months and six days, and after 
 seeing her people grown powerful in arms, 
 successful in extending navigation and com- 
 merce, and distinguislied in science and lite- 
 rature, this great princess died twenty -fourth 
 March 1603, aged 70. Never, says a Jesuit, 
 did a crowned head better understand the 
 art of government, and commit fewer er- 
 rors in it, during a long reign. Her aim was 
 to reign, to govern, to be mistress, to keep 
 her people in subjection. She was not a 
 "warlike princess, but she knew so well hoAv 
 to train up warriors that England had not 
 for a long time seen a greater number of 
 them, nor more experienced. 
 
 Ei.iXABETK, of Austria, daughter of 
 Maximilian II. was married to Charles IX. 
 
 Her parlia- 1 of Frandfe SGth iJiTovember 1.^70 at iMezieres. 
 
 The dreadful massaere of St. Bartholomew 
 overwhelmed her with grief, but as she 
 never meddled in the public affairs of the 
 kingdom, she avoided the dangers of politics 
 and retained the affections of her capricious 
 husband, who on his death-bed tenderly re- 
 commended her and her daughter to the 
 kindness of Henry IV. king of Navarre his 
 successor. Thus i'cspecLed and beloved in 
 France as a most virtuous wife and most be- 
 nevolent queen, she retired to Vienna after 
 her husband's death, and though her sister- 
 in-law, Margaret of Navarre, was different 
 from her in temper and character, yet she 
 honored her with her fiiendship, and sent. 
 her two books she had written with her own 
 hand, one on the word of God, and the oth- 
 er on the remarkable events that had occur- 
 red during her residence in France. She 
 died at Vienna in a convent which she her- 
 self had founded, 159'2, aged 38, deservedly 
 beloved and sincerely lamented. 
 
 Elizabeth, Petrovna, daughter of Pe» 
 ter the Great, was born 1709. Her rank and 
 personal attractions made her an object of 
 admiration among her neighbors, and among 
 her suitors are mentioned Lewis XV. of 
 France, Charles Augustus bishop of Lubec, 
 Charles Margrave of Anspach, Kouli Khan, 
 and Lewis of i?runswick, bat she rejected aU. 
 She did not however dislike favorites, as he> 
 amours were frequent, and as she declared 
 to her confidants she never was happy but 
 in love. She ascended the throne of Russia 
 in 1741, and received the appellation of 
 humane, because she made a vow that no 
 capital punishment should be inflicted, du- 
 ring her reign. Severities however Avere 
 practised, the pubhc piMsons were filled with 
 wretches who frequently expired under tor- 
 tures, and Elizabeth herself gave a strong 
 example of cruelty, in condemning two la- 
 dies of her court, women of beauty and rank, 
 the conntess Bestuchef and Lapookin, to re- 
 ceive 50 strokes of the knoot, in the open, 
 square of Petersburg, to have their tongues 
 cut out, and to be banished to Sibei'ia for di- 
 viilging the secret amours of the empress. 
 Though thus given to private incontinence, 
 Elizabeth pretended to be a strict devotee ; 
 she was scrupulous in her yearly confessions 
 at Easter, she expressed contrition for her 
 faults, and was most punctual in all the ex- 
 ternal ofiices of religion. She died 25th De- 
 cember 1761, in the 2Ist year of her reign 
 and 52d of her a^e. The punishment of 
 torture, which hitherto was permitted, was 
 abolished gradually by her successors. 
 
 Eller de Brookhusen, John Theo- 
 dore, physician to the king of Prussia, was 
 born at Pletzkau in Anhalt-Bcrnburg, and 
 died at Berlin 1760, aged 71. He was a man 
 of great learning and of extensive experience 
 in his profession. He wrote a Latin treatise 
 on the knowledge and treatment of diseases, 
 translated by Le Roy into French. 
 
 Elliger, Ottomar, son of a physician, 
 was born at Gottenbui'g 18th September 
 1633 His father ivish^'d to make him a 
 
^g^liolar, but nature had formed hiin for a 
 painter, and at last the inclination of the 
 son prevailed, and utider Daniel Seghers the 
 Jesuit of Antwerp, he soon displayed supe- 
 a'ior excellence in painting flowers and fruit. 
 He was invited to Berlin, where he became 
 a g^'eat favorite at court. His pieces are 
 much admired in Germany. The time of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Elliger, Ottomar, son of the preceding, 
 ■was born at Hamburgh iGth February 1666. 
 He studied under his father, and under, Mi- 
 chael Van Musscher, at Amsterdam, but 
 Jiis great master was Lairesse. Instructed 
 by him he soon imitated his copies, and ta- 
 king nature for his model, he finished his 
 pictures in a style pleasing to the man of 
 taste as well as the scholar. In his back 
 grounds he introduced the finest remains of 
 JEgyptian, Grecian, or Roman architecture, 
 and every where displayed correctness of 
 concex)tion and sublimity of genius. His best 
 pieces are the death of Alexander, and the 
 nuptials of Thetis and Peleus, made for the 
 elector of Mentz, which the prince wished 
 to reward by granting the painter a hand- 
 some pension, and making him his principal 
 painter. These honors Elliger refused, pre- 
 ferring liberty to the service of the greatest 
 potentates. The latter part of his life was 
 clouded by intemperance and debauchery. 
 He died 24th November 1732, aged 60. 
 
 Ellis, Clement, M. A. a native of Cum- 
 berland, brought up under his uncle. Potter, 
 bishop of Carlisle. He afterwerds werjt to 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and at the refor- 
 mation obtained the living of Kirkby-west- 
 ern, Notts, and in 1693 the prebend of South- 
 well. He died 170(l, aged 70. He was lear- 
 ned and exaraplary as a divine, and wi-ote 
 the genteel sinner, — the scripture catechist, 
 — the self-deceiver, kc. 
 
 Ellis, John, an English poet, born in the 
 parish of St. Clement Danes, London, 22d 
 March 1698, As his father was a man of an 
 eccentricjunsettled character, and his mother 
 a fanatical dissenter, who punished him se- 
 verely even for looking at a top on Sunday, 
 his education was little attended to, though 
 his application made up fully for the defi- 
 ciencies of parental cax'e. He was placed in 
 the office of Taverner, a scrivener, in 
 Threadueedle-street, where, besides the 
 knowledge of his business, he hear.d and at- 
 tended to the classical instrnctions which 
 young Taverner, an idle scholar of IMer- 
 chant-taylors' school, I'egularly received 
 from his fond father. "With this indolent 
 
 EL 
 
 youth, after the father's deatli, Ellis was 
 united in partnership, and from his impru- 
 dence he was a great sufferei', and was long 
 involved in difficulties, which injured lus 
 peace of mind, and prevented his prosper- 
 ous settlement in the world. His literary 
 qualifications introduced him to the acquaint- 
 ance of the learned, and among his friends of 
 merit and virtue he could numberMr.Fay ting 
 ofCambridge,Dr.KingofOxford,MosesMen- 
 dezesq. andDr.Johnson. Though for seventy 
 years he wrote, without howevet publishing. 
 
 small poetical pieces, he did not neglect h?a 
 business, and as a scrivener of probity and 
 moral honesty, he was the agent of many re- 
 spectable families. In 1750 he was elected a 
 common councilman of London ; an office 
 which he retained till his death. He was 
 also for many years deputy of his ward, and 
 four times elected master of the scriveners' 
 company, and so highly esteemed by that 
 respectable body that a picture of him was 
 hung up in their hall. By temperance and 
 exercise he attained a great age, though he 
 had a weakness in one of his eyes, which, in 
 his 86th year, passed to the other in a sin- 
 gular manner, which he has described in a 
 letter to his friend Dr. Johnson. The last 
 year of his life was clouded with distress, 
 from which however his friends extricated 
 him, by relieving him from indigence, in con- 
 sequence of his having incautiously trusted 
 some money, perhaps the whole of his pro- 
 perty, into the hands of an artful villain, who 
 was a bankrupt. Cheerful and stfong even 
 to the last, he was capable of walking twen- 
 ty and even thirty miles a-day even to his 
 85th year. He died gently, sitting in his 
 chair, the 31st December 1791, in his 94tli 
 year, and was buried on the 5th of January, 
 in St. Bartholomew's churchy Exchange, at- 
 tended by a great number of persons, who 
 paid this last respect to his memory. As he 
 had been brought up a dissenter, he soon saw 
 with disgust the hypocrisy of the sect, and 
 instead of followiiig them, he expressed the 
 strongest aversion for them. His hours of 
 relaxatio<i were alv^ays employed in walking ; 
 and when questioned why he neglected to go 
 to church, he replied, " Nathan walked with 
 the Lord." To the character of an honest, 
 upright, and independent man, he added 
 that of poetical merit ; and though his pieces 
 possessed not superior sublimity, yet they 
 were distinguished for neatness, elegance, spi- 
 rit and naivete. Alany of his poems were long 
 preserved in manuscript. Besides some pieces 
 to be found in Dodsley's collection, he wrote 
 a translation of Dr. King's templum liberta- 
 tis — a Hudibrastic travesty of Maphsus — the 
 South Sea dream — the surprise, or the gen- 
 tleman turned apothecary — a translation of 
 some of the epistles and of the metamorpho- 
 ses of Ovid, — some parts of jEsop's fables, 
 of Cato, and others. 
 
 Ellwood, Thomas, a nativeof Crowell, 
 Oxfordsliire, w]»o turned quaker, by the in- 
 fluence of Isaac Pennington, and thus lost 
 the protection of his father. He was for some 
 time reader to Milton, and exposed himself 
 to persecution on account of his religious 
 tenets, which he ably defended. He Mrote 
 a sacred poem on the life of David — an his- 
 toi-y of the old and new testaments — besides 
 an edition of George Fox's journal, &c. He 
 died 1713, aged 74. 
 
 Ellys, Anthony, an English prelate, bo.rR 
 in 1693, and educated at Clare-hall, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1724 he was vicar of St. Olave's, 
 Jewry, rector of St. Martin's Ironmonger's 
 lane, the next year prebendary of Glouces 
 ter* and ia 172She iook Uvs degree of D. D 
 
EL 
 
 In 1752 he was made bishop of St. David's, 
 and died at Gloucester 1761, and was buried 
 in the cathedral there. Besides three occa- 
 sional sermons, he published, in 1 730, a plea 
 for the sacramental test, &c. 4to. — remarks 
 on Hume's essay on miracles; and left un- 
 published tracts on the liberty, spiritual and 
 temporal, of protestants in England, &c. the 
 first part of Avhich was printed 1763, the 
 second in 1765. These works pi-ove the 
 author to have been a man possessed of 
 learning, of candor, of benevolence, and 
 every christian virtue. 
 
 FiLMACiNus, George, anEgyptian, of tlie 
 13th century, author of a Saracen history, 
 from Mohammed to the year 1118. He 
 professed himself to be a christian, and held 
 places of honor under the caliphs ; but the 
 favorable manner in which he speaks of the 
 mussulraans, of Mohammed, and of his reli- 
 gion, suggests a suspicion that he had little 
 of the christian besides the name. This 
 liistory has been translated from the Saracen 
 into Latin by Erpenius and completed by 
 Golius, Leyden, 1625, folio, and into French 
 by Vattier, Paris, 1657; but both transla- 
 tions are very incorrect. 
 
 Elmenhorst, Geverhart, a critic, of 
 Hamburgh, who died 1621. He published 
 Cebes, Leyden, 1618, and distinguished him- 
 self by his learned notes on Minutius Felix, 
 and other ancient authors, 
 
 Elmenhoust, Henry, author of a Ger- 
 man treatise on public spectacles, Ham- 
 burgh, 1688, 4to. He does not consider 
 them as injurious to manners. This subject 
 has been treated by Rousseau and d'Alem- 
 bert. 
 
 Elphinstone, William, a Scotch di- 
 vine, born in the county of Stirling 1432, 
 and educated at St. Salvador's, St. Andrew's, 
 and at Paris, where he studied the law. On 
 his return home he took orders, and became 
 arch-deacon of St. Andrew's, pi-ovost of St. 
 Giles, Edinburgh, and bishop of Aberdeen. 
 In 1483 he went as ambassador to France, 
 and in 1489 to Henry VII. of England ; and 
 in 1495 he was made chancellor of Scotland. 
 The death of king James, at the battle of 
 Flodden-field, 1513, so overpowered his spi- 
 rits that he died soon after, aged 81. He 
 was a munificent benefactor to the university 
 of Aberdeen, and his learning is evinced by 
 the history of Scotland, a MS. copy of which 
 is preserved in the Bodleian. 
 
 Elsheimer, Adam, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born at Frankfort on the Maine 1574. 
 Though the son of a tailoi*, he by his in- 
 dustry was enabled to go to Home, where 
 he soon became a distinguished artist. His 
 landscapes, histories, and night-pieces, are 
 so highly finished, so scarce, and so valuable, 
 that they are to be seen only in the collec- 
 tion of princes. He was a man of a melan- 
 choly disposition, and died 1610. 
 
 Elsner, James, a Prussian, professor of 
 theology and oriental languages at Lingen, 
 and afterwards master of Joachim's school, 
 Berlin. In 1730 he became pastor of one of 
 the Berlin churches, and was made member 
 VOL. I. 61 
 
 ^ef" 
 
 1SL 
 
 of the academy of sciej.c:iS, and confessor of 
 the royal consistory. He wrote observa- 
 tiones sacrte in novi testam. libros Utrse. 
 1720, 1728 — explanation of the epistle to the 
 Pliilippiaus — state oi" the Greek church in 
 Turkey, 8vo. 1737. lie died 1750, aged 
 fifty-eight. 
 
 Elstob, William, a loarned divine and 
 Saxon linguist, barn at Newcastle 1673, 
 and educated at Eton and Cathaiine-hall, 
 Cambridge. He afterwards removed to 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and thence was 
 chosen fellow of University, whore he was 
 tutor. In 1702 he became rector of Saint 
 Swithin and St. Mary Bothaw, London, 
 where he dieil, twelve j'cars after. He pub- 
 lished Lupus' Saxon history translated into 
 Latin, and also Ascham's Latin letters, and 
 wrote an essay on the great affinity and 
 mutual agreement of the two professions, 
 law and divinity. He was engaged also in 
 the laborious edition of the Saxon laws, with 
 notes, &c. which he did not live to com- 
 plete, and which was finished by Dr. Wil- 
 kin s, 1721. 
 
 Elstob, Elizabeth, sister of the preced- 
 ing, born in 1683, was well skilled in the 
 Saxon language. She retired, after her 
 brother's death, to Evesham, Worcester- 
 shire, where she kept a small scliool. By" 
 lord Oxford's interference, she obtained 
 from queen Carohne an annuity of 2U. but 
 after the death of her majesty she Avas again 
 reduced to poverty, and though skilled in 8 
 languages, she was obliged to become a 
 governess. She was then engaged in the 
 duchess of Portland's family, where %\\^ 
 continued seventeen years, and died at Bul- 
 strode 30th May 1750. She gave an English 
 translation to the homily, which her brother 
 published from the Saxon 1709. In 1715 
 she published a Saxon grammar, and, as 
 Rowe Mores observes, *' she w:is the inde- 
 fessa comes of her brother's studies, a female 
 student of the university, upon a genteel 
 fortune,, but pursuing too much the drug 
 called learning." 
 
 Els WICK, John Herman d', a Lutheran 
 divine, wlio Mas born at Kenslmrg, Holstein, 
 and died at Stade 1721, aged 37. He pub- 
 lished Simonius' book de Uteris pereuntibus, 
 with notes, — Launoius de varia Aristotelis 
 fortuna, &c. 
 
 Elsynoe, Henry, an English gentleman* 
 appointed, by Laud's interest, clerk of the 
 house of commons. He w.as born at Batter- 
 sea 1598, and educated at Westminster and 
 Christ-churcli, Oxford. He spent some 
 years in tiavelling; and when appointed 
 clerk to the commons, he displayed such 
 correctness and ability in his office that he 
 was respected by all parties, and consulted 
 on every occasion. He resigned this honor- 
 able office when he saw the determination 
 of parliament to try the king ; and he re- 
 tired to his house at Hounslow, where he 
 died, 1654. To learning, and the knowledge 
 of French and Italian, he added the noble 
 character of an honest man. He published 
 " the ancient method and nra^ncr of holding 
 
EL 
 
 pavliaraents in England," 1663, reiirmted 
 1768, and wrote a tract concerning the pro- 
 ceedings in ])arliament, never published, and 
 other things. 
 
 El VI us, Peter, a native of Upsal, secre- 
 tary to tlie Stockholm royal academy of sci- 
 ences. He was eminent for his knowledge 
 of mathematics and his love of science. He 
 made surveys of the Swedish lakes, and of 
 the coasts pf the country, besides observa- 
 tions on tiie heavenly bodies, from Urani- 
 hurg; and he constructed also some ingeni- 
 ous machines worked upon by water. He 
 ■wrote a journal of a tour in Sweden, pub- 
 lished, Stockiiolm, 1751. He did 1749, aged 
 59.^ 
 
 Elwes, John, of saving memory, was 
 son of a bre^vcr in Soiithwark, of the name 
 of Meggot. 'riiough he lost his fatlier when 
 four years old, he was sent to Westminster- 
 school, where he continued ten or twelve 
 years; tVom wlience he went to Geneva, 
 where, for three years, he disthiguished him- 
 self in dividing the palm of horsemanship 
 Avith Mr. Worsley and sir Sydney Meadows. 
 On his return to i^gland he visited, in the 
 assumed garb of a miser, his uncle, sir Har- 
 vey Elwes, who lived in Esse.x, and whose 
 sole pleasure was the hoarding up of money. 
 He afterwards succeeded to his fortune, 
 •which was little less than 250,000/. and, 
 agreeable to his will, changed the name of 
 Meggot for that of Elwes. He was then 40 
 vears old ; but though known, for the last 
 fifteen years, in all the circles of fashion and 
 dissipation in London, he did not, upon the 
 acquisition of such an ample fortune, to 
 ■which indeed his own was equal, launch out 
 into tlie extravagaticies of the times, but fol- 
 lowing his uncle's example, he determined 
 to increase it with all his poAver. He was 
 naturally fond of gaming, and did not give it 
 up till late in life. " He has been known," 
 as his biographer has observe«l, ** after sit- 
 ting up a whole night at play, for thousands, 
 in elegant apartments, ornamented with the 
 most splendid decorations, and with waiters 
 at his call, to walk out about four in the 
 morning, and proceed to Smithfield, to meet 
 his own cattle coming to market from Thoy- 
 don-hall, Esse.x, where he had a farm. For- 
 getful of the scenes which he had just left, 
 this singulur man would stand there, often 
 in the cold and rain, disputing with a carcass 
 butcher for perhaps a shilling. Sometimes, 
 when the cattle did not arrive at the hour 
 he expected, he would walk on, in the mire 
 and dirt, to meet them, and more than once 
 he lias gone the whole way to his farm, 
 without Slopping, though seventeen miles 
 from London. Denying himself every earth- 
 ly comfort, he would walk home to London 
 in the rain, sooner than pay a shilling for a 
 coach ; he would sit in wet clothes, rather 
 than have a fire to dry them ; he would eat 
 his provisions in the last state of puti'efac- 
 tion, sooner than have a fresh joint from the 
 butcher; and he wore a wig for a fortnight, 
 which I," says the biographer, ** saw him 
 pick up from a rut in a laae," Yet when 
 
 ^/•^ 
 
 EM 
 
 this inordinate passion of saving did not in- 
 terfere, he performed very kind offices, and 
 even went a great way to serve those who 
 applied to him. hi 1774, when aged sixty, 
 he was elected member for Berkshire, and 
 for twelve years served the county, the 
 most independent man in the house oV com- 
 mons. He tame in without expense, and 
 therefore expected no favor, and voted as in 
 the purest days of parliamentary represen- 
 tation. In 17S8 he began to feel the infir- 
 mities of age, but with the strongest antipa- 
 tliy to the drugs ami pills of apothecaries, 
 he endeavored to support life by reguUu- 
 exercise and by temperance. In November 
 1789 nature seemed exhausted, and no lon- 
 ger able to walk, he crept into his bed on 
 the i^lst, and on the 26th expired, without a 
 groan, leaving besides entailed estates at 
 Marcham, Rerks, in Essex, &c upwards of 
 500,000/. to his natural sons. Though, how- 
 evei-, so fond of money, he never did an un- 
 just action to increase his store. He was 
 cruel to himself, and benevolent to others. 
 To others he lent much, to himself he de- 
 nied every thing 
 
 Elxai, or Ei.x.'Eus, founder of a sect 
 among the Jev 3 in the second century, com- 
 manded his followers, vfhenever they pray- 
 ed, always to direct their faces towards Je- 
 rusalem. As he was an enemy to continence, 
 he obliged all followers to marry. This sect 
 spread around Jordan, Palestine, and Ai-a- 
 bia, was not extinct till the 4th century. 
 Elyot, Thomas. FiV/. Eliot. 
 Elys, Edmund, a native of Devonshire, 
 educated at Baliol college, Oxford, where 
 he became fellow, and published some divine 
 poems and miscellanea, in Latin and English 
 verse, 165S. In 1659 he succeeded his father 
 as rector of Easf Allington, Devonshire, from 
 which he was afterwards ejected as a non- 
 juror. He was a man of extensive learning. 
 His pamphlet against Tillotson's sermons on 
 the incarnation, and his volume of letters, 
 wei'e much admired. He died after 1693. 
 
 Elzevirs, celebrated pi'inters at Am- 
 sterdam and Leydeu, inferior to the Ste- 
 phens in learning, but superior to them iu 
 the neatness and elegance of their small 
 characters. There were five brothers, Lew- 
 is, Bonaventure, Abraham, Lewis, and Dan- 
 iel. Lewis became known at Leyden 159*, 
 and Avas the first who marked the distinc- 
 tion between v consonant and Ji vowel. Dan- 
 iel, though he left some children in his pro- 
 fession, Avas the last of his family distinguish- 
 ed over other printers. He died 1681. The 
 catalogue of their editions Avas printed at 
 Amsterdam 1674, 12mo. Their Virgil, 
 Terence, and Greek testament, are most 
 beautiful and A'aluable books. 
 
 Emanuel succeeded John H. as king of 
 Portugal 1495, and distinguished himself by 
 the liberal manner in Avhich he patronised 
 commercial adventures among his subjects. 
 Their ancient privileges were restored to 
 the mobility ; and, by the persevering bold- 
 ness of the Portuguese, the Avay to India by 
 the Cape was discoAei-cd by Gania ; BrazjT 
 
EM 
 
 ^// 
 
 EM 
 
 was visited in 1501 by Cabral, and a regular 
 intercourse was established with the king- 
 dom of Congo and Uie other states on tiie 
 Africa-n coast, I'his popular monarch, de- 
 servediy calleil the great, died 1521, aged 
 fifty-tliree. 
 
 Emebiiaet, a FIcmisli painter, who, af- 
 ter living soiae time at Rome, settled at Ant- 
 Averp, and actpiircd distinction in landscape 
 painting. His best piece is in the church ot 
 j^'»e Carmelites at Antwci'p. He lived in the 
 inidV^ of the ITth century. 
 
 jg^j^'Hj, Sebastian, jin advocate in the 
 parliamcu ^ of I'aris, in the 16th century, 
 known for >1'S independent spirit in refusing 
 to defend the n:'<^''ess of Angoulcme against 
 the constable of J^'^'""''«"- }^'\ ^evei-e sa- 
 tire against Povet, aJ^^-'i'^^ «»'''» chancellor oi 
 France, who espoused *.'«i' ca"se, procured 
 his banishment from co^^r^ He retu-ed in 
 disgust to a monastery, where ».'t;died, devot- 
 ed to the services of religion. 
 
 Emerson, William, an eminent matUe- 
 matician, born, l4th May 1701, at HurTv^'^i'th, 
 in the county of Durham. He for a whu'e 
 followed the profession of his father as school- 
 master ; but, either from dislike to the em- 
 ployment, or warmth of temper, he resign- 
 ed it, and lived satisfied with a small pater- 
 nal estate of about 60/. or 70/. a year. His 
 raind had been well cultivated. He was not 
 only a general scholar, but well skilled in 
 classical learning, and knew something of 
 physic. With a noble independence of mind, 
 his manners, as well as Ids dress and conver- 
 sation, were singular and eccentric. His 
 dress, when in company, consisted of a flax- 
 en wig without a single crooked hair in it; 
 his shirt had no opening before, but button- 
 ed close at the collar behind ; his waistcoat 
 always open before, except the lower but- 
 ton ; and his coat, the only one he had, al- 
 ways open ; with one hat, which served him 
 the whole of life, as he gradually lessened 
 the flaps, bit by bit, as it lost its elasticity. 
 He always walked, though he kept a horse ; 
 and when pressed by the duke of Manches- 
 ter, who often was delighted to pay him a 
 visit, to get into his coacli, he would answer, 
 ** Damn your whim-wham, I had rather 
 walk." When he had any thing for the 
 press, he walked to London, and cor- 
 rected every sheet himself. He was very 
 fond of fishing, and generally stood up to his 
 middle in the water while engaged in it. Af- 
 ter hard study he retired to the ale-house 
 for relaxation, and there procured whom- 
 ever he could to drink and to talk with him. 
 He was a married man. He lived very heal- 
 thy, till 1781, when, being afflicted with the 
 stone, and apprehending his dissolution, he 
 sold all his books to a York bookseller. He 
 expired 26th May 1782, aged near 81. Hi.s 
 publications wei-e sixteen in number, and all 
 on mathematics, fluxions, algebra, optics, 
 navigation, and mechanics. They are con- 
 sidered as very learned and accurate, as he 
 never advanced a proposition before he had 
 first tried it in practice. 
 Emiliano, John, an Italian philosopher 
 
 and physician, of the l6tU century, atifhor 
 of a tract published at Venice, 1584, 4t6. 
 called historia nature lis de ruminantibus et 
 ruminatione. 
 
 Emlyn, Thomas, a learned English di- 
 vine. He wfcs born at Stamford, Lincoln- 
 biiire ^!:^^^ ^^0' l^'^J-^* ^"d educated by his 
 parents for the minlsu-J '^'''^^iii tli? dissen- 
 ters. After being at a pri\;ite school, ne en-" 
 tercd at Emanuel college, Can^bridge, where 
 however be staid little time, and removed 
 to DooJittle's academy, near London. He 
 fiecarae, in 1083, chaplain to the countess of 
 Donegal, and went over to Belfast in Ire- 
 land, and lived in her family even after her 
 marriage to sir William Franklin. He was 
 here so much respected and beloved that his 
 patron sir William offered him a living in 
 England, which he refused, in consequence 
 of his adherence to the nonconformists doc- 
 trines. The troubles of Ireland, however, 
 soon put an end to his peaceful retirement, 
 and these, together with some domestic 
 quarrels, occasioned the breaking up of lady 
 Donegal's family, so that Emlyn returned to 
 London about 1G88. Though he occasional- 
 ly officiated, he acquired no permanent set- 
 tlement till may IGtSD, when, on the invita- 
 tion of siV Kobert Itich, one of the lords of 
 the admiraiiiv, he undertook the care of a 
 dissenting congt'egation at LeostofF Here 
 he continued abotK a year and a half, and 
 applied himself to the examination of the 
 then warmly disputed trinitarian controver- 
 sy. With Manning, a neighboring noncon- 
 formist, he deeply studied the subject; but 
 he did not agree with his friend in embrac- 
 ing Socinian doctrines, but inclined in opin- 
 ion to Arianism. The flight of James IL 
 from Ireland allowed the dissenters to re-es- 
 tablish their I'egular congregations, and Em- 
 lyn, who Avas well known as a preacher in 
 Dublin, was invited to settle there by his 
 friend Boyse, and to share with him the la- 
 bors of the ministry over his congregation 
 in Wood-street. Emlyn consented, and in 
 1691 removed to Dublin, and three years af- 
 ter he married a rich widow of the name of 
 Bury. In this active scene he displayed 
 great powers of eloquence as a preacher ; 
 he was universally followed ; and he insur- 
 ed the public esteem by his discourses, es- 
 pecially by that pathetic sermon called fun- 
 neral consolations, which he delivered in 
 consequence of his wife's death. This event, 
 which happened 1701, and was followed by 
 the death of his mother, and soon after of a 
 son, aftected him most bitterly; hut to do- 
 mestic calamities was now to be added pub- 
 lic persecution. IFis opinions with respect 
 to the Trinity began to be suspected by some 
 of the neighboring ministers, and he openly 
 declared his sentiments, and after much dis- 
 putation he was suspended from his oflice, 
 and persuaded abruptly to leave the coun- 
 try. He came in consequence to London, 
 where he published his case; but, after ten 
 weeks* absence, he determined to i-eturn to 
 Dublin to his family, and there it)nsed the 
 iudignatioD and the animosity qf all parties 
 
EM 
 
 4^/^ 
 
 EN 
 
 against him by the publication of his " hum- 
 ble inquiry into the scripture account of Je- 
 sus Christ, or a short argument concerning 
 his deity and glory, according to the gospel. 
 This booli, which, whatever r. ere its mer- 
 its or demerits, ought to hnve been candi«' - 
 ly examined, drew *'>" "*"* "*' «-''*^ '»* xv^ow 
 jtc „...!-- Ike was arrested at the instance 
 of the dissenters, his book was seized, and 
 he was tried, and found guiity of blasphe- 
 mously asserting that Jesus Christ was not 
 equal to God the Father, to whom he was 
 bubject, and that with a seditious intention. 
 He was accordingly sentenced by the lord 
 chief" justice to suffer a year's imprisonment, 
 to pay a fine of 100(U to the queen, and be 
 confined till paid, and to find sureties for his 
 future good behavior. The ignominy of the 
 pillory was not added to this sentence, as he 
 was a man of letters; but he was conducted 
 round the four courts to be exposed with a 
 label on his breast After two years' con- 
 finement the fine was reduced to 70/. and he 
 was liberated. He returned to London, 
 where he occasionally preached among the 
 dissenters ; but by the death of some of 
 his friends and supporters, his congregat'^" 
 ■was diminished, and at last he retii'^*'. ^^ 
 peaceful solitude, where he engar^^ him- 
 self in polemical divinity. He "^s engaged 
 Avith several divines in contr«^''ersy about va- 
 rious parts of scripture, ^specially about the 
 authenticity of the 7%h. verse of St. John's 
 5th chapter lstei»^lle, which he maintained 
 to be surreptitious ; an opinion which sever- 
 al learned men have adopted. Though his 
 enemies were numerous, yet he had sever- 
 al inviiations to take an active part in the 
 ministiy, particularly at Exeter; but all 
 these he rejected, satisfied with his retire- 
 ment, and the partial assistance which he 
 occasionally gave his Iriends. He was much 
 esteemed by Dr. Samuel Clarke, who visited 
 him with real friendship and undisguised 
 confidence. Endyn died .30th July 1713, 
 aged 7Si. He was buried in Bunbill-fields, 
 and his funeral sermon was preached by his 
 friend Mr. Forstcr, and he is represented 
 as ** one of the highest examples of substan- 
 tial unaffected piety, of serious rational de- 
 votion, of a steady unshaken integrity, and 
 an undaunted christian courage." His writ- 
 ings, which are numerous, and on contro- 
 versial subjects, are even now held in esti- 
 mation by some, who have embraced his 
 opinions as an unitarian or high arian. Some 
 memoirs of his life were also published by 
 his son, Sollom Emlyn, in 174C, prefixed to 
 a collection of his works, 2 vols. 8vo. Sol- 
 lom Emlyn was a counsellor, and edited lord 
 Hale's history of the pleas of the crown, 2 
 vols, folio, 1731, and died 1 750. His son, 
 Thomas, is a barrister, and fellow of 'the 
 royal society. 
 
 Emma, daughter of Richard H. duke of 
 Normand}', married Etheldred king of Eng- 
 land, with whom she fled, on the invasion 
 of the Danes. She afterwards married Ca- 
 nute ; and when her son Edward, called the 
 confessor, ascended the throne, she reigned 
 
 conjointly with him. Her enemy the earl 
 of Kent opposed her ; and when she appeal- 
 ed for assistance to her relation the bishop of 
 Winchester, she was accused of criminal in- 
 tercourse with that prelate ; a circumstance, 
 fi-oiu which she extricated herself by walkf 
 ing barefoot, and unhurt, over nine burning 
 ploughshares, after the manner of the times. 
 
 Emmius, Ubo, a professor of Groningen, 
 born at Gretha, in East Friesland, 1547. 
 He studied successively at Embden, Bre- 
 men, Rostock, and Geneva, and at his re- 
 turn was appointed rector of NordfO col- 
 lege, 1579. He was however exposed from 
 his office, for refusing to subsci'^^e the con- 
 fession of Augsburg, and ln«<s he became 
 rector of Leer college, w^-reh he raised to 
 high eminence and di3>""Ction. In 1594 he 
 was apt>ointed over eroningen college, and 
 when it was charged, in 1614, into an uni- 
 versity, he w"* selected to be professor of 
 history and -Sreek. After a life usefully and 
 honoral>^/ spent in the service of the public, 
 this worthy and learned man died at Gron- 
 ingen 1625, leaving several tthildren by two 
 wives. He was author of several Avorks, the 
 most known of which are, Vetus Grtecia il- 
 lusti'ata, 3 vols, published after his death — 
 history of William Lewis count Nassau — de- 
 cades rerum Frisicai'um, &c.— chronological 
 and genealogical works — vita et sacra eleusi* 
 nia Davidis, Georgii, &c. 
 
 Empedocles, a philosopher of Sicily, 
 who followed the doctrines of Pythagoi'as, 
 B. C. 444. He wrote tragedies, &c. and re- 
 fused the sovereign power over his country, 
 offered him by his fellow citizens. Accord- 
 ing to the more received opinion, he threw 
 himself into the crater of mount XXwa. 
 
 Empereur, a well known French engra- 
 ver, in the 18th century, whoso best pieces 
 are, the triumph of Silenus and the bathers, 
 after Yanloo — Aurora and Tithonus, and 
 the rape of Eui'opa, after Pierre — Pyram- 
 us and Thisbe, from Natoire, &c. 
 
 Empereur, Constantine 1', of Oppyck, 
 in Holland, was professor of Hebrew at Ley- 
 den, and died 1648, at an advanced age. 
 His works are chiefly translations of Jewish 
 and Talmudical books, which display deen 
 research and great knowledge of oriential 
 literature. He wrote also de mensuris tem- 
 pli, 4to. 1630. 
 
 Empoli, Jacopo da, an historical painter 
 of Empoli, born 1554. He studied Andrew 
 del Sarto's, works, and rose to great emin- 
 ence. He died 1640. 
 
 Emporlus, a learned rhetorician hi the 
 7th century. His writings on his art were 
 printed, Paris, 1599, 4to. 
 
 Empson, sir Richard, the favorite of 
 Henry VII. was son of a sieve -maker at 
 Towcester, Northamptonshire. His con- 
 duct in raising the king's revenues, and the 
 oppressions of which he was guilty, render- 
 ed him unpopular, and in the beginning of 
 the next reign, he was beheaded, with his 
 friend and coadjutor Dudley, 1510. 
 
 Encolpius, the favorite of the emperor 
 Alexander, whose history he wrote. The 
 
EN 
 
 <^/,^ 
 
 EN 
 
 work is not ex-tant, thougli a ti'anslation of 
 it was introduced to the world by Thomtis 
 Eiiot, in the reign of Henry VIII. who said 
 he had obtained the original Greek manu- 
 script from a Neapolitan called Puderic. It 
 is however considered as an imposition upon 
 the public, probably attempted in conse- 
 «iuence of the success of the similar fraud 
 of Guevara, who pretended to give the life 
 of Marcus Aurelius taken from an old man- 
 uscript. 
 
 Enfield, William, a native of Sudbury, 
 educated at Daventry, under Dr. Ashwortli, 
 and made in 1763 the minister of a dissent- 
 ing congregation in Liverpool. He was in 
 1770 tutor in belles lettres to the Warring- 
 ton academy, and afterwards, in 1785, set- 
 tled as pastor of a tfissenting meeting at 
 Norwich, where he died, 1797, aged 56. 
 He published two volumes of sermons, of 
 considerable merit — an history of Liverpool 
 — institutes of natural philosophy — prayers 
 and hymns — an history of philosophy, 2 vols. 
 4to. — biographical sermons — the speaker, a 
 popular school book — and, since his death, 
 5 vols, of sermons have appeared, with his 
 life by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 Ekgelbrecht, John, a German Lu- 
 theran, boi'n at Brunswick 1599. After 
 ■working as a clothier, he became, in 1622, a 
 fanatical visionary, and gained the attention 
 of the vulgar ijy his pretended intercourse 
 with spirits, angels, and devils, and even 
 with Christ himself, who, as he said, showed 
 jhim his five holy wounds. As heaven .ind 
 hell were thus opeu to his view, he received 
 divine letters from above, and was called the 
 mouth of the Lord. He died, neglected and 
 despised, in 1641. His doctrines have been 
 revived by Swedenborg, who appears to 
 have been a more rational, though equally 
 eccentric fanatic. 
 
 Enghelbuechtsen, Cornelius, a pain- 
 ter, born at Leyden 1498. He studied the 
 works of John Van Eyck, and was the first 
 Dutchman v/ho painted in oil. His Christ on 
 the cross, his Abraham's sacrifice, and his 
 descent from the cross, are preserved in tlie 
 church of Notre Dame du Marais; but his 
 best piece is a picture with two sides, de- 
 signed for the tombs of the barons Lock- 
 horst, representing the lamb of the apoca- 
 lypse. This great painter died at Leyden 
 1533, aged 65. 
 
 Engheluams, Cornelius, a painter in 
 water colors, born at Mafines 1527. His 
 works, which are on religious subjects, are 
 scattered about Germany ; but his principal 
 pieces ai'c in the church of St. Rombout, rep- 
 resenting the works qf mercy. He died 
 1583, aged 56. 
 
 ExGMiEjf, duke of, son of the duke of 
 Bourbon, and grandson of the prince of 
 Conde was siezed in the night at his seat at 
 Ettenheim, in the territories of the elector 
 ot Baden, by an armed force, by direction 
 of Bonaparte, and hurried to Paris. This 
 atrocious step was followed by a mock trial, 
 and the prince condemned for having carri- 
 ed arms against his country during the tyran- 
 
 nical reign of Kobespierrc. The sentence 
 of his judges was carried into execution iu 
 the night of the 22d of March 1804, and he 
 was shot in the wood of Vincennes. He di- 
 ed with heroic I'esignation, and rejoiced in 
 his last moments that the soldiers who *hot 
 him were r.ot Frenchmen, but the mercina- 
 ry hirelings of the body gtiard of his bloody 
 mui'derer. 
 
 English, Hester, a Frenchwoman by 
 descent, was eminent for fine writing in the 
 reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Her per- 
 formance« are preserved in libraries and 
 private hands. One of her pieces was pre- 
 served by Mr. Cripps, surgeon, London, cal- 
 led, *' Octonaires upon the vanitie and in- 
 constancie of the world, written by Ester 
 Inglis, the firstc of Januarie 1600." It is an 
 oblong 8vo. French and English verse, the 
 French in a print hand, the Engfish, Italian 
 or secretary, curiously ornamented with fiov*'- 
 ers and fruits, painted in water colors, con- 
 taining on the first leaf her ow^n picture in a 
 small form, with the motto, *' de Dieu le 
 bien, de moy le rien." At the age of 40, 
 she married Bartholomew Kello, a North 
 Briton, by whom she had a son, educated at 
 Oxford, and who died 1700, minister of 
 Speckshall, Suflblk. One of her MSS. pre- 
 served in the Bodleian, is dedicated to her 
 very singular friend Joseph Hall, bishop of 
 Norwich. 
 
 Enjedim, George, an ingenious unitari- 
 an of Hungary, who died 1597. He wrote a 
 learned book, called explicatio locorum scrip- 
 turse veteris et novi testamenti, ex quibus 
 dogma Trinitatis stabiliri solet, 4fo. 
 
 Ennius, Quintus, a famous old Latin po- 
 et, born in Calabria about 237 B. C. He was 
 the first Roman who wrote in heroic verse. 
 His poems have perished. 
 
 Ennodius, Magnus Felix, an eminent 
 writer, born in Italy about 473. The loss of 
 an aunt, at the age of 16, reduced him to 
 poverty, from which he was relieved by mar- 
 rying a lady of fortune and quality. He af- 
 terwards altered his mode of life, and took 
 orders ; and his lady also retired to the se- 
 clusion of a i-eligious life. His writings rais- 
 ed his reputation, and in 511 he was advan- 
 ced to the bishopric of Pavia, and was after- 
 wards engaged to negotiate an union be- 
 tween the western and eastern churches. 
 Though unsuccessful, he displayed great 
 prudence as a negotiator. He died at Padua 
 521. His works were published by Scottus 
 at Tournay 1610, and at Paris by Sirmond 
 1611, with notes to illustrate the history of 
 the age of the author. Another edition was 
 published in 1696 at Paris, and one at Ve- 
 nice 1729, folio. 
 
 Enoch, son of Jarcd, and the seventh 
 from Adam, is celebrated in the holy scrip- 
 tures for his integrity and virtues, for which 
 he was taken up to heaven without dying, B. 
 C. 3017, in the 3&5th year of his age. The 
 prophesies of Enoch are preserved, but are 
 regarded as apocryphal. 
 
 Ensenada, Zeno Somo de Silva, mar- 
 quis de la, an able minister bf Spain. From 
 
EO 
 
 >/^ 
 
 EP 
 
 obsciulty and tlie ofllce of a book-.kcepei- to 
 a banker, be rose to places of bonor and 
 trust; and being ennobled by tbe king, took 
 tbe name of Ensenada {notJmig- in itself,) ei- 
 tlier from modesty or from laudable ostenta- 
 tion. He was intimate witb Farinelli, wbo, 
 like himself, liad risen from obscurity to con- 
 sequence ; and when dismissed from ofiice, 
 by the intrigues of the duke of Huescar, his 
 friend had the boldness to reflect upon the 
 severity of the measure in the presence of 
 the queen. Thougii never reinstated in the 
 office and influence of prime minister, he 
 5'et retained in privacy the esteeirj and good 
 will of his sovereign. He died 17.5.5. 
 
 Ent, George, an ingenious physician, 
 horn at Sandwich, Kent, Gth November 
 1604, and educated at Sydney college, Cam- 
 bridge. He afterwards travelled, took his 
 degree of M. D in Padua, and at his return 
 
 berg, and Marpurg. Though a good poet, 
 an elegant scholar, and a learned man, he 
 was very fond of dx'inking, and he is said to 
 have conquered a hard German drinker by 
 emptying a bucket of beer. He possessed all 
 the ease and elegance of Ovid, though he 
 was inferior in imagination. He died Octo- 
 ber 5, 1540, aged 52. His works are, Latin 
 translations, in verse, from Theocritus and 
 from Homer — elegies — sylvae, — bucolics, 
 much esteemed — epistoloe, &c. The poems 
 were published under the name of Poema- 
 tum farragincs duse, Halle, 1530, 8vo. and 
 Frankfort 1564, 8vo. 
 
 Eon, de I'Etoile, a fanatic of Britany. 
 Taking advantage of his name, he thought 
 himself the son of God, and the judge of 
 quick and dead, per eiim qui justificaturns 
 est vivos et mortuos. He gave rank to liis 
 followers, calling some angels and some in- 
 
 home was elected fellow, ami afterwards j ferior spirits; and as he bribed those who 
 
 president, of the colugc of physicians, and, 
 at the restoration, knighted by Charles II. 
 He died in London 13th October 1689, and 
 was buried in St. Lawrence church, Jewry. 
 He was eminent not only for extensive prac- 
 tice, but great learning. As the friend of 
 Harvey, he wrote apologia pro circulatione 
 sanguinis, contra iEmiliiim Parisanum, 8vo. 
 1041— animadversiones in Malachite Thrus- 
 toni, M. D. diatribam de respirationia usu 
 primario, 8vo. — & observationes ponderis 
 testudiuis, &c. 
 
 Em TICK, John, an English clergyman, 
 and school-master at Stepney, well known 
 as the author of a Latin and of a spelling 
 dictionary- He also Avrote a history of the 
 war terminated in 1763, 5 vols. 8vo. and a 
 history of London, 4 vols. Svo. abridged 
 from Stow and Maitland, and other works. 
 He died 1780 and was buried in Stepney 
 church-yard. 
 
 Ent I NOPE, an architect of Candia, in 
 the 5th century, one of the chief founders of 
 Venice. He fled from the invasion of the 
 Goths, in 405, and concealed himself in the 
 marshes on the borders of the Adriatic, and 
 the house he built there was the beginning 
 of the republic. The people of Padua sought 
 the same residence afterwards, and twenty- 
 four houses Avere erected there in 413. The 
 house of Entinope was afterwards conver- 
 ted into a church, dedicated to St. James, 
 find still exists in the Rialto. 
 
 ExziNAS, Francis, a native of Burgos, 
 1515, known also by the name of Uryander 
 and du Chesne. He became a disciple of 
 Melancthon, and at Wittemberg turned 
 protestant, as his brother, John Dryander, 
 had done. He translated the new testament 
 into Spanish, for which he was imprisoned 
 fifteen months ; and escaping from imprison- 
 ment, he fled to Calvin atGeneva, 1545. He 
 
 were sent to seize him, it was considered 
 by tire vulgar that it was impossible to ap- 
 prehend him. He was brought before pope 
 Eugenius at the council of Uheims in 1148, 
 and pretended, that when he held up to 
 heaven the forked stick in his liand, two 
 thirds of the world were under the power 
 of God, and the other of himself, and when 
 he turned the stick to the earth, that his 
 authority extended over two parts and that 
 of God onl}' over one. He died wretched in 
 prison, and some of his followers chose to 
 be burnt rather than abjure. 
 
 Eon de Beaumont, Charlotte-Gene- 
 vieve-Timothee d', a native of Tonnerre sur 
 Armen^on, born 5th October 1728. She 
 was brought up as a boy by her parents, 
 who wished at her birth to have a son, and, 
 after going through the labm-s of a school 
 and college e<lucation, she was recom- 
 mended to the court, and sent three times 
 as ambassador to Russia. She afterwards 
 served in the army under marshal Broglio, 
 and behaved with unusual courage, and 
 after the peace of 1762, she was sent as 
 secretary to the embassy in London, and 
 also succeeded as ambassador. A wager de- 
 termined her sex in London, and before the 
 king's bench she declared hei'self to be a 
 woman. The pension .she had received was 
 continued by the French king, but on con- 
 dition she assumed the dress of her sex. This 
 extraoi'dinary woman died in 1790. She 
 published tracts relative to the negotiations 
 in which she had been engaged. 
 
 Epaminondas, a Theban general of 
 great celebrity. He defeated the Spartans 
 at the battle of Leucti'a, and afterwards fell 
 nobly at Mantinpa, B. C. 363. 
 
 EpAPHuoDiTUS, a bishop of Philippi, 
 who carrled-the contributions of his country 
 to the saints of Jerusalem, and brought 
 
 wrote a history of the Low Countries, and i back St. Paul's epistle to his church,' ^. 
 
 of Spain, which' forms part of the protestant D. 62. 
 
 martyrology prmted m Germany. Hi 
 brother was burnt at Rome as a heretic, 
 1545. 
 
 EoBANUS, Elias, surnamed Hessus, as 
 boi'n in an open field near Hesse, 1448, was 
 professor of belles lettres at Erfurt, Nurem- 
 
 Epee, Charles Michael de 1', a French 
 ecclesiastic, celebrated for his most humane 
 efforts to restore the deaf and dumb to the 
 blessings and tbe enjoyment of society. By 
 his salutary instruction, these unfortunate 
 members of the community have been able 
 
EP 
 
 4^/^^ 
 
 EP 
 
 jnin>'ys about predestination, he embraced 
 thti op?i)ions of t!ie latter, an<l was conse- 
 quently c.'^P'^sed to persecution and obloquy, 
 and consitNred as the public disturber 
 of the church. Me Mas ordained in 1610, 
 
 and twa year: 
 
 to acquire the knowledge of even six diffeT' I of pi'otestant parents at Arastel-dam, I. ISO. 
 ent languages, they have become profound ' «nd educated there and at Leyden. During 
 jaxatheniaticians.and ready calculators. This | ti?c controversy between (lomarus and Ar- 
 worthy and most benevolent man, after re- 
 ceiving the most honorable marks of esteem 
 and gratitude from the empress of Russia, 
 the emperor of Germany, the king of 
 France, and the whole of Europe, died at 
 Paris, February 1790. He was succeeded 
 iti his benevolent institution by I'abbe Sicard. 
 
 Ephorus, an historian of Cuma, the 
 pupil of Isocrates. His works are lost. 
 
 Ephraim, son of Joseph, was adopted, 
 with his brother Manasseh, among tlie tribes 
 of Jacob. He was born in Egypt about 1710 
 U. C. 
 
 Ephrem, St. a father of the church, born 
 at Edessa, or Nisibis according to some. He 
 devoted himself to the monastic life, and re- 
 fused to be a bishop. He wrote sevei*al 
 hooks in Syriac, which are highly esteemed. 
 They have been translated, and were edited 
 at Oxfoi*d< in folio, 1708. Ephrem was a 
 man of great charity, and of uncommon 
 chastity, so that he would not even fix his 
 eyes upon a wwnan. He died 378, and or- 
 dered the monks who attended him to keep 
 his garments as relicts, but to bury him with- 
 out funeral pomp. His works were edited 
 at Rome, 1747, G vols. fol. 
 
 Epic HARM us, a Pythagorean bishop of 
 Cos, said to have invented the letters e and 
 X. He died aged 97. 
 
 EpiciE, an eminent French engraver. 
 His pieces in the cabinet de Crozat are high- 
 ly esteemed ; but his finest performance is 
 considered to be the bashaw having the pic- 
 ture of his mistress taken, after Carlo Ven- 
 loo. The heads in this piece are most beau- 
 tifully engraved. The time of his death is 
 unknown. 
 
 Epictetus, a stoic philosopher, born at 
 Hierapolls in Phrygia. He wrote, in the 
 age of Domitian, Enchiridion, a work aboun- 
 ding in excellent rules of morality, transla- 
 ted from the Greek by Mrs. Carter. 
 
 Epicurus, founder of the sect which 
 bore his name, was born at Gargettus, near 
 Athens, 342 B. C HLs sum mum bonum 
 was pleasure, but pleasure produced and 
 tempered by virtue, a systena which has 
 been much misrepresented and abused. He 
 died aged 7.3. 
 
 Epimenides, a poet of Crete, said Co 
 have slept at one time fifty years. 
 
 Epiphanius, a father of the church, 
 bishop of Salamis. He died 403. 
 
 Epiphanius, a writerof the 6th centu- 
 ry, who translated the histories of Socrates, 
 Sozomcn, and Theodoret. 
 
 Epiphanius, son of Carpocrates, was 
 the author of a heresy. He supported the 
 necessity of a community of women, and at- 
 tempted to vindicate some of his opinions 
 from the words of St. Paul, which mention 
 that before the law there was no sin. He 
 was after death revered as a saint, and 
 had a temple at Sama in Cephelenia conse- 
 crated to him. 
 
 Episcopius, Siinon, an abk divine, born 
 
 after was appointed 
 livinitv pro.4ssor at Leyden, in the room 
 )f Gomarus. In 161 j ^e went to Paris ; 
 btit this journey, underta.'^^en for purposes 
 of curiosity, was viewed wit7* suspicion by 
 his enemies, and he w.as on his iXtnrn accu- 
 setl of concerting witK father Co*ton the 
 ruin of the protectant church and the Igni- 
 ted States. He was conseq<jently obligei.' <-0 
 appear before the synod at X)ort, and be- 
 cause he and his friends refused to submit to 
 the autljorityof arbitrary judges, tliey were 
 depf>sed from their functions, and banished 
 from the territories of the commonwealth. 
 He retire<l to Antwerp, and in his banish- 
 ment employed his pen in the support of 
 his opinions, and in severe attacks upon the 
 popish tenets. He afterwards visited Paris ; 
 and in the revolutions of purtj* zeal and reli- 
 gious persecution he was again permitted to 
 return to Holland, in 1626, where he be- 
 came minister of the remonstrants' church 
 at Rotteidam. In 16'27 he marric<I, and in 
 1634 he was chosen rector of the college 
 founded by his sect at Amstenlam. He died. 
 4th April 1643, of a retention of urine, a 
 dreadful disorder, which had two yeax's be- 
 fore carried off his wife. As the moon was 
 under an eclipse at the moir.ent of his death, 
 his friends, in tJic wildness of their grief, 
 considered it as the emblem of the church, 
 which lost its brightest light by the depar- 
 ture of th.it shining luminary Ei>iscopius. 
 Though a man of great learning and vast 
 erudition, Episcopius did liot always act with 
 that humility of temper and mmleration sa 
 becoming a christian. His character was 
 highly respected by Grotius, who always' 
 carried with him his theological institutions; 
 and even Mabillon, though a papist, has s-po- 
 ken mi\ch in his commendation. As an Ar- 
 minian, and the leader of the remonstrants, 
 he was engaged in severe controversies, in 
 which he displaye<l commanding eloquence 
 and ardent zeal. His works have appeared 
 in 2 vols, folio, the first published in his life- 
 tinae, and the last after his death, imder the 
 care of Lim|jorc]j, who had married hi.'5 
 brother's daughter. 
 
 Eppendorf, Henry, a German noble, 
 who acquired celebrity by his dispute with 
 Erasmus, He was born near Friburg, a city 
 of Misnia, and though he boasted of his no- 
 bility, he was the son of a plebeian. He re- 
 flected with vulgar severity on the illegiti- 
 mate birth of Erasmas, who in hi.s turn re- 
 torted against his adversary and censured 
 him for his petulence, falsehood, and defa- 
 mation. The interference of friends at last, 
 produced a reconciliation, brt it was mo- 
 mentary, and a war of letters arose more 
 fierce and inyeter.ife than before. These 
 
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 things are to be lamented in the life of men 
 of literary merit and christian virtue, but 
 too man)-^ unfortunately forget their charac- 
 ter and ijrofession Avhile intent to repel or 
 avenge an injury. The time of Epppudorf's 
 death is not I'ecorded. 
 
 Erasistratus, a fu-eel^ physician, 
 Itnown for discovering tlje passion which 
 Antiochns had conceive*! for his mother-in- 
 law. He is said to have first dissected hu- 
 man bodies. 
 
 Erasmus, Desidcrius, a most illustrious 
 character in the republic of literature, and in 
 the cause of religion, was born 28th October 
 1467, at Rotterdam. His father Gerard, who 
 lived at Tergou, fd\ in love with Margaret 
 •laughter of Peter a physician of Lovenber- 
 gen, and after mutual promises of marriage, 
 which were never realized^ the lovers forgot 
 themselves in criminal intercourse, and gave 
 birth to two sons. One of these died early, 
 and the other was called Gerard after his 
 father, a name which he exchanged for l)e- 
 siderius, which in Latin signifies the same as 
 Gerard in Dutch, that is, amiable. The con- 
 duct of Gerard gave such uneasiness to his 
 relations that they determined to make him 
 an ecclesiastic, but he fled from their pur- 
 suits to Rome, where he maintained himself 
 by transcribing ancient authors. In this dis- 
 tant retreat he was falsely informed by his 
 friends that his beloved Margaret was no 
 Baore, and in despair he devoted himself to 
 that profession, to avoid which he had aban- 
 doned his home, and became a priest. On 
 his return to Tergou, howevei*, he was aston- 
 ished to find his Margaret alive, but dis- 
 pleased as he was with the meanness of his 
 relations, and attached by the tenderest feel- 
 ings to the first object of his love, he abstain- 
 ed from all improper intercourse, and Mar- 
 garet herself, faithful to her first vows, led 
 ever after a life of seclusion and celibacy. 
 Gerard now devoted himself to the education 
 of his only son, and saAv with admiration the 
 opening of those powers, which, according to 
 Rhenanus the master of Dcventer college, 
 would some time prove the envy and wonder 
 of all Germany. His studies at Deventer 
 where he had for his friend and fellow-stu- 
 dent pope Adrian VI. v/ere interrupted by 
 the plague, which proved fatal to his mother, 
 who from excessive affection had accompa- 
 nied her son to this seat of learning. The 
 death of Margaret v/as followed by that of 
 Gerard, who through grief could not survive 
 the woman in whom all his affections had 
 centered, and Erasmus now an orphan, was 
 removed from Deventer to Tergou, about 
 the age of 14, and placed under the care of 
 guardians, who wished to obtain possession of 
 his small patrimony by devoting him to the 
 seclusion of a monastery. H«; was first sent 
 to a convent at Bois-le-duc, where, as he says, 
 he lost 3 years of his life, then removed to 
 Sion near Delft, and afterwards to Stein near 
 Tergou, where, overpowered by the unceas- 
 ing solicitations of his guardians, he became a 
 regular canon 1486. In the retreat of a con- 
 vent, which, as he describes, is a place of 
 
 Impiety rather than of religion, where everv 
 thing was done to which a depraved inclina- 
 tion could lead, under the sanction and mask 
 of piety, and where it was hardly possible for 
 any one to keep himself pure and unspotted, 
 Erasmus could not lottg-be confined. He was 
 introduced to Henry a Bergis, archbishop of 
 Cambray, who wanted a learned secretary 
 on his vis-it to Home ; but though the journey 
 was laid aside by the prelate, Erasmus de- 
 termined not to return to the convent, but 
 after being ordained priest at Utrecht 1492, 
 he set out for Paris in 1496, to prosecute his 
 studies. To maintain himself he instructed 
 some pupils, some of whom were English- 
 men, and among them William Blunt, lord 
 Montjoy, who ever after treated him with 
 respect. In 1497 he left Paris, and was kind- 
 ly received at Cambray by the bishop, who 
 had however violated his promise of support- 
 ing him while in the capital of France. The 
 same year he visited England under the pat- 
 ronage of his pupil lord Montjo)', and he 
 entei-ed at St. Mary's college, Oxford, where, 
 in the company and conversation of Colet, 
 Grocyn, Linacer, Latimer, and Moore, he 
 devoted himself to classical studies, and es- 
 pecially to the learning of Greek, which now 
 began to revive in England, and of which he 
 knew nothing. After nearly a year's resi- 
 dence, he returned to Paris, and in conse-. 
 quence of the plague which prevailed in that 
 city, he passed to Orleans, and in 1498, com- 
 pleted his Adagia. Tiie kindnesses he had 
 experienced in England could never be for- 
 gotten, and he again, in 1499, visited for a lit- 
 tle time that country, which he describes a-s 
 abounding with bumanity, politeness, and 
 learning. His Adagia was published at Pa- 
 ris 1500, and to it he added a panegyric on 
 England, and soon after he printed his book 
 de copia verborum, & de conscribendis 
 epistolis. But whilst rising in literary fame, 
 and devoted zealously to the cultivation oi, 
 literature, Erasmus was poor ; and though he 
 flattered his patrons, he found them indiffe- 
 rent, and frequently regardless of his neces- 
 sities. The prelate of Cambray pretended io 
 be offended with him, lord Monijoy's assist- 
 ance was slow, and from the marchioness of 
 Vere, and Antonius a Bergis, abbot of St. 
 Bertin, he could receive little but fair words 
 and unmeaning promises. It was his inten- 
 tion to study divinity in Italy, but this plan he 
 did not immediately adopt, as in 1502, he was 
 pursuing theological studies at Louvain, un- 
 der his friend Adrian Florent, afterwards 
 Adrian VI. In 1503, he published his "En- 
 chiridion militis Christiani," which assailed 
 the corruptions and the superstition of the 
 Romish church. He had now applied close- 
 ly for three years to the Greek, and he dis- 
 played his proficiency by publishing some 
 translations from Greek authors. One of 
 Plutarch's treatises he dedicated to Henry 
 VIII. the Hecuba of Euripides to archbishop 
 Warham, and Lucian's Toxaris to Fox bish- 
 op of Winchester. He now travelled to Ita- 
 ly, and taking his degree of D D. at Turin, 
 he proceeded to Florence, and was present 
 
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 at the pompous and triumphal entry of pope 
 Julius II. into the conquered city of Bologna, 
 a ceremony which excited his surprise and 
 indignation, when he compared the meek en- 
 try of the lowly Jesus into Jerusalem, to the 
 splendid magnificence of his proud vicege- 
 rent. After staying about a year at Bologna, 
 he went to Venice^ where Aldus printed a 
 new improved edition of his Adagia, and of 
 his translations from Euripides, Terence, and 
 Plantus. At Padua he superintended the 
 education of Alexander the natural son of 
 James IV. of Scotland, then nominally ap- 
 pointed archbishop of St. Andrew's. He af- 
 terwards passed to Sienna, and to Rome, 
 where he was received with all the respect 
 and deference due to his merit and learning 
 by the cardinals and great men of the city. 
 The solicitations which he had to settle there, 
 particularly from the pope himself and from 
 cardinal Grimani, were so pressing, that he 
 would have accepted them, had he not pre- 
 viously engaged to return to England. Going 
 back therefore to Sienna, where he had left 
 his royal pupil, he parted with him at Cu- 
 mse, and had afterwards the misfortune to 
 hear that he had pei'ished in the bloody bat- 
 tle ef Flodden field 1513. From Italy, Eras- 
 mus passed through Constance, Brisgau, 
 Strasburg, Holland, and Antwerp, and arri- 
 Ted in England iti the beginning of 1510. 
 Though flattered with expectations, and pro- 
 mised an honorable settlement by his friends, 
 he found himself greatly disappointed, and 
 regretted seriously he liad not fixed his resi- 
 dence at Rome. While in England he lodg- 
 ed in the house of sir Thomas Moore, where 
 in the course of a week he wrote his *' enco- 
 mium morise," in which he lashed the indo- 
 l^tice and the follies of the church of Rome. 
 He afterwards went to Cambridge upon the 
 invitation of Fisher bishop of Rochester and 
 chancellor of the university, by whose recom- 
 mendation he was appointed lady Margaret's 
 divinity professoi", and also professor of 
 Greek, How long he continued in these of- 
 fices is not known, he had unfortunately a 
 fondness for wandering, which distracted the 
 plans of his best friends, and the poverty 
 which still persecuted him in the midst of his 
 literary reputation, rendered him easily dis- 
 satisfied with the slow progress of prefer- 
 ment, which, while it frequently falls rapidly 
 on the head of persons of no merit, with 
 difilculty overtakes those whose services have 
 been most active and successful in the cause 
 of science and of virtue. Tn 1514 Erasmus 
 in Flanders, and was flattered with the 
 
 title of counsellor to Charles of Austria at the 
 court of Brabant, and in 1515 he went to 
 Basil, with the intention of printing there 
 his new testament, his epistle of St. Jerome, 
 and other works. The new testament ap- 
 peared in 1516, and as it was the first time it 
 was printed in Greek, it drew upon the edi- 
 tor the envy and the censure of ignorant and 
 malevolent divines. But to his labors, per- 
 haps more than to any other man, was learn- 
 ing indebted for its revival. The compre- 
 hensive powers of his mind were employed 
 VOL. I. 62 
 
 ^^p. ER 
 
 not only in producing before the public cor- 
 rect editions of respectable writers, but 
 in rousing by his various compositions 
 the attention and improving the taste of 
 mankind, after a gloomy period of igno- 
 rance, superstition, bigotry, and persecution. 
 While thus engaged in the cause of litera- 
 ture, the opinions of the world were agitated 
 by the opposition of Luther to the papal au- 
 thority, and the principles of the church of 
 Rome. It was expected that Erasmus would 
 have zealously joined the reformer, as in his 
 Enchiridion he had ridiculed the popish ce- 
 remonies, and as he was considered by ma- 
 ny <* to have laid the egg which Luther 
 hatched ;" but though solicited by Luther, he 
 declined to take a share in the dispute, and 
 expressed his hopes that a reconciliation 
 might be effected. This timidity from Eras- 
 mus was agreeable to neither party, who 
 eagerly wished each for his great abilities to 
 defend and support their cause, and there- 
 fore while he pretended on one side to be 
 well affected towards the pope, and on the 
 other hand, commended the conduct and ta- 
 lents of Luther, and declared that he learn- 
 ed more from one page of his, than from all 
 the volumes of Thomas Aquinas, he at last 
 found that his wavering disposition exposed 
 him to the odium and persecution of all. In 
 1518 he was invited with offers of great pre- 
 sents from Henry VIII. to settle in England, 
 but he was suspicious of Wolsey, and thank- 
 ed tbe king in general terms. At last to an- 
 swer the expectations of some of his friends, 
 Erasmus attacked Luther on free will, and 
 bestowed high encomium on the book which 
 Henry VIII. had published against the re- 
 former, but these things appeared feeble to 
 the catholics, and the publication of the Col- 
 loquia, proved that the author had no objec- 
 tion to ridicule the indulgences of the pope, 
 and the vicious follies of his monks. The 
 book, though full of wit, and good sense, was 
 afterwards condemned by the faculty of the- 
 ology at Paris, and prohibited by the pope. 
 On the succession of Adrian VI. to the chair 
 of St. Peter, Erasmus congratulated his old 
 friend and school-fellow, but though repeat- 
 edly invited by him to come to Rome, with 
 every offer of patronage and protection, he 
 refused to'trust himself into the hands of men 
 whom he had in his writings and conversa- 
 tion offended, and with justice, for he soon 
 discovered that the advice which he offered 
 about healing the dissensions of the •hurch, 
 was received at the Vatican not only with in- 
 difference, but with evident marks of dis- 
 pleasure. The latter part of his life was 
 spenfe chiefly at Basil, where his laborious 
 studies, the precarious state of his health, 
 and the malevolent reflections of his enemies, 
 all tended to enfeeble his constitution. Though 
 exasperated by Luther,^ who in his answer to 
 his book, in a mixture of compliment, scorn, 
 ridicule, and invective, called it •' an excre- 
 ment in a golden dish," and displeased with 
 the philippics of iulius Scaliger against \\% 
 " <piceronianus," he still preserved that neu- 
 trality which either the love of ease, or more 
 
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 properly cowardice, had sugigcsted lum to 
 follow. It is said that as his health declined 
 he was flattered with a cardinal's hat, and 
 with the highest preferment of the court of 
 Home, which no doubt would have been 
 lavished upon him, but he firmly resisted. 
 He died at Basil 12th July 1536, aged 69, 
 and was buried there in the cathedral, where 
 a Latin inscription is placed on his tomb. 
 Basil still retains her respect for the ashes of 
 this great man, the house in which he died 
 is shown with enthusiastic ceremony, and his 
 cabinet containing his ring, his seal, his 
 sword, knife, pencil, and his will written by 
 himself, and his picture by Holbein, is still 
 visited with veneration by the curious. Rot- 
 terdam also has not forgotten the celebrity 
 she derives from giving birth to her favorite 
 citizen. The house in which he was born is 
 marked out to the admiration of the traveller 
 by a becoming inscription, the college bears 
 the name of Erasmus, and a beautiful copper 
 statue erected in 1622, in an open part of the 
 city, points out with how much pride the in- 
 habitants reckon Erasmus in the number of 
 their fellow-citizens. The person and the 
 manners of Erasmus have been faithfully de- 
 lineated by his friend Beatus Rhenanus, and 
 his features are most correctly expressed by 
 the pencil of Hans Holbein. Great and re- 
 spectable as the character of Erasmus is, he 
 had his failings. Too iickle in his attach- 
 ments, and ii'resolute in his opinions, he has 
 been censured by le Clerc for lukewarmness, 
 timidity, and unfairness in the reformation. 
 Though disgusted with the superstition and 
 hypocrisy of Home, his meek spirit was 
 equally hurt by the violence and animosity of 
 the reformers, and perhaps to the prejudi- 
 ces of his early education may be ascribed, 
 the conduct he pursued in not warmly era- 
 bracing the tenets of Luther. Indifterent to 
 the success or jealous of the labors of the re- 
 formers, Erasmus claims the gratitude of 
 posterity by the number and excellence of 
 his writings, in the composition of which he 
 spent a long and laborious life, in opposing 
 ignorance and superstition, and in promoting 
 literature and true piety. His works which 
 are very numerous and which display the 
 eloquence and the graces of Cicero, were 
 correctly published in 10 vols, folio, by le 
 Clerc. The life of Erasmus has been given 
 to the world by Dr. Jortin. 
 
 ERA3TUS, Thomas, a physician and di- 
 vine, born at Baden 1524. rie was educated 
 at Basil, and afterwards studied at Bologna, 
 and after 10 yeai's spent in Italy he returned 
 to his native country. He practised physic 
 with great reputation at Henneberg, and at 
 the court of Frederic IH. elector palatine, 
 and became professor of physic at Heidelberg 
 Uiiiversity. The disputes about the real pre- 
 sence at the sacrameut engaged his pen, and 
 he attended the conference held on the sub- 
 ject between the divines of Wirtemberg and 
 the palatinate, and he eloquently maintained 
 that the words flesh and blood are to be used 
 metaphorically. He retired to Basil after- 
 wards, where he died 31st December 1583. 
 
 Of his books on divinity the best known is 
 •* de excomraunicatione ecclesiastic^," pubf 
 lished after his decease, which was attacked 
 by various divines, who wished to maintain 
 that the censures of the church extended be- 
 yond this life. 
 
 Erastosthenes, a Greek philosopher 
 of Cyrene, librarian at Alexandria. He first 
 discovered the method of measuring the 
 earth's circumference, and died B. C 194. 
 
 Erchembert, a Lombard^ in the ninth 
 century, who from a soldier became a bene- 
 dictine monk, and retired to the monastery of 
 Monte Cassino. He wrote a chronicle of the 
 Lombards from 774 to 888, which is suppo- 
 sed to be lost, but an abridgment of it Mas 
 published by Caraccioli, at Naples 1620, in 
 4to. and by CamilUis Peregrinus 1643, 4to. 
 
 Ercill-ya-Cuniga, Don Alonzo d', a 
 Spaniard, in the service of Maximilian. He 
 was at the battle of St. Quintin under Philip 
 n. in 15.')7, and afterwaitis travelled through 
 France, England, «nd Italy. Animated 
 with romantic bi-avery he went to the attack 
 of the Indians who had revolted in Chili and 
 Peru, and he defeated them, and made his 
 adventures the subject of his poem called 
 Ai'aucana. This poem, which consists of 
 36 cantos, contains many tedious repetitions, 
 but it abounds in bold descriptions, and pos- 
 sesses all the charms of animated poetry. 
 The best edition is that of Madrid 1632, in 
 12mo, 
 
 Erckeun, Lazarus, a German, super- 
 intendant of the mines of Hungary, the Ty- 
 rol, &c. He published an useful work on 
 metallurgy, at Frankfort 1694, which has 
 been translated into Latin. 
 
 Ercole, a painter, son of Carl Antonio, 
 the pupil of his uncle Julio Cesare. He was 
 patronised by the court rf Savoy, and died 
 1676, aged 80. 
 
 Eremita, Daniel, a native of Antwerp, 
 intimate with Scaliger, and by his introduc- 
 tion with Casaubon. He went with M. de 
 Vic the ambassador to Switzerland, and by 
 his persuasion was converted to the Romish 
 religion. He was insinuating in his manners, 
 but without principle, and in bis conversa- 
 tion very licentious. He was by his intrigues 
 recommended to the great duke of Flor- 
 ence, and obtained a pension for his verses 
 on the marriage of the duke with Magdalen 
 of Austria 1608. He went in the suite of the 
 duke's envoy to Germany, and made him- 
 self ridiculous on his return by the bold and 
 shameless untruths which he delivered. He 
 became afterwai*ds a deist, and died at Leg- 
 horn 1613. His opera varia were imblished 
 at Utrecht by Gravius, among wliich were 
 his four books, de aulica vita ac civili, writ- 
 ten with elegance, ease, and purity of style. 
 He wrote besides Latin poems, & relatio de 
 itinere Germanico, &c. — & de Helvetico- 
 rum, &c. situ, &c. 
 
 Eric IX. king of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, after Margaret 1412, married the 
 daughter of Henry IV. of England. His 
 pilgrimage to the holy land and his captivity 
 in Syria disordered the affairs of his king- 
 
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 'iP'f 
 
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 dom, and on bis return to Europe he found 
 the Swedes dissatistied Avith his government, 
 and the Danes anxious to revolt from him, 
 because be wished to render their crown 
 hereditary and not elective. Though he at- 
 tempted to maintain his authority by arms, 
 he found opposition unavailing, he was so- 
 lemnly deposed 1459, and retired to Pome- 
 rania where be died in privacy 1459. He 
 wrote in his exile an history of Denmark to 
 the year 1288. 
 
 Eric XIV. succeeded his father Gustavus 
 on the tbrone of Sweden, and became the 
 unsuccessful suitor of Elizabeth queen of 
 England. His marriage with the daughter 
 of an obscure peasant, rendered him unpop- 
 ular and his people dissatisfied. His cruel- 
 ties increased the general dissatisfaction, 
 and he M^as at last obliged to resign the crown 
 156S, and died iu confinement \^1%. 
 
 Eric, Peter, a Venetian admiral, who 
 siezed in 1584 a vessel which was carrying 
 tl»e widow of the bashaw of Tripoli to Con- 
 stantinople with all her treasures. Not sat- 
 isfied to obtain the gold, he put to death the 
 fiailors, and offered violence to the females, 
 and then cut their bodies to pieces and threw 
 them into the sea. This barbarity was pun- 
 ished, and Eric was beheaded by order of 
 the Venetian senate, and his plundered rich- 
 es restored to Amurath emperor of Turkey. 
 Erigena, John Scotus, a celebrated 
 scholar in the ninth century, born at Ayr in 
 Scotland, though others give him a Welsh, 
 others an Irish, origin. Eager in the pursuit 
 of knowledge, he quitted his native country 
 where only ignorance and superstition pre- 
 vailed, and travelled into foreign lands, and 
 at Athens so perfected himself in classical 
 and oriential literature and science that he 
 proved tlie greatest philosopher and most 
 learned man of the age. At the invitation 
 of Charles the Bald he resided for some years 
 at the French court, and the king oflered 
 him the most munificent and honorable pat- 
 ronage, and bore with the severity of his 
 raillery with good humour and most forgiv- 
 ing composure. As the monarch and the 
 philosopher sat one day opposite each other 
 at table, Charles asked him in a merry mood. 
 Pray what is between a scot and a sot ? Noth- 
 ing but the table, answered the bold cour- 
 tier. The king heard the rebuke without 
 being offended, but laughed heartily. Sco- 
 tus in this happy retreat wrote some woi-ks 
 at the recommendation of bis royal patron, 
 but though all admired his learning, the *i\i\r- 
 gj', were offended with the boWness with 
 which he attacked their notions of predesti- 
 nation, and the doctrine of transubstanlia- 
 tion. His books therefore were regarded as 
 heretical by Wemlo archbishop of Sens, and 
 as they seemed to contain all the errors of 
 Pelagius, they were attacked by Prudentius 
 bishop of Troyes, and by Fiorus a deacon of 
 l«yons. His next work was a translation of 
 the works of Dionysius, which the Greek 
 emperor bad sent as a present to Charles, 
 and which Erigena at the request of his sove- 
 reign presented to the world in a Latin dress. 
 
 The work, as being considered though false- 
 ly the labor of Dionysius the Areopagite the 
 first christian preacljer of France, was re- 
 ceived with gratitude by the western clei'gy, 
 but as it attacked in some passages the ac- 
 knowledged faith of the Uomish church, 
 pope Nicholas sent a threatening letter to 
 the French king, desiring the banishment 
 of Erigena, and his appearance at Home. 
 Charles had too much regard for his learned 
 friend than to trust him into the hands of the 
 pope, he therefore permitted hiin to escape 
 to England. Here he was employed under 
 xVlfred in restoring literature in Oxford, 
 According to Tanner he was in 879 profes- 
 sor of mathematics and astronomy in tliat uni- 
 versity, and in consequence of some dispute, 
 after three years' residence he retired to 
 Malmsbury, where he opened a school. 
 His severity in this place was said to be so 
 great that his pupils murdered him with 
 iron bodkins, the insti'uments with which 
 they then wrote, though-some imagine that 
 the atrocious deed was committed at the in- 
 stigation of the monks, who were jealous of 
 Scotus for his learning and heterodoxy. This 
 event is placed in the year S83, by some in 
 884, and by others in S8G, but by Macken- 
 zie in 874, ten 3-ears after his return to Eng- 
 land. The most celebrated of Scotus' works 
 is his treatise on the division of nature, pub- 
 lished from the MS. by Dr. Gale 1681, Ox- 
 ford. It is written w ith great acuteness and 
 metaphysical subtilty, and must i-ank its au- 
 thor if not among atheistical philosophers, 
 yet among fanatical enthusiasts. 
 
 Erinna, a Grecian poetess, cotemporai'y 
 with Sappho. 
 
 Erizzo, Lewis and Mark Anthony, two 
 brothers of a noble Venetian family. They 
 conspired in the murder of their uncle, a 
 senator of Ravenna 1546, to obtain his great 
 riches. Their bloody deed was discovered 
 by a soldier who was an accomplice, and 
 Lewis was beheaded and Mark died in pri- 
 son. 
 
 Erizzo, Paul, a noble, of the same fam- 
 ily, governor of Negro\>ont. When obliged 
 to capitulate to the Turks, on condition of 
 having his life spared, Mahomet II. disre- 
 garding his promises, ordered him 1469 to 
 be sawn in two, and cut off, with his own 
 hands, the head of his daughter, who indig- 
 nantly refused to gi'atify his licentious pas- 
 sions. 
 
 Erizzo, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, au- 
 thor of an Italian treatise oti medals, 4to. 
 Venice 1571. He wrote also — des nouvelles 
 en six journ^es 1507, 4to. and trattato della 
 via inventrice e dell' instrumento de gli an- 
 tichi, Venice 1554. He died 1585. 
 
 Erkivins, a famous architect of Stein- 
 bach, who died 1305, He began the erec- 
 tion of Strasburg tower, -which was not com- 
 pleted till 144U. 
 
 Erlach, John Lewis, a native of Berne, 
 of the head of the six families of that name, 
 so illustrious in Switzerland. He chose a 
 military iife, and so distinguished himself in 
 the service of FrancCj especially in tfie tak 
 
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 ^r^f 
 
 ER 
 
 ing of Brisach 1639, and at the battle of Lens 
 1648, that Lewis XIV. made him comman- 
 der in chief of his troops on the defection of 
 Turenne. He died 1650, aged 55, at Bri- 
 sach, of which he was govei'nor, when the 
 French monarch was preparing to send him 
 as a negotiator to Nuremberg, and to bestow 
 upon him greater marks of honor and of 
 confidence. 
 
 Erne ST I, John Augustus, a natirc of 
 Tennstadt, professor of theology at Leipsic, 
 and afterwards of ancient Hterature, and el- 
 oquence. He died 1781, aged 74, universal- 
 ly respected for learning, and indefatigable 
 zeal in the service of literature. Besides 
 excellent editions of Cicero, Xenophon, 
 Suetonius, Homer, Tacitus, Callimachus, 
 &c. with learned notes, he published institu- 
 tio interpretis Novi Testam. Leips. 17G1 — 
 opuscula oratoria, orationes prolusiones & 
 elogia, 8vo.— opusculorum, oratorum no- 
 vum volumen, 8vo. 1791 — opuscula critica, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Erostratus or Eratostratus, an 
 Ephesian, who, to acquire celebrity, set the 
 temple of Diana on fire B. C. 356. ' 
 
 Erpenius, Thomas, or Van Erpe in 
 Dutch, a learned writer, born at Gorcuni in 
 Holland 11th September 1584. He studied 
 at Leyden, where he took the degree of 
 doctor in philosophy 1608, and afterwards 
 travelled forfour years into England, France, 
 Italy, and Germany. His e.xtensive learn- 
 ing, and the fame of his works made him 
 known to the learned of Europe, and among 
 his friends and correspondents were Casau- 
 bon, Joseph Scaliger, Bedell, Vossius, &c. 
 In 1612 he was appointed professor of Ara- 
 bic and of oriential languages at Leyden, 
 where he died of a contagious disease 13th 
 November 1624. His abilities were so much 
 admired that he was earnestly solicited to 
 settle in England, also in Italy, and in Spain, 
 and his knowledge of Arabic was so correct 
 that the emperor of Morocco shewed his 
 nobles, as a curiosity for its elegance and pu- 
 rity, a letter in Arabic, which he had re- 
 ceived from him, as the mterpreter and cor- 
 responding secretary of the states of Hol- 
 land, to the powers of Asia and Africa. 
 Though he was but 40 years old at the time 
 of his death, yet he published 19 various 
 works, on oriental history, and on subjects 
 connected with his professorship, in which he 
 displayed the great powers of his mind, and 
 the vast stores of his retentive memory. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, a Scotch divine, born 
 at Alloa, 1628, and educated there and at 
 Edinburgh, where he took his degree of 
 M. A. He was made minister of Falkirk in 
 1654, but ejected for nonconformity 1662, 
 and when afterwards imprisoned by the per- 
 secution of his enemies, he was liberated by 
 the influence of his kinsman, the earl of Mar. 
 On the re-establishment of the presbytery 
 by the toleration act of James II. he was 
 made 1690 minister of Churnside, Berwick, 
 where he died 1696, aged 68. He left some 
 Latin MSS. on difficult passages of scripture, 
 Bever published. 
 
 Erskine, Ebenezer, son to the preced- 
 ing, was born 1680, in the prison of Bass, 
 where his father was confined in the perse- 
 cutions of the times. In 1701 he took his 
 master's degree at Edinburgh, and the next 
 year was ordained minister of Portmoak, 
 Fifeshire, from whence he removed in 1728 
 to Stirling. In 1747, in consequence of 
 some disputes with the clergy, he joined the 
 seceders called burghers, and died at Stir- 
 ling 1755, aged 75. Four volumes of his 
 sermons were printed at Glasgow, 1762, 8vo. 
 and a fifth at Edinburgh 1765. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, brother to the preced- 
 ing, Avas born at Roxburgh 1682, and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, where he took his mas- 
 ter's degi'ee 1704. He was minister of Dun- 
 fermline, Fifeshire, 1711, and was deposed 
 by the general assembly 1734, for joining the 
 seceders. He died 1751, aged 69, much res- 
 pected as a divine and as a preacher. His 
 works were published 2 vols. fol. 17C0, con- 
 sisting of a polemical treatise, gospel son- 
 nets, and above 200 sermons, &c. 
 
 Erskine, James, lord Alva, was born 
 at Edinburgh 20th June 1722, and made one 
 of the barons of the Scotch exchequer 1754, 
 which he resigned in 1761, on being appoin- 
 ted to the supreme civil court of Scotland. 
 He assumed the name of lord Barjarg, which 
 he afterwards exchanged for that of Alva. 
 He died at Drumsheugh, near Edinburgh, 
 13th May 1796. He was twice married, and 
 had children only by his first wife, two sons 
 and two daughters, 
 
 Erxleben, John Christian Polycarp, a 
 native of Quedlinburg, who studied at Got- 
 tingen, and gave lectures in physic, the vet- 
 erinary art and natural history. He was an 
 able naturalist, and his principles of natural 
 history in 8ro. 1768, are particularly admi- 
 red. He died 1777, aged 33. 
 
 Eryceira, Ferdinand deMeneses count 
 d', was born at Lisbon 1614, and distinguish- 
 ed himself in military affairs, as governor of 
 Penicha and of Tangiers. He was also an 
 able historian, and wrote the history of Tan- 
 giers, fol. printed 1723, — history of Portu- 
 gal, 2 vols, folio, from 1640 to 1657, — and 
 the life of John I. king of Portugal. 
 
 Eryceira, Francis Xavier de Menesc« 
 count d*, greatgrandson of the foregoing, 
 was born at Lisbon 1673, and died 1743. He 
 was known also as a literary and military 
 character. He was honored by several prin- 
 ces, and many learned men, and by the pre- 
 sent of their works and other munificent 
 donations, he increased the valuable library 
 of his ancestors with 15,000 new volumes, 
 and 1000 manuscripts. He wrote above 
 100 different publications, the best known 
 of which are his memoirs on the value of 
 the coins of Portugal, — reflections on acade- 
 mical studies, — 58 parallels of illustrious 
 men, — and 12 of illustrious women, — the 
 Henriade of Voltaire translated, with obser- 
 vations, &c. 4to. &c. 
 
 Erytrophilus, Rupert, a German di- 
 vine, in the 17th century, minister of Han- 
 over, who wrote a methodical commentary 
 
ES 
 
 ^ry 
 
 ES 
 
 on the history of the passion — and catemx 
 aurese in harraoniain evangelicam, 4to. 
 
 Es, James Van, a painter of Antwerp, 
 well known for his pictures of birds, flow- 
 ers, fishes and fruit. His lobsters, crabs, 
 oysters, &c. are incomparable, and in liis 
 grapes, nature is so skilfully imitated, that 
 the stones are visible through the skin. 
 
 Esau, sou of Isaac and Rebecca, sold his 
 rights of primogeniture to his brother 
 Jacob, who afterwards, also obtained by ar- 
 tifice his father's blessing. This condnct of 
 Jacob proved so offensive to Esau, that he 
 meditated his death, but though he caused 
 him to fly into Mesopotamia, he was after- 
 wards reconciled to him. He was the father 
 of the Edotnites, and died about 1710 B. C. 
 aged 126. 
 
 EscALO, Mastin dc I', was elected po 
 destat of .Verona 1259, but though prudent 
 and humane in the administi-ation of affairs, 
 he raised himself enemies by whom he was 
 assassinated 1273. The sovereign authority 
 remained however in his family, and his de- 
 scendant Mastino UI. added Vicenza, Bres- 
 cia, and even Padua to his dominions. His 
 tyranny at last was repressed by the Vene- 
 tians, and he died 1387, after a life of cruelty 
 and perilous adventures. The families of 
 I'Escalo and the Carraras of Padua had long 
 and bloody contests, but Verona at Ir.st be- 
 came independent till overpowered by the 
 intrigues of her neighbors. 
 
 EscALQ_uENs, William, capitou of Tou- 
 louse 1326, rendered himself known by caus- 
 ing himself to be carried in a coffin, with all 
 the ftmeral pomp of a departed saint, to the 
 cathedral, and after the completion of the 
 solemnity, inviting the attendants of this ri- 
 diculous ceremony to a sumptuous enter- 
 tainment. The circumstance was agitated 
 by the bishop and clergy in full council, and 
 it was forbidden to practise such supersti- 
 tious ceremonies on pain of excommunica- 
 tion. Charles V. however renewed it in 
 Spain about 200 years after. 
 
 Escobar, Bartholomew, a learned Jesuit, 
 of Seville, who went to Amei'ica as a monk 
 employed in works of charity. He died at 
 Lima 1624, aged 66. He wrote some reli- 
 gious pieces in Latin, scarce known in 
 Spain. 
 
 EscoBAn, Marine d% a native of Valla- 
 doUd, who died 9th June 1633, aged 79, and 
 is known as the foundress of the reconcilia- 
 tion of St. Bridget in Spain. Her memoirs 
 have been written in folio, by father Dupont, 
 her confessor. 
 
 Escobar, Anthony, a Spanish Jesuit, 
 surnamed of Mendoza, who died 4th July 
 1669, aged 80. His works, which arc theo- 
 logical, in 16 vols, folio, and his principles of 
 morality in 7 vols. fol. have been ridiculed 
 by Pascal. 
 
 Escoubleau, Francis d% cardinal de 
 Sourdis, archbishop of Bourdeaux, was a 
 great favoi'ite with pope Leo IX. and his four 
 successors. He was a warm advocate for 
 church discipline. He died 8th February 
 1686, aged 53. 
 
 Escoubleau, Henry d', brother and 
 
 successor to the preceding, as archbishop of 
 
 Bourdeaux. He was at the siege of llochelle, 
 
 Lewis XHI. and at the retaking of 
 
 under 
 
 the isles of Lerins under Harcourt. He quar 
 I'clled with the duke of Epernon, who struck 
 him a blow, which was punished by the ex- 
 communication of the gtiilty lord, which 
 disgrace however was removed by his falling 
 on his knees before the haughty prelate. 
 He died 1645. 
 
 EscuRE, N. de T, one of the generals of 
 la Vendee, remarkable for his loyalty, cour- 
 age, and virtues. With a small force he 
 defeated the more numerous army of the re- 
 publicans at Thouars, but unfortunately was 
 wounded at the battle of Chollet, and died 
 in consequence of the wounds 1794, aged 
 26. 
 
 Espagnac, John Baptist Joseph de Sa- 
 puguel Damarzil baron d', a French gene- 
 ral, born at Brive-la-Gaillarde 25th March 
 1713, and died at Paris 28th February 1783. 
 He signalized himself in the campaigns of 
 Italy, and Bavaria, and was made major- 
 general of the army under marshal Saxe, 
 and as governor of the Hotel.des-invalide?i 
 he introduced some useful regulations. He 
 wrote several books on the military profes- 
 sion, among which are his campaignes du 
 roi, 1745, &ic. 4 vols. 8vo. essai surla science 
 de la guerre, a valuable work, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Historic du marechal de Saxe, 3 vols. 4to. 
 &c. He had four sons and a daughter by 
 his wife baroness de Beyer. 
 
 Es pa gnan DEL, Matthew 1', an eminent 
 sculptor, who, though a ]>rotestant, adorned 
 several of the Purls churches, and also the 
 park of Versailles, by his works. He lived 
 .Ht the conclusion of the 17th century. 
 
 P'.SPAGNE, John d', a native of Dauphin^, 
 who came to England in James' reign, and 
 officiated as minister of a French protestant 
 congregation in London, till the restoration. 
 He wrote a ti-eatise of some merit on popu- 
 lar errors in religion, with some strictures 
 on Calvin's principles, dedicated to Charles 
 I. His works appeared together in 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1674, Hague. 
 
 EsPAGNET, John d', president of the 
 parliament of Bourdeaux, became known by 
 his Enchiridion physicie restitutie, in which 
 he establishes a complete system of physics 
 contrary to the tenets of Aristotle. He con- 
 siders earth and water to be the only ele- 
 ments, and he places the real fire of the 
 world in the sun, which he calls tlie eye, not 
 only of the universe but of the (creator 
 He wrote also arcanum hern.iticse philoso- 
 phise opus, on the philosopher's .stone, &c. 
 In 1616 he published an old manuscript, 
 called le Itozier des guerres, of which an 
 earlier edition had appeared in 1523. 
 
 EsPAGNOLET, Joseph Riberia I', a Span 
 ish painter, born at Xativa, in Valencia I.tSO 
 He studied the manner of Caravagio, and 
 surpassed liim in correctness. In poverty 
 he was extremely happy in his delineations, 
 but prosperity rendered him indolent, and 
 
 regardless of his art The counteDances of 
 
his figures were extremely expressive, and 
 he was particularly successful in the repre- 
 sentation of teiTor, anguish, and ferocity. He 
 Tuas patronised at Naples, where he died 
 1656, aged 76. His chief works are preser- 
 Tcd in the Escui'ial and at Naples. 
 
 EsPARRON, Charles d'Arcussia Viscount 
 d', a provencal nobleman, « ho v/rote a val- 
 uable treatise on hawking and falconry, 4to. 
 Rouen 1644, amusements to which he was 
 very partial. 
 
 EspEN, Zeger Bei'nard Van, was born 
 1646, at Louvain, where he became profes- 
 sor of laws. His observations on the formu- 
 lary, and on the bull unigenitus, proved the 
 sources of great bitterness to liim, so that to 
 avoid persecution, he retired to Maestricht, 
 and afterwards to Amersfort, where he died 
 Sid October 1728, aged 83. His works which 
 are considered as valuable, especially his 
 jus ecclesiasticum universum, were publish- 
 ed at Paris 1753, in 4 vols, folio. 
 
 EsPENCE, Claude d', a jwtiveof Chaloiis- 
 sur-Marne, rector of the university of Paris, 
 and doctor of the Sorbnn)»e. He attended 
 the cardinal dc Lorraine in Fiander.s, an<l 
 likewise at Rome 1555, where lie displayed 
 so much eloquence as an orator, that the 
 pope, Paul TV. wished to bestow on him a 
 cardinal's hat, which he refused. He died 
 of the stone at Paris 5th October 1571, aged 
 60. He was a man of great learning and 
 moderation. He Avrotc some commentaries 
 on Paul's epistles to Timothy and Titus, and 
 some controversial tracts. His Latin works 
 ■were printed 1619, folio, Paris. 
 
 EspER, .loan Frederic, a native of Dros- 
 senfeld, in Bayreuth, who studied at Erlan- 
 gen, and applied himself to botany and natu- 
 ral history. He wrote an accurfitc descrip- 
 tion of the lately discovered zoolites of un- 
 known animals, and of several caverns, &e. 
 Nuremberg fol. 1774, a method of determin- 
 ing the orbits of the comets, and other ce- 
 lestial bodies, without astronomical instru- 
 ments and mathematical calculations, &c. 
 He died 1781, aged 4y. 
 
 EsPERiENTE, Philip Callimachus, a na- 
 tive of St. Geminiano, in Tuscany, who un- 
 der Pius n. formed an academy, the mem- 
 bers of which assumed Greek or Latin 
 names. Under Paul, Pius' successor, the 
 academy was considered as an assembly of 
 seditious men, and the founder therefore 
 fled to Poland, where he became preceptor 
 to the children of king Casimir HI. He Avas 
 also employed as ambassador to Constanti- 
 nople, Vienna, Venice, and Home, and on 
 his return to Poland, an accidental fire de- 
 stroyed his house, library and manuscripts, 
 and overwhelmed him with grief He died 
 soon after at Cracow 1496. His works are 
 commentarii rerum Persicarum, folio. — 
 historia de iis qure a Venetis tentata sunt, 
 Persis & Tartaris contra Turcas movendis, 
 — Attilla historia derege Vladislao, 4to. 
 
 EspREMENiL, James Duval d', aFrench- 
 man, born at Pondicherry, the nephew and 
 heir of Duval de Leyril, the governor of the 
 citv, and the accuser of Lally. He became 
 
 ES 
 
 an advocate, and counsellor of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and was remarkable for his 
 violent proceedings during the revolution. 
 He was guillotined April 23d 1794. He was 
 asked by his old opponent Chapelier, as he 
 was going to the scaffold with him. To which 
 of us two are the shouts of the mob addres- 
 sed ? To both, replied D'Espi*emenil. He 
 wrote remonstrances, pubhshed by the par- 
 liament 17S8,-nullity and despotism of the as- 
 sembly, Svo.-actual state of France,1790,8vo. 
 
 Esprit, James, an agi'eeable writer, born 
 at Beziers 1611. For five years he was 
 member of the oratory which he quitted, 
 and afterwards became, by his wit, sense, 
 and elegant manners, the friend of Seguier, 
 Roohefoucault, and Conti. He was member 
 of the French academy, and died 1678, aged 
 67. He Avrote paraphrases on the psalms, 
 the fallacy of human virtues, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 which is a commentary on Kochefoucault's 
 reflections. 
 
 Essars, Pierre des, a French nobleman, 
 who served in the Scotch army against the 
 English, and was taken prisoner in 14U2. 
 On his return to France he attached him- 
 self to the duke of Bui'gundy, by whom he 
 was raised to places of trust and honor, but 
 he became suspected of partiality to the 
 duke of Guienne, and fled to Cherbourg of 
 which he was the governor. In I4l3 he 
 secretly returned to Paris, and was thrust 
 into the bastile, and soon after condemned, 
 and he lost his head, 1st July 1413. His 
 body was interred in the M.'^thurins' church, 
 by his widow, who obtained the restitution 
 ofliis property. 
 
 Essars, Charlotte des, countess of Rorao- 
 rentin, and daughter of lieutenant-general 
 des Essars in Champagne, was a ladj' of 
 great beauty. She was in England with the 
 countess de Beaumont, and on lier return to 
 France she was introduced 1590 to Henry 
 IV. by whom she had two children, after- 
 wards legitimated. She afterwards lived 
 with Louis de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise^ 
 by whom she had a son called the chev- 
 alier de Romerentin, and she married 
 in 1630 marshal de I'Hopital, known under 
 the name of Ilallier. Her wishes to advance 
 her son Romeretitin by her intrigues proved 
 fatal to her, as she fell under the resentment 
 of the French king and Richelieu, by whom 
 she was arrested, and placed in confinement 
 where she died 1651. 
 
 Essex, James F. A. S. was born 1723, and 
 distinguished himself by his great knowledge 
 of architecture. He repaii'ed and improved 
 King's college chapel, Cambridge, and the 
 cathedrals of Ely and Lincoln, besides other 
 colleges in Cambridge, which will remain 
 lasting monuments of his gi*eat skill and judg- 
 ment. His proposals for publishing plans 
 and sections of King's college chapel, ap- 
 peared in the Brit. Topog. vol. 1. p. 237, and 
 he enriched that valuable collection with 
 many other curious and ingcnius communi- 
 cations. He died lith September 1784, in 
 his 61st year, at Cambridge, his native town, 
 where his father had acquired some proper- 
 ty «s a carpenter. 
 
ES 
 
 ^/S^^ 
 
 ES 
 
 EsTAiNG, Charles Henry count d', a 
 French admiral, born in Auvergne. He was 
 under Lally in the East Indies, and escaped 
 from an English prison, by breakijig his pa- 
 role. He was commander of the French 
 squadrons in the American war, and he took 
 Grenada. At the revolution he became 
 member of the assembly of notables, and was 
 at last guillotined i^yth April 1793, as a sus- 
 pected character. 
 
 Est AM PES, Anne of Fisseleu duchess of, 
 a woman of great beauty, daughter of dc He- 
 illi. She attended as maid of honor, Louisa 
 of Savoy, when she went to meet her son 
 Francis I. of France at Madrid, and she was 
 no sooner seen than loved by the amorous 
 monarch. Though Francis foi-got himself in 
 the arms of his favorite misfress, he yet at- 
 tempted to cover her dishonor by marrying 
 her to one of his flatterers, whom he created 
 duke of Estampes. In the declining years 
 of the monarch, the duchess, who still pos- 
 sessed the influence of her charms, entered 
 into correspondence with (he emperor 
 Charles V. to counteract the views of the 
 dauphin afterwards Henry II. and of his mis- 
 tress Diana de Poitiers ; and by informing 
 the foreign monarch of the plans of the couit 
 she gained his confidence, and insured his 
 promises towards the duke of Orleans, the 
 dauphin's brother, whose cause .she es- 
 poused. By her perfidious communications 
 Charles, at the head of an almost mutinous 
 and famished army, was enabled suddenly to 
 take Epernay and Chateau-Tien'i, where 
 the magazines of the French troops were de- 
 posited, without apprehensions of attack; 
 and as no measures wei'e taken by the dau- 
 phin without consultation with Francis, every 
 secret was imparted to the faithless mistress, 
 and by her to the enemy, so that the i*uin of 
 the kingdom seemed inevitable. A quarrel 
 bovr'ever arose between Charles and Henry 
 VIII. of England, and the peace of Cressy 
 saved France. After the death of Francis 
 the worthless favorite retui'ned to her coun- 
 try seat, and was saved from the prosecution 
 of her husband, who wished to punish her tor 
 adultery, by the interference of the reigning 
 monarch. She died a protestant. 
 
 Estampes, Leonor d', bishop ofChartres 
 iu 1620, and in 1041 archbishop of Kheims, 
 was zealous in the assembly of the French 
 clergy, against the Jesuits 1626, who in two 
 publications had attacked the authority of the 
 king, in church aflUirs. The censure of d'Es- 
 tampes was however resisted, and the French 
 clergy showed such influence that -4n the 
 states general of 1014 the tiers etat could ne- 
 ver obtain the declaration, "that no power, 
 temporal or spiritual, has the right to dispose 
 of the kingdom, and to dispense the subjects 
 from their oaths di fidelity." The monks, 
 however, were silenced by pope Benedict 
 XIV. 
 
 EsTCouRT, Richard, a native of Tewks- 
 bury, Gloucestershire, who at the age of 15 
 escaped from his friends and joined a compa- 
 ny of strolling players at Worcester, where 
 he first appeared on the stage iu women's 
 
 clothes, in the pai't of Koxana iu Alexander 
 the great. His disguise did not prevent hia 
 discovery, he was pursued to Chipping- N^or- 
 ton, by his father, who immediately bouod 
 him to an apothecary in Hatton-garden, Lou- 
 don. In this engagement he continued till 
 business f.iied him, though others declare, 
 l)e quitted his master abruptly, ami wander- 
 ed aboiit the country for two years. He 
 went afterwards to Ireland, where lie was 
 well received, and appearc*! at Drury-lane 
 for the first time, in the part of Dominic iif 
 the Sp.mish Fryar. His chief merit consisted 
 in mimicry. Without great powers of his 
 own, 1)43 could imitate witii wonderful success 
 tiie greatest players of the times, thougli he 
 frequently offended the audience by the in- 
 lro<hictiou of S(?ntences Mhich the author 
 never Avrote. He became, by Jiis mauners 
 and conversation, a great favorite of the town, 
 and when the chief wits and leading men of 
 the times, and among them the iluke of 
 Marlborough, erected the beef steak club, 
 Estcourt was appointed providore, and wore, 
 as the badge of his office, a gold gridiron sus- 
 ])e!ided from his neck, by a green silk ribbon. 
 Some years before his death he quitted the 
 stage. He died 1713, and was buried at St. 
 Paul's, Covent garden. He left two dramatic 
 pieces. Fair example, a comedy, 1706, 4to, 
 and Prunella, an intei"lude,4to. 
 
 Esther, a Jewess, mistress to Casimir 
 III. king of Poland, in the 14th century, 
 from whom slie obtained great privileges for 
 her nation. 
 
 Esther, a Jewish maid, of the tribe of 
 Benjam'n, whom Ahasuerus king of Persia 
 took for his Avife, after his divorce from 
 Vashti. She had the good fortune to defeat 
 the machinations of Haman against her 
 nation, and she saw her cousin MoHeeai 
 raised to the same honors which the fallen 
 favorite possessed. This great deliverance 
 of the Jews was celebrated by a particular 
 feast called Purim. The Ahasuerus of scrip- 
 ture is supposed to be Darius son of Hys- 
 taspes. 
 
 EsTius, William, a native of Gorcum in 
 Holland, divinity pi'ofessor, and chancellor 
 of Douay university, where he died 1613, 
 aged 71. He was author of commentaries on 
 the epistles two vols. — annotationes in prajci- 
 pua & difficiliora scripture loca, fol. — mar- 
 tyri Edmundi Campiani, &c. 
 
 EsToiLE, Pierre del', grand auditor of 
 the chancery of Paris, died 1611. From his 
 MSS. were published his journal of Henry 
 III. beginning May 1574 to August 158{), im- 
 proved by du Fresno)' 1744, five vols. 8vo.— 
 Journal of the reign of Henry IV. four vols. 
 8vo. improved also by du Fresnoy. These 
 works are valuable, and illustrate the private 
 history of France. The author, under the 
 character of ease and openness conceals a se- 
 vere and sarcastic disposition. 
 
 EsToiLE, Claude del', son of the pre- 
 ceding, was member of the Fi'cncli academy 
 1632, and died 1652, aged 54. Hewa.sone 
 of the five authors consulted by Richelieu in 
 tlie making of his bad plays. D'Estoile wrote 
 
ES 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ET 
 
 some poems and plays, and it is said that, 
 like Mohere and Malherbe, he i*ead his pie- 
 ces ibr the sta^e to his maid servant, on 
 whose approbation proceeding From simple 
 and ingenuous motives, he could depend. His 
 odes ui'e published in the recueil des poetes 
 Francois, 1692, five vols. 12rao. 
 
 EsTOUTEViLLE, William d', of an illus- 
 trious Norman family, was archbishop of 
 Rouen, and a cardinal. He reformed the 
 imiversity of Paris, and enjoyed the confi- 
 dence of Charles VII. and Lewis XI. and was 
 a man of great firmness of character, and of 
 the strictest integrity, and very charitable. 
 He died at Rome ii2d December 1483, aged 
 
 80. Besides his archbishopric he held six 
 bishoprics in France and Italy, four abbeys, 
 and three grand priories, and was dean of the 
 cai'dinals. 
 
 EsTRADES, Godfrey count d*, marshal of 
 France and viceroy of America, was also an 
 able negotiator. He was ambassador in Eng- 
 land in 1661, and the ne.\t year he negotia- 
 ted with Charles II. for the evacuation of 
 Dunkirk, which he effected though contrary 
 to the wishes of the English parliament. In 
 1666, he had a dispute with Valteville the 
 Spanish ambassador, about precedency in 
 London, and the year following he negotia- 
 ted the peace of Breda, and in 1673, assisted 
 at the conferences of Nimeguen. He died 
 26th February 1686, aged 79. His negotia- 
 tions were printed at the Hague 1742, nine 
 vols. 12mo. from the originals, which consist- 
 ed of 22 vols, folio. 
 
 EsTREES, .lohnd', page to queen Anne 
 ofBritany, was afterwards grand master of 
 the artillery of France, and died 1567, aged 
 
 81. He distinguished himself greatly in seve- 
 ral battles and especially at the taking of 
 Calais 1558. He improved the manner of 
 casting cannon. He was the first gentleman 
 of Picardy who embraced the protestant re- 
 ligion. 
 
 EsTREES, Francis Annibal d', son of the 
 preceding, was born in 1573, and embraced 
 the ecclesiastical profession, and was made 
 bishop of Laon by Henry IV. He soon how- 
 ever quitted the church for the army, and 
 distinguished himself at the taking of Treves, 
 and by other military exploits. He was made 
 duke,' peer, and marshal of France, and was 
 employed in 1636, as ambassador to the court 
 of Rome, where he oft'ended the pope Ur- 
 ban and his nephews, for which he was re- 
 called. He dicfl at Paris 5th May 1670, aged 
 98. He wrote in an unadorned style, but 
 with great fidelity, memoirs of the regency 
 of Mary deMedicis, pritited 1666, 12mo. and 
 relation of the siege of Mantua in 1630, and 
 another of the conclave which elected Grego- 
 ry XV. pope, 1621. 
 
 liSTRKES, Caesar d', cardinal, abbot of St. 
 Germain des ^es, was son of the preceding, 
 and was born Io28. He was made bishop of 
 Laon 1653, and produced a reconciliation be- 
 tween the pope's nuncio, .ind four of the 
 French bishops who resisted his authority. 
 He was afterwards employed by the French 
 king at the court of Bavaria, and also at 
 
 Rome, where he skilfully conducted himself 
 to procui-e the elections of the popes Alex- 
 ander VIII. Innocent XII. and Clement XI. 
 He accompanied Philip V. when he took pos- 
 session of the S[>anish throne, and he died 
 18th December 1714, aged 87, respected as 
 an able negotiator, a benevolent man, and 
 an agreeable companion. 
 
 EsTREKS, Gabrielle d', sister of Francis 
 Annibal d'Estrees, became the favorite mis- 
 tress of Henry IV. who saw her first in 1591, 
 at the castle of Coeuvres. The king was so 
 partial to her that to please her he embraced 
 the popish rehgion, and determined to marry 
 her, though he was himself married to Mar- 
 garet de Valois. While engaged in procu- 
 ring the divorce, Gabrielle died suddenly 
 10th April 1599. It was suspected that she 
 was poisoned by the financier Zamet, as her 
 head the day after her death was so distort- 
 ed that her beautiful features had totally dis- 
 appeared. During her amours she had mar- 
 ried d'Amerval, lord of Liancourt, with 
 whom however she never cohabited. She 
 had three children by Henry. The king put 
 on mourning for her, and honored her me- 
 mory as if she had been a queen. Though 
 passionately fond of her, Henry did not how- 
 ever forget his duties to his subjects; and 
 when Gabrielle was displeased with some of 
 his ministers, and soUcited their dismission, 
 he firmly replied that he would sooner part 
 with 10 mistresses than one of his favorite and 
 long-tried servants. 
 
 EsTREES, Victor Marie d', vice-admiral 
 of France, after his father John, was born 
 1660. He bombarded Barcelona and Alicant 
 1691, and again in 1697 he besieged Barcelo- 
 na. In 1701 he was made commanderin chief 
 of the French and Spanish fleets, and in 1703 
 was created marshal of France, and after- 
 wards grandee of Spain, and knight of the 
 golden fleece. He was a man well acquainted 
 with literature, and he was member of seve- 
 ral learned bodies. He died at Paris 28th 
 December 1737, aged 77. 
 
 EsTREES, Lewis Ciesar duke d', marshal 
 of France and minister of state, was born 
 first July 1695. His father was Francis Mi- 
 chael le Tellier de Courtanvaux, and by his 
 mother he was descended from John count 
 d'Estrees, vice-admiral of France. He first 
 distinguished himself in the war against 
 Spain, and afterwards in the war of 1741, 
 M here, at the blockade of Egra, the battle of 
 Fontenoi, the sieges of Mons and Charleroi, 
 and the victory of Lafeldt, under jnarshal 
 Saxe, his bravery was conspicuous, and his 
 services were most meritorious. In the war 
 of 1756 he was placed at the head of the 
 French forces in Germany, and he gave bat- 
 tle to the duke of Cumberland at Hasten- 
 back, and paved the way for the success of 
 Clostcrseven, which Richelieu, who superse- 
 ded him through intrigue, obtained over tlie 
 Hanoverians, He was made a duke in 1763, 
 and died 1771, second January, aged 76, 
 leaving no children behind him. 
 
 ETHEI..BERT, king of Kent, became a 
 christian by the preaching of Austin, who 
 
came to England at the invitation of Bertha 
 the queen,daughter of Caribertkingof France. 
 He enacted a code of laws, and died 616, in 
 the 56th year of his reign. 
 
 Ethelbeut, second son of Ethelwolf, 
 succeeded his brother Ethelbald as king of 
 England 860, and was a popular and benevo- 
 lent prince. 
 
 Ex HE LR ED, son of Edgar, was king of 
 England, after his brother Edward the Mar- 
 tyr 978. To deliver himself from the op- 
 pressive tax which he paid to the Danes, 
 called Danegelt, he caused those unfortunate 
 Ibrejgncrs to be all murdered, in consequence 
 of which Sweyn the Danish king invaded the 
 kingdom, and obliged hitti to fly to Norman- 
 dy. After Sweyn's death he resumed his 
 authority and" died lOlC. 
 
 Ethelwolf, king of Engl anxl 838, went 
 to Rome to improve the education of his son 
 the great Alfred. Ho died 857, and was bu- 
 ried at Winchester. 
 
 Etherece, George, a dramatic writer, 
 born 1G,3G, of an ancient family in Oxford- 
 shire. It is supposed that he studied at 
 Cambridge, and afterwards applied himself 
 to the law at one of the inns of court in 
 London. His coujedy of " I'he comical re- 
 venge, or love in a tub," appeared in 1 604, 
 and recommended him to the wits of the 
 times, to Charles duke of Dorset, Villiers 
 duke of Bucks, Wilmot earl of Kochester, 
 sir Car Scroop, Scdley, Saville, &c. in whose 
 company he shone as a man of humor, Hve- 
 ly in Ids conversation and of a refined taste. 
 His second play appeared with equal ap- 
 plause in 1668, called " She would if she 
 could,-'' and the last in 1676, called the 
 ** Man of mode, or sir Fopling . Flutter." 
 Of these three plays the last was the most 
 finished, and as it represented the charac- 
 ters and ceasures on the vices of some of the 
 fhohionable men of the times, it was for some 
 t»rae very popular. His gayety and intem- 
 perance rendered him poor, but to recruit 
 his finances, he paid his addresses to a rich 
 old widow, Avho however refused to marry 
 him except he was knighted; and to make 
 her a lady therefore, and obtain her fortune, 
 he solicited the honor of knighthood, which 
 was conferred about 168S. Etherege whose 
 manners were so fascinating that he was 
 humorously called gentle George, and easy 
 Etherege, was greatly patronised by the 
 duchess of York, in whose household he 
 was, and by whose influence he was sent 
 ambassador abroad. He was at Ratisbon, in 
 1688, where, after entertaining some com- 
 pany, and probably drinking with more 
 freedom than prudence, he tumbled down 
 stairs and broke his neck, though some ac- 
 counts state that he followed his master 
 James n. to France upon his abdication, and 
 died soon after. Etherege Jiad no children 
 by his wife, but he had a daughter by I\Ir3. 
 Barry the actress, with whom in those days 
 of licentiousness and general depravity he 
 lived. Besides his plays he wrote various 
 sonnets, songs, and short poems, which with 
 jreat ease and elegance contain the voluptu- 
 VOL. T flS 
 
 EV 
 
 0U8 descriptions, and the immoral levities 
 which were so fashionable in the reign of 
 Charles H. His comedies, though very 
 popular, are not free from licentiousness ; 
 and however we may admire the politeness 
 of the dialogue, the sprightliness of the con- 
 versation, the faithful delineation of the cha- 
 racters, and the interesting intricacies of the 
 plots, yet the loose tendency and the impu- 
 rities of the whole cannot escape the se- 
 verest censures of every friend of virtue and 
 morality. Sir George Etherege had a bro- 
 ther who was a soldier in the wars of king 
 William, and who died at EaUng in Mid- 
 dlesex, about the third or fourth of George I. 
 
 Ethryg, George, orEtheridge, orEdry- 
 cus, a native of Thame, Oxfordshire, edu- 
 cated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow 1539. In 1553 he 
 was appointed king's Greek professor, but 
 in Elizabeth's reign he was disinissed from 
 the oftice in conse<pience of the persecution 
 which he had encouraged against the pro- 
 testants in Mary's reign. He then practised 
 medicine at Oxford with success, and en- 
 gaged in the education of young persons of 
 his persuasion, though he was exposed to 
 severe trials on account of his popish tenets. 
 He was living in 1588, but the year of his 
 death is unknown. He excelled in the know- 
 ledge not only of the Greek and Hebrew, 
 and of medicine, but also of music. Some 
 of his musical compositions and of his Latia 
 poems are extant in manuscript. 
 
 Est LAGER, Christopher, a writer of 
 Steirmark, in the beginning of the 18th cen- 
 tury. He wi-ote Synopsis rei nummarise 
 veterum, Steyer 1724, l2mo. 
 
 Ettmuller, Michael, a physician, born 
 at Leipsic 26th iVTay 1644, where he took 
 his degree of M.D. 1666. After travelling 
 through France, England, Holland, and Italy, 
 he was appointed assessor of the medicinal 
 faculty 1676, and in 1681 professor of botany. 
 He died in consequence of ao unsuccessful 
 operation in chemistry March 9th, 1683. He 
 wrote several thijigs on medicinal subjects, 
 and some of his works were published by 
 his son at Frankfort 1708, and afterwards by 
 professor Cvrillo, five volumes, folio, Naples, 
 1729. 
 
 Ettmuller, Michael Erne St. son of 
 the preceding, was born at Leipsic 26th 
 August 1673, and educated there and at 
 Wittemberg. He took his degree of M.D.. 
 at Leipsic 1699, after visiting England, Hol- 
 land, and Germany^ and was elected profes- 
 sor of anatomy and surgery at tl)e Lazaret- 
 to, Leipsic 1705, and after many Iionorable 
 appointments, he was made in 1730, director 
 of the imperial academy of naturse curioso- 
 rum, and died 25th September 1732. He 
 published his father's works, with a preface, 
 and wrote several learned and curious treat 
 tises on medical subjects. 
 
 EvAGOR AS, king of Cyprus, was defeat- 
 ed by the Pei^sians, and m as assassinated 374 
 B. C. His grandson of thq same name, was 
 deposed by his uncle Protagoras, and at IsvSt 
 pnJ; to death by Artifxprxes Odbus. 
 
EV 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 EV 
 
 EvAGOUAS, a Greek writer in the age ot 
 
 Augustus, author of an history of Egypt, &c. 
 
 EvAGRius, a monk of the fifth century, 
 
 author of Altercatio Simonis Judsei & Theo- 
 
 phili Christiani. 
 
 EvAGRius, a bishop of Antioch, whose 
 election was disputed by Fiavianus. He 
 died 392, 
 
 EvAGRius, Scolasticus, an historian of 
 Epiphania, in Syria in the sixth century, au-. 
 thor of six books of ecclesiastical history from 
 431 to 594, printed Paris 1544, and edited 
 again Carabi'idge 1720, fol. 
 
 EvAGRius, Ponticus or Hyperborita, a 
 monk of the fourth century, suniamed Pon- 
 ticus, from the place of his birth. He was 
 archdeacon of Constantinople, and wrote 
 some treatises, in which he espoused the 
 tenets of Origen. 
 
 Evangelist A, a capuchin of Canobio, 
 in the Milanese, Avho was general of his or- 
 der, and died after his return from the coun- 
 cil of Trent 1595, aged 84. He was also a 
 learned civilian, and wrote consulta varia in 
 juro canonico, Ike. — Annotationes in L» L. 
 decretalium, Milan 1591. 
 
 Evans, Cornelius, son of a Welchman 
 by a Provence woman, was born at Marseil- 
 les. During the civil wars he plaj'ed the part 
 of an impostor and came to an inn at Sand- 
 wich in 1648, pretending that he was the 
 prince of Wales who had escaped from 
 France. When the imposition was discover- 
 ed he was sent to Newgate, but he had the 
 dexterity to extricate himself from confine- 
 ment, and thoii^h search was made after 
 him, it never was known what became of 
 -him. 
 
 Evans, Arise, a Welch conjuror, brought 
 up at Oxford. He took orders, and resided 
 on a curacy at Enfield, in StaiFord shire, from 
 which place he fled on account of the irreg- 
 ularities and the immorality of his conduct. 
 He came to London in 1632, where Lilly 
 learned astrolqgy under him. He was con- 
 sidered as so ijowerful in the management 
 of supernatural beings, that he was solicited 
 by lord Bothwell, and sir Kenelm Digby, to 
 show them a spirit. At the appointed time, 
 when all were within the magical circle, and 
 after some invocations, Evans was suddenly 
 carried out of the room and thrown into a 
 field at Battersea-causey near the Thames, 
 where he was found by a countryman the 
 next morning asleep. These astrological in- 
 cantations were the fashionable study in the 
 reign of Elizabeth and James 1. and when 
 nobles and learned men lent their influence 
 to the profession, it is no wonder the vul- 
 gar believed them. Evans died about the 
 time of the rebellion. 
 
 Evans, Abel, known best by the name of 
 Dr. Evans the epigrammatist, was of St. 
 John's college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of M.A. 1699, and of D.D. 1711. He 
 was intimate with the wits ami poets of the 
 times, especially Pope, dean Swift, &c. He 
 was vicar of St. Giles', Oxford, and bursar 
 of his college. His poetry is now forgotten. 
 A good specimen of it may be seen in Nich- 
 
 ols' select collections, especially his ••• appa- 
 rition," &c. and " Vertumnus," and some 
 epigrams. 
 
 Evans, John, D.D. a dissenting minister 
 born in Shropshire 1680. He was ordained 
 minister of a meeting in Shropshire, and in 
 1716, succeeded Dr. Williams as pastor in 
 Petty France, Westminster. He was popu- 
 lar as a preacher. He printed some occa- 
 sional sermons, but his thirty-eight sermons 
 on the christian temper is his best work, iu 
 great esteem with many divined. He died 
 of the dropsy 1732, aged 52. 
 
 Evans, Caleb, a native of Bristol, where 
 his father was a dissenting baptist minister. 
 He became also himself a preacher and in- 
 structed young people for the dissentinfv 
 ministry. He was made D.D. by the king's 
 college, Aberdeen, and died 1791, aged .54. 
 He published scripture doctrine of the son 
 and holy spirit, — hymns for public Avorship, 
 — address to serious professors of Chris- 
 tianity — the doctrine of atonement or Christ 
 crucified. 
 
 Evans, Evan, a native of Cardiganshire, 
 educated at Jesus college, Oxford. Though 
 a clergyman, he obtained no preferment, but 
 unfortunately addicted liimself to intemper- 
 ate drinking, and died 1790, agetl 60. He 
 published two vols, of sermons by Tillotsou 
 and others, translated into Welch, — the love 
 of our country, an English poem, — disserta- 
 tio de bardis, witli specimens of Welch po- 
 etry, 4to. 
 
 Evanson, Edward, a native of Warring- 
 ton, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, after which he became curate to his 
 uncle at Mitcham, Surrey, and then obtain- 
 ed in 1768, south Mimms living, Middlesex. 
 In 1770, he was presented to the living of 
 Tewksbury, Gloucestershire, and afterwards 
 to Longdon, Worcestershire. His conduct 
 in these parishes, and the alterations which 
 he presumed to introduce in the liturgy and. 
 in the forms of the church duty, highly of- 
 fended his auditors, but though he escaped 
 the punishment of the ecclesiastical law, 
 from some irregularity in the proceedings 
 adopted against him, his unpopularity con- 
 tinued to increase and he resigned his livings 
 in 1778. He afterwards resided at Mitcham, 
 where he took some pupils and he died at 
 Colford, Gloucestershire, 25th September, 
 1805, aged 74. He published without his 
 name in 1772, the doctrines of a trinity and 
 the incarnation of God, examined on the 
 principles of reason and common sense, he. 
 — the dissonance of the four generally re- 
 ceived evangelists 1792, 8vo.— Argument 
 against and for the observance of Sunday, 
 &c. — letter to Dr. Priestley, — reflection on 
 the state of religion in Christendom, he. — 
 and he was also engaged in a gontroversy 
 with bishop Htird, on the subject of prophe- 
 cy. • An accoutit of the prosecution estab 
 fished against him was published 1774, fol. 
 
 Evantius, an old Latin poet, who wrofp 
 *• de ambiguis, sive hybridis animalibus,'' 
 generally printed with Petronius & Achros- 
 ticon in fu»u:s genitoris sui Nichol^i," in 
 
EU 
 
 <^ 
 
 serted aqjong the works of Eugenius of 
 Toledo. 
 
 EvANTUS, called also Evantms, Evenlius, 
 and Arentius, a bishop of Vienne in the sixth 
 century. He assisted at several councils and 
 died 586. 
 
 EvARisTus, bishop of Home 100, was 
 mart) red nine years after. He gave to the 
 emperor an excellent apology for t,Ue chris- 
 tian religion. 
 
 Ebui^ides, a philosopher of Miletus, au- 
 thor of some conietlies, and a tract against 
 Aristotle. 
 
 EucHADius, Augustinus, a Latin histo- 
 rian, author of " vit*c octo in!i)cratorum ct 
 descriptio Danubii," preserved in the library 
 lit Vienna. 
 
 EucHATiius, or HoucHARius, Eligius, 
 a divine and poet of <ihent, x.'ho studied at 
 Paris, and then settled in his native country, 
 in the beginning of the 16th century. He 
 wrote the lives of St. Levinus, Coleta, and 
 Bertulfius— a comedy of the patience of 
 <Jhryselleis — panegyric of St. Agnes and 
 Catherine — and some other uorks. 
 
 EucHERius, archbishop of Lyons, was 
 canonized for his great piety. He assisted at 
 some councils, and wrote various works, in 
 the ascetic taste of the times ; and tUed about 
 454. 
 
 Euclid, a celebrated mathematician of 
 Alexandria, whoso books of geometry are 
 well known. Ptolemy was among his pupils. 
 He florisUed B. C. 300. 
 
 Euclid, a philosopher of Alegara, the 
 disciple of Soci'ates, and tlie founder of tlie 
 sect of wranglers. 
 
 EuD^MON, John Andrew, a .lesuit, born 
 in the Island of Candia, died at Rome 1625. 
 The best known of his works is *' admouitio 
 ad I'egem Ludovicum XI! I." 4to. whicli was 
 censured by the Sorbonne and the assembly 
 of tiie clergy, and answered by Garasse. 
 
 EuDES, John, brother of tlie jiistorian 
 Mezcrai, was born at 11} e, in the diocese of 
 Sees, in 1601. In 1643 he founded the con- 
 gregation of the Eudists, which gi'eatly in- 
 creased in Normandy and Britan}*. He died 
 at Caen 19tli August 1680, aged 79, and left 
 several devotional works. 
 
 EuDOCiA, or Athenais, an Athenian 
 lady, daughter of the philosopher Leontius. 
 When left little property by her father, who 
 bequeathed his inheritance to his two sons, 
 :;he went to Constantinople, and became the 
 lavorite of the empress Pulcheria, and in 
 421 married the emperor I'heodocius, wlio 
 in a fit of jealousy divorced her. She re- 
 tired upon this to Jerusalem, where she 
 died, devoted to religious duties, 460. She 
 wrote some Greek poems, he. 
 
 EuDOCiA, or EuDOXiA, surnamed Ma- 
 crembolitissa, ascended the imperial throne 
 of Constantinople at the death of her hus- 
 band, Constantino Dutas, 1067. One of her 
 generals, liomanus Diogenes, conspired 
 against her ; but the empress condemned 
 him to death, and afterwards struck with the 
 elegance of his person, she pardoned him, 
 and v.hon he had retrieyrd his character by 
 
 7" 
 
 EV 
 
 valor and fidelity, she made hira her hus- 
 band. In 1071, her son Michael proclaimed 
 himself emperor, and shut up his mother in 
 a monastery, where she ended her days in 
 devotion and study. Some MSS. of her 
 writing on mythology, &c. were preserveil 
 in the French king's hbrary. 
 
 EuDOCiA, Feodorenna, daughter of the 
 boyar Feodor Lapookin, w;»s made, 1689, 
 the first wife of Peter the great, whom he 
 chose out of the hundred young girls that he 
 had by proclamation assembled at Moscow. 
 Her complaints against the infidelity of her 
 husband produced her disgrace. S!ie was 
 hurled from the throne, divorced iu I6y6, 
 and confined in a convent at Susdal. In her 
 retirement she formed an intimacy with gen- 
 eral Glebof, and, trusting to the predictions 
 of a fanatic bishop, she expected the death 
 of her husband, and her restoration to pow 
 or under the reign of her son. Peter was 
 informed of her plans, and she was scourged 
 by two nuns, and then immured in the con- 
 vent of Nova Ladoga, and afterwards in the 
 foitresa of .Shlussel burgh, from wliich she 
 was relcHsed at the accession of her grand- 
 son, Peter II. at whose coronation she was 
 present. She died hi the monastery of De- 
 vitza, 1731, aged 59. Glebof was cruelly 
 put to death by order of the inhuman Pe- 
 ter, and with his last breath lie asserted his 
 innocence, and that of the injisrcd empress. 
 
 EuDOXirs, an Arian of Arabisso, in Les- 
 ser Armenia, bishop of Germanicia, and 
 then of Antioch, from which he was depo- 
 sed. He was made patriarch of Constanti- 
 nople by Constantius, and died 370, at Ni- 
 caja. lie wrote a discourse on the incarna- 
 tion of the word. 
 
 EuDOXUs, of Cnidus, studied in Egypt 
 with Plato, and opened a school of philoso- 
 phy at Alliens. 
 
 Evelyn, John, a learned writer, de- 
 scended of an ancient and respectable fami- 
 ly, in the county of Salop. He was born at 
 Wotton, in Surrey, 31st October 1620 ; and 
 after being educated at Lewes grammar- 
 school, he entered at Baliol college, in 1637. 
 At the beginning of the civil wars he obtain- 
 ed permission to travel, from king Charles 
 himself, and in 1644 he left England. To 
 enlarge his mind by observations on the man- 
 ners and habits of various countries, to ex- 
 amine accurately their commercial and ag- 
 ricultural concerns, and the curiosities, the 
 productions, the antiquities, the arts, and 
 the sciences, of every place, was the gi'eat 
 and the coipmendable object of his inten- 
 tions ; ami to these pursuits, so honorable to 
 himself, and so advantageous to his country- 
 men, about seven years of his life Mere de- 
 voted. In 1647, while at Paris, he married 
 Mary the only daughter of sir Richard 
 Browne hart, the king's minister at the 
 French court; and on his return to England,' 
 in 1651, lie fixed his i>esidence nt fier seat, 
 at Sayes Court, near Dcptford, in Kent. 
 Attached by choice to a life of retirement, 
 he had little concern with public uflairs; but 
 after the oxpukion of Richard Cromwell 
 
EV 
 
 ^rr 
 
 EV 
 
 from tlie protectorate, he was zealously en- 
 gaged in promoting the restoration of the 
 royal family, and his services were acknow- 
 ledged by Charles at his return. At the es- 
 tablishment of the royal society, in 1662, 
 Mr. Evelyn was appointed one "of the first 
 fellows, and counsel ; a distinction to which 
 he was entitled by his virtues and the great 
 merit of his works. In 16G4 he was niade 
 one of tlie fcommissioners of the sick and I 
 wounded, and was afterwards appointed one 
 of the commissioners for the rebuilding of 
 St. Paul's. In 1669 he visited Oxford, Avhere 
 he was honored with the degree of LL.l). 
 This was granted out of respect, not only 
 to his great abilities and universal benefi- 
 cence, but the active part which he had ta- 
 ken in procuring the Arundelian marbles, 
 which, by his intercession with lord Henry 
 Howard, wei*e handsomely presented to that 
 learned body, for which he, togetl»er with 
 the noble doner, received the thanks of the 
 university by their delegates. About this 
 time he was nominated one of the members 
 of the board of trade; and under James II. 
 he was one of the commissioners to execute 
 the office of lord privy seal ; and after the 
 revolution he became treasurer of Grcen- 
 w ich hospital. This great and good man di- 
 ed in the 86th year of his life, '27th Februa- 
 ry 1706, and was interred at Wotton, in a 
 stone coffin, over which was this inscription : 
 ** That living in an age of extraordinary 
 events and revolutions, he had learned from 
 thence tiiis truth, which he desired might 
 thus be communicated to posterity, that all 
 is vanity which is not honest, and that there 
 is no solid wisdom but in real piety." His 
 wife survived him till 9th February 1709, 
 in her 74th year, and she was deposited in a 
 stone coffin near him. By her he had live 
 sons and three daughters. All the sons ex- 
 cept one died young, and only one daughter 
 survived him, Susannah, married to Mr. 
 Di-aper, of Addiscombe, Surrey. Mr. Eve- 
 lyn's works amount to more than 25 various 
 publications, besides communications and 
 other papers inserted in the transactions of 
 the royal and other societies. Of these, the 
 most known are his sculptura, or the his- 
 tory and art of chalcogi-aphy and engraving 
 in copper, with an ample enumeration of 
 tlie most renowned masters and their works, 
 with the new manner of engraving, or mez- 
 zo-tinto, communicated by his highness 
 prince Rupert to the author of this treatise, 
 London, 1 662, 8vo. a very learned and val- 
 uable work, edited again in 1755, and high- 
 ly commended by Mr. Walpole— Sylva, or 
 a discourse of forest trees, and the propaga- 
 tion of timber in his Majesty's dominions, to 
 ■which is annexed, Pomona, concerning fruit- 
 trees, &c. 1664, folio, a popular work, 
 which, as the aullior says in the second edi- 
 tion, 1669, was the cause that more than two 
 uiillions of timber trees had been furnished 
 in die three kingdoms. The sixth edition of 
 this excellent hook was published by Dr. A. 
 Hunter of Yorjc, enriched with notes and a 
 life of the author, 177G. He Mrote also a 
 
 parallel of ancient architecture with theme 
 dern, &c. the third edition of which appear- 
 ed in 1733, folio — kalendarium Hortense, 
 1664, a publication many times edited, and 
 from which all modern gardening books are 
 boriKiwed — public employment and active 
 life preferred to solitude, in reply to sir 
 George Mackenzie's book on a contrary title 
 — the perfection of painting demonstrated 
 from the principles of art hue. — a philosophi- 
 cal discourse of earth, relating to tfie culture 
 and improvement of it for vegetation, &c. — 
 mundus muliebris, or the lady's dressing- 
 room unlocked, and her toilet spread, in 
 burlesque — Numata, a discourse on medals, 
 ancient and modern, with some account of 
 heads and etUgies, &c. Besides these, he 
 planned, but never completed, a general 
 history of all trades — also elysiuni Britan- 
 nicum. It was a happy addition to the vir- 
 tues and extensive powers of mind which he 
 possessed, that he was in easy and indepen- 
 dent circumstances, Avhich left him no wish 
 unsatisfied which a man of worth and virtue 
 could form. His library was large and se- 
 lected ; his grounds and gardens about his 
 mansion were neatly cultivated, and adorned 
 with all the embellishments of nature and art 
 which his fertile genius could suggest ; and 
 among his friends he could number the 
 greatest and the most ingenious and learned 
 men of the times. His services to literature 
 and mankind have been celebrated by Cow- 
 ley, Joseph Glanville, Dr. Wotton, bishop 
 Burnet, Roger North, &c. and, among for- 
 eigners, by Morhoff and others. He was 
 also an artist, for •* if he had not been," says 
 Mr. Walpole, " I should have found it dif- 
 ficult to deny myself the pleasure of allotting 
 hiin a place among the arts he loved, pro- 
 moted, patronised. If I have once or twice 
 criticised him, they are trifling blemishes, 
 compared with his amiable virtues and be- 
 neficence. It may be remarked, that the 
 worst to be said of him is that he knew more 
 than he always communicated. His life was 
 a course of inquiry, study, curiosity, instruc- 
 tion, and benevolence. ' The works of the 
 Creator, and the mimic labors of the crea- 
 ture, were all objects of his pursuit. He 
 adoi'ed from examination, was a courtier 
 that flattered only by informing his prince, 
 and was really the neighbor of the Gospel, 
 for there was no man that might not have 
 been the better for him. He pi-omoted the 
 royal society, he obtained the Arundelian 
 marbles for the university of Oxford, and he 
 proposed to Mr. Boyle the erection of a 
 philosophical college for retired and specu- 
 lative persons, and he had the honesty to 
 write in defence of active life against Mr. 
 Mackenzie's essay on solitude. He knew 
 that retirement in his own hands wasindus- 
 ti-y and benefit to mankind, in those of oth- 
 ers laziness and inutility." 
 
 EvELYx, John, son of the preceding, was 
 born at Sayes-court, near Deptford, 14th 
 January 1654. In 1666 he went to Oxford, 
 under the care of Dr. Bathurst, of Trinity 
 college, but did not till two years after be- 
 
EU 
 
 ^^7^ 
 
 EU 
 
 «ome a member of the university. Whett 
 little more than 15, he wrote that elegant 
 Greek poem which is prefixed to the sec- 
 ond edition of his father's Sylva. The pow- 
 ers of genius thus early displayed were cul- 
 tivated with the greatest attention, and gave 
 birth to some other original pieces of poetry, 
 inserted in Dryden's miscellanies. He also 
 translated, in elegant language, the four 
 books of gardens from the poems of Uenatus 
 Rapinus, J 673 — besides Alexander's life, 
 from Plutarch, inserted in the 4t!i volume of 
 I'iutarch, by several hands— and the history 
 of the grand visiers. See. with the secret in- 
 trigues of the seraglio, 1677, 8vo. He mar- 
 ried Martha daugliter of Richard Spenser 
 esq. by whom he had two sons and thi*ee 
 daughters He was one of the commission- 
 ers of the revenue in Ireland, and died in the 
 flower of his age, in London, 24th M.Tfch 
 1698, aged 45. His eldest son and two daugh- 
 ters died infants ; the other daughter mai-ri- 
 ed the eldest son of lord chancellor Har- 
 court ; and the son niarried, 1705, the daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Boscawen, and was in 1713 crea- 
 ted a baronet. He was a commissioner of 
 the customs, and fellow of the royal society. 
 
 EvERDiNGEN, Cs&snv Van, a Dutch pain- 
 ter, born at Alcmaer, died 1679, aged 73. 
 His victory of David over Goliah, in the 
 chureli of Alcmaqr, is his best piece. His 
 my hew Albert was eminent as a landscape 
 painter. He died 1675, aged 54. 
 
 Eugene, Francis, prince of Savoy, was 
 born in 1663. He was son of Eugene Mau- 
 rice, general of the Swiss and Grisons, gov- 
 ernor of Champagne, and earl of Soissons, 
 by Olympia Mancini, niece of cardinal Ma- 
 zarin. He was early intended for the church, 
 and received an abbey from the French king, 
 as a step to a cardinal's hat ; but tlie death of 
 liis father, before lie was 10 years of age, al- 
 tered the prospects of his future life. The 
 unjust banishment of his mother to the Low 
 Countries raised his indignation ; and as 
 Curtius and Csesar seemed more favorite au- 
 thors with him than all the divines of the 
 church, he panted for military employments, 
 and when refused by tlie king he removed 
 to Vienna with bis brother Philip. The em- 
 peror received them with great courtesy, 
 and from that time the two brothers, reject- 
 ing the offers of France, determined to be- 
 come the faithful subjects of the imperial 
 house. They soon distinguished themselves 
 against the Turks ; but the death of Philip, 
 whilst bravely fighting, left Eugene to avenge 
 his fall, and to conduct his regiment to vic- 
 tory. In 1683 Euget>c displayed astonishing 
 powers of valor in the presence of the prin- 
 ces and gen<!rals of the Austrian troops, in 
 the raising of the siege of Vienna ; and at 
 NewLausel and Buda his bravery again be- 
 came ¥.0 conspicuous, that the (h;ke of Lor- 
 raine, in presenting him to tlie emperor, 
 said, " May it please your vaajesty, this 
 young Savoyard will soniotime or other be 
 the greatest captain of the age." I'he <lec- 
 laratJon of war against the empire by Lewis 
 XIV. called foith all the abilities of KuOTue ; 
 
 he was removed from the less important 
 campaign against the Turks, to resist the 
 French ; and he so elfectually blocked up 
 Mantua that for two years his enemies were 
 unable to advance a single step in Italy. 
 The peace between Savoy and France, in 
 1696, enabled Lewis to negociate with Eu- 
 gene ; but the olfer of the government of 
 Champagne, of a marshal's baton, and of an 
 annual pension of 2000 pistoles, could not 
 shake his fidelity to the emperor. His at- 
 tachment was so well tried, tliat he was 
 made conimander in chief of tlie imperial 
 forces in Hungary, wheye he completed the 
 campaign by tlie total defeat of the Turkish 
 army, commanded by the grand seignor in 
 person, 16U7. In this famous battle, fought 
 at Zenta near Petervvardin, the Turks lost 
 2tf,000 men killed, 12,000 drowned, and 
 GOOO prisoners, besides oxen, camels, and 
 horses, and a booty which amounted to 
 several millions of pounds sterling, whilst 
 the Germans had no more than 430 men 
 Viilled. The peace of Carlowitch, in 1699, 
 was thus insured by the valor of Eugene, 
 and put an end to a war of 15 years, but 
 new laurels awaited the hero, on the death 
 of the king of Spain. While France claim- 
 ed the succession, the emperor set forth also 
 his title to the crown, and Eugene was sent, 
 to Italy to oppose the French" forces under 
 Villeroi. Though inferior in numbers, Eu- 
 gene obtained the superiority in every en- 
 counter, and planned his measures with 
 such wisdom tliat he surprised Cremona, 
 and carried Villeroi away his prisoner, by 
 a coup de main. To the imperialists were 
 soon added the English, who viewed with 
 jealousy the elevation of the duke of Anjou 
 to the throne of Spain, and resented the 
 acknov.'Iedgement of the pretender for king 
 of England !)y Lewis. Eugene at the head 
 of the imperial counci, of the v/ar, and in the 
 field, displayed his usual abilities, and the 
 battles of Scbellenburg, Blenheim, Turin, 
 &c. became the scenes of the superior pow- 
 ers of his mind and of the successful execu- 
 tion of his plans. His influence was so great 
 that his enemies determined to cut him oft' 
 by poison. He accordingly, in 1710, receiv- 
 ed a letter, enclosing a paper poisoned to 
 such a degree that it made hijii, and three 
 more who touched it, ready to swoon, and 
 killed a dog upon the spot upon his swallowing 
 the noxious contents. In 1712 he came over 
 to England, to induce the court to continue 
 the war ; but he was surprised to find his 
 friend and comrade Marlboi'ough indi.sgracc, 
 and a new ministry totally averse to his mea- 
 sures. He however received the honor due 
 to his rank and merit ; he was magnificently 
 feasted in the city of London ; he received a 
 sword worth 5000/. from the qneen, v/liich 
 lie wore on her birth-day ; but in the midst 
 of the compliments \rik\ iiim be still showed 
 his respect for Marlborough, by taking his 
 abode solely with him. Unsuccessful in 
 London as a negotiator, he returned to tlic 
 armies, Mhere he was forced to act upon the 
 defensive, to check the advance of the 
 
yrencTi forces into Germany. In March 
 1714 he signed with marshal VHlars prelim- 
 inary articles of peace, which were the Sep- 
 temhcr following concluded by a solemn 
 treaty. He was received at Vienna in the 
 most flattering manner by the emperor; but, 
 in the bosom of peace, new victories awaited 
 him. The Turks began to threaten the im- 
 perialisls in 1716, and Eugene, placing him- 
 self at the bead of the army in Huiigary, de- 
 feated them Avith dreadful slaughter, and 
 took Temeswaer, of which they had had pos- 
 session 164 years, and afterwards besieged 
 and reduced Belgrade. After the peace 
 with the Turks, Eugene had little to do with 
 the disputes between Spain and the emperor. 
 In 1733 he was, however, engaged in tl»e 
 -v'AVi between the imperiaii-sts and the kings 
 of France, Spain, and Sardinia, where Ins 
 usual prudence and success were emi- 
 nently displayed. He died at Vienna lOth 
 April 1736, a^ed 12,. His death was sudden, 
 as the preceding day he had entortained com- 
 pany, and he is supposed to have been choak- 
 ed in tlie sight by a strong defl action of 
 rheum. This heroic general deserved equal 
 commendation in the character of a private 
 man. He was affable, modest, generous, and 
 humane. He was also the patron of learned 
 nien, and himself no indiifercnt scholar. 
 Thomas a Kempis' book, de imitationc, was 
 the constant companion of his travels and 
 campaigns, and he wisely ol)served, with 
 Gustavus Adolphus, that a good christian al- 
 ways made a good soldier. His collection of 
 books, pictures, and prints, is preserved in 
 the imperial library. His funeral sermon 
 ■was preached by cardinal Fassionei, nuncio 
 at Vienna, from these words of Maccabees, 
 '* Alexander, son of Philip the Macedonian, 
 tnade many wars, took many strong holds, 
 ■went through the ends of the earth, took 
 spoils of many nations. The earth was qTiiet 
 before him. After these things he fell sick, 
 and pei'ceived that he should die." 
 
 EuGEKius I. St. pope, afterMartin, 654, 
 died three years after, 1st June. He was a 
 ■pious and benevolent pontiff. 
 
 EuGENius H. succeeded Pascal I. 824, 
 and died three years after, 27th October, 
 He supported the water ordeal, and was an 
 advocate for image worship, though it was 
 condemned by the council of Paris. 
 
 EuGENius HI. was made pope 1145 ; but, 
 disatisfied with tiie tumultuous conduct of 
 the Romans, he retired to Pisa, and thence 
 to Paris, and to Rlieims, Avhere he called a 
 council. He died at Tivoli 7th July 1153. 
 
 EuGENlus IV. Gabriel Condolmcro, a 
 Venetian, elected poj)e 1431, after Martin 
 V. He had a violent dispute with the coun- 
 cil which had assembled at Basil, and issued 
 a bull to dissolve it ; but the bishops resisted 
 liis authority, and he was at last obliged to 
 ■issent to their resolutions, and to confirm 
 them. Another council at Ferrara was 
 (equally obstinate, tijough the pope proposed 
 a reconciliation and union between the east- 
 ern and western churches, supported by the 
 jireaence and authority of the emperor JoJin 
 
 EU 
 
 Palffiologus, and of several Greek bisliops. 
 The sudden breaking out of a plague disper- 
 sed the council, which removed to Florence ; 
 but the terms of pacification which were 
 tliere adopted were soon violated. The 
 council of Basil presumed to depose the pour 
 tiff, and to appoint Amadeus VIII. duke of 
 Savoy in his room, under the title of Felix 
 V. ; but the cause of the dishonored Eugen- 
 ius prevailed, and he died at Rome in the 
 full enjoyment of his privileges, 1447, aged 
 64. 
 
 EuGENius, a grammarian, whom count 
 Arbogastus proclaimed emperor in Dau- 
 phin6, after the death of A^alentinian the 
 younger, 392. Though successful in his first 
 attempts upon Milan, and in liis invasion of 
 Italy, he was soon after defeated by Theo - 
 dosius, and fell in battle, 394. 
 
 Eui^KR, Leonard, an illustrious mathema- 
 tician, born at Basil 14th July 1707. His 
 lather, Paul Eulcr, who was protestant min- 
 ister of Richen, intended him for the min- 
 istry, and he instructed him himself in math- 
 ematics, for the ground work of all other 
 improvements ; but the genius of the sou 
 was bent to philosopliical pursuits, rather 
 thiin theology. Encouraged by tb.e Bernou- 
 illis, he soon followed them, 1727, to Pe- 
 tcrsburgh, where Gatharine 1. had founded, 
 in 1723, an academy of sciences, and in 1727 
 he was apiK)intcd adjutant to the matheiaa- 
 tical class of the academy. His different 
 publications on the nature and propagation 
 of sound, on curves, on the calculus integra- 
 lis, the movement of the celestial bodies, 
 and other useful subjects, had already raised 
 his reputation, and ranked him among the 
 greatest of philosophers. The powers of 
 his mind were indeed astonishing. While 
 his follow academicians asked four months 
 to complete an important calculation, he 
 finished it in three days, but so intense had 
 been his application that it produced a fever, 
 which robbed him of the sight of one ofljis 
 eyes. He gained, in 1740, with Maclaurin 
 and D. Bernoujli, the prize of the academy 
 of Paris, on the nature of tides ; and the la- 
 bors of these three illustrious men, thus ad- 
 judged equally meritorious, traced the ef- 
 fects, though by diflerent roads, to the same 
 causes. In 1741 he removed to Berlin, at 
 the invitation of the king of Prussia, and 
 assisted the monarch in the establishment 
 of an academy of sciences, Avhose memoirs 
 he enriched by valuable communications. 
 Still indefatigable, he produced his theory 
 of the motions of the planets and comets, the 
 theory of magnetism, the theory of light and 
 colors against New ton's system of emanations, 
 and the theoi-y of the equilibrium and motion 
 of floating bodies and the resistance of fluids. 
 In 1773also he published histheorie complette 
 de la construction ct de la manoeuvre des 
 vaisseux, which valuable work was translated 
 into all languages, and was rewarded with 
 6000 livres from the French king, as his 
 theorems before had been rewarded with 
 300/. from the British parliament. His la- 
 bors of thirtv vears on th^ most intricate 
 
EU 
 
 4^^/ 
 
 EV 
 
 subject of infinitesimals were -communicated 
 to the public by his «Mntroduction to the 
 analysis of infuiitesiniais," and followed by 
 lessons on the calculus integralis, and differ- 
 entialis. Thus engaged in the cause of sci- 
 ence, and for the benefit of mankind, he 
 continued in the enjoyment of health to a 
 good old age, and* while arranging his 
 thougiits on the motion of the aerostatical 
 globes, and conversing with his friend Lex- 
 ell on the new planet^ he was suddenly at- 
 tacked by a fit of apoplexy, as he played 
 with one' of his grandchildren at tea-time. 
 I'he stroke was sudden, and immediately 
 fstal. " I am dying," were his last words, 
 and a few hours after he expired, 7th Sep- 
 tember 1783, aged 76 years 5 months 3 
 days. Hesides the works already enumera- 
 ted, there are many others, equaUy valuable, 
 on geometrical and philosophical subjects. 
 He was a man, indeed, as his impartial and 
 eloquent eulogist. Fuss, has mentioned, of 
 astonishing powers, great and extensive eru 
 dition, and of such retentive memory that 
 he could repeat the whole of the iEneid, and 
 in one night he calculated in bis head the six 
 first powers of all the numbers above 20, 
 which he repeated the next day most cor- 
 rectly to his astonished friends. Affable, hu- 
 mane, and benevolent in his conduct, he 
 could abanden the most abstruse studies to 
 mix with the general amusements of society, 
 and, with unusual vivacity, enter into all the 
 trifles and the frivolous anecdotes which of- 
 ten fill up the vacuum of company. His piety 
 was ardent but sincere, he loved mankind, 
 and defended the great truths of religion 
 with earnestness and fidelity. He was twice 
 married, and was fatlier of thirteen chil- 
 dren ; four of -whom only survived him. 
 The eldest son was his assistant and succes- 
 sor ; the second, physician to the empress ; 
 and the the third, lieutcnanl -colonel in the 
 artillery ; the daug'.ter married major Reil. 
 These four children gave him 38 grandchil- 
 dren, among whom he was viewed as a ven- 
 ei'able and deservedly respected ])atriarch. 
 The list of his works makes 50 pages, 14 of 
 which contain the MS. works. The printed 
 works amount to 38 volumes, and are found 
 in the Petersburg, Paris, Berlin acts, &cc. 
 
 EuLOGius, a patriarch of Alexandria, 
 Intimate Avith Gregory the great. He wrote 
 against the Novatians and died 608. 
 
 EuLOGius, th« martyr of Cordova, put 
 to death by the Saracens, 859, after being 
 elected, but not conseerated, archbishop of 
 Toledo. He wrote a histoiy of some mar- 
 tyrs, &c. 
 
 EuMATHius, a Greek writer of am &to* 
 ■ial compositions. He wrote Ismenias and 
 Ismene. The age in which he lived is un- 
 known. He is some times called Eusta- 
 thius. 
 
 Eu ME NES, a celebrated general of Alex- 
 ander the great. He was at last over|>ow- 
 ered in the dissensions which divided the 
 generals of Alexandria, and put to death bv 
 Antigonus, 316B. C. 
 
 EuMENES, a kingof Pergaraus, B. C. 263. 
 
 Itis nephew of the same name, was king, 197 
 B.C. and reigned 38 years. 
 
 EtMENius, an eminent orator, about 310 
 A.U. 
 
 EuNAPius, a physician of the 4th centu- 
 ry, a violent enemy of Christianity. He 
 wrote the lives of philosophers and Sbphists, 
 the history of the Csesars, &c, 
 
 EuNOMius, a native of Cappadocia, in 
 the 4th century, disciple of ^tius, and foun- 
 ,der of a sect called Eunomians, who denied 
 the essential deity of Christ. He was made 
 bishop of Cyzicum, 3t50, but was several 
 times banished for his fanatical opinions, and 
 died very old, 394, after experiencing a 
 great variety of sufferings 
 
 EuPHEMiA, FlaviaElia Marcia,the con- 
 cubine and then the wife of the emperor 
 Justin I. died without children, 523. She 
 showed herself a great and benevolent prin- 
 cess on the throne. 
 
 EuPHEMius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, who quarrelled with the popes about the 
 insertion of names among the saiuts, and was 
 banished by Anastasius to Ancyra, where he 
 died, 515. 
 
 EuPH ORION, a Greek poet and historian 
 of Chalcis, in Euboja, B. C. 274. 'I'herc v. ere 
 two other writers of the same name. 
 
 EuPHRANOR, an Athenian painter and 
 sculptor, B. C. 352. 
 
 Euphrates, a heretic of the 2d century. 
 He and his follov/ers fmagined that oiu- first 
 parents were deceived by Christ, in tlie formi 
 of a serpent, and therefore they paid divine 
 honors to serpents, and thence vtere called 
 ophites, or serpentarians. There was a pla- 
 tonic philosopher of this name under Per- 
 diccas, and aqother, a stoic, in the age of 
 Adritiu. 
 
 Eupolis, a comic poet, of Athens, B. C 
 435, said to have been thrown into the -sea by 
 Alcibiades, because he had written a play to 
 satirize him- 
 
 Evermond, St. Charles de St. Denis lord 
 of, a well known French writer of a noble 
 family in Normandy, born at St. Denis le 
 Guast, April 1st, 1613. He was educated in 
 the college of Clermont, Paris, and at Caen, 
 and being a younger son, was intended for 
 the law, but his inclinations turned to a mili- 
 tary life, and before he was sixteen he oh* 
 tained an ensigncy. He signalized himself in: 
 the army, and was as well known for his po- 
 liteness and literary accomplishments, as for 
 
 his valor in the field, so that the duke ot 
 Enghien admiring his character made him 
 lieutenant of his guards to have him near hi^ 
 person. He was at thd siege of Arras, in 
 1640, and served in the campaigns of Uocroy 
 and Friburg, and was wounded in the knee, 
 in the battle of Nortlingeij. After the taking 
 ofFurnesin l64G, the duke commissioned 
 him to convey the news to the court, and to 
 concert with Mazarin measures for the siege 
 and reduction of Dunkirk, but he was in 
 1648, f(tr some satirical remarks dismissed 
 from the confidence and friendship of the 
 duke, who unfortunately loved raillery, but 
 was aot maguaaimous enough to pacdon it 
 
EV 
 
 4^rz 
 
 EU 
 
 He Avas afterwards reconciled to the court, 
 and the king, well acquainted witli his me- 
 rits, made him in 155'2 a major {general, and 
 granted him a pension of 3000 livres a year. 
 He served in Guie'iine under the duke of 
 Candale, and after a confinement of three 
 months in the hastile for reflections on Ma- 
 zarin's character, he was permitted to attend 
 the campaign of Flanders in 1654, In 1657 
 he fought a duel with the marquis de Force, 
 ^vhich proved so offensive to the court, that 
 he retired into the countr}', till his friends 
 could procure his pardon. In the campaign 
 of 1649 he served in Flanders, and soon after 
 he accompanied Mazarin in the negotiation 
 and conclusion of a treaty with the Spanish 
 ministry. Of this journey and negotiation 
 he gave a written account to the marquis of 
 Crequi, which contained such severe reflec- 
 tions on the character of Mazarin, and such 
 odious charges of sacrificing the honor of 
 France, to private interest, that the compo- 
 sition was considered as treasonable, and 
 though the cardinal was dead, the writer was 
 obliged to fly to Holland, in 1661, from the 
 persecution of the court. From Holland he 
 immediately passed to England, where he 
 had been sent the year before by the French 
 king to congratulate Charles on his restora- 
 tion, and he was received with great cour- 
 tesy by Buckingham, and the English nobil- 
 ity. Devoting himself here to literature, 
 and the society of his friends, he did not 
 however forget his native country, and he 
 solicited his return from the court, but to no 
 purpose. He afterwards visited Flanders, 
 Spa, and Liege, and wished to fi.\ his resi- 
 dence in Holland, but the invitations of 
 Charles, by the hands of sir William Temple 
 and lord Arlington, prevailed upon him to 
 return to England where the king granted 
 him a pension of 3001. a year. On the death 
 of Charles Jie lost his pension, and his appli- 
 cations to the French king for pardon, by the 
 means of his friend Crequi, pf'oved inefliec- 
 tual ; but though deserted by his country, he 
 refused to accept near James's person the 
 honorable office of private secretary of the 
 cabinet. The revolution proved more fa- 
 vorable to his interests, William honored the 
 illustrious stranger w ith his friendship, and 
 while he liberally patronised him, he de- 
 lighted in his conversation, and eagfii-ly heard 
 from him the recital of the wars and adven- 
 tures of his youthful days. At last the 
 French king relented, and offers of recon- 
 ciliation were sent by count Grammont, 
 but St. Evremond now refused to quit a coun- 
 try where lie had been so ho.spitably treatetl, 
 and where his old age and infirmities could 
 meet Avith a continuation of long experienced 
 comforts. He died on the 9th of September, 
 1703, of a strangury, in his 95th year, and 
 Vas buried in Westminster-abbey, where a 
 monument was erected to his memory. St. 
 Evremond was au accomplished gentleman, 
 and though his morals were not rigid, he was 
 generous in his conduct, humane and bene- 
 YOlfeijt. Though suspected by Bayle of being' 
 
 a freethinker, he always professed the Ro 
 mish faith, and though occasionally giving .a 
 loose to satire, and making pleasure the sole 
 business of life, he never spoke with jocula- 
 rity, or indecorous freedom of religion or 
 morality. Common decency, says he, and 
 the regard due to one's fellow-creatures, will 
 not suffer it. He describes himself as a phi- 
 losopher equally remote from superstition 
 and impiety, a voluptuary, who has no less 
 aversion for debauchery than inclination for 
 pleasm-e, who lived in a condition despised 
 by those who have eteiy thing, and envied 
 by those who have nothing, but relished by 
 those who make reason the foundation of 
 their happiness. He is well pleased with na«- 
 ture, and does not complain of fortune, he 
 hates vice, is indulgent to frailties, and la- 
 ments misfortunes. He searches not after 
 the failings of men to expose them, and on- 
 ly finds out the ridiculous in them for his 
 own diversion. Of his works, which consist 
 of light pieces of poetry and prose, the 
 best edition is that of Amsterdam 1726, 5 
 vols. l2mo.with two other volumes of pieces 
 attributed to his pen, with his life prefixed, 
 by des Maizeaux. They have been ti-ans- 
 lated, London, 1728, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Euripides, a Greek tragic poet, born at 
 Salamis about 480 B. C. Only 19 of his sub- 
 lime tragedies are extant. 
 
 EuRYDiCE, wife of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedonia, was the mother of Philip, the 
 father of Alexander, and conspired against 
 her husband. 
 
 EuRYDicE, daughter of Aridseus, was 
 put to death by Olympias, with the rest of 
 her family. 
 
 E us DEN, Lawrence, an EngHsh poet, 
 descended from an Irish family, and born at 
 Spotsworth in Yorkshire, where his father 
 was rector. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, and upon taking orders, 
 was made chaplain to lord Willoughby de 
 Broke. He Avas also patronised by lord Ha- 
 lifax, and by the duke of Newcastle, whose 
 marriage with lady Henrietta Godolphin he 
 celebrated in verse, for which the duke, on 
 Kowes death, appointed him laureat 1718, 
 This elevation was viewed with. jealousy by 
 the contemporary bards: and Pope, without 
 any known cause, assigned to the laureat a 
 distinguished place in his Dunciad. Eusdeu 
 died at his rectory at Coningsby, Lincoln- 
 shire, 27th September 1730. One of his bi- 
 ographers has asserted that in the latter 
 part of his life, he became a very great 
 drunkard, but perhaps without authority. 
 He left a MS. translation of Tasso. Some 
 of his poems ai'C preserved in Nichols's select 
 collection. 
 
 EusEBiA, abbess of St. Cyr, or St. Savi- 
 oui-'s, at Marseilles, who is said to have cut 
 oft' her nose, to secure herself from the bru- 
 tality of Saracen ravishers. Her nuns fol- 
 lowed her example, but they were all mur- 
 dered by the disappointed barbarians, 731. 
 A similar story is related of an abbess of CoH- 
 dingham in England. 
 
EU 
 
 ^f'S 
 
 EW 
 
 hi USEB I us, a Greek bishop of Rome, after 
 Marcellus, 310. He violently opposed the 
 I'eadmission of lapsed christians to the com- 
 munion, for which he was banished to Sicily 
 by the emperor Maxeutius, and died the 
 same year. 
 
 EusEBius, Pamphilus, an ecclesiastical 
 historian, born at Palestine, and made bislmp 
 ot Cajsarea 313. He opposed Arius, though 
 his personal friend, and died about 338. He 
 •wrote the life of Constantine, an ecclesi- 
 astical liistory, &c. 
 
 E USEE I us, a bishop of Berytus, and after- 
 wards of Constantinople, wbo died 341. 
 
 EusEBius, a bishop of Emesa, iu Syi-ia, 
 author of some homilies. He died 360. 
 
 EusEBius, bishop of Vercell, in Pied- 
 mont, strenuously defended Athanasius, and 
 died 371, 
 
 EusEBius, bisljop ofSamosata, favored 
 but afterwards opposed Arianism, and died 
 by the fall of a tile 378. 
 
 EusEBius, bishop of Doryleumin Phry- 
 gia, was deposed by the Eutychians, whom 
 he opposed, 449. 
 
 EusTACHE, David, a protestant minister, 
 of Montpellier, sent in 1669 by the Synod of 
 lyudun, to address the French king. His 
 speech to the monarch on this occasion was 
 much admired. He was author of some the- 
 ological and controversial tracts. 
 
 EusTACHius, Bartholomew, an Italian 
 physician of the 16th century, born at San- 
 Severino. He settled at Urbino, and after- 
 wards at Home, where his anatomical tables 
 were engraved 1552, though not published 
 till 1714, and the second edition 17'28. His 
 opuscula anatomica were republished by 
 Boerhaave 1707. He died 1570. 
 
 EusTATHius, a Romish saint, bishop of 
 Boerea and Antioch. He was banished by 
 Constantius for opposing the Arians, and he 
 died at Trajanopolis 3G0. His writings are 
 lost. 
 
 EusTATHius, a learned Greek commen- 
 tator on Homer and Dionysius the geogra- 
 pher. He was bishop of Thessalonica and 
 died about 1194. 
 
 EusTOCHiuM, a Roman lady, like her 
 mother Paula, well skilled in Gi*eek and He- 
 brew. She was a disciple of St. Jerome, and 
 lived in a monastery at Bethlehem, from 
 which she fied during a persecution, and 
 died 419. 
 
 EusTRATius, a bishop of Nice, whose 
 commentaries on Aristotle's analytics and 
 ethics, have been published at Venice 1534, 
 and 1536, and Paris 1543. He lived in the 
 12th century. There was a priest of Con- 
 stantinople of that name in the fith century, 
 author of a work on the state of the dead. 
 
 EuTHYMius, an Isaurian, made patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, by Leo VI. 906, and 
 displaced by Alexander IT, He died in ex. 
 lie 910 or 911, and was buried at Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 EuTHYMius, Zigabcnus, or Zigadenus, a 
 
 Greek monk of Constantinople, the favorite 
 
 of Alexius Com menus. He wrote at the em- 
 
 peror'scommanij, Panoplia dogmatioa ortUo- 
 
 VpL. I. 64 
 
 doxse fidei, or the whole armour of the or.* 
 thodox faith, against heretics. He wrote 
 nine other works besides. The time of his 
 death is unknown, though it Avas after 1118. 
 
 EuTOCius, a Greek mathematician of 
 Ascalon, in Palestine, who wrote commen- 
 taries on tlie conies of ApoUouius, published 
 in Ilalley's edition. He wrote also commen- 
 taries on Archimedes, published at Oxford 
 1792. He is a very learned, accurate, and 
 judicious commentator. He flourished in tlue 
 sixth century. 
 
 EuTROPius, Flavius, a Latin historian, 
 secretaiy to Constantine. He wrote an epir 
 tome of the Roman history. 
 
 EuTROPius, an eunuch, minister to Ar- 
 cadius. He was consul 399, but proved ia 
 his conduct so tyrannical, that he was banish- 
 ed, and afterwards beheaded. 
 
 EuTYCHES, abbot of a convent near Con- 
 stantinople, opposed violently the Nestori- 
 ans, and maintained in his zeal that Christ's 
 body was an aerial form, and therefore not 
 human. These notions were censured in 
 the council of Constantinople 448, and Evity- 
 ches was deposed, though another council 
 was summoned to reverse the sentence ; and 
 a third composed of 630 bishops confirmed 
 the sentence of the first, and declared that in 
 Christ were united two natures without mix- 
 ture or confusion. 
 
 EuTYCHTANUS, pope, a native ofTusca- 
 ny successor of Felix 275, and succeeded in 
 283, by Caius, on his martyrdom. 
 
 EuTYCHius, a monk of Amasjea, made 
 patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian, 553, 
 and deposed by him 564. He was restored 
 by Tiberius II. and died 585, aged 73. 
 
 EuTYCHius, a christian author, born at 
 Cairo 876. He practised physic with great 
 success among the Mahometans, and after- 
 wards became, in 933, patriarch of Alexan- 
 dira, and exchanged his name of Said Ebn 
 Batrick for its Greek correspondent word 
 Eutychius. He wrote, in Arabic, annals 
 from the beginning of the world to 900, curi- 
 ous, but not always authentic. He wrote 
 also, de rebus Siciliie, preserved in MS. in 
 Cambridge public library ; and died 950. An 
 extract from his annals relating to the church 
 of Alexandria appeared, in Arabic and Latin, 
 at Oxford, by Selden, 1642, 4to. and the 
 whole annals were published, Arabic and La- 
 tin, by Pocock, 1659, 4lo. 
 
 EuzoRius, a deacon of Alexandria, de- 
 posed and condemned by the council of Nice 
 for his attachment to the tenets of Arius, 
 Me satisfied Constantine on articles of faith 
 afterwards, and was made bishop of Antioch 
 361. He baptized Constantius, and died 3(76. 
 
 Another of the same name was bishop 
 
 of Ccesarea. 
 
 EwALD, John, a native of Copenhagen, 
 who, in the hopes of seeing the world, em- 
 braced the military profession, and became 
 a sergeant in the Prussian service. He after- 
 wards deserted from his regiment, and re- 
 turned to Denmark, where he studied divi- 
 nity, but did not enter into orders. Poetry 
 was bis favorite pursuit, aifd, to enlarge Iris 
 
EY 
 
 ^f^ 
 
 E2 
 
 understanding, he studied the bes>t English 
 poets. He -wrote poems in the style of Os- 
 sian — Adam and Eve, a dramatic poem — a 
 theatrical piece called the fisherman — and 
 other poems, which possess great merit 
 and rank high in the temple of poetry. 
 He died 1781, aged 38, aad his works Avere 
 collected together at Copenhagen in 1791, in 
 4 vols. 
 
 ExpiLLi,Clauded', president of the par- 
 liament of Grenoble, was born at Voiron, 
 Dauphiny, and died at Gi-enoble 163G, aged 
 75. He was a w riter of some merit, though 
 better known as an upright magistrate. He 
 published pleadings, Paris, 4to. 161'2 — poems, 
 4to. 1624 — a life of Bayard, 1650 — a treatise 
 on P'rench orthography, 1618, fol. 
 
 ExuPERius a Romish saint, bishop of 
 Toulouse, distinguished for his charity in the 
 time of a famine. After parting with all his 
 property, he sold the gold and silver utensils 
 of the church, to supply the necessities of the 
 poor. He died about 417. 
 
 Eyck, Hubert Van, a painter, boi'n at 
 Maseik on the Maese, died 1426, aged 60. 
 He painted much for Philip the good, duke 
 of Burgundy, his friend and patron. 
 
 Eyck, John Van, brother and disciple to 
 the preceding, died 1441, aged 71. He is 
 supposed to be the inventor of painting in 
 oil, which he discovered by mi.xing linseed 
 oil in the composition of a brilliant varnish. 
 The secret was conveyed to Italy by one of 
 his pupils, and divulged to the world. He 
 is sometimes called John of Bruges. His 
 historical pieces and landscapes are much 
 admired. 
 
 Eykens, Peter, a painter of Antwerp, 
 born 1599. His last supper, and John 
 preaching in the desert, are admired pieces, 
 preserved in the churches at Antwerp. 
 
 Eymak, a. M. d', a deputy from Forcal- 
 
 quier to the states-general in 1789, evinced 
 his attachn^ent to the opinions and the sys- 
 tem of Rousseau, as a lover of Republican, 
 ism. He was sent as ambassador to Pied- 
 mont, and discovered the treaty which the 
 Sai'dinian king h-^d made to espouse the cause 
 of the confederates against France ; and in 
 consequence of this, by his intrigues, he for- 
 ced the unfortunate monarch from his Italian 
 dominions. He was afterwards prefect of 
 Leman, and died at Geneva 1805. He wrote 
 some small tracts, not devoid of merit. 
 
 EzEKiEL, the third of the great pro- 
 phets, was son of Buzi, and descended from 
 Aai'on. He was a captive at Babylon with 
 Jehoiachim king of Judah, 597 before Christ, 
 and there he wrote his prophecies, on the 
 banks of the Chebar. His style, according 
 to bisliop Lowth, is bold, vehement, and tra- 
 gical, abounding with figtu-ative expressions, 
 and worked up occasionally to a degree of 
 tremendous dignity. He foretold to his peo- 
 ple the coming of the Messiah, and their 
 restoration. 
 
 EzEKiEL, a Greek Jew and poet, author 
 of some tragedies on scripture subjects. 
 Large fragments of his tragedy of the depar- 
 ture of the Israelites from Egypt are pre- 
 served by Clemens of Alexandria and Euse- 
 bius. It is supposed that he florished about 
 ,300, or according to some 200, years before 
 Christ. 
 
 EzuA, one of the descendants of Aaron, 
 son of Seraiah. He shared the captivity of 
 Babylon, and was permitted by Artaxerxes 
 to conduct a colony of his countrymen to Je- 
 rusalem, and to rebuild the temple and es- 
 tablish the laws of Moses, about 467 before 
 Christ. A book bearing his name in the bi- 
 ble, and two in the apocrypha, are preser- 
 ved. He died in Persia, or according to Jo- 
 scplius at Jerusalem. 
 
 FA 
 
 FABER, John, a German divine, born in 
 Suabia, and, from one of his works 
 against the reformers, called the Mallet of 
 Heretics. He was made, 1526, confessor to 
 Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and in 1531, 
 advanced to the see of Vienna, where he 
 died 1542, aged 63. He owed his elevation 
 to his zeal in the defence of the papists 
 against Luther and his adherents. His works, 
 which display warmth and fluency of lan- 
 guage, are contained i« 3 vols, folio, Cologne, 
 1537-1541. 
 
 Fabeu, Basil, a zealous Lutheran, born 
 1520, at Soraw in Lusatia. He was teacher 
 in the schools of Nordhausen, Tennstadt, and 
 Quedlinburg, and rector of Erfurt. His chief, 
 and most valuable work is Thesaurus Erudi- 
 tionis Scholasticse, published 1571, and im- 
 pi'oved afterwards by Cellarius and others. 
 The best edition is 2 vols. fol. 1735. Faber 
 died 1576. 
 
 Faber, Antonius. Vid. Favre, Anthony. 
 
 Faber, Jacobus. Vid. Fevjre, James. 
 
 FA 
 
 Faber, Nicolaus. Vid. Fevre, Nicolas. 
 
 Faber, Tanaquil. Vid. Fevre. 
 
 Fabert, Abraham, an officer, who rais- 
 ed himself, by his extraordinary merit, to the 
 dignity of marshal of France under Lewis 
 XiV. He distinguished himself in 1635, at 
 the siege of Turin 164(), when he was badly 
 w^ounded, at the siege of Perpignan 1642, 
 and in 1654 at the taking of Stenai. As he 
 was not duly qualified by nobility of ances- 
 tors, he refused the collar of the royal order, 
 observing, he would not be decorated with a 
 cross, with his soul disgraced by an impos- 
 ture. Though brave, he was childishly ad- 
 dicted to astrological calculations. 
 
 Fabian, Robert, a merchant of London, 
 sheriff and alderman of his native city, where 
 he died 1512. He had some skill in Latin 
 and English poetry ; but his chief work is his 
 *• Chronicle of England and France," first 
 printed 1516, and again 1553, 2 vols, folio. 
 The first volume begins w-ith Brute and ends 
 
FA 
 
 ^f"^- 
 
 FA 
 
 at the death of Henry II. and the second, 
 which is very valuable, ends 1504. Stow 
 cails the work a painful labor, to the great 
 honor of the city, and of the whole realm. 
 Because he spoke too plainly of the revenues 
 of the church, Wolsey caused as many co- 
 pies of the book as possible to be destroyed. 
 Fabian was buried at St. Michael's, Cornhill. 
 
 Fabian, a saint of the Romish church, 
 made pope 326. He was active in the dis- 
 semination of Christianity and the building 
 of churches, and he suffered martyrdom in 
 the persecution of Decius. 
 
 Fabius, Maximus Rullianus, a Roman, 
 master of the horse to the dictator Papirius. 
 He triumphed over seven nations, and was 
 himself dictator, B. C. 287. 
 
 Fabius, Maximus Quintus, an illustrious 
 Roman, who opposed Annibal in Italy, and 
 in consequence of his dilatory, but salutary 
 measures, was called Cunctator. When the 
 senate refused to ratify a ransom of prisoners 
 on which he had agreed, he sold his estates 
 to pay the money. He died B.C. 203. 
 
 Fabius, Pictor, the first Latin histnrinn 
 mentioned among tlie Romans, B. C. 225, 
 
 Fabre, Jean Claude, a priest of the ora- 
 tory of Pads, who died there 1753, aged 85. 
 He is known as a laborious, but not judicious, 
 compiler. He wrote two dictionaries, an in- 
 different translation of Virgil, and a continu- 
 ation of Fleury's Ecclesiastical History, and 
 some articles in Richelet's Dictionary. 
 
 Fabre, N. a native of Lauguedoc, famous 
 for his filial piety. When his father was con- 
 demned to the gallies for his adherence to 
 Calvinism, in 1752, he, unperceived, took 
 his place among the condemned, and re- 
 mained for six years in confinement, till this 
 virtuous sacrifice was made known to Mire- 
 poix, the governor of the province, who libe- 
 rated him, and presented him to the court 
 as an illustrious character. 
 
 Fabre, d'Eglantine, Philip Francis 
 Mazaire, was born at Carcassone, 28th Dec, 
 1755, and, with a restless spirit, became suc- 
 cessively an actor, a comic writei-, and a 
 statesman. In the convention he was the 
 friend and confidential associate of Danton, 
 Des Moulins, and the other promoters of the 
 massacres, and of the miseries of France, and 
 though originally poor, he soon became very 
 rich. Robespierre, who viewed his assumed 
 consequence with jealousy, hurled him fi-om 
 his eminence before the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal, and he was guillotined 5th April, 1794. 
 He wrote some plays which possess merit, 
 and he is particularly known as the person 
 who recommended and introduced in France 
 that puerile calendar which combated the 
 habits, the opinions, and the prejudices of 
 the rest of Europe. 
 
 Fab RET T 1, Raphael, a learned antiquary, 
 born at Urbino in 1619. He studied at Cagli 
 and Urbino, and then practised at Rome as 
 an advocate. He was sent by cardinal Impe- 
 riali to negotiate into Spain, and he conduct- 
 ed himself there with such success and ability 
 that he was made procurator fiscal of the 
 kingdpm. After 13 years' residence in Spain 
 
 he returned to Rome, where he was appoint- 
 ed judge of appeals to the capitol, and after- 
 wards auditor of the legation of Urbino, un- 
 der Cerri tlie legate. Some time after he 
 was engaged in drawing up the apostolical 
 briefs to the pope's vicar, and lastly was se- 
 cretary of the memorials to pope Alexander 
 Vni. After Alexander's death he devoted 
 himself to his favorite pursuits, the study of 
 antiquities, and with his horse, to which his 
 friends gave the name of Marco Polo, he 
 made excursions in the neighborhood of 
 Rome to visit and examine whatever was 
 most rare, curious, and valuable. Innocent 
 XII. had such respect for him that he drew 
 him from his retirement to make him master 
 of the secrets of the pope's temporal state. 
 He died 7th Jan. 1700. He published these 
 valuable works, De Aquis & Aquseductibus 
 Veteris Romse Dissertationes tres, 4to. 16S0 
 — De Columna Trajana Syntagma, &c. foh 
 1683. Jasithei ad Gronovium Apologeraa, 
 in ejusque Titivilitia, sive de Tito Livio Som- 
 nia Animadversiones 1086, 4to. — luscription- 
 um Antiquarum, &c. Explicatio, fol. 1699, 
 &c. He was learned, and in his researches 
 indefatigable. 
 
 Fabri, Honore, a learned Jesuit, born at 
 Bellay, near Lyons, 1607; professor of phi- 
 losophy at Lyons, and penitentiary at Rome, 
 where he died 1688 He wrote several large 
 works on theology, optics, plants, &c. and he 
 is said by some to have discovered the circu- 
 lation of the blood before Harvey. 
 
 Fabri ANO, Gentile da, an historical 
 painter of Vei'ona, who merited to be raised 
 to the honors of Venetian nobility, and died 
 1412, aged 80. 
 
 Fab Ri c I u s, Caius, a Roman general, who 
 obtained some victories over the Samnites 
 and Lueanians, and indignantly rejected the 
 ofters of Pyrrhus, who attempted to bribe his 
 integrity. He afterwards discovered to Pyr- 
 rhus the idot which his physician had formed 
 to poison him. He died B. C. 250. 
 
 Fabrictus, George, a learned German, 
 born at Chemnitz, in Misnia, 1516, and fa- 
 mous for his Latin poetry. He travelled to 
 Italy as tutor to a nobleman, and at Rome he 
 composed his woi-k called Roma, containing- 
 an interesting and very animated description 
 of that city. After returning home, he Avas 
 for 26 years master of the school of Messein, 
 where he died 1571. His poems, which are 
 written with gi'eat powers of genius, and in 
 the most elegant and correct language, ap- 
 peared at Basle 1567, 2 vols. 8vo. He Avrote 
 also some odes, hymns, &c. besides prose 
 works, such as the Annals of Messein, in se- 
 ven books, Origines Saxonicse, 2 vols, folio, 
 &c. 2 vols, on the affairs of Germany, &c. 
 
 Fabricius, Jerome, an Italian physician, 
 called Aquapendente, from the place of his 
 birth. He studied languages at Padua, and 
 acquired his medical knowledge under Fallo- 
 pius. He practised for 40 years at Padua, 
 and witli such repute that Venice, sensible 
 of his great merits, settled an annual pension 
 of 1000 crowns of gold on him, besides the 
 honor of a goldon idnjn, and of a <;tatue. He 
 
FA 
 
 ^Fe 
 
 FA 
 
 died about 1603, and left 2 vols, folio, the 
 one on surgery, published Holland, 1 7iJ3, and 
 the other on anatomy, Leyden, 1738. 
 
 Fabricius, William, a surgeon, born 
 near Cologne, who Ijecame ])ublic physician 
 at Berne, where he died 1634, aged 74. He 
 wrote tracts on gangrene and sphacelus — on 
 biirns, on gun-shot wounds, on lithotoray — 
 Six Centuries of Obsei'vations and Cures, &c. 
 1606j in 4to. His works were all published 
 at Frankfort in fol. 1682. 
 
 Fabuicius, John Lewis, a native of 
 Schaffhausen, professor of theology and phi- 
 losophy at Heidelberg, and also ecclesiastical 
 counsellor to the elector. He was author of 
 tracts De Viis Dei, et quousque sunt similes 
 Viis Hominam — Ue Symbolica Dei Visione 
 — on Infant Baptism, &c. He died at Frank- 
 fort 1C97, aged 58. 
 
 FabuiciU'S, John Albert, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Leipsic, 11th Nov. 1668, and 
 educated at Quedlinburg. He showed asto- 
 nisliing powers of application, and after stay- 
 ing live years in the house of his friend Meyer 
 at Hamburgh, he was chosen profpssor nf 
 eloquence in that city 1699, and created 
 D. 1). at Kiel. He was invited by the Ian- 
 grave of Hesse Cassel, to settle in his domi- 
 nions, but so great was his^ reputation at 
 Hamburgh, that the senators prevailed upon 
 him, by a su])erior salary, not to relinquish 
 his residence among them. This most inde- 
 fatigable scholar, equally admired for his mo- 
 desty, and the simplicity of bis manners, died 
 at Hamburgh, 3d April, 1736. Of his nume- 
 rous works, the most useful are Bibliotheca 
 Latina, sive Nolitia Auctorura Veterum La- 
 tinorum quorumcunque Scripta ad nos per- 
 venenuit, 2 vols. 4to. repubUshed by Ernesti, 
 3 vols. 8vo. — Bibliotheca Grasca, sive Notitia 
 JScriptorum Veterum Grsecorura, quorum- 
 cunque Monumenta Integra, aut Fragmenta, 
 Editu e.xtant, turn Plerorumque ex MSS. & 
 Deperditis, 14 vols. 4to. — Codex Apocryphus 
 Novi Tcstamcnti, Collectus, &c. 3 vols. 8vq. 
 1719. — Codex I'seu-tlepigraphusVeterisTes- 
 tamenti, 2 vols. 8vo 1722, and 1723. — Biblio- 
 graphia Antiquaria, sive Introductio in No- 
 litiam Scriptorum qui Antiquitates Hebrai- 
 cas, Gr«cas, Itoir.auas, & Christianas Scrip- 
 tis illustraverunt, 4to. 1716. — Delectus Argu- 
 mentorum, & Syllabus Scriptorum qui veri- 
 tatem Relig. Christ, adversus Atheos, kc. 
 asseruerunt, 4to. 1725. — SalutarisLexEvan- 
 gelii, Jkc. 4to. 1731. — Bibliotheca Mediae & 
 tniimie Latinitate, 5 vols. Svo. 1734, and 6 
 vols. 4to. 1754, Padua. 
 
 Fabricius, Vincent, a learned German, 
 born at Hamburgh 1613. He wrote Latiri 
 poetry with great ease and elegance. He 
 was counsellor to the bishop of Lubep, and 
 afterwards syndic to the city of iJantzic, 
 •where he became burgomaster, and was 13 
 times depu^j' to Poland. He died at War- 
 saw, during the diet of the kingdom, 1C67. 
 The first edition of his poems was printed 
 1632 at the recommendation of his friend 
 13aniel Heinsius; but the best is that of Leip- 
 sic 1685, under the care of his son. 
 Fabricjus, Baron, a Cermaa writer. 
 
 the favorite of Charles XIT. with whom he 
 resided as envoy of the court of Holstein, 
 during that monarch's captivity at Bender, 
 He was afterwards in the service of Stanis- 
 laus of Poland. He was also in the service 
 of George I. and he accompanied him in his 
 last journey to Hanover, so that the king ac- 
 tually died in bis arms. Fabricius is known 
 for his interesting letters, which give an ac- 
 count of Charles XII. while resident in Tur- 
 key. They have been translated, and they 
 appeared in London 1761, Svo. 
 
 Fabricius, Charles, a painter, born at 
 Delft. His house was destroyed by the blow- 
 ing up of a powder magazine, and he with 
 his pupil Spoors perished. He was in the 
 floAver of youth, and promised the fairest 
 talents for fame. 
 
 Fabroni, Angiolo, a native of Marradi 
 in Tuscany, educated at Fienza and at 
 Rome. He was made by Peter Leopold 
 prior of St. Lorenzo's church at Florence, 
 and afterwards curator of Pisa univei'sity. 
 He Avrote an account of the learned men of 
 Ttalj' in ihe 17th and 18th centuries, of which 
 21 vols, were published, and one was left un-* 
 finished. He published also an account of 
 Cosmo, Lorenzo, and the other illustrious 
 members of the house of Medicis, besides 
 some religious tracts, &c. He died at Pisa 
 1802, aged 70. 
 
 Fabrot, Charles Hannibal, a French 
 lawyer, born at Aix in Provence, 1580, 
 where he became advocate and professor of 
 law. In 1617 he came to Paris, and in 1637 
 he was prevailed upon by Seguier the chan- 
 cellor, who granted him a pension, to give an 
 edition of the Basilicje, or constitutions of 
 the Eastern emperors. This great work 
 appeared in 7 vols. fol. 1647, w ith a Latin 
 translation and notes, and two years after 
 he published Cedrenus, Nicetas, Anastasius 
 Bibliothecarius, Constantino Manasses and 
 Glycas, in 2 vols. fol. with curious notes. 
 In 1658 he published the works of Cujacius, 
 revised and with notes, 10 vols, fob His 
 great application brought on disorders, which 
 put an end to his life, 1659. He wrote be- 
 sides notes on the Theodosian code, and a 
 treatise against Salmasius, &c. 
 
 Facciolati, Giacomo, an Italian ora- 
 tor and grammarian of Padua, who died 
 1 769, aged 87. He edited Cicero's Oration 
 pro Quiiict. and wrote some i)hilological and 
 other learned works. 
 
 Fachetti, Pietro, an eminent painter 
 of Mantua, who died at Itome 1613, aged 78. 
 IJacini, Pietro, an historical painter of 
 Bologna, who died 1602, aged 42*. He was 
 pupil to Annibal Caracci. His Christ with 
 the three disciples, and Mary weeping at the 
 death of Lazarus is in the Wilton collection, 
 Facio, Bartholomeo, a learned Italian, 
 born at Spczzia near Genoa, He was secre- 
 tary to Alphonso king of Naples, and inti- 
 mate with iEneas Sylvius, afterwards pope 
 Pius II. He died about 1457. He wrote de 
 Bello Veneto Claudiano, seu inter Venetos 
 & Genuenses, anno 1391, 8vo, 1578— -de 
 Uebns ,ab Alphonso Neapolit. gestis, Libri 
 
FA 
 
 decern— de ITumanse VitJe Felicitate ad Al- 
 phonsum. Neap. Reg.—de Viris lllustr. sui 
 Temporis, 1745. His enmity to Laurentius 
 Yalla was almost proverbial. 
 
 Facujjdus, bishop of Hermianum in 
 Asia, known for bis defence of the three 
 chapters, at the council of Constantinople, 
 547. In consequence of his zeal on this oc- 
 casion, and in favoring the Ncstorians, he 
 was banished by Justinian, but in his exile he 
 still defended his opinions, and wrote no less 
 than 12 books addressed to the emperor. 
 
 Fad L ALL AH, or Chodsa Raschid Addin, 
 a Persian historian, visier to Cazan tiie sul- 
 tan of Taurus. He wrote at the desire of 
 his master, an History of the Moguls, finish- 
 ed 1294, to which he added a supplement. 
 The first part of the work appeared in 
 French by la Croix. 
 
 Faernus, Gabriel, a native of Cremona, 
 known as a critic and a poet in the l6th 
 oentury. He was the favorite of cardinal de 
 Medicis, afterwards Pius IV. He Avrote 
 Latin elogies, besides pieces of criticism, and 
 notes on Terence, so valuable that Bentley 
 has inserted them whole in his edition of 
 that poet. He wrote also in iambic verse 
 100 fables, so much in the style of Phxdrus, 
 that Thuanus has accused him of concealing 
 from the world that Latin fabulist then un- 
 known, to procure celebrity for his own 
 composition ; but of his 100 fables only five 
 treat the same subjects as Phcedrus, and 
 therefore the idea of either deceit or plagar- 
 ism is puerile. Faernus died at Rome 1561. 
 Fagan, Christopher Bartholomtw, a 
 French comic writer, who died 1755, aged 
 53. He was like his father clerk in a pub- 
 lic office at Paris, and devoted his leisure to 
 poetry. Of his works collected in 4 vols. 
 12mo. 1760, the most approved comedies 
 are, the Rendezvous, and tUe Ward, writ- 
 ten in a dehcate and lively style. Though 
 a man of genius, he was averse to business, 
 negligent of his dress, and very shy. 
 
 Fage, Raimond de la, a self-taught gen- 
 ius in drawing with the pen, or Indian ink, 
 born at Lisle-en-Albigeois in Languedoc. 
 He was highly complimented by Carlo Ma- 
 rat, but his intemperance ruined his pros- 
 pects ; as his time was generally spent at 
 tiie alehouse, where he frequently disclrarg- 
 ed liis bills bv producing a sketch. He died 
 16'J0, aged 42. 
 
 Fagius, Paul, a protestant minister, born 
 at Rheinzabern in G<.>rmany, 1504. His 
 German name was Budilein. He was edu- 
 cated at Heidelberg and Strasburg, and af- 
 ter making great proficiency in Hebrew, 
 which then was become fashionable, he 
 undertook in 1527 the care of a school at 
 Isna where he ruan'ied. He afterwards 
 abandoned tliis employment, and entering 
 into orders he distinguished himself in 1541 
 by his zeal in administering to the necessi- 
 ties and comforts of the i,«oor, during tlif 
 plague which raged at Isna and the neigh- 
 boring places, from the infection of w liicij 
 he hapi)ily eseape<l. He afterwards prese li- 
 ed at Strasburg, and became professur at 
 
 ^rr 
 
 FA 
 
 Heidelberg, where he published some works 
 for the advancement of Hebrew literature. 
 During the persecution of the protestants in 
 Germany he was invited to England by Cran- 
 mer, whce he came with Bucer in 1549. 
 These two learned men were then engaged 
 at Cambridge to complete a new translatioa 
 of the bible, Fagius of the Old, and Buter 
 of the New Testament. This was never 
 completed, as Fagius died of a fever at Cam- 
 bridge, in Nov. 1550, and Bucer about a 
 year after. The bodies of these two protest- 
 ant divines w ere dug up and burnt under 
 the gallows, in the ignominious reign of 
 Mary. Fagius wrote on the Hebrew lan- 
 guage and on the Targums. 
 
 Fagnani, Prospero, an Italian, secre- 
 tary to the holy congregation, and author of 
 a commentary on the five books of the de- 
 cretals. He died 1678, aged 80. 
 
 Fagxano, Julius Charles count of, mar- 
 quis of Toschi, a native of Sinigaglia, who 
 published at Pesaro 1750, his works in 2 
 vols. 4to. in which he treats iu a clear man- 
 ner of the discoveries of the property and of 
 the use of the geometrical curve, called the 
 Lemniscate. He died 1760, aged 70. 
 
 Fagon, Guy Crescent, an eminent X)hy- 
 sician, born at Paris. He early supported 
 the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, 
 and gained the royal approbation by his in- 
 defatigable researches in collecting plants on 
 the Alps, and in the South of France. He 
 was made professor of botany and chemistry 
 in the royal gardens, and gradually rose ta 
 be physician to Lewis XIV. in 1693. It 
 was by his advice that the king sent Tour- 
 nefort to collect plants iu the East. Thoagh 
 of a delicate constitution he lived by proper 
 regimen to the age of 80, and died 1718, 
 leaving two sons, one of Avhom became a 
 bishop, and the other a counsellor of state. 
 
 Fagundy, Stephen, a Portuguese Jesuit, 
 author of Quaestiones de Christianis Officiis 
 et Casibus ConscientiiB, in Ecclesise Prtecep- 
 ta — de Justitiic, &c. He died at Lisbon 1645, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, an ingen- 
 ious experimentalist, born at Dantzic, l4th 
 IMay, 1686. He was intended for commerce, 
 but his genius was bent to philosophical pur- 
 suits. In 1720 he improved the thermom- 
 eter by substituting mercury for spirits of 
 wine, and fixed the extremity of his scale at 
 the point of cold, which he had observed in 
 Iceland in 1709, but at Petersburg the cold 
 had been known forty degrees below the ° 
 of this thermometer. The English in gen- 
 eral have adopted his scale, but the French 
 adhere to Reaumur's. He travelled through 
 Holland and on the continent in pursuit of 
 knowledge, and di^d 16rh Sept. 1736. He 
 wrote a Dissi;rt;ttion on Thermometers 1724. 
 Faille, WiUiam de la, a syndic of Tou- 
 louse, who died 1711, aged 96. He wrote 
 an interesting though inelegant history of 
 his native city, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Fairc lough, Saniuel, a native of Ha- 
 ver!!, educated at Queen's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was minister of Barnardiston, 
 
and afterwai'ds of Ketton, Suffolk, and was 
 ejected for nonconformity 1662. He was a 
 most amiable character in private life, and 
 though he disapproved of some things in the 
 liturgy, he Mas the friend of episcopacy. 
 He published a sermon preached at sir Nat. 
 Barnardi8ton'sfuneral,and some other tracts, 
 and died 1678, aged 84. His son Samuel was 
 ejected from Houghton Conquest rectory, 
 Bedfordshire, and died 1691, and his other 
 son Richard was also ejected from Wells 
 living, Somersetshire, and died 1682. 
 
 Fairfax, Edward, an English poet in 
 the reigns of Elizabeth and James, son of sir 
 Thomas Fairfax of Denton, Yorkshire. He 
 early displayed poetical talents, and accor- 
 ding to Hryden himself a judge of merit, he 
 deserved to be ranked above Spenser in 
 point of harmony. His first attempt was a 
 translation of Tasso's Godfrey of Bouillon, a 
 I)erformance very respectable, and highly 
 valued by the wits of the times, and esteem- 
 ed greatly by James and Charles I. He 
 wrote also some eclogues, besides contro- 
 versial treatises on the pope's infallibility, 
 &c. and deserved the amiable character of a 
 modest, benevolent man, who preferred 
 solitude and peace to the war and tumults of 
 the times. He died about the year 1632, at 
 Newhall, between Denton and Knaresbo- 
 rough. His son William translated Diogenes 
 Laertius into English, 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas lord, eldest son of 
 Ferdinando lord Fairfax, was born at Den- 
 ton, Yorkshire, 1611. He early devoted 
 himself to the profession of arms, and after 
 serving in Holland under lord Vere with 
 great credit, he embraced the party of the 
 presbyterians in the civil war, and fought 
 against the king. He was engaged in the 
 North, where he suffered some defeats,esp€- 
 cially at Adderton moor 1643, but he re- 
 trieved his affairs and his fame in the battle 
 of Marston moor, and for his services was 
 intrusted with the cliief command of the 
 army on the resignation of lord Essex. He 
 contributed greatly to the king's defeat at 
 Naseby 1C45, and afterwards marched to the 
 reduction of the West. In 1648 he succeed- 
 ed to the title on the death of bis father who 
 Ijad like himself been very active in the 
 cause of the parliament, and the same year 
 he reduced Colchester, and, much to his 
 tlisgrace, ordered the brave defenders sir 
 George Lisle and sir Charles Lucas, to whom 
 he had promised pardon, to be shot. On the 
 king's trial it was supposed that he would 
 interfere, but during the execution he was 
 kept at a distance from the dreadful scene, 
 engaged with col.Harrison,by the intrigues of 
 Cromwell, in the hypocritical attitude of 
 offering up prayers to God. After the de- 
 .struction of royalty he favored the views of 
 the usurper, lie was made doctor of laws at 
 Oxford, and treated with unusual ceremony 
 iu London, but when offered by the parlia- 
 ment the command of the army against the 
 revolted presbyterians of Scotland, he per- 
 tinaciously refused it, and it was granted to 
 Cromwrlf, He afitn'wards lived in retire 
 
 FA 
 
 TO€nt, and at the restoration he was recon- 
 ciled to the king, and went to the Hague to 
 congratulate him on the change of the re- 
 publican governraetit. He wrote an inter- 
 esting account of his public life, and died 
 1671. 
 
 Fairthorne, William, an English pain- 
 ter, who became a soldier during the civil 
 wars, and being taken at Basing-house was 
 banished for refusing to swear allegiance to 
 Cromwell. He studied abroad under Cham- 
 pagne, and on his return home applied him- 
 self chiefly in engraving, in which he also 
 excelled. He wrote a book " upon draM ing, 
 graving, and etching," celebrated by Flat- 
 man the poet, and died at Blackfriars 1691, 
 aged 75. His son William acquired celebri- 
 ty by mezzotinto engraving. 
 
 Faistenberger, Anthony, a painter 
 of Inspruck, who died 1722, aged 44. His 
 landscapes, cascades, rocks and rivers, were 
 all in a masterly style. His younger brother 
 Joseph was equally eminent in landscape 
 painting. 
 
 Falcandus, Hugo, a respectable and 
 accurate historian of Sicily, who published 
 &n account of the affairs of his afflicted coun- 
 try for 23 years under Willliam 1, and H. 
 His preface was written 1126. The time of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Falconberg, Mary, countess of, the 
 third daughter of Oliver Cromwell, and se- 
 cond wife of Thomas viscount Falconberg. 
 She possessed great beauty, and so much 
 spirit and activity that, as Burnet observes, 
 she was more worthy to be protector than 
 her bi'other. On Richard's deposition she 
 exerted herself strenuously for the restora- 
 tion of Charles II. with whom her husband 
 was in great faA'or. She died 14th March, 
 1712. 
 
 Falcone, da Benevento, secretary to 
 pope Innocent II. was author of a Chronicle 
 or History of Naples from 1102 to 1140. 
 
 Falconer, William, a Scotsman, who 
 came to London in 1762, where he published 
 '* the Shipwreck," in three cantos, a very in- 
 genious and pathetic poem. He wrote also 
 that useful compilation the Marine Diction- 
 ary, 4to. His merits recommended him to 
 the patronage of the great, and especially of 
 the late duke of York. As he was a sailor he 
 unfortunately perished in the Aurora in 1769. 
 Tliis ship was proceeding to the East Indies 
 with Messrs. Vansittart, Scrafton, Ford, and 
 other gentlemen, and after touching at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, was never heard of. 
 
 Falconet, Camille, a French physician, 
 the friend of Malebranche, born at Lyons 
 1671. He was elected in 1716 into the French 
 academy, and from his excellent collection of 
 nearly 500,000 volumes, he liberally enriched 
 the royal library with such books as were de- 
 ficient. He lived to the age of 91 in 1762, 
 and is supposed to have, like Fagon, pro- 
 longed life by his medical skill. He wrote a 
 translation of Villemont's Systema Planeta- 
 rum — an edition of the Pastorals of Daphnis 
 and Chloe, translated by Amyot — an edition 
 of Despei-ier's Cymbalunx Mundi, besides 
 Dissertations. 
 
PA 
 
 ^7/ 
 
 FA 
 
 FALCON! A, Proba, a Latb pofetess in the 
 age of Theodosius, born at Horta in fcltruria. 
 She wrote from Virgil a poetical canto, con- 
 taining the Histoi7 of the Creation, and of 
 the Life of our Saviour. 
 
 Falda, Giovanni Baptista, an Italian en- 
 graver of the last century, whose etchings in 
 aqua fortis are much admired. His views ot 
 palaces, fountains, &c. in Rome, are esteem- 
 ed very curious. 
 
 Faleti, .leronimo, a poet of Savona, 
 near Genoa, who published in 1557 a poem 
 on the Wars of Charles V. and other poems. 
 He was also distinguished as an orator, his- 
 torian, and statesman, and was employed as 
 embassador to Venice, by Hercules, duke of 
 Ferrara. 
 
 Falieri, Ordelafo, a doge of Venice, 
 ■who went with a fleet in U02 to assist Bald- 
 win of Jerusalem in the conquest of Syria. 
 On his return he conquered Dalmatia, Croa- 
 tia, and other provinces, and afterwards lost 
 
 72. He made various discoveries in anatortiy^ 
 and especially the tubes by which the ova 
 descend from the female ovarium into the 
 uterus, called from him " Fallopian tubes." 
 His works, which are all on subjects of me- 
 dicine and anatomy, were publishedin 3 vols, 
 fol. Venice, 1584 and 1006. 
 
 Fals, Raymond, a medal engraver, born 
 at Stockholm, 1658. He settled at Paris, 
 where he obtained a pension of 1200 Uvres, 
 and died at Berlin, 1703. 
 
 Falster, Christian, a Danish critic of 
 Flensburg, the time of whose death is not 
 accurately ascertained. He wrote Supple- 
 mentum Linguse Latinse, 1717 — Animadver- 
 siones Bpistohcae — Qujestiones Romanoe — 
 Cogitationes Philologicse — Sermo Panegyri- 
 cus, &c. Vigilia priina Noctium Ripensium 
 — Amcenitates Philologicse, 3 vols. — the 14th 
 satire of Juvenal translated into Danish, 1751. 
 
 Fan COURT, Samuel, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born in the west of England. He settled 
 
 his life at the siece of the revolted city of I at Salisbury, where for 20 yeai's he took 
 
 Zara in Dalmatia, 1120, 
 
 Falieri, Marino, a doge of Venice, 
 1354, who conspired to make himself abso- 
 lute by the assassination of all the senators. 
 His plot was discovered, and he lost his head 
 at the age of 80, and more than 400 of his 
 associates were hanged. 
 
 Falk, John Peter, a learned Swede, born 
 at Westiogothia, and educated at Upsal, 
 >vhere he studied medicine and also botany 
 under Linnxus. He wa.s made professor of 
 botany in the Apothecaries' garden at Pe- 
 tersburg, and keeper of the natural history 
 cabinet, and he published Observations on 
 his Travels, 3 vols. 4to. 1785, Petersburg. In 
 a fit of melancholy, to which he was often 
 subject, he unfortunately destroyed himself, 
 1774, aged 47. 
 
 Falkenstein, John Henry, a native of 
 Franconia, made, in 1714, director of the 
 academy of noblemen at Erlingen. He was 
 next in the service of the bishop of Eich- 
 stadt, and afterwards of the margrave of An- 
 spach. He left the protestant for the Roman 
 catholic religion, and died 1760, aged 78. He 
 published the Antiquities of Nordgan in the 
 diocese of Eichstadt, 3 vols, folio, and other 
 works on ecclesiastical and antiquarian sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Falkland, lord. FzU Cary. 
 Falle, Philip, author of the History of 
 .lersey, where he was born 1655. He enter- 
 ed, at the age of 14, at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards removed to Alban hall. 
 He was rector of St, Saviour's in the island, 
 and came over as one of the deputies of the 
 states to William and Mary. He also pub- 
 lished three sermons preached at St. Hilary's, 
 1692, Whitehall, 1694, and before the lord 
 mayor, 1695. 
 
 Fallopius, Gabriel, a celebrated Italian 
 physician and anatomist, born at Modena, 
 1490. He travelled through Europe, and af- 
 terwards practised with the greatest success 
 and reputation. He was professor of ana- 
 tomy at Pisa, 1548, and three years after at 
 Padua, -where he died 9th Oct. 1563, nged 
 
 some pupils, and had the care of a congre- 
 gaUon; but his wi'itings against Calvinism 
 exposed hini to persecution, and driven from 
 his residence, he came to London. About 
 the year 17'i0, or 1745, he established the 
 first circulating library in the kingdom ; but, 
 however, his plans did not succeed to his 
 wishes, and after advertising for subscribers, 
 and offering to teach the classics, so as to 
 enable his pupils to write and speak fluently 
 in 12 montljs for 12 guineas, he sunk into po- 
 verty and neglect, and from the corner of 
 one of the streets of the Strand, where he 
 had a shop, he retired to Hoxton square, 
 where his indigence was relieved by the cha- 
 ritable contributions of his friends. He died 
 8th June, 1768, aged 90. As a preacher it 
 is said that he was zealous and persuasive, 
 without being popular or eloquent. His pub- 
 lications, which were numerous, are men- 
 tioned in the Gent. Magazine, 1784, p. 274. 
 Fannius, surnamed Strabo, a Roman, 
 who is known by his law to curb the exf.ra- 
 vagance of his countrymen. His son was an 
 elegant orator. An historian of the same 
 name in Trajan's age, wrote an account of 
 Nero's reign, now lost. 
 
 Fanshaw, sir Richai'd, an English gen- 
 tleman, loth son of sir Henry Fanshaw, of 
 Ware park, Herts, where he was born 1607. 
 After studying at Cambridge, he travelle(^ on 
 the continent, and in 1635, was engaged in 
 the service of Charles I. who sent him as en- 
 voy to Spain. In 1644 he attended the king 
 at Oxford, and was made by the university 
 doctor of laws, and afterwards appointed se- 
 cretary to Charles prince of Wales, whose 
 wanderings he shared in the west of England, 
 and in the islands of Scilly, and Jersey. He 
 was treasurer of the navy under Rupert, in 
 1648, and was created 1650, a baronet by 
 Charles II. and sent as envoy to Spain. He 
 was taken at the battle of Worcester, and 
 impriso!ied in London, from which however 
 he was liberated in consequence of a severe 
 illness, by giving hail. In 1659, he visited the 
 king at Bi'eda, by ivhom he was knighted. 
 
FA 
 
 6~^?^ 
 
 FA 
 
 and at the restoration he was made master 
 of requests, and secretary of the Latin lan- 
 guage. He afterwards was ambassador in 
 Portugal, to negotiate the marriage of Charles 
 and the infanUi (Jatliarina, and on his return 
 16CS, he was sworn of the privy council. He 
 was in iGGi sent as ambassador to Philip IV. 
 of Spain, with whose successor he concluded 
 a treaty of peace in 1665. He died at Ma- 
 drid 16th June, 16S6, of a ff.ver, as he was 
 preparing to return home. His body was 
 embalmed, and brought over to England, 
 and deposited in All Saints' church, Hert- 
 lord, and afterwards removed to a new vault 
 in Ware church- He had by his wife Anne, 
 daughter of sir John Harrison, six sons, and 
 eiglit daughters, of whom only one son, and 
 four daughters survived him. I'hough en- 
 gaged in political affairs, he found time to 
 write some respectable pieces, and among 
 them a translation in rhyme of Guarini's 
 Pastor Fido, 1G4C, a translation of Fletcher's 
 Faithful Shepherdess, into Latin verse — 
 Odes of Horace, translated into English — 
 Virgil's fourth -rEncid — and Camoens' Lu- 
 siad, translated into English, besides some 
 poems, and original letters, published during 
 Lis embassies in Spain and Portugal, 1702. 
 
 Far DE T.I. A, Micliael Angelo, an emi- 
 nent professor of natural history and astro- 
 nomy at Padua, was born at Trapani in Si- 
 cily, and died at Naples 1718, aged 68. He 
 vrote several works, now little known. 
 
 Fare, Charles Augustus, marquis de la, 
 a captain in the French guards, better known 
 as a writer and as the author of Memoirs 
 and Reflections on the reign of I^ewis XIV. 
 12ino. and of some little pieces of poetry 
 which possess genius and merit. He began 
 to be a poet when 60 years old, and died 
 1712, aged 68. 
 
 Farel, William, an able reformer, born 
 at Gap in Dauphine 14Sy. He studied with 
 great assiduity at Paris the Hebrew and 
 Greek tongues, but soon after he became a 
 teacher, the spirit of persecution against the 
 protestants drove Jiim from France. He 
 went to Strasburg, and then to Switzer- 
 land, and he successfully engaged with the 
 duke of Wirtemberg, to introduce the refor- 
 mation into Montbeliai'd, Aigle, Morat, and 
 other places. He afterAvards went to Gene- 
 va, but his violence against popery was re- 
 sisted by the clei'gy, and he retired, though 
 in 1.^34 he was recalled. In 1538 he »vas 
 again banished from Geneva with Calvin, and 
 retired to Basil, and then to Neufchatel. 
 Zealous in the cause of reformation belabor- 
 ed assiduously as a preacher, and though 
 exposed to a thousand dangers fi-om perse- 
 cution and from the jealousy of the papists, 
 lie escaped them all, and after increasing his 
 proselytes at Metz and the neighboring 
 places, he visited Calvin on his deat!i-bed at 
 Cencva 1564, and expired himself the next 
 year on the 13th Sept. at Ncufchatel. At 
 the age of 69 he married, an event in his life 
 which exposed him to the ridicule of his ene- 
 mies. Erasmus among others has spoken of 
 him severely, but rather unjustly, when he 
 
 calls liim a false, virulent, and seditious evan- 
 gelist. Nothing could, indeed, resist the 
 zeal of Farel, though surrounded by drawn 
 swords, though interrupted by the ringing of 
 bells, and by the clamors of his enemies, he 
 yet preached boldly and successfully, and 
 made as many converts as any of the refor- 
 mers. He wrote some few things on contro- 
 versial subjects. 
 
 Fa ret, Nicholas, one of the first mem- 
 bers of tlie Fi-ench academy, known more 
 for the excellent statutes which he formed 
 for the new Institution, than tiie books he 
 wrote. He was the friend of count d'Har- 
 court and Vaugclas St. Amand, and died 
 1646, aged 46. 
 
 Farix, Emanuel de Sousa, a Portuguese 
 knight, who accompanied Rodrigo, as ambas- 
 sador to Rome, He died at Madrid 1650, 
 aged 60, reduced to i>overty, by his negli- 
 gence of his property. He wrote poems in a 
 manly and nervous style, collected into seven 
 volumes after his death, besides moral and 
 political discourses, commentaries on the Lu- 
 si.id of Camoens, a history of Portugal to the 
 reign of Henj'y the cardinal, and Portuguese 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Though 
 a Portuguese, lie preferred the Castilian lan- 
 guage to his own. 
 
 Fart NAccio, Prosper, an Italian lawyer, 
 born at Rome, died 1618, aged 64. His works 
 in 13 vols, fol. are much esteemed at Rome. 
 They are all on law subjects. 
 
 Faui NATO, Paul, an Italian painter, born 
 at Verona 1522. His mother died in giving 
 him birth, and he and his wife both expired 
 at the same moment in 1606. One of his 
 paintings in St. George's church, Verona, is 
 as much admired as that of Paul Veronese, 
 which is pfeced near it. He was equally 
 eminent as an orator, sculptor, and archi- 
 tect, and it is said that he was also a good 
 swordsman. 
 
 FARINEI.LI. Hr/. Broschi. 
 
 Faring»on, Anthony, an English di- 
 vine, born at Stmning, Berks, 1596. He was 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow and tutor, and afterwards 
 he was vicar of Bray, near Maidenhead, 
 1634, and divinity reader in Windsor chapel, 
 In the civil wars, he was ejected from his pa- 
 rish, and reduced to great poverty, tilHn- 
 vited by sir John Robinson, alderman of 
 London, to ofliciate at St. Mary Magdalen, 
 JVlilk-street, London, where he died Sept. 
 1658. He published in 1657, a folio volume 
 of his sermons, dedicated to his patron Ro- 
 binson, and after his death two other folio 
 volumes of his MS. sermons, Avere publish- 
 ed by his friends. 
 
 Farmer, Hugh, a dissenting minister, 
 educated under l)i\ Doddridge. He settletl 
 at Walthamstow, and lived in the house of 
 his friend Mr. Snell, where he died 5th Feb. 
 1787. He wrote a ilissertation on Miracles, 
 8vo. — a treatise on the Worship of Human 
 Spirits among the Heathens, 8vq, — on 
 Christ's Temptation, 8vo. — and on the De- 
 moniacs, 8vo, 
 
 Farmer, Richard, a learned native af 
 
FA 
 
 6^^/ 
 
 FA 
 
 Leicester, educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he became fellow and tu- 
 tor, and took his degree of M.A. 1760. lu 
 1766 he published his vahiable essay on the 
 Learning of Shakspeare, in which he main- 
 tains that the bard obtained his knowledge 
 of ancient history and mytholog}" from trans- 
 4ations and not from original classical au- 
 thors. He was in 1767 made one of the 
 Whitehall preachers, and in 1775 he was 
 elected master of his college, and then took 
 his degree of D.D. He obtained afterwards 
 a prebend, and the chancellorship in Lich- 
 field cathedral, the place of librarian in Cam- 
 bridge, and afterwards a prebend of Canter- 
 bury, which he exchanged for a residentia- 
 i-yship of St. Paul's. He had collected ma- 
 terials for the history of his native town, 
 which however he gave together with the 
 plates to his friend Mr. Nichols, for his Lei- 
 cestershire history. He died 1797, aged 62, 
 and his valuable collection of scarce and cu- 
 rious books was sold by public auction, after 
 his death. 
 
 Farnaby, Thomas, an eminent gram- 
 marian, born in London 1575. He was ser- 
 vitor of Merton college, Oxfoi'd, and was 
 seduced by the Jesuits, and persuaded to 
 leave his country and religion, and retire to 
 Spain. Tired of the discipline of liis new 
 instructors, he at last with difficulty escaped, 
 and went a voyage with sir Francis Drake, 
 and sir John Hawkins, 1595. He afterwards 
 served as a soldier in the Low Countries, 
 and then returned to Cornwall, poor and 
 destitute. He settled at Martock, Somer- 
 setshire, where he taught grammar with 
 great success, and then came to London, 
 •where he mot with much encouragement, 
 and had not less than tlu-ee hundred pupils. 
 In 1616, he took his master's degree at Cam- 
 bridge, and was admitted ad eundem at 
 Oxford, and about 1636, on account of the 
 sickness prevalent in London, he removed 
 to Seven Oaks, Kent, where his usual suc- 
 cess attended him, and enabled him to pur- 
 chase an estate there, and another in Sussex. 
 Durmg the civil wars he became obnoxious 
 to the parliament, because he had said it was 
 better to have one king than 500. He was 
 therefore imprisoned in Newgate, and though 
 his enemies wished to transport him to Ame- 
 rica, he was removed to Ely house, Holborn, 
 where he continued till within a year of his 
 death. He died 12th June 1647, and was 
 buried at Seven Oaks. His works were 
 Notse ad Juvena'is & Pcrsii Saliras, 1612. 
 — Notoe ad Senecte Tragosdia-s 1613, — ad 
 Martialis Fipigr. 1615, — adLucani Pharsalia, 
 1618, — Index Rhetoricus, &c. 1625, — Flori- 
 legium Epigrammat. Grsec. 1629, — Notte ad 
 Virgil, 16S4, — Systema Grammatic. 1641, 
 Sec. His works display every whei-e great 
 erudition, and his notes, says Boyle, are of 
 great use, being short, learned, and designed 
 to clear up the text. 
 
 Farnese, Peter Louis, son of pope Paul 
 
 III. by a secret marriage, before he became 
 
 a cardinal, was made duke of Parma, and 
 
 Placentia. His debaucheries, and the tyran- 
 
 TOL. I'. 6^ 
 
 ny of his government, rendered him so un- 
 popular, that he was assassinated at Placen- 
 tia 1547, two years after his elevation. 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was born 1520. Hg was made 
 bishop of Parma, by Clement VH. and ad- 
 vanced to the purple in 1534, by his grand- 
 father Paul HI. by whom he was em,ployed 
 as ambassador to Germany, France, and the 
 Low Countries. His talents as a negotiator 
 were very great, and he was respected for 
 his learning, as well as patronage of litera- 
 ture, and of learned men. He died at Rome, 
 1589. Charles V. said of him, when dean oC 
 the sacred college, that if all the members 
 resembled him, the college would be the 
 most august assembly in the world. 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, third duke of Par- 
 ma, was nephew to the cardinal. He dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Lepanto, 
 and at the taking of Antwerp, and succeeded 
 in 1578 John of Austria, as governor of the 
 Low Countries. He received a mortal wound 
 at Rouen, when it was besieged by Henry 
 IV. of France, and he died at Arras, 1592. 
 
 Farneworth, Ellis, an English divine, 
 boj'n at Bonteshall, Derbyshire, whei-e his 
 father was rector, and educated at Chester- 
 field and Eton, and then at Jesus college, 
 Cambridge. He was presented to the rec- 
 tory of Carsington, Derbyshire, 1762, by 
 dean Yorke, and died there 25th March, 
 1763. He wrote the Life of pope Sixtus V. 
 from the Italian of Leti, folio, 1754, — Da- 
 vila's Histoxy of France, 2 vols. 4to. 1757, — 
 Machiavel's works translated 1761, reprinted 
 1775, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 FAR(iUHAR, George, an eminent comic 
 poet, son of a clergyman, born at London- 
 derry, 1678. He was educated at .Dublin 
 college, and afterwards engaged himself with 
 a company of players. In this employment, 
 at the representation of Dryden's Indian 
 Emperor, he was nearly converting the play 
 into a real tragedy, for forgetting to ex- 
 change his sword for a foil, he, as Guyomar, 
 wounded his antagonist Vasquez so dread- 
 fully that from that moment, he in terror 
 bid adieu to the stage. He came to London 
 in 1696, and at the repeated solicitations of 
 Wilks the actor, he turned his thoughts to 
 the composition of a theatrical piece. His 
 opportunities of study and meditation were 
 improved by the kindness of lord Orrery, 
 who gave him a lieutenant's commission in 
 his regiment. In 1698 liis first comedy ap- 
 peared, called *' Love in a Bottle," and was 
 Avell received. In 1700, "the Constant 
 Couple, or Trip to the Jubilee," was acted, 
 and gave Wilks the opportunity of display- 
 ing sir Harry Wildair with all the gayety, 
 animation, and vivacity of the character. 
 The same year Farquhar was in Holland, 
 and he has given a facetious and interesting 
 account of the place and people in two let- 
 ters. In 1701, appeared ** sir Harry Wild- 
 air, or tlie sequel of the Trip to the Jubilee," 
 which was received with uncommon appi'o- 
 bation. He published in 1702, miscellanies, 
 or collections of poems, lettcrrs a^d essavs, 
 
FA 
 
 .<^^ 
 
 FA 
 
 and tlie next year came out his ** Inconstant, 
 or the Way to Win hira." In 1704 appear- 
 ed his *' Stage Coach," the next year " the 
 Twin Rivals," and in 1706 *' the Recruiting 
 Officer" dedicated to " all friends round the 
 Wrekin" a hill near Shrewsbury, where he 
 had observed on a recruiting party, the 
 manner in which clowns are inveigled into 
 the army, and the milk maids are i*obbed of 
 their virtue and happiness by the arts of mili- 
 tary men. His last comedy was the Beaux's 
 Stratagem, the great success of which he 
 did not live to see, as the unkindness of a 
 courtier, who had promised, and forgot, to 
 patronise him, and the pressure of his debts 
 broke his heart. He died April, 1707, be- 
 fore he had reached his thirtieth year. He 
 had married in 1703, a lady who had fallen 
 in love w ith him, and who to gain the afi'ec- 
 tions of a needy and dissipated suitor, had 
 falsely represented herself as a woman of 
 great opulence. He married, but though 
 bitterly disappointed, he never upbraided his 
 wife with the artifice, but became a tender 
 and indulgent husband. He left two daugh- 
 ters whom in his papers he had recom- 
 mended to the friendship and patronage of 
 Wilks. Wilks became a father to them, he 
 procured a benefit for each of them, and 
 continued his parental fondness, even after 
 they were settled in business. For the suc- 
 cess of his comedies, Farquhar is indebted 
 to the natural delineation of his characters, 
 the interesting tendency of his plots, and the 
 flowing graces and sprightliness of his wit. 
 The same popularity attends them now as 
 upon their original production, though it is 
 to be lamented that a licentiousness and 
 spirit of indelicacy miicli to be censured arp 
 observed throughout, to be attributed not so 
 much to depravity of heart in the author, 
 as to the impure taste of the age in which he 
 wrote. 
 
 Fastolff, sir John, a valiant general, 
 of an ancient family, born at Yarmouth in 
 Norfolk, about 1377. He attended the duke 
 of Clarence, as lieutenant of Ireland, about 
 1405 and 1406, and in 1408 he married a 
 rich widow of that kingdom, and soon after 
 •went over to France, where, under the Eng- 
 lish regency, he was promoted to places of 
 trust and honor. He returned home 1440, 
 covered with laurels bravely won in the field, 
 and in his private conduct now he exhibited 
 the ho6pit4»ble, generous, and benevolent 
 man. He bestowed large legacies on Cam- 
 bridge to buiW the schools of philosophy and 
 civil law, and was a most liberal benefactor 
 to Magdalen college, Oxford, founded by his 
 •friend Wainfleet. He died 1459, aged up- 
 wards of 80, according to what Caxton his 
 contemporary has mentioned. Shakspeare 
 has been severely censured for abusing this 
 great and good man under the character of 
 sir John Falstaff. The age and the name of 
 these two knights are so different, that the 
 apparent coincidence must be pui'ely acci- 
 dental. Fastolff, as is well observed, was a 
 young and grave, discreet and valiant, chaste 
 and sober commander abroad, and eminent 
 
 for every virtue at home ; but the Falstaff oi" 
 the poet is an old, humorous, vaporing, cow- 
 ardly, lewd, lying, drunken, debauchee. It 
 is besides to be recollected tliat Shakspeare's 
 Falstaff was first acted under the name of sir 
 John Oldcastle, though modern critics dis- 
 pute it. 
 
 Fa V ART, Charles Simon, a Parisian, 
 known for his operas, which are numerous, 
 and deservedly admired. He died at Paris 
 1793, aged 83. 
 
 Favart, Marie Justine Benoite, a fa- 
 mous French actress, wife of the preceding, 
 born at Avignon, 1727. Her maiden name 
 was du Roncerai. She was never surpassed 
 in the sensibility, ease, and liveliness of her 
 comic characters. She died at Paris, 1772, 
 
 Fauchet, Claude, a French antiquarian, 
 historiographer to Henry IV. He died 1601, 
 aged 72, overwhelmed in debts. The monu- 
 ments of his extensive reading and deep re- 
 searches are found in his Gaulish and French 
 AntiqTiities, — a treatise on the Liberties of 
 the Gallican Church, — on the Origin of 
 Knights, Armorial Bearings, and Heralds, 
 — Origin of Dignities and Magistracies In 
 France. These works printed together in 
 4to. 1610, are curious, but so inelegant that, 
 it is said, the perusal of them gave Lewis 
 XIII. a distaste for reading. 
 
 Fauchet, Claude, a native of Dome ia 
 the Niveruois, who became vicar-general to 
 the archbishop of Bruges, and preacher to 
 LcAvis XVI. The theatrical manner, and 
 ridiculous affectation of his delivery, how- 
 ever, offended the devotion of the monarch, 
 and in consequence of this disgrace, Fauchet, 
 at the revolution, was most hostile to the 
 government. He was one of the most active 
 in the destruction of the Bastille, and preach- 
 ed a thanksgiving sermon on the event, and 
 in his enthusiastic conduct showed himself 
 so forgetful of his character and profession, 
 that he called Jesus Christ the first sanscu- 
 lotte of Judsea. These extravagancies ren- 
 dered him popular with the mob; he was 
 deputy from Calvados in the national as- 
 sembly and in the convention, and became 
 the constitutional bishop of Bayeaux. He 
 was at last accused as a disaffected person 
 before the revolutionary tribunal, and guillo- 
 tined 1793, in his 49th year. He wi'Ote a 
 panegyric on St. Lewis, before the French 
 academy, — a funeral Oration for the duke of 
 Orleans, — Discourse on Universal Manners, 
 — Biloge on Benjamin Franklin, &c. 
 
 Faucheur, Michael le, a French pro- 
 testant divine, admired as a preacher at 
 Montpellier, Charenton, and Paris, After 
 hearing him discourse on duelling, marshal 
 de la Force said, " if a challenge was sent 
 to me, I would refuse it." He died univer- 
 sally regretted at Paris, 1667. He wrote a 
 treatise on Oratorical Action, — sermons in 
 8vo. — Christian Prayers and Meditations, — 
 a treatise on the Eucharist, against cardinal 
 Perron, Geneva, folio. 
 
 Faulkner, George, a printer of emi- 
 nence, the first who raised his profession in 
 Ireland to credit and respectability. He was 
 
FA 
 
 y^3 
 
 FA 
 
 the friena of dean Swift, and of lord Ches- 
 terfield, whose letters to him under the 
 name of Atticus, are much admired. He 
 •had the misfortune to break his leg, in con- 
 sequence of which Foole, with more humor 
 than good bi-eeding, introduced him in his 
 Orators, 1762, in the character of Peter 
 Paragraph. The insult was felt, and Faulk- 
 ner commenced an action against the mimic, 
 which, however was dropped by the inter- 
 ference of lord Townshend. He raised him- 
 self to opulence by the success of his "Jour- 
 nal," and was universally respected for his 
 fair and upright conduct in his profession. 
 He died Alderman of Dublin, 28th August 
 1775. 
 
 Favolius, Hugo, a Dutch physician and 
 poet, author of Hodoeporican Byzanti- 
 um, in three books, published at Louvain, 
 1563. He died 1585. 
 
 Favorinus, a Platonic philosopher in 
 ihe age of Adrian. He was born at Aries in 
 Gaul, and taught at Rome. 
 
 Favorinus, Varinus, originally Guarini 
 of Favera, near Camerino in Italy, the place 
 of his birth, was a disciple of Politian, and 
 became a Benedictine monk. In 1512 he 
 was keeper of the Mendicean library of Flo- 
 rence, and in 1514 was made bishop of No- 
 eera, and died 1537. He published in 1523 
 his Greek Lexicon at Rome, one of the first 
 of modern Lexicons, compiled from Suidas, 
 the Etymologicum Magnum, Hesychi us, &c. 
 the best edition of which is that of Bartoli, 
 fol. Venice 1712. He wrote besides, Cornu- 
 copioe et Horti Adonidis,and Stobjeus'Apoph- 
 thegmata, translated. 
 
 Faur, Guy de, lord of Pibrac, a native of 
 Toulouse, eminent as an advocate, and sent 
 by Charles IX. as ambassador to the council 
 of Trent, where he manfully defended the 
 liberties of the Galilean church. In 1565 he 
 was made advocate general in the parliament 
 of Paris, and in 1570, couiisellor of state. In 
 1572 he vindicated the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, no doubt compelled by his supe- 
 riors, as his own character was mild, hu- 
 mane, and far from vindictive. He made 
 peace between the court and the protestants 
 imder Henry III. whom he had accompanied 
 to Poland, when be was elected king there. 
 He possessed great influence wilii his mas- 
 ter, and was created one of the chief presi- 
 dents of the court of law. He died 1584, 
 aged 56, He pubUshed some speeches, but 
 he is best known by his "Quatrains," or 
 Moral Stanzas of four lines, so much admi- 
 red at that time, that they were translated 
 into all languages, and into English by Syl- 
 vester. 
 
 Favre, Anthony, Faber in Latin, a pro- 
 found lawyer, born 1557 at Bresse. He was 
 governor of Savoy, and was engaged in seve- 
 ral negotiations between that dukedom and 
 France. He died 1624. He wrote 10 vols. 
 fol. on jurisprudence and civil law, besides 
 quatrains preserved among those of Faur, 
 lord of Pibrac. 
 
 Favre. (ylaude, FzW. Vaugelas. 
 
 Faust. Vid. Fus r. 
 
 Faust A, Flavia Maximiana, second wife 
 of the great Constantine, caused by false 
 accusation the death of Crispus her son-in- 
 law. She was sutFocated in a bath for her 
 incontinence 327. 
 
 Faustina, Anna Galeria, daughter of 
 Ann. Verus, and wife of Antoninus Pius, 
 disgraced herself by her debaucheries, and 
 died I4l. Her daughter Mas equally licen- 
 tious. 
 
 Faustus, p.n English monk of the 5th 
 centur)'. He was abbot of the monastery (^ 
 the Lerin Islands 433, and in 406 made 
 bishop of Riez in Provence. He wrote a 
 homily on Maximus, his predecessor in the 
 bishopric. He was banished from his see in 
 481, and died soon after. 
 
 Fawcett, sir William, an English gene- 
 ral, born at Shipden hall near Halifax, York- 
 shire. He received his education at a gram- 
 mar school in Lancashire, and early embra- 
 ced the military profession, and served in 
 Germany during the seven years' war under 
 Eliot and Granby. His abilities Avere ap- 
 plauded by the king of Prussia, who made 
 him liberal offers to accept a command in 
 his army, but he preferred the service of 
 his native country, and was gradually promo- 
 ted to the rank of a general, and made knight 
 of the bath, colonel of the third regiment of 
 dragoon guards, and governor of Chelsea 
 hospital. He died 1804, and was buried 
 with great military pomp in Chelsea college 
 chapel. He translated from the French 
 count Saxe's reveries, or Memoirs on the 
 Art of War, 4to. 1757 — Regulations for the 
 Prussian Cavahy, from the Cierman, 1757-— 
 Regulations for the Prussian Infantry, and 
 the Prussian Tactics, 1759. 
 
 Pawkes, Francis, an ingenious poet, born 
 in Yorkshire 1721, and educated at Leeds 
 school, and afterwards at Jesus college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts. Upon taking orders he settled at Brom- 
 hara, Yorkshire, and then removed to Croy- 
 don, Surrey, where Herring the primate 
 noticed him, and gave him in 1755 the vicar- 
 age of Orpington, with St. Mary Clay, Kent, 
 which he exchanged in 1774 for the rectoiy 
 of Hayes. He died 26th Aug. 1777. He 
 published an ode inscribed to his patron 
 Herring, and lamented his death in 1757 in a 
 pathetic elegy. His poems appeared by 
 subscription 1761, in Svo. but his chief merit 
 was translation, as is evinced by his spirited 
 versions of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Mos- 
 chus, and Musseus, 1760, 12mo. — and the 
 Idyllia of Theocritus 1767, Svo. His Apol- 
 loniusRhodius appeared 1780. A Bible with 
 notes was published in his name. 
 
 Faydit, Anselm, a l*rovencal poet, or 
 troubadour of celebrity, noticed by the prin- 
 ces of his time, for his wit and the elegance 
 of his manners. He was relieved from indi- 
 gence by the Hberality of Richard Cojur de 
 Lion who admir..'d his poetry, and he died at 
 Aix 1220. He wrote a poem on the death of 
 his benefactor Richard, the Palace of Love^ 
 imitated afterwards by Petrarch, besides 
 comedies, one of which *' Ileregia dels Preis* 
 
FK 
 
 S^^ 
 
 FE 
 
 tes," reflected severely on the corruption of 
 Uie church. 
 
 Fa YD IT, Peter, a priest of the oratoi'y, 
 who was born at Rtom in Auvergne, and 
 died there 1709, aged 60. He is known for his 
 satirical attacks on great characters, especi- 
 ally Bossuet and Fenelon for his Telema- 
 chus, and his illustrations of Ecclesiastical 
 History, 8vo. — his treatise on the Trinity, 
 kc. 
 
 Fayette, Louisa de la, a French lady of 
 great celebrity. She was maid of hoiiror to 
 Anne of Austria, and enjoyed the confidence 
 of Lewis Xin. without sullying her good 
 name or her virtue. So great was her inliu- 
 ence upon this monarch that she i-econciled 
 him to his queen, and when she had thus 
 served the man Avhom she respected, she 
 retired uncontaminated to a convent, and 
 took the veil. Lewis visited her in her 
 retreat, but she resisted every invitation to 
 the court. She died in her convent, univer- 
 sally beloved, and deservedly admired for 
 that uncommon display of virtue and self- 
 command which, in a young and beautiful 
 •woman, could resist the most flattering offers 
 of distinction and of rank, and sacrifice the 
 world, and her innocent attachment to a 
 king, to the meek spirit of devotion. 
 
 Fayette, Marie Madeleine, countess of, 
 daughter of Aymer de la Vergne, governor 
 of Havre de Grace, and wife of count de la 
 Fayette, is celebi*ated for her knowledge of 
 literature and of the fine arts, and her inti- 
 macy with llouchefoucault, Huetius, Menage, 
 Segrais, and other learned men. She died 
 1693. Though abused for levity of conduct 
 by the author of the memoirs of Madam de 
 Maintenon, she is represented by Madam 
 de Sevigne as a woman of respectable and 
 exemplary character. She wrote Zaide — 
 La Princesse de Cleves — La Princesse de 
 Monlpensier, romances — Memoires de la 
 Cour de France 1688 and 1689 — Histoire 
 d'Henriette d'Angletere— divers portraits, 
 &c. These works are still esteemed. She 
 is the first, says Voltaire, who exhibited in 
 her romances the manners of people of 
 fashion in a graceful, easy, and natural way. 
 
 Featley, Daniel, or Fairclough, an 
 English divine, born at Charlton, Oxford- 
 shire, March 1582. He was educated at 
 Magdalen college school and Corpus Christi, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow 1602. 
 He distinguished himself so much by his 
 extensive knowledge of school divinity, and 
 by his eloquence as a preacher, that he w as 
 sent as chaplain to sir Thomas Edmund's 
 embassy to France, where he continued 
 three years. He became, in 1613, rector of 
 Northill, Cornwall, antl chaplain to Abbot 
 the primate, who made him rector of Lam- 
 beth. In 1617 he took his degree of U. D. 
 and afterwards received from his patron, the 
 primate, the rectory of All-Hallows, Bread 
 street, London, which he exchanged for 
 Acton, «nd he was the last provost of Chel- 
 sea college. He suffered much in his pro- 
 perty by the civil wars, and hardly escaped 
 with Uis life, as he was seized and imprisoned 
 
 in 1643, foi' opposing the covenant. He gfevr 
 so weak and dropsical from the confinement 
 that he was permitted to remove to Chelsea 
 college, where he died April 1645. He was 
 a very able disputant, and a most smart 
 scourge, says Wood, of the church of Rome, 
 He published nearly 40 works, all of the 
 polemical kind, besides **Cygnea Cantio," 
 1629, and the scholastic duel betw een him 
 and king James. 
 
 Fecht, or Fechtius, John, a Lutheran 
 divine of Brisgaw, who settled at Dourlach, 
 and afterwards at Rostock. He died 1716, 
 aged 80. He Avrote a Histoi*y of Cain and 
 Abel, Mith notes, &c./ 8vo. — a treatise on the 
 Religion of the modern Greeks — another 
 against the Supei'stitions of the Mass, &c. 
 
 Feckenham, John de, so called as being 
 born of poor parents near that forest in 
 Worcestershire. His right name was How- 
 man. His promising abilities were observed 
 and improvtid by the priest of his parish, and 
 he was educated carefully in the monastery 
 of Evesham, and afterwards at Glocester 
 hall, Oxford^ Avhere, in 1559, he took the 
 degree of B. D. He was afterwards chaplain 
 to bishops Bell and Bonner, and in 1549 ho 
 was committed to the tower for refusing, it 
 is said, to administer the sacraments after 
 the manner of the protestants. On Mary's 
 accession he was released, and i-aised to dis- 
 tinction in the church. In 1554 he disputed 
 at Oxford with Cranraer, Ridley, and Lati- 
 mer, before they suffered martyrdom ; but 
 though favored by the papists, he exercised 
 every oflice of benevolence and kindness 
 towards the suffering protestants. In 1555 
 he was made D. D. by the university of 
 Oxford, in comphment to his great learning, 
 and his many private virtues, and the same 
 year he was appointed abbot of Westminster. 
 On Mary's death, Elizabeth, before her 
 coronation, sent for him, and as he had in- 
 terested himself warmly in her favor during 
 the last reign, she acknowledged his services, 
 and offered him the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury if he would conform, which he abso- 
 lutely refused. In the queen's first parlia- 
 ment he was the last abbot that sat there, 
 and he then spoke so boldly against the refor- 
 mation, that he was sent to the tower in 
 1560. He continued in custody, either iu 
 the house of some bishop, or in a public 
 prison, the rest of his life; but though he 
 acknowledged the queen's supremacy, he 
 never would conform to the reformation. 
 He died a prisoner in Wisbech castle, in the 
 isle of Ely, 1585. Though a violent papist, 
 he was a most Immane and charitable man, 
 whose mildness, piety, and goodness of heart, 
 have been warmly commended by Camden, 
 Fuller, Burnet, Dart, and Reyner. His 
 works were chiefly sermons and controver- 
 sial tracts, now little regarded. 
 
 Feijoo, Benedict Jerom, a Spanish Ben- 
 edictine, who attempted by his writings and 
 example, to correct and reform the vitiated 
 notions of his countrymen. His Teatro 
 Critico, in 14 vols. 4to. is a work of great 
 merit, which, with great freedom and spirit. 
 
FE 
 
 S<^S 
 
 FE 
 
 censures tlie ignorance and licentiousness of 
 the clera,y, aikl exposes the futility of pilgri- 
 -mages, prct«"<'^tl miracles, and supcrstiti- 
 ous exorcisms. Tiiis unusual boldness against 
 the prejudices of the times proved very 
 oflensive to the church, and the author was, 
 with difficulty, saved from the horrors of the 
 inquisition. He died 1765. 
 
 Feithus, Everard, a learned German, 
 born at Elhurgh, in Guelderland. After 
 devoting himself with great assiduity to liter- 
 ature at Berne, he returned home ; but the 
 invasion of the Spaniards under Spiuola so ter- 
 rified him, that he retired to France, where 
 he taught Greek, and M'as honored with the 
 friendship of Casaubon, Thuanus, Du Puy, 
 and other learned men. As he walked one 
 day at Rochelle, attended by a servant, he 
 was invited into a house by one of the citi- 
 zens, and from that moment, it never could 
 be known what became of him, though the 
 mysterious occurrence was diligently inqui- 
 red into by the magistrates of the place. He 
 was then young, but had given great speci- 
 mens of superior learning. Of his MS. works 
 were published Antiquitatum Ilomericarum 
 liibri Quatuor, 12mo. Ley den, 1677 — De 
 Atheniensiura Republica — I)e Antiquit. At- 
 ticis, &c. very learned and interesting. 
 
 Felibien, Andrew, counsellor and his- 
 toriographer to the French king, was born 
 at Chartres 1619. He improved himself at 
 Paris, and also at Rome, where he attended 
 as secretary de Fontenay-Mareuii, ambassa- 
 dor to that court from Fi'ance. On his re- 
 turn he was patronised by Fouquct and 
 Colbert, and placed by the king in offices of 
 respectability and importance. He was one 
 of the first members of the academy of in- 
 scriptions and medals, and died June 11th 
 1695, aged 76, leaving five children. His 
 principal works are Entretiens sur les Vies 
 & les Ouvrages des plus Excellens Peintres, 
 Anciens & Modernes, 5 vols. 4to. — Les Prin- 
 cipes de I'Architecture, de la Sculpture, &. 
 de la Peinture, avec un Dictionnaire des 
 Terroes Propres, de ces Ars, de I'Origine 
 de la Peinture, &c. — Descriptions of several 
 Entertainments given by the King, kc. — 
 the Conferences of the Roval Academy of 
 Painting, &c. — the Description of the Abbey 
 de la Trappe, &c. His Dialogtiea on the 
 Lives of the Painters is the work most admi- 
 red. It is elegant and profound. In his 
 private character Ftlibien was very amiable, 
 a good man, not ambitious, but possessed of 
 every christian virtue. He first gave the 
 name of Great to Lewis XIV. in the inscrip- 
 tions of the Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Felibien, John Francis, succeeded his 
 father in all his appointments, and inherited 
 all his taste and knowledge of the fine arts. 
 He Avrote an Historical Collection of the 
 Lives and works of the most celebrated Ar- 
 chitects, 4to. 1687 — Description of Versailles 
 ancient and modern, 12mo. — Description of 
 the Church of Invalids, fol. 1706 and 1756. 
 He died 1733. 
 
 Felibien, James, brother of Andrew, 
 was archdeacon of Chartres, and died 25tli 
 
 Nov. 171G. He wrote Des Instructions Mo- 
 rales — and Pentateuchus Historicus. 
 
 Felibien, IVTichael, son of Andrew, M'as 
 of the congregation of St. Maur, and was en- 
 gaged to write the History of Paris, which he 
 did not live to complete. It was finished by 
 Lobineau, 5 vols. fol. 1725. He died lOth 
 Sept. 1719, aged 53. He had published, in 
 1706, the History of the Abbey of St. Denys, 
 in folio. 
 
 Felix, was the governor o^* Judea before 
 whom Paul preached witli such effect as to 
 cause him to tremble. He was recalled by- 
 Nero for, his oppression. 
 
 Felix, bishop of Urgella in Spain, sup- 
 posed with his friend Elipand, archbishop of 
 Toledo, that Christ was son of God only by 
 adoption, an opinion Avhich drew upon hira 
 the resentment of Charlemagne, and his de- 
 position from his see. He died an exile at 
 Lyons, 815. 
 
 Felix I. pope after Dionysius, 269, was 
 put to death 274, and canonized. His epis- 
 tle against Sabellius and Paulus Samosatenus 
 is preserved. 
 
 Felix II. v.-as, in 355, elevated to the pa- 
 pal chair by Constans, during the exile of 
 Labcrius. On the return of his rival, Felix, 
 supported by the authority of Constans, 
 wished to retain his office conjunctly with 
 hira, but the Romans exclaimed,' " one God, 
 one Christ, one pope," and he retired to ex- 
 ile, and died 365. 
 
 Felix HI. successor of Simplicius, quar- 
 relled with tlie emperor Zeno, in defence of 
 the privileges of the Western church, and 
 died 492. 
 
 Felix IV. a native of Ben even turn, was 
 raised to the ])apal chair after John I. 526, 
 and (lied four years after. He was a prelate 
 of great piety and exemplary goodness. He, 
 was the first who introduced extreme unction 
 in the church. 
 
 Fell, Dr. John, a learned prelate, born 
 at Longworth, Berks, 23d June, 1625. He 
 was educated at Thame school, and at the 
 age of 11 was admitted at Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, where his father was dean. During the 
 civil war, he bore arms for the king, and for 
 his loyalty he was expelled from the college, 
 and lived in retirement till the restoration, 
 when he was made prebendary of Chiches- 
 ter, and c«non and dean of Christ-church. 
 He was very liberal to his college, and buiit 
 the tower over the principal gate, into which 
 in 1683 he caused to be removed the bell 
 called great Tom, said to have been origi- 
 nally brought from Oseney abbey. In 16^6, 
 and the three following years, he served the 
 office of vice-chancellor, and by his indefa- 
 tigable attention he contributed much to re- 
 store the good order and ancient discipline of 
 the university. In 1G75-6 he was made bi- 
 shop of Oxford, without giving up his deanery, 
 and now, besides charitable contributions, he 
 applied a largo part of liis income to the re- 
 building of Cuildcsden palace. He died 10th 
 July, 1686, and V, as buried in Christ-church 
 cathedral, where an inscription by Aldrich, 
 his successor, m,arks his grave. He wrote 
 
IE 
 
 i^(> 
 
 FE 
 
 the LU'e of Ur. Hammond, 1060.— Historia 
 •& Antiquitates Universitatis Oxon, 2 vols, 
 iulio, translated from Wood's — Alcinoi in 
 Platouicam Philosoplilam Introductio — In 
 Laudem Musiees Carmen Sapphicnni — St. 
 Clement's two Epistles to the Corinthians, 
 Greek and Latin — Allestree's Life — ser- 
 mons — an edition of Cyprian's works, and 
 other classics. The hishop's father. Dr. Sa- 
 muel Fell, was born in St. Clement Danes' 
 parish, London, 1594, and was educated at 
 Westminster and Christ-church, lie "ivas 
 successively minister of Freshwater, isle of 
 Wight, chaplain to James I. prebendary of 
 Worcester, dean of Lichfield, and in 1038 
 dean of Christ-church. He died 1st Feb. 
 1648-9, of a bi-oken heart, in conseqtience of 
 the murder of his royal masttT. He wrote 
 l*rimitiie, sen Oratio, Sec 1626, and Coucio 
 Latina ad Baccalaureos, &c. 1627, 
 
 Fell, John, a dissenting ministei', born 
 at Cockermouth, 1732. He was originally a 
 tailor ; hut after living in that employment 
 in London, he acquired some knowledge of 
 the classics, and became pastor of a congre- 
 gation at Beccles, SuflTolk, and afterwards 
 Thaxsted, Essex. He was afterwards tutor 
 at an academy at Homerton, from which he 
 was dismissed, says his biographer, for read- 
 ing a newspaper on a Sunday. A subscrip- 
 tion of 100 guineas was made that he should 
 preach sermons on the evidences of Christi- 
 anity. Four only of these discourses were 
 delivered at the Scots' church, London Wall, 
 ■when the preacher fell a victim to a dropsy, 
 13th Sept. 1797. The sermons were con- 
 tinued and published by Dr. H. Hunter. Fell 
 ■was the author of Answers to Farmer's Es- 
 say on the Demoniacs — and his treatise on 
 the Idolatry of Greece and Rome — Genuine 
 Protestantism — an Essay on the Love of 
 one's Country — a Letter to Burke on the 
 Penal Laws — an Essay on English Gram- 
 mar, Sec. 
 
 FILLER, Joachim Frederic, a learned 
 German, born at Leipsic, 1073. He was se- 
 cretary to the duke of Weimar, and travel- 
 led much to visit foreign libraries. He died 
 1726. The best known of his works is Mo- 
 iiumenta Varia luedila, Jena, 1714, in 12 
 numbers, 4to. He wrote also Miscellanea 
 Leibnitiana — Genealogy of the House of 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Feller, Francis Xavier, an ex -Jesuit, 
 torn at Brussels, He wrote an Historical 
 and Literary Journal from 1774 to 1794, at 
 Luxemburg — a Geographical Dictionary — 
 Observations on Newton's Philosophy— and 
 Buffon's Epochs of Nature examined — an 
 Historical Dictionary, 8 vols. Svo. Liege, said 
 by the editors of the Nouveau Dictionnaire 
 Historique, to be pirated from their own 
 work. He died at Katisbon, 1802, aged 67. 
 
 Felltham, Owen, an English writer 
 born in the reign of James I. in Suffolk, 
 where his family had been settled for several 
 generations. Few particulars are known of 
 his history, though it appears that his learn- 
 iBg and virtues recommended him to the no- 
 lice of the earl of Thomoud, in whose fami- 
 
 ly he lived for some years in easy and honor- 
 able dependence. He wrote Resolves, Di- 
 vine, Moral, and Political, a work of great 
 merit, and singular excellence, of which the 
 12th edition appeared in 1709, in Svo. This 
 book, so valuable for its refined sentiments 
 of morality, its pointed delineations of duty, 
 and its interesting tendency to instruct the 
 mind and improve the heart in the road of 
 virtue, has lately been edited with a 'i&vi al- 
 terations by Mr. Gumming, and deservedly 
 recommends itself to universal perusal, Fell- 
 tham wrote besides some prayers for the use 
 of lady Thomond's family, &c. The time of 
 his death is unknown, though lie was living 
 in 1677. 
 
 F ELTON, John, an Englishman, known in 
 history as the assassin of Villiers, duke of 
 Buckingham, 1028, a crime which he com- 
 mitted out of fanatic zeal, in the full persua- 
 sion that he thus served God and man. He 
 was tried and executed for the foul deed. 
 He had been a lieutenant in the army which 
 besieged the isle of Rhe, and because he did 
 not succeed to a company on the death of 
 his captain, who was slain in the attack, he 
 quitted the army in disgust, and became a 
 bigoted dissatisfied puritan. His grandfather 
 of the Same name, had, in the reign of Eli- 
 zabeth, afiixed on the palace gates of the bi- 
 shop of London, the bull of Pius V. by which 
 the queen was declared a heretic, and her 
 subjects incited to rebellion. He was tried 
 and executed for this conduct, 1570. His son 
 Thomas, was a Franciscan, and came to 
 England as a missionary, for which he was 
 executed 1588, 
 
 Felton, Henry, principal of Edmund 
 hall, Oxford, dedicated to his pupil, the duke 
 of Rutland, his Dissertation on reading the 
 Classics, and forming a Just Style, a work of 
 merit. He wrote also a volume of sermons, 
 and died 1739. 
 
 Fenelon, Francis de Salignac de la 
 Motte, archbishop of Cambray, was born of 
 an illust'rious family at the castle of Fenelon 
 in Perigord, 6th Aug. 1051. He was edu- 
 cated at Cahors, and afterwai'ds finished his 
 studies at Paris, and began early to acquire 
 popularity as a preacher. At the age of 24 
 he took orders, and in 1086, after the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantes, he was sent by 
 the king at the head of the missionaries who 
 were to convert the protestants of the coast 
 of Saintonge and the Pays de Aunis, who 
 had not yet submitted to the influence of mi- 
 litary force. In 1689 he was appointed tutor 
 to the dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri, 
 and he displayed such abilities in the educa- 
 tion of these princes, that the king in grati- 
 tude for his services gave him the abbey of 
 St. Valery, and soon after the see of Cam- 
 bray, to which lie was consecrated by Bos- 
 suet, 1695. In 1697 he was exposed to reli- 
 gious persecution, by the publication of his 
 explication of *' the maxims of the Saints 
 concerning the Interior Life," in which he 
 supported the claims of Madame Guyon, to 
 exalted devotion, and her mystical interpre- 
 tation of Solomon's song. There -was little 
 
FE . 
 
 in her book that merited attention, but as 
 Fenelon defended her cause, his authoi'ity 
 alarmed some of the French prelates, and 
 conferences were held for some months be- 
 tween him and Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, 
 Noialles, bishop of Chalons, and Trongon, 
 superior of St. Sulpicius. Fenelon was of- 
 fered to sign a recantation of his opinions, 
 and when he refused, the affair was referred 
 to the king, and then to the decision of the 
 pope, who in condemning the archbishop's 
 book, declared that he had erred from ex- 
 cess of love of God, and his opponents from 
 excess of love of their neighbor. This af- 
 fair to which sTich importance was attached, 
 was supposed to ai*ise from the wish of pre- 
 venting the appointment of Fenelon to the 
 office of almoner to the duchess of Burgundy, 
 which was immediately tilled by Bossuet. 
 Fenelon with true Christian meekness sub- 
 mitted to the decision of the pope, and read 
 the sentence, and his recantation in his own 
 diocese, where, by his exemplary life, he 
 gave lustre to the episcopal office. He after- 
 wards assisted the Jesuits, in their successful 
 attack against the Jansenists, and procured 
 the disgrace of Noialles their patron, and the 
 condemnation of their writuigs. The work 
 from which Fenelon derives immortality is 
 his *' Telemachus." It was indeed exposed 
 to the jealousy of Lewis and his courtiers, 
 who pretended to see the cliaracter of Ma- 
 dam de Montespan in Calypso, of Mademoi- 
 selle de Fontanges, in Eucharis, of the duch- 
 ess of Burgundy, in Antiope, of Louvois, in 
 Protesilaus, of James II. in Idomeneus, and 
 of Lewis XIV. in Sesostris, but though its 
 publication was prohibited in France, it ap- 
 peared at Paris surreptitiously in 1699, and 
 iu a corrected form at the Hague, 1701. Such 
 is the merit of the work, that it ranks, though 
 in prose, among epic poems, and by the ele- 
 gance of its style, and the sublimity of its 
 moral, it has secured universal applause, and 
 has been translated into all the modern lan- 
 guages of Europe. The last part of Fene- 
 lon's life was spent in the conscientious dis- 
 charge of the pastoral office, in his diocese^ 
 where bis benevolence, and goodness of heart, 
 gained him the affection and gratitude of his 
 people, and his reputation the respect even 
 of his enemies, for Marlborough, when vic- 
 torious in the country, ordered the lands of 
 the great and good Fenelon to be spared. 
 This amiable prelate died 7th Jan. 1715, 
 aged t»3. Besides his Telemachus, and his 
 Explication of the Maxims, he wrote some 
 other valuable works, a treatise on the Educa- 
 tion of daughters, 12mo. much admii-ed — Dia- 
 logues of the Dead, 2 vols. t2mo. — Dialogues 
 on Eloquence, and the Eloquence of the Pul- 
 pit, 12mo. — Lives of ancient Philosophers, 
 abridged, 12mo. — Spiritual Works, 4 vols. 
 12mo. — a Demonstration of the Existence of 
 God, 12mo. — Directions for the Conscience 
 of a King — sermons, &e. 
 
 Fenton, Elijah, an English poet, the 
 youngest of twelve children) born at Shel- 
 ton, near Newcastle, under-Line, Stafford- 
 shire. He was educated at Cambridge, but 
 
 his opposition to government prevented his> 
 entering into orders, and he became usher 
 in Mr. Bonwickc's school at Headley in Sur- 
 ry. He afterwards was master of Seven 
 Oaks sch. ol, and next was appointed secre- 
 tary to lord Orrery, and tutor to liis son lord 
 Boyle. By Pope's recommendation he was 
 placed as an useful assistant, near Craggs, 
 secretary of state, whose early death pre- 
 vented his comfortable settlement. Thougk 
 not rich he ended his life in ease and tran- 
 quillity, and died at the house of lady Trunt- 
 bal, East-Hamstead, Berks, 13th July 173a 
 He published in 1709, "Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge verses," and in 1717, a volume of his 
 own poems, and in 1723, his ti'agedy of Ma- 
 riamne, collected out of Josephus. He alsa 
 assisted Pope in the Odyssey, and translated 
 the first, fourth, 19th and 20th books. He 
 also edited Waller's poems, with notes, and 
 published a life of Milton, commended by 
 Dr. Johnson. Fenton though of no superior 
 genius as a poet, yet possessed great merit, 
 as the choice and friendship of Pope fully 
 testify. His epitaph was written by Pope, 
 and the praises bestowed on him ai'e not 
 overcharged, for he was an honest man, un- 
 envied by rivals, mild, humane and benevo- 
 lent in his conduct, and he lived " content 
 with science in the vale of peace." 
 
 F E N T o N, sir Geoffrey, an eminent MTiter, 
 descended from a good family in Notting- 
 hamshire. He served queen Elizabeth in 
 Ireland, where he became member of the 
 privy council 1581, and where he married 
 the daughter of Dr. Itobert Weston, lord 
 chancellor of the island. He was afterwards 
 appointed to the secretaryship of the lord 
 lieutenant, and continued in that responsible 
 office under all the changes of government. 
 He died 19th October 1608, in Dublin, at 
 the house of the earl of Cork, who had mar- 
 ried, in 1603, his only daughter. He trans- 
 lated Guiciardini's Wars c4" Italy, dedicated 
 to queen Elizabeth, besides Golden epistles 
 from Guevara's works, &c. 
 
 Ferajuoli, Nuzio, an Italian painter, 
 born in 1661. He was pupil to Luea Gior- 
 dano, and is eminent for the beauty and cor- 
 rectness of his landscapes, aud the transpa- 
 rency of the waters. \ 
 
 Ferdinand I. emperor of Germany,. 
 second son of the archduke Philip, was borri 
 at Medina, in Castile, ISC'?. He was crown- 
 ed king of Hungary, and Bohemia 1527, on 
 tlie death of his brother-in-law, Louis the 
 younger, the last king, and in 1531 he was 
 elected king of the Romans, and in 155S he 
 succeeded as emperor, on the abdication of 
 his brother Charles V. He governed with 
 moderation and prudence, and after making 
 peace with the Turks, and producing a re- 
 conciliation between the kings of Sweden 
 and Denmark, he died of a dropsy at Vien- 
 na, 25th July 1564, aged 61. 
 
 Ferdinand II, archduke of Austria, 
 and son of Charles, duke of Stiria, was made 
 king of Bohemia 1617, and of Hungary I6I8, 
 and raised to the imperial throne 1619. His 
 subjects of Bohemia i*evolted, and placed on 
 
FE 
 
 ii^S 
 
 FE 
 
 the throne Frederic V. elector Palatine, but 
 JFerdmand attacked, and defeated them at 
 the battle of Prague IG'iO, and the dukedom 
 of the usurper was given to Maximilian, 
 duke of Bavaria. The fortunes of the un- 
 Jbrtunate Palatine, were supported by Chris- 
 tian, king of Denmark, but the victories of 
 Tilly, tlie imperial general, rendered his 
 opposition hopeless, and obliged him to sue 
 for peace 1629. These brilliant successes 
 roused against Ferdinand the king of France, 
 and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and the 
 imperial general was defeated at Leipsic 
 1631, though soon after the Swedish con- 
 queror fell covered with gloi'y in the cele- 
 brated battle of Lutzcn. The battle of 
 ^iortlingen in 1634, proved favorable to the 
 cause of the Germans, and the following 
 year tranquillity was restored among the 
 rival powers. Ferdinand died at Vienna, 
 Sth Feb. 1637, aged 59. 
 
 Ferdinand III, surnamed Ernest, eld- 
 est son of the preceding, was made king .of 
 Hungary 1625, of Bohemia 1627, and of the 
 Romans 1636, and elected emperor on his 
 father's death. He pursued the same plans 
 of ambition and aggrandizement as his father, 
 but in his war against the Swedes, his troops 
 were defeated by Bernard duke of Weimar, 
 Avho in four months gained four important 
 victories. The French under the great 
 Conde supported the Swedish arms, and 
 Ferdinand was besieged in liatisbon where 
 he held a diet of the empire. In 1645 ano- 
 ther battle was fought and won by Conde at 
 Nortlingen on the same spot where the 
 Swedes had been eleven years before de- 
 feated. Tranquillity was at last restored to 
 the empire by the peace of Westphalia, 
 1648, and the treaties of Osnaburg and 
 Munster, which granted Pomerania to the 
 Swedish monarch, and made him one of the 
 inembei's of the Germanic body, and tolera- 
 ted the Luthei'ans and Calrinists in the midst 
 of the Roman Catholic religion. The em- 
 peror died 1657, aged 49. He was 3 times 
 married. 
 
 Ferdinand I. king of Castile and Leon, 
 surnamed the Great, was son of Sancho III. 
 king of Navarre. He defeated in battle 
 Alphonso king of Leon 1037, and caused 
 himself to be crowned king of Leon, and of 
 the Asturias, the next year. He next 
 marched against the Moors, took several of 
 their towns, and penetrated into the heart 
 of Portugal, and afterwards he attacked his 
 brother Garcias king of Navarre, whom he 
 deprived in a decisive battle, of his crown, 
 and of his life. He died 1065, and divided 
 his kingdom among his sons, and thus created 
 causes for civil wars. 
 
 Ferdinand II. younger son of Alphon- 
 so VIII. king of Leon and Castile, made war 
 against the Portuguese, and took their king 
 Alphonso Henriques prisoner. He made 
 the wisest ajid most temperate use of his 
 victory, and died 1187, after a reign of thirty 
 years. 
 
 Ferdinand III. St. son of Alphonso IX. 
 obtained the ciown of Castile by the ab4ica- 
 
 tion of his mother Berengere 1217, and as- 
 scended the throne of Leon on his father's 
 death, 1230. He made successful war against 
 the Moors, and took Cordova, Murcia, Se- 
 ville, Xeres, Cadiz, &c. and died 1252, as he 
 was meditating an invasion of the kingdom 
 of Morocco. He was a wise monarch, and 
 he established some salutary laws for the 
 protection of his subjects, and the more im- 
 partial administration of justice. He was 
 cationized by Clement X. 1617. 
 
 Ferdinand IV. succeeded to the throne 
 of Castile 1295, at the age of ten. His mi- 
 nority was governed by the prudent adminis- 
 tration of his mother Mary. He made war 
 against the Moors, and against Grenada, and 
 died suddenly 1312, aged 27. 
 
 Ferdinand V. surnamed the Catholic, 
 was son of John II. king of Arragon. He 
 married in 1469 Isabella of Castile, and thus 
 united the two kingdoms of Castile and Ar- 
 ragon. He made war against Alphonso king 
 of Portugal, and defeated him at Toro 1476, 
 and he next turned his arms against the 
 kingdom of Grenada, which he totally sub- 
 dtied after a war of eight years, and thus 
 put an end to the Moorish power, which for 
 800 years had florished in Spain. Ambitious 
 and enterprising, Ferdinand next turned his 
 arms against Navarre, and by means of his 
 brave general Gonsalvo of Cordova, he con- 
 quered part of tlie kingdom of Naples, but 
 whilst his dominions were thus enlarged iu 
 Europe and in Africa, a new continent sub- 
 mitted to his power by the great discoveries 
 of the immortal Columbus. Ferdinand left 
 four daughters, and died 1516. 
 
 Ferdinand VI. surnametl the Wise, 
 was son of Philip V. and Maxy of Savoy, and 
 succeeded his father 1746. He was a most 
 benevolent prince, he restored liberty to 
 prisoners, he extended his forgiveness to 
 deserters and smugglers, and appointed two 
 days in the week when he freely gave ac- 
 cess to his subjects, and redressed pei-son- 
 ally their grievances. He engaged in the 
 war of 1741, and in the peace of 1748 he 
 obtained for one of his brothers tlie crown 
 of the two Sicilies, and for the other the 
 duchies of Parma and Placentia. In his 
 government he was prudent, and deservedly 
 liopular, industry was encouraged, abuses 
 were reformed, and canals were made tq 
 convey plenty and commerce through the 
 country. He died without children at Mad- 
 rid 10th Aug. 175<J, aged 46. 
 
 Ferdinand I. succeeded in 1458 to Al- 
 phonso of Arragon as king of Naples and 
 Sicily. Though he protected commerce, 
 and encouraged the liberal arts among his 
 subjects, yet he was unpopular on account of 
 his debaucheries and cruelties. He died 
 little regretted 1494, aged 70. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Portugal after 
 Peter, 1367, died 1383. He assumed the title 
 of king of Castile after the death of Peter 
 the cruel, and in consequence was engaged 
 in war with Henry of Transtamare, whose 
 daughter he was obliged to marry to re-es- 
 tablish the geueral tranquillity. He was again 
 
FE ., 
 
 imfoi'tiinate in another war, though suppor- 
 ted by the English 
 
 Ferdinand I. grand duke of Tuscany 
 after l»is brother Francis II. 1587, was emi- 
 nent for his wiatlom in the government, and 
 for tlie vigor with which he made war 
 against the pirates who distui'bed the com- 
 merce of his subjects in the Mediterranean. 
 Me died much respected 1609. 
 
 Ferdinand II. grand duke of Tuscany, 
 succeeded Cosmo II. and gained the respect 
 of the neighboring princes, by the firm neu- 
 trality which he maintained during the wars 
 between France and Spain. He ably sup- 
 ported the Venetians in their war in Candia, 
 and died 1668 after a reign of tbrty-eight 
 years. 
 
 Ferdinand of Cordova, a learned Span- 
 iard of the 15th century, Avho was not only 
 well skilled in the logic of Aristotle, and the 
 learning of theancients, but an accomplished 
 master in the polite arts, so that he passed 
 atnong the vulgar for a ningician. He wrote 
 de Artificio Omnis SclbiJis — and Commen- 
 taries on Ptolemj's Almagest, and on the 
 Bible. 
 
 Ferdinand Lopez, a Portuguese who 
 went to the East-Indies in the 16th century, 
 and published an interesting account of his 
 voyage, &c. 
 
 Ferdinand, Charles, a native of Bru- 
 ges, known as a poet and philosopher. He 
 died lit Paris 1494, author of a treatise on the 
 Tranquillity of the Soul. 
 
 Ferdinand, John, a Jesuit of Toledo, 
 author of Divinarum Scripturarum Thesau- 
 rus, fol. 1594. He died at Valencia 1595, 
 aged 59. Another of that name was a Do- 
 minican of Arragon, who published a com- 
 mentaiy on Ecclesiastes, and died 1625. 
 
 Ferdinand de Jesus, a Carmelite 
 monk in Spain, very eloquent, so that he 
 was surnamed the Golden mouthed. He 
 wrote Commentaries on Aristotle, the Bible, 
 &c. in the 17th century. 
 
 Ferdinandi, Epiphanius, a native of 
 Obianto, eminent as a physician. He wrote 
 Observationes et Casus Medici — de Vita 
 Propaganda — de Peste — Theoremata Medi- 
 ca, &c. He died 1638, aged 69. 
 
 Ferdonsi, Hassan Ben Scharf, a Pei'sian 
 poet, whose epic poem called Schanameh is 
 very celebrated. It is the labor of thirty 
 years, and consists of 60,000 verses, each of 
 which is a distich. It contains the annals of 
 the kings of Persia. He died at Thous 
 1020. 
 
 Ferg or Fergire, Francis Paul, a 
 painter, born at Vienna 1689. He studied 
 under Hans Graaf and Orient, and improved 
 himself by travelling. He came to London 
 where he was much esteemed, but an im- 
 prudent marriage ruined all his expecta- 
 tions. He was found dead at the door of his 
 lodging 1740, worn out with disease and 
 wretchedness. His landscapes are beau- 
 tifully enriched with ruins of castles and 
 towers. 
 
 Fergus I. king of Scotland, son of Fer- 
 gus king of the Irish Scots. It is said that 
 
 VOL. I. 66 
 
 y^ 
 
 FE 
 
 he assisted the Scots in repelling the Picts, 
 and that for his services he was elected king. 
 He was drpwned as he returned to Ireland, 
 404. 
 
 Ferguson, Robei-t, a divine, ejected 
 from the living of Godmarsham in Kent, for 
 nonconformity 1662. He afterwards kept a 
 school, and then devoted himself to politics, 
 and became a court spy. He was next the 
 associate of the unfortunate Monmouth, 
 whom as it is thought he betrayed, as he was 
 fickle in his attachments, and faithful to no 
 party. He wrote the Interest of Reason in 
 ReUgion, 8vo. — a Discourse concerning Jus- 
 tification, &;c. and died poor 1714. 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, a native of Edin- 
 burgh, who studied divinity, but preferred 
 poetry and literaiy fame to all ether pursuits. 
 He obtained a place in the sheriff clerk's 
 office Edinburgh, but dissipation abridged his 
 days, and he died insane in the lunatic asy- 
 lum of Edinburgh 1774, aged 24. His pastoral, 
 humorous, and lyric poems have been edited 
 in Dr. Anderson's collection. 
 
 Ferguson, James, an ingenious Scotch- 
 man, self-taught as a philosophei', born of 
 poor parents at Keith in Bamffshire, 1710. 
 He was for four years a common shepherd, 
 and in this solitary employment he marked 
 accurately the position of the stars with a 
 thread and bead. His ingenuity was obser- 
 ved and encouraged by his opulent neigh- 
 bors, wIm) had him instructed in arithmetic, 
 algebra, and geometry, and under the patro- 
 nage of sir James Dunbar for many years 
 he supported himself by drawing and taking 
 portraits. His ingenuity was so great that 
 after the accidental sight of a watch and of a 
 clock, he made one of each with wood. In 
 1744 he came to London, and in consequence 
 of his astronomical rotula to shew the new 
 moon and eclipses, he was introduced to the 
 learned and ingenious, and made fellow of 
 the Royal society. He was a man of inoffen- 
 sive manners, mild and benevolent in his 
 character. The present kii.g at his accession 
 granted him a pension of 50^. a year, and 
 occasionally took great delight in his conver- 
 sation. He invented someu.seful instruments, 
 and died 16th Nov. 1776. He wrote " Select 
 Mechanical exercises," 1773 — Introduction 
 to Electricity, 1770 — to Astronomy, 1772 — 
 treatise on Perspective, 1775 — and' Astrono- 
 my Explained on Newton's principles, edit- 
 ed for the fourth time 1770 — Lectures on 
 Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneu- 
 matics, &C. edited the fifth time, 1776, &c. 
 
 Ferguson, William, a Scotch painter, 
 who died 1690. He ti'a veiled into Italy and 
 excelled in representing dead birds, game, 
 and still life. 
 
 Fermat, Peter, an eminent mathemati- 
 cian, born at Toulouse 1590, where from his 
 knowledge of the law he became counsellor 
 in the parliament, and an upright magis- 
 trate. As a philosopher he may be said to 
 have prepared the way for the Infinites of 
 Newton and Leibnitz, and to have introdu- 
 ced new geometry. He was connected with 
 Descartes, Huvgens, and Pascal, and died 
 
FE 
 
 £r/^ 
 
 FE 
 
 1664. His works highly valued were pub- 
 lished at Toulouse, 2 vols. fol. 1679. His son 
 Samuel was eminent as a literary man, and 
 wrote some learned dissertations. 
 
 Fermor, Wilham count Von, a native of 
 Phaskow, the son of a Scotchman. He like 
 his father, was in the Russian service, and 
 greatly distinguished himself against the 
 Turks. In 1755 he was commander of the 
 Kussian forces, and for his services in defeat- 
 ing the Prussians he was made count of the 
 empire by the emperor Francis. He defeat- 
 ed the king of Prussia at the famous battle of 
 Zorndorff, and afterwards took Berlin. He 
 died 1771, aged 64. 
 
 Fernandez, Anthony, author of Com- 
 mentaries on Isaiah, and the Visions of the 
 Old Testament, was superior of the Portu- 
 guese Jesuit missionaries in India, and died in 
 -Portugal 1648. 
 
 Fernandez, Benedict, a Portuguese Je- 
 suit, author of Commentaries on Genesis, 
 and on St. Luke's Gospel. He died at Lis- 
 bon 1630. 
 
 Fernandez, Alphonso, a Spanish Domi- 
 nican, author of an ecclesiastical history of 
 his own times, and of other works. He died 
 about 1640. 
 
 Fern EL, John Francis, physician to 
 Henry II. of France, was born at Montdidier 
 in Picardy 1506. He applied himself to 
 study with the most indefatigable zeal at 
 Paris, and he made such progress that his 
 lectures on philosophical subjects were great- 
 ly admired for eloquence and erudition. He 
 afterwards studied physic, and when admit- 
 ted to practice, he divided his time between 
 his patients and his books, allowing himself 
 scarce five hours of rest in 24. When invited 
 to court by the king, whose friendship and 
 good opinion he had secured by curing one 
 of his favorites, he excused himself, and 
 ■when solicited to accept honors and places of 
 emolument, he modestly refused, and pre- 
 ferred the retirement and studies of private 
 life to every other pursuit. On the death of 
 the king's first physician, he was at last obli- 
 ged to settle at the court, but the sudden 
 death of his wife who fell a sacrifice to her 
 grief in leaving her relations to come to live 
 at Fontainbleau, so afl'ected him that he died 
 within a month after, 1558. He wrote seve- 
 ral works on medical subjects in high repute, 
 as he was considered one of the great resto- 
 rers of medicine. His practice was so great 
 that his gains were yearly 12,000 livres. 
 
 Fernouillot de Falb aire, Charles 
 George, a French author, who died May, 
 1801, aged 74. He wrote some articles in 
 the Encyclopedie, besides dramatic pieces of 
 considerable merit. 
 
 Ferracino, Bartolomeo, a self-taught 
 mechanic, born at Bassan in Padua 1692. 
 He was a sawyer, and his invention of a saw 
 -which worked by the wind recommended 
 him to the notice of the great. He built a 
 famous bridge over the Brenta in his native 
 town, and died soon after the completion 
 1764. An account of his life and inventions 
 was published by Memo, Venice, 
 
 FerrAND, James, a French physician of 
 Agen. He wrote a book " on the Distemper 
 of Love," Paris, 1622, which in treating of 
 the passion as of a bodily disease, and of the 
 frequent uneasiness, and fatal consequences 
 of its pleasures, shows the great erudition of 
 the author. 
 
 Ferrans, Lewis, a French lawyer, born 
 at Toulon 1645. He was an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, and died there 1699. 
 His works, which are neither accurate nor 
 brilliant, are chiefly on religious subjects. 
 
 Ferrand, Anthony, a counsellor of Pa- 
 ris, who died there 1719, aged 42. His 
 madrigals, songs, epigrams, &c. are well 
 known. He was the rival of J. B. Ilousseau 
 in poetry. 
 
 Ferrand, James Philip, a French paint- 
 er in enamel, was boi'n at Joigni in Burgun- 
 dy, and died at Paris 1732, aged 79. He 
 wrote a treatise on Enamel Painting, and 
 another on Miniatures, l2mo, 
 
 Ferrand us, Fulgentius, a deacon of 
 Carthage, who died before 551. He was 
 disciple of St. Fulgentius, and wrote some 
 books, enumerated by Cave. 
 
 Ferrar, Robert, a native of Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, etlucated at Cambridge and Ox- 
 ford, and made bishop of St. David's by the 
 influence of Cranmer, to whom he had been 
 chaplain. He was imprisoned on suspicion 
 in Edward's reign, and under Mary he was 
 burnt as a heretic at (Jaerraarthen, 1555. 
 
 Ferrar, Nicholas, a native of London, 
 son of an East India merchant. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and after travelling 
 on the continent, he Avas made secretary to 
 the Virginia company, and in 1624 elected 
 member of parliament, and directed, with 
 two others, to draw the impeachment against 
 lord Cranfield, the treasurer. He soon after 
 retired to Little Gidding, Huntingdonshire, 
 where he established a protestant monas- 
 tery, and devoted himself to devotional pur- 
 suits. In 1626 he took deacon's orders, and 
 died 1637. He had translated from the 
 Spanish Valdesso's Considerations on Reli- 
 gion. 
 
 Ferrari, Lewis, a native of Milan, who 
 studied under Cardan, and became professor 
 of mathematics at Bologna, where he died 
 1565, aged 45. He is known for his inven- 
 tion of the method of resolving biquadratic 
 equations. 
 
 Ferrari, Antony Mary Zachary Bar- 
 tholomew, founder, with James Morigia, of 
 the order of the Barnabites at Milan, 1520, 
 confirmed by pope Paul III. 1535. This 
 order florished greatly. Ferrari died supe- 
 rior of his foundation, 1544. 
 
 Ferrari, Octavian, an Italian author, 
 born at Milan, 1518. He was much respect- 
 ed as a professor of ethics and politics at 
 Venice, Padua, Milan, and other places of 
 Italy. He died at Milan, 1586, considered 
 for his learning as a second Aristotle. He 
 wrote de Sermonibus Exoreticis, 1575 — de 
 Origine Romanorum, 1607 — a Latin translar 
 tion of Athen«us, and Notes on Aritotle. 
 
FE 
 
 b/y 
 
 PE 
 
 Ferrari, Francisco Bernardino, of the 
 same family as the preceding, was born at 
 Milan, 1577. He was a doctor of the Am- 
 brosian college, and he was encouraged by 
 the archbishop of Milan to travel not only to 
 improve himself, but to make a collection of 
 books. This valuable selection, made in 
 Spain, Italy, and in other countries, laid the 
 foundation of the Ambrosian library. Ferrari 
 died at Milan, 1669, aged 92. He wrote de 
 Antiquo Ecclesiasticarum Epistolarum Gen- 
 ere Libri tres, 1613 — de liitu Sacrarum Ec- 
 clesise Catholicse Concionum Libri tres, 1620 
 — de Veterum Acclamationibus & Plausu 
 Libri septem, 1627. These works are very 
 curious, and display the great erudition and 
 deep researches of the author. 
 
 Ferrari, Octavio, of the same family, 
 was born at Milan, 1607, and educated at 
 the Ambrosian college, of which he became 
 professor of rhetoric at the age of 21, on 
 account of his great proficiency. Six years 
 after he was invited by the republic of Ve- 
 nice to Padua, where as professor of Greek, 
 of eloquence, and politics, he collected a 
 great number of pupils, and restoi'ed the 
 declining reputation of the university. His 
 learning was so extensive, and his fame so 
 deservedly established, that Christina of 
 Sweden honored him with presents, and 
 Lewis XIV. settled on him a pension of 500 
 •rowns for seven years. He died 1682, res- 
 pected for his amiable manners, and that 
 sweetness and humanity of character wJiich 
 proctired him the name of Pacificator. His 
 works are chiefly on classical antiquities, the 
 most known of which is Origines Linguae 
 Italicse, fol. 1676, a subject treated before by 
 Scaliger, in 24 books, now lost. 
 
 Ferrari, John Baptist, a Jesuit of Sien- 
 na, who published a Syriac Dictionary, 4to. 
 1622, to explain the Syriac words in the 
 bible. He wrote also de Malorum Aureo- 
 rum Cultura, & de Florum Cultura, 1633, 
 and 1646, and died 1655. 
 
 Ferrari, Giovanni Andrea, a painter of 
 Genoa, who died 1669, aged 70. He ex- 
 celled in the I'cpresentation of flowers, 
 fruits, &cc. 
 
 Ferrariensis, a general of the Domi- 
 nicans, who died 1528, His real name was 
 Francis Sylvestre. He wrote on philosophy, 
 &c. 
 
 Ferrars, George, a learned man, born 
 of an ancient family near St. Alban's, 1512. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and removed to 
 Lincoln's inn, and soon distinguished himself 
 as an advocate und«r the patronage of Crom- 
 well, earl of Essex. He became afterwards 
 a favorite with Henry VIII. and his arrest, 
 when he was member of parliament for 
 Plymouth, created such confusion, that in 
 the event, it established the privileges of the 
 members of the house. On the fall of So- 
 merset under Edward VI. he was named 
 lord of misrule, to entertain the public with 
 pastimes, and for twelve days he exhibited at 
 Greenwich all the pomp and magnificence of 
 assumed greatness, to the satisfaction of the 
 court, and the gratification of the populace. 
 
 Ferrars possessed such versatile talents, that 
 though the religion of the court frequently 
 changed at the caprice of the sovei-eign, he 
 continued still a favorite with all, and died a 
 protestant at Flamstcad, Herts, 1579. He 
 wrote the history of Queen Mary, which 
 was inserted in the chronicle under the 
 name of Kichard Grafton. He also contri- 
 buted to the poetical work called " the Mir- 
 ror for Magistrates," published 1559 — the 
 Fall of Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice, &c. 
 — the tragedy of Thomas Woodstock, duke 
 of Gloucester — tragedy of king Richard II. 
 — the story of Eleanor Cobham, &c. 
 
 Ferrars, Edward, a Warwickshire poet, 
 educated at Oxford. He was a favorite with 
 Heni-y VIIT. and died 1564. He wrote 
 according to Wood, some comedies and tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Ferrars, Henry, of the same family as 
 the preceding, was educated also at Oxford, 
 and made large collections for the history of 
 his native county. His valuable papers laid 
 the foundation of Dugdale's Antiquities of 
 Warwickshire. He was esteemed by Cam- 
 den, and distinguished himself also as a poet. 
 He died 1633, aged 84, leaving behind him, 
 says Wood, the character of a well-bred gen- 
 tleman, a good neighbor, and an honest 
 man. 
 
 Ferraud,N. a native of Daui^e, near the 
 P) renees, who was a deputy in the conven- 
 tion, and distinguished himself by his enmity 
 to the monarchy. He was commissary in 
 the armies of the Rhine, where he behaved 
 with coolness and intrepidity, anti on his re- 
 turn to Paris, when opposing the attack made 
 on the convention, 26th May, 1795, he was 
 shot through the heai't with a pistol. His 
 murderer was executed, and the convention 
 appointed a day to celebrate his obsequies. 
 
 Ferrein, Antony, a French anatomist, 
 who died at Paris 1769, aged 76. He pub- 
 lished lectures which he had read on medi- 
 cine, and lectures on Materia Medica, each 
 3 vols. 12rao. 
 
 Ferreas, Don John of, a Spanish divine 
 born at Rabanezza 1652, and educated at Sa- 
 lamanca. His wit ami learning i-ecommend- 
 ed him to the court, from whose favors he 
 refused the pressing offer of two bishoprics. 
 He was made member of the academy of Ma- 
 drid 1713, and appointed Librarian to the 
 king. He contributed much to the Spanish 
 DicUonaiy, published b\^ the academy 1739, 
 in 6 vols. fol. He died 1735, leaving several 
 works in philosophy, divinity, and history, 
 the best known of which is his history of 
 Spain, tiianslated into French, by Hermilly, 
 10 vols. 4to. 
 
 Ferreti, or Ferretus, a poet and 
 historian of Vieenza, of the l4th century, 
 who contributed muclitothe revival of learn- 
 ing in Europe. He wrote an history of his 
 own times from 1259 to 1328, in seven books, 
 and other works in verse and prose, in Italas 
 ian. 
 
 Ferreti, Emilio, an Italian lawyer, born 
 at Castelfranco, Bologna 1489. He was em- 
 ployed at A^^gnon, by Leo X, to whom he 
 
FE 
 
 /r/Z 
 
 FE 
 
 was secretary. He died at Avignon 1552. 
 His Opera Juridica were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Ferrety, Giovanni Batista, a Benedic- 
 tine monk of Vicenza, who published at Ve- 
 rona, in 167s, " MussB Lapidarise," in folio, 
 which contain inscriptions from ancient mon- 
 uments. The time of his death is unknown. 
 Ferri, Paul, a learned divine, born at 
 Metz 1591, and educated iit Montauban. He 
 became a minister in his native town, and 
 gained popularity by his eloquence, and his 
 dignified address as a preacher. He zealously 
 employed himself to reconcile the protestants, 
 and for these benevolent motives he was ac- 
 cused by his enemies of being bribed by Rich- 
 elieu to form a coalition of the two rehgions. 
 He died 1669, of the stone, and more than 
 80 calculi were found in his bladder. He pub- 
 lished, 1616, Scholastic! Orthodoxici Speci- 
 men, a book approved by Du Plessis Mornay 
 •— Vindicise proScholastico Orthodox 1G19.— • 
 and General Catechisme de la Reformation, 
 1654. 
 
 Ferri, Giro, a painter, born at Home 1634. 
 He was the disciple and happy imitator of 
 Peter de Cortona, and the excellence of ins 
 pieces, on which he set a very high price, 
 recommended him to the patronage of pope 
 Alexander VH, and of his three successors. 
 The duke of Florence also granted him a 
 pension to finish the imperfect pictures of 
 Cortona, and honorably nominated him chief 
 of the Florentine school. Ferri was equally 
 great as an architect, and several palaces and 
 altars at Romewei-e raised from his designs. 
 It is said that he died through chagrin at see- 
 ing the superior coloring of Baeici's picture 
 of angels near his own works in the palace of 
 Navona, 1689, at the age of 55. 
 
 Ferrier, Arnaud de, a lawyer, born at 
 Toulous 1506, and, from the greatness of his 
 abilities, called the Cato of France. He was 
 professor of the university, and afterwards 
 counsellor of the parliament of Toulouse, and 
 he was, in 1562, deputed by the French king 
 to the council of Trent, where the boldness 
 of his harangues in favor of his master offen- 
 ded some of his Italian hearers. He after- 
 wards went to Venice, where he assisted 
 father Paul in the collection of materials for 
 the History of the council of Trent. He was 
 at heart a protestant, and professed it at the 
 solicitation of Du Plessis Mornay. He was 
 made chancellor to the king of Navarre, and 
 he formed the design to declare the French 
 king head of the Church, after the example 
 of England. He died in his 79th year. He 
 wrote some works. 
 
 Feurier, Jeremy, a divinity professor at 
 Nismes, who, from protestant, became pap- 
 ist, even after declai'ing in a public disputa- 
 tion that Clement VHI. was Anti-christ. He 
 was afterwards made state counsellor to the 
 Fr«ncb king, and he attended him in Britany 
 in 1626. He was patronised by Richelieu, 
 and wrote some tracts, especially ** Catho- 
 lique d'Etat," in favor of his religion and 
 principles. He died of a hectic fever 1626. 
 lie had a large family, but only one daughter*, 
 who married Tardieu, and of whom some 
 
 anecilotes are recorded in Boileau's tenth 
 satire. 
 
 Ferrier, Lewis, a poet, born at Avig- 
 non. He was imprisoned for some licentious 
 verses in his " Preceptes Galantes," but lib- 
 erated by interest. He wrote Anne of Brit- 
 any, Adrastus, and Montezuma, tragedies, 
 which, in a feeble style, have some pathetic 
 passages. He died in Xormandy 1721, aged 
 69. 
 
 Ferrier, John, a Jesuit of Rodez, in 
 Rouergne, confessor to the French king after 
 Annat, in 1670. He opposed the Jansenists, 
 and wi'Ote his famous book, on probability, 
 against them. He died 1674. 
 
 Ferrieres, Claude de, a doctor of civil 
 law at Paris, who wrote several valuable 
 books on jurisprudence. His compositions 
 enriched the booksellers, but left him and his 
 family very poor. He died 1715, aged 77. 
 His works are, tiie Jurisprudence of the Jus- 
 tinian Code — of the Digest — of the No- 
 vellte, &c. His son Claude Joseph wrote a 
 Dictionary of Law, 2 vols. 4to 1771. 
 
 Ferron, Arnauld du, a lawyer of Bonr- 
 deaux, who died 1563, aged 48. He wrote 
 in elegant Latin in the style of Terence, and 
 continued to the reign of Francis 1. the Latin 
 History of France by Paulus -Silmilius the 
 Veronese. It was published at Pai'is 1555, 
 and very highly esteemed for curious and in- 
 teresting details. 
 
 Ferte, Heni'y de Senecteire Mareschal 
 de, a famous general under Lewis XHI. and 
 his successor, distinguished at the siege of 
 Rochelle 1626, and at the battles of Rocroi 
 and Lens. In 1650, he defeated the duke of 
 Lorraine, at the battle of St. Nicholas, and 
 was made marshal of France, but in 1656. he 
 was taken prisoner, at Valenciennes, by the 
 Spaniards. He died 1681, aged 82, respect- 
 ed as a warrioi*, but inferior to Turenne, 
 whose fame he envied. 
 
 Ferus, John, a superior of the Gray 
 Friars, at Metz, known as a preacher, and as 
 an able commentator on the bible. His 
 works, which favor the protestants, are inser- 
 ted in the Index Expurgatorius. He died 
 1654. 
 
 Fes T us, Porcius, was the proconsul of 
 Judea, before whom the apostle Paul ap- 
 peared, and by whom he was on his appeal 
 sent to Rome. 
 
 Festus, Pompeius, an ancient gramma- 
 rian, author of aTractde Significatione V^er- 
 borum, abridged from Flaccus. 
 
 Fe T T I, Dominico, a painter born at Rome, 
 1589, and educated under Ludovico Civoli, 
 of Florence. He studied and imitated the 
 paintings of Julio Romano, and was patron- 
 ised by the duke of Mantua, whose palaces 
 he adorned with his highly finished pieces. 
 He ruined his constitution by licentious in- 
 dulgences at Venice, and died in hi« 35th 
 year. His pictures are very scarce, and 
 much sought after. His sister, a nun, was 
 also a good painter, and she adorned hei' 
 convent, at Mantua, with some of her pieces. 
 Fevardentius, or Fewardent, 
 Francis, a Franciscan friar of Contances, 
 Normandy, born 1541, He was a furious 
 
FE 
 
 ^4^ 
 
 FE 
 
 and bigoted opposcr of the protestantB, a- 
 gainst whom he preached with great viru- 
 lence. Even the third and foui'th Henries 
 ■were objects of his attack, and against them he 
 directed all his thunder from the pulpit. He 
 published the five books of Irenseus, coi'rect- 
 ed nnd iUustrated with learned notes, and 
 edited the last time at Paris, 1639. He wrote 
 also controversial tracts. He died 1641. 
 Feullee, Lewis, a French naturalist, 
 ^ horn in Provence 1660. His great abilities 
 ■were honorably employed by Lewis XIV. in 
 diftercnt parts of the worhl, to advance the 
 knowledge of natural history, and at his re- 
 turn he received a pension, and an observa- 
 tory was built for his residence at Marseilles, 
 ■where he died 1732. He wrote a journal of 
 observations physical, botanical, &c. on the 
 Coasts of South America, 3 vols. 4to.and pre- 
 sented the Frencli king with a large folio of 
 curious drawings, &c. executed in the South- 
 seas. 
 
 Feuc^uikres, Anthony de Pas marquis of, 
 a native of A rtois, distinguished as a general, 
 and made a marshal for his services in Ger- 
 many. He wrote Military Memoirs, 4 vols. 
 12mo. in which he spoke with unusual sever- 
 ity against the general officers of his age, and 
 died 1711, aged 63. 
 
 Feurborn, Justus, a German protestant 
 of Westphalia, author of several theological 
 works in Latin. He died rector of the uni- 
 versity of Giessen 1656, aged 69. 
 
 Fevre, Claude, a French painter, who 
 died in London 167.5, aged 42, His portraits, 
 flowers, historical pieces, &cc. were much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Fevre, Guy le, sieur de la Boderie, a 
 poet, born in Lower Normandy. He was 
 well skilled in oriental literature, and pub- 
 lished some works in Syriac and Chaldee, 
 and assisted in editing of Montanu'sPolyglott 
 bible. He died 1598, aged 57. 
 
 Fevre, Anthony le, brother to Guy, was 
 employed near the person of Henry IV. of 
 FVance, and sent as ambassador to England, 
 and to other countries. He died 16ir>, aged 
 60. His memoirs appeared at Paris 5 vols. 
 l2mo. 
 
 Pevre, Nicholas le, a French Jesuit, au- 
 thor of a treatise on true religion — and a 
 critical examination of Bayle's works. He 
 died 1755. 
 
 Fevre, James le, or Jacobus Faber, a 
 learned Frenchman, born at Estanipes, in 
 I'icardy 1440. He was suspected of protest- 
 antism, and therefore exposed to persecution, 
 and after taking refuge at Meaux, Blois, and 
 Guienne, he at last found a safe retreat at 
 Nerac, under the protection of Margaret, 
 queen of Navarre, sister of Francis I. He 
 died there 1537, nearly 100 years old. 
 Though not professedly a protestant, he yet 
 disapproved of many of the tenets of the 
 church of Home, and he held a conference 
 with Bucer and Captio, at Strasburg, about 
 the reformation of the church. In 1512, he 
 published a translation of St. Paul's epistles, 
 with notes, and gave the rest of the New 
 Testament in 1522, -with copious commenta- 
 
 ries. Though the intimate friend, and cor- 
 respondent of Erasmus, he quarrelled ■with 
 him in consequence of some disputed passa- 
 ges in scrii)tiire, and Erasmus, much to "bis 
 honor, after repelling the attack, solicited 
 the continuance of his friendship. It is said 
 that he was mur<'ered in his bed, after weep- 
 ing in the presence of queen Margaret, and 
 lamenting that he had not, like many of his 
 disciples, liad the fortitude to become a mar- 
 tyr in the defence of his opinions. 
 
 Fevre, Nicholas le, or Nicholaus Faber, 
 an ingenious and learned man, born at Paris, 
 2d June 1544. In his youth, he had a dread- 
 ful accident, while cutting a pen, a small 
 piece of the quill flew into his eye, and caus- 
 ed such acute pain, that he lifted, in sudden 
 anguish, the knife to his eye, and struck it 
 out of the socket. He studied the civil law 
 at Toulouse, Padua, and Bologna, and after 
 residing 18"months in liome, he returned to 
 Paris, and applied himself to beJies lettres. 
 His edition of Seneca, appeared in 1587, with 
 learned notes. He also devoted some time 
 to mathematics, and with such success tl»at 
 he discovered the falsity of Scaliger's demon- 
 stration of the quadrature of the circle. On 
 the accession of Henry IV. to the crown, he 
 was made preceptor to the duke ofConde, 
 and after the king's death, he held the same 
 office in the education of Lewis XIII. He 
 died 1611. His works, which are few, were 
 collected after his death by his friend le 
 Begue, in a 4to. vol. 1614 Paris. He Avasnot 
 indeed anxious to appear as an author, but 
 he was more willing to communicate instruc- 
 tion and intelligence to those who enriched 
 the world with literary productions, and 
 therefore for his liberality, and for his modes- 
 ty, and the amiable qualities of a private 
 character, he is deservedly commended by 
 Baillet, Lipsius, and others. 
 
 Fevre, Tanaquil, or Tannequi, a learn- 
 ed man, father of Madame Dacier, was born 
 at Caen in Normandy 1615. After studying 
 with the greatest success at home, an<l un- 
 der the care of his uncle, he went to Paris, 
 and was soon recommended to the patron- 
 age of Richelieu, who settled a pension of 
 2000 livres upon him, to inspect the books 
 published at the Louvre. The death of his 
 patron, and the neglect of the next minister 
 Mazarine, altered his plans of life, and he 
 turned protestant, and accepted a profes- 
 sorship in the university of Saumur. Here 
 his learning and his reputation drew pupils 
 from all quarters, but an unfortunate asser- 
 tion that he could pardon Sappho's love for 
 her own sex, since it produced a beautiful 
 ode, proved the cause of a dispute with the 
 university, and at last in 1672, he v/as invi- 
 ted to remove to Heidelberg. A fever how- 
 ever prevented his departure, and he died 
 12th Sept, 1672. He left a son of his own 
 name, who was a protestant divine in Hol- 
 land, and at London, but became a Roman 
 catholic at Paris, and published a Tract de 
 Futilitate Poelices 1697, and besides Madame 
 Dacier, another daughter married to Paul 
 Bauldri, professor at Utrecht. .Faber was 
 
FE 
 
 ^^ 
 
 FI 
 
 agreeable in his person, but rather effemi- 
 iiate, as to appear with neatness, he procur- 
 ed gloves, kc. from London, and essences 
 IVom Rome. He published among other 
 books, Luciani de Morte Peregrini Libellus, 
 4to. 1653. Diatribe Flavii Joscphi de Jesu 
 Christi Testimonium suppositum esse 1G55, 
 8vo. — Epistolarum Pars Prima, 1G59, Sec- 
 unda, 1665, — a short account of the Lives 
 of Greek poets — the life of Theseus, from 
 Plutarch — Methode ponr Commencer les 
 
 FiASELLA, Uominico, an Italian histori- 
 cal painter, Kvho died 1669, aged 80. He 
 was also called Sarazena from the place of 
 his birth aear Genoa. 
 
 FicHARD, John, a lawyer and syndic, of 
 Frankfort on the Mayne, where he died 
 1581, aged 69. The best known of his works 
 are, Virorum Qui Superiori Nostroque Sae- 
 colo Eruditione et Doctrina Illustres atque 
 Memorabiles F'uerunt, Vitae, 1536, 4to. — 
 Vita; Juris-consultorura, 1565 — Onomasticon 
 
 Humanit6s Grecques & Latines — editions of I Pbilosophico-Medico Synonymum, 1574 — 
 
 Xenophon'sConvivium, of Plato's Alcibiadcs 
 of Plutarch's de Supcrstitione, besides notes 
 on Apollodorus, Longinus, and other clas- 
 sics. 
 
 Fevre, Roland le, a painter, born at 
 Anjou, though called sometimes a Venetian. 
 His naked iigures were much admired. He 
 stained marble curiously. He died in Eng- 
 land, 1677. 
 
 Fevret, Charles, a French civilian, born 
 at Saumur 1583. He studied the law at 
 Heidelberg under Godefroy, and in 1 007 he 
 returned to Dijon, where he married Anne 
 Brunet of Beaulne, by whom he had 19 
 cbildren, 14 of which were born in eight 
 years. He was a popular advocate at Dijon, 
 and became counsellor of the three estates 
 of the province. When Lewis XHI. came 
 to Dijon to punish an insurrection, Fevret 
 was tlie only person considered as capable to 
 plead the cause of the insurgents, and to 
 petition the monarch, and so eloquent and 
 persuasive M-as his address that the king de- 
 sired him to print it, and forgave the rebels. 
 His abilities rendered him universally knovvn, 
 the princes of Cond6 appointed him their 
 counsellor, and he held the same honorable 
 office also with Frederic Casimir the pala- 
 tine of the Rhine. He died at Dijon 1661, 
 aged 78. He published 1645 a Latin trea- 
 tise de Claris Fori Burgundici Oratoribus — 
 and iu 1653 his famous " Traite de I'Abus," 
 which has been frequently reprinted. He 
 also translated Pibrac's Quatrains into Latin 
 verse, &c. 
 
 Feu ST KING, John Henry, a native of 
 Holstein, who became professor and doctor 
 of divinity in tbe university of Wittemberg. 
 He was also confessor to the elector of Sax- 
 ony, and counsellor to the duke of Saxe Go- 
 tha, and died 1713, aged 41. He wrote va- 
 rious works in German and in Latin. 
 
 Fevret deFontette, Charles Ma- 
 rie, great grandson of the preceding, was 
 born at Dijon 1710, and became eminent as 
 a lawyer, and obtained a pension from gov- 
 ernment. He was member of the academy 
 of belles lettres, and was laboriously employ- 
 ed in editing " le Long's Bibliothcque Histo- 
 riquede la France," which heenlarged from 
 one to five large fob vols. He died 1772. 
 
 Feydeau, -Matthew, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonn«, born at Paris 1 616. He was a zea- 
 lous Jansenist, and died in exile at Annonai 
 in Vivares 1694. He wrote " Meditations 
 ■on Providence, and the Mercy of God," un- 
 der the name of Pressigny, and the " Cate- 
 chism of Grace," &c. 
 
 de Cautilis, 1577 — Concilium Matrimouiale, 
 1580. 
 
 FiciNus, Marsilius, a learned Italian, 
 born at Florence 1433, and educated at the 
 expense of Lorenzo de Medicis, to whom 
 his father was physician. He distinguished 
 himself as an able scholar, a great philoso- 
 pher, physician, and divine, and under the 
 patroiiage of his friends Lorenzo and Cosmo 
 de Medicis, he restored in the West the 
 study of the platonic philosophy, and tran- 
 slated not only his favorite author Plato, but 
 also Plotinus, Proclus, lamblicus. Porphyri- 
 ns, See. Though originally a sceptic, the el- 
 oquent preaching of Savanorola brought him 
 to a due sense of religion and of religious du- 
 ties, but like many of the learned of his time 
 he still remained devoted to astrology. By 
 care and a pi'oper regimen he supported his 
 naturally feeble constitution to the age of 66. 
 He died at Correggio 1499, and soon after, 
 as Baronius gravely affirms, appeared ac- 
 cording to his promise to his friend Michael 
 Mercatus, to prove thus the immortality of 
 the soul. His writings sacred and profane 
 are very numerous, they were collected and 
 printed at Venice 1516, and at Paris 1641, 
 in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 FicoRONi, Francesco, a Roman medal- 
 ist, who died 1747, aged 83. He wrote se- 
 veral works, in Italian, on medals and anti- 
 quities, published at Rome. 
 
 Fidanza, Johannes, a philosopher, poet, 
 and theologist of Tuscany, called also St. 
 Bona venture,and from his learning styled the 
 seraphic doctor. He died 1274, aged' 53, au- 
 thor of some books now little known. 
 
 I'iddes, Richard, an EngUsh divine, born 
 at Hunmanby near Scarborough, Yorkshire 
 1671. He entered at Corpus Christi college, 
 and afterwai'ds removed to University col- 
 lege, Oxford, and after taking his bachelor's 
 degfree he returned to Yorkshire, where ia 
 1693 he married. In 1694 he was presented 
 to the living of Halshara, but the marshy sit- 
 uation of the place proved so injurious to him 
 that he was suddenly deprived of his speech, 
 and never after completely recovered it. 
 Thus disabled from performing his duty, he 
 came to London 1712, and no longer able to 
 shine as before as an eloquent preacher, he 
 determined to maintain himself by his pen. 
 By the friendship of Swift he was recommen- 
 ded to lord Oxford who made him his chap- 
 lain, but the hopes of preferment and inde^ 
 pendence vanished at the death of the queen 
 and tbe changes of the ministry. By the re- 
 commendatiou of Dr. Radclifie his relatiop. 
 
FI 
 
 5V.^ 
 
 FI 
 
 he took his degree of B. D. and afterwards 
 was honored with that of D. D. by tlie univer- 
 sity. He died at Putney 1725, aged 54, lea- 
 ving in destitute circumstances his wife and 
 six children. Of his writings the mostknoAvn 
 are, " a Body of Divinity Explaining the 
 Principles and the Duties of Natural and Ue- 
 ■vealcd Religion, iiAols. fol. — 52 Discourses — 
 and the Life of Cardinal Wolsey, in fol. 
 These works appeared under the patronage 
 of a large subscription, hut their popularity 
 was severely attacked. Stackhouse found 
 great fault with the body of divinity, and for 
 the life of Wolsey the author Avas acrimoni- 
 ously censured in the London journal, as be- 
 ing a friend to popery, and the secret en- 
 emy of the reformation. Dr. Knight after- 
 wards in his life of Erasmus repeats the ac- 
 cusation, and charges Eiddes with favoring 
 the claims of the pretender, as he wrote his 
 hook in the house and under the eye of At- 
 terbur}^, whose opposition to the Hanoveri- 
 an family was then veiy unpopular. These 
 charges may now be considered as puerile, 
 Fiddes wrote for his bread, but he certainly 
 wrote for a party, and while he wished to 
 please one part of the nation, he was sure 
 that his compositions would be viewed with 
 a jaundiced eye by the other. 
 
 Field, llichard, an English divine, horn 
 at Hempstead, Herts 1561, and educated at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford. He afterwards 
 removed to Magdalen hall, and soon distin- 
 guished himself as a preacher and a power- 
 ful disputant, so that in 1594 he became i*ea- 
 der to Lincoln's Inn society, fi'om one of 
 whose members he obtained the living of 
 Burrowclere, Hants. In 1598 he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and 
 under James her sucoessoi', he was made 
 successively canon of Wmdsor, and dean of 
 Gloucester. The bishopric of Oxford was 
 intended for him, but he died before the ap- 
 pointment was conferred in form, 21st Nov. 
 1616, aged 55. He was a man highly re- 
 spected for his learning, and anxiously devo- 
 ted to the healing of dissensionsin thechurch, 
 so that at one time James wished to employ 
 his great abilities to produce a reconciliation 
 between the Lutherans and Calvinists of Ger- 
 many. The first time the king heard him 
 preach he quaintly observed, " this is a Field 
 for God to Dwell in," and almost in similar 
 woi'ds he was styled by Fuller, " that learn- 
 ed divine, whose memory smelleth like a 
 Field which the Lord hath hlessed." The 
 most famous of his works is his, "Four 
 Books of the Church," augmented with a 
 fifth in the second edition, which appeared 
 1610. His memory was retentive to a sur- 
 prising degree, so that whatever he read he 
 accurately remembered. He was not, how- 
 ever, only a learned man, but he was most 
 universally benevolent, exemplary in his 
 famil)', religious in his behaviom*, and in 
 every thing a good christian. 
 
 Fielding, Henry, the celebrated novel- 
 ist, was born at Sharpham park, Somerset- 
 shire, 22d April, 1707. His father was a 
 lieutenant-general in the army, and grand- 
 
 son to an earl of Denbigh, and hia mother 
 was daughter of the first judge Gould. Young 
 Fielding was educated at home, under the 
 care of Mr. Oliver, a clergyman, whom he 
 afterwards turned to ridicule in the humor- 
 ous but coarse character of parson Trulliber 
 in Joseph Andrews. He then went to Eton, 
 where he formed an early intimacy with 
 the future leading men of the age ; with Lyt- 
 tell.on, Fox, Pitt, Hanbury, WiUiams, and 
 others, and then, when 18, he passed to Ley- 
 den, where he devoted hirase'.t' to the study 
 of civil law for two years. Being ill suppli- 
 ed with money by his father, who had taken 
 a second wife and had another rising family 
 to provide for, he returned to London, and 
 in that scene of dissipation, regardless of the 
 calls of temperance and of virtue he grati- 
 fied every passion, and laid tlie seeds of fu- 
 ture evils avid of lasting infirmities. With a 
 straitened purse he soon found that some- 
 thing must he done for bread. He therefore 
 commenced author, and produced his first 
 dramatic piece, " Love in several Masques," 
 1727, which together wiili " the Temple 
 Beau" the next year, drew furth the applau- 
 ses of crowded audiences. He was not, 
 however, always successful^ and he ventured 
 to publish one of his pieees, bearing in the 
 title " as it was damned at tlie thsatre-roy- 
 al,Drury-lane " but the severity of criticism, 
 and the frowns of disapprobation were un- 
 heeded in the friendship and patronage of 
 the great and powerful, especially of the 
 duke of Argyle, and lord Lyttleton. About 
 the year 1734 he married Miss Craddock at 
 Salisbury, a woman of great beauty, and a 
 fortune of about 1500/. but this, together 
 with the estate of Slower, Dorsetshire, which- 
 fell to him by his father's death, and which 
 might with economy have rendered him 
 comfortable and independent, was quickly- 
 squandered away in expensive hospitality, 
 and an improper show of equipage and 
 magnificence, and at 30 Fielding found him- 
 self poor, and destitute of every resource. 
 He now applied to the law, and in due time*- 
 was called from the Temple to the bar, and 
 began to make ares])ectable figure in West- 
 minster hall ; but the frequent attacks of 
 the gout, and all the diseases ingrafted on 
 a licentious youth, prevented the success 
 which his abilities fairly promised. To 
 maintain himself and a wife and children 
 whom he tendei'ly loved, he again had re- 
 course to his pen, and various pamphlets 
 and tracts were ushered into the world an- 
 onymously. In the full vigor of genius he 
 Sroduced his Joseph Andrews, and Tom 
 ones, novels so universally admired, as to 
 he above the praise of his biographer. His 
 " Wedding Day," however, did not meet oft 
 the stage the success which he expected, and 
 while he meditated on the gloomy aspect of 
 his aflTairs, the death of his wife came to em- 
 bitter the cup of his affliction, and it pro- 
 ved so poignant, that his friends dreaded 
 the loss of his senses. By time he I'e- 
 covered the severity of the blow, and he 
 began again to struggle against fortune. 
 
FI 
 
 .^/<^ 
 
 FI 
 
 He undertook to contribute to two periodi- 
 cal papers, but reduced as his income was, 
 be found great assistance in the appointment 
 of justice of the peace for the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, wliich was procured bj the influence 
 of his friends, and which, though unpopular 
 and odious, was discharged by Ijim with im- 
 partiality and attention. In the busy avoca- 
 tion of this office he planned and executed 
 his Amelia, a work very respectable, but 
 certainly inferior to Tom Jones. His con- 
 stitution was now so enfeebled that his 
 friends advised his removing to the softer 
 climate of Lisbon, and two months after he 
 arrived there he died, 1754, aged 48. Yet 
 though weak, and laboring under the attacks 
 of disease he employed his pen in the hu- 
 morous journal of his voyage to Lisbon, 
 published in London 1755. Besides the 
 works already mentioned, he wrote an Es- 
 say on Conversation, — on the Knowledge 
 and Characters of Men, — a Journey from 
 this Woi'ld to the next, — the History of Jo- 
 nathan the Wild, &c. His dramatic pieces 
 are twenty-six in number, and the whole of 
 his works has been published in several 
 sizes, with an Essay on his Life and Genius, 
 by Arthur Murphy. He left a second wife 
 with four children. His biographer, who 
 views his character with the partiality of a 
 friend, and the candor of an historian, attri- 
 butes much in the history of Fielding's life 
 to slander and defamation ; but he wisely 
 observes that quick and Avarm passions should 
 be early conti-olied, and that to their licen- 
 tious indulgence the author of Tom Jones 
 sacrificed his health, his happiness, and the 
 prospect of a lenelhened life. When poor 
 he was no longer^he master of his actions, 
 and he had often recourse for subsistence 
 to those measures which his honor disowned, 
 and his pride regarded with shame. So 
 fatal to all happiness and to peace is the wild 
 indulgence of those passions which provi- 
 dence has given to man for his comfort if 
 decently enjoyed, and for his misery if ri- 
 otously abused. Some years after Fielding's 
 death, the French consul at Lisbon, de 
 Meyrionnet, offered to erect a monument 
 over his grave, but the English factory rou- 
 ged by the generous views of a stranger, dis- 
 charged a debt due to departed literary merit. 
 
 Fielding, Sarahjthirdsister of the pre- 
 ceding, was born 1714, and died unmarried 
 1768. She possessed th« abilities and genius 
 of her brother, which she evinced in the 
 Cry, and in David Simple, and in the letters 
 published as from the principal characters of 
 the work. She also translated Xenophon's 
 Memorabilia. 
 
 Fielding, sir John, the fourth half 
 brother to Henry Fielding, was his succes- 
 sor in the office of Westminster magistrate. 
 Though blind from his youth, he discharged 
 his duty with great activity and impartiality, 
 and for his services to the public received 
 the honor of knighthood 1761. He published 
 various tracts on subjects of police, charges 
 to the grand jury, essays on important sub- 
 jects, but it is supposed that most of these 
 
 appeared under his borrowed name, and that 
 he wrote nothing but Cautions against the 
 Tricks of Sharpers, 1777. He died at 
 Brompton, Sept 1780. 
 
 FiENNES, William, lord Say and Sele, 
 born at Broughton, Oxfordshire, 1582, was 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow as related 
 to the founder. He was raised from the dig- 
 nity of baron to that of viscount, by James f . 
 but in the reign of his successor he showed 
 himself violent, inconstant, and vindictive. 
 In the long parliament of 1640, he was very- 
 active with Hampden and Pym, and though 
 made master of the court of wards, he slight- 
 ed all reconclHation with the king, so that he 
 was attainted of treason for not attending the 
 king's person at Oxford, After the king's 
 death he left the presbj-terians whom he had 
 hitherto supported, and joined himself to 
 the independents, and during the usurpation 
 he was created one of Cromwell's peers. At 
 the restoration he was greatly noticed by 
 Charles II. made lord privy seal, and lord 
 chamberlam, though, as Wood observes, he 
 had been a grand rebel for 20 years, and 
 while others who had been reduced to a bit 
 of bread for his majesty's cause, were left to 
 pine and languish under insult and disap- 
 pointment, and though a promoter of the re- 
 bellion, and in some respect accessary to the 
 murder of Charles, he died quietly in his 
 bed 14th April, 1662, and was buried with 
 his ancestors at Broughton. He is called by 
 Whitlock a man of great parts, wisdom, and 
 integrity, and Clarendon, allowing him the 
 same merit, describes him as ambitious, the 
 enemy of the church, and a violent and dan- 
 gerous leader of the discontented party. He 
 wrote some political tracts, besides an attack 
 against the quakei*s, who it seems wei-e nu- 
 merous and troublesome in his neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 FiENXES, Nathanael, second son of the 
 above, was born at Broughton, 1608, and like- 
 bis father educated at Winchester and Ne\5r 
 college, Oxford, of which he became a fel- 
 low. He travelled on the continent, and at 
 Geneva, and in Switzerland confirmed that 
 aversion which he derived from his father 
 against the church. At his return he was 
 made member for Banbury, and displayed 
 the same violence against the royal party as 
 his father. During the civil wars he was co- 
 lonel of horse, under Essex, and governor of 
 Bristol, which he too easily yielded to the 
 assault of prince Rupert, for which he was 
 condemned to lose his head. His father's 
 influence, however, saved him, and he left 
 the army disgraced, but still virulently ani- 
 mated against the king. He joined the inde- 
 pendents like his father, and when Crom- 
 well became protector, he was made one of 
 his privy council, and sent among his lords. 
 At the restoration he retired into the 
 country, and died at his seat of Newton 
 Tony near Salisbury, 1669. He wrote some 
 things in support of Cromwell's usurpation, 
 and in another tract defended his conduct at 
 Bristol. Clarendon represents lura as an 
 
FI 
 
 ;ible man, and in council iufcrior only to llie 
 jji-eat Hampden. 
 
 Fie N us, Thomas, a physician, born at 
 Antwerp 1566. He travelled over Itaij, and 
 at his return was made professor of physic 
 at Louvain, and physician to the duke of Ba- 
 varia. He died at Louvain 1631. He wrote 
 *' de Viribus Iraaginationis," in M'hich he re- 
 lates a curious story of a hypocondriac who 
 thought himself so large that he could not 
 get out of his room — de Formatione & Ani- 
 matione Foetus — ^jjologia pro eodem — de 
 Cauteriis — Libri Chirurgici. 
 
 FiESCHO, John Lewis, a noble Genoese, 
 who conspired against Andrew Doria, with 
 the intention of delivering the gallies to the 
 French, and of making himself sovereign in 
 the room of his rival. He was drowned in 
 the attempt 1st Jan. 1547, and the plot aban- 
 doned by his associates, and his family ba- 
 nished from Genoa to the fifth generation. 
 He was then only 22 years oUl. 
 
 FiGiNO, Ambrozio, a painter born at 
 Milan, the disciple of Lomazio. His descent 
 from the cross is seen at Wilton, and much 
 admired. He died 1590. 
 
 Fi GRE LI us, Edmundus, a learned Swede, 
 professor of history at Upsal, He wrote a 
 bookdeStatuisIllustriumliomanorum,l656, 
 and died 1676. 
 
 FiLANGERi, Gaetano, a native of Naples, 
 who studied, but never practised the law. 
 He was in 1777 employed about the court as 
 gentleman of the bed-chamber, and as an 
 officer of marine, and in 1787 was raised to 
 an office in the college of Finance. He 
 wrote a popular work on legislation, the 
 first vol. of which appeai-ed in 1780, and the 
 8th in 1791. He died 1787, aged 35. 
 
 FiLELFO, Francis, orPniLEPHus. Vid. 
 Philelphus. 
 
 Files AC, John, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 and dean of the faculty of theology at Paris, 
 died 1638. His works appeared 1621, 3 vols. 
 4to. 
 
 FiLiCAjA, Vincentio di, an elegant i)oet 
 of Florence, who died 1707, aged 65. He was 
 senator in his native city, and Jiis wants 
 were honorably and liberally relieved by 
 Christina, queen of Sweden. His poems, 
 which are in a delicate and refined style, 
 were collected by his son in folio, and re- 
 printed at Venice, 3 vols. 12mo. 1747. 
 
 FiLMER, sir Robert, an English writer, 
 born at East Sutton in Kent, and educated at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. He died 1688. 
 He wrote the Anarcliy of a limited and mix- 
 ed Monarchy — " Patriarchia," in which he 
 proves the original government to be monar- 
 chical, derived from the patriarch, and heads 
 of families — and *' the Freeholders Grand 
 Inquest." His Patriarcha was attacked by 
 Locke. 
 
 Fi N^us, Orontius, Fine, professor of ma- 
 thematics in the college founded by Francis 
 I. at Paris, was born at Briancon, Dauphin^, 
 1494. By his genius and application he re- 
 commended himself to the notice of the 
 great, but though as a mathematician, and as 
 a man of letters he was highlv respectable, 
 VOL. I. 67 
 
 // 
 
 EI 
 
 yet h^^ was pinched by poverty, and at his 
 death In 1555, he left his wife and six chil- 
 dren in very reduced and distressed circum - ^ 
 stances. He invented a clock in 1553, and 
 pretended that he had found out the quadra- 
 ture of the circle. His works were collected 
 in 3 vols, folio, 1532, 1542, and 1556. 
 
 Finch, Heneage, earl of Nottingham, 
 son of sir Heneage Finch, recorder of Lon- 
 don, was born in 1621. He was educated at 
 Westminster school, and Christ church, Ox- 
 ford, and at the Inner Temple he assiduously 
 applied himself to the study of law. He was 
 made solicitor-general to Charles H. and 
 created a baronet, and in 1661 he was elected 
 member for the imiversity of Oxford. He 
 was very active in the impeachment of lord 
 Clarendon, in 1667, and in 1670 he was made 
 attorney-general, and three years after loixl 
 keeper, and raised to the peerage. In 1675 
 he was appointed lord chancellor, and la 
 1681, he was created earl of Nottingham, 
 and died the year after. He was a man of 
 great wisdom and eloquence, and though 
 born in dangerous and troublesome times, 
 he so conducted himself that he retained ia 
 every situation the good opinion of the king 
 and of the people. Burnet has com,mended 
 him for his attachment to the church. Dry- 
 den has recorded him in his Absolom and 
 Achitophel, in the character of Amri, and 
 for his powers in oratory, he acquired and de- 
 served the name of the Koscius and Cicero of 
 England. Some of his speeches in parliament, 
 and on judicial causes, have been published. 
 
 FixcH, Daniel, earl of Nottingham, sou 
 of the preceding, was born in 1647. Though 
 he was one of the privy counsellors who pro- 
 claimed the elevation of the duke of York to 
 the throne, he never appeared at court dur- 
 ing the reign of James, but upon his abdica- 
 tion he wished the appointment of a regent, 
 and not the setting up of another king. He 
 was secretary under William, and held the 
 same office under Anne, till 1704, At the 
 accession of George L he was one of the lords 
 for tiie administration of affiiirs, and was de- 
 claimed president of the council. He retired 
 from public affairs 1716, and died 1730. He 
 wrote a very elaborate book in reply to Whis- 
 ton's letter to him on the trinity, for which 
 he was thanked by the university of Oxford. 
 
 Finch, Edward, brother of sir Heneage 
 Finch, first earl of Nottingham, was vicar of 
 Christ church, London, from which he was 
 ejected by the parliamentary inquisitors. 
 The crimes alleged against him were, that 
 he preached in a surplice, worshipped the 
 great idol set up in the church, i. e. the altar, 
 and associated with women. He died Feb. 
 1, 1642, much respected. 
 
 FiNCK, Thomas, a native of South Jut- 
 land, who took his medical degrees at Basil, 
 and became physician to the duke of Sles- 
 wick. He was made in 1691 professor of ma- 
 thematics at Copenhagen, and in 1602 pro- 
 fessor of eloquence, and 1603, of medicine. 
 He wrote tracts, Geometrice liotundi — de 
 Constitutione Matheseos— de Medicina, &c. 
 He died 1656, aged 95. 
 
FI 
 
 A/^y 
 
 FI 
 
 Fi N E T, sir John, a gentleman of respecta- 
 bility among the courtiers of Jaroes I. and 
 Charles I. He was born at Soulton near 
 Dover, in Kent, and died 1641, aged 70. He 
 wrote " Fineti Philoxenus," a book on th^ 
 precedency, treatment, audience, and punc- 
 tilios observed towards foreign ambassadors 
 at the Englisb court, 1056. 
 
 FiRENZuoLA, Angelo, an Italian poet, 
 horn at Florence, and patronised by pope 
 Clement VH. He was for some time an ad- 
 vocate, and then became an ecclesiastic, and 
 died at Home 1545. His prose M'oi'ks were 
 publishdtl at Florence 1548, Syo. and his co- 
 , medies and otber poetical pieces the year 
 after, and in 17G3, in 3 vols. 
 
 FiRMicius Mateun us, Julius, aChris- 
 tian writer of the fourth century, of whom 
 little is known. His book '* de Errore Pro- 
 fanarum Religionum," has been often printed, 
 and is a valuable performance. The eight 
 books of astronomy or mathematics, printed 
 at Venice 1497, which bear his name, are 
 supposed not to be by him, or at least to 
 have been written by hinj befoi'e he was con- 
 verted from heathenism to Christianity. 
 
 FiRMiLiA>f, bishop of Csesarea in Cap- 
 padocia, was the friend of Origen, and presi- 
 dent of the council of Antioch against Paul 
 • of Samosata. He died 269. 
 
 FiRMiK, Thomas, a most benevolent En- 
 glishman, born at Ipswich, June, 1032. He 
 ivas apprenticed by his parents who were pu- 
 ritans, to a Ihien manufacturer in London, 
 and in 1660 married a citizen's daughter, 
 who died after bringing him two children. 
 He married again in 1064, and had several 
 cliildren. He was very prosperous in his 
 business, and he honorably employed the 
 fruits of his industry and success to the most 
 charitable purposes. He was in his religious 
 opinions a Socinian, but he nevertheless w^as 
 lield m esteem by the clergy, by Wilkins, 
 Whiclicot, and especially Tillotsoti, who fre- 
 quented his company even when archbishop. 
 He was feettled in Lombard street, and the 
 ravages of the plague in 1665, and the fire of 
 1666, gave full activity to his extensive be- 
 nevolence. In 1676 he erected a warehouse 
 in Little Britain for the industrious employ- 
 ment of the poor in the linen manufacture, 
 and in 1682 he established another manufac- 
 tory of the game kind at Ipswich for the bene- 
 fit of the protestants who had fled from 
 France on account of religious persecutions. 
 For the last 20 years of his life he was gover- 
 •nor of Christ hospital, London, to which he 
 was a great benefactor. There was indeed 
 scarce a charitable institution to which he did 
 not liberally contribute, with the most hu- 
 mane and benevolent of intentions. This 
 Avorthy and great character, died 20lh Dec. 
 1697, aged 66, and was buried in the clois- 
 ters of Christ hospital, wherein the wall near 
 his grave an inscription records his real me- 
 rits. He published in 1078 Proposals for the 
 •Employing of the Poor, and the Prevention 
 of Beggary, kc. 4to. 
 
 FiRMiN, (iiles, a native of Suffolk, edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, where he studied phy- 
 
 .sic, which he afterwards practised in New- 
 England. On his return to England he took 
 orders, and became minister of Shalford, 
 from which he was ejected for nonconformi- 
 ty 1662. He resumed the practice of phy- 
 sic, and died 1697, aged 80. The best known 
 of his works is " the Real Christian." 
 
 FiRONZABADi, sumamed Sharazi, a 
 learired Persian, author of al Tanbidh, or 
 general information on the Mahometan law 
 in the 11th century. Another of the same 
 name wrote the Ocean, or a dictionary of the 
 Arabic language, and died I4l4. 
 
 P'lSH, Simon, a native of Kent, educated 
 at Oxford, from whence he went to Gray's 
 Inn and studied the law. He fled into Ger- 
 mtiny in consequence of his acting in a play, 
 in which severe censui'es were thrown upon 
 Wolsey, and there he met William Tyndale 
 likewise an exile. He wrote in 1527, " the 
 Supplication of Beggars," which is a violent 
 satire on bishops and clergy, and the peru- 
 sal of this piece by Henry Vlll. and Anne 
 Boleyn, restored him to favor, and after 
 Wolsey's fall he returned, and Avas gracious- 
 ly treated by the king. He died of the plague 
 1571. He translated the Dutch book called 
 the Sum of the Scriptui-es. 
 
 Fisher, John, an English prelate, born at 
 Beverley, Yorkshire, 1459. He was educa- 
 ted at Michael house, a college afterwards 
 incorporated with Trinity college Cambridge, 
 and in 1495 when fellow, he served the of- 
 fice of proctor, and that same year he was 
 elected master of Michael house, and then 
 became confessor to Margaret, duchess of 
 llichmond, mother to Henry VII. who by 
 his advice founded St. John's and Christ col- 
 leges, at Cambridge, and am.ong other acts 
 of great benevolence, founded both the di- 
 vinit}' professorships in the universities. In 
 1501 he took the degree of D.D. and was 
 made vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and in 
 1 504 was nominated bishop of Rochester, 
 and the next year accepted the headship of 
 Queen's college, Cambridge. On Luther's 
 appearance he stood forth as the champion 
 of liome, but though long favored by the 
 king, he fell under his displeasure 1527, ou 
 account of his zealous defence of the queen, 
 in the alFair of her divorce. In 1530 he nar- 
 rowly escaped poisoning by one Rouse, who 
 threw in the cook's absence poison into the 
 gruel, of which luckily the bishop did not 
 taste, but which proved fatal to two of the 
 servants, and nearly so to 15 others who par- 
 took of it. Upon the question of the king's 
 supx-emacy in 1531, Fisher opposed it with 
 great freedom, and increaseil the dissatis- 
 faction of the court, by listening to the pre- 
 dictions of the holy maid of Kent, and more 
 at lust by refusing to take the oaths of alle- 
 giance to the king, and to his children, bj 
 Anne Boleyn. He was committed to the 
 Tower for this contumacy, and though soli- 
 cited by iiis friends he reiused to alter his 
 opinion, or assent to the lawfulness of the di- 
 vorce^ and the marriage of the king. He 
 Avas attainted of high treason, but he might 
 have languished in confiuemeiit the rest at 
 
PI 
 
 ^/7 
 
 FI 
 
 Ync, had not the gratitude of the pope 
 been unseasonably raanitested towards him. 
 Pleased with the firmness of the venerable 
 bishop, Paul III. in 1.535, created him a car- 
 dinal, an honor which displeased Henry so 
 much, that he gave orders that none should 
 bring the hat into his dominions. The mea- 
 sure wasunworthyof a king, but when Fish- 
 er, more ambitiously than wisely, had decla- 
 red to Cromwell, whom Henry had sent to 
 examine him, that he would receive from 
 the pope the cardinal's hat, the angry mon- 
 arch, swore by the mother of God, th,at he 
 should wear it on his shoulders then, for he 
 ■vv6uld leave him never a head to set it on. 
 He was therefore soon after arraigned, and 
 condemned to suffer death for high treason, 
 and on the 22d June, 1535, lie was beheaded, 
 and his head fixed on London-bridge, tbe 
 ne.\t day. He was then nearly 77. Of his 
 learning, his several works which are chieily 
 on Controversial subjects, &c. which appear- 
 ed togetlicr at Wurtzburg, in folio, 1595, 
 stre evident proof. As he was the literary 
 opponent of Erasmus, the opinion of that il- 
 lustrious author must be considered as im- 
 X)artial. He describes him as a man of great 
 and extensive powers of mind, and for in- 
 tegrity, sweetness of temper, and greatness 
 of soul, far superior to all the men of his 
 age. 
 
 FrsHER, Mary, an enthusiastic quaker, 
 in the 17th century, who tiavelled to Con- 
 stantinople, with the chimei'ical intention of 
 converting the grand Segnior. Mahomet 
 heai'd her with patience, and sent lier back 
 to her country in safety. She afterwards 
 married a preacher of her persuasion, and 
 then went into Languedoc, to attempt the 
 conversion of the protestants there to the 
 tenets of the quakers. 
 
 FiTiHERBERT, Sir Anthony, a learned 
 lawyer, born of an ancient family at Norbu- 
 I'y, Derbyshire. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and at one of the inns of court, London, 
 :md soon distinguished himself as a lawyer. 
 In 1511, he was made serjeant at law, in 
 1516, knighted, and in 1523, appointed jus- 
 lice in the court of common pleas. After a 
 life supported in his high station with inte- 
 grity and honor, he died 27th May 1538, and 
 >vas buried at Norbury, leaving a numerous 
 family, well provided for. lie wrote the of- 
 fice of Justice of the Peace, &c. — the office 
 of Sheriff's, &c. and other law tracts, besides 
 '* of the Surveying of Lands" — and the book 
 of husbandry, kc. 
 
 FiTXHERBERT, Tliomas, grandson to sir 
 Anthony, was born in Staffordshire 1552, 
 and educated at Oxford, either at Exeter, or 
 Lincoln college. As he was a zealous catho- 
 lic, he left tbe university without a degree, 
 and retired to privacy, but on account of his 
 bigoted principles, and his attachment to the 
 Jesuits Campian and Parsons, he exposed 
 liimself to difRculties, and fled as a voluntary 
 exile to France 1582. He afterwards went 
 to Madrid, and Milan, and at last entered 
 into the society of Jesus, at liome 1614. He 
 wau afterwards at Brussels, and for 23 years 
 
 presided over the English college at Home, 
 where he died 1640, aged 88, and was buried 
 in the college chapel. He was a man of great 
 learning, and he wrote several books, on con- 
 troversial subjects, against Barlow, Downe, 
 Andrews and other divines. His treatisa 
 concerning policy and religion, in three parts, 
 was much admired by papists and protes- 
 tants. 
 
 FiTiHERBERT, Nicholas, grandson to 
 sir Anthony, and cousin to Thomas, was bora 
 1550, and educated at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1572, he went abroad as a volunta- 
 ry exile, on account of his religious princi- 
 ples, and settled at Bologna, and afterwards 
 at Rome, in the house of William Alan, the 
 English cardinal. He was unfortunately 
 drowned in a journey from Rome 1612. He 
 AvroteCasceGalatteideBonis Moribus, 1595 — 
 Oxoniensis in Anglia Academise Descriptio 
 1602 — de Antiquitate & Continuatione Cath- 
 olicse Religionis, in Anglia, 1608 — Cardinalis 
 Alani Vitce Epitome, 1608, 
 
 FiTZjAMES, James, duke of Berwick, 
 natural son of the duke of Yerk, afterwards 
 James II. by Arabella Churchill, sister to the 
 duke of Marlborough, was born atMoulines 
 1571. He was early inured to the labors of 
 a mihtary life, afid was wounded at Buda 
 1686, and signalized himself at the defeat of- 
 the Turks at Mohatz, and afterwards in Tre- 
 land at the siege of Londonderry, and attlie 
 battle of the Boyne. In 1703, he headed the 
 French troops in Spain, reduced the rebels 
 in the Cevenncs and in 1705 took Nice, and 
 for his services was made marshal of France 
 by the king. He gained the famous victory 
 at Almanza, over the English and Portugese 
 under Galloway 1707, and thus secured the 
 Spanish crown, on the head of Philip V. He 
 was killed at the head of the French army, 
 by a cannon ball, at the siege of Philipsburg, 
 in Germany 1734. He was a man of a be- 
 nevolent character, generally poor from the 
 great sacrifices which he made to support 
 the emigrants in his father's cause. Montes- 
 quieu has drawn up lijs character, and 2 vols, 
 of his memoirs have been published, 12rao. 
 by Margon. 
 
 Fitx-Stephen, William, a monk of 
 Canterbury, of Norman extraction. He was 
 present at the murder of Becket, of whicli 
 he wrote an account. His description of 
 London in that account is very curious, and 
 is the oldest extant. He died 1191. 
 
 FiXMiLLNER, Placidus, a native of Llnz, 
 in Austria, who early studied mathematics, 
 at Strasburg, under Stuard, and afterwards 
 embraced a monastic life, and was ecclesias- 
 tical professor for 40 years at Kremsmun- 
 ster. He directed also his attention to celes- 
 tial observations, and published some inge- 
 nious works on astronomical subjects, besides 
 tracts on the canon law, and on ecclesiasti- 
 cal affairs. He died 1791, aged 71. 
 
 Fixes, Anthony, a famous physician of 
 Montpellier, who died there 176r>, aged 75, 
 His works are esteemed. Opera Medica, 
 4to. 1742— LeconsdeChymie, 1750.— -Trac 
 tatus de Febribus, 12mo. 1749. — Tractalus 
 
FI. 
 
 s^^.<o 
 
 FL 
 
 lie Physlologia. 12mo. 1750, ami Jisserta- j to happen 22d June 1666, and so ingenious 
 tions. 1 did tliis appear, that the calculation was 
 
 Flaccour, F. de, directing general of ! shown to Mr. Halton, a gentleman of prop- 
 erty and mathematical knowledge in the 
 
 the French East-India company, Avas also at 
 the head of a colony in Madagascar, in 1648, 
 which he was obliged to quit. On his return 
 to France, he published an account of the 
 island, in one vol. 4to. 
 
 Flaccus, Caius Valerius, a Latin poet, 
 in the age of Vespasian, author of the Ar- 
 jfonautica. 
 
 Flacius, or Franco wiTZ., Matthias, 
 
 Vvd. FUANCOWITZ, 
 
 Fjlameel, Bertholet, an historical pain- 
 ter of Liege, who died 1675, aged 61. He 
 improved himself in Italy, and was noticed 
 at Florence, by the grand duke. Some of 
 his pieces adorn the churches of Paris and 
 of Liege. 
 
 Flame L, Nicolas, a notary of Paris, 
 horn at Pontoise. He suddenly rose from 
 poverty to extensive opulence, and gave 
 rise to a report that he had discovered the 
 philosopher's stone. His riches, however, 
 ■were nobly used in the relief of indigence, 
 and in the erection of hospitals. It is sup- 
 posed that his riches arose from successful 
 speculations in commerce, at that time little 
 known. He was living in 1399, and Lucas 
 amused his readers by declaring that he had 
 seen him in India after his decease. Some 
 •works on Alchymy have been attributed to 
 him. 
 
 Flaminio, Giovani Antonio, an orator, 
 poet, and historian of Bologna, author of the 
 lives of Albertus Magnus, of St. Dominic, 
 &e. He died 1536, aged 72. 
 
 Flaminio, Marc Antonio, son of the 
 preceding, born at Imola. He was patron- 
 ised by cardinal Farnese, who appointed 
 him his secretary at the council of Trent, an 
 office Avhich his infirmities prevented him 
 to execute. He died at Rome 1550, aged 
 57. His letters and epigrams appeared 1561, 
 8vo. — and his paraphrase of thirty psalms, 
 1558. His latinity is very pure. He was 
 learned, and his other writing-s are much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Flamintus, or Flamininus, Titus 
 Quintus, a Roman consul, celebrated for his 
 defeat of Phihp of Macedon, B. C. 198, and his 
 restoration of the liberties of Greece. He 
 prevailed upon Prusias to deliver up Annibal. 
 
 Flaminius, Nobilis, an Italian, eminent 
 as a divine, and as a critic. He wrote a trea- 
 tise on Predestination, corrected the Vulgate 
 edition of the Septuagint, and died at Luoa, 
 151)0. 
 
 Flamsteed, John, an able astronomer, 
 born at Derby, Aug. lUth 1646. He was 
 educated in his native town, but a severe dis- 
 temper prevented the designs of his parents, 
 in sending him to the university, and when he 
 Jeft school in 1662, he saw for the first time, 
 an astronomical book, Sacrobosko's de Sphae- 
 ra. This fixerl deeply his attention, and di- 
 rected all his thoughts to astronomical sub- 
 jects. He not only constructed dials, but by 
 the help of Street's Caroline tables, he calcu- 
 lated very aecurately aa eclipse, which was 
 
 neighborhood, who applauded the young as- 
 tronomer, and supplied him with fresh books, 
 for his studies. In 1669, he communicated 
 his calculations of the eclipses, of the fixed 
 stars, by the moon, to the royal society, and 
 received the thanks of that body, by the 
 hands of its secretary Oldenburg, and one of 
 its members Collins. In 1670 his lather, Avho 
 had hitherto viewed his studie« with jealous 
 dissatisfaction, pleased with his correspond- 
 ence with learned men, advised him to go to 
 London, which he willingly did to visit his 
 friends Collins and Oldenburg. At Cam- 
 bridge he became acquainte<l with Barrow, 
 Wroe, and Newton, and he now entered at 
 Jesus college, at that university, where he 
 continued his astronomical studies with in- 
 creasing zeal. In 1673-4, he wrote his E- 
 phemeris, to show the folly of astrolog)', to 
 which he added tables of the moon's rising 
 and setting, and at the request of his friend 
 sir Jonas Moore, he compiled an account of 
 the tides, and constructed a barometer, for 
 the use of the king. On taking his master's 
 degree at Cambridge, he wished to take or- 
 ders, but his friend sir Jonas dissuaded him, 
 and procured him the place of astronomer 
 royal, with a salary of 100/. a year. This 
 however did not prevent FJamsteed's pu*'- 
 pose, he was ordained by bishop Gunning, 
 and when in 1675, the first stone was laid for 
 the building of Greenwich observatory, he 
 lodged at the queen's house there, and ob- 
 served the appulses of the moon and planets 
 to the fixed stars, and in 1681, published the 
 doctrine of the Sphere, in sir Jonas Moore's 
 posthumous work of a new System of Math- 
 ematics in 4to. In 16S4, he obtained the 
 living of Burstow in Surrey, the only prefer- 
 ment he ever lield, but though his genius en- 
 titled him to higher emoluments, his benev- 
 olent heart was satisfied with moderate com- 
 petence, more pleased in the pursuit of his 
 favorite studies, and in the friendship of 
 such men as Newton, Halley, Molineux, 
 Wallis, Casini, Wotton, Keil, &c. than in the 
 possession of unbounded opulence. This 
 great and illustrious character died of a 
 strangury, 31st Dec. 1712, and thus though 
 of a very feeble constitution lived more than 
 73 years. He was married but left no chil- 
 dren. His Historia Cojlestis Britannica, of 
 which the best part was printed before his 
 death, was published by his Avidow 1725, in 
 3 vols. fol. and dedicated to the king. His 
 papers, as he himself tells us in his preface, 
 had been examined by the direction of 
 George, prince of Denmark, by Roberts, 
 Newton, Gi'egory, Arbuthnot, Wren bvA 
 others, and, under this high recommenda- 
 tion, were afterwards presented to the public. 
 Flandrin, Peter a native of Lyons, who 
 studied the veterinary art under his uncle 
 professor Chabert, and acquired some celeb- 
 rity in the knowledge of comparative anato- 
 my. He visited England and Spain in search 
 
Ft. 
 
 A^^/ 
 
 FL 
 
 of information aboutthe management of cattle | 
 and the improvement of wools, and publish- 
 ed an interesting treatise on the subject. 
 He M-rote besides various memoirs, and was 
 made member of the national institute. He 
 died 1796. 
 
 Flassans, Taraudet de, a Provencal 
 poet of the 14th century, born at Flassans. 
 He wrote a poem called Lessons to avoid the 
 Treacheries of Love, for which he was re- 
 warded by de Ponteves, with a piece of land 
 He was employed by queen Joan to make a 
 remonstrance to the emperor Charles IV. 
 ■which he ably executed. 
 
 Flatman, Thomas, an English poet, 
 born in Aldersgate street, London, 1633, and 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 Oxford. He left the university without a 
 degree, and became barrister of the Inner 
 Temple, but never followed the law as a 
 profession. He now turned author, and 
 wrote several light poems, one of which, on 
 the death of lord Ossory, was read by the 
 father, the duke of Ormond, Avith such grat- 
 ification that he sent the author a mourning 
 ring, with a diamond in it, worth 100^. In 
 his younger days Flatman expressed his ab- 
 horrence to the marriage state by a song, 
 beginning with these lines : 
 JAke a dog -with a bottle tied close to his tail. 
 Like a tori/ in a bogy or athiefinajail, &c. 
 and when, as Wood says, he was afterwards 
 smitten with a fair virgin, and more wkh her 
 fortune, he espoused her in 1672, and on his 
 wedding night bis jovial companions serena- 
 ded him with his favorite song. He died in 
 Fleet-street, London, 1688. He was an in- 
 difterent poet ; but, says Gi-anger, succeeded 
 better as a painter, as one of his heads is 
 worth a ream of his Pindai'ics. His poems, 
 third edition, were printed 1682, in one vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 Flavel, John, an English divine, born 
 in Worcestershire, and educated at Univer- 
 sity college, Oxford, M'hcre he took his de- 
 gree of B. A. He was ejected from his liv- 
 ing at Dartmouth, in 1662, for nonconformi- 
 ty, and retired to Hudscott, near South Mol- 
 ton. He x'eturned to his living. on the indul- 
 gence granted by Charles II. and died there 
 1692. He wrote Navigation and Husbandry 
 spiritualized, &c. His works, which are res- 
 pectable, were published 2 vols. fol. and 6 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Flavian, a patriarch of Antioch, where 
 he died 404. 
 
 Fi^aviax, a patriarch of Constantinople 
 after Proclus 447. He condemned the Eu- 
 tychian heresy in a synod, for which, by the 
 opposite faction, he was deposed, scourged, 
 and banished to Lydia, where he died in 
 consequence of the ill treatment which lie 
 had received. 
 
 Flavignt, Valerian de, doctor of the 
 Sorbojme, canon of Rheims, and Hebrew 
 professor of the royal college, was born at 
 Laon, and died at Paris 1674, very old. He 
 assisted in the polyglott of le Jay, and was a 
 violent polemic. 
 
 Flavitas, patriardi of Constantinople 
 
 after Acacius. Zeno, the emperor, "was so 
 superstitious as to suppose that an angel 
 would come down to inscribe the name of 
 the new prelate on a piece of paper which he 
 left on the altar ; but Flavitas, by bribing the 
 chamberlain, inserted his own name, and was 
 made bishop ; but died three months after, 
 and the artifice being, in consequence, disco- 
 vered, cost t!'.e guilty chamberlain his life. 
 
 Flaust, John Baptist, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Rouen. He was fifty years 
 employed in the composition of his Explica- 
 tion of the Jurisprudence Usage of Norman- 
 dy, 2 vols, folio. He died 1783, aged 72. 
 
 Flechiek, Esprit, a celebrated French 
 prelate, born IG32, at Perne, near Avignon. 
 He distinguished himself as a popular preach- 
 er, and became known as an elegant scholar, 
 by his poetical description of a curousal in 
 pure latinity. His funeral orations Avere 
 much admired, especially that on Turenne, 
 and that on Montauser, which raised him to 
 the same rank of reputation with the Avell 
 known Bossuet. In 1679 he wrote his His- 
 tory of Theodosius the Croat, and in 1685 
 he was honorably promoted to the see of 
 Lavaur, on which occasion tlie king said, Be 
 not surprised 1 have so long delayed to re- 
 ward your merit; I was afraid of losing tlie 
 l)leasure of hearing your discourses. In 1687 
 he was translated to Nismes, where, as a 
 preacher and a bishop, he was successful in 
 drawing many of the protestants to the ca- 
 tholic faith. In the famine of 1709 his cha- 
 rity and benevolence were unbounded. This 
 most virtuous and exemplary man died 1710, 
 lamented, says d'Alembert, by the catholics, 
 regretted by the protestants, having exhibit- 
 ed to his brethren an excellent model of zeal 
 and charity, simplicity and eloquence. His 
 works are OEuvres Melees — Panegyric of 
 Saints — Funeral Orations — sermons, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — the History of Theodosius — Grati- 
 ani de Casibus lUustr. Vir. — the Life of 
 Ximenes, 4to. — letters, 2 vols. 12mo. — the 
 Life of Cardinal Commendon, 4to. — posthu- 
 mous works. Those who compare Bossuet 
 with Flechier observe, that the former ha.s 
 less elegance but greater strength, and that 
 the style of his rival is more flowing, finish- 
 ed, and uniform. Bossuet owes all to nature, 
 Flechier much to art. 
 
 Fleck NOE, Richard, an English poet, 
 formerly, it is said, a Jesuit. At the revolu- 
 tion, wiien Dryden was dismissed, as being a 
 catholic, from the office of lanreat, Flecknoe 
 was appointed as his successor, which so ex- 
 asperated the bard, that he vented his indig- 
 nation in a severe satii'ical poem called, from 
 his humble antagonist, Mac Flecknoe. He 
 wrote some plays, one only of which was 
 acted His Damoiselles A -la-mode, and his 
 Love's Kingdom were both liissed off the 
 stage. He wrote besides enigmas and epi- 
 grams, besides the " Diarium," in burlesque 
 verse. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Fleetwood, William, an English law- 
 yer, recorder of London in Elizabeth's reign, 
 was natural son of Mr. Fleetwood of He.s- 
 keth, Lancashire, lie was educated at Ox 
 
I'L 
 
 f^Zi 
 
 TL 
 
 trn'd, and studied the la^v in the Middle Tem- 
 jde, and soon distinguished himself by his 
 abilities. He Avas made recorder of London 
 1509, he showed himself very active against 
 mass-houses, and popish priests. In 1580 he 
 was made Serjeant at law, and in 151)2 Ser- 
 jeant to the queen. He died 1593, and was 
 huried at Great Missenden, Bucks, where he 
 had an estate. He was married, and had 
 some children who survived him. He was 
 an eloquent orator, says Wood, and his skill 
 as a politician recommended him much to 
 the notice of Leicester. He published an 
 oration at Guiid-hall before the loi'd mayor — 
 a table to Plowden's Ueports— the Office of 
 a.lnstice of the Peace, 165S — Annalium tam 
 Regum Edwardi V. llichardi HI. Henrici 
 VII. quam Henrici VIII. — Titulorum Ordine 
 Alphabet & Elenchus 1579 and 1597. 
 
 Fleetwood, William, an. EngUsh pre- 
 late, descended from the Lancashire Fleet- 
 woods, and born In the tower of London 1st 
 Jan. 1G56. He was educated at Eton and 
 King's college, Cambridge, and on taking 
 orders, became an eloquent preacher. He 
 was made chaplain to king William, and af- 
 terwards obtained a fellowship at Eton, and 
 the rectory of St. Austin's, London. He was 
 installed canon of Windsor 1702, hut in 
 1705, he quitted the tumults of the town, 
 and, much to tlse concern of large audiences, 
 who attended his eloquent and persuasive 
 discourses, he reliied to the privacy of AVex- 
 Iiam rectory, in Bucks. lu 1706, without 
 an)'- solicitation on his part, or that of his 
 iriends, he was nominated to succeed Beve- 
 ridge in the see of St. Asaph, and in 1714 lie 
 was translated to Ely. He died at Totten- 
 ham, in Middlesex, where he had retired 
 for change of lur, 4th August, 1723, and he 
 was bm'ied in Ely cathedial, where his lady, 
 who soon followed him to tise grave, erected 
 a monument over Idm. iiis only son, Dr. 
 Charles Fleetwood, rector of Cottenham, 
 Cambridgeshire, did not long survive him. 
 Jiishop Fleetwood's character was respecta- 
 ble in every point of view. Admired as a 
 preacher, he made an ccemplary life, and a 
 benevolent heart, tlie noblest ornaments of 
 ](is persuasive eloquence in the pulpit. As a 
 bishop he was beloved by his clergy, and did 
 not arrogantly assimie that supei-iority over 
 them which conscious merit disdains, but il- 
 liberal pride asserts. As a writer he was 
 highly respected, his sermons and divinity 
 tracts were widely circulated ; but the firm- 
 ness of his opinions, however, drew upon 
 Jum the censure of the house of Commons. 
 His preface to his sermons, on the deaths of 
 Mary, of the duke of Cloccster, and of Wil- 
 liam, and on the accession of Anne, gave such 
 offence to the ministry that the book was 
 burned publicly, 12th May, 1712; but it was 
 more universally read, and even appeared in 
 the Spectator, No. 3S4. Besides these, 
 Fleetwood published Inscriptioniim Antiqua- 
 rum Sylloge, 8vo. 1091 — a translation of .lu- 
 rieu's Method of Devotion, 1092, the 27th 
 edition of which appeared 1750 — an Essay on 
 Miracles, Svo. 1701 — the Iteasonable Com- 
 
 mtinicant, 1704 — Sixteen Practical Discour- 
 ses on the Relative Duties of Parents, &c. 
 2 vols. Svo. 1705— the Thirteenth of Romans 
 vindicated,1710 — the Judgmentof the Church 
 of England m Lay Baptism and Dissenters' 
 Baptism, 1712 — the Life of Si. Wenefrede, 
 1713 — Chronicon Preciosum, or Account of 
 English Money, Price of Corn and other 
 Commodities ior the last 600 Years, 1707, 
 besides smaller works. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, a North Briton, horn 
 at Bathens, 1630. He was educated at St. 
 Andrew's, and at the age of 33 became pas- 
 tor of a congregation, from which office he 
 was ejected after the restoration. He then 
 settled at Rotterdam, in Holland, as minis- 
 ter of the Scots' congregation tliere, and 
 died 25th July 1694. His " Fulfilling of the 
 Scriptures," has been a popular work among 
 the dissenters. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, son of the preceding, 
 was a native of Scotland, and educated at 
 Leyden and Utrecht. He settled at Leyden 
 as minister,and then removed to Amsterdam, 
 from whence he came to London, and offici- 
 ated at the Scotcli church, Lothbury, and 
 at Salters' hall. He wrote, among other 
 things, sermons — tracts — Christology, 3 vols. 
 Svo. — the Rise and P'all of Popery, of which 
 it is said that many passages are particulai-ly 
 applicable to the first events of the French 
 revolution. He died 1716. 
 
 Fleming, Caleb, a native of Notting- 
 ham, pastor of a dissenting congregation in 
 London, and in 1752, called to be assistant to 
 Dr. Forster at Pinner's hall. He wrote a 
 Survey of the Search after Souls, and other 
 tracts, and in his tenets he was a strict 
 Arian. He died 1775, aged 75. 
 
 Flamming, or Flemmynge, Richard, 
 a native of Croston, Yorkshire, educated at 
 L'niversity college, O.xford, and made pre- 
 bendary of York 1408. He was, in 1442, 
 made bishop of Lincoln, and went as deputy 
 to the council of Constance. The pope rai- 
 sed him to York ; but as the king refused his 
 consent he continued bishop of Lincoln till 
 his death, 1431. He was founder of Lincoln 
 collcj^e, Oxford, and was a strenuous opposer 
 of Wickliffe's doctrines, which he afterwards 
 as warmly embraced. To his disgrace he 
 was instrumental, however, in digging up 
 the bones of tliat bold reformer, according 
 to the impotent resolutions of the Constance 
 council. 
 
 FLESSELLES,N.de, a French magistrate, 
 respectable for his loyalty, and the mildness 
 of his manners. He attempted in vain to re- 
 press the tumults which preceded the revo- 
 lution ; but on the l4th of July 1789 his be- 
 nevolent and patriotic interference proved 
 fatal at the taking of the Bastile. He receiv- 
 ed a shot from a pistol, and his head, being 
 cut off, was carried on a pike in triumph 
 through the streets. 
 
 Fletcher, Dr. Richard, father of tlie 
 dramatic poet, was born in Kent, and educa- 
 ted at Benet college, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow. He Avas made dean of 
 Peterborough 1583, and three years after 
 
FL 
 
 6 4fS 
 
 FL 
 
 attended the Scotch Mary's execution, wliere 
 he displayed moi'e zeal than good sense in 
 pressing that unfortunate queen to turn pro- 
 testant. In 1589 he was advanced to the see 
 of Bristol, in 1592 translated to Worcester, 
 and 1594 to London. After the death of his 
 vife he took u second, lady Baker, a woman 
 of great beauty, about 1595, and this so of- 
 fended Elizabeth, who was averse to the 
 marriage of the clergy, especially of bishops, 
 that she caused Wlutgift to suspend him. 
 Though afterwards restored to favor, the 
 queen's conduct sat heavily upon him, and 
 he died suddenly in his chair 1G96. As he 
 was fond of tobacco, then little known, Cam- 
 den imputes his death to an immoderate use 
 of it. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, brother to the bishop, 
 was educated at Eton and King's college, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of 
 LL.D. 1581. His abilities were employed 
 by queen Elizabeth, as comjiiissioner in 
 Scotland, Germany and the Low Countries, 
 and in 1588, he was sent as ambassador to 
 Russia, to reconcile the Russians to the Eng- 
 lish commerce, and to efface the disadvanta- 
 geous impressions which the jealousy of the 
 Dutch and other powers had e.xeited. On 
 his return he was made secretary to the city 
 of London, and in 1597 treasui-er of St. Paul's. 
 He died llilO. He wrote a curious account 
 *'of the Russiati Commonwealth," with a de- 
 scription of the fashions and manners of the 
 people, 1590, 8vo. The book was suppres- 
 sed, but appeared in Hakluyt's collection, 
 1G4;3. 
 
 Fletcher, John, a dramatic writer, 
 son of the bishop of London, was born in 
 Northamptonshire 1576, He was educated 
 at Cambridge, probably Benet college, and 
 distinguished himself as a writer of plays 
 conjointly with Beaumont. He also assisted 
 Ben Jonson in his " Widow," and after 
 Beaumont's death he consulted Shirley in 
 the formation of the plots of liis pieces. 
 The respective share of these joint authors 
 is not known, though it is said that Beau- 
 mont's judgment corrected the redundancies 
 of Fletcher's wit, Once at a tavern the 
 brother bards debated upon the i)!ot of a 
 tragedy, and Fletcher being overheard by 
 the waiter to say that he would kill the king, 
 he and his friend were both seized for high 
 treasoii, till explanations proved to the ma- 
 gistrate that the intended murder was the 
 innocent sacrifice of a theatrical hero. 
 Fletcher died of the plague in London 1625, 
 and was buried in St. Mary Overy's church, 
 Southwark. Fletcher was ranked with Jon- 
 son and Shakspeare, in tlie great triumvirate 
 of chief dramatic authors, by Edward Phi- 
 lips, and Dryden says that his plays, as pos- 
 sessing gayety in the comic parts, and pathos 
 in the more serious characters, were acted 
 more frequently than those of Jonson or 
 Shakspeare. Now, though they possess 
 great merit, the plays of Beaumont and 
 Fletcher are little regarded, and seldom ap- 
 pear on the stage. The plays of the ])oet 
 "amounting to above 50^ were fitst edited to- 
 
 gether, 1679, folio, and lately by Colman, 10 
 vols. 8vo. 1778. 
 
 Fletcher, Phinehas, a poet, son of 
 Giles Fletcher. He was educated at Eton, 
 and elected to King's college, Cambridge, 
 1600. He was made minister of Hilgay in 
 Norfolk, 1621, by sir Henry Willoiighby, 
 and died there about 1050. He is known as 
 the author of " Purple Island," a poem con- 
 taining an allegorical description of man, 
 and very popular at the time of its publica- 
 tion. He Avrote besides " Piscatory E- 
 clogues," which Avere published at Edin- 
 burgh 1772, and the Purple Island, with 
 Giles's " Christ's Victory," 1783 London. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, brother of Phinehas, 
 was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took the degree of B. D. He died 
 at his living of Alderton, Suffolk 1623, equal- 
 ly beloved, says Wood, of tlie muses and 
 graces. His " Christ's Victory," was first 
 pubhshed 1610, and again 16-10, and it is a 
 poem of some merit, as the personifications 
 are very natural, and the language dignified. 
 
 Fletcher, Andi-ew, son of sir Robert 
 Fletcher, of Salioun, Scotland, whs born 
 1053. He was educated under bishop Bur- 
 net, and when in parliament he so strongly 
 opposed the measures of the court that he 
 was obliged to leave the country and go to 
 Holland. He landed in the West of Eng- 
 land with Monmouth 1685, and afterwanU 
 fought against the Turks in the Hungarian 
 army. The revolution restored him to his 
 country, and he became a commissioner to 
 settle the government of Scotland. He died 
 in London 1716. His woi'ks which are all 
 on political subjects, and in the bold style 
 of theory, appeared together ni 1 vol. 8vo. 
 17.3^J. 
 
 Fletcher, Abraham, a native of Little 
 Broughton, Cumberland, brought up under 
 his father as a tobacco pipe manufactui-er. 
 From this humble occupation, by severe ap- 
 plication, he raised himself to public notice, 
 and though self-taught in reading and in writ- 
 ing, he so improved himself that he became 
 at the age of 30 a teacher of mathematics ; 
 and as astrologer and universal doctor, he 
 acquired a fortune of 3000/. His Universal 
 Measurer^ 8vo. is a work of great merit, and 
 exhibits in the most favor.^.ble view his per- 
 fect knowledge of mathematics. He died 
 1793, aged 79. 
 
 Fleury, Claude, a French advocate, 
 born at Paris 1640. After being at the bar 
 nine years he took oiilers, and in 1672 be- 
 came preceptor to the princess of Conti, and 
 in 1680 to the count de Vermandois. Under 
 Fenelon he was subpreceptor to the dukes of 
 Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri, and for his ser- 
 vices he was made abbot of Locdieu, which 
 he resigned in 1706, for the rich priory of 
 Angenteuil. In 1716 he was confessor to 
 Lewis XV. and died 1723, aged 82, greatly 
 I'espected for his learning and virtues. His 
 works are numerous, the chief of which are. 
 Manners of the Israelites — Manners of the 
 Christians — Ecclesiastical History, in 13 vols. 
 4to. a valuable bgok — Institution, of EccleSi 
 
FL 
 
 j;?4' 
 
 FL 
 
 astical Law — a treatise on the clioice and me- 
 thod of Studies — Duties of Masters and Ser- 
 vants — treatise on Public Law, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Fleury, Julian, the learned editor of the 
 Delphin Apuleins, in 2 vols. 4to. He began 
 Ausouius, but did not complete it. 
 
 Fleury, Andre Hercule de, a famous 
 cardinal, born at Lodeve in Languedoc 1653, 
 and educated at Paris. Hecommended by 
 abilities, and by a pleasing address, and hand- 
 some figure, he rose from canon of Mont- 
 pelier to be bishop of Frejus, and was ap- 
 pointed by Lewis XIV. preceptor to his 
 grandson, after Bossuet and Fenelon. In 
 1726 he was made cardinal and prime min- 
 ister though aged 70, and so active was his 
 conduct, and sagacious his measures, that 
 the kingdom of France prospered greatly 
 under his administration, the succession war 
 was gloriously finished, and Lorraine added 
 to the French dominions. His economy, 
 however, neglected and ruined the marine, 
 and in the war of 1740, his plans were not 
 crowned with victory, so that it is said, he 
 died with a heart broken with grief, 1743. 
 Without the pride of Richelieu, and the av- 
 arice of Mazarine, he possessed great abili- 
 ties, and though the misfortunes of the last 
 war were attributed to him, he rather de- 
 served tlie gratitude of the nation for his 
 prudent management of the finances, and 
 more for the benevolence of his heart. 
 
 Flink, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, pupil 
 of Rembrandt. He died 1 06O, aged 44. He 
 imitated his master in the execution of his 
 pieces, but afterwards studied the Italian 
 manner. 
 
 Flipart, John James, a French en- 
 graver, who died at Paris 11th July, 1782, 
 aged 67. He possessed great merit, and in 
 private life was an amiable man. 
 
 FLOCQ.UET, Stephen Joseph, a musician 
 of eminence, was born at Aix in Provence, 
 and died at Paris 1785, aged 35. His operas 
 were received with the most flattering ap- 
 plause on the French stage. 
 
 Flodoard, or Frodoard, a French 
 historian of Eperoai. He was an ecclesiastic 
 in the church of Rheifns, where he wi'ote a 
 Chronicle from 916 to 966 — and a History of 
 his Church from its Foundation to 949. I'he 
 best edition is that of 1617. He wrote also 
 poetiy, and died 966, aged 73. 
 
 Flogei., Charles Frederic, author of a 
 History of the Human Understanding — 
 History of Comic Literature — Present State 
 of the Belles ^ettres in Germany, &c. in 
 German, was professor of philosophy in the 
 college of noblemen at Leignitz, where he 
 died 1788, aged 59. 
 
 Flood, Henry, an Irish orator, son of the 
 chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland. 
 He was educated at Dublin university, and 
 at Oxford, where he was honored with the 
 degree of M. A. 1752. He sat in the Irish 
 house of commons for Kilkenny, and after- 
 wards for Callan, and he acquired great 
 popularity by his eloquence and the meas- 
 ures which he proposed, but his consequence 
 ceased when he obtained a seat amo)ig the 
 
 English commons, and his addresses on sub- 
 jects of reform and on public occasions were 
 received with little intei-est. He died 1791. 
 He wrote a Pindaric Ode to Fame — a Poem 
 on the death of Frederic Prince of Wales, 
 found in the Oxford collection, and some of 
 his speeches have also appeared in print. 
 His property after the death of his wife is. 
 bequeathed to Dublin university for the 
 foundation of a in*ofessorship, and for en- 
 riching the public library by the purchase 
 of MSS. &c. 
 
 Flore N TING, Stephano, an historical 
 painter of Florence, who studied under Gi- 
 otto, and died 1350, aged 49. 
 
 Flori AN, John Peter Claris de, a native 
 of Languedoc, educated under the care of 
 his relation Voltaire, by Avhose influence he 
 obtained the office of page to the duke of 
 Penthievre. Though honored by his patron, 
 and promoted in the army, he preferred 
 literary reputation to all other objects, and 
 published in 1782 his first work Galatliee, a 
 romance. He wrote afterwards Theatre, 
 Voltaire et le Serf de Ju^-a, which obtained 
 the prize of the French academy — Estelle 
 — Numa Pompilius, &c. During' the revo- 
 lution his sentiments expressed in Numa 
 drew upon him the resentment of Robes- 
 pierre, who imprisoned him, but after the 
 tyrant's death he was liberated, and died at 
 Seaax, 13th Sep. 1794, aged 39. He began 
 during his confinement a poem on William 
 Tell, which was never completed. He wrote 
 also Ebrahim, a poem, &c. 
 
 Florimond de Remond, a native of 
 Guicnne, counsellor in the parliament of 
 Boiirdeaux. He opposed warmly the Cal- 
 vinists, and wrote on Antichrist — the Origin 
 of the Heiesies, &c. and died 1602. 
 
 Florio, John, the Resolute, as he styled 
 himself, was born in London in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. His parents who were XVal- 
 denses, and descended from the Florii of 
 Sienna in Tuscany, had fled from the perse- 
 cutions of popery in the Valtcline, and set- 
 tled finally in England under Elizabeth, after 
 a short absence during Mary's bigoted reign. 
 Floi'io taught Italian and French in the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, and was admitted at Mag- 
 dalen college. He was tutor in those lan- 
 guages to prince Henry, and to Anne the 
 queen of Jaines I. to whom he was clerk of 
 the closet. He died of the plague at Fulhani 
 1625, aged 80. Of his works the principal 
 .are, " first Fruits and second Fruits," con- 
 taining proverbs and witty sentences — Gar- 
 den of Recreation — a translation of Mon- 
 taigne's Essays — and an Italian and English 
 Dictionary, fol. 1597, a work of merit. He 
 married the sister of Sam. Daniel, the poet. 
 
 Floris, Francis, a painter of Antwerp, 
 born 1520. He was like his father a sculp- 
 tor till the age of 20, and then he studied 
 painting under Lambert Lombard, and by 
 imitating Angelo he acquired celebrity and 
 opulence. He worked seven hours each 
 da>, and devoted the rest of the time to 
 drinking. He died at the age of 50. He 
 was called the Raphael of Flanders. 
 
FO 
 
 1,^5- 
 
 FO 
 
 Florus, Lucius Annreus, a Latin histo- 
 rian, related to Seneca and Lucan. He 
 wrote an abridgment of the Roman history, 
 116 A. D. 
 
 Florus, surnamed Master, a deacon of 
 Lyons in the 9th century, author of Com- 
 mentaries on St. Paul's Epistle — an Answer 
 to Erigena, on predestination, and other 
 Tvorks. 
 
 FloYEr, sir John, a native of Hinters, 
 Staffordshire, educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, where he took his medical degrees. 
 He afterwards settled as a respectable prac- 
 tioner at Lichfield and was knighted. He 
 wrote the Touchstone of Medicines, '2 vols. 
 8vo. — the Virtues of Cold V/ater, 8vo, and 
 died 1720, aged 71. 
 
 Fl. UDD, Robert, an English philosopher, 
 sou of sir Thomas Fludd, knight, born at 
 Milgate, Kent, 1574. He was of St. John's 
 college, Oxford, and alter taking his degrees 
 in arts, applied to physic and travelled in 
 France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, to im- 
 prove himself. He took his ilegrees in me- 
 dicine 160.5, and settled in London, and be- 
 came fellow of the college of physicians. He 
 began to pubUsh about 1616, and was a vo- 
 luminous writer, chiefly on the powers and 
 wonders of Alchymy, and the Rosicrucian 
 doctrines. His works are in Latin, and writ- 
 ten in an obscure and mysterious language. 
 They amount to about 20, and are all men- 
 tioned in Wood's Athense. Two of his pro- 
 ductions were against Kepler and Mersen- 
 nus, and they were answered by these great 
 IJhilosophers. 
 
 Foes, orFoESius, Anutius, a learned 
 physician, born at Metz 1528. He was well 
 skilled in Greek and Latin, and translated the 
 works of Hippocrates into Latin, as also the 
 commentaries of Galen. His abilities are 
 praised by Huetius, He practised physic at 
 Lorraine with reputation, and died 1596. 
 
 FoGi.iETA, or FoLiETA, Uberto, a 
 learned Genoese priest, banished from his 
 country on account of the freedom of his 
 writings. Cardinal d'Este, at Rome, became 
 his patron, and he died there 1581, aged 63. 
 He wrote Historia Genuensium, 12 libr, fol. 
 1585 — de Ratione Scribendte Historise Elogia 
 Clarorum Ligurum, 4to. — de Causis Magni- 
 tudinis Turcarum Imjierii — Delia Republica 
 di Genoa, 8vo. &cc. 
 
 FoHi, the first king of China, and the 
 founder of the monarchy about 20 years after 
 the deluge. He removed the seat of empire 
 from Xen Si, to Chin Cheu, and he invented 
 instruments of music, and established proper 
 laws respecting marriage, instead of the pre- 
 valent promiscuous intercourse of the sexes. 
 It is said that he reigned 115 vears, but fable 
 is strongly intermixed with his history. His 
 memory is still revered by the Clynese. 
 
 FoiNARD, Frederic Maurice, a native of 
 Conches in Normandy, who was eminent 
 as a Hebrew scholar, and became vice-prin- 
 cipal of the college of du Plessis. He pub- 
 lished Breviarium Ecclesiasticarium, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — Genesis Explained, French and Latin, 
 yOL. L 68 
 
 2 vols. 12mo. — the Psalms in Historical Or- 
 der, &c. and died 1743. 
 
 Foix, Mark Anthony, a Jesuit, eminent 
 as a preacher. He died provincial of the 
 college of Billon, Auvergne, 1687, aged 60. 
 He published the Art of Preaching — the Art 
 of Educating a Prince, l2mo, kc. 
 
 Foix, Odel de, lord of Lautrec, a French 
 general of eminence. He was wounded un- 
 der Lewis XII. at the battle of Ravenna 
 1512, and appointed governor of Milan by 
 Francis I. The success of Colonna, however, 
 soon after drove him from Milan, Pavia, 
 Lodi, Parma, and Piacentia, and after the 
 unfortunate battle of Bicoque he retired to 
 Guienne 1522. In 1528 he re-entered Italy, 
 took Pavia, and boldly besieged Naples, be- 
 fore which he died. His body was conveyed 
 to Spain, and 20 years after buried in the 
 tomb of the great Gonsalvo of Cordova. 
 
 FoLARD, Charles, a Frenchoflicer born at 
 Avignon 1G69. His military genius was 
 roused by the reading of Csesar's commenta- 
 ries, and at the age of 16 he became a soldier. 
 His father confined him in a monastery, but 
 he escaped, and still more attached to the 
 army, became aid-de-camp to Vendome who 
 commanded in Italy, 1702. and intrusted him 
 with part of his forces. He was honored for 
 his services with the cross of St. Lewis, and 
 had a pension of 400 livres settled on him. In 
 1705 he was wounded at the battle of Cassano, 
 and in consequence lost the use of his left 
 hand. In 1706 he defended Modena against 
 prince Eugene, by whom he was taken pi'i- 
 soner some time after the battle of Blenheim. 
 In 1711 he was made governor of Bourbourg. 
 in 1714 he assisted in the defence of Malta 
 against the Turks, and afterwards went into 
 the service of Charles XII. of Sweden. He 
 accompanied him in his invasion of Norway, 
 and was present at his death, at the siege of 
 Frederickshall 1718, On his return to France 
 he served a^ colonel under the duke of Ber- 
 wick, and afterwards applied hiijiself to the 
 study of the military art. He died at Avig- 
 non 1752, aged 83. ' He wrote some valuable 
 commentaries on Polybius, in 6 vols. 4to. a 
 book of new discoveries in war — a treatise 
 Concerning the Defence of Places, Though 
 not an accomplished writer, yet his publica- 
 tions show great knowledge of the mihtary 
 art. 
 
 FoLENGo, Theophilus, known by the as- 
 sumed name of Merlin Coccaye, was of a no- 
 ble family in Mantua. He fled from Bologna, 
 and for some time was in the military pi'ofes- 
 sion, which he quitted for the society of the 
 Benedictines in St. Euphemia monastery. 
 He died 1544, aged 51, at the priory of St. 
 Croce, Bassano. The best known of his 
 works are "Opus Maearonicum," 1651, a 
 popular work — Orlandino, 1526, and Chaos 
 del Triperano, two licentious poems — on the 
 three As:es of Man, 1527, — le Humanita del 
 Figlio di'bio, 1533. 
 
 FoLENGO, John Baptist, a Benedictine 
 monk of Mantua, who died at Treviso, 1559, 
 aged 69 He was author of Commentaries 
 
FO 
 
 6~Z(h 
 
 FO 
 
 ua the Epistles of St. James, St. Peter, and 
 the first of St. John, 1555, 8vo. — a Commen- 
 tary on the Psaims, 1557, folio. &c. 
 
 FoLKES, Martin, an English antiquary 
 and philosopher, born at Westminster 16yO. 
 He was of the Royal society, London, and 
 became its president after sir Hans Sloane 
 1741. He contributed much to the philoso- 
 phical transactions, and was a great connois- 
 seur of old and modern coins. He died in 
 London 1754. Boyer's anecdotes contain an 
 ample account of him. He wrote a 4to. vo- 
 lume of English Silver Coin, from the Con- 
 quest to his own time. 
 
 PoNCEMAGNE, Stephen Laurent de, a 
 native of Orleans, who died at Paris 26th 
 Sept. 1779, aged 83. He was first preceptor 
 to the duke of Chartres, and is known for 
 some memoirs in the academy of inscriptions, 
 of which he was a member. 
 
 FoNSECA, Anthony de, a Dominican of 
 Ijisbon educated at Paris, where he published 
 remarks on Cajetan's Commentaries on the 
 Bible, 1539. He was preacher to the king 
 and theological professor at the university oif 
 Coimbra. 
 
 FoNSECA, Peter, a Portuguese writer, 
 author of a system of metaphysics in 4 vols, 
 folio. He died 1559. 
 
 Font, Joseph de la, a French comic wri- 
 ter, author of five comedies and some operas. 
 He died 1725, aged 39, hurried to his grave 
 by his intemperance and love of pleasure. 
 
 Font, Pierre de la, a French divine who 
 died 1609. He wrote " Entretiens Eccle- 
 siastiques" 5 vols. 12mo. and 4 vols, of ser- 
 mons. 
 
 Fontaine, John de la, a celebrated 
 French poet born at Chateau-Thierry, 8th 
 July 1621. After a liberal education he was 
 admitted at 19 among the fathers of the ora- 
 toi'y, whom he soon left, but he displayed no 
 genius for poetry till the age of 22, when the 
 accidental hearing of Malherbe's odes on the 
 assassination of Henry roused hispowers into 
 a flame. He read with eagerness the best 
 poets of Greece, and Rome, of Italy, and of 
 Jiis country, and in the writings of Plato and 
 IMutarch, collected all that morality which has 
 enriched and beautified his fables. He mar- 
 ried to please his parents, but though he had 
 shown such partialities to his wife as to in- 
 trust her in confidence with his compositions; 
 he left her soon with indifference to follow 
 his patroness the duchess of Bouillon to 
 Paris. Here he procured a pension and be- 
 came gentleman to Henrietta of England, 
 after whose death he was received into the 
 house of the witty Madam de la Sabliere, 
 who jocosely observed in parting with her 
 household, she kept only three animals, her 
 dog, her cat, and her la Fontaine. In the 
 company of this learned lady he continued 
 about 20 years, not, however, without paying 
 annually formal visits to his neglected wife, 
 and upon the death of his patroness he refu- 
 sed the invitations of St. Evremond, and 
 others, to come to settle in England. He 
 was attacked by a severe illness in 1692, and 
 then began to think of death and of religion, 
 
 at the representation of the priest who at- 
 tended him. The holy monitor reminded 
 him that his tales had an evil tendency, and 
 were frequently licentious, and hostile to 
 good morals, and la Fontaine at last acknow- 
 ledged the imputation, and promised amend- 
 ment. Though not a libertine he was most 
 indifferent to religious truths, and he inform- 
 ed the priest with great composure that he 
 had the new Testament which he thought a 
 tolerable good book. He died 13tli April, 
 1695, and it is said he was found with an hair 
 shirt on, a proof of sincere repentance ac- 
 cording to some. In his character la Fon- 
 taine was a very absent man, who, in the in^ 
 dulgence of his reveries and poetical ideas, 
 would often say the most unbecoming things, 
 and do the most incoherent actions. Meeting 
 one day his son, without knowing him, he 
 observed that he was a youth of parts and 
 spirit, and when inforiaed that it was his own 
 son, he replied with unconcern, 1 am really 
 glad of it. In the company of some wits and 
 of some eminent ecclesiastics, he asked if St. 
 Austin had more wit than Rabelais. One of 
 the divines eyeing him from top to toe, ans- 
 wered only by observing, that " he had put on 
 one of his stockings the wrong side outward,'* 
 which was the case. In consequence of his 
 great merit, it is said the intcndant forbad 
 taxes to be levied on his family, an honora- 
 ble mark of respect paid to genius. He 
 wrote besides " Tales," — fables — comedies 
 — Amcars de Psyche, a romance — letters, 
 &c. all of which possess great originality. 
 Four vols, of his miscellanies appeared at 
 Paris 1744. 
 
 Fontaine, Nicholas, son of a scrivener, 
 admitted at the age of 20 among the society 
 of port Royal, where he had afterwards the 
 superintendance of the pupils. In 1664 he 
 was confined for four years in the bastille 
 with Sacy, and at last finally settled at Me- 
 lun where he died 1709, aged 84. He wrote 
 « Lives of the Saints of the Old Testament" 
 4 vols. 8vo. — Lives of Saints in General, 
 4 vols. 8vo. — the Figurative Language of the 
 Bible 4to. — Memoirs of the Solitaries of 
 Port-Royal, 2 vols. 12mo. — Chrysostom's 
 Homilies on St. Paul's epistles, translated 7 
 vols. 8vo. For private Avorth, for learning, 
 and piety, and for indefatigable and patient 
 industry, Fontaine not only equalled but sur- 
 passed his contemporaries. 
 
 Fontaines, Peter Francis Guyot des, a 
 French critic, born at Rouen 1685. He took 
 the habit of a Jesuit at 15, and quitted the so- 
 ciety at 30. For some time a priest, he be- 
 came a man of wit, and in 1724, he was in» 
 trusted by Bignon with the care of the ** Jour- 
 nal des Savans.'* The severity of his cen- 
 sures di'ew upon him the accusation of an 
 abominable crime from his enemies, but, af- 
 ter some confinement, his character was clear- 
 ed up and re-established. In 1731, he began 
 the ** Nouvelliste du Parnasse, ou Reflexions 
 sur les Ouvrages Nouveaux," of which he 
 wrote 2 vols, till the work was suppressed foi' 
 the severity of its contents. In 1735, he be- 
 gan "Observations snr les Ecrits Moder- 
 
FO 
 
 nes," which, after 33 vols, were completed, 
 ■was also suppressed 1743. The next year 
 another periodical paper, " Jugemens sur le& 
 Ouvrages Nouveaux," was undertaken ; but 
 after 11 vols, had appeared, death stopped 
 the labors of the critic 1745. He published 
 translations of Virgil and other classics, be- 
 sides those of Pope, Swift, Fielding and 
 others. 
 
 Font AN A, Dominico, a Roman architect 
 and mechanic, born at Milan 1543. His chief 
 work was the setting up of the obelisk, in 
 front of St. Peter's, which had been buried 
 for many years, and considered as an imprac- 
 lible thing by all other mechanics. He was 
 deservedly commended and rewarded for the 
 bold and successful execution of this, and in 
 1592, he removed to Naples as an architect 
 to the king, and died there greatly respect- 
 ed 1607. 
 
 FoNTANA, Prospero, a painter, born at 
 Bologna 1512. He was an able artist, andhad 
 among his pupils Ludovico and Annibal Ca- 
 racci. 
 
 FoNTANA, Lavinia, daughter of the pre- 
 ceding, died 160:2, aged 50. She was eminent 
 as a painter, and was patronised by pope 
 Gregory XIII. whose picture she drew in a 
 very superior style. 
 
 FoNTANGES, Marie Angelique, duchess of, 
 successor to de Montespan in the good gra- 
 ces of Louis XIV. was beautiful as an angel, 
 but silly as a goose says abbe Chosi. She died 
 in child-bed, June 1681, aged only 20. 
 
 FoNTANiNi, Juste, archbishop of Ancy- 
 ra, was bom in the Frioul. and died at Rome 
 1736. His chief works are Bibliotheca Delia 
 Eloquenza Italiana, 2 vols. 4to. 1753. — a Lit- 
 erary History of Aquileia, 1742. — a collec- 
 tion of Bulls of Canonization from John XV. 
 to Benedict XIII. 
 
 FoNTE-MoDERATA, a Venetian lady, 
 whose real name was Modesta Pozzo. She 
 was born at Venice 1555, and though placed 
 at first in a monastery, she married, and, af- 
 ter 20 years of conjugal happiness, died in 
 child-bed 1592. Her memory was so reten- 
 tive that she could repeat verbatim a discourse 
 when only once heard. She wrote a poem 
 called ** il Floridoro," and another on the 
 Passion and Resurrection of Christ, besides 
 " Dei Meriti Delle Donne," a prose work in 
 which she maintains that the female sex is 
 not inferior in understanding to the male. 
 
 FoNTENAY, Peter Claude, a learned je- 
 snit, born at Paris. He was engaged to con- 
 tinue Longueval's History of the Galilean 
 Church, and died 1742. 
 
 FoNTENAY, John Baptist Blain de, a 
 French painter, disciple of Monoyer, born at 
 Caen 1654. His fruits and flowers are very 
 fine, and the insects on them have the ap- 
 perance of real life. He was patronised by 
 Louis XIV. who granted him a pension, and 
 apartments in the Louvre. He died at Pa- 
 ris 1715. 
 
 FoNTENELLE, Bernard le Bovier de, son 
 of an advocate in the parliament of Rouen, 
 by a sister of the great dramatic Corneille, 
 was bornatUouen, 11th Feb. 1657. Though 
 
 FO 
 
 so weak at his birth that his surviving was UU' 
 expected, he attained the age of 100, never 
 troubled with attacks of disease till his 90th 
 year, when his eyes became dim and his hear- 
 ing dull. He died Jan. 1757. He displayed 
 early proofs of genius, and before he had 
 reache<l his 20th year he had w ritten a great 
 part of his Bellerophon, a tragic opera. He 
 did not, however, shine as a dramatic writer 
 equal to his uncle Corneille, but in his other 
 pieces he exhibits great powers, delicacy of 
 wit, and profoundness of thought, so that 
 Voltaire has truly observed that he was the 
 most universal genius which the age of Louis 
 XIV. produced. His " Plurality of Worlds" 
 is a most fascinating perfoi'mance, in which 
 he introduces a lady conveying the subliraer 
 truths of philosophy in a dialogue, pleasing, 
 lively, and refined. In his office of secretary 
 to the academy of sciences, in which he con- 
 tinued more than 40 years, he devoted him- 
 self to the ** History" of that learned body, 
 and introduced elegance of language into the 
 most abstruse parts of science. The "Eloges" 
 delivered on deceased members are perused 
 with particxdar attention and delight, and his 
 apology for Descartes' virtues, though in fa- 
 vor of an exploded system, must be read wllh. 
 interest and admiration due to a grer.t Cut 
 
 mistaken genius. No man more than Fonte- 
 nelle deserved and enjoyed the resi)ect and 
 confidenceof his contemporaries. In his tem- 
 per he was mild and affable, and with the 
 feelings of a true christian he observed that 
 a man should be sparing in superfluities to 
 himself, that he may supply necessities to 
 others. Though originally poor, he acquired, 
 by industry and commendable economy, an 
 independent fortune; but not despising the 
 rest of the world for his superiority of men- 
 tal talents and of riches he said that men are 
 foolish and wicked, but such as they are we 
 must live among them. He wrote besides 
 the works already mentioned. Pastoral Poems 
 l68S — History of the French Theatre to 
 Corneille — Reflections on Theatrical Poetry, 
 particularly Tragedy, a judicious and valua- 
 ble work — Elements of Geometry — of Infin- 
 ities, 1727 — a tragedy, and six comedies — 
 Endymion — Moral Discourses — the History 
 of Oi'acles — Dialogues of the De.^d, &c. His 
 works have been published at Paris in 8 vols. 
 8vo. His Eloge was pronounced by le Cat. 
 
 FoNTENU, Lewis Francis de, a French 
 wi'iter, born at Lilledon, in Gatinois 1667. 
 He was a great antiquarian, and contributed 
 much to the Memoirs of the Academy of In- 
 scriptions. A list of his works is preserved 
 in Saxius' Onomasticon 1714. He died 1759, 
 aged 92. 
 
 FoNTius, Bartholomew, an historian of 
 Florence, intimate with Picus Mirandula, 
 and other learned men. He was librarian to 
 Matthew Corvinus king of Hungary at Buda, 
 and died 1513, aged 6S. He wrote a commen- 
 tary on Persius, and some orations. 
 
 FooTE, Samuel, a dramatic writer, called 
 the English Aristophanes, was born at Truro, 
 Cornwall, 1722. His fatherwas commissioner 
 of the prize office, and member for Tiverton, 
 
ro 
 
 and his mother inherited the pa(evnal estotes 
 of her tamjly by the unfortunate quarrel of 
 her two l)tothers, Sir Joliu Uiiiely Goodere 
 hart, and sir Samuel Goodere, captain of the 
 liuby man of wax*, in which both unhappily 
 fell. He was at Worcester college, Oxford,and 
 then removed to the Temple, but the law was 
 too dry and abstruse a pursuit for l)is volatile 
 temper, and he therefore went on the stage. 
 He appeared first in Othello, but his success 
 in performing the character of other writers 
 did not please him, and he commenced author 
 find uctor in the Hay-mnaket, where in 1747, 
 lie first appeared before the public in " the 
 Diversions of the Morning." This entertain- 
 ing piece, atlirst opposed by the Westminster 
 justices, as representing characters in real 
 life, -was altered to " Mr. Foote's giving Tea 
 to his Friends" and thus for upwards of 40 
 mornings drew crowded and applauding audi- 
 ences. The next year presented " An auc- 
 tion of Pictures" which met with equal ap- 
 probation, though it reflected on the popular 
 charactei-s of the day, on sir Thomas de Veil 
 the justice. Cock the Auctioneer, and Henley 
 the orator. From 1752, to 1761, his success 
 continued uninterrupted by the introduction 
 of new pieces, and the versatility with which 
 he himself represented various characters, 
 and the little theatre Hay-market ^vas now 
 considered as the regular summer theatre, 
 after the close of the other two. In 1 766, he 
 had the misfortune while at lord Mexbo- 
 rough's to break'his leg by a fall from his horse, 
 and to suffer an amputation, but the accident 
 so interested the duke ol' York who was pre- 
 sent, that in consequence of his influence, a 
 patent was obtained that year for the little 
 theatre. In 1776, his attempt to introduce 
 on the stage the duchess of Kingston, a lady 
 ■whose conduct was then much canvassed 
 before the public, not only proved abortive, 
 but brought upon him the malicious accusa- 
 tion of unnatural practices. Though acquit- 
 ted of this foul chai'ge, yet the blow he felt 
 from the imputation weakened his constitu- 
 tion, awl brought on a paralytic fit. He re- 
 covered, but the following year as he preceded 
 to France by the advice of his physicians, he 
 was taken ill and died a few hours after at 
 Dover, 20th Oct. 1777. In his private char- 
 acter Foote was respectable, and llie wit and 
 humor of his conversation were very pow- 
 erful. Dr. Johnson, as Boswell relates, met 
 him for the first time at Fitzherbert's. Hav- 
 ing no good opinion of the fellow, says he, I 
 was resolved not to be pleased, and it is very 
 difficult to please a man against his will. I 
 went on eating my dinner pretty sullenly, af- 
 fecting not to mind him, but the dog was so 
 very comical, that I was obliged to lay down 
 my knife and fork, throw myself back in my 
 chair, and fairly laugh it out. Sir, he was ir- 
 resistible. His dramas are 20 in number, 
 mostly built on temporary topics, and full of 
 personalities. He borrowed liberally from 
 Moliere, but made all his own by his own pe- 
 culiar powers of humor and originality. His 
 •works have been collected and published in 4 
 vols. 8vo. His life has been published with 
 entertaining anecdotes bv Mr. Cooke. 
 
 FOPPENS, John Francis, professor of di- 
 vinity at Louvain, and archdeacon of Mech- 
 lin, edited Mirseus' Opera historica Diploma- 
 tica, and compiled BibliothecaBelgica, 2 vols. 
 4to. from the labors of learned Belgians, and 
 other works, and died 1761, aged 72. 
 
 Forbes, Patrick, a Scotch prelate, of a 
 noble family, born in Aberdeenshire 1564. 
 He was educated at Aberdeen and St. An- 
 drew's, and being ordained presbyter at the 
 age of 28, he was, in 1618, raised to the see 
 of Aberdeen, much against his will, but at the 
 pressing solicitations of king James. This 
 great and good man died 1635, aged 71. His 
 Commentary on the Revelations appeared 
 London 1613. He was a great benefactor to 
 Aberdeen university of which he was chan- 
 cellor, and he revived the professorship of 
 law, physic, and divinity. 
 
 Forbes, John, son of the preceding, was 
 made bishop of Aberdeen, by king Jan>es. 
 He was expelled from the divinity ])rofessor- 
 ship at Aberdeen by the covenanters, and after 
 two years' residence in Holland, he returned 
 to his native country and ended his days at 
 his estate at Corse 1648. He was a very 
 learned man, as his theological and historical 
 institutions fully evince. His works were 
 published at Amsterdam 2 vols. fol. 1703. 
 
 Forbes, William, bishop of Edinburgh, 
 was born at Aberdeen 1585, and educated 
 there. After studying at Leyden, and in the 
 universities of Germany, became to FiUgland, 
 where he rejected the Hebrew professorship 
 at Oxford, that he might re-establish his 
 health by returning to the air of his native 
 country. He was highly esteemed by his 
 countrymen, and as his health would not per- 
 mit his frequent preaching, he was appointed 
 principal of the Marischal-college Aberdeen. 
 On the foundation of the see of Edinburgh 
 by Charles I. Dr. Forbes was honorably 
 placed by the monarch to fill it, but he enjoy- 
 ed his dignity only three montlis, and died 
 1634. He was a man of extensive learning, 
 but was very moderate in his opinions, and 
 pacific in his temper, as his treatise to dimin- 
 ish controversies printed London 1658, and 
 re-printed at Frankfort 1707, fully proves. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan, a Scotch judge, born at 
 Culloden 1685. He studied at Edinburgh, 
 Utrecht, and Paris, and on his return to Scot- 
 land 1710, practised as an advocate. In 1722, 
 he was elected member for Invernesshire, and 
 1725 was made lord advocate. In 1742, he 
 was r.iised to be lord president of the court 
 of sessions, and, in the rebellion of 1745, he 
 nobly opposed the pretender, but the refusal 
 of government to refund what he had lost by 
 his liberal support of the royal cause, proved 
 so disagreeable to his feeling.s, that it produc- 
 ed a fever of which he died 1747, aged 62. 
 He was a good Hebrew scholar, and wrote 
 Thoughts on Religion, — a Letter to a bishop 
 on Hutchinson's writings, — Reflections on la- 
 credulity, 2 vols. 12mo. 1750. 
 
 FoRBiN, Claude Chevalier de, a French 
 naval officer, born in 1656. He was early 
 brought up to the sea service, and in 1686 
 became chief admiral to the king of Siam in 
 
FO 
 
 sny 
 
 FO 
 
 the East-Indies. He afterwards clistinguished ; 
 himself in Europe, on the coast of Spain, and 
 in the service of Lewis XIV. The king was 
 pleased with his valor, and the disinterest- 
 edness, and generosity of his character, but 
 though favored by the prince, he was ne- 
 glected by the ministers, and therefore he 
 retired in discontent from the service 1710. 
 He died 17^3, aged 77. His maxims to per- 
 sons in the sea service, were two, never to 
 interfere with any thing not belonging to 
 their employment, and to pay a blind obedi- 
 ence to the omlers they received, however 
 repugnant to their private opinions. 
 FouBisHER, FiV/. Frobisher. 
 FoRBONNATS, Francis Yeron de, inspec- 
 tor general r)f the manufactures of France, 
 was born at Mans, 2d Oct. 17'22, and died at 
 Paris at the end of 1800. He was well ac- 
 quainted with commerce, and the real re- 
 sources of a kingdom, and he published vari- 
 ous intelligent tracts on subjects of finance, 
 politics, and rnercantile concerns. 
 
 Forge, Charlotte Rose de Caumontde la, 
 a French poetess^ who died 1724, aged 70. 
 Her Castle in Spain, a poem — her secret 
 History of Burgundy, a romance — her tales, 
 and otiier works, possess merit. 
 
 Force, James duke de la, son of Francis, 
 lord of la Force, who, with his eldest son 
 Arnaud, was murdered in his bed, on the 
 fatal night of St. Bartholomew. He was then 
 nine years old, and was between his father 
 and his brother in the bed, but being un- 
 perceived by the assassins, he escaped with 
 his life, a circumstance which Voltaire has 
 recorded in the 2d canto of his Henriade. 
 He fought under Henry IV. and espoused 
 the side of the protestants, against Lewis 
 XIII. especially at Montauban 1031. He 
 soon after made his peace with the king, 
 upon which he was created marshal of 
 France, a duke, lieutenant general of the 
 army of Piedmont, besides a present of 
 200,000 crowns. He afterwards took Pigne- 
 f ol, and.defeated the Spaniards at Carignan 
 1G30. He was afterwards engaged m the 
 German wars, and took Spires, after raising 
 the siege of Philipsburg. He died full of 
 years and of glory 1652, aged 89. 
 
 Ford, John, a dramatic poet, in the reigns 
 of James, and Charles I. He was of the mid- 
 dle Temple, but the time of his death is un- 
 known. He wrote 12 plays published be- 
 tween 1629, and 1636. 
 
 For DUN, John de, a Scotcli historian, 
 who flerished about 1377. He wrote a 
 history of his country called Scoti-Chronicon, 
 a curious but not accurate performance, pub- 
 lished by Hearne at Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. and 
 by Goodall,fol. Edinburgh. 
 
 Fordyce, David, a learned. Scotsman, 
 horn at Aberdeen 1720, where he was edu- 
 cated, and where he became professor of 
 moral philosophy, in the marischal college 
 He travelled through France and Italy, and 
 other parts of Europe, and was drov/ned on 
 his return, in a storm on the coast of Holland 
 1751. He wrote Dialogues concerning Edu- 
 cation, 2 vols. 8vo. — treatise of Moral Philo- 
 
 sophy—Theodorus, a dialogue concerning 
 the Art of Preaching — the Temple of Vir- 
 tue, a dream, &c. 
 
 Fodyce, James, a Scotch divine, brother 
 to the above, born at Aberdeen, and educa- 
 ted there. He was minister of Brechin, and 
 afterwards of Alloa, and in 1702, he removed 
 to Monkwell street, London, where he was 
 assistant, and then successor to Dr. Law- 
 rence. He afterwards settled in Hampshire, 
 and died at Bath 1790, in his 77th year. He 
 is author of Sermons to young Women, 2 
 vols. — Address to young Men, 2 vols. — Ad- 
 dresses to the Deity — a sermon on the Elo- 
 quence orf" the Pulpit — poems — single ser- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Fordyce, George, nephew of the prece- 
 ding:, was born near Aberdeen, and educated 
 
 in that university, where at the age of 14 he 
 took his degree of M. A. After some resi- 
 dence with his uncle, who was an apothecary 
 and surgeon at Uppingham, Rutlandshire, he 
 went to Edinburgh, and to Leyden, where 
 he took his doctor's degree 1758. He settled 
 the following year in London, where he 
 distinguished himself as a lecturer on the 
 Materia Medica, and the practice of physic, 
 and in 1770 he became physician to St. 
 Thomas's hospital, and six years after a 
 fellow of the Royal society. He was, ia 
 1787, made a fellow of the college of physi- 
 cians speciali gratia^ an unusual honor, and 
 he died 1802, aged 66. His works are essays 
 on Fevers — on Digestion — Elements of the 
 Practice of Physic — Elements of Agriculture 
 and Vegetation, &c. 
 
 Fordyce, sir William, a Scotch physi- 
 cian, of great repute, who died in London 
 1792. 
 
 FoREiRO, Francis, a Dominican monk, 
 horn at Lisbon, and sent by the king of Por- 
 tugal, to the council of Trent, where he was 
 in consequence of his abilities invited to 
 draw up a general catechism. He published, 
 with a commentary, a translation of Isaiah's 
 prophecy, Venice 1562, and died at Lisbon, 
 1581. 
 
 Forest, Peter, or Forestus, a Dutcli 
 physician, born at Alcmaer 1522. He studi- 
 ed physic in Italy, and died medical professor 
 at Leyden 1597. The most known of his 
 works is " Observations oji Medicine" 6 vols, 
 fol. Frankfort 162r). 
 
 Forest, John, a French landscape paint- 
 er, born at Paris, where he died 1712, aged 
 76, He was painter to the French king, and 
 in his manner imitated Titian, Giorgione, 
 and the Bassans. 
 
 Forest, or Foresta, James Philip, 
 known l)y the name of Philip Bergamo, the 
 place of his birth, was an Augustine monk, 
 and wrote a chronicle from Adam to the 
 year 1503, a work not very valuable. He 
 wrote a confessional, fol. Venice 1487 — and 
 a treatise of Illustrious Women, fol. 1497, 
 Ferrara. 
 
 FoRMEY, John Henry Samuel, a native 
 of Berlin, minister of the French chuich 
 there, and afterwards professor of philoso- 
 phy in the French college, and then secre- 
 
FO 
 
 .'>'3^ 
 
 FO 
 
 tary to the royal Berlin academy of sciennes, 
 and privy counsellor. He died 1797, aged 
 86. He was author of Abridgement of 
 Ecclesiastical History — History of Philoso- 
 phy abridged, botli translated into English — 
 liesearches ou the Elements of Matter — 
 Considerations on Cicero's Tusculanura — 
 the Christian Philosopher — Pensees Kai- 
 sonables — Anti-Emile against llosseau, and 
 other works, and he conducted, with Beau- 
 sobre, the Bibliotheque Germanique. 
 
 FoRMOsus, bishop of Porto, near Kome, 
 succeeded Stephen V. as pope, 891. He was 
 very unpopular in his government, and after 
 death his body was dragged from his grave by 
 the populace, and thrown into the Tiber. 
 
 ForSkal, Peter, a Swedish naturalist, 
 ■who studied at Gottingen and at Upsal under 
 LinnsBUs. He went, in 1761, with Niebuhr 
 to Arabia, and died there at Jerira 1763, 
 aged 27. He was author of Thoughts on 
 Civil Liberty, 17.t9, and from his papers 
 Niebuhr published Icones Rerum Naturali- 
 um quas in Itinere Orientali depingi curavit 
 Forskal, 4to. — Descriptiones Animalium & 
 Equse, &c. 4to. — Flora JEgyptiaco-Arabica, 
 4to. 
 
 FoRSTER, John, a protestant Hebraist of 
 "VVittemburg, born at Augsburg 1495. He 
 was the friend of Luther, KeuchUn, and 
 Mclancthon, and died 1556. He published a 
 Hebi-ew Lexicon, 1564, folio, Bale. Another 
 person of the same name published Cora- 
 inentaries on Isaiah, and other works. 
 
 FoRSTER, George, an ingenious natural- 
 ist, who accompanied Cook in his second 
 voyage round the world. He Avas professor 
 in the university of Cassel, and afterwards at 
 Wilna and M ayence. He next visited Paris, 
 to enable himself to travel to Thibet; but 
 died in the midst of his preparations, 1792, 
 aged 39. He was then representative of 
 Mentz in the national assembly. He wrote 
 a tract on the English Constitution — a Jour- 
 nal of Cook's second Voyage, 2 vols. 4to. 
 which he defended against Wales — a Philo- 
 sophical Journey along the Rhine, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — a Journey through England, 17f 0. 
 
 FoKSTER, Dr. John Reinold, father to the 
 above, studied at Halle, and was minister at 
 Dantzic, and after being some time in Russia 
 he came to England, and was tutor in Ger- 
 man and French in Warrington academy. 
 He accompanied Cook in his second voyage, 
 and after his return in 1775, he was created 
 LL. D, by the university of Oxford. He lost 
 his public character in England, for publish- 
 ing, conti'ary to agreement, an account of 
 the plants discovered in his voyag?, in conse- 
 quence of which he left the country for Ger- 
 many. He died at Halle, in Saxony, 1799. 
 He is author of Observations made I'ound 
 the World — History of Discoveries in the 
 North — treatises on the Byssus of tlie An- 
 cients, and other valuable tracts on natural 
 history. 
 
 FoRSTER, Nathaniel a native of Plym- 
 stock, Devonshire, educated at Plymouth 
 and Eton school, and after%vards at Corpus 
 Christ!, Oxford, where he became fellow. 
 
 He obtained Hethe rectory, Oxfoi-dshire, 
 and in 1 750 was chaplain to Butler, of Dur- 
 ham, who made him his executor. He was, 
 in 1752, chaplain to Herring the primate, 
 and two years after obtained a prebend ia 
 Bristol cathedral, and Rochdale vicarage, 
 Lancashire. In 1756 he was chaplain to the 
 king, and then preacher to the Rolls. He 
 died 1757, aged 40. He published Platonis 
 Dialogi quinque, &c. 1745 — Reflections on 
 the Antiquity of Egypt — Appendix Liviana, 
 1740— Popery destructive of the Evidence 
 of Christianity, a sermon — Dissertation on 
 Josephus' Account of our Saviour — Biblia 
 Hebraica, sine Punctis, 4to. — on the Mar- 
 riage of Minors, 8vo. &c. 
 
 FoRSTNER, Christopher, an Austrian 
 lawyer, who died 1667, aged 69. After 
 travelling in Italy he was engaged in the 
 negotiations of the peace of Munster, and 
 for kis services he was made a member of 
 the Aulic council. He wrote De Principatu 
 Tiberii Notse Politicse ad Tacitum — collec- 
 tion of his letters on the peace of Munster— 
 Hypomnemata-Pohtica, &c. 
 
 Fort, Francis le, a native of Geneva, 
 who, from military zeal, served in Holland at 
 the age of 16, and afterwards entered into 
 the army of Peter I. of Russia. He gained 
 the favor of that prince, and was intrusted 
 in 1696, with the seige of Azof, and in this 
 arduous affair, he displayed such abilities 
 that the emperor made him commander of 
 his forces, and his prime minister. The 
 resoui-ces of his great genius were employed 
 in new-modelling the army, and improving 
 the afiairs of his imperial patron. He died 
 at Moscow 1699, and the Czar, afflicted for 
 his loss, paid the last honors to his remains, 
 with the most magnificent obsequies. 
 
 FoRTESCUE, sir John, an English lawyer, 
 born of an ancient family at Wear Gilford, 
 in Devonshire. He was, according to Tan- 
 ner, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 fi-om whence he removed to Lincoln's Inn. 
 In 1441 he was made king's serjeant at law, 
 and the next year chief justice of the king's 
 bench. His integrity, wisdom, and firmness 
 recommended him to Henry VI. by whom 
 his salary was raised ; but his attachment to 
 the house of Lancaster proved the source of 
 persecution. In the first parliament of Ed- 
 ward IV. he was attainted of high treason, and 
 he followed his exiled master into Scotland, 
 where he was nominated chancellor of Eng- 
 land. He embarked for Holland in 1463, with 
 queen Margaret, and continued several years 
 in exile in Lorraine. In this foreign country 
 he employed himself in the composition of 
 his book "De Laudibus Legum Anglise," 
 written for the instruction of young prince 
 Edward ; but not published till the reign of 
 Henry VIII. He afterwards accompanied 
 the queen back to England ; but their affairs 
 became more desperate, and with greater 
 love of ease, perhaps, than attachment to his 
 master, he reconciled himself to the reigning 
 monarch by writing an apology for his own 
 conduct, and passed the rest of his life iu 
 retirement and solitude. The year of his 
 
FO 
 
 6S/ 
 
 ro 
 
 death is unknown, though he lived to nearly 
 liis 90th year, and was buried in the church 
 of Ebrington, Glocestershire, where, in 1077, 
 one of his descendants repaired his monu- 
 ment. He wrote besides, " the Difterence 
 between an absolute and limited monarchy, 
 &c." published by J. Fortescue Aland, 1714, 
 besides other works remaining in MS. The 
 best edition of his book, " De Laudibus is that 
 of 1741. His character was very respectable 
 for piety, learning, and benevolence, and, as 
 attached to his country, none deserves a 
 better name. 
 
 FoRTiGUERRA, Nicolas, an Italian pre- 
 late and poet, born 1674. He Mas made a 
 bishop by Clement XI. but he was so cften 
 disappointed by Clement XII. who as the 
 patron of poets, had promised him a cardi- 
 iiaFs hat, that he fell ill in consequence, and 
 died 1735, aged 61. He wrote "liicciar- 
 detto," a burlesque poem in 30 cantos, in a 
 short time, to prove to some of his friends 
 the ease with which he could write in the 
 manner of Ariosto. This poem, though 
 very faulty, exhibits sallies of pleasantry and 
 strokes of genius. It has been translated into 
 French by du Mourrier. Fortiguerra 
 translated Terence into Italian 1736. 
 
 Fortius, or Fortis, Joachim, a teach- 
 er of Greek and of mathematics at Antwerp, 
 intimate with Erasmus, and other learned 
 men. He died 1536. He wrote "DeKa- 
 tione Studendi," and other works. 
 
 Foscari, Francis, a noble Venetian, elec- 
 ted doge 1423. He enlarged the Venetian 
 dominions by the conquest of Brescia and 
 Bergamo, and the towns of Crema and Ra- 
 venna, and other places ; but these victories 
 cost so dear that the Venetians loudly mur- 
 mured, and deposed their unfortunate leader. 
 His son shared also his disgrace, and was 
 banished, under false accusations, and the 
 wretched father died two days after his de- 
 position, 1457, aged 84. The son also soon 
 after died in prison, upon the false charge of 
 murdering a senator. 
 
 Foscarini, Michael, a Venetian senator 
 and historian. He contmued Nani's history 
 of Venice, at the public request, and died 
 1692, aged 64. His work was printed 1693, 
 4to. and makes the 10th vol. of Venetian his- 
 torians. He also wrote novels. 
 
 Fosse, Charles de la, a French painter, 
 pupil to Le Brun, born at Paris 1640. He 
 studied in Italy, and at his return he painted 
 the dome of the hotel of Invalids. Lewis 
 XIV. gave him a pension of 10()0 crowns, and 
 he became professor and rector of the acade- 
 my for painting. He was for some time en- 
 gaged in adorning the duke of Montague's 
 liouse, now the British museum in London, 
 and received a handsome offer from king 
 William, who admired his genius, and wished 
 him to settle in England ; but he declined. 
 He died at Paris 1716. 
 
 Fosse, Antony de la, nephew to the above, 
 was born at Paris 1658. He was lord of Au- 
 bigny, by the pu^'chase of the estate which 
 bears that title, and he was secretary to the 
 marquis de Crequi, When his patron was 
 
 killed at the battle of Luzara, he brought 
 back his heart to Puris, and celebrated his 
 fall in poetry, lie was afterM'ards in the 
 service of the duke d'Aumont; but he dis- 
 tinguished himself cliiefly by his tragedies. 
 His Manlius, which is his best play, is consi- 
 dered by the French as equal to the trage- 
 dies of Corneil'e; but he is less known than 
 he deserves. This amiable poet died in the 
 retirement and modest sohtude which he 
 loved, 1708, aged 50. 
 
 FosiER, Samuel, an English matheraali- 
 cian, born in Northamptonshire, and educa- 
 ted at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degi'ee of M.A. 1623. He was 
 elected in 1636, to the professorship of astro- 
 nomy inGresham college, which he resigned 
 the same year, and to which he was again 
 elected in 1641. During the civil wars he 
 formed one of that society of learned men 
 who united for philosophical purposes, and 
 were afterwards incorporated under the 
 name of the Royal society by Charles II. He 
 not only applied himself to as.*.ronomy, and 
 to curious and intelligent observations on 
 eclipses and on celestial bodies, but he con- 
 structed and improved with great ingenuity, 
 several matliematical and astronomical in- 
 struments. He died at Gresham college, of 
 a decline, 1652. The chief of his works are 
 *« the Art of Dialling," 4to. 1638— foiu- trea- 
 tises of Dialling, 4to. 1654 — Miscellanies or 
 Mathematical Lucubrations — descriptions of 
 several Instruments invented and improved. 
 There were two other mathematician.s of the 
 name of Foster in the same century; Wil- 
 liam, a disciple of Oughtred, and author of 
 the Circles of Proportion, and the Horizon- 
 tal Instrument, 1633, 4to. and Mark, who 
 published a treatise of Trigonometry. 
 
 Foster, James, a dissenthig minister, 
 born 16th Sep. 1697, at Exeter, at the gram- 
 mar school and in an academy of which 
 place he was educated. With great abi'ities, 
 a sound judgment, and a ready elocution, he 
 began to preach 1718, but the warm disputes 
 which prevailed in the west of England, and 
 especiallj' Exeter about the trinity, rendered 
 his situation in Devonshii'e unpleasant, and 
 he removed to Melborne, Somersetshire^ 
 and soon after to Ashwick. He published ia 
 1720 his '* Essay on Fundamentals," and his 
 sermon " on the Resurrection of Christ ;'* 
 but his finances were so low, and his hopes 
 of improving his income so uncertain, that 
 he almost determined to learn the trade of 
 gloverfrom Mr. Norman, in whose house he 
 lived at Trowbridge in Wilts, after his remo- 
 val from Somersetshire. He was, however, 
 soon after received as chaplain in the family 
 of Rob. Houlton, esq. and in 1724 he was 
 chosen to succeed, at Barbican, Dr. Gale, a, 
 person by whose book on adult immersion he 
 had been persuaded to be baptized. In 1731 
 he published his Defence of the Usefulness, 
 Truth, &c. of Christian Revelation against 
 Tindal, and in 1744, after 20 years' service 
 at Barbican, he was chosen pastor of the in- 
 dependents at Pinners hall, and in 1748 re* 
 ceived the degi-ee^f D.D, from the uuiversi- 
 
FO 
 
 hSZ 
 
 FO 
 
 ty of Aberdeen. He attenrled lord Kilmar- 
 nock after his trial in 1746, and died in con- 
 sequence of a paralytic stroke, 5th Nov. 1753. 
 His character for humanity and benevolence 
 of heart was equal to his learning, popular 
 as a preacher, and liberal in his religious 
 sentiments. He wrote besides the above, 
 •* Tracts on Heresy," in a controversy Mith 
 Dr. Stebbing — 4 vols, of sermons, 8vo. — 2 
 vols, of Discourses on Natural Religion, and 
 Social Virtue, 4to. Bolingbroke attributes 
 to him that false aphorism, "that where mys- 
 tery begins, religion ends." Pope has men- 
 tioned him with commendation in the pre- 
 face to his satii'es. 
 
 Foster, John, an elegant scholar, born 
 at Windsor 1731, and educated at Eton col- 
 lege, Avhere under the able tuition of Plump- 
 ti-ee and Ilurton, he distinguished himself as 
 a superior proficient in the Greek and He- 
 brcAv languages. In 1748 he was elected to 
 King's college, Cambridge, and afterwards 
 became assistant to Dr. Barnard, whom he 
 succeeded in !765, in the mastership of Eton 
 college. But though eminent in learning, 
 and great in mental powers, he was deficient 
 in manners, in temper, and in a perfect 
 knowledge of the world, which are so neces- 
 sary for such a situation, and which were 
 possessed in a high degi*ee by his predeces- 
 sor Barnard, so that his authority became un- 
 popular, and he at last resigned. His me- 
 rits, however, were rewarded by a canonry 
 at Windsor in 1772, but his infirmities were 
 increasing so rapidly, that he did not enjoy 
 his honors long He went to the German 
 Spa for the recovery of his health, and died 
 there Sep. 1773. His remains were after- 
 wards brought over to England, and buried 
 at Windsor near those of his father who had 
 been mayor of the town, and over his tomb 
 is an elegant Latin inscription written by 
 himself. He wrote besides a prize disserta- 
 tion on the doctrines of Epicurus, and the 
 Stoics, Cambridge — an Essay on the Diffe- 
 rent Nature of Accents and Quantity, with 
 their Use and Application in the Pronuncia- 
 tion of tiie English, Latin, and Greek 
 Tongues, with the Defence of the Greek 
 Accentual Marks, against J s. Vossius, Sarpe- 
 donius. Dr. Galy, &c. 8 -o. 1762. It is a cu- 
 rious and valuable performance. 
 
 Foster, Michael, a learned judge, born 
 at Marlborough, Wilts. He was educated at 
 Marlborough school, and Exeter College, 
 Oxford, and in 1707 entered at the Middle 
 Temple. In 1737 he was elected recorder 
 of Bristol, and in 1745 he was made one of 
 the justices of the king's bench, and then 
 knighted. He died 1765, aged 74. He pub- 
 lished an Examination of the Scheme of 
 Church Powei*, laid down in bishop Gibson's 
 Codex, 1735 — Report of some Proceedings 
 on the Commission for the Trial of Rebels in 
 1746 in the county of Surrey, 1762, 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, George, D. D. eldest of 
 seven sons, was born the last day of the year 
 1705, at Lockholme, Westmoreland, of an 
 ancient family. He was educated there, and 
 at Kendal school, and then removed to 
 
 Queen's college, Oxford, where he became 
 fellow and tutor. In 1751 he was made head 
 of St. Edmund hall, and vicar of Bramlev, 
 Hampshire. He died of an asthma, 5th Oct. 
 1760, and was buried in the chapel of his hall. 
 He was author of 2 vols, of sermons. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, John, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born 8th March, 1712, at Carr-end, 
 Yorkshire, of respectable quakers. He was 
 educated atSedburgh school, Yorkshire, and 
 in 1718 bound apprentice to an apothecary 
 at Bradford. In 1736 he removed to Lon- 
 don, arfd studied two years under Wilmot at 
 St. Thomas's hospital, and then went to 
 Edinbuz'gh, where he took his doctor's de- 
 gree. He afterwards visited Leyden, and 
 travelled through France and Germany, and 
 in 1740 settled in London. He was a licen- 
 tiate of the college of physicians, London, 
 and fellow of Edinburgh, and of the royal 
 and antiquarian societies. He continued' to 
 rise in fame and practice, so that his busi- 
 ness brought him little less than 7000/. per 
 ann. and enabled him to accumulate a pro- 
 perty of 80,000/. He died of an obstruction 
 in tlie bladdei-, at bis house Harpur street, 
 26th Dec. 1780, and his remains were inter- 
 red in the quaker's burying ground Winch- 
 more hill. Besides his medical engagements, 
 he devoted much of his time to natural histo- 
 ry, and made a collection of sliells and other 
 natural curiosities, which were sold after 
 his deatli to Dr. Hunter for 1200/. He form- 
 ed an excellent botanical garden at his house 
 at Upton in Essex, and he liberally endowed 
 a seminary of young quakers at Acworth 
 near Leeds, for the education and clothing of 
 above 300 children. He published some 
 tracts, the best of which is " on the Ulce- 
 rous Sore Throat," and was a great, patron 
 of learned men. He assisted Sydney Park- 
 inson in his account of his South sea voyage, 
 and at the expense of 2000/. printed a trans- 
 lation of the bible from the Hebrew and 
 Greek original, by Anthony Purver the 
 quaker, 2 vols. fol. 1764, and in 1780 publish- 
 ed Percy's Key to the New Testament, for 
 the use of his seminary. His books were 
 sold by auction in 1781, and his portraits and 
 prints were bought for 200 guineas by Mr. 
 Thane. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, Samucl, brother to the 
 preceding was eminent as a preacher among 
 the quakers. He travelled over England, 
 Scotland, Ireland, and North-America to 
 propagate his doctrines, and died 1773, much 
 respected for his private character. 
 
 FoucAULT, Nicolas Joseph, an antiquary- 
 born at Paris, 1643. He was intendant in 
 Normandy, and within six miles of Caen, he 
 discovered in 1704 the ancient town of the 
 Viducassians, of which he published an inter- 
 esting account, with the history of the mar- 
 bles, coins, inscriptions, &c. found there. 
 He discovered in the abbey of Moissac in 
 Querci a MS. of Lactantius de Mortibus 
 Persecutorem, afterwards published by Ba- 
 luce. He died 1721, respected for his erudi- 
 tion, his mildness of luaoners, and his bene= 
 volence. 
 
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 S^3 
 
 FO 
 
 FoucHER, Simon, a native of Dgon, who 
 died at Paris IG96, aged 52. He was author 
 of a treatise on Hygrometers — on the Wis- 
 dojn of the Ancients — Letters on the History 
 and Principles of the Academic Philosophy, 
 6 vols. &CC. . 
 
 jPoucHiER, Bertram de, a Dutch painter 
 of Bergen-op-Zoom, disciple to Vandyck 
 He studied the manner of Tintoretto at 
 Home, and adopted at his return home the 
 style of Brouwer. His portraits and conver- 
 sations are much admired. He died 1674, 
 aged G5. 
 
 FoucQ_uET, Nicolas, marquis of Belle- 
 Isle, was born 1615, and for his talents was 
 early advanced in the state. He Avas at the 
 age of 35 procurator-general of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and at 38 superintendant of 
 the finances. His peculation and extrava- 
 gance, however, were little calculated to re- 
 pair the mismanagement of Mnzarin, and 
 -when he had spent above 150,000/. of the 
 public money in adorning his seat at Vaux, 
 and attempted to rival his master in the 
 affection of la Valliere, his ruin was com- 
 plete. He was arrested in 1061, and con- 
 demned to perpetual banishment, exchanged 
 afterwards for imprisonment. He died 
 March 1680, aged 65, iu the citadel of 
 Pignerol. 
 
 FoucQ,UET, Charles Lewis Augustus, 
 grandson of the preceding, better known by 
 the name of mareschal Bellisle, was born 
 1684. He entered early into the army and 
 distinguished himself at the siege of Lisle, 
 for which Lewis XIV. promised him his 
 favor and protection. After that monarch's 
 death, he shared the disgrace of the minister 
 le Blanc, and was confined in the Bastille, 
 till his modest justification I'ecommended 
 him to the court, and paved his way to pro- 
 motion and honor. He was commander in 
 Flanders in the war of 1733, and became 
 the adviser and confidential friend of cardinal 
 Fleury. In 1741 he was created mareschal 
 of France, and in 1742 he assisted at Frank- 
 fort at the election of the emperor Charles 
 VII. where his influence was equal to his 
 great magnificence. Afterwards being de- 
 serted by the Prussians and Sa.xons, he 
 cfl;ected his escape with great difficulty from 
 Prague, but with sagacious dexterity, so that 
 he was created by the emperor member of 
 the Golden Fleece, and a prince of the em- 
 pire. He was taken prisoner in 1743 at 
 Elbingerode near Hanover, and brought over 
 to England. He afterwards served against 
 the Austrians in Provence, and was made 
 peer of France 1748. He was made prime 
 mini-ster 1757, and died four years aftei*, a 
 sacrifice to his zeal in the service of his coun- 
 try, and his anxiety to restore her finances 
 and commerce to a prosperous course. He 
 died Jan. 1761, aged 77. He was a great 
 character, nespected in private life, and 
 much attached to the glory of his country. 
 He was a patron of merit, and free from 
 blame, except in his criminal partiality for 
 the fair sex. His only son, born of a second 
 wife, was killed in battle 1758. 
 VOL. I. 69 
 
 FouGEUOux, Augustus Denys, an emi- 
 nent writer born at Paris 10th Oct. 1732. He 
 was nephew ofDahamel, and with him he ex- 
 amined with a philosophic eye the quarries of 
 Anjou, Britany, Naples, &c. and every where 
 made judicious and valuable obsei-vations ou 
 the variousproductionsof the natural kingdom. 
 He died of an apoplexy 28th Dec. 1789. He 
 wrote Memoir on the formation of Bone — 
 I'Art de I'Ardoisier — I'Art du TonnelUer-— 
 I'Art de Travaiiler les Cuirs Dores, &e. 
 
 FouiLLON, James an ecclesiastic born at 
 Rochelle, and though educated among the 
 Jesuits, a favorer of the Jansenists. He edi- 
 ted Arnauld's Letters, and had a share in the 
 History of the Case of Conscience, 8 vols. 1705 
 — and in the Hexaples against the Bull Uni- 
 genitus, 7 vols. &c. 
 
 FouLON, William, in Latin Gnaphseus, 
 was born at the Hague, where he kept a 
 school. He wrote three Latin comedies, 
 Martyrium Johannis Pistorii — Hypocrysis& 
 Acolastus de Filio Prodigo, the most admir- 
 ed, edited with learned notes by Prateolus at 
 Paris 1554. He died at Horden in Friesland, 
 where he was burgomaster, 1558, aged 75. 
 
 FouLON, John, author of a Commentary 
 on the Maccabees — Ilistoria Leodiensis, 3 
 vols, folio, &c. was a Jesuit of Liege who 
 died 1668. 
 
 FouLON, N. a French politician who ad- 
 vised the government to recover its credit 
 by a general bankruptcy. He was placed 
 over the finances at the beginning of the re- 
 volution, but in the midst of the general con- 
 fusion he became one of its first victiius. He 
 in vain attempted to conceal himself, when 
 discovered 22d July, 1789, he was dragged 
 with the greatest insult, and in the most ex- 
 cruciating manner to Paris, where he was 
 hanged amidst the acclamations of a rejoic- 
 ing, and ferocious populace 
 
 FouxTAiNE, sir Andrew, an antiquarian, 
 born at Narford, Norfolk, and educated at 
 Chri.st-church, Oxford. He studied here the 
 Anglo-Saxon language, and published a spe- 
 cimen of his great proficiency iu his instruc- 
 tor Hickes'Thesaurus, under the title of Nu- 
 mismata Anglo-Saxonica & Anglo-Danica, 
 breviter lUustrata ab Andrea Fountaine, eq. 
 aur. & sedis Christi Oxon. Alumno, 1705. 
 He was knighted by king William, and after- 
 wards travelled through Europe in making a 
 collection of valuable pictures, medals, sta- 
 tues, and inscriptions. He was the intimate 
 friend and correspondent of Swift, and he 
 embellished his Tale of the Tub, with excel- 
 lent designs. Sir Andrew, as a masterly con- 
 noisseur of medals and antiques, improved 
 his property greatly by collecting for some of 
 tlie largest cabinets in the kingdom. He was 
 vice-chamberlain to Caroline, when px^ncess 
 of Wales and queen, and in 1727 was made 
 warden of the mint, an office which he held 
 till hisdeath, 4th Sept. 1753. He w^asbuyied 
 at Narford; a portrait of him by Hoare it 
 preserved at Wilton-house. He is mention- 
 ed with great applause by Montfaucon. 
 
 Fouq^uiER-TiNviLLE, Anihony Quen- 
 tin, a Frenchman of infamous meipory, boiru 
 
FO 
 
 .^^f 
 
 FO 
 
 at Herouan near St. Quentin. From a bank- 
 rupt, he became the friend of Kobespierre 
 
 the Academy of Inscriptions. He died 1746. 
 FouRNiER, Peter Simon, a French ei:- 
 
 and so. sanguinary was his conduct, and so | graver and letter founder, born at Paris 171 :^. 
 ferocious his principles, that he was deemed j In 1737, he published a table of proportions 
 by the tyrant, worthy to be the public accu- to be observed between letters, to determine 
 ser. In this office he display eti the most { their height He wrote also dissei*tations on 
 
 bloody and vindictive character The young, 
 the aged, the int.ocent, were hurried with in- 
 sulting indifference to the scaffold, and in one 
 instance, in four hours, 80 individuals Mere 
 devoted to immediate death. When one of 
 the gaolers observed that a person brought 
 up before the tribunal was not the accused, 
 Fouquier observed with unconcern, that one 
 -was as good as the other, and the unhappy 
 victim marched to the guillotine. On ano- 
 ther occasion, under a simdar mistake, he ex- 
 claimed, it matters little, to-day is as good as 
 to-morrow, and the Avretched prisoner suf- 
 fered death. The fall of Robespierre check- 
 ed not the hand of this monster, on the day 
 of the tyrant's arrest, he observed, on sign- 
 ing the condemnation of 42 persons, that jus- 
 tice must have her coui-se. At last punish- 
 ment came though late, the vindictive 
 Fouquier appeared before that tribunal where 
 lie had exercised such bloody tyranny, and on 
 the 7th May 1794, he was guUotined, aged 
 48, and universally execrated. 
 
 FouQ_L'iERES, James, a Flemish painter, 
 born at Antwerp, 1580. He was the disciple 
 of Velvet Breughel, and painted for Itubens. 
 He worked for the electorpalatineat Heidle- 
 berg, and went to Paris where he died poor 
 through imprudence 1659. His landscapes 
 are so finely finished as to be scarce inferior to 
 Titian's. 
 
 Four du. Vid. Longuerue. 
 
 FouRCKOi, N. an eminent French engi- 
 neer, who planned the jutiction of the rivers 
 Scheldt, Moselle, Sarabre, Oise, Rhine and 
 Meuse, by means of canals. He published 
 some valuable tracts, and died 12th Jan, 1791, 
 aged 76 . 
 
 FouRMONT, Stephen, professor of Ara- 
 bic and Chmese at Paris, was born at Herbe- 
 lai near that city 1683. He devoted himself 
 ■with unusual api)lication to study, and had so 
 retentive a memory that the most difficult 
 passages became familiar to him. He av as so 
 ■well known as a man of erudition, that once 
 Cff twice a week conferences were held at his 
 house, on litei-ary subjects, by learned French- 
 men, and foreigners. He was liberally invi- 
 ted by count de Toledo to settle in Spain, 
 which he ileclined. He succeeded Galland 
 in 171,5, as Arabic professor, and was admit- 
 ted into the learned societies of Paris, Berlin, 
 and London, and was afterwards sccretarj' to 
 the duke of Orleans his friend and patron. 
 He died 1 743. His works are *' the Roots of 
 the Latin Tongue in Metre" — Critical Re- 
 flections on Ancient History, to the time of 
 Cyrus, 2 vols. 4to. — Meditationes Sinicse, 
 folio— a Chinese Grammar in Latin, folio — 
 Dissertation in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Inscriptions. 
 
 Four MONT, Michael, brother to the 
 above, was pn ecclesiastic and i)rf)fessor of 
 Syriac in the Royal college, and member of 
 
 the rise and progress of the typographical 
 art, published since in 1 vol. 8vo. divided into 
 three parts. His great work is " Manuel 
 Typographique utile aux Gens de Lettrcs, 
 & a ceux qui exercent les Ditterentes Parties 
 de PArt de I'lmprimerie, 8vo. 2 vols. This 
 excellent cliaracter, who had done so much 
 for his profession, died 1 768. 
 
 FouRNY, Honors Caille du, a learned 
 Frenchman, who assisted pere Anselme in 
 his second edition of Histoire Genealogique 
 & Chronologique de la Maisun de France & 
 des Grands Officiers de la Couronne, 1712, 
 since continued to 9 vols fol. He was audi- 
 tor of the Paris cham ber of accounts, and 
 died 1731. 
 
 FOURQ.UEVAUX, Raymond of Pavia, 
 baron of, an Italian, of the family of Beccari 
 in Pavia, who came to France in the wars of 
 the Guelphs and Gibbelines, and signalized 
 himself in the defence of Toulouse against 
 the Huguenots in 1562. He was for his ser- 
 vices made governor of Narbonne, where he 
 died 1574, aged 66. He wrote the lives of 
 14 great French generals, 4to. Paris 1543, 
 much esteemed. 
 
 Fowler, John, an English printer, bom 
 at Bristol, and educated at Winchester and 
 New-college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow 1555. He resigned in 1559; and went 
 to Antwerp and Louvain, where he learned 
 printing, and employed his talents for the pa- 
 pists against the protestants. He was accord- 
 ing to Wood a learned man, well skilled ia 
 Greek and Latin, a poet and orator, and a 
 judicious critic. He wrote, as well as printed 
 books in favor of his religion- He died at 
 Newmark in Germany 1578. 
 
 Fowler, Christophe, a puritan of some 
 eminence, born at Marlborough 1611, and 
 educated at Magdalen-college, and Edmund- 
 hall, Oxford. He took orders, but in 1641 
 declared himself a presbj'terian, and drew 
 crowds after him by the oddity of his gestures 
 and the violence of his appeals in the pulpit. 
 He afterwards was vicar of St. Mary's 
 Reading, and then fellow of Eton, and an 
 able assistant to the Berkshire commissioners 
 in the ejection of what then were called igno- 
 rant and insufficient ministers. At the resto- 
 ration he was ejected from his preferments, 
 and died 1676, considei'ed as little better than 
 distracted. His writings are not worth men- 
 tioning. 
 
 Fowler, Edward, an English prelate, 
 born 1632, at Westerleigh, Glocestershire, 
 where his father was minister. He was edu- 
 cated at the college school Glocester, and 
 removed to Corpus Cbristi college, Oxford. 
 Ashe had been brought up among the puri- 
 tans, he at first objected to conformity with 
 the church, but became afterwards one of its 
 greatest ornaments. As he was an able 
 preacher he was made by the primate Shel- 
 
F0 
 
 don, rector ofAll-Hallows, Bread street, 1673, 
 and two years after he became prebendary at 
 Glocestei', and in 1681 vicar of St. Giles' 
 
 adandoned by liis father-in-law, he was gen- 
 erously received in the house of sir Thomas 
 Lucy of Warwickshire, to whose chddren he 
 became tutor. He afterwards married a per- 
 son of Coventry, and after residing there some 
 time, he came to London still exposed to the 
 privations of u narrow income. His wants, 
 however, says his son, were relieved by an 
 unknown stranger, who gave him an untold 
 sum of money and barle him hope for better 
 times, which in three days arrived by his 
 being admittedinto the service of the duchess 
 of Richmond, and made tutor to her nephew 
 lord Surrey's children. He lived at llyegate 
 under the kind protection of this noble family, 
 and though the persecuting Gardiner, in t .e 
 bloody reign of Mary, plotted his ruin, he 
 remained for some time unhurt by the influ- 
 ence and the dexteritv of his worthy pupil 
 now duke of Norfolk. At last, he escaped 
 from the pursuit of the artful prelate to the 
 continent with his wife, and passing through 
 Antwerp and Frankfort he settled at Basil, 
 and there maintained himself by correcting 
 the press for the famous printer Oporinus. 
 Here Ue formed the plan of his great work, 
 andatthe end of Mary's reign returned toEng- 
 land where he was received with all the re- 
 spect due to liis merits. His pupil, the duke 
 of Norfolk, settled a pension on him, and 
 Cecil obtained for him a prebend in the 
 church of Salisbury, but though he might 
 have risen high in preferment by the interest 
 of his friends Walsingham, Drake, Greshara, 
 Grindal, Pilkington, &c. he refused to sub- 
 scribe to some of the canons, and when urged 
 by Parker the primate, he produced a (ireek 
 testament, adding, to this only will I subscribe. 
 This worth}' man, so much and so deservedly 
 respected, was greatly afflicted at the ejec- 
 tion of his son from Magdalen college by the 
 puritans; but while he exhibited the most 
 perfect moderation in his religious senti- 
 ments, he dreaded the evils which party and 
 dissension might bring upon the church. He 
 died 1587, aged 70, and was buried in the 
 church of St. Giles' Cripplegate, of which 
 for some time he had been vicar. He left 
 two sons, Samuel, afterwards fellow of Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, and author of his fa,- 
 ther's life, and Thomas, fellow of King's 
 college, Cambridge, and physician in Lon- 
 don- Fox is deservedly celebrated as the 
 author of the history of the acts and monu- 
 ments of the chur«h, called *' Book of Mar- 
 tyrs" published in London 1563, in one vo- 
 lume folio, and afterwards improved and en- 
 larged, and published in a ninth edition 1684, 
 in 3 vols. fi)l. This work was highly Valued 
 by the protestants, while the papists abused 
 it under the name of P'ox's golden legend. 
 
 Cripplegate, when he took, his degree of ID. 
 D. He was an able defender of protestant- 
 ism, and appears as the second of the Lon- 
 don clergy, who refused to read king .lames's 
 declaration for liberty of conscience, in 1688. 
 He was rewarded for his eminent services in 
 the cause of religion, and in the promotion of 
 the revolution, by being made in 1691, bishop 
 of Glocester. He died at Chelsea 1714, 
 aged 82. He was twice married, and by his 
 first wife had several children He wrote 
 sermons and various pieces on divinity, the 
 most known and useful of which is his " De- 
 sign of Christianity," often printed, and de- 
 fended by the author against Bunyan, the 
 writer of the Pilgrim's Progress. 
 
 Fox, Edward, an English prelate and 
 statesman, born at Dursley, Glocester shire, 
 and educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became proA'ost 1528. 
 His abilities recommended him to the notice 
 of Wolsey, by whom he was engaged as an 
 ambassador to Rome with Gardiner, to pro- 
 mote the divorce of the king from Catherine 
 of Arragon. He was afterwards sent on em- 
 bassies to France and Germany, and in 1535 
 raised to the see of Hereford. He Avas an 
 active promoter of the reformation, and if 
 inferior to Cranmer in abilities, he was his 
 superior in dexterity. AVhen in Gerniany 
 he zealously invited the protestant divines to 
 unite themselves to the doctrines of the 
 church of England. He died in London 1538. 
 He wrote in the midst of his political engage- 
 ments, a book called de Vera Differentia 
 RegisB Protestatis et Ecclesiasticse et quae sit 
 ipsa Veritas, et Virtus utriusque 1534 ; trans- 
 lated into English by lord Strafford. His 
 maxims were that " an honorable peace 
 lasts long, but a dishonorable peace no lon- 
 ger, than till kings have power to break it; 
 the surest way therefore to peace is a con- 
 stant preparedness for war," and *' two 
 things must support a government, gold and 
 ii'on, — gold to reward its friends, and iron to 
 keep under its enemies." 
 
 Fox, John, an English divine, and ecclesi- 
 astical historian, born at Boston, Lincolnshire 
 1517. He was entered at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards chosen fellow 
 of Magdalen, and in 1543, he became M.A. 
 In his 3^ounger years he displayed poetical 
 genius in the publication of some Latin plays 
 on scriptural subjects, but he afterwards turn- 
 ed all his thoughts to divinity, and to the re- 
 formation which now engaged the attention 
 of Europe. To acquii*e the judgment and 
 information necessary on such irai)ortant 
 
 points, he read with great care the Greek i That Fox is occasionally intemperate and 
 aud Latin fathers, studied Hebrew, and pe- j abusive cannot be denied, but though Jeremy 
 rused every work from which he could reap ■ Collier accuses him of disingcnuity and ilf. 
 information , but his seclusion, and his fre- nature, he is still to be read with interest, as 
 quent absence from public worship, alarmed he is accurate, minute, and generally impar- 
 liis friends and encouraged his enemies. He ' tial. 
 
 was therefore accused of heresy in 1545, and j Fox, George, the first preacher of tlie ssct 
 difficulty escaped with his life by ex- 1 called quakers, was born at Drayton in the 
 
 with 
 
 pulsion from college. 
 
 In his distress, and j Clay, Leicestershire, 
 
 1624. He was boui.d 
 
FO 
 
 SS*^ 
 
 FO 
 
 by^iis fathe;*, who was a weavei', to a shoe- 
 maker and graziei , and the occupation of his 
 youth was chiefly the tending of sheep. He 
 did not however follow the professions in 
 which he had been engaged, as, in 1643, he 
 began his wandering iife, and after retiring 
 to sohtude, and at other times frequenting 
 the company of religious and devout persons, 
 he became a public preacher in 1647 or 
 1648, He inveighed, with sullen bitterness, 
 against the drunkenness, the injustice, and 
 the vices of the times, he attacked the cler- 
 g}'", and the established modes of worship, 
 and asserted that the light of Christ, implant- 
 ed in the human heart, was alone the means 
 of salvation and the right qualification of the 
 gospel ministry. Such doctrines produced 
 persecution, he was imprisoned at Notting- 
 ham in 1649, and during the whole course of 
 his laborious life, he suffered the same treat- 
 ment eight times more, and often \vith great 
 severity. He married in 1669, Margaret the 
 widow of Thomas Fell, a Welch judge, who 
 ■was nine years older than himself, but as she 
 had to attend to a family, by her former hus- 
 band, and as his avocations were of a spiri- 
 tual kind, and in distant countries, they did 
 not long live together. In his pious zeal, 
 Fox visited not only England, Ireland, and 
 Scotland, but he extended his travels to Hol- 
 land, and Germany, to the American colo- 
 nies, and the West-India Islands, recom- 
 mending in his life and conduct the merits of 
 a meek, devout, and inoffensive character. 
 He died in London 1690. Though illiterate 
 he wrote much. His journal was ])rinted 
 1694, his epistles 1698, his doctrinal pieces, 
 about 150 in number, 1706. The name of 
 quakers was first given to him and his fol- 
 lowers at Derby, in consequence of the odd 
 contorsions of their body. 
 
 Fox, Richard, a native of Grantham, Lin- 
 colnshire. Though of obscure origin, he 
 was Avell educated at Boston school, and 
 Magdalen colh-ge, Oxford, from which he 
 removed in consequence of the plague, to 
 Pembroke liall, Caitibridge. He was by the 
 
 initiation at Westminster school, he was re 
 ijioved to Eion, and during his residence in 
 that illustrious seminary, he published the 
 periodical paper called the Spendthrift, in 
 20 numbers. From Eton, where he formed 
 an increasing friendship with some of the fu- 
 ture leaders of the senate, he removed to 
 Oxford, and then devoted himself so zealous- 
 ly to dramatic literature, that he is said to 
 have read every play written in the English 
 language. After making the usual tour of 
 Europe, he was elected, even before he Avas 
 of age, into parliament for Midhurst, and his 
 first speech was in favor of ministry, and 
 against Mr. Wilkes, and the Middlesex elec- 
 tion. After sharing the favors of the minis- 
 ter as a lord of the Admiralty, and after- 
 wards as a lord of the Treasury, he was dis- 
 missed from his offices, and had the singular 
 fortune before he reached his 24th year, of 
 being the ablest sui)porter of the government 
 during one session, and in the next of be- 
 coming one of its most eloquent and dange- 
 rous opponents. During the American war 
 he was a regular, consistent, and active an- 
 tagonist of the ministry, and on the removal 
 of lord North he was raised to a seat in the 
 cabinet as secretary of state. The death of 
 lord Rockingham soon after dissolved the 
 new ministry, and Mr. Fox after some time 
 opposing the measures of lord Shelburne re^ 
 turned to power by his well known coalition 
 with lord North. This event is regarded as 
 an mdelible stigma in the political life of Fox, 
 who in the ardor of his zeal had often decla- 
 red that he would not trust himself in the 
 same room with lord North, but would em- 
 ploy all his powers to bring him to the scaf- 
 fold for the flagitiousness of his pretended 
 public crimes. So heterogeneous an union 
 gave great offence to the people, and reflect- 
 ed little honor on the integrity of the two 
 colleagues, and therefore the memorable In- 
 dia-bill proved fatal to their interests, and 
 brought on their downfal. The French re- 
 volution was an event which Fox hailed as 
 the harbinger of freedom, happiness, and 
 
 friendship of Morton bishop of Ely, recom- \ prosperity, not only to France, but to ncigh- 
 niended at Paris, to the notice of Henry earl | boring nations, but he lived to witness the 
 of Richmond, who on his accession to the j fallacy of his rash conclusions. Deserted by 
 English throne, made him a privy counsel- some of his once faithful associates, who re- 
 lor, and raised him to the see of Exeter, garded his systematical opposition to the mi- 
 His abilities were employed by the monarch nistry as disloyal if not treacherous, he form- 
 in various embassies on the continent, and he ' ed the design of withdrawing from iiis at- 
 was translated to the see of Durham, and - - - 
 
 then to AVinchester. He was a liberal pa- 
 tron of learning, and founded besides several 
 
 free schools, Corpus Christi college, Oxford 
 He died 1528. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, an eminent states- 
 man, bora 13th Jan. 1749. He was the se- 
 cond son of lord Holland, by the sister of the 
 duke of Richmond, and to the accidental fa- 
 vors of high rank, and of titled relatives, he 
 added the more solid advantages of extraor- 
 dinary natural genius, and strong powers of 
 mind. These promising talents were seen 
 and cherished by his father, he was instruct- 
 ed to think with freedom, and to speak with 
 readiness and with energy, and after a short 
 
 tendance in parliament, except on great and 
 constitutional occasions, and the measure was 
 deservedly censured, even by his warmest 
 supporters. In his addresses at some of the 
 public meetings at the Crown and Anchor 
 tavern, which were now considered as substi- 
 tutes for his parliamentary services, he gave 
 offence to the ministry, and in consequence 
 of his speeches, in which he affected to treat 
 the sovereign with disi'espect, his name was 
 struck off from the list of the privy counsel- 
 lors. In 1803, he returned to his parliamen- 
 tary duty, and on the lamented death of his 
 great rival Pitt, in the beginning of 1806, he 
 was drawn from the ranks of opposition, and 
 by the advice of lord Grenville, placed as so- 
 
FO 
 
 63/ 
 
 FR 
 
 cretary of state for foreign affairs, in the 
 number of those who were most capable of 
 guiiling the desthiies of the empire in times 
 of the greatest danger and difficiilty. In this 
 new, and unexpected situation, he had the 
 opportunity of witnessing the chicane and 
 perfidy of the government, wliose cause he 
 had so long advocnted in parUament, and in 
 his negotiation with France he experienced 
 how ill calculated for the happiness and inde- 
 pendence of Europe, was the political system 
 of that people, whose extravagances and 
 crimes he had once regarded as the ebulli- 
 tions of freemen, and as tlie forerunner of 
 national forbearance, and of universal peace. 
 Having thus lived to feel the disappointment 
 •which a generous mind must experience in a 
 diplomatic intercourse conducted on one part 
 ■with frankness and sincerity and on the other 
 with artifice and duplicity, this illustrious 
 statesman fell a prey to the insurmountable 
 attacks of a dropsy. He died atChiswick- 
 housc, 13th Sept. 1806, after undergoing 
 three times in five weeks the painful opera- 
 tion of tapping, and his remains were pub- 
 licly buried on the 10th Oct. following in 
 Westminster abbey. Of this extraordinaiy 
 character, it must be acknowledged that he 
 -was one of the greatest men this country 
 ever produced. As an orator his powers 
 •were gigantic, his eloquence irresistible, 
 vehement, and sublime. It was a torrent 
 ivhich in its impetuous force hurried along 
 its hearers in spite of all opposition. His 
 mind capacious and intelligent, at one view 
 grasped the whole subject of debate, at one 
 glance he saw the weak and the strong parts 
 of his adversary's defence, and with masterly 
 dexterity he combated the most formidable 
 opponent, and improved every advantage 
 -which in the field of debate lay exposed to 
 his attacks. If he was less copious, less ele- 
 gant, and less sententious than Fitt, if he was 
 deficient in the dazzling and flowery profu- 
 sion, in the lively sallies of imagination of his 
 great master Burke, he possessed the pathos, 
 the forcible argument, the convincing lan- 
 guage, the imposing earnestness which capti- 
 vated and enchained every hearer. With 
 the most retentive memory, he has been 
 known after the lapse of many hours, when 
 the powers of the mind might gi-ow languid, 
 to answer the arguments of various speakers, 
 and with the mcs.t minute arrangement. His 
 manner, if not gi aceful, was peculiarly ani- 
 mated and impressive, and the fire of his eye 
 -was rapid and commanding. His replies al- 
 ways exhibited him as very great, and with 
 uU the ardor of genuine oratory he enliven- 
 ed the debate, not only with new ideas, but 
 -with all the clearness of argumentation, and 
 the extensive information with which his 
 comprehensive mind was stored. In a pro- 
 found acquaintance with the human charac- 
 ter, and a mature knowledge of domestic 
 and foreign politics, he was above all others 
 supremely happy. In private life he was 
 universally beloved. He was the convivial 
 friend, the pleasing companion, the man of 
 integrity and honor. He possessed in a high 
 
 degree the talent which distinguishes man, 
 and the genius which elevates him, nor was 
 he deficient in a portion of that virtue which 
 rises superior to both. His faults, as Burke 
 observed, though they might tarnish the lus- 
 tre, and sometimes impede the march, of his 
 abilities, were not formed to extinguish the 
 fire of great virtues. In his faults there Mas 
 no mixture of deceit, of hypocrisy, of pride, 
 of ferocity, or complexional despotism. That 
 much of the popularity which he enjoyed 
 arose from his opposition to his great rival 
 Pitt, as well as from the vast extent of his 
 own mighty powers, cannot be douLted. 
 Though regarded for many years by his 
 friends as the only man whose talents could 
 support and confirm the tottering fabric of 
 the state, it is remarkable that after all hi.s 
 determined and systematic opposition to his 
 rival, he when in office pursued the same 
 plan of politics, and from the champion of 
 popular right, became the accommodating 
 colleague, and the pliant imitator of his pre- 
 decessor. As a man of letters, Mr. Fox is 
 highly respectable. His letter to the elec- 
 tors of Westminster, passed through seve- 
 ral editions, not only on account of the poli- 
 tical situation of the times, but the abilities 
 and the force of argument displayed in the 
 ad.'!ress. Some copies of his verses are pre- 
 served, and show great genius and strong 
 poetic fire. It was said tliat he was engaged 
 in the composition of an Histoiy of England 
 from the Revolution, and that he visited Pa- 
 ris during the short interval of peace, after 
 the treaty of Amiens, to collect materials, 
 but probably little, if any, progress was made 
 in the work. 
 
 Fox DE MoRZiLLO, Sebastian, a native 
 of Seville, author of tracts de Studii Philo- 
 sophici Ratione, — de Natura Philosopho- 
 rum, &c. He was invited to become the 
 tutor of Don Carlos, son of Philip III. of 
 Spain, but was unfortunately drowned as he 
 passed from Lou vain. 
 
 Fracastorio, Girolamo, an Italian po- 
 et and physician born at Verona 1483. Two 
 singular things are related of him in his in- 
 fancy. When born his lips adhered so close- 
 ly together, that the knife of a surgeon was 
 necessary to separate them, and his mother 
 when she took him up in her arms was kil- 
 led by lightning, and he remained unhurt. 
 He was a man of great parts and address. 
 By his influence pope Paul III. removed the 
 council of Trent to Bologna, on pretence of 
 a contagious disease. He was also eminent 
 as an astronomer and mathematician, and 
 the intimate friend of cardinal Bembo, of 
 Julius Scaliger who esteemed him inferior 
 only to Virgil, and other learned men. He 
 died of an apoplexy at Casi near Verona 
 1553, and six years after the town of Verona 
 honored his memory with a statue. His 
 chief poem is «' Siphilis, or de Morbo Galil- 
 eo" his medical pieces — de Sympathia & 
 Antipathia, — de contagione & Contagiosis 
 Morbis, — deCausis Criticorura Dierum, &c. 
 The works were printed collectively, the best 
 edition that of Padua, '2 vols. 4to. 1735. 
 
FR 
 
 SS^g;} 
 
 FR 
 
 Frachetta, Girolamo, apolitical wri- 
 ter of Itovigno, engaged in several public 
 affairs. His great services procured him 
 enemies, and to escape from tlieir persecu- 
 tion he retired to Naples, where he vindi- 
 cated his conduct to the Spanish court, and 
 ■was protected by Benevento viceroy of Na- 
 ples, and received a liberal pension. He 
 died at Naples the beginning of the 17th 
 century. His great work is " 111 Serainario 
 de Governi di Stato & di Guerra," which 
 contains about 8000 military and state max- 
 ims. The work is highly esteemed. The 
 best edition is that of Genoa 1648, 4to. * 
 
 Fraguier, Claude Francis, a French 
 writer born at Paris 1666, and educated 
 among the Jesuits, Rapin, Jouvenci, La 
 Hue, &c. He taught belles lettres at Caen 
 for four years, but on liis return to Paris he 
 quitted the order of the Jesuits 1694, and 
 devoted himself to the greater cultivation of 
 his mind, and to literary pursuits. As he 
 was well skilled in the classics, and in mo- 
 dern languages, he assisted the abb6 Bignon 
 in the Journal des Scavans, and undertook a 
 translation of Plato. He exposed himself 
 unfortunately to tho cold air of the night, 
 which brought on convulsions in his head, 
 and though he outlived the attack nine- 
 teen years, he yet was unable to labor, and 
 died at last of an apoplexy, 1728, aged 62. 
 His works consist of Latin poems published 
 at Paris 1729, l2mo. with dissertations con- 
 cerning Socrates, and other subjects inserted 
 in the memoirs of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions, of which he was a member. 
 
 FuANCESCA, Peter, a painter of Venice, 
 eminent in his representation of night pieces 
 and battles. He died 1143. 
 
 Franceschini, Mark Antony, a pain- 
 ter of Bologna, disciple to Carlo" Cignani, 
 whose manner he successfully imitated. He 
 died 1729, aged 81. 
 
 Franchi, Antonio, a painter of Lucca, 
 engaged in the service of the duchess of Flo- 
 rence, for whom he painted several beautiful 
 pieces. He died 1709, aged 71. 
 
 Francia, Francesco, a painter born at 
 Bologna, 1450. He was originally a gold- 
 smith, afterwards a gi-aver of medals, and at 
 last an eminent painter. His Sebastian tied 
 
 sand members. He afterwards travelled in 
 the Holy Lund, with the intention of con- 
 verting the sultan Meledin, and offered to 
 throw himself into the flames, to prove the 
 truth of what he preached. He died at 
 Assisi 1226, and was canonized by Gregory 
 IX. four years after. His order rose to great 
 cons.quence in time, and was distinguished 
 not only for its services to the iioman see, 
 but for the popes and other great men whom 
 it nurtured, 
 
 Francis of Paulo, a Romish saint born 
 at Paulo in Calabria, 1416, and founder of 
 the Minims. He retired to a cave where 
 his austerities drew around him a great 
 number of penitents, who built there a 
 monastery. He was very rigid in his rules, 
 enjoining perpetual abstinence, from wine, 
 fish, and meat, with many bodily mortifica- 
 tions He was invited to France to cure 
 Lewis XI. by his venerable presence, but 
 instead of curing the monarch, he died at 
 Plessis du Pare 1507, aged 91. He was 
 canonized by Leo X. 1519. 
 
 Francis Xavier, a famous ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Xavier at the foot of the Py- 
 renees, 7th April, 1506. He taught philo- 
 sophy at Paris, and there became acquaint- 
 ed with Ignatius Lo)'ola, whom he assisted 
 in the establishment of the order of Jesuits, 
 and with Avhom and five others he made a 
 vow to labor in the conversion of infidels. 
 Consequently he embarked at Lisbon 1541 
 for Goa, and as the apostle of the Indies he 
 preached on the coast of Comorin, at Ma- 
 lacca, in the Moluccas, and at Japan ; but as 
 he formed the design of proceeding as far 
 as China, he was cut off by disease 1552. He 
 was canonized by Gregory XV. 1622. He 
 wrote five books of Epistles, Pavia, 1651, 
 8vo. — a Catechism and Opuscula. 
 
 Francis de Sales, a Romish saint, born 
 at Sales, near Geneva 21st Aug. 1567. He 
 studied at Paris and Padua, and in his zeal 
 is said to have converted to the faith 70,000 
 protestants. In 1612 he was made bishop of 
 Geneva, and founded the order of the Visi- 
 tation, established by pope Paul V. 1618. 
 Though invited to settle in France by Henry 
 IV. he refused to quit Geneva. He died at 
 L)'ons 1622, aged 56, and was canonized by 
 
 to a tree, was an admirable piece, from | Alexander VI. 1665. His works are, Intro- 
 
 which succeeding painters drew the im- 
 provement of their art. This story is rela- 
 ted of his death. When requested by his 
 friend Raphael to place in one of the church- 
 es of Bologna bis picture of St. Cecilia, he 
 was so struck with the perfection of a piece 
 which his best skill could not excel, that he 
 fell into melancholy, and becoming conse- 
 quently consumptive, died 1518, or according 
 to some 1530. 
 
 Francis, a Romish saint born at Assisi 
 in Umbria, 1182. He abandoned the pro- 
 fession of his father as merchant, and devo- 
 ted himself to austerity. He founded one of 
 the four orders of mendicant friars, which 
 was approved and confirmed by Innocent 
 HI. 1210. His followers increased so rapidly 
 that in 1319, his order consisted of five thou- 
 
 duction to a Devout Life — a treatise on the 
 Love of God, and letters, all displaying 
 much piety and goodness of heart. 
 
 Francis, of LoiTaine, emperor of Ger- 
 many, was son of Leopold duke of Lorraine, 
 and was born 17()8. He married in 1736 
 Maria Theiesa, the daughter of the empe- 
 ror Charles VI. and after his father-in-law's 
 death 1740, he was associated in the empire 
 by his wife, and after the death of his oppo- 
 nent Charles VII. he was elected emperor 
 1745. The war which a disputed succession 
 had occasioned was terminated by the peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1747, but new disturb- 
 ances arose in 1756, and hostilities again 
 began, till the treaty of Hubertsburg in 1763 
 restored tranquillity to the empire. Francis 
 was a great patrou of literature, of the arts. 
 
FR ^^^ FR 
 
 foul disease, which, after a continuance of 
 nine years of increasing pains, proved at last 
 fatal. By his first witie, Claude of France, 
 he had two sons and four daughters, and 
 none by the second. Greater as a warrior 
 than as a king, his whole reign was disturbed 
 by a spirit of jealousy, wliich he cherished 
 to the last against the power of his riral the 
 emperor, but the protection which he ex- 
 tended to literature, and wbich procured for 
 him the honorable title of father of letters, 
 has eclipsed the weaknesses of an adminis- 
 tration too often guided by prejudice, and 
 disgi'acefully influenced by the ascendency 
 of mistresses and of favorites. He was the 
 founder of the royal college of Paris. His 
 life has been written by Gaillard, eight vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Francis II. son of Henry II. and Cathe- 
 rine de Medicis, was born 1544, and suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of France 
 1559. He had manned the preceding year 
 Mary Stuart of Scotland, and he died after 
 a reign of seventeen months, 5th December 
 1500, aged 17. The confidence which he 
 placed in the Guises proved the source of 
 much misery to France, and kindled the 
 flames of civil war. 
 
 Francis, duke of Alencon, Anjou, and 
 Berri, son of Henry II. and brother of the 
 preceding, placed himself at the head of the 
 malcontents when his brother, Henry III. 
 ascended the throne. He was seized and 
 imprisoned by order of his mother Cathe- 
 rine de Medicis, but his brother the king 
 i-estored him to liberty, and thus enabled 
 him to excite fresh troubles. He supported 
 the disturbances in the Low Countries, and 
 was at last crowned 158iJ, duke of Brabant, 
 but the oppressive conduct of his govern- 
 ment revolted his new subjects agaiast him 
 and the next year he was obliged to fly to 
 France for safety. He died there lOth Feb. 
 1584, aged 29. He is known in English his- 
 tory as the suitor of queen KUzabeth in 1581, 
 who flattered his vanity, but with unbecom- 
 ing coquetry rejected his addresses, after she 
 had given him a ring as a x>ledge of her af- 
 fection. 
 
 Francis, of Boui^bon, count of St. Pol 
 and Chaumont, distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Marignan 1515. He was taken 
 prisoner at Pavia with Francis I. but escaped 
 from captivity. He died at Cotignan near 
 Rheims 1st Sept. 1545, aged 55. 
 
 Francis de Bourbon, count Enghien, 
 displayed his valor in the service of Francis 
 I. and took Nice and obtained the famous 
 victory of Cerisoles, 1544. He was killed by 
 accident 2,3d Feb. 1 545, aged 27. 
 
 Francis de Bourbon, duke of Mont- 
 
 pensier, behaved with valor at the siege of 
 
 lioiien, and at the battles of Jarnac and of 
 
 Montcontour 1572. He was a faithful asso- 
 
 their forces against the conqueror, and stop- j ciate of Henry TV. and he ably distinguished 
 
 ped his career. Peace was restored with j himself in his service at Arques and Ivri. 
 
 He died at Lisieux 1592, aged 50. 
 
 and of commerce, among his subjects. He 
 died suddenly at Inspruck, 18th Aug. 1765, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Francis I. king of France, son of Charles 
 of Orleans, and Louisa of Savoy, was born at 
 Cognac, 12th September 1494. He succeed- 
 ed to the French throne on the death of 
 Lewis XII. 1515, and immediately deter- 
 mined to obtain possession of the Milanese, 
 •which he claimed as descended from duke 
 Valentine his maternal grandfather. His 
 progress was stopped by the Swiss, but he 
 defeated them in the dreadful battle of Ma- 
 rignan, Sept. 1515, and entering the Milan- 
 ese obliged the duke Maximilian Sforza to 
 resign his power into his hands. After 
 making treaties with the Genoese and the 
 pope, Francis in 1516 met Charles V. at 
 Noyon, and swore eternal peace between 
 their dominions. This pledge so solemnly 
 given was observed only two days, and 
 Francis dissatisfied that his rival had obtain- 
 ed the imperial crown against him, sought 
 revenge in war. Successful for a while in 
 Navarre, Francis acquired greater advan- 
 tages over his enemies in Flanders, and took 
 Landrecies, Bouchain, &c. In 1522 the 
 French under Lautrec were defeated at 
 Bicoque, Cremona and Genoa were taken, 
 Toulon and Marseilles were besieged, and 
 Provence was invaded. Francis flew to the 
 relief of his suftering provinces, and began 
 the siege of Pavia, but was soon after de- 
 feated, 24th Feb. 1525, in battle, and made 
 prisoner with the bravest men of his army. 
 On this melancholy occasion he wrote to his 
 mothei-, and declared that all was lost except 
 his honor. A prisoner at Madrid, Francis 
 ■was treated by Charles with great and un- 
 pardonable severity, and he was restored to 
 liberty in 1d26, only upon signing his renun- 
 ciation to Naples, the Milanese, Genoa, Aost, 
 Flanders, and Artois. The peace of Cam- 
 bray 1529 put an end to the disputes between 
 the rival sovereigns. Francis took for his 
 second wife Eleanora the emperoi''s sister, 
 and agreed to ransom for a large sum his 
 two sons who were still detained as hostages 
 at Madrifl. Still jealous of the power of his 
 rival, Francis in 1535 seized upon Savoy, 
 while he saw his provinces of Provence in- 
 vaded, and Marseilles again besieged, but at 
 last a reconciliation was effected by means 
 of the pope Paul HI. 1538. The peace was of 
 short <luration, Francis attacked Italy, l{ous- 
 sillon, and Luxemburg, but though his gen- 
 eral, the duke of Enghien, defeated the im- 
 periali.sts at Cerisoles in 1544, his enemy 
 supported by the powerful assistance of Hen- 
 ry VIII. of England made a formidable in- 
 vasion in Picardy and Champagne. Bou- 
 logne and Soissons opened their gates to the 
 conquerors, and fresh victories appeared 
 probable, when the protestant princes united 
 
 Germany 1544, and two years fifter 
 England. Francis died at Kambouillet, 
 
 ith 
 
 SI St 
 
 Francis, of Lorraine, duke of Guise, 
 
 March, 1547, aged 53. He had in conse- i and of Aumale, was born at Bar 17th Feb 
 quence of his debaucheries contracted the j 1519. He early displayed courage and abili- 
 
FR 
 
 S~^<f 
 
 FR 
 
 ties in war, and his defence ofMetzin 1553, 
 against the arms of Charles V. is deservedly 
 eommended. The next year he distinguish- 
 ed himself at the battle of Renti, in which 
 be defeated the Germans, and after some 
 glorious campaigns in Italy and FJanders, he 
 was named lieutenant-general of all the 
 Wng's armies. His next exploit was against 
 Calais, which he took after a siege of eight 
 days from the English, who had possessed it 
 for 210 years, and this was followed by the 
 fall of Thionville. His services were such 
 that he governed the kingdom under Hen- 
 ry II. and Francis II and received from the 
 parliament the glorious title of the saviour 
 of his country. The death of Francis II. was 
 the signal for civil war, and while the duke 
 supported the cause of the catholics, the in- 
 terests of the protestants were ably pi'otect- 
 ed by the valor of Coligni. He took Rouen 
 and Bourges, and defeated his enemies at 
 Dreux 1562, and he was preparing to be- 
 siege Orleans, the chief and strongest town 
 of the protestants, when he was assassinated 
 by a pistol shot from the hands of Poltrot de 
 Mer6, one of the Huguenots, 24th Feb. 
 1563. 
 
 Francis de Borgta, St. duke of Can- 
 dia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was grandson 
 of pope Alexander VI. and after filling high 
 offices in the state, he embraced the ecclesi- 
 astical profession on the death of his wife, 
 and entered among the Jesuits. He refused 
 the rank of cardinal, and other ecclesiasti- 
 cal honors, and died at Rome, renowned 
 for his piety, 30th Sep. 1.572, aged 62. He 
 uas canonized by Clement X. 1671. He is 
 author of some pious tracts in Spanish, 
 ■which have been translated into Latin by 
 Deza the Jesuit. 
 
 Francis, Lucas, a native of Mechlin, 
 employed as a painter by the kings of Spain 
 and France. His portraits and historical 
 pieces possessed merit. He died 1643, aged 
 69. His son Lucas called the Young was 
 born also at Mechlin, and after studying 
 under Gerhard Segers, acquired celebrity 
 as an artist. He died 1654, aged 48. 
 
 Francis, Simon, a native of Tours, em- 
 inent as a, portrait painter. He died 1671, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Francis Homain, a Dominican of 
 Ghent. He was an able architect, and finish- 
 ed the bridge of Maestricht, and afterwards 
 was engaged by Lewis XIV. in the comple- 
 tion of the Pont-Uoyal at Paris, which had 
 been left imperfect by Gabriel. He was lib- 
 erally rewarded for his services and abilities 
 by the French monarch, and died at Paris 
 1735, aged 89. 
 
 Francis, James Charles, an eminent 
 French engraver, boi-n at Nancy. From 
 Lyons he came to Paris, where he was lib- 
 erally patronised, but his merits raised him 
 enemies, which circumstances it is said hast- 
 ened hisdeath. He died 1769, aged 52. He 
 published llecueil des Chateaux de Lorraine, 
 — Corps-de-Garde after Venloo, &c. 
 
 F'rancis, Philip, D. D. an eminent di- 
 vine, son of an Irish dean. He is known by 
 
 his excellent translations of Horace and De 
 mosthenes. He wrote also Eugenia and 
 Constantia two tragedies not very successful, 
 and for his services as a political writer, it 
 is said, he was rewarded by government 
 with the rectory of Barrow, Suflblk, and the 
 chaplainship of Chelsea college. He died 
 at Bath, March 1773, leaving a son now 
 member of parliament, and formerly one of 
 the supreme council of Bengal. 
 
 Francisca, or Frances, a Roman 
 lady founder of a convent at Rome. She 
 followed the doctrines of St. Benedict. She 
 was born 1384, and was canonized lG08. 
 
 Francius, Peter, a native of Amster- 
 dam, who studied at Leyden under Gi'ono- 
 vius. After travelling over France and Eng- 
 land, he became 1674, professor of rhetorie 
 and history at Amsterdam, He wrote Ora- 
 tiones — Specimen Eloquentise Extcrioris, — 
 besides poems in Greek and Latin, which 
 possess considerable merit. He died 1704. 
 
 Franck, George, a native of Naumburg, 
 who so early displayed his abilities, that at 
 the age of 18 he received the poetic crown, 
 for his Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew- 
 poetry. He became professor of medicine 
 at Heidelberg, and Wittemberg, and died 
 1704, aged 61, He is author of Flora Fran- 
 cica, 12mo. — Satyrse Medicse, 4to. — Episto- 
 Ix, &c, 
 
 Franck, Augustus Herman, a native of 
 Lubeck, professor of oriental languages, and 
 of divinity at Halle, He distinguished him- 
 self by the most active benevolence, and 
 founded at Halle an orphan-house, which, in 
 1727, contained 2196 children, and more 
 than 130 preceptors. He also promoted the 
 establishment of a mission to propagate the 
 gospel on the coast of Malabar, He wrote 
 Methodus Studii Theologici — Introductio ad 
 Lectionem Prophetarum — Commentaria de 
 Scopo Veteris & NoviTest, — Manuductio ad 
 
 Lectionem S. Scripturse Observationes 
 
 Biblicffi — Sermons — Book of Devotions, &c. 
 He died 1727, aged 64. 
 
 Franck, or Francken, Franciscus, a 
 Flemish painter, called Old Franck, died 
 1616, aged 72. He executed his historical 
 pieces from the scriptures, some of which 
 possess great merit, especially in the color- 
 ing, and in the expression of the figures. 
 
 Franck, Franciscus, son to the above, 
 called Young Francis, died 1642, aged 62. 
 He studied under his father, and improved 
 himself at Venice. His idolatry of Solomon 
 in the Notre Dame of Antwerp is his best 
 piece. 
 
 F'rancken, Christian, a German in the 
 16th century, successively a Jesuit, a Sociniau 
 in Poland, an unitarian, and lastly a Roman 
 catholic. He wrote Breve Colloquium Jesu- 
 iticufn, a severe satire against the Jesuits — 
 de Honore Christi, and other works. 
 
 J'ranckenstein, Christian Godfrey, a 
 native of Leipsic, distinguished as an advo- 
 cate, and more as a man of letters. He 
 wrote the life of Christina of Sweden — 
 History of the 16th and 17th centuries — and 
 a Continuation of Puffendorf's Introductioa 
 
FR 
 
 tffyy 
 
 I>R 
 
 ta History, and died 1717, aged 56. His son 
 James wrote de Collatione Honorura — de 
 Juribus Judxorum Singularibus in Ger- 
 mania, &c. and died 1733. 
 
 Franco, Nicolo, a satirist, the friend 
 and rival of Aretin, born at Benevento 1510. 
 He was condemned to death Rt Rome 156'J, 
 for severe satires on some illustrious persons 
 of that city ; but it is unknown whether he 
 suffered. He was an able writer. 
 
 Franco, Battista, a painter of Venice, 
 who imitated the manner of Michael An- 
 gelo Buonarotti. He died 1561, aged 63. 
 
 Francois, Abb6 Laurent, an able oppo- 
 nent of the French philosophers, who died 
 1782, aged 84. His works which wereuse- 
 
 Lucian, and he wrote the eafl of Warwick, 
 and Matilda, two tragedies which were re- 
 ceived with great applause, and also " the 
 Contract," a comedy in two acts performed 
 at the Hay-market. Voltaire's works ap- 
 peared translated under his name ; but only 
 two tragedies, the Orestes and Electra were 
 by him. He published aiso some sermons 
 on the relative duties. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, an American phi- 
 losopher and statesman, was horn at Boston, 
 New England, 1706. He was well educated 
 under his father, who was a tallow-chandler 
 and soap boiler, and after being for a little 
 while engaged in the business, he was bound 
 to his father's elder brother, who was a prin- 
 
 ful, were a Book of Geography — Pi-oofs of i ter. Eager after knowledge, he read atten 
 
 the Religion of Jesus Christ," 4 vols, liimo. 
 — Defence of Religion, 4 vols. 12mo. — Ex- 
 amination of the Catechism of an honest 
 Man — of the Facts on which Christianity is 
 founded, 3 vols. 12mo. — Observations on the 
 Philosophy of History, 8vo. 
 
 Francois, Simon, a portrait painter, 
 bora at I'ours. He was self-taught, and ac- 
 quired great reputation. He died 1 671, aged 
 65. 
 
 Francois, Lucas, an historical painter, 
 called the Old, was bom at Mechlin, and 
 died very rich 1643, aged 69. He was in 
 the service of the kings of France and 
 Spain. 
 
 Francois, Lucas, son of the above, cal- 
 led the Younger, was brought up under his 
 father, and studied under Gerhard Segers. 
 He died greatly respected as a painter 1654, 
 aged 48. 
 
 Francowitz, Matthias, a protestant 
 divine, the pupil of Luther and Melancthon, 
 born at Albano in Illyria 1520, in conse- 
 quence of which he assumed the name of 
 Flaccus Illyricus. He taught the Greek and 
 Latin lyfnguages at Wittemberg privately, and 
 ■was afterwards public professor. He oppo- 
 sed the interim of Charles V. and was con- 
 cerned in the drawing up of the centuries 
 of Magdeburg. He died 1575. His best 
 ■work is a Key to the Holy Scriptures, 2 vols, 
 fol. He wrote besides a Catalogue of the 
 Witnesses of the Truth, 4to. — de Transla- 
 tione Imperii Rom. ad Germanos — de Elec- 
 tione Episcoporura, &c. 
 
 Francus, Sebastian, a German anabap- 
 tist of the 16th century, who acquired some 
 celebrity by writing books, which were re- 
 futed by Luther and Melancthon. 
 Frank-Floris. Vid. Floris. 
 Franklin, Thomas, D. U. son of Rich- 
 ard Franklin the aditor of the Craftsman, an 
 anti-ministerial paper, was born in London 
 1720. He was educated at Westminster- 
 
 tively in the night, the works which he had 
 I printed in the day, and from the pages of 
 I Xenophon he derived that energetic ardor 
 which at last raised him to fame and distinc- 
 tion. A difference with his uncle removed 
 him from New York to Philadelphia, where 
 he maintained himself for some time by his 
 industry, till he was noticed by the governor, 
 sir William Keith, and encouraged to setup 
 business for himself. With this view he 
 came to London ; but soon discovered that 
 the warm assurances of his patron for assist- 
 ance and protection, were the unmeaning 
 professions of pohshed life, and, therefore, 
 after working for some time as a journey- 
 man-printer, he, in 1726, returned to Phila- 
 delphia, where he settled. By the means of 
 his friends he began business, and published 
 a periodical paper, which was read with 
 avidity. In 1730 he married a widow, whom 
 he had known and courted before her first 
 marriage, and the next year he began the 
 public library of Philadelphia, which was 
 enriched by the valuable contributions of the 
 Penn family, of CoUinson, and others, and 
 spread knowledge and information through 
 the province. His Poor Richard's Alman- 
 ack appearedin 1732, and so pleased the pub- 
 lic, on account of the many aphorisms, and 
 the valuable maxims of prudence and econo- 
 my which it contained, that not less than 
 10,000 copies were sold in one year. He 
 was, in 1736, made clerk to the general as- 
 sembly in Pennsylvania, and the next year he 
 obtained tlie office of ])ost-master at Phila- 
 delphia. In 1738 he formed an association, 
 for preserving the houses of Philadelphia 
 fx'om fire, and in the war of 1744 he ably pro- 
 moted some popular measures for the de-. 
 fence of the province, by the voluntary force 
 of the citizens. In 1747 he addressed an ac- 
 count of his discoveries on electricity to his 
 friend Collinson, and explained in a very sa- 
 tisfactory manner the Aurora Borealis, and 
 
 school and Trinity-college, Cambridge, of j the laws of thunder and lightning, and he 
 
 which he became feWow. For some time 
 also he was Greek professor. He was in 
 1758, made vicar of Wape and Thundridge, 
 and afterwards obtained the rectory of Bras- 
 ted in Kent. He was also chaplam in ordi- 
 nary to the king, and died March 15th 1784. 
 He possessed learning, genius, and applica- 
 tion. He translated Phalaris, Sophocles, and 
 VOX/. T 70 
 
 not only recommended the propriety of 
 guarding buildings against the effects of 
 storms, by means of conductoi-s, but showed 
 that the lightning from the clouds is the same, 
 as the electric fire. Distinguished as a phi- 
 losopher, he was equally so as a statesman, 
 and the measures which he recommended 
 in the poblio assemblies of the province. 
 
FR 
 
 S^¥^ 
 
 FR 
 
 proved his patriotism and sagacity. By his 
 j^Ivice the militia bill was passed, and he was, 
 in consequence, appointed colonel of the Phi- 
 ladelphiadistrict. On hisappearance in Eng- 
 land, in 175r, as agent for Pennsylvania, he 
 was received with respect and attention by 
 the puhlie men, and he was honored with a 
 seat in the Royal society, and the degree of 
 doctor of law sin the universities of St. An- 
 drew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He return- 
 ed home in 17G2, and two years after he again 
 visited England, as agent from his country- 
 men. The spirit which now began to appear 
 in vraerica roused ihe attention of the go- 
 vernment, and Franklin, as a man of know- 
 ledge and influence, was called to the bar of 
 the Commons, and examined with respect to 
 the stamp act. His conduct on this occasion 
 •was firm and manly, and his answers so clear, 
 that they, and not the questions, appeared 
 to have been prepai'cd with the nicest dis- 
 crimination of circumstances and of facts. 
 He returned, in 17'5, to Anjerica, and was 
 elected one of the members of Congress, and 
 during the war he displayed the most active 
 zeal, and proposed the strongest measures 
 for the full emancipation of the colonies from 
 the mother country. He was next employed 
 in completing the negotiations of America 
 •with France, and as the resources of his 
 country were low, he embarked with a car- 
 go of tobacco, which he sold at Nantes, to 
 defray the expenses of his mission. He was 
 received with great distinction by the French 
 court ; the people admired the singularity of 
 his dress and the simplicity of his republican 
 manners; the poets of the age, and Voltaire 
 particularly, paid respect to his merits, and 
 tlie government at last, by signing a treaty of 
 offensive and defensive alliance with him, de- 
 clared war with England. The independence 
 of America was at last acknowledged by the 
 mother country, and Franklin, who had con- 
 tinued at Paris, signed the treaty of peace hi 
 1783, and advanced the interests and glory of 
 his country by forming new connections with 
 the kings of Prussia and Sweden. He re- 
 turned to America in 1785, and was received 
 by his countrymen as a venerable father, he 
 •was made governor of Pennsylvania, and as 
 a representative he applied the strong pow- 
 ers of his mind to heal the differences which 
 prevailed in the province, by wise laws and 
 conciliating regulations ' This respectable 
 man died full of years and of glory, 17th 
 April 1790, aged 84 years and three months, 
 and his memory was respected by his coun- 
 trymen, who ordered, on the occasion, a 
 public mourning for two months. The epi- 
 taph which he composed for himself is well 
 known. His discoveries in electricity, and 
 his services in the emancipation of his coun- 
 try were depicted by the pen of Turgot in 
 this bold line, placed under his portrait : 
 Eripuit cosloyfuhnen sceptrumgtie tyraimis. 
 By his patient industry he rose from obscu- 
 rity, and amassed a very large fortune, part 
 of "^ which he left for charitable and public 
 purposes. He wrote an entertaining account 
 of the first part of his life, which contains 
 
 many Taluablc maxims for health, industry, 
 and economy, •which has appeared in twt* 
 small vols. 12mo, with some essays. His 
 political, miscellaneous, and philosophi- 
 cal pieces have been published in 4to. and ia 
 Svo. He contributed some valuable papers 
 also to the philosophical institutions of Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Franks, Sebastian, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp 1573. His landscapes and conver- 
 sation pieces were much admired. 
 
 Franks, John Baptist, supposed to be 
 the son of the preceding, Avas born at An- 
 twerp 1600. He studied very successfully 
 the manner of Yaudyck and Rubens. 
 
 Frantz. I us, Wolfgang, a German divine, 
 born at Plavven, in Voigtland, was professor 
 of divinity at Wittemberg, where he died 
 1620, aged 56. He wrote Animalium Histo- 
 ria Sacra — Tractatus de Interpretatione Sa- 
 
 crarum Scriptuaruro, 4to Sehola Sacrifi- 
 
 ciorum Patriarch. Sacra — Commentar. in 
 Leviticuui, &c. and other works. 
 
 Fraskon, Claude, a French monk, born 
 at Peronne, in Picardy. He was doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, theological professor at Paris, 
 and superior of the Franciscan convent 
 there. He wrote Dissertationes Biblicx, 2 
 vols. 4to. — a valuable system of Philosophy, 2 
 vols. 4to. He died 1711, aged 91. 
 
 Fratellini, Giovanna, a paintresv 
 born at Florence 1666, and patronised by 
 the Archduchess Victoria. Her historical 
 pieces and miniatures were much admired. 
 She died 1731. 
 
 Fratellini, Lorenzo Maria, son oftlie 
 preceding, was born 1690. Fie painted un- 
 der Dominico Gabbiani, and his historical 
 pieces, his landscapes, and fruit were highly 
 finished. He died 1729. 
 
 Frauwenlob, Henry, a German writer 
 who died 1317. He wrote in favor of the 
 ladies, and they it is said attended his fune- 
 ral, and poured such quantities of wine into 
 his grave, as almost inundated the church. 
 
 Fredegarius, the earliest French his- 
 torian, after Gregory of Tours, was called 
 the Scholastic. His chronicle, in barbarous 
 language, extends to the year 041, and is 
 found in the collections of Duchesne, and 
 Bouquet. 
 
 Fredegonde, wife of Chilperic, king of 
 France, was born at Avancourt in Picardy, 
 of obscure parents. She was in the queen's 
 x'etinue, and by her arts, and by the influencc- 
 of her personal charms, she became the 
 third wife of the weak Chilperic. Raised to 
 the throne, she sacrificed the membei-^ of 
 the royal family to her pride and ambition, 
 and by the sword, as well as by poison, she 
 cut off ail those whom, either on account of 
 talents, influence, or birth, she regarded ag 
 enemies or rivals. She at last completed the 
 measure of her iniquities, by the death of 
 Chilperic, who was assassinated in hunting, 
 that the guilty queen might indulge her 
 criminal passions- for her favorite Landri. 
 This detested character, who possessed bra- 
 very in the field of battle, died 597. 
 Frederic I. surnanied BarbaroSsa, -was. 
 
FR 
 
 />^S 
 
 PR 
 
 born 1121, «nd succeeded his tather Frederic 
 313 duke of Swabia 1147, and in 1152 he ascend- 
 ed the imperial throne after tlie death of his 
 uncle Conrad III. He passed in 1155 into 
 Italy, where after some difficulties on ac- 
 count of the superiority which the pope 
 claimed over him, he obtained the crown, 
 and consecration from the hands of Adrism 
 IV. The disputes between him and the holy 
 see were kindled ;mew on the death of Adri- 
 Hn, and Alexander III. the next successor, 
 was soon opposed by the successive elevation 
 of tlu-ee anti-popes to the chair of St. Peter. 
 The advantages obtained at Rome were fol- 
 lowed by the defeat of the Milanese, and by 
 the destruction of their city, and the over- 
 throw of Brescia and Placentia, but at last 
 the troops of Frederic were conquered at 
 the battle of Como, and this disaster produ- 
 ced a peace. The emperor met the pope at 
 Venice and a reconciliation was effected in 
 1177. New quarrels however soon arose, 
 till Frederic was prevailed upon by Urban 
 
 III. to undertake a crusade against Saladin, 
 At the head of a numerous army he marched 
 into the East, and after defeating the Greeks, 
 and the Turks, he penetrated into Syria, 
 where death slopped his victories. He died 
 10th June 1190, in consequence of bathing 
 imprudently in the Cydnus, in Cilicia, 
 where Alexander the Great, some ages be- 
 fore, had nearly fallen a sacrifice to the same 
 recreation. During the 38 years of his reign, 
 Frederic compensated for the odious vices of 
 pride ^nd ambition by courage, liberality, and 
 benevolence, and the forbidding cliaracters 
 of the tyrant were forgot in the amiable and 
 conciUating manners of the man. By his 
 second wite Beatrix he left five sons, one of 
 whom Frederic, duke of Swabia, attended 
 Iiim in his Asiatic expedition, and behaved 
 w ith great valor in the Holy Land, till he 
 was cut off by a severe distemper, which 
 proved also fatal to a great part of his army 
 at the siege of Ptolemais. 
 
 Frederic II. grandson of the preceding, 
 and son of Henry VI. was born 1194, and 
 was elected king of the Romans, two years 
 rjfter. In 1210, he was elected emperor of 
 Germany, on the excommunication of Otho 
 
 IV. by Innocent III. but he obtained peaceful 
 possession of his power, only after the deatli 
 of his rival 1218. After settling his affairs in 
 Germany, he went to Italy, where he was 
 solemnly crowned by the hands of Honorius 
 lU. 1220, and promised to extend the papal 
 power by undertaking a crusade. This 
 distant expedition was put off for some time 
 till the fear of excommunication from the 
 next pope Gregory IX, obliged him to set 
 out for Jerusalem in 1228. His invasion of 
 the Holy Land was so formidable, that Sala- 
 din, Sultan of Babylon, not oniy made a 
 truce of 10 years with him, but yielded to 
 him some of the Asiatic cities near Jerusa- 
 lem. This conduct provoked the resentment 
 of the pope, who stirred up war against Fred- 
 eric, and incited his son and his father-in- 
 fs^w to take up arms against him. Frederic 
 hasteaedback to Enrope to oppc^se tlifs un- 
 
 j natural conspiracy, and seizing Romagna, 
 I Ancona,SpoUtto, and Benevento, defeated 
 j tiie plans of his enemies. His partisans in 
 these troublous times bore the name of 
 Gibbelins, while those of the pope were called 
 Guelphs, and carried on their shoulders the 
 impressions of two keys. At last however 
 tranquillity was restored, and Frederic made 
 peace with the Roman pontiff 1230, to be 
 enabled to reduce to obedience his rebelli- 
 ous son Henry, whom he degraded from the 
 title of king of the Romans in favor of his 
 second son Conrad. In 1240, Frederic pas- 
 sed again to Italy, and reduced the Milanese, 
 and Sardinia, and after defeating the Gcu5- 
 ese and Venetians, and seizing Tuscany and 
 Urbino, he laid scige to Rome. The pope 
 opposed his attack by the terrible denuncia- 
 tion of excommunication, but Frederic dis- 
 regarded the impotent thundei'S of the Vati- 
 can, and defeated all the forces which were 
 sent to check his progress. The death of 
 the pope soothed for a while the enmities 
 between Rome and Germany, but at last 
 Innocent IV. had the courage to depose 
 this powerful enemy of the holy sec, at a 
 council at Lyons 1245, and Frederic render- 
 ed unpopular by the artifice of his oppo- 
 nents, saw Henry of Thuringia, elected in 
 1246, to till the imperial throne, and the 
 next year, William, count of HolJand. Thus 
 insulted and harrassed by the insurrections 
 of his subjects in Naples and Parma, Frede- 
 ric at last suidc under his misfortunes, and 
 died at Fiorenzuola, in Apulia, 13th Dee. 
 1250, aged 57. He was succeeded by Con- 
 rad his son by his second wife Yolande, 
 daughter of John of Brienne, king of Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 Frederic III. surnaraed the Fair, was 
 son of Albert of Austria, and was elected 
 emperor 1314, by some of the electors, 
 though the riajority placed the crown on his 
 more successful rival Lev/is of Bavaria. The 
 battle of Micheldorff, 132s, proved decisive 
 against the claims of Frederic, who was taken 
 prisoner, and die<l 13th Jan. 1330. 
 
 FredericIV, surnamed the Pacific, was 
 son of Ernest, duke of Austria, and ascended 
 the imperial throne 1440, in his 25th year. 
 He was crowned at Rome 1452, \s\ Nicholas 
 V. and w«s the last of the German princes, 
 who submitted to that ceremony in the capi- 
 tal of the ancient world* He was a weak, 
 indolent, and superstitious prince, and he 
 suffered with the gi'eatest indifference Hun- 
 gary to rebel and to separate itself from his 
 power, and afterwards he fled from Vienna, 
 before his enemies, satisfied to beg his bread 
 from convent to convent. This worthless 
 monarch died 7th Sep. 1493, in consequence 
 of the amputation of one of his legs which 
 mortified, and he was succeeded by his sou 
 Maximilian. 
 
 Frederic I. the Pacific, king of Den- 
 mark 1523, after the expulsion of Christian, 
 distinguished himself by the wisdom of his 
 measures, and by his alliance with Gustavus 
 I. of Sweden, and with the Hanseatic townj?. 
 After Oie conquest of CopenhageK, he re- 
 
PR 
 
 ^ifi^ 
 
 FR 
 
 coftcilcfl to his government the Danish np- j tended to literary characters, and to the 
 bility, and rendered himself popular by his arts, reflected the highest honor on his me- 
 
 libcraiity, and the prudence and utihty of 
 his public measures, and by the introduction 
 of Lutheranism among his subjects. He died 
 1533. 
 
 Frederic IT. king of Denmark, after 
 his father Christian III. increased Ids do- 
 minions, by the conquest of Diethmarsia. 
 He was the patron of learning, and of learned 
 men, ami the protectio* which he extended 
 to Tycho Brahe, added celebrity to his 
 reign He was for some time engaged in 
 -war with Sweden, but tranquillity was resto- 
 red in 1570. He died ith April 1588, aged 54. 
 
 Fredeuic III. archbishop of Bremen, 
 succeeded his father Christian IV. in 1648, 
 as king of Denmark. Though he lost some 
 places in a war with Sweden, he enlarged 
 the happiness of his people, by rendering 
 
 mory. 
 
 Frederic Augustus II. son ofthepre- 
 ceding, was born 1696, and succeeded his fa- 
 ther on the Polish throne 1734. The last 
 years of his life were imhappily embittered 
 by the miseries of war, and the king of Prus- 
 sia invaded his dominions, and obliged him 
 soon to yield to the rigorous fate of uncondi- 
 tional submission. Augustus was permitted 
 indeed to return to Poland, but Saxony re- 
 mained in the hands of the conqueror, till 
 the peace of Huber.sburg, I5th Feb. 1763. 
 Augiist-as died the following October. Ue- 
 spectable in private life, this monarch "N^'as 
 unequal to the arduous duties of reigning, 
 and whilst he devoted himself to the plea- 
 sures of luxury and to indolence he made no 
 preparations against the attat;k8 of his pow- 
 
 them more independent of the nobles, and j erful neighbors of Russia and Prussia. By 
 
 by making the crown hereditary, and no 
 longer elective. He died 9th of Feb. 1670, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Frederic IV. succeeded his father 
 Christian V. as king of Denmark, 1699. He 
 joined the Czar Peter, and the king of Poland 
 in hostilities against Charles XII. of Sweden, 
 but he was obliged to make peace, by the 
 rapidity of the victories of his enemy. Du- 
 ring the captivity of Charles in Turkey 
 
 his wife Mar}'^ Josephine, daughter of the 
 emperor Joseph, he left several daughters, 
 one of whom was the mother of tlie unfor- 
 tunate Lewis XVI. of Fi'ance. 
 
 Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, mar- 
 ried in 1715, Ulrica EJcnnora sister of Charles 
 XII. of Sweden, and he obtained possession 
 of the Swedish throne 1720, after the abdica- 
 tion of his wife who had succeeded on the 
 . death of her brother. He made unsuccessftil 
 
 ions, and recovered some of the places 
 •which the fortune of wa^ had wrested from 
 his hands. He died 1730, aged 59. 
 
 Frederic V grandson of the preceding, 
 ascended the throne 1746, and died after a 
 reign of 20 years. On his death- bed, he called 
 his son and successor Christian VH. and 
 addressed him in these remarkable words, 
 *• It is a great consolation to me, my son, in 
 
 Frederic drove the Swedes from his domiu- ♦ war against the Russians, and died 1751, 
 
 aged 75, without issue. 
 
 Frederic Wii^liam, surnamed the 
 Great, elector of Brandenburg, was born at 
 Cologne, on the Spree 1620. He made suc- 
 cessful war against the Poles, but the treaty 
 of Braunsberg, in 1657, put an end to hos- 
 tilities. In 1674 he joined himself against 
 Lewis XIV. with Spain and Holland, and in- 
 vaded Alsace, but his progress was checked 
 
 my last moments, to reflect that I have by the intelligence that tiie Swedes had laid 
 
 offended no one, and that I have shed the 
 blood of none of my subjects." 
 
 Frederic Augustus I. king of Poland 
 ■was son of John George III. elector of Sax 
 
 waste s- veral of his cities, and he returned 
 hastily to repel them, and seized the towns 
 of Stralsund, Ferschantz, and Grispwald. 
 Peace was soon after restored and Frederic 
 
 ony, and was born at Dresden 1670. He I directed all his attention to improve the com- 
 merce of his dominions, and joined the Spree 
 to the Oder by the opening of a canal. He 
 died 1688, aged 68, highly respected by his 
 
 succeeded to the electorate after the death 
 of his brother 1694, and distinguished him- 
 self against the French on the Rliine 
 
 and 
 
 defeated the Turks, in 1696, at the battle of subjects as a liberal, generous, benevolent. 
 
 Oltach. By embracing the catholic religion 
 he recommended himself to the Polish nobles, 
 
 and patriotic prmce. 
 Frederic I. elector of Brandenburg, 
 
 and was in 169G elected king, but the glories j son of the preceding, was born at Konigsberg 
 -which he acquired in foreign wars, were i 1657. The ambition of this prince was flat- 
 eclipsed by the successes of Charles XII. of | terod with the hopes of erecting his duchy 
 Sweden, and Frederic beaten at Riga, Clis- j into a kingdom, and Leopold the emperor, 
 sow, and Frawstadt, was obliged to sign the j although he, in 1695, had rejecte<l his solici- 
 peace of 1706, by which he w as stripped of tations, granted his requests in 1700, pi'ovid- 
 
 his dominions, and consented to see the 
 crown of Poland placed on the head of Stanis- 
 latis. The battle of Pultowa, and the defeat 
 of the Swedes, proved favorable to his views, 
 he recovered the Polish throne, and main- 
 tained his power, and independence till his 
 death 1st Feb. 1733, in his 63d year. He 
 •was in his person very athletic, and possessed 
 of prodigious bodily strength. His court was 
 for a long time one of the most brilliant in 
 
 ed he assisted him in the war against France, 
 England, Holland, Sweden, and Poland ; and 
 in consequence of this elevation his title was 
 fully acknowledged at the peace of Utrecht. 
 The Prussian dominions were increased un- 
 der him by the acquisition of Guelders of 
 the county of Tecklenburg, and of the 
 principalities of Neuchatel and Valengjn . 
 Frederic died 1713, aged 60 He founded 
 the university of Halle, the royal academy of 
 
 Europe^ and the patronage which he ex- 1 Berlin, and the ajeademy of nobks. He Avas 
 
FR 
 
 S^4^ 
 
 FR 
 
 three times married. By his second wife, 
 daughter of the duke of Hanover, and sister 
 of George afterwards kin^ of England, he 
 had a son who succeeded him. 
 
 Frederic Wili^iam I. king of Prus- 
 sia, was born at Berlin 15th Aug. 1688, and 
 succeeded his father just mentioned 1713. 
 His reign was begun by a strict reform in the 
 expenditure of the kingdom, and of the 100 
 chamberlains kept for ostentation by liis fa- 
 ther only 12 were retained. He unwillingiy 
 engaged in war against Charles XII. of Swe- 
 den, from Avhom lie took Stralsund. Eager 
 to encourage commerce and industry among 
 his subjects, he invited foreign artisans into 
 Ids dominions by the offer of liberal rewards, 
 and while he contributed to the prosperity of 
 the nation, he watched over its safety, and 
 created a large standing army of sixty thou- 
 sand men. The latter part of his life was 
 clouded by an unhappy disagreement with 
 his son the prince royal, and though he 
 married him to the princess of Wolfenbuttle 
 in 1733, he did not derive from that union 
 that concord and reconciliation which he fond- 
 ly expected. He died 31st May 1740, aged 
 52. Br Sophia Dorothca,<laughter of George 
 of Hanover, he had, besides his successor, 
 three sons and six daughters. 
 
 Frederic II. son of the preceding, was 
 liorn 24th Jan. 1712, and ascended the throne 
 of Prussia 1740. His conduct had been 
 viewed with jealousy by his father, and his 
 attachment to music and to belles lettres was 
 regarded as a mean and dishonourable pro- 
 pensity; but when he attempted to escape 
 from the harsh treatment which he experi- 
 enced, he was not only seized and sent as 
 prisoner to Custrin, but was obliged to he a 
 spectator of the execution of Kar, the friend 
 and the companion of his domestic sufferings. 
 On his accession to the throne, Frederic laid 
 claims to the province of Silesia which had 
 been long occupied by the German emperor, 
 and all the attempts of Maria Theresa to 
 defend it against his invasion proved abortive. 
 Count Neuperg the Hungarian general was 
 defeated at Molwitz, and, in 1741, all Lower 
 Silesia submitted to the conqueror, and his 
 possession was confirmed by the treaty of 
 Breslaw 1743. The following year war was 
 rekindled, and Frederic advanced witb 
 100,000 men to the siege of Prague, which he 
 took with 16,(M)0 prisoners, and this advan- 
 tage was soon followed by the decisive battle 
 of Friedburg over prince Charles of Lorraine. 
 Another treatysigned at Dresden 1745, again 
 restored peace to the continent, and Austria 
 ceded to the Prussian conqueror aH Silesia 
 together with ti»e county of Glatx. In 1755 
 a new w^ar, called the seven years' war, burst 
 forth with increased violence, and while 
 Prussia had for its auxiliary the English 
 nation, Austria was supported by France 
 and by the elector of Saxony, and Frederic 
 soon saw the number of his enemies aug- 
 mented by the accession of Russia, Sweden, 
 and Germany. Undismayed in the midst of 
 his powerful enemies, Frederic laid the foun- 
 dation for victory and success in the strict 
 
 discipline of his army, and in the fortitude 
 and resignation with M-hich he supported the 
 reverses of fortune, and shared the f:digues 
 of his soldiers. Tiiough Fi-ance attacked his 
 dominions from Guelders to Miuden, and 
 Russia penetrated ii»to Prussia, and the Aus- 
 trians into Silesia, Frederic on all sides rose 
 superior to misfortunes. Though defeated , 
 by the Russians he routed the Austriansy 
 and again suffered a check in Bohemia, but 
 on the 5th Nov. 1767, he avenged himself 
 by the terrible defeat of the Austrians and 
 French at Uosbach, and by an equally splen- 
 did victory the next month over the Austrian 
 forces at Lissa near Breslaw. These impor- 
 tant successes appalled his enwnies, the Rus- 
 sians and Swedes retired in dismay from 
 Prussia, and P'rederic supported by a liberal 
 supply of money from the English govern- 
 ment, and by an army of Hanoverians under 
 the duke of Brunswick penetrated into Mo- 
 ravia and laid siege to Olmutz. Though here 
 checked by marslial Daun, he rapidly advan- 
 ced against the Russi:uis at Custrin, and de- 
 feated them in the dreadful battle of Zorn- 
 dolf. The battle of Hochkirchen against Daun 
 was adverse to his fortunes, and he also suf- 
 fered a severe ch.eek at the doubtful fight of 
 Cunnersdoi'ff against the Russians, and in 
 consequence of there repeated disasters, 
 Brandenburg aiul the capital fell into the 
 hands of the victorious enemy 1761. The 
 defeat of Daun at Torgau gave a new turn to 
 the aftairs of the undaunted monarch, hister- 
 ritoi'ies were evacuated by the enemy, and he 
 in every situation displayed such activity, such 
 vigilance, and such resources of mind tliatin 
 1762, a treaty of poace wa« concluded with 
 Russia and Sweden, and the next year with 
 France and the Empire, by which Silesia was 
 for ever confirmed in h.is possession. While 
 cultivating the arts of peace, Fre<leric was 
 still intent on enlai-ging his dominions, and 
 he joined with Austria and Russia, i)» 1772, 
 in that unpardonable league which dismem- 
 bered the defenceless territories of Poland, 
 and added some of its most fertile provinces 
 to his kingdom. In 1777, the death of the 
 duke of Bavaria without children kindled the 
 flames of discord and of war between Aus- 
 tria and Prussia, Frederic placed himself at 
 the head of his troops, but the difterences of 
 the rival princes were settled by the peace 
 ofTeschen 13th May 1779. The last years 
 of Frederic's lile were earnestly devoted to 
 the encouragement of commerce and of the 
 arts, justice was administered with imparti- 
 ality, useful establishments were created, 
 and the miseries of the indigent and unfortu- 
 nate were liberally relieved by the benevo- 
 lent cares of the monarch. Frederic died 
 17th Aug. 1780, aged 75, and he met death 
 with all the resignation which philosophy un- 
 aided by religion can show. As Frederic was 
 brought up in the school of adversity, he early 
 learnt lessons of stoicism and philosophical 
 wisdom, and unyieldingto the caresses of pros- 
 perity he was taught not to sink under the 
 frowns of fortune. From necessity as well 
 I as from ohoioe attached tp literature in the 
 
years of his privacy, he cultivated tlie muses 
 on the throne, and liberally patronised the 
 lovers of sciences and of the fine arts. His 
 evenings were generally spent in the easy 
 society of men of letters, and after the fa- 
 tigues of the day he unbent ihe hero and 
 the king to the wit, the scholar, and the 
 literary disputant. His invitations to learned 
 foreigners were sincere and honorable, and 
 Maupertius and especially Voltaire were for 
 » while objects of his particular regard and 
 of his unfeigned esteem. Anxious to redress 
 tlic grievances of his subjects he paid the 
 minutest attention to their applications, and 
 a word written at the bottom of each petition 
 by his hand served for his secretaries to 
 convey to the eager suppliants either refusal 
 or reprehension, encouragement or promi- 
 ses. At five in the morning Frederic gene- 
 rally rose from his bed, and after the day 
 was divided between business, recreation, 
 and literature, he retired to his chamber at 
 ten in the evening, and as his meals werea'e- 
 gular and simple, and as he was through life 
 a stranger to the licentious propensities which 
 too often dishonor the great and the power- 
 ful, he enjoyed a strong constitution with a 
 placid and serene evenness of temper. His 
 conduct in war, the heroic firmness ^vith 
 which he withstood his numerous enemies, 
 and the astonishing pi'esence of mind which 
 he displayed in every difficult situation, not 
 less than his wisdom, the equity of the laws 
 which he established, and the paternal care 
 ■with which he watched over the happiness 
 of his people, proved him to be a monarch of 
 superior excellence ; but though he thus de- 
 served the appellation of Great, it is painful 
 to observe the inconsistency of his princi- 
 ples, the wavering tenets of his faith, and the 
 mighty influence of those two dangerous 
 passions by which he was guided, ambition 
 and avarice. Great as a monarch, Frederic 
 •was sn infidel at heart, and while he wished 
 to bind, to obedience to his government, the 
 attection of his subjects by the imposing 
 rites of religion, and by the expectations of 
 another life, he was himself a sceptic in the 
 most offensive degree, and regarded the ties 
 which unite men to an over-ruling provi- 
 dence only so far as they secured his power 
 or contributed to his aggrandizement. As 
 Frederic did not cohabit with his v/ife, whom 
 he had married only in obedience to his 
 father, without affection or esteem, he died 
 without issue. His works are numerous and 
 
 FR 
 
 respectable. Four volumes in octavo were 
 published in his life-time, and fifteen since 
 his death. The chief of these are Memoirs 
 of the House of Brandenburg — a Poem on 
 the Art of War, a composition of great me- 
 rit — the history of his own Time — the His- 
 tory of the seven Years' War. All these 
 have been collected together in 25 vols. 8vo. 
 1790, with an account of his life. M. de 
 Segur has among others published an account 
 of his reign and of his extraordinai-y char- 
 acter. 
 
 Frederic, surnamed the Wise, elector 
 oX Saxony, wasT>orn 1463. He enjoyed the 
 
 good opinion and shared the councils of the 
 emperor Maximilian, after whose death he 
 might have been placed on the imperial 
 throne, an honor which he refused, while he 
 supported the election of Charles V. He 
 was one of the first and most zealous friends 
 of Luther, and contributed much to the es- 
 tablish m«nt of the i-eformed church. He 
 died 1526, and was succeeded by his brother 
 John sui'naraed the constant, whose son John 
 Frederic, when raised to the sovereign pow- 
 er, became a powerful protector of the re- 
 formers, and was chief of the famous league 
 of Smalkalde 1536. In the war which fol- 
 lowed this league John Frederic was taken 
 prisoner by Charles V. and condemned to 
 lose his head, but the sentence was reversed 
 on condition that he consented to the renun- 
 ciation of the electoral dignity for himself and 
 his posterity. He died 3d March 1554, aged 
 51. 
 
 Frederic V. elector of Palatine, son of 
 Frederic IV. married a daughter of James 
 I. of England. He was elected in 1619, king 
 of Bohemia by tho proiestants, but his ele- 
 vation was opposed by his rival Ferdinand of 
 Austria, and. though supported by P'rance 
 and by England, he was defeated the follow- 
 iug year and totally ruined near Prague. 
 The great Gustavus in his invasion of Ger- 
 many promised to re-estabhsh him in his 
 rights and dominions, but the death of that 
 heroic chief at the battle ofLutzen 1632, not 
 only shattered all his fond hopes, but w eigh- 
 ed so heavily on his spirits that he died a 
 month after. 
 
 Frederic, Colonel, son of Theodore the 
 unfortunate king of Corsica, was early in- 
 gaged in the military profession, and served 
 the elector of Wirtemberg, who honored 
 him with his friendship and presented him 
 with the insignia of the order of merit. He 
 came to England as the agent of the elector, 
 but either unsuccessful in his political nego- 
 tiations, or overwhelmed with debts and po- 
 verty, he in a rash moment committed sui- 
 cide by shooting himself through the head ia 
 the portal of Westminster-abbey 1796. This 
 unhappy youth, who seemed to inherit the 
 misfortunes and the imprudence of his fa- 
 ther, was author of some publications of me- 
 rit, Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire de 
 Corse, 8vo. 1768 — a description of Corsica, 
 with an account of its short Union to the 
 British Crown, &c. 1798, 8vo. &;c. 
 
 Freeke, William, an English socinian, 
 born 1664. He vrote, in questions and an- 
 swers, a dialogue on the Deity, and a confu- 
 tation of the doctrines of Trinity, which 
 drew d6wn the severity of the House of Com- 
 mons upon him. He was fined 500/. his book 
 was burnt, and he made a recantation in the 
 four courts of Westminster-hall. 
 
 Freeman, John, a pamter, in the age of 
 Charles II. His life was attempted by poison 
 in the West Indies, and his constitution ever 
 after retained the fatal effects. In the decline 
 of life, he painted scenes for Covent-garden 
 theatre. 
 
 Fregoso, Baptist, doge of Genoa 147^, 
 
FR 
 
 from which office he was deposed for his 
 haughtiness, and banished to Fregui. The 
 time of his death is unknown. He wrote, 
 like Valerius Maxiraus, nine books of Me- 
 morable Actions — the Life of Martin V.—a 
 Latin Treatise on learned Ladies — an Italian 
 Treatise against Love. 
 
 FitEHER, Marquard, a German, bom at 
 Augsburg 1565. He studied civil law in 
 France under Cujacius, and at the age of 23 
 was counsellor to Casimir prince Palatine. 
 He was afterwards professor of law at Hei- 
 delbei'g, and engaged in important affairs by 
 the elector Frederic IV. He died at the 
 age of 49. His books on law, criticism, and 
 history, are very numerous and respectiible. 
 His abilities, and the amiable character of his 
 private life, are highly commended by Dou- 
 za, Melchior Adam, Scioppius, Casaubon, 
 and others. 
 
 Freigius, John Thomas, a learned Ger- 
 man, born atFriburg, son of a husbandman. 
 He studied the law under Zasius and liamus, 
 and taught first as Friburg, and afterwards 
 at Basil, and then at the moment when he 
 thought of retiring from the ingratitude of 
 the world to the peace of a rural life, he was 
 appointed rector of the new college of Altorf 
 1575. He died 1583 of the plague, following 
 to the gi'ave a son and two daughters, one of 
 which had, at the age of 12, very promising 
 talents and a great taste for literature. Of 
 his works, the chief are Questiones Geome- 
 tricse, and Stereo-Metricje Logica Cousulto- 
 rum — Ciceronis Orationes Perpetuis Notis 
 Logicis, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. Basil 15 S3. 
 
 Freind, John, an English physician of 
 eminence, born 1675, at Croton in North- 
 amptonshire, where his fatlier was rector. 
 He was educated under Busby at Westmin- 
 ster, and came in 1690 to Christ-church, 
 where Aldrich presided. His abilities as a 
 scholar were already so distinguished, that 
 he then in conjunction with a friend published 
 an elegant edition of Demosthenes, and ^s- 
 chines de Corona, and about the same time 
 revised, for publication, the Delphin edition 
 of Ovid's Metamorphoses. He now directed 
 his attention to physic, and displayed great 
 knowledge of the subject, by addressing a let- 
 ter concerning the hydrocephalus to sir 
 Hans Sloane in 1699, and another hi 1701 de 
 Spasmi Rarioris Historia, which are insei't- 
 ed in the philosophical transactions, No. 255 
 and 270. In 1703 he drew the pubhc atten- 
 tion to an useful and valuable work called 
 *« Emmenologia, in qua Fluxus Muliebris 
 Menstrui, &o." and in 1704 was elected che- 
 mical professor at Oxford. The year after 
 he accompanied lord Peterborough in his 
 Spanish expedition, and after two years' at- 
 tendance on the army, he visited Italy and 
 Rome, and conversed with Baglivi and Lan- 
 eisi men of eminence and medical celebrity. 
 On his return in 1707, he published an ac- 
 count of the ear! of I»eterborough in Spain 
 Stc. as an able vindication of the honor and 
 character of his friend since the ruising of the 
 siege of Barcelona, and during the campaign 
 of Valencia ; and tihe work became rery 
 
 popular and passed rapidly to a third edition. 
 At this time he was created M.D and two 
 years after he published his Prselectiones Chi- 
 micta, dedicated to sir Isaac Newton. This 
 work was censui'ed in the Acta Eruditoinim 
 by the German philosophers, and drew forth 
 a defence from the author inserted in the 
 philosophical transactions. In 1711 he was 
 elected member oi" the Koyal society, and 
 that year went with the duke of Ormond as 
 pViysician to Flanders. In 171G lie was cho- 
 sen fellow of the college of physicians, and 
 at that time he had a controversy with Dr. 
 Woodward of Gresham college, in conse- 
 quence of his x>ublication of Hippocrates de 
 Morbis Popalaribus, and afterwards on the 
 subject of the fever in the small-pox, in 
 which unpleasant dispute, more acrimony 
 was shown, on both sides, than prudence or 
 decorum could approve. In 1722 he was 
 elected M. P. for Launceston in Cornwall, 
 and the freedom and eloquence of his speech- 
 es in the house, together with Ins intimacy 
 with Atterbury, drew upon him the .suspi- 
 cion that he was concerned in the plot of that 
 unfortunate bishop, and consequently he was 
 committed to the Tower, March, 1 722—3, 
 from Avhich he was bailed the June follow- 
 ing. In his confinement he wrote a letter on. 
 some kind of small-pox, addressed to his 
 friend Mead, and he formed the plan of his 
 great work ** the History of Physic," the 
 first part of which appeared in 1725, and the 
 second 1726. He became physician to the 
 prince of Wales, and on his accession to Hii^ 
 throne, to the queen, whose confidence and 
 esteem he fully enjoyed. He died of a fever 
 26th July, 1728, in his 52d year, and was bu- 
 ried at Hitcham, Bucks, but a monument 
 was erected to him in Westminster abbey. 
 He left one son, afterwards student of Christ 
 church. His Latin works were published 
 together, liOndon 1738, in fol. by Wigan, 
 who added a Latin translation of the History 
 of Physic, with an elegant dedication to the 
 queen. Dr. Friend's brother, liobert, was 
 head of Westminster school, and a very learn- 
 ed man. He publislied Cicei-o de Oratore, 
 and died 1754. 
 
 Freinshemius, John, a learned Gcr- 
 man, born at Ulm in Swabia 1608, He was 
 professor of e](»quence at Upsal, hbrarian to 
 Christina of Sweden, and afterwards pro- 
 fessor at Heidelberg, where he died 16<}0. 
 He was a most able classical scholar, and to 
 the knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, 
 united an intimate acquaintance with all the 
 languages of Europe. His critique on Flo- 
 rus, and his notes on Phiedrus and Tacitus, 
 are valuable, but he derives his greatest ce- 
 lebrity from his excellent supplements to 
 Livy and Quintus Curtius, in which he has 
 been so successful that we almost cease to la- 
 ment the loss of the originals. 
 
 FRE?REde Andrada, Hyacinthe, a Por- 
 tuguese, abbot of St. Mary de Chans, bora 
 at Beja 1597. He was in great favor with 
 John IV. of Portugal, who wished to make 
 him a bishop. He was a man of great levitr 
 of character, which probably prevented hip" 
 
FR 
 
 ^^ 
 
 FR 
 
 advancement in the state, as his abilities | early French poet, king's advocate for Caen 
 
 " ' ' '* ' and afterwards president of that city. He 
 
 died 1G06, aged 72. He wrote « Sa'tires," 
 which though inferior to those of Boileau 
 and liegnier, yet possess merit — '• the Art 
 of Poetry," — two books of Idyllia — a poem 
 on the Monarchy, all published at Caen 1605. 
 Fresne, Charles du Cange du, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Amiens 1610. He stu- 
 died the law at Orleans, and was advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris. He sperk some 
 time in his native town in the pursuits of lite- 
 rature and philosophy, and then settling at 
 Paris, he was in 1668 engaged by Colbert to 
 make a collection from all authm's who had 
 written on the history of France. His la- 
 bors, however, did not please the minister, 
 and he resigned all his engagements in the 
 
 might have promised. He died at Lisbon 
 1657. His " Life of don Juan de Castro," 
 is esteemed as one of the best written books 
 in Portuguese. He wrote also some poems. 
 
 Fb EM I NET, Martin, a French painter, 
 who died at Paris, his birth place, 1619, aged 
 52. He was chiefly painter to Henry IV. and 
 honored with the order of St. Michael by 
 Lewis XUL He imitated with success the 
 beauties of Michael Angcio, and of Joseph 
 of Arpino. 
 
 Fremont h'Ablancoukt, Nicholas, 
 ©ephew and pupil of Perrot d'Ablancourt, 
 retired to Holland at the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and was appointed histori- 
 ographer to the prince of Orange. Besides 
 a defence of his uncle Tacitus agamstia Hous- 
 saye, he translated Lucian's dialogue between 
 the letters and the supplement to the true 
 Jiistory, and after his death, which happened 
 in 1693, his Memoirs of the History of Por- 
 tdgal, appeared in 12mo. 
 
 Frenicle de Bessy, Bernard, a mathe- 
 rnatician, author of a treatise on Right-ang- 
 led Triangles — on Combinations — on Resolv- 
 ing Problems by Exclusions, &c. He was 
 very intimate with Mersenne, Fermat, Des- 
 cartes, and other learned men, and died 
 1575. 
 
 Freres, Theodore, a painter, born at 
 Enkhuysen 1643. The best of his })ieces are 
 preserved in the great hall of Amsterdam. 
 His drawings and designs were in high es- 
 teem. He resided for some time at Rome. 
 
 Freret, Nicolas, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris 1688. Though bred to the law 
 he applied himself to the study of history, 
 and at the age of 25 was admitted into the 
 academy ot inscriptions, in consequence of 
 his Discourse on the Origin of the French. 
 This valuable treatise was considered as of- 
 fensive to the court, and the author was sent 
 to the Bastille, where the reading of Bayle's 
 (dictionary rendered him sceptical. He wrote 
 letters " of Thrasybulus to Leucippe," in 
 ikvor of atheism — Examination of the Ay)0- 
 logists for Christianity, &c. He died 1749, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Frerox, Elie Catherine, a French jour- 
 nalist, and an able opponent of the new phi- 
 losophy, was born at Quimper 1719. He 
 was educated by the Jesuits, but in 1739 he 
 Jeft them, and began the life and profession 
 of author. His " Letters on Certain Wri- 
 tings of the Times," appeared in 1749, and 
 were continued to 13 vols. In 1754 he began 
 his " Ann6e Literaire," in 7 vols, to which 
 he added yearly 8 vols, till his death in 1776. 
 He was an able and acute critic, but his re- 
 marks on Voltaire drew upon him all the vi- 
 olence and fury, of the satirist, and he be- 
 came the hero of his Dunciad. To a well 
 informed mind, Feron added an excellent 
 private character. He died 10th March, 
 1776, and besides his periodical publications, 
 wrote miscellanies, 3 vols.— les Vrais Plai 
 
 undertaking, and then finished his •« Glossa- 
 rium Mediae & Infimse Latinitatis" 3 vols, 
 fol. an excellent and useful work, often re- 
 printed. He afterwards wrote a Greek 
 Glos.sary of the middle age, in 2 vols, folio. 
 He wrote also the History of Constantinople 
 under the French emperors, and published 
 besides, editions of Nicephorus, Cinnamus, 
 Anna Comena, Zonaras, &c. with learned 
 notes. He died 1688, aged 78, leaving four 
 children, who were honorably pensioned by 
 Lewis XIV. in consequence of their father's 
 merit. Du Gauge's Latin Glossary was af- 
 terwards enlarged and improved, and after- 
 wards abridged in 6 vols. 8vo. Halle, 1772. 
 
 Fresnoy, Charles Alphonso du, a poet 
 and painter, born at Paris 1611. His father 
 who was a sui'geon, educated him for a phy- 
 sician, but the love of poetry was superior 
 to paternal authority. Under Perrier and 
 Vouet he learned design, and in 1634 travel- 
 led to Rome, where his wants, in conse- 
 quence of the neglect of his offended parents 
 were very great till relieved by the liberality 
 of his friend Mignard. Devoting himself to 
 classical studies, he did not, however, pay 
 less attention to anatomy, the rules of per- 
 spective and architecture, and the elements 
 of geometrv, and with a mind well stored 
 with poetical images, he produced his ele- 
 gant and labored poem '* De Arte Graphi- 
 ca." His pictures were not numerous, 
 scarce fifty in number, and always parted 
 with for little, and to supply the wants of the 
 moment. On his return from Italy, in 1656, 
 he was solicited to publish his poem ; but 
 though encouraged by de Piles, his friend, 
 who undertook a French translation of it, 
 he defei'red it, and died before tin comple- 
 tion, 1665, aged 53. The poem appeared 
 after his death, with notes by de Piles, and 
 its excellent precepts have been made known 
 to the English by the translations of Dryden, 
 of Graham, and lastly of Mason, in blank 
 verse with notes. In the coloring of liis 
 pieces Fresnoy imitated Titian, and the 
 Caraccis in their designs. 
 
 Fresny, Charles Riviere du, a French 
 poet, born at Paris 1648. To a strong taste 
 
 sirs, from Marino, and part of a translation \ for music, painting, and sculpture, he joined 
 
 of Lucretius, &c. | a great knowledge of gardening. He was 
 
 Fres»aye, Joha Vauqueliw de h, an overseer of the king's gardens; but he sold 
 
FR 
 
 y^fy 
 
 FR 
 
 tlie fippointment to supply his extravagance, 
 and retired to Paris to live by his pen. As 
 a dramatic Avinter he acquired some celebri- 
 ty. His follies were such that, as Le Sage 
 has mentioned in the Diable Boiteux, i.e 
 actually married his laundress, thus to dis- 
 clmrge his bills. Besides his comedies he 
 wrote cantatas and songs, which he himself 
 set to music. He died 17'i4, aged 76. His 
 works were collected in six vols. 12mo. and 
 d'Alembert has drawn a parallel between 
 him and Destouches as a comic writer. 
 
 Freteau de St. Just, Emmanuel 
 Marie Michael Philip, a French nobleman, 
 who, through disapi)ointment, embraced the 
 popular party against the court at the revo- 
 lution. After acquiring some populai-ity in 
 the assembly and the convention by his 
 speeches, he was marked for destruction by 
 liobespien-e, and was guillotined 15th June 
 J 793, aged 49. 
 
 Frewen, Accepted, an English prelate, 
 horn in Kent, and educated at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fellow 
 and president. He was chaplain to Ciiarles 
 I. 1631, was made dean of Glocester, and in 
 1643, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. He 
 was translated to York at the restoration, 
 .•uid died at Thorpe castle 1664, aged 75. 
 
 Frey, John Cecil, a German physician, 
 who pretended to be the first in Europe 
 who defended theses in philosophy in the 
 Greek language. He died of the plague 
 1631, and his Opuscula appeared after his 
 death by Baledrens. 
 
 Freytag, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgo- 
 jnaster of Nui-emberg, Avho died 1776, aged 
 53, He was author of Rhinoceros Veterum 
 Scriptorum Monumentis Descriptus, 1747, 
 Analecta Literaria de Libris Rarioribus, 
 1751, — Oratorum 8c Rhet. Grcec. qui bus 
 Statuse Honor. Causa positK sunt, 1752, — 
 an Account of scarce Books, &c. 1776, 
 &c. 
 
 Frezier, Amadee Fx'ancis, a native 
 of Chambery, descended from a Scotch fa- 
 mily. He took a survey of Chili and Peru, 
 of which he published an account, 1716, and 
 deserved the cross of St. Lewis for his ju- 
 dicious labors in the foi'tifying of St. Maloes. 
 He wrote a treatise on Les feux d'Artifice, 
 — Elemens de Stereotomie, &c. and died at 
 Brest 1772, aged 90. 
 
 Friart, Rowland, an architect of the 
 17th century, who translated Palladio, and 
 dx'ew a parallel between ancient and modern 
 ai'chitecture. 
 
 Friche, or Frische, James de, aBene- 
 dictine, born in Normandy. He edited Am- 
 brose's woi'ks, ten vols. fol. Paris, and wrote 
 the Life of St. Augustine, and died at Paris, 
 1G93, aged 52. 
 
 Frisch, John Leonard, a native of Saltz- 
 bach, founder of the silk manufactures at 
 Brandenburg, and the first encourager of the 
 cultivation of the mulberry tree in Prussia. 
 He belonged to the academy of sciences at 
 Berlin, and died there 1743, aged 77. He 
 wrote a German and Latin Hictionaiy, — a 
 Description of German Insects — Piction- 
 YOL. I^ Tl 
 
 uaire Nouvcau des Passages Francois Alle- 
 mands, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Frischlin, Nicodemus, a learned Ger- 
 man born at Baling, in Swabia, 1547. He 
 was educated under his father, who was a 
 minister, and at Tubhigen, and so great 
 wore Ills powers tlsat at the age of thirteen 
 he could, Avritc Avith elegance Greek and 
 Latin poetrj'. He became at twenty, pro- 
 fessor at I'ubingcn, and in 1580, published 
 an oration in praise of a country life, with a 
 paraphrase on Virgil's Eclogues and Geor- 
 gics. In this celebrated Avork he inveighed 
 severely against courtiers, and the satire was 
 felt and" resented. Even his life was in dan- 
 ger, so that he fled to Laubach, in Carniola, 
 where he opened a school ; but the insalu- 
 brity of the air, and the iil health of his wife 
 and children obliged him to return home. 
 He afterwards passed to Frankfort, and 
 thence into Saxony, and to Brunswick, and 
 at last, overpowei^ed bj' his necessities, he 
 wrote to the prince of Wirtemberg for re- 
 lief; but his application was disi-egarded, 
 and he afterwards imprisoned in Wirtem- 
 berg castle. From this illiberal treatment 
 he determined to escape, but unfortunately 
 in the attempt, the ropes which he used 
 were so weak that he fell down a deep pre- 
 cipice, and was das!ied to pieces on the rocks, 
 in 1590. He left behind him the character 
 of an unfortunate, persecuted mail, whose, 
 abilities, however, were strongly exhibited 
 in his tragedies, comedies, elegies, and ele- 
 gant translations from Greek and Latin au- 
 thors, and also by a well digested Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 Frischmuth, John, a native of Fran- 
 conia, who died rector of Jena university, 
 1687, aged 68. He was author of Illustra- 
 tions and Dissertations on difiicult Passages 
 of Scripture. 
 
 Frisius, John, a native of Zurich. He 
 became principal of tlie college there, and 
 introduced the study of the Hebrew, and 
 other oriental languages. Besides a Latin 
 and (German Dictionary he translated some 
 of the scriptures into German from the He- 
 brew, and died 15C5, aged 60. His son John 
 James, was professor of theology and ohilo- 
 sopby, and died 1610. — Another son suc- 
 ceeded him as professor. Henry, of the 
 same fami!)-, was professor of languages at 
 Zurich, where he died 1718, author of a 
 treatise De Sede Animae Kationis, — De 
 Comnmnione Sanctorum, &c. 
 Frith, John. Vid. Fuyth. 
 Frizom, Peter, author of a History of 
 French Cardinals, — a History of the Grand 
 Almoners of France, — the Lifeof Spondrens, 
 6ic. and editor of the French Bible, trans- 
 lated by the Louvain divines, with notes, 
 died at Paris, master of the Jesuits' college 
 of Navarre, 1651. 
 
 Frobenius, John, an eminent German 
 printer, born at Hammeiburg, Francqnia. 
 He was educated at Basil, and after great 
 progress in literature began the business of 
 printer there. The respectability of his 
 character, and his opnstnnt car<i of never 
 
FR 
 
 fry^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 printing any thing offensive. ta morals and 
 religion, pi-oduced him both celebrity and 
 opulence. He was the intimate friend of 
 Erasmus, and he printed his works. From 
 his press issued a great many valuable edi- 
 tions of different authors, of Jerome, Augus- 
 tine, &c. He had formed the design of pub- 
 lishing all the Greek fathers, but death pre- 
 vented the completion. His death, which 
 happened at Basil 1527, was supposed to 
 have been occasioned by a fall five years be- 
 fore, which at last ended in a dead palsy. 
 He was univex'sally lamented; but by none 
 more than Erasmus, who loved him sincere- 
 ly, and Avho, in proof of his affection, wrote 
 his epitaph in Greek and Latin. He left his 
 business to his son Jerome Frobenius, and 
 his son-in-law Nicolas Episcopius. 
 
 Frobisher, sir Martin, a celebrated na- 
 vigator, born near Doucaster in Yorkshire, He 
 was early brought up to a sea life, and was 
 the first Englishman who attempted to dis- 
 cover a north-west passage to China. After 
 fruitless endeavors to complete his favorite 
 scheme for 15 years, he at last obtained the 
 protection of Dudley earl of Warwick, and 
 with three barks he sailed from Deptford, 
 8th June 1576, in the sight of queen Eliza- 
 beth, who waving her hand bade him fare- < 
 Avell. After visiting the coasts of Greenland, 
 and penetrating to a strait to which he gave 
 his own name, he returned, and arrived at 
 Harwich the 2d October. As he brought 
 with him some of the produce of the lands 
 which he visited, a black and heavy stone, 
 which was on board, was discovered to con- 
 lain gold, and in consequence a new expe- 
 dition was quickly planned. With a ship of 
 the royal navy and two barks, he sailed from 
 'Harwich 3lst May 1577; and after passing 
 by some very dreadful islands of ice on the 
 coast of Friezland, he discovered and gave 
 names to various bays and isles ; and at last, 
 after loading his ships with some of the gol- 
 den ore of whicVi he was in pursuit, he came 
 back and reached England at the end of 
 September. The queen received him with 
 great condescension. The ore he had 
 brought was examined before commission- 
 ers, and was proved to be valuable ; and 
 another expedition was prepared to make 
 still further discoveries. The third expe- 
 dition, consisting of fifteen ships, sailed from 
 Harwich on the 31st of May, and returned 
 back with the usual success, at the begin- 
 ning of October. Afterwards Frobisher 
 served in sir Francis Drake's expedition to 
 the West-Indies; and three years after, in 
 1588, he commanded the Triumph in the 
 defeat of the Spanish armada. He was 
 knighted in his own ship for his great ser- 
 vices ; and afterwards was employed to com- 
 mand a fleet on the Spanish coast- In 1594, 
 he supported Henry IV. against tl»e leaguers 
 and Spaniards j but in an attack against 
 Oroyzon near Brest, he was- unfortunately 
 wounded by a ball in the hip, 7th Novem- 
 ber and died soon after, H is said, through 
 the ignorance of his surgeon, who, by ne- 
 glecting to extract the wadding, did not pre- 
 
 vent tlie festeinng of the affected part. This 
 brave man was buried at Plymouth. 
 
 Froelich, Erasmus, a native of Gratz 
 in Styria. He was a Jesuit, and eminent for 
 his knowledge of; mathematice and medailic 
 history. He wrote Quatuor Teutermina in 
 Re Nuramaria, 4to, — Annales Regum Sty- 
 ria, fol.— ^de Figura Telluris, 4to, and died 
 1758, aged 58. 
 
 Froidmont, Libert, a native of Liege, 
 dean of St. Peter's, and philosophical pro- 
 fessor at Lou vain, lie wrote Dissertatio de 
 Cometa, — Meteorologicorum Libri Quinque 
 — -Brevis Anatomia Hominis — in Actus 
 Apostol. Commentar, He died 1653, aged* 
 66. ^ 
 
 Froila T. king of Spain after Alpbonsus 
 757, is known for the famous victory which 
 he obtained over the Saracens in Galicia 760. 
 He established very excellent laws, but. his 
 murder of his brother Vimazan was cow- 
 ardly and cruel ; and in consequence of tliis 
 he lost his life by the hand of his other bro- 
 ther Aurelius 768. , 
 
 Froila II. succeeded his brother Ordo- 
 guo on the Spanish throne 923, and died of 
 a leprosy two years after. He Avas so cruel in 
 his government that the Castilians revolted 
 against him. 
 
 Froissard or Froissart, John, au 
 eminent historian, born at Valenciennes 
 1337. Though bred to the church, he was 
 fond of gayety,and travelled thi-ough England, 
 Scotland, Italy, and other places. He was 
 Ibr some time in great favor with Philippa, 
 the queen of Edward III. and died canon 
 and treasurer of Chimai about 1410. His 
 " Chronicle" is a valuable work, containing 
 an account of the events which took place iu 
 England, France, and Spain, from 1326 to 
 14(J0. The best edition is that of Lyons, 4 
 vols, fol, 1599. It has been abi'idged by 
 Sleidan, and contintxed to 1466 by Monstre- 
 let. It has been lately edited and elucidated 
 by the labors of Mr. Johnes. 
 
 Fro MAGE, Peter, a superior of the Je- 
 suits sent to Egypt and Syria, He publish- 
 ed, in Arabic, various religious pieces, at St. 
 John's monastery near Antura, Avhere he 
 had established a press. He died in Syria, 
 after some years' residence there 1740, 
 
 Fronteaxj, John, a native of Angers, 
 chancellor of Paris university, and after- 
 wards prior of Benay in Angers, and St. 
 Magdalen of Montargis, where he died 1662, 
 aged 48, He wrote the Philosophy of Al- 
 araandus, — Antitheses Augustini & Calvini, 
 de Diebus Festivus, fol, 
 
 FRONTiNtTS, Sextus Julius, a Roman 
 writer under Trajan, He wrote de Re Ag- 
 raria, — Libri Tres Stratagematum, &c, 
 
 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, a Roman 
 orator, preceptor to Vereus and M. Aure- 
 lius. . 
 
 Frowde, Philip, an English poet, eduoa- 
 ted at Oxford, where hite intimacy with Ad- 
 dison introduced him to the notice of the 
 great. He was author of some very elegant 
 Latin poems in the Musa AnglicanSe, and 
 wrote besides, two tragedies, " the Fall of 
 
FU 
 
 6-S7 
 
 FU 
 
 Saguntum" and "Philotas." He died in 
 Cebil-street, Strand, 1738, leaving a most 
 amiable character behind him. No man, 
 says his biographer, could live more beloved, 
 no private man could die more lamented. 
 
 FRircoNi, Cliarles Innocent, an Italian 
 poet, bora at Genoa 1092. He entered into 
 tiie society of the Soramasques, but after- 
 wards with the pope's leave laid aside the 
 clerical character, and became perpetual se- 
 cretary to the academy of fine arts at Padua. 
 He died 1768 aged 76. His works consist- 
 ing of minor poems were published at Par- 
 ma 1779 in 9 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Frumentius, a Romish saint, the apos- 
 tle of the -SIthiopians, among whom lie was 
 consecrated bisliop 331, by Athanasius. He 
 died 360. 
 
 Frye, Thomas, a native of Dublin, who 
 settled in London, where he acquired some 
 eminence as a painter. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in a china manufactory at Bow, but ill 
 success obliged him to return to his pallet. 
 He attempted also mezzolinto engraving. 
 His picture of the prince of V/ules painted 
 for Sadlers-ha!l in 1738, was admired as a 
 Tvell executed piece. He died in London 
 1762, aged 52. 
 
 Fr YTH, John, an English martyr, born at 
 Seven Oaks in Kent. He was educated at 
 King's college, Cambridge, and afterwards 
 went to Oxford, where he becameone of the 
 canons in Wolsey's college. The acquaint- 
 ance and conversation of Tyndale converted 
 him to the tenets of Luther, for which he 
 was imprisoned. Upon his Hberation in 
 1528 he left England, and two years after 
 returned, and began with increased zeal to 
 preach his opinions. His influence was so 
 great that he was sent to the Tower by sir 
 Thomas More, and refusing to recant he 
 was condemned by the catholic commission, 
 and was burnt in Smithfield 1533. Me wrote 
 several treatises against popery, Avliich were 
 reprinted in London in fol. 1573. 
 
 FucHSius, or FucHs, Leonard, a physi- 
 cian and botanist, born 1501, at Wembdingen 
 in Bavaria. He practised at Munich and 
 Ingoldstadt, and wa5 miised to equestrian 
 lionors by Charles V. He died 1566, aged 
 65. The best known of his works is, "His- 
 toria Stirpium," 1543, foho. Bale. 
 
 FuESSLi, John Gaspafd, a native of Zu- 
 rich, eminent .as an artist and as a respe»jta- 
 ble man. He wrote tile History of the Art- 
 ists of Switzerland, a work of merit, and 
 died 1782, aged 76. His son of tlie same 
 name was a bookseller at Zurich, and pub- 
 lished some interesting works on entomolo- 
 gy. He died 1786. 
 
 - FuGGER, HuUlric, a learned man, born 
 at Augsburg in 1526, of an ancient and opu- 
 lent family. He spent much of his proper- 
 ty in the purchasing of books and manu- 
 scripts, which he printed at the press of 
 Henry Stephens^ but his relations-wcre so 
 displeased - with his extravagance, as they 
 called it, in the protection and encourage- 
 ment of literature, that they had him dc- 
 Hared bv a court of justice incapable of ma- 
 
 n aging his affairs. He retired to Heidelbejjg, 
 where he died 1584, bequeathing his libra- 
 ry to the elector Palatine, with a fund for 
 the decent maintenance of six scholars. 
 
 FuLBERT, an Italian, educated under 
 pope Sylvester II. He acquired great ce- 
 lebrity in France as a public preacher, and 
 obtained the bishopric of Chartre^. He 
 wrote with strong zeal against Berengarius 
 on the eucharist, and was the first who"iiv<- 
 troduced into France the worship paid to 
 the Virgin Mary. He died 1028. His works 
 and letters are extant. 
 
 FuLDA, Charles Frederic, a native of 
 Wirapfen in Swabia, eminent as a Lutheran 
 divine, and also as a mechanic. He died at 
 Einzigen 1788, aged 66. He was author of 
 a Dictionary of the German Roots — an In- 
 quiry into Language — on the Origin di the 
 Goths — on the Cimbi'i— on the Deities of 
 Germany — a Chart of History, &c. 
 
 Fui.GENi lus, St. an ecclesiastical wri- 
 ter, born of a nobie family at Talepta about 
 468. After a liberal education he took the 
 monastic vows, and founded a monastei*y. 
 He was elected bishop of Vinta in 507, and 
 afterwards of Uuspa, but he shared the per- 
 secution of the African prelates, and was 
 banished by Thrasimond, king of the Van- 
 dals, into Sardinia. After the death of 
 Thrasimond he returned to Africa, and died 
 there 533, the first day of the year, aged 55. 
 Of the works of this learned fathei*, the best 
 edition is that of Parish 4to. 1684. 
 
 Fuj.GiNAS, Sigismund, a writer of the 
 15th centuiy, in the service of pope Julius 
 II. He wrote an history of his own times. 
 
 FuLKE, William, an Enghsh divine, born 
 in London, and educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he became fellow 
 1564. He spent six years at Clifibrd's Inn, 
 but his fondness for literature was greater 
 tlian his partiality for the law, though against 
 the wishes of his father. In consequence of 
 his acquaintance with Cartwright, he wafi 
 suspected of puritanism, and Mas expelled 
 from his college, but the patronage of the 
 earl of Leicester restored him to public fa- 
 vor, and presented him 1571 to the living 
 of Warley, Essex, and two year.s after t?> 
 Didington, Suffolk. He afterwards took his 
 degree of D. D. at Cambridge, and accompa- 
 nied as chaplain his patron when ambassa- 
 dor to France, and on his return he was 
 made master of Pembroke liall, and Marga- 
 ret professor. He died 1589. He wrote 
 several works in Latin and English, chiefiy 
 against the papists, and dedicated to queen 
 Elizabeth, and to her favorite Leicester. 
 His Comment upon the Rheims Testament 
 is the mostknov/n oihis works. It appeared 
 in 1580, and again in 1601, 1617, and 1633, 
 in fob- • . ■ ' ■ » 
 
 Fuller, Nicolas, was born at Southamp- 
 ton 1557, and educated at the free school 
 there. He became secretary to Horae bish- 
 op of Winchester, and to Watson his succes- 
 sor, and afterwards he v/ent as tutor to a 
 Mr. Knight's sons at St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, and took Ilia degrees io arts $X Hart 
 
Fa 
 
 ^'^^ 
 
 FU 
 
 liall. He became prebendary of Salisbury, 
 and rector of Bishop's Waltham, Hants, and 
 died 16'i2. He was an able scholar, well 
 skilled in HebreAV, and siiperior lo all the 
 critics of his time. His " Miscellanea The- 
 ologiGa,"in four books, a valuable book, \yas 
 published in Oxford 1616, and London 1617, 
 and it is inserted with some other works in 
 Poole's Synopsis Critieorum. Some of his 
 MSS. are preserved in the Bodleian library. 
 Fuller, Thomas, an English historian 
 and divine,born in I608,at Akle inNonhamp- 
 tonshire, whei'e his father was minister. His 
 proficiency was so great that at the age of 
 12 he was sent to Queen's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 and afterwards removed to Sidney college, 
 of which he was chosen fellow 1631. That 
 year he obtained a prebend at Salisbury, and 
 •was afterwards presented to the living of 
 Broad Windsor, Dorsetsliire, where he mar- 
 ried. Upon the loss of his wife about 1 6il, he 
 removed to London, and became minister of 
 the Savoy. In 1642 he preached at Wcst- 
 mtnster abbey, and gave such oflence in his 
 sermon by his zealous support of the royal 
 cause, that his life was considered in dangej-. 
 Rejoined the king at Oxford in 1 643, but his 
 sermon there, before liis royal master, ap- 
 peared as lukewarm, as that at Westminster 
 had been interpreted as violent, a strong 
 proof no doubt of the moderation to which lie 
 warmly exhorted all parties. In 1644, he 
 was chaplain to lord Hopton, and was left 
 with part of his army at Basing house when 
 it was besieged by sir AVilliam Waller, and 
 in this situation he behaved with such cour- 
 age that the parliamentarj^ general raised the 
 siege with loss. Fuller afterwards retired 
 to Exeter, where he was chaplain to the 
 ■ju'incess Henrietta, and where he continued 
 <luring the siege of the city, and at the close 
 of the war he returned to London, and be- 
 came a popular preacher at St. Clement's 
 lane, and afterwards at St. Bride's Fleet- 
 street. In 1648 he was presented to the 
 living of Waltham, in Essex, by lord Carlisle, 
 and in 1654 he married a sister of viscount 
 Baltinglasse. At the restoration, he found 
 himself a favorite at court, and took his de- 
 gree of D. D. and would have risen to a bish- 
 opric, had not a fever unfortunately carried 
 him off, 16th Aug. 1661. His funex^al was 
 attended by 200 of his brethren, and a ser- 
 mon was preached over him by dean Hardy. 
 The most celebrated of his works are " the 
 Church History of Britain, from the birth of 
 Christ, till 164S," with the History of Cam- 
 bridge University, and the History of Walt- 
 ham-abbey annexed, 1656 — History of the 
 Worthies of England, a valuable book, pub- 
 lished in 1662, fob— Good Thoughts, in Bad 
 Times, and in Worse Times — the History 
 of the Holy War, 1640, fob— the Holy State, 
 fol. 1642 — Pisgah Sight of Palestine, and the 
 Confines thereof, with the History of the 
 Old and New Testament, 1650 — Abel Itedi- 
 vivns, or English divines, 1651, 4to. — the 
 Speech of Birds, moral and mystical, Svo. 
 1660 — Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Poh- 
 
 tician, 1649, Svo. besides sermons, &c. His 
 Church History was attacked with severity 
 by Dr. Heylin, and ably defended, but with 
 such moderation that the two antagonists 
 were reconciled in lasting friendship. Dr. 
 Fuller left a son by each of his two wives. 
 He was, in private as well as public life, a 
 very respected and amiable character. His 
 memory is said to have been uncommojdy 
 retentive, so that he could repeat a sermon 
 verbatim, sifter once hearing it, and once 
 after walking from Temple-bar to the end of 
 Cheapside, he mentioned all the signs, on 
 both sides of the way, either backwards or 
 forwards. He was, in his conversation, very 
 humorous. It is said that he once travelled 
 with a friend of the name of Sparrovvhawk, 
 and he could not but ask him jocosely what 
 was the difference between an Owl and a 
 Sparrowhawk. The difference is very great, 
 replied his companion, eyeing his corpulent 
 person with a smile, for it is Fuller in the 
 head, fuller in the body, and fuller all over. 
 
 Fuller, Isaac, an English painter of some 
 celebrity. The resurrection in All Soul's 
 college-chapel, and that of Magdalen col- 
 lege, and an historical piece only in two co- 
 lors, in Wadham college, Oxford, are ex- 
 cellent proofs of his great abilities. He stu- 
 died under Perrier, in France, and was very 
 accurate in the anatomy of his figures but he 
 often oflTended indecency and historical truth. 
 He died at the end of the second Charles' 
 reign in London. 
 
 FuLLO, Peter, a heretical bishop of An- 
 tioch, during the exile of Martyrias in the 
 fifth century. He maintained with the Eu- 
 tychian tenets, that all the three persons of 
 the trinity suflered on the cross. 
 
 FuLViA, wife of Mark Antony, known 
 for her hatred against Cicero. When the 
 orator's head was brought to her she pier- 
 ced the tongue repeatedly with a silver bod- 
 kin. 
 
 FuNCcius or FuNCK, John Nicholas, a 
 celebrated critic, born at Marpurg in 1693. 
 He was educated at the university ofRint- 
 len, and wrote some very able and learned 
 treatises, de Origine Latinte Lingua;, and 
 de Pueritia Latinie Lingute, &c. He died 
 1778. 
 
 FuRETiERE, Anthony, a lawyer born at 
 Paris 1620, and eminent as an advocate in 
 the parliament. He afterwards took orders, 
 and became abbot of Chalivoy and i)rior of 
 (/huines. He was expelled in 1685 from the 
 French academy, on the accusation that be 
 had composed "a Dictionary of the French 
 Tongue" whicli, being borrowed from the 
 same materials, was intended to supersede 
 theirs. This valuable work was published 
 two y ears after his death, in 1690, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 FuRiNi, Francesco, a painter of F'lo- 
 rence, who died 1646, aged 42. His bathing 
 nymphs were particularly admired, but he 
 displayed in his figures more elegance than 
 regard to decency. 
 
 FuRius BiBACULUs, a Latin poet of 
 Cremona, authwof some annals and satires, 
 100 B. C. 
 
tY 
 
 ^5J 
 
 FY 
 
 FuRNEAUX, Philip, a non-conforiTiist 
 born at Totness, Devonshire. He was as- 
 sistant to a dissenting congregation in South- 
 ■\vark, and afterwards lecturer at Salters' 
 hall, and in 1753 he succeeded Lowman at 
 Ciaphani. He was complimented with the 
 degree of D. D. trom a Scotch niiiversit)', 
 and died 1 ra;3, aged 59. He wrote an Essay 
 on Toleration, and letters to judge Black- 
 stone on his Exposition of t!te Tolei-ation 
 Act. 
 
 FuRST, Waltei', or Furstius, d Swiss, 
 revered as f.ne of the founders of the liberty 
 of his country. He seized in 1307 with some 
 of his brave countrymen, the forts by whicli 
 his country was enslaved under Albert of 
 Austria, and by their demolition the inde- 
 pendence of the Swiss was re-established. 
 
 FuRSTEMBEKG, Ferdinand do, a native 
 of Westphalia, promoted in the church hy 
 pope Alexander Vll. and in 1678 made bish- 
 op of Muiistcr, and apostolical vicar of 
 Northei-n Europe. He published Monu- 
 menta Faderboriiensia 1072, 4to. — a Col- 
 lection of Latin poems, &c. and was a liberal 
 patron of literature, and encouraged stren- 
 uousl)- the propagation of Christianity in for- 
 eign parts. He died 1683, aged 57. 
 
 Fvsi, Anthony, a doctor of the Sorbonnc, 
 minister of St. Bartholomew church at Paris. 
 He was imprison'i^ bj the Jesuits, whose 
 opinions and conduct he opposed, and accus- 
 ed of incontinency and heresy, but he was 
 afterwards set free, and retired to Geneva 
 where he publicly embraced the protestant 
 
 tenets. He wrote against the errors and cor- 
 ruptions of the Romish church, besides an 
 account of his own case, &c. He died 163<>. 
 
 Fust or Favst, John, a goldsmith of 
 Mentz, to wjiom with Guttemberg and 
 Schicffer, is attributed the invention of print- 
 ing. It is more probable that he only assis- 
 ted Guttembergh with money, to enable him 
 to make movable metal types -at Strasbui-g 
 in 1444. Ko^:ter, however, at Harlaem in- 
 vented, in 1430, the cutting of wooden blocks, 
 and Schicffcr, in 145'2, found out the method 
 of castiiig metal types. The first printed 
 book with metallic types is Durandi Rationale 
 IJivInorum Ofliciorum 1459, and afterwards 
 Catholicon Joannis Januensis, though it is 
 said that there is a psalter, with the date of 
 1457 printed at Mentz. Fust died at Paris 
 1466 of the plague. The report <^f his being 
 arrested as a magician at Paris, for having 
 in his possession various copies of the bible 
 in unusual exactness, is false. 
 
 FuZELiER, Lewis, a dramatic writer of 
 Paris, Avho also conducted the Mercury, a 
 periodical work, from 1744 to 1752, when he 
 died aged 80. His ^tragedies, operas, &c. 
 were written with ease and spirit. 
 
 Fyot i)E la Marche, Claude, count of 
 Bosjam, a native of Dijon, highly honored by- 
 Lewis XIV. and made counsellor of state, 
 and ])rior of Notre Dame. He wrote ar\ 
 History of the Abbey of St. Stephen, fol. 
 and some religious tracts, and died at Dijon 
 1721, aged 91. 
 
 GA 
 
 GA AL, Barcnt, a Dutch landscape painter, 
 the disciple of P. Wouvermans. He 
 was born about 1650, and by imitating his 
 master acquired some celehrity. 
 
 Gabbiani, Antonio Uomenico, a painter 
 of Florence, patronised by the duke Cosmo 
 HI. and sent by him to Rome to improve 
 himself. He was killed by a fall from a scaf- 
 fold 1726, aged 74. 
 
 Gab IN I us, Aulus, a Roman consul, em- 
 ployed against Alexanderkingof Judrea. He 
 placed Ptolemy Auletes on the Egyptian 
 throne, and died B. C. 40. 
 
 Gabriel, Severus, a Greek bishop, born 
 at Monembasia in Peloponnesus. He was 
 made bishop of Philadelphia, but, in 1577, 
 came to Venice, and presided over the 
 Greeks in that republic. His various tracts 
 on theological subjects, Greek and Latin, 
 were published Paris 1671, 4to. 
 
 Gabriel, Sionite, aMaronite, once pro-' 
 fesbor of oriental languages at Rome, died | 
 at Paris 1648, tlien professor of Syriac and ' 
 Arabic. He assisted le Jay in the polyglot i 
 bible, and published a translation of the Ara- 
 bic Geography, called Geographia Nubien- 
 sis, in 1619, 4to. 
 
 Gabriel, James, a French architect, 
 the pupil of Mansard. He was born at Paris, 
 and died 1742, aged 77. His merit, as the 
 able builder of several noble edifices in 
 
 GA 
 
 France, placed him in the office of inspec- 
 tor general of buildings, gardens, arts, and 
 manufactures, and of first architect and en- 
 gineer of bridges and public ways in the 
 kingdom. He was also knight of the order 
 of St. Michael. 
 
 Gabrielle, de Bourbon, daughter of 
 count deMontpcnsier, mai*ried, 1485, Lewis 
 de la Tremouflle, who was killed at the bat- 
 tle of Pavia 152.'>. Her son Charles count of 
 Talmond, was also killed at the battle of Ma- 
 I'ignan 1515, and she died 1516. Her ''vir- 
 tues were very great, and some published 
 treatises remain as proofs of her great piety 
 and devotion. 
 
 Gabrin'o, Augustine, a fanatic of Bres- 
 cia, who called himself prince of the t\umber 
 seven, and monarch of the holy Trinity. His 
 followers amounting to 80 called themselves 
 Knights of the Apocalypse. He rushed into 
 a church on palm sunday 1694, while the 
 priests were singing. Who is the king of 
 glory ? ami with a drawn sword he proclaim- 
 ed himself the king of glory. He was con- 
 fined in a mad house, and his sect dispersed. 
 
 GaBRINO. Vld. RiEN'ZT. 
 
 Gaburet, Nicolas, an en^inent French 
 surgeon, under LcM'is XIII. He died 1662, 
 at an advanced age. 
 
 Gacon, Francis, a French poet, born 
 at LyouFj, He became father of the orato- 
 
^A 
 
 s^-^ 
 
 GA 
 
 X7, ^nil (lied at ^jis priory of Baiilon 1727, 
 aged $%. He is knO^vn for his severe satires 
 afainst Bossuet, Kousseau, la Motte and 
 otiiers. Though he had personally attacked 
 almost all the members of the academy, yet 
 the poetical prize was adjudged to him in 
 1717. The best of his works is a transla- 
 tion of Anacreon. His other pieces are 
 chiefly satirical. 
 
 Ga DDES DEN, John of, an Englishman, 
 the first employed as physician at the court. 
 He wrote " Kosa AngUca" a treatise which 
 contains a compendium of all the practice 
 of physic in England in his time.' He was 
 an ecclesiastic and had preferment, and as 
 a medical man was very superstitious, 
 though superior to others of his time. 
 
 Gaddi, Gaddo, a painter of norence, 
 ■who died 1312, aged 73. His works were 
 chiefly Mosaic, he also excelled in designs. 
 
 Gaddi, Taddeo, son of the aibove was 
 born at Florence, and died 1350, aged 50. 
 A crucifixion by him is still preserved at 
 Arezzo. 
 
 Gaddi, Agnolo, the son ami pupil of 
 Taddeo, died 1387, aged CO. He success- 
 fully imitated his father. 
 
 Gaet,en, i^lexander Van, a Dutch 
 painter who died 1728, aged 58. He was 
 in London, and painted three battles be- 
 tAveen Charles 1. and Cromwell, besides a 
 picture of the battle of the Boyne. 
 
 Gaertner, Joseph, a native of Calu in 
 Swabia, son to the physician of the duke of 
 Wirtemberg. He studied at Tubingen, but 
 his fondness for natural history was so great 
 tliat he abandoned divinity to devote him- 
 self more fully to his favorite pursuits, and 
 to mathematics and medicine. He next at- 
 tended the lectures of Haller at Gottingen, 
 giud after travelling over part of Europe he 
 took the degree of M. D. and in 1759 ap- 
 plied himself to botany and vegetable anat- 
 pray at Leyden. His visit to England was 
 ]!3aarked by his friendly reception among 
 men of rank and of science, he was made 
 fellow of the royal society and enriched the 
 philosophical transactions with a curious pa- 
 per on the fructification and pi-opagation of 
 jConferva;, Jiic. In 1758, he was honorably 
 Appointed professor of botany and natural 
 Ji story at Petersburg, and was thus enabled 
 tp examine the natural curiosities of the 
 IJkraine with the eye and attention of a phi- 
 losopher and botanist. He returned to Swa- 
 J)ia in 1770, and, in 1778, again visited Lon- 
 don to finish the drawings and figures for 
 J^s great work called Carpology, which he 
 4p[edicated to sir Joseph Banks. This inde- 
 ^atigahle naturalist died 1791, aged 59, leav- 
 ing behind' him many valuable manuscripts, 
 
 G^iTANO SciPio, a Florentine painter, 
 .■who died 1588, aged 38. His portraits and 
 fcstorical pieces are much admired. 
 
 Gaffarell, James, a French writer, 
 ];iorn at Mannes, in Provence, 1601, and ed- 
 ucated at tjie university of Apt in that prov- 
 ince. He studiously devoted hirasejf to the 
 Hebrew Janguage, ?md tp Babihinicai lean- 
 
 ing, and at the age of 22 wrote a large 4to. 
 volume in defence of the mysterious doct- 
 rine of the Cabala. He was appointed libra- 
 rian to Richelieu, and enabled by his muni- 
 ficence to travel into Italy to make a collec- 
 tion of valuable books and manuscripts. On 
 his return his abilities were employed by hi* 
 patron in the difficult a"nd unavailing task of 
 reconciling the protestants to the papists. 
 He died at Sigonce, wherd he was abbot, 
 1681, aged 81. By the recommendation bf 
 Richelieu, whom he survived many year^, 
 he was dean of canon law at Pai'is, prior of 
 Revest de Brousse, and commandant of St. 
 Omeil. His works are numerous, Jearned, 
 and curious. The most kngwn are ** Un- 
 heard of Curiosities concerning the Talis- 
 manic Sculpture of the Persians, — the Hor- 
 oscope of the Patriarchs and the Reading 
 of the Stars," a work which passed through 
 three editions in six months, and in asserting 
 some bold things concerning magic, drew 
 upon the author the censures of the Sorbon- 
 ne, — a History of the Subterranean World, 
 with an account of Grottoes, Vaults, and 
 Catacombs, seen during his travels, with 
 plates, left unfinished at his death — a trea- 
 tise of Good and Evil Genii, &c. Though 
 learned he was very superstitious, and more 
 fond of magic than became his knowledge 
 of the world, and his experience. 
 
 Gafurio, Franchino, a! native of Lodi, 
 who became head of the choir in Milan ca- 
 thedral, and also tnusical professor. He 
 wi'ote in Latin, Theoricum Opus MusWse 
 
 Discipline— Practica Musicte Utriusque 
 
 Cantus — Angelicum & Divinum Opus Mu- 
 sicse Mateyna Lingua Scriptum — de Harmo- 
 nic Music. Instrument. &c. He died at Mi- 
 lan, 1520, aged 69. 
 
 Gage, Thomas, an Irishman, in,onk 
 among the Spanish jacobins, sent as mis- 
 sionary to the Philippines 1625. He acqui- 
 red some property in his mission, which he 
 came to enjoy in England, where in 1651, 
 he published his account of the East-Indies, 
 translated into French, by order of Colbert, 
 1676. 
 
 Cagnier. John, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris, and educated there. He was 
 a most able orientalist, and upon abandoning 
 the popish faith, for the tCnets of the Eng- 
 lish church, he came to England, where, in 
 honor of his merits, tlie two universities con- 
 ferred on him the degree of M. A. He lived 
 some time at Oxford, by teaching Hebrew, 
 but during the absence, and after the death, 
 of Dr. Wallis, he was appointed Ai'a.Wc pro- 
 fessor, and delivered lectures to the univer- 
 sity, with universal approbation, till his death 
 1725. In 1706, he edited Jos. Ben Gorion*s 
 History of the Jews, in Hebrew, with a Latin, 
 translation, and notes 4to. and in 1723, he 
 published Abulfeda's life of Mahomet, in 
 Arabic, with a Latin translation in fol. His 
 translation of Abulfeda's description of Ara- 
 bia, had appeared in Hudson's Geographiae 
 Veteris Scriptores Graeci Minores, 1712, 
 ,8vo. 
 ' Gagny, Johp, first alinpner to Francis I. 
 
GA 
 
 ysy 
 
 GA 
 
 was chancellor of Paris university, ami au- 
 thor ot Commentaries on the New /Testa- 
 ment, — the Psalms in verse, &c. He died 
 15.49. 
 
 Gacuin, Robert, a French historian, 
 born at Colines, near Amiens, aud educated 
 Mt Paris, where he took.his doctor's degree 
 ^ti law. His abilities were, employed by 
 Charles VHI. and Lewis XH. in embassies 
 tp England, Germany, and Italy. He was 
 royal librarian, and genei'al of tbe Unita- 
 rians, and died 1501, advanced in yeai-s. 
 His chief work is ** De Gestis Francorum" 
 from 1200 to 1500 in U books folio, Lyons, 
 1524. 
 
 Gaiches, John, priest of the oratory, 
 and canon of Soissons, was author of Aca- 
 ^lemical .discourses, — Maxims for Pulpit 
 Orators, &c. and died at Paris 1731, aged 83. 
 
 Gaillakd, de Lonjumeau, bishop of 
 Apt, from 1673, to his death 1695, is to be 
 recorded as being the first projector of an 
 universal historical dictionary. In the exe- 
 cution of his useful work, he patronised his; 
 almoner Moreri, and enablcvl him to consult 
 tlie libraries of Europe, .and the Vatican. 
 According to Moreri's dedication of his first 
 edition, Gaiilard was a man of eminent vir-; 
 tues, exemplary in public and private life,; 
 and distinguished as the encourager of lite- 
 rature, and of learned men. 
 
 Gainas, a Goth, v/ho by his valo."^ be-' 
 came a general under Arcadius, and ruined i 
 jmd destroyed liuffinus, and the eunuch Eu- 
 trdpius, who were the favorites of tlieir im- 
 perial master. He. invaded and desolated^ 
 Thrace, because refused a church for the 
 Arians, according to the promise of Arcadi- 
 us at Clialcedonia, and was at last killed near 
 the Danube, A. D. 400, and his head carried, 
 in triumph through the streets of Constanti- 
 nople. . . I 
 
 Gainsborough, Thopins, an English! 
 painter, born at Sudbury, Suffolk, 1727. He 
 was self taught, and after trying the powers; 
 ,of his genius, in delineating the scenes of the 
 country, he came to London, where he ac- 
 quired celebri|y, by the superior style of his 
 portraits, and the elegant simplicity of his 
 landscapes. He was of a veiy benevolent 
 turn of mind, and it is said that he impove- 
 rished liimself by his extensive liberality. 
 He died 1788, aged 61. His eldest brother 
 was also eminent as an artist, and another, 
 minister of a dissenting congregation at Hen- 
 ley, Oxon, was said to be a very able and in-^ 
 genious mechanic I 
 
 Galadin, Mahomet, a popular emperor 
 of the Moguls, who died 1605. He gave' 
 twice a day audience to his subjects, and was 
 very careful that their complaints should be; 
 listened to and redressed, for which purpose 
 he had a bell in his roorA, with a rope de- 
 scending into the street, to the ringing of 
 which he punctually attended. 
 
 Galantimi, Hlppolito, a painter of Ge- 
 noa, called also Capucino, as belonging to the 
 fraternity of Capuchins. His miniatures pos- 
 ~ses9 delicacy and expression. He die<l 1706, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Gm,anus, Cjement, an Italian of theor- 
 dex- of the Theatin moi»ks, for some ye^r? a 
 missionary in Armenia. His grammar qf tfiie 
 Armenian tongue, appcarpd.at RUjUie, 1650, 
 and also some treatises iu th^t language, with 
 Latin translations, 2 vols. fol. , > 
 
 Galas, Matthew;, a general who from 
 being page to baron Beaufremont, so distin- 
 guished himself by his valor and inti'epi4ity 
 under marshal Tilli, that he suoceeded him 
 in the command of the imperial forces. Af- 
 ter being in the service of the emperor Fve- 
 deric II. and of Philip the IV. of Spjiin, he 
 fell into disgrace in consequence , of the loss 
 of a battle, against Torsteuson, .the Swede, 
 near Magdebourg. He was restored after- 
 wards to lavor, but died shortly after, at Vi- 
 enna, 1647, leaving behind the character of a 
 ▼ery great general. 
 
 Galateo Ferrari, Antonio, a scho- 
 lar and physician, born at Galatina, in the 
 territory of Otranto. He was physician to 
 the king of Naples, but retired from the 
 court through ill health, and died, at Lecoe, 
 in his native province, 1517, aged 73., He 
 wrote " a Description of lapygm" — a tract 
 in praise of the Gout — Latin verses — a trea- 
 tise on the Elements, &c. 
 
 GalA-TIX, Peter, author Of the valuable 
 work, de ArcanisCatholicie Veritatis, edited 
 best in 1672, fol. was a Frahciscan monk, 
 about 1530. <^ 
 
 . Galea, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of 
 Rome after Nero, was slain by the pretorian 
 guards, who had raised Otho to the impeijial 
 throne, in his stead, A. D. 69. 
 
 Gale, John, a baptist preacher, born 
 May 26th, 1680, in London. At the age of 
 17 he was an able scholar, and passed to Ley- 
 den to complete his studies, and there took, 
 in his 19th year, his degrees of master of arts 
 and doctor of philosophy. Frdm Leyden, 
 \yhere his abilities had been acknowledged 
 with universal applause, he went to Amster- 
 dam, and studied under Limboreh, and be- 
 gan a lasting intimacy with J. le Clerc. Sdoa 
 after his return home in 1703, the university 
 of Leyden ofTered him ths degree of D. D. if 
 he would assent to the articles of Dordt, 
 which he refused. In 1711 he published his 
 Reflections on Wall's Defence of Infant Bap- 
 tism, atid .so high was the charactdr of this 
 work, that he acquired great influence among 
 the dissenters. At the age of 35 he began to 
 preach "among the people of his persuasion, 
 and became one of the ministei-s of St. Paul's 
 alley near Barbican. A meeting upon the 
 disputed subject of baptism, took place be- 
 tween Wall and Gale, but though «ach en- 
 deavored to convince the other, both part- 
 ed dissatisfied, and Wall published soon after 
 in 1719, his Defence of the History of Infant 
 Baptism, which was so higlily respected that 
 the university oi' Oxford presented him with 
 the degree of D. D. To this defence it vis 
 said that Gale prepared "an answer, which, 
 death prevented him from completing. He 
 died of a fever Dec. 1721, aged 42. Besides 
 the book already mentioned. Gale published 
 some sermons, 4 vols, ofwhich anpearod in a 
 
GA 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 GA 
 
 second eilition, 8vo. 172(). He wns ia private 
 life a respectable character, much esteemed 
 by bishops Hoadly and Bradford, and by 
 chancellor King. 
 
 Gale, Theophilus, a learned dissenter, 
 born 1628, at King's Teignton, Devonshire, 
 where his father was vicar. He entered at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, in 1647, and in 
 1649, in consequence of his great proficiency 
 in literature, he was presented with his de- 
 gree of bachelor in arts. In 1650 he was 
 chosen fellow of his college, and became an 
 active tutor. He afterwards became a popu- 
 lar preacher and settled at Winchester, but 
 at the restoration he was ejected from his 
 fellowship for refusing to conform, and in 
 1662 attended as tutor the two sons of lord 
 Wharton to Caen university in Normandy. 
 He returned in 1665, and the following year 
 saw tlie city of London in flames, but in the 
 midst of the general calamity he had the 
 good fortune to find his papers saved from 
 the conflagration, and " the Court of the 
 Gentiles" was destined to appear before the 
 public. He assisted Rowe in the ministry of 
 his congregation in Holborn, and succeeded 
 liim in 1677, and then took a few private 
 pupils at Newington. He died March 1678, 
 and as a proof of his attachment to the non- 
 conformists, he left his property to trustees 
 for the education of students in his own per- 
 suasion, and he also bequeathed his library 
 for the promotion of the same principles in 
 New England. Besides his Court of the 
 Gentiles published in four parts, between 
 1669 and 1677, in which he proved that 
 the theology and philosophy of the pagans 
 were derived from the holy scriptures, he 
 wrote " the True Idea of Jansenism," 4to. 
 1669 — the Anatomy of Infidelity, &c. 8vo. — a 
 Summary of the two Covenants, and other 
 tracts. 
 
 Gale, Thomas, a learned divine, born 
 1636 at Scruton, Yorkshire, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow and 
 M. A. 16G2. His great abilities recommend- 
 ed him to be professor of Greek in the uni- 
 versity, and in 1672 he was elected master of 
 St. Paul's school,. and had the honor to re- 
 ceive a hatidsome present of plate from the 
 city, for writing the inscription on the monu- 
 ment which records the conflagration of Lon- 
 don. In 1675 he took his degrees of B. D. 
 and D. T). and the next year became preben- 
 dary of St. Paul's, and was made member of 
 the Royal society in consequence of bis pre- 
 senting that learned body some curiosities, 
 especially a Roman urn with ashes, found at 
 Peckham in Surrey. After presiding with 
 great popularity and national advantage over 
 his school for 25 years he was made dean of 
 York in 1697, and showed his liberality by 
 not only presenting the new library of his 
 college with five Arabic MSS. but by im- 
 proving the cathedral, and displaying the 
 hospitality of a virtuous and noble minded 
 dignitary. He died at his deanery, 8th April, 
 1702, aged 67, and was buried in the middle 
 «f the cathedra^ Though engaged the best 
 
 part of life in active and laborious employ- 
 ments, be yet devoted much of his lime to 
 literature and classical learning. He pub- 
 lished in 1671, the Greek Mythologic Au- 
 thors, Ethic and Physical — Historite Poeticsc 
 Scriptorcs, 1675 — Rhetores Selecti, Gv. and 
 Lat, 16; 6 — Jamblicus, kc. 1678 — Ilerodoti 
 Historia, Gr. and Lat. 1679 — Cicero's works, 
 2 vols, folio, 1681, and 4 — Historic Anglica- 
 nse Scriptores quinque, 1687, fol. — Historise 
 Britanniese, Saxonicac, Aug. Danicse Scrip- 
 tores quindecim, &c. 1691, fol. and other 
 works. 
 
 Gale, Roger, esq. F. R. and A. S. S, son 
 of the dean, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow 1697. 
 He was a man of large property, and repre- 
 sented North Allerton in three parliaments^ 
 and was commissioner of excise. He was the 
 first president of the Antiquarian society, 
 and treasurer to the Royal society. He was 
 considered as one of the most learned and 
 polite scholars of the age. He died at Scru- 
 tcm 25th June, 1744, aged 72. He published 
 Antonini Iter Britanniarum Commentariis 
 Illustratum, T. G. 1709, 4to.— the Know- 
 ledge of Medals, by F. Jobert, translated 
 from the French, and other works. He left 
 his MSS. to Trinity college, Cambridge, and 
 his cabinet of Roman coins to the public 
 library there. 
 
 Gale, Samuel, the youngest of the three 
 sons T)f dean Gale, was a man of some learn- 
 ing. He published some essays in the Archse- 
 ologia, and died 1754, aged 72. 
 
 Galeano, Joseph, a physician of Paler- 
 mo, eminent also for his knowledge of classi- 
 cal .ind polite literature. He died 1675, aged 
 70, much regretted. He wrote several trea- 
 tises on his profession, and especially " Hip- 
 pocrates Redivivus, &c." 1050, besides the 
 smaller pieces of the Sicilian poets, 5 vols. 
 
 Galen, Claudius, acelebra ted pliysicianof 
 Pergamus, who practised at Rome under Au- 
 relius with gi-eat success. He died A.D. 201. 
 He wrote 500 volumes on his profession, &c. 
 
 Galen, Matthew, a native of Zealand, 
 professor of divinity, and afterwards chan- 
 cellor of Uouay university, ^e wrote Com- 
 mentarium de Catholico&c Christiano Sacer- 
 dote, 4to. — de Originibus Monast. — dc INlissie 
 Sacrific. — de Sseculi Nostri Choreis, &.c. and 
 died 1573. 
 
 Galen, Bernard Van, a native of West- 
 phalia, known as a bishop and as a general. 
 He was originally in the service of tlie elec- 
 tor of Cologne, and then took orders and be- 
 came canon, and then bishop of Munster, 
 but when the pope refused to confirm his 
 elevation, he determined to secure his power 
 by having a garrison of soldiers devoted to his 
 own interest. Tlie citizens in vain inter- 
 fered, Galen was resolved to have recourse 
 to arms, but hostilities were suspended, and 
 his attention was drawn to the war against 
 the Turks, in which he had an important 
 command. In this however he did not en- 
 gage, but in 1665, he attacked the United 
 States. Though pacified by the interference; 
 of France, he again, in 1672, forraed a league 
 
GA 
 
 33- 
 
 with England and France, against the States, 
 and afterwards directed his arras against 
 Sweden, in conjunction with Denmark, and 
 distinguished himself in this war, as he had 
 done before, by great valor, hut not unmixed 
 -with cruelty. He died 19th Sept. 1678, aged 
 74, Uttle regretted by his people, whom his 
 ambition and intrigues had contributed to 
 render dissatisfied and unhappy. 
 
 Galeoti, Nicholas, an Italian Jesuit, au- 
 -thor of the lives of the generals of his order, 
 in Latin and Italian, 1748 — Notes on the 
 Musieum Odescalcum, 2 vols. fol. &c. died 
 1748. 
 
 Galeoti, JVIarcio, a native ojf Narni, in 
 the papal territories. He instructed youth at 
 Bologna, and afterwards in Hungary, where 
 he became known to the king, Matthias Cor- 
 vinus, who made him his secretary, and ap- 
 pointed him over the education of his son 
 John, and librarian of Buda. He was invited 
 by Lewis XL into France, and came to Ly- 
 ons to meet the king. The unexpected meet- 
 ing of the king at the gates of the city proved 
 fatal to Galeoti ; he, descending too hastiljy 
 from his chariot, to pay his respects to his 
 majesty, fell down, and being very corpulent, 
 so much injui-ed himself that he died soon 
 after. I^Ie published, in 1748, the Bon Mots 
 of Matthias Corvinus, and also a treatise in 
 4to. " De Homine Interiore, et de Corpore 
 ejus." 
 
 Galerius, C. Valeriu.s Maximianus, 
 from a lierdsman in Dacia became emperor 
 of Rome, and married J3iocletian's daughter. 
 He was warlike, and di^ed 311. 
 
 Galgacus, a Caledonian chief, famous 
 for his noble resistance against the invasion 
 of the Romans under Agricola. 
 
 Gai-iani, Ferdinand, a noble writer, 
 born at Ghieti, in Abruzzi, and educated 
 under his uncle the archbishop of Tarento. 
 In 1750 he published his work on Moyey 
 and Specie, in consequence of the scarcity of 
 cash in the two SiciUes, and in 1772 appeared 
 his Catalogue of Stones found near Vesuvius, 
 whicli he presented to Benedict XIV. with 
 this inscription on one of the boxes which 
 contained the collection: Beatissime pater, 
 fac ut lapidcs isti fiant panes. The witty 
 sentence procured a living from the pope, 
 and Gahani, in 1759, was sent as secretaiy to 
 the embassy at Paris, where liis genius and 
 liis talents were seen and admired by the 
 French literati. He returned, in 1779, from 
 Paris, and died at Naples 1787. Besides his 
 anonymous dialogues on the corn trade, writ- 
 ten while at Paris, and which possessed me- 
 rit, he published a Commentai'y on Horace 
 — a treaties on the Duties of Princes towards 
 belligerent powers, &c. 
 
 Galigai, Eleo»ora, the -wife of Concini, 
 marechal D'Ancre, was daughter of a joiner 
 and a washerwoman in Italy. She was foster- 
 sister to Mary of Medicis, who loved her 
 •with strong affection, and to this partiality 
 were owing her greatness and misfortunes. 
 She came to France with her patroness, and 
 though her features were plain and even dis- 
 gusting, she married Concini. In this eleva- 
 VOL. I. 72 
 
 7 
 
 GA 
 
 ted situation, she did not shew that modera-, 
 tion and self command which her great pow- 
 ers of mind seemed to promise. She M-as 
 haughty and imperious, and by her conduct 
 soon gave offence to Louis XIII. the son of 
 her partial mistress, who, with the cruelty 
 of those barbarous times, caused her husband 
 to be assassinated, and herself to be brought 
 to trial, though no crime but that of being a 
 faA'orite and of governing the queen, could be 
 proved against her. She was charged with 
 sorcery ; and when questioned by what ma- 
 gic slie had so fascinated her mistress, she 
 made this well known answer, "By that 
 power which strong minds naturally possess 
 over the weak." She was condemned in 
 May, and the July following 1617, she was 
 executed, She had a son and daughter; 
 the daughter died young, and the son return- 
 ed to Italy to enjoy tlie vast possessions 
 which his mother's good fortune had heaped 
 together. 
 
 <jrALiLEi, Galileo, a celebrated astrono- 
 mer and mathematician, was born at Flo- 
 rence 19th February, 1564. His father, who 
 was a Florentine nobleman, wished him to 
 apply to medicine, but his »tronger attach- 
 ment to mathematics prevailed, and so rapid 
 was his progress, that in 1589 he was ap- 
 pointed mathematical professor at Pisa. His 
 opposition there to the prevalent maxims of 
 Aristotle, rendered his situation unpleasant, 
 and in 1592 he removed to Padua, and ob- 
 tained a professor's chair. His treatise on 
 "Mechanics," and his "Balance," or the 
 problem of Archimedes about the ci'own, 
 now made him known as a man of genius 
 and application. In 1609, while at Veniae, 
 he heard of the invention of the telescope by 
 James Metius in Holland, and he immedi- 
 ately applied the powers of his mind to con- 
 struct and improve that astonishing instru- 
 ment, by which he penetrated into unknown 
 i"egions, and diaplaycd the heavens in a new 
 light. He discovered mountains in the moon, 
 aiul first obse^i'ved four of the satellites which 
 attend the planet Jupiter, to w^hich he gave 
 the name of Medicean stars in honor of his 
 patron duke Cosmo H. He was in IGIO re- 
 establislicd at Pisa by the duke, with a hand- 
 some salary, and he continued his observa- 
 tions on the heavens, and observed the phases 
 of Venus; but his discoveries were too aston- 
 ishing and too opposite to the doctrines of 
 Ai'istotle, to escape the censure of the philo- 
 sophers of the age. No sooner did he em- 
 brace the Copernican system, and assert 
 tliat the sun, disfigured by spots, remains 
 immoveable in the centre of the universe, 
 and tliat the eartli turns round in annual and 
 diurnal motions, than he was summoned be- 
 fore the inquisition for opinions so false in 
 philosophy, and so heretical, and so contrary 
 to the word of God. After a yeai*'s confine- 
 ment in the inquisition prison, he was res- 
 tored to liberty 1616, on the promise of 
 renouncing bis heretical opinions ; but consi- 
 dering forced oaths as not obligatory, he 
 continued his discoveries in the planetary 
 system. In 1632, hjs dialogues on the two 
 
GA 
 
 /.XS7 
 
 GA 
 
 systems of Ptolemy and Copernious, drew 
 down upon him the vengeance of the monks. 
 Though indeed he left the question undeci- 
 ded, yet he wished to lean to the opinions of 
 Copernicus, and by thus overthrowing the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, and in bold language 
 ridiculing the blindness of his followers, he 
 shewed himself an obstinate heretic. He was 
 thei'efore cited before the inquisition at 
 liome, and after being made to abjure his 
 errors, and doing penance for his offences, 
 by repeating every week the seven peniten- 
 tial psalms, he was detained in prison till 
 1634. Indignant at the cruelty of this treat- 
 ment, and the bigotry and blindness of his 
 pei'secutors, he yet continued his pursuits ; 
 but in silence and fear. His excessive appli- 
 cation, and the constant use of his telescope, 
 together with frequent exposure to the ni'ght 
 air, had such effect upon him, that in 
 1639 this venerable man lost his sight He 
 died three years after at Arcetri near Flo- 
 rence, 8th Jan. 1642, aged 78. Galileo has 
 thus immortalized himself by his important 
 discoveries; he first observed the inequali- 
 ties on the surface of the moon, and knew 
 her vibration; he planned the accurate cal- 
 culation of the longitude by the eclipses of 
 the Medicean stars ; he invented the cycloid, 
 and observed the increasing celerity in the 
 descent of bodies. His works were collected 
 in 3 vols. 4to. 1718, but it is said that his wife 
 I)ermitted a fanatic monk to peruse, and 
 consequently to destroy many of his valuable 
 manuscripts. His son Vincenzo was a man 
 of genius and abilities, and author of some 
 treatises and inventions in mechanics and 
 music. Among Galileo's pupils, were Vin- 
 cenzo Viviani the mathematician, Toricelli 
 the inventor of the barometer, &c. 
 
 Ga LI ssoNNiEREjUolIand Michael Barria 
 marquis, a French admiral, born at Roche- 
 fort, Uth Nov. 1693. After sei-ving Avith 
 distinction in the navy, he was made gover- 
 nor of Canada 1745, and in 1756 he had a 
 sevei'e engagement near Minorca with the 
 English fleet under Byng. He died the same 
 year at Nemours, 17th Oct. deservedly res- 
 pected by the nation for bravery, humanity, 
 and benevolence. 
 
 Galland, Augustus, a French counsel- 
 lor of state, well acquainted with the laws, 
 the history, and royal rights of his country. 
 He wrote Memoirs for the History of France 
 and Navai're, folio— a treatise on the Ensigns 
 and Standards of France, &c. He died about 
 1644, but at what age is unkiiown. 
 
 Gal LAND, Antony, a French antiquary, 
 born of poor parents at Kollo, in Picardy, 
 1646. He was educated at Noyon and Paris, 
 and in consequence of his great knowledge 
 of the Hebrew and the oriental languages, he 
 was sent to travel in the East by Colbert, 
 and at his return he enriched the literature 
 of his country by his publications. He was 
 member of the academy of inscriptions, and 
 professor of Arabic at Paris, where he died 
 1715, He published a Collection of Maxims 
 and Bon Mots from oriental writers — a trea- 
 tise on the Origin of Coffee— an Account of 
 
 the Death of the Sultan Osman, &c.— Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments, and some ca- 
 rious dissertations on medals, &c, 
 
 GALLE,orGALL.«,us,Servatius,pastOrof 
 the Walloon church at Haerlem, wrote Dis- 
 sertationes de Sibyllis & Oraculis, 1688, 4ta. 
 — bfesides an edition of Lactantius, with notes 
 1660, 8vo. — and of the Sibylline Oracles, with 
 notes, &c. He died 1709. 
 
 Gal LET, N, a French spice merchant, 
 who died at Paris June 1757. He is known 
 for some short comic pieces, which appeared 
 on the French theatre with applause. He 
 wrote also songs aud poetical trifles, with 
 great neatness and pleasing variety. 
 
 Gallienus, a Roman emperor, son of 
 Valerian. He was assassinated 268. 
 
 Galligai. Vid. Galigai, 
 
 GALL1T2.1N, Basil, a noble Russian, in 
 great favor with the regent princess Sophia 
 during the minority of the Czars Peter I. 
 and Iwan, who reigned jointly. He was un- 
 fortunate in his military expeditions against 
 the Tartars, and his influence was greatly 
 diminished. When the princess regent was 
 discovered in her secret intrigues to destroys 
 the Czar Peter, and to raise her favorite to 
 the throne by raanying him, she was confi- 
 ned to a monastery near Moscow, and Gal- 
 litzin banished to Kargapol, in Siberia. He 
 afterwards recovered his liberty, and retired 
 to a monastery, where he died in great aus- 
 terity 1713, at the age of 80. Though unsuc- 
 cessful in his ambitious views, he was a man 
 of great merit, whose attention introduced 
 improvement and civilization into the Rus- 
 sian empire, and prepared the way for the 
 illustrious reign of Peter the Great. 
 
 Gallitzin, Michael Michaelowitz, 
 prince of, of the same family as the prece- 
 ding, was born 1674, and distinguished him- 
 self under Peter the Great against Charles 
 XH. of Sweden. He commanded 10 years 
 in Finland, and concluded the peace of 
 Neustadt. He died 1730, field-marshal, and 
 president of the college of war, and highly 
 respected as an able minister and meritori- 
 ous general. At the victory of Lerna he 
 asked only the pardon of one of the captives 
 for the reward of his services. 
 
 Galloche, Lewis, a painter of the 
 French school, who died rector and chan- 
 cellor of the Royal academy 1761, aged 91. 
 He was the disciple of Boullongne, and mas- 
 ter of le Moine. The Paris churches are 
 adorned by his pieces. 
 
 Gallots, John, a learned Frenchman, 
 bom at Paris 1632. He was well acquainted 
 with the ancient and modern languages, and 
 of such universal information and splendid 
 talents that he engaged with de Sallo in the 
 conducting of the Journal des S(;avans, a 
 periodical paper, which, from its commence- 
 ment, Jan. 5lh, 1665, has, under various 
 names, and under different revolutions and 
 characters, claimed the public attention. 
 Gallois was patronised by Colbert, whom he 
 instructed in Latin chiefly in his coach, as 
 he ti'avelled between Versailles and Pariff. 
 He was made member of th« academy of 
 
GA ' 
 
 Soiences 1668, and of the French academy 
 1673, and after his patron's death, Ubrarian 
 to the king, and then Greek professor of the 
 Koyal college. He died of tlie dropsy 1707, 
 and in 1710 a catalogue of his books was 
 printed, consisting of upwards 14,000 vo- 
 lumes. 
 
 Gal LO NIC, Antonio, an ecclesiastic at 
 Rome, known for his writings on the saints, 
 jTiartyi'S, and holy virgins, and especially his 
 work which describes the various cruelties 
 exercised on primitive m«i'tyrs, with plates, 
 1594, in 4to. He died 1605. 
 
 Gallucci, Tarquinio, an Italian Jesuit, 
 who pronounced an oration on cardinal Bel- 
 larmine, and wrote "Virgiliante Indicati- 
 ones," in which he asserted in bold aqd 
 animated language, the superiority of Virgil 
 over Homer, against the opinion of Madam 
 Dacier. He died 1649, aged 75. 
 
 Gallucci, Giovanni Paulo, an Italian 
 astronomer of the 16th century. He wrote 
 '*on the Instruments of Astronomy," 1597 
 — Theatrum Mundi & Temporis, foho, 1507 
 — Speculum Uranicam, folio, &c. 
 
 Gallucci, Angelo, an Italian Jesuit, 
 born at Macerata. He is author of " Com- 
 mentarii de Bello Belgico," from 1593 to 
 1609, Home, 1674, 2 vols, folio. He died 
 1674. 
 
 Gallus, Cornelius, a Roman poet, made 
 governor of Egypt by Augustus. He was 
 the friend of Virgil, and he destroyed him- 
 self B. C. 26. 
 
 Gallus, C Vibius, a Roman emperor 
 after Decius. After two years' I'eign he Mas 
 assassinated by his soldiers, 253. 
 
 Gallus, Flavins Claudius Constantins, 
 brother of the emperor Julian, was made 
 Cxsar by Constantius; but afterwards put to 
 death on suspicion of cruelty and ill conduct, 
 354. 
 
 Gally, Henry, was born at Beckenham, 
 Kent, August 1696, and educated at Benet's 
 college, Cambridge, where he took his de- 
 gree of D. D. in 1728, when the king visited 
 Ihe university. In 1721 he was made lectu- 
 rer of St. Paul's, Covent-garden, and rector 
 of Wanden, Bucks, and in 1728 he Avas pre- 
 sented to a prebend of Glocester by King, 
 lord chancellor, to whom he was chaplain. 
 He afterwards had a prebend at Norwich, 
 and became rector qf Ashton, Northampton- 
 shire, and St. Giles' in the Fieh}^, and in 
 1735 chaplain to the king. He died Aug. 7th, 
 1769. He wrote some sermons, besides the 
 Characters of Theophrastus, translated from 
 the Greek, with notes — a dissertation against 
 pronouncing the Greek language according 
 to Accents, 1754, 8vo. — a second dissertation 
 on the same subject, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Galvani, Lewis, an eminent physiolo- 
 gist, born at Bologna. He studied medicine 
 under Galeazzi, whose daughter he married, 
 and in 1762 he began to give lectures in 
 anatom)^ in his native city. He accidentally 
 discovered, while preparing broth from fro^s 
 for his sick wife, that the muscles of these 
 animals Avere thrown into convulsion by the 
 touch of a dissexjting knU'e, and exhibited all 
 
 r^/ GA 
 
 the appearance of the electric shock. The 
 subject was accurately examined by the 
 patient philosopher, and upon incontroverti- 
 ble grounds he proved that the nerves of all 
 animals are thus powerfully acted upon, and 
 he had the honor of giving his name by this 
 important discovery to lliis new system of 
 physiology. His observations were commu- 
 nicated to the world in his treatise de Viri- 
 bus Electricitatis in Motu musculari 'Com- 
 mentarius, 1691, and the subject afterwards 
 engaged the attention of Valli, Fowler, Aldini, 
 and especially Volta, who introduced very 
 great improvements in the system. After 
 tiie death of his wife, in 1790, Galvani be- 
 came a ])rey to a severe melancholy, and 
 died 1798, aged 61. He wrote besides tracts 
 on medical subjects, &"c. 
 
 Galvano, Antony, a native of the East- 
 Indies, governor of the Moluccas. He was 
 prudent and vigorous in his administration, 
 and cleared the sea of pirates, but he re- 
 duced himself so much by his liberality that 
 he returned poor to Europe, and not meet- 
 ing with the treatment which he deserved 
 from John III. king of Portugal, he died ia 
 an hospital at Lisbon 1557. 
 
 Gam, David, a brave Wclchman at the 
 battle of Agincourt. He observed of the 
 enemy that there were enough to kill, 
 enough to take prisoners, and enough to fly. 
 He fell in the fight in nobly defending the 
 person of Henry V and jast as he expired 
 he was knighted by his grateful sovereign on 
 the field of battle. 
 
 Gam A, Vaaco, or Vasquez de, an illus- 
 trious Portuguese, born at Sines, on the sea- 
 coast of Portugal, immortalized as the dis- 
 coverer of a passage to the East-Indies by 
 the Cape of (iood Hope. He set sail from 
 the Tagus 8th July, 1497, with four ships, 
 and though his expedition was considered as 
 most perilous, he boldly encountered the 
 storms of the African coast, and the more 
 dangerous mutiny of his followers, and on 
 the 20th November doubled the cape, which 
 hitherto had been called the Cape of Tem- 
 pests, and proceeded as far as Calicut. He 
 redoubled the cnpe April, 1499, and return- 
 ed home after an absence of two years and 
 nearly two months, and was loaded AvitU 
 honors due to his merit and services. In 
 1502 he again visited the East-Indies, with 
 twenty ships, as admiral of the eastern seas, 
 and returned September 1503, with thir- 
 teen ships richly laden. Under John III. he 
 was appointed viceroy of India, and for the 
 third time returned to the country and fixed 
 the seat of government at Cochin, but he 
 unfortunately died soon after, 24th Decem- 
 ber 1525. He was a man of the greatest: 
 intrepidity and the most persevering cour- 
 age, but he also possessed in a very eminent 
 degree the virtues of private life, and for a 
 while forgot his ambition and his fame in 
 deploring the death of his bi-other and com- 
 panion, Paulus de Gama. His adventures 
 haA'e been immortalized by the poem of Ca- 
 moens, called " the Lusiad" translated into 
 English by Miekle. 
 
GA 
 
 64^ 
 
 GA 
 
 Gamaches, Stephen Simon, :i luember 
 of the French academy of sciences, who 
 died at Paris 1756, aged 84. He was author 
 of Piiysical Atrononiy, 1 vols. 4to. — Lite- 
 rlh-y and Philosophical Dissertations, 8vo. 
 — System of the Heart — the Elegancies of 
 JLanguage reduced to their I'rinciples, a val- 
 uable book. 
 
 Gamaches, Philip de, author of 2 vols, 
 of Commentaries on the Summa of Aquinas, 
 was divinity professor in Paris university, 
 and ably defended the Gallican church against 
 the encroachments of the papal power. He 
 died at Paris 1625. 
 
 Gamaliel, a Jewish doctor of the law, 
 and a secret disciple r f our Saviour. He de- 
 fended the conduct of the apostles against the 
 machinations of the Sanhedrin;, and when 
 Stephen had been cruelly stoned to death, it 
 is said that he caused his remains to be de- 
 cently buried- 
 
 Gambara, Lorenzo, an Italian poet pa- 
 tronised by cardinal Alexander Farnese. 
 He died 1586, aged DO. He wrote a Latin 
 poem on Columbus, besides eclogues, &c. 
 but his poetry is spoken of with great con- 
 tempt by Muretus. 
 
 Gambara, Veronica, an Italian lady born 
 at Brescia. She married the lord of Corre- 
 gio, and after liis death devoted herself to h- 
 terature, and the education of her two sons. 
 She died 1550, aged 05. The best edition of 
 her poems, which possess merit, and of her 
 letters, is that of Brescia, 1759. 
 
 Gambold, John, a notive of Haverford- 
 west, educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 ■where he took his degree of M, A. 1734 
 He was on the presentation of Seeker, vicar 
 of Stanton Harcourt, and wrote there " the 
 Martyrdom of Ignatius," a tragedy, 1740, 
 and in 1742 edited at the Oxford press, the 
 New Testament, after Milles. He joined in 
 1748 the united Moravian brethren, and was 
 for many years their minister in Neville's 
 court, Fetter-lane. He was consecrated bi- 
 shop of his fraternity at the synod 1754, and 
 in 1765 he estabhshed a congregatiou at Coot- 
 hill in Ireland. He died in his native town, 
 Sept. 13, 1771, and though an enthusiast he 
 was universally respected for his learning 
 and information, and for his inoffensive man- 
 ners. He wrote several things for the use of 
 his Moravian brethren, besides a Character 
 of count Zinzendorf — 16 Discourses on the 
 second Article of the Creed — and the His- 
 tory of Greenland, translated from the Dutch, 
 &c. 
 
 Gandy, James, a painter who came to 
 Ireland witli the duke of Orniond, and died 
 there 1689. He was the pupil awd imitator 
 of Vandyck. 
 
 Ganganelli. Vid. Clement XIV. 
 
 Garamond, Claude, a native of Paris, 
 known as an ingenious engraver and letter 
 founder. He first banished the use of the 
 Gothic, or black letter, and founded his types 
 in so complete a maimer that they became 
 universally admired in Europe, and by way 
 of excellence the small Roman letters were 
 denomiuat^d in every country by his name. 
 
 At tire desire of Francis I. he foundtd tliree* 
 different Greek types, ^or Robert Steph«ns, 
 for the publication of the Greek Testament, 
 and of the Greek classics. This ingenious 
 and indefatigable man died 1561, and his 
 types became the property of Fournier the 
 elder, an eminent letter founder. 
 
 Garasse, Francis, a Jesuit, born at Au- 
 goulerae 1585. He diplayed his genius by 
 his publication of tlie elegies on the death of 
 Henry IV. and in a poem in heroic verse ad- 
 dressed to Lewis XIII. on his inauguration. 
 As a preacher ije was very eloquent and po- 
 pular, but he aspired to the pubhc admira- 
 tion by the force and consequence of his 
 writings. In his style he was violent and 
 scurrilous, and his '' Horoscope of Anti-Co- 
 ton, &c." and his " Calvinistic Elixir, &c." 
 were proofs of tlie virulence and buffoonery 
 with which he defended his order against the 
 attacks of his enemies. In 1620 he published 
 '• Rabelais Reformed, &c." and afterwards 
 in other publications attacked the ghost of 
 Pasquier, an affront which was severely re- 
 sented by the indignant sons ot" this reverend 
 father. His " Somme Theologique des Ve- 
 rites Capitales de la Religion Chretienne," 
 published 1625, first raised the torch of dis- 
 sension and hatred between the Jesuits and 
 Jansenists. The book was attacked by the 
 abbot of St. Cyran, and in 1626, the rector 
 of the Sorbonne complained to liis society 
 of the evil tendencies of a composition which 
 recommended heretical opinions, and abound- 
 ed in false quotations from scripture. Ga- 
 rasse was in consequence of this, after a so- 
 lemn examination censured, but the viru- 
 lence and animosity which had been excited 
 between the two orders continued to be dis- 
 played on both sides with increasing violence. 
 Though supported by the Jesuits in the dis- 
 pute, Garasse was banished to one of their 
 houses at some distance from Paris. During 
 the pestilence which raged at Poictiers, he 
 showed himself charitably active in the re- 
 lief of the infected, and fell a victim to the' 
 contagion, 14th June, 1631. He is styled by 
 Warburton in his commentary on the Essay 
 of Man, an eminent casuist. 
 
 Garbteri, Lorenzo, a painter of Bolog- 
 na, pupil to Ludoyico Caracci. He died 
 1654, aged 64. 
 
 Garbo, Raphael del, an historical painter 
 of Florence, who died 1534, aged 58. His 
 representation of the resurrection is his best 
 piece. 
 
 Garci AS II. king of Navarre after Sancho 
 II. died lOOi). 
 
 Garcilasso, or Garcias Lasso de 
 la Vega, a Spanish poet, born of a noble 
 family at Toledo, 1500. He was educated 
 under the eye of Charles V. who patronised 
 and esteemed him, and he distinguished 
 himself as much by his valor as by his poetry. 
 After accompanying Charles in his campaigns 
 in Germany, Africa, and Provence, he re- 
 ceived a wound on the head from a stone 
 thrown from a tower, when at the head of a 
 battalion, and died three weeks after at Nice, 
 in his 36th year. To his genius and h?s Ijt- 
 
GA 
 
 S>4h / 
 
 GA 
 
 bors the poetry of the Spaniarcis is greatly 
 indebted. His works are written not only in 
 elegant language, but Avith true poetic ilre, 
 and his odes are said by Paul Jovius to equal 
 those of Horace in sweetness. His works 
 •were published with learned notes by Franc. 
 Sanchez, Naples, 1664, in 8vo. There Avas 
 another Spaniard of the same nanae, born at 
 Cusco, who wrote the History of Florida, of 
 Peru, and of the Incas. 
 
 Gardie, Pontus de la, a French adven- 
 turer in the service of marshal Brisac, and 
 afterwards of the Danes, and then of the 
 Swedes. He was ambassador from Sweden 
 at Vienna and at Rome, and in 1580 he Mas 
 employed against the Itussians, and fought 
 ■with great success. He was drowned acci- 
 dentally in the port of Revel 1585. 
 
 Gardin Dumesmii., N. professor of 
 rhetoric at Paris, was eminent as a scholar, 
 as appears in his SynonymesLatines, in imi- 
 tation of Girard's Synonymes Francois. He 
 died at Valogne, May 1802, aged 82. 
 
 (iARDiNER, Stephen, bishop of Win- 
 chester, was the illegitimate son of Lionel 
 Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and brother 
 to Elizabeth the queen of the fourth Ed- 
 ward. He was born at Bury St. Edmund's, 
 Suffolk, 1483, and educated at Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where liis progress in clas- 
 sical literature, and in civil and canon law 
 Avas very rapid. His introduction into the 
 Norfolk family, and afterwards into the ser- 
 A-ice of Wolsey, soon rendered him a favor- 
 ite at court. In the business of the divorce 
 he was sent in 1527 to Rome, where he 
 warmly espoused the cause of his sovereign, 
 and when he found that the pope was inex- 
 orable, he turned his attention to procure 
 the dismissal of the virtuous Catherine, 
 without paying any respect to the opinion of 
 the papal court. For his services he was 
 made secretary of state, and in 1531 raised 
 to the see of Winchester. He went after- 
 wards as ambassador to the French court, 
 and when Henry broke off his dependence 
 on the papal see, the new bishop evinced his 
 acquiescence in the bold measure by defend- 
 ing it in his tract dc Vera Obedientii. After 
 various employments of confidence and hon- 
 or, he was at last directed by Henry to draw 
 up ai'ticles on an accusation of heresy, against 
 his last wife Catherine Parr, but the devo- 
 ted queen had the art to avert the storm 
 from her own head upon that of Gardiner, 
 who ever after continued in disgrace with 
 the king. Under Edward VI. he showed 
 himself averse to the introduction of the 
 reformation, an<i though threatened and im- 
 prisoned, he still persevered in his opposi- 
 tion. Under Mary he was restored to his 
 bishopric from whiclj he had been deprived, 
 and he was raised to the high office of lord 
 chancellor and of prime minister. Much to 
 the disgrace of'Tiis character he conducted 
 himself in this elevated situation with great 
 caprice and unpardonable cruelty. The 
 protestants who opposed his views were with 
 little ceremony committed to the flames, 
 and these measures of violence and blood 
 
 were Sanctioned by the bigoted queen, and 
 approved by the criminal catholics. He died 
 12th Nov. 1555, aged 72. In his private 
 character he was not without some good 
 qualities. He was learned, and promoted 
 the cause of learning. His gratitude to 
 Wolsey, to whom he was indebted for part 
 of his greatness, is highly commendable, and 
 though much injured by Henry VIII. he 
 never mentioned his name without marks of 
 i-espect and aflection. That he ]>ossessed 
 ambition, the history of his life suliiciently 
 proves, ai>d that he was not unskilled in art 
 and dissimulation is strongly evident from 
 the greatness with Avhich he supported his 
 measures in tlie midst of jarring factions, and 
 opposite religions. 
 
 Gardiner, James, an officer in the ar- 
 my of George II. who on reading a religious 
 book called Heaven taken by Storm sudden- 
 ly reformed the licentious conduct of his 
 youth, by the most correct morals, and the 
 most undisguised piety. This worthy man 
 was killed at the battle of Preston-pans, in 
 sight of his own house, 21st September 
 1745. 
 
 Garengeot, Ren^, Jacques, Croissant 
 de, a French surgeon, born at Vitri 1088, 
 He was royal lecturer on surgery at Paris, 
 and fellow of the London royal society, and 
 he acquired great celebrity by the success of 
 his operations, and the ingenious and valu- 
 able works which he Avrote on his profession. 
 He died at Paris 1759. His works are a 
 Treatise on Surgical Operations, two vols. 
 8vo. — on Surgical Instruments, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 — the Anatomy of the Viscera 12mo. &c. 
 
 Garessoles, Anthony, a native of Mon- 
 tauhan, where he was divinity professor, and 
 also moderator of the synod of Charenton. 
 He wrote a Way to Salvation, — de C^hristo 
 Mediatore, — Explicatio Catechescos Christ. 
 Relig. — some Latin poems, kc. and died 
 1650, aged 63. 
 
 Gbaret, John, a Benedictine, of the con- 
 gregation of St. Maur. He was born at 
 Havre de Grace, and died 1694, aged 69. 
 He edited Cassiodorus, 2 vols. fol. with in- 
 teresting notes. 
 
 Gar LAN DE, Jean de, a grammarian, 
 born at Garlande en Brie in Normandy. 
 The best known of his works arc " a poem 
 on the contempt of the World." — Floretus, 
 on the Doctrines of Faith ; — P'acetus on the 
 duties of Men towards God, — Dictionarium 
 Artis Alchymise 1571. Basle. He was liv- 
 ing in 1081, and as he passed much of his 
 time in England, with Wilham of Norman- 
 dy, some have imagined that he was an Eng- 
 lishman. 
 
 Garnet, Henry, known as one of the 
 conspirators in the gunpowder plot, was bora 
 in England, and educated at Winchester 
 school, from whence he went to Rome, and 
 in 1575, took the habit of the Jesuits. In 
 1586, he returned home as the provincial of 
 his order, and began by secret intrigues to 
 plot the overthrow of the religion of the 
 country. By impiously asserting that the 
 innocent might be involved in the dcstrnc- 
 
GA 
 
 j~^\Z 
 
 GA 
 
 titiH oi tiic guilty, to establish his plans, he 
 encouraged his associates in the forwarding- 
 of that dreadful plot which M'as prevented by 
 a happy disco vei-y. He was in consequence 
 sent to the I'ower and hanged for high trea- 
 son, at the west end of St. Paul's, May 3d, 
 1606. Though deservedly punished for his 
 ineditated crimes, yet he passed as a niartyr 
 among the catholic enthusiasts. 
 
 Garnett, Thomas, a native of West- 
 moreland, educated at Sedburgh school, un- 
 der Dawson, from whence he went to Edin- 
 burgh to study under Dr. Brown. He after- 
 wards studied surgery in London, and then 
 settled at Harrowgate ; but finding success 
 not equaHy rapid with his expectations, he 
 removed to Liverpool with the intention of 
 emigrating to America. The interference 
 of his friends prevented his leaving the 
 country, and he applied himself to chemis- 
 try and natural philosoph}', and after reading 
 some lectures on those sciences at Liverpool 
 and Manchester, he was appointed Ander- 
 son's lecturer at Glasgow. The establish- 
 ment of the i*oyal institution in London, 
 drew him to the capital, and for two seasons 
 he read lectures to numerous and applaud- 
 ing audiences, after which he resigned, to 
 lecture publicly in his own house Great Marl- 
 borough street. His prospects of future 
 eminence, however, unfortunately vanished, 
 he died of a fever 28th June 1S02. As an 
 author he was respectable, and as a lecturer 
 intelligent and animated He published 
 Analysis of the Harrowgatc Waters, — a 
 Tour through Scotland, 2 vols. -ito. — a Lec- 
 ture on Health, 12mo. — various papers, &c. 
 on medical and physical Subjects, and Iiis 
 Lectures on Zoonomia, appeared ii> 4to. for 
 the benefit of his orphan daughters. 
 
 Garni ER, Robert, a French tragic poet, 
 born at Ferte Bei-nard in Maine, 1534. He 
 studied law at Toidouse, but left it for poet- 
 ry, and so successful wei-e his attempts that 
 lie was compared to Sophocles and Euri- 
 pides. Hi« merits were re-warded by some 
 honorable offices, and he died 1590. His 
 works, consisting of tragedies, besides ele- 
 gies, songs, &c. but all in a style and manner 
 -which modern improvements render very 
 obsolete, were published at Lyons, 12mo. 
 15U7, and re-printed Paris, 1607. 
 
 Garnier, John, a Jesuit, professor of 
 rhetoric and philosophy, was born at Paris, 
 and died at Bologna, 1681, aged 69. The 
 best known of his works are an edition of 
 Mercator, folio, 1673. — Systema Bibliothe- 
 cse Collegii Parisensis, 4to. 1678, &c. 
 
 Garnier, Julian, a Benedictine monk, 
 -who edited St. Basil's works, 3 vols, folio, 
 and died 1723, aged 53. 
 
 Garosalo, BonTenuto, an Italian pain- 
 ter, born at Ferrara. He succeeded chiefly 
 in copying the pieces of Raphael, and other 
 roost celebrated masters. He died 1695, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Garrard, Mark, a painter, born at 
 Bruges in Flanders, 1561. He was in the 
 service of queen Elizabeth and of Anne th 
 
 queen ii.iizauein anu oi x\nne lue 
 wife of James I. and some of his pieces are 
 
 preserved in England. He died in London, 
 
 Garrick, David, an illustrious English 
 actor. His grandfather was a Frenchraau 
 who left the country at the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and his father was a cap- 
 tain in the army, and chiefly resided at Lich- 
 field. David was born at Hereford, where 
 his father was on a recruiting party, and was 
 baptized there in All-Saints church, 20th 
 February 1716. He was educated at Lich- 
 field school, btit was more attached to theat- 
 rical pursuits than learning, so that he acted 
 with his fellow pupils the play of " the Re- 
 cruiting Officer," and supported himself the 
 character of sergeant Kite. He went after- 
 wards to reside with his uncle, a wine mer- 
 chant at Lisbon, but soon returned to Lich- 
 field school, and after being six months the 
 pupil and companion of Dr. Johnson, he ac- 
 companied liim to London in 1735. He was' 
 recommended by Mr. Walmsley of Lich- 
 field to Mr. Colson, under whom he might im- 
 prove himself in mathematical knowledge, 
 and afterwards enter at the Temple. But 
 thonglj he studied for a while under Colson, 
 and cntersd into partnership in the wine 
 trade with his brother Peter, in Durham 
 yard, not business, but a theatrical life was 
 his favorite object, and soon after the death 
 of his uncle, tha I-isbon merchant, who left 
 him 1000^. and of his father and his mother, 
 he now without the control of superiors in- 
 dulged the fovorite bent of his heart. The 
 powers witli which nature had endowed him 
 were fostered and improved by the conver- 
 sation and company of the most popular 
 actors, but Garrick still diffident, flew from 
 a London audience to Ipswich, where in 
 1741 he performed the part of Aboan in 
 Oroonoko, under the assumed name of Lyd- 
 dal. His efforts were received with repeated 
 and increasing applause, and thus flushed 
 with provincial approbation, he came to 
 Goodman's fields, and acted Richard III. 
 October 19th 1741. So superior were his 
 abilities, and so powerful their display, that 
 the other theatres were now left empty, and 
 the house in Goodman's fleWs was' daily 
 crowded with all the beauty, the fashion, 
 and the tast« of the town. This success was 
 viewed with envy by his rival heroes Quiu 
 and Gibber. By the influence of sir John 
 Barnard, an act of parliament was obtained 
 to shut up the theatre of Goodman's fields, 
 so that Garrick, thu;s obliged to abandon a 
 situation where he divided the profits with 
 GiflTard the manager, made an engagement 
 with Fleetwood the patentee of Drury-lane 
 for 500^. a year. Thus popular in England, 
 Gan-ick passed to Dublin in the summer of 
 1742, and ^ prodigious were the numbers 
 which assembled to view this theatrical phse- 
 nomenon, that in consequence of the crowd- 
 ed houses ami the intense heat of the wea- 
 ther, a contagious disorder fatally broke out 
 in the town, Avhich was called Garrick's fe- 
 ver. In 1747 he became joint patentee of 
 Drury-lane with Lacy, and in July 1749, he 
 married Madeiaoiseile Violetti, art Italian 
 
GA 
 
 6-<-s 
 
 GA 
 
 stage dancer. In 1763 he went >vith his wife 
 to Paris and Italy, and though some attribu- 
 fed this journey to a jealousy at the success- 
 ful etforts of Beard in the management of 
 Covent-garden, it was more probably un- 
 dertaken for the restoration of his health 
 and that of Mrs. Garrick, who received 
 some benefit from the baths of Padua. While 
 on the continent, Garrick was liberally con- 
 descending in exhibiting varioas cliaracters, 
 not only in the presence of the duke of Par- 
 Tua, but before his friends, and so judicious 
 •was his discernment, that he foretold the 
 facure celebrity of Mademorselle Clairon, 
 though at that time Dumesnil was the favor- 
 ite actress of the French stage. He return- 
 ed to London in April 1765, but so fearful 
 was he of the public opinion, that witli a 
 timidity unworthy of his great character, 
 he always endeavored to prevent ccjvsure, 
 and on this occasion he caused, by means of 
 a friend, to be published * the Sick Mon- 
 key," a poem in which, by drawing the 
 censui'es of animals on himself and his tra- 
 vels, he attempted to blunt the edge of ridi- 
 cule. In 1769 he projected and conducted 
 the jubilee at Stratford, iu honor of Shak- 
 speare, which though admired on one side 
 and ridiculed on the other, should be men- 
 tioned wi^h commendation as the homage of 
 a great man, to an immortal genius. By 
 the death of I.acy in 1773, the whole man- 
 agement devolved on him, and now the 
 fatigues of his situation were so great, and 
 his infirmities were increasing so rapidlj, 
 that in June 1776 be left the stage, and dis- 
 posed of his moiety to Sheridan, Liidey, and 
 Pord, for 35,000/. He was seized while at 
 lord Spencer's with a fit, and removed im- 
 mediately to his house in the Adelphi, where 
 he died three weeks after, 20tii Jan. 1779. 
 Besides the display of his astonishing powers 
 on the stage, Garrick merited the public ap- 
 probation as a writer. The Biographia 
 Dramatica mentions not less than 38 of 
 his plays, some of which were original, and 
 some translations, besides a great number of 
 prologues, epilogues, songs, elegies, &c. A 
 monument has been erected to his memoiy 
 m Westminster-abbe)', and his life has been 
 written by Thomas Davies, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Garriel, Peter, a priest of Montpellier 
 in the 17th century. He wrote an account 
 of Montpellier cathedral 1631, 12mo. — A 
 chronological view of the Governors of Pro- 
 vence, — Series Prsesulum Megalo nensium 
 Montispell. ab451, ad 1652 folio. 
 
 Garsault, Francis Alexander, a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, member of the academy of 
 Sciences. He paid much attention to lite- 
 rature and the arts, and particularly to the 
 history and character of the horse. He died 
 at Paris of a paralytic stroke, November 
 1778, aged 85. He M-rote the anatomy of 
 the Horse, translated from the fcinglfsh of 
 Snap, 4to. — le nouveau Parfait Marechal, a 
 work of merit, — le Guide du Cavalier, — 
 Traite des Voitures, &c. 
 
 Garth, sir Samuel, an eminent physi- 
 cian and poet, bom in Yorkshire, »Rd edu- 
 
 cated at Peter-house, Cambridge, where he 
 took hi^ degree of M.D. July 7th 1691. He 
 settled in London, and was elected fellow of 
 tho college of physicians 1692. His assi.st- 
 ance and influence were great in the dispute 
 between the physicians and the apotheca- 
 ries about tlie establishment of dispensaries, 
 and he boMiy supported the former, who 
 with cbai'itable zeal wished to administer to 
 the relief of their fellow crealures gratis. 
 Irritated at the obstinate conduct of the apo- 
 thecaries, who violently opposed ♦lie bene- 
 volent jjlans of the college, he employed his. 
 pen to throw ridicule upon them, and in 
 1699, produt^ed his " Dispensary," which ia 
 a few months went throngii three editions. 
 The sixth etlition of this popular piece ap- 
 peared 1706, much improved with the epi- 
 sodes and inscriptions, but though it gained 
 so. much of the public attention, it wants 
 something of poetical ai'dor, as Johnson has 
 observed, an<l no longer supported by acci- 
 dental and extrinsic popularity, it is now 
 almost forgotten. In 1697, Dr. Garth spoke 
 tho annual Latin speech on St. Luke's day; 
 and in this he showed himself an elegant and 
 refined scholar, and an able and eloquent 
 orator. This high reputation recommended 
 by polite manners, and agreeable conversa- 
 tion, sioon placed Garth at the head of his 
 profession. His noble and spirited conduct, 
 in raising a subscription for the interment of 
 Dryden's corpse, which the licentious son 
 of lord Jefferies had insulted and abandoned, 
 also tended to increase his popularity, and 
 he was one of the first who united to form 
 the Kitcat club, in 1703, composed of above 
 thirty noblemen and gentlemen to support 
 the succession of the Hanoverian family to 
 the throne. In his politics. Garth was the 
 friend of Marlborough, and Godolphin, and 
 on their disgrace he, though ridiculed by 
 Prior, employed his pen to defend their con- 
 duct, and honor their meritorious services. 
 On the accession of George I. he was knight- 
 ed with Marlborough's sword, and appointed 
 king's physician in ordinary, and physician 
 general to the army. This very humaae^ 
 and liberal minded physician died after a 
 short illness 18th Jan. 1718-9, and his re- 
 mains were interred at Harrow on the Hill, 
 He was survived by an only daughter niar» 
 ried to the honorable col. William Boyle, 
 His death was universally lamented, and 
 Pope, who loved and admired him, observed 
 that if there ever was a good christian witljL- 
 out knowing himself to be so, it was Dr. 
 Garth. Besides his Dispensary he publish- 
 ed •* Claremont," on the villa of the duke 
 of Newcastle, and other fugitive pieces, be- 
 sides an edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses, a 
 book to which he was very partial, &c, 
 
 Garzi, Lewis, a painter, born at Pistt/ia 
 in Tuscany, and brought up under Andrea 
 Pacchi. He is considered as the successful 
 rival of Carlo Marat, and his finest piece i» 
 the painting of the dome of the church of 
 Stigmatie at Rome, by order of Clement Xf. 
 undertaken when he was 80. He died 1721, 
 aged ^3: 
 
GA 
 
 Gascoigne, sir William, chief justicfe 
 nmler Henry IV. was born of a noble Nor- 
 man fanaily at Gawthorp in Yorkshire 1350. 
 He was made king's sergeant 1398, and the 
 next year judge of the common pleas, and in 
 14U1 chief justice of the king's bench. He 
 Tvas commissioner to treat with those delud- 
 ed subjects who had joined the rebellion of 
 the earl of Northumberland, but when arch- 
 bishop Scroop was taken in arms, he refused, 
 at the repeated solicitations of Henry IV. to 
 condemn him for treason, observing with un- 
 daunted firmness that neither the king nor 
 his subjects could legally adjudge a bishop to 
 death. With persevering integrity he pur- 
 sued his laudable exertions to improve the 
 morals and the jurisprudence of England, 
 and he made some wholesome regulations 
 for tlie reduction and limitation of attornies, 
 •who it seems were become a public griev- 
 ance in each county. His presence of mind 
 and his great dignity were most nobly exhi- 
 bited, when the prince of Wales, determined 
 to rescue one of his servants who was arraign- 
 ed before the king's bench, presumed to in- 
 terrupt and even to strike the chief justice. 
 Gascoigne supported the character of his sta- 
 tion against the bold aggression, and commit- 
 ted the prince to the custody of the king's 
 bench to await his father's pleasure. The 
 king heard of the circumstance with becom- 
 ing propriety, and thanked God " that he 
 had given him a judge who knew how to ad- 
 minister, and a son who could obey justice." 
 The venerable judge died soon after, 17th 
 Dec. 1413, He was twice married and left 
 a numerous family. The famous Strafford 
 in the reign of Charles I. was one of his de- 
 scendants. 
 
 Gascoigne, George, an early English 
 poet, born in Essex, and educated at both 
 universities according to Wood. He studied 
 at Gray's Inn, and was a soldier in the Low 
 Countries. He cultivated poetry under the 
 patronage of lord Gray de Wilton, and though 
 his verses and language are obsoJete, yet he 
 possesses both strength, energy, and ele- 
 gance. He died at Walthamstow 1578. 
 
 Gasparini, a grammarian, surnamed 
 Barzizio from the place of his birth near 
 Bergamo. During the troubles of Italy, and 
 the ignorance of the times, he labored ear- 
 nestly to restore learning to its ancient splen- 
 dor. He was jirofessor of belles lettres at 
 Padua, and was patronised by the duke of 
 Milan. He died 1431, aged 61. He wrote 
 in elegant Latin commentaries on several of 
 Cicero's works, besides " Letters and Ora- 
 tions," reprinted 1723. 
 
 Gassendi, Peter, a celebrated French 
 philosopher, born 22d Jan. N. S. 1592, at 
 Chantersier near Digne in Provence. In his 
 infancy he frequently amused himself by 
 gazing at the moon and stars, and as soon as 
 he was able to go to school at Digne, he made 
 such progress that he far outstripped all his 
 fellow-students in every branch of science. 
 After studying philosophy at Aix for two 
 years, he returned to Digne, and at the age 
 of 16 was made teachey of rhetoric, and 3 
 
 iVf. 
 
 GA 
 
 years after he removed to Aix, where he- 
 succeeded his old master Fesey as professor 
 of philosophy. His " Paradoxical Exercita- 
 tions," against Ai-istoile's philosophy gained 
 the attention of that humane patron of learn- 
 ing Nicholas Peiresc, and of Joseph Walter 
 prior of Valette, and by means of these dis- 
 interested friends he entered into orders, 
 and gradually rose to the dignity of D. D, 
 and to the wardenship of Digne church, 
 where he continued 20 years. His attention 
 to astronomy had never been relaxed in the 
 midst of all other pursuits, and his reputa- 
 tion became so extensive that in 1645 he was 
 appointed professor of mathematics at Paris. 
 In the discharge of this new office he unfor- 
 tunately contracted a cold, which assumed 
 such unpleasant symptoms that he left Paris 
 in 1647 to breathe his native air. Here he 
 was patronised by Valois earl of Alais, and 
 while residing under his hospitable roof he 
 plaimed the life of his benevolent friend Pei- 
 resc. He quitted Digne in 1653, and in com- 
 pany with Francis Bernier, a physician, and 
 Anthony Poller, his amanuensis, he came to 
 Paris, and lived in the house of his friend 
 Monmor, master of the court of requests, at 
 whose desire he undertook the life of Tycho 
 Brahe, which appeared 1654 with an account 
 of Copernicus, Purbachius, and Regio-Mon- 
 tanus. His studious pursuits greatly enfee- 
 bled his constitution, but he was in some de- 
 gree relieved by phlebotomy. He had al- 
 ready undergone that operation nine times 
 when he remonstrated, but one of his physi- 
 cians prevailed upon the other two to assent 
 to the necessity of a repetition of the bleed- 
 ingi and the yielding patient submitted to it, 
 even to a fourth time. He soon after sunk 
 under his complaints, and placing the hand 
 of his faithful amanuensis on his heart, after 
 hearing that the motion of that spring of life 
 was faint and fluttering, he exclaimed in these 
 last words, ** you see what is man's life," 
 and immediately expired 22d Oct. 1655. His 
 papers were left to the care of his friend 
 Monmor, who with the assistance of an able 
 and impartial judge, perused them and 
 deemed them all worthy of the name of the 
 philosopher. These therefore with the books 
 printed before appeared uniformly in 6 vols, 
 fol. at Leyden, 1658. This great man, who 
 lived and died in the bosom of the catholic 
 church, was the friend and correspondent 
 of Kepler, Longomontanus, Snellius, Heve- 
 lius, Galileo, BuUialdi, Kercher, and other 
 respectable scholars, and to his genius, learn- 
 ieg, and application, are owing in some de- 
 gree the rapid improvements in philosophy, 
 which banished the foolish and unreasonable 
 hypothesis of Aristotle and of his followers 
 from the schools of Europe. 
 
 Gassion, Johnde, a native of Pau, dis- 
 tinguished in the army under duke de Ro- 
 han, in favor of the protestants, and under 
 Gustavus of Sweden, whose body guards he 
 commanded in the German Avars. On the 
 death of Gustavus he returned to France and 
 fought under la Force. His valor was emi- 
 nently displayed at the victory of Roecoy, 
 
GA 
 
 3^5 
 
 GA 
 
 and he was made a marshal of France in 
 consequence of the honorable wounds he re- 
 ceived at the siege of Toulouse 1643. He 
 was afterwards in the wars of Flanders, and 
 fell at the siege of Lens 1647. 
 
 G>LST, John, a native of Dublin, descend- 
 ed from a French pi-otestant family. He 
 was educated at Dublin college, and from the 
 curacy of St. John's church he became I'ec- 
 tor of Arklow, which he afterwards exchang- 
 ed in 1775 for St. Nicholas without Dublin. 
 He also obtained the archdeaconry of Glan- 
 deiogti, and the living of Newcastle, and died 
 1788, aged 73. He published in 1753 the 
 Rudiments of Grecian Histoiy, a work of 
 merit, for which the university of Dublin 
 honored him with the degree of D. D. with- 
 out the usual expenses — and a Letter from 
 a Clergyman of the Irish established Church 
 to his Popish Parishioners. 
 
 Gastaldt, John Baptiste, a native of 
 Sisteron, who died at Avignon 1747, aged 
 73. He was eminent as a physician, and was 
 employed in the household of the French 
 king. He wrote Institutiones Medicinas Phy- 
 sico-Anatomiae, 12mo. — Medical Tracts on 
 Curious Subjects, &c. 
 
 Gastaud, Francis, an ecclesiastic of Aix 
 in Provence, father of the oratory, preacher 
 in Paris, and aftei-wards a pleader in his na- 
 tive city. He wa.s very violent in his dislikes 
 and in his attachments, and therefore while 
 }ie supported the opinions of Quesnel, he 
 acrimoniously attacked Girard and hisfriends. 
 He died 1732 at Viviers, where he had been 
 banished, and as he had insulted the bishop 
 of Marseilles in his writings, he was denied 
 the honors of sepulture. He wrote a set of 
 Homilies, &c, — the Policy of the Jesuits Un- 
 pnasked, &c. 
 
 Gaston of France, John Baptist, duke 
 of Orleans, was son of Henry IV. and brother 
 of Lewis XIII. and he is known for his deep 
 intrigues against the power of Kichelieu. 
 He died 1660, aged 52. 
 
 Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, 
 son of the count d'Etampes, by Mary the 
 sister of Lewis XII. early distinguished him- 
 self in the army in Italy. He defeated the 
 Swiss, and obtained a glorious victory at Ra- 
 venna, and soon after fell in the field of battle 
 1512, aged 24. 
 
 Gastuell, Francis, an English prelate, 
 born at Slapton, in Northamptonshire, about 
 r662, and educated at Westminster school, 
 and Christ-church, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. 1687. He was preacher 
 at Lincoln's inn, and Boyle's lecturer, and he 
 distinguished himself not only by his elo- 
 quence in the pulpit, but by his writings in 
 defence of the Christian religion. In 1700, 
 he took his degree of D. D. and became 
 chaplain to Harley, speaker of the Com- 
 mons, and in 1702, he was appointed canon 
 of Christ's church, O.^ford. In 1711, he was 
 chaplain to the queen, and in 1714, he was 
 raised to the see of Chester, with permission 
 to retain his canonry. As bishop, he refused 
 to admit Peploe vicar of Preston to the war- 
 (denship of Manchester college, becjiase he 
 
 VOL. -T rn 
 
 had not taken the degree of B.D. as the sta- 
 tutes required. The candidate had indeed 
 been admitted to that degree by tlie arcbbi- 
 sl>op, but Gastreli considered a metropolitan 
 degree as nothing, till the interference of the 
 court of king's bench <Iecreed, that the pri- 
 mate's qualification was sufficient. On this 
 occasion the bishop received the solemn 
 thanks of the university of Oxford, for his 
 vindication of their rights and privileges, not 
 only in his conduct, but in the pamphlet, 
 which he wrote ia his own defence. Though 
 popular under the administration of queen 
 Anne, Gastreli became obnoxious to the mi- 
 nisters of George the I. but though he dis- 
 liked the arbitrary manners and haughty 
 temper of Atterbury, he boldly opposed the 
 proceedings against' him, and censured the 
 conduct of his accusers, as too violent, acri- 
 monious, and uncharitable. He died of the 
 gout, 24th Nov. 1725, and was buried in Ox- 
 ford cathedral, without any monument. He 
 is well known for his considerations concern- 
 ing the Trinity, and " Remarks on the Swip- 
 ture Doctrine of the Trinity, by Dr. Samuel 
 Clarke," besides ** the Christian Institutes, 
 or the Sincere Word of God, &c." a useful 
 performance, first published 1707, and his 
 defence of the Christian Religion, against the 
 deists, preached at Boyle's lectures, and af- 
 terwards digested into a continued discourse, 
 1699. 
 
 Gatakeh, Thomas, an English divine, 
 descended from a Shropshire family, and 
 born 1574, in the parsonage house of St. Ed- 
 mund, Lombard-street, where his father was 
 minister. He was educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and on the foundation of 
 Sidney college, he was on account of his great 
 abihties admitted one of the fellows. After 
 being tutor, and chaplain to the families of 
 Ayloff, and sir William Cook, he was ap- 
 pointed 1601, preacher of Lincoln's inn. lu 
 1611, he mai'ried and took the living of Ro- 
 therhithe in Surre)'-. In 1620, he travelled 
 into the low countries, and every Avhere dis- 
 tinguished himself as an able preacher, and 
 an active opponent of the popish tenets. Asa 
 writer he excited the public attention by his 
 " Discourse on the Nature and Use of Lots, 
 a treatise historical and theological 1619, 
 4to." and by his defence of it 1623, and so 
 high was his reputation that, on the removal 
 of Dr. Comber, he was ottered the master- 
 ship of Trinity college, Cambridge, which 
 his infirm health did Jiot permit him to ac- 
 cept. He was one of the assembly of divines 
 who met at Westminster, concerning justi- 
 fication, and other theological subjects, and 
 though he declared strongly in favor of epis- 
 copacy, he signed the covenant, in obedience 
 to the sense of the majority of his brethren. 
 In 1648 he was th§ first of the 47 ministers 
 who signed a remonstrance to the army, and 
 the general, against the design of trying the 
 king, and both in private, and in the pulpit, 
 he spoke against the prevailing tenets of the 
 independent faction. He was k sufterer by 
 the violence of the times, yet when his pa~ 
 rishtoners refu<sed to pay hjm tlje cemposi*. 
 
GA 
 
 Sf>^ 
 
 GA 
 
 tion ■which they had agreed in Keu of the" 
 tithes, he boi'e the disappointment with pa- 
 tience, and turned his attention to literary 
 pursuits. He married four wives, and died 
 1654, aged 8U, and was buried in his own 
 church. His funeral sermon was preached, 
 and published with a narrative of his life, by 
 Simon Ashe, but he gave directions that no 
 monument or stone should mark the place 
 •where his remains were deposited. He was 
 a man who, to extensive erudition, united 
 great moderation, and benevolent principles. 
 He opposed strongly in the reigns of Jara€s, 
 and Cliarles I. the higb notions of church- 
 men, and deprecated the fatal consequences 
 which h« foi'esaw would fall on tlie govern- 
 ment, and on the church. The moderation 
 of his conduct drew upon him the abuses and 
 the virulence of the bigoted fanatics of the 
 times, but he always preferred peaceful re- 
 tirement, and sucih uniform conduct as his 
 conscience approved, to all the reputation of 
 guilty «levation and successful artifice. As 
 a critic, and a writer, he was highly respec- 
 ted, and Salmasius, Axenius, Colomies and 
 others, bear honorable testimony to his abi- 
 lities. He was one of the divines who wrote 
 Annotations on the Bible, especially Isaiah, 
 Jeremiah, and the Lamentations, and Cala- 
 my has observed that no commentator an- 
 cient or modern, is entitled to higher praise. 
 He wrote besides ** Marcus Antoninus's 
 Meditations, with a discourse on the Philo- 
 sophv of the Stoics, and a Commentary," 
 1697—** Opera (Jritica" Utrecht, fol. 1668, 
 and he was besides engaged in a conti'oversy 
 with Lilly, the astrologer, in which more 
 learning, and more animosity were shown 
 than became the subject. Som£ of liis MSS. 
 vere published by his son Charles, rector of 
 Haggeiston, Bucks, who was also a writer 
 on controversial divinity, and died 1680, aged 
 66. 
 
 Gatimosin, the last of Mexican kings, 
 ■was nephew to Montezuma. He was cruelly 
 torturetl in a fiery ordeal by Cortez and the 
 Spaniards who wished to discover his trea- 
 sures, and three years after, he was ignomi- 
 nously hanged in his capital, with many of 
 his caciques, in the sight of his subjects, 1526. 
 Gavants, Bartholomew, a Barnabite 
 monk, born in the Milanese. He wrote the 
 Thesaurus Sacrorum Rituum, oh the Cere- 
 monies, &c. of the Roman church, 5 vols. 
 4to. with plates — Mai^uale Episcoporuin — a 
 tract on conducting Synods, &c. He died at 
 Milan, 1638, aged 70. 
 
 Gaubil, Anthony, a French missionary 
 in China, where h^ resided 30 years. He 
 v»:as born at Caillac, 1708, and died 1759. He 
 was interpreter at the court of Pekin, and 
 astonished even the Chinese themselves for 
 his knowledge of their language. He sent 
 «orae curious anecdotes to Europe, and pub- 
 lished a good history of Gengis Khan, 1739, 
 4to. and a translation of Chou-king 1771. 
 His eulogium appears in the 31st volume of 
 Lettres Curieuses, & Edifites.** 
 
 Gaxjbius, Jerome David, a native of 
 Heidleberg, who studied medicine uader his 
 
 uncle a physician at Amsterdam, and after- 
 
 wards went to Handerwyck, and to Leyden, 
 In 1731 he succeeded his illustrious friend 
 
 and preceptor Boerhaave, as Lecturer of Bo- 
 tany, and chemistry at Leyden, and obtained 
 the medical professorship three years after. 
 He died 1780, aged 75. His works are a 
 Thesis on the Solids, 1725, when he took his 
 doctor's degree — another on the method of 
 Prescribing, and Writing Recix>es, a valua- 
 ble work 1738 — Institutiones Pathologicse 
 Medicinal, 4to. 1758. — Adversaria de Variis 
 Argumentis, &c. He also edited Albinus de 
 Prsesagienda Vita & Morte — Cramer's Ele- 
 menta Artis DocimasticK, &c 
 
 Gaud, Henry, a painter and engraver of 
 Utrecht, who died 1639. His seven engra- 
 vings from Adam Elshamier's pictures are 
 much admired. 
 
 Gauden, John, a prelate horn 1605, at 
 Mayfield, Essex, where his father was vicar. 
 He was educated at Bury St, Edmund's 
 school, and St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degriees in arts. In 1630, 
 he married the daughter of sir William llus- 
 sel, of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, and 
 obtained that vicarage, and afterwards the 
 rectory of Brightwell, Berks. From his 
 connection with Oxford, he entered at Wad- 
 ham college, and took his degree of D.D. 
 1641. He was chaplain to lord Warwick, 
 and he preached before the House of Com- 
 mons, in a style which procui-ed, with their 
 approbation, the present of a large silver 
 tankard with an appropriate inscription, and 
 afterwards the rich deanei*y of Bocking in 
 Essex, for the I'egular possession of which 
 he obtained the collation of Laud, then a 
 prisoner in the Tower. He submitted to the 
 regulations of the parliament, upon the abo- 
 lition of the hierarchy, and he was one of the 
 assembly of divines, who met at Westmin- 
 ster, though Godwin was afterwards substi- 
 tuted in his room. When preparations were 
 made to try the king, he was one of those 
 divines who boldly petitioned agtiinst it, and 
 after the king's death he published *< a Just 
 Invective against those who murthered king 
 Charles I. &c." His zeal was further mani- 
 fested in printing the " Icon Basilice," with 
 a copy of the MS. of which, written by the 
 unfortunate Charles, he had been intrusted, 
 and though diligent search was made by the 
 parliament for the publisher of that popular 
 book, Gauden had the good fortune to es- 
 cape discovery. In 1659 he published "the 
 Tears, Sighs, &c. of the Church of England, 
 &c. in 4 books folio." and so highly approved 
 were his services that he was made, on the 
 death of BrowniigK* preacher to the Tem- 
 ple, and bishop of Exeter. In 1662 he was 
 removed to Worcestei", but, it is said, that 
 he was so disappointed in not being translated 
 to the rich see of Winchester, that he died 
 of a broken heart, in September that same 
 year. Though he had cleared upwards of 
 20,000^. by renewing leases at Exeter, hi.s 
 widow, with his five children, petitioned the 
 king for the half year's profits of the see of 
 Worcester^ which was refused. Gauden has 
 
esA 
 
 6<c 
 
 GA 
 
 been censiired for his ambition, and he is de- 
 scribed by Clarendon, Burnet, Kennet and 
 others, as so inconstant, ambiguous, and co- 
 vetous of preferment, that he would follow 
 any party or subscribe toanyt)pinions to gain 
 his ends. Wood says that he was esteemed 
 by all who knew him, that he was a man of 
 vast parts, of unwearied labor and much re- 
 sorted to for his most admirable and edifying 
 way of preaching. He wrote several tracts 
 «n the politics, and theological disputes, of 
 the times. Some have considered the Icon 
 Basilice, as wholly written by him, but the 
 style is so superior to that of the bishop, that 
 the king is now regarded as the sole author 
 of it. 
 
 Gaudentio, a painter of Milan, born 
 about 1480. He adorned the churches of his 
 native city with fresco and oil paintings. 
 
 Gaudentius, St. a bishop of Brescia, 
 who obtained his preferment much against 
 his wishes from the hands of St. Ambrose. 
 He wrote sermons, — letters, — the Life of 
 Philaster, his predecessor, &c. published, 
 Brescia fol. 1738, and died 4-27. Anothei-, 
 in the same age, wrote two apologies for the 
 Donatists, of whom he was bishop. 
 
 GAUDEN2.I0, Paganin, a native of the 
 Valteline. He received his education at 
 Rome where he acquired celebrity as Greek 
 professor, and afterwards at Pisa where he 
 filled the chair of belles lettres. He wrote 
 Deelamationes — Chartte Palantes — Obstetrix 
 liiteraria— Academ. Instar. — de Philosophise 
 apud Roman. Initio & Progressu, 4to. and 
 died 1648, aged .^S. 
 
 Ga VEST ON, Peter, son of a Gascon gen- 
 tleman, is known in English history as the 
 favorite of Edward II. In his elevation he 
 was proud, over bearing, and cruel, and the 
 barons therefore rose up against him, and he 
 was beheaded 1312. 
 
 Gaul I, Giovanni Baptista, a painter of 
 Genoa who died at Rome 1709, aged 68. 
 His chief merit was historical and portrait 
 painting. 
 
 Gaulmin, Gilbert, a French writer of 
 some celebrity, acquired by Jiis harangues in 
 the society of beaux and belles He died 
 1665, aged 6(». He wrote Commentaries on 
 Psellus and Theod. Prodromus, besides Re- 
 marks on the false Callistbenes, — an edition 
 of Romance of Ismenus and Ismenias, &c. 
 
 Gaupp, John, a native of Lindau in Swa- 
 bia, educated at Jena. He was the protes- 
 tant pastor of his native town, where he died 
 3 738, aged 71. He was an able mathema- 
 tician, and wrote Gnomonica Mechanica 
 Universalis, 4to, besides some tracts on As- 
 tronomy, Chronology, sermons, Sec. 
 
 Gaurico, littca, an Italian ])rofes9or of 
 astronomy at Ferrara. His prediction that 
 John Bentivoglio would lose the supreme 
 power of Bologna, exposed him to persecu- 
 tion, and he removed to Venice, and then to 
 Rome. He was made bishop of Civita in 
 Naples by pope Paul, who was a great fol- 
 lower of astrology, but he resigned the see 
 in 1550, and came to Rome, where he died 
 1.558, aged 83. His woi-kB o.i; astrolo^ and 
 
 V 
 
 astronomy appeared at Basil 3 vols. fol. 1.^75. 
 His brother, Pomponio, wrote Latin poems, 
 tracts on Physiognomy, architecture, &c. 
 and died professor in Naples vmiversity. 
 
 Gaussem, Jane Catharine, a. celebrated 
 actress. Mho after enjoying for 30 years the 
 applauses of a French audience retired from 
 the theatre, 1664, from motives of religion. 
 She died at Paris 1787, aged 56. 
 
 Gauthier, Jean Bapliste, a French 
 abbe, chaplain to de Langle, bishop of Bou- 
 logne, and to Colbert, bisliop of Montpel- 
 lier, was born at Louviers in the diocese of 
 Evreuxl685. He died of a fall 1755. He 
 wrote against Infidels. His chief works are 
 " a Tract against Pope's Essay on Man'* 
 which he describes as impious, — Letters 
 against Hardouin and, BeiTuyer, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — an Attack upon the Jesuits, 3 vols., 
 and other works mentioned in " France Lite- 
 raire"1758. 
 
 Gay, John, an EngUsh poet, born 1688, 
 uear Barnstaple, Devon. The only education 
 which he received was at the free-school of 
 his native town, under Luck Avho had some 
 knowledge of poetry, but such was his_taste for 
 literature, that when his parents, who were 
 poor though of a respectable family, bound 
 him apprentice to a silk-mercer in London, 
 he attended behind the -counler with silent in- 
 dignation, and, as soon ashe could, he purcha- 
 sed his indentures of his master. Now freed 
 from the shackles of business, he cultivated 
 the muses, and was introiluced to the wits 
 of the times. Flattered with the fridndshjp 
 of Swift and of Pope, he courted the public 
 approbation by dedicating in 1711, his first 
 piece, " liural Sports, a Georgic," to the 
 latter of these high poetical tharacters. 
 But though successful as an author, his re- 
 sources were scanty, and his creditors now 
 threatened his liberty, when the patronage 
 of the duchess of Monmouth, by appointing 
 him her secretary, placed him above irant, 
 and called his muse to new exertions. lu 
 this sunshine of prosperity he wrote his 
 " Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets," 
 and the ivextyear he formed the plan of his 
 " Pastorals." In espousing the cause of Pope, 
 w.ho liad been insulted by Philips, he not 
 only produced an excellent poem " the Shep- 
 herd's Week" which rivalled his antagonist's 
 performance, but he fixed t-he friend ship and 
 gained the recommendation of his poetical 
 patron. He was flattered by the ministj-y, 
 and was sent as secretaiy to lord Clai'endon, 
 in his embassy to Hanqver. The death of 
 queen Anne seemed to ruin his hopes, but he 
 paid h's court to the new ministry, and in- 
 sured the patronage of the princess of Wales 
 by a well-timed compliment. He was admit- 
 ted into the company of the great and pow- 
 erful, and the sweetness of his manners, and 
 the sincerity of his heart, gained him friends 
 wherever he appeared. He went to Aix in 
 France with Mr. Pulteney, and at his return 
 he introduced on the stage his " Three Hours 
 after Marriage" which did not meet the same 
 success which his " What d'ye call it" had 
 a little time before cpimnandedi Ip 1718, 
 
he wjis Avith Pope at lord iiarcourtrs Avliere 
 he celebrated in beautiful verse the sad catas- 
 trophe of the two lovers destroyed by light- 
 ning. In 1720, he recruited his finances by a 
 handsome subscription to his poems, in 2 
 vols. 4to. but the whole amounting to 1000^. 
 was ventured and lost in the unfortunate south 
 sea scheme. This stroke had such effect 
 Upon hifi spirits, that he almost sunk under 
 the loss, but by the friendship and adAicc of 
 Dr. ArbuUinot he gradually recovered. In 
 1724, he read his "Captives" before the 
 princess of Wales, and at her request wrote 
 his beautiful and elegant fables for the use of 
 the duke of Cumberland. In 1727, he pro^ 
 duced his " Beggax-'s Opera" which met 
 •with the most unusual success, and was acted 
 63 successive nights in London, 50 at Bath 
 and Bristol, and with equal popularity in 
 other places. So great indeed wa« the pub- 
 lic admiration, that the songs of the opera 
 appeared on the fans of the ladies, and the 
 person who acted Polly, though hitherto ob- 
 scure, became an important character in the 
 history of the town, and at last, though 
 mother of some natural children, she rose 
 hy marriage to the rank of a duchess. This 
 favoi ite play owed its celebrity to the unpopu- 
 larity of the court, and the resentment of the 
 poet, who was offered the place of gentleman 
 usher to the young princess Louisa, which 
 he rejectetl with marked indignation. To 
 take advantage of his situation with the pub- 
 lic, he produced a second part to the Beg- 
 gar's Opei-a, by the title of « Polly" but the 
 court forbad its appearance on the stage, and 
 Gay had the satisfaction of obtaining an un- 
 usually large subscription for its publication. 
 To make his triumph complete, the duke 
 ai»<l duchess of Queen sbury embraced his 
 cause, resigned their places at court to pa- 
 tronise him, and ever after made him an in- 
 mate at their splendid table. Thus raised 
 to independence and comfort he began to 
 improve " the Wife of Bath" a play which 
 had been received with indifference in 1714, 
 but the second representatiou in 1720, was 
 unsuccessful, and brought upon his spirits a 
 severe fit of melancholy. Some lucid inter- 
 vals indeed interposed during the gloomy de- 
 pression, and under the hospitable roof of 
 the duke, at Amesbur)-, he was enabled to 
 finish his opera of ** Achilles." He came to 
 town to present his play to the stage, but an 
 inflammatory fever unhappily brought on a 
 mortification in his bowels, and he died at 
 Burlington house 11th December 1732. His 
 request to his friend Pope M'as faithfully com- 
 plied with, and these his verses were accord- 
 ingly engraved on his tomb; 
 
 Life is a jest, and all things show it, 
 1 thought so once, but now I know it. 
 After lying in state at Exeter change, his 
 remains were conveyed to Westminster ab- 
 bey, by the duke of Queensbury, and inter- 
 red in the southeast aisle, against the tomb 
 of Chaueer, where his monument is erected. 
 The opera of Achilles afterwards appeared 
 on the stage for the benefit of his two widow- 
 ed sisters, Catherine Ballet, aud Joanna 
 
 GA 
 
 Portescue, who inherited equally Lis prQ- 
 perty of about 3000/. A few years afterwardS 
 a comedy "the Distressed Wife" was pub- 
 lished under his name, and in 1754, a hu- 
 morous piece called the Rehearsal at Goa- 
 tham. His papers were left to the care of 
 Pope who suppressed some of them as friend- 
 ship and delicacy required. 
 
 Gayot dePitaval, Francis, a French 
 author, born at Lyojis. He wrote, " Causes 
 Celebres," a voluminous work, in 20 vols. 
 12mo. which, though interesting in some 
 parts. Is yet insipid in style and in elegant 
 composition. Gayot Avas unfortunate in all 
 his pursuits. He was successively an abbe, a 
 soldier, and at 50 an advocate. He died 1743^ 
 aged 70. 
 
 Gaxa, Theodore, an eminent scholar, 
 born at Tliessalonica, in Greece, 13118, Up- 
 on the invasion of his coimtry by the Turk^, 
 in 1430, he came to Italy, and by his great 
 assiduity became one of the brightest orna- 
 ments to whom Europe is indebted for the 
 revival of learning. He soon gained a perfect 
 knowledge of the Latin language, »nd v/a» 
 introduced to the patronage of cardinal 
 Bessarion. In 1450 he came to Rome, and 
 was, with several others, engaged by pope 
 Nicolas V. in translating Greek authors into 
 Latin, and after the death of that pontiff, in 
 1450, he went to the court of Alphonsus, 
 king of Naples. Twd years after he returned 
 to Rome, and by the patronage of his friend 
 Bessarion, he was presented to a small bene- 
 fice in Calabria. In his old age he presented 
 one of his performances, beautifully wi'itten 
 in vellum, to pope Sixtus IV. and Avhile he 
 expected a liberal reward, he was asked by 
 the pontiff what his expenses had been, and 
 these were carefully repaid, wliich treat- 
 ment so excited his indignation that he ex- 
 claimed, ** It was high time to retui-n home, 
 since the over-fed asses of Rome had no 
 relish but for thistles and weeds." The 
 money he had received he contemptuously 
 threw into the Tiber, and died soon after of 
 grief anu disappointment. The works of 
 Gaza consisted of original pieces, and of 
 translations, — Graramaticse Gr»c» Libri 
 quatuor, written in Greek 1495, translated 
 by Erasmus 1522 — Liber de Atticis Mcn- 
 sibus — and translation of Cicero's de Se- 
 nectute, h de Somnio Scipionis, into 
 Greek — and Aristotle's History of Ani- 
 mals, translated into Latin, and other 
 works. Gaza's learning and reputation were 
 so highly respected that, Scaliger says, there 
 were not more than three he was inclined to 
 envy, Theodore Gaza, Angel us Politianus, 
 and Picus of Mirandula. He is ranked^ 
 among the best translators of Greek authoi'S 
 into Latin, though, indeed Erasmus objected 
 to the elegance of his Latin idiom, and Hue- 
 tius, in commending his fidelity and perspic- 
 uity, allows that some things might have 
 been rendered better. He died at Rome 
 1478, aged 80. 
 
 Gazali, or Abon Hamed Moham- 
 med Zein Eddin al Thousi, a mus- 
 sulman doctor, who died at Khorassan, ]iJ3 
 
GE 
 
 native place, 1112, aged 56. He wrote "the 
 Several Classes of Sciences which concern 
 Religion." Two others of the same name 
 were authors. One of them wrote a tract 
 on the Mercy of God. 
 
 Gazet, William, a native of Arras, wiio 
 died 1612, aged 58. He was an ecclesiastic, 
 and wrote a Chronological History of the 
 Archbishops of Cambray — Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory of the Low Countries, and other works. 
 
 Gazola, Joseph, a physician of Verona, 
 who died 1715, aged 54. He is very candid 
 in his works, and acknowledges that patients 
 as often died by the negligence or ignorance 
 of th^ir physicians as by the force of disease. 
 
 Gaxon-Dourxigne, S. M. M. a native 
 of Qaimper, Mas known as a critic, but as a 
 poet little regarded. He died 19th Jan. 1784. 
 
 Ga2,Zot.i, Benozzo, an Italian painter, 
 ■vrhodied 1478, aged 78. He painted land- 
 scapes, portraits, and sacred subjects. 
 
 Geber, John, an Arabian physician of 
 the ninth century. He wrote a Commentary 
 on Ptolemy's " Syntaxis Magna," published 
 Nuremberg 1533, and in his labor on alche- 
 my deserved the praises of Boerhaave. His 
 works contain much knowledge, though in 
 such affected jargon that Dr. Johnson has 
 derived the word gibberish from the cant of 
 Gebei', and his followers. His works are 
 " Astronomy," in nine books, *' three books 
 on Alchymy," "Flos Naturarura," " Chy- 
 mica," &c. 
 
 Ged, William, an ingenious artist and 
 goldsmith of Edinburgh, who invented a 
 plate for printing whole pages, instead of 
 nsing a type for every letter. This had first 
 been practised by the Chinese and Japanese 
 in blocks of wood, as pursued by Coster, the 
 European, inventor of this simple method. 
 In the prosecution of his plan, Ged applied 
 to the university of Cambridge, in conjunc- 
 tion with some others, to print bibles and 
 prayer-books after the new method ; but 
 much money was sunk in the attempt, and 
 by the villainy of the pressmen and the ill 
 conduct of his partners, the unfortunate ad- 
 venturer was ruined in his hopes and for- 
 tjunes. He returned to Scotland 1733, and 
 gave a specimen of his plan by the publica- 
 tion of a Sallust in 1744. He died 19th Oct. 
 1749. His son James, who had joined him in 
 the Cambridge speculation, became a rebel 
 in 1745, but was pardoiied and released in 
 1748, and died in Jamaica, where he .had 
 gone to settle with one of his brothei'S as 
 printer. 
 
 Gedali A, a famous rabbi, who died 1448. 
 He wrote an Account of a Chain of Tradi- 
 tions from Adam to the Year of Christ 761, 
 and a treatise on the Creation of the World. 
 
 Geddes, James, a Scotch advocate, born 
 1710, in the shire of Tweedale. He displayed 
 great powers of application while at the uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, and was rapidly advan- 
 cing to opulence and celebrity in the profes- 
 sion of the law when he was cut off by a 
 lingering consumption before he reached his 
 40th year. To the dry labors of the law he 
 added a very polished and elegant taste for 
 
 3>/ GE 
 
 classical literature. He wrote **an Essay oo 
 the Composition and Manner of Writing of 
 the Ancients, particularly Plato," published 
 Glasgow, 1748, 8vo. 
 
 Geddes, Michael, a learned divine, for 
 some years chaplain to the Lisbon fictor)\ 
 where the inquisition suspended his ecclesias- 
 tical labors, and obliged him to retui'n to 
 England. He was honored v/ith the degree 
 of LL. D. from the university of Oxford, and 
 made chancellor of Sarum. He died 1715, 
 author of a History of the church of Malabar 
 — the church History of -Slthiopia— MisceU 
 laneous Tracts against Popery, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Geddes, Dr. a native of Iluthven, Bamff- 
 shii'e, educated at a village school in the 
 Highlands, and removed 1758 to the Scottish 
 college at Paris. He became in 1764 priest of 
 a Roman catholic congregation in Angusshire, 
 and the next year chaplain in ford Tran- 
 quair's family. In 1769 he was minister at 
 Auchinhalrig, Bamifshire, and 10 years after 
 he obtained the degree of LL. D. at Aber- 
 deen, and then removed to London, and 
 officiated in Duke's street cha])el, Lincoln's 
 Inn fields, and in the Imperial Ambassador's 
 chapel. He began in 1782 his translation of 
 the Bible, of which he published a Prospec- 
 tus, in 4to. 1786, with an appendix 1787 
 addressed to Lowth. At that time he enga- 
 ged in a controversy with Priestl)'^ on the 
 divinity of Christ, and again claimed the 
 public notice by his general answer in 1790 
 to the various queries, criticisms and hints, 
 offered to him on his meditated work. The 
 first volume of this long promised translation 
 appeared in 1792, under the auspices of 
 lord Petre, as far as the end of the book of 
 Joshua, but so severe was the opposition 
 made to the work, that the bishops of his 
 persuasion offended with the liberties and 
 indelicacies of his version, actually suspended 
 him from his ecclesiastical functions. Ite- 
 gardless of the public displeasure, he pub- 
 lished liis second volume 1797, but in lan- 
 guage still more exceptionable, so that he 
 found it necessary to defend himself against 
 the attacks and reproaches of his opponents, 
 and of critics by his " Critical remarks" in 
 1800. He died 1802, aged 65. He was in 
 his character, irritable, petulant, and vindic- 
 tive, though he possessed great learning and 
 a capacious mind, and he is to be censured 
 for the intemperate and licentious perver- 
 sions which he wished to introduce In the 
 holy scriptures. He wrote also an apolog}- 
 for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain. 
 
 Gedovn, Nicolas, a French writer, bom 
 at Orleans. He studied at Paris, and was a 
 Jesuit for 10 years; but he returned to the 
 world, and as the friend and favorite of 
 Ninon de I'Enclos, he figured as a man of 
 wit and letters. He was member of the 
 French academy, and ofth.it of belles lettres, 
 and in 1732 was made abbot of Notre-dame 
 de Beaugency. He Avrote some ingenious 
 essays and dissertations, published 1745, and 
 is chiefly known for his elegant translations 
 of Quintilian and cff Pansankis. He diefi 
 1744, aged 77, 
 
GE 
 
 sy^j 
 
 GE 
 
 tSfiER, Charles de, a native of Sweden, 
 descended from a noble Dutch family, and 
 educated at Utrecht and at Upsal under 
 Linnaeus. He acquired much property by 
 the introduction Of new machines in the iiMjn 
 works of Dannemora, and by an ai)paratus 
 for drying corn by smelting houses. He was, 
 in 1761, made marshal of the court, and 
 knight of the Polar star, and a baron. He 
 died 1778, aged 58, much respected not only 
 as a man of science, but as a benevolent man, 
 who employed his great resources to the 
 relief and the comfort of the poor. He was 
 author of Memoircs pour servir a I'Histoire 
 des Insectes, 7 vols. 4to. — on the Procrea- 
 tion of Inseets— and papers tm the Transac- 
 tions of the Academies of Stockliolm and 
 Upsal, &c. 
 
 Geinoz,, Francis, a learned Swiss abbe, 
 member of the academy of belles Icttres at 
 Paris, and author of sbme valuable disserta- 
 tions on Ancient Medals — on the Plan and 
 Character of Herodotus, &c. He died at 
 Paris 1752, aged 56, much esteemed fcr his 
 learning as well as his probity and benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 Gejek, Martin, a native of Leipsic, pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, ecclesiastical counsellor to 
 the elector of Saxony, and author of com- 
 mentaries on several of the books of the Old 
 Testament, &c. — and a treatise on the mourn- 
 ing of the Hebrews, all in 2 vols. fol. He 
 died 1681, aged 67. 
 
 Gelasius, the elder, bishop of Csesarea 
 in Palestine, in the fourth century, was ne- 
 phew of Cyril of Jerusalem. He translated 
 into Greek two books of the ecclesiastical 
 history, &3- He is praised by Theodoret 
 and Jerome for the elegance of his style. A 
 fragment of one of his homilies is preserved 
 in Theodoret. 
 
 Gelasius, of Cyzicus, bishop of Csesarea 
 about 476, is author of a history of the 
 Jf icene Council in three books, not very res- 
 pectable, according to Photius, for either 
 style or matter. 
 
 GelasiusI. bishop of Rome after Felix 
 11. 492, was engaged in unsuccessful attempts 
 to settle the disputes between the eastern and 
 ^vestern churches. He wished also to ex- 
 punge from the list of saints the name of 
 Acacius, which Euphemius, patriarch of 
 Constantifiople, opposed. Some of his wtwks 
 are extant, on controversial subjects. He 
 died 496. 
 
 Gei^asius n. a Carapauian by birth, rai- 
 sed to the pontificate 1118, He was ejected 
 from his see by Cencio Frangipani, consul of 
 Home, and by the influence of the emperoi" 
 Henry V. and after in vain endeavoring 
 even by force of arms to regain the pojie- 
 dora he retired to the monastery of Clugny 
 in France, and died 1119. 
 
 Geldenhalr, Gerard Kobanus, aGer- 
 itjan, born at Nimeguen 1482. He studied 
 at Deventer and Louvain, and such was the 
 reputation of his learning that he was invited 
 to the court of Charles of Austria, which 
 offer he declined for the office of secretary 
 to the bishop of Utrecht. He visited by 
 
 orSeV of Maximilian of Burgundy, in vhese 
 service he afterwards was, the schools- and 
 the churches of Wirtemberg, and was so 
 struck with the zeal and innocent manners 
 of the protestants there, that he abjured for 
 their tenets the popish faith. He afterwards 
 married, and was engaged in the educatioa 
 of youth at Worms, at Augsburg, and lastly 
 at Marpurg, where he died of the plague 
 1542. He was a man well skilled in poetiy, 
 history, and rhetoric, but his change of re- 
 ligion, and the freedom with which he in- 
 veighed against the pope, offended his 
 friends, and particularly Erasmus, who 
 compared him to the traitor Judas, and 
 spoke with contempt of his conduct and 
 pretended sincerity. He wrote Historia Ba- 
 tavica — Historia suse JEtatis— Germanic. His- 
 tori Illustratio de Viris Illustr. Inferior. Ger- 
 raanijE, &c. 
 
 Gelder, Arnold de, a Dutch painter of 
 Dort, who died 1727, aged 82. He was a 
 disciple and imitator of Rembrandt. 
 
 Geldorp, Gualdorp, a painter of Lou- 
 vain, who died 1618, aged 65. He excelled 
 in porti-aits and histor}'. 
 
 Gelee, Clande, commonly called Claude 
 of Lorraine. Vid. Claude. 
 
 Gelenius, Sigiamund, a learned man, 
 born at Prague 1498. He travelled to im- 
 prove his knowledge of modern languages, 
 and during his residence at Basil, he become 
 acquainted with Erasmus, who recommend- 
 ed him to John Frobenius as a corrector of 
 the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin works, in 
 which his printing-house was engaged. He 
 wrote some valuable works, and especially 
 Latin translations of Dionysius of Halicar- 
 nassus of Appian, Philo, Josephus, Origen, 
 and several others. He also published a 
 dictionary in four languages, Greek, Latin, 
 German, and Sclavonian, and showed him- 
 self to be a most able and indefatigable scho- 
 lar. His talents have been deservedly com- 
 mended by Henry Valesius, Erasmus, and 
 others, at)jd though Huetius and others im- 
 peach Ivis judgment in the great liberties 
 which he took in altering the texts of some 
 authors, especially Arnobius, yet he gave a 
 new turn to whatever passage* he did not 
 seem to understand. His disregard for hon- 
 ors was very uncommon, he rejected the 
 splendid offers of the court of Bohemia for 
 the enjoyment of humble life, and though 
 deserviiigthe most affluent fortune, he strug- 
 gled, says Thuanus, all his life with poverty. 
 He died at Basil 1555, leaving two sons and 
 a daughter. 
 
 Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, an em- 
 inent German poet, born at Haynichen near 
 Freiberg in Misnia, 4th July, 1715. He 
 studied at Meissen and Leipsic, and as the 
 circumstances of his family were narrow, 
 he maintained himself by being tutor in pri- 
 vate families. At the age of 43 he was 
 made professor of philosophy at Leipsic. 
 He died Dec. 1769. He was of a very gene- 
 rous and amiable dis]>esition, but of a hypo- 
 condriac habit, and of a constitutional fear 
 of death, v/Jiicb, however, gradually disftp- 
 
GET 
 
 57^ 
 
 ge; 
 
 peared, so that he expired calm and compo- 
 sed. He acquired universal celebrity by his 
 poetry. His " Fables and Tales," are best 
 known. He wrote besides, hymns, didactic 
 poems, the Devotee, a comedy, &c. 
 
 Gel LI, John Baptist, an Italian writer, 
 born atFlorence 1498. Though of the hum 
 hie occupation of a tailor, which he followed 
 tili his death, yet he possessed great powers 
 ef iiiiud highly cultivated, and wrote some 
 very valuable books. He was universally 
 esteemed for his modesty, and his talents 
 were so much respected that he was ac- 
 quainted with all the men of genius and 
 learning of his time, and was member of tlie 
 academy of Florence, and a burgess of the 
 city. He died 1563, aged 65. He wi'Ote 
 besides translations fi*ora Latin, and Greek 
 authors, dialogues after the manner of Lu- 
 cian, which have been translated into Latin, 
 French and English, also ilissertations, two 
 comedies, la Sporta and I'Errore, and other 
 things. 
 
 Gellibrand, Henry, professor of as- 
 te-onomy in Gresham college^ was born in 
 St. Botolph's parish, Aldersgate, 1597, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford. He be- 
 came curate of Chiddington, Kent, and after- 
 wards devoted the whole of his attention to 
 mathematical pursuits. He took his degree 
 qf M. A. 1623, and was intrusted by liis 
 dying friend, Briggs, the Savilian professor 
 at Oxford, to couiplete his Trigonometria 
 Britannica, which he did in 1632. He was 
 called before the high commission court for 
 permitting his servant WilUam Beale, to 
 publish an almanac for 1631, omitting the 
 popish saints of the calendar, and substitu- 
 ting the names of the martyrs, for which he 
 was acquitted, though Laud opposed it. 
 Though of a strong enlightened mind, he 
 had not sagacity enough to abandon the 
 Ptolemaic for the Cepernican system, and 
 hence his treatises in explanation of plane and 
 spherical triangles --on the improvement of 
 navigation, &c. are confused and unsatisfac- 
 tory, especially when he treats of the varia- 
 tion of the needle. He died of a fever in his 
 40th year. He possessed great application as 
 a mathematician, "but little genius. 
 
 Gelon, king of Syracuse, B. C 484, was 
 Wniversally respected by his subjects for his 
 benevolence and mildness. 
 
 Gemelli-Carreri, Francis, an Italian 
 writer, author of an interesting account of 
 a voyage round the world, between 1Q93 and 
 1698. Some imagine that he never went 
 round the world, but imposed a fictitious 
 account on the public. 
 
 Gemignagno, Vinentio de St. a Tus- 
 can painter, <vho (\ied 1530, aged 40. He 
 was a disciple and imitator of Itaphael. 
 
 Gemignano, Giticinto, a painter born 
 at Pistoia. He died 1681, aged 70. The 
 churches of Rome are adorned with his pie- 
 ces. His son was also an eminent artist. 
 
 Geminiani, Francisco, an eminent per- 
 former on the violin, and composer, born at 
 Lucca in Italy 1680. He studied under 
 Scarlatti and Corelli, and came to England 
 1714, where he \ras introduced to George I. 
 
 He refused to accept the place of master 
 and composer of music in Ireland, because 
 he was a lloman catholic, observing that he 
 never would sacrifice his religion to private 
 interest ; and from his particular indepen- ^ 
 (ience of mind, unwilling to submit to the 
 caprices of the great, he led an unsettled 
 life, and made several excursions into for- 
 eign countries. He was so fond of painting, 
 that he injured his income by purchasing 
 pictures, but he found in the earl of Essex a 
 great friend and patron, who supported his 
 necessities. He, however, rejected, as of- 
 fensive to his independent spirit, the offer of 
 a pension of 100/. a year from the prince of 
 Wales. He had employed much time and 
 labor on a treatise on music, which while on 
 a visit at Dublin, a treacherous female ser- 
 vant conveyed away from his house, and 
 this had such eflfect npon him that he died 
 soon after, Sept. 17th 1762. He composed 
 Corelli's solos into concertos, and published 
 six coHcertoB-of his own, besides harpsichord 
 pieces, &c. 
 
 Gemistus, George, surnamed Pletho, 
 retired to Florence upon the taking of his 
 native city, Constantinople, by the Turks. 
 He lived to above the age of 100, distinguish- 
 ed for his learning and virtues. He was a 
 strong Piatonican, and wrote commenta- 
 ries on the Magiff Oracles of Zoroaster — 
 Historical treatises — de Gestis Graecoruta 
 post Mantinic Pugnam — de Rebus Pelopon- 
 nes. &c. 
 
 Gemma, Reinier, a Dutch physician, of 
 Dockum in Friesland, died 1555, aged 48. 
 He was also an able astronomer and mathe- 
 matician, on which sciences he wrote some 
 valuable works. He practised physic at 
 Louvain. His works are Methodus Arith- 
 ijnetica; — de Usu Annuli Astronomici — De- 
 monstrationes Geometricie de Radii Usu, 
 kc. — de Locrum Describend. Ratione, &c. — 
 de Astrolabio Catholico, k(^. His son Cor- 
 nelius was equally emincnt,and died 1579, 
 aged 44. He wrote a treatise de Prodigiosd 
 Specie, Naturaque Coraetce, &c, 
 
 Genbre, Lewis le, a French historian, 
 born qf an obscure family at Kouen, and rai- 
 sed to notice by the kindness of Harlay arch<< 
 bishop of his province. He died 1733, aged 
 74. He wrote an History of France, from 
 the commencement of the monarchy to the 
 death ot Louis XJH. 3 vols, folio, a valuable 
 work — Manners and Cuslomsof the French 
 — the life of Francis Harlay his patron — an 
 Essay on the i-eign of Louis the Great — the 
 Life of cardinal d'Amboise, Stc. 
 
 Gendre, Gilbert Charles le, marquis of 
 St. Aubin, counsellor of the parliament of 
 Paris, and master of requests, died at Paris 
 1746, aged 59. lie wrpte " a treatise on 
 Opinion," a learned and elegant perform- 
 ance, 6 vols. 12mo. — Antiquities of the Roy- 
 al Family of France, 4to. 
 
 Gendre, iVicolas le, a French sculptor, 
 who died at Paris 1$70, aged 5'2. His works 
 are admired for chasteness and elegance tiL 
 design. 
 
 Gendre, Lewis le, a deputy in theno/- 
 tional convention> who after being 10 years 
 
GE 
 
 a sailor, and then a batcher at Paris, display 
 ed himsfelf the fit instrument of the crimes 
 and atrocities of Marat and Hohespierre. 
 He figui-ed in all the horrors of the 10th of 
 August, and of September, and the nightbe- 
 fore the execution of the unhappy Lewis, 
 he proposed in the jacobin club that the body 
 should be cut into 84 pieces, and sent to the 
 84 departments. In his missions into the 
 provinces, at Lyons, liouen, Dieppe, &c. he 
 every where spread terror and dismay, but 
 though the friend of Robespierre, he no 
 sooner saw his fall, than he attacked him 
 with virulence, and drove away, Avith a pis- 
 tol in Ilia liand, all the members of the jaco- 
 bin club, and brought the key of their hall 
 to the convention. He continued afterwards 
 the enemy of the terrorists, and in his con- 
 duct showed deep art and dissimulation as 
 he had the management to survive every fac- 
 tion. He was member of the council of an- 
 cients, and died at Paris, 13th Dec. 1797, 
 aged 41, desiring in his will, that his body 
 might be sent to the anatomical school for 
 dissection, wishing as he expressed it, to be 
 useful to mankind, even after death. 
 
 Genebrard, Gilbert, a benedictine 
 monk born at Riom in Auvergne 1537. He 
 espoused in his writings the cause of the 
 league, and after being 13 years professor 
 of Hebrew, at Paris, he was nominated to a 
 Ikishopric, which however from his animosity 
 in his pamphlets against Henry IV. he -was 
 not permitted to enjoy. By the interest of 
 the duke of Mayence, he afterwards obtain- 
 ed the archbishopric of Aix, but he became 
 there very unpopular by the publication of 
 his treatise against the right of the king of 
 appointing bishops, which was burned by the 
 hands of the hangman. He died 1597, in 
 exile at his priory of Semur, in Burgundy. 
 Besides his acrimonious polemical works, he 
 wrote "a Sacred Chronolog}" much es- 
 tieemed — a commentary on the Psalms — " a 
 translation of Josephus, &c." 
 
 Genesius, Josephus, one of the Byzan- 
 tine historia^ns who wrote the History of 
 Constantinople from Leo the Armenian to 
 BasiUus the Macedonian, in four books, 
 printed Venice, 1733. He florished 940. 
 
 Genest, Charles Claude, a French poet, 
 born at Paris 1636. In his attempt to go to 
 India he was taken by the English, and sup- 
 ported himself by teaehing French in Eng- 
 land. He returned to France, and obtained 
 an abbey, and became member of the Acad- 
 emy. He died 1719, aged 84. He wrote, 
 among other tragedies, Penelope, much ad- 
 jnired — some epistles — and a didactic poem 
 on the Proof of the existence of a God, and 
 €he Immortality of the Soul. 
 
 Genet, Francis, bishop of Vaison born 
 at Avignon 1640, son of an advocate, is known 
 for the Theology of Grenoble, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 translated into Latin by his brother the 
 abbd. 
 
 Genoa, Jerome, an Italian painter and 
 architect born at Urbino, founder of the fa- 
 mily of the Ghengi. He died 1551, aged 75. 
 
 Gen^gaj Bartholon)ew> son of the pre- 
 
 ceding was eminent as an architect. He 
 died of a pleurisy whilst superintending the 
 fortifications of Malta, 1558, aged 40. 
 
 Gengis KHAN,son of a khan of the Mo- 
 guls, was born 1193. At the age of 13 he 
 began to reign, but the conspiracies of his 
 subjects obliged him to fly for safety to Aven- 
 ti-Khan, a Tartar prince, whom he support- 
 ed on his throne, and whose daughter he 
 married. But these ties of kindred were 
 not binding, Aventi joined against Gengis, 
 who took signal vengeance over his enemies, 
 and then with a victorious army directed his 
 power against the neighboring states, and in 
 the space of 28 years conquered Corea, 
 Cathany, part of China, and the noblest pro- 
 vinces of Asia. His further projects of ex- 
 tended dominion over China were stopped by 
 death 1227, and his vast kingdom dividei 
 among his four sons. 
 
 Gennadius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple after Anatolius, 458. He was an able 
 theologian, and active diocesan. Of his 
 works nothing but a fragment of a work 
 against Cyril's atiathemas is extant. He died 
 471. 
 
 Gennadius, an ecclesiastical writer, 
 who was a priest of Marseilles, and not a 
 bishop, about 493. He wrote " deDogmati- 
 bus Ecclesiasticis" et " de Illustribus Eccle- 
 sise Scriptoribus.'* He favored the doctrines 
 of Pelagius. 
 
 Gennadius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, who was at the council of Florence 1438. 
 He resigned his dignity after enjoying it five 
 years, 1458, and died in a monastery 14C0* 
 He wrote among other things, an explanation 
 of the Christian faith in Greek, Latin, and 
 Turkish. 
 
 Gennari, Benedetto, a painter of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1715, aged 82. He was 
 patronised by Lewis XIV. for whom he 
 I)ainted, and he was also encouraged in 
 England by Charles II. and the English no- 
 bility. 
 
 Gennari, Csesare, son of the preceding, 
 a painter of Bologna, who died 1688, aged 
 47. He was eminent in historical pieces, and 
 in landscapes. 
 
 Gennaro, Joseph Aur6hus, a native of 
 Naples, distinguished as an able civilian and 
 as an upright magistrate. The best known 
 of his learned works, which are chiefly on 
 civil law, and written in an easy and pleasing 
 style, is Respublica Jurisconsultorum, in 
 which, in the fascinating form of a novel, he 
 gfves an account of the most intricate parts 
 of the civil law. This respectable author 
 died 1762, aged 61. 
 
 Genoels, Abraham, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, born 1640. He was admired for his 
 landscapes and portraits. 
 
 Genovesi, Anthony, a native of Castlg- 
 lione, who acquired great celebrity at Naples 
 as lecturer in philosophy, but exposed him- 
 self to the severe censures of bigoted critics, 
 by his metaphysics, in which he recommend- 
 ed the works of Galileo, Grotius, and New- 
 ton. The popular odium was averted for a 
 while by the protectioa of the king of Na« 
 
ot 
 
 pics, ^rho appointed him profeisaor of ethics, 
 but his application for the theological chair 
 drew upon him from the clergy the ill found- 
 ed charge of heresy. He was afterwards 
 professor of political philosophy, and died 
 1769, aged 57. He wrote in Italian, a Sys- 
 tem of Logic,— Humoros Letters, — Philo- 
 sophical Meditations on Religion and Morah- 
 ty, — Italian Morality, his best work, 
 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals in Spain, 
 succeeded his father Godegisiles 428. He 
 defeated the Suevi, conquered Africa, pilla- 
 ged Rome, and became formidable to all the 
 powers on the borders of the Mediterrane- 
 an. He died 477. 
 
 Gensonne, Armand, an advocate at 
 Bourdeaux, born 10th Aug. 1758. At the 
 revolution he warmly attacked the govern- 
 ment, and first gave currency to that horri- 
 ble opinion that suspicion was a sufficient 
 reason to condemn a person to death. He 
 however wished to refer the sentence of the 
 unhappy Lewis to the primary assemblies, 
 and he had boldness enough to demand in 
 the convention the punishment of the Sep- 
 tcmbrizers. This proved so offensive to the 
 assembly and to Robespierre, that he Was 
 marked for destruction with the Girondists, 
 and was guillotined 31st Oct. 1793. 
 
 Gentile, Ludovico, a painter of Brus- 
 sels, who died 1670, aged 64. He lived some 
 time in Italy, and painted for churches. His 
 portrait of Alexander VII. i« admired. 
 
 Gent I LIS, de FolJgno, a physician, au- 
 thor of commentaries on Avicenna. He 
 vrote also ** de Legationibus"— de Juris In- 
 terpretibus, — de Advocatioae Hispanica &c. 
 and died at Foligno, 1348. 
 
 Gent I LIS, Scipio, a native of Ancona, 
 who came into Germany, and studied at Tu- 
 bingen, Wittemberg, and Leyden, and was 
 professor of civil law at Altorf He died 
 1616, aged 51, leaving four children by his 
 wife, a beautiful lady of Lucca, whom about 
 four years before he had married. He wrote 
 ** de Jure Publico Populi Romani" ** de 
 Conjurationibus," de Bonis Maternis, &c. 
 Tasso's Jerusalem, translated into Latin verse, 
 1585, 4to. 
 
 Gentilis, John Valentine, a relation of 
 (lie preceding, who left his native country 
 Naples, not to he burnt in consequence of his 
 attachment to Arianism. He fled to Geneva, 
 but nearly was condemned to the flames, by 
 the influence of Calvin» He at last was con- 
 demned to lose his head at Berne, for the 
 violence of his religious opinions, 1567. 
 \t- Gentilis, Alberico, a native of Ancona, 
 Son of a physician. He was a lawyer^ and 
 coming to England as attached to protestant- 
 ism, he was made professor of law at Ox- 
 ford, and died 1 608, aged 58. He wrote 
 six dialogues on the Interpretation of tlie 
 Law, — a Treatise de Jure Belli, commended 
 by Grotius, — and other works. 
 
 Gentileschi, Horatio, an Italian pain- 
 ter, horn at Pisa 1563. After being admired 
 for his pieces in Genoa, Rome, Florence, and 
 Savoy, he came to England, and was patro- 
 nised by Charles!. He employed his pencil 
 VOL. I. 74 
 
 in adorning the ceiling» of Grecowicli and 
 York house, and died in England after 12 
 years' residence, aged 84. His best work is 
 the portico of cardinal Bentivoglio's palace 
 at Rome. 
 
 Gentileschi, Artemisia, daughter of 
 the preceding, was eminent as an liistorieal 
 painter. Her D«vid with the head of Go- 
 liah, is her best piece. She took some of 
 the portraits of the royal family and of the 
 nobility in England^ but chiefly lived at Na- 
 ples, where her gallantry became as public 
 as her eminence as a painter, and the splen- 
 dor of her equipage. 
 
 Gentillet, Valentine, a native of 
 Dauphine, syndic of the city of Geneva. He 
 published in 1578, an Apology for the Pro- 
 testants, often edited, and also Anti-Machia- 
 vel and Anti-Socinus, 1612. 
 
 Gentleman, Francis, an actor, author 
 of 11 dramatic pieces. He died 1784, aged 
 66. 
 
 Geoffroi, Stephen Francis, a French 
 physician and chemist, born at Paris l67!i, 
 son of an apothecary. He visited Italy, 
 Holland, and England, to complete his me- 
 dical studies, and became professor of che- 
 mistry and of medicine at the Royal college 
 at Paris. He died 1731, much respected for 
 his attention and humanity to his patients. 
 His chief work is ** Materia Medica" in 
 Latin 3 vols. 8vo. It was translated by Ber- 
 gier, and continued by Nobleville, and ex- 
 tended to 17 vols. I'imo, 
 
 Geoffroy, of Monmouth, a British his- 
 torian, author of Chronicon, sive Historia 
 Britonum, a curious book, but too full of le- 
 
 gendary tales in the history of the first Brit- 
 lish kings. He was archdeao«n of Mon- 
 mouth, and bishop of St. Asaph, which he 
 resigned to live at the monastery of Abing- 
 don, where he was abbot. He florished about 
 1150. 
 
 George, St the patron of England, was 
 supposed to have suffered martyrdom in the 
 reign of Diocletian. Little is known of his 
 history, though he is celebrated by many ec/- 
 clesiastical writers, and even by some of the 
 Mahometans. The miracles which he is said 
 to have performed are properly regarded a» 
 fabulous. 
 
 George of Trehizond, a native of Can- 
 dia, who came to Rome under Eugenius. 
 He was a popular professor of rhetoric and 
 philosophy at Vicenza, and afterwards be- 
 came secretary to pope Nicolas V. Aftef 
 residing some time, at the court of Alphonso 
 of Naples, he returned to Rome, where he 
 tlied in a good old age, 1484. He wrote de 
 Arte Rhetoric^ — Reflections on some of Ci- 
 cero's Orations and Letters, &o. and also 
 translated into Latin Eusebius' Evangelicsll 
 Preparations — some of the works of Aristo- 
 tle — Plato de Legibus — Ptolemy'e Almagest, 
 &c. besides some controversial works, 
 
 George the Cappadocian, bishop of Alex- 
 andria, was elected bishop of Alexandria by 
 the Anans after the expulsion of Athanasius 
 354. He. was of dl>sie^re origin, gad hwu in 
 
GE 
 
 EpiphanJa, ift Cilicia, and for some time he 
 was employed in selling pork and provisions 
 to the army. He afterwards went to Egypt, 
 where, though without character or integri- 
 ty, he was placed on the episcopal seat of 
 Alexandria, by the turbulent opposers of 
 Athanasius. On liis elevation he betrayed 
 llie most oppressive conduct, he laid taxes 
 severe and arbitrary on the people to enrich 
 himself, and at last became so unpopular that 
 the populace assassinated him in the sixth 
 year of his episcopacy, 361. 
 - George, surnamed Amira, a learned 
 Maronite, who came to Rome in the pontifi- 
 cate of Clement VIII. and published a valua- 
 ble Syriac and Chaldee grammar, 4to. 1596. 
 He afterwards became bishop, and patriarch 
 of the Alaronites, but he suffered much du- 
 ring the wars between the Turks and the 
 Emirs. He died about 1641. 
 
 George, duke of Clarence, brother of 
 Edward IV. of England, was condemned to 
 death, for conspiring against his brother. 
 As he was permitted to choose his own death, 
 he was, 1478, smothered in a vessel full of 
 Malmsey wine, a liquor to which he was par- 
 ticularly partial. Some suppose that he suf- 
 fered this cruel treatment from his brothei', 
 because it had been foretold by some sooth- 
 sayer, that the king's children would be de- 
 prived of the throne by a man whose name 
 was to begin with a G. ; that monster was 
 the duke of Gloucester, Richard III. 
 
 George, prince of Servia, was exposed 
 to the attacks of Mahomet II to whom he 
 had given his daughter Mary in marriage. 
 After seeing some of his children treated 
 cruelly by the victorious enemy, and his ci- 
 ties depopulated, he died in consequence of 
 a wound which he had received, 1457, in a 
 battle against the Hungarians. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his youngest son Lazarus. 
 
 George Lewis I. son of Ernest Augus- 
 tus, of Brunswick, elector of Htmover, and 
 Sophia, daughter of Frederic, elector Pala- 
 tine, and grand-daughter of James I. was 
 born 8th May 1G60. He was at the head of 
 the imperial armies in 1708 and 1709, and 
 behaved with great intrepidity and judgment, 
 and on the deatli of queen Anne, in 1714, he 
 was called to the throne of "England. By es- 
 pousing the party of the whigg, who had 
 contributed to his elevation, he highly offend- 
 ed the tories, and instead of reconciling all 
 parties to his administration, he thus sowed 
 the seeds of animosity and rebellion. An in- 
 surrection took place in Scotland, in 1715, 
 ill favor of the Pi;etender, and the general 
 tranquillity was restored only after much 
 bloodshed. During his reign, the duration 
 of parliament was extended from three to se- 
 ven years, and the order of the bath was re- 
 vived, but the partiality with which the 
 south-sea scheme, was patronised in 1720, 
 proved the ruin of several thousand families. 
 George, whose reign was distinguished by 
 firmness, and political sagacity, died sudden- 
 ly at Osnaburg, llth June 1727, in his way 
 to Hanover. He had married Sophia Doro- 
 tbea, daughter of the duke of Zell. 
 
 ^?9 
 
 OE 
 
 George Augustus IL sdn of iljc pre. 
 ceding, was born 1683, and succeeded his 
 father as elector of Hanover, and king of 
 England 1727. He was engaged in war with 
 the Spaniards, and sent agamstthe American 
 settlements admiral Vernon, who took Por- 
 to-bello, though he was unsuccessful in his 
 attack on Carthagena. In the continental 
 wars he took an active share, and headed his 
 troops at the battle of Dettingen, 1743, where 
 he obtained a brilliant victory. The insur- 
 rection of the Scotch in favor of the Preten- 
 der, in 1745, was quelled by the rapidity and 
 valor of the duke of Cumberland, who de- 
 feated the rebels at the battle of Culloden 
 1746. Though the peace of Aix-la-chapellc 
 in 1748, restored tranquillity on the continent, 
 fresh disputes soon arose, and a ne\v wav 
 was kindled, in 1755, in North America. 
 Braddock was defeated, and slain in his ex- 
 pedition in Amex'ica, and Byng was shot, for 
 not giving battle to the combined fleets, and 
 relieving Minorca in the MediteiTanean, but 
 at last the disasters of the war were forgotten 
 in the blaze of the glorious successes, which 
 under the administration of Mr. Pitt, began 
 now to adorn the annals of the country. The 
 destruction of the French power in the Ea«t 
 Indies, and the fall of Louisburg, Quebec, 
 and Canada, were followed by the defeat of 
 the French fleet under Conflans, and the tri- 
 umphs of the English navy, all over the 
 world. George died in the midst of the suc- 
 cesses of his valiant subjects, by the sudden 
 bursting of the right ventricle of the heart, 
 25th Oct. 1760, in his 77th year. He had 
 married in 1705, Caroline of Brandenburgh 
 Anspach, who died in 1737, but his domestic 
 happiness was much embittered by his dis- 
 putes with his son the prince of Wales, who 
 died 1751. The reign of this monarch was 
 splendid more than useful, he supported the 
 rights of the queen of Hungary in the war of 
 1741, and in that of 1756, he enlarged the 
 power of his subjects by his conquests ia 
 America, and in the East, but luxury and 
 corruption were permitted to florish un- 
 checked, and the conduct of the sovereign 
 was not always consonant with the strictest 
 principles of morality and virtue. 
 
 Gerakd, Tom or Tung, the institutor an^J 
 first grand master of the knights hospitalers 
 of Jerusalem, afterwards of Malta, was boru 
 at Amalfi. He took the religious habit at 
 Jerusalem in 1100, and associated with others 
 to relieve all christians in distress, and bound 
 himself to observe also chastity, poverty, and 
 obedience. He died 1120, and his order was 
 confirmed by Anaslasius IV. who divided it 
 into knights companions, clerks and serving 
 brothers. 
 
 Gerard, Balthazar, the assassin of Wil- 
 liam I. prince of Orange, was a native of Vil- 
 lefans, Franche Comt6. He ingratiated him- 
 self into the society and the friendship of 
 the unfortunate prince, by an affected air of 
 devotion, and at last perpetrated the deed 
 which he had for six years coolly meditated, 
 by shooting him through the head with a pis- 
 tol, as' he was going out of his palace at Delrt> 
 
GE 
 
 We- sufFei'cd the s&me punishment as Ravail- 
 iac and Damien, and died a martyr to the 
 church of Home, July 1584. The ijrince of 
 Orange was the head of the protestants, 
 and thence this fanatic was incited by his big- 
 oted clergy to seek, as he said, by his death, 
 the expiation of his sins, and eternal glory. 
 
 Gerard, John, a learned protestant di- 
 vine, born at Quedlimburg, 1582. He wrote, 
 among other things, the Harmony of the 
 Evangelists, Geneva, 3 vols, folio, 1640. He 
 died 1638, divinity professor at Jena. 
 
 Gerard, Dr. Alexander, professor of 
 philosophy and divinity in the university of 
 Aberdeen. He was a native of Garioch in 
 Aberdeenshire, and died March, 1795, aged 
 67. He wrote an Essay on Genius, 8vo. — 
 2 vols, of sermons — an Essay on Taste, 8"o. — 
 on the Genius and Evidences of Christianity, 
 Svo. — Discoufse on Pastoral Care, &co. 
 
 Gerard, John, a native of Jena, where 
 he became theological professor and rector 
 of the iiniversity. He was author of Harmo- 
 Tiia Linguarum Oriental. — Disputationum 
 Theologic. Fasciculus — de Sepultura Mosis 
 — de Ecolesise Copticse Ortu, &c. and died 
 1668, aged 47. His son John Ernest, died 
 professor of divinity at Geissen, and author 
 of some learned works, 1707. 
 
 Gerard, John, a native of Nantwich, 
 Cheshii'e, educated as a surgeon, and patron- 
 ised by lord Burleigh in London, of whose 
 garden he had the care. He was very emi- 
 nent as a botanist, and i)ublishexl an account, 
 in Latin, of the treoe, shrubs, plants, foreign 
 a^jd domestic, in his own garden, 4to. 1591. 
 His chief work is. Herbal, or General History 
 of Plants, 1597, best edited by Johnson 1633. 
 He died 1607, aged 6^2. 
 
 Gerardi, Christofai'O, an Italian painter 
 of Florence, who died 1556, aged 56. He 
 excelled in landscape and the grotesque as 
 well as history. 
 
 Gerardi, Mark, a painter of Bruges, 
 M'ho came to England 1580, and Avas patron- 
 ised by Elizabeth. He was equally eminent 
 in history, landscape and portrait painting, 
 and died 1635, aged 74. 
 
 &ERB Ais, John, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 eminent for his writings in support of the 
 liberties of the Galilean church. These 
 works proved highly offensive to the pope. 
 He died 1699, aged 70. 
 
 Geubelius, Nicholaus, an eminent law- 
 yer, born at Pforzeim, He died very old 
 i 560, at Strasburg, where he was professor of 
 law. He wrote,,among other things, an excel- 
 lent work contaiiwng a description of Greece, 
 Basil, 1550, folio. 
 
 Gerberon, Gabriel, a French ecclesias- 
 tic, pi'iest of the oratory, and then a Bene- 
 dictine of St. Maur, was born at Saint Calais, 
 Maine, 1628. Long distinguished at St. 
 Maur as a theological professor, he v.as or 
 dered to be arrested by Lewis XIV. for the 
 freedona of his opinions on the Jansenist con- 
 troversy, but he escaped to Holland, and in 
 1703 was seized by the bishop of Mechlin, 
 and imprisoned at Araeins, and afterwards 
 at Vinceflnes. He died at the prison of the 
 
 ;^^^' GE 
 
 abbey of St. Denis 1711, aged 82. His chief 
 work is the General History of Janscnisui, 3 
 vols. l'2mo. Amsterdam. Though impetu- 
 ous in his character, he was firm in his con- 
 duct, and exemplary in his piety. 
 
 Gerbieh, sir Balthazar, a painter of 
 Antwerp, recommended by Buckingham to 
 Charles I. who knighted him, and sent him 
 to Brussels as resident for the king of Great 
 Britain. He died 1661, aged 69. 
 
 GEaBiLL.o>r, John Francis, a Jesuit rais^ 
 be- 
 
 sionary in China. He was born in 1654, 
 came a Jesuit 1670, and was sent to China 
 1685, and died at Pekin 1707, supei-ior of all 
 the missions in China. He wrote an account 
 of his travels inserted in du Ilalde's History. 
 He was in great favor with the emperor of 
 China, for whom he wrote Elements of Geo- 
 metry, from EucHd and Archimedes, splen- 
 didly published at Pekin in the Chinese and 
 Tartarian languages. 
 
 Gerdes, Daniel, a native of Bremen, 
 who took his doctor*s degree at Utrecht, and 
 became professor of divinity at Duisburg, 
 and in 1735, at Groniugen, where he died 
 1765, aged 67. He wrote Vespers Vadenses 
 or DiatribsB Theologico-Philologicse de Hy- 
 perbolis, &c. 4to. — Obscrvationes ad quajdani 
 Loca S.S. 8cc. — Miscellanea Duisburgensia 
 ad Incrementum Rei Litterarise, &c. 4to. — 
 Florilegium Historico-Criticum, &c. — Com- 
 pendium Theologicse Dogmaticse, &c. 
 
 Gerhard, Ephraim, a native of Silesia, 
 professor of law at Altdorf, where he died 
 1718, aged 36. He wrote Delineatio Philoso- 
 phiai Kationalis, &c. 
 
 Gerlach, Stephen, a native of Swab la, 
 educated at Tubingen, where, after being 
 five years chaplain to the imperial embassy 
 at Constantinople, he became professor of 
 divinity and dean of the church. He wrote 
 Epitome of Ecclesiastical History — Journal 
 of the embassies to the Porte — dissertations, 
 &c. He died at Tubingen 1612, aged 66. 
 
 Germain, Thomas, a native of Paria, 
 son of the king's goldsmith. He resided for 
 some years at Rome, dislinguished as an in- 
 genious goldsmith and as an architect, and 
 eminent also in drawing. His metal sculp- 
 tures were so neatly wrought that they ob- 
 tained high celebrity at Paris, and sold veiy 
 dear. He died 1748, aged 74. 
 
 Germanicus, Cwsar, son of Nero and 
 Antonia, was adopted b}- Tibei-ius, and be- 
 came a popular character at Rome in conse- 
 quence of his valor in the field of battle, and 
 particularly for the goodness of his disposi- 
 tion and his many private virtues. He died 
 near Antioch, A. 1). 19, it is supposed by poi- 
 son, and was universal I3' lamented. 
 Germaxio, Anastasio, a native of Peidmont. 
 Originally-self taught he acquired celebrity 
 for his learning at Padua, and also ;\t 'I'urin, 
 where he was elected professor of canon law^. 
 His abilities recommended him to the pope?, 
 and he was made bishop of Tarantasia. He 
 died at Madrid ; where hew was an embassa- 
 dor from the duke of Savoy, 1627, aged 70 
 He wrote De Sacrorum Iniunitatibus, ;yicl 
 other tracts, » 
 
GE 
 
 Germ AiJUS, bishoij of Cyzicum, was made 
 patriarch of Constantinople 715^ «nd died 
 740. He was degraded by a council tbi' sup* 
 porting image worship. He wit)te a trea- 
 tise de Sex bynodis CEcumanicis, &c. Ano- 
 tlier of the sarae name was patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople 12^22, and deposed 1240, but re- 
 stored 1254, soon after which he died. He 
 "was author of some homilies, orations, &c. 
 
 Germyn, Simon, a Dutch paintt^r of 
 Dort, who died 1719, aged 69. His fruits 
 and landscapes are much admired. 
 
 Geuson, John, an illustrious PVenchman, 
 oanoi> and oliancellor of the church of Paris, 
 When Petit justified the murder of the duke 
 of Orleans, by the duke of Burgundy, he 
 boldly inveighed against it, and had the doc- 
 trine condemned by the doctors and bishops of 
 the university . He was at the council of 
 Constance as ambassador from France, and 
 in his eloquent speeclies he asserted the su- 
 periority of the synod over the pope. He 
 retired to Germany from the persecution of 
 the duke of Burgundy, and died 1429, aged 
 66. His writings have been published by Du 
 Pin, 5 vols. fol. 1706 in Holland, Thuanus, 
 Hoffman, Cave, and others speak highly of 
 his erudition and universal knowledge. 
 
 Geusten, Christian Lewis, a native of 
 Giessen, where he was mathematical profes- 
 sor. He was deposed from his office after- 
 wards for refusing to submit to the sentence 
 of a court of law, in a law suit with his bro- 
 ther-in-law, and was also imprisoned for 12 
 years for writing an improper letter to his 
 sovereign in vindication of his contumacy. 
 He died two years after his lil)eration from 
 confinement 1762, aged 61. He wrote Me- 
 thodus Nova ad Eclipses 'I'errce, et Appulses 
 Lunae ad Stellas supputandas — Tentamina 
 Systematis Novi ad Barometri Mutationes, 
 &c. — Exercjtationes circa Roris Meteora— 
 Method us Calculi Eclipsium Terrse, in the 
 43 vol. of philosophical transactions — Mercu- 
 rius sub Sole Visus — Quadrantes Astronom, 
 Muralis Idea Nova, &c. 
 
 Gervais, Armand Francis, a Carmelite 
 ecclesiastic, superior of his order, and in 
 1695 abbot of la Trappe, which he soon after 
 resigned. His attack on the Bernardines 
 procured his confinement in an abbey at 
 Troyes, where he died 1741. He wrote an 
 History of the Cistercian Order — the Lives 
 of Eloisa and Abelard, and other works in 
 theology and biography, 
 
 Geuv At SE, Nicholas, a French mission- 
 ary in Siwrn, afterwards provost of Seu- 
 vre in the church of St, Martin of Tours. 
 He was at Rome in 1724, and was made 
 bishop of Horren, and soon after went as 
 xnissionary to Guiana, where he and his at- 
 tendants were cruelly murdered by the na- 
 tives 1729, He wrote History of Boethius — 
 Life of St Martin of Tours — and the Histo- 
 3ry of his Church — the Natural and Political 
 History of Siam, 4to. 1688. 
 
 Gesner, Conrad, an able scholar, phy- 
 sician, and philosopher, borrv at Zurich 1516, 
 The poverty of his father would have check- 
 ed the display of his great abilitieSj had not 
 
 ^/<f 
 
 GET 
 
 Ammies, professor of Lfttin an^ cloquetfcA 
 at Zurich, with noble generosity, taken him 
 to his own house and provided for his educa- 
 tion. The death of his father left him his 
 own master, and he began to travel to seek 
 liis fortune. He visited Strasburg, where he 
 made some progress in the Hebrew language^ 
 and as he was allowed a small pension from 
 Zurich university, he made the tour of 
 France, and in company with John Frisius 
 came to Paris. He afterwards returned to 
 Strasburg, and was called back to Zurich to 
 preside over a school, and there he married 
 His appointment, however, was not ade- 
 quate to his expenses, and determining to ap.' 
 ply himself to physic he left Zurich in dis- 
 gust, and studied the Greek physicians in 
 their own language at Basil, till he was ho- 
 norably nominated Greek professor at l<au- 
 sanne. In some degree thus independent he 
 applied himself with redoubled assiduity to 
 the medical profession, and passed to Mont- 
 l)ellier where he devoted himself to anatomy 
 and botany, and on his return to Zurich he 
 began to practice as physician, and received 
 the honor of a doctor's degree. He was ai>- 
 pointed there professor of philosophy, a place 
 which he enjoyed 24 years till his death. He 
 died of the plague 1565. For the variety of 
 his attainments, and the extent of his erudi- 
 tion, he was deservedly called the Germaa 
 Pliny, and among his various avocations he 
 found time to w rite not less than 66 various 
 pieces on subjects of grammar, botany, me- 
 dicine, and natural history. He was the first 
 who distinguished the genera of plants b}'' 
 the comparison of their flowers, seeds, and 
 fruits. 
 
 Gesner, Solomon, bcokseller of Zurich, 
 was author of so«ae elegant poems in the 
 German language. He was member of the 
 senate of Zurich, and also obtained celebrity 
 by his landscape paintings, many of which 
 were sold in England, The most admired of 
 his compositions is the Death of Abel, inpd- 
 etic prose, which has been translated into 
 English. He died 2d March 1788, aged 58. 
 He wrote besides, " Night" — Uaphnis, a 
 pastoral — Idylls — a Letter on landscape 
 painting — poems, &c. He also published 10 
 landscapes engraved by himself 1765, 
 
 Gesner, .John Matthew, an able scholaV 
 and acute critic, of the family of Conrad 
 Gesner, born near Newburg in Germany 
 1691, After studying eight years at Ans- 
 pach, he was appointed by the recommen- 
 dation of Budus to superintend the public 
 school at Weinheim, Eleven years after he 
 was removed to the same but more lucrative 
 situation at Anspach, and lastly to Gottcn- 
 gen, where he became professor of humani- 
 ty, public librarian, and inspector of public 
 schools in the province of Lunebnrg, He 
 died at Gottingen universally respected in 
 1761, He is much known as the author of 
 some valuable editions of the classics, of which 
 the Horace and Claudian are the more popu- 
 lar. He also published a most excellent The. 
 saurus of the Latin tongue. 
 
 Gesner, John James, a native of Zutich. 
 
GH 
 
 /^y^ GI 
 
 Rome, «iul knighted by Francis I. duke ml 
 Parma, his abilities were employed by the 
 pope in adorning the castle of Gondolfo, and 
 other public edifices. He died 1755, aged 81. 
 Ghilini, Jerome, an Italian writer, born 
 at Monza, in Milan, 1581). He was educated 
 by the Jesuits at Milan, in philosophy and 
 polite literature, and studied the civil and 
 canon law at Parma. He married j but up- 
 on the death of his wife he became an eccle- 
 siastic. He lived to the age of 80. He is 
 chiefly known for his " Theatro d'Huomini 
 Letterati," reprinted 2 vols- 4lo. Venice, 
 1647. The work, though praiaed by Baillet, 
 is considered in general as insipid, partial, 
 and often incorrect. He wrote besides, Ca- 
 
 Me was professor in the university, and died 
 there 1787, aged 80. He wrote Thesaurus 
 Universalis Omnium Numismatum Veterum 
 Grjscor. & Roman. 4 vols. fol.—Specimen 
 Itei Nummarise Numismata Regum Mace- 
 don ex Laboribus Crophii, Lazii. Golzii, &c. 
 
 Gesner, Solomon, a native of Silesia, who 
 studied at Breslau and Strasbui-g, and be- 
 came divinity professor at Wittemberg, 1593, 
 and afterwards dean and rector of the uni- 
 versity. He wrote the Prophecy of Hosea 
 from Jerome's version — Dissertation on Ge- 
 nesis, &:c. — Disquisition on the Psalter — ser- 
 mons, essays, &c. He died 1605, aged 46. 
 
 Get A, Septimius, son of the emperor 
 Severas, and brother of (yaracalla, was slain , ,. 
 
 in the arms of his mother, by his brother ses of Conscience — poems—Annals ot Alcs- 
 
 who was jealous of his merits and virtues, 
 A. D. 212. 
 
 Gethin, lady Grace, an English lady, 
 daughter of sir George Norton, of Abbots- 
 Leith, Somersetshire, born 1676. She 
 married sir Richard Gethin, of Gethin- 
 Grott, Ireland; but she did not live long 
 enough to display to the world the superior 
 talents she possessed, as she died at the pre- 
 mature age of 21. She was buried in West- 
 minster abbey, where a beautiful monument 
 records her merits, and where, to perpetu- 
 ate her memorj', she also founded a sermon 
 to be preached every Ash-Wednesday for 
 ever. After her death were published " Re- 
 liquiae Gethiniansc," or Remains of the inge- 
 nious and excellent lady Grace Gethin, being 
 a collection of choice discourses, pleasant 
 apophthegms, and witty sentences, &c. 1700, 
 4to. This work, containing much good sense 
 and many judicious observations, deserves 
 the compliments which the fair author recei- 
 ved from the pen of Congreve. 
 
 Ge THING, Richard, a curious penman of 
 Herefordshire. He settled in London about 
 1616, at the Hand and Pen, Fetter lane, 
 London, and published copy-books of various 
 hands with plates. One of them was dedi- 
 catcd to sir Francis Bacon. The time of his 
 death is not mentioned. 
 
 Gevartius, John Gasper, an eminent 
 ci'itic, borh at Antwerp 1593. He studied 
 under the Jesuits at Antwerp, and then re- 
 moved to Louvain and to Douay. He was at 
 Paris in 1617, and took the degree of LL. D. 
 in the university of Douay, and became town 
 clerk of Antwerp, an employment which he 
 Tield till his death 1666. He was married 
 1625. He published Lectionum Papiniana- 
 ram Libri quinque in Statii Sylvas, 1621, 
 8vo. Leyden — Electorum Libri tres, &c. 
 1^19, 4to, Paris — a Latin poem on the death 
 of Thuanus, 1618, &c. 
 
 Geuss, John Michael, anativeof Holstein, 
 iprofessor of mathematics at Copenhagen, and 
 author of the Theory of the Art ofconstrwct- 
 Jng Mines, 1776 — a voyage to Iceland, from 
 the German, 2 vols. 4to. — an edition of Lo- 
 garithmi Numerorum ab Unitate ad 10,000, 
 &c. He died at Holstein 1786, aged 41. 
 
 Ghelen, Sigismund, orGELENius. Vid. 
 Gei.enius. 
 
 Gke^ii, Petdr I^e'Sii*^ a jj^inter, born at 
 
 sandria. 
 
 Gil IRL AND AID, Domenico, a Florentine 
 painter, born 1449. He was intended for 
 the profession of a goldsmith ; but he studied 
 with success painting, and though his pieces 
 possess not superior merit, he is yet res- 
 pected as the master of the great Michael 
 Angelo. His three sons, David, Benedict, 
 and Randolph, were distinguished as paint- 
 ers. He died at the age of 44. 
 
 Ghisolfi, Giovanni, a painter of Milan, 
 who died 1683, aged 60. His perspective 
 views and his sea ports are much admired. 
 
 GiAFAR, or Sadek the Just,a Mussul- 
 man doctor, by the mother side, descended 
 from Abubekir the caliph. He wrote a book 
 of Prophecies — one on lots and traditions, 
 and died at Medina 764. 
 
 GiAHEDH, or Large-eyed, a Mussulman, 
 the head of the Motazales, a sect who united 
 religion and philosophy. He wrote treatises 
 on Metaphysics, &c. and died 840. 
 
 G I AN NO XI, Peter, a Neapolitan, author 
 of an history of his country, which so ollend- 
 ed the court of Rome that he fled from per- 
 secution to the king of Sardinia's dominions, 
 and died at Piedmont 1748, aged 68. His 
 history was translated into French by Des- 
 manceaux. 
 
 GiBALYN, le Comte dc, author of **le 
 Monde Primitif," died 1784, aged 59. For 
 this valuable work he twice received the- 
 prize of 1200 livres from the French academy. 
 Gibbon, Edward, the celebrated author 
 of the history of the Decline and Fall of the' 
 Roman Empire, was born at Putney, 8th 
 May 1737, of a very respectable and ancient 
 family. From Kingston-school he removed 
 to Westminster, and afterwards entered as 
 gentleman commoner at Magtlalen college, 
 Oxford. At the university he paid much 
 attention to books of divinity, especially the 
 works of Bossuet, and as he had never imbi- 
 bed in his youth proper notions of religion, 
 and decided tenets of faith, he at last, either 
 from conviction, or the love of singularity, 
 embraced the Roman Catholic principles, 
 and in 1753 renounced the heresy of the pro- 
 testants in the presence of a popish priest 
 in London, and was received into the bosom 
 of the church. This conduct alarmed and 
 displeased his father, who immediately 
 seT?t him t« Ltfttsanae, -^vhere, under the 
 
Gl 
 
 sjr^ 
 
 Gl 
 
 tVienilly cane, and by the sensible couVersa- 
 lion of Pavilliard, a protestant divine, he was 
 made to understand the tt-ue nature of reli- 
 gion, and the pure doctrines of the gospel, 
 and in 1754 he renounced his errors, and 
 received as a pledge df his reconciliation, 
 th« sacrament, according to tlie rites of the 
 reformed church. During his residence at 
 Lausanne, he paid much attention to classi- 
 cal literature, and acquired such a j)erfect 
 knowledge of the French language, that he 
 both spoke and wrote it with the same 
 facility as his own native tongue. He here 
 became intimate with the daughter of a pro- 
 testant minister, an accomplished woman, 
 ■who afterwards became the wife of the cele- 
 brated Necker; but his wish to form a ma- 
 trimonial connection with the lady was 
 checked by his father, and while he sighed 
 as a lover, he obeyed as a son, and abandon- 
 ed the object of his ])assion to lead the rest 
 of Hfe in peevish celibacy. In 175S he re- 
 tui'ued to England, but though engaged in a 
 military life, as the captain of the grenadiers 
 of the Hampshire militia, he continued his 
 studies in the midst of the dissipation of a 
 c«rap, atid found more pleasure in the com- 
 pany of his favorite authors, than in the 
 society of gay and profligate associates. His 
 jBssai sur I'Etude de la l^iterature, appeai'ed 
 in 1761, dedicated to his father, and was 
 admired as an elegant and correct perform- 
 ance. At the peace of 1763 he quitted the 
 ^nilitia, and travelled through Paris and 
 Switzerland to Italy, and in the midst of the 
 ruins of the capital, formed the plan of that 
 great work M'hich has immortalized his 
 name. He contributed much to the com- 
 pletion of the " Memoires Literaires" of 
 Great Britain by Deyverdun 1767, and in 
 1770, he attacked Warbui'ton's hypothesis 
 on the descent of JEneas to the infernal re- 
 gions, in his critical observations on the sixth 
 book of Virgil's ^neid. The death of his 
 father in 1770, left him master of a comfort- 
 able, independent, though encumbered fa- 
 mily estate, and therefore as an owner of 
 landed property, he determined to add to 
 the consequence of his rank, by obtaining a 
 seat in parliament for Liskeard in 1774. The 
 first volume of his immortal work, the De- 
 cline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ap- 
 peared in 1776, and was continued and com- 
 pleted in five other quarto volumes. The 
 book was received with universal applause, 
 and his booksellei", Mr. Cadell, sensible of 
 the merits of the performance, and of its 
 rapid sale, liberally paid him on the com- 
 pletion of the history 8000/. Much and 
 deservedly as the historian is commended, 
 yet it is to be lamented that he has inveighed 
 with sarcastic rudeness, and with an insulting 
 air of affected impartiality, against the great 
 truths of Christianity. The unsettled state 
 ot his own religious opinions, and the fre- 
 quent visits Avhich he paid to the infidel hero 
 of Ferney, left it indeed doubtful whether 
 he was much more than a masked atheist ; 
 but it required the deep arts of hypocrisy to 
 i»petend to develop the awful causTes whieli 
 
 ppodaced the redemption of mankind, and 
 to unveil the mysteries which cover the 
 revelations of heaven to fallen sinners. It is 
 therefore not to be wondered, that the two 
 oftensive chapters on the growth and pro- 
 gress of Christianity were violently attacked 
 by various writers, but these were disregard- 
 ed by the phlegmatic historian, who deigned 
 to give a reply only to Mr. Davis because 
 he had accused him with want of fidelity. 
 Though the abilities of the historian were 
 thus acknowledged of superior rank, and his 
 powers of understanding extensive, yet he 
 never ventured to speak in parliament, but 
 during the eight years in which he held a 
 seat, he gave a silent vote for the minister. 
 His M.emoir on the War with France, in 
 consequence of her espousing the cause of 
 the Colonies, written in French, was much 
 admired; and procured for him, from lord 
 North, a seat at the board of Trade, till its 
 abolition by Burke's bill. In 1783 Gibbon 
 returned to Switzerland, to complete the 
 three last volumes of his history, and he 
 I'eturned to England 1788, where the work 
 was published complete on his birth-day. 
 He afterwards returned to Lausanne, but 
 the horrors of the French revolution, thfe 
 origin of which he with many other virtuous 
 and sensible characters had falsely hailed as 
 the regeneration of mankind, disturbed the 
 tranquillity of his retirement and he hastened 
 baek to England. He died of a dropsy IGth 
 Jan. 1794, at the house of his friend lord 
 Sheffield. His posthumous works, with his 
 memoirs written by himself, and finished by 
 the pen of his friend lord Sheffield, appeared 
 in 2 vols. 4to. soon after his death. His char- 
 acter as a writer has been well drawn up by 
 the nervous pen of Mr. Porson in his letters 
 to arclideacon Travis. His history he allows 
 to be one of the ablest performances that 
 has ever appeared. His industry is indefati- 
 gable, his accuracy scrupulous, his reading, 
 which is sometimes ostentatiously displayed, 
 immense, his attention always awake, his 
 memory extensive, his periods harmonious. 
 In endeavoring however to avoid vulgar 
 terms he too frequently dignifies trifles, and 
 clothes common thoughts in a splendid dress, 
 that would be ricli enough for the noblest 
 ideas. In his anxiety to vary his phrase, 
 he beconies obscure, and instead of calling 
 his personages by their names, he describes 
 them by their birth, alliance, office, or other 
 circumstances of their history. An unpar- 
 donable fault too, is his rage for indecency, 
 which pervades the whole work, especially 
 the last volumes, though it is remarkable he 
 is so affectedly prudish that he dares not call 
 Belisarius a cuckold, because it is too bad a 
 word to be used by a decent historian. 
 
 GIBBON'S, Grinling, a famous sculptor, 
 son of a Dutchman, settled in England. He 
 was a member of the board of works, an<i 
 was employed by Charles II. The best spe- 
 cimens of his art are the foliage in Windsor 
 chapel, the choir of St. Paul's cathedral, the 
 font of St. James's church, Westminster, 
 and particularly the ornametits of Fetvortli 
 house. He died 1721. 
 
GviBBONS, Oi'lando, a native of Cambridge, 
 made organist of the royal chapel, and ad- 
 mitted Mus. D. at Oxford 1622. He died 
 three years after, of the small-pox, at Canter- 
 bury, aged 42. His compositions in music 
 were far superior to all those of his age. He 
 publish«d Madrigals, 1012, &c. His son, 
 and also two brothers, were eminent as 
 musicians. 
 
 GiBBS, James, an architect, born at 
 Aberdeen 1685. Besides tlie design of St. 
 Martin's church, London, which cost 32,000/. 
 in the erection, the new church at Derby, 
 the senate house, and the new buildings of 
 King's college, Cambridge, and St. Mary's 
 church in the Strand, are part of his v/orks. 
 He sold his designs in 172S for 1500/. and 
 the plates for 400/. He died 5th Aug. 1754. 
 
 GiBERT, Balthasar, a native of Aix, who, 
 after being fouryears professor of phi!r»30phy 
 at Beauvais, was elected to the chair of rhe- 
 toric at the college of Mazarin, where he 
 prqsided 50 years. Though highly respect- 
 ed at Paris he was banished to Auxerre by 
 the court in 1740, because he opposed the 
 revocation of an appeal which the university 
 liad made against the bull Unigenitus. He 
 died at Regennes 28th Oct. 1741, aged 77. 
 His works are Rhetorique, or les Regies de 
 I'Eloquence — Jugement des Savans sur les 
 Auteurs qui ont traite de la Rhetorique, 3 
 vols. — Observations sur le Traits des Etudes 
 de Rollin, &c. His nephew Joseph was also 
 a man of literal*}' fame, and wrote Memoire 
 pour I'Histoire des Gaules, &c. He died at 
 Paris 1771, aged 60. 
 
 GiBERT, John Peter, a native of Aix, 
 professor of theology at Toulon and at Aix, 
 from which he, in 1709, removed to Paris. 
 He lived here in a very retired and abste- 
 mious manner, and though offered several 
 benefices he refused them all with the most 
 indifferent composure. As a canonist, learn- 
 ed and well informed, he was highly res- 
 pected. He died poor at Paris 2d Dec. 
 1736, aged 76. He Avrotc Practical Cases 
 concerning the Sacraments — Memoirs con- 
 cerning the holy Scriptures — Institutions ec- 
 clesiastical and beneficial, &c. — Usage of the 
 Gallican Church in Censures, &c. — Tradi- 
 tions, or History of the Church, on Mar- 
 riage — Corpus Juris Canonici, Sue 3 vols. fol. 
 — Notes on the Treatise of Abus, &c. 
 
 GiBERTi, John Matthew, a native of Pa- 
 lermo, who obtained favor and consequence 
 at the court of Leo X. and Clement VII. and 
 became gover nor of Tivoli and bishop of Ve- 
 rona. He was, in 1527, one of the hostages 
 whom Clement delivered to the Imperialists, 
 and, accortling to the barbarous prejudices 
 of those times, he was treated with great 
 rudeness, and even cruelty. When set at 
 liberty he retired to his diocese ; but return- 
 ed to Rome at the invitation of Paul II. and 
 with a liberal mind he established in his own 
 house a Greek press, and thus enabled the 
 learned men whom he patronised to publish 
 some Qtlitions of the writings of the fathers. 
 His letters and directions to the clergv are 
 valuable. He died 154:?. 
 
 ■■7f 
 
 GI 
 
 GiBiEUP, William, a priest of the con:* 
 gregation of the oratory, who wrote a book on 
 the Liberty of God, and of the Creator, iu 
 Latin, a perfoirnance of great merit. He 
 died 1650. 
 
 Gibson, Edmund, an English prelate, 
 born at Knipe, near liampton, Westmore- 
 land, 106U. From a school in the county 
 he entered as servitor at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and soon evinced his proficiency by 
 publishing 1691, William Drummond's " Po- 
 lemo Middiana" ami James V. of Scotland's 
 Cantilena Rustiea, 4 to. with curious and in- 
 teresting notes. In 1692, he published a 
 Latin translation of the ChroniconSa.xonicuiu 
 4to. and soon after Librorum MSS. in duabus 
 Insignibas Bibliothecis, Altera Tenison,.Lon- 
 dini. Altera Dugdali, Oxonii, Catalogus,. 
 dedicated toTenison bishop of Lincoln, who 
 appointed him his chaplain. He took his 
 master's degree in 1694, and the next year 
 shoAved his abilities as an antiquarian by pub-' 
 lishing Camden's Britannia, with great addi- 
 tions, also dedicated to Tenison, under 
 whose patronage he rose to the rectory of 
 Stisted, Essex in 1700, the rectory ofLam-r 
 beth, and the mastership of St. Mary's hos- 
 pital 1703, and in 1710, the archdeaconry ol 
 Surrey. His Codex Juris Ecelesiastici Ang- 
 licani in fol. appeared in 1713, and while it. 
 commanded the applause of the friends of 
 the church, excited the censures and the en- 
 vy of its enemies. When Wake on Teal- 
 son's death succeeded to the primacy 1715^ 
 Gibson was raised to the see of Lincoln in 
 his room, and in 1723, he was translated to 
 London. He died at Bath 6th Sep. 1748, 
 leaving .«everal children. As a prelate Gib- 
 son ranks high. Vigilant over the rights of 
 the church, he warmly supported the test 
 act, and was zealous that those who were ad- 
 mitted into holy orders should be persons of 
 character, discretion, and learning. The es- 
 tablishment of preachers from Oxford and 
 Cambridge, at Whitehall, alternately, took 
 place at his suggestion. This worthy pre- 
 late wrijte, besides, some tracts and pastoral 
 letters, wisely calculated to recommend re- 
 ligion and to counteract infidelity and immo- 
 rality. 
 
 Gibson, William, a self-taught mathe- 
 matician, born at Boultou near Appleby, 
 Westmoreland, and died 1791, aged 7L. 
 Though he publisiied nothing, his know- 
 ledge of mathematics, of uavigationj, of me- 
 chanics, optics, and experimeutal philosophy, 
 was very great and very accurate. 
 
 Gibson, Thomas, an eminent painttr^ 
 known at Oxford and in London. He died 
 April 28th 1751, aged about 71. 
 
 Gibson, Thomr.s, a physician, born at 
 Morpeth in Northumberland. He was Very- 
 eminent for his knowledge of botany, histo- 
 ry, physic, and divinity, and he performed 
 very popular cures. He favored the refor- 
 mation, and fled during the persecution of 
 Mary, but returned under Elizabeth, andi 
 died in London 1562. The titles of his wrif 
 tings are preserved in Tanner, and in Aikfif'S 
 Memoirs of Me<Irclne. 
 
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 m 
 
 GiBSOir, Richard, commonly called the 
 dwarf, was an eminent painter in the time of 
 sir Peter Lely. He was originally servant to 
 a lady at Mortlake, who observed and en- 
 couraged his fondness for painting, and pla- 
 ced him under de Cieyn, master of the ta- 
 pestry works at Mortlake, and the designer 
 of the cuts for Ogilvy's works, and Sandys' 
 Ovid. Gibson's pieces in water colors, but 
 especially his copies of Lely's portraits, gain- 
 ed him great reputation. He was page of 
 the back stairs to Charles I. he was also a fa- 
 vorite with Oliver Cromwell, and drew him 
 several times, and he also instructed in 
 drawing the princesses Mary and Anne af- 
 terwards queens. He married Mrs. Anne 
 Shepherd who was likewise a dwarf, and the 
 ceremony was honored by the presence of 
 Charles I. who gave away the bride. 
 Though only three feet ten inches, they had 
 nine children, five of which reached matu- 
 rity, and were Avell proportioned, and of the 
 common size. Gibson died in Coven t Gar- 
 den in his 75th year, and his wife 20 years 
 after, 1709, aged 89. 
 
 Gibson, William, nephew of Richard, 
 was instructed by him and Lely in the art of 
 painting, in which he became eminent. He 
 was successful as a limner, and a copier of 
 sir Peter Lely; whose collection he pur- 
 chased at his death, and enriched with seve- 
 ral valuable foreign pieces. He died of a 
 lethargy, 1702, agei 58. 
 
 Gibson, Edward, kinsman to William, 
 was instructed by him in drawing. He first 
 painted in oil, but afterwards acquired great 
 celebrity in crayons. His promising abili- 
 ties were cut short by death when very 
 young. 
 
 Gideon, one of the judges of Israel. He 
 was of the tribe of Manasseh and Avas called 
 by God, while he was threshing, to extricate 
 the people of Israel from the oppression of 
 the Midianites. He was judge over the 
 nation forty years, and died B. C. 12,3G. 
 
 GiTFANius, Hubertus or Obertus, a critic 
 and civilian, born at Buren in Guelderland, 
 1534. He pursued his studies at Louvain 
 «nd Paris, and first erected a library for the 
 Germans at Orleans, where he took the 
 degree of doctor of civil law, 1567. He was 
 in Italy in the suite of the French ambassa- 
 dor, and afterwards was professor of phi- 
 losophy at Strasburg, and then at Altdorf 
 and Ingoldstadt. He abandoned the pro- 
 testants for popeiy, and was made counsel- 
 lor to the emperor Rodolph. He died at 
 Prague I6th Aiig. 160'4, according to Thua- 
 hus. He wrote notes and commentaries on 
 Homer, Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, Lu- 
 cretius, and other authors, and some law 
 tracts, but he is accused with dishonorably 
 suppressing the publication of the MSS. of 
 Fruterius, an extraordinary youth who died 
 at the age of twenty -five at Paris, and 
 which had been intrusted to his care. He 
 was unfortunately engaged in quarrels with 
 Larabin, Scioppius, and others, which, in 
 exhibiting the passions of human nature, too 
 often show that the intellectual powers do 
 
 not always exercise that authority over Uie 
 heart which religion dictates. 
 
 GiFFORD, Dr. Andrew, a baptist minis- 
 ter, for some time, assistant librarian in the 
 British museum. He died 1784, aged 84, leav- 
 ing his library to the baptist meeting, Bristol. 
 
 GiFFORD, Richard, an English divine, 
 educated at Baliol college, Oxford, which he 
 left after taking his first degree in arts. He 
 was for some time curate of Richard'a 
 castle, Herefordshire, and then morning 
 preacher of St. Anne's Soho, and in 1758, 
 he became chaplain to the mai-quis of Twee- 
 dale, and the next year obtained from bishop 
 Cornwallis, Duflield vicarage in Derbyshire. 
 He was presented, in 1772, to North Oken- 
 don rectory in Essex, where he was unable 
 long to reside on account of the pestilential 
 vapors of the fens. He was author of Re- 
 marks on Kennicott's Dissertation on the 
 Tree of Life in Paradise, — Contemplation, 
 a poem, 1753, quoted by Johnson in his die-, 
 tionary, — Outlines of an Answer to Dr. 
 Priestley's Disquisitions on Matter and Spirit, 
 &e. He died at Duffield much respected, 
 1st March 1807, aged 82. 
 
 Gig GEO, Anthony, an Italian divine, who 
 settled at Milan, and translated into Latin 
 the commentaries of R. R. G. Solomon, 
 Aben Ezra, and Levi Gersom on the Pro- 
 verbs. His chief work is Thesaurus Lingux 
 Arabicje, or Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, four 
 vols, folio. He died about 1632. 
 
 Gilbert, William, a learned physician, 
 who first discovered some of the properties 
 of the load-stone, was born 1540, at Colches- 
 ter, where his father was recorder. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, but he took his de- 
 gree of M.I) abroad, and on his return to 
 London, was elected fellow of the college o^ 
 physicians 1573. He began to practise m 
 London with such reputation, that Elizabeth 
 appointed him her physician, with a liberal 
 pension. In 1600, he published his book 
 " de Magnete, &c. Physiologia Nova,** 
 which contained the observations of former 
 writers, and might be said to be the founda- 
 tion of all future improvements. He died 
 30th November 1603, and was buried in 
 Trinity church, Colchester. His reputa- 
 tion, in consequence of bis discoveries on the 
 magnet was very extensive, so that not only 
 Carpenter, Barrow, sir Kenelm Digby, and 
 others have compared him to Harvey, to 
 Galileo, to Gassendus, and other great lu- 
 minaries of philosophy, but foreigners have 
 regarded him as a man of uncommon merit 
 and of superior abilities. His MS. de Mundi 
 Nostri Philosopliia Nov^, was published at 
 Amsterdam, 1651, 4to. by sir William Bos^ 
 well. He left his books, &c. to the college 
 of physicians. 
 
 Gilbert, Thomas B. D, an English di- 
 vine, educated at Edmund hall, Oxfoi-d. He 
 was ejected from the ]>arish of Egmond, 
 Salop, for nonconformity, 1662, and died 
 14th July, 1694, aged 83. He wrote som* 
 theological tracts, and it is said that he made 
 a convert of Dr. South to his opinion eoii- 
 ceraing predestination. 
 
GI 
 
 ^r/ 
 
 GI 
 
 Gilbert, sir Humphrey, an able navi- 
 gator, born at Dartmouth. His mother, 
 When a widow, married Mr. Raleigh, by 
 whom she had the famous sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh. He was educated at Eton, and Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards followed the military 
 profession, and was knighted iti 1570, for his 
 services in Irchmd. He, in 1583^ took pos- 
 session of Newfoundland, in the name of his 
 mistress Elizabeth, wh^re his attempts to 
 settle a colony on the Ameriean continent 
 •wei-e unsuccessful. H6 wrote a book to 
 prove a N. W. passage to Cathaia, and the 
 Indies. On his return from Newfoundland, 
 the ship in which he was, foundered, and 
 every soul on board perished, 1584. 
 
 Gilbert, Jeffrey, chief baron of the 
 exchequer iu Ireland, and afterwards ih 
 England, abridged Locke's Essay on the 
 Human Understanding, published by Dodd 
 i750, and translated the 12th ode of Ho- 
 race's second book, in a very elegant style, 
 which was inserted in the Wit's f Jorace, p. 
 67. 
 
 Gild AS, the most ancient of British his- 
 torians, is known for his epistle written 560, 
 twelve years after the evacuation of Britain 
 by the Romans. He lived near the wall 
 btiilt by Severns, and Nicholson calls him 
 a monk of Bang<)r. His epistle was trans- 
 lated into English in the reign of Charles II. 
 There was also a poet of that name concern- 
 ed m the writing of the prophecies of Mer- 
 lin in Latin verse. 
 
 GlLDON, Charles, an English critic, born 
 at Gillingham, Dorsetshire, 1G66. As his 
 friends were of the Roman catholic persua- 
 sion, he was sent to Douay, to become a 
 priest, but his inclinations were not for the 
 church, and he returned to England, 1685. 
 He spent in youthful follies, in London, the 
 greatest part of his property, and married 
 a woman of no fortune, and at last to re- 
 trieve his affairs, at the age of twenty -three, 
 ne went on the stage, but {jroved un success- 
 ful as an actor, as well as the author of three 
 plays. He afterwards published various 
 pamphlets and essays, and affected the name 
 and office of a witic, and wrote his " Com- 
 plete Art of Poetry," and the " Laws of 
 Poetry," &c. He ofFendetl-Pope, for which 
 he was placed in a conspieuoiis place in the 
 Dunciad. He died 1723. 
 
 Giles, of Viterbo, an Italian cardinal, 
 the favorite of the popes Julius II. and L-eo 
 X. He was legate in Germany, from the 
 pope, and made a cardinal. He died 1532. 
 He was author of Commentaries on the 
 Psalms — dialogues — letters — poems — Re- 
 marks on the three first Chapters of Gene- 
 sis, &c. 
 
 Giles, John, or jEcifiiHS, was born at 
 St. Alban's in tl*e 13th century. He studied 
 jrt Paris, ami wa^ physician to Philip, king of 
 France, and professor of Medicine, at Mont- 
 pellier, and Paris. He was also made D. D. 
 and was the first Englishman on record en- 
 tered among the Dominicans. He was an 
 eloquent preacher, and as enaiient for his 
 physical reoJii^s, 
 
 VOL. T, 75 
 
 GiLiMEU, orGELiMER, descended^ from 
 Genseric, was the last of the Vandal kings 
 of Africa. He deposed his relation Hilder- 
 ic, 530, but fled into Numklia, when iuva- 
 ited by the superior force of the great Belisa- 
 rius. He was at last taken prisoner after 
 various defeats, and when led through the 
 Streets of Constantinople, he exclaimed. 
 Vanity of vanities, all is vanity ! He was 
 honored by Justinian, but refused to be rais- 
 ed to the rank of senator, as it was offered 
 on condition of his renouncing Arianism. 
 
 Gill, Alexander, an English scholar, ed- 
 ucated at Christ-church, Oxford, and made 
 master of St. Paul's school 1 608, in which he 
 continued till his death 1635, at the age of 
 71. He wrote some theological tracts, and 
 was buried in Mercers' chapel. 
 
 Gill, Alexander, son of the above, was 
 born in London, and admitted at Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxforil. lie was usher to his father 
 in St. Paul's school, and succeeded him in 
 1635. He removed five years after and 
 kept a school in Aldersgatc, till his death 
 1642. He is called by Wood, a good Latin 
 poet. 
 
 Gill, John D. D. a dissenting minister 
 born at Kettering, Northamptonshire, 19th 
 Nov. 1697. In 1716, he was admitted pastor 
 of the atuibaptists at Kettering, and two 
 years after went in the same capacity to 
 Higham Ferrers. la 1721, he was invited 
 to Horsleydown meeting, in Southwark, and 
 soon after removed to Tooley street, where 
 he died Oct. 13th 1771. He ranked high .as 
 a good orientalist, and as an extensive scho- 
 lar. His publications were numerous, and 
 in his principles he was a rigid Calvinist. 
 His works are, an Exposition of the Bible, 9 
 vols. fol. a valuable performance — the Causo 
 of God and Truth, 3 vols. 8vo. — a Body of 
 Divinity, 3 vols. 4to — a dissertation on the 
 Antiquity of the Hebrew Language — tracts 
 and sermons. 
 
 GiLLEs, Peter, a learned adventurer, 
 born at Albi 1490. He distinguished him- 
 self by his knowledge of classical literature, 
 and in 1532 he dedicated a book to Francis 
 I. and invited him to send learned men into 
 foreign countries to examine their manners 
 and customs. He was accordingly sen% by 
 the monarch to the Levant, but as he was 
 not supplied with money £ov his expenses 
 as he expected, he was obliged in his dis- 
 tress to enrol himself in the army of Soli- 
 man II. for subsistence. He was afterwards 
 engaged in another voyage, and carried by 
 the pirates to Algiers, from which he extri- 
 cated himself by the liberal assistance of car- 
 dinal d'Armagnac. He died at Rome 1555, 
 He was author of Tracts de Vi et Naturfi, 
 Animalium — de Bosphoro Thraoio— de To- 
 pographia Constajitinopoleos. 
 
 Gillespie, George, a Scotch divine, 
 one of the four sent as commissioners from 
 the church of Scotland to Westminster 1643. 
 He wrote Aaron's Rod Blossoming— Miscel- 
 laneous Questions, &cc. and died 17th Dec. 
 1648. 
 
 GitioT, Clfifnde, « French paint<>r ati< 
 
GI 
 
 .^^^ 
 
 GI 
 
 engraver of Langres, disciple to Vateau, ai»d 
 the master of J. Baptiste Comeille. He 
 died at Paris 172'i, aged 49. He was hap- 
 py in representing grotesque figures,&c. 
 
 Gilpin, Bernard, an eminent divine, 
 born at Kentmire, Westmoreland, and ed- 
 ucated at Queen's college, Oxfoi'd, of which 
 he became fellow. He afterwards went to 
 Christ church, and became a zealous sup- 
 porter of the reformation in consequence of 
 reading attentively the works of Erasmus, 
 and of other German divines. He obtained 
 in 1552 the living of Norton in Durham di- 
 ocese, but with remarkable humility he re- 
 signed it, considering himself as yet unfit to 
 preside over the spiritual concerns of a par- 
 ish. He next visited the continent, where 
 he printed a treatise on the sacraments, 
 written by his uncle Tonstal, and returned 
 to England in 1556. By the -patronage of 
 his uncle he now obtained the archdeaconry 
 of Durham, and the rectory of Easington, 
 and afterwards the rectory of Houghton le 
 Spring. Zealous and active he conducted 
 himself as the friend of piety and religion, 
 he enforced residence among the clergy, 
 and every where supported the honor and 
 the interests of virtue. His influence as a 
 paster was considered as so great that Bon- 
 ner, jealous of the inci-easing power of the 
 reformers, marked him for destruction, and 
 Gilpin, summoned to London before a bloody 
 tribunal, already prepared himself to march 
 to the stake with all the composure of those 
 •who had gone befcre him, when the death 
 of Mary stopped the hand of his persecu- 
 tors, and restored him to the wishes of his 
 parishioners, and the duties of a benevolent 
 pastor. This exemplary and hospitable man 
 ■was offered the bishopric of Carlisle by Eli- 
 zabeth, and also the headship of Queen's 
 college, but he modestly refused these hon- 
 ors, satisfied to live and to die among his 
 parishioners who regarded him as a friend 
 and a father. He died 1583, aged 60. His 
 life has been written by bishop Carleton, and 
 by his descendant William Gilpin* 
 
 Gilpin, Richard, a native of Cumber- 
 land, educated at Queen's college, Oxford, 
 •where he took the degree of M. D. He af- 
 terwards took orders, and became minister 
 of Greystock in his own county, and a pop- 
 ular preacher about London, but was expel- 
 led for nonconformity 1662. He then prac 
 tised physic m the north, especially at New 
 castle, and died 1657. Of his works his dis- 
 course on "Satan's Temptations," is best 
 known. 
 
 Gilpin, William, an able divine, de- 
 scendant from the famous Bernard Gilpin 
 of whose life he wrote an account. He was 
 born in Westmoreland, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and afterwards dis- 
 tinguished himself at the head of a respec- 
 table &chool at Cheam, Surrey. He died 5th 
 April 1804, aged 80, vicar of Boldre in 
 Hampsltire, and prebendary of S«rum. He 
 published the Lives of Latimer, Wickliffe, 
 Huss, and Cranmer — Lectures on Church 
 Catechism, 12mo. — Exposition of the New 
 
 Testament, 2 vols. 8vo. — Observations on 
 Picturesque Beauty, 8vo. — a Tour to the 
 Lakes, 2 vols. 8vo. — Remarks on Forest 
 Scenei'y 2 vols. — Essays on Picturesque Beau- 
 ty — on Prints — on the River Wye, &c. — on 
 the Western Parts of England, 8vo. — Moral 
 Contrasts, 8vo. — Sermons to Country Con- 
 gregations, 3 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Ginnani, Francis, a native of Ravenna, 
 page to duke Anth(my Farnese. He after- 
 wards retired to solitude, and devoted 
 himself to the improvement of his estate, 
 and the cultivation of natural history. He 
 died 1766, aged 50. He wrote an historical 
 treatise on the Diseases of Growing Corn, 
 4to. 1759 — a Description of Indigenous 
 Plants — Dissertation on the Scirpus of Ra- 
 venna — and an Account of the Curiosities of 
 his Musceum. 
 
 GiocoMDO, Fra Giovanni, a native of 
 Verona, where he was schoolmaster, and had 
 Julius Ciesar Scaliger among his pupils. 
 He Avas well skilled in architecture, mathe- 
 matics, theolog)', and antiquities, and he con- 
 structed some of the bri<lges of France and 
 Italy. He died 1521. He published an edition 
 of Caesar's commentaries, and of Vitruvius. 
 
 GioiA, Flavio, a Neapolitan, born at 
 Amalfi, celebrated as being the inventor of 
 the mariner's eompass. As the sovereigns 
 of Naples were at that time the younger 
 branches of the royal famdy of France, he 
 placed at the north of tl.e compass a fleur 
 de lis, a distinction adopted by every suc- 
 ceeding navigator. The principality of Prin- 
 cipato, where he was born, also assumed a 
 compass for its arms, no doubt as a monu- 
 ment of the celebrity of its citizen. Some 
 have attributed the inv<entionof the compass 
 to the Chinese, and Dr. Wallis to the Eng- 
 lish. Gioia was born about 1300, but the 
 time of his death is not mentioned. 
 
 GiOLiTO, Del Ferrari, a printer of the 
 1 6th century at A^'enice, ennobled by Charles 
 V. His types were more elegant than his 
 printing was correct. He left two sonsprin- 
 ters, and died 1547. 
 
 Giordan I, Vital, a Neapolitan mathe- 
 matician. He was at first a soldier in the 
 pope's gallies, then purser of a ship, after- 
 wards keeper of St. Angelo's castle at Rome, 
 and lastly professor of mathematics. He 
 died 1711. He wrote Euclide Restituto, fol. 
 — de Componendis Gravinm Momentis, fol. 
 — Fundamentum Doctrinse Motus Gravium, 
 et ad Hyac. Christophorum Epistol. 
 
 GiORBANo, Luca, a painter of Naples, 
 who died 1705, aged 76. He improved hirm- 
 self by studying the works of Titian, Corre- 
 gio, and Paul Veronese, and for his merits 
 he was knighted by the king of Spain. Sev- 
 eral of his pieces are preserved at Milan, 
 but his most finished picture is the battle of" 
 the angels, and the fall of Lucifer, preserv- 
 ed at Naples. 
 
 GiORGiANi, or Alseid Alscherif 
 Abon Hassan, or Houssain Ali, a na- 
 tive of Georgia, and a Mussulman doctor, 
 author of an Explanation of Terms used in 
 Theology and Philosophy— a Commentary 
 
GI 
 
 ss^^ 
 
 GI 
 
 -on Euclid, &c. He died 1413, at Shiraz. 
 Another of that name was eminent as a 
 grammarian and mathematician. 
 
 GioRGioNE, an illustrious painter, so 
 called from his noble and comely aspect, was 
 born at Castel Franco in Trevisano, Venice, 
 1478. He devoted himself to music in which 
 he excelled, and afterwards directed his at- 
 tention to painting, and was the first of the 
 ]iOmbards who found out the admii-able ef- 
 lects of strong lights and shadows. He first 
 studied under Giovanni Bellino, and improv- 
 ed himself by the imitation of the works of 
 Leonardo da Vinci. Titian was his friend 
 and fellow pupil, but his frequent visits 
 alarmed him, and viewing him in the light 
 of a rival and enemy, he excluded him 
 from his house. Thus become hostile each 
 to the other, Titian assiduously labored to 
 copy nature, bit while he surpassed Giorgi- 
 one in the delicacies of natural objects, he 
 was himself surpassed in greatness of con- 
 ception, and sublimity of invention. The 
 kouse whex'e the German merchants assem- 
 ble at Venice, had its front adorned by the 
 pencil of these rival masters, and while 
 Titian embellished one side, Giorgione la- 
 bored on the other, but time unfortunately 
 h;js defaced these once splendid monuments 
 of human excellence. A Christ caiTying the 
 Cross, in St. Rovo's church, Venice, is con- 
 sidered as the best piece from Giorgione's 
 l)encil. The ingenicJus artist employed his 
 talents to show that sculpture is not superi- 
 or to painting, and he represented all the 
 sides of the body in the same picture, by the 
 aid of reflection from a fountain at his feet, 
 from a looking glass at his side, and a shi- 
 ning armor. He died in his 33d. year 1511, 
 of the plague, with which he tmfortunately 
 Tvas seized by paying a visit to a favorite 
 mistress, whose infection was not suspected. 
 
 GiosEPPiNO, a painter so called from 
 Gioseppe d'Arpino, a town of Naples where 
 he was born 1560. He learned at Rome the 
 elements of his art, and so distinguished him- 
 self that he became the favorite of cai-dinals 
 and popes, and was made knight of St. Mi- 
 chael by Lewis XH. His battles in the cap- 
 itol are his best pieces. He died at Rome 
 1640. 
 
 GiOTTlNO, Tomaso, a painter of P'lo- 
 rence whose name was Stefano. He -was 
 called Giottino from the resemblance of 
 his style to that of Giotto. He died 1356, 
 aged 32. 
 
 Giotto, an eminent painter, sculptor 
 and architect, born near Florence 1276. He 
 ■was found by Cimabue while he was employ- 
 ing himself in the fields in drawing upon the 
 sand the figures of the sheep which he was 
 tending, and under the guidance of this ex- 
 cellent friend and master, he soon rose to 
 consequence and fame. When Benedict IX. 
 wished to see designs from the Tuscan art- 
 ists, Giotto, with the greatest quickness, 
 drew with one stroke of his pencil, a circle 
 so round and so perfectly equal, that round 
 as Giotto's O afterwards became proverbial. 
 The pope understood from this the genius 
 
 of the painter, and employed him at Rome 
 His most admired piece was a ship of Mosa- 
 ic work over the three gates of the portico 
 at the entrance of St. Peter's church. Gi- 
 otto still favored by Clement V, Benedict's 
 successor, returned in 1316 to Florence load- 
 ed with riches, and was afterwards honora- 
 bly engaged in the service of the lord of 
 Lucca, and of the king of Naples, and every 
 where left specimens of his genius and of his 
 art. His death of the Virgin, with the apos- 
 tles about her, was greatly admired by Mi- 
 chael Angclo. He died 1336, and the city 
 of Florence erected a marble statue over 
 his tomb. Giotto was respected not only by 
 princes, but by the learned and the witty, 
 and among his particular friend^ were Dante 
 and Petrarch. 
 
 GiRALDi, Lilio Gi'egorio, an ingenious 
 critic born at Ferara 1479 and educated in 
 Latin under Guarini, and in Greek under 
 Demetrius Chalcondyles. He resided at 
 Modena, and afterwards went to Rome, and 
 saw the pillage of that ancient capital by the 
 soldiers of Charles V. After losing thei*e 
 the whole of his little property, and attend- 
 ing his patron cardinal Rangoni to the grave, 
 and losing his other patron Miraiidula, he 
 returned to Ferrara poor and enfeeb'ed by 
 disease. Though, however, terribly afflic- 
 ted witJi the gout, he yet read, and compo- 
 sed several of his books, till he sunk under 
 the heaviness of his complaint 1552, and was 
 buried in the cathedral of Ferrara. He wrote 
 17 different things, afterwards collected into 
 2 vols, folio, Basil 1580, and Leyden 1696. 
 The most valuable of his compositions are 
 his Historia de Deis Gentium— Historic 
 Poetarum turn Grrecorum quam Latinorum 
 Dialog! decern, — and the Dialogi de Poetis 
 Nostrorum. His erudition was verj'- great, 
 and the high encomiums of Scaliger, of Ca- 
 saubon, and Thuanus upon his meritorious 
 services to the republic of letters, are very 
 just and honorable. 
 
 GiRALDi, John Baptist Cintio, an Italian 
 of the family of the preceding born at Fer- 
 rara 1504. After studying philosophy and 
 the languages he applied to physic and took 
 the degree of M. D. Though only 21 years 
 old he was appointed to read lectures on 
 physic and polite literature at Ferrara, and in 
 1542 he became secretary to the duke of Fer- 
 rara. After teaching belles lettrcs at Mon- 
 dovi three years he went to Turin, and 
 thence to Pavia, where lie was honorably 
 made professor of rhetoric. He took the 
 name of Cintio at Pavia, which he prefixed 
 to his books. He was greatly afflicted with 
 the gout, and retired to Ferrara where he 
 died soon after 1573. He wrote 9 Italian 
 tragedies, besides some orations in Latin, and 
 Hecatonmithi, or 100 novels. His tragedies, 
 which some critics esteem as excellent com- 
 positions, were edited by his son Celso, Ve- 
 nice, 1583, 8vo. 
 
 GittALDUS, Sylvester, a learned Welch- 
 man born at Mainarpir castle near Pem- 
 broke, South Wales, 1145. He was educa- 
 ted under his uncle, the bisliop of St/ 
 
GI 
 
 AS^ 
 
 GL 
 
 David's, and studied thcolog}- at Paiis Toi' 
 sometime. He returned to Enghsiid 1172, 
 aud four years after wa? named by Henry H. 
 xvlio knew his merit and bis learning, to fill 
 the vacant set of St. David's, which he disin- 
 terestedly refused. Afterwards he went to 
 Paris and Bologna to stu<!y the civU law, and 
 in 1185 he was sent by the king as secretary 
 to his son John, in Ireland. In'" this office iie 
 applied himself to making collections of nja- 
 terialsfor the History of Ireland, and in IISG 
 returned to England. In 1198 he was a se- 
 cond time elected to the see of St. David's, 
 but as he had a rich compclitor, and as every 
 thing was venal atiiome, lie did not suceed. 
 He died at the age of about 70. He wrote 
 several works, in which he displayed great 
 erudition and commanding eloquence, M-hicji 
 ■vas wonderful, as Tanner observes, in so 
 dark and ignorant an age. He was a great 
 enemy to the monks, and very superstiUoii.s, 
 and with respect to dreams and visions con- 
 temptibly ridiculous. Besides his History of 
 Ireland, he wrote " Itinerarium Carabrise" 
 — " de Rebus a se Geslis," and other things, 
 some of which are still in MS. 
 
 GiRARD, John Baptist, a Jesuit born al 
 Del. He was tried by the ])ai*liament of Aix, 
 on the accusation of a girl of 18, Mary Cathe- 
 rine Cadiere, for using sorcery, according to 
 her expressions, in the violation of Jier per- 
 son, and in the attempt to destroy the fruit 
 of her womb. This trial excited much of the 
 public attention. Girard was acquitted. 
 
 GiRARD, Gabriel, a French ecclesiastic, 
 almoner to the duchess of Berry, and inter- 
 preter to the king in the Russian and Sclavo- 
 nian languages. He wrote Synonymes Fran- 
 cois — Principes de la Langue Fran«;oise, &c. 
 and died much respected 1748, aged 70. 
 
 GiRANDON, Francis, a native of Troyes. 
 He studied sculptui*e and architecture under 
 Anguier, and was sent to Rome by Lewis 
 XIV. to complete his knowledge of the arts. 
 He succeeded Le Brun as inspector general 
 of sculpture to the king, and died 1715, aged 
 87. His chief works are the Mausoleum of 
 Richelieu in the church of the Sorbonne — 
 the Equestrian Statue of Lewis XIV. and 
 the Rape of Proserpine in the garden of Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 GiRON, D. Pierre, duke of Ossuna, a no- 
 ble but proud and imperious Spaniard, who, 
 when viceroy of Naples, encouraged the fa- 
 mous conspiracy against Venice, which was 
 discovered by Jaffier one of the accomplices, 
 and which forms the subject of one of the 
 finest pieces of EngUsli tragedy. Giron was 
 disgraced and died in prison 1624, aged 4y. 
 
 GiRONST, James, a native of Beaufort in 
 AnjoH, educated among the Jesuits, and 
 known as a popular preacher. His sermons 
 appeared in 5 vols. 12mo. 1704. He died 
 1689, aged 05. 
 
 Girt IN, John, an English painter of 
 great excellence. His landscapes in water- 
 colors, and in oil, were much admired. The 
 views of London and Paris, exhibited in the 
 Panoi'araa in London, were by him, and 
 are pleasing proofs of his g«iniu3 and ta^te. 
 
 Though laboring under the attacks of a dread- 
 ful asthma, he followed his profession till 
 within a few days of his death, which hap- 
 pened Nov. 1802, ii) his 30lh year. 
 
 GiRY, Lewis, one of the first members of 
 
 the French academy, translated TertuUian's 
 
 ; Apology — the Sacred History of Sulpicius 
 
 ) Severus — Augustine de Civitate Dei, &c. 
 
 This learned and excellent character died 
 
 1665, aged 70. 
 
 GisBERT, John, a native of Cahors, for 
 some years divinity px-ofessor at Toulouse, 
 and then provincial of tlie Jesuits at Langue- 
 doc. He died 1710, aged 71. He wrote 
 Anti-Probalasiraus, 4to. and other works of 
 merit. 
 
 GiSBERT, Blaise, a Jesuit, born at Cahors. 
 He wrote a work on the Education of ^ 
 Prince — another on Christian Eloquence, &tc. 
 and died at Montpeliier 1731. 
 
 GisELiNus, a physician, native of Bru^ 
 ges, who published a correct edition of Pru- 
 dentius at Antwerp. He died lo61, aged 78. 
 
 GiuLANO, Di. Majano, a Florentine, 
 scnl])tor and arclatect, who died at Naples 
 1447, aged 70. The Poggio Rcale palace, 
 and other edifices at Naples, are the monu- 
 ments of his genius, as well as several build- 
 ings at Rome, in the pontificate of Paul II. 
 
 GiusTi, Antonio, a painter of Florence, 
 who died 1705, aged 81. His animals, as well 
 as landscapes and historical characters, ar^ 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 Glain, N. Saint, a native of Limoges, 
 1620, who retired to Holland to profess the 
 protestant faith. After serving with reputa- 
 tion in the armies of the republic, he wrote 
 in the Holland gazette, and from a zealous 
 protestant, he became, by residing Spinoza's 
 book, a rank atheist. So devoted was he to 
 his new opinions, that he translated Spinoza 
 into French, and publislied it in three differ- 
 ent editions, under three different titles, to 
 attract the public attention. 
 
 Glan DORP, Matthias, a physician, born 
 at Cologne 1595, where Ins father was a sur- 
 geon. After studying at Bremen, and im- 
 proving himself at Padua and other Italian 
 universities, he became physician to the 
 archbishop of Bremen 1628. He died soon 
 after 1652. His works, which exhibit the 
 powers of an attentive and able man, were 
 printed together at London 1729, 4to. with 
 his Ufe prefixed. 
 
 Glanvil, Joseph, an English divine, 
 born at Plymouth, Devonshire, 1636. He 
 was of Exeter college, Oxford, and in 1656 
 removed to Lincoln college, and soon after 
 taking his degree of M.A. 1658, entered into 
 orders, and became chaplain to Rouse, pro- 
 vost of Eton college. The death of his pa- 
 tron soon after left him at liberty ; and he re- 
 turned to his college, where he continued 
 during the turbulence of the times, till the 
 restoration biH)ugbt back peace, confidence, 
 and security. Glanvil, who had showed 
 strong partiality for Cromwell's usurpation, 
 now became an active royalist, and he drew 
 the attention of the learned by his popular 
 treatise, called the Vatifty of Dogti^atising, 
 
GI. 
 
 sUf^r 
 
 Gt 
 
 &c. against tlte Aristotelians, so that when 
 the Uoyal society was established, he was 
 chosen one of that learned body, wiiose opi- 
 nions and philosophy he had so ably defend- 
 ed. Ini6G3 he engaged in a controversy 
 about the possibility . f witches and witch- 
 craft, and though his friends, and particular- 
 ly Mr. Boyle, a<lvised him to be careful in 
 his raana^eiaent of so delicate a subject, 
 where religion might be treated with levity, 
 he collected, with more superstition than 
 prudence, not less than 26 modern relations 
 of apparitions, &c. besides that of the invisi- 
 ble drummer, which nightly disturbed Mum- 
 pesson's house at Ted worth, Wilts, and 
 which was the origin of the controversy. In 
 1666, by the interest of his friends, he ob- 
 tained the rectory of the Abbey church, 
 Bath, where he fixed his residence. In 1677 
 he engaged in a controversy with Crosse, vi- 
 car of Chew, Somersetshire, in defence of 
 the Royal society, and against the Aristote- 
 lian philosophy ; and the raillery used on 
 both sides, brought a fresh antagonist Dr. 
 Stubbe, physician at Warwick, who treated 
 our author with more veheroencc and scur- 
 rility than propriety could countenance. 
 Glanvil forgot his resentment in the attentive 
 performance of his ministerial duty ; and 
 when Stubbe was unfortunately drowned 
 near Bath, and his remains were brought 
 to be interred into the Abbey church, he 
 preached a very pathetic and eloquent ser- 
 mon on the occasion, and paid very hand- 
 some and deserved compliments to the me- 
 jnory of his departed antagonist. He was 
 presented, in 1678, to a prebeiulat stall of 
 Worcester, by the patronage of the marquis 
 of Worcester, to whom his wife was related, 
 and with the approbation of the king, to 
 whom he had been chaplain since 1672. He 
 was attacked bv a fever which proved fatal, 
 and he died at Bath 4th Nov. 1680, aged 44, 
 and was buried in his own church, where his 
 widow erected a decent monument to his 
 memory. He was twice married, but had 
 no issue. He was a man of great parts ; but 
 though he possessed in a high degree the 
 power of writing with elegance and fluency, 
 his publications were all on temporary and 
 controversial subjects. Besides the works 
 mentioned already, he wrote an *' Essay 
 concerning Preaching, — and a seasonable 
 Defence of Preaching," — a blow at modern 
 Sadducism — " Reflections on Drollery and 
 .Atheism" — Essays on important subjects in 
 Philosophy and Religion — sermons, &c. 
 
 Glanville, Ranulph, an English law- 
 yer in the 12th century. He is mentioned 
 with great respect, by law writers, for his dil- 
 igence in collecting all the laws of the king- 
 dom into one body. 
 
 Glaphyra, a priestess of Bellona's temple 
 in Cappadocia, is known for her amours with 
 M. Antony, from whom she obtained the 
 kingdom for her twoson«, Sisinnaand Arche- 
 laus. 
 
 Gr.APTHORNE, Henry, a dramatic writer 
 in the ago of Charles I, Winstanley speaks 
 of him with commendation, but Langbaine 
 
 ftllow* him little merit. Besides plays, he 
 wrote poems to his mistress Lucinda. 
 
 Glaser, Christopher, apothecary to 
 Louis XIV. was author of an elcgp.nt and val- 
 uable treatise on chemistiy, translated into 
 English and German. He died about 1679. 
 Glass, John, M. A. a Scotch divine, born 
 at Dundee 16yS, and educated at Aberdeen- 
 Upon his publication of a jiamphlet o« the 
 inconsistency of a civil establishment with 
 Christianity, he was deposed from his church, 
 near Dundee, and then l>ecame the founder 
 of a new sect called the Glassites, in Scotland, 
 and Sanflemouians in England. As the dis- 
 cipline of his sect was very rigorous, few 
 embraced his tenets, and the name is scarce 
 known now. He wrote various controver.sial 
 tracts, published at Edinburgh, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 He died at Dundee 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Glass, John, son of the preceding, waa 
 born at Dundee 1725, and went as surgeon 
 to the West [ndies. He afterwards quitted 
 the medical profession ; and as captain of 
 a ship traded to the Brazils. After an ab- 
 sence of two years, he returned from the 
 Brazils to London in 1765, with all his pro- 
 perty ; but, when in sight of Ireland, four 
 of the seaman conspired against him ; and 
 after murdering him, his wife and daughter, 
 the mate, one seaman and two boys, they 
 loaded the boat with dollars, and sinking the 
 ship, landed at Ross, and came to Dublin, 
 where punishment overtook them. They 
 were executed for the bloody deed, Oct. 1766. 
 Glass possessed abilities, and published a 
 description of Teneriff, with the manners, 
 &c. ol the Portuguese, 4to. 
 
 Glassius, Solomon, a German divine, 
 professor of divinity and D.D. in Jena univer- 
 sity. He was afterwards superintendant of 
 the schools and churches in Saxe Gotha, and 
 died 1656, aged 63. He wrote Philologia 
 Sacra, 4to. — Onomatologia Messite Prophe- 
 tiea — Disputationes in Augustanam Confes- 
 sionem — Exegesis Evangeliorum et Epistol. 
 — ChristologiaMcsaica, et Davidica, &c. 
 
 Glauber, Rodolphu3,a German chemist, 
 author of a volume " Glauberus Concentra- 
 tus" translated into English, fol. 1689, Lon- 
 don. He has acquired celebrity as the dis- 
 coverer of the neutral purgative salt, Avhich 
 still bears his name. 
 
 Glauber, John, a painter of Utrecht, 
 who died 1726, aged 80. His landscapes are 
 much admired. His pieces are enriched by 
 the expressive figures of his friend Lareisse. 
 
 Glauber, John Gollief, brother and dis- 
 ciple of the preceding, died 1703, aged 47. 
 His landscapes, sea ports, &c. are in a very 
 finished style. 
 
 Glauber, Dianna, sister of the above 
 painters, born 1650, shone likewise by the 
 execution of her pencil. She became blind 
 in her old age. Her portraits and historical 
 subjects were admired. 
 
 Gleditsch, John Gottlieb, a native of 
 Leipsic, who took his degree of M. D. at 
 Frankfort on the Oder, 1740, and there be- 
 came lecturer in botany, physiology, and the 
 Materia Medica. He was afterwards mem- 
 
GL 
 
 s^r<f, 
 
 GL 
 
 ber of the Berlin academy of sciences, an- 
 atomical professor, and director of tljc botan- 
 ical garden. He was author of treatises 
 on the management of Trees — on the Means 
 of destroying Locusts — on Fungusses — 
 Miscellaneous Essays on Medicine, Botany, 
 Economy — mi Bees — on the System of 
 Plants, &c. He died 1786, aged 72. 
 
 Glei^hen, Frederic Wiliiara Von, a no- 
 bleman, bornatBayreuth, who, after serving 
 his country with the rank of lieutenant-co- 
 lonel, retired from public life in 1756, and, 
 satisfied with the empty title of privy coun- 
 sellor, devoted himself to the study of natural 
 histoiy. He was very ingenious in the deli- 
 neation of plants, and well acquainted with 
 chemistry, and he constructed a curious 
 microscope, with which he made observations 
 on seminal animalcules, and on the putre- 
 faction of vegetables, of which he published 
 an account. These, and other works on sub- 
 jects of natural history, are written in Ger- 
 man, and possess merit. He died 1 783, as;ed 
 G9. 
 
 Glen, John, a painter and engraver on 
 vood of Liege. He published, in the 16th 
 century, a curious work of ancient and mo- 
 dern dresses, with figures, &cc, 
 
 Glendower, Owen, a famous Welch- 
 man, who boldly opposed in the field, during 
 14 years, the elevation of Henry IV. to the 
 Enghsh throne. His name is still revered 
 among the Welch. He died 1415, aged 61. 
 
 GucAS, a Byzantine historian, whose 
 woi'ks, the Annals from the Creation, and 
 the History of the Byzantine Emperors, 
 ■were published by Labbe, 16G0, in Gi-eek 
 and Latin. 
 
 Glisson, Francis, an English physician, 
 born at Rampisham, Dorsetshire, and edu- 
 cated at Caius college, Cambridge, where he 
 became fellow. He took his degrees in phy- 
 sic, and became, in the room ot Winterton, 
 regius professor of physic to the university, 
 an office which he held 40 years. He was 
 elected fellow of the college of physicians 
 1634, and in his pi'actice and studies he fol- 
 lowed the plans of the great Harvey, and 
 depended more upon anatomical dissection 
 and minute observations than wild theories 
 and vague conjectures. During the civil 
 wars he removed to Colchester, where he 
 practised physic, and he was present at the 
 siege and surrender of that important for- 
 tress. He distinguished himself by the great 
 attention he paid to the progress of the rick- 
 ets, a disorder which then first began to ap- 
 pear in the counties of Dorset and Somerset, 
 and he communicated his observations and 
 discoveries to the world in his " Anatomia 
 Hepatis," 1654. He was for sevei'al years 
 president of the college of physicians, and 
 died 1677, in the parish of St. Bride, Lon- 
 don. He was a man of great erudition, and 
 universally esteemed. He contributed much 
 to the advancement of true medical know- 
 ledge, and he discovered the capsula com- 
 mnnis, or vagina porta;, and more clearly de- 
 fined the vena cava porta, and vasa fellea of 
 the liver. Of his many compositions on ana- 
 
 tomical and medical subjects his treatise on 
 the Liver is his best work. 
 
 Gloucester, Robert of, the most an- 
 cient of English poets, florished in the reign 
 of Henry IL and died in a good old age in the 
 beginning of John's reign. Camden speaks 
 very highly of him, and quotes many of his 
 English rhymes ; but he is more esteemed 
 for his history than for his poetry. 
 
 Glover, Richard, an English poet, born 
 in London, and educated at Cheam school, 
 where his verses on the memory of Newton 
 were deservedly applauded. He afterwards 
 engaged with his father in the Hamburgh 
 trade, and in 1737 he mai-ried a woman of 
 fortune, and produced his admired poem 
 Leonidas. The powers of mind which he 
 possessed were now displayed in political 
 dissensions; he was a popular leader at elec- 
 tions, and Avhen appointed one of the com- 
 mittee in an application to the house of Com- 
 mons from the London merchants, he spoke 
 with such boldness and energy at the bar that 
 his address was printed, and excited univer- 
 sal attention. He sat in parliament for Wey- 
 mouth at the election of 1761, and died 1785, 
 aged 74, much and deservedly lamented. 
 Besides his Leonidas he published London, 
 or the Progress of Commerce, a poem, 17SU 
 — Hosier's Ghost, a popular ballad to rouse 
 the spirit of the nation against the insults of 
 the Spanish Court — Boadieea, a tragedy, 
 acted at Drury-lane, not with success, 1753 — 
 Medea, another tragedy, better I'eceived 
 1761 — Athenaid, an epic poem of inferior 
 merit, which appeared 1788, in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 His great and immortal work Leonidas has 
 been translated into French, and has passed 
 through various editions. 
 
 Gluck, Christopher, an able musician, 
 born in the Upper Palatinate. He studied in 
 Italy, and visited England and Germany, 
 and afterwards acquired great celebrity at 
 Vienna. He went to Paris, where his per- 
 formances w ere honorably rewarded with a 
 pension. He wrote besides operas, letters 
 on music, &c, and died at Vienna 1787, aged 
 
 Glynn, Robert, a native of Cambridge, 
 educated at Eton and King's college, of which 
 he became fellow. He studied medicine, 
 and took his doctor's degree in 1752; but he 
 preferred the easy and indolent life of a col- 
 lege to the labors of an extensive practice, 
 which his knowledge and information might 
 have commanded. After being for 63 years, 
 for his wit, his learning, and his interesting 
 fund of anecdotes, the favorite of his society, 
 he died 1800, aged 82. He is known as the 
 author of the Day of Judgment, a poem of 
 singular ment, which obtained the Setonian 
 prize at Cambridge 1757, and which is much 
 read and deservedly admired. 
 
 Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, sonofaphy- 
 sician at Tubingen, was born in 1745, and 
 distinguished himself by his abilities and his 
 perseveran»e in several voyages to France, 
 Holland, and on the shores of the Caspian 
 sea. He was seized by the Tartars when in 
 their country, and died in confinement 1774. 
 
GO 
 
 S» 
 
 He published, in German, " Travels in Rus- 
 sia," and " Historia Fucorum," but tliougb 
 a man of genius, and well versed in natural 
 history, he was of a licentious turn of mind. 
 Pallas has written his life. 
 
 Gmelin, John George, nncletotbe pre- 
 ceding, was born at Tubingen, and became 
 member of the academy at Petersburg. He 
 is known by his Flora Siberica, 4 vols. 4to.— • 
 and his Travels in Siberia, published in 
 French, 2 vols. lie died 1755, aged 46. 
 
 GoADBY, Robert, a printer of Sherborne, 
 Dorsetshire, author of an liiuslration of the 
 Scriptures, 3 vols. fol. and the Universe Dis- 
 played, and other books. He wrote also the 
 life of Bamfylde Moore Carew, the famous 
 king of the beggars ; and he acquired some 
 pi'operty by the establishment of a provincial 
 paper at Sherborne. He died much respect- 
 ed 1778. 
 
 GoAR, James, a Dominican friar of Paris, 
 sent to the Levant in 1618. He published 
 *' Grsecorura Eucologium," in Greek and 
 Latin, Paris, 1647, and also translated some 
 of the Byzantine historians. He resided for 
 some time at Rome, and was universally re- 
 spected for his learning. He died 1053, aged 
 52. 
 
 GoBBO, Pietro Paolo Cortonese, a pain- 
 ter of Cortona, who died 1640, aged 60. His 
 fruits and landscapes by their charming coloi-- 
 ing and native elegance, are much admired. 
 
 GoBBO, Andrea, an Italian historical pain- 
 tei', who died about 1527, aged about 57. 
 
 Go BEL, John Baptist, a native of Hanne, 
 bishop of Lydda. At the revolution he em- 
 braced the opinions of the popular party, and 
 ■was appointed 1791, first constitutional arch- 
 bishop of Paris. Soon after, however, he 
 I'esigned his episcopal habit in the convention, 
 declaring at the age of 70 that he abjured a 
 religion in which he placed no faith, and which 
 dishonoi'ed humanity. This hoary delin- 
 quent against truth and virtue did not pass 
 unpunished, he was accused of atiieism by 
 Robespierre, and condemned as the accom- 
 I)liceof Chaumette. He was guillotined 14th 
 April, 1793, regretted by none. 
 
 Gobelin, Giles, a famous dyer in the 
 reign of Francis I. known for the invention 
 of the fine scarlet which still bears his name. 
 The house where he lived in the Fauxbourg 
 of St. Marcel, Paris, still preserves his 
 name. 
 
 Gobier, Charles, a jesuit of St. Maloes, 
 born 1644. He wrote the " History of the 
 Mariannes," and " Lettres Edifiantes," 
 ■which contain the history, geography, and 
 pohties of those countries, subjected to the 
 observations and discoveries of the Jesuits. 
 He wrote some other tracts, and warmly em- 
 braced the disputes about the worship of 
 Confucius in China. He died at Paris 1708. 
 
 GoBRYAS, one of the seven Persian no- 
 bles who conspired to dethrone the usurper 
 Smerdis. He was father-in-law of Darius. 
 
 Go CLE Ni us, Conrad, a German, born in 
 in WestphaUa 1486, and esteemed for his 
 learning and virtues by Erasmus. He wrote 
 valuable notes on Cicero's Ofiices, and pub- 
 
 '/ 
 
 GO 
 
 lished an edition of Lucan, and a translatrou 
 of Lucian's Hermotiraus. He died 1539. 
 
 Go CLE XI us, ilodolphus, author of a tract 
 on the Cure of Wounds by the apphcation of 
 tJje Magnet, may bo considered as the foun- 
 der of modern magnetism. He was born at 
 Wittemberg, ami was professor of physic 
 and mathematics at Marpurg, and died 1621, 
 aged 49. 
 
 GocLENius, Rodolphus, a voluminous 
 writer, born at WariUck 1547. He was for 
 nearly 50 years professor of logic at Marpui'g, 
 wheiv he died 1028. His works are on phi- 
 losophical subjects. 
 
 G o D D ARD, Jonathan, an English physician 
 and chemist, born at Greenwich 1617, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. After 
 four yeai's' residence in the university he tra- 
 velled to improve himself in the knowledge 
 of physic, and on his return he took his de- 
 gree of M. D. as meraber of Christ college, 
 Cambritlge, ami that of doctor at Catherine 
 hall. In 164G he was chosen fellow of the 
 college of physicians, and the next year was 
 appointed their reader in anatomy. As he 
 favored strongly the measui-es of parliament, 
 he was taken under the pi'otection of Crom- 
 well, and accompanied him as physician to 
 the army to Ireland, and afterwards to Scot- 
 land, and for his services he was nominated 
 by the usurper, warden'of Merlon college, 
 Oxford, 1651. During Cromwell's absencein 
 Scotland, he was one of the five delegates, 
 whom he appointed to settle all grants and 
 dispensations, and in the short parliament of 
 1653, he sat as the sole representative of the 
 university. At the restoration he was driven 
 with disgrace from his wardenship, and he 
 retired to Gresham college, where he had 
 been in 1655 chosen professor of physic, and 
 afterwards his services and talents wei*e con- 
 sidered as so respectable, that in the establish- 
 ment of the Royal society to which he had so 
 much contributed, he was named one of the 
 first council 1663. In his extensive practice, 
 as physician, he was so conscientious that he 
 mixed up his own medicines, and regardless 
 of the clamors of the apothecaries againsthim, 
 he even published a pamphlet strongly re- 
 commending it to his fellow physicians.*-'' Af- 
 ter being driven from the Exchange by the 
 fire of London, he was enabled to return to 
 the new lodgings in 1671, where he continu- 
 ed till his death, eagerly devoted to the ad- 
 vancement of medicine and of philosophy. 
 He died of an aploplectic fit in Cheapside, as 
 he returned home from the society of a 
 number of his learned friends, 24th March, 
 1674. He was not only an able writer, but 
 he was the liberal patron of learned men, 
 and in consequence of his celebrity, had seve- 
 ral books dedicated to him. He procured 
 some fame by the invention of some drops, 
 long since forgotten, but lie deserves to bs 
 mentioned with particular honor, if as Dr. 
 SethWard says, he was the first Englishman 
 ■who made a telescope. His writings, which 
 are chiefly on medical and philosophical sub- 
 jects, are preserved in the philosophical 
 transactions, in Birch's history of the Royal 
 society, and in separate pamphlets. 
 
GO 
 
 J^lf 
 
 OtO 
 
 Cof)EAu, Anthony, a French prelate, 
 bom at Dreux 1605. At the age of 24 he 
 "vvas one of those learned men uho met at 
 the house of Mr. Courart, on subjects of 
 science and philosophy, and to their zeal in 
 the cause of literature, the French academy 
 of belles lettres owed its origin, and he be- 
 came one of its first and brightest ornaments. 
 In 1636 he was raised by Richelieu to the 
 bishopric of Grasse, which he relinquished 
 for that of "Venice. He was an active prelate, 
 attentive to the dnties of his station, and 
 exemplary in every part of his conduct. He 
 died of a fit of apoplexy 21st April 1671. His 
 writings, both in prose and verse, are numer- 
 ous. His Ecclesiastical History, 3 vols, foho, 
 1653, is very valuable, the first of which only 
 appeared in 1653. He translated a\sn the 
 psalms into French verse, which work though 
 abused by Vavassor and others, is preferred 
 by some to Marot's version. 
 
 GonEFROi, Denys, a native of Paris, 
 counsellor in the parliament there. As he 
 was a protestant he left France at the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantes, and retired to 
 Geneva, and afterwards to Strasbnrg where 
 he died 1622, aged 73. He wrote Corpus 
 Juris Civilis, 4to. — Notxe in Quatuor Libr. 
 Institut. — Opuscula Varia Juris, &c. 
 
 GoDEFROi, Theodore, eldest son of the 
 pi'eceding, was a catholic, and became coun- 
 sellor of state in France. He wrote on the 
 Genealogical History of Fi-ance, and died at 
 Strasburg 1642. His brother James, remain- 
 ed a protestant, and was member of the 
 council and law professor at Geneva, where 
 he died 1659. He was a learned man and 
 edited Cicero and other classical authors. 
 
 GoDEFROi, Denys, son of Theodore, was 
 author of Memoirs and Instructions concern- 
 ing the Affairs of the Fi'ench King, in fol. 
 He died 1681. His son John edited Philip 
 de Coraines' Memoirs, 5 vols. 8vo. and pub- 
 lished also queen Margaret's Memoirs, &c. 
 and died 1732. 
 
 GoDESCHALC, surnamed Fulgentius, a 
 monk of Orbais in Saxony^ in the ninth cen- 
 tury, known for his controversy about pre- 
 destination and grace. He was attacked by 
 Kab. Mauriis, archbishop of Mentz, and 
 thrown into prison, where, after being de- 
 gl'aded from his ecclesiastical offices, he 
 died ; but his doctrines as well as his sufter- 
 ings gained him followers. Maguin published 
 in 2 vols. 4to. an edition of all the treatises 
 ■written on both sides of the agitated question. 
 He died about 869. 
 
 GoDEWYCK, Margarita, a paintress of 
 Dort, who died 1677, aged 50. Her land 
 scapes, and also her works in embroidery, 
 ^vere much admired. 
 
 Godfrey, sir Edmundbury, an able and 
 upright magistrate, who exerted himself in 
 the discovery of the popish plot. He was 
 soon after found dead, pierced with his own 
 sword, and with many marks of violence. 
 iTis death was imputed to the resentment of 
 the papists, and therefore his funeral was 
 performed with great pomp, and no less than 
 72 clergj'mcn preceded his corpse, and 1000 
 
 persons of rank attended the procession. 
 The dean of Bangor, Dr. William Lloyd, 
 afterwards bishop of Worcester, preached 
 his funeral sermon. He died 17th Oct. 1678. 
 
 Godfrey, of Bouillon, an illustrious and 
 active chieftain during the crusades, son of 
 Eustace count of Boulogne. He was, after 
 the fall of Jerusalem, elected by the cluns- 
 tians king of that city, and of the adjacent 
 country, but, from motives of piety and 
 huTYiility, he declined the lofty title, and was 
 satisfied with the appellation of duke of the 
 holy sepulchre. He defeated the armies of 
 the Egyptian sultan with great slaughter, 
 and made himself master of all the holy land. 
 He made an excellent code of laws for his 
 subjects, and died after enjoying his dignity- 
 little more than a year, 1100. He is one of 
 the heroes of Tasso s immoi-tal poem. 
 
 GouDiNOT, John, a native of Rheims, 
 where he was canon of the cathedral. He 
 was also a wme merchant, and in his conduct 
 very charitable. Ife was zealously attached 
 to the tenets of the Jansenists, and died 1749, 
 aged 88. 
 
 Go DIVA, a lady of great beaaty and 
 greater celebrity. She was sister to Therald 
 du Bergenhall, shei-iff of Lincolnshire, and 
 Avife of Leofrrc earl of Leicester, the son of 
 the earl of Mercia. She solicited her hus- 
 band to exonerate the people of Coventry 
 from a heavy tax, and he consented to grant 
 her petition provided she rode naked through 
 the streets, which from her generous affec- 
 tion towards the city she condescended to 
 do. The adventure was painted in one of 
 the windows of Trinity church, Coventry, 
 with these words, 
 
 I Luric,for the love of thee, 
 Do make Coventry toll-Jree. 
 
 GoDOLPHiN, John, a learned civilian, 
 born at Godolphin, in the island of Sicily 
 1617. He was of Gloucester-hall, Oxfoi-d, 
 and devoted himself attentively to civil law, 
 and took his doctor's degree 1642-S. He 
 favored the puritans, and under Cromwell 
 he was appointed one of the three judges of 
 the admiralty. So gi'eat was his repntation 
 for integrity and knowledge, that at the 
 restoration he was made king's advocate, 
 and he asserted in his publications the king's 
 supremacy. He died 1678. He published 
 "a View of the Admiral's Jurisdiction," 8vo. 
 1661 — "the Orphan's Legacy, &c. 1674," — 
 "Repertorium Canonicum, 4to." — the Holy 
 Limbec, — the Holy Arbour, fol. &c. 
 
 Godwin, earl, a powerful Saxon baron, 
 who, in 1017, went with Canute against 
 Sweden, and for his valor in that expedition 
 received that monarch's daughter in marri- 
 age. On the king's death he supported Har- 
 dicanute against his brother Harold, but 
 soon after changed sides. After Hardica- 
 nute's death he declared himself in favor 
 of Edward, who had married his daughter, 
 but, with a fickleness peculiar to his charac- 
 ter, he afterwards conspired against him, 
 and escaped to Flanders to avoid punish- 
 ment. Bent, however. On revenge he inva- 
 ded the kingdom from the continent, and 
 
GO 
 
 spread such terror by sailing up the Thames 
 to London, that the king yielded to his 
 ■wishes and i-eceived liim again into his pro- 
 tection. He died at Winchester sud(lenly, 
 ■while dining with the king 1053. It is said 
 that he murdered Alfred, one of the sons of 
 the second Ethelred, and that when accused 
 of it he purified himself by the solemnity of 
 an oath. 
 
 Godwin, Thomas, an English prelate, 
 born at Ockingham, Berks, 1517. Under 
 the patronage of Dr. Lav ton he was sent to 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, of which he he- 
 came fellow 1544. He early embraced the 
 tenets of the protestauts, and as his fellow 
 collegians were very zealous for the popish 
 principles, he quitted Oxford, and took the 
 grammar school at IJrackley, Northampton- 
 shire, where he married, and lived in com- 
 foitable independence in the reign of EdAvard 
 VI. At the accession of Mary he was expo- 
 sed to persecution, and leaving his school, he 
 began to practice physic, and took his bache.. 
 lors degree at Oxford 1555. On Elizabeth's 
 accession he took orders, and by the friend- 
 ship of Bullingham bishop of Lincoln, he was 
 introduced to the queen, who admired Ins 
 eloquence in the pulpit, and rewarded him 
 with the deanery of Christ church 1565, and 
 that of Cantci'bury the next year. In 15S4 
 he was made bishop of Bath and Wells, but 
 be soon after fell under the queen's displea- 
 sure for taking a second wife, and this weigh- 
 ed much on his spirits, and increased his 
 infirmities. He died of a quartan ague 1590. 
 
 Godwin, Francis, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Havington, Norlhamptonshiic;, 
 1561, and educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 of which he became student 1578. He was 
 rector of Samford Orcais, Somersetshire, 
 prebendary of Wilts, subdean of Exeter, 
 and in 1595 he took his degree of D. D. He 
 devoted his time to literary pursuits, and 
 accompanied Camden in his travels into 
 Wales in search of antiquities, but while 
 he left his friend to record the features of 
 the country, he turned his thoughts to the 
 history of some of the inhabitants, and pro- 
 duced in 1601, in 4to. *'a Catalogue of the 
 Bishops of England, since the first planting 
 of Christianity in the Island, with an History 
 of their Lives and memorable Actions." 
 This valuable work gained him the friend- 
 ship of lord Buckhurst, and the patronage of 
 Elizabeth, who made him bishop of LandafF. 
 He now devoted himself to the improvement 
 of his book, and, in 1615, published another 
 edition, which however was so erroneously 
 printed, from his distance from the press, 
 that he gave another edition in an elegant 
 Latin dress, dedicated to James I. who was 
 so pleased with it that he translated the bish- 
 op to the see of Hereford 1617. lie died of 
 a languishing disorder April 1633, leaving 
 several children by his wife, daughter of 
 Wollton, bishop of Exeter. After his death, 
 in 1638, was published "the Man in the 
 Moon, by Domingo Gonsales, S-vo." an en- 
 tertaining piece on a philosophical subject, 
 which he had written in 1583,.bMl: never 
 
 VOL. h 7f> 
 
 published. He ■wrote also annals of tli'p 
 re/gns of Henry VIH. Edward VI. and 
 Mary, in Latin, the third edition of which 
 was 1630, with an English translation by his 
 son Morg.nn, also a computation of the value 
 of the Attic Talent, and Roman Sesterce, 
 &c. 
 
 GoDWiir, Thomas, a learned Englishman, 
 born in Somersetshire 1587. He was of Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford, where betook the degree 
 of M. A. 1609, and that year he was elected 
 master of lloyse's free school, in Abingdon, 
 where his genius and aljilities were soon 
 distinguished, by a respectable number of 
 pupils. He wrote for the use of his schooi 
 "Romanic HistoriSi Anthologia" 1613, 4to. 
 and in 1616, published at O.xford his "Sy- 
 nopsis Antiquitatum Hebraicarum, &c." de- 
 dicated to his patron Montague, bishop of 
 Bath and Wells. Some time after he obtain- 
 ed from his patroji tlie rectory of Bright- 
 well, Berks, and resigned his school. He 
 printed 1637 " Moses and Aaron," and took 
 his degree of D. D. 1637. He died at Bright- 
 well 1642-3, leaving a wife whom he had 
 married while at Abingdon. This worthy 
 and learned man was, on account of his book, 
 called Three Arguments to prove Election 
 upon Foresight, by Faith, engaged in a 
 controversy with Dr. Twise of Newbury. 
 
 Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, a woman 
 of eccentric character and superior abilities, 
 born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, 1768. Redu- 
 ced in her circumstances by the extrava- 
 gance of her father, she sought for subsist- 
 ence in the resources of her own mind, and 
 as a teacher of a day-school at Islington, and 
 then at Newington, and afterwards as gover- 
 ness in lord Kingsborough's family, she main- 
 tained herself with reputation. Too fond of 
 in«lcpendence however to submit to the ca- 
 prices and humors of self-willed cliildren, she 
 hadrecour.se to her pen, and, in 1787, she 
 settled in London, and published Original 
 Stories for the use of children, and various 
 translations from French and German au- 
 thors. She was also engnged in the Analyti- 
 cal Review, and, in 1790, was one of Burke's 
 opponents in an attack against his famou.s 
 pamphlet on the French Revolution, and 
 the next year she published her vindication 
 of the Rights of Women, a book which in 
 bold language attempts to overthrow the 
 established regulations of society, and which, 
 instead of conciliating concord, harmony and 
 mutual affection, in domestic life, would ren- 
 der the marriage-state a scene of distrust, 
 and jealousy, of strife, an<l contentious rival- 
 ship She was in 1792, at I'aris, where she 
 unfortunately formed an irti proper connec- 
 tion with an Americ{;n merchant, by whom 
 she had a daughter, and while accompanying 
 him in Norway, she wrote her letters on 
 Scandinavia. The little respect slie paid to 
 her cliaracter, proved now the source of 
 great unhappiness, and deserted by her un- 
 grateful favorite, she, on her I'e turn to Eng- 
 land, attempted to destroy her-self by throw- 
 ing herself into the Thames, from I*iitney 
 bridg<;. She ii> some degree Rtoned 1796., fof 
 
GO ^ 
 
 the insults ahe had oflered to the good sense 
 of her sex, and the precepts of a holy reli- 
 gion, and, after defending a promiscuous 
 intercourse among the sexes, as passion or 
 inclination dictated, she married Mr. God- 
 ■win, but died the August of the following 
 year in childbed. Her letters, fragments, 
 and posthumous xvorks, appeared after her 
 death. 
 
 GoERCE, William, an eminent scholar of 
 Middleburg, who died at Amsterdam, 1715, 
 aged 80. He is author of Jewish Antiquities, 
 2 vols. fol. Utrecht, iroO-— History of the 
 Jewish Church — essay on the Practice of 
 Painting — on Architecture. 
 
 GoERTi, John baron of, a memorable 
 Swede, born in Holstein. He gained, by his 
 intriepidity and valor, the good opinion of 
 Chai-les XH. He endeavored to excite an 
 insurrection in England, in favor of the pre- 
 tender, and was at last sacrificed to the po- 
 pular fury. He had been placed, by Charles, 
 at the head of his finances, and the discon- 
 tents which he caused by raising money for 
 the schemes of his eccentric master, were 
 suchj that after the king's death he was be- 
 headed 1719. 
 
 Goes, Hugo Vander, a painter of Bruges, 
 disciple of Van E3-ck. His Abigail in the 
 presence of David, is his most admii'ed piece. 
 He floi'ished about 1480, 
 
 GoESius, William, a critic, born at Ley- 
 den. His notes on Petronius, adopted in Bur- 
 man's edition, are much admired. He was 
 son-in-law of Dan. Heinsius, and died 1686. 
 
 GoETZE, George Henry, a native of Leip- 
 sic, who died at Lubec 1702, aged 34. He 
 was superintendant of the churches of Lubec, 
 and wrote in Latin, dissertations historical, 
 critical, and theological. A collection from 
 his works appeared 3 vols. 13mo. 1706. 
 
 GoEZ, John Augustus Ephraim, a native 
 ef Ascheileben, educated at Halle, and mi- 
 liistfcr of Quedlinburg, where he died 1786, 
 aged 55. He was an eminent naturalist, and 
 his various discoveries with the microscope 
 entitle him to great praise. He published 
 Entomological Collections, in four parts, 
 1771-1781 — History of Intestinal Worms, in 
 German, 178^2, &c. 
 
 GoEZ, Damian de, a Portuguese writer, 
 born at Alanquar, near Lisbon, of a noble fa- 
 mily. He tffivelled much, and became ac- 
 quainted with the learned of Europe, espe- 
 cially John, and Olaus Magnus, Erasmus, 
 cardinal Bembo, and others. He married at 
 Louvain, and hoped there to enjoy peace and 
 security, after 14 years spent in travelling, 
 hut a war between Charles V. and Henry H. 
 of France, droVe him from his retirement. 
 He was recalled home by John HI. of Portu- 
 gal, but the favors of the monarch were em- 
 bittered by the jealousy and the persecution 
 of the courtiers. By their influence he was 
 confined within the walls of Lisbon on his pa- 
 role, and he was soon after found dead in his 
 house, with the appearance of having been 
 strangled, or fallen a sacrifice to a violent 
 apoplexy. He wrote ** Fides, lleligio, Mo- 
 fesfjue "jEthiopuiu"— " de Imperio & Ke- 
 
 9^ 
 
 GO 
 
 bus Lusitanoram," and other works much 
 esteemed. 
 
 GoFF, Thomas, an English writer, born 
 in Essex, 1592, and educated at Westminster 
 school, and Christ church, Oxford. In 1G23 
 he obtained the Uvingof East Chandon, Sur- 
 rey, where he took for his wife a Xantippe, 
 whose violence of temper destroyed his com- 
 forts, and probably shortened his days. He 
 died 1627. Among his writings are five tra- 
 gedies, published after his death, some ser- 
 mons, and two funernl orations on sir Henrv 
 Seville and Dr. Godwin. Philips and Win- 
 stanley ascribe to him improperly " Cupid's 
 Whirligig." 
 
 GoGAVA, Antonitts Hennanius, a Ger- 
 man physician, who published Aristoxeni 
 Harmonicorum Elementorum Libri quinque, 
 Venice, 1592. 
 
 GoGUET, Antony-Yves, a French writer, 
 born 1716 at Paris, son of an advocate. 
 Though dull in his younger years, his mind 
 expanded, and produced that excellent work 
 called " rOrigine des Loix, des Arts, de.s 
 Sciences, et deleur Pregres chesles Anciens 
 Peuples, 1758," 3 vols, 4to, The reputation 
 of this celebrated performance he did ndt 
 long enjoy, as he died of tlie small-pox the 
 same year ; and his friend, Conrad Fugere, 
 to whom he left his MSS. and library, follow- 
 ed him through affliction to the gi'ave in three 
 days. 
 
 GoLDAST,MelchiorHaiminsfield,a learn- 
 ed civilian, born at Bischofisel in Switzerland 
 1576. He Av as always x>oor, though his dis- 
 tress was relieved by his publications, and 
 the liberaUty of his friends. He was of a 
 very unsettled temper, and he passed from 
 St, Gal to Geneva, from Geneva to Lausanne, 
 and afterwai'ds be was at Frankfort, Forsteg, 
 and other places. He was some time secre- 
 tary to the duke of Bouillon, and he married 
 a Avife at Frankfort, with whom he lived 
 nearly 30 years. He survived her five years, 
 and died 1635. He was a most indefatigable 
 man, and though his writings we»*e not pro- 
 perly his own, but drawn from scarce books 
 and old manuscripts, yet he displayed aston- 
 ishing judgment and great erudition ; and 
 though abused by Scioppius, he probably de- 
 served all the fiatlering things which Conrin- 
 gius has said in his praise. As to the know- 
 ledge of the public law of the en)pire, and a 
 thorough acquaintance with the affairs ot 
 Germany, no man was better entitled'to re- 
 spect, and therefore it might be said, that 
 had he lived in the age of Athens, he Avould 
 have found an honorable asylum in her pry- 
 taneum. His works are Alonarchia S. Ilo- 
 mani Imperii, 3 vols, fol, — Alamanite Scrip- 
 tores, 3 yols, fol. — Commentarius de Bohe- 
 mise Regno, 4to. — Scriptores Rcrum Suevi- 
 carum, 4to, — Collectio Consuetudinum Leg. 
 Imperial, fol. — Politica Imperial. 2 vols. fol. 
 &c. 
 
 GoLDHAGEN, Johu Eustachius, of Mag- 
 deburg, translated Herodotus, Pausanias, 
 Xenophon, and other Greek classics into La- 
 tin. He died 1772, aged 71. 
 
 Goldman, Nicholas, a native of Breslaw, 
 
GO 
 
 -5/^ 
 
 60 
 
 author of a Latin treatise on military archi- 
 tecture, on the proportion of the circle, &cc. 
 He ilied 1665, at Leyden. 
 
 GoLDONi, Charles, a native of Venice, 
 who early showed a decided partiality for 
 theatrical representation, so that his father, 
 to humor his taste, lilted up a play-house on 
 his own premises. The genius, so kindly 
 patronised, was most happily exerted, and 
 the Italian stage was completely reformed 
 by the labors and the judgment of Goldoni, 
 Avhose plays 'wei'c numerous and popular. 
 After acquiring deserved celebrity at home 
 Jay the humor and genuine wit of his come- 
 dies, he went in 1701 to Paris, where he be- 
 came composer to the Italian theatre, and 
 obtained apartments at court, and a pension. 
 He died IT02, aged 85. His works were 
 collected together at Leghorn, in thirty-one 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, a celebrated writer, 
 born at Elphin 1729, or, according to some 
 accounts, at Pallas, in the county of Long- 
 ford, 1731. He was the third of four sons, 
 and his fatlicr, who was a clergyman, in- 
 tending him for the churcli, sent him in 
 1744 to Trinity college, Dublin, where he 
 took his first degree in arts 1749, He pre- 
 ferred, however, medicine to divinity, and 
 in 1751 passed to Edinburgh to qualify him- 
 self for his medical degrees, but here the 
 benevolence of his disposition drew him into 
 difficulties; and his imprudent offer to an- 
 swer for the payment of tlie debts of an un- 
 grateful fellow collegian, obliged him to fly 
 precipitately from Scotland. He was pur- 
 sued, and arrested at Sunderland, hut the 
 friendship of two of his college friends, who 
 knew his merits and pitied his imprudence, 
 relieved him from his difficulties; and he 
 immediately embarked for the continent. 
 From Rotterdam, where he had landed, he 
 proceeded to Brussels, and then passing 
 through Flanders he came to Strasburg, and 
 visited Louvain, where he took his degree 
 of M. B. From Flanders he travelled to 
 Geneva, where he became tutor to a young 
 roan whom the sudden possession of a large 
 fortune had induced to make the tour vrf" 
 Europe, but the dispositions of the precep- 
 tor and the pupil were so different, that af- 
 ter visiting the south of France, tliey sepa- 
 rated in mutual disgust. After a long ex- 
 cursion, chiefly on foot, Goldsmith at last 
 reached Dover in 1758, but persecuted by 
 poverty. For a while he sought employ- 
 ment in London; but the rustic appearance 
 of his dress, and his broad Irish accent 
 proved unfavorable to his application, till at 
 last a chemist in Fish-street, pitying his 
 misfortunes, received him into his laborato- 
 ry, mwe as an act of charity than from the 
 prospect of private advantage. From the 
 liospitable roof of this accidental patron, he 
 soon, however, rose to greater consequence 
 under the patronage of his old friend Dr. 
 Sleigh, and after being usher in a school at 
 Peckham, he commenced writer in the 
 MontWy Review, and then in the Public 
 liCdger, where his Citizen of the "SVurW first 
 
 «t>peared under the title of Chinese Letters 
 He was now courted as a man of genius, and 
 respected as a public character ; and emerg- 
 ing from his obscure loilgings near the Old 
 Bailey, he took chambers in the Temple, 
 and began to live like a man of fashion and 
 of fortune. His Traveller, or Prospect of 
 Society, his Vicar of Wakefield, and his 
 Letters on the History of England added to 
 his reputation and to his income, and in 
 1768, his Good-natured Man, acted at Co- 
 vent-garden, though censured by some crit- 
 ics placed him in the rank of the most popu- 
 lar writers of the age. His excellent poem 
 of the Deserted Village appeared in 1770, 
 and two years after he produced his comedy 
 oi' She stoops to Conquer, or the Mistakes 
 of a Night, vv'hich Avas received with great 
 and deserved applause, and will long engage 
 the public approbation. He published be- 
 sides, an History of England in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 — another in a Series of Letters from a 
 Nobleman to his Son, long attributed to loi'd 
 Lyttleton, in two vols. 12mo. — a Roman 
 History, two vols. 8vo. — a Grecian history, 
 two vols. 8vo. — an History of the Earth 
 and Animated Nature, eight vols. 8vo. 
 &c. but though his income was respectable 
 he was far from feeUng the comforts of in- 
 dependence and prosperity. His temper 
 was unfortunately peevish and sullen, and 
 though humane, benevolent, and generous, 
 though the friend of indigence and pining 
 merit, he was often a prey to childish morose- 
 ness and sullen melancholy, and frequently 
 retired from the company of the gay and 
 the convivial to brood over his self-created 
 miseries and his imaginary woes. The last 
 part of life was embittered by the lingering 
 attack of a stranguiy, and bodily disease at 
 last produced a settled melancholy. A ner- 
 vous fever succeeded to wear out his consti- 
 tution, shattered by debility and the horrors 
 of despondency, and by inadvertently tak- 
 ing an improper dose of Dr. James's 
 powders he hastened his own dissolution. 
 He died 4th April 1774, aged 45, and was 
 buried in the Temple cluirch yard. A mo- 
 nument worthy of his fame and merit has 
 been erected to his memory in Westminster- 
 abbey, where a Latin inscription, in nervous 
 and beautiful language by the pen of Doctor 
 Johnson records his virtues. As a writer. 
 Goldsmith acquired great and deserved ce- 
 lebrity. His poems possess singular beauty ; 
 the Tx'aveller abounds with elegant and 
 animated description, and as Dr. J'ohnsou 
 observed, no poem of greater excellence hjs 
 appeared since the days of Pope. The De- 
 serted Village exhibits beauties peculiarlv its 
 own, and while the simple talc of in<Iigen<t 
 nature, and of suffering humanity can in- 
 terest and captivate the heart, so lor.g will 
 the lines of this con'cct poem continue to be 
 read and admired. Besides the works al- 
 ready mentione<l, many are enumerated as 
 the composition of Goldsmith, though it is 
 probable that, like Guthrie, Smollet, and 
 others, he only lent his name to tliem -to 
 give thcra a temporary celebrity'. 
 
GOLDSMITU, or GOULDSMITK, Frau- 
 
 cis, an able translator ot'Grotius' ])lay of So- 
 phomparcas, or History of .Toseph, into 
 English vei'se. He lived in the reign of 
 Charles I. and was highly respected. 
 
 Go Li us, James, a learned orientalist, born 
 at the Hague 1596. He studied with unusual 
 application at Leyden, and travelled after- 
 wards to France with the diicl'.ess de la Tre- 
 mouille, and was honorabiy invited to teach 
 Greek at Hochelle, where he staid till that 
 city was reduced by the French arms. He 
 afterwards returned to Holland, and directed 
 by the genius of his friend and preceptor the 
 learned Arabic professor Erpenius, he ac- 
 companied the Dutch ambassador in 1G2'2, 
 to the court of Morocco, thus to enrich his 
 mind with a more intimate knowledge of the 
 Arabian tongue, and to advance the interests 
 of literature. He carried with him a letter 
 of recommendation from his master Erpe- 
 nius, for the Moorish prince, with a present 
 of a grand atlas, and of a New Testament in 
 Arabic, which was received with great satis- 
 faction by Muley Zidan the king of Morocco. 
 During his residence here, Golius devoted 
 himself assiduously to the Arabic, and in an 
 audience which he had from the king, he was 
 admired for the facility with which he undei'- 
 stood the language, tfiough on account of its 
 guttural sounds he could not pronounce it 
 fluently, and on his return to Holland he 
 brought with him a most valuable collection 
 of books and manuscripts, hitherto unknown 
 to Europe, and among them the Annals of 
 the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. On the 
 death of his valued friend Erpenius, he was 
 chosen as his successor in the Arabic chair, 
 but so great was his thirst after knowledge, 
 that he asked and obtained permission to 
 travel into the east. He was 15 months at 
 Aleppo, and made various excursions into 
 Arabia and Mesopotamia, and then came by 
 land to Constantinople, and at last in 1629, 
 he returned to Leyden. He not oidy hael 
 thus become a perfect master of the Pei'sian, 
 Turkish, and Arabic languages, but he had 
 made observations on their manners, and he 
 brought with him such curious and valuable 
 manuscripts, as have ever since been the 
 pride and glory of the university of Leyden. 
 With indefatigable zeal he now converted 
 the treasures he possessed to tlie good of 
 mankind, and nobly patronised by the states, 
 he began and finished a New Testament in 
 the Arabic language, with a translation into 
 the vulgar Greek, besides the Confession of 
 t<ie Reformed Protestants, and a Catechism 
 and Liturgy, assisted by an Armenian and 
 an Archmandrite, to be disperse<l among 
 the Greeks and Mahometans in every part of 
 the world. During his absence, his country- 
 men, in honor of his great services, had ap- 
 pointed him mathematical professoi*, and 
 soon after he was nominated interpreter in 
 ordinai'y to the States for eastern languages, 
 for which he was so well qualified. To these 
 honors from his country he added all the vir- 
 tues of private life ; his temperance and re- 
 ^tjarity insured him a vigorous constitution, 
 
 GO 
 
 and at the age of 70 he travelleti on foot from 
 the Meuse to the Waal, a journey of 14 
 hours. He died !28th Sept. 1667, much and 
 deservedly respected for his learning, his vir- 
 tue, meekness, and piety. He had by his 
 wife, with whom he lived" 24 years, and'who 
 survived him, two sons, who rose to distinc- 
 tion in Holland. Besides a valuable " Arabic 
 Lexicon," and a new edition of Erpenius' 
 Grammar, and a Persian Dictionary, printed 
 in London, the Life of Tamerlane, &c. he en- 
 gaged in a Geographical and Historical Dic- 
 tionary of the East, which, however, he did 
 not c.omi)lete. 
 
 GoLiu3, Peter, brother of the preceding, 
 was born at Leyden, and established a mon- 
 astery of the bare-footed Carmelites on the 
 summit of mount Libanus. He was an excel- 
 lent orientalist, and published some books in 
 Arabic and Latin, and assisted in the editions 
 of the great Arabic Bible, printed at Rome 
 1671. He died at Surat, in the East Indies, 
 1673. 
 
 (ioLTZius, Henry, an eminent painter 
 and engraver, born 1658, at Mulbrec, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, He travelled through Ger- 
 many to Italy disguised in the habit of a ser- 
 vant, Avhi'.st his servant appeared in the cha- 
 racter of a master, and pretended to keep 
 him for his knowledge and skill in painting. 
 After visiting Rome and Naples, and study- 
 ing the works of the best masters he return- 
 ed to Haerlem, where he died 1617. As an 
 engraver he has been highly commended by 
 Evelyn, and his imitations of Leyden, in the 
 Passion, the dead Chi-ist, and other pieces, 
 have been long and deservedly admired. 
 
 GoLTZius, Hubert, a German writer, 
 born at Venloo, in the duchy of Gueldres, 
 1526. Though brought up a painter under 
 his father, who was of the same profession, 
 he devoted himself to the pursuits of anti- 
 quities, and particularly of medals, and tra- 
 velled through France, Germany, and Italy, 
 in the cultivation of his favorite study. His 
 fame as an antiquary was so respectable that 
 he was honored with the freedom of Rome, 
 and the books he wrote were so curious and 
 so valuable that they were deemed the orna- 
 ments of the first libraries in Europe. He 
 was so devoted to the science of antiquity 
 that he gave to his children the names of an- 
 cient Jtomans, such as Julius, Marcellus, 
 &c. but though veiy nice and judicious in 
 his examination of antiques, he has admitted 
 some medals as true which are evidently not 
 such. He married a second wife, widow of 
 Smctius, more for the antiques which her 
 husband had possessed than for love, and, 
 consequently, the union proved so disagi-ee- 
 able that the violent temper of his bride 
 shortened his days. He died at Bruges 1583, 
 aged 57. His chief publications were " Im- 
 peratorum fere omnium vivte Imagines k J. 
 Cxsare ad Carolum V. ex Veter. Numis- 
 matibus" — " Fasti Magistratuum, &c.'* — 
 ** de Origine Populi R." — *' Fasti Consu- 
 lares" — " Thesaurus Antiquit." 
 
 GoUYDDAJf, a bard in the court of Cad- 
 wallader in the beginning of the 8th century. 
 
GO 
 
 ^ys 
 
 GO 
 
 GoMAR, Francis, a native of Bruges, 
 known for his strong and able defence of 
 Calvin's principles against Arminius, his col- 
 league as divinity professor at Leyden, and 
 his'adherents. He died at Groningen, where 
 he was divinity and Hebrew professor, 1641. 
 He had before lield a literary situation at 
 Middleburgh and Saumur. His works were 
 collected into one volume, Amsterdam, 1G45. 
 
 GoMBAULD, John Ogier de, a French 
 poet, born at St. Just de Lussac, in Sain- 
 tonge, 1567. He was educated at Bourdeaux, 
 and then came to Paris, where he determin- 
 ed by his abilities to advance his fortune, 
 vhich he, as the son of a fourth marriage, 
 found very circumscribed. His sonnets and 
 epigrams gained him applause, and the ver- 
 ses which he wrote on the king's assassina- 
 tion by llavalllac 1610, so pleased the queen 
 regent, Mary de Medicis, that she made 
 him her favorite, and granted him a pension 
 of 1200 livres. Thus cherished by the great, 
 and the respected friend and associate of 
 those who frequented the house of that vir- 
 tuous and amiable woman Mad. Rambouillet, 
 he charmed every company "with his wit and 
 his elegant manners. He was one of those 
 whose meetings gave rise to the academy of 
 belles lettres, 1626, under the patronage of 
 ^ Ilichelieu, and he became one of its first 
 * members. Though a friend of the reformed 
 rehgion he conducted himself with such pro- 
 priety that he oft'entled no party, but on the 
 contrary, he gained universal esteem, and 
 lived respected. His income was increased 
 by an additional pension from Seguier, chan- 
 cellor of France, and, by prudent economy, 
 his equipage and finances were always on the 
 most respectable footing. By an accidental 
 fall in his room he was confined for some of 
 the last years of his Ufe to his bed. He died 
 1666, aged 99. At the age of 90 he pub- 
 lished a collection of epigrams, and some 
 yeare after, the tragedy called Danaides. 
 Among his chief productions are " Eudy- 
 mion," a romance, in prose — Amarinlha, a 
 pastoral — letters — poems, &c. His posthu- 
 mous works appeared in Holland 1678, and 
 were chiefly religious, and in favor of pro- 
 testant principles. 
 
 GoMBERViLLE, Marin le Roi, a native 
 of Chevreuse, member of the French acade- 
 my, and author of Polexandre — la Cythe- 
 i-ee — la Jeune Alcidiane, romances — Di^- 
 coui's sur les Vertus &c les Vices de I'His- 
 toire, 8cc. — la Doctrine des Mceurs selon les 
 Stoiques — de la Riviere des Amazones — 
 Poesies Diverses, &c. He died 1674, aged 75. 
 
 GoMERSAi,, Robert, a poet in the time 
 of Charles 1, student of Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, andB. D. 1627, He left poems and 
 sermons. His "Lcvite's Revenge" contain- 
 ing poetical meditations on the 19th and 20th 
 chapters of Judges is his best pieces. He 
 died 1646. 
 
 GoMEi, de Cividad, Alvarez, a Latin po- 
 et of Guadalaxara near Toledo. He wrote 
 Solomon's Proverbs into Latin verse — the 
 <iolden Fleece, and other works, esteemed 
 inSpaJu. He died 1558, aged 70. 
 
 GoMEi, de Castro, Alvarez, a learned 
 Spaniard, born near Toledo, and author of 
 the History of cardinal Ximenes. He died 
 15S0, aged 65. 
 
 GoMfiz,, Magdelene Angelica Ppisson de, 
 a French lady who wrote some romances 
 and theatrical pieces, very numei*ous, but 
 not much esteemed. She died 1770, aged 86. 
 
 GoNDEBAUD, third king of Burgundy, 
 after his hrother Chilperic 491. He attacked 
 Italy, and endeavored in vain to I'eunite the 
 catholics and Ai'iansat a synod at Lyons 499, 
 but he was afterwards defeated and made 
 tributary to Clovis king of the Franks. He 
 put to death his brother Godesil who had re- 
 volted against him, and afterwards devoted 
 himself to tlie improvement of his subjects, 
 whose morals and property he protected by 
 the establishment of a system of laws still 
 called la Loi Gourbelle. He died 516. 
 
 GoNDKiN, Lewis Antoi«|^, a favorite of 
 Lewis XIV. When visited at his country 
 house by the monarch, he removed in one 
 night the grove of old trees which had ap- 
 peared to the king as otiensive to the sight. 
 Lewis the next day, complained of a large 
 wood which obstructed his view, and in a 
 moment 1200 men, who were ready, levelled 
 the disagreeable wood to the ground. What 
 if the king, said the duchess of Burgundy, 
 who was present, if the king Avished our 
 heads thus to disappear, the duke, I fear, 
 would not hesitate to gratify his sovereign. 
 
 Go.vDY, John Francis Paul, cardinal de 
 Retz was born at Montmii'el in Brie, in 1613, 
 and died 16r9. He Mas doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, and coadjutor to his uncle the arch- 
 bishop of Paris, and after many intrigues he 
 obtained a cardinal's hat. I'hough a de- 
 bauchee in his youth, he yet assumed the 
 sanctity of the preacher, and with such elo- 
 quence and effect that he was adored by the 
 people. He caballed against Richelieu, and 
 at last, after six years of exile, and after be- 
 ing imprisoned at Vincennes and Nantes, he 
 was permitted to return, and by his good 
 conduct and exemplary manners he made 
 atonement forthe vices of his youth. He was, 
 says Voltaire, a Catiline in his youth, and 
 an Atticus in his old age. Ho wrote, besides 
 the Conspiracy of count Fiesco — Memoirs of 
 his Life, which are very authentic and inter- 
 esting. The best edition of this valuable per- 
 formance is that of Amsterdam 1719, 4 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Go NET, John Baptist, a Dominican friar, 
 doctor and professor of theology in the uni- 
 versity of Bourdeaux, and author of a Sys- 
 tem of Theology in 5 vols, folio. He died 
 1681, aged 65, at Beziers his native place. 
 
 GoNGORA, Lewis de, a Spanish poet, 
 born at Cordova 1562. He studied at Sala- 
 manca, and taking orders, became chaplain 
 to the king, and prebendary of Cordova 
 where he died 1627. His works were all 
 published after lus death, and consist of son- 
 nets, elegies, a comedy, a tragedy, &c. 
 Though he is abused by sonxe critics for af- 
 fectation, and a false sublime, yet the Span- 
 iards regard him as the prince of their poets. 
 
GO 
 
 69^ 
 
 GO 
 
 GoNNELLi, John, the blind man of Com- 
 iiassi, lost hia sight at the age of 20. He af- 
 terwards became a sculptor, and by the touch 
 acquired great excellence and even attempted 
 portraits, and with some success. He gave 
 a good likeness of pope Urban VIII. and of 
 Gosmothe gi^at duke of Florence. His works 
 are much admired in France. 
 
 GoNSALVA, Fernandez, the great cap- 
 tain of Cordova, was an illustrious Spaniard, 
 distinguished against the Portuguese, and in 
 the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella in the 
 <ionquest of Grenada, and in the wars of Ita- 
 ly, where he conquered Calabria, Apulia 
 Naples. This gi-eat character, so respectable 
 for his valor and his private virtues, became 
 at last suspected to his sovereign^ by the ar- 
 tifice of his enemies, and he died in retire- 
 ment in Grenada 1515. Florian has made 
 him the hero of his romance. 
 
 GoNTHiER, a Latin poet, author of the 
 Histoiy of Constantinople, 1203. 
 
 GoNTHiER, John and Leonard, two bro- 
 thers, eminent as painters on glass. Their 
 ■works were much admired, and are still 
 held in high estimation. 
 
 GoNZAGA, Lucretia, a learned and il- 
 lustrious woman of the 16th century. At the 
 age of 14 she married Paul Monfrone, who 
 conspired against the lite of the duke of 
 Ferrara, and was discovered and imprison- 
 ed. Lucretia, though he A\as not put to 
 death, applied to every European power for 
 his deliverance, and even solicited the grand 
 Sig^ior to seize the castle Avhere iie was con- 
 fined, but her endeavors were fruitless, 
 and herguilty husband died inprison. Though 
 afterwards solicited in marriage, she lived in 
 ■widowhood, and of her four children only 
 two daughters survived, whom she placed in 
 monasteries. She was so elegant a writer 
 that her epistles were collected and published 
 at Venice 1552. Though she did not pro- 
 fess to be learned, yet she infused spirit, 
 and all the graces and flowers of erudition in- 
 to her pieces, and she fully deserved all the 
 praises and flattering compliments of Hor- 
 tensio Lando, and of the wits of her time. 
 She died at Milan 1576, 
 
 GoNZ-AGA, Scipio, a noble Italian, educa- 
 ted at Padua, and eminent for his knowledge 
 of philosophy and divinity. He was created 
 a cardinal by Sixtus VL and died 159.3, aged 
 51. He wrote some poems aud left manu- 
 script memoirs of himself, &e. He was con- 
 cerned in the establisliment of the academy 
 ©f Degli Eterci at Padua. 
 
 GoKZAGA, Vespasian, duke of Sabhioneta, 
 a city which he founded, and which he 
 adorned with churches and schools, died 1591, 
 aged 60, universally respected as a liberal 
 patron of literature, and as an excellent Ita- 
 lian poet. 
 
 Gonzalez, Thyrsus, a Spaniard, general 
 of the Jesuits, who died at Home 1705. He 
 is author of the Doctrine of Probability, folio, 
 1694, and of several other tracts. 
 
 Goo BALL, Walter, a writer, born in the 
 shire of Angus, and e<lucated at King's col- 
 3^ge, Aberdeen. He is kooiva as a philologist, 
 
 and as the author of a Vindication of Mary, 
 in 2 vols. 1751, in which he shows himse*f 
 very strongly attached to the house of Stuart. 
 He dier' at Edinbrugh 1758, aged 71. He 
 has been censured for his excessive fondness 
 of .drinking. 
 
 Goodwin, John, an able disputant, edu- 
 cated at Queen's college, Cambridge, and 
 appointed 1633, minister of St. Stephen, 
 Coleman street, London, from which he was 
 ejected 1645 for refusing to adminster the 
 sacrament to his people promiscuously. Un- 
 der the republic his principles were so vio- 
 lent that he wrote a vindication of the be- 
 heading of Charles I. At the restoration he 
 was excepted from the act of indemnity, and 
 his works were burnt by the hangman, and 
 he soon after died lamented by few. His 
 writings which were in favor of Arminiamsm, 
 were a treatise of Justification, 4to. — Expo- 
 sition of the ninth of the Romans, 4to. — Re- 
 demption redeemed, fol. &c. 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas, a puritanical divine, 
 born 5th Oct. 1600, at Kolseby, Norfolk, and 
 educated at Christ church, Cambridge. He 
 was fellow of Catherine hall, but in 1630 to 
 avoid persecution he went to Holland, and 
 settled at Arnheim, as pastor of the English 
 church there. During the civil wars he re- 
 turned to London, and was one of the assera- 
 bJy of divines at Westminster, and in 1649 
 was made by Cromwell president of Magda- 
 len college, Oxford. He attended the protec- 
 tor in his last illness, and was ejected from 
 O.vford, at the restoration. He aftervt'ards 
 preached to an assembly of independents in 
 London till his death, 23d Feb. 1G79. His 
 works have been collected 5 vols, foho. He 
 i.H su])posed by Granger to be alluded to in 
 No. 494 of the Spectator. 
 
 Goo I,, John Van, a Dutch painter, bom 
 at the Hague 1685. He also wrote an ac- 
 count of the lives and works of the Flemish 
 painters. 
 
 GordianI. emperor of Rome, was inves- 
 ted with the purple in Africa much against 
 his wish, 237, in the reign of Maximinus. 
 His son of the same name assumed the im- 
 perial power with him, but soon after their 
 elevation they M'ere attacked by a general of 
 Maxirainus,and the son was killed in battle, 
 and the father destroyed himself with Iub 
 girdle 237. A youth of the family afterwards 
 was raised to the throne, but a few years after 
 he was murdered near the Euphrates by his 
 minister Philip, 244.j 
 
 Gordon, Thomas, a political writer, born 
 at Kircudbright, Galloway. He came to 
 London early, and distinguished himself in 
 the Bangoritiu controversy, and other politi- 
 cal subjects as the defender of lord Oxford. 
 He was patronised by Mr. Trenchard, who 
 with him began to publish under the name of 
 " Cato" a number of letters on public aifairs. 
 He about this time pubhshed " the Independ- 
 ent Whig," in which he showed his violence 
 against the hierarchy, hut sir Robert Wal- 
 pole, knowing his abilities, gained him over 
 to his party, and made him commissioner of 
 wine licensee. Thus devoted to the minister. 
 
GO 
 
 yfs^ 
 
 60 
 
 he began ably to defend his mensiu'es in se- 
 veral pamphlets, and continued attached to 
 him till his death, which happened 28(h July, 
 1750, at the age of 66. His second wife was 
 Trenchard's widow, by whom he" had some 
 children. Besides political tracts, he pub- 
 lished English translations of Sallnst and Ta- 
 citus, with additional discourses. 
 
 Gordon, Alexander, M. A. a Scotch- 
 man, admired as a draughtsman and as a 
 Grecian. He travelled over Fiance, Ger- 
 many, and other places, and was secretary 
 to the society for the encouragement of learn- 
 ing, afterwards to the Egyptian club, whose 
 members had visited Egypt, and to the anti- 
 quarian society, which he resigned 1741. 
 He went with governor Glen to (Carolina, 
 where he died a justice of peace, leaving a 
 handsome inheritance to his family. He 
 ■wrote *' Itinerarium Septentrionale," or a 
 Journey through Scotland, with plates — Lives 
 of Alexander VI. and his son Caesar Borgia, 
 &c. folio — History of Ancient Amphithea- 
 tres — and 25 Plates of Egyptian Mummies, 
 &c. folio, 1739 — Hieroglyphical Figures, &c. 
 
 Gordo N, James, a Jesuit, descended from 
 a Scotch family. He taught philosophy and 
 languages at Bourdeaux and Paris, and 
 suffered much for the catholic rehgion. He 
 died at Paris 1620, a^d 77. He wrote Con- 
 troversiarum Christiancs Fidei Epitome, 2 
 vols, folio. There was another Jesuit of that 
 name, author of a Commentary on the Bible, 
 3 vols. fol. 1632, and other works. 
 
 Gordon, Robert, of Stralogh, was author 
 of " Theatrum Scotise," an excelleot book 
 ■with maps of the country, dedicated 1o Oli- 
 ver Cromwell. He died about the middle of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Gordon, Andrew, a native of Abeitlcen, 
 ■who became professor of philosophy in the 
 Scotch monastery of Benedictines at Erfurt, 
 where he died 1751, aged 39. He wrote 
 Phenomena Electricitatis Exposita, 8vo. — 
 Philosophia Jucunda et Utilis, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 —-Origin of the Present War of Great Bri- 
 tain, 4to. — Physicse Experimentalis Elemen- 
 ta, 8vo. He first substituted a cylinder in- 
 stead of a globe in his electrical machine. 
 
 Gordon, lord George, son of Cosmo 
 duke of Gordon, was originally in the navy, 
 which a dispute ■with the first lord of the ad- 
 miralty obliged him to quit. He afterwards 
 obtained a seat in parliament for Ludgers- 
 hall, and anxious to gain popularity lie vio- 
 lently opposed the ministry, and attacked the 
 bill which granted certain immunities to the 
 Roman catholics. Not satisfied with the op- 
 position which he gave to the measures in 
 the house, he had the imprudence to head 
 the mob when they presented a petition to 
 the commons, and thus by his artful and in- 
 temperate conduct, he occasioned those 
 dreadful riots, which in 1780 nearly convert- 
 ed the capital into a heap of ruins. So gross 
 a violation of duty did not pass unnoticed, he 
 M'as sent to Newgate and tried, but acquitted. 
 In 1786 he was excommwmicated for refusing 
 to appear as a witness in a cause, and two 
 years after he was found guilty of publishing 
 
 a gross libel against the queen of PS'ance.. 
 To avoid the punishment due to this offence 
 he fled to Holland, ()iit soon after returned 
 in the habit of a Jew. His disguise, however, 
 could not screen him from the pursuits of 
 the officers of the law, he was sent to New- 
 gate, and died there 1793, aged 43. 
 
 Gore, Thomas, born of an ancient family 
 at Alderton, Wilts, was educated at Oxford. 
 He was of Lincoln's Inn, and died on his 
 estate, 1684, author of some Latin miscella- 
 neous pieces. 
 
 Gorelli, an Italian poet, born at Arezzo, 
 He wrote after the manner of Dante, the 
 history of his country from lOK), to 1384, 
 which if not elegant as a poem, is however 
 useful as a chronicle. 
 
 GoKGiAS, Leontinus, a philosopher of 
 Sicily, B. C. 417, so eminent that a statue of 
 gold was raised to l«s honor at Delphi. 
 
 GoRius, orGoRio, AntoniusFranciscus^ 
 an historian, critic, and antiquarian of Flo- 
 rence. He wrote several valuable works oa 
 Grecian and Roman antiquities, especially 
 Musseum Etruscum, 3 vols. fol. — Musseum 
 Cortonense, fol. — Inscription on Tuscany, 
 3 vols. fol. — Description of the gi-and duke's 
 Cabinet, 11 vols. He died 1757. 
 
 GoRLiEus, Abraham, an antiquarian of 
 Antwerp, who died at Delft, 1609, aged 69, 
 He published an interesting collection of tlie 
 rings and seals of the ancients, the best edi- 
 tion of which is that of Leyden, 1625. He 
 also gave to the public, a collection of medals 
 in 1008, in which, says Scaliger, he is not al- 
 ways to be depended upon. His collections 
 of antiques were sold by his heirs to the 
 prince of Wales, 
 
 GoRL/Eus, David, a native of Utrecht, in 
 the 17th century, author of some philosophi- 
 cal books, in which he advanced new opi- 
 nions. 
 
 GoROPius, John, a physician of Brabant, 
 who after travelling over Europe, settled at 
 Antwerp. In his " Origines Antverpianse,'"" 
 he maintained with I'idiculous pertinacity, 
 that Flemish was the language of Adam. He 
 died 1572. 
 
 GoRRAN, Nicholas de, a Dominican, con- 
 fessor to Philip the Fair of France. He dietir 
 1295. He was an admired and eloqueiit 
 preacher, and his sermons, together with a 
 commentary on the gospels, appeared at 
 Paris 1523 and 1539. 
 
 GoRREUs, a protestant physician at Paris, 
 who published a translation of Nicander, and 
 died 1572, aged 72. Upon being suddenly 
 arrested by some soldiers, on account of his 
 religion, he unfortunately lost his senses. 
 
 GoRTER, John, a native of Enhuysen, in 
 West Friesland, who took ills doctor's degree 
 in medicine at Leyden, and in 1725, became 
 medical lecturer, and public physician at 
 Harderwyck. He afterwards went to, Pe- 
 tersburg, but returned in 1758, to Holland^ 
 and died 17C2, aged IfZ. He wrote a trea- 
 tise de Perspiratione Insensibili Sanctoriana 
 Batavia — Compendium Medicinse— de Secre- 
 tione Humorum e Sanguine ex Solidorum 
 Fabric^, &c.— Merbi EpidemiciDescriptio et 
 
GO 
 
 yU 
 
 GO 
 
 &c. — ^Exercita- 
 
 Cuatio— Matei-ies Medica 
 tiones Medicinse, 4to. &c. 
 
 GossELiN, Antony, regius professor of his- 
 tory and eloquence, and principal of the 
 college du Bois, at Caen, iniblished the his- 
 tory of the ancient Greeks, in Latin 1636. 
 
 GossE LI N I, Julian, a writer born at Rome, 
 1525. At the age of 17, he was appointed 
 secretary to Ferdinand Gonzaga, viceroy of 
 Sicily, in whose service he continued 40 
 years. He published several things in Ita- 
 lian, in verse and px'ose, besides Latin poems, 
 and died at Milan, 1587. 
 
 Goth, Stephen, archbishop of Upsal, 
 ■who by attempting in vain to restore the Ko- 
 tnan catholic i-eligion in Sweden, in conjunc- 
 tion with John the king, nearly kindled a 
 civil war in the 16lh century. 
 
 GoTHoFRED, Dennis, an able lawyer, 
 born at Paris. He taught laAv in some of the 
 German universities, but was not permitted 
 to reside in France, on account of his attach- 
 ment to the principles of Calvin. He died 
 1622, aged 73. He edited "Corpus Juris 
 Civilis," and wrote some law treatises, pub- 
 lished in Holland, in folio. 
 
 Got HO FRED, Theodosius, eldest son of 
 the preceding, Avas born at Geneva, 1580, 
 and professed the catholic religion, which his 
 father had abjured. He became counsellor 
 of state, and assisted in the embassy for a 
 general peace at Munster, M'here he died 
 1649. He wrote several works on the his- 
 tory, rights, and titles of the French mon- 
 archy. 
 
 GoTHOFRED, James, son of Dennis, was 
 born 1587. He was a Calvinist, and enjoy- 
 ed five times the office of Syndic, and other 
 high appointments at Geneva, where he died 
 1652. He wrote several works, which dis- 
 play his great and extensive erudition. 
 
 GoTHOFRED, Dcnnis, son of Theodosius, 
 was born at Paris, 1615, and died at Lisle, 
 1681, director of the chamber of accounts. 
 He wrote the histories of Charles VI. VIL 
 and VHL 
 
 GoTHOFRED, John, son of Dennis, just 
 mentioned, succeeded his father as director 
 SX Lisle. He was equally well skilled in the 
 history and antiquities of France, and wrote 
 Journal de Henry HL — Memoires of Mar- 
 ^erite, and an edition of Philip Coraines. 
 He died 1732, very old. 
 
 Got TESCHALC. FiV/. Godeschalc. 
 Go TTi, Vincent Lewis, an Italian of Bo- 
 logna, made a cax-dinal by Benedict XIII. 
 He wrote several works on theology, &c. and 
 died 1742, aged 78. 
 
 GoTTiGNiES, Giles Francis, a native of 
 Brussels, professor of mathematics at Rome, 
 •where he died 1689, aged 59. He was also 
 a Jesuit, and wrote Elementa Geometrite 
 Planse — Arithmetica Introductio ad Logisti- 
 canl Mathesi Universse Servientem — Epis- 
 tolse Mathemat.— Figura Cometarum, qui 
 apparusrunt Annis 1664, 5, and 8. 
 
 GoTTLEBER, John Christopher, an ex- 
 cellent German critic, who died 1785, aged 
 52. Of his learned works, the best known 
 is Animadversions on Plato's works. 
 
 GoTTScnnD, John Christopher, a Ger- 
 man poet of Koningsberg, professor of logic, 
 philosophy, and metaphysics, who died at 
 Leipsic 1766, aged 66. He was assisted in 
 the composition of his dramatic pieces by 
 his wife, and so great was his influence and 
 celebrity, that he banislied buffoonery from 
 the stage, and spread a love of literature 
 over Germany. Hi* wife died 1762. The 
 best of his works are. Essay towards a Crit- 
 ical History of Poetry for the Germans- 
 Collections fora Critical History of the Lan- 
 guage, Poetry, and Eloquence of Germany 
 — Principles of General Fhilosophy— ^Prin- 
 ciples of the German Language — the Ger- 
 man Theatre — Poems — the Death of Cato, 
 a tragedy, &c. 
 
 GouDELTN, or GouDOUi.i, Peter, ft 
 Gascon poet, born at Toulouse, so esteemed 
 among his countrymen, that he is called the 
 Homer of Gascony. His works, containing 
 great sprightliness, and elegance, were pub- 
 lished at Toulouse, and Amsterdam. He 
 died 10th Sep. 1649, aged 70. 
 
 GouDiMEL, (Claudius, an excellent mu- 
 sician, put to death at Lyons, for setting the 
 psalms of Marot and Beza to music. 
 
 Gove A, Martial, a Latin poet of the 16th 
 century, author of a Latin grammar. 
 
 GovEA, Andrew, brother to the prece- 
 ding, taught grammar and philosophy, ami 
 established under John III. of Portugal, the 
 college of Coimbra. He died 1548. 
 
 Gove A, Antony, youngest brother of the 
 preceding, eminent for his erudition, and 
 professor of law at Toulouse, and then at 
 Turin. Besides an excellent edition of Vir- 
 gil and of Terence, he wrote Latin epigrams, 
 and a commentary on Cicero's Topica. He 
 died, as Blount says, after an inordinatr 
 meal of cucumbers, at Milan 1565, aged 60. 
 Gouge, William, minister of Blackfriars, 
 was born at Stratford le Bow. He was of 
 King's college, Cambridge, and is remai'ka- 
 ble for not being absent from morning and 
 evening prayers for nine years, and for read- 
 ing 15 chapters of the bible every day. He 
 was one of the ministers of the assembly of 
 Westminster, and was appointed one of the 
 annotators of the bible. He died I6th Dec. 
 1653, and was buried at his own church, 
 leaving an exemplary character for perse- 
 verance as a preacher, for humilit)-, faith, 
 and patience. He wrote " the whole Ar- 
 mour of God" — Exposition of the Lord's 
 Prayer — "Commentary on the Epistle to 
 the Hebrews," and other works in support 
 of Calvinism. 
 
 Gouge, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
 was educated at Eton and King's colleges, 
 Cambridge, and became minister of St. Se- 
 pulchre, London, for 24 years, but was ejec- 
 ted at the restoration. He died in bis sleep 
 1681, aged 77. He wrote several books of 
 practical divinity, and distributed many thou- 
 sand copies of the bible, catechism, &c, 
 among the 3U0 schools which he is said to 
 have established iA Wales. Dr. Tillotson 
 preached his funeral sermon, though he was 
 a nonconformist. 
 
GO 
 
 ^// 
 
 GO 
 
 Gouges, Mary Olympe de, a native of 
 Montauban. During' the revolution, she 
 espoused the violent measures of the tinnes, 
 {Uid made Mirabeau tlie hero ol her writings. 
 KeHection, liowever, and the enormities of 
 the times cooled her prejudices, and when 
 Louis XVI. v/as dragged before tlie bloody 
 tribunal, she had the courage to demand of 
 the convention the privilege of defending an 
 innocent monarcii. This heroic conduct, 
 f.nd her attacks upon Marat and Uobes- 
 pierre, marked her out for death. She was 
 guillotined Sd November 1792, aged 38. She 
 "wrote some dramatic pieces, which were 
 collected in three vols. 8vo. 
 
 GoujET, Claude Peter, a P'rench writer 
 who died at Paris 1707, aged 70. He pub- 
 lished a supplement to Dupin's Bibliotlie- 
 que, Ifj vols. I'Jmo. — llichelet's Dictionary, 
 &c. liis library consisted of above lOjOOO 
 volumes. 
 
 Gonjo>:, John, a sculptor of Paris, from 
 the correctness and grace of his works, cal- 
 led the (Joreggio of sculpture. He florished 
 in the reigns of Francis 1. and Henry H. 
 and was killed at the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew 1572. 
 
 GouLART, Simon, an able writer, born 
 near Paris 1543. He studied at Geneva, 
 where he succeeded Calvin as minister; and 
 died there 1628. He wrote an History of 
 the League, — Notes on Plutarch's works, 
 translated by Amiot, — and on Cyprian's 
 "works ; and published besides some treatises 
 en divinity,— -and on moral subjects, — and a 
 Translation of Seneca, and other autiiors. 
 His works are enumerated in Niceron's 
 Memoirs. 
 
 Gould, Robert, an English poet, who 
 died 1708. His works, which are piiscel- 
 laneous, appeared in 1709, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 GouLiN, John, a French writer, born 
 at Kheims 10th Feb. 1728. He studied me- 
 dicine, but was more distinguished as an 
 Author, learned, judicious, and enlightened. 
 He published various works of merit, and 
 died at Paris 1799. 
 
 G ouLSTON, Theodore, a physician, born 
 in Northamptonshire, and educated at Mer- 
 lon college, Oxford, where he became fel- 
 low, and where he took his degree of M.D. 
 1610. He practised with great celebrity in 
 London, and died 1632, and by his will left 
 200/. to purchase a rent-charge, to endow a 
 pathological lecture in the college of physi- 
 cians. He wrote a i)araplirase of Aristotle, 
 and of other Greek writers. 
 
 GouLu, John, a French writer, born at 
 Paris, where he died 1625, aged 49. He 
 translated into French Epictetus, Arrian, 
 Basil, Diogenes the Areopagite, &c. and had 
 a very severe controversy with Balzac. 
 
 GouPiL, James, a native of Lucou, 
 who studied medicine at Pai-is, and succeed- 
 ed there J. Sylvius as royal professor of phy- 
 sic 1555. Besides editing several Greek 
 medical writers, he translated from the Ita- 
 lian, Piccoloraini's treatise on the sphere of 
 the world, and died 1564. 
 
 GouPY, Joseph, a French arO^t, ad- 
 V'OL. T'. 77 
 
 mired for lils execution in water colors, and 
 for his skill as a copier. He taught tJie 
 princess of Wales; and In's cartoons were 
 so highly valued, that the duke of Chandos 
 gjive ;300/. for the copy, w hen, they produced 
 at his death not more tlii.n 17 guineas. He 
 died 1747. 
 
 G o URDO N, Simon, a native of Paris, who 
 at the age of 15, embraced the ecclesiastical 
 profession among the canons of St. Victor, 
 and lived a very austere lile till his deatli 
 1729, aged 83. He was author of Letters oa 
 Cases of Conscience, hymns, Sec. 
 
 GouRNAY, Mary de Jars, lady of, a 
 Frenchwoman, born in Gaseony 1565, and 
 iiUivd to several illustrious families. She 
 had a great partiality for literature, and she 
 showed such respect for Montaigne upon, 
 reading his first essays, wlu'ch were thea 
 published, that she solicited his friendship ; 
 and on the death of her father, adopted him 
 as her own parent. Thus devoted to tlie 
 muses, and th» purest regards of this cele- 
 brated philosoplicr, she passed the best part 
 of her life, rejecting every connexion which, 
 might destroy her friendship and her men- 
 tal enjoyments. On Montaigne's death, she 
 crossed the kingdom to mingle her tears 
 with those of his widow and her much loved 
 daughter, and a3 a proof of lier great gi*ati- 
 tude and immortal affection, she reprinted 
 his Essay in 1634, M-ith an elegant preface 
 sacred to his memory. Her works, in prose 
 and verse, were published in 1636, in one 
 volume. She died 1645 at Paris, and her 
 memory was honored with various epitaphs 
 from the pens of Menage, Yalois, Patin, la 
 Mothe, Vayer, and others. 
 
 GouRviLi.E, John Herauld, author of 
 *' Memoirs" containing anecdotes of the 
 French ministers from Mazarin to Colbert, 
 and of Lewis XIV. was originally valet to the^ 
 duke of Rouchefoucault, and by him raised 
 for his merit, to offices of trust and confi- 
 dence. He died 1705, aged 80. 
 
 GoussET, James, a P'rench protestant 
 minister of Blois, Avho left France at the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes, and be- 
 came professor of Greek and theology at 
 Groningen. He died there 1704, leaving 
 several books as proofs of his great eru- 
 dition, especially an Hebrew Dictionary,' — 
 Dissertations on Controversy with the Jews, 
 
 &tG. 
 
 GouTHiERES, James,a French advocate, 
 born at Chaumont. He wrote some valuable 
 works, " de Vetere Jure Pontificis Romsc 
 Publicse" &c. He died 1638. 
 
 Go u VI ON, X. a French officer who serv- 
 ed in America, and during the revolution 
 was member of the national assembly, and 
 afterwards general in the army of the North, 
 where he was killed at the head of his troops, 
 11th June, 1793, near the village of Glis- 
 velie. 
 
 Goux DE LA BouLAYE, Frattcis le, a 
 native of Anjou, who travelled through Asia 
 and Africa in the character of a Mahome- 
 tan, and throtigh Europe as a catholic, oi 
 which he published rb account hi 4to. 1653, 
 
GR 
 
 sysr? 
 
 GR 
 
 He ^yent as ambassador to the great Mogul 
 ia 1068, and was carried oiFby a fever the 
 next year in Persia. 
 
 GouYE, John, a Jesuit and matheroati- 
 cian of Dieppe, member of the academy of 
 Sciences. He wrote Mathematical and Phi- 
 losophical Observations, 2 vols, 8vo. He died 
 at Paris, 1725, aged 75. 
 
 GouYE LoNGUEMARE, a French author 
 ivho wrote some memoirs and dissertations, 
 to illustrate the history of France, and died 
 1703, 
 
 GowER, John, an old English poet, born 
 in Yorkshire 1320. He v/ as- professor of law 
 in the Inner Temx)le, and according to some 
 was chief justice of the common pleas. He 
 was a munificent benefactor to St. Mary's 
 church, now St. Saviour s, South wark, where 
 his riionument is still presei'ved. His works 
 called Speculum Meditantia — Vox Claman- 
 tis — Coufessio Amantis, were first printed 
 by Caxton, 1483. They possess great spirit, 
 and the author in bold and energetic lan- 
 guage inveighs against the debaucheries of 
 the times, the immorality of the clergy, the 
 wickedness of corrupt judges, and the vices 
 of an abandoned court. 
 
 GoYEN, John Van, a painter of Leyden, 
 ■who died 1656, aged 60. His landscapes, 
 battles, and sea-pieces are most highly val- 
 ued. 
 
 GozoN, Deodati, grand master of the or- 
 der of St. John of Jerusalem, died 1353. 
 A fabulous story is related of bis killing an 
 enormous dragon that infested Rhotle«. 
 
 Goz2.i, count Gaspar, a Venetian noble 
 who died 17S6, aged 73, illustrious for his 
 Jyrical and satirical poems. He was also the 
 author of a periodical paper "I'Observatore," 
 in imitation of the Spectator. His works ap- 
 peared together at Venice 1794, in 12 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Gr AAF, Barent, a painter of Amsterdam, 
 who died 17G9, aged 81. His landscapes 
 were in the style of Bomboccio. 
 
 Graaf, llegnier de, a physician born at 
 Schoonhaven in Holland, 13th July 1641. 
 He studied at Leyden, and with such success, 
 that in 1663 he' published a most respecta- 
 ble treatise **de Succo Pancreatico." He 
 went to France, and settled at Delft, where 
 he4)ractised with great celebrity. He had a 
 controversy with Swammerdam, on account 
 of the three treatises which he published on 
 the organs of generation in the human spe- 
 cies. He died 17th August 1673, aged only 
 32, His work>s appeared at Leyden 1677, 
 and 1705, and were translated into Flemish, 
 1686, 
 
 Gr A AW, Henry, a native of Hoorn, dis- 
 ciple to Van Carapen. His historical pieces 
 are admired. He died 1682, aged 55, 
 
 Gu A BE, John Ernest, a native of Kon- 
 Jngsberg, in Prussia, who studied divinity 
 with great attention, and then determined 
 to go to Rome, to embrace popery, because 
 he considered the Roman church as the 
 true church of Christ. He published his 
 opinions before his departure, but before he 
 reached Home, he met with three pam- 
 
 phlets which had been written by order of 
 the elector cf Bradenburg, in answer to his 
 book, and these had such an eftectupon him, 
 that after conversing with Spener, the au- 
 thor of one of them, he resolved to come to 
 England, as the only place which retained 
 the regular succession of the Apostolic min- 
 istry, without the superstitions of Rome. 
 He was liberally received in England, and 
 presented to the degree of D. D. by the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, and in proof of his sinceri/- 
 ty, and his adherence to the principles of the 
 Anglican church, he took orders, and wrote 
 some valuable works in divinity. He also 
 published an edition of the Septuagint, from, 
 the Alexandinan MS. preserved in the king's 
 library. He died 1712, aged 46, and was bu- 
 ried in Westminster abbey, 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius, and Caius, sons of 
 Sempronius Gracchus by Cornelia, are cele- 
 brated for their intrigues and death. By at- 
 tempting to revive the Agrarian law at Rome, 
 they drew down upon themselves the ven- 
 geance of the senate. They were both killed, 
 Tibei-ius 133 B. C. and Caius, some years af- 
 ter, 
 
 Gracchus, Sempronius, a Roman ban- 
 ished for his licentious amour with Julia, to 
 a solitary island on the coast of Africa, where 
 14 years after he was assassinated, 
 I Gracchus, Rutihus, a Roman poet of the 
 loth century. Though possessing merit, he 
 was inconsistent in his character. 
 
 Gracian, Balthazar, a Spanish Jesuit^ 
 rector of the college of Arragon. He died 
 1658. His sermons and theological treatises 
 were highly esteemed among his countiy- 
 men, though written in a turgid and affect' 
 ed style. 
 
 GRADENiGOi Peter, doge of Venice, is 
 known in the history of Europe, for chang- 
 ing the government of his country, from a 
 democracy to an aristocracy. He died 1303. 
 GrjEcinus, Julius, a native of Frejus^ 
 Forum Julii, put to death by Caligula, for re- 
 fusing to become the accuser of M. Silanus. 
 He wrote a book on agriculture, and was the 
 father of Jul. Agricola, 
 
 GE.ffi,ME, John, a Scotch poet born at 
 Carnwarmth, Lanarkshire, 1748, As the 
 youngest of four sons and of a weakly con- 
 stitution, he was intended for the ministry 
 by his father, a farmer of the middling class^ 
 whose income arose chiefly from his industry. 
 From the school of Lanark, he was removed 
 to Edinburgh university, where his talents 
 soon displayed themselves in the composition 
 of elegant Latin, and in the acquisition of 
 the more abstruse sciences of natural philo- 
 sophy and metaphysics. He declined ac- 
 cepting an exhibition at the university of St. 
 Andrew's, and satisfied with the friendship 
 of Wilkie, the author of the Epigoniad, ho 
 devoted himself fully to the cultivation of 
 the muses, in the ease and retirement of a 
 college life, but his rising fame was cut short 
 by the appearance of a rapid consumption; 
 of which he died 26th July, 1772, aged 22, 
 His poems consisting of elegies and miscel- 
 laneous pieces were printed at Edinburgh 
 
GR 
 
 SVf 
 
 OR 
 
 i773, 8vo. and exliibited him in the (iharacter 
 ot" a spirited author, and a benevolent man, 
 GRiEv lus, John George, a celebrated cri- 
 tic. Vid. Grevius. 
 
 Graffio, a Jesuit of Capua in the ICth 
 -century, author ot" two 4to. vohjunes on 
 teoral subjects. He was grand pensionary 
 of Naples. 
 
 Grafigjty, Fratices, a French lady, who 
 wrote the " Peruvian Letters," an admired 
 and elegant performance, translated into 
 every European language. After her hus- 
 band's death, who was chamberlain to the 
 duke of Lorraine, and from whom, for his 
 brutality, she was separated, she removed to 
 Paris, to live with the wife of marshal Riche- 
 lieu, where she died 1758, aged 05, Bhe 
 wrote also Cenie — la Fille d'Aristidc, two 
 <lramatic peiees. 
 
 Grafton, Richard, author of an abridg- 
 raent of the Chronicles of England, and of 
 a Chronicle and large meere Historye of the 
 Affayers of England, and Kings of the same 
 from the Creation of the World, was born in 
 London under Henry VHl, and died there 
 in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 Graham, George, an eminent watch and 
 clockmaker born at Gratwick, Cumberland, 
 1675. In 1 088 he came to London, and some 
 time after lived in the family of Tompion, a 
 clockmaker, who knew his merit, loved his 
 person, and respected his abilities. To the 
 most perfect knowledge cf mechanieshe ad- 
 ded practical astronomy, and by his perse- 
 verance and accuracy, he not only improved 
 •i)Ut invented several astronomical and jnathe- 
 tnatical instruments, with a degree of per- 
 fection and dexterity hitherto unknown. The 
 great mural arch in Greenwich observatory, 
 was made for Dr. Halley under his inspec- 
 tion, and divided by his own liand ; and with 
 \\\% sector Dr. Bi*adley first discovered two 
 new motions in the fixed stars. But not only 
 England was benefited by his genius, but the 
 rest of Europe. The instruments with 
 which the French academicians made obser- 
 vations to ascertain the figure of the earth, 
 and those which enriched the collections and 
 cabinets of the king of Spain, and other 
 princes, were all constructed by this most 
 iligcnious and eminent artist. As a member 
 of the Royal society, he contributed some 
 valuable discoveries, especially on the hora- 
 ry alteration of the magnetic needle, and a 
 quick silver pendulum, and other particulars 
 respecting the simple pendulum. With all 
 the powers of his genius, he was candid and 
 modest, friendly and communicative, and 
 more anxious to advance tlie happiness of 
 mankind by the improvement of science, 
 than to accumulate a private fortune. The 
 remains of this most respectable man were 
 carried Nov. 24, 1751, with great solemnity 
 to Westminster, and deposited in the same 
 grave with his friend and master Tompion. 
 Graham, Catherine Macawlay. Vid. Ma- 
 
 CAULAY, 
 
 Grain, John Baptiste le, a French histo- 
 rian born 1565, He was counsellor and 
 master of the retjuests to queen Mary de 
 
 Medicis, and became a great favorite with 
 Henry IV. He wrote the Decades, contain- 
 ing the History of Henry IV. and the Histo- 
 ry of Louis XIII. to the death of marshal 
 d'Anorc 1617. He was so censured, and so 
 illiberally abused by the Jesuits, who interpo- 
 lated his works to make him appear I'idicH- 
 lous, that he ordered in his will that none Of 
 his descendants should be educated by the 
 Jesuits. He died at Paris 1643. 
 
 Graindorge, Andrew, a physician ami 
 philosopher of the Ejiicureaii sect, born at 
 Caen. He Avrote some treatises on fire, light, 
 colors, &;c. and died 1076, aged 60. 
 
 Grainger, James. Vid. Granger, 
 
 Gram A YE, John Baptist, provost of Arn- 
 heim, and historiographer to the Low Coun- 
 tries, was taken during his voyage frona Ita- 
 ly to Spain, and carried to Algiers. Here- 
 turned home and died at Lubec 1635. He 
 wrote an History of Africa — " Peregrinatio 
 Belgica, a valuable work — Antiquitates Fhiu- 
 drise," &c. and some poetry, 
 
 Grammond, Gabriel lord of, prcadent 
 of the parliament of 'i'oulouse, and author 
 of the History of Lewis XIII. and of a curi- 
 ous History of the Wars of Lewis Xllf. 
 against the Protestants, died 1654, respected 
 for his integrity. 
 
 Gramont, Antony duke of, marshal of 
 France, is known as a M'arrior and as a writer. 
 He was of the family of Graraont in Navarre, 
 and by marriage wasallied to cardinal Riche- 
 lieu. He wrote two volumes of Memoirs, 
 and after being the greatest ornaraent of 
 the court of Lewis XIV. he died 1078, aged 
 74. 
 
 Gramont, Philibcrt count of, son of the 
 preceding, was a volunteer under Conde 
 and Turenne. iie had the temerity of pay- 
 ing his addresses to the mi.stress frf Lewis 
 XIV. and in consequence of this, his servi- 
 ces were forgotten, and he lied to Englajid 
 for pi-otection, where his vivacity and agree- 
 able manners gained him niany admirers. 
 He became a favorite at the court of Charles 
 II. and afterwards married a lady of the name 
 of Hamilton. His memoirs were communj- 
 cated by him to count Hamilton, by whom 
 they were made public in elegant and inter- 
 esting language. 
 
 Granby, Marquis of. Vid. Manners, 
 
 Grancolas, John, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, author of some theological works, 
 and of some translations of the lathers, died 
 1732. 
 
 Grand, Antony le, a Cartesian philoso- 
 phei' of the 17th century, author of some 
 historical treatises — of a Sacred History from, 
 the Creation till the Age of Coivstantine the 
 Great, published in London 8vo. — and of In- 
 stitutio Philosophiaj Descartes. 
 
 Grand, Joachim le, a French politic.il 
 writer, much esteemed at the court of Lewi.s 
 XIV. He wrote some interesting tracts on 
 the History of France, besides translations 
 of Lobo's and ofRibeyro's Histories, and the 
 History of the Divorce of Henry VIH. and 
 Cath.nrine of Arragou, 3 vols. He died 1735, 
 aired 80. 
 
GR 
 
 \4f^zr 
 
 GR 
 
 Grand, Mark Antony le, a French ac- 1 
 tor, who died at Paris ir28. His various 
 comedies were received with great tipphuise, 
 as weU as his perlbrniance in several charac- | 
 tiers. His works appeared 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Grand, Lewis, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 born at Luzigiii in Autun. His works, on 
 theological subjects, are mucli admired. He 
 died 1780. 
 
 Grand, Peter le, captain of a Dieppe 
 privateer, was famous for his courage. He 
 attacked in 1640, with his ship of four guns 
 and 28 men, a Spanisli vessel of 54 guns, 
 •which he took and carried in triumph to 
 France. 
 
 Grandet, Joseph, a French priest of 
 Angers, whose amiable manners and bene- 
 volence of heart ai'e highly commended. He 
 ■wrote several volumes on subjects of biogra- 
 phy, in 12mo. He died at Angers 1724, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Grand I, Francis Lewis, a native of Cre- 
 mona, iirofessor of philosophy Jtt Florence, 
 afterwards at Pisa, and then abbot of St. Mi- 
 chael at Pisa, where he died 1742, aged 71. 
 He wrote various mathematical works of 
 merit. 
 
 Grandier, Urban, a Jesuit, native of 
 Bouvere, near Sable, curate and canon of 
 St. Peter's Loudun, in France. He was an 
 eloquent preacher, and as lie recommended 
 confession to the curate at Baster, he drew 
 upon himself the envy and resentment of the 
 monks at Loudun. He was accused of crim- 
 inal conversation with maids and married 
 women in his own church, and when honor- 
 ably acquitted, his enemies inveighed against 
 liim, for causing the Ursuline nuns of Lou- 
 dun to be possessed with the devil. The fol- 
 ly of this accusation would have appeared 
 before impartial judges, but the monks per- 
 suaded cardinal Richelieu, that Grandier 
 was the autiior of " la Cordonniere de Lou- 
 dun" a severe satire upon himself, and con- 
 sequently his fate was determined upon. 
 He was ordered to he tried, and soon found 
 guilty of magic, witchcraft, and possession, 
 and condemned to be burnt alive, and to 
 have his ashes dispersed in the air. The 
 dreadful sentence was executed, and this in- 
 nocent man perished in the flames, because 
 his enemies were acrimonious against him, 
 and their virulence was supported by the 
 approbation of a gloomy tyrant in power. 
 
 Grandin, Martin, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, author of a Popular Course of The- 
 ology, in 6 vols. 4to. He died at Paris 1691, 
 aged 87. 
 
 Grandius, Guido, a mathematician of 
 Cremona, who among other things transla- 
 ted Euclid into Italian, and died I742j aged 
 71. 
 
 Granduet, Charles, a French actor for 
 35 years, the successful representative of all 
 the Paris petits-maitres. His operas, and 
 other poetical pieces, met with some suc- 
 cess on the stage. 
 
 Gr ANET, Fi-ancis, a learned French wri- 
 ter, intimate with the abbe de Fontaine, Avho 
 speaks with great respect of his talents and 
 
 amiable.characfer. He translated Newton's 
 Chronology, aud wrote Itemarks oa Racine 
 and Corneille, and was for some time en- 
 gaged as a journalist at Paris, where he died 
 1741. 
 
 Grange, Joseph de Chancel, a French 
 Avriter, who brought upon himself several 
 difficulties, with imprisonment and exile, in 
 consequence of a satirical work on Philip 
 duke of Orleans. He died 1758, aged 82, 
 leaving several works. His tragedies are 
 much admired, as well as his miscellaneous 
 pieces, and they display genius, judgment, 
 and sublimity. 
 
 Grange, Nicolas, an able writer and 
 critic. He translated Lucretius with notes, 
 and edited the Greek antiquities of le Bos. 
 His translation of Seneca appeared after his 
 death, with an account of his life by his 
 friend Diderot. He died at Paris 1775, aged 
 
 Granger or Grainger, James M. D. 
 a physician, known as the author of a poem 
 on the Sugar Cane, of a translation of Ti- 
 bnllus, and of some medical tracts, was born 
 at Dunse in the south of Scotland 1723. He 
 was educated at Edinburgh, and was under 
 lord Stair, as surgeon in the army, during 
 the German campaign of 1748, and after- 
 wards he practised in London, where his 
 genius and learning pi'ocured him the friend- 
 ship of Shenstone and other men of letters. 
 Probably his success as a physician was not 
 equal to his expectations, as he left London 
 and embarked to settle at the Island of St- 
 Christopher. In his passage he, administer- 
 ed to the cure of Mrs. Burt, who sailed in 
 another ship of the fleet, and who had been 
 seized with the small-pox, and by his friend- 
 ly attentions to her, he gained the attection 
 of her daughter, whom he married as soon 
 as he reached St. Christopher. In the midst 
 of a respectable pi'actice. Granger did not 
 forget the muses. He wj'ote his Sugar 
 Cane, which he came to England to publish, 
 and after a few ye.'uV residence, again re- 
 turned to his favorite island, where he died 
 of a contagious fever, 1707. His wife and 
 one daughter survived his loss. In his char- 
 acter he was a man of pleasing manners, and 
 of great I'cnevolence of heart. His merits 
 as a poet are well known. Besides the Su- 
 gar Cane, he wrote an Ode to Solitude, — a 
 West Indian Ballad, — Historia Febris Ano- 
 maitc Batavae, 174G, — a Treatise on the more 
 common West India Diseases, 8vo. — a 
 Translation of Tibullus' Elegies into English 
 verse. 
 
 Granger, James, author of the Biogra- 
 phical History of England, 4 vols. 4to. a val- 
 uable work, was vicar of Shiplake, Oxon, 
 and died 15th April 1776, in consequence of 
 an apoplectic fit, with which he had been at- 
 tacked on the preceding day, whilst ad minis^ 
 tering the sacrament in his own church. 
 
 Grant, Francis, lord CuUen, an eminent 
 lawyer and judge of Scotland, born of the 
 ancient family of the Grants, about 1660. 
 He was educated at Aberdeen, and finished 
 his studies under Voet at Leyden, and dis- 
 
GR 
 
 4'^y 
 
 Gil 
 
 ^jiyed even in his younger years, such assi- 
 duity as promised the highest exertions. On 
 his return to Scotland he became the friend 
 of sir George Mackenzie, and distinguished 
 himself by the able and constitutional char- 
 acter which he supported at the revolution. 
 While in the Scotch convention of estates, 
 some of the aged lawyers argued in favor of 
 the house of Stuart, he boldly and manfully 
 adopted the principles of the English nation, 
 and asserted the right of the people to fill up 
 the vacant throne. This decided conduct 
 tended not a little to recommend the succes- 
 .sion of William HI. and Grant thus became 
 a popular advocate, and a politician wliose 
 opinions were respected and universally ap- 
 proved. Without his solicitation he was cre- 
 ated a baronet by queen Anne in 1705, and 
 a year after he was nominated one of the 
 iudges of Scotland, when he assumed the 
 dtle of lord CuUen. After 20 years of inde- 
 fatigable and honorable labor devoted to the 
 t^ood of his country, and the impartial ad- 
 Vninistratio^i of her laws, this upright ma- 
 gistrate fell a sacrifice to an illness of three 
 days 16th March 1720, in his fiCth year. 
 liespected as a judge in public, and as a man 
 in private life, he was equally great as a wri- 
 ter. His essays ou law, religion, education, 
 and on several literary subjects, proved him 
 to have been a man of solid sense, extensive 
 erudition, and strotigly fixed principles. He 
 left three sons and five daughters. 
 
 Grant, Patrick, a Scotch judge, by the 
 title of lord Preston-Grange, was born at 
 Edinburgh 1698, and studied at Glasgow, 
 Paris, and Leyden. He was member of the 
 house of commons, and in 1746 Avas made 
 lord advocate, and in 1754 advanced to the 
 bench. He wrote some ingenious pieces 
 against the rebellion of 1745, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself as a lawyer. He died at 
 Edinburgh 1702, aged 04, 
 
 Granville, George, viscount Lands- 
 downe, an English poet, second son of Bar- 
 nard Gi'anville esq. brother of the first earl of 
 Bath of this name, who had a px-incipal share 
 in bringing back Charles H. The father of 
 Barnard vvas sir Bevil, killed in the I'oyal 
 cause at Landsdowne 1043. Under the tui- 
 tion of sir Willam Ellys, a pupil of Busby, 
 young Granville travelled abroad, and at 
 the age of 11 he entered at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and two years after, in conse- 
 quence of his extraordinary abilities, he was 
 created M. A. He had a strong passion for 
 a military life ; but his father checked his 
 ambition when he expressed a wish, on the 
 insurrection of the duke of Monmouth, to 
 arm in defence of the king, and his ardor 
 was renewed at the invasion of the prince of 
 Orange, but he was equally rebuked, and he, 
 ■with his family, remained quiet spectators 
 of the revolution, and acquiesced in the 
 measures of parliament. Unable to shine in 
 the field he devoted himself to the cultiva- 
 tion of the muses, and soon told the world, 
 in all the sweetness of amorous poetry, how 
 Tuuch he was charmed with the beauty of 
 ]Myra, a nanae under which he immortali- 
 
 zed the charming, hut inexorable countess 
 of Newburgh. In vain his friends expostula- 
 ted with him for the prostitution of his poet- 
 ry and of his fame, at the shrine of unyield- 
 ing charms ; he indulged his favorite passion, 
 and, in enjoying the company of the fair, hp 
 celebrated, after the example of his pi-edeces- 
 sor Waller, the reigning beauties of the age. 
 He wrote also some dramatic pieces, aiul 
 his play of the " British Enchanters," intro- 
 duced on the stage under the care of Bet- 
 terton, called and obtained the public ap- 
 plause for 40 successive nights. Thus dis- 
 tinguished as a writer, and flattered by the 
 muse of Addison and of Dryden, Granville, 
 at the age of .35, was introduced to queen 
 Anne alter her accessation, and found that 
 polite reception which his character and his 
 great veneration for his royal mistress de- 
 served. In seconding the views of ministry 
 in their M'ar against Spain, he translated the 
 second Olynthiac of Demosthenes to animate 
 his countrymen, and presented to Harley the 
 Journal of Wimbledon's Expedition against 
 Cadiz in 1625, that his errors might be 
 avoided in the projected plan under the duke 
 of Ormond ; but in vain, for the attempt was 
 unsuccessful, though Vigo fell into the hands 
 of the disappointed English. After the des«th 
 of his father, Granville was in parliament 
 for Fowey, and by the death of his elder 
 brother, who died gorernor of Barbadoes, 
 he was now at the head of his family, and 
 in posscsKion of a very ample fortune. A 
 change of administration, however, cut off 
 his prospects of aggrandizement, till, at the. 
 trial of Saclieverell, in 1710, his friends were 
 again replaced into the favor of the queen, 
 and he became secretary at war in the roonn 
 of Waipole. In 1711 he married Mary, 
 lord Jersey's daughter, widow of Thomas 
 Thynne, and the same year he was created 
 baron of Bidefgrd, viscount Landsdowne, iu 
 Devonshire. Though he was one of the 12 
 persons created peers at the same time, for 
 the purposes of party, his elevation caused 
 not so much noise as that of the others, as 
 already two peerages had been extinct iu 
 his family, which, for antiquity, respectabil- 
 ity, and fortune, was equal to any in the 
 kingdom. In 1712 he was made ])rivy coun- 
 sellcr, comptroller, and afterwards treasurer 
 of the household. The death of the queen re- 
 moved him from liis offices ; but he did not 
 forget his friends, and therefore strongly pro- 
 tested against the attainting of Ormond and 
 Bolingbroke. As he was suspected of vio- 
 lent attachment to the pretender's party, 
 and was even suspected ol" planning an insur- 
 rection in the West, at the rebellion of 1715, 
 he was arrested on the 26th Sept. and com- 
 mitted a close prisoner to the Tower, where 
 he remained till 1717. As he continued to 
 oppose the ministry his conduct was always 
 suspected by (he court, and therefore, on 
 the breaking out of Atterbury's accusation, 
 he retired to France to avoid the imputation 
 of treason and tlie persecution of Ijis ene- 
 mies. After 10 years' residence at Paris 
 he returned to England, and published, in 
 
gr 
 
 <^^»^ 
 
 GR 
 
 1732, his poems, corrected of their juvcuiie 
 inelegances, together with a vindication of 
 his uncle sir Richard Granville, against the 
 misrepresentations of Burnet, of Echard, 
 and Clarendon, in 2 vols. 4to. I'he rest of 
 liis life was passed in the case of privacy and 
 literary retirement. He died 30th Jan. 'l 735, 
 aged 68, a few days after his wife, and as he 
 had no male issue, but only four daughters, 
 the title was extinct. The last verses which 
 he wrote were to inscribe two copies of his 
 poems to queen Caroline, who had honored 
 him with her protection, and to the princess 
 royal, Anne of Orange. 
 
 Grap ALD us, Francis Marius, a native of 
 Parma, who distinguished himself so much 
 in an embassy to the pope, that JuUus 11, 
 «rowned him with his own hand. He wrote 
 n book in which he described alt the parts of 
 a house with great judgment and taste. The 
 •work has often been i"eprinted. 
 
 Gr AS, Anthony !e, an ecclesiastic of Paris, 
 ■who translated CorneUus Nepos into French, 
 And wrote an account of the fathers in the 
 tige of the apostles. He died 1761, aged 70. 
 Gras, James le, an advocate of Kouen, 
 ■who translated Hesiod's Opera et Dies into 
 French verse in the 17th century. 
 
 Graswixckel, Theodore, a native of 
 Belft, who died at Mechlin 1666, aged 66. 
 He was eminent not only as a lawyer, but as 
 a man of letters, and he was made knight 
 of St. Mark by the Venetians for vindicating 
 them against the duke of Savoy in his work 
 called Libertas Veneta. Ke was buried at 
 the Hague, where a monument is erected 
 to his memory. He wrote besides de Jure 
 Majestatis against Buchanan, and other 
 learned and valuable treatises. 
 
 Gratarolus, William, alearned physi- 
 cian, born at Bergamo. As a protestant he 
 -■wished to live in Germany, hut after visiting 
 Marpurg he settled at Basil, where he prac- 
 tised, and died 1562, figed 52. He wrote a 
 great many books. 
 
 Gratian, a Roman, emperor in con- 
 junction with his father Vaientinian. He 
 ■was cruel in his government, but warlike in 
 the field, and successful against the Goths, 
 and the other barbarians who had invaded 
 the Roman empire. He was killed in a re- 
 Tolt A. D. 383, aged 24. 
 
 Gratia -V, a private soldier, raised to the 
 imperial throne in Britain, 407, and put to 
 death four months after. 
 
 Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Chiusy 
 in Tuscany, in the 12th century, employed 
 for 24 years in writing a book to reconcile 
 the contradictory canons one to the other. 
 This book called ** Decretals," was in high 
 repute for some centuries, and greatly con- 
 tributed to advance the authority and su- 
 pi-emacy of the papal see. 
 
 Gratiani, Jerome, an Italian writer of 
 the 17th century, author of the Conquest of 
 Grenada — and of Cromwell, a tragedy — and 
 other miscellanies in prose. 
 
 Gratius Faliscus, a Latin poet in 
 Ovid's age. He wrote Cynegcticon, or Art 
 6f Hunting, &c. 
 
 G RATI us, Ortumus,n learned Germaft, 
 born at Hclwick in the diocese of Munster. 
 His real name was Graes. He wrote seve- 
 ral works, especially Lamentationes Obscu- 
 rorum Virorum, &c. and died 1542. 
 
 Gravelot, Henry Francis Boni-guig- 
 non, an engraver of Paris, Avho spent sorac 
 time at St. Do«-^go, and afterwards came 
 to London, wVci-e he resided 13 years. He 
 employed his art in adorning the best edi- 
 tions of the French poets, and died 1773, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Gr AVEROL, Francis, a French advocate, 
 born at Nisraes, who wrote among other 
 works Sorberiana. He was ait excellent 
 scholar, and died 1694, aged 59. His broth- 
 er John wrote Archxologia Philosophica, 
 against bishop Burnet. 
 
 Graves, Richard, a popular English 
 writer. He was born at Micleton, Glou- 
 cestershire 1715, and after receiving his 
 education at Abingdon school he removed to 
 Pembroke college, Oxfoi'd, and afterwards 
 in 1736 was elected fellow of All-Souls. He 
 studied physic foi- some time, but abandoned 
 it (orv divinity, and entered into orders in 
 1740. He was presented in 1750 to the rec- 
 tory of Claverton near Bath, and to this was 
 added in 1763 the living of Kilmersdom, by 
 the friendship of Mr. Allen of Prior park, 
 and the empty honor of being chaplain to 
 lady Chatham. He distinguished himself 
 much as a popular and pleasing writer, and 
 every where displayed that ease, that free- 
 dom, and that good humor which were bo 
 eminently visible in his character. The best 
 known of his publications are, the Festoon, 
 or Collection of Epigrams, 12mo.— Lucubra* 
 tions, in prose and rhyme, publishetl under 
 the name of Peter Pomfret — the Spiritual 
 Quixote, 3 vols. 8vo. a work of merit, in 
 which he successfully exposed to ridicule the 
 conduct and tenets of the methodists — Ett- 
 genius, or Anecdotes of the Golden Bull— 
 Columella, or the Distressed Anchoret— 
 Plexippus, or the Aspiring Plebeian — politi- 
 cal pieces, under the name of Euphrosyne — 
 Recollections of some Particulars in the Life 
 of his friend Rhenstone — Life of Commo- 
 dus, translated from the Greek of Herodian 
 — Hiero, or Royalty, from Xenophon — » 
 Sermons on Various Subjects — Meditations 
 of Antoninus from the Greek — the Reveries 
 of Solitude — the Coalition, or Rehearsal of 
 the Pastoral Opera of Echo and Narcissus— ' 
 the Farmer's son, as a Companion to Anstey's 
 Farmer's Daughter — the Invalid, with the 
 Means ofenjoying Long Life — Senilities, &c. 
 This truly amiable man, long respected for 
 his benevolence, and the ui'banity of his man- 
 ners, died at his rectory of Claverton, 1804;, 
 in his 90th year. 
 
 Gravesanue, William James, an emi- 
 nent mathematician and astronomer, bom sit 
 Delil in Holland, 1688. He was educatetl at 
 Leyden, and intended for the law, and before 
 the age of 19 he wi-ote an able treatise on 
 perspective. He settled at the Hague 1707, 
 and practised at the bar, but his acquaintance 
 with learned men led Ulm to the cultivatiaa 
 
OK 
 
 ^^.i* 
 
 GR 
 
 of Ufcei*atare, and he was one of those wha 
 united in the periodical review called " le 
 Journal Literaire," from 1713 to 17!22. la 
 1715 he was one of the delegates sent to con- 
 gratulate George I. on his accession to the 
 iinglishthrone,andduringhis stay in England, 
 he became the friend of the great Newton, 
 -whose sublime philosophy he afterwards 
 taught when elected to the mathematical and 
 philosophical chair of Leyden. This learned 
 man died 1742, after long enjoying the re- 
 spect of his countrymen by hi* patriotism, 
 talents, and assiduity. He wrjte among 
 other things " an Introduction to Newton's 
 Philosophy" — " a small treatise on the Ele- 
 ments of Algebra," — a Course of Logic and 
 "Metaphysics. 
 
 Gravina, Peter, an Italian poet, who 
 published a 4to. volume of poems, admired 
 lor harmony, sweetness, and delicacy. He 
 ■was the friend and favorite of Sannazius, and 
 Paul Jovius, who speak of him in terms of 
 rapture and admiration. 
 
 Gravina, John Vincent, an illustrious 
 lawyer, born at Roggiano, 18th Feb. 1664, 
 and educated under his relation Gregory 
 Caloprese, the well known philosopher. He 
 afterwards studied at Naples, and so ardent 
 ■\yas his attachment to literature and science, 
 that each day he de<lieated 10 often 12 hours 
 to his improvement. He went to Rome 1696, 
 and some time after was made professor of 
 canon law in the Sapienzi college, by Inno- 
 cent XI. He was invited by liberal promises 
 and high patronage to settle in the universi- 
 ties of Germany, and also at Turin, but he 
 preferred his residence, where he died of a 
 mortification in his bowels, 6th Jan. 1718. 
 Though learned, he was unhappily of a disa- 
 gareeable temper, and spoke with sueh free- 
 dom and contempt of mankind, that he rais- 
 ed himself many enemies. He wrote vari- 
 ous works, but that which entitles him to the 
 praises of the learned, is his three books, 
 *' de Ortu et Progressu Juris Civilis," the 
 best edition of which is that of Naples, 2 
 vols. 4to. with the addition of his treatise de 
 Romano Invperio. In this famous woi'k he 
 oailed upon the Roman youth to study the 
 law in the original records, in the pantlects, 
 institutes and the code, and not in modern 
 inelegant abridgments. He wrote also five 
 tragedies besides philological treatises, ora- 
 tions, &G. 
 
 Graunt, Edward, a learned man, head 
 master of Westminster school, andautlior of 
 *' GrteoJB^Linguse Specilegium et Institutio 
 GrKCK Grammaticse." He died 1601. 
 
 Graunt, John, the celebrated author of 
 « Observations on the Bills of Mortality," 
 was born in Birchialane, London, 24th April 
 1620. He was brought up in the rigid prin- 
 ciples of the puritans, and as he was intend- 
 ed for ti'ade, lie received no advantages from 
 grammar education, but was barely qualified 
 in writing and arithmetic, for the business of 
 a haberdasher. In this employment he gain- 
 ed by his good sense, and strict probity, the 
 confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens; 
 so that he rose to all the ©ffices of his ward ; 
 
 was a eommon council-man, and a captain, 
 and then a major of the train bands. Hi& 
 " Observations" first appeared in 1661, and 
 with such success, that Louis XIV. of France 
 adopted his plans for the regular register of 
 births and burials, and Charles II. in proof ot" 
 his general approbation, recommended him- 
 to the Royal society to be electetl one of 
 their members in 1661-2. In 1665 the third 
 edition of his ^wpular book was printed by 
 the society's printer, and the author, flatter- 
 ed by the honors paid to his literary services, 
 abandoned the business of shopkeeper, ami 
 in 1666 became a trustee for the manage- 
 ment of the New river, for the countess of 
 Clarendon. In this new office, it has beeu 
 reported by Burnet, tliat he was guilty of a 
 most diabolical crime, by stopping all the 
 cocks which conveyed water from Islingtoa 
 to London, the night before the great fire 
 liegan, which consumed the city. The accu- 
 sation, however, is false, as he was admitted 
 among the the trustees 23 days after the con- 
 flagration happened ; and the malevolent re- 
 port arose only after his death, and probably 
 owed its origin to his change of religious 
 principles, as about 1667 lie reconciled him- 
 self to the tenets of the church of Rome. 
 He died 18th April 1674, and was buried ia 
 in St. Dunstan's church. Fleet-street, attend- 
 ed by many respectable friends ; and among 
 them by sir William Petty, to whom he left 
 his papers. A fifth edition of his book ap- 
 peared in 1676, under the care of his friend ; 
 and it may be fairly inferred, that to this 
 work, and the perserving powers and in~ 
 q^uisitive mind of the author, we are indebted 
 for the -science of political arithmetic, s» 
 ably treated afterwards by sir William Petty, 
 Daniel King, Dr. Davcnant, and other learn- 
 ed men- 
 
 Gray, Thomas, an Eaiglish poet, son of a 
 reputable citizen, was born in Cornhill 26th 
 Dec. 1716. He was educated at Eton, fronct 
 whence he removed to Peter-house, Cam- 
 bridge, and four years after, in 1738, he 
 came to town to apply liimself to the study 
 of the law. His pursuits were for a wlule 
 suspended, Avhile fie accompanied his friend- 
 Horace Walpole on the continent. Two> 
 months after his return, in 1741, his father 
 died, and he then discovered that his income 
 was inadequate to support him in the study 
 of the law, therefore he returned to Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degree of LL. B- 
 and where he afterwards chiefly fixed his re- 
 sidence. Between the years 1759 and 1762^ 
 he had lodgings in Southampton-row, to be 
 . enabled to consult the Harleian and other 
 MSS. in the British museum, from which 
 he made some curious extracts. In 1768, he 
 was appointed professoi* of modern history at 
 Cambridge, but his health was such, that he 
 never executed the duties of the office. He 
 died of the gout in his stomach July 30th 
 1771, and was buried with his family at. 
 Stoke Pogges, Buckinghamshire. As a. 
 scholar, Ciray was profound, elegant, a«d 
 well informed; hehad read all the historiaosf 
 of England, France, and Itab^, and was weJ!. 
 
GR 
 
 ^^f 
 
 GR 
 
 versed in antiquities, in triticjsm, in rnoi'als, 
 r.nd politics ; ami he possesisetl the most re- 
 iined taste in painting, architecture, and 
 gardening. His letters are correct, pleasing, 
 and instructive. His poems, which are ve^y 
 few, but most elegant, nervous and sublime, 
 ivere published in 1775, in 'Jto. by his friend 
 Mason, who had lived with him in intimacy 
 since 1747, and who, therefore, was well 
 qualified to prefix to the edition '* Memoirs 
 of his Life and Writings." 
 
 Graxzini, Antony Francis, surnamed 
 Tjasca, one of the principal founders of the 
 academy of la Crusca, was born in Florence, 
 and considered as^ nearly equal in merit as 
 a writer to Boccace. He published six 
 comedies, and other things, besides a collec- 
 tion of novels printed at Paris 1756. He 
 died 1583. 
 
 GreatraKes, Valentine, an Irishman, 
 "who acquired some celebrity by attempting 
 to cure diseases by the mere touch. He 
 came to England ; but the high expectations 
 formed of his powers were soon <lissipated, 
 when the populace found themselves disap- 
 pointed. He is described as an extraordina- 
 ry person, by Boyle, who with several others 
 has attested his cures. But, though Glan- 
 ville imputed his healing powers to some 
 sanative qualities about his i)erson, it is plain 
 that his enthusiasm was strongly assisted by 
 the imagination of his patients. He was 
 otherwise a humane and virtuous character, 
 and died about 1080. 
 
 Greaves, John, an eminent mathemati- 
 cian and antiquary, born 1602 at Colmore 
 near Alresford, Hants, where his father 
 -was rector. At 15 he entered at Baliol col- 
 lege, and in 1624 he was elected first of five 
 candidates to a fellowship in Merton college. 
 He devoted his time to mathematics and 
 oriental learning, and in 1630 he was chosen 
 geometry lecturer in Gresham college. In- 
 timately acquainted with the works of the 
 most celebrated astronomers of the age, he 
 wished to extend his knowledge by travelling, 
 and accoi-dingly, in 16.35, he went to Hol- 
 land to attend the lectures of Golius at Ley- 
 <1en, and afterwards passed to Paris, and 
 then visited Home and other parts of Ittdy. 
 Lord Arundel saw and admired his spirit in 
 Italy, and endeavored to prevail upon him 
 to accompany him to Greece, with the liberal 
 allowance of SiOO/. per annum, and the pro- 
 mise of more extensive patronage, but 
 Greaves had formed the design of penetra- 
 ting to Egypt, ami therefore on his return to 
 England, he communicated his plan to his 
 patron Laud. With praise-worthy zeal, 
 Laud applauded and liberally encouragcil 
 his intentions, but when the city of London 
 ■was solicited to add its influence, and to sub- 
 scribe to the design, it Mas peremptorily re- 
 jected, and Greaves remembered ever after 
 ■with sullen disdain tbeilliberaiity of the Lon- 
 doners. In June 1637 he emiiarkcd for Leg- 
 horn, and from thence he proceeded to Con- 
 stantinople, where by the kindness of sir 
 Peter Wyche, the English ambMSsador, he 
 ■was introducfld to Cyril Lucaris the Greek 
 
 patriarch, who enabled him to procure ralu- 
 able MSS. but whose violent death, how- 
 ever, soon frustrated his design, and render- 
 ed his longer lesidence at the Porte danger- 
 ous. He then embarked for Alexandria, and 
 after visiting Rhodes he reached Egypt, Sep. 
 1638. After twice penetrating into the de- 
 sert, measuring the pyramids, and making 
 various observations on the climate, monu- 
 ments, and manners of the countrv, he left 
 Alexandria April, 1639. He came back 
 through Italy, and after visiting Florence 
 and Rome with the eye of a philosopherand an 
 antiquarian, he embarked at Leghorn, and 
 reached London before midsummer 1640, 
 richly loaded with the classical spoils of the 
 East, Arabic, Persic Greek MSS. besides 
 gems, coins, and other valuable antiquities. 
 The political state of the kingdom, however, 
 promised little encouragement to his studi- 
 ous pursuits, and for his attachment to his 
 patron and to his royal master, he suffered 
 much from the virulence and persecution of 
 the parliament. He was removed from his 
 professorship at Gresham college, and though 
 appointed to the Savilian professorship of 
 astronomy at Oxford, and permitted by the 
 king to retain his Merton fellowship, 
 he found himself disturbed in his views of 
 arranging his papers for the press. In this^ 
 undertaking he was assisted by his friend 
 archbishop Usher, and though the Commons 
 were acrimonious against the partisans of 
 royalty, yet he found an active patron in 
 Seldon, who was burgess in the house for 
 Oxford, and to whom he dedicated his 
 '* Roman Foot." Such at last was the per- 
 secution of the parliament that he was eject- 
 ed from the Savilian professorship, in which 
 he was succeeded by Selh Ward, and he 
 afterwards went to reside in Loudon, where 
 he married. Devoting himself to studious 
 pursuits, he shunned the politics of the times, 
 and chose rather to enrich English literature 
 by the translation of Arabic and Persian 
 manuscripts with explanatory notes. He 
 died 8th Oct. 1652, and w.is buried in the 
 church of St. Benet Sherchog, London- 
 He had no children by his wife. His coins 
 were left to his friend sir John Marsham, 
 and his astronomical instruments were pre- 
 sented to the Savilian professorship of Ox- 
 Ibrd, with several of his papers. The best 
 known of his works are, his " Pyrami<logra- 
 phia," and his " Descrijition of the Roman 
 Foot and Denarius." He had formed a 
 plan for adopting the Gregorian calendar by 
 omitting tlie bissextile days for 40 years, 
 Avhieh though approved by the king and 
 council, was not adopted through the tui'bu- 
 lence of the times# 
 
 Greco URT, John Baptist Joseph Villart 
 de, a French ])oet, born at Tours, Though 
 an ecclesiastic he lived a disorderly lif<r, but 
 afterwards quitted the church, and became 
 the favorite of men of rank and fashion, ou 
 account of his great Avit. He died 1743, 
 aged CO. He wrote ta'es, epigi'ams, songs, 
 fables, sonnets, and other hght works. 
 Green, Robert, a poet in the reign of 
 
GR 
 
 ^aSr 
 
 GR 
 
 Elizabeth. He was of St. John's coll©ge, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards of Clare hall, 
 where he took his degree of M. A. 1583. 
 The wit and humor which he possessed in 
 jjreat plenty, were unfortunately prostituted 
 to encourage the cause of vice and obscenity, 
 and he showed himself a most abandoned 
 libertine in theory and practice. He is said 
 to be the first English poet who wrote for 
 bread, and happy had it been if virtue had 
 been the idol of his muse. It is said that he 
 jEelt remorse with penury and disease, a^ 
 Cibber has preserved one of his lettert to 
 liis much injured wife. He died according 
 to Wootl 151)2, of a surfeit, after eating too 
 many pickled herrings, and swallowing too 
 .wuch Rhenish wine. His pieces which are 
 numerous, are now little known. 
 
 Green, John, an English prelate, born at 
 or near Hull in Yorkshire, 1706. He was of 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, and after- 
 wards usher of Lichfield school, and then 
 chaplain to the duke of Somerset, who be- 
 came his friend and active patron, and gave 
 him the rectory of Borough Green near 
 Newmarket. In 1748 he was made regius 
 professor of divinity, in 1750 master of 
 Corpus Christi, Cambridge, and in 1756, he 
 became dean of Lincoln, and vice chancellor 
 of the university. On the translation of Dr. 
 Thomas to Salisbury, he was raised to the 
 see of Lincoln, and in 1764, he resigned the 
 headship of his college. In 1771 his income 
 was increased by tl^e addition of the residen- 
 tiaryship of St. Paul's. It is remarkable 
 that on the debate concerning the dissenters 
 in 1772, he favored the bill tpr their relief, 
 and was the only bishop who voted with that 
 side of the house. He died suddenly at 
 Bath, 25th April 1779. He wrote the 
 *• Academic, or a Disputation on the State 
 o£4he University of Cambridge," and some 
 sermons. 
 
 Green, Edward Burnaby, author of some 
 poetical works, was educated at Benet col- 
 lege, Cambx'idge. He translated Anacreon, 
 ApoUonius ithodius, and some parts of Pin- 
 dar, and paraphrased Persius. He died 
 1788. 
 
 Green, Matthew, an English poet. His 
 parents were dissenters, but he afterwards 
 abandoned their tenets for the church of 
 England. He held an office at the custom 
 house, where he attended to his duty with 
 diligence and ability. His best poem is the 
 *' Spleen," containing wit, elegance, and 
 originality. He was a very amiable man, 
 and died at the age of 41, 1737. His works 
 have been elegantly edited by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 Greene, Dr. Maurice, a musician, son 
 of a London clergj^man. He was organist, 
 before the age of 20, to St. Dunstan in the 
 West, and afterw»ards in the year 1718, to 
 St. Paul's, and in 1727, to the royal chapel. 
 In 1730, he took hrs doctor's degree at Cam- 
 bridge, and was also appointed professor of 
 music to the university. He projected the 
 Blan of reforming our church music, which 
 iiad been corrupted by mutilated copies, and 
 the inattention of transcribers, and flie de- 
 VOL. T. 78 
 
 sign, stopped by his ill health, was happily 
 completed by his friend Dr. Boyce. He died 
 1st. Sep. 1755. His performances are men- 
 tioned by sir John Hawkms. 
 
 Greenhill, John, an English painter, 
 born at Salisbury. He studied under sir Pe- 
 ter Lely, who was so jealous of his powers 
 that he never would use his pencil befoi-e 
 him, till he inadvertently betrayed himself 
 by taking a likeness of his wife. His licen- 
 tious and imprudent mode of life, it is said, 
 hastened his end. A portrait of bishop Ward, 
 by him, is preserved in Salisbury town hail. 
 He died lyth May, 1676. 
 
 Greenville, sir Richard, grandfather 
 to the well known sir Bevil Greenville, was 
 son of sir Roger, and was born in Cornwall 
 1540. He served in the imperial army 
 against the Turks, and was knighted 1571. 
 tie was, in 1585, sent on an expedition to 
 America, and in 1591, he was commissioned 
 to intercept a rich Spanish fleet, in conjunc- 
 tion with lord Howard. He with only a few 
 ships attacked the enemy's squadron of 52 
 sail, on the American coast; but when about 
 to sink his own ship he was carried on board 
 the Spanish fleet, and died three days after 
 of the wounds which he had received. 
 
 Greenville, sir Bevil, grandson of sir 
 Richard, was born at Stow, in CornAvall, and 
 educated at Exeter college, under Dr. Pri- 
 deaux. During the civil wars he behaved 
 witli singular courage, and after defending 
 the rights of his sovereign, in various en- 
 counters, he at last fell at the b;attle of Lans- 
 downe, near Bath, 5tJi July, 1643, aged 47. 
 
 Gregory, St. surnamed the Great, was 
 descended from an illustrious Roman family. 
 He was made prefect at Rome 573, by Justin, 
 the younger, but ho soon after quitted all 
 secular employments to retire to a monas- 
 tery. He was sent, by Pelagius, to Constan- 
 tinople as nuncio, and on tUe death of that 
 pontiff^, he was elected in his room 590. He 
 labored earnestly in his new dignity to heal 
 differences, and to make proselytes ; and in. 
 Sardinia, and also in England, by the preach- 
 ing of Augustine, the monk, the blessings of 
 the gospel were rapidly spread. This mild 
 and benevolent pontiff" died 12th March, 604,^ 
 aged 60. 
 
 Gregory II. a native of Rome, elected 
 pope after Constintine, 715. He was an en- 
 lightened and virtuous pontiff^, and died 12th 
 Feb. 731. 
 
 Gregory III. a native of Syria, who suc- 
 ceeded the preceding, 731. He excommu- 
 nicated the Iconoclastes, and solicited the as- 
 sistance of Charles Martel, against the Lom- 
 bards, who ravaged Itiily, by means of a pom- 
 pous embassy which is regarded by some 
 authors as tlie origin of the apostolic nuncios 
 in Prance. He was a ohatitable but magni- 
 ficent pontiff", and the first who added tem- 
 poral consequence and imposing splendor to 
 the ecclesiastical power of the holy see. He 
 died 28th Nov. 741. 
 
 Gregory IV. a native of Rome, elected 
 pope 827, or S2S. He rebuilt Ostia, and vi- 
 sited France, tp reconcile the jarring injter- 
 
GR 
 
 ^o^ 
 
 GR 
 
 eats of the royal family, but returned with- 
 out accomplishing his designs, and died at 
 Rome, 25th Jan. 844. 
 
 Gregory V. Brunon, a German, elected 
 pope after John XVI. 996. He was opposed 
 by Crescentius, the consul of Rome, Avho 
 raised to the holy seat the anti-pope, John 
 XVII. but the usurper was expelled by the 
 influence of the emperor Otho, who was the 
 relation of Gregory, and excommunicated in 
 the council of Pavia. He died 18th Feb. S99, 
 aged 27. 
 
 Gregory VI. John Gratian, a Roman, 
 elected pope 1044, after Benedict IX. He 
 labored zealously to restore the revenues of 
 the church to their former florishing situa- 
 tion, and punished peculators and plunder- 
 ers, but his anathemas offended those who 
 reaped advantage from the public calamities, 
 and a formidable party was raised against 
 him. Gregory defeated them, and rendered 
 travelling easy and safe, but the severity of 
 his measures displeased again the Romans, 
 who preferred pubfic robbery to private in- 
 dustry, and Gregory, in disgust, abdicated 
 the tiara, in the council of Sutri, near Rome, 
 1046, and was succeeded by Clement II 
 
 Gregory VII. Hildebrand, son of a car- 
 penter of Soano, in Tuscany. He entered 
 among the monks of Cluni, and obtained 
 preferment at Rome, an<l in 1073 was elected 
 successor to Alexander II. In his new dig- 
 nity, the pope soon assumed extraordinary 
 powers, and claiming superiority, not only 
 in all spiritual but temporal affairs, he re- 
 garded the sovereigns of Europe as vassals 
 whom he could depose and appoint at his 
 pleasure. His presumption soon embroiled 
 him with his ancient friend Henry IV. em- 
 peror of Germany, wlio had the weakness 
 to submit to his power by the most mortify- 
 ing penance. A reconciliation was followed 
 by fresh disputes, and at last Henry elected 
 another pontiff, in opposition to Gregory, 
 M-hile the offended Italian prevailed upon 
 the German princes to appoint another em- 
 peror. At last Gregory, tired with the dis- 
 sensions, which his inordinate ambition had 
 raised around him, and disgusted Avith the 
 murmurs of tlie Romans, retired to Salerno, 
 where he died '24th May, 1085. 
 
 Gregory VIII. Albert de Mora, of Be- 
 nevento, succeeded Urban III. as pope 1187, 
 nnd died two months after, 17th Dec. ex- 
 horting the Christian princes to undertake a 
 erusade against the infidels. The anti-pope 
 Uourdin assumed also the name of Gregory 
 VHI. 
 
 Gregory IX. Ugolin, of the family of 
 the counts of Segni, and nei>hew to Innocent 
 IH. was elected pope 1227. He excited the 
 Christian princes to undertake a crusade, 
 and Frederic, emperor of Germany, though- 
 twice excommunicated for his disputes with 
 the see of Uome, joined the expedition. He 
 died 12th Aug. 1241. 
 
 Gregory X.Theobald, of the noble fa- 
 mily of the Visconti, at Placentia, was elect- 
 ed pope 1271, while he was in the Holy- 
 land, with Edward Jcing of England. He sum- 
 
 moned a general council at Lyons, and la- 
 bored earnestly to heal all schisms in religion, 
 and to reconcile the Eastern and Westera 
 churches. He died 10th Jan. 1276, at A- 
 rezzo. 
 
 Gregory XI. Peter Roger, nephew to 
 Clement VI. and son of the count of Beau- 
 fort, of Limousin, Mas elected pope 1370. 
 He was a zealous promoter of concord and 
 reconciliation among the Christian princes, 
 and distinguished himself by his benevolence, 
 his charity, and his liberal patronage of let- 
 ters. He quitted Avignon, where the popes 
 had fixed their residence for several years^ 
 and transferred the see to Rome, where he 
 died 28th March, 1378, aged 47. 
 
 Gregory XII. Angelo Corario, a native 
 of Venice, made a cardinal by Innocent VIL 
 and elected pope 1406, during the schism in 
 the West. He was opposed by Benedict 
 XIII. the other pope, and at last a general 
 council, held at Pisa, deposed both the com- 
 petitors, and elected Alexander V. in theii 
 room. Gregory who wished to oppose the 
 proceeding of the council, at last fled before 
 the storm to Gaeta and Rimini, and sent his 
 abdication to the council of Constance. He 
 died at Recanati, 13th October, 1417, aged 
 99. 
 
 Gregory XIH. Hugh Buoncompag^o, a 
 Bolognese, elected pope after Pius V. 1572. 
 He was an able civilian, and warmly opposed 
 the protestants. He embellished Rome with 
 churches, palaces, and porticoes, and chiefly 
 immortalized himself by the reformation of 
 the calendar, and the adoption of the style 
 which bears his name. He was assisted in 
 this honorable and necessary alteration by the 
 labors of Lilio, an able astronomer of Rome, 
 but though the plan was acknowledged uni- 
 versally useful, it was pertinaciously rejected 
 by the protestant princes of Europe. Gre- 
 gory also published the Decretals of Gratian>. 
 which were enriched with valuable learned 
 notes. He died 10th April, 1585, aged 83. 
 
 Gregory XIV. Nicolas Sfondrate, son 
 of a senator of Milan, was elected pope after 
 Urban VII. 1590. He declared himself, at 
 tlie suggestion of Philip II. of Spain, against 
 Henry IV. of France, and levied an army to 
 enforce his threats, but his troops were de- 
 feated, and his military plans disconcerted. 
 He died of the stone, 'l5th Oct. 1591, aged 
 
 Gregory XV. Alexander Ludovisio, of.» 
 an ancientfamilyof Bologna, was archbishop 
 of his native town, and made a cardinal by 
 Paul V. He was elected pope 1621, and 
 died 8th July, 162S, aged 69. He erected 
 the see of Paris into an archbishopric, and 
 assisted the emperor and the king of Poland 
 in their wars. He wrote Epistola ad Regem 
 Persarum Schah Abbas, cum Notis Hegal- 
 soni, 8vo. — Decisions de la Rote. 
 
 Gregory, James, a Scotch mathemati- 
 cian, bom and educated at Aberdeen. His 
 strong genius began early to display itself, 
 and in 1663 at the age of 24 he invented the 
 reflecting telescope, which still bears his 
 name, but which the inexperience of the 
 
GR 
 
 Xondon artists could not then construct ac 
 cording to his approbation. He afterwards 
 Avent to Italy, which at that time was consi- 
 dered as the cradle of mathematical know- 
 ledge, and applied the powers of his mind 
 with such success that he discovered a new 
 analytical method of summing up an infinite 
 converging series, to calculate with exactness 
 the area of the hyperbola, and of the circle. 
 On his return to London in 1G69 he was cho- 
 sen a member of tlie Royal society, and soon 
 after engaged in an unfortunate controversy 
 ■with Huygens about the quadrature of the 
 circle, in which his arguments were false. 
 His reputation as a mathematician, and as 
 the inventor of the reflecting telescope, and 
 of the burning concave mirror, was now so 
 well established, that the royal academy at 
 Paris proposed him to the French king as 
 deserving an honorable pension from him, a 
 step which was not, however, adopted. In 
 1672 he had a dispute, but in amicable terras 
 with sir Isaac Newton after his wonderful 
 discoveries on the nature of light, about the 
 Various utility of his dioptric telescope against 
 that of the catoptric instrument of his anta- 
 gonist. This able philosopher, whose genius 
 daily contributed to the improvement of ma- 
 thematical science, was unhappily attacked 
 by a fever which proved fatal Dec. 1675, in 
 his 36th year. A short history of his ma- 
 thematical discoveries was compiled and 
 published by his friend Mr. Collins, with his 
 letters to him in the ** Commercium Episto- 
 "lieum." His works are Optica Proraota stu 
 Abdita Rudiorum Reflexorum & Refracto- 
 runi Mysteria, &c. 1G63, translated by Ur 
 Desaguiliers into English — Vera Circuli & 
 Hyperbolae Quadratura, &c. besides some 
 papers in the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Gregory, David, nephew to the preced- 
 ing, was born at Aberdeen 24th June, 1661. 
 He there received the elements of his edu- 
 cation, and then went to Edinburgh, where 
 lie took the degree of M. A. The fame of 
 his uncle and the perusal of his papers ex- 
 cited his attention in mathematical pursuits, 
 and at the age of 23 he was deemed capable to 
 fill the mathematical chair of Edinburgh. He 
 published, in 1684, an ingenious treatise called 
 ** Exercitatio Geometrica de Dimensione Fi- 
 gurarum," 4to. and soon after, on the appear- 
 ance of Newton's Principia, he applied him- 
 self to study the great truths of that immortal 
 philosopher, and was the first to introduce 
 them into the university schools.) in 1691 he 
 came to London with the intentron of solicit- 
 ing the Savilian professorship of astronomy 
 at Oxford, upon Dr. Bernard's resignation, 
 and by the friendship of sir Isaac Newton, 
 and of Flamsteed, he succeeded, after being 
 admitted at Baliol college, and incorporated 
 M. A. and created M. D. He now devoted 
 himself to his laborious studies, and display- 
 ed great powers in the elements of optics 
 and physical and geometrical astronomy, 
 improving the discoveries of others by new 
 and elegant demonstrations. He proposed 
 to publish the works of all the ancient ma- 
 thematicians, and in U^e prosecution of thi» i 
 
 5- plan 
 
 GR 
 
 Ian produced an edition «f Euclid in Greek 
 and Latin, and prepared with his friend 
 Halley, an edition of the Conies of ApoUo- 
 nius. His labors however were stopped by 
 death. He died at his villa near Maiden- 
 head, 16th Oct. 1710, and a handsome mo- 
 nument was erected to his meinouy, in St. 
 Mary's, Oxford, by his widow. His eldest 
 son David, was educated at Christ church, 
 and successively became regius professor of 
 modern history, canon and dean of his col- 
 lege. Many of his papers were insei-ted in 
 the Philosophical Transactions, and the va- 
 rious things whieh he wrote, and the im- 
 provement which he made in geometry and 
 philosophy are fully mentioned in the Bio- 
 graphia Britannica. His brother James was 
 for 33 years mathematical professor at Edin- 
 burgh, where he was succeeded by Maclau- 
 rin. — Another brother, Charles, was 32 
 years mathematical professor at St. An- 
 drew's, where he was succeeded by his son 
 David, author of a System of Arithmetic 
 and Algebra in Latin. 
 
 Gregory, John, an English divine, born 
 at Agmondesham, Bucks, 10th November 
 1607. His abilities displayed themselves so 
 early that as his parents were poor, though 
 well respected, his opulent neighbors united 
 to give him a liberal education by common 
 subscription. WitJi this benevolent intention, 
 he was sent with sir William Drake to Christ 
 church, Oxford, as servitor, under the tuition 
 of Morley, afterwards bishop of Winchester. 
 Young Gregory rose in the esteem of his 
 fellow students, he took his degree of M. A , 
 1631, and was made by dean Duppa, chap- 
 lain of the cathedral. When Duppa was 
 promoted to the see of Chichester, and fa- 
 terwards to Salisbury, he accompanied him 
 as his domestic chaplain, and obtained from 
 him a stall in the church of Sarmn. The 
 violence of the times, however, did not long 
 permit him to enjoy his ecclesiastical honors, 
 he was ejected by the parliament, and, in his 
 distress he went to reside in the house of one 
 Sutton, WiiO kept an ale-house at Kiddington 
 green, near Oxford, to Avhose son he had 
 been tutor, where he died of the gout in his 
 stomach, March 13th, 1646. His remains 
 were buried in Oxford cathedral. His works 
 wei*e Notes and Observations on some Pas- 
 sages of Scripture, — an edition of llidley's 
 View of the Civil and Ecclesiastical Law,— - 
 ** (iregorii Posthuma," &c. 
 
 Gregory, Edmund, author of the ** His- 
 torical Anatomy of Christian Melancholy," 
 — of " a Meditation on Job," 8vo. was of 
 Trinity college, Oxford, and died 1650. 
 
 Gregory, Dr. Jobn, a physician of re- 
 spectability, born at Aberdeen. He studied 
 at Edinburgh and Leyden, and became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and medicine at Aber- 
 deen. He wrote several valuable medical 
 tracts, but he is chiefly known for his ** Com- 
 parative View of the Stale of Man, and 
 other Animals," — a Father's Legacy to his 
 Daughter, and other moral pieces. He set- 
 tled m London in 1751, but removed to Edin- 
 burgh as professor of physic, in 17C6, t^ 
 
GR 
 
 died there 1775, aged 49. His Avorks have 
 been collected into 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Gregory, Peter, a native of Toulouse, 
 author of some learned but injudicious works. 
 He died 1527. 
 
 Gregorius, GeorgiusFloreutius, or Gre- 
 gory of Tours, a learned bishop of Tours, in 
 the 6th century. He was an able writer, as 
 his History of France, Lives of the Saints, 
 and other works tully prove, tltough Gib- 
 bon censures his style as devoid of elegance 
 and simplicity. He died about 595. 
 
 Grenada, Lewis de, a Dominican, born 
 at Grenada. Devoted to the duties and aus- 
 terities of a monastic life, he had the firm- 
 ness to refuse the bishopric of Braganza, and 
 died 1588, aged 84. He Avrote several works 
 •which evince his labors, liis piety, and his 
 benevolence. 
 
 Grenan, Benignus, a Latin poet, profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Harcourt. He was born 
 at Noyers, and died at Paris 1723, aged 42. 
 He was the friend and the poetical rival of 
 professor Coffin. His verses contain great 
 elegance, with many noble and delicate sen- 
 timents. 
 
 Grence, a French painter of great 
 mei-it. His pieces are much admired, espe- 
 cially^ the sacrifice of Jeptha, Diana and En- 
 dymion, Susannah, &c. 
 
 Gr E N V I L J. E, George, a celebrated states- 
 man, known in parliamentary history for his 
 two bills for the more regular payment of 
 the navy, passed in 1757, and for the trial of 
 contested elections, passed in 1770. He was 
 distinguished for his eloquence in the senate, 
 and possessed that extensive and enlightened 
 knowledge whi^h fitted him for the highest 
 offices of the state. He was in 1754, made 
 treasurer of the navy, and became first lord of 
 the treasury in 1763, but resigned two years 
 after to lord Rockingham. He died 13th 
 November, 1770, aged 58. By Elizabeth, 
 daughter of sir William Wyndham, he had 
 four sons and five daughters, and of these, 
 the present marquis of Buckingham, who 
 inherited the family estates in Buckingham- 
 shire ; lord Grenville, and Mr. Thomas 
 Grenville, have raised themselves high in 
 the public estimation for their services to 
 their counti-y, in the important offices which 
 they have filled with so much ability, firm- 
 ness, and wisdom. 
 
 Gresham, sir Thomas, descended from 
 an ancient family in Norfolk, was born in 
 London 1519, and was bound apprentice to 
 a mercer. That his mind might, however, 
 be somewhat more cultivated, he became a 
 member of Caius college, Cambridge, where 
 his proficiency was such that he was called 
 by Caius the founder, "Doctissimus Mer- 
 cator." He was admitted into the mercers' 
 company in 1543, and about that time mai'- 
 ried, and in 1551, he went to Antwerp to 
 settle as agent to king Edward, for taking up 
 money from the Flemish merchants. In 
 this office he displayed great dexterity and 
 wisdom, and made the balance of trade pre- 
 ponderate much in favor of England. On 
 Mary's accession he was reiaoTed from his 
 
 office, in consequence of which he present 
 
 ed a petition to the queen, and represented 
 in modest terms the many services which he 
 had rendered to her brother Edward, and 
 to the kingdom, in consequence of which he 
 was restored to favor, and continued in the 
 same employment under Elizabeth. In 
 1559, he was knighted by the queen, and in 
 the midst of his great reputation, and com- 
 mercial prosperity, he built himself a man- 
 sion-house on the west side of Bishopsgate- 
 ^reet, but his hopes were ruined, and his 
 happiness embittered by the death of his 
 only son, a youth of 16, in 1504. Full of 
 liberality, sir Thomas wished that the mer- 
 chants df London might meet in a more 
 convenient place than the open air in Lom- 
 bard-street, and therefore, agreeable to his 
 suggestions, the city of London, bought for 
 more than 3532t. about 80 houses, which 
 were pulled down, and on the site of them 
 was begun, 7th June 1566, the erection of a 
 noble building^ It was fully completed in 
 1569, at sir Thomas's expense, after the 
 model of the exchange at Antwerp, and Jan. 
 29th, 1570, Elizabeth, attended by her no- 
 bility, visited it, and by the voice of a herald, 
 caused it to be proclaimed " the Royal Ex- 
 change." Sir Thomas afterwards built the 
 mansion-house at Osterly park, for his resi- 
 dence, and he determined to appropriate 
 his house in Bishopsgate-street to literary 
 purposes, though earnestly solicited to apply 
 his liberality to the foundation of a college at 
 Oxford, or more particularly at Cambridge 
 where he had received some part of his edu- 
 cation. In 1575 he therefore founded Gre- 
 sham college, leaving the half of his proper- 
 ty in the Royal exchange to the corporation 
 of London, and the other to the mercers' 
 company, for the endowment of seven lec- 
 tures in divinity, law, physic, astronomy, 
 rhetoric, geometry, and music, at 50^. each, 
 with his house where the lectures were to 
 be delivered. Besides these munificent do- 
 nations, he was a veiy liberal benefactor to 
 various charities and institutions, and, ia 
 every reepect shewed that riches in his hand 
 could best be employed in acts of benevo- 
 lence and humanity. This truly illustrious 
 character did not long enjoy the satisfaction 
 of conscious and dignified virtue ; he feH 
 down senseless on ■ his return from the ex- 
 change to his house, Bishopsgate-street, and 
 expired soon after, 21st November, 1579. 
 He was buried with great pomp in his parish 
 church of St. Helen's. His corpse was at- 
 tended by 100 poor men and as many wo- 
 men, clothed in black, and the expenses of 
 the funeral, in those cheap days, amounted 
 to no less than SOOl. His lady survived him 
 some years, she died 23d November 1596, 
 and was buried in the same vault with him. 
 The character of this generous and public 
 spirited man has been drawn accurately by 
 Mr. Ward, who observes that, to the know- 
 ledge of ancient and modern languages, and 
 an eagerness to patronise literature and 
 learned men, he united a very comprehen- 
 sive knowledge of commercial affairs, foreiga 
 
OR 
 
 ^^f 
 
 GR 
 
 and ilomestic. He therefore deservedly at- 
 <iuired an immense fortune^ which rendered 
 him not only the highest commoner in the 
 king(h)ni, with the appellation of the Royal 
 merchant, but the most capable and the mest 
 willing to employ his opulence in such acts 
 as dignify human nature. 
 
 Gresset, John Baptist Lewis, a cele- 
 brated French poet, known chiefly for his 
 elegant, lively, and interesting poem called 
 Vcrt-vert. His (Euvres Hiverses were pub- 
 lished 1748, 12mo. He was director of the 
 French academy, and obtained the order of 
 St. Michael, and letters of nobility. He died 
 at his native town, Amiens, 16th June 1777, 
 ag;ed 68. His comedy of the Mechant was 
 a very popular play. 
 
 Gretser, James, a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Marcdorf 1561. He was twenty-four 
 years professor of morality and school di- 
 -vinity at Ingoldstadt, and publi!|hed a great 
 Rumber of books on theological subjects, 
 and against the protestants. To great learn- 
 ing he united unusual modesty. He died at 
 Ingoldstadt 1635. His works were published at 
 Ratisbon, in 17 vols, folio, by Niceron, 1739. 
 
 Grevekbroeck, a Flemish painter of 
 the 17th century, admired for his sea pieces, 
 and particularly for the correctness with 
 which, he delineated the moat minute ob- 
 jects. 
 
 Greville, Fulk, or Foulk, lord Brooke, 
 was born 1554, at Beauchamp court, War- 
 wickshire, the seat of his father sir Fulk 
 Greville. He was educated, a» is supposed 
 at Shrewsbuiy school and at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards entered at Ox- 
 ford. After travelling abroad, he was intro- 
 duced to the court of "queen Elizabeth, 
 where he became a great favorite, and 
 where he oMained an annual incom* of 
 above 2000^. as clerk of the signet to the 
 council of Wales. Though prevented by 
 the commands of the queen from indulging 
 his attachment to military affairs, he dis- 
 tinguished himself, with his affectionate 
 friend sir Philip Sydney, in the tilts and 
 tournaments which engaged the public at- 
 tention on the expected marriage of EUza- 
 beth to the duke of Anjou. In 1597 he was 
 knighted, and continued to represent his 
 county in parliament till the end of the 
 queen's reign. Though under James he 
 obtained the grant of Warwick castle, on the 
 reparation of which he spent 20,000/. yet he 
 found Cecil jealous of his power, and there- 
 fore retired to privacy, and to studious pur- 
 suits. He wished to engage in the history of 
 his country from the union of the two roses 
 in Henry VTI. but Cecil the secretary re- 
 fused him the perusal of those papers which 
 anight have thrown a great light on the an- 
 nals of that interesting period. After Cecil's 
 death he became, in 1615, a favorite at 
 court, and was made under-treasurer and 
 <;hancelIor of the exchequer, and in 1620 he 
 was raised to the dignity of the peerage. He 
 continued in the favor of Charles I. and in 
 the beginning of his reign founded a history 
 ^.scture ifl tfce university of Cambridge, with 
 
 an aniMial salary of 100/. The succee'ding 
 history of his life is most melancholy ; Ralph. 
 Heywood, one of his domestics, considering 
 his services too long unrewarded, upbraided 
 him in his chamber with unusual freedom, 
 and upon finding his application disregarded, 
 stabbed him mortally in the back with a 
 knife or sword, and then retiring to an ad- 
 joining chamber, destroyed himself with the 
 same weapon. This bloody catastrophe 
 happened at Brook-house, Holborn, 30th 
 September, 1628. The dead body was con- 
 veyed to AVarwick, and buried in St. Mary's 
 church there. Lord Brooke deserves to be 
 recorded not merely as a courtier, but as the 
 friend and patron of learned men, and among 
 his respectable associates may be numbered 
 besides Sidnej', Spenser, Shakspeare, Ben 
 Jonson, Egerton, Overal, Camden, Speed, 
 Davenant, &c. As he was never married, 
 his estates descended to his relation Robert 
 Greville. 
 
 Grevin, James, a French poet and phy- 
 sician, born at Clermont 1538. He was in 
 the service of Margaret of France, duchess 
 of Savoy, and died at Turin, 5th Nov. 1573. 
 He wrote three plays ; and had he not died 
 thus prematurely, he would have been dis- 
 tinguished still more by his genius as a poet, 
 and by extensive practice as a physician. 
 His poems, &c. were printed at Paris 1561, 
 in 8vo. As he was a strong Calvinist, he 
 joined Roche Chandieu and Christian to 
 write the well known poem *' the Temple," 
 against Ronsard, who in his ** Miseries of 
 the Time," had abused the protestants. 
 
 Grevius, or Gr^vius, John Geoi'ge, a 
 learned Latin critic, born at N aumbourg in 
 Saxony, 29th Jan. 1632. He finished his 
 studies at Leipsic, but though intended for 
 the law by his father, he paid much atten- 
 tion to classical literature, and by the friend- 
 ship and assistance of J. F. Gronovius at Ue- 
 venter, and of D. Heinsius, at Leyden, he 
 laid the foundation of that universal learning, 
 which soon after so eminently distinguished 
 him. By the persuasion of D. Blondel, at 
 Amsterdam, he quitted the tenets of Luther 
 for those of Calvin. His reputation was so 
 well established that his assistance as public 
 professor was solicited by the elector of 
 Brandenburg, but he finally settled at De- 
 venter, where he succeeded his friend Gro- 
 novius. After adorning, by his eloquence 
 and the great powers of his mind, successive- 
 ly, the chairs of eloquence, politics, and his- 
 tory ; and after being honored with the par- 
 ticular attentions of the states of Utrecht, 
 who as well as many students from Germany 
 and England, paid homage to his superior 
 abilities ; this excellent scholar was suddenly 
 carried off by an apoplexy, 11th Jan. 1703, 
 aged 71. By his wife, whom he married 
 1656, he had 18 children, but only four daugh- 
 ters survived him. As an editor and anno- 
 tator, Grsevius has acquired great celebrit^^ 
 Hesiod, Suetonius, Cicero, Florus, Catullus, 
 TibuUus, Propertius, Csesar, Lucian, &c. 
 were edited by him, besides Callimachus, 
 which his son, who died in his 23d year, hpd 
 
GR 
 
 ^//2 
 
 GU 
 
 •nearly completed. His chief work is his 
 ** Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum," 
 12 vols. fol. to which he added Thesaurus 
 Antiq. et Histor. ItaUsc;, printed after his 
 death, 3 vols. fol. The best part of his let- 
 ters to the learned men of the age were 
 preserved in Dr. Mead's collection. 
 
 GuEuZE, a very eminent French painter. 
 His Pere de Famille giving his daughter to 
 an honest peasant, to whom she was betroth, 
 ed, his Filial Piety, and his young Woman 
 deploring the loss of her ciuiary-bird are 
 very fine performances. 
 
 Grew, Obadiah, an English divine, born 
 at Atherston, Warwickshire, 1607. He en- 
 tered at Baliol college, and after taking his 
 degrees in arts, he entered into orders at the 
 age of as, and favoring the views of parlia- 
 ment, settled at Coventry as minister of St. 
 Michael's there. Active and exemplary in 
 his conduct, he was an indefatigable parish 
 priest, and as he sided with the presbyteri- 
 ans against the hierarchy, so he opposed 
 them in their views of cutting off the king ; 
 aud^ven drew a promise from Cromwell, as 
 he passed through Coventry, in 1647, that 
 no violence should be offered to his royal 
 master. In 1651, he took both his degrees 
 in divinity, but at the restoration he refused 
 to conform, for which he was ejected from 
 his palish. He died 2'2d Oct 1698. He 
 published Meditations on the Parable of the 
 Prodigal Son, and other theological tracts. 
 
 Grew, Nehemiah, son of the preceding, 
 •was eminent as a writer and a physician. 
 He was educated abroad, and was admitted 
 into the college of physicians 1680. His 
 ^reat merits ajid extensive practice, in Lon- 
 don, recommended him to the Royal society, 
 of which he became fellow ; and in 1677, 
 secretary. Besides the publication of the 
 philosophical transactions in which he was 
 engaged, he sent to press the An.^jtomy of 
 Plants, fol. — Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Stomach, &c. fol. — Catalogue of the Rarities 
 of the Royal society — Cosmologia Sacra, &c. 
 He died suddenly. Lady-day 1711, in Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Grey, lady Jane, celebrated for her vir- 
 tues and her misfortunes, was daughter of 
 Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by Frances 
 Brandon, daughter of Mary, dowager of 
 France, and sister to Henry VHI. She was 
 horn in 1537, at Bradgate-hall, Leicester- 
 shire, and from her very infancy shewed 
 great quickness and comprehension of mind. 
 Under Harding and Aylmer, her father's 
 chaplains, she improved herself in the vari- 
 ous branches of learning ; and became sucli 
 a proficient in languages, that she spoke and 
 wrote, with astonishing facility, the French, 
 Jtalian, Latin, and it is said the Greek ; and 
 was also well skilled in Hebrew, Arabic, and 
 t];haldee. To tliese high acquirements in 
 literature, were united great beauty, the 
 mildest manners, and the most captivating 
 virtues of humility, benevolence, and modes- 
 ty. Regardless of the pleasures and frivo- 
 lous occupations of the great, she sought for 
 gratification in reading and in meditation, 
 
 and she observed to her tutor Ascham, whs 
 found her reading Plato while the rest o£ 
 the family were hunting in the park, that 
 the sport which they were enjoying, was but 
 a shadow compared to the pleasure which 
 she received from the sublime author. The 
 alliances of her family, however, and their 
 ambition, were too powerful to suffer her t» 
 live in her beloved seclusion. No sooner 
 was the declining health of the sixth Edward 
 perceived by his courtiers, than Dudley, 
 duke of Northumberland, prevailed upon 
 the unsuspecting monarch, to settle the 
 crown on his relation, lady Jane, whose at- 
 tachment to the principles of the reforma- 
 tion was indubitable ; and to pass over his 
 sisters Mary and Elizabeth. When this was 
 effected, the artful favorite married his son 
 Guildford Dudley to the future queen, and 
 thus paved the way to the elevation of his 
 own family to the throne. But while others 
 rejoiced in these plans of approaching great- 
 ness, Jane alone seemed unconcerned, and 
 when, at last, on Edward's death, she was 
 hailed as queen by her ambitious father-in- 
 law, Northumberland, she refused the prof- 
 fered dignit}', till the authority of her father 
 the duke of Suffolk, and the entreaties of a 
 husband whom she tenderly loved, prevailed 
 upon her reluctantly to consent. She was 
 as usual, conveyed to the tower, preparatoi-y 
 to her coronation, and she was proclaimed 
 queen in the city, and honored with all the 
 marks of royalty. This sunshine of pros- 
 perity, was, however, but transitory ; her 
 rival Mary proved more powerful, and the 
 kingdom seemed to espouse her cause with 
 such loyalty, that Northumberland and Suf- 
 folk yielded to the popular voice, and lady 
 Jane after being treated as queen for a few 
 days, descended again, and with exultation, 
 to privacy. But misfortunes accompanied 
 her fall. She saw her father-in-law and his 
 family, her own father and his numerous ad- 
 herents brought to the Tower, and at last 
 expire under the hand of the executioner, 
 and she herself together with her husband 
 were to complete the bloody tragedy. She 
 and lord Guilford and Cranmer were ear- 
 red to Guildhall from the Tower and at- 
 tainted of high treason, and condemned, but 
 it is imagined that had not Wyatt's rebellion 
 at that time alarmed the suspicions of the 
 bigoted Mary, the innocent Jane might 
 have been pardoned. Three months after 
 her condemnation she was ordered to pre- 
 pai'C for death, and as her husband was dis- 
 suaded from increasing their mutual bitter- 
 ness by taking leave of each other, she 
 gave him her last farewell through the Avin- 
 dow as he passed to the place of execution, 
 and soon after she saw his headless body 
 wrapped in a linen cloth borne to the chapel. 
 From the horrid sight she was soon sum- 
 moned herself to the scaffold, where she 
 suffered with the most christian resignation, 
 exclaiming with fervency, " Lord, into thy 
 hands I commend my spa-it" This bloody 
 catastrophe took place 12th Feb. 1554. Jane 
 carried with her to the grave, the regrets 
 
GR 
 
 ^y/ 
 
 GR 
 
 and the aft'ections of the protestants, and 
 Mary in shedding the blood of those who 
 were so nearly related to her, seemed to 
 proclaim that she little regarded the sacri- 
 ficing of the lives of her subjects to her own 
 bigoted principles. 
 
 Grey, Dr. Zachaiy, an English scholar, 
 descended from a Yoikshire family. He 
 •was of Jesus college, Cambridge, and after- 
 wards removed toTrinity hall,\vhere he took 
 the degree of LL.D. He was rector of 
 Houghton-Conquest, Bedfordshire, and vicar 
 of St. Giles' and St. Peter's in Cambndge, 
 and died 25th Nov, 1766, aged 79. He was 
 author of near 30 publications, the best 
 known of which is his edition of Hudibras, 
 with curious and interesting notes, 2 vols, 
 which has been censured and ridiculed by 
 Warburton and H. Fielding, but ably defend- 
 ed by Warton on Shakspeare. He also an- 
 swered Neale's History of the Puritans, i 
 vols. 8vo. Dr. Grey was twice married and 
 left two daughters. 
 
 Grey, Dr. llichard, an English divine, 
 born 1693. He was of Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford, and obtained the livings of Kilncote, 
 Tjeicestershire, and afterwards Hinton in 
 Northamptonshire, and a prebend in St. 
 Paul's. He was made D.D. 1731, by the 
 university for his '*^ System of English Ec- 
 clesiastical Law." He published besides in 
 1736 an anonymous pamphlet called ♦' the 
 Miserable and Distracted State of Religion 
 in England, upon the Downfall of the Church 
 Established," 8vo. — and also "a New Meth- 
 od of Learning Hebrew without Points," — 
 Liber Jobi. — the Last Words of David — 
 some sermons, &c. He left some daughters, 
 and died 28th Feb. 1771, aged 78. 
 
 Grie ALDUS, Matthew, a learned civil- 
 ian of Padua, who left Italy to embrace the 
 protestant faith, and became professor of 
 civil law at Tubingen. He followed the er- 
 rors of the anti-trinitarians, for which he 
 was obliged to fly from Tubingen, and he 
 was at last seized at Bern, where the plague 
 carried him off in Sep. 1564, and thus pre- 
 vented the ignominious death which his per- 
 secutors would have inflicted upon him. He 
 wrote some valuable books on civil law, the 
 best known of which is his '* Commentarii ii](f 
 Legem de lierem Mixtura, et de Jure 
 Fisci." 
 
 Gribner, Michael Henry, professor of 
 the law at Wittemberg, died 1734. He 
 wrote several works in Latin on jurispru- 
 dence, &c. and his abilities are mentioned 
 with respect by Saxius in Jiis Onomasticon. 
 
 Grierson, Constantia, a woman of great 
 respectability as a scholai' in Greek and 
 Roman Hterature. She was born In Kilken- 
 ny, Ireland, of poor and illiterate parents, 
 but she proved her title to celebrity by her 
 edition of Tacitus, dedicated to lord Car- 
 teret, and by that of Terence, inscribed to 
 his son, and also by her poems, and a Greek 
 epigram of great merit. In acknowledg- 
 ment of her literary abilities, lord Carteret 
 inserted her name in the patent Avhich grant- 
 ed the office of king's printer to her husband 
 for life. She died ih 1753, j^god only 27. 
 
 She received, as she informed Mrs. Pilking- 
 ton, some instruction from the clei'gyman of 
 her parish, but for the best part of her 
 learning, she was indebted to her own in- 
 dustry. To her learning and philosophical 
 knowledge, she united great modesty, genu- 
 ine piety, and every female virtue. 
 
 Griffet, Henry, a Jesuit of Moulins, 
 who died at Brussels 1775, aged 77. He 
 published Daniel's History of France, int 
 Avhich he continued the reign of Lewis XHI. 
 7 vols. 4to. besides sermons, and a popular 
 work called "Delices des Pays Bas," 5 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Griffier, John, an eminent painter,, 
 called old Griffier, and abroad the gentleman 
 of Utrecht. He was l>orn at Amsterdam, 
 and died in London 171 8, aged 60. His views 
 on the Thames were much admired, as also 
 his etched prints of birds, beasts, &c. front 
 the designs of F. Barlow. His son Robert^, 
 called the young Griffier, was born in Eng- 
 land, and was living in 1713. He was au 
 excellent landscape painter. 
 
 Griffin, the last prince ofWales before 
 its total subjugation by the English, was in- 
 humanly put to death in London by his con- 
 queror. 
 
 Griffith, Michael, a native of London, 
 who studied at Seville and in the Low Coun- 
 tries, and became a Jesuit, and was sent as 
 missionary of his order to England. He died 
 at St. Omer's 1652, aged 65. He wrote An- 
 nales Eclesiis Britannictc, 4 vols. fol. — Bri- 
 tannia Illustrata, 4to. 
 
 Griffiths, Ralph, a native of Shrop- 
 shire, known in the republic of letters as the 
 first editor and proprietor of the Monthly 
 Review a periodical work, begun, in 1749, 
 and by his assiduity and the co-operation of 
 men of talents and information raised to 
 great celebrity. This useful Avork was so 
 ably and so successfully conducted, that it 
 pT'Ocured him a comfortable independence, 
 on which he retired to his residence at Turn- 
 ham Green, some v ears before hisdeatli. 
 He was honored for his services to literature 
 with the degree of L.L.D. from one of the 
 American universities, and he died 1803^, 
 aged S3. 
 
 Gr iG ^'^ AN, Frances Margaret deSevign^,- 
 countess of, daughter of the celebrated mad- 
 am e de Sevigne, was born in 1646, Shie 
 married in 1669, count Grignan, an officer of 
 high rank at the court of Lewis XIV. Her 
 residence in Provence with her husband, 
 and at a distance from her mother, was the 
 cause of the writing of those excellent let- 
 ters, which passed between the mother and 
 daughter. She had two daughters and one 
 son. She died 1705, one year after the death 
 of her son, and her husband survived her 
 till 1714, aged 85. 
 
 Grignon, Jaques, a Frencli engraver at 
 the end of the 17th century. His best works 
 are his portraits. He engraved some pieces 
 from Chauvcau's designs for " les Tableaux 
 de la Penitence." 
 
 Grimaldi, John Francis a painter, 
 born at Bologna IfiQG, He studied under 
 
GR 
 
 6/f 
 
 GR 
 
 his relations tljc Caraccis, and was honcrnbly 
 employed by Innocent X. in adorning the 
 Vatican, and the other edifices of Rome. 
 He also was engaged by Mazarin at Paris 
 for three years in embellishing his palace 
 and the Louvre, but the troubles oi" the times, 
 and the warmth with which he espoused the 
 cause of his patron, obliged him to fly to the 
 Jesuits for protection. On his return to 
 Kome he gained the patronage of Innocent's 
 two successor, Alexander Vll. and Clement 
 IX. and devoted the labors of his pencil in 
 their service. He was also skilled in archi- 
 tecture, and 42 of his engravings in aqua for- 
 tis, are mentioned with great commenda- 
 tion. In him the celebrity of the painter 
 ■svas united with gi'eat benevolence and the 
 most charitable disposition. He died of a 
 dropsy at Rome 1660, leaving a considerable 
 fortune among his six children, the youngest 
 <jf whom, Alexander, distinguished himself as 
 a painter. 
 
 GuiMAN-ijDomenico, son of the doge of 
 Venice, was born there 1460. He was a 
 learned man and the correspondent of Eras- 
 mus, and translated some of Chyrsostom's 
 homilies into Latin. He was made a cardi- 
 nal and died 1523. 
 
 Grimani, Hubert, an excellent portrait 
 painter of Delft, who died 1629, aged 30. 
 
 Grimarest, Leonard, a French writer 
 v/ho died 1720. He wrote the Life of 
 Charles XH. and that of Moliere, severely 
 censured by Voltaire. 
 
 Grimaud, N. de, professor of medicine 
 at Montpellier, is author of a treatise on 
 Fevera — Memoirs on Nutrition, &c. He 
 died 1791. 
 
 Grimmer, James, a much admired land- 
 scape painter of Antwerp, who died 1546, 
 aged 30. 
 
 GrimouX, a French painter, who affect- 
 ed to make no distinction between night and 
 day. His portraits are highly valued as ca- 
 binet pieces. He died 1740. 
 
 Grimston, sirHarbottle, a learned law- 
 yer, master of the rolls to Charles I. He 
 4(ed 1683, aged 99. 
 
 Grin DAL, Edmund, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born 1519 at Halsingham in 
 Cumberland. He entered at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and then removed to 
 Christ's, and afterwards to Pembroke hall, 
 when he became fellow 1538, and M. A. 
 1541. He was afterwards chosen lady Mar- 
 garet's public preacher, and distinguished 
 himself so much that Ridley bishop of Lon- 
 don made him his chaplain 1550. The next 
 year he was appointed chaplain to the king, 
 and in 1553 he obtained a stall at Westmin- 
 ster and was marked as one of those who 
 where to enjoy in two portions the rich bish- 
 opric of Durham, but the euccession of Mary 
 clouded all his prospects. He fled to Stras- 
 burg, and there remained till the death of 
 the queen, when his services were employed 
 hi drawing up the new liturgy and in oppos- 
 ing in a public dispute with seven pther pro- 
 testants the popish prelates. In 1559 he 
 v^s mtide master of Pembroke hall, in tlif 
 
 room of Young, who refused the oaths oC 
 supremacy, and the same year he was nomi> 
 nated to succeed after Bonner's deposition as 
 bishop of London. In 1564 he took his de- 
 gree of D.D. and in 1570 he was translated to 
 York, and succeeded Parker five years after 
 in the see of Canterbury. His elevation was 
 of short duration. Elizabeth saw with dis- 
 pleasure that the frequent meetings of the 
 clergy for purposes of mutual improvement, 
 and for the better understanding of the scrip- 
 ture, were often converted into faction in- 
 stead of christian edification, and she there- 
 fore directed Grindal to exercise his author- 
 ity to (Polish these prophesyings, as they ^^ 
 were called. The primate who acknowledged «sj 
 that the interference of the laity in these 
 public meetings was often subversive of good 
 order and decorum, yet saw consequences int 
 the friendly meeting of the clergy so favora- 
 ble to the cause of reli^on that he ventured 
 to dispute with the queen about the proprie- 
 ty of her measures. Elizabeth was peremp- 
 tory, her commands were issued to the 
 bishops to silence all prophesyings and exer- 
 cises, all preachers not lawfully called ; and 
 Grindal, after being allowed a decent time to 
 consider of his conduct, was, by order of the 
 Star-chamber, confined to his house, and 
 his see sequestered from him. Though in 
 some degree afterwards restored to his me- 
 tropolitan power, yet he chose jto resign 
 his see, and to receive a pension from the 
 queen. With this he retired to Croydon, but 
 died two months after, 6th July, 1583, and 
 was interred in Croydon church. This learn- 
 ed prelate, whose firmness was doubted 
 whilst he held the see of London, and seem- 
 ed to waver in his treatment of the papists, 
 wrote little. The patrons of his early life, 
 were besides Ridley, secretary Cecil and 
 archbishop Pai'ker. He was engaged ia 
 drawing up the statutes for the government 
 of Christ-church, Oxford, and by his human- 
 ity he provided a new settlement at Embden 
 for the British merchants of Antwerp, whom 
 Spanish tyranny oppressed and insulted. 
 
 Gringonneur, Jacquemin, a Parisian 
 painter in the l4th century, said to have in- 
 vented playing cards about 1.392, to amuse 
 the melancholy hours of Charles VI. king 
 of France. Some, hawever, imagine that 
 cards were in fashion long before the de*- 
 rangement of the sixth Charles, 
 
 Gringore, Peter, herald at arms to the 
 duke of Lorraipe, died 1544. His " Morali- 
 ties" in verse, though not very interesting', 
 are curious, to mark the progress of theatri- 
 cal improvement. 
 
 Grisaunt, William, an English physi- 
 cian, astronomer and mathematician, who 
 studied at iMerton college, Oxford, and to 
 avoid the suspicion of magic which in those 
 barbarous ages attended the possession ot 
 learning, fled over to France. He settled at 
 Montpellier and afterwai'ds at Marseilles, 
 where he acquired eminence and fame by an 
 inquisitive exammation of the diseases and 
 constitution of his patients. His son rose to 
 the pontificate uadcr the name of Urban V 
 
GR 
 
 6/S 
 
 GR 
 
 His works are mentioned in Aikin's Biog. 
 Memoirs. The time of his death is unknown, 
 though he Avas an old man in 1350. 
 
 Grive, John de la, a French geographer 
 born at Sedan. He died 1757, aged 68. 
 His *' Topography of Paris" is extremely 
 accurate, and his plans of Versailles, Marly, 
 8ic. are much admired. He wrote also a 
 Manual of Spherical Trigonometry, and 
 otiier works. 
 
 GiiocYN, William, a learned Englishman, 
 born at Bristol 1442, and educated at Win- 
 chester school, and New college, Oxford. 
 In 1479 he obtained from his college the rec- 
 tory of Newton Longville, Bucks, and after- 
 wards in consequence of holding in the 
 ablest manner a disputation before Richard 
 HI. when he visited Oxford, he was made 
 prebendary of Lincoln. He travelled to 
 Italy, and improved himself in the Greek, 
 then little understood, under Demetrius 
 Chalcondylas, and Politian, and at liis 
 return 1491, settled at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, where he became public jirofessor of 
 his favorite language. He was the corres- 
 pondent and friend of Erasmus. When 
 that illustrious scholar visited Oxford, Gro- 
 «yn received him with affection, and intro- 
 duced him to Warham the primate, and 
 other great and learned men. In 1490, Gro- 
 cyn exchanged his living for the mastership 
 of All-hallows college, Maidstone, Kent, 
 where he died 1522, of a stroke of the palsy, 
 which the year before had greatly impaired 
 his faculties. He had little respect for Plato, 
 but paid great homage to the philosophy of 
 Aristotle, Avhose works, he undertook with 
 Latimer, Linacre, and More, to translate, but 
 did not pursue. He left part of his proper- 
 ty to Linacre his executor, and to Thomas 
 Li41y the grammarian, who was his godson. 
 A Latin epistle from him to Aldus Manutius, 
 is preserved in tinacre's translation of Pro- 
 clus de Sphsera. Though Erasmus says 
 this is all he wrote, yet some other Avritings 
 of his are mentioned by Bale and Leland. 
 
 GROCHowsKi,a Pole, who, after serving 
 in the Prussian armies, took up arms in de- 
 fence of his country against the Russians. He 
 was with Kosciuszko, at the battle of Sye- 
 zekociny, 6th June, 1791, and was mortally 
 wounded by a canon ball. 
 
 Gr o u T T I u s, Stanislaus, a Jesuit of Poland, 
 author of eight volumes of Latin sermons, 
 and other polemical wx'itings. He died at 
 Cracow, 10 13. 
 
 Grono vius, John Frederic, a respecta- 
 ble civilian, critic, and historian, born at 
 Hambtu'gh, 1613. After making great pro- 
 gress in literature at home, he travelled 
 through Germauy, Italy, and France, further 
 to increase the resources of his mind, and 
 on his return through Deventer, he was 
 stopped and honorably appointed professor of 
 polite learning. In lG58he removed to Ley- 
 den as successor in the professorial chair, 
 to Dan. Heinsius, and there he died greatly 
 regretted, 1672. He married at Deventer, 
 and had two sons both eminent in literature. 
 He published a dissertation oa Statius' Sylva 
 \ Oil. W 79 
 
 — a treatise on the Sesterce— a work of 
 Ecclesiastical Writers, besides valuable edi- 
 tions of Plautus, Seneca, Sallust, Livy, 
 Quintilian, Plin}', &o. 
 
 Grono VI us, James, son of the preced- 
 ing, was born at Deventer, 20th Oct, 1645, 
 and educated under his father at Leydcn. 
 In 1670, he visited England, and not only 
 examined the valuable librai ies of the uni- 
 versities, but he gained the friendship of the 
 learned, of Pocock, Pearson, and M. Casau- 
 bon, and after his return to Leyden, he ex- 
 tended his travels to France, where he was 
 introduced to Chaplain, d'Herbelot, Theve- 
 not, and other scholars. Though his father's 
 death disconcerted his plans, he proceeded 
 to Italy, where the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 ill respect to his merits, granted iiim a pen- 
 sion, and a professor's chair, at Pisa, where 
 he had for Lis colleague Henry Norris, after- 
 wards a cardinal. After some time he left 
 Tuscany, and returning by the way of Ve- 
 nice and Padua, he came to Leydon, whex'e, 
 in 1679, a professorship awaited him. In 
 this peaceful retreat, endeared to him by 
 the residence of his father, and the pai'tiali- 
 ties of youthful life, he determined to pass 
 the remainder of his days, and therefore re- 
 jected the honorable offers of a chair at Pa- 
 dua, and also at Keil, in Holstein, under the 
 duke of Sleswick, In the midst of his lit- 
 erary occupations the death of his favorite 
 daughter rent his bosom Avith affliction, so 
 that in the fullness of his grief, he fell sick, 
 and five weeks after followed her to the 
 grave, 21st Oct. 1716. He left two sons, the 
 eldest a physicia*; and the youngest Abra- 
 ham, history professor at Utrecht. Grono- 
 vius was inferior to his father in modesty anil 
 moderation, though superior in learning; 
 but his virulence against his literary antago- 
 nists was such, that he was called a second 
 Scioppius, Besides editions of Macrobius, 
 Polybius, &c. he published that valuable 
 book, *' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Grseca- 
 rum" 13 vols. fol. 
 
 Groppeu, John, an able polemic of 
 Westphalia, wlio refused a cardinal's hat. 
 He died at llome 1559. He had a great ab- 
 horence of women. He wrote a valuable 
 work " Erchiridion ChristianreUeligionis." 
 
 Gros, Peter, an able sculptor, born at 
 Paris. He embellished the capital of France 
 with many fine specimens of his art, and 
 died at Home 1710, aged 44, 
 
 Gros, Nicholas, u theologian of Rheims, 
 whose opposition to the bull unigenitus, ob- 
 liged him to fly from France. He was for 
 some time in England, and wrote several 
 things on temporary subjects. He was the- 
 ological professor at Amersfort, and in his 
 writings ably supported the jansenists in Hol- 
 land. He died 1751, aged 76. 
 
 Grose, Francis, an English antiquary, 
 and able writer. He illustrated " the An- 
 tiquity of England and Wales" in 4 vols, 
 4to. " and of Scotland," in two. His de- 
 sign, with respect to Ireland, was checked 
 by death, which carried him off in Dublin, in 
 1791, aged 53. He published besides **a 
 
GR 
 
 c/^ 
 
 GR 
 
 Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 
 — Military Antiquities, &c. — a treatise on 
 Ancient Armour, &o. His talents were 
 much admired as a draughtsman, and he was 
 equally respectable as a pleasing and agree- 
 able companion in private life. 
 
 Grosley, Peter John, member of the 
 academy of belles lettres, and of Inscriptions, 
 was born at Troyes, and died there 1785, 
 aged 67. He wrote " llecherches pour 
 I'Histoire du Droit Francois" — the Lives of 
 the two Pithou's, &c. besides large contribu- 
 tions to the Encyclopedia, and the Diction- 
 naire Historique. 
 
 GRossETESTEjUobert, an English pre- 
 late, born about 1175, at Stradbrook, Suftblk. 
 Though obscurely born, he received a de- 
 cent education, most ably assisted by inde- 
 fatigable application, at Oxford and Paris, 
 where he became a respectable proficient in 
 Greek literature, little regarded at that time. 
 On returning from Paris, he read lectures on 
 philosophy and divinity at Oxford, and from 
 the celebrity which he acquired was made 
 archdeacon of Chester, afterwards of Wilts, 
 and in 1234-5, elected bishop of Lincoln. 
 He died at Buckden, 1253, highly respected 
 for learning, integrity, and piety, even in 
 the opinion of Mattlievv Paris, who often 
 speaks of him with marked indiffei'ence. 
 He wrote commentaries on Aristotle, and 
 other voluminous works, mentioned in Tan- 
 ner's Bibliotheque. lie possessed great 
 learning, a clear and vigorous intellect. Dr. 
 Pegge has written his life. 
 
 Grosteste, Claude, a French refugee, 
 who came to London, after the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes. He was minister of 
 the Savoy, and wrote several sermons, and 
 a treatise on the Inspiration of the Sacred 
 Books, displaying learning, benevolence, and 
 humility. He died 1713, aged 28. 
 
 Grosvenor, Benjamin, a native of Lon- 
 don, made minister of a dissenting congre- 
 gation, in Crosby-square, 1704, and in 1716 
 removed to Salters' hall meetiiig-house. Be- 
 sides essay on Health, and the Mourner, often 
 edited, and universally approved, be wrote 
 several sermons, and died 1758, age«l 83. 
 
 Grotius, or Groot, Hugo, a celebra- 
 ted writer, son of John de Groot, a respec- 
 table burgo-master of Delft. He was born 
 at Delft, 10th April 1583, and from his ear- 
 liest years displayed strong powers of mind, 
 great genius, sound judgment, and a most 
 retentive memory. He studied at the Hague, 
 • and afterwards removed to Leyden under 
 the care of Francis Junius, and here Joseph 
 Scaliger saw and admired his promising abi- 
 lities, and aiiectionately interested himself in 
 his improvement. In 1598 he accompanied 
 count Justin of Nassau, and the grand pen- 
 sioner Barncvelt, in their embassy to France, 
 and he was received with every mark of 
 kindness by the court, and presented by 
 Henry IV. with his picture and a gold chain. 
 The university of Paris also paid its respects 
 to this learned youth, and granted him a 
 <Jpctor of law's degree before his return 
 to Holland. Devotiog himself to the law, 
 
 he pleaded his first cause at Delff, and 
 though scarce seventeen he commanded the 
 general applause by his eloquence and exten- 
 sive information. But polite literature also 
 engaged much of his attention, and in 1599 
 he published an edition of Martianus Capel- 
 la, dedicated to the celebrated de Thou, and 
 translated into Latin, Stevin's treatise for 
 the instruction of pilots in finding a ship's 
 place at sea. In 1600 he published his 
 Plijenomena of Aratus, and acquired such 
 celebrity as a poet that his Prosopopoeia was 
 ti'anslated into French by du Vaer, Rapin, 
 Pasquier, and Malherbe, and into Greek by 
 Casaubon. He also wrote tragedies, and his 
 Adamus Exui, his Christus Patiens, and his 
 Jose]>h were received with great applause. 
 In 1003, he was appointed histoi'iographer 
 to the states of Holland, who thus selected 
 hira as the ablest historian worthy to trans- 
 mit to posterity the heroic deeds of their 
 countrymen, and their emancipation from 
 Spanish slavery. He was next appointed ad- 
 voc;Ue general for the fise of Holland and 
 Zealand, with an increased salary, and he 
 ably defended in 1609, in his *' Mare Libe- 
 rum" the freedom of the ocean, and the 
 right of the Dutch to ti-ade to the east, 
 though the work was severely and acutely 
 censured by Selden. His treatise de Anti- 
 quitate lleipublicce Batavaa, to assert the 
 ancient independence of his country from 
 the Roman yoke, and the modei'n usurpa- 
 tions of Spain appeared in 1610, and was 
 rewarded with the unanimous thanks of the 
 states. In 1613, he was honorably elected 
 pensionary of Rotterdam, and obtained a 
 seat in the assembly of the states of Holland, 
 and afterwards of the states general, and 
 soon after his abilities were employed in sel^ 
 tiing the disputes between the English and 
 the Dutch, on the subject of the fishery in 
 the Northern seas. In the religious difFer- 
 euces which now began to agitate Holland, 
 Grotius who had hitherto marclied unoppos- 
 ed in the road of honor and glory, took a 
 share, and, in embracing the tenets of Armini- 
 us, he declared himself a zealous advocate 
 for toleration. His conduct, and that of 
 those with whom he acted, proved offensive 
 to prince Mam-ice, and the conference, be- 
 gun for I'econciliation, soon ended in mis- 
 trust and warfare. At the national synod of 
 Dort, 15th Novembei-, 1618, the five articles 
 of the Arminians wei'e condemned, their 
 ministers were banished, and their three 
 able defenders, Barnevelt, Grotius, and Hoo- 
 garbetz, were tried, and the first was execu- 
 ted, and the others doomed to perpetual im- 
 prisonment. In his prison of Louvestein, 
 Grotius found consolation in literary occupa- 
 tions, and though his confinement was rigo- 
 rous, he derived every comfort from the 
 attentions of his wife, who after some difii- 
 culty was permitted to visit him. The fond 
 care of this worthy woman at last procured 
 his deliverance, after a captivity of nearly 
 two years, and on pretence of removing 
 books which she declared proved injurions 
 to her hu^ban^'s health, she was permitted 
 
GR 
 
 to send away a small chest of drawers of the 
 length of three feet and a half, in which he 
 "was confined. Thus carried by two soldiers 
 from the fortress of Lonvestein, the chest 
 was removed to Gorcum on horseback, and 
 at the house of a friend the illustrious pris- 
 oner was set at liberty, and immediately 
 escaped disguised in the dress of a mason 
 with a rule and a trowel, to Valvic in Bi-a- 
 bant, and then to Antwerp. From Ant- 
 werp he M'rote to the states general, excul- 
 pating himself, and asserting that his con- 
 duct was guided by the purest love for his 
 country, and the sincerest regard for the in- 
 terests of the states, and he afterwards Avent 
 to Paris, where he received a pension from 
 the French court. His apology appeared in 
 1622, but it was received wilh such indigna- 
 tion by the states general, that all persons 
 were forbidden to read it on \>ain of death, 
 and a decree was issued to seize the oft'end- 
 ing author wherever he could be found. In 
 1623 be retired from the tumults of Paris to 
 the seat of one of his friends near Boulogne, 
 and there began his great work on the Rights 
 of Peace and War. The death of Maurice 
 in Holland made no change in the politics of 
 the Dutch, and the next stadtholder, Frede- 
 ric Henry, professed the same enmity against 
 the exiled sufferer, but, at last, through the 
 solicitations of his friends, and the earnest 
 applications of his wife, the confiscation was 
 removed from his property, and in October 
 1631, he ventured to revisit Holland. Though 
 honorably received at Rotterdam, at Am- 
 sterdam, and at Delft, he found still the 
 spirit of rancour in the magistrates, and 
 ■when threatened again with persecution, he 
 determined to remove from an ungrateful 
 eountry on which his sei'vices and his wri- 
 tings have conferred immortal fame. In 
 March 1632, he retired to Hamburgh, and 
 there was flattered with the most pressing 
 and liberal invitations from Spain, Portugal, 
 Denmark, Holstein, and other princes, but 
 he preferred the friendship of Oxensliern, 
 and a residence in Sweden, to all other 
 situations. By the kindness of his new pa- 
 tron, and the celebrit}^ of bis own meritori- 
 ous works, he was at last declared counsellor 
 to the queen of Sweden, and appointed her 
 ambassador to France, and for eight years, 
 till 1 644, he supported the character of his 
 station, and the intei-esis of his new adopted 
 country, with firmness and with dignity. 
 When, at his own solicitation, he retired 
 from the French embassy,- he removed 
 through Holland to Sweden, and Avas honor- 
 ably received by queen Christina ; but seeing 
 the cabals of his enemies, who, without me- 
 rit, were jealous of his fame and consequence, 
 he sighed again for retirement, and request- 
 ed permission to go to Lubec. On the 12th of 
 August 1645, he embarked, but tlie vessel 
 "was driven by a dreadful storm on the coast 
 of Pomerania, and Grotius, intent to reach 
 Lubec, arrived at Rostock, aher a tedious 
 journey of sixty miles, exposed to the rain 
 and to the inclemency of the air. The diffi- 
 cult»|;s of His joHrney were increased by the 
 
 attacks of a fevei', and the illustrious stran* 
 gei', whom the ingratitude of his country- 
 men had banished from his home, and the 
 envy of courtiers had driven from his long 
 
 wished for asylum, sinking under fatigue and 
 disease, expired at midnight, 28th August, 
 1645. His remains were conveyed to Delft, 
 and deposited in the grave of his family, 
 where this modest epitaph writteri by him- 
 self marks the spot : 
 
 Grotius hie Hugo est, JBatavum captivus 
 et exul, 
 Legatus regni, Snceia magna, tui. - 
 Besides his valuable treatise on the Christian 
 religion, which is known to every student of 
 Christianity, and his treatise de Jure Belli & 
 Pacis, and the other pieces already men- 
 tioned, he published, among other works, 
 Via ad Pacem Ecclesiasticam, — Aiithologia, 
 — HistoriaGothorum, — Commentary on the 
 Old and New Testaments, — Dissertatio His- 
 toi'ic. de Dogmat. Ritib. &c. — Ecclesise, &c. 
 — de Origine Gentium American. — Notes 
 on Tacitus, Lucian, &c. — Epistles, &e. His 
 wife, Mary Reigesberg, whom he married 
 1608, survived him. She was a Avoman of a 
 most respectable family in Zealand, and in 
 her character most amiable, benevolent, aird 
 exemplary. The religious opinions of Gro- 
 tius Avere very favorable to the church of 
 England, and it is no despicable testimony 
 to the pui-ity and authenticity of the doc- 
 trines of our national establishment, that its 
 tenets and discipline were commended and 
 applauded by a man whose judgment was so 
 discriminating, and Avhose opinion is so res- 
 pectable and so satisfactorA', especially on 
 the subject of religion, to Avhich he devoted 
 for a long time all the poAvers of a strong, 
 vigorous, and unprejudiced mind. Tavo of 
 the sons of this illustrious character, Corne- 
 lius and Diederic, embraced the nrilitary 
 profession, and another, Peter, became emi- 
 nent in the law, and as a philologist, and Avas 
 known as a pensionary of Amsterdam. He 
 died 1678. 
 
 Ghotius, William, brother of Hugo, was 
 born at Delft, and distinguished himself as a 
 lawyer. He Avrote Encbiridrion de Prinei- 
 piis Juris Naturae, — & Vitse Juris consulfo- 
 rum in Pandectis Nomin. &c. and died 1662. 
 
 Grove, Henry, a learned teacher among 
 the presbyterians, born at Taunton, Somer- 
 setshire, 4th January 1683. He was de- 
 scended from very respectable families in 
 Devonshire and Wiltshire, by his father and 
 mother, and therefore his education Avns par- 
 ticularly attended to. After being under the 
 care of Mr. Warren, Avho kept an academy 
 at Taunton, he went to London, and studied 
 under his relation, Mr. Rowe, and by his 
 learning and abilities, recommended himself 
 to the notice of some respectable divine.<?, 
 among Avhom Avas Dr. Watts. At the age 
 of twenty -tAvo he began to be a preacher, 
 and soon after married ; and undertook Avith 
 Mr. James, the care of Taunton academy, 
 in the room of his friend Warren, Avbere he 
 continued very successfully employed for 18 
 years. During that time he engaged in tjjt: 
 
GR 
 
 theological disputes Avhich agitated the dis- 
 senters and the clergy, and he pubHshed his 
 ♦'Essay on the Terms of Christian Com- 
 munions" and other things. In 17r>6 he lost 
 his vvife, and the following year he fell a vic- 
 tim to a violent fever, wiiich carried him off 
 27th Feb. 1736-7. An ins:cription was pla- 
 ced OTer his grave by Dr. Ward of Gresham 
 college. He wrote Miscellanies in prose and 
 verse, hesides a Discourse on Saving Faith, 
 — an Essay on the Soul's Immortality — and 
 the numbers 588, GOl, C26, 635, in the Spec- 
 tator. His posthumous Avorks appeared in 
 1740, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Grove, Joseph, an Englishman, who 
 wrote the life of cardinal Wolsev. He died 
 1764. 
 
 Gruchius, Nicolas, of a noble family in 
 Rouen, was tlie first who explained Aris- 
 totle in Greek. He translated Castanedo's 
 history of the Indies, and wrote a treatise de 
 Comitiis Uomanorum, besides tracts against 
 Sigonius, and other works. He died 1572, 
 at itochelle. 
 
 Grudius, Nicolas Everard, treasurer of 
 Brabant, wrote sacred and profane poetry 
 in Latin, and died 1571. 
 
 Grue, Thomas, a Frenchman at the end 
 of the seveuteentli century, who translated 
 several English works into French, and 
 among them, Ross's history of all lleligions, 
 and Rogers' Gate opened to the Knowledge 
 of Paganism. 
 
 Gruet, N. a young poet of very promis- 
 ing abilities, who was unfortunately killed bv 
 the discharge of a fowling-piece, on which 
 he was resting his head, and of which the 
 trigger was pulled by the motion of his dog. 
 His farewell of Hector and Andromache, 
 and his Annibal to the Carthaginian senaie, 
 are poetical pieces of great merit. He died 
 1778, aged 25. 
 
 Gruget, Claude, a Parisian of the 16th 
 centurj', who translated Spanish and Italian 
 works into French, and among them the 
 queen of Navarre's Heptameron. 
 
 Gruner, John Frederic, an able theolo- 
 gian and scholar, born at Cobourg. He 
 wrote an introduction to Roman AntiquilievS, 
 — JVliscellanea Sacra, — Critical Remarks on 
 the Classics, besides editions of Crelius Se- 
 dulius, Eutropius, Paterculus, and other 
 valuable works. He died 1778, aged 55. 
 
 Gruterus, Janus, an eminent philolo- 
 gerj.born Sd December 1500, at Antwerp. 
 His father was bui-gonjaster there, and he 
 was obliged to fly in consequence of signing 
 that petition to the duchess of Parma, which 
 gave rise to the word Guex. He came to 
 Norwich with his wife,Avho was an Englisli wo- 
 man, and with his infant son. Under the eye 
 of his mother, who was an excellent scholar, 
 and could read Galen in the oi'iginal, young 
 Gruter made a rapid progress, and at the 
 proper age he was sent to Cambridge. On 
 the return of his parents to the continent he 
 followed them and completed his education 
 at Leyden, where he took a doctor's degree 
 in civil law. During the political agitation 
 of Flanders, he travelled into foixign coun* 
 
 GR 
 
 tries, and was some time professor of history 
 at Wittembei-g, but refused to continue 
 there, as a confession of faith, contrary to 
 his sentiments, was tendered to Uim. He 
 was afterwards offered a professor's chair at 
 Padua, but he preferred tlie invitation which 
 he had received to settle at Heidelberg. In 
 this situation he published his large collec- 
 tion of inscriptions, dedicated to the em- 
 peror Rodolphus II, who in approbation of 
 his merit granted him the license of pub- 
 lishing his own works and those of others, 
 and intended him the honors of nobility, the 
 completing of which his death prevented. 
 On the taking of Heidelberg he had the 
 misfortune to lose his valuable library which 
 had cost him I'JOO golden crowns, and all 
 applications foi" its recovery were fruitless. 
 He afterwards had honorable invitations to 
 settle in Denmark, and in the university of 
 Frapeker, but he rejected them, and at last 
 fixed his residence at a country house near 
 Heidelberg, from whence going to visit his 
 son-in-law he was 10th September 1527, 
 suddenly taken ill, and expired ten days af- 
 ter. He was buried in St. Peter's church, 
 Heidelberg. He was an able critic, a man 
 of extensive erudition, and a very volumi- 
 nous and respectable writer. 
 
 Gruterus, Peter, a practitioner of phy^ 
 sic in Flanders, who published in 1709 at 
 Leyden *« a Century of Latin Letters," with 
 obsolete phrases, and a ** New Century," 
 also in 1629 at Amsterdam, where he died 
 1634. 
 
 Gryllus, son of Xenophon, slew Epa- 
 minondas, and fell himself at the celebratetl 
 battle of Marxtinea, B. C. 363. 
 
 GryNjEus, Simon, a learned German, son 
 of a peasant of Swabia, born at Yeringen,in 
 the county of Hohenzollern, 1493. He stu- 
 died with great assiduity, and became Greek 
 professor at Vienna, but his attachment to 
 the Protestants exposed hira to many dan- 
 gers and frequent persecution. He was im- 
 prisoned by the monks at Baden, and after 
 his liberation had a conference with Luther 
 and Melancthon at Witteraberg. He was 
 afterwards for six years Greek professor at 
 Heidelberg, from wlience he went to Basil, 
 and, in 1531, visited England with strong re- 
 commendations from Erasmus to sir Tho- 
 mas More, Montjoy and others. In 1534 he 
 was employed in "reforming the church and 
 school of Tubingen, and two years after re- 
 turned to Basil, and in 1540 assisted at the 
 conferences of Worms. He died of the 
 plague the next year at Basil. He was an 
 excellent scholar, whose great erudition i-: 
 usefully displayed in his editions of the Al- 
 magest of Plotemy, of Euclid, Plato, Pro- 
 clus, &c. 
 
 GrynjEus, John James, a native of Berne, 
 of the family of the preceding. He was min- 
 ister and divinity professor at Basil, and died 
 thei-e 1617, aged 77. He was blind for tiie 
 last five years of his life. He wrote notes on 
 several of the fathers, besides an ecclesiasti- 
 cal history, &c. 
 
 Gryn,eus, Thomas, nephew of thepre* 
 
GU 
 
 6// 
 
 GU 
 
 ceding, "was born at Syringen in Svvabia, anci Gualbert, St. John, a Florentine vrho 
 
 educaTed under the care of his uncle. Ife 
 was Latin and Greek professor at Berne and 
 Basil, and was highly i-espected as a sdiolar 
 and a man. He left four sons, all eminent in 
 literature. 
 
 Gryphiarder, John, professor of his- 
 toiy and poetry at Jena, was author of some 
 works> and died 1612. 
 
 Grvphius, Sebastian, a celebrated prin- 
 ter at Lyons, born at Keuthlingen in Swa- 
 bia 14<J3. He was equally known as a scho- 
 lar, andConvad Gesner, in testimony of his 
 merit, dedicated one of his books to him, 
 and Julius Scaliger also spoke respectfully of 
 his abilities. The books printed by Gryphius 
 are much admired, especially his Hebrew, 
 Greek, and Latin editions, and particularly 
 his " Latin Bible," in 2 vols. fol. in the larg- 
 est types, then seen, 1550. He died 1556, 
 and left his trade and reputation to his son 
 and able successor Anthony Gryphius. 
 
 Gryphius, Andi'ew, the Oorneille of 
 Germany, was born at Glogaw 1616. He 
 is highly extolled by the Germans as a tragic 
 writer, and he also published in a fine vein 
 of satire and irony, a "ritique on the ancient 
 comedies of the Greeks. Ht died 1664. 
 
 Gryphius, Christian, son of Andrew, 
 was professor of eloquence at Breslaw, and 
 principal librarian of the college of Magda- 
 len. He was a man of extensive erudition, 
 and was the author of German poems — a 
 treatise on the German language — of a dis- 
 sertation on the historical writers of the 17th 
 century, &c. He died 1706, aged 57. 
 
 GuA DE Malves, John Paul de, a 
 French ecclesiastic, born in Languedoc. He 
 lii'St conceived the idea of an encyclopedia, 
 which was so successfully executed by d' Alem- 
 bert, Diderot, and others. He wrote Usage 
 de I'Analyse de Descartes, &e. and died at 
 Paris 1786, aged 74. 
 
 GuADAGNOLO, Philip, a learned orienta- 
 list, born at Magliano. He chiefly devoted 
 himself to the study of Greek, Hebrew, 
 Chaldean, Syriac, Persian, and particularl)' 
 Arabic, which he taught many years in the 
 Sapienza college at Itome. He was so well 
 versed in Arabic, that he spoke an oration in 
 that language before queen Christina at Rome 
 1656. He also at the request of pope Urban 
 VHI. undertook in 1622, and finished after 
 27 years' labor, a translation of the Bible in- 
 to Arabic for the use of the Eastern church- 
 es, published at Rome 1671, 3 vols. fol. He 
 wrote besides an Apology for the Christian 
 Religion in Latin 1631, and in Anibic 1637, 
 against a Mahometan, and with such cft'ect 
 that his antagonist embraced Christianity — 
 ** a Methodical Arabic Grammar""an Arabic 
 Dictionary, not completed, the manuscript 
 of which is preserved in the convent of San 
 Lorenzo in Lucina. This accomplished scho- 
 lar died 1656, aged 60. 
 
 GuAGUiN, Alexander, an author, who 
 was born at Verona 1538, and died at Cra- 
 cow, aged 76. He wrote some valuable topo- 
 graphical works, especially *' Sarmatice Eu- 
 ropese Descriptio, Spires," 1581 — et Rcrum 
 Polonicarura Scriptores, 3 toIs. 8vo. 
 
 founded a monastery at Vallorabrosa among 
 the Apennines, where he died 1073- The 
 spot is immortalized by the pen of Milton in 
 his Paradise Lost. 
 
 GuALDUS, Prioratus, or GaIeazzQ,..an 
 Italian historian, bom at Vicenza, where .he 
 died 1678. He was historiographer to the 
 emperor, and wrote the History of Ferdi- 
 nand n. and HL and also of Leopold, 3 vols, 
 folio — the Troubles of France from 1648 to 
 1654. 
 
 GuALTERU s, jRodolphus, author of Com- 
 mentaries on the Bible, and of a translation of 
 Julius Pollux, was born at Zurich 1529, and 
 died 1586. 
 
 Guar IN, Peter, a Berfcdictine of Rou- 
 en, who died at Paris 1729, aged 51. He was 
 an excellent Hebrew scholar, and published 
 a Hebrew Grammar, 2 vols. 4to. and also a 
 Hebrew Lexicon 
 
 GuARiNi, an eminent scholar, of a noble 
 Veronese family, who went to Constantino- 
 ple to learn Greek, and was the first wh» 
 taught it in Italy. He was professor of learo- 
 ed languages at Ferrara, and translated some 
 of the ancient authors, especially Straboand 
 Plutarch's Lives, and died 1460, at Ferrara. 
 His son Baptista Avas pi-ofessor at Ferrara, 
 and translated into Italian some of Plautus's 
 comedies, and wrote besides some poems 
 and other works, &cc. 
 
 Guar IN I, John Baptist, a famous Italian 
 poet, great-grandson of the preceding, born 
 at Ferrara 1537. He was educated at Pisa 
 and Padua, and afterwards introduced to the 
 court of Alphonso II. His abilities were 
 employed in frequent embassies to Venice 
 and to Turin, where his " Pastor Fido," 
 was first exhibited to the applauses of an ad- 
 miring populace, at the nuptials of the duke 
 of Savoy with the sister of Philip IIL of 
 Spain. In 1571 he went as ambassador to 
 Rome, and four years after negotiated in Po- 
 land, to obtain for his master the crown, 
 which Henry of Valois had resigned. Dis- 
 gust, with the intrigues and ingratitude of the 
 court, drove him, in 1582, into retirement; 
 but he was prevailed upon again to become 
 secretai-y of state, and ambassador, and again 
 he abandoned, with dissatisfaction, the oflices 
 of elevated life for privacy. As the duke of 
 Ferrara had favored his son in a law-suit 
 against him, he offered his services to the 
 duke of Savoy; but the loss of his wife, in 
 1589, produced a revolution in his senti- 
 ments, and for a while deternjincd him to 
 become an ecclesiastic. After, however, be- 
 ing in the service of tlie duke of Mantua, he 
 was reconciled to Alphonso of Ferrara; but 
 fresh quarrels arose, and Guarini quitted 
 his country for the protection of the grand 
 duke of Tuscany. He died at Venice, Oc- 
 tober 1612, aged 70, after exhibiting the 
 peevishness and dissatisfaction of an ambi- 
 tious, but inconsistent, character. He was 
 member of several learned societies ; but so 
 regardless of the poetical fame which his 
 Pastor Fido had acquired, that he consider- 
 ed it below the rank of a gentleman to be a 
 
poet, fife wrote several things besides, men- 
 tioned by Niceron. 
 
 GuARiNi, Guarino, a well known archi- 
 tect, born at Modena. He died 1683, aged 
 59. He embellished Turin, and clber cities 
 of Italy, and even Paris, witli palaces ; but 
 though admired, his buildings are irregular. 
 
 GuASCo, Octavian, a native of Turin, 
 i^ho died at Verona 17S3. He was member 
 of the French academies, and distinguished 
 himself by his writings, especially *' a treatise 
 on Asylums," — on the Statues of the An- 
 cients, &c. 
 
 GuAZii, Stephen, an Italian, secretary 
 4o the duchess of Mentz, and author of some 
 poems, dialogues, &c. much esteemed. He 
 died at Pa via, 15€5. 
 
 GuAZZ-i, Mark, a native of Padua, emi- 
 nent in arms and in literature. He wrote an 
 History of Charles VIII. — an History of his 
 own Time, and other things, much admired. 
 He died 1556. 
 
 GuAY Trouin, Rene ilu, a famous ad- 
 miral. Vid. Du-GuAY. 
 
 GuDius, Marquard, an ablecritic of Hol- 
 fitein, educated at Rensburg and Jena. He 
 early displayed a strong inclination for lite- 
 rature, and was recommended by Grono^i- 
 iis to D. Heinsius, as a person of gi'eat and 
 promising talents ; but his parents were anx- 
 ious to advance him at court, and, therefore, 
 earnestly desired to see him lay aside all stu 
 dious pursuits. By the interest, however, of 
 his friends Groevius and Gronovius, he ob- 
 tained the office of tutor to a young man of 
 family ami fortune, named Samuel Schas, 
 and with him he bes^an to travel, in 1659, in- 
 to France. His abilities, and the recommen- 
 dation of his friends in Holland introduced 
 him to the learned of Paris and of Toulouse, 
 and after visiting the libraries and most cu- 
 I'ious collections of France and Italy, the 
 tutor and the pupil returned, in 1664, to 
 Germany. He was afterwards in England, 
 and in the company and friendship of his 
 pupil, -who possessed great erudition, and 
 emplo3'ed much of his great property in the 
 collection of rare and valuable manuscripts, 
 he spent the whole of his time, and decliued 
 
 GU 
 
 accepting a professoi'ship which was oftered 
 him at the Hague. So great and sincere was 
 the friendship between Gudius and Schas, 
 that the pupil left hia property to his pre- 
 ceptor in 1675 ; but such was the ungrateful 
 conduct of Gudius, that on the acquisition of 
 liis riches he forgot and disregarded the 
 friends in Holland, to whose interference he 
 owed his elevation and his opulence. He 
 •was afterwards counsellor to the duke of 
 Holstein, and to the king of Denmark, and 
 died immaturely, as Burman observes, in 
 1689. Though very learned, he never pub- 
 lished any thing of great importance ; the 
 Eotes and MSS. however, which he commu- 
 nicated to his friends were valuable, and his 
 assistance and abilities have been honorably 
 recorded by Grtevius, Burman, and others. 
 Gudius, Gottlob Frederic, a Lutheran 
 minister, author of some valuable works, 
 especially on the Difficulty of learning He- 
 
 brew — Remarks on the Emperor Julian — a 
 Life of Hoftrnan, 
 
 GuEBRiER DE St. AuBiN, Henry Mi- 
 chael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, born at 
 Gournai-en-bray, near Rouen. He died ab- 
 bot of St. Vulmer monastery, in Bayonne, 
 1742, aged 47. He distinguished himself as 
 a casuit, and wrote the Sacred History of 
 the two Covenants, 7 vols. 12mo. &c. 
 
 GuERARD, Robert, a Benedictine monk, 
 born at Rouen, where he died 1715, aged 74. 
 He wrote an Abridgment of the Bible in 
 questions and answers, 2 vols. 12mo. and as- 
 sisted DeHau in the editing of St. Austin's 
 work, and was sent to exile, when his asso- 
 ciate was disgraced for his book called TAbbe' 
 Commendataire. 
 
 GuERCHEviLi.E, Antoinette de Pons, 
 marchioness of, a French lady, remarkable 
 for her dignified answer to Henry IV. who 
 meditated an attack on her virtue. If, said 
 she, I am not noble enough to be your wife, 
 I am too noble to be your mistress. When 
 married to MaiT^ de Medicis, he made her 
 lady of honor to his queen, saying, Sinc» 
 you are a lady of honor, be one to my 
 wife. 
 
 GuERCHT, Claude Lewis de Regnier, 
 count de, a French general, who distinguish- 
 ed himself in the wars of Italy and Flanders, 
 and afterwards came to England, as ambas- 
 sador from his court. He diefl 1768. 
 
 GuERCiNo, Francisco Barbieri da Cento, 
 so called from a cast in one of his eyes, was a 
 painter of eminence, born near Bologna., 
 1 590. Fie began to practise his profession at 
 the early age of eight, and by attending the 
 lessons of Michael Angelo, and the Carac- 
 cis, he acquired great reputation for cor- 
 rectness, invention, and a becoming boldness 
 in his figures. For two years he practised at 
 Rome, by the desii^e of Gregory XV. but af- 
 terwards the liberal offers of the kings of 
 England and France could not di*aw him 
 away from bis favorite retreat at Bologna. 
 Christina queen of Sweden, paid her res- 
 pects to him, and shook him by the hand, 
 by that band, said he, which had painted 106 
 altar pieces, 144 pictures for people of dis- 
 tinction, and besides composed 10 books of 
 designs. He died 1666, a bachelor, leaving 
 much of his property to build chapels, and 
 for other charitable purposes. His private 
 character for piety and morality, was as em- 
 inent as his abilities as a painter. 
 
 GuERET, Gabriel, eminentas an advocate 
 at the bar, and as an author, M'as born at Pa- 
 ris 1641, and died there 1688. He wrote 
 " Parnassus reformed" — the War of Au- 
 thors, and other facetious and satirical 
 works. 
 
 GuERiCK, Otho, a German philosopher, 
 and physician, celebrated as the inventor of 
 the Air-pump, and of the Weather glass. 
 He Avas counsellor to the elector of Braden- 
 burgh, burgo -master of Magdeburg, and 
 author of some treatises on experimental 
 philosophy. He was twice married, and by 
 his first wife had Otho, who was counsellor 
 to the king of Prussia, and a man of I'eaj'n- 
 
GU 
 
 -iiicf. This able man died at Hambui-gh, 
 16S6,«ged84. 
 
 G u E R I N, Francis, professor of the col- 
 lege of Beauvfus, translated Tacitus and Li- 
 vy into Fi-ench. His Livy was esteemed, 
 printed at Barbou's press, 10 vols. 12mo. 
 
 GuERiNiERE, Francis Robichon, author 
 of "I'Ecole de Cavalerie," and " Elemens de 
 Cavalerie," was equerry to the French king, 
 and died 1751. 
 
 Guerre, Martin, a Frenohman, whose 
 iistory excited some interest in liis country. 
 After living about 10 years with Bertrandede 
 Hols, his wife, he went from her and engaged 
 in the Spanish service. Eight years after 
 one of his friends, Arnaud du Thil, present- 
 ed himself to the deserted Bertrande, and 
 by imposing on her credulity, was received 
 by her as her husband. The impostor was 
 suspected by the uncle of Guerre, but du 
 Thil, though prosecuted, and condemned to 
 be hanged, asserted his innocence, and de- 
 claring himself the real Martin, appealed to 
 the parliament of Toulouse. The cause 
 seemed intricate, but before the decisive sen- 
 tence was pronounced, Martin returned, and 
 the impostor was for his treacherous and im- 
 moral conduct, hanged and burned, 1650. 
 
 GuESCLl^T, Bertrand du, a celebrated war- 
 rior, constable of France, he was a native of 
 Britany, but his education had been so ne- 
 glected, that he could neither read nor write, 
 and in his person he was as mean, as his mind 
 was noble. He was principally distinguished 
 in his wars against the English. His life 
 Las been written by several of his country- 
 men. He died in the midst of his triumphs, 
 before Chateau Neuf de Rendon, 1380, aged 
 69. 
 
 GuETTARD, John Stephen, a French 
 physician and botanist, whose extreme ap- 
 plication in literary pursuits, brought on a 
 premature death 1786. He wrote Observa- 
 tions on Plants, 2 vols. 12mo. and Memoirs 
 of different parts of the Sciences and Arts, 
 3 vols, 4to. 
 
 Guevara, Antony de, a Spanish writer, 
 born in the province of Alaba. He was 
 brought up at court, and became known as a 
 preacher, and historiographer to Charles Y\ 
 He was made bishop of Guadix in Granada, 
 and of Mandonedo in Galicia, and died 1544. 
 The best known of his works is "Dial of 
 Princes, or, the life of M. A. Antonius," 
 which has been translated into all the langua- 
 ges of Europe. He is deservedly censured 
 as an historian, not only for the ill taste, but 
 the improbabilities, and distorted accounts, 
 which he introduces as historical facts, more 
 becoming the meretriciousness of romance 
 than sober truth. He wrote besides Golden 
 Kpistles, &c. His nephew, Anthony, was 
 also an ecclesiastic, and author of Comiiaeu- 
 taries on the Scriptures. 
 
 GuEVAHA, Lewis Velez de, a Spanish 
 comic poet, admired in the court of Philip 
 IV. for his pleasantries. His humorous piece 
 ** el Diabolo Cojuelo" is the foundation of 
 le Sage's Diable Boiteaux. He was a native 
 oflcija, in Aridalusia^ and died 10 iG. 
 
 OuEULETTE, Thomas Simon, a Frencl* 
 advocate, author of some novels and come- 
 dies, was born at Paris, and died 1766, aged 
 83. His works display genius, elegance, and 
 ease. Besides " the Sultans of Guzerat, &c. 
 he wrote Italian pieces, &c. 
 
 GuGLiELMiNi, Dominic, a mathemati- 
 cian, born at Bologna. He was of the acade- 
 my of Paris, and was patronised by Lewis 
 XIV. Of the valuable works which he wrote 
 the treatise on the Nature of Rivers is the 
 most esteemed. His works are pi'inted at 
 Geneva, 2 vols. 4to. 1711). He died 1710, 
 aged 55. 
 
 GuiBERT, author of GestaDei perFraa- 
 cos, or an History of the first Crusade,.died 
 abbot of Rogent-sous-Couci, 1124, aged 71. 
 
 GuiBERT, James Anthony Hippolite, a 
 native of Montauban who early served in 
 the German wars, and became a colonel in 
 Corsica. He published in 1770, Essai ge- 
 neral du Tactique, and afterwards quitted 
 the military profession to devote himself to 
 dramatic writings. He became member of 
 the French academy, in the room of Thomas, 
 and died 1790, aged 47. Besides tragedies, 
 he wrote also the eulogy of the king of Prus- 
 sia — of Catinat, and of I'Hopital. 
 
 GuicciARDiNi, Francisco, a celebrated 
 historian, born at Florence, 1482, of a noble 
 family. After receiving a most liberal edu- 
 cation, he practised the law, and held some 
 offices of dignity and importance, and 
 then devoted himself to the public affairs of 
 his native city. Fro.m Florence, he went to 
 Rome, and was highly honored by Leo X. 
 and his two successors, who employed hiw 
 in a high, civil, and mditary capacity, and 
 trusted much to his integrity and talents. He 
 died universally respected 1540. His history 
 of Ital)^, ia,ltalian, 4 vols. 4to. is a perform- 
 ance about which his countrymen deservedly 
 pride themselves. 
 
 GuicciAKDiNi, Lewis, nephew of the 
 historian, was himself a writer ol' great fideli- 
 ty. He Mas born at Florence, and died at An- 
 twerp, 1589, aged 65. Of his valuable Avorks 
 the most esteemed is his description of the 
 Pays Bas, in Italian, translated into French 
 by Belieforet. 
 
 GuicHARD, Claude de, historiograplier 
 to the Duke of Savoy, was author of a curi- 
 ous work called '* the Funerals of the An 
 cients" in 4to. He died 1607. 
 
 GuicHERON, Samuel, a French advocate 
 of Bourge, in Bresse, knoM-n as an historian. 
 Among other things his " Genealogical His- 
 tory of the House of Savoy," is much admi- 
 red by Bayle and others. He died 1G64, 
 aged 57. 
 
 GuiDi, Alexander, an Kalian poet, born 
 at Pavia in Milan, 1650. He was patronised 
 by the duke of Parma, and aft-erwards undei* 
 the protection of Christina of Sweden, who 
 resided at Rome, he not only became ac- 
 quainted with the literary charactei's of that 
 city, but read to great advantage the works 
 of his favorite masters, Dante, Petrarch, and 
 Chiabrara. After thus enjoying the friend- 
 ship of the learned, and the gfH>d opinion oj;' 
 
GU 
 
 ^^^y 
 
 GU 
 
 the popes, of Eugene of Savoy, and others, 
 he was seized with an apoplexy which proved 
 fatal at Frescati, in June, 1712. His body 
 was carried back to Rome, and buried in the 
 ohurch of St. Onaphrius, near that of Tasso. 
 His works which consist of pastorals, operas, 
 and other poems written in an easy, agree- 
 able, but correct style, were published at Ve- 
 rona 1726, 12mo. with an account of his life. 
 Thou^^ I'espectable as a poet, he was in his 
 person very deformed, his head was disagree- 
 ably large, and he was blind of one eye. 
 
 GuiDO, Ueni, a celebrated Italian painter, 
 horn at Bologna 1575. His father who was 
 a musician designed him for his profession, 
 but nature had given him a strong genius for 
 painting, and by improving himself under the 
 direction of Dennis Calvert, a Flemish pain- 
 ter, and afterwards of the Caraccis, he ac- 
 quired such excellence as rendered him su- 
 perior to the artists of his age. His merits 
 happily were not buried in oblivion, he was 
 honored with the notice and esteem of pope 
 Paul V. of the cardinals'and princes'of Italy, 
 of Lewis XIII. of Philip IV. of Spain, and 
 of Udislaus king of Sweden and Poland. He 
 lived in great splendor at Bologna, and after- 
 wards at Rome, but a most invincible attach- 
 ment to gaming ruined his fortune and ren- 
 dered him indigent and discontented. From 
 the most elevated affluence he sunk to pover- 
 ty, and the refleclion of his deplorable and 
 ruined situation had such an effect upon him 
 that it brought on a distemper of which he 
 died 1643. In his youth his features were 
 so pleasing that his master Ludovico Carac- 
 oi painted his angels from him. In every 
 part of his character Guido was respectable, 
 gaming was his only vice. His pictures are 
 much valued, and they adorn the collections 
 of the great. His best piece is what he 
 painted with Domenicheno in the church of 
 St. Gregory. Some of his designs were 
 etched by himself. 
 
 Guido, Cagnacci, an historical painter of 
 Bologna, disciple to Ueni Guido. lie pos- 
 sessed great merit. lie died 1G80. 
 
 GutDOTTi, Paul, a painter, engraver, 
 and architect, of-lmcca. He had also some 
 knowledge of anatomy, and pretended he 
 could fly with Avings. In the attempt he fell 
 and broke his limbs. He died 1G29, aged GO. 
 
 GuiGT^AUD, John, a Jesuit born at Chur- 
 tres, and professor of divinity at Clermont 
 college. He was executed at Paris 7th Jan. 
 1595, for high treason. During the affair of 
 John Cliastel, which so nearly concerned the 
 life of Henry IV. some papers were seized 
 at Clermont, in the hand-writing of Guig- 
 nard and as in these he maintained that the 
 murder of Henry III. and of Henry IV. was 
 lawful, and refused to retract his assertions, 
 he was put to death. 
 
 GuiGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pon- 
 toisc, who studied the oriental languages un- 
 der Stephen Fourmont, and became inter- 
 preter to the French king, 1741, and mem- 
 ber of the belles lettres academy 1753. The 
 revolution though it hurried him not to the 
 guillotine, yet proved the source of his mis- 
 
 ery and reduced him to povefty. He died 
 at Paris 1800, aged 79. He was well acquaint- 
 ed with the Chinese charactei's, and for 35 
 yearswas the principal conductor of the Jour- 
 nal des Savans. He wrote General History 
 of the Huns, I'urks, Moguls, and Tartars, 5 
 vols. 4to."the Life of Fourmonl-the Military 
 Art of the Chinese — Memoir to prove the 
 Chinese an Egyptian Colony — Essay on the 
 Oriental and Greek Topography — Principles 
 of Typographical Composition — Memoirs in 
 the Academy of Inscriptions, &c. 
 
 Guild, Wdliam, D. D. a Scotch divine 
 bom near Dundee, and educated at the Ma- 
 rischal college, Aberdeen, where he was 
 successfully professor of philosophy, divinity, 
 and church history. Though he opposed the 
 covenant in 1638, he afterwards complied, 
 and at the restoration went as one of the 
 commissioners to Breda to congratulate 
 Charles II. He wrote in 1657 an answer to 
 a Roman catholic book on Innovations, and 
 died 1662, much esteemed, aged GO. 
 
 GuiLLAi^r, Simon, a sculptor, rector of 
 the painting and sculpture academy at Paris. 
 He died 1658, aged 77. 
 
 GuiLLANDius, Melchior, an eminent 
 physician and botanist of Koningsberg in 
 Prussia. He was taken by the Algerincs 
 when going on botanical pursuits to Africa. 
 His commentai'y on the Papyrus is full of 
 erudition. He wi'ote several works, and di- 
 ed at Padua 15SD, where he was botanical 
 professor. 
 
 GuiLLELMA, a woman of Bohemia, who 
 in the 13th century, founded in Italy a sect 
 which united enthusiasm with lewdness. Af- 
 ter being respected during life as a saint, she 
 was, Avhen dead, dug up from her grave and 
 burnt with ignominy. 
 
 GuiLLEMEAu, James, a French surgeon, 
 author of some valuable books on his pro- 
 fession. He died at Paris 1G12. 
 
 GuiLLET DE St. George, George, 
 first historiographer to the academy of 
 painting and sculpture in Paris, was born at 
 Thiei's in Auvergne, and died at Paris 1705, 
 aged 80. He wrote among other things, the 
 History of Mahomet If. — Anciaut and Mo- 
 dern Sparta — Ancient and Modern Athens, 
 &c. 
 
 GuiLLiAUD, Claude, doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, was author of Commentaries on the 
 Gospels of St. Matthew, and St. John, and of 
 Collationes in omncs S. Pauli Epistolas, &c. I 
 
 GuiLLiMi John, author of the celebrated 
 Avork *' display of Heraldry" in folio, was 
 born in Herefordshire 1565, and educated at 
 Brazen-nose college, Oxford. He was of the 
 society of the college of arms, and in 1617, 
 was made rouge-ci'oix pur.suivant of arms. 
 He died 1621. The si.xth edition of his val- 
 uable work appeared 1724, witli many edi- 
 tions. Some have attributed the work to 
 Dr. Barkham. 
 
 G uiLL o TIN, a physician, born at Saintes, 
 
 29th March 1738. He studied at Paris, and 
 at the revolution he was sent as a deputy to 
 the national assembly from Paris. In ma- 
 king a report on the penal code, he recom- 
 
GU 
 
 ^^y 
 
 GU 
 
 raended an instrument of death which might 
 be more expeditious, and create to the unhap- 
 py sufferers less pain than either the halter or 
 tJie wheel, and this new machine so fatally used 
 during the civil dissensions of the state, has im- 
 mortalized the name of its author. Though it 
 is reported that he perished under his guillo- 
 tine, it is however certain that he died a na- 
 tural death, and it is said of grief for the in- 
 famous abuse of what he intended for the 
 more humane punishment of the guilty. 
 
 Guise ARD, Robert, a famous Norman 
 knight, son of Tancred Hauteville, of Cou- 
 tances, assisted in the conquest of Naples 
 and Sicily, from the Saracens. He obtained 
 the dukedom of Apulia and Calabria, and 
 look prisoner pojje Gregory VII. who died 
 a captive under his care. His daughter mar- 
 ried Constantine. son of the emperor Mi- 
 chael Ducas, for which elevauo«. Ko io /.pn. 
 sured by the invidious Anna Comena. He 
 died 10S5, in the island of Corfu. 
 
 GuiscARD, Charles, a Prussian officer of 
 distinction, author of " Military Memoirs 
 of the Greeks and Romans" a valuable work. 
 He wrote besides Memoires Critiques & 
 Historiques sur Plusieur Points d'Antiquites 
 Militaires, 4 vols. 8vo. See. As a soldier, he 
 served with reputation under the Dutch* and 
 under Frederic II. of Prussia, who called 
 him Quintus Icilius, and gave him a regiment. 
 He died 1775, aged 33. 
 
 Guise, Claude de Lorraine, duke of, fifth 
 son of duke Ren6 H. of Lorraine, settled in 
 France and became the founder of the fam- 
 ily of Guise there. At the battle of Marig- 
 ijan he displayed such valor, that he receiv- 
 ed more than 20 wounds. He married An- 
 toinette de Bourbon of the blood royal, in 
 1513, and died 1550. 
 
 Guise, Francis, duke of, son of the pre- 
 «eding, was a man of great talents, and ex- 
 tensive influence in France. In him began 
 the factions of Conde and Guise. He was at 
 rhe head of the Catholic party, and was a 
 most furious bigot He died by a pistol shot 
 from the hand of Poltrot de Mere, a protes- 
 tant gentleman, 1563, aged 44. 
 
 Guise, Henry, duke of, eldest son of 
 Francis, Avas born in 1550. Brave and gal- 
 lant as a soldier, he was turbulent, imperi- 
 ous, factious, and violent as a sul^ect, and at 
 the head of that party which were called the 
 league, and formed by the intrigues of his 
 brother the cardinal, under pretence of sup- 
 porting the catholic religion and the state, he 
 long overawed the king, Henry III. and pre- 
 vented his appearance at Paris. After mas- 
 sacring the Huguenots, and filling the streets 
 of Paris witli blood, on the famous day called 
 the day of Barricades, Guise considered his 
 success secure, but Henry escaped his guards 
 and fled to Blois where he called an assembly 
 of the states. Guise appeared there, but a 
 
 ►•sed reconciliation with the king was fol- 
 
 ■^d by the assassination of the dema- 
 
 as, 23d Dec. 1588, and on the morrow 
 
 diual shared the fate of his brother. 
 
 iSE, Charles, duke of, eldest son of 
 
 was arrested on his father's murder 
 
 L 80 
 
 and confined in the castle of Tours, from 
 which he escaped 1592. His partisans re- 
 ceived him with open arms, but he after- 
 wards had the good sense to be reconciled to 
 the king, and might have lived ni security, 
 had not Richelieu's j^ealousy of him driven 
 him from the kingdom. He fled to Italy, 
 and died at Cuna 1640, aged 69. 
 
 Guise, Lewis de Lon'aine, cardinal of, 
 son of Henry, was illustrious as well in arms 
 as in the arts of peace. He was with Lewi.s 
 XIII. in Poitou, where he greatly signalized 
 himself. He died at Saintes 1621. 
 
 Guise Henry of Lorraine, duke of, grand- 
 son of Heniy, ^vas remarkable for his in- 
 trigues with the duke of Bouillon, and the 
 court of Soissons, which obliged him to fly 
 from France to Rome. During his exile, 
 the revolt of the Neapolitans from the Span- 
 ish i>ower. called him into the field, but 
 while tlushea wiui vUtniy he regarded the 
 crown of Naples already witnm bic reach, he 
 was taken prisoner at Abruzzo and carried 
 to Spain, After four years' imprisonment 
 he was liberated. He' died 1664, aged 50, 
 author of Memoirs of his Neapolitan Enter- 
 prise, which appeared in one vol. 4to. after 
 his death. 
 
 Guise, William, an English divine, bpi'n 
 at Ablond's court, near Gloucester 1653. 
 He entered at Oriel college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow, and he applied 
 himself with indefatigable aeal to the study 
 of oriental literature, and j>ublished a trans- 
 lation witn a valuable commentary of "Mis- 
 use Pars Ordinis Primi Zeraim Tituli Sep- 
 tem." His learning was highly esteemed 
 both at home and abroad. He died of the 
 small-pox 1638, and was buried at St. Mi- 
 chael's Oxford, where he had long resided, 
 and M'here his wife erected a monument to 
 his memory. His son was general Guise of 
 military memory. 
 
 GuiXTON, d'Arezzo, an early Italian 
 poet, some of whose productions are to bo 
 found in the Florence collection of ancient 
 Italian poets 1527, in 8vo. He florish^d ia 
 the middle of the 13th century. 
 
 GuiTTON, John, a native of Rochelle, 
 mayor of the town Avhen it was besieged by 
 Richelieu. He always had a dagger on the 
 table, to stab the first man who talked ol 
 sui'rendering, and when told that many per- 
 ished by famine, he said, it matters little if 
 one only is kft to shut the gates. 
 
 GuLDENSTAEDT, John Antonj, a fa- 
 mous traveller, born at Riga. He visited 
 during an absence of three years, Astracan, 
 Caucasus, Georgia, Tartary, and the neigh- 
 boring places, with the eyes of a politician 
 and philosopher. His performances are enu- 
 merated by Coxc. He was honorably in- 
 vited to Petersburg, where he became pro- 
 fessor of languages, and where he died of a 
 fever, 1781. 
 
 GuNDLiNG, Nicolas J erome, a native of 
 Nuremberg, professor of eloquence, civil 
 law, and plijlosophy at Halle, on which sub- 
 jects he wrote some valuable works. His 
 reputation for sagacity and knowledge was 
 
GU 
 
 C2Z 
 
 GU 
 
 such that he wae often consulted at Berlin 
 by the court. His "Course of Philosophy," 
 " of Literary Histoiy," and his History of 
 moral Piiilosopliy, are much esteemed. He 
 died rector of Halle 1729. 
 
 GuNNERUS, John Ernest, a native of 
 Christiana, made bishop of Drontheim 1758. 
 He died at Christiansund 1773, aged 55. 
 He was well skilled in botany, and published 
 Flora Norwegiae, &c. He founded, for the 
 encouragement of Natural history, the royal 
 Norwegian society at Drontheim. Linnaeus, 
 in compliment to his merit, gave the nam* 
 of Gunuera to a plant. 
 
 Gunning, Peter, an English prelate, 
 born at Hoo in Kent, 1613, and educated at 
 Canterbury schooV, and Clare hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He became fellow and tutor of his 
 college, and distinguished himself as a 
 preacher, but he exposed himself f o i Ka po^- 
 secution of the po^-Kament, on account of his 
 zeal for the king's service ; and when eject- 
 ed, he returned to Oxford. Here he was 
 made chaplain of New college, and after- 
 wards became tirtor to lord Hatton, ami sir 
 JPrancis Compton, and chaplain to sir Rob- 
 ert Shirley, at whose deatli he obtained the 
 ehapel of Exeter-house, Strand. At the 
 restoration, his services and sufferings were 
 rewarded ; he was createtl D. !>. by the 
 king's mandate, and then advanced to a pre- 
 bend of Canterbury, and successively to the 
 headships of Corpus Christi and St, John's 
 college, Cambridge. He was one of the com- 
 mittee for the review of the liturgy, and hq 
 had a conference with the dissenters at the 
 Savoy, in 1661. In 1669, he was made bish- 
 of Chichester, and in 1674, he was translated 
 to Ely, where he died, 6th July 1C84, a bach- 
 elor. He was buried in his cathedral. Opin- 
 ions have varied with respect to his charac- 
 ter, but it must be confessed, that, though 
 some question, whether his head was as good 
 as his heart, he was distinguished by erudi- 
 tion, piety, and exemplary manners. His 
 charities to public use were great and nu- 
 merous. 
 
 GuNTER, E<lmund, a m-athematician, of 
 Welch extraction, born at Gunter's town, 
 Brecknockghire, 1581. He was educated at 
 Westminster, under Busby, and entered at 
 Christ-church, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees, and was ordained. His genius led 
 him to mathematical pursuits, and by the 
 new projection of a sector, he acquired ce- 
 lebrity, and was in 1619, honorably appoint- 
 ed astronomy professor at Gresham college 
 1 6J 9. In this appointment he directed all the 
 powers of his mind in the improvement of 
 science. He invented a portable quadrant, 
 observed a new variation in the magnetic 
 needle, and contrived that valuable rule of 
 proportion, the line of numbers, called from 
 him, Gunter's scale. His merits gained him 
 not only the friendship of the learned, of 
 Oughti*ed, Henry Briggs, and others, but 
 the patronage of the earl of Bridgewater, 
 and the notice of his sovereign Charles I. 
 This excellent philosopher was carried off 
 in the prime of life lOtli Dec. i626. He was 
 
 buried in St. Peter's the poor. Broad-street, 
 where no monument records the name of a 
 mathematician, whose services to scienae 
 and to mankind are so great. The fifth edi- 
 tion of his works was published by Leybourn, 
 1674, in 4to. 
 
 GuNTHER, a German poet in the begin- 
 ning of the 18th century, whose superior 
 genius proved his destruction. As he was 
 going to be presented to Augustus IL king 
 of Poland, a rival poet mixed some poisonous 
 drugs in his drink, in consequence of which 
 the unhappy man, as he was addressing the 
 monarch fell down, and he expired soon af- 
 ter, in his 28th year. He wrote some ele- 
 gant poetry, an Ode on Eugene's viotory 
 over the Turks, &c. 
 
 GuRTLER, Nicolas, anative of Basil, who 
 died 1707, aged 53. He \yrotK a Greek, 
 
 Cor.«,<v.., «.irt French Lexicon Historia 
 
 Templariorum — Origines Mundi lustitutio- 
 nes Theologicse. 
 
 GusMAN, Lewi.s, a Spanish Jesuit, author 
 of the history of his fraternity in the Indies*, 
 and the success of their missions in Japan, 
 14 books. He died at Madrid 1605, provin- 
 cial of Seville and Toledo. 
 
 Guss/VNviLLAN, Peter, a native of Char- 
 tres. He edited the works of Gregory the 
 Great, the best, before the Benedictine edi- 
 tion. 
 
 GuSTAVus, king of Sweden, was son of 
 Eric, duke of Gripsholm, is known by the 
 name of Gustavus Vasa. He was born 1490, 
 After the reduction of Sweden by Christian 
 II. king of Denmark, Gustavus was kept a 
 prisoner in the capital of the conqueror ; 
 but after many years of captivity, he escaped> 
 and appeared among the Dalecarlians, whom 
 he engaged to revtilt. A great boldness of 
 character, and an ardent love of military glo- 
 ry, togelher with capacious resources of 
 mind, had calculated him for a leader ift 
 times of danger and difficulty. The conduct 
 of the Danes, who had murdered ht« father 
 and other Swedish nobles, roused him to 
 revenge. He re-took Upsal ; and though 
 occasionally defeated, he acquired fresh vigor 
 from disasters ; and animated to desperation 
 by the cruelties of Christian, who put his 
 mother and his sister to death, by shocking 
 tortures, he over-ran Gothland, and besieg- 
 ed Stockholm. The states of the kingdom 
 were convened, and Gustavus was offered 
 that kingdom, which his valor had recover- 
 ed, and by his influence the crown was de- 
 clared hereditary in his male issue. Inva- 
 sion from abroad ceased, by the expulsion of 
 the Danish monarch from the throne, and 
 the succession of Frederick, duke of Hol- 
 stein, and Gustavus, secure in the love of hTs 
 subjects, cultivated all the arts of peace and 
 commerce, and made the Luthei'an tenets 
 the established religion of his country. Tb 
 great and heroic monarch, died at Str 
 holm 1560, in his 70th year> and wap 
 ceeded by his son Eric. 
 
 GvsTAvus, Adolphus, deserve 
 named the Great, was born at *" 
 1594, In 16U he a^ceaded t^ 
 
GU 
 
 ^^S 
 
 GU 
 
 irwwkn, and thdugh so young he evinced 
 the sagacity of a great character in the 
 choice of able ministers. He was fond of 
 military glory, and soon acquired renown '\y\ 
 his battles against the Danes, Muscovites, 
 and Poles. By his heroic valor and judi- 
 cious conduct, he made an honorable peace 
 with the two first, and obliged the last to 
 evacuate Livonia, and then forming an alli- 
 Tince with the protestants of Germany, he 
 over-ran in two years and a half all the coun- 
 tries between the Vistula, the Rhine, and 
 the Danube. The imperial general Tilly 
 was twice defeated, and the pride of Austria 
 was humbled, but the battle in the plains of 
 Lutzen proved fatal to the life of the brave 
 monarch, 1632. He fell it is said by the 
 treacherous intrigues of Richelieu, or by the 
 hand of Lauemburgh, one of his generals 
 who had been dishonorably bribed by the 
 emperor Ferdinand to take away his life. 
 This warlike monarch possessed those vir- 
 tues which in a reign of peace might have 
 equally distinguished him. He patronised 
 literature, he enriched the university of 
 Upsal by his munificent donations, he found- 
 ed the royal academy of Abo, and the uni- 
 versity of Dorp, in LiiVOnia. Before hie time 
 
 the Swedes were indifferent soldiers, but 
 such was the enthusiasm which he inspired 
 among his subjeets, that he had always an 
 army of 80,0Q0 men well disciplined. He 
 has been with some justice compared to the 
 great Scipio, and the parallel in some par- 
 ticulars is striking. He was succeeded by 
 his only child the celebrated Oiiristina, who 
 succeeded, though only five years old. 
 
 GusTAVtrs HI. king of Sweden, son ot 
 Frederic Adolphus, by Louisa Ulriea, the 
 sister of Frederic II. king of Prussia, was 
 born 24th January 1746, and succeeded to 
 his father 1771. Disgusted with the influ- 
 ence of Russia at Stockholm, and with the 
 usurpation of his senators who wished to 
 abridge his liberty, and not only to appoint 
 him a confessor, but to settle even how 
 much wine he might be permitted to have 
 on his table ; he secretly formed the plan of 
 a revolution, which was effected without 
 blood-shed in 1772. The senate surrounded 
 by the guards surrendered its authority, and 
 the friends of Gustavus were afterwards 
 distinguished by weafing a Avhite handker- 
 chief on the i,eft arm, which was the sii^nal 
 of mutual attachment during the revolution. 
 The.wisest regulations followed this change 
 of government, a new translation of the 
 bible was made, torture was abolished, com- 
 merce, the arts and the sciences v/ere liberally 
 encouraged, agriculture and industry x>atron- 
 ised, and the laws were administered with 
 greater dispatch and more impartiality. To 
 put an end to the disputes which prevailed 
 Avith Russia, he in 1777 paid a visit to Cathe-' 
 "le at Petersburg, and was received with 
 ' "-nifxcent hospitality, and in 1783 he spent 
 ^r -nonths in travelling over Italy and 
 ^, not -Qidy to improve his health, but 
 i <<-e the manners, the political rcgula- 
 ' HV'fhe jndvistriou* exertions of foreign 
 
 countries. The peace wiUi Russia was dis» 
 turbed in 1788, by the emissaries of Cathe- 
 rine, who wished to excite disturbances in 
 Finland, and Gustavus declared war, and" 
 equipi>ed a formidable fleet at Carlscrona. 
 Though he had to, contend with Denmark 
 and Russia, he, encouraged by assui'ances of 
 support from Turkey and Prussia, boldly 
 attacked Frederickshan, whei*e he destroyed 
 several vessels, but he was repulsed in his 
 attempt against Revel, and obliged to re- 
 treat. The attempt on Wyburg Mas equally 
 unsuccessful, but a splended victory was ob- 
 tained July 9th 1790, by the monarch over 
 the Russian fleet, who took anil destroyed 
 forty-five ships, and peace soon after was re- 
 stored between the two countries. The 
 abilities which Gustavus had displayed made 
 him ambitious of acquiring greater glory in 
 war, and therefore on the breaking out of 
 the French revolution he zealously engaged 
 in the coalition which Spain formed with the 
 Noi'thern powers for the invasion of France. 
 But during the preparations for this distant 
 war, the life of the monarch was cruelly 
 sacrificed by tlie hand of an assassin. The 
 Swedish nobles, dissatisfied with the events 
 of the revolution of 1772, and with the 
 changes which had beep introduced into the 
 government at the diet of Gefle in 1792, 
 conspired against his life, and three of them 
 drew lots who should give tlie fatal blow. 
 Ankarstroom, a disbanded ofiicer who had 
 received favors from the monarch was the 
 assassir\,, and during a mask ball in which the 
 unfoi'tunate king had been warned of his 
 danger, the fatal blow was given by the dis- 
 charge of a pistol. This was in the night of 
 the 15th April, 1792, and the king languish- 
 ed till the 2^th of the .same month, and ex- 
 pired in great agony, maintaining to the last 
 the firmness and serenity of a heroic mind. 
 He took an affectionate farewell of his son 
 and of his friends, and appointed his brother 
 the duke of Sudermania the regent of the 
 minority. Gustavus possessed an enlighten- 
 ed mind, and as his education had been un- 
 der the care of count Tessin, he imbibed a 
 strong partiality for literatui^ and for noble 
 achievements. He wrote some dramatic pie- 
 ces, academical discourses, and an eulogy on 
 Torstenson, Avhich was sec.retly convened to 
 the academy of Stockholm, and obtained the 
 prize. 
 
 GuTHjERES, James, a French advocate, 
 known as an able antiquarian and correct 
 writer. He died 1G38. 
 
 Guthrie, William, was born at Breich- 
 en, Angushire, 1701, and educated at King's 
 college) Aberdeen. A love affair drove him 
 to London, where he wi«ote for the booksel- 
 lers, and died 1769. He was a justice of 
 Middlesex, but did not act. His works were. 
 History of England, three vols, folio, — a 
 Geographical Grammar, in 8vo. and 4to. 
 He lent his name to " History of Scotland," 
 10 vols.— to "Universal Histoi-y," 12 vols. — 
 and a " Peerage," 4to. 
 
 GuTTEMBERG, Jolin, a German, born 
 at Mentz 1408, of a noble family. He dis- 
 
GU 
 
 ^^-^ 
 
 GU 
 
 putes with Faust, Schoeffer, and others, the 
 honor of inventing printing. Boyer'says, 
 Laurentius of Haerlem is the real inventor, 
 and that his types were stolen by a brother 
 of Guttemberg. Guttemberg, however, 
 claims the merit of regularly printing a 
 book, and of inventing cut metal types, with 
 which the earliect editions of the bible were 
 printed. He died at Mentz, 1468. 
 
 Guy, Thomas, son of a lighterman and 
 cOal dealer of the same name, in llorslej- 
 down, Southwark, was apprenticed in 1660 
 to a bookseller, and began trade with about 
 llOOl. stock, in the house which forms the 
 angle between Cornhlll and Lombard-street. 
 lie engaged with others in a scheme to 
 print bibles in Holland to import into Eng 
 
 GuYARD, de Berville, a French axitlmV 
 of some merit He was Iwrn at Bans 1697, 
 and after suffering, like Otway and Chatter- 
 ton, all the evils of pinching poverty and ac* 
 cumulated distress, he died in the prison of 
 Bicetere at the age of 73. He wrote the 
 lives of Bertrand, of du Guesclin, of the 
 chevalier Bayard, &c. 
 
 GuYARD, Anthony, a benedictine monk, 
 author of Political Observations on the Ad- 
 ministration of Beuelices, &c. He died at 
 Dijon 1770, 
 
 GuYET, Francis, an eminent critic, born 
 at Angers 1575.\ He lost his pai'ents in his 
 infancy, but, though his property was squan- 
 dered by the negligence of his guardian, he 
 devoted himself assidiously to letters, and 
 
 land ; but when that was prohibited, he con- i went to Paris, where he had tlie happiness 
 tracted with the university of Oxford for i to be introduced to the society of the two du 
 their privilege, and by this lucrative con- i Puys, Thuanus, and other learned men. In 
 iiexion, he began to amass a large fortune, j 1608 he visited Home, and acquired a per- 
 His property, however, was immensely in- 1 feet knT)wledge of Italian. After his re- 
 creased by purchasing seamen's tickets and 1 turn through Germany to Paris, he became 
 
 south-sea stock in the year 1720. It was his 
 intention to marry his maid-servant, and to i 
 adorn the avenues of his house, on this occa- ' 
 sion, he had the pavement before his door 
 mended. A broken piece was observed in his 
 absence by the maid-servant, and she desired 
 the workmen to repair it, and when they 
 said they were not to go so far, slie, pre- 
 suming on the partiality of the old man, re- 
 quired them to mend it, and to tell her mas- 
 ter not to be angry, as she had directed iti 
 The pavement was mended, but Guy Avas 
 offended at the presumption of his intended 
 bride, he determined never to marry her, 
 hut to apply his riches to charitable purpo- 
 ses. After being a great benefactor to St. 
 Thomas' hospital, he at the age of seventy- 
 six formed the noble design of erecting that 
 stately pile which bears the name of Guy's 
 hospital. The erection cost him 18,793^. 
 and '219,499^. were left by him for its endow- 
 ment, and he had the satisfaction to see the 
 building roofed in before his death, which 
 happened 17th December 1724, in his 81st 
 year. He also founded an alms-house at 
 Tamworth, which he represented in parlia- 
 ment, and which was his mother's native 
 place, and he also gave 400/. a year to 
 Christ's hospital, and left 80,000/. to his 
 relations. This most extraordinary, and 
 very benevolent man, who left more to cha- 
 ritable uses than any private man on reco. i, 
 was in his habits very parsimonious. He 
 dined on his shop counter with an old news- 
 paper for his table cloth, withotit dainties, 
 and his dress and appearance were so mean 
 that in some histances the alms of the hu- 
 mane were pressed upon him as upon an in- 
 digent and half starved beggar. 
 
 Guy, a monk of Arezzo, known as a 
 musician, and as the first who produced a 
 delightful harmony from several different 
 voices singing together. He also invented 
 the six syllables of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa, 
 sol, la. His inventions were received with 
 applause by the worltf. He lived about the 
 ypar 1026, 
 
 tutor in the house of the duke d'Epernon to 
 the abbot de Granselve, afterwai'ds eardinal 
 de la Valette. In this office he conducted 
 himself Avith such judgment and prudence, 
 that he gained the confidence of his patrons, 
 and might have risen to eminence in the 
 church, had he not preferred the retire- 
 ment of Burgundy college, to the splendorr 
 of a palace. He employed himself here io 
 a work to prove that the Latin is derived 
 from the Greek, and that all the primitive 
 words of the Greek are but of one syllable. 
 Though learned, he published nothing, b»t 
 his criticisms afterwards appeared very val- 
 uable in the hands of his friends, especially 
 those on Hesiod, published by Grajvius, and 
 those on Terence by Bocclerus. As a critic, 
 however, he was severe, and he scrupled, 
 not to erase many verses in Vii'gil, and to 
 reject the first ode in Horace, and the se- 
 cret history of Procopius. Thus respected 
 for his erudition, and for the virtues of pri- 
 vate life, this good man died of a catarrh 
 after three days' illness, in the arms of his 
 friends, J. du Puy, and Menage, 12th April, 
 1655, aged 80. His life, in Latin, was pub- 
 lished by Portner. 
 
 GuYON, Johanna Mai*y Bouviers de la 
 Mothe, a French lady of a noble family, 
 born at Montargis, 1648, famous for her 
 writings, ^d.e wished to take the veil, but 
 her friends made her marry, and she be- 
 came, at the age of twenty-eight, a widow. 
 Abandoning the care of her family, she de* 
 voted herself to the mystei'ies of quietism, 
 which Michael de Molinos, a Spanish Jesuit 
 at Rome, had imposed upon the credulity 
 of the Avorld. Wavei-ing in her opinions, 
 •and inconstant in her temper, she, however, 
 endured persecution for her tenets, ar 
 when she declared herself the pregr 
 woman mentioned in the apocalypse 
 threatened the peace of the kingf* 
 the number of her followers, slip 
 prisoned in the bastille by or 
 king. Fenelon undertook her 
 his enemy ]&ossuet \ud the 
 
GU ^^^- GY 
 
 me condemnation of his works on the sub-j Gwynx, Eleanor, better known by the 
 ject. Her verses, after her death, whtch hap- name of Nell, was famous in the liistory of 
 pened at Blois 1717, were piiblisiied in iive courtezans, as she rose, from an^range girl 
 volumes, and also some of her Mystical of the meanest description in the play-house, 
 lieveriea. to be the mistress of Charles II, In the first 
 
 GuYOX, Claude, a French historian, born ■ career of life she gained her bread by sing- 
 at Franche Comte. He died at Pari*, ing from tavern to tavern for the amuse- 
 1771. Besides his " Ecclesiastical History," ment of the guests, and gradually advanced 
 a very valuable book, he wrote " History to the rank of a popular actreys, at the 
 of fljc Indies, — of the Amazons, — and a theatre royal. She is represented as hand- 
 continuatinu of Echard's Uoman flistoxy. some, but low of stature. Siic was mistress 
 
 Guys, Peter Augustine, a native of Mar- suscessively to Hart, Lacy, and Buckhurst, 
 seilles, eminent as a merchant, and as a man before slie was admitted to the arms of the 
 of letters. He travelled over various parts licentious Charges. It is said that in her 
 of the east, with the eye of a philosopher elevation she showed her gratitude to Dry- 
 and an antiquarian, and published the result . den, who had patronised her poverty, and 
 of his researches, in which he compared the she was, unlike the other concubines, faith- 
 dilFerent characters of the ancient and of the ful to her royal lover. From her are sprung 
 modern inhabitants of those classical coun- the dukes of St. Alban's. She died 1687. 
 tries. He died at Zante in the Ionian sea,; Gwynne, Matthew, anEnglish physician, 
 in 1799, aged 79. His works are Essay on born in London, of an ancient Welch family, 
 the Antiquities of Marseilles, 8vo. — Voyage He was educated at Oxford, where m 1593, 
 Litei'aire de la Grece, four vols. 8vo. 1783, he took his degree of M.l). He went in 
 — a Voyage in Italy and in the North, Svo.&cc. 1595, as physician to sir Henry Unton, 
 
 Guyse, John, a native of Hereford, who queen Elizabeth's ambassador to France, 
 became a dissenting minister there, and in He obtained great reputation by his prac- 
 1727 removed to New Broad-street inde- ' tice, as well as by his writings, which modern 
 pendent congregation, London. He was discoveries have rendered now of little value, 
 made D.D. by the university of Aberdeen I He died after 1639, though what year is uu- 
 1732, and though blind for some years be- \ certain. 
 
 fore his death; he nevertheless continued his j Gylippus, a La'cedsmonian general, sent 
 pastoral functions. He died 1761, aged 81. ! to assist Syracuse against the Athenians, B, 
 He wrote a paraphrase of the New-Testa- ' C. 414. He was banished for embezzling the 
 ment, thi-ee vols. 4to. — the Standard Use of booty which he had obtained. 
 Scripture in the Purposes of Divine Revela- , Gyxen, Peter, a landscape painter, dis- 
 tion, 8vo.— Jesus Christ God-Man, &c. iu.cipleto John Breughel, born at Antwerp,^ 
 several sermons, — the Holy Spirit in ser-j about 1636. His views on the Rhine art 
 mons, — Youth's Monitor in \fin sermons to much admired, 
 young persons, 12mo. | 
 
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