Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN MEDICINE A MANUAL GIVING THE ORIGIN, ETYMOLOGY, PRONUNCIATION, AND MEANING OF THE TECHNICAL TERMS FOUND IN MEDICAL LITERATURE BY F. R. CAMPBELL, A. M., M. D. PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF NIAGARA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1888 COPYRIGHT, 1888, D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. TO EDWARD MOTT MOORE, M. D., LL. D., EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO. IN HOMAGE TO HIS RIPE SCHOLARSHIP, HIS GENIUS AS A SURGEON, AND HIS SKILL AS A TEACHER, THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED BY HIS FORMER PUPIL, THE AUTHOR. 1117118 PREFACE. THE object of this work is to provide the medical student with a suitable means of acquiring the vocabulary of his science. Like Shakespeare, the great majority of medical students have but "small Latine and lesse Greeke." Even those who have enjoyed the advantages of literary colleges are often unable to apply their knowledge of the classical languages in determining the etymology and meaning of ordinary medical words, partly because the classics are studied more from a literary than a philological point of view, but largely because the words most used in medical works seldom appear in the Latin and Greek with which tney are familiar. In studying mathematics or grammar tne pupil begins with definitions of the new words to be employed. In medi- cine, also, much valuable time could be saved if the student would first master the meaning of the technical terms by which the principles of the science are to be carried into his mind. The words must be understood before thoughts which they convey can be comprehended. In the first part of this work are discussed many of the elementary principles of philology and etymology, illustrated by common words occurring in medical literature. Coleridge has said that we may often derive more useful knowledge from the history of a word than from the history of a campaign. In medicine we may often obtain more practical benefit from the study of some word with an account of the errors involved therein, than from the study of a new theory which rises like a balloon only to burst like a bubble. A brief history of medicine, from a linguistic iv PREFACE. point of view, is given in order that the sources of our tech- nical words may be known. In part second will be found the majority of the Latin words used in medical works. The principles of Latin gram- mar which are employed in nomenclature and prescription writing are discussed and exercises for translation are given in order that the student may fix the words and grammatical principles in his mind. The subject of orthoepy is incidentally discussed and a list of many words commonly mispronounced is given. The majority of these have been collected in the class-room, but many, very many, have been mispronounced by medical society orators and college professors who have persisted in propagating their orthoepical blunders through the medical profession until one hesitates before pronouncing some words correctly for fear of being misunderstood. In part third will be found the principal words of Greek origin with a description of the method of converting Greek words into Latin and English. In part fourth are collected the majority of the words transferred from the modern foreign languages into our medical vocabulary. In determining the correct etymology of words the author has, in the main, followed Curtius, Skeat, and Halsey. But philologists, like doctors, sometimes disagree, and in these cases the writer has selected what appeared to him the most reasonable derivation. It may be urged that this work should have been under- taken by a professor of the languages rather than by a physi- cian. But the teacher of languages knows comparatively little of the real needs and defects of the average medical student, while a physician reasonably familiar with the ancient and modern languages is able to apply his linguistic knowledge in PREFACE. v a manner at once more interesting and instructive to the medical student. In conclusion, the author must acknowledge his indebted- ness to the following authors, for without their aid the prepara- tion of this book would have been an impossibility : ANDREWS, Latin-English Lexicon. BIONDELLI, Studii Linguistici. BRACKET, Dictionaire Etymologique de la Langue Francaise CURTIUS, Grundzuege der Griechischen Etymologic. DARMESTETER, Life of Words as the Symbols of Ideas. Encyclopedia Britannica. FARRAR, Origin of Language. HALSEY, Etymology of Latin and Greek. LIDDELL and SCOTT, Greek-English Lexicon. DR. MEREDITH, Errors of Speech. PAREIRA, Physicians' Prescription Book. SKEAT, Etymological English Dictionary. THOMAS, Medical Dictionary. TRENCH, On the Study of Words. WHITNEY, Language and the Study of Language. FREDERICK R. CAMPBELL. BUFFALO, N. Y., January, 1888. CONTENTS. PART I. ORIGIN OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. CHAPTER. PAGE. I. INTRODUCTION, ..... 1-6 II. HISTORICAL SOURCES OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, .... 7-33 III. THE ORIGIN OF WORDS, . . . 34-48 IV. THE LIFE AND DEATH OF WORDS, . 49-54 PART II. THE LATIN ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. I. ORTHOGRAPHY, 55~56 II. ORTHOEPY, 57-64 III. WORDS COMMONLY MISPRONOUNCED, . 65-90 IV. PARTS OF SPEECH AND DECLENSION ENDINGS, 91-93 V. THE FIRST DECLENSION, . . . 94-99 VI. THE SECOND DECLENSION, . . . 100-106 VII. THE THIRD DECLENSION, . . . 107-120 VIII. THE FOURTH DECLENSION, . . . 121-125 IX. THE FIFTH DECLENSION, . . . 126-127 X. INDECLINABLE NOUNS, . . . 128-129 XI. DERIVATION OF NOUNS, . . . 130-135 XII. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES, . . 136-151 XIII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES, . . 152-157 XIV. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES, . . . 158-161 XV. DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES, . . 162-165 XVI. PRONOUNS, 166-170 XVII. THE VERB, 171-178 XVIII. ADVERBS, 179-182 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. XIX. PREPOSITIONS, 183-186 XX. CONJUNCTIONS, 187-189 XXI. PRESCRIPTION WRITING, . . . 190-202 PART III. THE GREEK ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. I. ORTHOGRAPHY, ..... 203-206 II. THE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY, 207-216 III. PREFIXES, ...... 217-229 IV. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES USED AS PREFIXES, 230-731 V. SUFFIXES OR POSTFIXES, . . . 232-261 VI. ETYMOLOGY OF SOME OTHER WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN, .... 262-267 VII. HYBRID WORDS, ..... 268-270 VIII. NOMENCLATURE, 271-286 PART IV. ELEMENTS DERIVED FROM THE MODERN LANGUAGES. I. THE FRENCH ELEMENT, . . . 287-294 II. WORDS DERIVED FROM OTHER MODERN LANGUAGES, . . . . . 295-298 GENERAL INDEX, ..... 299-301 INDEX OF WORDS, . . . 303 PART I. ORIGIN OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. OCIENCES and arts, like nations, have languages of O their own. When a nation makes progress in civilization, new words are formed to express new thoughts and discoveries. When old institutions die out, the words used to symbolize them disappear. So it is with the language of a science ; with each new theory or discovery a new word is born; with each exploded hypothesis or abandoned instrument an old word dies. Words in a language like the cells of an animal are con- stantly forming and dying, this process being one of the surest indications of life. To use the words of a poet : " Life itself is but a rider On the myriad steeds of death, Since some tissue, some secretion Lives and dies at every breath. But the force which binds the atoms, Which controls secreting glands, Is the same that guides the planets Acting by divine commands." Nations disappear from the political map of the world and we often speak of them and their languages as " dead ; " but their life is not really gone, for their blood is mingled with that of their conquerors and the words used to designate truths discovered by them are retained as monuments, to tell the story of their customs 2 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. and civilization. There is no longer a Roman empire but Latin is the basis of the languages of five great nations and has exerted a lasting influence upon the vocabularies of every civilized race. The so-called sciences of alchemy and astrology have long slept in the dim and dusty past, but many of the terms employed by their devotees still exist in scientific nomenclature. Many of these words have assumed meanings en- tirely different from the original. Al eksir, elixir, with the alchymists meant, the philosopher's stone, but is now applied to an agreeable preparation of a medicine. So also many words which arose from strange medical notions, long ago abandoned, still remain in our language with their forms and significations more or less changed. Mania, Greek fj.avia, or pjwoc) is the name of the yellow bird, while iliac passion is a phrase which recalls the spear thrust and the tragic sufferings on the Cross. History is found everywhere illustrated in words, calculate and testify take us back to the days when men told members with pebbles, calculi, and cast their votes with shells, testae. Gentianus of Illyria is said to have discovered the virtues of the plant named after him. Magnets were first known in Magnesia, chalk, creta, in Crete. We all know what cretinism is, yet few are aware that cretin and Christian were originally the same word. The Arian refugees of the Pyrinees were anciently called Christaas, in French Chretiens or Christians. Long resi- dence in the dim valleys with frequent intermarriages of blood relations in time developed a peculiar form of idiocy associated with enlargement of the thyroid gland. People afflicted with this malady are still called Chris- tians under the name cretins, while cretinism means etymologically Christianity. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 5 Idiocy also has a historical origin. The ancient Athenians were a nation of politicians. Those who did not hold office were designated as idia)Tat, private citi- zens, to distinguish them from the office holders. In time a man who was not a public servant and had never had an opportunity to serve the state as such, was looked upon as a person of very inferior mental capacity, and finally idiocy assumed a meaning among the Ancient Greeks quite similar to that which we now assign to it. There is in mankind a tendency to call impure things by better names than they deserve. This custom, called euphemism is frequently illustrated in medical nomenclature, and we find the names pagan divinities who once tuned the harps of poets and inspired the genius of artists, applied to parts or functions of the body whose vulgar names we would be ashamed to write. Venus in our art is not the goddess of love, but of lust, Priapus has nothing to do with the fertility of gardens, but is distinguished only for his enormous membrum virile in a constant state of erection ; satyrs and nymphs no longer sport by babbling brooks on vineclad hills, revelling in choral dances with Pan and Bacchus, but are famed only for their salacity, and Hymen, the god of marriage and of nuptial songs is remembered only by a delicate female membrane supposed to be ruptured on the wedding night. When we recall the numerous allusions in our science to the heathen deities of old, the " sacred disease," epilepsy, the "sacred fire," erysipelas, the " sacred muscle," transversalis lumborum, and the " sacred bone," os sacrum, we feel that our art is still redolent with the paganism and superstitions of antiquity. When we think of " St. Anthony's fire," " St. Vitus' dance," and St. Ignatius' bean, we wander to mediaeval shrines 6 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. more pious but not less superstitious. But with all these relics of vagaries and past errors, our science is still advancing to a higher plain, and the day may come when the comma bacillus, the gonococcus, and many other terms will likewise be classed among words mark- ing the delusions of the past; for many a hypothesis supported by the ablest of physicians, has disappeared from the pages of our medical books leaving only a few words, like fossils, to tell future generations the story of their rise and fall. v CHAPTER II. THE HISTORICAL SOURCES OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. IN tracing the history of the English language we learn that the earliest known inhabitants of Britain were the Celts whose language has left but few traces in our vernacular. Then came the Saxons, sweeping all before them and forcing their vocabulary upon the origi- nal inhabitants who were not destroyed or driven into the mountain fastnesses. A few centuries later the Nor- mans conquered the Saxons, and, although they could not abolish the vocabulary of these Teutons, they forced many words upon them, and the language of England became a Normanized Saxon. The Christian Church, with its Latin tongue, and the revival of Greek learning, in their turn brought many erudite terms from these sources into the English language, while the Crusades, commerce, and Continental wars have introduced many more foreign terms, making the English language what it is to-day. In a similar manner we may trace the developmental history of the language of medicine, which, like the language of a nation, has a story and a dictionary of its own. The art of medicine was born with the Aryan race, but the language of the Aryans, like that of the Celts, has had only an indirect influence upon the subsequent vocabularies. The Greeks cultivated medical science until it attained a high degree of development; then, as the Normans conquered the Saxons, so the Romans conquered the Greeks, and the language of medicine became a Latinized Greek, as, in the former 8 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. case, it became a Normanized Saxon. For half a mil- lennium in the middle ages the true science of medicine dwelt with the Arabs, and when it came back to Latin- speaking countries it brought some Moorish words and notions in its train. Then, when Greek learning was revived in the fifteenth century, many of the older terms, which had been lost, were again restored, and Greek has remained the favorite source from which we derive medical terms at the present day, although, of late, many words from various modern languages, especially the French, have found their way into our medical literature. We will now discuss the sources of our medical terms in a more detailed manner. An eminent comparative philologist has devoted considerable attention to the language and civilization of the primitive Aryans. Although there are no written specimens of their tongue, and no tabulated history of their nation, he has been able to gather a great deal of interesting information from the roots of Aryan words found in other languages, thus reconstructing their vocabulary and grammar, much as the geologist, from a single fossil bone, will picture to you the antediluvian animal of which it formed a part. He thus discovers that this ancient people rode in carts drawn by oxen, wore clothes made of wool, had a religion with a priest- hood, and employed physicians. Sanskrit, the sacred language of the Hindoos, is the elder brother of the Indo-European linguistic family, and of this we possess some very ancient books on medicine and other sciences. Long before the days of Homer, at least a thousand years before Christ, these Hindoos possessed a knowledge of medicine which was not surpassed by that of the Greeks in the days of Hippocrates. The Ayur Veda, THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 9 with the commentaries of Charaka and Susruta, were probably in existence at that early date, and there is con- siderable evidence that the Ayur Veda, the oldest medical treatise in the world, is an abridgement of a still older and larger work. The dignity and ethics of the medical profession of that ancient race have never been surpassed. Before the young Brahmin was allowed to study medi- cine, he must pass a special examination in regard to his moral and intellectual attainments. In his final exami- nation, so various and extensive were the qualifications desired, that, it is said, " they were never found combined in a single mortal on earth, and but rarely in heaven." There were laws enforced by the Rajah regulating the practice of medicine and the suppression of quackery. " The charlatan may be known," says Susruta, " by his vanity and his ill-will toward the good physician. He flatters the patient's friends, takes reduced fees, is hesi- tating and doubtful in performing difficult operations, and pretends that his want of success is caused by bad attendants. Such persons avoid the society of the learned physician as they would a jungle." * The ancient Hindoo physician was familiar with practical anatomy. All the larger viscera of the body were known and named. Susruta says : " A holy man (physician-priest) should dissect, in order that he may know the internal structure of the body." He also gives minute directions for the selection of a subject. Seven kinds of joints were known and described, nerves were distinguished from tendons, and the different layers of the skin had been discovered. Pathology, like that of the Greeks at a later period, was based upon humors. Indeed, this humoral pathology remained in medical science until the last century, and traces of it still exist * Dr. H. T. Wise, " History of Medicine," Vol. I. 10 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. in our language. " Salt rheum," from fcofia, a humor, is a common expression with the laity. What does it mean ? Merely that there is a salty humor in the blood. Rheumatism meant, originally, to be full of humors, from the Greek feupati^a). The proper mixture of the humors produced temperaments, from tempero, to season or restrain. Thus there are bilious, lymphatic, sanguine and mixed temperaments, depending upon the prepon- derating humor. When we say that a horse has the distemper, we mean, literally, that the equilibrium of humors has been impaired. So much for this diversion from our subject. In materia medica the Hindoos had made great discoveries. The properties of many plants were known; leeches were used; common salt, borax, sul- phur, four kinds of mercury, antimony, zinc, iron and arsenic were all administered in a remarkably intelligent manner. Surgery was also highly developed. Susruta gives directions for performing lithotomy, laparotomy, hysterotomy, and various autoplastic operations, particu- larly rhinoplasty. Physicians from India traveled through the world performing operations and attending the sick. It is probable, though not certain, that they visited Greece, and it may be that the lithotomists whom Hippo- crates mentions as being the only ones who should per- form the operation for removing stone, were Indians, and far better surgeons than the Father of Medicine himself. We know that when, shortly after the death of Hippo- crates, Alexander the Great invaded Asia, Indian physi- cians possessed of wonderful skill, even being able to raise the dead, were mentioned by Arrian. It is also claimed that many of the Hippocratic treatises are mere translations of Hindoo works. In scarcely any other way can we account for the remarkable knowledge of THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 11 anatomy displayed by the Greeks at this time, for we know that practical anatomy was unknown to Hippo- crates. Another evidence that Greek medicine was indebted to that of the Hindoos may be deduced from the fact that many drugs employed by the Greeks have Hellenized Sanskrit names. The following may be mentioned : LATIN. ENGLISH. castor musk 1 castanea chestnut cardamomum cardamom cannabis hemp macis mace moschus musk piper pepper santalum sandal wood saccharum sugar I zingiber ginger also, are either taken directly is more probable, both the derived from the primitive GREEK. SANSKRIT. Kaarbp'.ov Kdarava kasturi fr. kasta te f h ' t c ,! t e nu a Kdpdauov Kdvvaftt:; Maxrjp ciradamun "'^ cana makura mUSchka testicle Us^spc ZdvraXov pippali candana shining Hdxyapov carkara gnngavera : Some anatomical names, from the Sanskrit or, what Sanskrit and the Greek are Aryan. Examples : LATIN. caput cor nervus medulla OS pituita vesica Some words have found their way into Latin and English from the Sanskrit which are not observed in the Greek. For example sulphur, often spelled sulfur, is SANSKRIT. GREEK. Ciras Hrid Nauree Medhara xdpa xapdia. vsvpov //ue/oc Osthi 'offTSOV Pitta bile TilT'JtTa Vasti XUffTfC ENGLISH. head, kopf Germ. heart nerve marrow bone spittle bladder 12 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. from the Sanskrit culvari. In Greek the word for sul- phur is deiov divine, because it was supposed to have a purifying power, prophetic of its use as a disinfectant on earth and in Hades. This Greek word appears in the nomenclature of the sulphur compounds, dithionic, bisulphuric, trithionic, etc. The student will observe that these words change form in passing from one language to another, just as many of the lower animal and vegetable organisms undergo morphological changes when the medium which surrounds them is altered. On this account it is very difficult to trace many words to their birthplace, and our knowledge of the influence of Hindoo medicine upon that of the Greeks is very obscure. We may state, how- ever, that the art, much more than the language of medicine, was affected by Eastern influence. The same may be said of Egyptian medicine in regard to its influence upon the Greek. We know that many Greeks visited Egypt and studied their sciences. Indeed, it was the custom with historians, at one time, to derive all the sciences from Egypt. Yet, with the possible exception of xupafjuz, pyramid, and the names of a few divinities, there are scarcely any Egyptian words to be found in the Greek language. The Egyptians were famed for their specialties. Herodotus tells us that they had " one physician for the eyes, another for the head, and another for the parts about the belly." They were the first dentists of whom we have any knowledge, for false teeth and gold fillings have been found in the mouths of mummies. They were able to operate for cataract suc- cessfully, could remove stone from the bladder, knowing both the supra-pubic and perinaeal operation, and yet, with all their skill and all their intercourse with Greece, few, if any, Egyptian words found their way into the THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 13 vocabularies of medical writers. The Greeks prided themselves upon the purity of their language, regarding all foreign words as barbarisms, and, accordingly, avoided the importation of words to represent the ideas acquired abroad. The Greek element is the foundation of the language of medicine, and it is of great importance that the scien- tific student should know at least the first principles of this tongue. In the works of Homer, who is supposed to have lived some 900 years before Christ, we find fre- quent references to the healing art. There were no surgeons who devoted themselves especially to that branch of practice. Podalirius and Machaon, the sons of ^Esculapius, were called tarpoi, or dvdps<; carpal, healing men, but they fought in the ranks like the other heroes, and there are many instances in which other leaders extracted darts and applied styptic herbs to the wounds. The word tarpoi; is derived from td.op.at, to heal, and is always used by Homer for surgeon, there being no evidence that medicines (ydpfjtaxa) were given internally. The word tarpot;, or tarpia, healing, curing, is preserved in the technical terms psychiatry, mind healing, the cure of mental diseases, and in podiatry, child healing, the treatment of children's diseases, derived from ^y/^', the mind, and 7ra?f, a child, respectively. The pharmaca were always of a vegetable nature, and were styptic and anodyne in their action. The word ^tpoi)pf6<; is of later origin, and means, literally, hand work, from %zip, the hand, and epfov, work ; whence we have ^sipoapfta, handi- work, Latin chirurgia, a word which, with slight modi- fication, means surgery in nearly all modern languages ; thus, in Italian and Spanish cirugia, German and French chirurgie, Old English chirurgery; whence the modern form, surgery. When men became afflicted with non- 14 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. surgical affections, the disease was looked upon as a punishment sent by the gods, just as our Western Indians, and some other people not so barbarous but quite as superstitious, regard bodily disorders at the present day. When the pestilence (/or//6c, from which our word loimology is derived) appeared among the Grecian hosts at Troy, it was explained by the anger of Apollo, who was wreaking vengeance upon the offenders : " He came as comes the night. At first he smote The mules and the swift dogs, and then on man He turned his deadly arrows, while all around Glared evermore the frequent funeral pyres." In this case the Greeks did not imitate Asa, of Old Testament fame, who " sought not to the Lord in his affliction, but to the physicians," and, as a consequence, " slept with his fathers." But neglecting Podalirius and Machaon, they piously consulted the priest of Apollo, to help them appease the anger of the infuriated god. He ordered a general ablution of the Greek army very good advice in its way and a sacrifice of a hundred oxen, and soon the pestilence disappeared. The word physician comes indirectly from the Greek through the Latin physicianus. The Greek $ " 'Afjtfuov, although this word may also be derived from dfifjtoz, sand, Jupiter Ammon thus meaning "Jupiter of the Sands." The majority of philologists, however, claim that alchymy is derived from the Arabic al, the, and the Greek yj[jt.zia, pouring or mixing, from %a>, to pour, thus shutting off the etymo- logical argument in favor of the Egyptian origin of this science, making the word mean "the mixing science," instead of the Egyptian or Hamitic science. The alchemists had two objects constantly in view, first, to discover " the philosopher's stone," which would convert the baser metals into gold, and, second, to find the source of life, or compound a mixture which would enable mankind to retain perpetual youth. In order to accomplish this, they sought for a universal solvent, alkahest, which would reduce substances to the four primitive elements of which they believed all things composed. This word alkahest was sometimes translated qidntessentia, fifth essence, by the Latin alchemists, and the word still survives in this form, with altered meaning, in nearly all European languages. Many of the works of the alchemists were composed in cipher, in order that the uninitiated might not learn of their discoveries, and it is now quite impossible to translate them. This custom led an old Latin writer to say: "Alchymy is a great science, for few can understand the language thereof." Wild as were their schemes, and obscure as 28 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. were their methods, great discoveries were, nevertheless, made. They invented the method of preparing the mineral acids, calling nitro-hydrochloric acid the " royal water," aqua regia, as translated in Latin, because it would dissolve gold, the royal metal. Brandy also, was, first prepared by them, and, for a long time, was regarded as the elixir of life. Aqua vitce, it was called by the Latin writers, a name which it still retains in France and Italy as eau de vie and acqua vita. It also had this name among the Spaniards at one time, but is now called aguardiente, burning water, being nearly a literal trans- lation of the German brandy, i. e., burning. The classic period of Arabian medicine began with Rhazes of Persia, 920 A. D., who was the first to describe small-pox and measles in an intelligent manner. In fact, it is to him that we owe our first knowledge of the exanthematous diseases. Messua, who lived in the eleventh century, wrote an extensive treatise on materia medica, which was trans- lated into Latin in the fifteenth century, passing through twenty-six editions, and finally becoming the basis for the formation of the first London Pharmacopoeia, in the reign of James I. Avicenna, "the prince of physicians," was born 980 A. D., and wrote his " Canon of Medicine," in the first part of the eleventh century. A hundred years later his work was translated into Latin, and continued to be used as a standard text-book until about 1650. He was the first to mention the use of the obstetric forceps. Albucasis wrote on surgery and invented the pro- bang. Of the Moors of Spain, Avenzoar and Maimonides the Jew, were the principal authors, and their works were read throughout the civilized world. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 29 The Arabian influence was much greater upon the art than upon the language of medicine. Arabic, belong- ing to a family of languages quite distinct from the Indo- European, could not easily be Latinized. Arabic words were, therefore, rarely adopted to designate ideas or dis- coveries, whatever may have been the defects in the Latin vocabulary. The great majority of the words that were transferred before the revival of learning were dropped by the medical writers of the sixteenth century. We give below a list of the principal Arabic words still found in medical literature: SIGNIFICATION. ( the ashes of glasswort, \ abounding in soda. f a fine powder used to \ paint eyebrows. a rich perfume barberry tree a balsam borax caraway crimson bitter plant ( the quintessence, phi- \ losopher's stone. bitter {an alkaline earth, from Nitria bitumen a drink a spike sweet wine senna a shrub, sumach WORD. ARABIC. Alkali al the, qali ash Alcohol al the, kahal eye-Wc Amber anbar Barberry barbaris Benzoin benzoah Borax buraq Caraway carvi Carmine qirmiz Cubebs kubabah Elixir el the, iksir quintessence Myrrh murr Nitre, natron nitrun Naphtha naft Sherbet sharbat Sumbul sumboul Syrup sharab drink Senna sana Sumach summaq 30 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Saffron za'faran yellow Taraxacum tarasacon succory dandelion ^ 7 7- j f because it is obtained Tartar durdig, dregs j from dregs of wine. Tamarind tamrhin,d, tarnr, palm, and hind, Indian Zero sifr through Italian zef.ro As the mediaeval translators of the Arabic medical authors were ignorant of philological science, several words derived from non-Arabic sources were introduced into Latin. In these cases the Arabic definite article al, or el, was, through a mistaken notion, prefixed to words, thus forming hybrids. We have alembic, from al dfjtftc, the cup or vessel for distilling. In some of the older English works we find the word alembroth for ammoni- ated hydrochlorate of mercury. This word is derived from the Arabic al, the, and the Chaldaic embroth, " the key to knowledge," because the alchemists expected to determine the final composition of matter from this salt. This method of transferring the definite article as a pre- fix is occasionally observed in words derived from other languages. Thus, the word alligator is merely a corrup- tion of el ligarto, Spanish for the lizard. The English sailors who heard the word knew nothing of Spanish grammar and would naturally speak of alligartas, a word found in the language of that erudite scholar, Ben Johnson. Elements Derived from Other Ancient Languages. The study of the Old Testament and the commercial rela- tions with the East have introduced a few Hebrew and Persian words into the language of medicine. From the Hebrew we have : Cassia, Heb. qatzah, to cut, because the bark was cut off. Cinnamon, Heb. qinamon, from qinch, a reed. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 31 Manna, Heb. man hu, What is this? Bedlam, a corruption of Bethlehem, where Mary was in child-bed. Afterward applied to the Asylum of St. Mary of Bethlehem. From the Persian we have : Azedarach, from aza, a gum, a plant with anthel- mintic properties. Asafcetida, from aza, name of gum, and L&tmf&tida, stinking. Bezoar, Persian fiadzahar, from pad, against, and zahar, poison; whence, Bezoardics, remedies used for the prevention of disease. Cinnabar, from Persian zinjarf, red lead. Jasminum, from Persian yasmin, jasmine. Jujube, corrupted from Pers. zizafun, the jujube tree. Julep, from Pers. gulab, rose-water, a sweet drink. Laudanum, Greek AySavov, from Persian ladan, the gum of the herb, lada. Limon, from Pers. limun, lemon or lime. Orange, Latin aurantium, from Pers. naranj. Nard and spikenard, Pers. nard, an odor. Elements Derived from the Modern Languages. Dur- ing the present century, and, especially, since the Napo- leonic wars, a large number of foreign words, especially from the French, have found their way into the language of medicine as used by English-speaking authors. In- creased facilities for travel, the telegraph, and the host of medical journals, afford remarkable advantages for the interchange of scientific thought. So rapidly are new discoveries heralded throughout the civilized world that we do not stop to translate new terms but adopt, without change, the word coined by the inventor or discoverer. 32 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Thus words from the French, German, Spanish, and even from the far distant countries of the Orient have found a place in our medical literature. When Piorry wrote his work on percussion, and Laennec published his dis- coveries in auscultation, English writers did not, at first, stop to frame new words for the terms used to designate these discoveries and, as a consequence, we find the nomenclature of physical diagnosis replete with French words. In neurology, obstetrics, and venereal diseases, branches of medicine carefully studied in France, we also have a number of French words. From Germany and the Scandinavian countries we derive the names of some minerals and of a few diseases. From the Spanish and Portuguese we have obtained the names of many plants and of a few pathological conditions. From the Italian, also, a few words are derived, although this language is so much like the Latin that we generally prefer the Latin equivalents. Commerce has brought words into our language, as well as merchandise into our markets. From Turkey we have coffee, Turkish qahveh, Latinized into caffea. From Hindoostan we have shampoo, Hindoostani champna to rub or press. From the Malay Peninsula we have gutta-percha, -Malay gatah, gum, and percha, the tree from which it is obtained; camphor, Malay kapur barus, barous chalk, Latinized into camphor a; rum, Malay rum booze, good drink, and mango, Malay mangga. From China we have tea, Chinese te, Latinized into thea. From Annam we have gamboge, derived from the name of the Province Cambodia, where the plant grows. From a common African personal name we have Quassia. Quashi was a West Indian slave, and a " medicine man," who first pointed out the uses of this plant. In slavery days the name Quashi was frequently met with among THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 33 our Southern negroes. We have the plantation song : " Quashi scrapes the fiddle string, And Venus plays the flute." From the Abyssinian we have kousso or kusso and kamala. From the Tartar koumiss or kumyss. From the Fijian, kava-kava, a word meaning intoxication. From the American Indian languages through the Portuguese, we have ipecacuanha, from ipecaaguen, "the roadside sick-making plant," jequirity or jeriquily, and jaborandi. From the Indian languages through the Spanish, we have boldo, coto, guaiac, jalap from the Province of Xalapa in Mexico, kino, quebracho, quinine from kina, bark, tobacco from the name of the island of Tobago, tolu, the name of a place, and tonga, or tonka. From this brief history of the sources of our techni- cal terms, we learn that the language of our science, like the science itself, is truly cosmopolitan, all nations and all ages having contributed to our knowledge and our vocabulary. CHAPTER III. THE ORIGIN OF WORDS. WORDS are the symbols of ideas, not mere arbi- trary signs such .as those used by the mathema- ticians, but mental pictures addressed to the imagination and recalling the exact relations of the thought symbol- ized. To be sure these pictures are, in many cases, faded, or as Goethe expresses it, like th images on coins they are worn away by long continued use or obscured by the rust of ages. Mankind instinctively shrink from the use of words of which they have no accurate knowledge. When foreign words, replete with meaning, are forced upon the common people, they often reform or deform them into words with which they are familiar. The Latin word carbunculus means "a little live coal," and was applied to a bright sparkling gem. When these brilliants were introduced into Germany, the Teutonic genius, though obliged to accept the Latin name, converted it into karfunkel, from funkeln, to sparkle. Many other words have been similarly modified. The German hausenblase, fish or sturgeon bladder, has been converted into isin- glass, the Arabic carui into caraway, and benzoin into benjamin. The French dent de lion, lion's tooth, has become dandelion; ros marinus, sea foam, has become rosemary; salpetra, rock salt, has become saltpetre ; verd de gris, Fr., green of gray, verdigrease ; wermuth, Germ., mind preserver, wormwood; cingulum, the girdle, a Latin name for herpes zoster, has been converted into shingles, and staphisagria, from ara, upward, and rpsTra), to turn, indicating that the primitive man worshipped the sun and stars, is probably a pure fancy. In Latin we have vir for man, referring to his strength, vis, allied to Greek c, (root in) fibre, strength; for woman we have femina, from an old word, feo, to produce, as seen in foetus, fertile, fecund, and some other terms; for mankind we have homo, allied to humus, the soil, because man was formed according to the ancient myth from the earth. We thus see that language is, as Richter truly says, a dictionary of faded metaphors, using the word meta- phor in a generic sense and not subdividing it into the specific rhetorical figures, synechdoche, metonymy , simile, etc. In the recently-developed sciences, such as organic chemistry, figurative language is almost entirely wanting, but in medicine, an ancient art, with a history as old as the human race and bearing in its vocabulary the records of a thousand triumphs, struggles and mistakes, there is an abundance of the poetical method of word formation. In regard to the metaphorical formation of words, we have : I . The name of a part or symptom applied to the whole, and conversely. In scrofula, for example, the neck of a child often swells until it resembles that of a pig, hence the name scrofula meaning, literally, a little pig. In many cases of idiocy the motor apparatus is affected and the patient is obliged to walk with a staff or cane ; hence we have imbecile, from in bacillum, upon a staffer cane. We now use the word femur which means the thigh for os femoris, the thigh bone. In the Hindoo 40 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. word beriberi, we have the symptom for the disease. The limbs in this affection become rigid, and the patient feels as though he were shackled, hence the name from beri, a fetter. 2. The name of a quality or characteristic of an object for the name of the whole. This method of form- ing new words is exceedingly common. Aconite is so named because it grows upon sharp projecting rocks, Iv dxovatz. Hydrargyrum is a watery or fluid silver, uotop water, apyupov silver. Paraffin was so called because it had little affinity, parum affinis, for any other chemical substance. Apocynum was named from the fact that dogs keep away from it, d~6 away, xbiov dog. Calomel is a beautiful remedy for black bile, xo/6f beautiful and /*/c black. Sarcophagi were originally made of a stone which was supposed to consume the body, adps flesh, fi.a food. The little tumors which form in the eyelids are hail- * It is a remarkable fact that synonymes for vulgar or obscene things are always most numerous, a fact which does no great credit to the natural bent of the human imagination. Thus we find in the Latin medical writers some 200 names for the anus, penis and vulva. Among the Latin names for the male organ of generation are : Clava, cauda, columna, gladius, penis, pyramis, radix, ramus, trabi, vas, vena, and vomer. For the external female genitals we find among a hundred others : Annulus, cava, delta, folliculus, fovea, fundus, hiatus, mesa, ostium, porta, sinus, sulcus, trema and vulva. These nomina impudica all illustrate the formation of meta- phorical neologisms. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 43 stones, from the Greek ja/U(>ov, while pannus is a growing over the eye. Sometimes these comparisons are expressed in the form of the words, and not implied as in the above cases. The Greek termination oid, from eiSoz, an image, and the Latin termination formis, form, being employed. This constitutes a figure of speech denominated by the rheto- ricians as simile. We have anthropoid, manlike, apes, and cuneiform, wedge-like, bones, as illustrations of this method of formation. Many words in common use have strange and often obscure etymologies. Many of the dictionaries give no derivation of syphilis, yet it plainly comes from xuf^i^a, sweet root, was early corrupted into the Latin liquiritia, and in Eng- lish into liquorice and licorice. Trench, however, inclines to the belief that liquorice is derived from liquor as Fuller uses the expression "glycyrrhize or liquoris." But this may have been due to Fuller's ignorance of the origin of the word. Tansy comes to us through the Latin tanacetum, which, in its turn, is a corruption of athanasia (ddavaffia) immortality. Many Latin words used in medicine have undergone similar changes. Inula campana has become elecampane: lactucarum, lettuce; bipennula,pimpinella; and barbascum is now known as verbascum. Eglantine is only a modifi- cation of aculentinus, and the Spanish cebadilla, a diminu- tive of cebada, barley, is now found in our works on materia medica as sabbadilla. We have only to glance at the last American Phar- macopoeia to convince ourselves that changes are con- tinually taking place in the language of medicine. The gender of the Latin terms for the salts ending in as and is was changed in 1880 from feminine to masculine. From 1860-1880, calcii carbonas precipitata was the proper officinal name for precipitated chalk; now it is written calcii carbonas precipitatus. The names of all the alkaloids previously ending in ia, such as morphia, strychnia and quinia, were modified so that the ending is now ina\ thus, morphina, strychnina and quinina. The 52 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. names of neutral principles had their terminations changed from ina to inuin, being made neuter instead of feminine. Sulphuretum was changed to sulphidum. Arsenicuin, manganesium, brominium, iodinium and chlorinium were contracted into arsenium, manganum, bromum, iodum and ehlorum. Chiretta was changed to chirata, assafcetida to asafoetida, gambogia to cambogia, glycerina to glyceri- num, and pyroxylon became pyroxylinum. Adjectives derived from words thus changed were also remodeled; thus, chlorinatus became chloratus, and arseniatus, arsenatus. Redactum was supplanted by reductum. The gender of rhus was changed from neuter to feminine. Similar changes have been made in the nomenclature of diseases, and in other departments of medical science. Your attention has already been called to the fact that words, like the cells of animals, die when their natural functions have been fulfilled. In Greek the older word for gold (afyooc) was early dropped for ft/wads, the necessary, and thousands of words in the older English works are never heard in conversation to-day. During the last half century there has been a great decline in the use of Latin in medicine. Only fifteen years ago Dr. Pareira mentions in one of his works that he knew an eminent hospital surgeon who confessed his inability to write directions to the patient in his prescriptions in cor- rect Latin, while at present it would be quite as remark- able to discover a surgeon who could truthfully admit the contrary. A host of terms connected with blood- letting have disappeared from our medical works. Such words as melanagogue, acopa, antiloimica, antiscolica, bezoardic, phtheiroctonia and alcephangina seem strange to the modern practitioner. Directions to the patient are, in America, no longer written in Latin, for our drug- THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 53 gists could not translate them. Even the common expression, "pro re nata" has been rendered "for the baby just born." " Mane at in lecto" "let the patient remain in bed," has been translated, "to be taken in milk in the morning," while "mane in lacte" has been ren- dered "remain in bed." But a few years have elapsed since the pharma- copoeias of various nations and colleges were uniformly printed in Latin. The first United States Pharmacopoeia was printed in both Latin and English. The modern Greek Pharmacopoeia is printed both in Latin and the vernacular, but with this exception, Latin has been quite generally abandoned except in nomenclature. Moreover, old remedies and names for diseases are constantly disappearing. Lyssa gave way to hydro- phobia, and this is now very properly being abandoned for rabies. The once popular remedy, a pilula perpetua, a pill made of metallic antimony, which had perpetual virtues of a cathartic nature, an.d could be used by any number of patients, is no longer employed, and we hear as little now of arteriotomy, first practiced by Arataeus, as we do of Bishop Berkeley's tar water cure or of " Perkins' tractors." Turning again to the last edition of the U. S. Phar- macopoeia,, we observe that although the names of many remedies have been changed, at least as many more have been dropped in ten years. We do not mean to say that the board of scientific gentlemen who have charge of the revision of the Pharmacopoeia once in ten years are endowed with verbicidal powers, yet they give stunning blows to many words which at first cause them to fall into disuse and then into decay. After the lapse of a few decades, such words will be brought to light only by the aid of historical research, being lifeless objects, mere 54 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. skeletons which remind us of a past vitality. It is on account of these numerous mummy words that the student finds so much difficulty in understanding the works of the ancient and mediaeval medical authors. Sometimes the old words remain with altered mean- ing. Metria no longer means womb disease, but puer- peral fever, and hysteria has far more to do with the nervous system than with the female reproductive organs. Aristolochia, from apcaroz, best, and Xo%eia, child-bed, was formerly applied to an entire class of oxytocic remedies, but is now limited to the name of a single plant, birth- wort, or Virginia snake root. Still more frequently words become old and decrepit, losing the vigor with which they were once so pregnant. We meet with such archaic expressions in the language of the aged. Syncope is now preferred to deliquium animi, intussusception to ileus, and so on. We thus see that the component parts of a language are in a constant state of change, coming into existence, changing their form, and dying of old age, like beings endowed with life. PART II. THE LATIN ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. CHAPTER I. ORTHOGRAPHY. THE letters employed in medical Latin are the same in number, power and character as those used in modern English. In classical Latin there was no j, v, n or zv, while k, x and z were used only in words derived from the Greek. In writing Roman numerals the final i was written j, thus viij, a custom still practiced in writ- ing prescriptions. In the fifteenth century this final j was employed instead of/ to indicate the consonant sound of j, and we now ascribe to/ a sound indicated by dzh. Kalso is of recent origin and is used to indicate the consonant sound of u; and w, i. e. uu, is merely a new symbol to indicate another consonant sound of u before a vowel, as in equus, now pronounced ekwus. W is found in several medical Latin words derived from proper names, e. g. Corpora Wolfiana, Ossa Wormiana, Waltheria, Wintera and Wrightia. In classical Latin k was found only before A, but in medical Latin it is found in other positions, for example before r in Krameria, a word derived from the name of the celebrated Dr. Kramer. Initial x, y and z are found only in Latin words of foreign origin, thus : xeroderma, from e/?6c dry, and dsppa skin; Yttrium from Ytterby, a Swedish town, and zymosis, from ^/j./j.la), to ferment. 5 56 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. The letter jj> was borrowed by the Romans from the 'Greek to designate the sound of the Greek upsilon which differed from the Latin u. The letters are divided into classes as follows : Vowels : a, e, i, o, u, y. liquids, /, m, n, r. {labials, /, b,f, ph and v. palatals, c, ch g, k, q and/, linguals, f, th and d. sibilant, s. aspirate, h. double consonants, x and z. X is equivalent to cs, ks, gs, or chs. Z is equivalent to ds or ts. i. 2. Consonants CHAPTER II. ORTHOEPY. ORTHOEPY is the art of pronouncing words cor- rectly. The ancient pronunciation of Latin has to a great extent been lost and it is extremely doubtful if it can ever be recovered. Numerous attempts have been made to discover and restore the classical pro- nunciation but all such efforts are based upon hypotheses incapable of demonstration. The English method* of pronouncing Latin should be learned by every student contemplating the study of medicine. 1. Because many Latin words used in medical literature have become thoroughly Anglicised and the use of any other than the English method of pronuncia- tion would sound pedantic, affected, and ridiculous. Such familiar words as vapor, cicatrix and vagina would scarcely be recognized if pronounced wah' por, kee kah'- treex and wah ghee'nah. according to the so-called Continental method. 2. Other Latin words have long been pronounced by the medical profession strictly in accordance with English methods, and the introduction of any other system would only serve to introduce fresh confusion *The literary schools and colleges of this country are about equally divided be- tween the three pronunciations of Latin, English, Continental xs\& Roman. A small majority of the schools, however, in 1885, still adhered to the English method, while not one educated man in ten would pronounce Latin in accordance with the rules of the Continental or Roman methods. Allen and Greenough, in their Latin grammar, direct the student to pronounce familiar Latin phrases in accordance with the English method, although they advocate the Continental method for use in schools. Furthermore, every European nation pronounces Latin according to the sounds of the letters in its own language. Why, then, should the English make themselves ridiculous by pretending to restore the ancient pronunciation of the Roman tongue? A few physicians, displaying more pedantry than good sense, propose to give the Continental sounds of the vowels and retain the English sounds of the con- sonants in pronouncing Latin medical terms! This method (?) of pronunciation is beneath criticism. Medical technical terms should be regarded as English words borrowed, for convenience sake, from the classical languages. 58 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. into medical orthoepy. Not one medical man in a thousand would pronounce biceps bee'kapes, or cilium ke'le oom. 3. A study of the rules of pronunciation, as applied according to the English method, will be of material assistance to the student in determining the pronuncia- tion of all words found in his text-books, whether they be of Latin or other origin. For these reasons we advocate the use of the Eng- lish method of pronunciation of all words used in medi- cal works with the exception of those recently transferred to our vocabulary from the modern foreign languages, such as the French, German and Italian. In order to pronounce correctly in accordance to the rules of the English method a knowledge of the fol- lowing particulars is requisite: 1. Of the sounds of the letters in all their com- binations. 2. Of the quantity of the penultimate syllables of words. 3. Of the place of the accent, both primary and secondary. 4. Of the mode of dividing words into syllables. SECTION I. THE SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. /. Of the Vowels: RULE I. A vowel at the end of an accented syllable has its long English sound. Examples: Ma'nia, ve'na, vl'num, o'ra and tu'ba, in which the accented vowels are pronounced as in Jane, mete, w/ne, g/ a den'i a. adeniform, a den'i form, not a de'ni form. adeps, a'deps, 0/ad'eps. adipose, ad'i pos, not ad'i poz. adonis, a do'nis, not a don'is. adult, a dult', i?/ ad'ult. adynamia, ad I na'mi a, men'stru um, not men'strum. mephitic, mephit'ic, ^/mephl'tic. mesmerism, mez'mer izm, not mes'mer ism. metabolic, met a bol'ic, not me tab'o lie. meatbolism, me tab'o lizm, not met a bol'izm. metamorphosis, met a morTo sis, (English), or metamor- fo'sis, (Latin). methyl, meth'il, not me'thil. metritis, me tn'tis, not met re'tis. metric, met'ric, not me' trie. mezereum, mezere'um, not me zer'e um. microscope, mi'kro skop, not mik'ro scop. microscopy, mikros'kopy, not mi'kro sko py. microsporon, mikros'poron or ml kro spo'ron. mimosa, mi mo'sah, not mim'o sa. mistura, mistu'rah, ^mist'ura. modiolus, mo dl'o lus, not mod i o'lus. molecule, mol'ekul, ^^/mo'lekul. molimen, mo li'men, not mol'i men. molybdenum, mollbde'num, not mo Hb'de num. monad, mon'ad, not mo'nad. monomania, mon o ma'ni a, not mo no ma'ni a. morphine, mor'phm or mor'fen, not mor fen'. morphoea, mor fe'ah, not morTe ah. mucilagO, mu si la'go, not mu sil'a go. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 81 muscari, mus ka'rl, not mus'ka ri. muscarine, mus'ka rin, not mus ka'ren. musci, mus'si, not mus'kl. myselium, ml se'li um, not ml seTi um. myoides, ml oi'dez, not mi'oi dez. myoma, myo'mah, /?/ pap'a ver. papyrus, pa pl'rus, not pap'y rus. paracentesis, par a sen te'sis, not par a sen'te sis. parasitic, parasit'ic, w^/parasi'tic. pareira brava, pa rl'rah bra'vah, not pa re'rah brav'a. parenchyma, par en'ki mah, not par en kl'mah. parenchymatous, par en kim'a tus, not par en ki'ma tus. paresis, par'esis, not pa re'sis. paretic, pa ret'ic, not pa re' tic. parietal, parl'etal, ^/parie'tal. paronychia, par o nik'i a, not par o nitch'i a. parotid, pa rot'id, not pa ro'tid. partridge-berry, par'tridj-ber'ry, not pat'ridj-ber'ry. pathogenic, pathojen'ic, not pa thoj'e nic. pathogeny, pa thoj'e ny, not path'o ge ny. pectoral, pek'to ral, not pek to'ral. pedal, (adj.~) pe'dal, , to love) pipsissewa. cor'nea, ae (fr. cornu, a horn) the cornea. fari'na ae (fr.far, a kind of grain) meal, flour. fas'cia, ae (cf.fasds, a bundle) a bandage, a fibrous mem- brane. fib'ula, ae (ct.fibulo, to clasp) a buckle tongue, a brace, fibula, also an instrument used by the Romans for stitching the labia majora, or the prepuce in the male, to prevent copulation. fis'tula, ae (cf. fistuca, a rammer) a pipe, tube, fistula. fossa, ae (fr.fodio, to dig) a ditch, trench, groove. gemma, ae (cf. Greek fipo), to swell up) a bud. gutta, ae (perhaps allied to gusto, to taste) a drop. althae'a, ae (Greek ctida), to heal) marsh mallow. amen'tia, ae (a without, mens, mind) total loss of mind. ampulla, ae (ambi, about olla, a pot) a two handled jug or jar. angustu'ra, ae (Angostura, a town in Venezuela) a bitter plant. anten'na, ae (fr. ante, before, and teneo, to hold, lit. a yard-arm or end rope) the " feelers " of insects. aqua, & (cf. equalis, level) water. ar'nica, ae (fr. Greek ftps, a lamb, fr. the soft leaf) arnica. artemis'ia, ae (fr. Artemis, Greek "J/?re/^c, Diana) a plant. ave'na, ae (a, without, vena, vein) oats. cap'sula, ae (dim. of capsa, a box) small box, capsule. cera, ae (Greek xqpoz, wax) bleached wax. char'tula, ae (dim. of charta, a parchment) a powder paper. cimicif uga, ae (fr. cimex, a bug, and/ugo, to put to flight) black-snake root. chorda, se (%opdy, a cord made of intestine) a cord, et, and. 96 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. EXERCISE I. A I. Guttae aquae. 2. Fistula corneae. 3. Gem- mae et baccae. 4. Aqua ammoniac. 5. Fossae cos- tarum. 6. Corona et alae. 7. Aura epilepsiae. 8. Bullae et bursa. 9. Farina avenae. 10. Ampulla aquae. B i. The bandage of the brace (bone). 2. Buds of acacia. 3. Capsules of wax. 4. Althaea and powder papers. 5. Cords and sail ropes. 6. Chalk and water. 7. The crown of the cornea. 8. Angustura berries. 9. Sore throat and cholera. 10. A (leather bag) of water. 'GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. A number of Greek words have been taken without much alteration into the Latin language and their declen- sion varies from that of pure Latin nouns. The majority of these Greek nouns end in e but there are a few in es. Those ending in e are feminine, the others are masculine. Pleg'mone, from , to chew) a plant with sialagogue properties, stafice, (fr. larr^i, to staunch) named from its astringent properties. The Greek nouns of the first declension ending in es are, as a rule, declined only in the singular. Pyri'tes (fr. rci>p, fire, and Xidoz, stone), will serve as an example : Norn. pyrites Gen. pyri'tae Dat. pyri / tae Ace. pyri'ten Voc. pyri'te or a Abl. pyri'ta or e VOCABULARY II. calen'dula, ae (xatevdcu, a calender, from the numerous leaves), marigold. drach'ma, ae (Greek opa%fj.y, a coin), a drachm, dulcama'ra, ae (dulcis, sweet ; amarus, bitter), bittersweet, essen'tia, ae (ex, out of; ens, participle of esse, to be) essence. forma, ae (allied to popyr], form), a shape, form, form'ula, ae (dim. of forma), a small form ; a set rule, fran'gula, ae (h.frango, to break), buckthorn, galla, ae (Gallia), oak apple; gall nut gaulthe'ria, ae (fr. name of Dr. Gaulthier), wintergreen. gena, ae (cf. Greek fiw$, cheek bone), the cheek, glan'dula, ae (dim. of glans, a gland), a small gland, hora, ae (Greek oy>a, an hour), an hour. 98 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. ichthyocol'la, se (fr. Greek t%du<;, a. fish, and xotta, glue), isinglass. iner'tia, se (m, without ; ars, art, activity), inactivity. in'ula, se (corruption of Helenium, fr. Helen of Troy), elecampane. lach'ryma, se (cf. ddxpu, a tear), a tear. lacu'na, se (fr. locus, a lake), a small cavity in osseous tissue. lam'ina, se (fr. same root as lAawaj, to drive) a plate or layer. lappa, se (lappa, a clitbur), burdock. libra, se (cf. Greek Xirpa, a coin), a balance, a pound. leptan'dra, se (fr. hmos, slender, and dvj^o, stamen), Cul- ver's root. lin'ea, se (cf. linum, flax fibre), a line. lingua, se (onomatopoeic, fr. licking sound), the tongue. lobelia, ae (fr. Lobel, a Flemish botanist), Indian tobacco. lupuli'na, se (fr. lupulus, lit. a small wolf; a name for hops), pollen from hops. lyrnpha, se (lit. pure water), lymph. mac'ula, se (dim. fr. same root as fid%opat, to fight), small spot on skin. mamma, se (Greek /^f////a, breast), breast. massa, se (cf. Greek jud^a^ a lump of dough), a mass. mate'ria, se (fr. mater, a producer), that which is pro- duced; matter. maxilla, se (augmented fr. mala, cheek bone), jaw bone. mamilla, se (dim. of mamma, the breast), the nipple. maran'ta, se( named in honor of Maranti, a Venetian botanist), arrow -root. medici'na, se(fr. medeor, to heal), the art of healing; a medicine. medulla, ae (fr. medius, middle, centre), the marrow. membra'na, se (fr. membrum, a member), a membrane. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 99 mentha, se (Greek fi'ivdy, mint), mint. mica, se (fr. mico, to sparkle like the motes in a sunbeam), particle; a crumb. mistu'ra, se (fr. misceo, to mix), a mixture, mor'rhua, ae (fr. fjtatpoz, stupid), codfish, mu'cuna, se (fr. mucus], cowhage. est, is. sunt, are. EXERCISE II. A. I. Lacunae et medulla. 2. Libra aloes. 3. Mis- turacretae. 4. Laminae fibulae. 5. Massacerae. 6. Mis- tura marantae et menthae. 7. Lappa est medicina angi- nae. 8. Lympha et lachrymae. 9. Mistura mastiches et myrrhae. 10. Micae et galla. n. Medulla fibulae. B. I. Masses, crumbs and mixtures. 2. The spots of the tongue. 3. The line of the fibula. 4. The wing of the balance. 5. The spots on the cheek in acne. 6. The lacunae of the jaw-bone. CHAPTER VI. THE SECOND DECLENSION. NOUNS of the second declension end in us, um, ir, cr, os and on. Those ending in um and on are neuter, the others are masculine. The great majority of the nouns of this declension used in medical works end in us or um. Those ending in os and on are of Greek origin. Digitus, a word kindred with deixwjut, to point, like indico, is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. dig / it us, a finger dig x it i, fingers Gen. dig'it i, of a finger dig it o / rum, of fingers Dat. dig' it o, to or for a finger dig'it is, to or for fingers Ace. dig'it um, a finger dig'it os, fingers Voc. dig'it e, O finger dig'it i, O fingers Abl. dig'it o, by, with, or from a finger dig'it is, by, with or from fingers Folium, from the same root as yy^/ov, a leaf, is de- clined as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. fo'li um, a leaf fo'li a, leaves Gen. fo / li i, of a leaf fo li o / rum, of leaves Dat. fo / li o, to or for a leaf fo'li is, to or for leaves Ace. fr/li um, a leaf fo'li a, leaves Voc. fo'li um, O leaf fr/li a, O leaves Abl. fc/li o, by, with, or from a leaf fr/li is, by, with, or from leaves THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 101 VOCABULARY III. ac'inus, i (Greek dxwo:;, a grape), a granule; kernel; part of a gland. alve'olus, i (dim. of alvus, the belly), a little belly, cavity, socket. an'imus, i (avejoc, the wind), the mind, soul. an'nulus, i (dim. of annus, a circle, a ring), a little ring. anus, i (fr. annus, a ring; cf. d/jupc, around), orifice of rectum. bacillus, i (dim. of baculum, a staff), a little rod; rod- like bacterium. bolus, i (Greek /9uMov, leaf), clove tree. clavus, i (cf. clavis, a bolt or key), a nail; a corn; sick headache. con'gius, i (cognate with xofffj, a shell), a gallon. morbus, i (allied to morior, to die), a disease. natu'ra, ae (fr. nascor, to be born), that which will produce, nature. neb'ula, ae (dim. of nubes, a cloud), a haze. nympha, ae (Greek wmp^, a nymph or bride), a nymph; labium minus. ret'ina, ae (fr. rete, a net), belonging to a net; retina. offici'na, as (fr. opifex, doing work), a work-shop, drug- store. oleoresi'na, ae (oleum, oil; resina, resin), oleo-resin. or'bita, ae (fr. orbis, a circle, orb), the orbit, eye-socket, in, in. a', ab, from. 102 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. EXERCISE III. A. i. Bacilli morbi. 2. Acini glandulae. 3. Fis- tula in ano. 4. Sunt alveoli in maxilla. 5. Folia cary- ophylli. 6. Congius aquae menthae. 7. Nebula cor- neae. 8. In officina sunt oleo-resinae et misturae. 9. Calculi in orbita. 10. Clavus digitorum. B. In the apothecary shop are mixtures and a gal- lon of rose water. 2. The sockets of the jaw-bones. 3. A ball of arrow-root. 4. Sick headache is a disease. 5. In the orbit there are an artery and a network. 6. The little ring of the cornea. 7. In the retina are small rods. 8. The membrane of the nipple. 9. In the breast are kernels (acini). 10. A pound of cloves. There are a few nouns of the second declension ending in er. Cancer (cognate with xdpxwoz, a crab) a crab, or cancer, is declined as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. cane er, a cancer cane ri, cancers , Gen. cane ri cane ro'rum Dot. cane ro cane ris Ace. cane rum cane ros Voc. cane er cane ri Abl. cane ro cane ris VOCABULARY IV. liber, bri, the bark of a tree; a book; cf. A. S. boc, beach. puer, pu'eri (cf. Greek /rate, a boy) a boy. puel'la & (dim. fern, of puer) a girl. vir, viri (cf. vis, strength) a male; man. pupil'la, SB (dim. of pupa, a doll) the pupil, palma, as (Greek xa),dp], palm) palm of hand or sole, patella, as (dim. of patina, a pan) the knee-pan, phytolac'ca, as (Greek yurov, plant, and Xdxxos, pond) poke plant. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 103 pil'ula, se (dim. of pila, a ball) a little ball ; a pill. planta, ae (cognate with TT^UTU^, flat) a plant; the sole of the foot, porta, se (cf. porto, to carry) the place through which things are carried; a gate. ran'ula, as (dim. of rana, a frog) tumor of salivary gland, resi'na, ae (cf. ^riva, a gum) resin. rose'ola, ae (dim. of rosa, a rose) rose rash, rube'ola, ae (dim. of ruber, red) measles, fascic'ulus, i (dim. of fascis, a bundle) a little bundle. focus, i (fr. an old root, fo; cf.foveo, to boil) a fire-place, fundus, i (fundo, to found) the bottom; lowest port, funic'ulus, i ( dim. of funis, a rope) a string; umbilical cord. gladi'olus, i (dim. of gladius, a sword) a part of sternum, globus, i (like glomus, a ball) a ball ; a globe, cer'ebrum, i (cf. xdpa, the head) the greater brain, habet, has. habent, have. EXERCISE IV. A. I. Pilulae aloes et mastiches. 2. Plantae pueri et viri. 3. Cancer mammae est morbus feminarum. 4. Rubeola et roseola morbi sunt. 5. Quinina medi- cina anginae est. 6. Liber medici est in ofHcina. 7. Eucalyptus est malariae medicina. 8. Libra folio- rum phytolaccae. 9. Femina neuralgiam orbitae habet. 10. Viri gladiolos habent. B. i. A little bundle of small rods. 2. Cancer of the brain is a disease. 3. The physician (medicus) has pills of aloes and myrrh. 4. The boys and girls have measles. 5. The books of the men are in the office. 6. Pepsin is a medicine for dyspepsia. 7. In the conjunc- tiva is the gate of tears. 8. Ranula in the cheek (mala) of the girl. 9. Rose rash is a disease. 10. The woman has the hysterical (hystcricum) globe. 8 104 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. GREEK NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. A few nouns of Greek origin ending in os are found in medical works, used only in the singular The word asbes'tos, from d, intensive, ofitvwfu, to quench, because it will not burn, is declined as follows : Norn. asbestos Gen. asbes / ti Dat. asbes'to Ace. asbes'ton Voc. asbes / te Abl. asbes / to A much larger number end in on, such as those derived from tpvrbv (phyton), a plant, ft>ov (zoon\ an animal, devdpov (dendron), a tree, and axopov (sporon), a spore. Ganglion (Greek fdffkov, a knot, a tumor) is thus declined: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn. ganglion gang / lia Gen. gang'lii ganglic/rum Dat. gang / lio gang'liis Ace. ganglion gang'lia Voc. gang'lion ganglia Abl. gang / lio gang'liis VOCABULARY V. am'nion, or am'nios, i (fr. Greek d//v6c, a lamb, from its softness) a foetal membrane. cho'rion, i (Greek yopiov, leather) a tough fcetal mem- brane. epiploon, i (Greek ni, upon, nXsa), to fold) omentum. haematox'ylon, i (Greek at pa, blood, and y^ov, wood) logwood. hydrozo'on, i (Greek udwp, water, a>ov, animal) water animalcule. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 105 lirioden'dron, i (Greek hipcov, a lily, divSpov, tree) tulip tree, olec'ranon, i (Greek tokevy, elbow, and xpdvov, head) head of ulna, pleuron, i '(Greek xhopov, the side) the serous covering of the lungs, micros'poron, i (Greek fjuxpoz, small, orro/wc, a spore) a microscopic spore. sali'va, ss, (cf Greek aialov, spittle) spittle, scap'ula, se. (cf. Greek oxdyot;, skiff) shoulder blade, scarlati'na, K, (fr. Italian scarlatto, scarlet) scarlet fever, scilla, se (Greek ffxitta, an onion) squill, serpenta'ria, K, (fr. serpo, to creep) Virginia snake-root, scutella'ria, ee (dim. of scutum, a shield) skull cap. spige'lia, se (fr. Spigelius, the Dutch anatomist) pink root, spina, se (contraction of spicna, a point) a thorn, spine, stria, ae (fr. strio, to groove) a groove, colored line, sutu'ra, as (fr. sno, to sew) a seam, suture, hu'mulus, i (fr. humus, the ground) hop plant, lob'ulus, i (dim. of lobus, a lobe) a small lobe, lobule, locus, i (originally stlocus, cogn. w. a-retta), to send) a place, malleus, i (cf. Sansk. mah, to strike) a hammer; a bone of the ear. malle'olus, i (dim. of malleus] a small hammer, ankle tuberosities. mus'culus, i (dim. of mus, a mouse, or Greek /xDf, a muscle) a muscle, naevus, i (contraction of nativus, fr. nascor, to be born) a birth-mark. nanus, i (Greek vavoc, a pigmy) a dwarf, nervus, i (fr. same root as v&pov] a nerve, nodus, i (fr. gnodus, a knot) a knot, node, nu'cleus, i (dim. of nux, a nut) a kernel. 106 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. nucle'olus, i (dim. of nucleus] primary nucleus. pilocar'pus, i (pila, ball, carpus, fruit) jaborandi. ruga, ae (fr. Aryan root rag, rough) a wrinkle. ruta, as Greek fary, rue) rue. sabba'tia, vs. (fr. Sabbati, an Italian botanist) sabbatia. sabi'na, ae (fr. a town in ancient Italy; a Sabine woman) savine. salici'na, ae (fr. salix, a willow) alkaloid from willow. sanguina'ria, 33 (fr. sanguis, blood, from color of juice) bloodroot. sen'ega, ae (fr. Indian Senekd] corrupted into snake root, sil'ica, se (fr. silex, flint) oxide of silicon, non, not. EXERCISE v. A. i. Musculi strias habent. 2. Scapula fossam habet. 3. Scrofula est morbus puerorum. 4. Corona spinarum. 5. Nervi ganglia habent. 6. Scilla medicina morbis est pleuri. 7. Amnion et chorion sunt membranae. Icterus et scarlatina morbi sunt. 9. Cerebrum lobos habet. 10. Hydrozoa non plantae sunt. B. I. The physician gives pills of salicin to the boy. 2. Nerves have ganglia but not furrows. 3. Men have muscles, nerves, and arteries. 4. Chalk mixture is a medicine for diarrhoea. 5. Pills of sanguinaria and and ammonia for disease of the pleura. 6. Silica is not a medicine. 7. The women have savine and ergot. 8. Glands have nuclei. 9. The nodes of the nerves. 10. The dwarf has a birth-mark. CHAPTER VII. THE THIRD DECLENSION. NOUNS of the third declension have various endings in the nominative singular but the genitive singu- lar always ends in is; sometimes with an increment (i. e. additional syllable) and is, sometimes by the addition of is to the nominative singular, and sometimes, when the nominative singular ends in is, the word is not changed in the genitive. Metus, fear, for example, forms the geni- tive singular metoris ; the or being the increment and is the termination. Tremor, trembling, simply adds is, while classis, a class or fleet, remains unchanged. The student must commit to memory the termina- tion of the genitive singular and the gender of all words of this declension. Arbor, a tree, is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn. arbor (m) arb'ores Gen. arb / oris arb'orum Dot. arb'ori arbor'ibus Ace. arb / orem arb'ores Voc. arbor arb'ores Abl. arb'ore arbor'ibus Nouns of the third declension ending in or are usually of the masculine gender. The words in the fol- lowing vocabulary are declined like arbor. 108 THE* LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY VI. abduc'tor, o'ris (m) (from ab, away, duco, to lead) an abductor. aer, a'eris (m) (Greek dyp, air) air. anser, an'seris (m) (allied to ansa, a handle, fr. long neck) a goose. aether, aeth'eris (Greek atdyp, ether) ether, ardor, o'ris (ardco, to burn with zeal) a burning, calor, o'ris (caleo, to be warm) heat, climac'ter, e'ris (Greek xkfiaxrqp, a round of a ladder) a critical period. croton, o'nis (Gk. xpOTtav, dog tick) palma Christi plant, dila'tor, o'ris (dis, apart, fero, to bear) dilator, erec'tor, o'ris (fr. erigo, to stand up) erector, exten'sor, o'ris (ex, out, and tendo, to stretch) extensor, flexor, o'ris (fligo, to bend) bender, fluor, o'ris (Jluo, to flow) a flowing, furfur, fur'furis (reduplication of far, a cereal) bran, humor, o'ris (cf. X^oc, a liquid) a moisture, humor, labor, o'ris (cf. labor, to slip) labor, parturition, leva'tor o'ris (fr. leva, to lift) a lifter, lichen, e'nis (Greek terffiv\ a cryptogamous plant, limon, o'nis (from Portuguese town Limoa or Persian limuii) lemon. liquor, o'ris (fr. liqueo, to be fluid) fluidity; liquid, solution. motor, o'ris (fr. moveo, to move) mover. prona'tor, o'ris (from prono, to bend forward) a bender forward. ren, is (cf. (f pyv, the diaphragm) the reins, kidneys, rigor, o'ris (fr. rigeo, to be numb) a chill, rota'tor, o'ris (fr. roto, to turn) roller. rubor, o'ris (fr. rubus, red) redness, blushing. sal, is (cf. Greek 5/c, salt) salt, sopor, o'ris (cf. Greek &roc, juice) sleep. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 109 sphincter, e'ris (Greek ay'iffo), to squeeze) contractor. stertor, o'ris (onomatopoeic) snoring. stupor, o'ris (fr. stupeo; c Ttmrot, to strike senseless) insensibility. sudor, o'ris ( fr. sudo, to sweat; cf. udtop, water) sweat tumor, o'ris (fr. tumeo, to swell) a tumor, swelling, trochan'ter, e'ris (Greek Tpo%6to. to roll) a roller; process tensor, o'ris (fr. tendo, to stretch) a stretcher, vapor, o'ris (cognate with xcfrn/oc, smoke) smoke, steam, aliquando, sometimes, dat, gives. dant, give. EXERCISE VI. A. i. Feminae aliquando anseres sunt 2. Vir nervos motores habet 3. Flexores et extensores humeri. 4. Anus levatorem et sphincteres habet. 5. Sunt ali- quando in morbis rigores et calor. 6. Fluor humorum est causa morborum. 7. Motores carpi musculi. 8. Micros- poron furfur planta est 9. Renes viri lobos habent 10. Aliquando in morbis sunt stertor, sudor, stupor, tremor, et sopor. B. i. Vapor of water and salt of ammonia. 2. The trembling, snoring and sluggishness of disease. 3. The liquids of ammonia and potash (potassa). 4. The fluid oftheamnion. 5. Women have critical periods. 6. The lifters of the ribs. 7. The sweat and tears of the women. 8. Ether is not air. 9. The stretchers and benders of the carpus. 10. The physician gives a drachm of jalap to the man. Some neuter nouns of the third declension form the genitive like the above by adding is to the nominative. The accusative and vocative cases in both numbers are like the nominative. 110 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Sometimes a final / or s of the nominative is doubled when the termination of an oblique case is added. Vas (from same root as Sanskrit vasti, a bladder, and Latin vesicd) is declined as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn. vas. a vessel vasa, vessels Gen. vasis vasum Dat. vasi vas'ibus Ace. vas vasa Voc. vas vasa Abl. vase vas / ibus VOCABULARY VII. an'imal, a'lis (n) (fr. anima, vital principle) animal, cada'ver, eris (n) (fr. cado, to fall in battle) a corpse. fel, fellis (n) (kindred with bills, bile) bile, gall. mel, mellis (n) (Greek fish, whence, ftihaaa, a bee) honey. os, ossis (n) (cf. Sanskrit osthi, a bone) a bone. pulmo, onis (n) (fr. xteufjiajv, for nveufjuov) the lung, stear, is (n) (Greek arsap, tallow) stiff grease, tallow, tuber, eris (n) (for timber from tumeo] a bulb, tab'ula, & (fr. the root tab, flat surface) a table, tae'nia, se (Greek racvia, from rsiva) to stretch) a tape, ribbon; tape-worm. terebin'thina, se (fr. Gk. Tspsfltvdoi;, pine tree) turpentine. terra, 33 (kindred with torreo, to dry) earth, testa, 35 (allied to tosta, parched) a shell, tib'ia, 33 (cf. tabeo, to waste away) a flute, shin-bone, tinctu'ra, 33 (fr. tingo, to dye) a tincture, tin'ea, 33 (perhaps from rivio, to punish) a bookworm; ringworm. tu'nica, 33, a close-fitting undergarment, tunic, covering, octa'rius, i (fr. octo, eight) the eighth of a congius ; a pint, oc'ulus, i (dim. ; cf. Ionic oxxoc) an eye. pedic'ulus, i (dim. of pes, a foot) a small foot; pedicle; a louse. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Ill pap/rus, i (Greek ;roc, the paper-reed) parchment, ace'tum, i (fr. past part, of aceo, to become sour) sour wine; vinegar, curat, cures. curant, cure. EXERCISE VII. A. I. Mistura fellis et mellis. 2. Ossa tubera et pediculos habent. 3. Chirurgus (surgeon) cancros et tumores curat. 4. Medicus rubeolam et scarlatinam curat. 5. Animalia ossa et musculos habent. 6. Octa- rius tincturae zingiberis. 7. Arteriae vasa vaserum (fr. vasum, a vessel) habent. 8. Medicus curat tineam cum terebenthina. 9. Tabulae et laminae ossium. 10. Drach- ma aceti scillae. B. i. The shell of the earth. 2. The covering of the eyes. 3. The physician gives vinegar to the boy. 4. Tinctures of rhubarb and ammonia. 5. There is gall in the vessel. 6. The corpse is on the table. 7. The shin-bone has lines and grooves. 8. A pint of tincture of squill. 9. There is paper in the book. 10. The ani- mal has bones, tallow, and nerves. Many nouns of the third declension ending in is in the nominative singular remain unchanged in the genitive. Avts'(f), a bird (allied to Greek do*, to move the air), is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. avis, a bird aves, birds Gen. avis, of a bird a'vium, of birds Dat. avi av'ibus Ace. avem aves Voc. avis aves Abl. ave, or i av'ibus All the nouns of the third declension in the follow- ing vocabulary are similarly declined. 112 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY VIII. apis (f) (fr. apo, to fasten) the clinging animal; a bee. auris (f) (fr. same root as Greek o>c, the ear) an ear. axis (m) (Greek da>v, an axle, fr. dj-a), to carry) an axle- tree; second vertebra. basis (f ) (Greek fidmt;, a pedestal) foundation, base. crinis (m) (fr. cer, as seen in cresco, to grow) the hair. cutis (f) (kindred to XUTOZ, a bag of leather) the skin. digitalis (f) (fr. digitus, a ringer, or digitate, a glove finger) foxglove. febris (f) (bc.ferbis ir.ferveo, to be warm) a fever, funis (m) (fr. a root meaning to bind) a rope, cord, ignis (m) (Sanskrit agnis) fire. naris (f) (cf. xvea), to breathe, nasum, the nose) a nostril. panis (m) (perhaps fr. Pan, a demigod of the fields) bread, pelvis (f) (allied to Greek True^oc, basin) basin, pelvis. pertus'sis (f) (fr. /^rintens. and tussis, cough) whooping cough. piscis (m) (perhaps allied to pascor, feed upon) a fish, sina'pis (f) (Greek a'tvaziu, mustard) mustard, sitis (f) (sitio, to be dry) thirst, taxis (f) (from Greek rdaaco, to draw) reduction by handling. testis (m) (fr. testa, a shell, because witnesses voted with shells in determining the guilt of the accused) a witness; evidence; testicle. vis, ace. vim, pi. vires (cf. Gk. fc, fibre) strength, power, ulna, 83 (fr. Gk. a)Xevy, the elbow) ulna; elbow bone, un'cia, se (Greek oufxia, 1-12 of a pound) an ounce, urtica'ria, 33 (from urtica, a nettle, fr. uro, to burn) nettle rash. uva, as (kindred to uveo, to be moist) a grape, u'vula, as (dim. of uva, a grape) small grape; uvula. causat, causes. causant, cause. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 113 EXERCISE VIII. A. i. Axis et ulna ossa sunt. 2. In febribus sunt crises et lyses. 3. Tinea et urticaria sunt morbi cutis. 4. Feminae pelves habent. 6. Terebenthina ardorem urinae causat. 6. Octarius aceti et drachma tincturae digitalis. 7. Calor, aer, et aqua sunt medicinae. 8. Ipe- cacuanha et digitalis fluorem urinae causant. 9. Puer pisces et panem habet. 10. Puella pertussem habet. B. i. The wings of the birds. 2. The nostrils have dilators and depressors. 3. A pint of vinegar and water for the thirst of fever. 4. An ounce of tincture of foxglove. 5. Gonorrhoea causes a burning of the urine. 6. Bees have antennae but not ears. 7. The surgeon cures the tumor with fire. 8. A crumb of bread. 9. The woman has fish and mustard in the basin. 10. The power of nature is a physician. Nouns of the third declension ending in men, a termination originally added to the root of verbs to form nouns denoting the result of the verbal action, are of the neuter gender. They form the genitive singular by changing the e of the final syllable to i and adding the genitive termination is. Cerumen, ear wax, (from cera, bleached wax), is thus declined : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn. ceru / men ceru / mina Gen. ceru'minis ceru / minum Dat. ceru'mini cerumin / ibus Ace. ceru / men ceru / mina Voc. ceru / men ceru'mina Abl. ceru'mine cerumin / ibus 1 1 4 THE LANG UA GE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY IX. abdo'men, inis (fr. abdo, to hide) the belly. albu'men, inis (fr. albus, white) white of egg; albumen. alu'men, inis (allied to cQc, salt) alum. cacu'men, inis (fr. acumen, a point, with prefix c) top of a plant. fora' men, inis (ir.foro, to bore) a hole, orifice, gramen, inis (alteration of creamen, growth) grass. inguen, inis (fr. inquino, to befoul) the groin, moli'men, inis (fr. molior, to struggle) a bearing down pain. pecten, inis (Gk. Trexr^v, a comb) comb; os pubis. semen, inis (fr. sero, to sow) seed. Stamen, inis (from sto, to stand) a standard; stamen of flower, tormen, inis (from torqueo, to twist) a writhing, twisting pain, vagi'na, & (kindred with , to be evident because on surface) a vein. vesi'ca, & cf. vas, a vessel) a bladder. via, se (fr. ire, to go) a way, track. vi'ola, se (Greek cov, a violet) a violet, vita, 86 (fr. vivo, to live) life. zona, se (Greek cwij, a belt) a belt, girdle, zone. EXERCISE IX. A. I. Renes in abdomine sunt. 2. Cacumen violae. Sphincter vaginae. 3. In tibia sunt foramina. 4. Vena THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 115 portae in abdomine est. 5. Vir cerumen in auribus habet. 6. Tinctura valerianae est hysteriae medicina. 6. Venae et calculus vesicae. 8. Habet albumen in urina. 9. Feminae molimina et tormina habent. 10. Puer gramen animalibus dat. B. i. Alum is a medicine for diseases of the nose. 2. The veins and arteries of bones. 3. In diseases of the kidneys there is albumen in the urine. 4. Life is a road of thorns. 5. The accelerator of the urine is the ejacu- lator of the seed. 6. Twisting pains in the belly. 7. The bladder has a squeezing muscle. 8. In the fluid of the amnion there is albumen and salt. 9. The "comb "is the bone of the pubes. 10. The boy gives grass to the cows (vacca). Nouns of the third declension ending in es usually change es to is in forming the genitive singular; thus, pubes, the pubic hair, genitive pubis, of the pubic hair. The majority of these words, however, form the genitive by adding is with an increment. Caput (neuter), the head (from same root as Greek *, to boil) cold in the head, pilus, i, a hair. pinus, i (f) (kindred to Greek m'ryc, pine) a pine tree, prunus, i (f ) (Greek xpowy, a plum tree) wild cherry. porus, i (Gk. xopoz, a passage) a pore, pyrus, i (f) (fr. the country Epirus) a pear tree, absin'thium, i (fr. Afavdtoi, a people in Southern Thrace) wormwood. ac'idum, i (fr. aceo, to be sour) an acid, al Hum, i (probably fr. alius y because imported) a garlic, ammoni acum, i (fr. Egyptian through Greek "Ap/ucw, the tree growing near the temple of Jupiter Ammon) ammoniac. am'ylum, i (d, un, and puty, mill, not ground) starch, animal'dilum,* i (dim. of animal) microscopic animal. ani'sum, i (fr. Greek dvf'jy/^, to send up an odor) anise. vertebra, ae (verto, to turn) a spindle; a vertebra. EXERCISE x. A. i. Libra adipis et uncia ammonii acetatis. 2. Anthrax est morbus animalium. 3. Apices pulmo- num. 4. Pori cutis et pili capitis. 5 . Atlas et axis ver- * Animalcula is the plural of animalculum. There is no such word as animalcule. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 117 tebrae sunt. 6. Pinus et prunus sunt arbores. 7. Urti- caria est morbus cutis et nervorum. 8. Medicus guttam tincturae aconiti puero dat 9. /fmylum et albumen cibus (food) virorum sunt. 10. In aqua sunt animalcula et plantae. B. i. Tincture of aconite is a medicine for fevers. 2. Animalcules in vinegar. 3. The atlas is not a bone of the head. 4. Lard and starch are foods. 5. Car- buncle is a skin disease. 6. The age of brass. GREEK NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. There are many Greek nouns of the third declen- sion, all of which originally formed the genitive singular in os. The majority of these words end in is, as diuresis, catharsis. Catharsis, purging, from xard, down, cupa), to take, and calomelas calomel are thus declined: SINGULAR. SINGULAR. Norn, cathar'sis calom'elas Gen. cathar'seos calomel'anos Dat. cathar'si calomel / ani Ace. cathar'sin calomel / ana Voc. cathar / sis calom'elas Abl. cathar'si calomel'ane Pure Greek words like the above are not found in the plural in medical works. Of late there is a tendency to employ the regular Latin terminations of the third declension, but there is no good reason for so doing. Another large class of Greek words end in tis and ma. These originally made the genitive singular in idos and atos, but now idis and atis are preferred; thus, bron- chitis forms the genitive bronchitidis, and exanthema, exanthematis. Those ending in tis are feminine; those ending in ma are neuter. 118 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Rhus (fern.), sumac, ivy (from Greek /Souc, gen. />ooc) and aletris, are declined as follows : SINGULAR. SINGULAR. Nom. rhus, ivy al'etris (f ), star grass Gen. rhois alet'ridis Dat, rhoi alefridi Ace. rhoem or en alet / ridem or en Voc. rhus al'etris Abl. rhoe or i alet / ride Words like the above are used only in the singular. The nouns of this declension ending in ma are used in both numbers. Enema, a clyster, from Iv'tr^u, to inject, is thus declined: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. en'ema, clyster enem'ata, clysters Gen. enem'atis enem / atum Dat. enem / ati enemat / ibus Ace. en'ema enem'ata Voc. en'ema enem / ata Abl. enem'ati or e enemat / ibus VOCABULARY XL al'etris, idis (f ) (Gk. dhrpk, a female slave who grinds corn) star grass. am'yris, idis (f) (Gk. d, intensive, and fjiupov, odorous juice) amyris. aphis, idis (f ) (Greek d^>/c, a louse) a plant louse. arthri'tis, idis (f ) ( Greek d-pdplra;) inflammation of a joint. as'caris, idis (f ) (Gk. fraxapit;, a maw worm) pin-worm. asclep'ias, adis (f ) (fr. "AaxXemaf;, ^Esculapius) milkweed. colocyn'this, idis (f ) (fr. xoXoxbvdy, pumpkin) colocynth. hamame'lis, idis (f ) (from dpa, like, and /^ov, an apple) witch hazel. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 119 coma, atis (n) (Greek xa)fj.a t deep sleep) coma, glottis, idis (f ) (fr. fXtarra, the tongue) the glottis, gramma, atis (n) (Gk. ?pd[i.fjLa, a letter, a coin) a gram, hepar, atis (n) (Greek yxap, liver) liver, hydras'tis, idis (f ) (fr. uda>p, water) golden seal, juglans, ndis (f ) (Jovis, of Jove, glans, nut) butternut, lapis, idis (f ) (cf. Greek Aaoc, a stone) a stone, mias'ma, atis (n) (fr. Greek fud^a), to contaminate) an effluvium. physostig'ma, atis (n) (from Greek

o//a, food) cocoa, antrum, i (Greek dvrpov, a cave) a cavity, arca'num, i (fr. arceo, to shut up) a nostrum. EXERCISE XI. A. i . Rubor et tumor symptomata arthritidis sunt 2. Medicus enema hydrastidis puero dat. 3. Morbus oculorum symptoma syphilidis est. 4. Gramma sodii phosphitis et uncia theobromatis. 5. Hepar sulphuris morbis cutis. 6. Fel in urina est symptoma morbi hepatis. 7. Pyramides renum. 8. Miasmata causae feb- rum sunt. 9. In corpore sunt arcana naturae. 10. In exanthematibus sunt maculae, papulae, et bullae. 120 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. B. i. An ounce of tincture of golden seal. 2. A pound of star grass in a gallon of water. 3. In the cavity of the jaw-bone there is a membrane. 4. A pint of tinc- ture of agave in the shop. 5. The man has cancer of the liver and kidneys. 6. In the bladder there are some- times pebbles, but not stones. 7. The rootstock of ivy is not a medicine. 8. A gramme of sulphite of soda in water. 9. The nerves, veins, and lobes of the liver. 10. Macules and papules are symptoms of syphilis. CHAPTER VIII. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. NOUNS of the fourth declension form the genitive singular in us, the u being a contraction of the earlier ending uis, and is, therefore, long in quantity; e. g., manus, a hand, genitive manus, of a hand. The us of the genitive is sometimes written with the circumflex accent in order to distinguish it from the nominative singular. Nouns of this declension ending in us are masculine with the exception of manus, a hand, acus, a needle, and the names of plants, which are feminine. Nouns of the fourth declension ending in u are of the neuter gender. The genitive plural ends in uum, the dative plural in ibus, except acus, a needle, arcus, a bow, artus, a joint, lacus, a lake, and partus, a birth, which form the dative plural in ubus. Manus (fern.) a hand (fr. Aryan root ma, to measure) is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn, manus, a hand manus, hands Gen. manus man / uum Dat. man'ui man / ibus Ace. manum manus Foe. manus manus Abl. manu man'ibus VOCABULARY XII. abortus, us (aborior, to rise from a losing game) abortion, absces'sus, us (ads, from, and cede, go) departure, abscess, afflux'us, Os (ad, to, andy?#itus, fts (fr. cubo, to lie down) lying down, deculritus, fts (dc, from, cubitus, lying) position in lying, ductus, fts (fr. duco, to lead) a duct, flatus, fts (fr.yfo, to blow) gas in bowels, fluxus, fts (ir.fiuo, to flow) a flowing; flux, foetus, fts (fr.feo, to produce) unborn child, fructus, fts (fr. fruor, to enjoy) that which is enjoyed; fruit gustus, fts (fr. gusto, to taste) that which tastes ; sense of taste. habitus, fts (fr. habco, to have or acquire) habit, hal'itus, fts (fr. halo, to breathe) breath, vapor, haustus, fts (fr. liaurio, to drink) a draught, ictus, fts (fr. ico, to smite) a stroke, lusus, fts (fr. ludo, to play) a sport, joke, motus, fts (fr. movco, to move) motion, nisus, fts (fr. nitor, to struggle, bear down) an effort; bearing down, olfac'tus, fts (fr. oleo, to emit an odor, and facie, to make) sense of smell. ra'dius, i (c ^o, a root) a staff; a spoke; the radius, ramus, i (kindred with radix, a root) a branch, ranun culus, i (f) (dim. of rana, a frog) crowfoot rhamnus, i (f) (Greek jfcfytvoc, buckthorn) buckthorn, ric inus, i (f) (fr. root phric, to rub) castor oil plant tor'cular, is (n) (fr. torqueo, to twist) a wine-press. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 123 EXERCISE XII. A. I. Medicus abortum curat 2. Animal absces- sum hepatis habet 3. Aqueductus Sylvii et cochleae. 4. In decubitu peritonitidis, 5, Inflammatio artuum manus. 6. Ictus solis est morbus systematis nervorum. 7. Monstrositates sunt lusus naturae. 8. Pronatores radii. 9. Venae et ductus foetus. 10. Foetus nisum feminae causat. B. i. A draught of tincture of valerian. 2. The branches and buds of fhe trees. 3. The bones of the head and the joints of the hands. 4. The surgeon has needles and apparatus. 5. The man has sunstroke. 6. The nerves of smell, hearing and taste. 7. Crowfoot and buckthorn are plants. 8. The bodies, arches, and pedicles of the vertebrae. 9. The position of the body in inflammation of the joints. 10. A bad (mala) mixture of the humors is the cause of disease, says (ait) Galen. It will be observed that the great majority of nouns of the fourth declension ending in us are of verbal origin, being derived from the supine or past participle. They denote the action expressed by the verb; thus, audio, to hear, auditus, hearing; sentio, to feel or sense a thing, sensus, sensation ; volo, to will or wish, vultus, that which expresses the will and desires, /. e. t the countenance. There are but few neuter nouns of this declension. They are all very ancient, being found in the oldest specimens of Latin. It is quite probable that many nouns originally belonging to the fourth declension were converted into nouns of the second or third declensions. 124 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Cornu, a horn (kindred with xepaz and German horn) is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn, cornu, a horn cor'nua, horns Gen. cornus, of a horn cor'nuum Dat. cor'nui cor'nibus Ace. cornu cor / nua Voc. cornu cor'nua Abl. cornu cor'nibus VOCABULARY XIII. genu, us (fr. same root as Greek fbw, a knee) a knee. passus, us (fr. pando, to pace) a pace, step. plexus, us (from plecto, to weave) a network of nerves or vessels. potus, us (fr. poto, to drink) a drink; drinking. proces'sus, us (from pro, forward, and cedo, to go) a pro- jection. prolap'sus, us (fr. pro, forward, and labor, to slip) a slip- ping forward. pulsus, us(fr. pello, to drive) a driving; the pulse. risus, tis (fr. rideo, to laugh) a laughing, smile. sexus, us (perhaps fr. seco, to divide, distinguish) sex. sinus, us (sinuo, to swell out like a sail) a fold, bay, gulf, cul-de-sac. situs, us (fr. sino, to locate) a location, site. singul'tus, us (from singuli, one by one, because of the broken sounds) hiccup, sobbing. spir'itus, us (fr. spiro, to breathe) breathing, spirit. subsul'tus, us (from sub, up from under, silio, to jump) jumping up, twitching. tactus, us (fr. tango, to touch) touching, feeling. tinni'tus, us (fr. tinnio, to tinkle) tinkling, ringing in ears. tractus, us (fr. traho, to draw) a tract, track. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 125 Iran' situs, us (from trans, across, and ire, to go) a going across; transit. victus, tis(fr. vivo, to live) what one lives on; victuals, visus, us (fr. video, to see) seeing; sense of sight, vom'itus, us (fr. vomo, to puke) vomiting, arcus, us (anciently arquus) a bow, arch. artus, us (fr. data, to join) a joint acus, us (f) (fr. acuo, to sharpen) a needle, lacus, us (Greek /cboroc, a pond) a lake, partus, us (fr. /tfra, to bring forth) parturition, birth argen turn, i (cf. Greek d-pyrfi, white, shining) silver, arse nium, i (fr. dparjv, a male) arsenic, arum, i (Greek apov, wake-robin) wild turnip. EXERCISE XIII. A. i. Balsamum copaibae est gonorrhoeae medi- cina. 2. Subsultus est symptoma morbi nervorum. 3. Medicus balnea calori febris dat 4. Quinina tinnitum aurium causat, aliquando vomitum. 5. Chirurgus sinum abscessus apparatu curat 6. In cerebro est plexus vena- rum, in abdomine plexus nervorum. 7. Viri aliquando cornua in capite habent. 8. Ossa processus et tubera habenL 9. Patella artus genus os est 10. Medicus potum aquae cum spiritu camphorae puellae dat B. i. The joint of the knee and the bones of the hand. 2. The man has a slipping forward of the eyes. 3. Abscesses have sinuses and tracts. 4. The site of the disease is in the liver. 5. The man has hiccup and a twitching of the muscles. 6. Spirits of aether and am- monia. 7. Salicin and quinine cause ringing of the ears. 8. Diseases of touch, vision, and taste. 9. The man gives food and drink to the woman. 10. Gold, silver and barium are metals (rnetalla). CHAPTER IX. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. THERE are a few nouns of the fifth declension used in medical literature. They all end in es, and form the genitive singular hi ft. All nouns of this declension are feminine except dies, a day, which is masculine. Only two nouns, die s, and res, a thing, are declined in all cases, both singular and plural. Res, a thing (kindred with faun, that which is spoken of) is declined as follows: SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. res, a thing res, things Cat. rei leiuin Dot. rei i rli IM Ace. ran res Voc. res res Abl. re rebus VOCABULARY XIV. a ties, e i (c Greek dc, an edge) an edge. balbu ties, e i (fr. balbus, stammering) stammering. calvi ties, ei (fr. calvus, adj. bald) baldness. card ties, e i (fr. canus, gray, kindred with xdat, to burn to ashes) ash color; grayness of hair. ca ries, e i (Sanskrit k&rkas, cancer) decay. fa ties, e i (ir.facio, to make) that which is formed; face. inglu'vies, e'i (in, in, gvla, gullet) the crop of birds. ma ties, e'i (fr. maceo, to be lean) leanness, wasting. molli ties, e'i (fr. mollis, soft) softening. ra bies, e i (fr. rabo, to rave) madness, hydrophobia. sa nies, e'i (fr. sanguis, blood) blood; fetid matter. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 127 sea tries, ?i (fr. scabo, to scratch) the itch. spe cies, e"i (fr. specie, to look) appearance, variety, look. spes, e^i (fr. spero, to hope) hope. superfi cies, e i (fr. super, upon, and focus, the face) upper face; surface. aspid ium, i (fr. Gk. aarafeov, a little shield) shield fern, auruxn, i (old Greek oSpov, gold, fr. &, to glitter) gold. bal neum, i (Greek jtaua&szo>, a bath) a bath, bal samum, i (Greek fltfhajinu, fragrant gum) hal^m ba rium, i (fr. Greek faffa, heavy) the metal barium, benzo inum, i (from Arabic bexsoak, a resin from styax) benzoin, cad miom, i (fr. xod/eExo, calamine, fr. CaJmos, Thebes, where calamine was first found) cadmium. EXEBQSB XIV. A. I. MoUhies ossium est morbus puerorum. 2. Ossa fedei et manns. 3. Caries ossium causat fluxum sanieL 4. Rabies est morbus anhnalhim. 5. Febris et phthisis maoem causant. 6. Scabies est species morbi cutis. 7. Canhies et calvities symptomata gptats sunt. 8. Benzoinum est mediana anginae. 9. Calor ictum solis (sun) causat, 10. Aves pennas, alas, et inglu\nes habent. B. i. He has softening and rottenness of the bones. 2. Grayness and baldness are diseases of the hair. 3. Itch is a disease of boys, rabies of dogs (caws}. 4. The surface of the bones of the face and head. 5. Tincture of benzoin and oleoresin of shdd fern, 6. The physician has no cadmium in his office. 7. A variety of animalcules causes itch. 8. Hope is nature's medicine. 9. The bloody matter of rotten bone. 10. Stammering and hiccup are t fatV f fr of the nerves. CHAPTER X. INDECLINABLE NOUNS. MANY words from languages having no declensions like those of Latin and Greek have been intro- duced into the pharmacopoeias of European countries. These are necessarily used like Latin words, but undergo no changes in the various cases. Indeclinable nouns are all assumed to be of the neuter gender. Thus, we should write alcohol fortius, not alcohol fortior. VOCABULARY XV. buchu, ind. (an African word) buchu. cat'echu, ind. (a Malay word, gatchkuah, boiled juice). kino, ind. (a word meaning juice) kino, kousso, ind. (an Abyssinian word) brayera. sago, ind. (a Malay word, sagu, pith) sago, sas'safras, ind. (a Spanish word, corrupted from Latin saxifragd) spleen wort. rubus, i (f ) (fr. ruber, red. " Blackh&rn&s are red when they are green") a blackberry bush, saccus, i (Greek vdxxoz, a bag) a sac. scirrhus, i(fr. oytppoi;, hard) a stone cancer, scopa rius, i (fr. scopes, twigs for making brooms) broom plant. somnus, i (fr. same root as Greek SJTVOC, sleep) sleep, stim'ulus, i (cf. Greek , to prick up) prodding; stimulant. stom'achus, i (fr. Gk. arofia, mouth, and />, to receive) that which receives from the mouth, gullet, stomach. succus, i (fr. sugo, to suck) juice. sulcus, i (fr. same root as Greek bjjcot;, a trench) a ditch, groove. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 129 syru'pus, i (Arabic sherab, rose water) syrup, caecum, i (neuter of adj. ccecus, blind) blind gut. cal'cium, i (fr. calx, lime) calcium, cancrum, i (fr. cancer, a cancer) canker, cap'sicum, i (fr. Greek xdTrra), to bite) Cayenne pepper, centrum, i (fr. Greek xevrpov, a sharp point) a centre, cera'tum, i (fr. cera, wax) a cerate, ce'rium, i (cf. x^ornyc, wax-stone) cerium, cerebellum, i (dim. of cerebrum] the little brain, cervix, i'cis (f) (allied to xdpa, head) neck, ceta'ceum, i (x^'roc, a whale) spermaceti, carbo, o'nis (m), charcoal, carbon. EXERCISE xv. A. i. Medicus unciam tincturae catechu diarrhceae dat. 2. Sago et fructus rubi cibus sunt. 3. Chirurgus succum limonis arthritidi dat. 4. E succo sambuci (sumach) est color ruber. 5. Femina scirrhum mammae habet. 6. Scoparius et buchu sunt medicamenta( medi- cines) renibus et vesicae. 7. Fructus, limones et pyra medicamenta scorbuto sunt. 8. Syrupus papaveris som- num et soporem causat. 9. Alcohol est stimulus cere- bri est systematis nervorum. 10. Vir octarium alcohol feminae dat. B. I. Bones have furrows, tuberosities and pro- cesses. 2. Syrup of hypophosphites is a medicine for wasting. 3. The blind gut and the stomach are in the belly. 4. The physician gives sulphide of calcium for carbuncles. 5. Oxalate of cerium is a remedy for vom- iting. 6. Castor and valerian are stimulants of the nerves. 7. There is a gallon of alcohol in the shop. 8. Flowers of kousso and turpentine are remedies for tapeworm. 9. The man has a gallon of tincture of catechu, a pound of sago, and an ounce of sassafras. IO. The muscles and vessels of the neck. CHAPTER XL DERIVATION OF NOUNS. BY means of suffixes new nouns may be formed from the stems of other nouns, adjectives, or verbs. /. Nouns derived from other nouns. Diminutives. Diminutives denote a small thing of the kind specified by the original word; thus, from cauda, a tail, we have caudicula, a little tail. The gender of the derivatives thus formed is usually the same as that of the primitives. The following are the usual diminutive terminations: MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. -ulus -ula -ulum -culus -cula -culum -olus -ola -olum -ellus -ella -ellum Examples: Lobus, a lobe, lobulus, a little lobe, a lobule; rana, a frog, ranula, a little frog; ovum, an egg, ovulum, a little egg. If the primitive is of the third, fourth, or fifth declen- sions, the diminutive is formed by adding culus or iculus, a, um; thus, auris (f), an ear, auricula, a little ear, exter- nal ear; os (n), a bone, ossiculum, a little bone (of ear); funis (m), a rope, funiculus, a little rope, a string, cord. -olus and -ellus, a, um, are used in forming diminu- tives of all declensions ; thus, gladius, a sword, gladiolus, a little sword; modius, a round measure, modiolus, a little cylindrical measure; hordeum, a barley corn, hordeolum, a little barley corn, a stye; vita, life, vitellns, a little life, yolk of an egg; fons (f), a fountain, fontinella, a little fountain (fontenelle). THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 131 Sometimes, when the diminutive makes a very long word it is contracted. The regular diminutive of corona, a crown, would be coronella, but that is shortened into corolla, a little crown, the colored part of a flower. -arium added to the root of a noun denotes the place where the primitive abounds ; thus, from ovum, an egg, we have ovarium, an egg basket, an ovary. VOCABULARY XVI. sac'culus, i (dim. of saccus, a bag) a little sack, saccule. ventric'ulus, i (dim. of venter, the belly) a little belly, infundib'ulum, i (dim. of in/undo, a funnel) a little funnel, mandib'ulum, i (dim. oimando, a glutton) little glutton; lower jaw-bone. poc'ulum, i (dim. from 7:6(0, to drink) a cup. retinac'ulum, i (dim. form from re, back, teneo, to hold) retainer, gubernac'ulum, i (dim. of gubernator, a pilot) a cord which guides the testis of the foetus to the scrotum. spec'ulum, i (dim. fr. specie, to look) a mirror, speculum, spirac'ulum, i (dim. fr. spiro, to breathe) a small pore of the skin. tenac'ulum, i (dim. fr. teneo, to hold) a small hook, tuber'culum, i (dim. of tuber, a tuberosity) a tubercle, vehic'ulum, i (dim. fr. veho, to carry) a vehicle, vestib'ulum, i (dim. fr. vestis, a garment) the place where garments are taken off on entering a house; vestibule, bicarbo'nas, a'tis (m) (from bis, twice, carbo, charcoal) bicarbonate, bichro'mas, a'tis (m) (fr. bis, twice, chromium} bichromate. 132 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. bombax, a'cis (f) (from /36/49a, What the deuce is this?) cotton tree, bubo, o'nis (m) (fr. Greek /9oy/3o>v, the groin) an indurated inguinal gland, buccina'tor, o'ris (m) (fr. bucina, a trumpet) a trumpeter; muscle of cheek, cali'go, ig'inis (f) (kindred with halo, a mist) dimness of vision. calx, calcis (m) (cf. Gk. /a^', cement) lime, canth'aris, idis (f ) (Gk. xavdapiz, a beetle) Spanish fly. cor, cordis (n) (cf. Sansk. hrid, the heart) heart, carbo'las, a'tis (m) (fr. carbolicus, carbolic) carbolate. carbo'nas, atis (m) (fr. carbo, carbon) carbonate, caro, carnis (f) (cognate with xpsa^,} flesh. EXERCISE XVI. A. i. Cor auriculas et ventriculos habet. 2. Renes infundibula habent, mandibulum alveolos habet. 3. Syru- pus aurantii vehiculum est. 4. In foetu sunt guber- nacula testum. 5. Tubercula in pulmonibus. 6. Chir- rurgus specula et tenacula habet. 7. Medicus sodii benzoatem diphtheriae dat. 8. Borax cum melle est medicamentum cancro. 9. Bubones sunt aliquando symptomata syphilidis. 10. Musculi cordis non strias habet. B. i. The flesh of animals is food for men. 2. Bi- carbonate of soda is a remedy for acid in the stomach. 3. Charcoal is a medicine for dyspepsia. 4. Gonorrhoea sometimes causes buboes. 5. The physician gives borax for aphthae. 6. The skin has hairs and perspiratory pores. 7. The lower jaw is a bone of the face. 8. The ear has a vestibule and small bones. 9. The boy has tubercles in his lungs. 10. A cup of water and a pint of alcohol. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 133 //. Nouns derived from adjectives. These are generally formed by adding -etas, -itas, -tus or -tudo, all of the third declension, to the stem of the adjective. They are, as a rule, abstract nouns, and denote the condition of being expressed by the primitive like the English suffixes ity y ty, tude, and ness. Thus we may form from levis, light, levitas, lightness, levity; acelus, soured, acetas, sourness, acetate; altus, high, altitudo, height, altitude; juvenis, young, juventus, youth. ///. Nouns derived from verbs. These are concrete nouns and are formed, usually, by adding -or, -tor, -men or -mentum to the stem of the verb. -or, -oris, added to the stem of a supine, denotes that which performs the action expressed by the primitive; thus, from the supine depressum, from deprimo, to press down, we have depressor, that which presses down. -men, -minis, denotes that to which the action ex- pressed by the verb belongs; thus, fromfluo, to flow, we \ia.vQflumen, a flowing, a current. -mentum, i, denotes the passive instrument of the action expressed by the verb ; thus, from ligo, to bind, we get ligamentum, that by which a thing is bound, a liga- ment. -tia r6re/>oc) which of the two. solus, a, um (irreg.) (perhaps fr. cttoc, whole) sole, alone. totus, a, um (irreg.) (unknown) whole, aromat'icus, a, um (fr. Greek apaipa, an odor) aromatic, cine'reus, a, um (fr. tints, ashes) ash-colored, ashy, clarus, a, um (fr. same root as Ger. klar) clear, renowned, clin'icus, a, um (fr. Greek x/u^, a bed) clinical, complex'us, a, um (from cum, together, and plecto, to weave) woven together; complex, compos'itus, a, um (from cum, together, pono, to place) composite, compound, conca'vus, a, um (from cum, completely, cavus, hollow) completely hollow; concave, contu'sus, a, um (from cum, together, tundo, to break) bruised. cauda'tus. a, um (fr. cauda, a tail) having a tail; caudate, corrosi'vus, a, um (from con, intensive, rodo, to gnaw) corrosive. critlcus, a, um (fr. xpivco, to decide) deciding; critical, crucif'erus, a, um (fr. crux, a cross, fero, to bear) bearing a cross. pars, partis (f ) (fr. pario, to divide) a part, portion, par, is (n) (unknown) equal; a pair, hilum, i (cf. nihilum, nothing) a little thing; a seed point. hydrar'gyrum, i (udiop, water, dipfupov, silver) quick- silver, mercury. il'eum, i (fr. Gk. e$eoc, twisted) third part small intestine. il'ium, i (same as ileum) haunch bone. EXERCISE XX. A. I. Medicus drachmam hydrargyri chloridi cor- rosivi habet. 2. In officina est nullus acetas sodii. 3. Ileum pars intestini parvi. 4. Sunt duo (two) renes, THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 143 alter in dextra est, alter in sinistra. 5. Octarius tinc- turae gentianae compositae. 6. Spiritus ammoniac aro- maticus est clavo medicamentum. 7. In abdomine est axis coeliacus arteriarum. 8. Syrupus codeinae clarus est. 9. In sanitate, color pulmonum cinereus est. 10. In hepate sunt lobus caudatus et lobus Spigelii. B. i . The body is not the whole man. 2. Some (nonnullus) things are of neither sex. 3. No man has two lives. 4. One ounce of aromatic spirit of ammonia. 5 . A gallon of carbonic acid. 6. The haunch-bone is a part of the basin. 7, Bichlorides are corrosive salts. 8. The brain is a complex part of the body. 9. In the head are pairs of nerves. 10. The whole body is the work of nature. //. Adjectives of the third declension. Adjectives of the third declension may be divided into three classes, according to the number of endings in the nominative singular. i . Adjectives having three endings in the nominative singular : er masculine, is feminine, and e neuter. Puter, rotten (from puteo, to stink) is declined as follows: SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Norn. puter putris putre Gen. putris putris putris Dot. putri putri putri Ace. putrem putrem putre Voc. puter putris putra Abl. putri putri putri 144 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. PLURAL. MASCULINE FEMININE. Nom. putres putres Gen. pu'trium pu / trium Dat. pu'tribus pu'tribus Ace. putres putres Voc. putres putres Abl. pu'tribus pu'tribus NEUTER. pu / tria pu / trium pu'tribus pu'tria pu'tria pu'tribus VOCABULARY XXI. palus'ter, tris, tre (fr. palus, a swamp) marshy, salu'ber, bris, bre (fr. salus, safety) safe, healthy, sylves'ter, tris, tre (from sylva, a forest) growing with woods; sylvan. vol'ucer, cris, ere (fr. volo, to fly) winged; flying, curvus, a, um (fr. same root as xupTbz, crooked) curved, despuma'tus, a, um (from de, out from, spuma, froth) clarified. dilu'tus, a, um (fr. dis, apart, and luo, to wash) dilute, diur'nus, a, um (fr. dies, a day) diurnal, domes'ticus, a, um (fr. domus, a house) domestic, dras'ticus, a, um (fr. Greek dpda), to be active) active, durus, a, um (Sansk. du, to grieve, hurt) hard, elas'ticus, a, um (from Greek iXauva), to drive) stretching, elastic, elec'tricus, a, um (fr. yhx-cpov, amber, in which electricity was first observed) electric, equi'nus, a, um (fr. equus, a horse) belonging to a horse; equine. cydo'nium, i (from Kudcovia, Cydonia, a city of Crete) a quince, decoc'tum, i (fr. de, from, coqueo, to cook) a decoction. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 145 deliq'uium, i (from deliquo, to be lost) loss of conscious- ness; fainting. delphin'ium, i (fr. Greek detyiz, a dolphin) larkspur. dorsum, i (cf. retrorsum, backward) the back. dracon'tium, i (fr. Spdxcav, a dragon) skunk-cabbage. efflu'vium, i (fr. ex, out, and fluo, to flow) a miasm. elate'rium, i (fr. IXawca, to drive) elaterium. emplas'trum, i (from Iv, upon, and nXdaaa), to mould) a plaster. extrac'tum, i (fr. ex, out, and traho, to draw) an extract. cinis, eris (m) (cf. xd6c, fat) lard, lignum, i (kindred with ligo, to bind) fire wood, wood, linum, i (Greek Mvov, flax) flax, lith'ium, i (fr. Greek tidoi;, a stone) lithium. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 157 EXERCISE XXV. A. I. Musculi faciales et dorsales multi sunt. 2. Musculus longissimus dorsi major est longo muculo colli. 3. Libra sulphuris loti et drachma nasturtii gem- marum. 4. In vulva feminae sunt labia majora et minora. 5. Tinctura cannabis Indicae est stimulus nervorum. 6. Levatores labii superioris sunt musculr faciales. 7. Musculus latissimus dorsi est depressor acromii. 8. Infusum lactucarii soporem causat. 9. In vagina sunt labia et cervix uteri. 10. Caput foetale maris majus est quam caput foetale femininum. B. i. Quinine and aconite are very good medicines for febrile diseases. 2. River water is good for drinking and baths. 3. The bones of birds are more fragile than those of cats and dogs. 4. The outer surface of the frontal bone is smooth. 5. The small gut is longer than the large. 6. Infusion of digitalis is a medicine for dis- eases of the heart. 7. The extending muscle of the "smallest" (little) finger. 8. The physician gives a flax seed poultice to the boy. 9. Carbonate of lithium is diuretic. 10. Itch is a bad disease, syphilis is worse, but leprosy the worst of all. CHAPTER XIV. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. "XTUMERAL* adjectives are of three kinds, viz., i ^1 cardinals, ordinals, and distributives. From numeral adjectives numeral adverbs are derived. NUMERAL CARDINALS. ORDINALS. DISTRIBUTIVES. ADVERBS. Unus, j primus, first sin / guli, one by one semel, once Duo, ij secun / dus, second bini, two by two bis, twice Tres, iij ier'this, third, etc. terni, three by three ter, thrice Quatuor, iv quartus quater'ni quater^wr times Quinque. v qumtus quini quin'quies Sex, vj sextus seni sex'ties Septem, vij sep^imus septe'ni sep / ties Octo, viij octa / vus octc/ni oc'ties Novem, ix nonus nove / ni no / nies Decem, x dec / imus deni de'cies Un'decim, xj undec'imus unde'ni unde / cies Duod'ecim, xij duodec / imus duode'ni duode / cies Tre / decim, xiij ter'tius dec / imus terni deni terde'cies Quatuor'decim, xiv quartus dec'imus quater'ni deni quatuorde'cies Quin'decim, xv quintus dec'imus quini deni quinde'cies Se'decim, xvj sextus dec / imus seni deni sede'cies Septen'decim, xvij sep / timus dec'imus septe'ni deni de x cies et sep'ties Vigin'ti, xx vices / simus vice'ni vi-'cies Quinquagin'ta, 1 quinquages / simus quinquage'ni quinqua'gies Centum, c centes'simus cente'ni cen x ties Mille, m milles'simus milk'ni mi^lies * Numervs t a number, comes from an Aryan root, nam, meaning to divide. It may interest the student to know that the names of numerals in all languages are derived by metaph'or. Thus, one, Greek hen, Latin unus, and German tin, are all derived from the root of the first personal pronoun /. The word two, Greek and Latin duo, is from the root of the second personal pronoun, cf. German Du, Greek and Latin te, tuus. Five, Greek pente, Latin quingue, German fuenf, are all akin to the Sansk. pant, the hand, which has five fingers. The Greek deca, ten, and Latin dece-m, con- tain the same root as the Greek dactylos and Latin digitus, finger, the ten fingers be- ing thus the foundation of the decimal system. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 159 Unus, one, is declined throughout, of course only in the singular, like an irregular adjective of the first and second declensions. (See declension of alius, p. 141.) Duo, two, is declined as follows: MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Norn, duo duae duo Gen. duo'rum dua'rum duo / rum Dat. duo'bus dua'bus duo'bus Ace. duos or o duas duo Voc. duo duae duo Abl. duo'bus dua'bus duo / bus Tres, three, is declined like an adjective of two end- ings of the third declension; thus, tres, tria; trium, trium, etc. All other cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions. Distributives are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions in the plural, but form the geni- tive masculine and neuter in um instead of o'rum; thus, masculine bini, feminine binae, neuter, bina, nominative; binum, binarum, binum, genitive, etc. There is also a class of multiplicatives ending in plex from pltco, to fold; thus, simplex (semelplex) single, duplex, double, triplex, triple, quadruplex, fourfold, etc. VOCABULARY XXVI. or'ganum, i (fr. Greek ovf-eta, to work) a tool, organ. os'tium, i (fr. 0s, a mouth) an entrance. ox'idum, i (fr. <3?uc, sour) an oxide. pab'ulum, i (fr. pascor, to graze) fodder, nutriment. pala'tum, i (fr. balato, to bleat) the palate. palla'dium, i (fr. /7o//, to see) optic. oxal'icus, a, um (fr. daM<;, sorrel) oxalic. pal'lidus, a, um (fr, palleo, to be pale) pallid, pathet icus, a, um (fr. xddoz, feeling, emotion, disease) pathetic. paucus, a, um (kindred with parum, little) few. planus, a, um (fr. contract, of placnus, Germ, platz, an open place) level. posti'cus, a, um (fr. postea, behind) posterior. purus, a, um (fr. a root/, meaning to clean) pure, muli ebris, e (fr. mulier, a woman) belonging to woman, nob'ilis, e (fr. gnosco, to know) learned, noble. occidenta'lis, s (fr. occidens, settling down of the sun) western. EXERCISE XXVI. A. i . Homo, jecinorem unum, lentes duas, et or- gana multa habet. 2. Patheticus est nervus quartus THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 161 cranii. 3. Pilulae duae ter in die. 4. Lumbago est neuralgia musculorum dorsalium. 5. Nervus opticus est nervus secundus cranii. 6. In cranio sunt ossa octo, in facie quatuordecim. 7. Nervi tertii, quarti et sexti cranii sunt motores oculi. 8. Portio mollis nervi septimi cran- ialis est nervus auditorius. 9. Peroneus tertius est musculus cruris. 10. Plumbum est metallum grave. B. I. Oleoresin of mandrake. 2. In the forearm is the long flexor of the first finger. 3. The eight bones of the carpus. 4. The third bone of the little finger. 5. The plane bone of the orbit. 6. Oxalic acid is bitter. 7. In sour milk there is lactic acid. 8. There are two hundred bones in the body. CHAPTER XV. DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES. "F^ERIVATIVE adjectives are formed principally -L-' from nouns and verbs. i . Adjectives derived from nouns are called denomi- tives, and are formed by adding suffixes to the stem of the noun. -eus, a, um, and -inus, a, urn, denote material or resemblance, like the English suffixes ous and en. Examples: Aureus, golden, from aurum, gold; piceus, pitchy, from pix, pitch; adaman'tinus, adaman- tine, from adamas, adamant. -a' Us, e ; -a'ris, e ; -a'rius, a, um; -o'rius, a, um; -i'lis, e ; -at* His, e; -ic'ius, a, um; -icus, a, um; -ius, a, um; -i'nus, a, um. The above suffixes signify belonging or pertaining to the thing denoted by the noun. Examples : Fcetalis, pertaining to the foetus ; alaris, pertaining to a wing; salivarius, pertaining to spittle; tinctorius, pertaining to dyers; senilis, pertaining to an old man ; saxatilis, belonging to the rocks ; patricius, be- longing to the father; pulmonicus, belonging to a lung; vesicatorius, pertaining to a blister; equinus, pertaining to a horse. Observation : The termination -inus, a, um belongs especially to animals. Thus, we have felinus, feline, cat- like; elephanlinus, from elephas. -o'sus, a, um; -len'tus, a, um, denote abounding in the thing expressed by the noun. Examples: Nervosus, abounding in nerves; viru- lentus, abounding in poison. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 163 -en' sis, e; -a'nus, a, um, attached to the stems of the names of places, denote belonging to a place. Examples: Chinensis, belonging to China; Vir- ginianus, belonging to Virginia. -a'tus, a, um, denotes furnished with the thing desig- nated by the noun. Examples: Barbatus, having a beard; pinnatus, having wings; vertebratus, furnished with vertebrae; ven- enatus, furnished with poison; cornutus, furnished with horns. 2. Adjectives derived from verbs are called verbals, and are usually formed by means of the following suffixes: -bundus, a, um, added to the stem of a verb, has a strengthened meaning of the present participle in ns, English ing. Example: From morior, to die, we have moribun- dus, about to die, moribund. -idus, a, um; -uus, a, um, added to the stems of neuter verbs to denote the quality expressed by the verb. Examples : From valeo, to be of worth, validus, of value; from noceo, to be harmful, noccuus, injurious. -ilis, e ; -bilis, e, added to. the stem of a verb, denote capability or desert. Examples: From duco, to lead or draw, ductilis, capable of being drawn ; from retraho, to retreat, retract- ilis, capable of being drawn back ; from texo, to weave, textilis, capable of being woven; from volo, to fly away, volatilis, capable of flying away ; from horreo, to frighten, horribilis, capable of frightening. -a'tus, -e'tus, -itus, i'tus, terminations of past parti- ciples, equivalent to English -ed. Examples: Perfero, to perforate, perforates, per- forated; aceo, to be sour, acetum, soured; soleo, to 164 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. be accustomed, solitus, accustomed ; partio, to divide, partitus, divided. -ns is the termination of present participle, English -ing; thus, from repo, to creep, repens, creeping. VOCABULARY XXVII. cosmet'icus, a, um (fr. Greek xoapea), to adorn) cosmetic, grac'ilis, e (Sanskrit gca, thin) slender, graceful, gravis, e (cognate with ftapbt;, heavy) heavy, iner'mis, e (in, without, arma, arms) unarmed, inguina'lis, e (fr. inguen, the groin) inguinal, intercostalis, e (from inter, between, costa, rib) between the ribs, interspina'lis, e (fr. inter, between, spina, spine) between the spinous processes, jugula'ris, e (fr.jugulum, the neck) jugular, lactea'lis, e (fr. lac, milk) lacteal, letha'lis, e (fr. Gk. Mjdr], the river from which the souls of the dead drank causing them to forget the past) deadly. mala'ris, e (fr. mala, the cheek) malar, marginalis, e (fr. margo, a border) marginal, mola'ris, e (fr. mola, a millstone) molar (tooth), morta'lis, e (fr. mors, death) deadly, matu'rus, a, um (kindred with mater, mother) ripe, media'nus, a, um (fr. medius, middle) median, mor'bidus, a, um (fr. morbus, a disease) diseased, novus, a, um (cognate with Woe, new) new. obliq'uus, a, um (from ob, against, and a root lak, to lean) slanting. lycopo'dium, i (fr. Mxoc, a wolf, jroDc, foot) wolf's foot, meco'nium, i (fr. pyxtov) poppy juice) contents of foetal intestine. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 165 membrum, i (kind. w. membrana, a membrane) member, men'struum, i (fr. mensis, monthly purgation) a vehicle or solvent. mollus'cum, i (fr. mollis, soft) a mollusc, momen'tum, i (fr. moveo, to move) moving force, monstrum, i (fr. moneo, to warn) evil omen ; a monstrosity oleum, i (fr. oliva, olive, fr. which oleum was obtained) oil. crista, se (fr. same root as crinis, hair) crest, topknot, gallus, i (fr. root gar, to call garlus) a cock. EXERCISE XXVII. A. i. Epilepsia gravior est morbus horribilis. 2. Crista galli est pars ossis ethmoidalis. 3. Ossa crani- alia immobilia sunt. 4. Taeniae sunt inermes, nanae, latae, et sagittatae. 5. Bubo est inflammatio glandis inguinalis. 6. Dosis lethalis opii est de granis tribus ad grana viginti. 7. Os malare, dentes molares. 8. Vir est homo masculus. 9. ' Columna spinalis est linea corporis mediana. 10. Virus morbidum rabiem caninum causat. B. i. In the ovaries there are ovules, in the uterus an e gg- 2. In morbid poison there are pathogenetic bacteria. 3. The external oblique muscle of the abdo- men. 4. In the gut of the fcetus there is meconium. 3. The virile member of a man. 6. Gold and silver have I none. 7. Contagious mollusc is a disease of the skin. 8. Oil of clove and bitter almond. 9. The birth of a monstrosity is a cause of tears. 10. Oleo-resin of male fern. CHAPTER XVI. PRONOUNS. THE regular third personal pronoun, is, ea, id, he, she, it, is seldom used in medical Latin, idem, eadem, idem, the same, being preferred. Idem is declined as follows : MASCULINE. Nom. idem Gen. ejus / dem Dat. ei / dem Ace. eun^em Abl. eo^em MASCULINE. Nom. i^dem Gen. eorun / dem Dat. eis'dem Ace. eos'dem Abl. eis^em SINGULAR. FEMININE, e'aden ejus'dem ei'dem ean / dem ea'dem PLURAL. FEMININE. eae / dem earun / dem eis'dem eas / dem eis'dem NEUTER, idem ejus'dem ei'dem idem eo'dem NEUTER. e'adem eorun'dem eis'dem e'adem eis'dem The relative qui, quae, quod, who, which, is thus declined : MASCULINE. Nom. qui Gen. cujus Dat. cui Ace. quern Abl. quo SINGULAR. FEMININE, quae cujus cui quam qua NEUTER, quod cujus cui quod quo THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 167 PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. Nom, qui quae Gen. quorum quarum Dat. quibus quibus Ace. quos quas Abl. quibus quibus NEUTER, quae quorum quibus quae quibus The demonstratives hie, haec, hoc, this (near us), and ille, ilia, illud, that (yonder), like adjectives, agree with the nouns which they limit in gender number and case. When two things are mentioned hie is applied to the lat- ter, and ille to the former; thus, vir et puella, haec est pulchra, ille, fortis. " The man and the girl, the latter is beautiful, the former brave." MASCULINE. Nom, hie Gen. hujus Dat. huic Ace. hunc Voc. hie Abl. hoc MASCULINE. Nom. hi Gen. horum his Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. hi his MASCULINE. Nom. ille Gen. illi'us illi ilium ille Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. illo 12 SINGULAR. FEMININE, haec hujus huic hanc haec hac PLURAL. FEMININE, hae harum his has hae his SINGULAR. FEMININE, ilia illi'us illi illam ilia ilia NEUTER, hoc hujus huic hoc hoc hoc NEUTER, haec horum his haec haec his NEUTER, illud illi'us illi illud illud illo 168 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Norn. illi illae ilia Gen. illo'rum illa'rum illo'rum Dat. illis illis illis Ace. illos illas ilia Voc. illi illae ilia Abl. illis illis illis VOCABULARY XXVIII. cochlea're, is (n) (fr. Greek xoykia$, a small shell) a shell, a spoon. princip'ium, i (fr primum, first capio, to take) a begin- ning, puden'dum, i (future part, of pudeo, to be ashamed) of which one should be ashamed, genitalia. punctum, i (fr. pungo, to prick) a point, pyr'ethrum, i (fr. xup, fire, fever, Ipodpoz, red) " fever few." quadriho'rium, i (from quartus, a fourth, horn, hour) a quarter of an hour. rectum, i (fr. rego, to lead straight) straight, straightgut. regnum, i (fr. rego, to lead) a reign, kingdom, reme'dium, i (fr. re, again, medeor, to heal) a remedy. rheum, i (fr. Rha, a name for the river Volga) rhubarb. rostrum, i (fr. rodo, to gnaw or pick) a beak, muzzle, scammo'nium, i (fr. Greek ffxa/tfuovia, bind-weed, from ffxdftftoc, crooked) scammony. scrotum, i (cogn. w. %6peov, a hide) pouch, bag of a male, matrix, I'cis (f) (fr. mater, mother) the nourishing part, womb, root. mucila'go, mis (f ) (fr. mucus, Gk. /MJXOZ, mucus) mucilage. nox, noctis (f) (from Aryan nak, destroy; cf. Greek vu, night) night. nux, nucis (f ) (kind. w. nutrio, to nourish) a nut, kernel. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 169 prsepara'tus, a, urn (part. fr. prczparo, prepare) prepared, profun'dus, a, um (pro, out from,fundits, depth) deep, purifica'tus (fr. purus, pure, f ado, to make) made pure, quadra'tus, a, um (fr. quatuor, four) square, quantus, a, um (fr. quam, as) as much as. quarta'nus, a, um (fr. quartus, fourth) belonging to the fourth day. quotidia'nus, a, um (fr. quotidies, every day) quotidian, oc'ciput, itis (n) (fr. ob, opposite, caput, the head) base of the head. os, oris (f ) (fr. Aryan sas, to live, breathe) the mouth, orbicula'ris, e (fr. orbis, a circle) circular, orbita'lis, e (fr. orbita, the orbit, fr. orbis, a circle) orbital, ova'lis, e (fr. ovum, an egg) egg-shaped, palma'ris, e (fr. palma, the palm) palmar, parieta'lis, e (fr. paries, a wall, fr. pario, to divide) parietal, pectora'lis, e (fr. pectus, the chest, breast) pectoral, peren'nis, e (fr. per, through, annus, the year) perennial, living throughout the years, planta'ris, e (fr. planta, the sole) plantar, rec'ipe (verb) ((re, again, capio, to take) take (imperative) EXERCISE XXVIII. A. i. Recipe cochleare medium cretae preparatae nocte. 2. Pudenda maris sunt penis, pubes et scrotum. 3. In conjunctiva sunt puncta lachrymalia. 4. Recipe cochleare magnum spiritus frumenti omni quadrihorio. 5. Rectum est pars tertia magni intestini. 6. Saccharum lactis dulce est. 7. In naso est rostrum vomeris. 8. Oleum santali est remedium gonorrhceae. 9. Muci- lago est vehiculum utile. 10. Flexor profundus digito- rum est musculus cubiti. 170 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. B. I. The square lobe of the liver. 2. The sick man has a daily fever. 3. The occipital bone is the lowest in the skull. 4. Compound pills of iron are officinal. 5. The circular muscles of the mouth. 6. In the orbit there are sutures, grooves, and fissures. 7. The oval hole of the foetal heart. 8. The long palmar muscle is a flexor. 9. The plantar muscle is a flexor of the toes. 10. The violet and the rose are perennial plants. CHAPTER XVII. THE VERB. A FULL discussion of the Latin verb is a subject outside of the province of this book. We will, accordingly, limit our study to those parts of the verb employed in prescription writing. In the active voice, the imperative second person singular, and the subjunctive third person singular, are the only parts used. In the passive voice, the infinitive, the third person singular subjunctive, the gerund or future participle, and past participle, are the only parts employed. For ex- ample, take agita're, to shake; we may use in the active voice the imperative agita, shake (thou), and the sub- junctive third person singular, agitet, let him shake. In the passive voice we may use the infinitive agitari, to be shaken; the subjunctive third person singular, agitetiir, let it be shaken; the gerund, agitandus, -a, -um, (est), it should be shaken ; and the past participle, agitatus, -a, -um, shaken. i. The ^Conjugations : There are four conjugations or methods of inflecting the verb, depending upon the vowel which precedes the ending re of the present infini- tive active. Verbs whose present infinitive active ends in: are, are of the first conjugation, ere, are of the second conjugation. 6re, are of the third conjugation. Ire, are of the fourth conjugation. 172 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 2. The imperative active second person singular is used in giving directions to the dispenser, and is formed by dropping the termination re of the infinitive. Examples: Agita'r^, to shake (ist conj.) ag*ita, shake (thou). Admove're, to apply (ad conj.) admc/ve, apply (thou). Ad/dett?, to add (3d conj.) ad'de, add (thou). Parti're, to divide (4th conj.)/ar/t, divide (thou). 3. The subjunctive active third person singular is formed by adding the following terminations to the stem of the verb: In the first conjugation, (et), thus, ag'itet, let him shake. In the second conjugation, (eat), thus, admove / at, let him apply. In the third conjugation, (at), thus, addat, let him add. In the fourth conjugation, (iat), thus, partiat, let him divide. 4. The infinitive passive is formed in all conjuga- tions except the third by changing the final e of the infinitive active to i. Thus, agitari, to be shaken ; moveri, to be moved, etc. In the third conjugation the infinitive passive is formed by adding i to the root, as addi, to be added. 5. The passive of the subjunctive third person singular is formed by adding ur to the subjunctive; thus, agitet'ur, let it be shaken, admovea'tur, let it be applied. 6. The future passive participle or gerund is formed in the four conjugations by adding to the stem of the verb, -andus, -a, -urn, -endus, -endus, and -iendus, respect- ively; thus, agitandus, about to be shaken, admovendus, etc. The uses of the different parts of the verb are illus- trated in the following prescription : Recipe, Pulveris Jalapae compositae unciam, Potassii Bitartratis uncias duas. Misce. Ejusdem capiat seger cochleare parvum nocte maneque donee anasarca curari videatur, dein pne- scribe pilulas ferri compositas quarum duae ter in die sumendae sunt. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 1 | *^j ^ ^ IA. 1 "^ - s ' 0) f. x M -S g 2 5 iT "5 g jT Ig-p M > g f a miscer mover C D, i ui 5 | o ij* i O if ~ L^l j u > ^ uj -S 1 - u i^ 3 > * y = 'rt i; 5 - - 10 ^ M < o. 73 ^ ta > 3 rt rt u cieatui exhibe = G miscea movea I K i | .,; . <* | c V N 1 1 1 'C IS 1 1 1 a ~5 1 1 .8 5 1 8 ^ rt 4_j T2 '% 13 u j tao > 3 S rt o t5 D 'G -^ "p rt 4J ,_2 miscea movea 1 S UJ O . 6 3 ^ > V %J uj 1* C .5 ^ J u B ^ p u r 1 g_ < -/; S -3 "B 1 'I I f 5 ?o increase o avoid i | 1 < v ? S S ^. to mix to stir eo^o answer 1 ^ 2 y -J "i S a 3 2 .*-. o iu <3uwss 174 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY XXIX. sebum, i (Sansk. stavara, hard fat) oily secretions of skin. semicu'pium, i (semi, half, cubo, to lie down) a half bath, hip bath. septum, i (fr. sepio, to fence in) a fence, partition, seques'trum, i (fr. sequor, to follow) a remnant, piece of dead bone. serum, i (cf. bp6$, serum) watery part of milk or blood, signum, i (fr. signo, to mark) a label, sign, spectrum, i (fr. specio, to look) an image, sputum, i (fr. spuo, to spit) spittle, stannum, i (stagnum, an alloy of silver and lead) tin. sternum, i (Greek arepvov, breast-bone) breast-bone, stib'ium, i (fr. Greek c, a pivot) polar. o'pium, i (Greek o~tov y poppy juice) opium. pons, pontis (m) (cogn. with Traro^, a path) a bridge. prsepu'tium, i (from prte, before, xoadiov, foreskin, first found in Satires of Juvenal) foreskin. praescrip'tio, 6'nis (f ) (from prce, before, scribo, to write) prescription. EXERCISE XXX. A. i. Recipe magnesii sulphatis drachmas duas, et pulveris glycyrrhizae drachmam unam. 2. Fiant chartulae sex. 3. Signa, "Sumat aeger unam bis in die." 4. Urat asthmaticus folia stramonii et tabaci. 5. Oleum tanaceti est medicamentum abortifaciens. 6. Recipe florum sambuci libras duas, coque in aquae octoriis quatuor, foveantur eodem decocto saepius in die, caput, facies, oculi, aliaeque partes, erysipelate tentatae. 7. Oleum tiglii est catharticum drasticum. 8. Recipe codeinae grana sex, extracti hyoscyami grana quatuor, camphorae monobromatae grana duodecim, tere et com- misce, fiat massa. 9. Eadem in pilulas decem partienda est. 10. Signa, " Degluiat aegra unam earundum omni bihorio donee dormiat. B. i . The tendon of Achilles is the strongest cord of the body. 2. The sciatic nerve is the seat of disease. 3. The sclerotic covering of the eye is white and hard. 4. The great serrated muscle of the trunk. 5. Let the patient (&ger) drink an ounce of whisky. 6. Let him swallow warm water with mustard until he vomits. 7. Take of chalk mixture and of paregoric an ounce. 8. Mix together and mark, " Shake, and let the infant (infans) take a teaspoonful every three hours." 9. Put a mustard plaster over his stomach. 10. Give him a quar- ter of a grain of morphine. CHAPTER XVIII. ADVERBS. A D VERBS may be divided into two classes, primitive -^A- and derivative. I. The primitive adverbs are few in number, and in many cases are cognate with prepositions, or with slight changes are employed as prepositions. The following are the principal primitive adverbs : ante (kindred with Gk. avreet, before) before. eras (ety. unknown) to-morrow. dein, thereupon. heri (cf. hestertus, of yesterday, Ger. gesterri) yesterday. ibi (cf. is) there. in'terim (cf. inter, between) meanwhile. ita (cf. ista, that) so. juxta (cf.jungo, to join) near by. jam (cf. Germany) already. nunquam (ne, not, usquam, ever) never. nunc, (num-ce) now. postea (fr. post, after) afterward. quum (allied to qui, which) when. satis (unknown) enough. sic (fr. si, if) so. tune (tum-ce) then. ubi (analogue of /&') where. vix (fr. root vtg, strength) requiring strength ; hardly. II. Derivative adverbs are usually formed from nouns or adjectives. i. Adverbs are derived from nouns: (a) By adding the suffix im or atim to the stem, thus forming adverbs of manner. 180 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Examples : From status, a standing point, we have statim, from the place where one stands, immediately; from gradus, a step, gradatim, by steps, gradually ; from gutta, a drop, guttatim, by drops, drop by drop. (fr) The ablative case of many nouns is used adverbially. Thus we have mane, in the morning, (nom. wanting); nocte, at night, from nox; and hodie, to-day, from hoc die, on this day. 2. Adverbs are derived from adjectives: (a) By adding e to the stem of the adjectives. Examples : From cautus, careful, we have caute, carefully; from jucundus, pleasant, we have jucunde, pleasantly; from plenus full, we have plene, fully, from scepis, frequent, we have scspe, often. In a few instances the vowel of the adverbial stem differs from that of the adjective; thus we have bene, well, from benus, an old form of bonus, good. (^) The ablative case, masculine, oi some adjec- tives, is used adverbially* Examples : From citus, quick, we have cito, quickly ; from creber, frequent, crebro, frequently ; and from tutus, safe, tuto, safely. VOCABULARY XXXI. unguen'tum, i (fr. un'gere, to anoint) ointment, vac uum, i (fr. vacuus, empty) an empty space, velum, i (vehulum, fr. ve'here, to carry) a sail, veil, vene'num, i (cf. Sansk. vasha, and Latin virus) poison, vera'trum, i (cf. veratrix, a soothsayer) soothsayers' plant, hellebore. vinum, i (cognate with oivoz, wine) wine, borboryg'mus, i (fr. Greek Poftopu^w, to have a rumbling of bowels) rumbling of bowels. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 181 pruri tus, us (fr. pnirio, to itch) itching. intro'itus, us (m) (fr. intro, within, ire, to go) entrance. ulcus, ceris (n) (cognate with Greek l/xoc, a wound) ulcer. varix, icis (m) (fr. varus, stretched or bent) dilated vein. venter, tris (m) (cognate with iivepov, intestine) belly. venus, neris (f ) ( Venus, the goddess of love) sexual love, copper. vertex, icis (m) (fr. verto, to turn) the turning point, top. verti'go, inis (f ) (fr. verto, to turn or reel) dizziness. viscus, eris (n) (cf. rjw, to hold) a vital organ. vox, vocis (f) (voco, to call, Gk. oz, sweet) pleasant, talis e (cf. tarn, as) such. tempora'lis, e (fr. tempus, temple) belonging to the temple, therma'lis, e (fr. Gk. deppo^, heat) pertaining to hot baths, transversa'lis, e (trans, across, verto, to turn) transverse, trifacia'lis, e (tres, three, fades, face) trifacial. mediastinum, i (medius, middle) middle space of thorax, nu'bilis e (fr. nubes, a cloud or veil) fit to be veiled, i. e. marriageable, pal'pebra, & (fr. palpo, to stroke, caress) eyelid. EXERCISE XXXII. A. i. Recipe tantam aquam tepidam quantam sufficit. 2. Recipe olei Ricini unciam cum semisse. 3. Nervi trigemini sunt par quintum cranii. 4. In abdomine sunt intestina magna et parva praeter organa alia. 5. Supraspinatus et infraspinatus sunt musculi scapulares. 6. Dicit Hippocrates, " Femina nunquam ambidextra est." 7. Recipe hydrargyri cum creta unciam. 8. Divide in chartulas numero viginti. 9. Liquor synovialis circum artus est. IO. In pariete 186 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. abdominis anteriore sunt musculi recti, obliqui et trans- versales praeter musculum pyramidalem. B. i . The trifacial is the sensory nerve of the face and head. 2. Also the motor nerve of the lower jaw. 3. The physician treats the patient according to art. 4. Take of saccharated pepsin three drachms and a half. 5. Divide into twelve powders. 6. Mark, "One to be taken immediately after food. 7. Scrofula and hip-joint disease are often (scepe] tubercular. 8. Under the cir- cular muscle of the eyelids is the " over-the-orbit " nerve. 9. The fever and the emaciation go with equal step. 10. According to law a girl is marriageable at the age of puberty. CHAPTER XX. CONJUNCTIONS. IN the following list will be found the principal con- junctions used in medical Latin. ac, atque, and postquam, after aut, or quam, than aut aut, either or quasi (guam ') as, if autem, but -que, and donee, until quia, because dum, while quoad, as long as et, and quoque, also et et, both and sed, but etiam, also si, if ergo, therefore ut, in order to nec nee, neither nor -ve, or vel, or Que is attached to the latter of two words of simi- lar construction to denote that they are co-ordinate; thus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, "the lifter of both the upper lip and wing of nose. Levator labii superioris et alae nasi, would mean, "the lifter of the upper lip and the sides of nose." Dum, donee, quia, quoad, and ut, are followed by the subjunctive. VOCABULARY XXXIII. comes, itis (m) (fr. cum, write, ire, to go) companion, hallux or hallex, ids (m), the great toe. medica'trix (id.) (adj.) (inedeor, to cure) healing. pes, pedis (m) (cognate with TIOIX;, foot) foot. 188 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. pollex, Icis (m) (from polleo, to be strong like Pollux, the wrestler) thumb or great toe. pulvis, eris (m) (kind. w. 7td):q, fine meal) dust, powder, pulvi'nar, na'ris (n) (fr. pulvinus, an elevation) a pillow, stercus, oris (n) (cf. tergeo, to wipe off, cogn. with Eng- lish turd} excrement. tal'ipes, edis (m) (fr. talus, ankle, pes, foot) club-foot, unguis, (id.) (m) (cogn. with 6fxoz, a hook) a finger-nail, valgus, a, um (cf. &.l?o<;, pain) knock-kneed, ventra'lis, e (venter, belly) belonging to belly. versic'olor (id.) (adj.) (verso, to change, color, color) variegated, viab'ilis, e (from French vie, life, able to live, or from via, a road, journey) able to move, quickened. vir'idis e (fr. vireo, to be green) green, verru'ca, & (fr. verres, a boar) a wart or excrescence seen on hogs. poples, itis, the ham strings. porri'go, mis (f ) (from pro, forth, rego, to extend, spread out) dandruff, tinea capitis. vicis (gen., no nom.) (f ) (Aryan root vik, yield) a change, period, time. vica'rius, a, um (fr. vicis, change) substituted, exchanged, villus, i (Aryan root var, to cover) shaggy hair. EXERCISE XXXIII. A. i . Post hoc vel cum hoc ergo propter hoc est argumentum medicorum. 2. "Ubi tres medici ibi duo atheistes." 3. Vis medicatrix naturae est remedium potentiale. 4. Pollex pedis est hallux vel digitus maximus. 3. Arteria femoralis venas comites habet, sed aorta earundem nullas habet. 6. Puer talipedem equi- num habet. 7. Vomitus stercoris signum ilei est. 8. Si herniam umbilicalem infans habeat, tune admoveatur THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 189 emplastrum picis. 9. Vertebra prominens est septima cervicis vertebrarum. 10. Pityriasis versicolor est mor- bus communis. B. i. In the fourth month the foetus is viable. 2. Veratrum (green) is a poison. 3. Arsenic is an apparent metal, so also is hydrogen. 4. There is some- times vicarious menstruation. 5. Repeat this prescrip- tion twice (two times). 6. Knock-knee club-foot is not so common as bow-leg club-foot. 7. The crown of Venus was on the head of George the Third. 8. The recurrent tibial artery. 9. Antimony or stibium is poison. 10. If there is vomiting of excrement he will die. CHAPTER XXL PRESCRIPTION WRITING. IN nearly all countries where a real science of medicine exists, Latin is the language employed in the writing of prescriptions. European practitioners are almost uni- formly men of high classical training, and are able to use the language correctly, but in America the majority of medical students have had no experience whatever in Latin composition. Even in our literary colleges of late, the classics have been crowded out to make room for a score of sciences of which the student acquires a very superficial knowledge, so that the modern college graduate excels in nothing, and at the same time has lost a golden opportunity to familiarize himself with the ancient languages which are the basis of scientific nomenclature. In the United States prescriptions are usually written in a language called by courtesy Latin, although we very much doubt whether a Cicero or Horace would ever suspect that the conglomerations of abbreviated medical terms which are sent to our drug stores were specimens of their native tongue. A very little thought and study will enable the intelligent student to master the art of prescription writing. If he finds himself unable to do this, we would advise him to employ the English language exclusively, or better still, to give up all thoughts of becoming a physician. In Europe, especially in medical publications, it is customary to write the entire prescription, directions to the patient included, in Latin. But there is now a ten- THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 191 dency, and we think a wise one, to write the directions to the patient in the vernacular language. Any one who has attempted to translate French prescriptions, in which Latin is not used, has realized the great difficulty in arriving at their meaning even with the aid of the best dictionaries. The Latin names of drugs, however, are quite uniform throughout Europe and America, and the prescriptions found in English medical books and period- icals can be understood in almost any country. Latin names, moreover, are specific and exact, rendering mis- takes impossible. If, for example, a physician ordered snake root, either Polygala senega, Arislolochia serpen- taria or Cimicifuga racemosa might be understood. But the pharmacopoeial terms Serpentaria, Senega, and Cimi- cifuga are restricted to particular preparations. The word prescription is derived from the Latin pr&, before hand, and scribere, to write, and signifies the written directions of a physician or surgeon for the pre- paration and use of a medicine or other means of cure. A physician may prescribe change of climate or blood- letting. When the apothecaries consulted the physicians about their patients, prescriptions like the following were often given: " Emitte sanguinis uncias sedecim saltern, vel ad deliquium ; draw at least sixteen ounces of blood, or until fainting is produced;" or "Ad recidivium prcecavendum, delrahatur sanguis pro re nata; to pre- vent a relapse, let blood be drawn occasionally." Kformula, (dim. of 'forma, a rule) is a written direction for preparing and using a pharmaceutical remedy, being more limited in its application than the word prescription. Formulae are of two kinds, extemporaneous or magis- tral, and officinal. Magistral formulce are so called because they are constructed by the physician, who is supposed to be a master (magister) of his art, on the 192 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. instant, (ex tempore\ Officinal formula are so desig- nated because they are published in the pharmacopoeias and are supposed to be kept ready for use in the apoth- ecary shop (officina). Furthermore formulae may be either simple or com- pound. A simple formula, {formula simplex) contains but a single ingredient, while a compound formula {for- mula compositd) contains two or more. /. The Parts of a Prescription or Formula. 1. In this country it is usually customary to begin a prescription with the name of the patient and the date, although the majority of the books recommend that these be placed last or next the physician's name. 2. The heading. In primitive societies the priest and the physician were one and the same man. When acting in his medical capacity no cure was ever under- taken without first invoking the assistance of the gods, a custom still in vogue among the Brahmins and Mohammedans. Prescriptions were begun with a prayer and at a later period when medicine had become distinct from theology, it was deemed sufficient to place the sign of the chief of the gods, Jupiter, (2) at the beginning of the parchment. Whenever a metal which was supposed to be the property of any particular deity was prescribed, it was thought that the medicine would act with greater certainty and power if the symbol of the god were used instead of the name of the drug. Thus : C the new moon, the symbol of Diana, was written for silver. ? the mirror of Venus, for copper. $ the shield and spear of Mars, for iron. I? the sickle of Saturn, for lead, etc. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 193 At present the heading of a prescription is Ifc, a sympol composed of the first letter of Recipe, R, and the sign of Jupiter, the king of the gods ( It ). This is about the only relic in modern medicine showing that in ancient times medicine was practiced only by the priesthood, but, nevertheless, a relic quite as suggestive as the hairy point sometimes seen on the helix of the human ear, which Darwinians tell us proves that the ancestors of mankind were monkeys. 3. The names , and quantities of the ingredients. The name of each ingredient should be in a line by itself. The ingredients should be placed in the following order: (a) The basis, or principal drug. (b) The auxiliary or adjuvant, which is supposed to assist the action of the basis. (c) The corrective, which removes or corrects some objectionable quality of the basis or adjuvant. (d ) The vehicle, which gives a proper form to the whole and serves as a means to convey it into the system. After the name of each ingredient, in the same line, are placed the symbols denoting the quantities required. The following symbols and abbreviations are now used : C for Congius, a gallon. O for Octarius, an eighth of a congius, a pint. for uncia, an ounce. 3 for drachma, a drachm, gr. for granum, or grana, grain or grains. TH, for minimum, a minim, or ^ of a drachm. In prescribing fluids, f, for fluidum, is sometimes placed before the symbol designating the quantity, 194 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. although this is not necessary. 3, the sign for scrupu- lum, will be found in the books, but is now seldom used in prescriptions, all weights being expressed in ounces, drachms and grains. It will be observed that many of these symbols are mere abbreviations. The signs for ounce, drachm, and scruple, however, are modeled after those employed by the Arabic alchemists. The number of ounces, drachms, and grains is ex- pressed by means of the Roman letters i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, etc., but fractions of grains and minims, with the excep- tion of one-half, which is written ss, an abbreviation of semisis, half, are usually expressed by the Arabic numerals; thus, gr. ^, a quarter of a grain, m ^5-, a twenty-fifth of a minim. With regard to the grammatical construction of this portion of a prescription it may be stated as a rule that the names of the ingredients in all compound formu- lae should be put in the genitive case* after the quan- tities which are in the accusative case governed by recipe. Take for example : jyt Quininse Sulphatis 3 j- Extract! Gentianse gr. xxx. Fiat Massa in pilulas xxx dividenda. In simple formulas, however, in which the ingredient is not weighed or measured, but counted, as is the case with pills, troches and suppositories, the name of the ingredient is put in the accusative case. Thus we may write: $ Pilulas ferri compositas xii, "take twelve com- pound pills of iron," not ft Pilularum ferri composi- tarum xii. * When q. s. ad, quantum sufficiat ad is employed after the name of the last ingredient, the genitive is used. If, however, ad is used and the q. s. is omitted, the name of the ingredient should always be put in the accusative. Thus we may write : Aqua q. s. ad unciam, as much of water as may be needed up to an ounce, or aquam ad unciam, aquam being in the accusative governed by recipe, while the quantity, unciam, is in the accusative governed by the preposition ad. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 195 It is customary with physicians to abbreviate the names of drugs used in prescriptions, partly to save time and space, but largely to cloak their ignorance of Latin grammar. When Pompey was about to consecrate a temple to Victory a dispute arose as to whether the inscription should read "Consul Tertio" or "Consul Tertitim" and it was finally decided to leave the matter open for discussion by writing " Consul Tert." Physicians now adopt the same plan, "when in doubt, abbreviate." But the practice is objectionable and sometimes danger- ous. Pareira mentions a case in which hydrocyanic acid was dispensed for hydrochloric acid in a prescription reading Acid hydroc. Aqua fortis has been given for aqua fontis, and the abbreviation hydr. may mean hy- drargyrum, hydras, hydriodas, hydrochloras, hydrochlori- cum, hydrocyanicum, etc. The following rules may be laid down to govern the student in writing the names of ingredients: (a) The orthography should be that which is cus- tomary. (b} Abbreviations should be employed sparingly and with great caution, if at all. (c) Symbols and signs should be carefully made. (d) The ingredients should be designated by their pharmacopoeial names.* (e) Designate weights in Troy grains, ad avoir- dupois ounces and pounds. * The courts have decided that a physician violating this ruie is guilty of con- tributary negligence in case the dispenser makes a serious error. If, for example, a physician prescribes Hydrarg. Chlorid., intending Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, and the druggist dispenses Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, both physician and druggist could be convicted of manslaughter if the error should cause the death of a patient. In a file of prescriptions recently examined by the writer the following violations of this rule were observed : Sol. Fowler, for Liquor Potassii Arsenitis : Hux. Tine., for Tinctura Cinchona Composita; Chloric Ether, for Spiritus Chlorofornti ; Aq. Lima (/) for Liquor Calcis : Trotch. Pot., for Trochisci Potassii Chloratis; and Pulv. Doveri, for Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii. In the same lot of prescriptions was one calling for calomel in an aqueous olution. 196 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. (/) Designate measures in minims, fluiddrachms, fluidounces, and pints, using the Roman letters instead of Arabic numerals. 4. The directions to the compounder. These should always be written in Latin. They declare the manner in which the prescription is to be prepared and delivered. The verbs used are in the imperative mood, as coque misce, boil, mix; the subjunctive present active or passive, dividat, dividatur, let him divide, let it be divided, or the future passive participle in dus. In the following sentence the three modes will be found : " Com- misce bene ut fiat massa (giice) in pilulas duodecim divi- denda (est)\ Mix well together in order that a mass may be made, which is to be divided into twelve pills." 5. The directions to the patient. These are preceded by the word Signa, or the abbreviation Sig., being the imperative mood of the verb signare, to mark. After this should be written in English the exact method in which the patient is to use the medicine, if you would avoid the risk of having suppositories swallowed and lotions injected. When poisonous drugs, especially those to be used externally, are prescribed, it is well to have the bottle marked "Poison," but where the medicine is to be used internally, this would sometimes cause unnecessary anxiety. In the examples of prescriptions which follow, Latin is employed in giving the directions to the patient, not that this is advisable, but that the student may become familiar with this custom, thus enabling him to under- stand the prescriptions found in many foreign works. 6. The name and address of the prescriber should be placed at the end of all prescriptions. In some countries no prescription will be compounded unless thus signed. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 197 In order to illustrate the foregoing principles, we give the following example of a prescription: (1) Address and date. (l) For Mrs. Sarah Jones. (2) Heading. (l) January 30, 1 888. (3) Name and quan- (2) : (3) Liquoris Ammonii Acetatis (a) 3 j- tides of ingredients. Vini Antimonii (6), 5 i vss - (a) Basis. (&) Adjttvant. Tincturae Cardamom! Com- positae (c), 3j. (c) Corrective, (d) Vehicle. Aquas Menthae Piperitse (d) ^iss. (4) Directions to compounder. (4) Fiat mistura. Signa: (5) Cujus (5) Directions to patient. cochleare parvunvin cyatho aquae omni semihorio sumendum. (6) Name and address of pie- (6) JOHN PHYSICK, M. D., scriber No. 1 8 Brown Street. There are many terms peculiar to the language of prescriptions which are often abbreviated. In the fol- lowing list the principal of these will be found : LATIN. ABBREVIATION. ENGLISH. Absente febre absent, febr. fever being absent Ad libitum ad lib. at pleasure Adstante febre adst. febr. fever being present Adde or addatur add. add Alternis horis altern. horis every other hour Ampulla, aa ampull. a large bottle Ana aa of each Aqua adstricta aq. adst. ice Aqua bulliens aq. bull. boiling water Aqua communis aq. com. common water Aqua pluvialis aq. pluv. rain water Bis in dies bis in d. twice a day Bulliat bull. boil, or let it boil Cum c. with Capiat cap. let the patient take Cochleare amplum vel magnum coch. amp. vel mag. a tablespoon. Cochleare medium coch. med. a dessertspoon 198 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. LATIN. ABBREVIATION. ENGLISH. Cochleare parvum coch. parv. a teaspoon Compositus, a, urn comp. vel co. compound Collutorium, i collut. a mouth wash Cortex, icis cort. bark or peel. Cujus cuj. of which. Cyathus, i cyath. a wineglass Destillatus, a, um dest. distilled Dilutus, a, um dil. dilute Dimidius, i dim. one-half Dividatur in partes sequales d. in p. seq. to be divided in equal parts Dosis, is d. a dose Ejusdem ejusd. of the same Electuarium elect. an electuary Enema enem. a clyster Fac or fiat f. make Fac pilulas duodecim f. pil. xii. make twelve pills Fiat haustus f. h. make a draught Fluidum fl. fluid Fiat mistura f. m. make a mixture Fotus, us fot. a fomentation Frustillatim frust. in small pieces. Gutta or gurtoe gtt- a drop or drops Gargarisma, tis (n.) garg- a gargle Hora somni h. s. on going to bed In dies in ( 1 . daily Infusum inf. infusion Julepus, i jul. a julep Lagena lagen. bottle Linteum lint. lint Lotio lot. a wash Mane primo man. prim. early in the morning Manipulus, i man. a handful Minimum, i m. a minim Misce M. mix Mistura mist. a mixture Mica panis mica pan. a crumb of bread Mitte mitt. send More dicto mor diet. as directed Nocte maneque noct. maneque night and morning Numero no. in number Oleum ol. oil THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 199 LATIN. ABBREVIATION. ENGLISH. Omne hora omn. hor. every hour Partes aequales p. aeq. equal parts Pannus linteus pann. lint. linen cloth Pencillium camelinum penc. cam. a camel's hair pencil Preparatus, a, um ppt. prepared Post cibum post cib. after meals Per fistulam vitream per fist. vitr. through a glass tube Pro re nata p. r. n. as required Pulvis pulv. a powder Quantum sufficiat q. s. a sufficient quantity Quantum vis q.v. as much as you choose Quotidie quotid. daily Quorum quor. of which Reductum or redactum reduct. reduced Scatuia scat. a pill box Semis or semissis ss. a half Semihora semih. half- an hour Sesuncia sesc. an ounce and a half Simul sim. together Solutio sol. solution Tere bene simul t. b. sim. rub well together Ter in die t. i. d. three times a day Tinctura tinct. or tr. a tincture Triturata trit. triturate Trochiscus, i troch. a troche Vitellus ovi v. o. yolk of egg Zingiber, is Zz. ginger We may illustrate an abbreviated prescription by the following for an emulsion : Bb Vitell. ov no. ij. Ol. Amygd. am gtt. v. Tere bene simul et add. grad. Ol. Morrh f viij. Glyc ij. Ac. phos. dil j. Vin. Xer. q. s. ad Oj. F. emuls. S. Ejus. cap. aeg. coch. mag. t. i. d. post cib. 14 200 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. This same prescription written out in full, would be: 3: Vitellos ovorum numero duos. Olei Amygalae amarae guttas quinque. Tere bene simul et adde gradatim. Olei Morrhuae uncias octo. Glycerin! uncias duas. Acidi phosphorici diluti unciam unam. Vini Xerici quantum sufficiat ad . . .Octarium unum. Fiat emulsio, Signa, " Ejusdem capiat aeger coch- leare magnum ter in die post cibum." Translating the above into English, we have : Take yolks of Eggs, in number two. Of Oil of Bitter Almond, five drops. Rub well together and add gradually. Of Cod Liver Oil, eight ounces. Of Glycerine, two ounces. Of Dilute Phosphoric Acid, one ounce. Of Sherry Wine, as much as will suffice to make one pint Let there be made an emulsion, Mark " Let the patient take a tablespoonful of this three times a day after meals." Powders may be prescribed in bulk, the patient to use a specified amount as directed, or the mixed powder may be put up in separate papers, chartulce. For example: Bb Pulveris Opii 3ij. Zinci Acetatis ij. Misce. Fiat pulvis. Signa : Hujus solve drachmam in aquae calidae Octario. Injice in more dicto. Or, Misce. Fiat pulvis in chartulas xviij. dividendus. Solve unam in aquae calidae Octario, etc. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 201 " Take of Powdered Opium, two drachms. of Acetate of Zinc, two ounces. Mix. Let there be made a powder. Mark : Dissolve a drachm of this in a pint of warm water. Inject as directed. Or, Mix. Let there be made a powder to be divided into eighteen parts. Dissolve one in a pint of warm water," etc. $: Extracti Colocynthidis Compositi. . . . 3j. Hydrargyri Chloridi Mitis gr. ij. Fiat massa in pilulas xij. dividenda. Capiat mane iij. et postea ij., si alvus, horis sex, non satis dejecerit. " Take of Compound extract of Colocynth, a drachm. of Calomel, twelve grains. Let there be made a mass to be divided into twelve pills. Let the patient take three in the morning and two more if, after six hours, the bowels have not moved sufficiently." In text-books it is customary to give prescriptions for the preparation of a single dose of a medicine. Many physicians prefer to write prescriptions in this manner. Thus : 5b Quminas Sulphatis f . gr. ij. Extracti Euonymi gr. iss. Oleoresinse Piperis TfJ, j Fac pilulam, Mitte tales no. xxiv. Signa. : Capiat segra harum unam ter quaterve in dies statim post cibum. " Take, Of Sulphate of quinine, two grains. Of extract of Wahoo, a grain and a half. Of Oleoresin of Pepper, one minim. Make a pill. Send twenty four such. Mark: Let the (female) patient take one of these three or four times a day immediately after meals." N. B. With fiant, the nominative case is used; thus, Fiant Suppositoria, pilulce, pulveres, etc., but the ac- cusative case follows/^; thus, Fac pilulas, chartulas, etc. 202 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. In prescribing plasters, it is customary to designate the dimensions by Arabic numerals. Thus: JJfc Emplastrum Belladonnse, 4" x 6 // . " Take a Belladonna plaster, four by six inches in dimensions." In this case emplastrum should be in the accusative case and not the genitive. If, however, we order plaster by weight and direct the dispenser to spread it, the genitive case is used. Example : Jfc Emplastri Picis cum Cantharide 3j. Extende supra Emplastrum Resinse et admove supra nucham. " Take a drachm of wanning plaster. Spread upon resin plaster and apply over nape of neck." PART III. THE GREEK ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. CHAPTER I. ORTHOGRAPHY. THE majority of the Greek words found in medical literature have been Latinized and are declined as Latin words. Greek derivatives are so much more euphonious than the compound words formed in modern languages that we find them even in German, a language which, more than any other, avoids the importation of foreign words. No one will be surprised that our Teutonic brethren prefer pyelitis to the cumbersome Nierenbeckenentzuendung. In other European countries, not even excepting Russia and Poland, Greek has become the foundation of medical terminology. In order to understand the exact meaning of words derived from the Greek, the student should learn the signification of the original words. To accomplish this no extensive knowledge of Greek grammar is necessary. In the /'replace the alphabet, with the Roman equiva- lents of the letters, should be learned. Secondly, a knowledge of the methods by which Greek words are put in Latin and English dress is necessary, and thirdly, the student should commit to memory the stems of words used to designate the various parts and functions of the body, together with the signification of a number of prefixes and postfixes. A few hours spent in the study of etymology in this manner will enable the student to learn the meaning of 204 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. a host of technical expressions which would require months of study to master in any other way. In the following pages will be given the great majority of Greek derivatives in common use with the method of their formation, and the original meaning of their component parts. The Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows : FORM. A a B ft 6 r r E e Z C e I c K x A X M fi N v S o n n P P 1 a T T r u vr (/> Q a) # NAME. Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsllon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi . Psi Omega ROMAN EQUIVALENT, a b g d e short z e long th i k or c 1 m n x 6 short P r or rh s t u or y ph ch ps o long THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 205 1. The vowels are a, e, y, t, o, u, opoc phos'phorus 2. The diphthongs with their Roman equivalents are as follows: Greek, ac, , 01, ay, ey, oo, vt, becoming in Roman, ae, e or I, oe, au, eu, u, yi Thus, .TAoyraZbf, becomes glutse'us. Neupaadeveia, becomes neurasthenl'a. 3. Breathings. Every word in Greek beginning with a vowel or with p, has a breathing over the initial letter, or, in the case of diphthongs, over the second let- ter. The aspirate or rough breathing is equivalent to the English h, and is written thus ( c ). The rough breathing is placed over all words beginning with u or p. The smooth breathing (') is placed over initial vowels or diph- thongs to denote the absence of the h sound. Examples: udatp, hydor; cufia, hcema; fieu/jta, rheuma; dSyv, aden. 4. Nasal sounds. Gamma (7-) before ?, x, and has the sound of n in angle and is changed to n in con- verting Greek words with the gamma so placed, into Latin or English. For example : , becomes in Latin angl'um. , becomes anltyle. , becomes pharynx. >, becomes ancho, Latin ango. 206 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 5. Changes of termination. Greek nouns ending in oc and ov are usually converted into nouns of the second declension ending in us and um. Examples : %ohdo%oz, choled' ochus ; #u/zoc, thymus ; frvrpov, antrum. Genitives ending in roc and &>c were changed to nouns of the third declension with genitives ending in its and dis. Examples: flpaflfiTtc, {JpfffficriSoc, bronchi' tis, bron- chit'idis. 6. T}\e.digammaorvau(F). In old Homeric Greek there was another letter, the digamma, equivalent in sound to the English v or w. Thus : o6v, an egg, was originally a>F6v, equivalent to Latin ovum. There is no evidence, however, that ovum was derived from wFbv, but both came from a common word used by the Greco- Italian race before its separation. 7. Accents. Accents in Greek are certain marks placed over vowels, influencing their pronunciation. Just what significance they had is not definitely known. There are three accents, the acute ( ' ), the circumflex ( ~ ), and the grave ( v ). The acute accent stands on long and short syllables alike and on any of the last three syllables of a word; the circumflex accent stands only on the long syllables and only on the last two syllables of a word; the grave accent stands only on the last syllable. CHAPTER II. THE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. IN order that the student may acquire the principles of medical terminology, it will be necessary for him to commit to memory the stems of the words which designate the various parts and functions of the body. By stem we mean that part of a word which remains after the prefixes, suffixes and inflectional endings have been removed, or rather, the part to which these affixes are added. For example take dpatfjia aro'ma, the stem is arom, from which we may form aromatic. But the root of a word is that essential part which contains the original meaning, and from which the word is derived. The root of aroma is ar, from an Aryan word meaning to plough or cultivate, and secondarily to acquire by cul- tivation. Thus we have in Sanskrit aritras, the oxen which pulled the plough, aritram, the plough handle, later the helm of a ship. In Greek we have dpota, to plough; dporqp, a husbandman; dporpov, a plough; dptojua, ploughed land, secondarily the odor of ploughed land; dptrqv, the male who did the ploughing, and many others. In Latin there is arc, to plough; arator, a plough- man; aratrum, a plough; arvum, a cultivated field; armentum, an ox for ploughing; arma, implements for cultivating, afterwards for fighting, etc. In English the same root appears in the old verb ear, to cutlivate, and in arm, the part of the body with which we cultivate the soil. 20S THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. i ffi e "^ - tr* >T rr /i i *- /i i 2,2 i SSSj^iii flj txo "T3 ^ .i rt o rt rt rt rt a^ 3 r^ '" ^ ^^ -^T TA IA ^a^saiil* o rt rt C C u rt - rt Ss- s " THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 209 bjo jy of c _, .22 n rt -i |S| 3 "u w 'S C 6 O O g J3 3 ,StB c'boUl g-^-S | frlfkSS %$ 2J ^ g g.^3 Iff 5 3JH5 jig g-g-l g-8 T3 5 o .1. T3 " tj Q .S its. o ^ lltlil-ili llllffnltT 'X J1 >.Q bfl o a 2 s UUUUUUCJUUUQQQQQQWWWWWW 210 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. o c O n | J-3 ,.4i I H s 3 z g 3 O . rt go-SS 6 ' H J * J " T '- COr: " rl ~" ;j '"*J3^' 3 J3"e"e3P S 3 C^ cceCunn4>3v.^ui r** - 5-^SE- "SieSSj ^^^^ " t>0 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 211 z r: H " * C C 1 2 11 ll'p 1 11 c HI sf llll'S -?~eej;CCCeCC4 > SiS*>^Ja?HF> CGCCBC3C3I-tCCO w O to 3 S ^ s - 212 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. b BJ'S a y -3 H o -o -oo fe^bfebbb bO .S *2 *H JJ M 2)43 4J (/) 5 c a < ^ nt C 3 ~ 3 03 * OJ C OH OJ 3 r O, 3 C o in bJO 6 ;U co ,0 C -H C "a, .S2 1 1 'p. 6 3 3 CD > > 3 (_) v> 03 O _ OS 3% age ' * rt e rt ~ j* O, - "f ^i* IS 13 * O J_) -4- > M 03 03 ^> _ 3~ ^ ^ A 3" 3~ * A R^ R^ ^v^oi Q_ O 'O o jf! 6 S 4 rt "*"" "S <5_ v ^ ^ s s a to to to to _ V^W \4i/ . , / i K^ &^ ** W* -^ ^*^ if ill gf 11 till? if II 214 LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. o . + S f -^. a ^ v^ Q O W - H U u c/2 . O C/2 X O H U < IS ^ s l.2 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 215 5, ' *, <3 a b,^E (j Q M 7- qf) M* 1 QD+* W CB* u O >! R B (3 *U M O .2 .2 Jj .2 .2 c .o - J ' J co t/Jfrn ^ *- ri ^ T Jj _S u C9 B 'O O >-< . C f v C W C ^3 iZ O l ^ ^ "^ *^^rt 1 *^^3CJCOCGCCG d,3w>> -.cJDbJDcot/)coC--iCuCCC to T3 " J5 I to 'tn w rt ) ' ^^ 15 216 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. if 1 85 P C -w g 00 CJ3 w hft fe C P r" r" "" .0 .9 O J5 4-J 'i 1 P s>s>3-S A-S K. rtfe S- il; vfati3ii3') before vowels. A preposition meaning up, throughout, again, Latin re, or apart, like Latin se and dis. anal'ysis, a loosening again, solution. anasar'ca, (water) throughout the flesh. anastomo'sis, inosculation. an'aplasty, a forming again, restoration of lost parts. anaspa'dias, opening (axadla) upwards of urethra. anode, the upward track (odoz) of electric current. anti- (dvrc-) before a vowel, ant- (dvr) before a con- sonant, anth- (dv#'-) before the aspirate h. A preposition meaning against, opposite, opposed to, like Latin contra and English counter. It is often used in the formation of words denoting remedies for the affection specified by the primitive. antephial'tes, a remedy for nightmare. anthe'lix, (the part of ear) opposite the helix. anthelmin'tic, a remedy for removing worms, etywvc- an'ticheir, opposite the hand, i. e. the thumb. ant'idote, a counteracting medicine, given (doroz) against. antilith'ic, a remedy for stone, calculus, tidot;, or for lithaemia. antip'athy, a feeling (xddoz) against. antiphlogis'tic, a remedy for inflammation, 220 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. antipyretic, a remedy for fever, xup. antisep'tic, opposing putrefaction, antispasmod'ic, a remedy for spasm, antith'enar, opposite the hollow part of hand, devap. antit'ragus, opposite the tragus. apo- (d.7io) before consonants, ap- (ebr') before vowels and aph- (&a. ectro'pion, a turning (rpsKa), to turn) out of the eyelids, ec zema, a boiling (^sco, to boil) out of the humors, an eruptive skin disease, salt rheum, exanthe'ma, a blossoming out, d.vdrj/j.a, eruptive fever. exog'enous, produced abroad or without, fr. fevvdu), to produce, exom phalus, lit. out of the navel, ofupaXoz, umbilical hernia. exophthal'mia, protrusion of eyeballs, exosmo sis, the impulse of fluids outward. exosto'sis, an abnormal growth of bone outward. exot'ic, foreign, THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 223 en- (lv\ before / and b, em- (//). A prepo- sition equivalent to the Latin in with the ablative, mean- ing in, within. em'bolism, lit. something thrown in, an arterial plug, fr. ftdttco, to throw. emphy'ma, a growth within, subcutaneous tumor ((pupa). emphyse'ma, an abnormal inflation with air, fr. Ifjupjadco, to blow in. empye ma, pus (/rDov) within (pleural cavity). empy'ocele, a scrotal tumor containing pus. enarthro'sis, articulation in, i. e. ball and socket joint. encan'this, aan excrescence in canthus of eye. endem'ic, a disease within a limited population, &J//GC. ender'mic, in the skin. en'ema, an injection, from Ivfyfu, to send in. entro'pion, a turning in of the eyelids, from Ivrpena), to turn in. errhine, lit. in the nose, a snuff. endo- (Ivdo) and ento- (vro), from JWoc and within. These are adverbial expressions derived from Iv, in, and are equivalent to the Latin intra and intro. endan'gium, membrane lining inside of vessels. endarte'rium, membrane lining inside of arteries. endocar dium, membrane lining inside of heart. endome'trium, membrane lining inside of womb. en'doblast, inner membrane of embryo, ^darr^a, a bud. en'doscope, an instrument for looking into cavities, axo~sa), to look. endosmo'sis, impulse of liquids inward. endos'teum, inner or medullary membrane of bones. ento'phyte, a plant ^yrov growing within the body. entozo'on, a animal parasite within the body. 224 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. epi- (Irrc) before consonants, ep'- (Ix) before vowels, and eph- (l) before the aspirate h. A preposition mean- ing upon, on, over, upper. epen'dyma, lit. upper clothing (svdo/za) lining of ven- tricles of brain. epicon'dyle, a tuberosity in the condyle xovSutoi;. ephe'lis, lit. on the nail, fy*oc, a freckle. ephem'era, for a day (fjfj.ipa) a transitory fever. ephial'tes, a leaping upon; nightmare fr. ia). epu'lis, (a tumor) on the gums oi&Xa. eu- (ei5) an adverb opposed to dys- (&), from aw, a preposition meaning with, together, cognate with Latin cum, Germ, zusamen, and English same. symbleph'aron, adhesion of eyelids. symbol, lit. cast together, fr. fidUa), to throw, a sign. sym'metry, a measuring (//er/?ov) together, alike. sym'pathy, a feeling with, fellow-feeling. symptom, falling together, fr. TtcTCTto, to fall, concadence. sym'physis, a growing (yums) together. synchronous, happening at the same time. syn'chysis, a pouring (^tWc) together of humors of eye. syn'cope, a cutting short of vitality, fainting, from XOTTTOJ, to cut synechi'a, a holding together, adhesion of iris to cornea, from /w, to hold. syno'via, lit. white of egg (wFov), fluid of joints. syn' thesis, a putting together; composition, fr. ffuvrldyfju, to put together. syn'tonin, the substance which holds fibres together, reivo), to stretch. system, a placing together, arrangement, fr. auviaT-qfit, to arrange. sys'tole, a sending together, contraction, fr. OT&Ma), to send. CHAPTER IV. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES USED AS PREFIXES. STEM. GREEK Prot 7tpa)TO( Mon //ovoc Di #c Deutero Sz'JTSpi Tri r/>s?c Tetr(a) Pent /reure Hex & Hept(a) knTd Oct(o) 6xT(O Enne Iwia Dec(a) dexa Hecat(o) kxdTOV Kilo fihot Myri(a) p'jpioe LATIN. primus singulus bis or bin secundus tres quatuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem centum mille decem millia ENGLISH. first single twice, double second three four five six seven eight nine ten hundred thousand ten thousand pro'teid, a first or original compound in an organism. pro'toplasm, the first formative substance, -)do[jLa. protox'ide, the first or lower oxide. protozo'a, the first, or lowest animals. pro'toplast, a primary formation, fr. ~).daaa), to form. monad, a unit, ultimate atom, combining with a single atom. monan'drous, a plant with one stamen (, a man). monoba sic, having a single base, mon ograph, a writing (rpcupy) on a single subject monoma'nia, mania with a single delusion, monor'chis, a male with but one testicle. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 231 di'atom, lit. an organism composed of two atoms, lowest living organism. dichot'omous, cut in twain (&), dividing by twos, dicrot'ic, a double stroke (xpbroz) of pulse, digas trie, double bellied, Latin biventer. dimor phism, having two distinct forms (nopyrf). dip loe, a doubling, fold; ;r^6o>, to fold; two layers of cranial bones. diplo'ma, lit. a folded parchment, dis toma, an animal having two mouths ; fluke worm, disto'cia, birth of twins, deuterop'athy, a secondary affection, triad, an element capable of combining with three monad atoms. trichot'omous, a dividing (ro/^') by threes, Tpiya. trisplanch nic, belonging to viscera (tmhrfyyaji) of three cavities; sympathetic nerve, tetrad, an element capable of combining with four monad atoms. tetran'drous, having four stamens, pentad, an element capable of uniting with five monad atoms, decan'drous, having ten stamens. 16 CHAPTER V. SUFFIXES OR POSTFIXES. OUFFIXES are of two kinds: first, inflectional or in- ^-J separable, those which cannot exist separately and are employed exclusively to change the form and mean- ing of stems ; and secondly, separable, those which are capable of being used alone without any connection with another word. For example, the ness in coldness belongs to the former variety of suffixes, while the man of cart- man belongs to the latter. i. -semia or -hsemia, from ?//, blood, is used to form compound words denoting that the substance indi- cated by the original word is in the blood, or describes the character of the blood ; the first member of the com- pound thus having the signification of an adjective. acetonae'mia, acetone in the blood. cholae'mia, bile in the blood, cholesterae'mia, cholesterin in the blood, galactae'mia, milk in the blood. hyperinae'mia, excess of fibrin in blood, hypinae'mia, deficiency of fibrin in blood, hydrae'mia, watery blood. ischae mia, deficiency of blood, leucae'mia,* excess of white blood corpuscles, fr. huxot;, white, leucocythse'mia, excess of white blood corpuscles, from XeuxoxuTot;, a white blood corpuscle, lithae'mia, lithic acid in the blood. * Leucaemia, septicaemia and uricaemia would be more properly spelled leuchce- mia, septichefmia and urich&mia, thus preserving the aspirate k. K should not be used for ch in these words. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 233 melanae'mia, lit. black (/^ac) blood, pigment in blood. olighse'mia, deficiency of blood corpuscles, (W/foc, few. piarrae mia, fat in the blood. pyae'mia, pus (TT^OV) in the blood. saprae'mia, putrid (matter) in blood, fr. aaxpoz, rotten. septicae'mia, putrid blood, fr. 6c). policlinic, a city (TTO^C) clinic. polyclin'ic, a clinic with many beds or departments. sporad ic, lit. sown, from ffxsloto, to sow; not epidemic. 240 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. sthenic, pertaining to strength (odevoz), strong. Styptic, astringent, from aToycu, to contract. tonic, making tense, firm, strong, from reivto, to stretch. trophic, nourishing, from rpeyio, to nourish. 12. -i'tis. Greek -7tvc. This suffix was originally a simple adjective termination like -ic, and was used with v6/^). rhinol'ogy, the science treating of the nose, spermatol'ogy, the science treating of the semen, splanchnol'ogy, the science treating of the viscera. semeiol'ogy, the science treating of signs and symptoms, fr. a) for alcohol. erotoma nia, a mania for loving the opposite sex; from " Epax;, Cupid. hysteroma'nia, hysterical mania, kleptoma'nia, mania in which theft is the prominent symptom, from X^STTTCO, to steal. methoma'nia, insanity in which the patient has an uncontrollable desire to become intoxicated; fr. fitdu, drunkenness. nymphoma nia, mania of women for sexual intercourse, cenoma nia, same as methomama, fr. o&oc, wine. pyroma nia, insanity in which the patient sets buildings on fire, from xup, fire. theoma'nia, religious insanity, from 0eoc, god. 1 6. -odyn'ia. Greek oduvia, from tiduvy, severe physical pain, like Latin dolor and Sanskrit du. It is used as a suffix and attached to the stem of the word designating the location of the pain. arthrodyn'ia, pain in a joint, cardiodyn'ia, pain in the heart. coccyodyn'ia, pain in coccygeal region, gastrodyn'ia, pain in stomach. metrodyn'ia, pain in womb, mastodyn'ia, pain in breast, ophthalmodyn'ia, pain in eye. phallodyn'ia, pain in penis. pleurodyn'ia, pain in side or pleura. 17. -oede'ma. Greek oc'Syfta, a swelling, from oidea), to swell. This word is used as a suffix to denote a swelling due to the infiltration of lymph, unless other- THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 247 wise specified by the primitive. It is attached ( I ) to the stems of words designating the fluid which causes the swelling, and (2) to the stems of words designating the part where the swelling exists. It is not considered to be in good taste to use this suffix in the formation of the latter class of compounds which are necessarily words of many syllables. " (Edema of the brain" for example, is preferable to encephalcedema. (1) hydrcedema, infiltration of tissues with watery fluid. lymphcedema, infiltration of tissues with lymph. myxcedema, infiltiation of tissues with a substance resembling mucus (fj.'ja). (2) blepharcedema, infiltration of tissues of eyelids. nymphcedema, infiltration of tissues of labia minora. phallcedema, infiltration of tissues of penis. pneuraoncedema, infiltration of tissues of lungs. 1 8. -old. Greek -otdijs or -<^<^c, from scdoi;, a form or image. This is an adjective suffix Latinized into -odes, -oides, or -oidalis, and is the exact equivalent of Latin -formis, from forma, a shape, or the English shaped, like. ad'enoid, gland-like. an'thropoid, man-like or man-shaped, fr. dvOpanoc, man. cesto'des, girdle-like, fr. xsaroz, a girdle. chon'droid, cartilage-like. cho'roid, leather-like. cir'soid, like a varix (xipaoz). cli'noid, bed-like, fr. xXivy, a couch. colloid, glue-like, fr. xotta, glue. con'choid, shell-shaped, fr. xofyy, a shell. co'noid, cone-shaped, fr. xcovoz, a cone. cor'acoid, crow-bill-shaped, fr. xbpas, a raven or crow. IT 248 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. cor'onoid, crown-like, fr. xoptovy, a crown. cot'yloid, cup-shaped, fr. xorvfa], a cup. cri'coid, ring-shaped, fr. xplxoz, a ring. cu'boid, cube-shaped, fr. xu/9oc, a cube. del'toid, delta-shaped, i. e. like J. der'moid, skin-like. des'moid, ligament-like. enceph'aloid, like brain tissue. eth'moid, sieve-like, fr. r;0//6c, a sieve. gle'noid, cave-like, fr. Ytyvy, a cavity. haem'atoid, blood-like. ha'loid, salt-like, fr. <^c, salt, or the sea. hel'coid, ulcer-like, fr. efooc, an ulcer. hy'aloid, glass-like, from 5aAoc, glass. hy'oid, upsilon-shaped, like u. hys'teroid, hysteria-like. ke'loid, tumor-like, resembling a rupture (xqbj). lamb'doid, lambda-shaped, i. e. like A. lep'idoid, scale-like, from XeTtic, a scale. mas'toid, breast or nipple-shaped. my'oid, muscle-like. na'noid, dwarf-like, from vavoz, a dwarf. nem'atoid, thread-like, from vr^a, a thread. neph'roid, kidney-shaped. odon'toid, tooth-like. os'teoid, bone-like. pter'ygoid, wing-like, aliform, from Ttrspu^, a wing. rheu'matoid, like rheumatism. ses'amoid, like a sesame seed. sigfrnoid, sigma-shaped, /. e. like f. sphe'noid, wedge-shaped, from ayyv, a wedge. tet'anoid, like tetanus. thy'roid, shield-shaped, from dupsot;, a shield. trap'ezoid, table-like, from TpdTrs^a, a table. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 249 ty'phoid, like typhus, from Tixpoc, stupor. xiph'oid, sword-like, from i7T/a, from a>, the eye or eye- sight, from OTZTOJ, to see. -opsia, Greek -oxpia, from the same. These are used as suffixes to the stems of words used adjectively denoting the kind of sight or defect of vision. amblyopia, defective or weak sight, fr. &/2jftb$c, blunted. ametropia, abnormal (dfjajrpov, out of measure) sight. asthenopia, weak (dadevyz) sight. copyopia, weary sight, from XOTTOC, weary. diplopia, double (5wAoov) sight, seeing double. emmetropia, normal (s/^'r^ov, in measure) vision. hemeralopia, sight by day only, fr. 'fjfJ.spa, day. hsematopsia, blood-colored vision. hyperopia, over (u~sp) vision; farsight. myopia, fr. fjtuoj, to shut the eyes ; a symptom of near- sightedness ; near sight. micropsia, vision in which objects appear smaller than they are. megalopsia, vision in which objects appear larger than they are. xanthopsia, yellow vision, from ai/06c, yellow. 22. -pathy. Greek xadla, from -ddoz, an affection, disease. This suffix is used in two ways: (i) it is attached to the stems of nouns to denote a diseased con- dition of the part designated by primitive, and (2) to the stems of adjectives or words used adjectively to form compounds denoting a system of treatment. 252 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. (i) adenop'athy, diseased condition of lymphatic glands cardiop'athy, diseased condition of heart. hysterop'athy, diseased condition of womb. neurop'athy, a diseased condition of nervous system. psychop'athy, a diseased condition of mind. (a) allop'athy, a word coined by Hahnemann to denote means of cure otherwise than by homoeo- pathy, fr. , to sew or stitch. Thus we speak of the rhapJie perin&i and rhapJie occipitis, because these parts appear to have been stitched together. The suffix -rhaphy denotes the operation of suturing the part designated by the primitive. elytror'rhaphy, suturing the vagina. enteror'rhaphy, suturing an intestine. neuror rhaphy, suturing a nerve. perinaeor'rhaphy, suturing the perinaeum. proctor rhaphy, suturing the rectum or anus. staphylor'rhaphy, lit. suturing the uvula (arcupu)^); a mis- nomer for suturing the palate for cleft palate. trachelor'rhaphy, suturing the neck of uterus. uraniscor'rhaphy, suturing the palate for cleft palate. 254 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 26. -rha'gia. Greek faf'to., from fifatopt, to burst forth. This suffix is attached to stems of words, (i) to denote an excessive flow of blood from the part desig- nated by the primitive, or (2) to denote an excessive flow of the substance designated by the primitive. In the former class it may usually be translated hemorrhage of. blennorrhagia, an excessive discharge of mucus; gonorrhoea. clitorrhagia, hemorrhage from clitoris. enterrhagia, hemorrhage from bowels. hsemorrhagia, an abnormal flow of blood. menorrhagia, an excessive flow of menstrual blood. metrorrhagia, hemorrhage from the womb, not menstrual. nymphorrhagia, a hemorrhage from the labia minora. phallorrhagia, a hemorrhage from the penis. pharyngorrhagia, a hemorrhage from the pharynx. rhinorrhagia, a hemorrhage from the nose. ulorrhagia, a hemorrhage from the gums. 27. -rhoe'a. Greek j>oia, from f>ea), to flow, equi- valent to the Latin fluxus, from fluo, to flow. This suffix, when attached to the stems of nouns designating parts of the body, denotes an abnormal flow of mucus (catarrh) or other secretion from the part specified by the primitive. It is also attached to the stems of words used adjectively describing the nature of the flux. blennorrhoea, an abnormal discharge of mucus. bronchorrhcea, catarrh of the bronchi. catarrh, a flowing down (xr<); excessive discharge of mucus. cystorrhcea, catarrh of the bladder. colporrhcea, vaginal catarrh. diarrhoea, flowing through (did) of contents of intestines. emmenorrhcea, monthly flow, menses. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 255 enterorrhoea, catarrh of intestines. galactorrhcea, excessive flow of milk. gastrorrhcea, catarrh of stomach. gonorrhoea, flow of semen ; misnomer for blennorrhagia. hydrorrhcea, watery discharge. laryngorrhoea, catarrh of larynx. leucorrhcea, white (hoxo^} discharge from vagina. metrorrhcea, catarrh of uterus. ophthalmorrhcea, catarrh of eyes. orrhorrhcea, discharge of serum (o/)^oc). otorrhcea, catarrh of ear. phallorrhcea, mucous discharge from penis. pharyngorrhcea, catarrh of pharynx. piarrhcea, excessive flow from sebaceous glands. proctorrhcea, catarrh of rectum. rhinorrhcea, nasal catarrh. salpingorrhcea, catarrh of Eustachian tube. spermatorrhoea, abnormal flow of semen. trachelorrhcea, catarrh of cervix uteri. 28. -sis. Greek at^. A suffix used in forming verbal nouns. It is equivalent to the Latin -ens, -entia, -da, and English -ing, and denotes a process, action, or possession. It is added to the stems of verbs to form nouns denoting the continuance of such action, process, or possession. Thus from d.vdpa.%, coal, we have the verb dvdpaxoa), to turn to coal, and dvdpdxaimz, a turning to coal, now applied to the deposit of coal dust in the lungs, or to the formation of carbuncles (d^dpaxs^) which were supposed to resemble coals. So also carcinosis denotes the cancerous process, formation of cancer, as carcinoma denotes the result of the process, a cancerous tumor. amauro'sis, a darkening, blindness, fr. dpavpoa), to darken archebio'sis, original (a-pyy, beginning) formation of life, from fao), to live. 256 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. argyro'sis, lit. a turning silver; a deposit of silver salts in tissues. biogen'esis, generation of life, fr. ftioyswdd), to form life. byssino sis, lit. a turning to cotton (/3tWoc) ; deposit of cotton in lungs. cardiec tasis, dilatation of heart, fr. ixrdco, to distend, chemo sis, lit. formation of a cavity (fflpj}', inflammation of eyes in which the cornea seems to be in a cavity. chloro'sis, a turning greenish yellow, from %A,ap6to, to turn green. chromidro'sis, having colored sweat, fr. %pa>/ji6<: t colored. cirrho sis, turning reddish yellow, from xtpfroa*, to turn reddish yellow. copho'sis, deafness, from xo, to be deaf. coreclei'sis, closing of the pupil, from xopyxhico, to close cyano'sis, turning blue (xyavoc). cyrto'sis, a bending, from xuproio, to bend, dermatol'ysis, a shedding of the skin, from dsppaToXixa, to cast off the skin. distichi'asis, having a double row (diartyps) of eyelashes. dosis, dose, a giving, fr. 8iSa)/ju, to give. ecchymo'sis, a pouring out of blood into the tissues, fr. ^ynjfj.6o), to pour out. elephanti'asis, becoming like an elephant (lhavTid^to)i a disease in which there is great hypertrophy of tissues. gompho'sis, (articulating) like a molar tooth, fr. fOfi.. helco'sis, ulceration, fr. kXxbca, to ulcerate. helminthi asis, having intestinal worms, from to have worms. histol'ysis, dissolution of tissue. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 257 hystrici'asis, resembling a hedgehog (uffrpiE); stiffness of the hair. icthyo'sis, resembling a fish (t%dvz)', scaly skin disease, iridokine'sis, abnormal movement or twitching of iris, lithi'asis, formation of calculi (XiOoc). lordo'sis, a bending forward of spine, from Aopdoa), to bow down. lysis, solution, breaking up of a disease, fr. Xua)pd ; a squamous skin disease. ptosis, a falling, drooping of the eyelid, fr. xlnTa), to fall. pyro'sis, a burning (in the stomach), fr. xvpoa), to set on fire. rhachiocamp sis, spinal curvature, fr. xdpitro), to curve, rhachiocypho'sis, having a hump back, fr. xy^6o>, to make a hump. rhexis, a rupture of a vessel, fr. fyfvofM, to burst. rhutido'sis, a wrinkling (of cornea before death), fr. fivTiSoa), to wrinkle, satyri'asis, acting like a satyr, inordinate sexual desire, fr. aaropcd^a), to play the satyr. scolio sis, curvature (of spine), fr. axohoco, to be crooked. 258 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. trichi'asis, having hairs, eyelashes growing into eyes, fr. 6pi, a hair. trichino sis, being affected with trichinae. zymo'sis, fermentation, an infectious process, fr. vp.6w, to make yeast, to ferment. 29. -scopy- Greek -ffxoxla, from ffxoxeca, to ex- amine. A word derived from ffxsxTOfiat, to look at, like Latin inspectio, from specie. This suffix denotes the act of examining the part specified by the primitive. It is equivalent to the Latin spectio. elytros'copy, the examination of the vagina. endos'copy, the examination of cavities, parts within. gastros'copy, the examination of the stomach. gynaecos'copy, the examination of female genitals. laryngos'copy, the examination of the larynx. micros'copy, the examination of small things. ophthalmos'copy, the examination of the eye. otos'copy, the examination of the ear. pharyngos'copy, the examination of the throat. proctos'copy, the examination of the rectum. rhinos'copy, the examination of the nose. stethos'copy, the examination of the chest. urethros'copy, the examination of the urethra. All of the words ending in -scopy signify an ocular examination, except stethoscopy, which denotes an ex- amination by means of the ear. 30. -s'mus- Greek -apo^, English -sm. A termi- nation added to the stems of intensive and frequentative verbs, i. e. those ending in o>, to form verbal nouns. Thus, from ffrtda), to draw, we form the intensive verb ffTrd^at, to draw hard, or with a frequentative sense, to draw often. From this verb we get 07r<<7/*oc, Latin spas- THE LANG UA GE OF MEDICINE. 259 mus, English spasm. As a termination it denotes that the action expressed by the verb takes place frequently or rapidly. A secondary meaning is irritability or spasm. With this signification it is attached to the stem of the noun designating the part affected. In a few cases, as in aneurysm, from dveopv^a), to widen out, it has the same signification as the termination -sis. erethism, irritability, from Ipedi^o, to irritate, rheumatism, lit. abounding in humors (peofiara). laryngismus, spasm of larynx, from Xapufji^o, to shout, marasmus, a rapid wasting, fr. fjiapd^ao, to waste away, cesophagismus, spasm of oesophagus, pharyngismus, spasm of pharynx. priapism, constant or frequent erection of penis, ptyalism, spitting frequently, salivation, fr. TTTUCJ, to spit. strabismus, squinting, fr. arpa^to, to squint, trachelismus, a throttling spasm of neck, fr. tpOfflM, eye; ulcer in corner of eye. aegoph'oy, fr. a, a goat, (pcwy, voice; bleating sound, allot'ropy, from d//oc, other, and -cps-a), to turn ; changing to another form, amalgam, fr. #//a, together, fafj.sai, to marry; mixture of metals. alope'cia, from dUoi/nyc, the fox, which is sometimes bald ; baldness. ankylo'sis, immobility, fr. dpty^otu, to clasp, ankylo-glos'sia, clasp (a-j-xo)^} tongue (^a(t>, to gnash. bulim'ia, fr. /?oyc, an ox; ravenous appetite. ca'lyx, fr. xdXuq, a cup. ceph'alotribe, a head crusher, fr. xsyahj, head, and Tpsifta) ,to rub to powder. chi'asm, formation of letter chi (X). chloas'ma, formation of yellow color on skin, fr. %Au)p6i;, yellow. choled'ochus, gall receiver, fr. 70^7, bile, and 3s%o[jtat, to receive. chol'era, lit. the bilious disease, $ %otepy (vo(t>, to preserve; oil of smoke. cre'atin, an extractive from flesh (xpsas). cryptor'chis, having a concealed (xpo7rcb$) testicle (dp%k). dolichoceph'alus, having long (3ob%6c) head (xeyaty). dynamom'eter, a force (dwa/nt;) measurer (fjayrpov). echinococ'cus, lit. a hedge-hog berry, fr. l%tvo<;, a hedge- hog ; embryo of tape worm. emprosthot'onos, a stretching forward (^poadsv) spasm. en'terolith, stone-like faeces in intestine, fr. tidos, a stone. 18 264 THE LANGUAGE O'F MEDICINE. erythe'ma, redness of skin, fr. Ipodsco, to blush, eschar, a scab from a burn, fr. Iff%ap6a>, to scab over, eu'nuch, lit. a bed keeper, fr. ewy, a bed, and to keep. gan'grene, lit. an eating away (fdffpaiva). graph'ite, writing stone, plumbago, fr. fpdya), to write. haemop'tysis, spitting blood, fr. TTTUCD, to spit, and aj/^a, blood, hem'orrhoid, resembling a flow of blood, first applied to bleeding piles, fr. alpa^pico, to flow blood, hal'ogen, salt making, fr. $Ac, salt, and fzwda), to make, hectic, habitual, constitutional, fr. e&c, a habit, her'nia, dim. cf. e/>voc, a breach, a rupture, herpes, fr. epTtto, to creep ; a skin disease, " shingles." Hippoc'rates, lit a horse driver, fr. T/nroc, a horse, and xparsto, to govern, "the Father of Medicine. hip'pus, a constant winking, as seen in the horse (Syr/roc). h/datid, lit. a watery vesicle, fr. udariz, a cyst containing water, hydroceph'alus, lit. water hea.d(udcop andxe^a^y), dropsy of brain. hy'drogen, water (uSiop) making (7-evvCtw). hydronephro'sis, watery collection about kidney. hydropericar'dium, watery serum in pericardium. hy'giene, fr. bftia, health; cognate with Sanskrit ugras, strength. Hygeia was the daughter of ^Esculapius. hyphom'yces, web fungus, from ixpo<;, a web, and //wnyc, fungus. idiosyn'crasy, from I'dioz, one's own, ffuyxpaffit;, mixing together; temperament. i'odine, fr. tajdyz, violet-like, fr. cov, a violet; an element. kinesither'apy, movement (xivymz) cure THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 265 kyes'tein or cyes'tein, from XUT^K;, pregnancy, and clothing; a substance in urine of pregnant women. lagophthal'mia, hare (Xa-j-d)^) eye ; inability to close eye. lagos'toma, hare (Xafdx;) mouth (, to straighten, and 7ra?c, a child. orthopnce'a, dpdoz, upright position, and xvoia, breathing. os'teoblast, a bone (darsov) bud (^danfjfia). o'tolith, a stone (/*'#oc) found in ear (ouc). oxyu'res, worms with sharp (o?wc) tails (oupa). Ozse'na, the name of a stinking sea fish (d'cuva); fetid nasal catarrh. o'zone, fr. ow, to stink; modified oxygen. pachybleph'aron, thick (Trtfpc) eyelids (fttiyapa). 266 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. paed'erasty, unnatural love (ipaaria) of boys paed'iatry, the art of child (~a?c) curing (tarpeia). pathet'ic, pertaining to the feelings (Trddoi). pathognomon'ic, belonging to a symptom by which we know (^rfvtoaxo)) a disease. pem'phigus, a skin disease characterized by blisters phagedae'na, an eating sore, fr. tpd-j-a), to eat. phar'macy, the art of preparing drugs (dp/*axa). pharmacopce'a, lit. drug making, fr. xoeea), to make. phlyctae'na, a blistered sore ((pttxrcuva). placen'ta, Latinized fr. 7daxoi>z, a cake; afterbirth: pleomas'tia, supernumerary nipples, fr. ^eoc, more, and fiaffT6<;, breast pleth'ora, fullness, fr. xlrfios, full. pleurosthot'onos, a spasm (rovoc) drawing to the side ple'ximeter, a stroke (^^c) measure pneumo-tho'rax, air (^veD/za) in the chest (dapag). pom'pholyx, a bubble-like eruption on skin bubble). pseudoplas'ma, from ^eupa), i. e. in pleura! cavity. rhin'othrix, a nose hair (/?/c, nose, 6pi$, hair). rhoncus, a snoring sound (J>b-]r%oz). sap'rophyte, a putrefactive (ffaxpoz) schizomyce'tes, splitting (ff%ia>) fungi scirrus, a hard (axippoz) tumor ; stone cancer. scolex, an embryo of tapeworm, fr. ffxattyt;, a worm. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 267 scyb'alum, a faecal mass (6c) poison (ro&xov). ulat'rophy, atrophy of gums (otWa, gum, drpotpia). zoster, a girdle, zone, fr. CHAPTER VII. HYBRID WORDS. HYBRID words are those derived from two lan- guages, a method of formation regarded as unscientific by philologists. The word hybrid is derived from the Greek &ftpit;, wantonness, violence, or rape, through the Latin hybrida or hibrida, a mongrel, or a person born of a Roman father and foreign mother. The classical writers were exceedingly careful to avoid words formed in this manner, and the Grecian orator, although allowed to coin new words from his own tongue with the greatest liberty, would have been greeted with hisses if not a shower of stones, had he committed the dreadful crime of using a hybrid word, such as medical men use daily when talking of albuminuria or asafcetida. The Greeks called all foreigners barbarians, (ftdftapoi) not because they had long beards, barbce, and needed the services of a barber, as is sometimes supposed, but because the languages of these strangers sounded to the Hellenic ear like bah-bah-bah, a kind of speech far beneath them. Demosthenes would no more have thought of forming a new word by uniting Greek and Latin than a Southern gentleman would think of marry- ing his daughter to the blackest negro on his plantation. While the older classical medical terms were formed according to the strictest rules of etymology, many, of these hybrids have of late been introduced into the language of medicine and taken a firm root in our litera- ture. American physicians, particularly the specialists, are responsible for the great majority of these mongrels, possibly because of the cosmopolitan character of our THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 269 nation, but more probably on account of the total lack of philological training in this country. The specialist derives nearly as much pleasure from the coining of a new word as from the invention of a new instrument, although he usually evinces far less skill in his etymo- logical than in his mechanical inventions. The language of a science should be scientific in all particulars, and all hybrid words should be relegated to "foxpeurists," "vita-nad tares" and other nondescript prac- titioners. Vaginitis, for example, is quite as improperly formed as digititis, or fingeritis, yet vaginitis is used by the best medical scholars, while fingeritis or nositis would be ridiculed by the most illiterate of practitioners. With the dictionaries of Greece, Rome and France open for our use in selecting and forming new scientific words, there is no occasion for the introduction of these hybrids. In a few instances it would be somewhat difficult to find a proper substitute for these hybrid words. Albu- minuria, for example, is both euphonic and expressive, although composed of the Latin albumen and the Greek -oupia. If we attempt to convert this into a pure Greek word we may have synovuria, from aovtbFov, white of egg, or on the other hand, we might use the pure Latin, albuminurina. We give below a list of common hybrids with their derivation and pure Greek equivalents, using quotation marks when the word is not found in the medical dictionaries. antifeb'rine, fr. Gk. dvri, against, and Lat. febris, fever, antipyrine.* cseci'tis, Lat. cacum and Gk. Tree, typhlitis. * As "antipyrine" is applied to a different substance, acetanilide should be used instead of antifebrine. 270 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. fibroid, \ja.\..fibra and Gk. etSos, "moid." fibro'ma, ~L,a.\..fibra and Gk. -tafia, inoma. oros'copy, Lat. os, mouth, and Gk. ffxom' ovari'tis, Lat. ovarium and Gk. ?ZYC, oophoritis. parova'rium, Gk. 7ra/?ctand Lat. ovarium, " paroophorum." ptaesystol'ic, Lat. prce and Gk. auatohxot;, " prosystolic." spec'troscope, Lat. spectrum and Gk. ffxoxia, "idoscope." tonsillot'omy, Lat. tonsilla and Gk. ro/jtla, amygdalotomy. tuberculo'sis, ~La.t.tu&er<:u/uma.nd Gk.-axrn;, "phymatosis." uvuli'tis, Lat. uvula and Gk. 2zvc, staphylitis or cionitis. uvulof omy, Lat. uvula and Gk. -ropta, staphylotomy or cionotomy. vaginis'mus, Lat. vagina and Gk. -r/*>, colpismus or elytrismus. vagi'nocele, Lat. vagina and Gk. XTJ)JJ, colpocele. vulvi'tis, Lat. vulva and Gk. -jq>8fe, the muscle- like expansion. pyramida'lis, fr. Gk. xvpafjtiz, a pyramid ; pyramidal, pyrifor mis, pear-shaped. quadra'tus, square: femoris, of thigh. lumborum, of loins, rectus, straight: abdominis, of abdomen. capitis anticus major, larger anterior, of head. capitis anticus minor, smaller anterior, of head. capitis lateralis, lateral, of head. capitis posticus major, larger posterior, of head. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 275 capitis posticus minor, smaller posterior, of head. externus, external. femoris, of thigh. inferior, inferior. internus, internal. superior, upper, rhomboi'deus, rhomb-shaped: major, larger. minor, smaller. scale'nus, irregular triangular: anticus, anterior. medius, middle. posticus, posterior. semimembrano'sus, half membranous, semitendino'sus, half tendinous. serra'tus, toothed: magnus, large. posticus inferior, lower posterior. posticus superior, upper posterior. sole'us, sole-shaped, fr. solea, a sole or sole fish. sple'nius, spleen-shaped: capitis, spleen-shaped, of head. colli, spleen-shaped, of neck, transver'sus perinse'i, transverse, of perineum, transversa'lis, transverse: abdominis, of belly. lumborum, of loins. cervicis, of neck. pedis, of foot. teres, round: major, larger. minor, smaller. trape'zius, Greek TpdTre^a, a table; table-shaped, triangula'ris sterni, triangular, of breast-bone. 276 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. triceps, three headed, fr. tris, triple, and caput, head, vastus, large: externus, external. internus, internal. 2. Uses. Muscles were first classified according to their function by Galen. abduc'tor, leader away: minimi digiti, of little finger. pollicis, of thumb or great toe. accelerator uri'nae, hastener of the urine. adduc'tor, leader to: brevis, short. longus, long. magnus, large. pollicis manus, of thumb. pollicis pedis, of great toe. attol'lens aurem, lifting up the ear. at'rahens aurem, drawing to the ear. buccina'tor, trumpeter, because used in inflating cheek. compres'sor naris, presser together of nostril. constric'tor ure'thrae, drawer together of urethra, corruga'tor supercil'ii, wrinkler of eyebrow, cremas'ter, Greek xpefjtctffnjp, the suspender (of testicle). depres'sor, presser down: al/x:ddofjtai, to feel together). 2. Location: auricula'ris, belonging to ear. facialis, belonging to, also supplying face. hypoglossa'lis, located under (6-6) the tongue (fXiaaoa}. media'nus, the middle nerve of arm, fr. medius, middle. 284 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. mentalis, located on chin (mentum). sciat'icus, located on thigh or haunch (laytov). 3. Part supplied: abdu'cens, supplying external rectus; abductor of eye. glosso-pharyngea'lis, supplying tongue and pharynx. genito-crura'lis, supplying genitals and leg. musculo-cuta'neus, supplying muscles and skin, pneumo-gas'tricus, supplying air-passages and stomach, trochlea'ris, supplying the trochlear or superior oblique muscle. 4. Miscellaneous : descen'dens noni, descending branch of ninth cranial, mus'culo-spira'lis, twisting around downward and sup- plying muscles. por'tio mollis sep'timi, soft part of seventh, auditory. por'tio dura sep'timi, hard part of seventh, facial, trigem'inus, triple, from trigemini, triplets. Vidia'nus, named in honor of Vidius, an Italian anatomist. VI. Encephalogical Nomenclature. In naming the parts of the brain no system has been adopted. The earlier anatomists believed that in the brain could be found the homologues of all the other parts of the body and this hypothesis has had a great influence upon the nomenclature. Other parts have been named from a fancied resemblance to some familiar object. amyg dala, Greek dfefydaty, an almond; a tonsil, aqueduc'tus Syl'vii, conduit of Sylvius. arach'noid, Greek d.payyotdr]<;, like a spider web. arbor vitae, tree of life, bra chium, Greek fipa%ia)v, an arm. cal'amus scriptori'us, Greek xo^a/zoc, a reed, writing pen. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, 285 cap sula, dim. of capsa, a box. centrum majus, larger center. centrum minus, smaller center. centrum ova le, oval center. claustrum, a barrier, a sheet. clava, a club, a penis. cer'ebrum, the brain, cf. xdpa, the head. crebeHum, dim. of cerebrum. choroid plexus, leather-like net work. cor'nua, horns. commissu'ra, a joining together. corpus denta'tum, toothed body. corpus callo'sum, callous body. corpus fimbria'tum, fringed body. corpus stria'tum, striped body. cor'pora genicula'ta, knee-like or bent bodies. cor'pora mammilla'ria, breast-like bodies. cor'pora quadrigem'ina, quadruplet bodies. crura cer'ebri, legs of brain. dura mater, hard mother or membrane. fissu'rae, clefts. floc'culus, a tuft of wool. fornix, an arch; union, connection. funic'ulus, a small cord. falx cer'ebri, sickle of brain. genu, knee. hippocam'pus, Greek tnnoxdfjtTroc, a sea animal with a horse's head. infundib'ulum, a small funnel. iter e tertio ad quartum ventric'ulum, passage from the third to the fourth ventricles, lin'gula, small tongue, lam'ina cine'ria, ash-colored layer, lobus quadra'tus, square lobe. 286 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. nates, buttocks. nodule, small knot. nu'cleus cauda'tus, tailed kernel. nu'cleus lenticula'ris, lentil-like kernel. pedun'cula, little feet. pia mater, tender mother or membrane. pyram'idal body or lobe, pyramid-shaped body. pin'eal gland, shaped like a pine cone. pituitary body, mucus secreting body. proces'sus e cerebello ad testes, process from small brain to testicles of brain, pons Varo'lii, the bridge of Varolius. raphe, a seam. rostrum, a beak or prow, rest'iform body, rope-like body, septum lu'cidum, transparent partition, sple'nium, spleen. striae acus'ticae (Gk. dxovffTtxai) auditory stripes, tse'nia semicircula'ris, semicircular ribbon. testes, testicles. thal'amus (Greek 0y subscription only.) 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