*". -m ^■fc=?e* '^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GIFT OF ROSE BOVJERS Kft^ h •iS^iasisaiMiM:; .^?^ m^ ' IB Q C^MPRIERES OR, SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF CELEBRATED CHARACTERS INT EVERY AGE AND NATION, EMBRACING WARRIORS, HEROES, POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, HISTORIANS, POLITICIANS, STATESMEN, LAWYERS, PHYSICIANS, DIVINES, DISCOVERERS, INVENTORS, AND GENERALLY, ALL SUCH INDIVIDUALS, AS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIODS OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT TIME, HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED AMONG MANKIND; ABRIDGED FROM LEMPRIERE's BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, AND CON- TAINING EVERY ARTICLE IN THAT WORK, WITH ADDITIONS OF SEVERAL HUNDRED NAMES, FROM ALLEN, WALKER, JONES, AND OTHERS. TO WHICH IS ADDED, E 33ictlonavfi OF THE PRINCIPAL DIVINITIES AND KEHOSS OF GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY ; AND NOTICES OF ONE HUNDRED EMINENT LIVING INDIVIDUALS : WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING SKETCHES OF THE LIVES AND CHARACTERS OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON. N. WHITE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 1826. ■j^f*vi-' BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AA AB AA, Peter Vauder, abooksellei of Li^yden, who, published a work in 60 vols, folio, entitled; Galerie du Monde, &o. was living in 1729. AAGART), Nicholas and Christian, brothers, torn at VViburg, in Denmark, the eldest, distin-] t'uisheJ for the acultness of his philosophical writings, died 1'j57 ; the other known for his poetical talents, died ICM. AALAM, an astrologer of the ninth century, at the court of Adado Daula. AALST, Everard, a dutch painter, whose pieces were hiehlv valued, was born at Delft, 1602. and died ui 1658. AARON, elder brother of Moses, of the tribe of Levi, bom A. M. 2434 ; he was the friend and the assistant of Moses, was happily gifted witi) the powers of eloquence, and became the first high-pviest among the Hebrews. He died in liis 123d year. AARON, Raschid, a caliph of the Abassides, distinguished by his conquests and the eccentri- city of his character, died A. D. SOt), in tiie 23d vear of his reign. AARON, Schascou, a rabbi ot Thessalonica, Celebrated for his writings. AARON, a British saint, put to death with his brother Julius, during Dioclescian's persecution of the Christians. A.ARON, a presbyter and physician of Alex- andria, in the eighth century ; he wrote 30 books on medi'ine in the Syriac language, and is the rirstauthor who makes mention of the small pox ar.d meazles, diseases which were introduced into Egypt from Arabia, about 040. AARON, Hariscon, a Caraite rabbi who was known as physician at Constantinople in 1-294 and wrote a learned commentary on the pcnta touch, Hebrew grammar, &;c. AARON, Hacharon or Posterior, another learned Rabbi, horn in 1346 ; he wrote on the law of Moses, the customs of his nation, and a treatise entitled the Garden of Eden. A.'V.RON, Isaac, an interpreter of languages at Constantinople under the Comeni. A.VRON, Ben Chaim. the chief of the Jewish Synagogue, at Fez and Morocco, in the begin- ning of the 17th century ; he wrote commeiita ries on Joshua, the Law, the Prophets, &c. AAP.,ON, Ben-aser, a learned rabbi in the 5th century, to whom tlie invention of the Hebrew points and accents is attributed ; he wrote a llebrew granmiar, printed 1515. AARON, a Levite of Barcelona, wrote 613 precepts on Mosea, printed at Venice, 1523 ; he died 1292. AARSENS, Francis, lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for negotia- tion that the United Provinces of Holland have at any time possessed. He was the first person ever recognised as Dutch ambassador by the French court ; the first of three extraordinary ambassadors sent to England in lt".20 ; and the second in 1041, who were to treat about the mar- riage of prince William, son to the prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an advanced age ; h« left behind him very accmateand judicious me- moirs of all the embassies in which he was etn- ployed. AARSENS, or AERSF.N3, Peter, called by the Italiatis Pietro Loiigo, from his tallne.>s,a celebrated painter, born at Amsterdam in 151;) He excelled very particularly in painting a kitchen ; but an altarpicce of his, viz. a crucifix, representing an executioner breaking with an iron bar the logs of the thieves, &c. was prodi- giously admired. This noble piece was destroyed by the rabble in the time of the insurrection, 1566. He afterwards complained of this to the populace in terms of such severity, that more than once they were going to murder him. He died in 1585. AARTGEN. or AERTGEN, a painter of merit, born at Leyden in 1498. It was a custom with this painter never to v.ork on Mondays, but to devote that day with his disciples to the bottle. He used to stroll about the streets in the night, playing on the German flute ; and in one of these frolics was drowned in 1564. AB.\, brother-in-law to Stephen, the fiftt Christian king of Hungary; disgraced himself bv his cruelties ; was conquered in battle by the Emperor Henry III. ; and was sacrificed to the resentment of his offended subjects. 1044. ABAFFI, Michael, son of a magistrate of Her- manstad, rose by his abilities aiid intrigues, to the sovereignty of Transylvania, in 1661. ABACA,'or ABAKA,akingof Tartary, con- quered Persia, and proved a powerful and formi- dable neighbour to the Cliristians at Jerusalem, died 1282. ABANO, vid. Apono. AB.'\RIS, a Scythian philosopher, the history of whose adventures, mentioned by Herodotua and others, appears more fabulous than au- thentic. ABAS, Schah, seventh king of Persia, was brave and active ; he took conjointly with the English forces, 1622, the Island of Orrnus, which had been in the possession of the Portuguese 122 years ; he died 1629 in the 44th year of his reign. ABAS, Schah, the great grandson of the pre- ceding, succeeded his father in 1642, in his 13th year ; he patronised tlie Christians, and was dis- tinguished lor his benevolence and liberality ; he died Sept. 25, 1666. .'VBASS.'V, an officer who revolted against Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, and after- wards was emploved against the Poles, 1634, at the head of 60,000 men. The cowardice of his troops robbed him of a victory, and he was strangled by order of the Sultan. ABASSA, a sister of Aaron Raschid, whose hand was bestowed by her brother on Glafer ; lier husband was sacrificed by the tyrant, and ^ she was reduced to poverty. AB.ASSON, an impostor, who, under the character of Uie grandson of Abas the great, ob- tained the patronage of the court of France and of the grand seignior, by wliose order he was at !a$t beheaded. . if*.-; it . ^'i f J- AB AI5ATS, Andrew, a painter of fruit and AiU life, born at Naples, was eniployud by the king of Spain, and ditd in 1732. ABAUZIT, Firmin, born at Uzee, 11th Nov. J67U, tied from tlie persecution which attended his parents on account of their profession of protestantism, and retired to Geneva, became distinguislied for his superior progress in eveiy branch of polite learning, but particularly mathematics and natural history ; was Haltered by Voltaire, and complimented by Rousseau ; he died March 20, 1707. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant di- vine, and dean ot Rilaloe, born at Nay, in Berne, in the year 1G5-1 (or, according to some accounts, in 1658,) died in the parish of Mary- la-bonne, in London, 1727. The chief of this author'.-; works was, " Traite de la Verite de la Religion Chriitienne ; Rotterdam, lGb4." This has gone through several editions, and is perhaps the best' book ever published on that subject. ABAS, Halli, a physician, and one of the Persian magi, who followed the doctrines of Zoroaster; he wrote A. D. 980, a book called a royal work, which was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch, l]iJ7, and is nov^' extant. ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, opposed the ambitious views of the impostor ; but when de- feated in the battle of Bedr, was recnncilcd to his nejShew, embraced his religion, and thanked iieavsn lor the prosperity and the grace he en- joyed as a mussulman. He died in the 32d year of tiie hecira. ABBASSA, vid. Abassa. ABBATEGIO, Marian d', an ecclesiastic of the 1-tth century, who rose by his abilities to be governor of Aquila. ABBATISSA, Paul, a famous Sicilian poel, horn at Messina, 1570. He translated into Italiaii verse Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. ABBIATI, Philip, a historical painter, bom at !MiIan 1640, died 1715. ABBONi, a monk of St. Germain des Pres, Aho was present at the siege of Paris by the Normans, at the close of the 9th century ; he wrote an account of this event in 1200 verses, in esecrable Latin, which was edited by Du- plessis, 1753. ABBON, de Fleury, an ecclesiastic of Or- leans, who became abbot of Fleury, supported the rights of the monastic order against the in- trusions of the bishops. He was killed in a quarrel between the French and Gascons, 1004. ABBOT, Hull, a respectable minister of Charlestown, Massachusetts, published several sennons, died 1782, aged 80. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1562, at Guildford, in Surry. In 1604 that translation of the Bible now in usewasbecunby the direction of king .Tames, and Dr. Abbot was the second of eight divines of Oxford, to whon the care of translating the whole New Testa ijiciit (eicepting the Kpistles) was committed On April 5, 1619, Sir Nicholas Kempe laid the first stone of the hospital at Guildford. The archbishop, who was present, afterwards en- dowed it with lands to tlie value of 300i. per ann. The archbishop, being in a declinine stale of health, used in the summer to go to Ilamp shire for the sake of recreation ; and being m vited by lord Kouch to hunt in his park at Bran zill, he met there with the greatest misfortum that ever befell him ; for he accidentally killed his lordship's keeper, by an arrow from a cross- 6ow, which heibot at' a deer. Thi« accident threw him into a deep melancholy ; he ever it- lerwards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the (Iny on which this fatal mischance happenedi and settled an annuil} of 20/. on the widow. Worn out, however, with cares and infirmities, ■le died at Croydon, Aug. 5, 1633. ABBOT, Maurice, youngest brother of the archbishop, accjuired consequence in comnier- cial affairs, was employed in 1624 in establish- ing the settlement of Virginia, and was the first person on whom Charles I. conferred the ho- nour of kiughthood. He was elected reprtsen- taiivL' for London, and in 163« was raised to the mayoralty of the city, and died Jan. 10th, IfWO. ABBOT, Robert, D. D. eldest brother of the wo preceding ; he was born at Guildford, was ;riucated at Baliol college, and elected mastci thereof, 1609. His eloquence as a preacher re- commended him to further patronage ; he was appointed chaplain to the king, and regius pro- lessor of divniity at Oxford. He was conse- crated bishop of Salisbury, 1615, and died Mar. 2, 1017, in his 58th year. His writings were principally controvrsial. ABBT, Thomas, the German translator of Sallust, and the admired author of a treatise "On merit," and of anotlier, "Ofdying for one's countrv," was bornatUlm,anddiedat Bucke- berg, 1766, aged 28. ABDALCADER, a Persian who was greatly revered by the mussulmans for his learning, his piety, and the sanctity of his manners. ABDALLAH, fatlier of Mahomet, was a slave, and a driver of camels. ABDALLAH, son of Zobair, was proclaimed caliph ot' Mecca and Medina, after the expulsion of Yesid. After enjoying the sovereignty for four years, he was besieged in Mecca, by the successor of Yesid in Syria, and sacrificed to the ambition of his rival, 733. ABDALLAH, son of Yesid, celebrated as a mussulman lawyer in the 7th century. ABDALLAII, son of Abbas, endeavoured to raise his familyon the ruinsof the Ommiades; he was defeated by iiis rivals, who, afterwards, 'iretending to be reconciled, perfidiously mur- dereii him, 754. ABDA.LMALEK, son of Marvan, was 5th caliph of the Ommiades, and began to reign, 685. He was called Abulzebab, because bis breath was so otfcnsive that it killed the very flics that settled on his lips ; he reigned 21 years, and was ucceeded by Valid, the eldest of his 16 sons. ABDALMALEK, the last of the caliphs of the race of the Samanides, was dethroned and murdered by Mahinoud, 999. ABDALRAH3IAN, or ABDERAMES, vid. Abderames. ABDAS, a bishop in Persia, who, by incon- iderately abolishing a Pagan temple of the un, excited the public indignation against him- self and his religion. ABDEMELEK, king of Fez and Morocco, was dethroned by his nephew, Maliomet ; but by the assistance of troops, sent him by the sultan Selim, defeated Sebastian, king of Portugal, who had landed in Africa to support the usurper. The two African monarchs and Sebastian fell m the field, 1578. ABDERAMES, a caliph of the race of Om- miades, was invited into Spain by the Saracens. He assumed the title of king of Corduba, and the surname of just ; he died, 790, after reigning '2 years. ABDERAMES, a Saracen general of the ca- liph II«6chain, who, aftex conquering Spaii^ " AB penetrated into Aquitain and Poitou,and wuh at lasL dei'eated by Charles Martel, near Foitiers 732. ABDER AMES, a petty prince, in the kingdom of Morocco. He murdered Amadiii, his prede cesdor and nepliew, and was iiimseU' assussi- naied by a chieftain, 1305. AUDI AS, a native of Babylon, who pretend- ed to bo one of the 72discipk-s of our Saviour, wrote a legendary treatise, called Historia certa nienis Apostolici, which was edited aud trans lated into Latin, by Wolfgang Lazius, Basil 1571. ABDISSI, a patriarch of Assyria, who paid homage to Pope Pius £ V. 1502, and extended the power of the Romish church in tlie East. ABDOLONVMUS, a Sidonian of the royal family, placed on the throne by Alexander the Great. ABDON, a Persian, who suffered martyrdom under the persecution of Decius, 250. ABDULMUMEN, a man of obscure origin, seized the crown of Morocco, his death put a stop to Ihs meditated invasion of Spain, 1150 ABELLLE, Gaspard, a native of lliez, in Provence, born IWS, died at Paris, 1718. ABEILLE, Scipio, brother of tile preceding, surgeon in the regiment of Picardy, died 169T ABEL, second son of Adam, was cruelly murdered by his brother Cain. ABEL, king of Denmark, son of Valdimar, n. usurped the throne 1250, and was killed in battle two years after. ABEL, Frederick Gottfried, a native of Hal- berstadt, abandoned divinity for the pursuit of medicine ; he died 1794, aged 80. ABEL, Charles Frederic, whose great musical ability, both as composer and performer, was .in honour to the age in which he lived. His instrumental performance, particularly on the Viol di Gamba, was much distinguished for its elegance and fine feeling. He died, at London, after three days' sleep, on the 20th of June, 1787. ABELA, John Francis, a commander of the order of Malta, known by an excellent work called " Malta illustrata," in fol. 1647. ABELARD, Peter, one of the most celebrated doctors of the 12th century, was born in the vil- lage of Palais, in Brittany. That he might enjoy all the sweets of life, he thought it necessary to have a mistress, and accordingly fixed his afl'ec- tions on Heloise, a niece of a canon at Paris He boarded in this canon's house, whose name was Fulbert; where, pretending to teach the young lady the sciences, he soon made love to liisscholar. Abelard now performed his public functions very coldly, and wrote nothing but amorous verses. Heloise, at length, being likely to become a mother, Abelard sent her to a sister of his in Brittany, where she was delivered of a son. To soften the canon's anger, he offered to marry Heloise privately ; Fulbert, however, was better pleased with this proposal than his niece, whj^from a strange singularity in her passion, chJsE rather to be the mistress than the wife of Anelard. .\t length, however, she consented to a private marriage; but, even after this, would on some Mcasions affirm with an oath, that she wab ilillTlftniarricd. Her husband thereupon Bent i\er to th#monastery of Argenteuil ; where, at liis desire, she put on a religious habit, but not the veil. Heloise's relations, looking upon this as a second piece of treachery in Abelard, were nansporteJ to such a degree of resentment, that they hired mffians, whj for«ing into his cham- ber by nigbt, leprived him of His aianheod. This AB infamous treatment forced Abelard to a cloister, to conceal his confusion, and ho put on the habit in the abbey of St. Denis. He afterwards re- tired to a solitude in the diocese of Tro}'es, and there built an oratory, which he named the Paraclete, where great numbers of pupils re- sorted to him. Here again his success excited that envy by which he had tliroiigh life been [lersecutod ; and having been several times in danger of his life, by poinon and other artifices, he was at length received by Peter the Venerable into his abbey of Clugni, in which sanctuary Abi.lard was tre.ated with the utmost humanity and tenderness. At length, having become infirm from the prevalence of the scurvy and other disorders, he was removed to the priory of St. Marcellus, on the Saon, ueaj Chalons, where he died, April 21, IU2, in the 63d year of hii age. His corpse was sent to Heloise, who da- posited it in the Paraclete. ABELL, John, an English musician in the chapel royal of Charles II. celebrated for a fine counter-tenor voice, and for his skill on the lute. He continued in the chapel till the Revolu- tion, when he was discharged as being a Papist. Upon this he went abroad, and at Warsaw met with a very extraordinary adventure. He was sent for to court ; but evading to go t>y some slight excuse, was commanded to attend. At the palace, he was seated in a chair in the mid- dle of a spacious hall, and suddenly drawn up to a great height, when ihe king, with his attend- ants, appeared in a gallery opposite to him. At the same instant a number of wild bears were uirned in, when the king bid liim choose, whother he would sing, or be let down among the bears. Abell chose the former, and declared afterwards, that he never sung so well in his life ABELLA, a female writer born at Salerne, in the reign of Charles of Anjou. ABELLI, Lewis, a native of Vexin Francois, who was made Bishop of Rhodes, died at Paris 1091, in his 83th year. ABENDANA, Jacob, a Spanish Jew, who died 1685, prefect of the Synagogue in London. ABENEZRA, Abraham, a Spanish rabbi, sur- uamed the wise, great, and admirable, died 1174, aged about 75. His commentaries are highly valued. ABENGNEFIL, an Arabian physician, of the 12th century. ABENMELEK, a learned rabbi, who wrote, in Hebrew, a commentary on the Bible ; it was published at Ainsterdani, 1661, in folio. ABERCROMBIE, Jaines, a major general in the British army in Canada, in 1756 : he display- ed a want of talents, and was superseded by general Amherst. ABERCROMBIE, John, a horticultural write- of much note. His first work was published un- der the title of " Mawe's Gardener's Calendar ;" the flattering reception of which led him tc pursue his literary labours on professional sub- jects, to which he prefixed his own name. He died at Somers' Town, in 1806, in the 80th yeas of his age. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, a brave British general, born in Scotland 1743, received his death-wound (like Wolfe) in the moment of a great victory over the French, within four miles, of Alexandria, in Egj'pt, March 21, 1801, and died on the 28th of tlie seme month. ABERCROMBY, Thomas, M. D. a native of Forfar, became physician to James II. by r»?- nouncing ihe protestant religion; ho died 1720, aged ♦0. 5 AB AC AUKK.\£1'HV, Joiiu, an eminent dinsenling bellion a^ainsiiiU father, and wai> slain by Joab ministor, born at Colciaine, in Ireland, Jfi80;j,aboul 101)0, B. C. died at l)ui)!iii 1740. His beat cstenncd uorkB ABSALOM, archbishop of Lundcn, in Den- are a set of sermons on the " Divine and Moral jniark, minisior and friend of Waldtinir, dis- Attrii'iites." iplayi'd liis abijitits in tht cabinet, in the fiiid, AI50AK.US, a kinsr of Edessa, famous for the and in ilie llt;et, was humane and bene\ olent ; er wliith he is said to have sent to our ihe died universally regretted, ]i!W. ■"aviour, and for the answer he received. ABGILLUS, son of the kiny of the Frieii, surnanied Prestcr Jolin, w as in the Holy land «ith Charlemagne .■\BI,\TH.\R, son of Abimelcch, was the high priest of the Jews, and the friend and fellow sufferer of David. AlilG.ML, wife of Nabal, married to David after iVabal's death, 1057, B. C. ABUAH, son of Rehoboam, was king of Ju- dah after his father, 9c,8. B. C. .'^BIOSI, John, an Italian physician ^nd as- troncTier, in the bejiinuins of the 16th century. ABLA^X•OURT, vid. Perrot. ABI^E, or ABEL, Thomas, a chaplain at thr^ court of Henry VIII., was executed July 20, 1540. AHN'ER, son of Ner, was Saul's uncle, arid his faithlul general, and was perijdiously slaiii byJoab, 1048 B.C. AB0UBE?;EK, vid. Abubeker. ABilUGEHEL, one of the enemies of Ma hornet and his religion. ABOUH.\NlF.\ii, surnamed Alnooman, a celebrated doctor among the niussulraans, born in the 80th year of the liegira. ABOU-JOSEPH, a learned mussiilman, ap- pointed supreme judge of Bagdat by the caliphs Hadi and Aaron Raschid. ABOULAINA, a mussulraan doctor, cele- brated for his wit. AI'OU-LOLA, an Arabian poet, born at Ma- ora in 973, became a brahmin, and died 1057. ABOU-JfAVAS, an Arabian poet, whose merit was protected and encouraged at the court cf Aaron Raschid. ABOU-RIHAN, a geographer and astronomer, who employed 40 years of his life in travelling through India. ABRAB.A.NEL, Isaac, a Jew of Lisbon, em ployed in ofiices of importance, by Aphonso V of Portugal, fled into Spain, and from thence 10 Naples, then to Corfu, and at last to Venice, where he died, 150S, in his 71sl year. ABRAH.\M, the patriarch, was born at Ur, in Chaldea, A. M. 2(i04 ; he died in his 175th year. ABRAHABI, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit in Lorraine, was 17 years divinity professor at Pont a Monsson, where he died, Sept. 7, 1655, in his «j6th year. ABRAHAM, Ben-choila, a Spanish rabbi, .•jtci'iled in astrology, prophesied that the coming of the Messiah would be in 1358. Died, 1303. ABRAHAM, Usque, a Jew of Portugal. He undertook, with Tobias Athias, to translate the bible into Spanish, in the 10th century. ABRAHAM, an emperor of the Moors of Afri- ca, in the 12th century, was dethroned by his subjects.and his crown usurped by Abdulmumen. ABROSI, John, an Italian physician. He wrote a dialogueon astrology, 4to Venice, 1494. ABRUZZO, Balthasar, a Sicilian, known for Ills abilities as a philosopher and a civilian, died, ]6<«, aged G4. ABRUZZO, Peter, a Neapolitan architect in the 17th century. ABSALOM, son of king David, distinguished for his personal acquirements, his popularity, and his vices, murdered liis brother, headed a re- Used of the Acaciani, died, 36S. 6 ABSTEMIOUS, Laurentius, an Italian wri- ter, born at IViaccrata; in La Marca de Ancona, who devoted hiniself early to the study of po- lite literature. He published, under the pontifi- cate of Alexander VI. a treatise, entitled " He- aioniylhium," from its contajnina 100 fables, which have been often printed with those of yDsop, Pha;drus, Gabrius, Avienus, &c. ABUBEKER, father-in-law of Mahomet, wa.s Iccted his successor. After a reign of 2 years and 6 months, he expired in the Oid year of his age. ABUCAR.A, Theodore, the metropolitan of Caria, obtained a seat in the synod held at Con- sraiitinople. 809 ; he wrote treatises against the Vws and Mahometans, which have been pub- .-hed. ABUDHAHER, tlie father of the Carmatians, in Arabia, opposed the religion of Mahomet, plundered the temple of Mecca, and died in poa- ession of his exiensive dominions, 953. ABULFAP.AGIUS, Gregory, son of Aaron, a physician, born in 1220, in the city of Maiatia, near the source of the Euphrates in Armenia. He wrote in Arabic, a history which does ho- nour to his memory ; it is divided into dynasties, consists of ten pans, and is an epitome of uni vei sal history, from the creation of the worid to iiis own time. .\BULFEDA, Ismael, prince of ITamah, in Syria, but better known as author of Tables nf Geograpiiy of the regions beyond the rivej Oxus. He began his reign in the 743d ■. year of lie hesfira, and ended it three years aitci wards, aged 72. ABULGASI-BAYATUR, khan of the Tar- ars, reigned 20 j'ears, respected at home and abroad, resigned the sovereignty to his son, wrote the only Tartar history known in Europe ; he died 1663. ABULOLA, vid. Aboulola. ABU-MESLEM, a mussulman governor of Khorasan, who, in 746, transferred the dignity of caliph from the family of the Ommiad'es to hat of the Abbassides, by which he occasioned he death of 600,000 men. He was thrown into (he Tigris, 754. ABUNDIUS, a bishop of Come, in Italy, who assisted at the council of Con.^lantinople, as the epresentative of Leo, and died, 469. ABT7NOW.AS, an Arabian poet, deservedly pa'ronized by Aaron Raschid, died 810. ABU-OBEID.\H, a friend and associate of Mahomet, extended his conquests over Palestine and Svria, and died 639. ABtr-SAlD-EBN-ALJAPTU, a sultan, the ast of the family of Zingis-khan, died ].'(35. ABUSAID-MIRZA. a man of enterprise.who / placed hiniself at the head of an army, and de-/ lared himself independent ; he was killed in ar ambush, 1468, aged 42 / ABUTEMAN, a poet in high repi#fe ain«g he .Arabians, born a Yasem, between Damas- cus and Tiberias, about 846. ABYDENE, wrote a history of Chal#a and Assyria, of which valuable compositio' only a few fragments have been preserved b}^*usebiu*. ACACIUS, surnamed Luscus, fou«er of the AC AC ACACIUS, patriarch of Conslaiitiimple, es- tablished the superiority of his ticeover the east- ern bishops, was opposed by Felix, and died 408 ACACIOS, a bishop of Berea, in Syria, per- secuted Chrysostom and Cyril, of Alexandria; in died 432. ACACIUS, a bishop of Amida, on the Tigris sold the sacred vessels of his churches to ran soni 7000 Persian slaves ; he lived in tlie reign of Theodosius the vounger. ACCA-LAURENTFA, wife of Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus and Remus. ACCA, bishop of Hexham, author of treatises on the sufferings of the saints, died 1740. ACCARISl, James, a professor of rhetoric ai Mantua, died ItiS-S. ACCETTO, Reginald, author of a thesarus of the Italian tongue, died 1560. ACCIAIOLI, bonatus, of Florence, distin- guished by his learning and political gervices to his country, died 1478. ACCIAIOLI, Rename, a Florentine, conquer- ed Athens, Corinth, and Bceotia, in the beghi- ning of the 11th century. ACCIAIOLI, Zenobio, a learned ecclesiastic of Florence, and librarian to LeoX., died 1537. ACCIAIOLI, or ACCIAUOLI, Angelo, a learned cardinal, archbishop of Florence, who wrote in favour of Urban VI., died 1407. ACCIAIOLI, Magdalen, a Florentine, cfle brated for her beauty, but more for the powers of her mind, died 1610. ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin tragic poet, the son of a freednian, was born in the year of Rome 583 ; he did not, however, confine himself to dramatic writing ; for he left other productions ; particularly his " Annals," mentioned by Ma- crobius, Priscian, Festus, and Nonius Marcellus. Accius was so much esteemed by the public, that a comedian was punished for only men- tioning his name on the stage. ACCIUS, Zuchus, an Italian poet of the 16th century, paraphrased some of the fables of jEsop. ACCOLTI, Benedict, a lawyer of Florence, secretary to the republic, died 1466. ACCOLTI, Francis, brother to Benedict, re puted for bis judgment, eloquence and know ledge of jurisprudence, sometimes called Aretin Jied, 147^0 ; vid. Aretin. ACCOLTI, Peter, son of Benedict, raised to '.lie disnity of cardinal ; died at Florence 1540. riis brother Benedict, duke of Nepi, distinguished aimself as a poet. ACCOLTI, Benedict, conspired with five Others to murder Pius IV., and suffered capital punishment, 1564. ACCORDS, Stephen Tabourot, Seigneurdes, advocate in the parliament of Dijon, died 1561 ACCURSE, Francis, a native of Florence, and professor of law at Bologna, died 1229. His son also distinguished himself as a lawyer at Toulouse. ACCURSE, Marius Angelo, a native of A- guila, in the 16th century, eminent for his critical and literary abilities. ACERBO, Francis, a native of Nocera, pub- lished some poems at Naples, 1666. ACESIUS, Bishop of Constantinople, in the ageof Constanti'ie, maintained, tliat those who committed ary sin after being baptised, ought not to be again admitted into the church, though thev might repent. ACHALEN, a British sovereign in the 6th century, was driven from his dominions, and took refuge in Walee. ACHAIID, Claude Francis, a pliysiciau v.-.is secretary to the academy, and librarian of the city of Marseilles; he died 1809. Af'IIARDS, Eleazer Francis des, distin 'uish- cd by his learning, piety, and humanity, was nominated bishop of Haiicamassus, and after- wards sent apostolic vicar to China ; h died at Cochin, 1741. ACHER Y, Doni Luc d' , a native of St. Otun- tin in Picardy, displayed his learning aa an ec- clesiastic and antiquary by several publications ; he died at Paris, 1685. ACHILLINI, Alexander, a Bolognese physi- cian, known by his publications, and distin guished himself as the follower of Averrots, died 15lS. ACHILLINI, Pliilotheus, wrote a poem to honour the memory of Italian genius and re- commend morality ; he died 1538. ACHILLINI, Claude, distlnghished for his knowledge of medicine, theology and jurispru- dence, died, at Bologna, 1640. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son aiid successor of Mahomet III., made wftr against the Hungaries, died 1617. ACHMET II. succeeded his brotlier Solymau III. on tlie throne of Constantinople ; he was un- fortunate in his wars against the Venetians and Austriaiis, and died 16vl5. ACHMET III,, son of Mahomet IV., was crowned by a faction who deposed his brotlier Mustapha II. ; he granted an a.sy!ui.>i tc ^'a !es XII., made war against the Rus ir i - s-.. ', Aiasii., uiiiiiiciit as a picachcrol" the yospcl ; died 1801, aged (32. AUAMS, Samuel, governor of Massachiisctts, didlinyuislied as a writer and a jjatriot, and for his intiuento in forwarding the American revo- lution; of stem integrity, dignilied manners, and great suavity of temper ; died 1803, aped 80. ADAMSON, Patrick, Archbishop of St. An- drew's, born at Perth, 1543. In the year 1566, he set out for Paris, as tutor to a young gen- tleman, wliere he stayed some months, and then retired to Uonrges. He was in this city during tlic nia.-:sacre at Paris; and lived con- cealed, for seven months, at a public house, the master of which, upwards of 70 years of age, was thrown from the top thereof, and had his brains dasiied out, for his cliarity to licriiics. In J573, he returned to Scotland. Tlie earl of More- ton, then regent, on the death of bishop Doug- his, promoted iiim to the archiepiscopal see of St. Andrew's. He died 1501. ADANSON, Micliael, a French naturalist of so much distinction, that lie received invitations from different sovereigns of Europe to reside in their states; he died 1801). ADDISON, Lancelot, D.D. son of a clergyman of the aaiac name;he was born at llaulds Mead- hurne inWestmoreland,was preferred to the !iv ingof Jlilston, &c. 1683, and died April 20, 1703. ADDISO\, Joseph, born May 1, 1672, at Milstoa, near Ambrosbury, Wiltshire, of which place Ills father was rector. He received the first rudiments of his education there under the reverend Mr. Nash ; but was removed to Salis bury, under the care of Mr. Taylor ; and soon after to the Charter-house, where he studied un der Dr. ElUs, and contracted that intimacy W'ith sir Richard Steele, which their joint labours have so effectually recorded. In 1687 he was entered of Queen's College, Oxford, where, in 1689, the accidental perusal of some Latin ver- ses, gained him the patronage of Dr. Lancas- ter, by wliose recommendation lie was elected into Magdalen College as Demy. Here he took the degree of M. A. Feb. 14, 1693, continued to cultivate poetry and criticism, and grew first eminent by his Latin compositions, which are entitled to particular praise. In 1695 he wrote apocm to king William, v.'ith a kind of rhjTiiing introduction addressed to lord Somers. In 1697 he wrote his poem on tlie peace of Ryswick, wliich he dedicated to Mr. Montague, (then chancellor of the exchequer) and which was called by Sfliith " the best Latin poem since the iEneid." 'Hffviiig yet no public employment, he obtained, in 1699, a pension of 300?. a year, that he might be enabled to travel. While he was travelling at Idsure in Italy, he was far from being idle ; for he not oidy collected his observations on the country, but found time to write his Dialogues on Medals. Here, also, he wrote the letter to Lord Halifax, which is justly considered as the most elegant, if not the most sublime, of his poetical productions. At his re- turn he published his Travels, with a dedica tion to Lord Somers. This book, though a while neglected, is said in time to have become 60 much the favourite of the public, th.it be- fore it was reprinted it rose to five times in price. The victory at Blenheim in 1704,9pread triumph and confidence over the nation : and lord Go- dolphin, lamenting to lord Halifax that it had not been celebrated in a manner equal to the subject, desired him to propose it to some better poet. Hahfax named Addison ; who, having tuidertaken Uie wuik, coniiuunic«ted it to the. B .treasurer, while it was yet advanced no faiiher than the simile of the Angel, and was rewarded with the plJice of commissioner of appeals. In the following year lie was at Hanover with lord Halifax ; and the year after was made under- secretary of state. When the Marquis of Wharton was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, Addison attended him as his secretary, and was made keeper of the records in Birming- ham's Tower, with a salary ot 300^ a year. When he was in office, he made a law to him- self, as Swift has recorded, never to remit hia regular fees in civility to his I'riends, "1 may (said he) have a hundred friends, a(;d if my fee be two guineas, I shall, by reluiquishlng my right, lose 200 guineas, and no friend gain moie than two." He was in Ireland when Steele, without any communication of his design, be- gan the publication of the Tattler ; but he was not long concealed ; by inserting a remark on Virgil, which .'\ddisoii had given him, he dis- covered himself. Steele's first Tattler was pub- lished April 22, 1709, and Addison's contribution appeared May 20. To the Tattler, in about two months, succeeded the Spectator, a series of es- says of the same kind, but written with less levity, upon a more regular plan, and published daily. The next year 1713, in which C'atocame upon the stage, was the grand climacteric of Addison's reputation. The ivhole nation was at that time on tire with faction. The Whigs applauded every line in which hberty was men- tioned, as a satire on the Tories ; and the Tories echoed evei-y clap, to show that the satire was unfelt. While Caio was upon the stage, another daily paper, called the Guardian, was published by Steele, to which Addisoit gave great assist- ance. Tlie papers of Addison are marked in the Spectator by one of tlie letters in the name of Clio, and in the Guardian by a hand. It was not known that Addison had tried a comedy for the stage, till Steele, after his death, declared him the author of " The Drummer." This play Steele canied to the theatre, and afterwards to the press, and sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the n.idst of these agreeable employments Mr. Addison was not an indifferent spectator of pub- hc affairs. He wrote, as different exigencies required, in 1707, "The present state of the War," fee; " The Whig Examiner ;" and the Trial of Count Tarifi";" all which tracts, be- ing on temporary topics, expired with the sub- jects which gave them birth. When the house of Hanover took possession of the tlirone, it was reasonable to expect that the zeal of Addison would be suitably rewarded. Before the amval of king George, he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his oflice to send notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and the tlirone was vacant. To do this would not have been difiicnlt to any man but Addison, who was so overwhelmed with the greatness of the event, and so distracted by choice of expre^ sions, that the lords, who conld not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. Southwell, a clerk in the house, and ordered hun to despatch the message. Soutiiwell readily told what was necessaiy, in the common style of business, and valued himself upon having done what was too hard for .Addison. He was better qualified for the Freeholder, a paper which lie published twice a week, from Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next year. This was undertaken in de- fence of the established government, sometimes with argument, sometimes with mirth. In ar- gument he had many equals but his hiuBOU} 9 AD was singular arU niatcWess. On Ihe. 2(1 of|j ADKLM.ViN', a biiliup of Brosci ia tiiu ilth Aui;usL. l"li', lin married tiie countess Dowa-|; century, wrote a letter on the Eucliarist lo Be- ger ■/! WarwicK, whom he ia said to have lirst Known by becoimng tutor to her son. 'I'tiis mar- riage, liovvevcr, made no addition to his happi- ness ; it ricithor found liiem nor made ilieni equal. She always remembered her own rank, and thought her.--elt' entitled to treat with very little ceremony the tutor of her son. The year after, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation, be- ing made secretary of state ; but it is univer- sally confessed that lie was uneiiual lo the ilu- ties'of his place. In the house of commons he could nni speak, and iherefoie was useless to the defence of the government. In the othce he cuuld not irsuc an order without losing his tiii.e in quest of fine expressions. What he gained in rank he lost in credit ; and, fnuiing by experience his own inabihty, was forced to so licit his dismission, with a pension of 15001. a year. Hi» friends palliated this rolinquishmeiit, of which both friends and enemies knew'tln true reason, with an accountof declining health, and the necessity of recess and quiet. He now enga!>ed in a laudable and excellent work, vi;^. a defence of the Christian Religion; of which, part was published aftir his death. Addison had for some time been oppressed by shortness of breath, which was now aggravated by a drop sy ; and, finding his danger pressing, he prepared lo ilie conformably to his own precepts and professions. Lord Wanvick was a young man of very irregular life, and perhaps of loose opin- ions. Addison, for whom he did not want re epect, had very diligently endeavoured to re- claim him ; but his arguments and expostula tions had no effect : one e.\periment, however, remained to be tried. When lie found his hfe near its end, he directed the young lord to be called, and, when he desired with great tender- ness to hear his last injunctions, told him, " I have sent for you to see how a Christian can die." What elTect this awful scene had on the earl's behaviour is not known : he died himself in a short time. Having given directions to Mr. Tickell for the publication of his works, and dedicated them, on his death bed, to his friend Mr. Craggs, Addison died Jnne 17, 1719, at Hol- land House, l(;a\ing no child but a daughter who died at Bilton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 1797. ADELAIDE, daughter of Kodolphus, king of Burgundy, niarriwl Lutharius II., king of Italy, and after hi? death the emperor Otho I. ; she died 99'J, aged liO. ADELAIDE, wife of Frederic, prince of Saxo- ny, conspired with Lewis against her husband's life, and married the murderer, 1055. ADELAIDE, daughter of Humbert, count of Maurienne, was queen of Lewis VI. of France she died 1154. ADELAIDE, wife of Lewis II. of France was mother of Charles III., surnamed tlie sim- ple, who was king 898. .\DELARD, an English monk, who, in the lith century, visited Egypt and Arabia, and translated in Latin Euclid's Elements. | ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, and author of thn life of the emperor Henry II., died 1207. '• ADELER, Curtius, a native of Norway.j served in the Dutch navy, was raised to the rank of admiral, spent the latter part of his life at Copenhacen, where he died 1(575, aced .53. , ADELGREIFF, John Albretcht, natural son, of a priest near Elbing, pretended to be the vice-j geren t of God on earth , was condemned to deathj at Konigsbej-gU for hlasphemy, 1036 10 reiigcr, printed at Louvaine, 1501. He died 1C63. iVDELl'HUf?, a philosopher of the third cen- tury, who mingled the doctrines of I'laio with the tenets of the tiuostics. ADELUiN'ti, John Christopher, a fJerniai^ professor at Erfurt, and author of a graininati- cal and critical tiictionary of file German lan- guage, and other works ; he diiMl li'Ol). ADEOD.\TUS, or Godsgifl, a Roman priest elevated to the papal throne 67;i, died four years afterwards. ADEll, William, a learned physician of Tou- louse in tlie 17th century. ADHAB-EDDOUL.\T, an emi>eror of Persia, after his uncle Ainad-Eddoulat, was warlike, humane, and a patron of letters; he died 982, aged -17. ADHELME, William, nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons, first bishop of Sherborne, and said to he the lirst Englishman who wrote Latin, died 709. ADHEMAR, William, a native of Provence, wrote a book on iUustrious ladies, died about 1190. ADIMANTUS, a Manicha^an sectary at the close of the i:)th century, denied the authenti- city of the Old Testament. ADIMAKl, Raphael, an Italian historian, born at Rimini in the 16th century. ADIiM.Mll, Alexander, a Florentine, admired for his pcitical genius ; died 1H49. ADLEUrELDT,Gustavus, a learned Swede, historian of the battles of Charles XII., killed, 1-709. ADLZREITTER, .lohn, chancellor of Ba- varia, in the 17tli century, wrote annals of bis country. ADO, vid. ADON. ADOLPHUS, count of Nassau, crowned king and emperor of the Romans, died ]ii38. ADOLPHITS, count of Clevcs, instituted an order of chivalry, 1380, since abolished. ADOLPHUS, bishop of Mersburg, opposed, and afterwards favoured the doctrines of Lu- ther, died 15C0. ADOLPHUS, Frederic II., king of Sweden, founded the academy of inscriptions and belles letters at Torneo, and died 1771. ADOLPHUS, duke of Sleswick, refused the crown of Deiiniark, after the death of Christo- pher III., and crowned Chrisliern I. he died 1459. ADON, archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphine, who wrote a useful chronicle, dielp75. ADORNE, Francis, a Jesuit or a Genoese family, who wrote on ecclesiastical discipline, died 1.576. ADORNE, .'Antony, a Genoese, raised to the dignity of Dose, 1333. ADORNE, Gabriel, a Genoese, became Doge, 1330 ; lie was afterwards driven from power by a more successful rival. ADOU.VE, Prosper, a Genoese, made Doge, 14G0, a'ld died 1486. ADORNE, Jerome, a Genoese, opposed the party of the Fretroses, in the age of Charles V. ADORNI, Catharine Fieschi, a Genoese lady, after the death of her husband, devoted herself to acts of piety . and benevolence ; she died 1510. ADRETS, Francis Beaumont des, descen- dant of an ancient family in Dauphine, em- braced the causeof the Husiucnots: he died 1587. ADRI.\. John James, a physician in the ser- vice of Charles V., died 1560. il ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Publius iEUus, tlw ^ Roman emperor, born at Rome, .)an 24, in tliu year of Clirisl 76. Hu was a ruiowiied f^enpial and a great traveller ; and in a visit to llritaiii liuilt a tamuus wall, or rampart, extciidinp! froii llie nioulii of tlie Tyne to llie Solway Fritli, m n\iU:& in lonjilli, to prevent the iii( iirsiono of tin Caledonians into tlit- norlliern couulics of Enj; land, tlicn nmler the Kuniaii !ro>erniiient. Adri ait rei^'ned 'Jl years, and died at Uaiie, in the ti'Jil vsar of his age. AOlllAN, a Greek author, in the rah century, wrote an introduction to the Scriptures. ADRf.\N", a learned Carthusian, author of a treatise called " de reniediisutriusipie fortune." ALtlHAN 1. a Roman patrician, raised to the pontificate in ITTi. died 7115. ADRI.A.N II., raised to the popedom in 867, he was artful and intri^'uinp, and died 872. ADRIAN in., elected pop.:, 884 and died, 885. .-•' ADRIAN IV., Pope, the md^' Eii^Us_[iiiian tliat ever had the honour of sittin'^ in the jiapal chair. His name was Nicolas Urekes|»ere ; he was born at Lanuley, near Ht. Albans, in Hertfordshire, and, after many vicissitudes of fortune, sue Cecded to the popedom in ilo4. He died Sept. 1, 1159, leaving some letters and honiiiies wliich are still extant. ADRIAN v., a native of Genoa, made pope 1276, and died 38 days after. ADRIAN VI., a native of Utrecht, wais pre- ceptor to emperor Charles V^., elected pope 1522, and died 1523. ADRIAN DE CASTELLO, born at Cornelto in Tuscany, employed as pai al legate in Scot land and Ensland, and made bisiioji of Here- lord, then of Bath and Wells, and, conspirin asainslPope Leo X., was stript of liis ecclesias- tical honours, 1518. ADRL\NI, Joamii Batista, born of a patrician family, at Florence, in 1511. He wrote a History of his own Times, in continuation of Guicciar- dini, beginning at the year 1.136, (a work e.xe- cuted with great jtidginent, candour, and accu- racy,) and died at Florence 1579. ADRIANI, Marcellus, a native of Florence, left a written translation of Plutarch, &c. ; he died 1604. ADRICHOMIA, Cornelia, a nun in Holland of the .\ugustine order, published a poetical ver- sion of the Psalms in the lOtli century. ADRICHOMIUS, Christian, a native of Delft, director of the nuns of Barbara, died at Cologne 15S5. ADSON, an abbot of Luxeuil in 960, author of the miracles of St. Vandalbert. yEDESIUS succeeded Jamblichus, as teacher of Platonic philosophy in Cappadocia, in the 4ih century. .(EGJEATES, John, a priest of the Nestorian eect, who flourished 483, and wrote a treatise against the council of Olialcedon. yEGlDIUS, Peter Albiensis, a writer sent by Francis I. to give an account of the celebrated places of Asia, Greece, and Africa, died 1555. yEGlDIUS, Atheniensis, a Grecian physician in the 8th century, became a Benedictine monk, and published several treatises. ./EGIDUI3 de Colonna, professor of divinity at Paris, general of the .\ngustines, died 1316. iEGINRTA, Paulus, a native of the island .^gina, whence he has his name. Accordinr to Abulfaragius, he flourished in the 7th cen- tury. His surgical works are deservedly fa- mous, and his knowledge of surgery was very great. In short, the surgery of Paulus has been i the subject matter of most of the treatises oil /!■: hat art down to this time. His book treats pro- essedly of disorders incident to women. .'EtUNHARU, a German, secretary to Chaile- ruagne, died 840. /ELFRED, or ALFRED, the '■;i-,,nt, youngest on of .I'ElliiJwolf, king of tlie VVi s; Sa.vons, was 'loni in tlie year 849, at Wannaiing, or Wana- iing, which is supposed to be V\'ant;ige, in Yorkshire. yEll'red succeeded to the crown on tin- death of his brother /Ethelred, in the year 871 ; but had scarcely time to attend the funeral )f his brother, before he was obliged to light for he crown he had so lately received. A con- iderable army of Danes, having landed in Dor- setshire, marched as far as VVarehani ; here Elfred met them with all the forces he could aise ; but, not finding himself strong enough to iigage them, he concluded a peace, and the Danes swore never again to invade his domi- liuns. In 877, however, having obtained tiew lids, they came in such numbers into Wiltshire, liat the Saxons, giving themselves up to de- !l)air, would tiot make head against them; many lied out of the kingdom, not a few sub- tnitted, and the rest retired, every man to tiie place where he could be best concealed. In this distress, iElfred, conceiving himself no longer a king, laid aside all marks of royalty, and took shelter in the house of one who kept his cattle. He retired afterwards to tlie Isle of .^Ethelingey, in Somersetshire, where he built a fort lor the security of himself, his family, and the few faithful servants who repaired thither to him. When he had been about a year in this retreat, having been informed that some of his subjects had routed a great army of the Danes, killed their chiefs, and taken their magical standard, he issued his letters, giving notice were he was, and Inviting his nobility to coine and consult with him. Before they came to a final deter- mination, iElfred, putting on the habit of a harper, went into the enemy's camp ; where, without suspicion, he was every where ad- mitted, and had the honour to pla>' before their princes. Having thus acquired an exact know- ledge of their situation, he returned in great secrecy to his nobility, whom he ordered to theit respective homes, there to draw together eacii man as great a force as he could ; and upon a lay appointed there was to be a general reiidt^z- vous at the great wood called Selwood, in Wilt- shire. This atfair was transacted so secretly and expeditiously, that in a little time the king, at the head of an army, approaciied the Danes before they had the least intelligence "of his de ign. .(Elfred, taking advantage of tlie surprise and terror they were in, fell upon them, and to- lally defeated them at jElhendune, now Kdding- lon, in Willsbire. Ailfred enj'iyed a profound peace during the last three years of his reign, u'hich he chiefly employed in establishing and regulating his government for the security of himself and his successors, as well a» for the ase and benefit of his subjects in general. Al- though there remain but few laws which can he positively ascribed to jT^lfred, yet to him we owe many of those ad\antages which render our constitution so dear :ind valuable ; particularly the institution of the trial by jury. He is said by some to have founded the uiuversity of Oxford ; thus much, however, is certain, that .^F.ifreu re- stored and settled that university, endowed it witli revenues, and placed there the most famous professors. When /Elfred came to the crown, learning was at a very low ebb in this kingdom ; but, by lija esaniple and encouragement, he useci 11 iE iiis iiuiioji eiiUcavours to excite a love for ktterti among his subjects. He himself was a scholar anil liad lie not been illustrious as a king, would have been famous as an author VVlien we consider the qualifications of this prince, and the many virtues he possessed, we need not wonder that he died universally lamented, after a reif,'!! of above 28 years, on the 28th of Octo- ber, A. D. 900. He was buried in the cathedral of Wint'liester. iELIAN, Claudius, born at Praneste, in Italy. He taught rhetoric at Rome, under the emperor /Mexaiider Sevcrus, and was surnamed Honey- ino;j'li on account of the sweetness of his style. Hit)' most celebrated works are, his " Various History," and that " Of Animals." jELJANUS, Meccius, a physician before Ga- len, first used treacle against tlic plague. jELST, a Dutch painter, vid. AALST. iEMILIANI, Jerome, a Venetian, one of fhe regular clerks of St. Maicul, in the llith centur>'. .«MILL\NUS, C. Julius, a Moor, from the Jowest station, rose to the imperial dignity, and was succeeded by Valerian. .(EMILIUS, Paulus, a Roman general, cele- brated for his victory over Perseus, king of Ma- cedonia, died B. C. 164. yRMlLIUS, Paulus, a native of Verona, who wrote (or rather began to write) a Latin history of the kings of France ; but though he spent many years at it, he was not able to finish the tenth book, which was to include the beginning of the reign of Charles VHI. He died 1529, and was buried in the cathedral at Paris. jENEAS, a Trojan prince, memorable for his grateful care of his aged father Anchises, whom he bore through the flames of Troy upon his shoulders at the hazard of his own life, and that of his son, a child, who was obliged to cling to his garments to escape with them. He died 1197 B. C. Virgil has immortalized his name. /ENEAS, Gazeus, or iENEAS of Gaza, a sophist by profession, was originally a Platonic philosopher, but afterwards became a Christian, and flourished about the year 487. He wrote a dialogue, entitled " Theophrastus," concerning the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection of the body. yENEAS, Svlvius, or Pius II., born 1405, at Corsigny, in Sienna, where his father lived in e.xilc. This pope was famous for his wise and witty sayings, some of which are as follow : That common men should esteem learning as Bilver, noblemen prize it as gold, and princes as jewels : A citizen should look upon his family as subject to the city, the city to his country, the country to the world, and the world to God ; That the chief place with kings was slippery ; That the tongue of a sycophant was a king's greatest plague -. That a prince who would trust nobody was good for nothing; and he who be- lieved every body, no better : That those who went to law were the birds, the court the field the judge the net, and the lawyers the fowlers That men ought to be presented to dignities, not dignities to men : That a covetous man never |»Hases any body but by his dcalh : That it was a slavish vice to tell lies . That lust sullies and Stains every age of man, but quite extinguishes old -age. .(ENEAS, Tacticus, author of a Greek treatise on the art of war, flourished 330 B. C. tEPINUS, Francis Marie Ulric Theodore, a German physician, distinguished by his clectri cal exprrimcnts and obdervaUoQB on natural pbilosophy, died 1802. 12 jE jEKTZEN, vid. ARSl'NS. /ERIUS, a presbyter of Sebastia, who is sup-' posed by some to be the founder of the presby* lerians, flourished about 385. /EyCHINEri, a Socratic philosopher, the son f Cliariuus, a sausage-maker. Phrynirus, in I'hotius, ranks him among the best orators, and mentions his orations as the standard of the pure Attic style. .(ESCHINES, a celebrated orator, coterap«- rary with Deniosthenei=, and but just his infe- rior. Being overcome by Demosthenes, lie went to Rhodes, and opened a school there, and afterwards removed to Sanios, wliere he died at the age of 75. There are only three of his orations e.xtant ; which, however, are so very beautiful, that Fabricius compares them to the three Graces. jESCHYLU^, a tragic poet, born at Athena in the 63d Olympiad. He was the son of Eu phorion, and brother to Cynegirus and Aniiuias, who distinguished themselves in the battle of Marathon, and the seafight of Salamin, at which engagement yEschylus was likewise pre- sent. To Amhiias our poet was, upon a par- ticular occasion, obliged for saving his life: lElian relates, that jEschylus, being charged by the Athenians with certain blasphemous cx- pre sions in some of his pieces, was accused of impiety, and condemned to be stoned to death ; they were just going to put the si ntencc in exe- cution, when Aminias, with a happy piescnca of mind, throwing aside his cloak, showed his arm without a hand, which he had lost at the battle of Salamin, in defence of his country. This sight made such an impression on th». judges, that, touched with the remembrance of his valour, and the friendship he showed for hi» brother, they pardoned /Eschylus. He wrote s great number of tragedies, of which there are but seven remaining ; and, notwithstanding th« sharp censures of some critics, he must be ei lowed to have been the father of the tragic art. The names of his pieces now extant are, Pro- metheus Bound ; Seven Chiefs against Thebes ; The Persians ; Agamemnon ; the Infernal Re- gions ; the Furies ; and the Supphants. After having lived some years at Gela, we are told that he died of a fracture of his skull, caused by an eagle's letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the 69th year of his age .(ESOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of So- lon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the rfign of Cropsus, the last king of Lydia. St. Jerome, peaking of him, says, he was unfortunate iti his birth, condition, and death ; hinting thereby at his deformity, servile slate, and tragical end. His great genius, however, enabled him to .«up- port his misfortunes ; and, in order »o - iate the hardships of servitude, he coi:;i* rri those entertaining and instructive fables which have acquired him so much reputation ; and he is generally supposed to have been the inventor of that kind of writing. Having had several mas- ters, for he was born a slave, iEsop at length came under a philosopher named Xanthus ; and it was in his service that he first displayed his genius for fabling and moralizing. He was afterwards sold to Idnion, or ladmon, the phi- losopher, who enfranchised him. After he had received his liberty, he soon acquired a gnat reputation among the Greeks; so that, according to Meziriack, the report of his wisdom having reached CroDsus, this king sent to inquire after him, and engaged him in his service. He tra- velled througb Greece, according to the sante AG author ; but whether for liis own pleasure, or upon the artaira of Croesus, is uncertain. Pass- ing l)y Athena soon after Pisistratus had usurped the sovereign power, and finding that the Alhe- niana bore the yoke very impatiently, ho told tiieai tlie fable of the frogs who petitioned Jupi- ter for a Icing. Some relate, that, in order to ehow that the life of man is full of miseries, jEsop used to say, that when Prometheus look the clay lo form man, he tempered it with tears, iEsop was put to death at Dclphos. Pluiarch tells us, that he came there with a great quantity of gold and silver, being ordered by Crcesus to offe'r a sacrifice to Apolln, and lo give a con- siderable sum to each inhabitant ; but a quarrel arising between him and the Delphians, he sent back the sacrifice aud the money to Crcfisus ; for he thought that those for whom the prince designed it had rendered themselves unworthy of it. The inhabitants of Delphos contrived an accusation of sacrilege against him, and, pre- tendine that they had convicted him, threw lum headlong from a rock. They afterwards en- deavoured lo make an atonement by raising a pyramid to his honour. jESOP, Clodius, a celebrated actor, who flourished about the UTOth year of Rome. He and Roscius were coteniporaries, and the best perfdrmers that ever appeared upon tlie Roman etage ; the former excelling in tragedy, the latter in comedy. Cicero put himself under their di- rection to" perfect his action. jEsop lived in a most expensive manner ; and at one entertain- ment is said to have had a dish which cost above gOOZ. This dish, we are told, was filled watli singing and speaking birds ; some of which cost near 501. ^Esop's son was no less luxurious than his father, for he dissolved pearls for his guests to swallow. — Notwithstanding his ex- penses, however, this actor is said to have died worth above 1G0,000;. jETHRIUS, an architect in the 6th centurj', raised to the confidence of Anastasius I. yETlON, a Grecian painter of celebrity. .^TIUS, an able general under Valentinian III., killed 454. .(ETIUS, a SjTian servant, made bishop by Eudoxus, the patriarch of Constantinople, and founder of the sect of .'Etiaiis, flourished 336. iCTIUS, an ancient physician, and the first Christian medical writer, born at Amida, a town of Mesopotamia, about 4.').5. His " Tetra- biblos," as it is called, is a collection from the writings of those physicians who went before Jiim, chiefly from Galen ; but contains, never- Uieless, some new things, for which we are en- tirely indebted to this author. AFER, Domiliua, an orator, born at Nisinea, afterwards raised lo the consulship; died 59. AFFLITTO, M.itthew, an able civilian, born at Naples, died 1553. AFRANIUS, a Roman comic poet, flourished 100 B.C. AFRICANUS, Julius, wrote a chronicle, be- sides a letter to Origen, &c. AGAPETiUS I. was made pope 535, and died at Constantinople 530. The second of that name was elected pope 946, and died 965. AG.iPETIJS, a deacon of Constantinople, who wrote a valuable letter to the emperor Jus- tinian, on the duties of a Christian prince. AGAPIUS, a Greek monk of Mount Athos, In the 17th century, wrote a treatise in favour of transubstantiation, called the salvation of sinners. AGAUD,ArtUur,alearaedEnglishaiiti'Uiary, born at Toslon, in Derbyshire, 1540, and Uied«''2d August, 1G15. AGATHARCIDAS, aCnidian,180 B. C, au- thor of a Greek History of Alexand-jr's wars. AGATH.\RCUS, a Samian, engaseU by Aes- chylus as a stage painter. AGATHEMIR, Orthonis, wroteaGreck colli pendium of Geography, edited 1703. AGATHIAS, a Greek historian, who lived in the 6th century, and wrote a history of Jus- tinian's reign, in five books. AG ATHbCLES, a Sicilian, rose from the ob- scurity of a potter to tlie sovereign power of all Sicilv, died -280 R. C. AG.VTHON, a tragic poet, crowned at the Olympic games 419 B. C. AG.^THON, a native of Palermo, elected to tlie papal chair 679, died 68i. AGELIAS, Anthony, bishop of Acerno, in Italy, published conuucataries on the Psalms, &c., died 1608. AGELNO TH, archbishop of Canterbury, re- fused to crown Harold king, died 1038. AGESIL.'VUS, king of Sparta, celebrated for his victories against the Persians, died 36;iB. C. AGGAS, Robert, called Angus, a landscape painter, died in London, 1679. AGILA, king of the Visigoths in Spain, mur- dered in t)ic .5th year of his reign, 554. AGILULF, duke of Turin, appointed king on the death of Anlharic, king of Lombardy, died 616 ; he was succeeded by his son Adalnald. AGIS, the name of some Spartan kings. The most famous is the second of tlial name, en- gaged in the Peloponnesian war, and died 427 B. C. ; and the fourth, in conseqence of his at- tempts to restore Lacedasmon to her ancient dis- cipline and independence, put to death 241 B. C. AGLIONBY, John, D. D., a native of Cum- berland, known f,)r his gr«at learning, v^as chap- Iain to James I., and died 1610. His son, of the same name, was dean of Canterbury, died 1643. AGNELLUS, an abbot of Ravenna in the 9rli century, often confouiided with a bishop of the same name in the 6th century. AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, a learned Italian lady, born at Milan, made, on account of her great merit, mathematical professor in the uni- versilv of Bologna, died 1770. AGOBARH, archbishop of I^yons, supported the revolt of Loihaire against Lewis the de- bonnaire ; he died 840. AGOSTINO, Paolo, a musical composer, master of the Papal chapel at Rome, died 1629. AGOULT, Guillaume d', a poet oi Provence in 1198. AGREDA, Marj'd', superior of a convent at .\greda, in Spain, wrote a life of tlie Virgin Mary ; he died 16f>5. AGRESTI, Licio, a historical painter, ero- ployed by Gregory XIII. in adorning the Vati- can, died 1580. AGRESTIS, Julius, a Roman general under Vespasian, destroyed himself. AGRICOL.A., a celebrated Roman general, born 37, died 93. AGRICOLA, Rodolphus, a native of Groiiin- gen, travelled into France and Italy ; he first introduced the study of the G reels in Germany, and died 1485. AGR[COL.'\, George, a physician of Glaucen, in Jliania, known for his learning, and works on minerals, died 1555. AGRIC(1L,\, Michael, a minister of Abo, in Finland, first iranalated the New Tesiamcnt into the language of the country. -,q > 1 o Al " AGRICOLA, aleanied bishop of C'lialoiissur- Saonfi, died 530. AGIUCOtiA, John, a Gorman divine, born al Islib, was the friend and disciple of l^utiier; su(\ afterwards opposed liim ; lie died 1560. -VGUIFPA, Meaeniiis, a Roman patrician, known lor appcasins a sedition by the fable of tJie belly and I lie limbs, died 492 13. C. AGKIPi'A, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman gene- ral, celebralPd for his exploits and his intimacy with Aniinstus, died li 15. C. AGRIl'PA, Herod, grandson of Herod the Great, king of all Judea, mentioned in Scrip- ture, died 44. ACKIPP.A II., son of the above, and his snc- cessor, was the monarch before whom Paul was arraipned, died 94. AGRIPPA, Henry Cornelius, a man of con siderable leaniing, and a jn-eat magician, ac cording to report, in tlie 10th century, was born at Cologne, 1480, of a noble family. He was a man of an extensive genius, well skilled in many parts of knowledge and a variety of languages AGRIPPINA, the virtuous wife of Germani- cus Ca;sar, banished by Tiberius, died 33. AGRIPPINA, daughter of the preceding, mar- ried the emperor Claudius, and poisoned him raise ht?r son Nero to the throne, who afterwards caused her to be killed. AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis d', born a! Limoges, was first advocate-general of Paris then procurer-general, and afterwards chancel- lor ; died 1751. AGUI, king of Bantane in Java, at the end of the 17th century, extended his power by means of the Dutch. AGUILLON, Francis, a mathematician of Brussels, publisiied a treatise on optics, and ified lfi]7. AGUIRRE, Joseph, a benedictine of Spain, was made cardinal by Innocent XL, wrote on theological subjects, and died 1099. ARGYLAUS, Henry, a native of Boisle-Duc, made an inelegant translation of Monocanon, and died 1595. AHAB, son and successor of Omre, king of Israel, remarkable for his impieties, died 898. AHAZ, son and successor of Jothani, king of Judah, became tributary to Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assvria. AHAZIA'H succeeds his father, Ahab. king of Israel. Another Ahaziah. son of Jehovani, was king of Judah, and killed by Jehu, 889. AHLW.'VRDT, Peter, a German, the son of a shoemaker, became an eminent profeesor of logic and metaphysics ; he died 1791. AHIIED KHA.V, the first emperor of the Moguls who embraced mahomedanism, died 12e4. AJATi.^, Martin Perez iV, a Carthaginian, of obscure birth, but distinguished by his abilities, served Charles V. al !he council of Trent. AID-AN, a mild and benevolent prelate in Northumberland, who converted many of the northern heathens of Britain to Christianity died 651. AIRMAN, William, an eminent Scottish painter, bom at Cairney, 1682, died 1731. The celebrated poets, Thompson. Mallet, and Allan Ramsay, were his intimate friends, and wrote Terses to liis meniorv. AILH AUD, Jolm, a French surgeon, acquired eeiebrity and fortune by selling a powder which lie declared would cure all diseases: lie died J756. AJLLY, Peter d', of an obscure faiiiilv, rose 14 AL by his merit to the higlnst honours in tlic ser- vice of Charles VI. ol France. AILRED,or ETHKLREU, author of a gene- alogy of English kings, itc, flourished about the niiiidle of the 12ili century. AIMOIN, a benedictine of Aquitaine, author of an unmeiiiorious history of France, diert about the beginning of the Hth centuiT. AIASWURTH, Henry, known for his learn- ing and the conimentaiies which he wroti^ on the Scriptures, was poisoned in tlie beginning of ihe 17tli cenluiT. AIASWORTH," Robert, bom at Woodyale, four miles from Manchester, 1060, was the- com- piler o( a compendious English and Latin Dic- iionary, upon ihe |ilan of Faber's Thesaurus, which he finished and published m 1730, in4to., and died 1743. AIRAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, a man of firmness and integrity, died ICOl. AIRAY, Henry, a native of VVestniorelanrt, a strict Cah-inist, author of some theological pieces, died 1810. AIRAY, Christopher, vicar of Milford, author of alosical treatise, &c., died 1670. AISTULFE, a king of the Lon-bards, laid siege to Rome, but was defeated ; he died 750. AITON, William, author of "Horrus Kew- ensis," being a Catalogue of the Plants in the Royal Gai dens at Kew, v.-as bom near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire, 1731, and died at Kew, Feb. 1, 1703. AITZEAIA, Leovan, representative of the Hansiaiic towns at the Hague, author of a his- tory of the I'nited Provinces, &c , died 1069. AKAKI.\, Martin, professor of medicine at Paris, published translations of Galen's works; he died 1551. His son of tlie same name was physician to Henry III. AKBAR, sullan of the Moguls, increased his dominions by the conquest of Bengal, &c. ; he died 1605. AKENSIDE,Mark, a physician, butfar better known as a poet, was bom at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, 1721, and died in ihe oflire of pliy.«ician to the queen, June 23, 1770. " The Pleasures of Imagination," his principal work, w;is first published in 1774; and a very extraordinary pro- duction it v.'as, from a man who had not reached his 23d year. He had very uncommon parts and learning ; a strong and enlarged way of thinkina : and was one of innumerable instan- ces to prove, that very .sublime qualities may sprinff from verj" low situations in life : for he had this in common with tlie most high and mighty cardinal Wolsey, that he was indeed the son of a butcher. AKIBA, a learned rabbi, who, at the age of forty, quitted the life of a shepherd and devoted himself to literature, died 135. ALABASTER, William, an English divine, bom at Hadley, in Suffolk, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Wood says, he was tlie rarest poet and Grecian that any one ase or nation produced. His principal work was, " Lexicon Fentaglottnn, Hebraicnni, Chal- daicum, Pyriacum," &c. fol. 1037. As a poet, he has been liiihly applauded. He wrote the Latin tragedy of " Roxana," 12mo. 1032, wliich was acted in Trinity Colirge Hall, Cambridge Dr. Alabaster died, prebendary of St. Paul's, and rector of Tharfield, Hertfordshire, April 1640. .\LAGON, Claude, a native of Provence, at tempted to introduce Spaniards info Marseilles, for which Le was put to death. 1705. AL AL ALAIN, De Lisle, a divine of Paris, sur- ilanied the universal doctor, died 1294. ALAJiV, John, a Dane, author of a treatise on the origin of tlie Ciinbre, &c., died 1030. Ai-AIN, Chanier, secretary to Charles VII. king of France, boin in the year 1386. He was aiithorof several works in prose and verse; but iiis nu)st famous iierformance was his Chronicle of king Charles VII. ■ ALAIN, Nicholas, son of a cobbler at the be- ginning of tlie 18tli century, writer of some co- medies. ALALF.ONA, Joseph, a native of Macerala, professorof civil law in the university of Padua, died Ai)ril, 174!), aged 79. ALAiMANNI, Lewis, born at Florence, 1495, died at Anibnise, in France, 1551), leaving many beautiful poems and other valuable perforniau- ce.s in the [taliun language. ALAMOS, Balthazar, a Spanish writer in the service of Anthony Perez, was imprisoned 11 years, and published a translation of Tacitus, 1614; he died in his 88th year. ALAMUNDIiv, a king of the Saracens, 509 ; the bishops of iiis age vainly endeavoured to convert him to christianitv. ALAN, ALLEN, ALLYN, William, a native of Rossal, in Lancashire, was a defender of the Pope, and died at Koine, 15!)4. ALAN, of Lynn, in Norfolk, a divine, known as the author of useful indexes to the books he read, flourished in the 1.5'h century. ALj\ND, Sir John Fortescue, an eminent jEnglisli judge, born 1070, died 1746. ALANKAVA.daughterofGeoubire, married her cousin Doiijoun, king of the Monguels, in the north of Asia. ALARD, a priest of Amsterdam, author of some learned works published at Paris, 1543 ; lie died at Louvaine, 1531. ALARin I., a famous king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Italy, 409, died at Cosenza, 411. ALARIC II. made king of the Visicotiis 484, was slain in battle by the hand of Clovis, king of France, 509. ALASCO, John, a Roman Catholic bishop, uncle to the king of Poland, became a convert to tlie piotestant principles, and died 1500. ALAVA, Diego Esquivel, a learned bishop, born at VittoriainT^iscay: he was at the council of Trent, and published a work on councils ; he died March 17, 1562. ALAVIN, a chief of the Goths, who settled on the banks of the Danube, afterwards rose against the imperial troops and defeated them near Adrianople, 378. ALBAN, St., said to have been the first per- son who suftered martyrdom for Christianity in Britain, and therefore usually styled the proto- martyrof this island, was bora atVerulam, and flourished toward the end of the 3d century. The town of St. Albau's, in Hertfordshire, takes its name from our protomartyr. ALBANI, Francis, a celebrated painter, born at Bologna, 1.578, studied under Guido Rlieni, and was at length no mean rival in fame to that great artist. He died 1080. ALB.ANI, John Jerome, a learned civilian, made a cardinal, 1570 ; wrote a treatise on ec- clesiastical affairs, and died 1.591. ALB.'VNl, Alc.\ander,a Roman cardinal, was a man of great merit; he died Dec. 2, 1779, aged 79. ALB.\NI, John Francis, nephew of the above, obtained the rank of cardinal, and other prefer- ments ; he was distinguished as an enligiiiencd prelate, and for his encouragement of men of letters ; he died 1803. . LBANY, John, duke of, a Scotch nobleman, nthe service of Francis I., king of France, in- trusted with an army of 10,000 men, to attack Kaples; he died 1536. ALBATKGNIUS, an Arabian astronomer, who died 929 ; he wrote a treatii^e on the know- ledge and obliquity of the zodiac of stars, pub- lished 1.537. ALBEMARLE, Monk, duke of, vid. MONK. ALBEMARLE, Anne Clarges, dutclicss of, dauglUer of a bl.icksmith, and brought up as a milliner; she retained the vulgarity of her miinncis in her highest elevation. ALBEMARLE, Keppel, lord, a native of Guel- ders, one of the favourites of William III., coniiiKiiidRr of tlie Dutch forces in the last of queen Anne's wars, defeated 1712, diedO years after. ALBERGATIjCapacelli, marquis, a native of Bologna; he spent his early life in dissipation, and began to reform at 34 ; he became distin- guished as an author and actor at 40; and was honoured with the appellation of tlie Garriclc of Italy ; he died 1802. ALBERGOTTI, Francis, an ancient civilian, born at Arezzo, he removed to Florence, where he was raised to the lionour of nobility, and died 1370. ALBERIO, or ALBERT, a canon of Ais, in Provence, wrote an account of the tirst crusa- ders, from 1095 to 1120 ; published 1584; ALKF.RIC, a French monk, legate in England, Scotland, France, &c., died 1147. ALBERIC, a learned lawyer of Bergamo, in the 14th century. ALBERIC, a monk in the abbey of Troisfoii- taines, wrote a chronicle edited by Leibnitz, and died about 1241. ALBERINI, Kodiana, a lady of Padua, dis- tinguished for her poetical works in Latin and Italian, about 1530. ALBU'ONI, Julius, cardinal, was born May 31, 1(«)4, the son of p gardener, in the suburbs of Placentia. From this low original, by good lortune, address, and abilities, he rose to be ttrst minister of state to the liing of Spain. He died at riQccntia, June 26, 1752. ALBERT I., son of the emperor Rodolphus, chosen emperor of Germany after the defeat of Adolphus of Nassau, died 1308. ALBERT II., emperor of Germany, a mild and po)>ular prince, died 1439. ALBERT, archduke of Austria, son of the emperor Maximilian; cardinal and archbishop of Toledo, made governor of Portugal, 1583. ALBERT I., son of Otho, prince of Anhalt, made elector of Brandenbury, 1.5.50; he converted vast forests into cultivated lands. ALBERT v., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the magnanimous, a pattern of every amiable vir- tue, died 1579. ALBERT VI., duke of Bavaria, known for his learning, died 1066. ALBERT, Charles d', duke of Luynes, of A noble family in Florence, settled in France, where he became the favourite and counsellor of Lewis Xlli. ALBER'l', Joseph d', of Luynes, ambassador from the emperor Charles VII. in France, anian of letters. ALBERT, Honore d', duke of Chaulnes, in- debted for his greatness to his elder brother and the partiality of Richelieu, died 1649. ALBERT, king of Sweden succeededMagnus 15 AL AL II., who wa5 deposed by hia nubles, and taken prisoner liyMarcarelqueenofiNniwaysdied 141iJ. ALBERT, margrave of Brandenburg, sur- nained the Alcibiades of Germany, was deprived of his possessions by the diet of the empire ; be died l")'i8. ALBERT, margrave of Brandenburg, first duke of Pnissia, wliich he licld as a fief of Po- land, di«>d 1568. ALBERT, Erasmus, a native of Frankfort, assisted Luther in the reformation. ALBERT KH.\NTZ, autlior of the history of Saxonv and the Vandals, &e.,died l.il7. ALBERT of Siade, author of a chronicle from tlie creation to 1286, a benedictiiie of the IJtIi century. ALBERT of Strasburg, -author of a chronicle from 1-270, to 1378, about tlie middle of the 14th century. ALBERT, archbishop of Mentz, revolted against the emperor Henry V. ALBERT, called the great, born in Swabia, appointed archbishop of Ratisbon, and became very learned ; he died 1280. ALBERT, Jane d', daughter of Margaret of Navarre, married at the age of 11 to the duke of Cleves, and died 1572. ALBERT, Pierre Antonis, was rector of the French protestant episcopal church, in New- York ; much distinguished as a scholar and di- vine ; he died 1806, aged 41. ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet, of the 13th century. ALBERTI, Cherubino, a historical painter and engraver, of Italy, bom 1552, died 1615. ALBERTI,Giovanni, brother of the above, ex- celled in the perspective and historical painting. He was born near Florence, 1558, and died 1601. ALBERTI, Doniinico, a native of Venice, celebrated as a musical performer, particularly on the harpsichord, about 1737. ALBERTI, Andrew, author of an admired treatise on perspective, pubUshed at Nuremberg, 1670. ALBERTI, John, a German lawyer, sur- named Widman Stadius, abridged the alcoran, &c. ALBERTI,Leander,a Dominican of Bologna, wrote some interesting works, died 1552. ALBESTI, Leon Baptiste, a Florentine, au- thor of a valuable work on arcliitecture, died 1485. ALBERTI ARISTOTILE, called also Ri- dolfe Foiravente, a celebrated mechanic of Bo- k>gna, in the 16th century. ALBERTINI, Francis, a Calabrian Jesuit, author of some theological works, died 1619. ALBERTINO, Edmund, wrote a treatise on the eucharist, and died 1652. ALBERTINO, Francis, a Florentine, author of a book on the wonders of ancient and modern Rome, &c.,atthe beginning of the 16th century. ALBERTINUS, Nussatus, an Italian, author of a history of the emperor Heni-y VII., &c. ALBERTUS, archbishop of Mentz, formed a conspiracv against the emperor Henry V.; the populace restored him to liberty after he was impi isoned. ALBERTIJS, Magnus, a learned Dominican friar, born in SwaMa, 1205. He was a man of a most curious and inquisitive turn of mind, which aavc rise to an accusation brought against him, that he laboured to find out the philoso- pher's stone, that he was a magician, and thai he made a machine in the shape of a man, whicli was an oracle to trim, and explainetl all tbe dif- 16 Acuities he proposed. He had, indeed, great knowledge in the mathematics, and by his skill in that science might propably have formed a head with springs capable ot' articulating sounds. Albert died at Colosne, Nov. 15, 1820, having written ^»uch a number of books, that they make 21 vols, ill folio. ALBf, Henry, author of an uninteresting his- tory of ihustriou.~^ cardinal.-, &c., died 165'J. ALBICl'S, archbishop of Prague; he wrote three treatises on medicine, which were printed lat Leipsic, 1484. j ALBINOV.VNI'S, a Latin poet of the age of Ovid ; only two of his elegies are extant. ALBINUS, Dec. Clndius, a Roman who as- Isunicd the imperial purple in opposition to Severus. He was slain in battle, 197. ALBINUS, A. Posthum., a Roman, author of a history of his own country, in Greek, flourished about 150 B. C. ALBINUS, Bernard, a celebra'cd physician, born at Dessau, in Anhalt, was professor at Frankfort, and subsequently at Leyden ; he died 1721, in his COlh year. ALBINUS, Bernard Sigfrcd.one of the great- est anatomists thai ever existed, was born at Leyden, in 1633, and dieil 1771. Ilis anatomi- cal plates form 3 vols, folio. ALBINUS, Eleazer, author of a natural his- cur}' of birds, of which a French translation ap- peared in 17.50. ALBINUS, Peter, a historian and poet of the 16th centurv, and professor at Wittenberg. ALBIS, Thomns, nr White, acatliolic priest, and eminent philosopher of Essex, died 1676. ALBIZI, Bartholomew, a native of Rivano, in Tuscany, distingui.-ihed by his preaching and the productions of his pen, died at Pisa, 1401. ALBOI.N', or ALBOVINUS, king of Lom- bardy, caused himself to be proclaimed king in 570 ; he was assassinated by order of his wife, -\LBON, James d', a famous French general, known as marshal St. Andre; hewcisshotattlie battle ot Dreux, 1562. .\LBON, Camille, a descendant of the pre- ceding, was born at Lyons, and died at Paris, 1778 ; he wrote various works. ALBORNOS, Giles Alvarez Carillo, arch- bishop of Toledo, and afterwards Cardinal. He resigned his cardinal's hat, and took up arms to reduce Italy to the obedience of the church. This truly great man founded the col- lege of Barcelona. He died 1367. ALBORNOS, Diego Philip, an ecclesiastic of Carthagena, patronised by the court in coit- sequence of his writings. .\LBRET, a noble family in France, which has given to the kingdom, generals and states- men. ALBRICUS, a learned philosopher and phy- ician. horn in X-ondon, studied at Oxford, and died 1217. ALBUCASA, orALBUCASSIS, an Arabian physician of the Uth century. He wrote somo valuable tracts. ALBUM.AZAR, an Arabian physician of the 11th century, known as an astrologer. His works were publi.shed at Venice in 1526. ALBUaUERQUE, Alphonso, a famous Por- tuguese warrior, and the founder of the power of that nation in India, died alGoa, 1515. ALBUaUERQUE, Blaise, son of the above, born iu l.'iOO. He was raised to the first honours of the state, and publi^^hed an accoimt of his father's victories, at liishon, in 1-576. ALBUTIUS, CaiuaSilus, aRwnaT) orator in AL AL llie age of Augustus, who starved himself to death. ALBUTIUS, Titus, a Roman philosopher, banished for corruption. ALCiEUS, afaiiiou.s lyric poet, born at Mity- lene, in the island of Lesbos. Horace seems to itiiiik that he was the first author of lyric poetry. He flourished in the 44th Olympiad. ALCASAR, Louis d', a Jesuit of Seville, who wrote on the apocalypse ; died in 1013. ALCEADl, James, an Arabian physician, who made hunself famous by his writings, as a peripatetic philosopher, about 1145. ALCHABITIUS, an Arabian astrologer, au- thor of many works on astronomy and optics, printed at Venice, 1491. ALCHINDUS, an Arabian physician and as- trologer of genius and learning before the 12th century. His works are often quoted. ALCL\T, Andrew, a native of Milan, cele- brated for his knowledge of the law, and ad- vanced to the professor's chair at Avignon. Francis I. knew his merit and prevailea on him to remove to Botuces, where his law lectures were much admired. The duke of Milan in- vited liim back to his native town, and bestowed many honours on him. Philip, king of Spain, gave him a gold chain as a mark of his favour. He died 1550. ALCIBI.VDEB, a celebrated Athenian gene- ral, slain 404 B. C. ALCIDAMAS, a Greek rhetorician about 420 B.C. ALCIMUS, called also Jachim, was made bigh-priest of Judea, and died about 165 B. C. ALCIMUS, Alethius. a hisioiian and poet of Agin, in the 4th century. Most of his works are lost. ALCINOUS, a Platonic philosopher, who flourished about the 2d century. ALCIPHRON, a Greek philosopher in the age of Ale.xander the Great. ALCRL-EON, a disciple of Pythagoras, who dwelt at CrotOHa. ALCMAN, a Ivric poet, who flourished in the 27th Olympiad, at Sardis, in Lydia. He is accounted the father of love verses, is said to liuve tirst introduced the custom of singing them in public, and to have died a very singular death ; viz. to have been eaten up with lice. ALCOCK, John, bishop of Ely, and lord chan- cellor of England, under Henry VH., founded Jesus College, in Cambridge, for a master, six fellows, and as many scholars, and died Octo- ber 1, 1.500. ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, Placcus, abbot of Canterbury, a famous English orator, philoso- pher and divine, of the 8th century. . ALCYOiNlUS, Peter, an Italian, author of some learned publications. During tlie insur- rection at Rome, in 1527, he joined the pope, and abandoned him again when the siege was raised. He had many accomplishments, but was fickle, self-conceited, and inconstant. ALD.\]VA, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor of Lippa, which place, in a fit of panic, he set on fire in 15.52. ALDEBERT, an impostor in Prance, who, by bribes and pretended visions, raised himself to a bishopric. His opinions being condemned by tlie councils in 744 and 74(5, he died in prison. ALDEGR.\FP, Albert, a painter and en- graver, was born in Westphalia, in 1502. ALDEM, John, magistrate of Plymouth colo- ny ; one of the tirst settlers in New-England ; he died J 687, aged about 8U years. I ALDERETTE, Bernard and Joseph, Jesuits pf Malaga, at the btgiiming of the 17th century. They were authors of-' Antiquities of Spain," and a book on the Castilian language. .-iLDEROTI, Thaddeus, a Florentine phy- sician of great skill. Princes and prelates only were admitted as his patients ; he died 1295. ALDHELM. or ADELM, (St.) an English di- vine and historian, and bishop of Shireburn, in the time of the Saxon heptarchy. He is said to have been the litst Englishman who ever wrote in Latin, and who introduced poetry into England. VVilliam of Mahnesbury tells us, that the people in Aldhehn's time were half barba- rians, atid little attentive to religious discourses; wherefore the holy man, placing himself upon a bridge, used often to stop them, and sing bal- lads of his own composition : he thereby gained the favour and attention of the populace; and insensibly mixing grave and religious things with those of a jocular kind, he by this means suc- ceeded better tlian he could have done by aus- tere gravity. Aldhelm lived in great esteem till his death, which happened Jlay 25, 709. ALDHUN, a famous bishop, who built the cathedral at Durham ; died lO'.S. ALDINI, Tobias, author of a botanical work prmted at Rome, 1525. ALDOBR AN DIN, Sylvester, professor of law at Pisa ; died at Rome, 15.58. ALDRED, bisliop of Worcester, crowned Harold king, and was raised to the see of York ; he died 1068. ALDR IC H, St., bishop of Mans, distinguished for his learning, enjoyed the favour of tlie no- bles ; he died 6.56. ALDRICH, Robert, Master of Eton, and bi- shop of Carlisle. He wrote epigrams, &c. ; and died at Hornecastle, 1555. ALDRICH, Henry, an eminent scholar, di- vine, architect, and musician, born at West- minster. li)47. The three sides of the quad- rangle of Christ Church, Oxford, called Peck water square, were designed by him ; as was also the elegant chapel of Trinity College, and the church of All-saints in the High-street. His abilities also as a nwsician have caused him to be ranked among the greatest masters of the science : he composed many services for the church, which are well known, as are two catches of his; the one, " Havk the bonny Christ Church bells," the other entitled "A Smoking catch ;" for he himself was, it seems, a great smoker. He died at Christ Church, 1710. ALDRINGER, a native of Luxembourg, was raised by Ferdinand 11. from a common soldier to a general ; he died 1634. ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, professor of phy- sic at Bologna, and a most voluminous writer on natural history, died blind, in a hospital, at Bologna, 1603. ALDRUDE, countess of Bertinoro, celebrated lor her courage and her eloquence. She headed an array, and was victorious ; she died about 1200, in Italy. ALDUS. "See MANUTIUS ALEANDER, Jerome, archbishop under Pope Leo X., and celebrated for his attack on the doctrines of Luther, died at Rome, 1542. ALEANDER, Jerome, great nephew to the above, distinguished as a poet, antiquarian, and lawyer, died at Rome, 1631. ALEGAMBE, Philip, a native of Brussels, professor of divinity, and a favourite of princes, fie wrote several esteemed works, and died at Rome, iri.5'2. ,_ AL ALDGRE, Yves d', an able oflicur intJie sur- viceof France, killed at Kasenna, 1512. ALEGRINL'S, John, cardinal and patriarch of Constantinople, died li!40. ALEMAN. Lewis Augustine, a lawyer of Oronoblc, author of several worku, was born in 1653. ALEMAN, Lewis, archbishop of Ailes, and cardinal, was born 1390. He died in 14D0, and was canonized. ALEMAN, Maeto, a Sjjaniard. He wrote the Histor>' of Guzman, a rnniunce, which went through 3fl editions in i^paiu. ALE^MUERT, John Le Rond d', secretary to tlic French academy, &c., and one of the ablest niatbeinaticiaiis of the age, died October 27, 1783. He was one of the principal editors of the "Encyclopedia;" and besides his numerous inatheniatical works, produced seven volumes of " Melanses Literaires," containing various^ tracts on dilferent topics. ALEN, John Van, a Dutch painter of land- scapes, birds, and still life, born at Amsterdam 1G51, and died 1698. ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit, who went as a missionary to China, where he preached 36 years, and built several churches ; he died 1698. ALEOTTI, John Baptist, an Italian, who, from the occupation of carrying bricks and mor- tar, became a celebrated mathematician; he died 1630. ALESjOr HALES, Alexander d", a native of England who became a celebrated teacher of divinity and philosophy at Paris, died 1-245. ALES, Alexander, of Edinburgh, first op- posed, and then embraced the tenets of Luther. He sutTered much persecution, and having re- tired to Gennauy, was appointed professor at Frankfort. He died 15G5. ALESIO, Mattliew Perez d', a native of Rome, and a skilful painter and engraver. His greatest piece is the Colossial St. Chrisloplier at Seville. He died IGOO. AIiESSI, Galeas, an architect who decorated many towns in Spain, France and Genaany, died 1572. ALETINO, Benedetto, professor at Naples. He undertook to refute the Cartesian philosophy, ajid to establish that of Aristotle. He died in 1719. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, son of Philip, Jting of Maccdon, was born at Pella, the first year of the 106th Olympiati, and the 3G5th before the birth of Christ, and at 15 years of age was delivered to the tuition of Aristotle. He dis- covered very early a miglity spirit, and symp- toms of that vast and immoderate ambition which was afterwards to make him the scourge of mankind and the pest of the world. At 20 years of age he succeeded his father as king of Maccdon ; he was also chosen, in the room of his father, generalissimo in the projected expe- dition against the Persians; but the Greeks, rtgrecaWy to their usual fickleness, deserted from him, taking advantage of his absence in Thrace and niyricum, where he began his military en- terprises. He hastened immediately to Greece, when the Athenians and other states returned to him at once ; but, the Thebans standing out, he directed his arms against them, slew a pro- digious number of them, and destroyed their city, si)aring nothing but the house and the de- fendants of Pindar, out of respect to the memo- ry of th.1t poet. This happened in the second year of the 3d Olympiad. Having settled the affairs of Greece, and left Antipatcr as Lis vicc- T8 • ' • aL Iroy in Macedonia, he passed the Hcllc3|>oiit, in the third year of his reign, with an army of no more than 30,000 foot, and 4,500 horse ; and with these forces, brave and veteran it is true, be overturned the Persian empire. His first battle was at the Granicus, a river of Phrygia, in which the Persians were routed. His second was at Issus, a city of Cilicia, where he was also victorious in an eminent degree ; for the camp of Darius, with his niother,-wife, and chil- dren, fell into his hands ; and the huninne and generous treatment which lie showed them is justly reckoned the noblest and most amiable passage of his life. VVhde he was in this coun- try, he caught a violent fever by bathing, when hot, in the cold waters of tlie river Cydrius ; and this fever was made more violent from his im- patience at being detained by it. Tlie arn;y u ag under the utmost consternation, and no physi- cian durst undertake the cure. At length, one Philip of Acarnauia desired time to prepare a po- tion w hich he was sure would cure him ; and w Idle this potion was prejiaring, Alexander re- ceived a letter from his must intimate confidant, I'armenio, informing hun that this Acarnanian was a traitor, and employed by Darius to poison him, at the price of one thousand talents and his sister in marriage. What a situation for a sick prince! The same greatness of soul, however, which accompanied him upon all occasions, did not forsake him here. He did not seem to his physician under any apprehensions ; but after receiving the cup into his hands, delivered the letter to Philip, and, with his eyes fixed upon him drank it otf. The medicine at first acted so powerfully as to deprive him of his senses, and then, without doubt, all concluded him poisoned; however, he soon came round, and, by a cure so speedy that it njight almost be deemed mi- raculous, was restored to his army safe and sound. From Cilicia he marched forwards to Phoenicia, which all surrendered to him except Tyre ; and it cost him a siege of seven months to reduce that city. The vexation of Alexander, at beins unseasonably detained by this obstinacy of the Tyrians, occasioned a mighty destructiou and carnage ; and the cruelty he exercised here is quite inexcusable. After besieging and taking Gaza, he went to Jerusalem, where he was re- ceived by the high-priest, and, making many presents to the Jews, sacrificed in their temple. He told Jaddus (for that was the priest's name,) that he had seen in Macedonia a god, in appear- ance exactly resembling him, who had exhorted him to this expedition against the Persians, and given him the firmest assurance of success. Af- terwards entering Egypt, he went to the oracle of Jupiter Amnion ; and upon his return, built the city of Alexandria. It was now that lie took it into his head to assume divinity, and to pre- tend himself the son of the said Jupiter AmmoD. Policy, however, was at the bottom of this : i; was impossible that any such beUef should be really rooted in his breast ; but he found by ex- perience, that this opinion inclined the barba- rous nations to submit to him ; and therefore ho was content to pass for a god, and to admit, as he did, of divine adoration. His object now wat to overtake and attack Darius in another battle; and this battle was fought at Arbela ; when vic- tory, granting every thing to Alexander, put aa end to the Persian empire. Darius had oflered his daughter in marriage, and part of his domi- nions to Alexander; and Parnienio advised hira to accept the terms, saying, " I would if I were Aleicuider." " And so would I, (replied the thu cijiiqucror,1 if I were Pariiienio." The same Parmtnio counselling the prince lo take ailvan- fage of the night in atiackins; Darius, " No, (said Alexandor,) t would nor steal a victory." Da- rius owed his escape from Arbela to the swift- ness of his horse ; and, while he was collecting forces to renew the war, was insidiously slain • by Uessus, governor of the Kactrians. Alexan- der wci)t at the fate of Darius, and, afterwards pnjeuring Uessus to be j^iven up to him, punished the inhuman wretch according to his deserts. From Arbola, Alexander pursued his conquests eastward ; and every tliinu; fell into his hands, even to the Indies. Having; ranged over all the east, he returned to Babylon, where he died in the 33d year of his age, some say by poison, others by intoxicatioij. ■ ' ALKXANUER, Bala, an impostor who pre- tended to be the son of Antiochus Epipliaues. He was slain 146 B. C. ALEXAxVDER, Severus, a Roman emperor distincuished lor his virtues; hewas murdered 2;t5 ADjXANDER, JaniiKus, king of the Jews, He was cruel and oppressi\'e, and died 79 B. C ALEXANDER U., son of Arislobulus, was carried prisoner to Rome by JPompey, and put to death 4i) B. C. ALEXANDER, bishop of Hierapolis in the 5th century who maintained that there were two liatuns in Christ. He died an e.tile. ALEXANDER, bisliop of Alexandria, op- posed the tenets of Arius ; a man of virtue and piety, and died 3'25. ALEXANDER, a bishop of Jerusalem, known for his many virtues. He founded a library there, and died 25L ALEXANDER, of Lycopolis, opposed to the Manichsan system, in a work published at Paris in 1672. ALKXANDER, Trallianus, a philosopher and physician of the 6th century. His works were edited at Paris, in 1543. ALEXANDER, Polyhistor, a Latin historian wlioftourished about 80 B. C. His works are lost, ALEXANDER, AphrodistPus, a peripatetic philosopher. His work" De Facto," appeared in London, 1688. ALEXANDER, of JE^ca., preceptor to Nero. ALEXANDER, the Paphlagonian, an impos tor, who was invited to Rome by Rlarcus Au relins, on account of his celebrity, in 174. ALEXANDER, an abbot of Sicily in the 12th century, author of a history of Roger, king of Sicily, which was edited in 1578, at Saragossa. ALEXANDER, an English abbot, who sup- ported the rights of Henry II., for which he was excommunicated in 1217. ALEXANDER, king of Poland, succeeded his brother, John Albert, in 1501. He was a prince of piety and virtue. ALEXANDER I., king of Scotland, came to the throne in 1107. He was a severe and tyran- nical king. ALEXANDER II., king of Scotland, 1214, son of William the Lion. He invaded England. ALEXANDER III., king of Scotland, defeated the Norwegians, and assisted his father-in-law, Henry III. against the encroachments of his ba- rons. He was killed while hunting, 1285. ALEXANDER I., bishop of Rome, 109. He was called a saint, and martyr, and, according; to Platina, was tlie tirst who introduced the use of holy water into the church. ALEXANDER H., pope, succeeded in 1061. He protected the Jews from murder and rajiine, and died i073. I ^AL_ ALEXANDER HI., pope, a native of Sienna, was raised to the pa|)al chair in 1159. He died at Rome, much beloved by his subjects, and ro- spected by the world. ALEXANDER IV., bishopofOstia, was made pope in 1254. He bestowed the crown of Sicily on Edmund, sou of the King of England ; and tried to unite th(^ Greek and Latin churches. ALEXANDER v., pope, wasorigmally a beg- gar, but found means to cultivate his mind, so ihat he was distinguished both at Oxford aikl Paris. He was elected pope in 1409, but soon died by poison. ALEXANDER VI., pope, was a native of Va- lencia. He was infamotis for his debaucheries and cruelties, and died by the poison his son in tended for some innocent persons, 1503. ALEXANDER VII., pope, embellished Rome with several magnificent edifices, and died l&Yi. ALEXANDER VIII., pope, was a native of Venice and succeeded to the papal chair on the death of Innocent XI. ; died 1691. ALEXANDER, abAlexandro, aman of great talents as a lawyer, at Najjles ; he died KiOO. ALEXANDER, Neckam, an Englishman of great learning who gave public lectures at Paris. His lectures remain in the public libraries in manuscript : he died 1227. ALEXANDER, Noel, or Natalls, an eminent writer, horn at Rouen, in Normandy. He pub- lished an ecclesiastical history in 24 vols. He died 1724. ALEXANDER (William, Earl of Stirling,) a dramatic poet and statesman in the reigns of James and Charles L was born 1580. " His po- etry (says Mr. Grainger,) for purity and ele- gance is far beyond the generality of the pro- ductions of the age in which he lived." His Recreation of the Muses" was prhited in folio, 1637, to which is prefixed his portrait by Mar- shall, esteemed the best of that artist's works. He died 1640. ALEXANDER, de Medicis, first duke of Flo- rence in 1530, was a man of dissolute and cruel manners, who owed his elevation to intrigue. He was murdered bv a relation. ALEXANDER, Farnese, duke of Parma, distinguished himself in tiie 16th century by his military valour. ALEXANDER, Farnese, uncle to the pre- ceding, favourite of Pope Clement VU.jdied 1589. ALEXANDER, a Norman, in the reign of Henry I. He raised the castles of Banbury, Sleaford and Newark for his defence. By the interest of his uncle he became bishop of Lin- coln, and died in 1147. ALEXANDER, a native of Asia Minor, was the founder of a sect called non-sleepers, be- cause some of them always kept awake to sing ; he died 430. ALEXANDER, St. Elpide. archbishop of A- malfi, author of a treatise on papal power, in the beginning of the 14th century. AliEXANDER, Dom. Jamea, a bencdictine of St. Maur, author of a treatise onelemenfary clocks, died 17.34. ALEXANDER, a poet of Paris, in the 12th century, who wrote a poem on Alexander the Great, in verses of 12 syllables, which have since been called " Alexandrines." ALEXANDER, Nicholas, a benedictine of St. Maur, wrote " Physic and Surgery for the Poor," and " A Botanical and Pharmaceutical Dictionary," both esteemed works. He was born at Paris, and died 1738. 19 AL AJ^KXANDER, Ncuskoi, grand diiki' of Russia, born li!18, siunalK'xil l»y a victory Iw oinaiiied over the nortlieru powers, on iht banks of tlH- Neva. lie was saiiili d, and an order of Jiuigbiliood instituted in his honour. ALEXANDER, Janios, a Scotchman, secre- tary of the province of New-York, and for ma- ny years one of the council ; came to tliis coun- try "17 15; died I'M. ALEXANDER, William, commonly called Lord Stirling, from his supposed title to a Scotch earldom, a major general in the American ar- my ; was in the battle of Long Island, and was wounded ; lie was a brave officer, and died 1783, aged 57. ALEXANDER, Nathaniel, a member of Con- prcs* from (and governor ol) the state of North Carolina ; he dii-d 160H. ALEXANDHINI, Julius de Newstain, a na- tive of Trent, physician and favourite of Maxi- milian IJ., died IS'.t). ALEXIS, Willinni, a benedictine monk of Lvra, and author of poems of some merit, lived in" 1500 ALEXIS, a Piedmontese, who applied him- self to study, with a resolution not to reveal his di.'^covcries. He however published some me- dical tracts, called " the Secrets," at Basil, in 153G. ALEXIUS, Michaelovitch, czar of Russia, and father to Peter the Great. He was distin- guished for hi» wars, his munificence, and his improvements in the state ; he died 1677. ALEXIUS, Pelrovitch, only son to Peter the Great, born KiOO, an unfortunate and intempe- rate man. He was tried and condemned, by secret judges, in 1719. ALEXIUS, or ALEXIS I., Commenns, usurp- ed the throne of Turkey in 1081, and distin- guislied himself by his wars against the Turks. ALEXIUS II., Comraenus, succeeded to the throne of Constantinople 1180 ; he was murdered by Andronicus. ALEXIUS III., Angelus, dethroned his bro- ther, 1195, and put out his eyes. He was him-, sdf dethroned in ttirn, and his life sacrificed to liie furv of the populace. I ALEXIUS IV., son of the king deposed by' Ale.viiis III. ; he restored his father to I lie throne' and reigned with him. ALEXIUS v., usurped the throne of Con- stantinople, and was killed by the crusaders, af- ter a reign of 3 months, in 1264. ALEXIUS, an impostor, who iieEvIy succeed- ed in placins hims'lf on the throne of Constan- tinople, hut was killed by a priest, in 1200. ALEYN, Charles, an English port, who pub- lished in 1031, two poems on the battles of Cressy and Foicticrs. AL-FARABIA, a niussulman philosopher of the 10th century. His works are in the I^eyden library ; he was murdered in Syria, in 954. ALFARGAN, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, an Ara- Iviaii astronomer, of the 9th century. ALFEM'S VARUS PUBLIUS, a native of Cremona, who rose from the occupation of cob- bler, to be counsel. ALFES, an eminent rabbi, who epitomised the Talmud, died A03. ALFIERI, Vittorio, an Italian dramatic poet, born at Abli, in Piedmont, 1749. Within less than seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works in prose and verse, Including a translation of Sallust, and a treatise AL of the house of Stuart. Ho died at Florence, iii 1803; and his remains were interred in the church of St. Croi.\, wliere his widow erected a monument to his memory, which was exc- cuKd by Canova. He wrote his ow n life, which has been printed in two ^ olumi s. ALFONSO, vid. ALPHONSUS. ALFORD, Michael, author of Briltania illus- trata," and other works, was born in London, but educated in Spain and Rome, and became a Jesuit ; he died lt":j2. ALFEED,orALURED, son of Ethehed, tried to expel Harold from the throne, but was mur- dered, 1037. ALFRED, bishop of Exeter, wrote several learned works, as " Adelnms," '-History of Malniesbury Abbey," &c. : lOlh century. ALFRED, vid. iELFRED. ALFRED, an Englishman, giirnamed philo sopher, lelt four books on the meteors of Aristo- tle, one on vegetables, and five on other subjects. He died 1270. ALFRIDE, or Elfrid, natural son of Osery. king of Northumberland, came to the throne in (J8*). ALGARDI, Alexander, an architect ant* sculptor of Bologna, died 1654. ALGAROTTI, Francis, count, an Italian, eminent as a connoisseur and critic in every branch of the belles-lettres, and an author of repute, born at Venice 1712, died 1704. ALGAZALI, an Arabian author, who died in the 504th year of the hegira. ALGER, a monk of Liege, author of a book on the sacraments, died 1131. ALOHISI, Thomas, an eminent surgeon and lithotomisl of Florence, author of Lithotomita, 4to. 1708. ALGIERI, Peter, a Venetian, who decorated the opera at Paris, died 17('i0. ALIXAZEN, an Arabian, who wrote on optics about 1100. ALL cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, and caliph of Egypt and Arabia. He was as- sassinated in CfiO. His memory is still held in veneration by the Persians. AJ.l-BASSA, a distinguished general of the Ottoman empire, died 1663. AJjI beg, a Pole, who was educated in the Mahonietanfaith,butemployed himself Inlrans- laiing the bible into Turkisli. I le also w rote on the relieion of Mahomet, and died in 1675. ALI BEG, son of a Greek priest, but sold while young by some robbers to the JanissarieB, His military talents gained him the supreme power of Egy^pt. He was humane, posscsBcd an elevated niind, and died about 1775. ALI BEKG, a learned Turk in the 17th cen- tury, acquainted with seventeen languages. He translated the bible into the Turkish. ALICE, daughter of Theobald IV., married Lewis VII., king of France. For a time, she yvas appointed queen regent, and reigned with great prudence and justice. She died liOti. ALIGRK, Etienne, who rose by his merit to be chancellor of France, died 1635. ALIMENTUS, Cneius, a Roman historian, 150. B. C. A1,IPIUS, a bishop of Tagastein Africa, 394 He was baptised by St. Ambrose at Milan. ALIPUS, a geographer of Antioch, conimis sioned by JuUuii to rebuild the temple of Jeru salem. ALKMAAR, Henry d', a German, author of the fable of Reynard, a poem, which lashes the on tyranny. His ladv was the princess of Schom . , , , Ijerg, widow of Charles-Edward, the last princellvicw and foibleB of mankind. Hedicd 1503. 30 AL ALLAINVAL, Leouor Joan Christine Soula^ d', a native of Cliartres, anil auilior of several comedies of merit. He died 1753. AliLAIS, Deays Vairasse d', anativcof Lan guedoc, wlio served in tlie Duke of YorlOs (ltd ill UMi.'>. He wrote several books, not mucli es- teemed. ALLAM, .\udrevv, a learned classical scholar, born in Uxfordsiiire, died 16d5. ALL.\RD, Guy, author of several histori- cal works, and a roinaui;e called Zizim, died 1715. ALLATIUS, Leo, a native of Scio, who stu- died physic at Rome, but distinguished himself chiefly as a teaclier in the Greek College, died IC6U. ALLECTUS, prefect of Britain, murdered Caraurius 294. and made himself emperor. ALLEGE AIN, Christopher Gabriel, a French sculptor, who executed some masterly figures, died 1795. ALLEGRI, Antonio, an illustrious painter, better known by the name of Corregio, from the place whi;re he was born. lie lived at Parma, where, without any instruction, he executed some of the most perfect pictures in the world. His Virgin and Child, and Mary Ma;,'dalen, are his iiiiest pictures. He died poor in 1534. ALLEGRI, Gre<;<)rio, an eminent musical composer, born at Rome. His compo.sitions, the chief of which is the " lliserere," are still performed in the poniitical cliapel. He died 1640. ALLEIN, Richard, born in Somersetshire, a puritan of great learning. His writings are mostly on theolojv. He died I'lBl. ALLEIN, William, son of the above. His " Millenium," among his other theological tracts, was much admired. He died 1677. ALLEIN, Joseph, a puritan of great learn- ing and piety. His " Alarm" to sinners has been often published. He died at Taunton, Ens.. 1668. ALLEN, John, archbishop of Dublin, and chancellor of Ireland, was murdered in 1586. ALLEN, Thomas, minister of Charlestown, Mass., author of a work entitled " an Invitation to Sinners to come to Christ," and a '•' Scripture Chronology." This last is a learned work, and is preserved in the New-England Library. ALLEN, James, minister in Boston, came to this country 1602, and was the occasion of much dilticulty in tlie colony of Mass. He died 1710, aL'ed 78. ALLEN, James, first minister, of Brookline, Mass., was born in Ro.xbury ; settled 1718. He died aged 56. He was a pious and judicious divine ; he published several sermons. ALLEN, James, member of the house of representatives and counsellor in Mass., died 1755, aged 53. He was expelled for reflections •gainst the governor, was re-elected, but refus- ed a seat till the following year. ALLEN, William, chief justice of Penn. be- fore the revolution, the friend and patron of Sir Benjamin West, the painter. He published the American crisis, London, 1774, in which he suL'gests a plan for restoring the dependence of America. ALLEN, Moses, minister of Midnay, Georgia, and a distinguished friend to his country. He was born in Northampton. Mass., was taken prisoner when Savannah was reduced, and put on board a prison-ship, whence, in attempting to escape, was drowned, aged 31. ALLEN, Henry, preacUer in Nova Scotia, AL author of several strange and absurd religioiH doctrinc-s. He died in 1763. His followers were few. He published u volume of hymns, and se- veral sermons. ALLEN, Ethan, a brigadier general in the war of the revolution. He captured Ticonde- roga and Crown Point, was taken pri-d author of the lives of son)e saints, died 108<). ALPHERY, Mekepper, Nicephorus, a nati»'e of Russia, descended from the imperial family. He became a parish priest in England, 1618, and preferred his place to the throne of Russia. ALPHESIUS, a rabbi wiio abridged the Tal- mud, died 1103. ALPHIUS, Avitus, a Roman poet of the 3d century. ALPHONSO, or ALPHONSUS, king of Astu- rias, took 30 towns from the Moors, and dicus AM for the prodigious ascendancy which he gained over that prince, and for the pruiishment which at length overtook him. Of the 45 years he spent at court, he enjoyed for 30 of them so ab- solute a power over the king, that nothing could be done without his express orders ; nay, it is related by Mariana, that the king could not change an oliicer or servant, or even his clothes or diet, witliout the approbation of Alvares. At length he was seized, tried, and condemned to lose his liead, on a charge of having madly in- vaded tlie riglits of kingly majesty, reduced the whole court into his power, and made himself master of the state in general, &c. &c. He was executed the 4th of June, 1453. ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a Portuguese Jesuit, who was distinguished as a grammarian he died 1582. ALVAREZ DE PAZ, James, a Jesuit, born at Toledo, author of some divinity tracts, died 1620. ALVAREZ, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, and a bishop in Italy. He wrote much polemi- cal divinitv, and died 1635. ALURED. SeeALRBDUS. ALVAROTTO, James, a learned law pro- fe;!sor at Padua, whose authority is frequently quoted, died 1452. ALVIANO, Bartholomew, an illustrious ge- neral in the Venetian service, who died 1515. ALYATTES, aking of Lydia, who died 562 B. C. ALYPIUS, a Platonic philosopher in the 5t!i century. ALYPIUS, a geographer, who was employed at Jerusalem and in Britian, by the emperor Ju- lian . AMADEDDULAT, son of a fisherman, be- came king of Persia, and died 949. AMADFiUS v., count of Savoy, suniamed the Great, bravely defended Rhodes against the Turks. It is said, he besieged and took thirty- two towns ; he died 1323. AMADEUS VL, count of Savoy, in 1343; by hismcrirshe became the arbiter of afi'airs in Italy. AMAliEIIS VIII., count of Savoy, instituted in 1434, the order of the secular knights of the Annunciation, lie was elected pope, by the council of Basil. AMADEUS IX., duke of Savoy, a brave and charitable prince, whose subjects surnamedhini the Blessed ; he died 1472. AMADEUS, a Francisca-n monk in Portugal, who pretended to some mystical revelations at Rome, died 1482. AMADEUS, bishop of Lausanne, died 1159. AMAJA, Francis, a Spanish professor of civil law, whose commentaries are highly valued, died 1640. AMAK, a much admired Persian poet of tlie 5th century. AMALARIC, or AMATTRY, king of the Vi- sigoths, killed by one of his soldiers, 531. AMALARTUS, Fortunatus, ambassador of Charlemagne to Constantinople. He died 81-1, and left a treatise on baptism. AMALARIUS,Syn:pho3ius,apriestofMentz, and author of a book on the antiquities of the church, died S??. AMALASONTHA, daughter of Tlieodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, a woman of virtue for the times. She was cruelly murdered by her husband, 534. AMALEK, son of Eliphaz, was the founder of a nation which settled Idumea, and made war against Saul and David. 23. AM AJIALKJC, Aiigm, author of a history of Mie popes, flourifilied in the 14th century. AMALRIC, Arnold, arclibisliopof JNarbonne, who aiiiiiialed the princes of Spain against the Moors, and wrote an account of a battle wliicli he witnessed, died 1225. AMA1.TJIA;A, tlie nainp of the Sybil of Cu- ma;, who sold her books to Tarqnin. AMALTHEUS, .feronie, Jolni Baptiste, and Cornelius, three brotiiers, born at Oderzo, in Italy, etinally celebrated for their poetry. They all three died in 1574. AMAMA, Sixtinus, a Hebrew professor of preat learning and piety in Germany, who began a work called '' Antibarbarus Biblicus,'- but died beforp it was finished, in 1629. AftlAN D, iMark Anthony Gerard Sieur de St., born in Normandy, a comic poet of some lame ; he died 1661. AMAND, St., a bishop of Bordeaux, 404. AMARAL, Andrew d', a Portuguese of the order of Malta, who betrayed Khodes to Soly- liian. He was put to death 1522. AMASEl'S, Romulus, professor at Bologna, and author of a translation of Pausanias, died lb55. AMASIS, a king of Egypt, who died about 525 B. C. AMATUS, de Portugal, a physician, who wrote Commentaries on Disoscorides, Avicen- na, &c., about 1550. AMAURI, de Chartres, professor of philoso- phy, born at Bonne, in the 13th century. He formed a new system of religion on the meta- p'tysics of Aristotle. AMAURI, king of Jerusalem in 1162 ; he died 1173. AMAURI II., king of Cypru.s and Jerusalem in 1164. AMAZIAH, son of Joash, klngof Judah, was put to death bv his subjects, 810 B. C. AMBOISE,' Francois d', eon of the surgeon to Charles IX., of France, rose to the rank of counsellor of state by his learning and industry. He died IfiOO. AMBOISE, George d', bom in 1460, and be- came archbishop of Narbonne, and aftervvards prime minister to Lewis XII., of France. He was famed for his firmness and energy. AMBOISE, Michael d', author of several epis- tles, ballads, &c., nourished in the 16th century. AMBOISE, Aimery d', was famous for the naval victory he obtained over tlie Sultan of Egypt, 1510. AMBOISE, Frances d', wife of Peter H., duke of Britanny. She was famed for the im- provement she introduced in the manners of the Bretons. She died 1485. AMEROGI, Antony Marie, professor of elo- q\ience at Rome, published various works, and died 1788. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, an eminent father of the church, born in Gaul, 333. The birth of Ambrose is said to have been followed bv a remarkable presage of his future eloquence, for we are told, that a swarm of bees came and settled upon his mouth as he lay in his cradle. He died at Milan 307, and was buried in the great church there. The most considerable of his nu- merous works is that " De Officiis." Ambrose carried the esteem of the virginity and celibacy so far, that he seemed to regard matrimony as an indei-ent thing. AMBROSE, deacon of Alexandria, was the patron of Origen, by whose eloquence he was converted to Cliristlanlty. lie died 250. 24 AM AMBROSE, born at Portico in Romania, wa.ii distinguished by his fluency in the Greek tongue at thecoiiMcil^ Batil, Ferrara, &c. Hedied 1439. AiMliKOSE, de Liinbez Pere, a capuchin, author of a tract on inward peace, died 1778. AMBROSK, Isaac, a descendant from the Am brose family in Lincolnshire, who, during the civil wars, became a presbyterian. He pub lished several tracts, which were much ea teemed. AMBROSINI, Bartholomew, professor of me dicine at Bologna. He published several learn ed books on medicine, and died 1657. AMBivOSINI, Hyacinih, brother and succes sor of the preceding, wrote a treatise on Uie plants discovered in tlie 17th century. AMBROSIUS, Aurelianus, a prince of Ar- morica, went to Britain 457, to assist the Britons in the expulsion of the Sa.xons. AMBROSIUS, CatharinusPolitus, archbishop of Compsa, Naples. He wrote some rcUgioiis works, and died 1552. AMEDEUS, see AMADEUS. AMELIUS, Gentilianus, a Platonic philoso- pher of the third centurv. disciple to Plotinus. AMELOT DE LA IJOUSSAYE, Abral.am NiclKjlas, a native of Orleans 1634, sent as se- cretary to the French ambassador at Venice. He wrote much, but was sent to the Bastile for his senlinjents. AWEI^OT, Denis, a French writer, author of a translation of the New Testouienl, and other works. lie di.-d 1678. AMERBACH, John, a native of Swabia, eminent for his learning, died 1515. His son, John, was professor of law at Basil, and the friend of Erasnuis. He died 1562. AMERBACH, Vitus, a Bavarian, professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, and a writer cf eminence, died l.'sSO. AMERICUS, V> sputius, a Florentine, a dis- coverer in the continent called, after liijn, Ame- rica, died 1526. See COLUMBUS. AMES, Fisher, a distinguished statesman and eloquent orator, born in Pedha!n,>lass., author of a celebrated speech in Congress on the British treaty in 1776. He possessed a mind of a greal and extraordinary char.icter, and died in 1808. AMES, William, of Norfolk, Eng., a learned divine, professor of the university of Franeker, Holland, died at Rotterdam, on his way to New- England, 1633. AMES, Joseph, a celebrated typographical historian, and secretary to the society of Anti- (juaries, was originally a ship-chandler at Wap- ping. Late in life he took to the study of anti- quities; and, besides his great work on "Typo- graphical Antiquities," containing accounts of our earliest printers and their works, he publish- ed a list, in 8vo., of English heads, engraved and inezzotinto, and drew up the "Parentalia," from Mr. Wren's papers. He was born at Great Yarmouth, 1689, and died Oct. 7, 1759. AMHERST, Jeffrey, lord, commander-in-chief of the British army at the conquest of Canada, 1760; born in England 1717: captured Louisburg 1758 ; succeeded Abercrombie in the command of the amry of North America ; returned to England, w-here he was created field marshal, and died 1708. aged 80. AMHURST, Nicholas, born at Marden, in Kent, but in what year is uncertain He receiv- ed his grammatical education at Merchant Tay- lor.s' School, in London, and thence was remov- ed to St. John's Collete, Oxford, but expelled for incgularity of conduct. Soon after Mr AM Aiitlmrst quitted Oxford, he seems to have set- tled ill London as a writer by profession. He published a volume of miscellanies; but the principal literary undertaking of Mr. Amhurst was, "The Craftsman," vvliich was carried on for a number of years with great spirit and suc- cess, and was more read and attended to than any production of the kind that had hitherto been pubii.shed in England. Ten or twelve tliousand were sold in a day; and the etlect which it had in raising the indignation of tlie people, and in controlling tlie power of admi- nistration, was very considerable. He died at Twickenham, April 27, 17 li, of a broken heart, and was buried at the charge of his printer, Richard Franklin. AMICON'I, Giacomo, a Venitian, was a suc- cessful portrait and iiistorical painter in Eng- land, and aferwards painter to the king of Spain. He died 175-;. AMICLTS, Antony, an ecclesiastic of Palermo, and historiographer royal to Pliilip IV. of Spain. Uedied Kill. AMIN-UEN-HAROUN, son of Aaron Ras- chid, was the si.xthcalipli of the house of Abas- sides, a cruel and imprudent prince, who was put to death after a reign of 5 years, 6-22. AMIIl.\L, Henry, a native of France, nolo rious for his attempt to assassinate Collot d Uerbois and Robespierre, and rid France of her tyrants, was e.xecuted 17!)2. AM^I.-VN, Paul, of Ureslau, professor at Leip- sic, died lliOO. AMMV^f, John Conrad, a Swiss physician, who succf^eded in teaching the deaf to speak in France, died about 1730. AMMAN ATI, Bartholomew, an eminent sculptor and architect of Florence, died 158C. AMMANATI, Laura Battiferri, wife of Bar- tholomew, celebrated for her genius and learn- ing. Her poems are highly esteemed by the Italians. She died 1589. AMMIANUS, Marcellinua, a Latin historian, died about 390. AMMIRATO, or AMMIRATI, Scipio, born in Naples in 1531, wrote a history of Florence in two vols, folio, and many other works of less importance, and died at Florence, 1600. AMMON, the son of Lot, and progenitor of the Ammonites, lived about 1900 B. C. AMMONIUS, a peripatetic philosoplier, pre- ceptor to Plutarch. AMMONIUS, Saccus, a philosopher of the 3d century, and founder of the Eclectic sect, died liH. AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who first adopted the present operation of lithotomy. AMMONIUS, Andrew, a learned native of I^ucca, who came and settled in England. He lived some time in Sir Thomas More's house, and afterwards in St. Thomas' College, for he was not in circumstances sufficient to hire a house of his own. There subsisted a strong friendship and close correspondence between trim and Erasmus. The advice which Eras- mus gives him, in regard to pushing his fortune, Jias a good deal of humour in it, and was cer- tainly intended as a satire on the artful methods generally practised by the selfish and ambitious part of mankind. " In the tirst place (says he)| throw ort" all sense of shame; thrust yourself! Into every one's business, and elbow out vvhom-| soever you ran ; neither love nor hate any one ;• measure every thing by your own advantage;! let this be the scope and drift of all your actions. ! Give notbuig bait wliat is to be returned with] 3 D AM ^^ \isury, and be complaisant to every body. Have always two strings to your bow. Feign that you are solicited by many from abroad, and ^et every thing ready for your departure. Shov/ letters inviting you elsewhere, with great pro- mises." Fortune, at length, began to smile upon Ammonius, for he was appointed secre- tary to Henry VIII., and lionoured by Pope Leo X. with a public character at the court of that prince ; and, in all appearance, he would have soon risen higher, had not death carried him off when he was but of a middle age. He died of the sweadug sickness in 1517. Ammonius wrote several Latin poetical pieces. AMMONIUS, Livinus, a Carthusian Monk, esteemed by Erasmus for liis learning and piety, died 1556. AMONTONS, William, was born in Nor- mandy, the last day of August, 16C3. He was in the 3d form of the Latin school at Paris, when, after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged him to renounce almost all conversation with mankind. In this situation, he began to think of employing himself in the invention of machines. He applied, therefore, to the study of geometry ; and it is said that he would not try any remedy to cure his deafness, either because he thought it incurable, or be- cause it increased his attention. He studied with great care the nature of barometers and thermometers; and, in 1087, presented a new liygroscope to the Royal Academy of Sciences, which was very much approved. Amontons found out a method to acquaint people at a great distance, in a very little time, with whatever one pleased. Tliis method was as follows : Let there be people placed in several stations, at such a distance from one another, that, by the help of a telescope, a man in one station may see a signal made by the next before him ; he must immediately make the same signal, that it may be seen by persons in the station next after him, who are to communicate it to those in the fol- lowing station, and so on. [Hence certainly originated the modern Telegraph.] When the Royal Academy was newly regulated in IG99, Amontons was admitted a member of it, anfl read there his " New Theory of Friction," in which he happily cleared up a very important part of mechanics. He died the 11 th of October, 1705. AMORT, Eusebius, a Bavarian ecclesiastic, and writer on theological subjects, died 1775. AMORY, Dr. Thomas, a dissenting minister of considerable note, born at Taunton, Jan. 38, 1701, died in London, June 24, 1774. His ser- mons chiefly tended to illustrate the perfections and providence of God ; the evidences of a fu- ture state ; the truth and excellency of the Gos- pel ; the great duties of a Christian life, &;c. AMORY, Thomas, esq., an intense student, and a writer of some merit, of Westminster, died 1789. AMOS, a prophet in the reign of Jehoram, king of Israel, and Uzziah, king of Judah, died 785 B. C. AMOUR, William de St., a doctor of the Sorbonne, canon of Bouvais, author of several works, died 1272. AMOUR, Louis Go\in de St., a doctor of the Sorbonne, from which he was expelled, died 1687. AMOURFIIX, N. L', an eminent sculptor of Lyons, was drowned in the Soane, in the be- ginninc of the 19th century. AMPHIBILUS, a Briton, was said to have 25 AN AN bcp.n bishop of AnglcHca, and to have Eufl'ered martyrdom about 291. AMPHILOt'HUS, bishop of Iconiutn, the friend of Basil, and opposer of the Ariane, died 304. AMPHINOMUS and ANAPIUS, were two brothers, who heroically saved their aged pa- tents on their shoulders during an eruption of iEtna. AMPSINGIUS, John Assuer, professor of physic, at Rostock, in the beginning of the 17tli century. AMRU EBN-AL-AS, a Mussulman, was first the enemy, and afterwards the friend of Maho- met ; he died governor of Epvpt, 6(53. AMSDORF, Nicholas, a follower of Luther, and bishop of Nureni burgh, died 1541. AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor, and a suecessful warrior, notorious for his cruelty, died 1S89. AMURATH IL, successor to Mahomet as Ottoman emperor; he was the first Turk who used cannon in battle ; he resigned his crown to his son, but afterwards resumed it, and died 1451. AMURATH III. succeeded Selim IL, and im- mediately murdered his five brothers ; he was a valiant and successful warrior, and died 15i)5. AMURATH I , successor to Sfusiapha, a cruel prince, who put .W.OOO inhabitants of Bagdad to the sword, died 1640. AMY, N., an advocate of the parliament of Aix, and a writer on natural science, died 1760. AMYRLH'ZES, a philosopher of Trebizond, who renounced Christianity lor Mnhonielanisni, and became a favourite of Mahomet II. AMYOT,James,bishopofAuxerre, and grand «lmoncr of France under Henry in. , and Charles IX., and a writer on several subjects ; but chief- ly known as the translator of " Plutarch's Lives and Morals." He was born at Melun, 1514, and died irm. AMYR,\ULT, Moses, an eminent French divine, born 1596, at Borgueil, a small town of Touraine. He was a man of .such charity and compassion, that, during the last ten years of his life, he bestowed his vvhole salary on the poor, without distinction of Cailiolic or Protes- tant, and died 1664. ANACHARPIS, an illustrious Scythian phi- Josopher. lie travelled to Athens in the time of Solon, with whom he contracted an intimate friendship ; and Solon not only instructed him, but sought all opportunities of doing him ho- nour. He had a quick and lively genius, a strong and masterly eloquence ; and there was some- thing so determined and resolute in his manner, that those who imitated him were said to speak In the Scythian style. lie was extremely fond of poetrv, and wrote upon certain laws of the Scythiaiis and Greeks. CrcBsus invited him to Sardis, and ofl^ered him money; but the phi- losopher answered, " that he was come to Greece to learn the laws and manners of that country ; that he had no occasion for gold or silver ; and that it wonld suffice for him to re- turn to Scvthia a wiser and more intelligent man than he came from thence." After staying long in Greece, he prepared to return home ; and passing through Cyzicum, he found that city edehrating very solcmuly the feasts of Cybele. and vowed to do the same if he should get home hi safely. Upon bis arrival in Scythia, he at- tempted to change the ancient customs of hi? country, and to establish those of Greece ; which proved" extremely disagreeable to the Scythians, 26 land at length destructive to himself. For en- tering one day a thick wood, to perform his vow Cybele as eecretly as nsight be, he was dis- coveied in the midst of the solemnity, and shot [lead with an arrow by the king himself. There aremauy beautiful apothegm;; of this philosopher preserved by La rtiu3,i'lui arch, and otlier writers AN ACLETUS, bishop of Rome,sufl'ered mar tyrdom 92. ANACLETTTS claimed the papacy in oppo- sition to Innocent II., but not succeeding, die«! n obscurity, 1138. ANACOANA, queen of Xiragua, in the island! of St. Domingo, was cruelly put to death by Ovando. rVNACREON, a Greek poet, bom at Teos, a seaport of Ionia, flourished about the 62d Olym- piad. This poet had a most delicate wit, Imt was certainly too fond of pleasure ; for love and wine had the disposal of all his hours. The manner of his death, which happened at Abdera, i.s said to have been very extraordinary ; for they fell us, he was choked with a giape-slone, whicii he swallowed as he vva.-; regaling on some new wine. A small part only of Anatreon'* works remain; and these consist chiefly of Bac- chanalian songs, and love sonnets. The odes of Anacreon," says Rapin, "arc flowers, beau- ties, and perpetual graces." ANAGNOSTA, John, a Byzantine histo- rian. ANASTASIUS I., the silentiaty, who, from obscure birth, became emperor of the cast, by marrying the widow of tlie emperor Zeno, diek 518. ANASTASIUS II. was raised from a private tation to the throne of Constantinople by th« voice of the people. He abdicatid the throne for a religious habit, and afterwards, in attempt- ing to regain it, was put to death, 719. ANASTASIUS I., pope of Rome, succeede* Siricius ; he reconciled the eastern and wcrtern churches, and died much respected for his sanc- tity and virtue, 402. ANASTASIUS II., pope after Gelaslus, died 496. ANASTASIUS III., pope after Sergius IIL, eminent for his wisdom, died two years after his election, 913. ANASTASIUS IV., pope, a charitable ani humane man ; he died 1154. ANASTASIUS, contested the papacy witll Benedict III., and not succeeding, he died in ob curity. ANASTASIUS, Bibliothecarius, a leamei Greek of the 9th century, Ubrarian of the church of Rome, and abbot of St. Mary bevond the Tvber. "ANASTASIUS, Sinaite, a monk of Mount Sinai, in the 7th century. ANASTASIUS, Theopolitanus, bishop of Antioch ; lie was banished from his sec, and restored 593 ; he died 6 years after. ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, died 458. ANATOLIUS, bishop of Laodicea, about 269 ; eminent for his knowledge of arithmetic and seometry. ANAXAGORAS, one of the most celebrated philosophers of anticpiity, born at Clazomena-, in Ionia, about450 B. C. Heplaced the supreme good of human life in contemplation. ANAXANDRIDES, king of Sparta, about 550 B. C, father to Cleomenes and Leonidas. ANAXANDRIDES, a comie ooet of Rhodes, about 3S0 B. C. AN AN AXaXAKC'IJUS, a pliilosopJi'-r of Abdura, |! pui to death by llie king ol Cypius. ANAXILAUS, a pytliagorean pliUosoplier of the .'i-je of Angusliis. ANAXIMAADER, a philosophtv of Wilutus, Uifii 547 B. C. ANAXIMBNES, tlie pupil and successor of Ana.\iiiiai:der, lived 550 B. C. ANAXJMENES, a historian, who accompa- nied Alexander flio Great in his expedition; he wrote a history of Greece. AXl'HARAiNO, Peter, a native of Bologna, author ol books on the civil and canon law, died 1417. AXfHARANO, James, a writer of theology. AN'CILLON, David, aprotestaut divine, burn at Metz, eminent for his learning, piety, and eloquenee, died at Berlin, 1692. AiVCILLON, Charles, son of David, inspec- tor of the French courts of justice in Berlin, and historiosrapher to the kinp, died 1751. ANCKWITZ, a native of Poland, anibasea- dor to Denmark, accused of betraying his coun- try to Hussia, and e.xecutcd 1794. ANCOURT, Floren-Carton d', an eminent French actor and dranjatic \\ riter, born at Fon- tainbleau, 1601 ; lie died 172G, having written fu'tv-two pla\s. ANCrs MARTIUS, fourth king of Rome, extended the boundaries of his kingdom, and fcuilt Ostia, died (54G B. C. ANDERSON, Alfc.xander, profegsor of mathe- matics at Paris in the Itilh century. ANDERSON, Andrew, a printer, who ob- tained from Charles 11. the exclusive privilege of printins in Scotland for 41 years. ANDERSON, Adam, author of a valuable treatise on trade and commerce, died 1775. ANDERSON, James, D. D. minister of a Scotch Presbyterian church in London. ANDERSON, James, Esq. advocate and clerk of the Scotch parliainc'Ut, and author of an able vindication of its independence, died 1712. ANDERSON, John, A. M. an able and popu- lar preacher, and minister of Dumbarton, died 1720. ANDERSON, Sir Edmund, made lord chief justice of the tomnion pleas in 1582. He was a very strict lawyer, and governed himself en- tirely by statutes ; for we have his express de- claration, that he neither expected precedents in all cases, nor would he be bound by them whfvtfi he saw that they were not founded upon justir.e, but would act as if there were no such precc'ents. Of this we have a proof from the reports in his time, published by Mr. Goldesho- rough : " Thecascof Resceit was moved again ; and Shuttleworth said, tliat he could not be re- ceived, because he was named in the writ ; and added, that he had searched all the books, and there was not one case where he who is named in the writ may be received."-"What of that V said Judge Anderson ; " shall we not give judg- ment because it is not adjudged in the books he- fore 7 we will give judgment according to rea- son : and if there be no reason in the books, I will not regard them." — He held his office to the time of his dcatli, which happened August I, 1605. ANDERSON, John, a native of Hamburgh, and author of a naturaJ history of Iceland, &c. died 1743. ANDERSON, James, a celebrated British writer on commerce, died 1704. ANDERSON, George, an English self-taij^ht maiheinatieian, ho.ru at Watoti, ^ Bucking- ham.^hire, in I7ti0. His parei-ts were peasonis, and he was obliged to work as a day-iabourer. Having at lengih attracted the attention of a worthy clergyman, he was by him sent to a grammar-schoril, and afterwards to New Col- lege, (jjiford, where he took the degree of W. A. He also entered into deacon's orders, but never qualified as a priest, having obtained a clerk- ship at the board of control under Mr. Dundas. He triinslaied, from llje Greek of Archimede-B, " Arenarius, atreatiseon measuring the sand.s," and " A general view uf the variations which have taken place in the affairs of the East In- dia Company since the conclusion of the war in India in 17f4 ;" and died April 30, 1796. ANDERSON, Larz, a minister of Gustavu3 Vasa, a man of great abiliiits, and chancellor of Sweden ; he introduced Lutheraiusm into Sweden. ANDERSON, Dr. James, an indefatigable and able writer on agriculture, political economy, and other subjects of general interest ; he was born in 1 739, at Hermision, near Edinburgh, and died at West Ham, in Essex, lfc€8. His literary productions are very numeicius, and a correct list of them will be found in the Gentle- man's Magazine, Ixxviii. 1053 ; among which the principal are, " Essays relating to Agricul- ture, and Rural Afl'airs," 3 vols. 8vo. "The Bee," IHvols. 8vo. "Recreations in Agricul- ture, C vols. 8vo. 1802. His style is copious, and soinctunes prolix, but always perspicuous and guarded. Ilis manners were gentlemanly and unconstrained, and his conversation v\a8 pleasant, and we'll stored with anecdotes. ANDiER DES KOCHERS, John, a French engraver of gieat merit and industry, born al Lyons, died 1741. ANDOCIDES, an Athenian orator, lived 4G0 B.C. ANDRADA, Diego dePayvad', a Portuguese, an eloquent preacher, and acute reasoner, much admired for his learning and judgment, lived about 1562. ANDRADA, Francis d', brother to the above, historiographer to Phihp III of Spain. ANDRADA, Thomas d', reformer of theAu- gustines ; he was taken prisoner in Africa, where he chose to remain, to console his fellow slaves. ANDRADA, Anthony d', a Portuguese Je- suit, who, when a missionary, discovered Thi- bet and Cathay ; lie died Id'M. ANDRE, Nathaniel St., an English surgeon, the I'riend of Pope, died 1776. ANDRE, John, aid de camp to Sir Henry Chnton, an adjutant general of the British ar- my in America, in the war of the revolution : he was taken as a spy, when negotiating with Arnold, about the surrender of West Point, and hung. He was distinguished for his talents and elegance of maimers, and died much lamented, both bv friend and foe, aged 29. ANDREAS, James, an eminent Lutheran di- vine, chancellor and rector of the university of Tubingen ; his writings were numerous and much esteemed ; he died 1590. ANDREAS, John, a famous canonist of the 14th century, born at Mugello, near Florence. We are told wonderful things concerning the austerity of his life; as, that he macerated hia body with prayer and fasting, and lay upon the bare ground for 20 years together, covered only with a bear skin : and this is attested by very good authors —Andreas had a beautiful daugh ter, named Novella, w hom he loved extremely • and he is said to have instructed her so well in 27 AN AN all parts ol" learning, ttiai when he was cngajjed in an}' atfair which hindered him from reading lectures to liis scholars, lie sent his daughter in ilis room ; when, lest her beauty should prevent the attention oftlie hearers, she had a little cur- tain drawn before her. To perpetuate the me- mory of this daughter, he entitled his commen- tary" upon the Decretals of Gregory IX. " The Novellae." Andreas died of the plague at Bo- logna, in 1318, aifr he had been a professor 45 years, and was buried in the church of the Do- minicans. ANDREAS, John Valentine, a German Pro- testant divine, died 1654. ANDREAS, John, was born a Mahometan, at Xativa, in the kingdom of Valencia, and suc- ceeded his lather in the digni'y of alfaqui of that cit3'. He was enlightened with the know- ledge of the Christian religion by being present at a sermon in the great church of Valencia, on the day of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1417. Upon this he desired to be baptized ; and in memory of the calling of St. John and St. Andrew, he took the names of John Andreas. At the desire of Martin Garcia, bijhop of Bar- celona, he composed his famous work of " The Confusion of the Sect of Mahomet." It con- tains 1-2 chapters, wherein he has collected the fabulous stories, impostures, forgeries, brutali- ties, follies, obscenities, absurdities, impossibili- ties, lies, and contradictious which Mahomet, hi order to deceive the simple people, has dispersed in the wrilinizs of that sect, and especially in the Koran. Tliis book, which was published at first in Spanish, has been translated into several lan- guages; and all those who write against the Mahometans quote it very much. ANDRE^E, John Gerhard Keinliard, an apo- thecary of Hanover, who travelled over difler- ent countries to increase his knowledge of cliy- mistry and botany, died 1T93. ANDREINI, Isabella, an actress of Padua^ and a poetess, eminent for lier wit, beauty, and genius, died 1604. ANDREUNUS, Publius Faustus, a native of Italy, professor of philosophy at Paris, and poet laureat to Lewis XII. and his queen, died 1518 ANDREW, St., a lisherinau of Galilee, and disciple of John the Baptist ; he preached the gospel in Scythia, and was there put to death on thf cross. ANDREW, a native of Damascus, bishop of Aleria, in Crete, and author of commentaries on the Scriptures, died 720. ANDREW, a sculptor, architect, painter, and musician, of Pisa, died IS.IO. ANDREW, bishop of Samosata, in the 5th century. ANDREW, John, secretary to the vaticani, and bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, died 141)3. ANDREW, of Ratisboii, a\ithor of a history of Bohemia, &c., in the 15th century. ANDREW, Tobias, defender of the Carte- sian philosophy, and professor of Greek and his tory, at Groiiingen, died 1676. ANDRl'^AV DEL SARTO, a painter of Flo lence, and favourite of Francis I. of France, distinguished :ia a copyist, died 1530. ANDREW, Valerius, of Brabant, professor of civil law at Louvain, was living 16.5-2. ANDREW, Ives Mary, a professor of ma-, tlieniatics at Caen ; a man of great learning,! whose poetry was much admired ; he died ]7f)4.l ANDREW I., king of Hungary, compelled liisj subjects to embrace Christianity ; he was killed in battle in 1059. 28 ANDREW II., king of Hungary ; he was in the crusades, and displayed great valour in bat- tle ; he atteni])ted to meliorate the condition of his subjects, and died 1235. ANDREW HI., king of Hungary, was op- posed in his claims to the throne, and involved in a civil war durhig his reign ; he died 1305. ANDREW, king of Naples, son to Charobert king of Hungary, was assassinated with the connivance of his queen, 1345. ANDREWS or ANDREWS, Eusebius, a* English barrister, and colonel in the army of Charles I., was beheaded by Cromwell in 1650 ANDREWS, John, D. D., professor of moral philosophy in, and afterwards provost of, the university of Pennsylvania, died 1813. ANDREWS, Henry, a self taught mathema- tician, was born of poor parents at Frieston, near Grantham, 1774. He commenced life as a servant, afterwards kept a school at Royston, aud united to that the business of a bookseller. For more than 40 years he was the computer of the Nautical ephemeris, and calculator of Moore's almanac. He died Jan. 36, 18^. ANDREWS, James Petit, a miscellaneous writerof considerable learning and talents, was born near N?wbury, Berks, in 1737; and died in London, Aue'. 6, 1797. His first work wa.1 one of uncommon pleasantry and hiunour, enti- tled "Anecdotes, ancient and modern, with obser vations," 8vo., 1789, 1790. His best work, how- ever, was " The history of Great Britain, con- nected with the chronology of Europe, with notes, &c., containing aiitcdoies of the times, lives of the learned, and specimens of their works, from Ciesar's invasion to tlie accession of Edward VI." 2 vols. 4to., 1794, 1795. It is much to be regretted that he did not live to com- plete this work. Mr. Andrews also published, in 1796, a continuation of " Henry's history of Great Britain," 1 vol. 4to. and 2 vols. 8vo. He was, in the latter part of his life, one of the magistrates of the police-office, Ciueen Square, Westmin.ster. ANDREWS, Lancelot, bishop of Winches- ter, in the reigns of James I. and Cliarles I., was Iborn in London, in 156,5. There is a pleasant story related of him while he was bishop of Winchester, in the life of Waller the poet, who, going to see the king at dinner, overheard a very extraordinary conversation between his majesty, the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, bishop of Durham. These two prelates, stand- ing behind the king's chair, his majesty asked them ; " my lords," said he, " cannot I take my subjects' money when I want it, without all this formality in parliament?" The bishop of Dur- ham readily answered, " God forbid, sir, but you should ; you are the breath of our nostrils." Whereupon the king turned, and said to the bishop of Winchester, " well, my lord, what say you?" " Sir," replied the bisho)', " I have no skill to judge of parliamentary eases." The king answered, " no put-ofts, my lord; answer me presently." "Then, sir," said he, " I think it lawful for you to take my broilierNeale's ino- ney, for he offers it." This great prelate died at Winchester-house, in Southwark, September 27, 1626, having written many excellent reli- sious tracts, particularly " A manual of private devotions and meditations for every day in the week ;" and " A manual of directions for the visitation of the sick." ANDREWS, Miles Peter, a dramatic writer of some consideration in his day, and member I in parliament for Bewdley, died, after a few # AN davs' illness, July IB, 1814. By tliodf^aih of hisjl ANOiO VE ST. JOSEPH, le Pore, a Carmc- broUier lie Imd siicicetlfd to a share in the cele-j lite, of Toiaouae, and missionaiy in Persia, died bralcd manufactory of gunpowder at l>artrord;j 1C97. and purchased the noble mansion built by Lord Granville, facini; tlie Green Park. His death was so unexpected, that he had sent out above 200 cards of invitation to ladies to sec the ine- niorable fireworks in the Green Park, from his' windows, lleleft property estimated ai JIO,0(IO/ ANDRISCUS, an impostor, who pretended to be the son of Perseus, king of Macedon ; he reigned a short time, and was put lo death by order of the senate, 147 B. C. ANDROilAOlIUS, a Cretan, physician tothe emperor Nero ANDRONICUS I. was seated on the throne of Constantinople, as emperor, in 1183, and af- terwards put to death for bis cruelties. ANDRONICUS, Palieologus II., succeeded liis father, Michael VIII., and, after a feeble and turbulent reign, was banished, and died in a inonasterv, in 1322, ANDRONICUS, Palsologus III., grandson of the preceding, a bold, warlike, and enterpris- ing prince, died i:}41. ANDRONICUS IV., was seated with his fa-| ther on the tlironeof Constantinople, and died in exile. ANDRONICUS, founder of a sectof the same name ; he maintained lliat the upper part of woman wa3 the work of God ; but the lower the work of the devil. ANDRONICUS, of Thessalonica, teacher of Greek at Paris, Rome, and Florence, died 1478. ANDRONICUS, Livius, the oldest of the Ro- man dramatists, lived about 340 B. C. ANDRONICUS, Cyrestes, an Athenian, in- ventor of weather-cocks, and architect of the famous octagon temple at Athens. ANDRONICUS, a Rhodian philosopher, lived about 63 B. C. ANDROSS, Edmund, sir, governor of New- York in 1674, and of New England in 1680 ; he was odious and tyrannical in his administration, and was seized by the people and sent to Eng-j land, but never tried ; he came over as governori of Virginia, 1G92, and died in London, 1714, ati an advanced age. ANDROIJET PU CERCEAU, James, a French architect of the 16th century. ANDUY, Nicholas, a native of Lyons, pro- fessor of philosophy, and dean of the faculty of medicine at Paris, died 1742. ANEAU, Bartholomew, principal of the co]-, lege at Lvong, murdered by the catholics in 1505. "iVNELLO, Thomas, vulgarly called Massani- ello, was a poor lisherman of" Naples, born in 1623. Having headed tlie malcontents in an in- surrection at Naples, caused by the viceroy's laying a new tax on fruit, fish, &c., in 1047, he occasioned the most shocking disturbances in that city, murdering a great many people, and among the rest the duke of Caratfa. He ordered! many gibbets and wheels for torture to be set up, and was followed by ten or twelve hangmen to e.xecute his orders. After this sedition had! Continued, witli all kinds of barbarity, for ten days, it was suppressed by fo\ir gentlemen Knocking the traitor on the head. His corpse was dragged about the streets with all the scorn and contempt imaginable. His head, being then cut otf, was tlirown into one ditch, and liis Vodvinto another. ANEURIN, an ancient British poet, died about .570, supposed by some to be the game as tile venerable Gildas. ANOE DE STE. ROSALIE, a learned Au ^, istine, author oi' a history of the royal family of France, died l~iG. ANGELI, Bonaventure, a native of Fcrrara, professor of law, and writer of a history of Par- ma, died 1570. AN<5ELf, Baldus, an Italian physician of the 16th century. ANGELI, Peter, a Latin poet of Tuscany, and professor at Pisa, died 1.5'JC. ANGELIC, John, a celebrated painter, of Fiezola, died 1455. ANGELIS, Doininlco de, an eminent scholar, of Lccce, in Otranto, who wrote on historical subjects, died 1719. ANGELO. See MICHAEL. ANGELO, Thomas de, an ecclesiastic, author of a history of Sicily for the first five centuries, died 1720. ANGELONI, Francis, author of an Augustaa history, by medals, from J. Ca;sar to Oonstantine, died 10.52. ANGELUS, Christopher, a learned Greek, driven from home by the Turks, became a teacher of Greek in Engiaud, and died in 1038. ANGIER, Samuel, a native of Dedham, ait- tlior of tracts on theological subjects, died 1677. ANGILBERT, St., the minister and favourite, and afterwards the son-in-law of Charlemagne ; an elegant poet and able statesman, died 814. ANGIOLELLO, author of a history of Ma- homet I., in the Italian and Turkish tongue, after having been a slave, died after 1473. ANGLICUS, Gilbertua, physician to ttie arch- bishop of Canterbury, died at the close of tlie 13th century. ANGLICUS, Ricardus, an eminent English physician and author on medicine, died 1230. ANGLUS, Thomas, an English priest, emi- nent for his learning, and his attachment to the peripatetic philosophy, died after the reign of Charles I. ANGUIER, Francis and Michael, two bro- thers, natives of Normandy, of great merit as sculptors, the former died 1099, the latter 1688. ANGUILLARI, John Andre del', an Italian 3* poet of the 10th century. ANGUSCIOLA, Sophonisba, a native of AI- mona, in Italy, eminent for her liistorical and portrait p.iinlings, died 1626. ANICETUS, pope of Rome 157, suffered mar- tyrdom under Marcus Aurelius, 168. ANICH, Peter, born near Inspruck, an in- genious mechanic, much esteemed for his know- ledge of astronomy, died 1706. ANICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian engraver of great celebrity. On seeing his pieces, Michael Angelo is said to have exclaimed, that the art of engraving had reached the summit of perfec- tion, time of his death not known. ANIELLO, Thomas, vid. ANELLO. ANKERSTAOOM, John James, a Swedish officer who murdered Gustavus, king of Sweden, for which he was executed, 1792. ANNA, Comnena. See COMNENA. ANNA, Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan Alexio vitch, emperor of Russia, married WiUiam, duke of i;ourland, and succeeded Peter II. 1730. She died 1740. ANN AND, William, A. M., a native of Edin- burgh, was made d€an of Raphoe, in Ireland, and died 1710. -ft AN AN ANNAT, Francis, a native of Rouerj-ue, of tlie order of the Jesuits, teaclier of philosophy at Toulouse, died at Paris ItiTO. ANNE, of Austria, daughter of Piiilip II. of Spain, inarr'od Lewis XIII., and was tlie ino- tlier of Lewis XIV. ; she died ICtiG. ANNE, of Eiaujeii, daughter of Lewis XII. of France, married the duke of Uourbon, and was regent duriii£ the minority of her brother, Charles VIIl. ; she died at Chautelle, 1022. ANNE, of Brittany, lirsl married Maximilian of Austria, next Charles VlII. of France, and afterwards Lewis XII. ; she died 1514. ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of John III., duke of Cloves, was married to Henry VIII., but was soon divorced, and returned to Cleves; she died 1557. ANNE, daughter of James II., succeeded William III. as queen of England. In 1G83, she married prince George of Denmark, and died 1714. ANNE, dutchess of the Viennois, after the death of her brother John I., defended her rights agains'o the claims of Robert, duke of Burgundy ; she di(;d 129(5. ANNE, of Ferrara, daughter of Hercules 11., duke of Ferrara, married Francis, duke of Guise. She was for some time imprisoned at Blois. ANNE, of Russia, married Henry I., king of France, and afterwards Kaoul, a relation of her first iiusband. ANNE, of Cyprus, married Lewis, duke of Savoy ; she showed herself able, active, and discriminating, at the head of public affairs, and died 1462. ANNE, of Hungary, married Ferdinand of Austria, and placed him on the throne of Bohe mia ; she died 1547. ANNE, De Gonzague, wife of Edward, Count Palatine, died 1G84, and was honoured with a culo^ium hv Bossuet. ANNEBAUT, Claude d', of an ancient fami- ly in Normandy, distinguished himself for his bravery and wisdom, and died 1552. ANNEIX DE SOUVENEL, Ale.xis Francis, a learned advocate of the parliament of Britta- ny, died 1758. ANNESLEY, Samuel, L. L. D., a native of Cumberland, died 1696. It is said John Wesley was his prrandson by the mother's side. ANNESLEY, Arthur, earl of Anglesey, and lord privy seal in the reign of king Charles II., born 1614, died 1686. At the sale of his books after his decease, a discovery was made of the earl's famous memorandum, in the blank leaf of an Eikon Basilike ; according to which, it %vas not king Charles I., but bishop Gauden, who was the author of that performance, which produced a long controversy. ANNIUS, de Viterbo, a Dominican, whose real name was John Nanni, master of the sa cred palace of Alexander VI. ; he died 1502. ANGUETIL, Lewis Peter, a French historian of eminence, prior of an abbey in Anjou, and director of the college of Senlis. His wriUngs are numerous ; he died in 1808. ANaUETIL DU PERRON, Abraham Hya cinth, a native of Paris, enlisted as a common soldier in an expedition fitting out for India, that he might there pursue his favourite study of Oriental literature ; he published several works connected with that pursuit, and died 1605. ANSCHARIL'S, a Frenchman, bishop of Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for tjiesuc- cess of his preaching, died 865. 30 ANSEGISUS, abbot of Lobbes, in tlio dio cess of Cambray, a man of great learning and application, died 8J3. ANSEGISUS, a learned priest of Rhcinis, made archbishop of Sens, died &ii. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Kufur and Henry I., born 103U, at Aost, in Savoy, died at Canterbury 1109. He was the first archbishop who restrained the English clergy from marrying, and was cano- nized in tlie reign of Henry VII. \NSELM, an Augustine monk, author of a chronological history of France, died 1694. ANSELM, Anthony, distinguished asapreach- er and a poet, died 1737. ANSER, a Latin poet, the friend of Antony, in the age of Horace and Virgil. ANSON, Peter Hubert, a French writer, mem ber of the national assembly, and farmer of the post, died 1810. ANSON, George, lord, was the son of Wil- liam Anson, Esq., of Shutborough, a very an- cient and worthy family in Staffordshire, and was born in 1700. On the breaking out of the Spanish war he was appointed to command a fleet of five sliiiis, destined to annoy the enemy 11 that dangerous and unfrequented sea wliitli lies beyond America, and in tiiat unexpected (luarter to attack them with vigour. His depar- ture being unaccountably delayed some niontha beyond the jjroper season, he sailed about the middle of September, 1740; and about the ver- nal equinox, in the most tempestuous weather, arrived in the latitude of Cape Horn. He doubled that dangerous cape in the month of March, 1741, after a bad passage of 40 days, in which ho lost two ships, and by the scurvy, four or five men in a day. He arrived off Juan FernandeS in June, witli only two ships, besides two at- tendants on the squadron, and 3.35 men. He left it in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, and staid about the coast of America till May, 1742. He then crossed the southern ocean, pro- ceeding with the Centurion only, the other ships having been destroyed in August. Having re- freshed his crew at Tinian, he sailed in October for China ; staid there till the beginning of 1743 ; waited for the galleon at the Philippine Islands, met her on the 20th of June, and took her. Having; sold the prize in China, he set sail for England, December 1743, and on tlie 15th of June, 1744, arrived at Spithead, having sailed in a fog through the midst of a French fleet then cruising in the channel. In 1747, being then on board the Prince George of 90 guns, in compariy with Admiral Warren and twelve ships more, he intercepted off Cape Finisterre a powerful fleet, bound from France to the East and West Indies ; and by his valour and conduct again enriched himself and his officers, and strength- ened the British navy, by taking six men of war and four East Indiamen, not one of them escap- ing. The French admiral, M. Jonquiere, (h» presenting his sword to the conqueror, said, " Monsieur, vous avez vaincu Plnvmcible, et la Gloire vous suit," pointing to the two ships so named. King George U., for his signal services, rewarded him with a peerage, by the title of Lord Anson, baron of Sobarton, in Hants. He died suddenly at his seat at Moor Park, in Hert- fordshire, June 6, 1762. His natural disposition was calm, cool, and steady : but it is reported, that this honest, undesigning seaman was fre- quently a dupe at play ; and it was wittily ol)- scrved of him, that he had been round tbe workt, but never in it. See ROBINS. '^P^Sb. ANSTEY, Christopher, a hvcly, but not vo- luminous poet, born at Trunipington, in Cam- bridgeshire, 1704, died at Hardunhuish, near Chippenham, Wilts, August 3, lb05, in bis 81st year. Mr. Anstey was author of several short poems ; but is principally known as the inventor of a new and diverting species of poetry, of Which, however, he has left but one specimen of any length, whichis, "The New Bath Guide," or, " Memoin^of lheB[lunderhea]d family. He was educated at King's College, Cambridge, and intended for the church ; but inheriting, some- what unexpectedly, a moderate fort\me, he re- signed all thoughts of a clerical life, and parsed the greater part of his time at Bath. A monu- ment is erected to his memory in the Poet's cor- ner of Westminster Abbey, by the filial afl'ec- tion of his son. ANSTIS, John, an able herald and antiquary, and a very eminent writer, on heraldic subjects, born at St. Neot's, in Cornwall, 16G9, died 1744. ANTAGORAS, a Rhodian poet, in the ser- vice of Antigonus of Macedon. ANTEL^il, Joseph, a canon of Frejus, in Provence, author of some theological tracts, died lf.97. ANTES, John, a native of America, educated in Gevjuany, a Moravian missionary to Abys- sinia, died 1811. ANTESIGNAN, Peter, a native of Rabas- tiens in the Itith century, author of a grammar, and editor of Terence. ANTHEMIUS, Procopius, was killed by his son-in-law Ricimur, 472. ANTHEMIUS, au architect of Lydia, in the 6th century. ANTHONY, St., the founder of monastic life, was born at Coma, in Egypt, 251. Two orders of chivalry have been instituted under Jjis name. ANTHONY, Francis, was born in London. He was a famous empiric, and died 1C23. ANTHONY,John, son of the above, succeeded his father as proprietor of his medicine, and died 1G55. ANTHONY, king of Navarre, a weak and Irresolute prince, died 1,')63. ANTHONY, titular king of Portugal ; he was ■obliged to fly from hie dominions, and died at Paris, 1595. ANTHONY, illegitimate son of Philip, duke of Burgundy, distinguished for his valour, died 1504. ANTHONY, a native of Andalusia. Vide /LNTONIUS, called Nebrissensis. ANTHONY, Paul Gabriel, a learned Jesuit, born at Luneville, died 1743. ANTHONY, a Sicilian, who set fire to the arsenal at Galllpoli. ANTHONY, N., an architect from Switzer- land, who settled in Paris, died 1801. ANTHONY, of Padua, a Franciscan monk, who taught in the Italian universities, died 1231. ANTHONY, of Pratovecchio, a lawj'er of Tuscany, professor at Bologna, died 14ti4. ANTHONY, St., professor of divinity at Tou- louse, Montpelier, and Padua, died 1231. ANTHONY, a native of Palermo, a poet and writer, died 1471. ANTHONY, of Messina, called also Anto- nello, the first Italian who painted in oil, about 1430. ANTIGENIDES, a Theban musician. ANTIGONUS I., a Macedonian general, who was slain at the battle of Ipsus, 301 B. C. AWTI60NU9, Gonatus, grandson of the AN above, remarkable for his atfection to his fa- ther ; he died 243 B. C. ANTIGONUS, Doson, king of Macedonia, took Sparta, aud defeated the Illyrians ; he died 221 B. C. ANTIGONTTS, Carj'stius, a Greek philoso- pher, about 300 years B. C. ANTIGONUS, Socha^us. founder of the sect of the Sadfluceea, about 300 «B. C. ANTIGONUS, son of Arlstobulus 11., king of Judea, was led in triumph by Pompey, and put to death 27 B. C. ANTIMACHO, Mark Anthony, a native of Mantua, author of some Latin poems, died 1552. ANTIMACHUS, a Greek poet, author of the Thehaid, or war of Thebes, 408 B. C. ANTINE, Maur Francois d', born at Gou- vieu.\, in Liege ; he was celebrated for his piety, and died 1746. ANTIOCiJUS I., succeeded his father Seleu- cus, on the throne of Antioch ; he died 261 B. C. ANTIOCHUH II., surnanied Theos.lost his dominions by the revolt of the Parthians; he died "JH B. C. ANTIOCHUS III., or Great, he was at first successful, but was finally conquered by the Sci- pios, and died 187 B. C. .-INTIOCHUS IV., son of the Great, succeeded after his brother Philopater, and died 165 B. C. ANTIOCHUS V. was slain by Demetrius, in the second year of his reign. ANTIOCHUS, Sidetes, obtained the crown of Syria, and was slain in battle, 130 B. C. ANTIOCHUS, Giypus, son of Sidetes, fell by the hand of one of his subjects, 97 B. C. ANTIOCHUS, a stoic philosopher of Aska- lon, 100 B. C. ANTKXJHUS, a monk of the 7th century, and author of homilies on the Scriptures. AN TIPATER, one of Alexander's generals, died 318 B. C. ANTIPATER, a stoic philosopher of Sidon. ANTIPATER,La;liusCael., aLatin historian. ANTIPATER, a Jew, minister to Hyrcanus, the brother of Aristobulus- ANTIPATER, a bishop of Bostra, in Arabia, in the 5th century. ANTIPHILUS, a painter of eminence, and the rival of Apelles. ANTIPHON, an Athenian orator, and the first who laid down rules for that art ; he waa put to death 411 B. C. ANTISTHENES, a philosopher of Athens, founder of the sect of the Cynics. .'VNTOINETTE, queen of France. vid. MARIE. ANTONI, de Sceaux, a famous rope dancer on the French stage, died 1732. ANTONIA, daut-'liter of Mark Antony, mar- ried Drusus, and died in the reign of her grand- son, Caligula. ANTONIANO, Silvio, a man of great learn- ing, who raised himself from a low condition by his merit ; his parents being so far from able to support him in his studies, that they them- selves stood in need of charity. He was born at Rome, in 1540, and made a quick and most surprising progress in his studies ; for when he was but 10 year.s old, he could make verses upon any subject proposed to him ; and those so ex- cellent, though pronounced extempore, that even a man of genius could not compose the like without a good deal of time and pains. There was a proof given thereof at the table of the cardinal of Pisa, when he gave an entertain- ment one day to several other cardinals. Alei- 51. AN ander Farnese, taking a nosegay, gave it to this vouLh, desiring him to present it to him of the company v/hom he thotipht most likely to be pope ; he presented it to the cardinal do Medicis and made a eulogium upon him in verse. This cardinal, who was pope some years afterwards under the name of Pius IV., brought him to Rome, and made him professor of belles-lettres in the college at Rome He was afterwards chosen rector of the college, and died 1C03. ANTONIDKS, Vander Goes, John, a poet, bom at Goes, in Zealand ; he died 1684. ANTONINUS, Pius, a celebrated Roman em- peror, succeeded Adrian, 138, and died ItiX. ANTONINUS PHILOSOPHOS, Marcus Au- relius, the Roman emperor, born at Rome, the 2(ith of April, in the lilst year of the Cliristian era, and died on an expedition against the Mar comanni, in the 19th year of his reign. The whole empire regretted his loss as a most valua- ble prince, and paid the greatest regard to hi: memory ; he was ranked among the gods, and almost every person had a statue of him in his house. His book of " Meditations" has been much admired by the best judges. ANTONINUS, a geographer, whose age is unknown. ANTONIO, Nicolas, canon of Sei-ille, and author of " Bibliotheca Hispanica," in four volumes folio, died 1684. ANTONIUS, Marcus, one of the greatest orators ever known at Rome. It was owing to him, according to Cicero, that Rome might boast herself a rival even to Greece itself in the art of eloquence. He defended among many others, Marcus Aquilius; and moved tlie jtidges in so sensible a manner, by the tears he shed, and the scars he showed on the breast of his client, that he carried his cause. He was unfortunately killed, during the disturbances raised at Rome by Marius and Cinna, in the year of Rome 667. ANTONIUS, Marcus, the triumvir, was son of Antonius Crcticus, by Julia, a noble lady of such merit, that Plutarch affirms her to have been " comparable to the wisest and most vir- tuous ladies of that age." Mark Antony, losing his father when young, launched out at once into all the excess of riot and debauchery, and wasted his whole patrimony before lie had put on the manly gown. He afterwards went abroad to learn the art of war under Gabinius, who gave him the command of his horse in Syria, where he signalized his courage in the restora tion of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. From Egypt he went to Cisar, in Gaul : and after some stay there, being furnished with money and credit by Ca-sar, returned to Rome to sue for the qua?s- torship. In this suit he succeeded, and after- wards attained the tribunate, in which office he was amazingly active for Ca-sar, who, when he had made himself master of Rome, gave Antony the government of Italy, with the command over the legions there ; in which post lie gained the love of the soldiery. But what was more to his honour, he assisted Cccsar so successfully on several occasions, that, twice particularly, when Caesar's army had been put to flight, he rallied the scattered troops, and gained the vic- tory : this raised his reputation so, that he was reckoned the next best general to Cesar. After the defeat of Pompey, at Phar?alia, Ca'sar, as an acknowledgment of Antony's great servi- ces, made him master of the horse ; in which office he behaved with violence; and this be- haviour, together with his dissolute life, (for he was drunken and debauchecl to the last degree) 32 AN was the reason why Cssar, the next year, did not admit him his colleague in the consulship: he did, however, admit him two years after. — Cpon the death of Cit-sar, Antony was much friglitened, and hid himself during tlic night, un- der the disguj.se of a slave ; but hearing that the conspirators had retired to the capilol, he assem- bled ii'u senate as consul, to deliberate upon the present situation of the commonwealth. Here Cicero moved for a decree of a general amnesty, or act of oblivion, for all that had passed : to which they unanimously agreed. Antony dis- sembled well, for it was nothing but dissimula- tion : he seemed to be all goodness; talked of nothing but healing measures ; and, as a proof of liis sincerity, moved that the conspirators should be invited to take part in their delibera- tions, and sent his son as a hostage for their safety. Upon this they all -ame down from the capitol ; and, to crown the joy ot the day, Bru- tus supped with Lepidus, as Cassius did with Antony. Antony is said to have asked Cassias, during supper, " whether he still wore a dagger under his gown." " Yes," replied Cassius, " and a very large one, in case you invade the sovereign power." This was what Antony all the while aimed at ; and, as the event showed, he pursuf d his measures with iht greatest ad- dress He artfully proposed a decree for the confirmation of Casar's acts ; and, getting C;e- sar's register into his power, he proposed as Caesar's acts whatever suited his purpose. He iprocured a public funeral for Ca-sar, End tooic |that opportunity of haranguing the soldiers and populace in his favour ; and lie inflamed them so against the conspirators, tliat Brutus and Cas- sius were forced lo leave the city. He made a tour through Italy, to solicit the veteran sol- diers, having first secured Lepidus, who had the army, to his interests ; he seized the public trea- sure, and treated Octavius withsuperciliousiicsa and contempt, though the adopted son and heir of Julius Osar. The patriots, however, with Cicero at their head, espousing Octavius, in or- der to destroy Antony, the latter was forced to change his measures, and look a little abroad : he endeavoured to extort the provinces of Ma- cedonia and Syria from Brutus and Cassius ; but, not succeeding, resolved to possess himself of Cisalpine Gaul, and besiege Decinms Brutus in Mutina. This siege is one of the most me- morable things of the kind in history ; and, in conducting it, Antony, though defeated, gained very great reputation : the consuls Hirtius and Paiisa were botli slain ; andiiothing butsuperior jforces could have left Octavius master of the field. Antony fled in great confu.';ion, wanting leven the necessaries of fife ; and this very man, who had hitherto wallowetl in luxury and in- temperance, was obliged to live some days upon roots and water. He" fled to the Alps, and was received by Lepidus; with whom and Octavius he formed the 2d triumvirate, as it has usually been called. When these three conferred, they would easily be persuaded that the patriots wanted only to destroy them all, whiph could not be done so effectually as by clashing them against one another , they therefore comliined, proscribed their respective enemies, and divided the empire among themselves. Cicero fell a acrifice to the resentment of Antony, who, in- [deed, was charged with most of the murders then committed : but they were rather to he Ichavged to the account of bis wife Fuivia, who, [btiiig a woman of avarice, cruelty, and revenge, committed a thousand enormities, of wbicli tie> husband was ignorant. Upon the defeat of Brutus and Cassias by Octavius and Antony, at Philippi, which was owing chiefly to the mi- litary skill and bravery of the latter, Antonj obtained the sovereign dominion, and went into Asia, where he had the most splendid court thai ever was seen. The kings and princes of Asia came to his court, arid acknowledged no oilier sovereign in the East but him. tiueens and princesses, knowing him, doubtless, to Ije a man of amour and gallantry, strove who should win his heart; and t!ie famous Cleopatra of Egypt succeeded. See CLEOPATRA. ANTONIUS, Marc us Junius, deliauched Ju- lia, the daughter of Augustus, and killed him- self when his disgrace was made public. AXTOXIUS, Liberalis, a Greek author, of Trhom little is known. ANTONlUS, Honoratus, bishop of Coustan- tine, in Africa. AXTONIUS, called Nebrissensis, or Laxibra, was for nve years a professor at Salamanca, and died Krli. ANTONY. Vid. ANTHONY. ANVARI, called king of Khorassan, a poet, died 1'200. A.NVtLLE, John Baptiste Bourguignon d", a most famous French writer on geograpliy, born at Paris, 170-2, and died tiiere 1782, as much es- teemed for the genlleness and simplicity of his manners as for his e.xtensive knowledge. He laboured at his maps 15 hours a day for fifty years. ANYTA, a Greek poetess. ANYTUS, a rhetorician of Athens, who caused the death of Socrates. APELLES, one of the iiiost celebrated pain- ters of antiquity, was born in tiie isle of Cos, and flourisiied in the time of Alexander the Great. He was in high favour with that prince, who made a law that no other person sliould draw his picture butApelles: he accordingly drew him holding a thunderbolt in his hand : the piece was finished with so much skill and dexterity, that it used to be said, there were two Alexanders : one invhicible, the son of Philip; the other inimitable, the production of Apelles. Alexander gave him likewise another remarka- ble proof of his regard ; for when he employed Apelles to draw Campaspe, one of his mistress- es, having found that he had conceived an affec- licm for her, he resigned her to him ; and itwas from her that Apelles is said to have dra\i'n his Venus Anadyomene. One of Apelles' chief excellencies was, the making his pictures so exactly resemble the persons represented, that the physiognomists were able to form a judg- ment as readily from his portraits, as if they had seen the originals. APELLES, a heretic of Syria in the 3d cen tury. APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, who was the means of preserving the works of Aris totle, abou' 90 B. C. APER, I^tarcus, a Roman orator, died 85. APHTHONHJS, a rhetorician of Antioch, in the 3d century. APICIUS. There were three ancient Romans of this name; ail very eminent, not for genius, for virtue, for great or good qualities, but for gluttony ; or, if we may soften the term, in compliance with the growing taste of the limes ^^e write in, for the art of refining in the science of eathig. The tirst lived under Sylla, the se- cond under Augustus and Tiberius, and the Vhird under Trajan. The second, however, is E AP the most illustrious personage of the three, and he kept a kuid of ?chool of gluttony at Rome; he spvnt two millions and a half in entertain ments ; when, fmding himself very much in debt, he was forced at length to Itjok into the state of hie affairis : and seeing that he had but 250,0'iO livres left, he poisoned himself from an apprehe.asion of being starved with such a sum. This man wrote a treatise, "De Re Culinaria." APIEN, Peter, a mathematician of Ingolstadt, died 155-2. APIEN, Philip, son of tlie preceding, a phy- sician, died 15p9. APION, a fanmus grammarian, born at Oa?is. in Egypt u as a professor at Rome in tlic reign of Tiberius. He was undeniably a man of learning, but a downright pedant ; for he used to boa>t, with the greatest assurance, that he gave im- mortality to those to whom he dedicated his works. How would his vanity be mortified, if he knev/ that none of these works remain, and that his name and person would long ago have ' een buried in oblivion, if other writers had not made mention of them ! One of his chief works was " The Antiquuiesof Egypt." APOCAUCHUS, a Greek of mean origin, be- crane the favourite of the emperor Andronicus ; he died 1345 APOLLINARIS.C.Sulpit, professor of gram- mar, at Rome, in the 2d century. APOLLINARiUS, a presbyter of Alexandria, in the 4th century. APPOLLODORU3, the Athenian, a famous grammarian, son of Asclepiades, and disciple of Aristarchus. He wrote several works which are not extant: his most famous pro- ductions are mentioned in Fabricius' '' Biblio- theca Grffca." APOLLODORUS, a famous architect under Trajan and Adrian, was born at Damascus, gnd had the direction of that most magnificent bridge which the former ordered to be built over the Danube, in the year 104. He, however, fell a victim to the envy of the emperor Adrian, who always valued himself highly upon his know- ledge of arts and sciences, and hated every one of whose eminence in his profession he had rea- son to be jealous. APOLLODORITS, a painter of Athens, the rival of Zeuxis, 408 B. C. APOLLONIA, St., a martyr of Alexandiia, 243. APOLLONIUS, aOreek tw^et and rhetorician, bom at Alexandria, under the reign of Ptolemy Evergetes, king of Egypt, was a scholar of Cal- limachus ; and wrote a poem uixm the expedi- tion of the golden fleece : the work is styled " Argonautica," and consists of four books. APOLLONIUS of Perga, a city of Famphy lia, a famous geometrician, who also lived uii» der the reign of Ptolemy Evergetes, and com- posed several valuable v.'oris ; of whicli only, ills "Conies" remain. APOLLONIUS, a Pythagorean philosopbGr, horn at Tyana, in Cappadocia, about the begin- ning of tlie 1st century. At 15 years of age, he became a strict observer of the rules of Pytlia-- goras, renouncing wine, women, and all sorts of Jlesh ; not wearing shoes, letting his hair grow, and wearing nothing but linen. He soon after set up for a reformer of mankind, and chose his habitation in tlie temple of jEscula- pius, where he is said to have performed many miraculous cures. APPOLLOMUS, a grammarian of -Viexan- dria, in the 23 century 33 Aa AK APOLLONIUS, a Roman senator, who suf- fered martyrdom in the 2d century. APOLLOiMUS, a Btojc philusopher, precep- tor to the emperor Marcus Aurelius. APOLLOXrUS, a grammarian, autlior of a lexicon on Homer, in the ape of Augustus. APOLLOiMl'S C'OLI-ATIUS, Peter, apricst of Navarre, also an indiflerent poet. APOLLOS, a Jew ol Alexandria ; he became a convert to Christianity, and liis powers of preaching were more admired than those of Pan). APONO, Peter d', bom near Padua, studied at Paris, took his decrees in medicine and phi- losophy, was accuEctl of magic, but died before the prosecution was completed, 1316. APOSTOLIUS, Michael, a learned Greek author, in the 15th century. APPl.XA, an eminent historian, who wrote the RoHJan liistory in the Greek language, and flourislied under the reigns of the emperors Trajan and Adrian. APPIAN, Peter, a mathematician. Vid. A PIEN. APPLETON, Nathaniel, D. D., a distinguish- ed divine and minister of Cambridge, Mass. ; born at Ipswich, 1G92 ; was fellow of the uni- veroity for 60 years ; received the second degree of doctor of divinity which the Cambridge uni- versity ever conferred; the first having been conferred on Increase Mather, 80 years before. His occasional sermons published were very numerous. APPLETOX, Jesse, D. D., a student of theo- iog>-, under Dr. Lathrop, of Springfield, and president of Bowdoin college, Maine, died 1819. APKIEB, king of Egypt, 594 B. C. ; supiwsed by some to be the Pharaoh Hophra of the Scrip tures. APROSIO, Angelico, an Augustine, bom at Ventiraigila, in the Genoese, which he adorned by a valuable collection of books; he died 1682. APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic philosopher, lived in the 2d century, under the Antonines, and was horn at Madaura, a Roman colony in Africa. He was a man of a curious and inqui- sitive disposition, especially in religious matters, which prompted him to take several journeys, and to enter into several societies of religion. He spent almost his whole fortime in travelling. He was indefatigable, however, in his studies, and composed several books in prose and verse : but most of them are lost. His " Golden Ass" IS the best of his works now extant. AQUAVIVA, Octavio, cardinal, legate, and archbishop of Naples; he died 1612. AaUAVlVA, Andrew Blatth. d', duke of Atri, and prince of Tcrarao, a Neapolitan noble- man, who patronized literature ; he died 1615. AftUAVIVA, Claude, son of Andrew, go Vernor of the Jesuits, died 1615. " AQUILA, a mathematician of Fontus ; he translated the Bible from Hebrew into Greek. AQriLANO, Sera.'-ino, a native of Aquila known bv his sonnets and other poetical trifles ; be died 1500. Aai'lL.VNUS, Sebastian, an Italian physi cian, whose real name is unknown ; be was pro fes.'or at Padua, and died 1543. AQUINAS, St. Thomas, a celebrated teacher of iheschool divinity in the universities of Italy and commonly called the angelical doctor, was bom in the castle of Aquino, in the Terra di Lavora, in Italy, about the year 1224. In 1274 he was sent for to the second council of Lyons, hy pope Gregory X., that he might read before 34 them a book which he had written against the Greeks at the command of Urban rv. ; but he fell .sick on his journey, at the monastery of Foasanova, near Tcrracina, where he died on the 7th of Marcb, aged 50 years. Aquinas left a vast number of works, which have been re- peatedly printed in 17 volumes folio. AQUINO, Philip, a Jew, of Carpentras, pro- fessor of Hebrew at Paris, died 1690. ARABSCHAH, author of a history of Ta- merlane, a Mohamedan historian of Damascus ; he died 14.")0. AKAGON, Jane d', wife of Asranius Colona, i'iustrious for her virtues and fortitude; she died 1577. ARAM, Eugene, an Englishman of mean birth, but remarkable for his extraordinary abi- lities, and the singular circumstances attending big unhappy fate; he was born in Yorkshire, 1704. He acquired considerable knowledge in the mathematics, the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Celtic languages, and many parts of polite literature, entirely by his own industry. But, while employed in those learned labours, he committed a crime not to be expected in a man of his studious tuni ; as the only inducement that led him to it is said to have been gain, though he afterwards assigned jealousy of his wife as the motive. In 1744 he murdered Daniel Clarke, which crime was concealed 14 years, and w s then discovered by the accidental finding of a skeleton supposed to be that of Clarke. This was a mistake but it led to a discovery. _ He was apprehended cm suspicion, tried at York, in 1759, and found g\iilty on sufhcient evidence, corroborated by the testimony of his own wife. His defence was uncommonly curious, and at once an evidence of his taste and erudiiion. After conviction, he confessed the justice of his sentence, and endeavoured to destroy himself by opening an artery in his arm with a razor. He was, however, executed, and hung in chains, in Knaresborough forest. ARANTIUS, Julius, nn Italian physician and anatomist, born at Bolopna, died 1581. ARATUS, a Greek poet and astronomer, who flourished about the 12'lth Olympiad. ARATUS, a nati\e of Picyon, the deliverer of his country and promoter of the Achaean league, died 216 B. C. ARBOGATES, a Roman general, destroyed himself 394. ARBRISSEL, Robert d', a native of Brittany, founded the monastery of Fontevrault, and died 1117. ARBUCKLE, James, M. A., a native of Glas- gow, who possessed some merit as a poet, died 1734. AEBUTHNOT, Alexander, eminent for his learninc and pietv, died at Aberdeen, 1538. ARBUTHNOt, Dr. John, a celebrated wit and physician in queen Anne's reign, was the son of an episcopal clergyman in Scotland, near- ly allied to the noble family of that name. On liis coming to London, his extensive learning and facetious and agreeable conversation intro- duced him by degrees into practice, and he be- came eminent in his profession. Being at Ep- som when prince George of Denmark was sud- denly taken ill, he was called in to his assistance. His advice was successful, and his highness, re- covering, employed him always afterwards aa his physician. In consequence of this, upon the indisposition of Dr. Hannes, he was appointed physician in ordinary to queen Anne, in 1709. His gentle manners, polite learning, and excel* AR lent talents, entitled liim to an intimate corres- IiiiMUciice and friendship with tiie celebrated wits of his tinjo, Pope, Swift, Gay, and Parnell. In 1727, he published "TaWes of ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures,"' in 4to. In 1732, his "Essay concerning the nature of Aliments," &c., was printed ; which was followed the year after by the " Effects of Air on Human Bodies." His other works were humorous and satirical pieces ou various subjects. He died in London February, 1735. ARC, Joan of. See JOAN. ARCADIUS, succeeded his father, the great riiendosius, as emperor of the East, and died 408. ARCADIUS, an African bishop, was put to death because he opposed the Arians, 437. AllCERE, Anthony, a native of Marseilles, who was priest of the oratory, died 1099. ARCEIIE, Lewis Etienne, known as a poet and historian, died 1781. ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, suc- ceeded Crates in his school. He was born 316 B.C. ARCHD.\T.,E, John, governor of Carolina in 1695 ; he was instrumental in quieting the tu mults of the colony about that period, and in- trodttced the first rice ever cultivated in the country. He died in England. ARCHELAUS, son of Herod the great, kin^ of Judea, succeeded to half the kingdom of liis father. He died A. D. 6. ARCHELAUS, king of Macedonia after Per- diccag;^!., died about 398 B. C. AROTELAUS, a philosopher, successor to Anaxagoras, at Lampsacns. ARCHELAUS, a bishop of Mesopotamia, 278, opposed the Manichieans. ARCHELAUS, a geographer in the age of Alexander. ARCHIAS. ar.ativeof Antioch. Cicerospoke in his defence. ARCRIDAMUS, king of Sparta after Agesi- laus, his father, 561 B. C. AROHIGENES, a Greek pli3'sician in the ago of Trajan. ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet, born in the isle of Paros, was the son of Telesicles ; and, according to Mr. Bayle, flourished in tlie 26th Olympiad, or 690 years before Christ. His poetry abounded with the most poignant satire. This poet e.xcelled chiefly in iambic verses, and was the inventor of tiiem, as appears from a passage in Horace, Ep. xix. lib. i. verse 23, &c. ARCHIMEDES, a celebrated geometrician, born at Syracuse, in Sicily, and related to Iliero, king of Syracuse. He was remarkable for his extraordinary appHcarion to mathematical stu- dies, in which he used to be so much engaged, that his servants were often obliged to take .him from them by force. He had such a surprising '■nvention in mechanics, that he affirmed to Hicro, that if he had another earth whereon to p!:iiit his machines, he could move this which we inhabit. Archimedes heqame most famous by his cr.rious contrivances, whereby the city of Syracuse was so long defended when besieged by Marccllus. Against the vessels whicli caine up close to the walls he contrived a kind of crow, projected above the wall, with an iron grapple fastened to a strong chain. This was let down upon the prow of a ship, and, by means of the weight of a heavy counterpoise of lead, raised up the prow and set the vessel upright upon her poop ; then dropping it all of a sud- den, as if it had fallen fron; the wallS; it sunk so AR far into the sea, that it let in a great deal of water, even when it fell directly ou its keel. However, notwithstanding all his art, Syracuse was at length taken by Marccllus, who com- manded his soldiers to have a particular regard to the safety of Archimedes ; but this ingenious man was unfortunately slain by a soldier who did not know him. .Vrchimedes is said to have been killed about 208 years before the birth of Christ. We have several of his works still ex- tant ; but the greater part of them are lost. ARCHINTO, Octavius, known for his "An- tiquities," lived in the 10th century. ARCIION, Lewis, chaplain of Lewis XIV., died 1717. ARCHYT.'VS, a Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician of Tarentum, about 400 B. C. \RCONS, Ca;sar de, a Gascon, advocate in the parliament of Bordeaux, died 1681. ARCQ., Philip Auguste de St. Fold, an Inge- nious Parisian, known by his writings, died 1 1 14. ARCUDI, Alexander Thomas, a Dominican of Venice, author of some historical and bio- graphical works, died about 1720. ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek ecclesiastic of Corfu, employed in Russia by Clement VIH., died 1635. ARC'ULPHUS, a French divine, who wrote an account of the Holy Laud, in the 7th cen- turv. ARCY, Patrick d', an Englishman, Vid. DARCV. ARDEN, Edward, aiiative of Warwickshire. He was accused of bein,? engaged in a conspi- racy against the queoiii's lite, and though no evidence appeared against them, both he and his son-in-law, Somerville, \vere condemned and e.xecuted, 1583. ARDERN, John, an early medical writer, settled at Newark, afterwards at London, about 1370. AREAGATHUS, a Greek physician at Rome, 269 B. C. ARENA, Anthony de, judge of St. Eemi, near Aries, died 1544. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, author of some theological works, died 1645. ARETJiUS, a physician of Cappadocia: but in what time he flourished authors are not agreed ; some placing him under Augustus Cte- sar, others under Trajan or Adrian. His works, however, are very valuable. The best edition was published by Dr. Wigan, in folio, at O.x- ford, 1723. ARETAPHILA, a woman of Cyrene, who avenged the death of her husband, &c. ARETE, daughter of Aristippus, of Cyrene; she taught philosonhv. ARETHAS, a liisliop of Cappadocia, in tha 10th century, author of a commentary on Reve- lations. ARETIN, Guy, a Benedictine monk, who lived in the 11th century. He rendered himself famous by discovering a new method of learning music ; and was said to have been the inventor of the six notes in music, " Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. ARETIN, Leonard, was one of the ablest men in eloquence and science of the 15th century ; and left several works, the catalogue of which may be seen in Gesner's " Bibliotheca." He died about 1443, being then 74 years of ase, at Florence ; where there is a marble monument erected to him in the Church of the Holy Cross, with an inscription to the following purport: — Since the death of Leonard, history is in 35 niouriiin^ ; elmiuence is become mute ; tile Greek an J Latin muses caiuiot forbear siicddiug tears." ARETIN, Francis, a man ,i.r great reading, and well acquaintfd witii tliii'Greek language. He studied at Sienna, ^')out tlie year 1443 ; and afterwards taught law there with such a viva- city of genius, that they called liim the prince of subtleties, and his wit btcame a proverb. Ho tauj'ht also in the university of Pisa, and in that of Ferrara. ARETIN, Peter, a native of Arezzo, who lived in the IGlh century. He was famous for his sa- tirical writings, and was so bold as to carry his invectives even against sovereigns; whence he got the title of the scourge of princes. He used to boast that his lampoons did more service to the world than sermons ; and it was said of him, that he had subjected more princes by his pen, than the greatest wai riors had ever done by their arms. A ictin wrote also many irreligious and obscene pieces. Some say, tliat lie afterwards chant^ed his loose, libertine" principles ; but, how- ever this may be, it is certain tliat he composed several pieces of devotion. He was author, like- wise, of some coinedies, which were esi'enjed preity good of their kind, and died in lue year 155*), being about 65 years old. ARETIN, Joim, an able writer of Berne, in the 15ih century. AEETIN, Ansielo, a learned professor of law at Bologna and Ferrnra, died 1480. ARGALL, Samuel, an adventurer to this countiy in 1609, who destroyed a French settle- ment on Mt. Desert, subdued the Dutch on Hud- son's river ; he was appointed deputy governor of Virginia in 1617 ; but his administration prov- ing odious, he was obliged to tly the country. ARGALL, John, an eminent scholar, rector of Halesworth, Suflblk, died IfiOO. ARGELLATA, Peter, a physician of Bolog- .na, died X423. AEGELLATI, Philip,an indefatigable writer, born at Bologna, died 1755. ARGENS, Jean Baptiste de Beyer, Marquis a', a French %vriter, famous rather for the num- ber than weight of his productions, was born at Aix, in Provence, 1704, and died there 1770. He was master of many languasts; he painted very well, and was a considerable proficient in ana- tomy and chymistry. Of his works, the ptinci- palare, "Lettres Juive?," "LettresChinoiscs," " Lettres Cabalisliques," " Philosophie du Bon Sens," &c. &c. There is learning, knowledge, and good sense, scattered through all tlicse ; but thoy are strongly tinctured with libertinism, and the worst sort of free-thinking. ARGENSOLA, Leonard, and Bartholomew, two Spanish poets of merit. ABGENSON, Mark Bene le Voyer, Marquis d', introduced lettres de cachet during hi.s ad- ministration of the police al Paris, died 1721. ARGENTAL, Charles Augustus count d', a foreign minister at the French court, the friend of Le Kain, Voltaire, &c. died 1788. ARGEjS'TIKK, John, studied medicine, was called Censor I^ftdicorum, because he censured Galen, died 1.572. ARGENTINA, Thomas d', a learned head of the Augustine?-, 1345. AUGENTRE, Bertrand d', a native of Vitre, eminent for his knowledge of history and juris- prudence, died 1590. ARGEXTKE, Charles Duplessis d', doctor of the Sorbonne, aininner to the king, and bishep ofTuUes, died 1740. 36 AR ■ ARGENVILLE, Anthou. Joseph Dezellicrd', a French wrjicr, died 1765. AIiGOLl, Andrew, professor of mathemat- ics at Padua, died 1657.. AK'.iOLI, John, son of the preceding, at 17 years of age, produced his Endyxiion, in VZ caii' toa ; he died 16C0. ARGONNE, Dom. Bonaventure, a Car»hu- sian friar, historian, and theological writer, born at Paris, 1640, died 1704. ARGOU, Gabriel, an advocate of the parlia- ment of Paris, died at the beginning of the 18th century. ARGUES, Gerard des, a geometrician inti- mate with Descartes, died 1661. ARGYRE, Isaac, an eminent mathematician of the 14lh century. ARGYROPYLUS, Joannes, a learned man who contributed to the revival of Greek litera- ture in Europe, died about 1478. AKIADN E, daughter of Leo I., married Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, and died 515. ARIANS. SeeARIUS. ARIARATHES I., a kingof Cappadocia, rn- gcged iij an expedition against Fgj'pt with Da- rius Ociius. APIA RATHES II., nephew of the preceding, deleatrd by the Macedonians, 321 B. C. ARIARATHES III., son of the 2d, recovered his kingdom by the conquest of the Macedon- ians. ARIARATHES IV., married the daughter of Antiochus ; he died 220 B. C. ARIARATHES V., king of Cappadocw, died 166 B.C. ARIARATHES VI., son of the preceding, perished in battle, 130 B. C. ARIARATHES VII., son of the 6th, wasrowr- dered by his brother-in law, Mithridates. ARIARATHES, son of the 7Ui, was also murdered by Mithridates. ARIAS MONTANUS, Benedict, a native of Se^nl'p, eminent for his literary acquirements, died 3.5rauny of the Pisistratidte, 516 B. C. ARISTOMENES, a Messenian, whose cour- age caused his countrymen to avenge the op- pression of the Spartans, 635 B. C. ARISTOPH.-VAES, a comic poet of Athens, cotetnporary with Plato, Socrates, and Euripi- des. Most of his plays were written during the Pcloponnesian war. His imagination was warm and lively, and his genius particularly turned to raillery ; he had also very great spirit and resolution, and was a declared enemy to slavery, and to all those who wanted to oppress their country. He described the affairs of the Athenians in so exact a manner, that his come- dies are a faithful history of that people. He wrote above 50 comedies, but there are only H extant, which are perfect; these are, "Plutus, The Clouds, The Frogs, Equites, The Achai- nenses. The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Ecclesiazusre or Female Orators, The Thesmo- phoriazusff or Priestess of Ceres, and Lysis- trata." "The Clouds," wliich he wrote in ri- dicule of Socrates, is the niost celebrated of all his comedies. Madam Dacier tells us, she was so much charmed witli this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did not become the least tedious to her. Aristophanes having conceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several of his plays, particularly in his "Frogs," and his " Thennophoriazusae." He wrote the " Li- sistrata," when all Greece was involved in war, in which comedy the women are intro- duced debating upon the affairs of the common- wealth, when they come to a resolution not to go to bed with their husbands till peace sliould be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which was called by his name, and is mentioned by Cicero in his " Brutus ;" and Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the tretraineter and octaineter verse. Aristo- phanes was greatly admired among the ancients especially for the true Attic elegance of his style; and there have been several editions and trans- lations of this poet. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the chief of the peripatetic philosophers, born at Siagyra, a small city in Macedon, in tile 99th Olympiad, about 384 years before Christ, was the son of Michomachus, physician to Amyntas, the grandfather of Alex- ander the Great. By the advice of the Delphic oracle, he went to Athens when about 18, and studied under Plato till he was 37. He followed his studies with most extraordinary diligence, so that he soon surpassed all in Plato's school. He ate little, and slept less ; and that he might not oversleep himself, Diogenes Luertius tells us, that he lay always with one hand out of the bed, Iiaving a ball of brass in it, which, by its /nlliag iiiK a basui of the same mpf-tl awaked 4 37 All him. When he had studied about 15 years un der Plato, lie began to t'orni dirtereiit tenets from those of his luaster, who became highly piqued at his behaviour. Upon the iliatb of I'lato, he iliiitted Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a little city of Mysia, where his old friend, Herinias. reigned. Here lie married Pythias, the sister of that prince, whom he is said to have loved so passionately, that he offered sacrifice to her. Some time after, Hermias haviii? been taken prisoner by Meranoa, tlse king of Persia's ge- neral, Aristotle went to Mytelene, the capital of Lesbos, where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon. having heard of his great repmatiori, sent for him to be tutor to his son Alexander, then about 14 years of age. Aristotle accepted theotTer, and in eight years taught him rhetoric, natural philosophy, eihics, politics, and a certain sort of philosophy, according to Plutarch, which he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues in honour ol Aristotle, and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which had been almost rained by the wars. Aristotle having lost the favour of Alex- ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsman, who was accused of a conspiracy against Alex- ander's life, removed to Athena, where he set up his new school. The magistrates received liini ver>' kindly, and gave him the Lyca-um, so fa- mous afterwards for the concourse of liis disci pies, and here it was, according to some authors, that he composed his principal works. When Aristotle was accused of impiety by one Eury- medon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apo- logy for himself, addressed to the magistrates ; but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely jealous about their religion, and remembering the fate of Socratei Jie was so much alanned that he tetired to Ciialcis, a city of Eubosa, where he ended his days. Some say he poi- soned himself, to avoid falling into the hands of his enemies; others affirm, that he threw himself into the Euripus, because he conld not comprehend the reason of its ebbing and flow- ing; and there are others who tell us that he died of a cholic, in the 63d year of his age, being the third of the 114th Olympiad, two years after Alexander. The Stagyrites carried away his body, and erected altars to his memory. ARISTOXEA'US, a Grecian phUosopher of Tarentum, about 324 B. C. ARIUS, a divine of the 4th century, and the head and founder of the Ar5ans, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiali- ty of the Word. He was born in Libya, near Egypt. The Arian principles, according to Spanheim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title ; that he was less than the Father, wlio only was eternal and without be- ginning ; that he was a creature, having a be- girming of existence, created out of things, hav- ing no being before the beginning of all tliines : hence he was made God, and the son of God by adoption, not by nature ; and that the word was also subject to change ; that the Father created »il things by him as an instniment ; and that he was the most excellent of all creatures ; that the essence of the Father was different from the es- sence of the Son ; neither was he co-eternal, co- equal, nor con-substantial with the Father ; that the Holy Ghost was not God, but the creature of the Son, begot and created by him, inferior in dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in the creation. As to his death, it is said that .'Vriug, being pressed by a natural necessity, re- tired to a house of convenience where he died instantly on the «pot, all bis entrails bursting AR out, with his liver and spleen. This haj>pened ill the year 'Mi. ARICEL, Cornel. Van, a Dutch divine of Amsterdam, died 1724. ARKKJSHOLZ, John, a native of Helaing- fors, in Swed'ai, author of some treatises on po- litical subjects, &c., died 1777. ARlv WRIGHT, Sir Richard, a man who, in one of the lowest stations of life, being literally a penny barber at Maucheater, by uncr)nimon genius and persevering industry, invented and perfected a system of machinery fur spinning cotton, that had in vain been attempted by many of the first mechanics of the 17th and 18th cen- turies ; and which, by giving perpetual einploy- ment to many thousand families, increased the population, and was productive of greaf com- mercial advantage to his country. The machine is call>;d a " Spinning Jenny." Sir Richard died August 3, 1792, leaving property to the amount of nearly half a million sterling. AELAUD, James Antony, a native of Gene- va, eminent as a painter, died 1743. ARLOTTA, a beautiful woman of Falaise, daughter of a tanner, and mistress of Robert, duke of Normandy. ARLOTTO, a native of Magello, in Tuscany, whose right name was Mainardi, was dean of St. Cresci, in the diocese of Fiesole ; he died 1483. ARMAGNAC, John d', of an ancient family in France, raised to the highest dignity of the' national church, died about 1408. ARMAGNAC, Bernard, count d', brother of the preceding, placed at the head of the party of Orleans, was assassinated, 1418. ARMELLINO, Francis, a banker, made car- aioal by Leo X., died 1527. ARRiENONVILLE, Joseph Jolrn Baptist Fleurion d', a French statesman, keeper of the seals from 1722 io 1727, died 1728. AR.MlNirs, a brave chief of the Catti, called the deliverer of Germany ; he was assassinated A. IX 21. ARMINrUS, James, the founder of the sect of the Arminians, or Remonstrants, was born at Oude-water, in Holland, in 15f)0. " The Ar- minians hold (says Mr. Broughton) that God creates men free, and will deal with them ac- cording to the use tliey niake of their liberty ; that, foreseeing how every one will use it, he dees therefore decree all things that nias of his earlier con;positions, with that additional science which study and f^xperience had given him. He died Oct. 13, 1802, in liis 63d year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, between the monuments of Croft and Purcell. ARNOLD, Nicholas, a protestant of Lesna, acquired reputation by Jiis sermons and polemi- cal works; he died 1680. ARN'OLD,JefFery, authorof a history of mys- tical fiieoJopy, &c., died 1714. ARNOLD, of Hildeshcim, a historian of the 13th century. ARNOLD, Christopher, a native of Nurem-; herg; he died professor at Altorf, 1685, aged 58. ARNOLD, Benedict, a major general of thei American army, and infamous for turning trai- tor to his country ; for attempting to surrender the fortress of West Point to the British ; for committing ravages in Virginia after his deser tion, and a wanton butchery of the garrison at Fort Grjsvvold, Conn. He was made a brigadier general in the British army ; retired to England : received 10,(J0flJ. sterling as the reward of his villany, and died in Loudon, 1801. ARNOLD, Benedict, succeeded Roger Wil- liams as president of the colony of Rhode-Island, and was ailerwards repeatedly appointed go- vetnor under its charter ; he died 1678. ARNOLD, Thomas, a physician of Leicester, educated at Edinburgh, was afterwards presi- dent of a lunatic asyluiu, which he cstablislied ; he died 1816. ARNOUL, a bishop of Lisicux, author of some curious letters, containing an account of the manners of his time. ARNTZENIUS, John Henry, a learned Dutch- man, law professor at Utrcclit; he died 1799. ARNU, Nicholas, a Dominican, professor of metaphysics at Padua, died 1692. ARNULPH, or ERNULPH, bishop of Ro- chester, born 1040, died 1124. He wrote a work in Latin, concerning the foundation, endow- ment, charters, laws, and other things relating to the church of Rochester; which is generally known by the title of " Textus Roffensis," and is preserved in the archives of the cathedral church of that place. ARNULPH, natural son of Carloman, king of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, and crowned at Rome, 896. He died (supposed to be poisoned) 899. ARNULPHL'S, an Egyptian, in the reign of M. Antoninus, famous for his skill in magic. ARNWAY, John, much attached to the royal country. Al{ AUR-IGON, Jeanne d', a celebrated Italian lady, mother of Mark Anthony Coluuna, died 1577. ARRAN, James Hamilton, earl of, a Scotch nobleman, who at one time aspired to the hand of fjuetn Elizabeth, of England. He died 1609 ARlllA, the wife of Pauis, celebrated for her heroism and conjugal fidelity. ARIUAGA, Rodericd', a Spanish Jesuit, pro- fessor of theology at Salamanca and Prague, died 1667. ARRIAN, a famous historian and philoso- pher, who lived under the emperor Adrian and the two Anionines, was born at Nicomedia, in Bithynia. He was styled the second Xenophon, and raised to the most considerable ilignities of Rome. He is, indeed, said to have been pre- cejitur to the famous pliilosopher and emiwror Ala reus A nioninns. The most celebrated of his works is his " History (in Grtek) of Alexander the Great,'' in 7 boiiks; a performance muill esteemed by the best judges. Arrian is said ta have written several other works. ARROWSMITH, John, theological professor at Cambridge, 1660, author of be\ eral celebrated Calvinistic works. ARSACES L, a Parthian, emancipated his country from the Macedonian yoke, 2.50 B. C. ARSACES U., son of jjie preceding, made war against Antiochns the Great. ARSACESTIRANCS, king of Annenia, tak- en prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, 362 B. C. ARSENIUS, birihop of Constantinople, Wits lianiehed for his pertinacity, and died in tlie 13Ul century. ARSENIUS, a Roman deacon, appointed by pope Damascus preceptor to Arcadius, son of Theodosius. ARSENIUS, archbishop of Malvasia, in the Morea, died 1435. ARSEZAN, Pader d', a native of Toulouse, and author of two tr;igedies, died 1096. ARTABANUS, a king of Partliia, died A. D. 48. ARTABANUS, another king of Parthla, in whom that empire became e.xtinct. 226. .■VRT ALI, Joseph, a native of JMazara, in Si- cily, a famous duellist, &c., died 1679. ARTAL'D, Peter Joseph, anative of Bonieux, esteemed for learning, piety, &c., died 1760. ARTAUD, archbishop of Rheims, was once deprived of his diocese and afterwards restored to it. died 948. ARTAVASDES L, king of Armenia, behaved treacherously to Crassus and Mark Antony. ARTAVASDES II., grandson of the above. ARTAXERXES I., king of Persia, the son of Xerxes, supposed to be the Ahasuerus of Scrip- ture, died 424 B. C. ARTAXERXES 11., surnnmed Mfiemon, de- feated his brother Cyrus at Cunaxa, 401 B. C. ARTAXERXES III., succeeded Artaierxes II. ; he slew all his brothers and the rest of his familv, 338 B. C. ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, son of a shep- herd, first king of Persia of the race of theSas- sanidf s, died about 240. ARTAXIAS I., governor of Upper Armenia under Antiochus, made himself king of the cause in England in the time of Cromwell, died 1653. ARON, Peter, a musical writer, born at Flo- rence, and patronized by Leo X. ARPINUS, or .-MIPINO, Joseph Ca?sar, a fa- mous Italian painter, born 15C0, died 16-10. 40 ARTAXIAS n., king of Armenia after Ar tavasdes I., was expelled by Antony, and res- tored by the Parthians. ARTAXIAS III., son of Polemo. made king by Gemianicus, and reigned 17 v. nrs. i ARTEAGAj Don Stcphauo, a Spanish Jesuit, AS author of a ueatise on ideal beauiy, &c., died IdOO. AllTEDI, Peter, a physician of Sweden, and intimate friend of LuiiiKUS, was drowned at Leyilen, 1735. ARTEMAS, or ARTEMON, founded a sect in the 3d century, wliich maiutaiued that Cluist wad but a man. ARTEMIDORUS, famous for his "Treatise upon Ureanis," was born at Ephesus, but took the surname of Ualdiaiius in this book, out of rcsiHiCt to the country of his mother ; for he Btyled himself the Ephesian in hib other per- formances. He lived under the emperor Anto- ninus Pius. ARTEMIDORUS, an Ephesian, author of a description of the earth, 100 B. C. ARTEMISIA I., queeu of Caria, assisted Xer.xes against the Greeks. ARTEMISIA II., queen of Caria, erected a mausoleum to the memory of her husband, Mau.solus. ARTHINGTON, Henry, a native of York- shire, pretended tiiat he was inspired as the means of ellecting a revolution. ARTHUR, a Britisli Prince, whose existence by some is regarded as fabulous, said to have died about 542 ; he established the order of knights of tlie round table. ARTHUR, duke of Brittany, grandson of Henry II., was confined in the castle of Rouen, where, it is supposed, lie was murdered. ARTIGNI, Anthony Gachet d', an ecclesias- tic, Jcnown by his writings ; he died J 768. ARTUSI, Guiamara, a celebrated musical writer. ARVIEUX, Laurent d', a native of Mar- seilles, resided 12 years in Palestine, and was a useful negotiator for the French court. He is justly esteemed for his benevolence to Tu- nisian and Algerine captives. ARVIRAGUS, a king of Britain in the age of Domitian. ARUNDEL, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Arundel, known by her translations of the wise sayings,&c. of Alexander Severus, &c.; she lived in the middle of the 16th century. ARUNDEL, Thomas, made bishop of Ely when 21 years of age ; afterwards translated to Canterbury ; he died 1414. ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, earl of, dis overer of the Parian marbles which bear his name. ARUNDEL, Blanche, daughter of Lord VVor- cestor, celebrated for her brave defence of War- dour castle ; she died 1649. ARZACHEL, a Spanish astronomer, in the 11th century. ASA, son of Abijab, made king of Judah, 955 B.C. ASAPH, St., anativeof North Wales, eminent for his sanctity. ASAPH, a musician of the tribe of Levi, in the age of David. ASAR-HADDON, king of Assyria, obtained the kingdom of Babylon ; he died 667 B C. ASCELIN, an ecclesiastic of the 1 1th century, defended transnbstantiation againt Berenger. ASCHAM, Roger, an eminent English writer, born at Kirkby VViske, near Northallerton, in Yorkshire, about the year 1515. He applied himsfllf particularly to the Greek language; in which he attained to an excellence peculiar to himself, and read it publicly in the university of Cambridge with universal applause. In or- der to relax his mind, after beverer studies, he 4 AS thought some diversion necessary ; and shooting with the bow, was his favourite amusumti.t, as appears by his " Treatise on Archery," which he dedicated to King Henry VIII., who settled a pension upon hiin, at llie reconimeii'iation of Sir William Paget. Air. Ascham, being lemark- able for writing a tine hand, was employed la teach this art to Prince Edward, the Lady Eliza- beth, and Uie two brothers, Ilehry and t'liarltf, dukes of Sulfolk. In Feb. 1548, he was sent loi to court, to instruct the Lady Elizabeth in the learned languages, and bad tlie honour of assist- ing this lady in her studies for two years ; whci; he desired leave to return to Cambridge, wliere he resumed his office of public oiator. He was afterwards Latin secretary to king Edward, queen Mary, and queen Ehzabeth. Being one day in company with persons of the tirst distinc- tion, there happened to be high disputes about the difterent methods of education ; this j^ave rise to his treatise on that subject, entitled ''The Schoolmaster," which he undertook at the par- ticular request of Sir Richard Sackville. This work was in high esteem among the best judges, and is frequently quoted by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary. He died at London, Jan. 4, 1568, and was buried in St. Sepulchre's church. ASCHAM, Anthony, physician and ecclesias- tic, author of tracts on astrology, &c. VSCHAM, Anthony, a friend of CroniweD, and member of the long parliament. ASCHAR!, a mussulman doclor, founder of a sect which bears his name ; he died 940. ASCLEPIADES, a Greek pliilosoplier, 350 B. C. ASCLEPt.\DES, a famous physician, born at Prusa, in Bithynia, flourished at Rome in the time of Pompey, and founded a new sect in physic. ASCOLI, Cecco di, or Francisco de StabiUj professsor of mathematics, at Bologna ; he wrote an Italian poem, &c., and died 1238. ASCONiUS, PEDIANUS, a grammarian of Padua, in the age of Augustus. ASCOUGH, William, bishop of Sarum, mur- dered by Jack Cade and his followers, 1450. ASDRUB.\L, brother-in-law of Annibal, the founder of New Carthage, in Spain. ASDRUBAL BARCA, brother of Annibal, killed at the battle of the Metaurus. .ASELLI, Gasper, a physician of Cremona, professor of anatomy at Paris, died 1626. .'\SPELD, Claude Francois Bidal marquis d', an illustrious warrior at the battle of Alnianza; he took Philipsburg, and died 1743. •ASFELD, Jacques Vincent Bidal d', an ec- clesiastic, died 1745. ASGILE, John, a lawyer of eminence, known for his wit and misfortunes, died 17:!8. .\SGILL, Sir Charles, Bart. This gentleman was a strong instance of what may be effected even by moderate abilities, when" united W'itii strict integrity, industry, and irreproacliable cha- racter. His first setting out in life was at a bank- ing-house in Lombard-street, as out-door collect- ing clerk. From this inferior situation he pro- tressively rose by his merit to the tirst depart- nent in the house ; and soon afler, marrying an amiable woman, with a fortune of '25,000^ im- mediately joined his name to the firm. In 1749 he was chosen alderman of Candlewick ward, and served in the office of lord mayor in 1758. Ha died Sept. 15, 1788, and is said to have left nearly 200,000^. ' ASH, Dn John, an English dissenting minis- ter, grammarian, and, Icxicograplier horn 1724, " 41 AS AH died al Peisfiorp, Worceslersliire, March, 1779. >lis Dictionary is a remarkably laborious and compreliensive work. ASHE, Simeon, a nonconrormist, chaplain to lord Warwick, durinf! the civil wars, died UX2. ASflE, Saimid, a judge ot the Stipreme court of North Carolina, and afterwards governor of Ihat state, died 1813. ASHE, John Baptiste, a representative in Congress, from, and governor of, tiicbtateof N. Carolina, died Ihdi. ASHLEY, Jonathan, a distinguished minister of Peerfield, Mass., died i78«, agedtiS. He pub- lished several sermons. ASHLEY, Robert, a lawj'er, distinguished as an eminent writer, fee, died J641. ASKMOLE, or ASmOLE, Elias, a celebrated Enphsh philosopher and antiijuary, aiid founder of the Ashnioleaii museum ai 0.\ford, was born at Litchfield, in Staft'ordsliire, the 23d of JMay, 1627. Besides fillinj; several offices, civil and military, Mr. Ashniolc was adilij-'ent and curious collector of manuscripts. In 1650 he published a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to the jiliilosopher's stone ; together with another tract on the same subject, by an unknown au- thor. About the same time be was busied in preparing for the preas a complete collection of the works of such English chyniists as had till then remained in manuscript : this undertaking tost him great labour and expense ; and at length the work appeared toward the close of the year 1652. The title of this work was, " Theairum Chemicum Britanniciim," &c. &c. He then ap- plied himself to the study of antiquity and re cords. In 1658 he began to collect materials for his "History of the Order of the Garter, ' which he lived to "finish, and thereby did no less hon- our to the order than to hitnself. [ii September following, he made a journey to Oxford ; where he Bet about a full and particular description of the coins given to the public library by arch- bishop Laud. T^pon the restoration of Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was introduced to his majesty, who received him very graciously, and, on the 18th of June, 1660, bestowed on him the place of Windsor herald ; a few days after, he ap- jiointed him to give a description of his medals, which were delivered into his possession ; and King Henry VIU.'s closet was assigned for his tiae. On the 8th of May, 1672, he presented his " Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most nobleOrder of the Garter" to the king, who re- ceived it very graciously, and, as a mark of his approbation, granted him a privy seal for 400?. out of the customs of paper. On the 26th of January, a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble libran', with a collection of 9000 ASHTON, Charles, one of tiie most learned critics of his age, was elected master of 'Jesut College, Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed in a prebend of Ely, on the HiJiof the same month. His great knowledge in ecf^.siastieal antiquities was excelled bj- none, and ei^ualled by few : as his MS. remarks upon the Fathers, and corrections of the mistakes of Iraiiolators, ■ uHicentlvsbow. ASHTUN, Dr. Thomas, rector of St. Botclph Bisiiopspaie, a popular preuclier and excellent divine, born 1710, died 1775. ASHWELL, George, liis writings were on di- vinity, but not in iiisih esteem ; lie died WXi. ASIIWOOD, Bartholomew, a minister of Ak- minstcr, in Devon, author of several tracts, &c, ASnWORTH, Caleb, patronized by Dr. Doddridge, and successor to liiin in liis school, was created D. D. by a Scotch university ; he died 1774. ASKEW, Anthony, a native of Westmore- land, eminent as a physician, died 1784. ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady, daugh- ter of Sir William Askew, of Kelsay, in l>in- colnshire, was bom in 1529. She received a learned education, and in early life shr.^^■l.•d a predilection for theological studies. By these she was led to favour the reformation ; she was. in coDseqence, arrested, and, having confesseil lier religious principles, was coinmiitcd to Kew- gate. She was first racked with brutal cniflty in the Tower, and afterwards burned alive in Smithfield, July 16, 1546; a pnnishnicnt which she endured with amazing courage and tirmi:ess, adhering to the last to the principles of her fai.h. ASPASIA, a native of Miletus, celebrated lor her wit and learning, though her character was licentious. ASPASIA, a Grecian lady, celebrated for her excellence in philosophy and rhetoric, was born at Miletus, but i^ettled at Athens; where, though she exercised the calling of a courtezan, her scholastic talents induced the virtuous Socratoi and other of the greatest men of the age to %-isil jher house. She was afterwards married to Peii- icles, one of the greatest men that ever flourished lin Greece. I ASPEl.T, Peter d' . studied medicine at Paris , 'he died 1320. ASSELIN, Giles Thomas, respectable for his 1 piety and poetical talents, died 1567. ASSELYN, John, a historical and landscaj-e painter, died 1650. ASSEE. a Jewish rabbi of the Sth. century, 'author of liie Talmud of Babylon, &c. I ASSEK, Df St. David's, a learned author i« the reign of Alfred. I ASSUETON, Dr. William, bom atMiddleton, in Lancashire, 1041, was the projector of the coins, ancient and modern, and a vast repositor' Hsrlieme for providing a maintenance for clergy - of «eals, charters, and other antiquities and cu |, men's widows and others, by a jointure payable riositics • but his manuscripts, and his most val-| by the Mercers' (^ompany. Dr. Assheton witiie uable gold medals, were luckily at his hoiiR-, at South Lambeth. In 1683, the Universitv of U.x-| ford ha\'ing finished a magnificent repositor}-, near the thealre, Mr. Ashmole sent thither his! curious collection of rarities ; and this benefac-| tion was considerably augmented by the addi-j tion of his manuscripts and library, at his death,] which happened at South Lambeth, May 18,: I6i^2.— He was interred in the church of GreatI Lambeth, in Surrey, on the 26th of May, 1092. ! ASHMCX ELI PEASE, a distinguished law-; yer of Northampton, Mass. ; he was a member; of the senate of that state, and afterwards a se- ' aster in Congress, o|) of Rochesler, Hereford, and Salisbury, and died in 15'2t. AUDLEY, or AVVDELEY, Tlionias, appoint- ed chancellor in llie room of sir Tliomis More, died in 1544. AUDRAN, Girard, esteemed the most correct historical eiii;raver that ever lived, died in 170H. AUUllAN, Claude, brother to Girard, a his- torical painter, died in H)H4. AUDRAN, John, nephew of Girard, an en- graver of Lyons, died in ITati. AUGER, Edmund, whose eloquence convert- ed 40,000 proteslants to the catholic faith, died 1591. AUGURELLI. Joint Auieliits, a poet and philosopher of Rimini, died in 15-24. AUGUSTIN, Antony, employed by the pope as ambassador to England, died in I5lfl7. AUGUSTLNE, St., a father of the church, made bishop of Hippo, died in 430. AUGUSTLNE, Leonard, coimnonly called .Agostini, an atiti(iuariau of Sienna ii\ the Htli ceiiiurv. AUGUSTFN, or AUSTIN, St., the first arch- bishop of Canterbury, wasorifiinally a monk in the convent of St. Andrew, at Rome, and edu- cated under St. Gregory, afterwards pope Gre- gory l.,hy whomlie wastlespaiclied into Urilaiii. with 40 other monks of the same order, about the year 500, to convert the English Saxons to Cliristianity. He died at Canterbury, (J04. AUGUSTULUS, Roinulus, the last emperor of Rome, spent the last part of his life in ob- scurity. AUGUSTUS, Cains Julius Cssar Octavia- nus, the first Roman Emperor, a prince of great moderation and prudence, died A. D. 14. AUHADI-MARAGAH, a mussulman poet, about 1319. AULUS GELLIUS. See GELLIUS. AU.MONT, John d', count of Chaterou.x, marshal of France, &c., died 1595. .AUMONT, Anlho.iy d', grandson of the pre- ceding, also marshal of France, &c., died KitV.l. AUNGERVILLE, Richard, tutor to Edward ni. of England, died 134."j. AUNOV, Marie Caiherine Jumelle de Bern- ville, countess d', known as the writer of nu- merous romances, died 1705. AURELL'VN, sou of a peasant, raised to the throne of Rome after Claudius II., died 275. AURELIUS VICTOR, Sextus, a Roman liis- torian of the 4tli century. AURELLl, or ARELM, John Mutio, a Latin poet, died 1520. AURENG-ZEB, the great mogul, a famou tonqueror, but detestable parricide who poison- f'A his father to possess liis throne, died 1707 aged near 100. AUREOLUS, Manius Acilius, from a shep llerd became a general ; he died 267. AURIA, Vincent, a native of Palermo, dis linguished as a man of letters, died 1710. AURIFICUS, cr ORIFICUS BONEFILTUS, Nicliolas, author of several religious works in the 16th century. AURIGNY, Hyacintha Robillard d', regent of the college of Alencon, wrote some chvono- .loglcal m«m«irB 9n ki8tety,^c., and died 1719 AURIGNY, Gilles d", an ingenious Frencl) poet of the lOth century. AURILLON, Jean Uaptiste Elie, a FrencU- maii, admired for his eloquence, &.C., died 172W. \UllIOL, Blaise d', known by some poetical pieces and treatises on jurisprudence, died 1540. AURISPA, John, patronised by pope Nj- holas V. AUROGALLUS, Jlatthcw, a.«.sisted Luther in translating the Bible into German, and died 1543. * AUROUX, Mattliew, a lawyer, author of a curious commeiuary on the costume du Bour- boniiois, in the 18th century. AUSONIUS, Decimus Magnus, a Latin poet of the 4th century. AUSSUN, Pierre d', a distinguished officer iu the Frrnrli service, died 1563. AUSTl N, William, author of the " Excellen- cy of Women," &e. AUTELS,Gillaumede8,anindifferentFrencli poet, (iieil 1576. AUTLROCHE, Jean Chappe d', a French- man, distinjiuislied for his early and rapid pro-' gress in learning ; he W'ent to Tobolsk to observe ilic irausit of Venus over the sun's disk, June 1761. AUTHON, John d', historiograplier to Lewis XII., died 15:«. .^UTOMNE, Bernard, author of a commen- tary oil the provincial law of Bordeaux, died hiiif.. AUTREAU, Jacques d', a painter of Paris, who began to write for the stage at 60, with suc- cess : he died 1745. ALTVERGNE, Anthony d', director of the opera at Paris, and an eimueiit composer, died 1797. AL'VIGNY, N. Castres d', born in the Hai- naut, intimate with 1' abbe des Fontaities ; he wrote much on historical subjects, and died 1743. AUXEXTIUS, a native of Cappadocia : he was made bishop of Milan, but was afterwards e.xcomniunicaled, and died 374. Another of the same name challenged St. Ambrose to a pub- lic disputation, which he rejected. AUZONT, Adrian, a native of Rouen, a ma- thematician, said to be the inventor of the mi- lometer ; he suggested the idea of applying the telescope to the astronomical quadrant, and died 1091. AVALOS FERDINAND, Francis d', mar- quis of Pcscara, distinguished for his valour in the service of Charles V., died 1525. AVALOS, Alphonso d', marquis del Vasto, assisted Charles V. in Italy, died 1540. AVANTIO, John Marion, a learned civilian, settled at Padua, died 162-2. AVED, Jaques Andre Joseph, a painter of eminence, died at Paris, 17G0. AVEIRO, Joseph, duke ol", a Portuguese no- bleman, conspired against king Joseph I., and was executed 1759. AVENPACA, a Spanish Moor, a peripatetic philosopher in the 12tli century. AVELAR, a Portuguese painter. AVELLANEDA, Alphonsus Fernandes d', a Spanish writer, native of Tordesillas, was author of a Continuation, or Second Part, of '' Don Quixote," 8vo., 1014. It has been twice [translated into English ; and Pope, in his Essay on Criticism, has verified a tale from it. The lime of his birth or death has not been ascer* tained. I AVENTIN, J«Bn, a eetahrated scholar, an« 46 AY BUttior of tiie "Annals of Bavaria," born HP6, at AbeiisDcrg, in tlie country just naintU. Ht- (lied 1534. AV'Er>ZOAR, an Arabian physician of the IQtii century. AVKRAMUS, Joseph, a native of Florrnce, posj:essed strong powers of mind ; he died in 1738. AVERANIUS, Benedict, brother of the pre- ceding, early distinguislied by advanceuient in literature, died in 1707. AVERDY, Clement Charles de I', minister aiid comptroller of the tinances under Lewis XV., piiillolined in 1794. AViiKROES, one of the most subtle Arabian philosophers, and a native of Corduba, flourish- ed in the l-2th century. AVESBURY, Robert, an English historian. AVICENNA, a celebrated philosopher and pliysician among the Mahoineians, was born in the year 980, and died in 1036. The nuHiber of his books, including his smaller tracts, is computed at near 100, the majority of which are cither lost or not linown in Europe. AVIE.NUS, Rufus Festus, a Latin poet of the 4tii century. AVIL.l, Louis d', a general of cavalry under Charles V. at the siege of Mentz, 15.52. AVILA, Giles Gonzales d', historiographer to the Spanish liing, died 1G58. AVILA, John d', a learned and pious ecclesi astic of Toledo, died 15G9. AVILA, Saiicho d', bishop of Murcia, &c., distinguished for his piety, died 16iI6. A VILER, Augustin Charles d', wrote on ar- chitecture ; he died 1700. AViRON, James le Batlielier, author of com mcntaries on the provincial laws of Normandy AVISON, Charles, an eminent English mu sician and composer, and author of a treatist on " Musical E.\pression," died at Newcastle, May 10, 1770. AVITUS, Mark Mtecilius, emperor of the West, on the death of Maximus, 455. AVOGARDI, Lucia Albani, a celebrated Ita- lian poetess. AXERETO, or ASSERETO, Blaise, a Ge- noese admiral, defeated and took prisoner Al phonso v., king of Arragon, in a naval battle 1435. AXITHEA, a female philosopher, in the age of Plato. AXTEL, Daniel, a colonel in the parlia jnentary army ; from a grocer he became a sol dier, was one of the officers employed at the trial of the king, and for his concern in his exe cution, he suffered death in 16C0. AYESH.^, most beloved of the wives of Ma liomet, died 677. AYLESBURY, Sir Thomas, a native of Lon don, and a patron of literature, distinguiveIation: London, 1709- 10" which went throu).'h eight editions; and Mr.Boswell, in his" Method of Study," .ranksj it amoni; the Enslish classics for purity of style. BAKER, Henry, an ingenious and diligent naturalist, horn in Fleet-street, London, either near the end of the 17lh, or in the bcpmnmg of the 18th century. Beinc of a philosophical turn of mind, and having' dilijrently attended to the methods which mi^'ht be "practicable and usefuli in the cure of staininerine, and especially in! teachinc denf and dumb persons to speak^hei made this the emplovment of his lite. In 1774,| Sir Godfrey Copley's srold medal was bestowedj upon hira, for havuij-'. bv bis microscopical ex- periments on the ci vstalizations and configura- tions of saline panicles, produced the most ex-| Waordinarv discovery during that year. Having; led a very useful and honourable life, he died at his apartments in the Strand, on the 25th of Nov. 1774. being then above 70 years of age. His principal publications are" The Microscope made Easy," and " Employment for the aiicro- scope." . BAKER, William, a learned printer, in Fen-| church-street, born at Rending, 1744, was the| son of an eminent schoolmaster in that town.' From his youth he was ereatly addicted to study , and his friends favoured his inclinations by| making him a printer. His modesty was equal to his learning, and was truly Oiay's " flower born to blush unseen." Hisdiffidence prevented his appearing ninch. before the public as a writer ; and his onlv publications are " Peregrinations Iml. of the Mindi" a series of essays in the manner of the Rambler; and " Theses Grajca-.et Latina> Selecta"." He died in London, Sept. 29, 1785, in the 44th year of his age ; and an elegant Latin epitaph to his memory is placed on the tomb of his family, in the churchyard of St. Blary,; Reading. , . I BAKER, Sir Gcoree, oorn 1722, was physi- cian to king George III. and his queen, and pre-! sident of the college of physicians. He wrote a number of e.\cellent tracts and dissertations on medical subjects, and died June 15, 1809. BAKEWELL, Robert, the most succescful experimental fanner and cattle-breeder ever known in England, was born 1726, at Dishiey, in Leicestershire. Having remarked, that do- mestic animals in general produce others pos- sessing qualities nearly similar to their own, he conceived that he had only to select from all the most valuable breeds such as promised to return the greatest possible emolument to the breeder and that he should then be able, by careful atten animals, p()SKes.sing a niaximiun of advantage. A selection on this principle tVom dili'crent parts of England, was Ibi; original Scock from which he afterwards i)ropagated his own. About 1760, Mr. Bakewellbold his sheep by private contract, at not more than two or three guineas each. Some time afterwards, he began to let some of his rams, and for a few seasons received only 15s. or a guinea a-piecc for them ; but as the fame of his breed e.\tendod itself, he advanced his prices, and by the year 1770 was enabled to let some of iiis rams for the season for 25 gui- neas. After that time, the prices and credit of his stock progressively increased ; and at last, single rams were let for the season for the enor- mous price of 400 guineas, and upwards. It is a fact that has no other example, that one ram, called the Two Pounder, produced, in one sea son, the sum of 800 guineas, independent of ewes of Mr. Baltewell's own stock ; which, at the same rate, would have made a total, the produce of a single ram, of 1200 guineas. The race of Dishiey sheep are known by the fineness of their bone and flesh, the lightness of the offal, their disposition to quietness, and consequently to mature ai)d fatten with less food than other sheep of equal weight and value. Mr. Bakewell improved his black horse's by an attention to l)ie form whi'ch is best adapted to their use. His stallions liave been let for tlie season for 100 guineas, and upwards. Many anecdotes are re- lated of his humanity toward the various orders of animal.^. He continually deprecated the atro- cious barbarities practised by the butcliers and drovers ; showing, by examples on his own farm, the most pleasing instances of docility in liie animals under his care. This extraordinary man, more deserving, in our opinion, of Uie civic wreath than the warrior or the statesman, died Oct. 1, 1795, on thespot where he first drew breath. BAKHTJISEN, Ludolph, a painter and en- graver of Enibden, who, by the force of genius, raised liiniself to a high rank. He died 1709. BALAAM, son of Beor, a celebrated prophet of Pelhnr, in Mesopotamia, killed with Balak, king of Moab, in battle, 1450 B. C. B^AL.\MIO, Ferdinand, a native of Sicily, physician to pope Leo X., about 1555 ; eminent for his literary acquirements. BALASSI, Mario, a painter at Florence, died BALATHI, Abulfedi Othman Ben Issa, au- thor of a treatise on the characters of alphabets. BALBI,.Iohn, orJanua, a Genoese dominican, and an autlior of some celebrity. BALBINUS, Decimus Ca'lius, emperor of Rome, murdered by his soldiers, 237. BALBO, Jerome, bishop of Goritz, died at Venice, 15,35. BALBOA, Vasco Nuques dc, an enterprising Casliliaii. He was among the early American adventurers, and built a town on the coast of Darien. He was afterwards fal.sely accused of felony by a Spanish governor, and exec ited 1517. BALBUENA, Bernard de, a Spanish poet, born at Toledo. He settled in America, where he died, when bishop of Porto Rico, 1627. BALCANaUAL, Waller, chaplain to James I., master of the Savoy ,iand Dean of Rochester and Durh.nm, died 1045. BALCHEN, John, a celebrated English ad- miral, shipwrecked on the coast of Scilly. in the tion to procressive improvement's, to produce ail Victory, a first-rate, when upwards of 1100 per race of sheep, horsea, horned catUe, or otherllsons perished wiiti Jiim, 1744, 50 BA BALDE, James, a German poet, surnaiiied) the Horace of his couutrv, died Itj68. BALDfilllC, bisliop of Noyon in tlie ]2lli conlury. Anotlierof the same name was bishop oi' Dol. KALDI, Lazarro, a native of Tuscany, dis- tinsuislicd as a painter, died 1703. B.\LDIN(;i;K. Enu:=l Gottfried, a German physician and professor of medicine at Jlarpurg.: died 1*)4. I BALDINI, John Anthony, a nobleman of Pla- ceiitia, ambassador at various courts of Europe,! and at lliu <.'oiis?rcs.-i of Utrecht, died 1735. j BALDiNUCCl, Philip, a Florentine; well ac quaiuted wiiii painting and sculpture, on whicli subjects lie wrote several valuable treatises, died BALDOCK, Robert de, an ecclesiastic and favourite of Edward U., died in Newgate. BALDOCK, Ralph de, bishop of London, and chancellor of tlie realm under Edward I., died 1313. BALDUS, or BALDI, Bernard, a native of Urbino, and abbot of Guastalla, distinguished for his learning and his various publications died 1617. BALDUS DE UBALDiS, a ci^lian of Pe- rugia, and writer on the canon law, died 1433. BALDWIN I., count of Flanders, a distin- guished leader of the Crusades, who, for his bravery and virtue, was made emperor of the East. He was afterwards taken prisoner by' tlie Greeks and Bulgarians, confined for a longi time, and put to death 1-207. BALDWIN II., the last Latin emperor of Constantinople. After losing liis capital, he fled to Negiopont, to avoid falling into the hands of his enemy, and thence to Italy, where lie died, 1273. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded his brother, Godfrey do Bouillon, on the throne,! and after a victorious reign, died 1118, and was] buried on Mount Calvary. BALDWIN II., king of Jerusalem, succeed- ed Baldwin I., was taken prisoner, and diedi 1131. BALDWIN in., king of Jerusalem, son ofj PulU, of Anjou, died 1163. BALDWIN IV., king of Jerusalem, succeed- ed his father, Amaury, 1174 ; he died 1185. BALDWIN, Francis, a native of Anas, an eminent civilian and professor of law at Paris, Stra.?burg, fee, died 1573. BALDWIN, Martin, first bishop of Ipres, lived about 1570. BALDWIN, Frederick, a native of Dresden, died 1027. BALDWIN, a native of Exeter, and primate of England. He attended Richard I. in his cru- sade, and died in the holy land, 1191. B.'\LDWIN, Ebenczer, a worthy minister of Danbury, Conn., who, at his death, 1770, be ^lueathed 300Z. to his society. He was 31 years of aee. BALDWIN, Abraham, president of the Uni- versity of Georgia, member of the convention which adopted the constitution, 1787, and se- nator, in all which offices he was distinguished ; he died 1807. B.\LE, Robert, a native of Norfolk, prior ofj the Carmelites of Norwich, where he died 1503. BALE, John, bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, born at Cove, a small village in Suffolk, was bred up in the Romish religion, but became af- terwards a protestant. His conversion, how- ever, greatly exposeel him to tlie persocittion of BA the Eomifch clergy, and he must have felt their resentment, had he not bo.ii |u-otected by lord Cromwell; but, upon the death of tliis noble- man, he was obliged to fly to Ijollaiid, where he remained si.x years, and diaing that time wrote several pieces in the English language. He was recalk-d into England by iOdward \'I., and pre- sented to the living of l;i>iiuii's-st' plainly legible, to the great admiration of her majesty, the whole privy-council, and several ambassadors then at court. He was farther very dexterous in imitat- ing hand-writing, and, about 15B6, was employ- ed by secretary Walsingham in certain political manceuvres. He published in 1590 a work call- ed the " Writing Schoolmaster, in three parts ; the 1st, teaching swift writing, the 2d, true writ- ing, the 3d, fair writing." lie died about 1610. BALESTRA, Anthony, a historical painter of Verona, died 1720. BALEY, Walter, fellow of tlie New College, Oxford, and professor of physic there, after- wards physician to queen Elizabeth, died 1592. BALGUY, John, an eminent English divine, a theological, controversial, and metaphysical writer, born at Sheffie'd, 1686, died .it Harrow- Tate, 1748. He was the friend of Clarke and Hoadley, and was associated with them in maintaining the cause of rational religion and Christian liberty. BALGUY, ThoRiaa, II. D. son of tlie pre- 51 B,V ceding, aiclidoacon of V\ inclioster and pr( bond ary oi that cailiwUal, a puwerlul uliaiiipioii in the caiis-i' of morality and religion, and of the mos; diiinlerfstcd /.tal, having dcrliiied tin! bi- slioj)ric of Gloucester, which wai ofl'erud (o hiui by the king in 1781. Ur. U.dicd.Iaii. I'J, K'J5. BALI, ftleula; Bali, a luuj-suluian, who wioir on thH jurisprudence of his countrj', died 977 of the hegua. BALIOJj, John de, founder of Baliol College, Oxford, which was begun by him in ISti,"). and afterwards pcrfecied by his widow. During the contest between Henry HI. and his barons he fninly adhered to the kini.', and died in 1209. BALIUL, John de, kins of Scotland. Being opposed in his claims to the crown by Bruce, re- ference was made lo Edward, king of England, who decided in )iis favour. Afterwards, in a wa.- with Etl«\ir(!, he lost the battle ol' Dunbar, and retired to Frrince, where he died J314. BALKINl YEL,ALEDI)1\, author of abook on Mahometan jurisprudence, &.C. BALIj, Joh.i, an English divine, minister and teacher of VVhitmore, in Staffordshire, died IWO. BALLENDEN, or BULLANDEN, sir John, an elecant Scottish writer of the 16th century. He translated into the Scots language Hector Bceliuss History, which vias extremely well re- ceived both in Scotland and England, £ind died at Eonu!, 1550. BALLARD, George, bom at Campden, in Gloijcet^tershire, was one of those singular ge- niuses that shoot forth without culture- He was brought up to the profession of a habit- malier. Upon a discover)' of his abilities, lord Chedworth and some other gentlemen oflered him a pension of lOQl. per aniiiim, but he would only accept GO/. He published " Memoirs of British Ladies eminent for Learning or Abiii ties," and died young, in 17.55, supposed to be owing to too intense application. BALLEBINI, Peter and Jeroijie.two bro- thers, ecclesiastics, who devoted lliemselves to literaty pursuits and publisln d several valuable works, were both living, 17.58, BALLEXF?:K1), a native of Geneva, author of several medical works, died 1774. BALIJ, Joseph, of Palermo, canon of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, died 11)40. BALLIANI, John Baptist, a native and Se- nator of Genoa, author of a work on the mo- tion of bodies, died 10G6. BALiLlN, Clauile, a goldsmith of Paris, an artist of great celebrity, died 1678. BALSAMON, Tlieodore, a Patriarch of Au- tioch. died 1214. BALSHAM, Hugh de, bishop of Ely, died 1280. BALTHASAR, Christ ipher, king's advocate at Auxerre, and author of several protestant woiks, about 1659. B.VLTHAZ.'\RlNI,sumamed Beaiijoyeu.T, an 'talian nuisician, who composed several ballads and pieces of music, in the reign of Henry III. BALTUS, John Francis, a Jesuit of Metz, and librarian of Rheinis, died 174H. B.\LI,'E, John,of Poitou, bishop of Evtcux and of .\rras, cardinal and legate to the pope in France, died 1491. B.-VLZl'E, Stephen, a French writer, and au- tlior of the " Lives of the Popes of Avignon," born 1631, died 1718. B.SLZAC, John Lewis Guez de, historiogra- pher of France, and counsellor of state, was BA iceui a.s a writer (especially for his Letters, which went through several editions) : atid died 1654. BAMBOCIIE, a nickname given to Peter de Laer, a painier, lor his deformity, he died 1673. BAMBKlDGE,thristopiier.,anaiiveofWe6t- iiioreland; ambassador from Henry VIII to pope Julius II., a cardinal and archbishop of York died 1514 BA MPFIELD, Francis, pretendary of Exeter, and minister of Sherburne, died in Newgate 1684. BANCHI, Seraphin, a dominican of Flo- rence, who saved the life of Henry TV., of France, for which he was made bisliop of An- gouleme, died about 1(;08. BANCK, Lawience, a Swede, professor of law at Norkoping, died 1602. BANCROFT, Richard, chaplain to queen Elizabeih, bisiiop of London and Arclibi;)hop of Canterburv, died 1610. BANCROFT, John, bishop of Oxford, dieol 1640. BANDARRA. Gonzales, aPortnguese prophet and versifier, died 15.56. I BANDELLO, Maithev/, a celebrated Italian novelist, born ai Castelnuovo, in the district of Tortona, died in France, about 1561. His no- vels, like those of Boccace, are more reraarka- iblefor the naturalsiniplicity with which they are related, than for the decer.ey of their incident.9. By Henry 11. he was made" bishop of Agen, in France, 15.50, but resigned the see in 1.5.55. BANDINELLA, Baccio, a painter and sculp- tor of Floreiico, died 1559. BANDINI, .•\ngelo Maria, an Italian antiqua- ry, eminent for his learning and his writings, died 1800, leaving his fortune to literary and charitable uses. BANDURI, Anselm, a distinguished monk of Ragtisa, died 1743. BANGUIS, Peter, a Swede, professor of the- ology at Abo, and bishop of Wyburg, died 1696. B.ANGIIISI, Thomas, author of a Hebrew Lexicon, and professor of Hebrew, tiieology, and philosophy, at Copenhagen, died 1661. BANIER, Antliony, a celebrated mythologist of France, born 1673, died 1741. An English translation of his " Mythologj', and Fables of the Ancients," was published in London, 1741, in 4 vols. Svo. BANISTER, John, an Englishman, who cul- tivatfd the study of botany in" Virginia, and was killed by falling from a rock, in one of his ex- cursions. BANISTER, John, a learned English phy- sician in the 16th century. BANISTER, Richard, the younger, a physi- cian of great skill, of Stamford, England. The time of his death unknown. BANKS, Sir John, an eminent English law- yer, chief justice of the King's Bench, after- waids judge of common pleas, died 1664. B.ANKS, John, from a weaver's apprentice, became an author, and wrote a review of Crom- well's life, died 1751. BANKS, John, an English dramatic writer. His turn was entirely to tragedy, his merit in which is of a peculiar kind ; for, at the same time that his language must be confessed to be extremely unpoetical, and his numbers uncouth and inharmonious, nay, even his characters very far from being strongly marked or distin- guished, and his episodes extremely irregular, yet it is impossible to avoid being deeply affected bora 1594, at Angouleme; acquired much es-lat the representation, and even at the reading, 52 UA of his tragic pieces, wliicli are seven in niijabiir. Tiio time of his biitli and doaih are iwicurtain. BANKS, Rij.'lit Hon. Sir Joseph, Barf., and Kniglit of ihc liatli, a most eminent patron ol" literary and philosophical writers, and many years presiident of the Royal Society, was horn December i:i, 1743, and educated at Eton and O.\ford. In 17ti5, he visited the coasts of New- foundland and Lahrador, for the purpose of making researclics i.i Natural History. In 1768, he accompanied ( 'apt. Cook in his first voyage round thu world; sliortly after his return fronj which, .Sir Joseph, in company with liis friend. Dr. Solander, visited Iceland ; and a rich har- vest of new knowledge, and of specimens, com- pensated for tlic toils and e.\'pensc of this scien- tific adventure. Sir Joseph died at his house, in Soho-sqiiare, in his 80th year, June 19, 18-20. B.4NKS, Thomas, a celebrated English sculp- tor, born at Laniboth, in Surrey, Deci;inher S-i, 1738, and bred a wood-carver, to A\'hicli he served an apprenticeship of seven years. But when the Society for the Encouragement of Arts held out rewards for models and sculpture, he turned his mind to the study of that art ; and having obtained several premiums from that so- ciety, and in 1770, the gold medal of the Royal Academy, he was, in 1772, sent to Rome for three years, at the Academy's expense. Tiie several admirable works which he afterwards executed, in Russia, as well as in his own coun- try, are too numerous to be here detailed. We shall only mention, therefore, the monument of Sir Eyre Coote, in Westminster Abbey, and the alto reUevo for the front of the Shakspeare Gal- lery, in Pall Mall. Mr. B died February 2, 1805. BANNES, Dominique, a Spanish ecclesiastic and author, died 1()04. BANNFER, John, a Swedish general under Gustavus Adolplius, died 1641. B.VNaUO, or BANCHO, a Scotch general of royal birth. B.-VPTIST, John Monnoyer, a native of Lisle, and a celebrated painter of flowers, died 1690. BAPTISTIN, John Baptiste Struk, a musi- cian of Florence, died 1740. B ARACK, a judge of the Hebrews about 1240 B.C. BARAD^US, bishop of Edcssa, founder of a sect called Jacobites, died 588. B.\RANZANO, Rcdemptus, a monk, born in Piedmont, professor of philosophy at Anncci, and a correspondent of the great Bacon,died 1622. BARATIER, John PhiHp, a prodigy of his kind, was born at Schwoback, in .^.nspach, Ja- nuary 19, 1720-21 . His father, who was pastor of the Calvinistic church at Schwoback, took upon himself the care of his son's education, and tauivht him languages without study, and almost without his perceiving that lie w.is learn- ing them, by only introducing words of different languages, as it were casually, into conversation with liim. By these means, when he was but four years old, he spoke every day French to his mother, Latin to his father, and Higli Dutch to the maid, without the least perplexity to him- self, or the least confusion of one language with another. The other language, of whicli lie was master, he learnt by a metliod yet more uncom- mon, which was, by only using the Bible in the language he then proposed to learn, accom- panied with a translation. Thus he understood Greek at six, and Hebrew at eight years of age ; insomuch that he could, upon the opening of the book, and without a moment's hesitation, translate the Hebrew BiW^ into Latin or French. 6* BA |He aftervvaids applied iiiniself to the study of the fathers and the councils, of pliilosophy, nia- themalics, and, above all, of astronomy. This boy, as ho really was, formed schemes /or find- ing tl; . longitude, which .he sent, in January, 17:i5, to the Royal Society at London; and, though these schemes had been already tried, and found insuflicicnt, yet they exhibited such a specimen of his capacity for mathcinatical learning, that the Koyal Society of Berlin ad- mitted him, the same year, as one of their uiem- bcrs. In 1735, he went with his father to Halle; at Vvfhich university he was oftered the degree of master of arts, or (as they call it) doctor in philosophy. Baratier drew up tliaf night, 14 theses in philosophy and tiie mathematics ; these he sent innnediately to the press, and defended the next day so very ably, that all who heard him were delighted and amazed ; he was then admitted to his degree. He died at his father's, at Halle, the 5ih of October, 1740, in the 20tli year of his a;e. BARATIER,, Bartholomew, author of a di- gest of feudal law, and professor of jurispru- dence at Pavia, in the 15th century. BARB.'V, Alvarez Alonzo, an author and cu- rate of St. Bernard do Potosi, died after 1G20. BARBADILLO, Alphonsus Jerome dcSalas, a writer of Spanisli comedies, died about lOiJO. BARB.AUINO, a Portuguese writer of some merit. BARB.\RO, Francis, a noble and learned Ve- netian, i^overnor of Brescia, died 1454. BARB.'VRO, Ermolao, bishop of Trevisa, and afterwards of Verona, died 1470. BARBARO, or BARBARUS, Hermolaus, a learned Venetian, ambassador to the emperor Frederick, and to Pope Innocent VIH., and pa- triarch of Aquileia, died at Rome, 1493. BARBARO, Daniel, nephew to the patriarch, and ambassador from Venice to England, died in 1570. BARBAROS9A, Aruch, a notorious pirate, who made himself master of Algiers and Tunis, ^ffer murdering the kings of both. He was af- terwards opposed by the governor of Gran, and killed, 1518. BARB AROSSA, Cheredin, admiral under Se- lim II., and successor to Aruch on the throne of AlL'iers, died 1547. BAKBAROUX, Charles, deputy to tlie na- tional convention of France, and a bitter enemy to Louis XVI., executed in 1794. B.\RBATELLI, Bernardino, a painter, o^f Florence, dieii 1613. BARBAZAN, Stephen, a native of Auxerre, a laborious student and author, died in 1770. BARBAZAN, Arnaud GuiUaume de, a cour- tier of Charles Vll. of France, and a distin- guished warrior, died 1432. BARBE, a Bohemian lady, wife to the empe- ror Sigismond. BARBE, sumanicd Esther, for her piet}-, queen of Poland, died 1525. BARBE, another queen of Poland, died 1551. BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, Jean Louis, by his talents, emerged from obscurity, and be- came a distinguished French geographer; he died 1781 BARBERINI, Francis, a most excellent poet of Tuscanv, in the 13th century. BARBEU DE BOURG, .Tames, a native of Mayenne, an eminent physician, died 1779. BARBEY, Marc le, a celebrated physician, and favourite of Henry VI. of France, died about the cloie of the ICtta cemiuy. 53 BA ~ UAKJiKVIiAC, John, born lOT'l, at Baricrs, a city of Lower Lati^ediic, in tiuiicu. He translated into French the two ctiiibraied works of ••Puffi^ndorf," hi.-- " Law of Nature and A'a- tions,"and his "Duties of a MunaudCiti/.fcu;" wrote ciccilent noles to both these perlorniun- cee. and to the former gave an introductory pre- face. He published also, in 17iJ4, a trantlaiioii into Fretrcli of Grotius' treatise "Dc Jure Kelli ac Pacis." with ample and excellent notes, and died in 1729. BAKUIER D'AUCOmi, John, a native of L;uicres, and a lawyer of some merit, died 1G94 BARI5IEE, Mary Ann, a native of Orleans. a)id a writer of tragedies, died 1745. BARDIER, Lewi;?, a favourite of the Dukeof Orleans, and bishop of Langres, died 1070. BAKBIEKI, John Francis, a historical jiainter of sonic merit, died 1666. B.\RBOSA, Arius, one of the restorers of learning in Spain, and professor at Salamanca, died 1540. BARBOSA, Peter, a native of Portugal, pro- fessor at Coiinbra, and chancellor of the king- dom, died 1596. BARBOSA, Emanuel, a Portuguese author, died 1638. E.\RBOU, Hugh, a celebrated printer at Ly- ons, about 1580. BARBOUR, John, a Scotch clergyman, am- bassador from Bruce to the court of England, died 1378. BARBUD, a celebrated musician at tin; court of Persia. BARCALI, a Mahomedan writer, died 9S0 of the hegira. BARCHAM, John, a learned divine and an tiquary, born at Exeter, about 1572. He assisted Speed in his History of England ; ajid was au- thor of a " Display of Heraldrie," folio, 1611 ; but having composed this in his youth, and thinking it too light a subject to acknowledge, he gave it to John Gwillim, a herald of his ac- quaintance, under whose name it has been re- peatedly printed. He died 1642. BARCHUSEN, or BARKHAUSEN, John Conrad, a German, eminent as a physician, and lecturer on chymistry, died 1717. B ARCL AY, or BARKL AY, Alexander, a na- tive of Scotland, rector of a church in England, and an elegant writer of the 16th century. BARCLAY, William, a Scotchman, profes- s.Or of the university of Pontamousson, in France, died 1605. BARCL.AY, John, son of the preceding, a writer of some celebrity, died 1621. BARCLAY, Henry, D. D. sometime mission- ary to the Blohawk Indians, afterwards rector ©f Trinity Church, New- York, died 1765. BARCLAY, Robert, an eminent writer, of tbe society Of Quakers, born at Edinburgh, 1648 In 1C7G, his famous " Apology for the Quakers" was published in Latin, at Amsterdam, 4to. He translated it, however, into English, and publi.-hed it in 1678. This work is addressed to Charles II., and the manner in which he ex- presses hiinself to Jiis majesty is very remarka- ble. Among many other extraordinary pas- sages, we meet with the following : " Tlicre is no king in the world who can so experimentally testify of God's providence and goodness : nei- ther is there any who rules so many free people. so many true Christians; which thing rendei> thy poverniuciit more honourable, thyself more coniidernlile, than the accession of many na- tions, fdlod with slavish and suporstitious souls. 54 BA Thou hasl tabled of prosperity and adversity; fliou knowest wliat il is to be banished thy na- itive country, to be overruled as well as to rui« land sit upon the throne ; and, b> ing oppressed, llhou lia.-t reason to know how haieful the oi»- Ipressor is bodi to God and nian : il, alter all these warnings and advertisements, thou ilcst not turn unto the Lord with all thy heart, but forget him w ho remembered thee in thy distress, and give up thyself to follo^v low lust and vani- ty, surely great will be thy condemnation." — iHe did great service to his sect over all Europe, |by his writings, and died l&.'S. BARCOCH£BAS,or BAl!COCHAB,an im- postor among the Jews ; his Ibllowers were nu- merous, but afterwards destroyed by Julius Se- verus. BARCOS, Martin de, a controversial writer, of Baynnne, died 1678. BARD, a Mahomedan writer. BARD, John, a learned Fiiysician, in the city of New- York, several years, and etecicd praei- dent of tlie medical sxjcieiy of the same, died 17'.!9. BARDAS, a chief at Constantinople, guard- ian to Michael HI., was put to death 866. BARDAS, called Seelerus, a general r£u.sed to the purple by his soldiers ; time of his death un- known. BARDES.ANES, a Syrian author, and foun- der of a sect which bore his name, lived about 172. BARDET, Peter, a French advocate and au- thor, died in 1685. BARDHADI, a Mahomedan writer. BARDIN, Peter, a native of Rouen, and au- thor, was drowned in 1637. BARDIN, John, a French historical painter, born at Monthar, in 1732, and died at Orleans, in 18()9. In 1764, he gained the prize for p picture of Tullia driving over the body of her father. BARDNEY, Richard, a Benedictine, died in 1504. BAREBONE, Praise-God, a bigoted zealot of Cromwell's parliament, of such celebrity as a demagogue, that the parliament was ludicrously called after him. His two brothers adopted as Scripture names, " Christ came into the world to save, Barebone," and " if Christ had not died, thou hadstbeeii.damned, Barebone," called by the wits of tlie day, by the two last words. BARENT, Dieterich, a Dutch painter, died 1592. BARETTI, Joseph, born at Turin, about 1716. He came over to England in the year 1750, where he resided (with a short interval) the re- mainder of his life. Baretti had the good for- tune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel Johnson, and between them a very long intimacy had place. From the time of his arrival in Eng- land, he subsisted by teaching the Italian lan- guage, and by the sale of his writings. In 1760 he made a tour to Italy, through Portugal and Spain, and returned to England after an absence of six years. In 1769, he was tried at the Old Bailey for having stabbed a man who violently as- saulted him in tlie HajTiiarket. He made a most admirable defence ; which, added to the bad re- putatirai of his prosecutors, impressed the court much in his favour. He was acquitted of the murder, and of the manslaughter: the verdict was, self-defence. After this unfortunate trans- action he again sat down to his studies, and in |1770 published his "Travels," for wliich. it is said, he received 500/. On the establislimeiit of [the Royal Academy, he was appoinitd foreign BA BA sccreuiry , a post of more lionour than profit. He died May 5, 1789, without a struggle or sigh, the moment after taking aglass of wine ; preserving his faculties to tlie last niomeht. BAKEZI, a Mahoraedan author, died 738 of the liegira. BARGRAVE, Isaac, Chaplain to James I. and Charles, died 1642. BABIDAH.a Waliomedan writer on Aris- totle. B.\RINI, a Mahomedan wTiter. BARKER, Robert, a pahiter, known as the inventor of panoramic exhibitions, died 180G. BARKER, Thomas, son of tiie preceding was a member of the royal society, and the an- th«r of several theological and other pieces, he died in London, 1809. BARKHAM, John, a native of Exeter, and a divine of reputation for learning ; time of his death unknown B.-VRKI, a Mahomedan writer. BARKSDALE, Clement, master of Hereford school, and rector of Naunton, died in 1687. BARL.\AM,a monk of Caiabria, made ab- bot of St. Salvador, by the emperor Andronicus, died in 1348. BARLyEUS, Gasparaus, a Latin poet, of Antwerp, sub-pruicipal of the college atliCyden and afterwards professor of philosophy at Am stordain, died 1(>48. BARL^EUS, Lambert, Greek professor at Levdtn, died in Ki.'rt. BARIi AND, Adrian, anativeof Zealand, and protessur at Louvain, died in 1542. B.'VRLETTA, Gabriel, a dominican, of some celebrity as a writer and preacher, born at Na pies, about 1400. BARLOTTA, Joseph, a Sicilian poet of the 18th century. BARLOW, William, bishop of different dio- ceses, under Henry VIII., and Mary and Eliza- beth of England, died 1568. BARLOW, Francis, a native of Lincolnshire a painter, died 1702. BARLOW, Joel, L L. D., author of the Co- lunibiad, was born at Reading, Conn., 1758, and educated at Yale College ; he served in tlie American army a« a volunteer, and as a chap- lain. At the close of the war, he went to France where he became conspicuous and popular as a zealous friend of the revolution. He wa.s ap pointed American consul at Algiers, and after- wards minister from the U. S. to France, and died, on his way to Wilna to meet Napoleon. 1812. BARLOWE, Thomas, successively fellow of Oxford, keeper of the Bodleian, professor of di- vinity, and bishop of Lincoln, died 1C91. BARLOWE, William, remarkable for hav- ing been the first who wrote on the nature and properties of the loadstone, 20 years before Gil- bert published his book 5 BA BA BAKUNI, Adiiaiine Basile, sister to Basilo the poet ; greatly admired lor iier beauty, wit, and acconiplisliiiients. BAKONIUS, Catar, a Neapolitan Cardinal, librarian of the Vatican, and author of " Eccle- siastical AnniUs, from A. D. 1, to ll'J8," born 15;iS, died 16U7. B AROU D\J SOBEIL, N., a difttinguisbed law- yer at Lyons, put to death in 17112. BAKOZZI, James, a skilful architect, of Mo- tlena, who succeeded Michael Angelo, as the architect of St. I'eiers, died in 1577. BAKKAL, Peter, an ecclesiastic of Grenoble, teacher at Pa,riS| and author of a historical dic- Iio):iiry, died in 177i2. BAKU E, Francois Pouillain de la, a native of France, professor at Geneva, died in ]7'i3. BAIiRE, Lewis FrancoigeJos. de la, a native of 'J'ournay, author of some books on Antiqua- rian hisiory, &c. ; he died in 3738. BARRE", JMichel de la, of Paris, an eminent plaver on the German flute, died 1744. BARRE, Joseph, canon of St. Genevieve, chancellor of the university of Paris, and au- thor of a history of Germany, died 17f»4. BARRE, Madame du, mistress of Lewis XV., of France, executed during the revolution in 1703. BARREAUX, Jacques Vallce, a libertine of Paris ; lie was celebrated lathcr for his volup- tuous life, than for the productions of his pen; died 1073. BARRELIER, James, a dominican friar, eminent as a scientific botanist, died 1073. BARRERE, Peter, a physician of Perpignan, died 175.1. BARRETT, George, an eminent self-taught painter, of Dublin, and a member of the Royal Academy, died 1784. BARRETT, William, asur,?eon, of Bristol.and author of a history of that city, died 1789. BARRIERE, Pierre, a soldier who attempted to assassinate Henry IV. of France, but was de- fected and broken on the wheel, 1693. BARRLNGTOjV, John Phutc, lord viscount, a nobleman of considerable learning, and au- thor of several books on religious subjects, was born in 1678, and died in 1734. BARRINGTON, Daines, son of the above, a celebrated English lawyer, antiquary, and writer on subjects of law, politics, natural histo- ry, geography, and criticism, born 1727, died March 14, 1800. His writings are very nume- rous, and many of them are in the Philosophi- cal Transactions and the Archreologia; but those wliich most distingiiished him as an au- thor were, his " Observations on the Statutes, chiefly the more ancient," &c. of which, two 4to editions were published in one }'ear, fnfyfi.) BARRINGTON, Samuel, son of lord B., a distinguished admiral in the British navy, died 1800. BARROS, or DE BARROS, John, a native of Viseo, preceptor to the princes of Portugal, afterwards governor of St. George, on tJie Afri- can coast, and treasurer of the Indies, under knig Juan. He wrote a history of the Indies, and died 1.170. BARROW, Isaac, an eminent mathematici.in and divine, born in London, 1630 When the King advanced Dr. B. to the dignity of master of Trinity College, Cambridge, his majesty was pleased to say, " he had given it to the best scho- lar in England ;" and he did not speak from re- port, but from his own knowledge. The doctor neing then his chaplain, he iised\)ften to ctm- 56 verse with him, and, in his humorous way, to call him an " tmfair preacher," because he ex- hausted every subject, and lelt nothing for others to say alter him. In 1C75, he was chosen vice- chancellor of the univett^ity. This great and learned divine died of a fever the 4th of May, 1077, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. BARROW, Isaac, a native of Spiney Abbey, bishop of Sodor, Man, and St. Asaphs, died 1677. BARRY, Girald, a native of Pembrokeshire, a clergyman, and author of a history of tJie con- (juesl of Ireland ; he died after 1215. BARRY, James, an Irish lawyer; he was a baron of the excluMjuer, chief justice of the king's bench, and afterwards lord Santrj' of the peerages ; he died 1673. BARRif , Spranger, an eminent EngUsh actor, coteniporary wiih, and a powerful rival of, Mr. Garrick, born in Dublin, 1719, died in London, Jan. 1774. His pecutiar advantages were de- rived from a tine person, niclodious voice, and pleasing address , and his performances in ama- tory cliaraci( rs were perhaps never excelled. See CRAWFORD. BARRY, James, an eminent painter, was born at < ork, in Ireland, 1742 ; and having early discovered great genius for the art, he was pa- tronized by Mr. Burke, and brought to London, where he became a pupil to Sir Joshua Rey- nolds. When Mr. Burke came into administra- tion with the marquis of Rockingham, he sent Mr. Barry to Italy, at his sole expense. After visiting all the celebrated schools of the conti- nent, in which he occuined three years, Mr. Barry returned to London ; and in 1775, pub- lished " An Inquiry into the real and imaginary Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in England." About two years after this, he was elected a Royal Academician, and in 1786 made IMofesEor of painting to the Royal Academy; but in 1799, on an alleged addiction to demo- cratical principles, was removed from that of- fice. He seems soon afterwards to have taken disgust at society, from which he retired into a wretched obscurity, living unattended, and half tarved, till some friends raised about lOOOZ., with wliich they purchased an annuity for him; but before the first quarter's payment of it be- came due he died, Mar. 22, 1806, and was inter- red in St. Paul's cathedral. His greatest eftbrt of art is a series of allegorical pictures, which he painted gratuitously for the great room of the Society of Arts, in the Adelphi. BARRY, George, D. D., an ominent Scotch di\ine, author of a history of the Orkne>-s, died 1803. B.ARRY, John, first commodore in the Ameri- can navy ; lie possessed great courage, was a patriot, and Christian, and died 1803. BARPUMA, or BARSOMA, metropolitan author of several books in Syriac. B ARTAS, Guillaume de Salluste du, a French poet of Monfort, in Armagnac, died 1590. BABTH, John, a native of Dunkirk, who, by his bravery and skill, rose to a high rank in the French navy ; he died in 1702. BARTHE, Nicholas Thomas, a native of Marseilles ; he was author of seme dramatic pieces, and died 1785. BARTHELEMI, Nicholas, a Benedictine of the 15th century, and author of some devotional Latin poems. BARTHELEMI, the Nestor of French lite- rature, and author of the " Travels of Ana- charsis in Greece," died May 4, 1795. Burins BA tlie doiuiiiaiioji of" Robespierre, like most other men of learning, he was imprisoned ; when, notvvilhstandiiig his great age (upwards of 86) and inlirmities, instead of sinking under the ri- gour with which he was treated, he exerted him- self in consoling his fellow-sufferers. Soon af- ter the fall of Robespierre, he was released, and allowed a pension. In the '' Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres,'" are preserved many of his papers, illustrating Greek literature. BARTHELEMI DES MARTYRS, a domini can, of Lisbon, archbishop of Braganza, died In 1590. BARTHES DE MARMORIONS, Paul Jo- seph, a French medical writer, and professor of medicine, and chancellor of that faculty, in the university at Montpelier ; he died 1806. BARTHIUS, Gaspard, of Brandenburg, an elegant scholar, and perfect master of most for- eign languages, died 1658. BARTHOLIN, Gaspard, professor of Latin, of medicine, and afterwards of divinity, at Co- penhagen, died 162'.t. BARTHOLIN, Thomas, son of Gaspard, pro- fessor of mathematics and of anatomy at Co- penhagen, afterwards librarian to the univer- sity, and physician to the king of Denmark ; he died 1680. B.VRTHOLTN, Thomas, son of the above, professor of law and history at Copenhagen, and counsellor to the king ; he died in 1690. His three brothers were also professors of the uni- versity of Copenhagen, and their sister was an eminent Danish poetess. BARTHOLOMEW, St., one of the apostles, who preached the gospel in Ethiopia, Lycaonia, and the Indies. BARTHOLOMEW, the Martyr, a kind and benevolent Christian, and archbishop of Braga, died 1500. BARTLET, John, minister of St. Thomas, near Exeter, and author of some divinity tracts. BARTLETT, Josiah, a physician in New- Hampshire ; he was a member of the continen- tal congress from that state, and a signer of the declaration of independence, and was after- wards governor of the state ; he died 1795. BARTOLI, Cosimn, of Florence, resident ol duke Cosmo at Venice, in the 16th century. BARTOLI, Daniel, a Jesuit of Ferrara, set- tled at Rome, where he wrote several historical works in Italian ; he died in l(i85. BARTOLO, a lawyer of eminence, professor of law at Pisa, and counsellor to Charles IV., died 1359. BAETOLOOCI, Julius, acistercian monk, of Naples, and Hebrew professor at Rome, died 1687. BARTOLOZZI, Francesco, a very eminent engraver, born at Florence, in 1728. In 1764 he came to England and worked forthe printsellers, particularly Mr Boydell. In 1769 he was cho sen a member of the Royal Academy. The new mode of stippling, or engraving in the red chalk manner, now becoming fashionable, gave Bartolozzi ample employment, and he executed in that way many hundreds of prints. The finest of all his works, perhaps, are the Marlborough Gems, and the prints for Boydell's Sliak- speare. In 1802 lie went to Lisbon, on an invi- tation from the prince regent of Portugal, who allowed him a pension ; and there he died in March, 1815. BARTON, Benjamin S., M. D., an eminent H BA pliy.sician, of Philadelphia. He w^a appointed professor of natural history and botany, and af- terwards of Materia Medica, in the univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and succee84, and di,id in 085. BENEDICT HI. was made pope after Leo IV. ; he died in 858. BENEDICT IV. died in 903. BENEDICT V, was elected pope in opposi- tion to Leo VIII. : he was carried to Hamburg by the emperor Otho, where he died in 905. BENEDICT VI. was strangled by his rival, antipope Boniface, in 974. BENEDICT VII., successor to Bonus 11., died in 9HH. BENEDICT VIII. was opposed by Gregory, and successfully supported by the emperor. Henry II. ; he was an able politician, and a brave warrior ; he utterly exterminated the Saracens, who had invaded Italy in 1016, and died 1004. BENEDICT IX. was elected pope, when only 12 vears old, by the intrigues of his father, the t'tike of Tusculura, and compelled to abdi- T fi BE cate by the Romans on accotmt of his debauch- ery ; he died UM. BKNEDK:T, X., antipope, was placed in the papal chair by some factious Romans, but liis election was disputed, and Nicliolas 11. chOBeii in his place ; he died 1059. BENEDICT XI., Nicholas Bacosin, chosen pope after Boniface VIH., was poisoned by his cardinals iii i:!0D. BENEDICT XII., James de Nouveau, sur- named the Bakrr, a doctor, of Paris, and cardi- nal, elected to the chair, in I'SM. His conduct was firm and dignified, and entitled him to uni- versal resDoct ; lie died in l.'t4'2. BENEr3lCT, XHI., a native of Rome, of the noble family of Ursini ; was a domimcau of Ve- nice, and bishop uf Bcnevento, where his palare was destroyed by an earthquake, and he narrow- ly escaped ; he was chosen pope Vri-l, died 173tt. BENEDICT, XIV., archbishop of Theodosia and Bologna, and a cardinal, was elected pope, 1740. He was the munilicent patron of learned men, encouraged the fine arts, a-.id was a vigi- lant, impartial, and distinguislied prelate ; he died in 1758. BENEDICTUP, Ale.xandcr, an Italian anato- mist, of the 15th century. BENEFIELD, Sebastian, D. D., an Engli.^h divine, and tlieological writer, and professor of di\'inity at O.vlbrd, died in 1030. BENEZET, St., asliepherd of Vivarais, who pretended to be inspired to build the bridge of A vii'non, four arclies of which only remain, dieli in 1 184. BENEZET, Anthony, a native of France, belonged to the society of Friends ; teacher of the Frieiids' English school in Philadelphia, af- terwards of the blacks ; he died in 1784. BENHAD.'\D I., king of Damascu.s or Syria, 940, B. C. BENHAD.AlD II., son and successor of the preceding, 900 B. C , slain by his minister Ha- zael, wlio succeeded him. BENHADAD III., succeeded his father, Ha- zael, S.IG B. C, he was defeated and ruined by Josi.ah, king of Judah. BENI, Paul, a native of the island of Candia, and proibseor at Padua, died i.T 102.5. BENINI, Vincent, a native of Coloqua, phy- sician at Padua, died in 1764. EENTVIENI, Jerome, an admired poet of Florence, died in 1519. BENJx\MIN, youngest of the twelve sons of Jacob, born about 1738 B. C, he died in Egypt, aged 111 years. BENJAMIN, a rabbi, of Navarre, who travel- led over the world to e.xamine tlie synagogues and ceremonies of liis nation, died in 1173. BENNAVIDIO, Marcus Mantua, professor of law at Paihia, highly esteemed by Charles V. and |wpc Pius IV. ; he died in 1582. BENNET, Henry, earl of Arlington, a xeal- ous royalist, during the civil wars, was, after the restoration, minister to Madrid, and .secretary of slate to Charles II., and afterwards his chainber lain : he died in 1685. BENNET, Dr. Thomas, a native of Salisbu ry, was an eloquent and popular preacher, at Colche.ster, and afterwards in I.,onduii ; he died in 1728. BENNET, Christopher, a distinguished phy- sician, of London, and a writer on medical sub- jects, died fn 10.55. BENNET, Robert, B D., rector of Waddes- den, Bucks, .author of a ilieological concord- ance, died in 1G87. 65 RK BEiNNET, Uicliaril, siicietdwi Sir William Berkley as governor oi" tin; colony of Virginia niid retaiiifcrt tiie place until 1054, when lie wm appointed an aL'ciit of the colony to England. BE.NOJT, Elie, a protuslantniinistor of Paris, who fled li;, Isaac de, a French poet of the 17ili century, hi.rn at Lyons, near Rouen, died ir,90. BKNHON, Dr. George, a very distinguished pastor among the Enelioli dissenters, was horu iitGrcHtf-alkpld,inCnniberland, 1091), and diedi J7fi3. lu 17-10 he beciunc colleague with Dr.' Lardner, at C'rutched Fiiars, and, on his death, had the .^ole pastorship intrusted to him. Of hi.s A'ritines, the principal are " A Defence of the Reasonableness of Prayer ;" " An Illu^ration of such of St. Paul's Epistles as Mr. Locke had not E.xplained ;" " A History of the First Plant- inc of Christianity," 2 vcds. 4lo. " Tracts on Pei.^erulion ;" and " A life of Christ." BENT, John Van de, a native of Amsterdam, whose land.scapes are much admired ; he died! in lorifl. BENTHA5I, Thomas,' bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, under Elizabeth, died in 1578. BKXTHAM, Edward, an English divine,] professor of divinity at Oxford, died in 1776. BEXTHAM, James, prebendary of Ely, and rector of Bow Krickhill, in the county of Buck- ingham, well known in the learned world as author of " The History and Atitiriuities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely;" lie was born in El v, 1718. and died Nov. 17, 1794. BENTICK, William, first ear! of Portland, the early and devoted friend of William of Orange, came with him to England, and was by hijii ennobled; in; died in ITO'J. BKNTICK, William Henry Cavendish, third duke of Fortiand, chancellor of tlie university of 0.\ford, secretarj' of stale ibr the home de- partment, and first lord of the treasury, died 1609. BENTrVOGLTO, Guy, cardinal, born at Ferrara, in 1579, died 1044. He h:is left several works ; the most remarkable of which are, liisj " History of the Civil Wars of Flanders," his •• Account of Flanders," and his " Letters and Memoirs." EENTFV'OGLIO, HercTiles, distinguished asl a poet, was a native of Bologna, esteemed andi fiatronised by the duke of Ferrara, his relation, ilii'd in 1583. BENTLET, Richard, an eminent critic and divine, born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, in IfiW,! died 1742. His literary character is known in, ail parts of Europe wherever learning is known. I In his private character, he was hearty, sin-! cere, and warm in his friendships : loved hos- pitality and respect ; nr.d in conversation, he! te'nipered the hard-mouthed severity of the critic! witli a pecnliarstrain of vivacity and pleasantry.; BENTLEY,Thnmas,nephcw to the preceding,' author of " The Wishes," a comedy, and other d»amatic pieces, died 1782. ' BEXTLEY, William, D. D., a minister of a I'burchin Salem, was distinguished as a scholar, philosopher, and politician. He edited the Es- sex Register nearly twenty years, and died in 1819. I BENVENUTI, Charles, a Jesuit, of Leghorn, professor of mathematics at Rome, died in 1789. 66 BE . IJENW'ELL, William, an able ami distin- CHlshi'd English divitie, and an elegant scholar, died in l"9(i. BENYOWSKY, Count Mauritius Augiistiia de, an extraordinary adventurer, born in 1741, at Verbowa, in Hungary, and killed at the isle of France, May 23, '1786. His very eventful life has been published in 2 vols. 4to ; but a good abstract of it will be found in Mr. CInI- mer's Biographical Dictionary, 32 vols. 8vo. Our limits preilnde even an analysis of it. BF.XZELll S, Eric, an obscure native of West Gothland, who, by his great merit, became tutor to the sons of the ciiancellor of Sweden, and archbishop of Upsal ; he died in 1709. BENZIO, Trifone, an elegant Italian poet_, called by his cotemporaries tlic Socrates oi Koine , he died about 1.J70. BEOTEO, Angelo, snmamed Ruzzante, a poet, boni at Padua, died in 1542. BLKAULD, Nicolas, a native of Orleans, of the Ititli century, eminent for his great learning, and his aciiuaiutance with Erasmus and other learned men. BERCHET, Peter, a French painter, died in 1720. BBRCHEUR, Peter, a benedictine, translator of Livy, bv order of king John of France, died in 13fi2. BEKENGARIUS, Jacobus, a surgeon, emi- nent for an original mode of practice, in parti- cular c.-s, Duke of, a natural son of James n. by Arabella Churchill born .\ugusl 21, lfi70. He was one of the great est generals of his age ; and, fm- liis services to the crown of France, was, in the year 170lj, created mareschal of that kingdom. " It was impossible," says Montesquieu, " to behold him, and not to love virtue, so evident was traniiuil- lity and happiness in his soul. He loved his friends. He used to render them services, with- out mentioning them. It was an invisible hatid that served you. He had a great fund of reli- gion, and was fond of the clergy, but would not be governed by tliein. No man ever practised religion so nmch, and talked of it so little. He never spoke ill of any one, nor bestowed any praise upon those whom he did not think de- served it. In the work of Plutarch I have seen, at a distance, what great men were ; in him 1 behold, at a nearer view, what they are.' ' He died A. D. 1734, in the field of glory, being killed at the siege of Philipsburgh. He left be- hind him his " Memoirs," avery valuable work. BERYLLUS, a bishop of Arabia in the 3d centnr}'. BESLER, Basil, of Nuremberg, adistinguished botanical writer, was born in l.Wl. I5EvSLEY, John, a learned French antiqua- rian, and king's advocate, died in 1644. B ESOGNE, Jerome, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and author of a history of Port Royal, &c.,died in 1763. BESOLDE, Christo])her, a professor of law at Tubingen, died in 1(138. BESPLAS, Joseph Mary Anne Gros de, a doctor of the Sorhonne, known as an eloquent preacher, died in 1783. BESSARION, a native of Trebizond, titular patriarch of Constantinople, and a cardinal, il- lustrious as one of tlie restorers of karoing in the 15th century. He died of grief, in conse- quence of being pros-sly insulted by Lewis XI., while an ambassador at his court. BESSET, Henry de, comptroller of public works in France, and author of the history of the campaign of Rocroi : he died in 1693. BETHAM, Edward, B. D., fellow of King's College, and afterwards of Eton College, was a liberal donor to the university. BETHKNCOURT, Jean dc, discovered the Canary Islands, and conquered them with the aid of Henry HI. of Castile. BETHUNE, Pliilip de, ambassador frora !''ranco to Rome, Scotland, and Germany, i in 1649. BETIS, governor of Gaza, cruelly treated 1 .■\lexan in Tothill-streel, Westminster, 103.5, made liis tint appearance on the stage, in 1650 or 1657, at tile opera-house, in Charter-house Yard, under (he direction of Sir William D'Avenant; and, iiaving, for many years, borne away the palm from all his competitors, died April, 1710, ami was interred in Wesininster Abbey. See Cib- lier's Apology, Tattler, No. 167, and Davies' Dramatic Miscellanies, for a particular account of this eminent man. BETTINELEI, Xavier, an Italian Jesuit, was a teacher in France, and, on the suppression of his order became a prolessor of rhetoric at Mo- dena. He died 180?. BETTl.M, Dominico, an eminent painter of Florence, ilied in 1705. BET'l't?, J.)hii, M. D., physician to the king after the restoration. BETUSSI, Joseph, an Italian poet, of Bassa- no, horn in 1520. BKVERIDGE, William, a learned English divine, bisliop of St. Asaph, born at Barroxv, in T.cicestershire, 1638, died 1707, leaving behind him many learned and valuable works. BEVERLAND, Hadrian, anative of Zealand, known for liis great abilities, his profligacy, and the immorality and obscenity of his writings; the time of his death is not known. BEVER LEY, John, abbot of St. Hilda, bishop of Hexham, and archbishop of York,died in 721. BEVERLY, R., a native of Virginia, and au- thor of a history of that colony. BEVERNINCK, Jerome Van, an able Dutch statesman, ambassador to Cromwell, died in 1690. BEVERWICK, John de, a distinguished phy- sician, and able writer of Dordrecht, died in 1647. BEWICK, John, of great excellence in the art of engraving on wood, and brother to Tho- mas Bewick, an artist of equal or superior me- rit, still living. These ingenious brothers have carried their art to a* state of perfection which will not easily be surpassed. The first work that attracted the notice of the public, and at once established their reputation, was, a " His- tory of Quadrupeds," 8vo., 179(i, with figures on wood. It was eagerly sought after by the curious, and has been followed by many other proofs of their abilities, the last of which is, a " History of British Birds," 8vo., 1797 ; on wliich John was engaged in conjunction with his bro- ther, when a consumption carried him off, De- lemiier ,i, 1795. BEUF, John le, a learned antiquary, and member of the academy of belles lettres, at Pa- ris, a writer on the history and topography of France, died in 1760. BEURS, William, a celebrated Dutch painter of flowers, landscapes and portraits, born in 165C. BEXON, Scipio, assisted Buflxin in his natu- ral history, and was himself an author; he died at Paris, in 1784. BEYS, Charles de, a French poet, died in 1656. BEYSSER, John Michael, in early life a tra- veller, afterwards a general in the French revo- lution ; he was executed, without an adequate 'cause, in 1794. 80 • lU BKZA, Tlieodore, a most zealous pronioti-i ati(] defender of the reformed thiirch, liorii a Vezclai, in Rureundy, .Iiuic 04, 1510, died 1005 BEZIEI(.c<, MiclAcl, un ccclesiaBtic, known for liis laborious researches in history and ami quity, died in 178-. BKZOUT, Stephen, a writer on mathematics, navigation, and algebra, died in 178.1. BIANCVM, Joseph, a Jesuit and matheraa- tician of Bologna, died in 10-14. BIAJNCHI, Francis, a painter, master to Cor- regio, dii'd in lo-^O. BIANCHI, Peter, an eminent Roman painter, died in 1730. BIANCHIN, John Fortunatis, professor of medicine at Padua, and a medical writer, died in 1779. BIANCHINI, Francis, a native of Verona, eminent for his creat learning, was patronised by pope Alexander VIII., and received marks of respect from the Roman Senate ; iie died in 1729. BIANCHINI, Joseph, a Veronese orator. BI ANCOLELLI, Pierre Francois, an eminent player, and a writer of plays, died in 1734. BIARD,Peter,asculptor of celebrity, at Paris, died 1009. BIAS, called one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Priene, a town of Caria, about 570 B. C. Thougii born to great wealth, he lived without splendour, expending his fortant in relieving the needy. On one occasion, cer tain pirates brought several young women to sell as slaves at Priene. Bias purcha.sed them, and maintained tliem until he had an opportunity ot returning them to tlieir friends. This generous action caused liim to be styled " The Prince of VVis^e Men." BIBB, William V\''yatt, a native of Georgia and a physiciaii, after representing his naiive state in both brandies of the national congress, was chosen first governor of the state of A laba ma, by tlie people, in 1819, and died the follow- ing year. BIBIENA, Bernardo de, a Roman of obscure origin, who, by his intrigues, promoted the elec- tion of Leo X., for whicli he was made a cardi- nal ; he died in 1520. BIBIENA, Ferdinand Galli, a celebrated ar- chitect and painter, of Bologna, patronised by the duke of Farnia and the emperor, died blind in 1743. BIBLIANDEB, Theodore, professor of theo- logy- at Zurich, died in 1504. BICHAT, Marie Frances Xavier, medical pro- fessor at the Hotcl-Dieu, Paris, and auilior of |, several valuable works ou medical subjects, died in 1802. BIDDLE, John, one of the most eminent En- glish writers among the Socinians, was born at Wotton-under Edge, 1015. Though a pious, honest, well-nieaninr man, he sulfered various persecutions for his adlierence to some singular notions about the Trinity, and died 10C2. One of his books was burnt by order of parliament. BIDDLE, Nicholas, a native of Philaiklphia, and a captain in the American navy, was, with his crew, blown up, in an action witli a British C4 gun ship, in 1778. BIDL.'VKE, John, an English divine and poet, died in 1814 ; he published, besides some ser- mons, a number ^i poems &.c lUDLOO, Godfrey, an eminent physician and anatomical writer of Amsterdam, professor at the Hague and ;it Lej'den, and physician to king Wiiliani. died 1713. 70 HIE, Adrian de, a portrait painter, setlied at Rome, about HMK). BIEFIELD, James Frederick, baron dc, sec- retary of legation in the set vice of Frederick of Prussia, preceptor to his brother, and after- wards a privy counsellor, died in 1770. BIELKE, N., baron de, a Swedish gentle- inaii, engaged with Ankersfruein, in the conspi- racy against the king of Sweden : wlien delected, he took poison, and riled in 1792. BIENXK, John, an eminent printer, of Paris, died in 1586. BJ1;RVE, N. Marechal,marquisdc, a French- man, known ibr his ready wit, and as an author lof plays, died in 1789. BJE'Z, Oudard du, a native of Artois, whose Igreat bravery and pre.sence of mind in the tield of battle, were particularly cu)js;iicnous. lie iwas in tiie service of Francis 1., aiid died in Pa ris, in 1553. BIEZELINGEN, Christian Jans Van, a por trait painter, of Delft, died in 1600. BIFIELD, Nicholas, miniater of St. Peters, Chester, died in 1G20. BIGELOW, Tinjothy, a distinguished lawyer of Massachusetts, was for more than twenty years a representative or senator in the legisla- ture of his native state, and for eleven years, jspeaker of the house of refiresentatives, over which he presided with diguitvand ability, died 1821. EIGNE, Grace, de la, a poet of Bayeux, ac- companied king John to England after the bat- itJe of Poictiers, and died in 1374. I BlfiNE, Marquerin de la, of the same family as the preceding, was a doctor of the Sorboune, eminent as a njan of letters; he died in 1591. BIGNICOURT, Simon de, a counsellor of Rheims, eminent for his knowledge of ancient and modern literature, died in 1775. EIGNON, Jerome, distinguished for his early attainments, was a cjunsellor of state and ad- vocate general to the parliament of Paris, and an able statesman ; he died in 1050. BIGOT, Emeri, a native of Rouen, eminent for his learning, and his acquaintance witli learned men, died in 1G89. BILDERBEK, Cinistopher Laurent, a Hano- verian lawyer, died in 1749. BILFINGER, George Bernard, professor of philosophy at Petersburg, and afterwards at Tu- bingen, eminent for his writings, died in 1750. BILLAUT, Adam, a joiner, of Neveis, a man of strong powers of mind, and of consider- able talent and merit as a poet, died in 1062. BILLI, Jaqnesde, a naiive of Guise, eminent for his learning and liis poetical talents, died in 1581. BILLI, Jaques de, a Jesuit of Compiegnc, au- thor of several valuable mathematictd treatises, died in 1079. BILLINGSLEY, Henry, a merchant of Lon- don, who acquired immense wealth, and rose to the highest city honours, and was knighted while lord mayor. He was a profound mathe- matician, and published the first English trans- lation of Euclid ; he died in 1006. BILLIONI, N. Bussa, a celebrated and much admired actress, at the theatres of France and Brussels, died in 1783. BILSON, Thomas, early distinguished as a poet, afterwards as an able divine and eloquent preacher, bisliop of Worcester and Winchester, died in 1016. BINDLEY, James, an eminent antiquarian and founder of the society of Antiquaries, in VI BL England, died in 1818. His collection of books prints, and medals, was very extensive and valu- al.lt!. BINGHAM, George, a fellow of All Soul's Culleijf, Oxford, and rector of Pimpern, in Dor- set, died in 1800. He wrote and published seve ral theological works, which were collected in two volumes, after his death. BIXGHAM, Joseph, born at Wakefield, ii Yorksliire, ItiiiS. He wrote a learned and labu rious work, " Origines Eci"lesiastica!, or the An liquities of the Christian Church ; the first vo- lime of whicli was published 1708, in 8vo, and it was completed afterwards in 9 volumes more. He died August 17, 1723. BINGH.'VM, Joseph, son of the preceding, was educated at Oxford, where hedied at the ai^- of -22, in consenuence of excessive application.! Bl.VMING, Hugh, an eloquent preacher, andi professor of moral philosopiiy at Glasgow, died 1C54. BICERNS"i'AHL, professor of oriental lan- guages at L'psal, died in 1779. BION, of Smyrna, a Greek bucolic peet, flou- rished about 288 B. C. BION, a Scythian philosopher, the disciplfj of Crates, and afterwards of Theophrastus,' about -ilti B. C. I BION, Nicholas, an able engineer and mathe-j matician, died at Paris, in 1733. BIOXDI, Francis, Sir, author of a valuable history of the civil wars of the houses of York ami Lancaster, in Italian. BIONDO, Plavio. vid BLONDUS. BIR.\GUE, Clement, an engraver of Milan, said to have discovered the means of engraving diamonds, lived at the court of Philip II., of Spain. BIRAGUE, Rene de, a native of Milan, went to France and became a favourite of Charlcj-j IV., who made him keeper of the seals, and chancellor of the realm ; although a cardinal he died little respected, in 1582. BIRCH, Thomas, a distinguished historical and biographical writer, born in the parish of St. John, Clerkeawell, London, Nov. 23, 1705, of parents who were quakors. His death was occasioned by a fall from his horse, and happen (•d Jan. 9, 17GG. Of his various publications, th^' principal was "The General Dictionary Historical and Critical," in 10 vols, folio: the first of which was published in 173!, the last in 1741. BIRD, William, known as an excellent com poser of music, died in 1623. BIREN, John Ernest, a person of mean birth, elevated to the highest dignities by .Anne, em- press of Russia, who made hira her prime mi nister, and duke of Courland. On her death he assumed the reins of t£overnment, but was exiled, by the nobles, to Siberia. He died in 1771. BIRINGCOCCIO, or BIRINGCUCCI, Van- muccio, an able mathematician of Italy, author of a treatise on the art of fusing, and of casting metal for cannon, published in 1540. BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, L. L. D., professor of moral philosophy at Oxford, a zealous royal- ist, and a pop\ilar courtier ; he died in 1679. BIRON, Armandde Gonrault, baron de, page to queen Margaret of Navarre,ro3e through the gradations of the army to the rank of marechal of France. He distinguished himself in the service of his sovereign, and was killed by a annon ball at the siege of Epernai, in 1592. r.IRON, Charles De Gonrault due de, sonofl the preceding, was admiral and marechal of France, and a favouriteof Henry IV.. wliom-ode hitji a duke, and sent him ambassador to Eng- land. He was beheaded for tri;ison, in HWi. BfSCAINO, Bartholoinew,a painter of Genoa, died in lf).57. BISCHOP, John de, an eminent landscape and historical painter, died in 168*5. Another, called Cornelius, a painter, di'-d in 1674. BISHOP, Samuel, high master of Merchant tailors' School, a learned divine and very re- speciable poet, died Nov. 17, 1795. BISI, Bonaventnie, an admired painter, ot' Bologna, died in 1662. BiSSET, Charles, M. D., a physician, served several years as engineer, in Flanders, and wrote on fortiticatioiis, and on medical subjects. Died in 1791. BISSET, Dr. Robert, a biographer, historian, and novelist, born in Scotland, 1759, died at Ifnightsbridge, May 14, 1805. His principal literary productions were, an edition of the Spectator, with Lives of the several Authors : a " Life of Edmund Burke ;" a " History of thi; Reign of George the Third," several novels, and some political tracts. His " History" has th); strong merit of being faithful and impartial. It is preceded by an abie*eviewof the progressivt Improvemenl of England in Prosperity and Strength, to the Accession of George III., and terminates at the Peace of Amiens, 1802. BiT.A.UBE, Paul Jeremiah, a miscellaneou? writer, born at Konigsberg, was a member of the Berlin Academy, with a pension from Fre- derick II. ; some of his poems have been trans- lated into English. He died 1808. BITON, a matheuiaticiao, lived about 340 H. C. BIZOT, Peter, canon of a church in Bourges, and authorof the valuable " Histoire medallique de la Hollande," died in 1696. BIZELLI, John, a historical portrait painter, died at Rome, in 1612. BLACK, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated cliy- mical writer, and professor of that science in the university of Edinburgh, was born at Bor- deaux, in France, about 1727, and died at Edin- burgh, Nov. 18IX). His discoveries relative to magnesia and other alkaline bodies, have given birth to many important facts in the new system of chy mistry. \ memoir on the subject of thesff bodies, wns read by him, in June, 1755, before the Literary Society of Edinburgh, which has been considered as a model of composition, rea- soning and arrangement. Many other important discoveries have been communicated by him in his lectures, which, if he had committed them to the press, would have more materially pro- moted the cause and extension of science. BLACKBURX, William, an eminent archi- tect and surveyor, of London, died in 1790. He obtained a medal from the Royal Society, and the commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best drawinc of St. Stephens, Walbrook. BL.\CKBURNE, Francis, a native of Rich nond, was chaplain to the archbishop of York, prebendary of his cathedral, and archdeacon of Cleveland. His writings corresponded with his private sentiments in favour of the dissenters ; he died in 1787. BL\CKHALL, Offspring, D. D., rector of St. Mary's. London, chaplain to King William. and bisliop of Exeter, was an able scholar, and eminent divinf ; he died in 1716. BLACKLOCK, Dr. Thomas, an eminent - Scottisli poet and divine, whose talents, vorr 71 BL «;spcctable in tlicmselves, were rendered ex- traciidiiiary by the circumataiice of his havin" totally lost his sight by the small pox at six months old. He was horn at Annan, 17'21, and died at Edinburgh, July, 1791. BIjACKBIORE, Sir iiicliard, a physician, and an indefatigable writer, who lias left a great number of works, theological, poetical, and pliy- .sical. Dryden and Pope have treated the poeti- cal ])erfornianccs of Sir Richard with great con- tempt. But, notwithstanding Sir Richard has been so much depreciated by these wits, be cer- tairdy had merit. IIis"Poemon theCreation" is his most celebrated performance, and on llie recommendation of Dr. Johnson, has lately been inserted in tlie "Collection of the English Poets." It has appeared that spleen and resentment had been the cause of that severity with which he was treated by Dryden and Pope. Sir Richard was born at Corshani, Wilts, (in what year is uncertain,) and died October 9, 1729. ' BL.ACKSTONE, Sir William, an illustrious English lawyer, born 1723. His father was a silkman, in Cheapside, and died before the birth of his son William, who, in 17.30, was put to the Charter-house school, and, in 1735, admitted upon the foundation there. November, 1738, he was entered a commoner of Pembroke CoUcjif, Oxford, and elected by the governors to one of tlie Cliarter-house exhibitions. At the age of 20, he compiled a treatise, entitled " Elements of Architecture," intended only for his own use, but much approved by those who have perused it. Ciuitting, however, with regret, these amus- ing pursuits, he engaged in the severer studies of the law, and, November, 1746, was called to the bar. In 1749, he was elected recorder of tlie borough of Wallingford, in Berkshire. .'Kpril, 17.50, he became doctor of laws, and published his " Essay on Collateral Consanguinity, rela- tive to the exclusive claim to feliowsliips made by the founder's kin at All-souls." October 20, 1753, he was unanimously elected Vinerian pro- fessor of the common law, and on the 25th, read his Introductory Lecture, since prefixed to his " Commentaries." In 1763, he collected and re- published several of his pieces, under the title of " Law Tracts," in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1763, he was chosen solicitor- general to the queen. No- vember, 1764, he published the 1st volume of his lectures, under the title of " Commentaries on ■.he Laws of England ; and in the four succeed- ing years the other three volumes. May, 1770, ne became a junior judge in the court of King's Bench ; and in June was removed to the same situation in the common pleas, which office he retained till his death, which happened Febru- ary 14, 1780. BLACKSTONE, John, an apothecary and botanist, of London, died in 1753. BLACKW.VLL, .-Vnthony, a native of Derby- shire, and author of a most celebrated work, en- titled " The Sacred Classics defended and illus- trated; or, an Essay, humbly offered toward proving the purity, propriety, and true elo- quence of the writers of the New Testament." He died at Market Bosworth, in Leicestershire, (where he was for some years head master of the free scho4. He died March 1, 1757. BLACKWOOD, Adam, a native of Scotland, eminent as a poet, civilian, and divine, but par ticularly us the warm advocate of Mary, queen of Scots; he published, in 1757, an account of her martyrdom, addressed to the princes of Europe, and dud at Poictieis, in 1613. BL.'VDEN, Martin, a gentleman of Abrey Hatch, in Essex, formerly a lieutenant-colonel in Ciucen Anne's reign, but more distinguished by a translation of " Cssar's Commentaries," which he dedi^-ated to his ijeneral, the great dul: 7f5 BL BLAND, Tlicndorie, a patriot and statesman, colonel in the \\ar of the revolution, member of Uie state leirislature of Virginia, Ice, died in 1790. BLANDRATA, George, an Italian, who es- poused tliu doctrines of Arius, with respect to the Trinity. To avoid the iiiquisiiion, he fled to Poland, where the king made him a privy couDHellor. He was afterwards strangled by his nephew, in loiKl. BLASCO MNNnS, a Spaniard, who, by eeiaing the isthmus of l)arien,)aciliiuifd the pro- gress of Pizarro to thecon((uest of Fern. He was beheaded on pretence oi anjbitious views. BLAUKER, Ambrose, a follower of Luther, whose duetrines he spread in France and Ger- majiy, died in 1567. KIJAVET, N., a musician in the opera at Paris, distinguished by his taste, and the supe- rior m«Tit of his pieces, died in 1768. BLAVNEY, Benjamin, D. D., an eitiinent Enslish divine, and professor of Hebrew, ai Oxford, died in 1801. He was distinguished as an able biblical critic, and writer. BH'.DD VN, joint king of North Wales, with iiis brother Rhivvallon, became sole monarch in 10*iS, and fell in battle four years after. BLEDDYN, a British bard of the 13th cen- lurv. some of whose pieces are still preserved. BLEDRI, a bishop of LandalT, called the wise, from his great learning ; he died niucli re- spected, in 10-23. BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a lady of some lite- rary celebrity, born in New-York, 1752. BLEEK, Peter Van, an eminent painter, died in nr>4. BI.EGNY, Nicliolas de, an eminent French surgeon, who lectured and wrote on subjects connected with his profession ; he died at the close of the 17th centurv. BLEGWRYD, brother to Morgan, the Gla- morgan chief, was chancellor of Landalf, and a man of great learning ; he went to Rome in 92G, with Howcl, surnanied the Good. BLESS, Henry, an admired landscape painter, born at Bovine, died in 1*50. BLETERIE, John Philip Rene de la, bom at Rennes, entered early into the congregation of the Oratory, and was there a distinguished professor. From Ihence he went to Paris, where his talents procured him a chair of eloquence in the College Royal, and a place in the Acade- my of Belles Lettres. He pubUshed several works, whicli have been well received by the public, and died, at an advanced age, in 1772. BLINMAN, Richard, first minister of New- London, Conn., 1648; author of a work in an- swer to Sir. Panvers, on Baptism. BLOCK, Dr. Marc Eleazer, a Jewish physi- cian, and very celebrated ichthiolosist, born a Anspach, in 1723, died at Carlsbad, .August (i, 17"J9. His " Natural History of Fishes,-' with coloured plate^, in large 4to, is one of the most admirable publications of the time. BLOCK, Daniel, a portrait painter of Pome- rania,dii,d in 1661. One of his brothers excelled as an architect, the other as a historical painter BLOCKLAND, Anthony de Montfort, an ele gam painter, died in 1583. His brothers, Peter and Herbert, were his pupils, and were also dis- tin^'uished as painters. B1..0EM ART, a painter, born at Gorcum, in Holland, l."ifj7. and died 16-17 A vast number of prints have been engraved after his works. BLOE.ME.V, John Francis, an eminent Flem- ish painter, died at Rome, in 1740. 74 BL BLOND, Jean Le, a poet of inferior merit, in the Kjih century. BLOND, James Christopher, a painter, of Frankfort, on Uic Maine, who invented a mode of engraving in colours ; be died in 1741. BLONDEAU, Claude, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, at llie close of the 17th century. BLONDEL, David, a protestant minister, born at (^halons, wiiose writings on theological subjects, are highly valued. Ho was profestor of history at .liiisterdam after Vossius, and died in 1655. BLONDEL. Francis, eminent for his know- ledge of ieon.eiry and belles lettres, was profes- or of mulheiriatics and architecture, and jire- ceptor to 1 he daujihin of Franc<' ; he died in 1086. BLONDEL, John Francis, nephew ol Fran- cis, was eiiually eminent as an architect, and as a writer on architecture; he died in 1774. liLONDEL, Peter James, a native of Paris, and a v. riier on the trulti of the christian reli- ■lion, dii-d in 1730. BLOxX DEL, Lawrence, autlior of some books on devotion, died in 1740. BLONDEL, N., a physician, and author of a treatise on the mineral waters of Segrai, &c., died in 17.5!). BLONDIN, Peter, a native of Picardy, emi- nent as a botanist, died in 1714 BLONDUS, Flavius, an Italian, secretary to Pope Eugenius IV., and his two successors, died in 1463. BLOOD, Thomas, an English adventurer, who contrived a plot for stealing the regalia from the tower, and was actually taken witli the crown in his possession ; he died 1680. BLOOT, Peter, a Flemish painter, died in 1667. BLOSIUS, or DE BLOIS, Lewis, a Benedic- tine, abbot of Liessies, in IJainauIt, refused the archbishopric of Cambrav, and died in 1566. BLOUNT, Thomas, an English barrister at law, distinguished for his talents and learning, and as a respectable w.nter, died in 1679. BLOUNT, Sir Henry, after completing his education at Oxford, travelled over Europe and a part of .'Vsia, and, on his return, published an account of part of his travels, was tutor to the princes, and a zealous royalist ; he died in 1682. BLOUNT, Charles, younger son of Sir Henry, was distinguished as a zealous advocate for li- berty, and as a man of great learning. His writ- ings, some of winch prove him a deist, are nu- merous. He died of wounds inflicted on him- self, in 1693. BLOUNT, William, governor of the territory south of the Ohio, and a member of the United States' senate, from which he was expelled in 1797 ; he died at Knoxville, in 1810. BLOCTNT, Sir Thomas Pope, an eminent English writer, born at Upper Holloway, in Middlesex, September 12, 1649. He was a man of great learning, and well versed in the best writers : of which he gave a proof in his famous work, " CensuriaCelebriorum Authorum," ice. He wrote also a work on poetry, " De Re Poeti- ca, or Remarks upon Poetry ; with characters and censures of the most considerable poets, whether ancient or modem, e.vtracted out of the best and choicest critics ;" lie died in 1697. BLOW, Dr. John, an eminent musician, bom at Collineham, in Nottinghamshire, about the year 1648. In 1674, he was appointed master jof the children of the Royal Chapel ; in 1685, Icomposcr to his majesty ; in 1687, almonct and master oftliu chorisieis ol' ril. Paul's cathedral. | BOCCALINI, Trajan, a satirical wit, born at Upon tli-i decease ut'Purcell, ill Itiiij, he Ijfcaiiie ;Roine, ' • • ort;anist of WLstiniiister Abbey. Ue tljeJS'l, Sylvio, a celebrated natural his torian, born at Palermo, in Sicily, 1633, died December 23, 1704. He left many curious works. BUCCORIS, a king of Egypt, who is said to ha^'e driven the Jews from his dominions, to cure himself of the leprosy, according to an oracle. BOCHAPiT, Samuel, a learned French pro- testant, born at Rouen, in Normandy, 1599, died suddenly, while he was speaking in the acade- my of Caen, (of which he was a member,) May 0, 16(;7. BOCHEL, Lament, an advocate of the par- liament of Paris, whoso works on law and his- tory are valued by learned men in France, died in 1C29. EOCHIUS, John, born at Brussels, in 1.5.55. He was a good Latin poet, and thence srjled the Virgil of the Low Countries. He died January 13, lliOP. BOCKHORST, Jolm Van, an eminent por- trait and historical painter, born about 1010. BOCQUILLOT, Lazaru.s Andrew, an advo- cate of Dijon, afterwards an ecclesiastic, eirii- nent for his learning and piety, died in 1725. He wrote the life of Chevalier Bayard, &c. BODIN, John, a native of Anders, who ac- quired reputation and the notice of his sovereign, by his wit and merit. He settled al Laon, where lie rose to eminence as a lawyer and public peaker; he died 1596. His vviitmgs are nu- merous and respectable. BODLEY, Sir Thomas, from whom the Bod- leian library at Oxford takes its name, was bom at Exeter, March 2, 1544. In 1585, he was made gentleman usher to Queen Elizabeth. From this time till 1597, he was lionourahiy and suc- cessfully employed in embassies and negotia- tions with foreign powers; and on his fmal re- vocation, in that year, he set about the noble work of restoring the public library at Oxford, which in two years time he bvonght to a good degree of perfection. He furnished it witli a large collection of books, purcliased In foreign countries at a great expense : and this collection n a short time became so greatly enlarged, by the generous benefactions of several noblemen, bishops, and others, that neither the shelves nor he room could contain them. Wlioreiiiion, Bodley offering to nialve a considerable addition to the building, the motion was readily embraced, and July 19, IGIO, tlie first stone of the new "5 BO foundation was laid with great solemnity, and a speech made upon tlie occasion. Bin iio did not live to see this part of his plan completed, though he left sufficient to do it, with some of his friends in trust. !sir Thomas died January 28, lbl'2, and was huried with great solemnity at tUe upper end of Merton College rlioir. An an nual speech in his praise is still made nl Oxtbrd, Jioveinbet tJ ; at wliici) time is the visitation of the library. BCECE, or BCETHIUS, Hector, a native of Dundee. Vid. BCETllIUS. BCECLER, John Henry, professor of history at Slraaboiir;;, v. an honoured, for his great learn- ing, by Lewis XIV., and Christina of Sweden, who made him her historiographer ; he died in lG8t;. BODHMEN, Jacob, a Teutoiiic philosopher, and noted visionary, bom in a villaL'e of Ger- many, near Gorlitz, 1575, died Koveniber J8, 1624. BCEHMER, George Ralph, professer of bota- ny and ai.'aloniy at Wiuenibcrg, died in 1803. BGERHAAVE, Herman, an illnstrious i>hy- sician and professor at Leyden, born Deceniber 31, ]fiC8, at Voorhoot, a small village in Holland, about two miles from that city ; died Sepieui- ber 23, 17.'<8. No professor was ever attended, in |)ublic as well as private lectures, by so grea; a number of students, from such distant aiid different parts, for so many years successively none heard liini witliout conceiving a veneralioi; for his pe.son, at the same time that they ex- pressed their surprise at his prodicious attain- ments , and it may be justly affirmed, that none in so private a station ever attracted a more uni veisal esteem. So unmoved was he by detrac- tion, (from which the best of men are not ex- empt,) that he used to say, " The sparks of calumny will be presently extinct of themselves, unless you blow them." BCeL, Peter, a Flemish painter, pupil to Com. dc Waal, at Rome, died in 1680. BCTITHIE, Etienne de la, eminent as a scho- lar and translator of Plutarch and Xenophon ; lie died near Bordeaux, in 15G3. BCETHIUS, or BCETItIS, Flavius Anicius IHanlius Torquatus Severinus, a prose as well as poetical writer of the (Jth century, born ot one ot the noblest families in Rome. Having remonstrated with groat s-piritaeaint the tyranny of Theodoric, he was beheaded in prison, by command of that king, in 524. Ecethius wrote many philosophical works, the greater part in the lottical way : but his ethic piece, " De Con- solatione Philosopliis," is his chief perform- ance, and has always been justly admired both for tlie matter and for the style. Mr. Harris, in his Ilermes, has observed, that "with Boeihius the Latin tongue, and the last remains of Roman dignity, may be said to have sunk in the western world." BCETHIUS, BCECE, or BCEIS, Hector, a fa- mous Scottish historian, b(rrn at Dundee, in the shire of Anius, about 1470. He wrote in Latin a HIstorv of Scotland," and died 1522. BOFFRAND, Germain, born at Nantes, ac- quired such a reputation as an architect, that se- veral princes employed him in the erect ion of pa- laces a nd public edilices ; he died at Paris, in 1755. BOG.\N, Zacharv, a learned EngUsh divine, died inir.,59. BOG ARDUS, Everardus, first minister of the reformed Dutch church in New-York. BOGORIS, first Christian king of the Bulga- nans ; he onibraced Christianity in 8tj5. 76 BO BOHADIN, a learned Arabian, the favourite of Saladin,and the historian of his life; in wliicli. he gives an account of the crusades, and of tlie lil(>rature ol the 12lh century. BUlll'.MOiM), prince ofAntioch, with his father, invaded the eastern pmi)ire, and twice defeati'd the emperor Alexius. He afterwards mbarked for the crusades, and took Antioch ; but being taken prisoner and released, returned to Europe, where lie prepared to raise a large army, and died in 1111. He was succeeded at Antioch by six princes, successively bearing the same name. BOHN, John, a native of Leipsic, eminent as a physician, professor, and chymist, died in 171',i. BOIARDO, Marteo-Maria, a governor of Reg- gio, known as the author of Orlando Inamorato, in continuation of which, Ariosto wrote his Or- lando Furioso. He was a man pos.-eK.-ed of great yxietical talents, a strong and lively iiiiagi- atioD. and bold and animated conceptions; he died ill 1494. BOILEAU, Giles, translator of EpictetU8,&c., died in 1069. BOILEAU, James, a doctor of the Sorhonne, dean of the faculty of divinity, and canon of the holy chapel, died in 171G. BOILEAU, Sieur Despieaux, Nicholas, a ce- lebrated French poet, horn at Paris, Noveniber 1, 1G3G. Ke wrote satires, wherein he exposed the bad taste of his time, and was extremely severe against vice and the corrupt manners of the age. Boileau's satirical pieces raited him many enemies : his " Satire against the Women" in particular, was much talked of, and occasioned great clamour. So highly did he rank among French writers, that Bruyere, in a peech delivered at the French academy, said ' Boileau excels Juvenal, comes up to Horace, seems to create the thoughts of another, and to make whatever he handle? his own. His verses will be read even when tJie language is obsolete, and will be the last ruins of it." Dr. Warton, ilso, says, that Boileau's Art of Poetry is the best coiiiposition of that kind extant. He died March 2, 1711. BOILEAU, John James, an ecclesiastic, cf St. Hoiiore, at Paris, was a man of great learn- ing, and highly esteemed by the cardinal de No- ailles : he died in 1735. BOILEAU, Charles, abbeof Boileau, an emi- nent preacher at the court of Lewis XIV., died in 1700. BOINDIN, Nicholas, a native of Paris, enter- ed the army at the age of 20 ; his ill health coni- jielling him to relinquish the service, he turned his attention to literarj- pursuits, and was cele- brated as a ^vriter of comedies ; he died in 1751. BOIS, Jean du, a Parisian ecclesiastic, be- caiiMj so conspicuous in the military service of Henry III., as to acquire the name of Emperor of monks. On rcsumhig his clerical character, he became eminent as a preacher, but incurring the resentment of the church, he was conftned at Rome, where he died in 1626. BOIS, Gerard du, a native of Orleans, known as the author of a Latin history of the church of Paris, died in 1696. BOIS, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sorbonne, died in 1707. BOIS, Philippe Goibaud, a dancing master, of Poictiers. died in 1604. BOIS b'ANNFMF.TS, Daniel du author of .Memoirs of a Favourite of the duke of Orleans, was killed in a duel at Venice, in 1627. BOIS, Cardinal du, an eminent French etafes- bo man, ami prime minister under the reaeiit, Uuk of (Jrlearis, died in 17'23. KOIS 1)E I.A PIERllE, Louise Mane dii, a lady of Normandy, wrote memoirs lor a liislory of Normandy, to., and died in ITM. BOISMUKARU, abbe Ciiiron de, a writer of eminence, died at Pans, in 174G. BOISllOBliliT, Francis le Metel de, a native of Caen, i.iiown lor liis wit and keen satire, became tlie favourite and butiboii of Cardinal de Kichelieu ; iie died in IGGi. BOISSARD, Jolm James, a famous antiquary born at Bcsancon, in France, 15:i3, died at Metz, 1002. BOISSAT, Pierre de, a native of Vienne ; at ditTerent periods of liis life, he was a nioiilj, a soldier, and a liermit ; he died in lti(i2. BOISSIERE, Joseph de la Fontaine de_la, an ecclesiastic, of Dieppe, died at Paris, in 1732. BOISSIEU, Denis de Salvaing de, a lawyer in the service of Lewis XIU., died in 1C83. BOISSIEU, Bartholomew Camiile de, an emi- nent physician, and writer on medical subjects, died in 1770. BOISS V, Louis de, a popular Parisian virriter, who chose to starve with his wife and cliild, rather than solicit the charity of his admirers or friends. They had nearly perished, when their situation was discovered by a friend, and they, were relieved, and afterwards supported by a I work, called "Nero Ca:sur, or, raonarchie de- liU stable of Uover, aiid wui =e,it on several eiu- buMsie.s; and when the unfortunate Amie fell into disjjrace, he too wa.- degraded, and bc- lleadc'd, on a false accusation, in lojli. BULl.NGBKOKE. See SAIM' JOHN. KtJLLANUUS, John, a Jesuit ot Flanders, possessed of judgment, learning, and sagacity, was appoijited to colleci materials tor the li\ e« ol the saints, but died When he had coinpittett but 5 vols., 10t!5. BOLOiiNE, Jean de, a pupil of Michael An- gelo, died at I'lorence, in ItiOO. BOivOG.X ESE, Francisco, the assumed name of Francis (Jrimaldi, the pupil of Aiiibal Caracci, died in 1()8U. BWLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite, of Paris, for- ook his order, and fled to Italy, and then to Ceiieva, where lie lived as a (ihysician. He there embraced the doctrines of Pelagius, and inveighed, with so much bitterness and violence, against Calvin, that he was e.vpelled from the city. He returned to France, where he died in laSl. His lives of Calvin and Beza are a col- lection of falsehood and abuse. BOLSWERU, Sheldt, an eminent engraver, of Flanders. BOLTON, Edmund, an ing-enious English an- tiquary, who lived in the beginning of the 17th century, and wrolc a very curious historical pension ; he died in 1758. BOIVI.V, Francis de, baron de Villers, ac- companied mareciial de Brissac into Piedmont, and wrote an authentic account of the v.'ars of the country ; he died in 1(318 BOIVIN, John, Greek professor at Paris, and librarian to the king, died in 172tj. BOIVIN, Louis, brother of John, died in 1724. Some of his writings are still preserved. BOIZ.^RD, John, a man of abilities, employed in the mint at Paris, died about the close of the 17th century. BOL, John, a Flemish painter of eminence, died in 1.5;)3. BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch painter, the pupil of Rembrant, died in 1681. BOLLAN, William, agent to Great BritainI from the province of Massachusetts, to solicit the reimbursement of the expenses in the expe- dition against Cape Breton, in 174.). BOLANGEU, John, a pupil of Guido, emi- nent as a hislorical painter, died in ]6G0. BOLESLAUS I., fust king of Poland, suc- ceeded his father, duke Micislaus, in 9ii',). Otho III. made Poland an independent kingdom, and gave him the title of king, in 1001 ; he died in 102.5. BOLESLAUS II., called the bold and the cruel, succeeded liis father, Casimir I , in 10.^9 During his invasion of Russia, the Polish women, enraged at the absence of their husbands, be stowed their favours on their slaves. Boleslaus returned with his army to avenge the iiisult, and a long and bloody servile contest ensued. He was afterwards excommunicated, and died tn Hungary, in 1080. BOLEYN, Anne, wife of Henry VUI., king of England, and memorable for giving occasion to the Reformation in that country, was born in 1507. Being accused, (falsely it is believed,) of conjugal infidelity, she was beheaded, May 19, 1536. BOLEYN, George, brother to Queen Anne Eoleyn, admired for his wit and learning. His elevation followed that of his sister , he was made a peer, by the title of Lord Rochfort, con-Hat Rome, in 1725. 7* praved;" foi. 1024. BOLTON, Robert, dean of Carlisle, and a celebrated writer of moral and religious letters and tracts, was born in Northamptonshire, 1698, and died 1763. BOLTON, Robert, a puritan, distinguished for his learning and his eloquence. He was a professor at Oxibrd, and sustained his high re- putation by his numerous writings ; he died in 1031. BOLZ ANI, Urbano Valeriano, a monk of the order of the Minorites, born at Belluno, traveUed through Greece, Palestine, &c., and twice as- cended .(Etna, to survey its crater. He first wrote a grammar of the Greek language, in Latin, and died in 1524. BOiMBELLI, Sebastian, a painter, of Bologna, died in 1C85. ROMBERG, Daniel, a printer, of Venice, fa- mous for the number and correctness of his books, died in 1549. BON DE ST. HILAIRE, Francois Xavier. president of ihe chamber of accounts of Mont- pelier, author of a treatise on silk wornjs, and on the Maroons of India, died in 17GI. HONA, John, an ecclesiastic, of Piedmont, eminent for his learning, and his love of soli- tude, was piomoted to places of honour by Pope Alexander VII.. and lastly a cardinal : he died, much respected, in 1674. BONAC, Jolm Louis d' Usson, marquis do, a French nobleman, sent by Lewis XIV., as am- bassador to Sweden, Poland, Spain, Constanti nople, &c., died in 1738. BONACINA, Martin, an ecclesiastic, of 5H- lan, in the service of Pope Urban VIII., died in 1631. BONAMY, Peter Nicholas, a native of Lou- vres, historiographer of Paris, known for his learned dissertations and Ilia amiable character, died in 1770. BONANNI, James, a noble of Syracuse, au- thor of " Syracusa Illustrata," died in 1636. EONANNI, I'liilii), a learned Jesuit, author of several bocks op, antiquities and history, died BO BONARDI, Jean Bapliste, a learned Uoclor of iJie Sorboniie, died at Paris, in 1756 BONAUELLIjGuy Ubaklo, a nobleman, born at Urbino, known as a politician in the service of tlic duk( of Ferrara, and as the autlior of pas- torals, (lied in lliOS. BONAKOTA, or BUONAROTI, Buuiamcd Michael Aiig«;lo. Vid. ANGELO. BONAVENTURE, John Fidauza, a cele- brated doctor, cardinal, and saint, of the churcli of Rome, born in Tuscany, li-21. His works were printed at Rome, in 1558, in 8 vols, folio. Excepting' his Conmientary upon the Ma.ster of the Sentences, they are chietly upon pious and mystical subjects, and have gained him the name of the Seraphic Doctor. BON A VENTURE, of Padua, a cardinal, born in that city, i;!:i'2. He was the author of several works: as "Commentaries upon the Epistles of St. John and St. James," " Lives of the Saints," " Sermons," " Speculum Maria>," &c, BONBELLES, Henri Francis, Comte de, a French officer of rank, died in 17tiO. BONCERF, a French writer, of t'reat popu larity at the revolution, who soon alter lell into disgrace, and died of a broken heart, BOND, John, an eminent conunentator, and preceptor at Taunton, died in 1C12. BOND, Thomas, an eminent physician of Philadfclpliia, iu 1763, or 1704, BONEFACIO, Venetiano, an Italian painter, died in lti30. BONET,Theophilus, a famous medical writer, born ai Geneva, 1620, died in 1089. BONFADICS, James, a polite writer, of Italy, ill the 10th century. Having, in his ottice of liistoriographer of Genoa, spoken too freely of some powerful families, they resolved to ruin him, and brought a charge of unnatural propeii Sities against him ; on which charge he v\'a.- executed, in 1.560. BONFINIUS, Anthony, a historian, bom v.\ Italy, went to Hungary by invitation of th." king, and wrote a history of that country, in 45 vols.; he died, as is suiiposed, in 1502. BONFRERIUS,James,aJe.suit, andtheologi cal writer, died in 1043. BONGARS, James, ambassador of Henrj' FV. at several German courts, and employed in his service as a statesman and negotiator for nearly 30 years ; he died in 1012. BONICIIOX. Francis, an ecclesiastic, of An- gers, died in l(iG2. BONIFACE, the apostle of Germany, was sent by Gregory II. to convert the barbarians of the north to Christianity, and was eminently suc- cessful, for which he was loaded with honours bvthe pope ; he was killed in Friezland, in 734. 'BONIFACE I., St., pope of Rome, dieL.i le o. i muii. His Works are highly fsleetned ; hr died in 1564. BONWICKE, Ambrose, a nonjuring clergy- man, educated at St. John's College, Oxford, was e.xpeiled from his employment, in 1691, for refusinH to lake the oaths of allegiance. UOODT, Anselm Von, a physician of the em- peror Kodolph, known by a Latin tract on jew- el?, died in Jf.tJO. I BOOKER, John, a haberdasher, afterwardsj an a.slrologcr ; wrote the " Bloody Irish Al- manac," and died in 1667. BOONE, Daniel, a Dulch painter whose pieces are valuable, died in England, in 1G98. BOONE, Thomas, an able and faithful go- vernor of New-Jersey, and afterwards of South- Carolina, until 1763. BOONENjArnold, an eminent portrait painter, a disciple of Shalken, died in 1729. BOOT, Arnold, a Dutch physician, author of a defence of the Hebrew text of Scripture, and also tome medical works ; died at Paris, in 1G53. BOOTH, Barton, a famous English actor, who cliiefly excelled in tragedy, was born in the county of I^ancaster, I68l", and died May 10 BO appointed farmer-general. He wroic several learned works, and was guillotined by Kobes- pierre, in 1794. BORDENAVE, Toussaint, professor of sur- ery in Pari,';, known for his elements of physio- logy, he died in 1782. BORDES, Charles, a poet and philosopher, of Eyoiis, died in 1781. BOriUEU,Ttieopliilus, aphysician who gain- ed great repntalion at Paris ; lie published nine medical works, and died in 1776. BORDINGIUS, Andrew, a celebrated Danish poet, whose works were published at Copen- hagen, in 1738. BORDLEY, John Beale, member of the ex- ecutive council of Maryland, a writer oir agri- culture, died 1804. BORDONE, Paris, a painter, of Venice, and the favourite of Francis I., celebrated for hia portraits ; died in 1587. BORE, Caliitrine Von, a nun. Vi ho, on ilie dissemination of Luther's principles, quitted the veil. Her heroic conduct altiactcd the notice of Luther, who afterwards mariiid her. She was a woman of delicacy and virtue, and died in LWi. BOB EL, Peter, physician to the French king, and author of several valuable works, died in 1689. BORELLI, John Alphonsus, born at Naples, and dislinguished as a philosopher, and uiallie- matician. He wrote thirteen treatises in Italian and Lalin, and died in 1679. EORGARUTIUS, Prosper, an Italian physi- cian of the 16th century, who gained celebrity as an anatomist at Padua and Paris. BORGHESE, Paul Guidotto, an Italian poet and painter, who, though acquainted with 14 dirt'crent trades, died poor and neglected in 162G BORGHINI, Vincent, a learned Benedictine monk, born at Florence. He had the magnani- niity to refuse the archbishopric of Pisa, and dird in 1680. BORGHINI, Raphael, a Florentine writer of comedies. BORGIA, Stephen, a cardinal, eminent for 1732. His character as an actor has been ccle-||his i>iety and learning, died at Lyons, in 1804, brated by some of the best judges. SeeCibber'suwlnle attending Pius VI. on his journey to Paris. Aoology, &c. f{ BORGIA, Ctfsar, a natural s(3n of Pope Alex- BOOTH, Henry, earl of Warrington, a states- Zander VI., a man of such conduct and charac- man, and member of parliament under Charle: II. He strenuously opposed popery, and alter the revolution was promoted to high otfices by king 'V\^illiam ; he died in 1694. BOOTH, George, earl olWarrington, wrotea tract on marriage, recoitimending divorce when tempers disagree ; he died in 1758. BORBONIUS, Nicholas, a Latin poet and fa- vourite of Francis I. He was connected with Sir Thomas More, Erasmus, and other learned men of the IGth century. His poems appeared in 1540. BORDA, John Charles, an eminent French mathematician, who made a voyage to America, in order to ascertain the utility of certain instru- ments for determining the latitude and longi- tude ; of which he published an account in two vo s. 4to. 1778. He was born 1735, and died at Paris, May, 1799. BORDE, Andrew, an Englishman, born in 1500, educated at Oxford, studied physic, and entered the order of Carthusians. In his cha- racter he was extremely whimsical ; he died in 1549. BORDE, John Benjamin, a French writer, valet to Lovua XV., upon whose death he was ter, that Machiavel has thought tit to propose him, in h's famous book called "The Prince," as an original and pattern to all princes who would act the part of wise and politic tyrants He was killed in battle, March 12, 1.507. BORGIANI, Orazio, an eminent historical and portrait painter, a native of Rome ; died in 1681. BORIS, Gudenou, aregent of Jluscovy under Foedor, whom he assassinated and thus obtain- ed the sovereign power out afterwards met a like late himself. BORLACE, Edmund, M D., son of a lord chief justice of Ireland, was educated at Dub- lin, studied at Leyden and Oxford, and acquired great reputation: he died at Chester, in 1682. BORLASE, William, a very ingenious and learned writer, was of an ancient family in Cornwall, and born at Pendeen, February 2, 1695-6. Having perpetuated his name by his deep researches into the natural history of Itis native countiy, Dr. Bo'lase died Aug. 31, 1772. BORN, Ignatius, a German baron, resided at Prague, devoted himself to the sciences, wrote a satire on monks, whom he classed after the system of Linoasu*! and died in 3791. ■ 7'^ BO BORNIER, Philip de, a lawyer of Montpelier, and author of two learned worlis, died in 1711. BORREL, John, an ecclesiatiiic, well versed in geometry, died in 157'2. BORRI, Joseph Francis, an arirul impostor of Milan, wlio practised upon the credulity of luerciiants, as well as princes, whom he dehidcd out of rreat sums of money, under a pretence of discovering the philosopher's stone ; he died in ifiya BORRFCfllUS, Olaus, a learned professor at the university of Copenhagen. He visited the different countries of Europe, and acquired tlie friendship of their literati ; he died in 1090. BORROMEO, Charles, a cardinal, archliisliop >i Milan, and saint of the Romish church, was an e.xample of meekness and piety, and endea- voured to reform the abuses of the clergy ; he died in 15iM, and was canonized in 1710. BOKROMEO, Frederick, cousin to the last, and also a cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, founded the Auibrosian library, he died in lf)32. BORRO.MINI, Francis, an architect of Bis- soue, acquired nmch reputation at Rome ; he died 1C67. BORZONI, Luciano, a native of Genoa, emi- nent as a historical and portrait painter, died at Milan,in 1545. Histhree sons wore equally great. BOS, Jolin Baptist du, a celebrated member, and perpetual secretary of the French academy, born at Beauvais, 1670. His principal work is " Critical Reflections upon Poetry and Paint- ing." He died at Paris, 1742. BOS, Lambert, Greek professor at Fraiieker, Where he died in 1717. He was the author of several learned works. BOS, Charles Francis du, an ecclesiastic of Lucon, died in 1724. He was a man of learning and piety. BOS, Jerome, a Flemish painter, died in 1500, BOS, Lewis Jansen, a Fleniisli painter, cele- brated for his beautiful leaves and flowers, died 1507. BOSC, James du, a native of Normandy and an author. BOSC, Pierre du, a protestant minister Caen. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he fled to Holland, and became minister of the Church of Rotterdam ; he died in 1692. BOSCAGER, John, a native of Bcziers, the author of several law works, died in 1G84. BOSCAN, John, of Barcelona, introduced the Italian rhyme into the poetry of his country. He was the author of several poems, and died in 1543. BOSCAWEN, Edward, a celebrated English admiral, son of Hugh, lord viscount Falmouth, was born about 1711 . He signalized himself in many important contests with the French ; in which, one circumstance of his success will ap- pear singular ; namely, that of having at three different times, in 1744, 1747, and 1755, taken M. Hoquart, a French commander, prisoner. — Mr. B.'s eminent services merited and obtained the approbation and gratitude of his country. On the 12th Dec. 1758, the thanks of the house of com- nions (the greatest honour that can be done to any subject) were given hini in his place by the speaker ; in that year also he was appf)inted admiral of the blue ; and in Dec 1760, general of marines, with a salary of 3000?. per annum, and a seat in the privy council. This rank and bonour, however, he did not long enjoy, dying Januarj' 10, 1761. Some interesting stories of this great commander will be found in " Se- ward's Anecdotes." 80 BO I BOSCAWEN, William, a miscellaneous wri- ter and poet, of considerable merit, eon of gene- ral George Boscawen, and nephew of the admi- ral, was born Aug. 28, 1752. He was educated at Eton school and at E.xeler college, Oxford ; was called to the bar as a member of the Mid- dle Temple, and became a commissioner of bankrupts ; and in 1785 was appointed one of the conunissioners of the victualing office. He was an excellent scholar, and (besides other po- ems) published, in two vols. 8vo, a new transla- , tion of Horace, which is, in the judgment of classical men, in many essential points of merit, very superior to that of Dr. Francis. Mr. B. was a most amiable man, and died May 6, 1811. BOSCH, BaltliazarVanden, a painter of Ant- werp, whose pieces are much admired, died in 1715. BOSCH, Jacob, a painter of Amsterdam, died in 1675. BOSCHAERTS, Thomas Willebos, a Flem- ish painter, patronised by the prince of Orange, died in 1667 BOSCOLI, Andrew, a painter, of Florence, whose execution and colouring were much ad- mired. BOSCOA^CH, Joseph Roger, a Jesuit, and professor of mathematics at Rome, Pavia, and Milan. His works were on mathematical sub- jects, though he wrote elegant poetry ; lie died in 1787. BOSTO, James, a monk of Milan, chiefly known for his history of the knights of Malta. BOSIO, Anthony, known by his description of the tombs and epitaphs of the early Chris- tians at Rome. BOSON, count of Aries, made king of Pro- vence, in 879. BOSaUET, Francis, bishop of Montpelier, wrote the lives of the popes of Avignon, and historv of the Galilean church ; he died in 1676. BOSSE, Abraham, a Frenchman, distinguished as an engraver and architect, died in 1660. BOSSU, Rene Le, born at Paris, 1631, died 1680. His principal work was, " A Treatise on Epic Poetry," which gained him great reputa- tion. Boileau says, it is one of the best compo- sitions on this subject that ever appeared in the French language. BOSSUET, James, bishop of Meaux, bom at Dijon, 1627. His " Discours sur I'Histoire Uni- verselle" was published in 1681, and has been considered as a valuable work, and of great authority. He died at Paris, in 1704. BOSS'US, Ma' tin, an ecclesiastic of Verona, who wrote several Latin works, died in 1502. BOSTON, Tl'omas, M. A., a Scotchman edu- cated at Edinburgh, known as the author of " Human Nature in its Fourfold state." Died ia ]7"2. BOSWELL, James, an eminent miscellaneous writer, but chiefly distinguished as the literary companion and biographer of the celebrated Dr. Johnson. He was born at Edinburgh, Oct. 20, 1740, and was the son of lord Auchinleck, one of the judges of the court of sessions in Scotland. In 1763, Mr. B. came to London, anA had what he always called the singular felicity of being introduced to Dr. Johnson. Soon aftei this he set out on » tour; and having visited the most remarkable citiesin Italy, sailed to Corsica, travelled over every part of that island, and re- turned to Scotland, in 1766, when he became an advocate at the Scotch bar. The celebrated Douglas cause being at that time a subject of * general discussion, Mr. Boswell took a very ae BO live and successful part in ii : he publislieil a pamphlet, entitled " The Essence of the Uouj;- Jas Cause," which was supposed to have pro- cured Mr. Douglas the popularity heat that time possessed. In ITiiS, Mr. 1'.. published his " Ac- count of Corsica, with Memoirs ol" General Pao- li." Of this printed perlormance, Dr Joiin.son thus expresses himself "' Vour journal is, in a very high degree, curious and delightful. I know not whether I could name any narrative, by which curiosity is better excited, or betier gratilied " In 1785, he published " A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Dr. Johnt^on," which had a success similar to his account of Corsica. This year Mr. Boswell removed to London, and was soon after called to the Eng- lish bar ; but his professional business was in- terrupted by the preparing of his most celebrated work, " TheLifeof SamueIJohnson,L.L. D.," in 2 vols. 4to. This was published in 1790. and was received by the world with wonderful avi- dity. It is a faithuil history of Johnson's life, e.tliibits a most interesting picture of the cha- racter of that illustrious moralist, and is one o! the most instructive and entertainiiig books in the '^ni^iish language. The preparation oi" a se- cond edition of this work was the last literary per- formance of Mr Boswell, win died May 19, K9.5. BftSTWICK, David, an eminent minister of New-Vork, author of several sermons, &c., died in 1762. BOT.\L, Leonard, physician of Henry IK , of [''ranee, reco(nmended freijuent bleedings in fevers, wliicli others- condi^nni^d BOTERO, John, secretary of Borromeo, died in H>m. BOTH, John and Andrew, two Flemish pain- ters, who generally executed their pictures in common. BOTHLAN, aChristiaii physician, of Bagdat, who visited Egypt, in 1047, to become acquaint- ed with his rival in medicine. Ibu Rodhwan. BOTH VVELL,James FIepburn,eavl or,known in Scottish history, for his marriage with queen Marv; he died in l.i77. BOTICELLI, Alexander, a painter of Flo- rence, died in 1.51.5. His two pictures of 'V^enus are much admired. BOTT, John de, a French architect. Several public edifices at Dresden, where he died in 1745, are monuments of his architectural genius. BOTT, Thomas, an English divvis, born at Derby, lf>88, died 17.53, leaving several ingenious tracts on religious subjects. BOCH.VRD, David, a .'"amous chiefiain of Hen- ry IV., of France, was governor of Periuord, and was killed at the siege of Lisle, in 1.598. BOUCHARDON, Edmund, a native of Italy, devoted to the study of sculpture. He adorned Paris with monuments of his genius, and was lionoured bv the kint : he died in 1072. BOUCHAITD, Matthew Amhony, a native of Paris, and professor in the university, dis- tinguished by Ills publiea'ionsand articles in the Enryrlopedia, died in 1804. BOIfCHE, Honorins, an ecclesiastic, author of a history of Prov'ice, died in 16^1. BOUCHER D' ARGIS, Antoine Gaspard, bom in 1708, an advocate of Paris, and author of se- veral law publications. BOUCHER, Francis, a celebrated painter to Lewis XV. BOUCHER, John, a seditious doctor of tli ■ Sorhonne, during the French civil wars. Tie died dean of the cliaot'r of Touriiav, in l(i44. BOUCHER, Jonati):m, vicar of Eipaom, Sur- UP riy, was born at Bleiico^jo, Cumberland, 1738, and educated at the grammar school of VViutOD. \t the age of 16 he went to North America, where he discharged the duties of a clergyman, till 1775, when the vvar drove him back to Eng- land. Mr. Boucher wrote many tracts and ser- mons ; but the leisure of the last ibuneen yeara of his life was principally devoted to the com- pletion of a Glossary of Provincial and,\rclia;olo- L'ical words, inteiided as a" Supplement to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary." He died at Epsf>m, .April 27, 1801; and the laborious work just mentioned, (partly prepared for the press) w.is placed in tiie abli; hands of Sir Frederick Mor- ion Eden, hart., who has since deceased. BOUCHER.-VT, Lewis, a Freudmian, who, by his talents and integrity, raised himself to he ehanceilor of France, died in llivl9. BOUCIIET, John, protmrer of Poitiers. lie wrote annals of Aquitaine, Poitiers, &c., and died in 1.5.50. BOUCllET, John, a maitre de hotel to the king of France, died in 1(384. BOUCHRT, Guillaume, a judge, consul of Poitiers, ilied in 1()07. BOUCHEUL, John Joseph, an advocate of Doral, died in 1720, BOUCHIER, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury, the nist person who encouraged printing in England, died in 148<). BOUCICAUT, marechal de France, and vis- count Turenne, an eminent warrior, w.ns taken prisoner at the battle'of Asincourt, and died in Rnitland, in 1421. BOUDEWINS, Michael, a learned physician (if Antwerp, where ho died in IfiSl. BOITDIER, Rene, a nattve of Trelly, remark- able for his cre-it accomplishments and volup- tuousness, died in 1733. BOUDINOT, Elias, L.L. D., aneraioent law- yer of the state of New Jersey, was a member and president of Congres.* in 17^2, and after- wards director of the national mint, au office wliicli he relinquished lor the retireirvenlof pri- va'e life. He wis the uniform atid. sincere friend of religion, and of the different religious and charitable associations of the country; a liberal bonelactor of Princeton College, and, at ■'he time of his death, in 1821, first president of the American Bible Society. BOUDON, Henry Marie, an ecclesiastic of Evreux, w'kj wrote several devotional books, (lied in 1702. BO'TDOT, .John, a learned bookseller and primer, of Pa'is, author of a Latin dictionary in 14 vols. 4to , died in 1754. ROUFLERS, Louis Francois due de, a dis- tinguished military character, opposed to prince Eugene, and celebrated for his defence of Lisle. He served under marshal Villars, and died at Pontainblean, in 1711. BOUFLERS, Louis de, a native of Picardy, born in 15'M, known for his remarkable strength and a'-'iliry BOUGAINVILLE, John Peter de, a French- man of sreat lea'-ning, and author of several works, died in I7fi3. BOfTGAIVVlLLE, M. de, a native of Prance, whom impartial posterity will deservedly rank hisrh in the list 'if c.ircnninavi.'ators : his merits having been almost equal to those of the justly (leleb'-ated oaptai'i r'nok. He was killed by a mob in Paris, the 10(1) of .August, 1792. ROUGE ANT, Guillaume Hyacint'i. a Jesuit, of 'I'a^ing inaiir^is aiid great wit. author of several worbs ; died at Paris, in 1743. 81 BO^ BOUGEREL, Joseph, an ecclesiaetic, author or Gaeeciidi,&c., died at Paris, iii 1753. BOUGOWINB, Simon, a ^jsjt at the court of Louis XII. BOUGUKR, Pnter, a Freuchr.ian.disfiiig'jisli ed lor hi« niatlieuialical knowledge and works died in 1758. BOHIER, John, prcsidcDt of tli<; parhanicnt of Dijon, an enuncnt lawyer and c^diolar, died in 1746. BOUHOURS, Dominiaue, a celebrated French crilic, horn at I'.ins, l(i28, died in I7(rj, BOUILL/VRI), DonJaines, a learned Bene- dictine, died in 1726. BOUILL.M'D, Ksinael, a native of London, djotlnguifilied in every branch of science, and Ihe aiitli'jr otBeverai works, died in 1694. BOUILLE, M. Ic marquis de, a French ge- nera! of great celebrity, tloscended from a noble family. He opposed the revolution, and was a friend to the king and monarchy ; he died in London, in 1800. BOUILLET, John, a French physician, re epected as a profesgional man, and author of several works, died in 1777 BOUILLON, Emanuel Tbeodosius, nephew ofTurenne, acardinaland ambassador of Louis XIV., at Rome, died in 1715. BOULAI, Cicsar Egas.se dii, register and his- forioRraplier of the university of Paris, and pro- fessor of rhetoric in the college ol" Navarre. The work for which he is chiefly to bo rcnicni bered ig "The History of the University of Paris," 6 vols, folio. He died in 1678. BOULAINVILLIERS, Henry de, an eminent French writer, born at St. Saise, 1R58. He was author of " A History of the Arabians," and of several portions of French history, and died 17-2i After his dehth was published his " Life of Ma- homet," which has made him pass for no very good believer, BOUL.'VNGER, Nicholas Anthony, eminent as a mathematician, architect and engineer, died in 1759. BOUL.\NGER,afamou8 Augustine preacher, died at Paris, in 1675, BOULANGER, or BOULLENGER, Claude Francois Felix, a native of Amiens, an advocate at Paris, and a man of extensive erudition, died in 1758. BOULAY, Edmund du, a herald at arms to the duke of Lorrain, in the 16th century. BOULLEGER. Vid. BOULANGER BOULLENOIS, Louis, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, died in 1762. BOULLIER, David Renaud, born at Utrecht and minister of Amsterdam and Leyden. His writings are respectable ; he died in 1759. BOULLONGNE, Louis, a French painter of merit. Several of his pieces are preserved in the churches at Paris, where he died in 1674. BOULLONGNE, Bon, son of the preceding. With his father's talents, he possessed greater versatility of genius, was patronised by Lewis XIV., he died in 1733. BOULTER, Dr. Hugh, archbishop of Ar- magh, in Ireland, died in London, 174'i, leaving behind hira patriotic establishments and bene- factions, particularly to the protestant schools, and other strong testimonies of a truly charitable deposition. BOULTON, Matthew, a most Ingenious and born at enterprising mechanic and engineer Biriniiighain, September 3, 1738. The manu factory at Soho, near Birmingham, was erected| byhiiQ, andiuitscperatione he employed aearly^jAngors, died in tlie IGtli ceutury 82 BU a tJionsand persons. As the improver of the steam engine, of the apparatus for rairiiiig water iiiul other fluids, and the manufacturer of our copper, and some of our silver coin, he has im- mortalized his name. His life w.is an uninter- rupted application to the advaneeinenl of the useful arts, and to the promotion of the commer- cial inicrcjts of the countrv. Mr. Boulton Uie9(i, died 1777. To his literary and pimessional abi- lities, he added an excellent moral character, the sltictest probity, and the geatest liberality. He was in habits of correspondence and in- timacy with the greatest men of his time: and many minute paiticulais of him, t.hal do not come within our plan, may be seen in the " Anec- dotes of bis Life."' published by In.'; partner and successor, Mr. Nichols. To the journeymen of his profession, he left by will, some valuable bequests for the reward of merit, and the com- fort of old age: the trust for ever is vested in the Stationers' Company. BOWDOIN, James, L. L. D., governor of Mass., a philosopher and staic-snian; he held various distinguislied offices in his native state till 17d7, as.siited in forming the American aca- demy of arts and .'sciences, at Boston, of w hicli he was the first president ; one of the founders, and president of the Massachusetts bank. BOWEN, Jabcz, L. L. D., chancellor of Brown LTiiiversity, judj^c of the supreme court, and lieutenant governor of Rhode Island, died in 1815. BOWIE.Robert, an officer of the revolutiona- ry army, and for many years governor of Mary- land, was highly esteemed for his integrity, libe- rality and patriotism ; he died in 1811. BOXHORN, Marc Zuerius, a professor ai Levden, and author of several vi'nrks, died in 16.'. J. BOYCE, Dr. William, an eminent musician and composer, chiefly of sacred pieces, born 1700, died 1779 BOYD, Robert, a Scotchman, educated at Saumur. James 1. wished to appoint him prin- cipal of the university, but, a? he favoured the puritans, he preferred to become the minister of his native parish. He died in 1('29. BOYD, Mark, Alexander, a warrior, lawyer, and Latin poet, horn atGallowav, in Scotland, JnlotiO, diedinlfiOI. BOYD, Hiiph, horn in Ireland about 1746, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and bred to the Jaw ; but being of a dissipated turn, he 84 BO never followed his profession. Having formed connexions in England, he came to London, and through the introduction ot Mr. Richard lUirke, became acquainted with the niost cele- brated literary characters. Jn lTi'-2, he married a lady of considerable Ibrtune ; but his habit of e.\travagance continuing, obliged him to accom- pany loid Macartney to India, in the capacity ol a second secietai-y ; though he afterwards obtained a moie lucrative appoinimenl, wbicli he retained till his decease, in lli'M He was author of several political writings; and tlie ce- lt brated Letters ol Junius have been witb n.ucli confidence ascribed to him ; but the evidence adduced, is by no nieans conclusive. In 1793, he published " Tlie Indian observer," a periodi- cal paper, which was the first attempt of the kind in India, and gained him great reputation. These essays were afterwards collected ai;d printed at t alcutta, in 8vo, 1795, and reprinted in London. 1708. BOYD, Sir Robert, governor of Gibraltar, who fiom a private soldier, raised himself merely by merit to the highest rank in the mililaiy profes- sion, died in 5!ay, 1794 EOYD, Robert, lord, a Scotchman, son of Sir Thomas Poyd, ol hiimarnock, was made a peer by James II., and one of the legents. He carried ( ft" the king, and declaird himself sole regent during his minority, and afierwards, on account oi his misconduct, fled to Antwerp, where he died l-;74. BOYD, William, a highly celebrated preach- er, settled at Lamington, died 1808. BOYDELL, John, a very worthy alderman of London, and most distinguished encourager of the arts of painting and engraving, was born at DorringTon, in Shropshire, Jai.. 19, 1719, and in'eiided for a land surveyor, whicli was the piotession of his father ; but chance having thrown in his way, " Eaddeley's "Views of dif- ferent Country Seats," Jie deiermined on quit- r the pen tor the graver ; and, at above 20 years of age, put himself aiipreiitice for se\en years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six years, and bought up the seventh. He then applied closely till be had engraved 152pri)its, which he published in a book at the price of live guineas. V'Viththe profits of this, he set about encoiira- ing other professors of the art ; he discovered the talents of Woollet, and enrployed him to en- grave the two famous pictures of '' Kiobe" and Phaeton." He soon commenced a great for- eign trade in English prints, and realized by his pirit of industry and enterprise a considerable foitune. Having at length established what might be called an English school of engraving, he conceived the noble idea of raising also an English school of painting : and, selecting sU he first artists in the kingdom, collected in the coiirseof afcwyettis, at vasi expense, the paint- ings which formed the well-known -'Shakspeare Gallery." The longduraii(jn of the French war, however, having almost wholly stopped his ex- port trade, in which he had embarked large sums of money, he w as, in the spring of 1804, induced to crave permission of parliament to dispose of the Shakspeare Gallery, &c. by lotte- ry. He had the gratification of living to see every ticket sold, but died before the decision of the wheel. The worthy alderman caught his death by a too eager attention to his official du- ties ; for, arriving on the 8th of December, 1804, at the sessions house in the Old Bailey, before the fires were lighted, and standing at a fireplace while one was IciJidl«d, the damps were drawn HO BO out from the floor ; co.tl and iiitiairiniation oCtlie Iun(;seii8ueiJ, and carried liimoti' on tlie I'itli ot Uie same moiuli, in tlie Slitli year ol his age. BO VENVAL, Peter Joseph, a worllilesselia- ractfir, employed tn denounce tlic victims in the Luxembourg, at last suirercil on the scalVold, in 1795. BOYER, Abel, a well-known glos.sographcr, born at Castres, in France, 1GG4, died Nov. 17^0. The work he is chiefly known by, is a very ex- cellent French and English, and Engli.-^h and French Dictionary. He wrote also " a French Ch-ammar" in English, which still retains a liigb rank in our schools. BOYRR, Claude, known as a dramatic writer, died at Paris, 1GD8. BOYER, John Baptist Nicholas, a physician, distinguished for his skill and humanity display- ed during the plague at Marseilles, in 17-20; he died at Paris, 17G8. BOYLE, Richard, an eminent English states- man, distinguished by the title of the great earl of Cork, born in Canterbury, 15G6, died 1643 ; havingspent the la^^t as he did the first yearsot'his life, in support of the crown of England against Irish rebels, and in the service of his country. BOYLE, Roger, earl of Orrery, flfth son of Richard, earl of Cork, born 1021, was created baron Broghill, in the kingdom of Ireland, when but seven years old. He died Oct., ]G7it, leaving behind him the character of an able general, statesman, and writer. Of his writings, the principal are, six tragedies, two comedies, " Par- thenissa," a romance, and a collection of " State Letters," published in folio, 1742. BOYLE, Robert, a most distinguished philo- sopher and chymist, and an exceedintjly good man, was the 7th son, and 14th child, of Richard earl of Cork, and born at Lismore, in Ireland, 162&-7. He was the inventor of the air-pump ; and his numerous philosophical vviitings have secured him immortal fame. He died 1G91. BOYLE, Charles, earl of Orrery, 2d son of Roaer, 2d earl of Orrery, was born 1676, and died 17.3i. He was eminent as a statesman ; but bet- ter known, at the present day, for his literary controversy with Dr. Bentley on the authentici- ty of the "'pistlfis of Phalaris. He was also an ingenious mathematician, and inventor of the machine representing the solar system, which is still named after his title, the Orrery. BOYLE, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, was the only son of Charles, the subject of the pre- ceding article, and born 170ft-7. He took his seat in the house of peers, Jan. 1731-2; but, though he distinguished himself by some speech- es, he did not f;reatly cultivate tlie business of parliament. The delicacy of his health, his passion for private life, and the occasions he sometimes had of residing in Ireland, seem to have precluded him from any regular attend- ance in the English house of peftrs. " When- ever (says ho, in a private letter to a friend) we step out of domestic life in search of felicity, we come back again disappointed, tired, and chagrined. One day passed under our own roof with our friends and our family, is worth a thousand in another place. The noise and bustle, or (as they are foolishly called) the diversions of life, are despicable and tasteless, when once we have experienced the real delight of a fire- side." HLs principal works are, a translation of " Pliny's Letters, with observations on each Letter, and an Essay on Pliny's Life," and " Remarks on the Life and Writinga of Swift." Ut died ia 17C3. BOYLS'J'ON, Zabdifl, F. R. S., an eminent ihysician, of Boston, who is particularly known i.s having liist introduced iiioculaiion of the 'iiiall pox into the British doininioub, in 1720; :ie (lied in 17G6. I'.OV LSTON, Nicholas, died in Boston, 1771, aged 5G ; he bequeallied to Harvard College IdOOZ. BOYLRTON, John, merchant, of Boston, died m 1795, and left a legacy to his native town. BOYS, John, an English divine, educated at Cambridge, and dean of Canterbury, author of theologi(;al works, died in lGi!5. BOY.S, William, born at Deal, in Kent, 173.5, was bred a surgeon, but devoted much of his time to antiquarian researches, and published, besides other works, an elaborate and valuable History of Sandwich, with Notices of other Cintpie Ports, and of Richborough," 4to, 1792. He died March 15, 1.803. BOYSE, ROYS, or BOIS, John, one of the raiislatorsof ilie Bible, in the reign of James I., was born at i\ettle»tead, in Sufl'oik, in 1560, and died 1643, leaving a great many manuscripts be- hind him, particularly a commentary on almost all the books of the New-Testament. When he was a young student at Cambridge, he received from the learned Dr. Whitaker three rules for avoiding those distempers which usually attend a sedentary life ; to which he constantly adhered : the tirst was, to study always standing ; the se- cond, never to study in a window ; the third, never to go to bed with his feet cold. Sir Henry Saville styles him ingeniosissirnum et doctissi- mnm Boisium. BOYSE, Samuel, a vei7 ingenious person, but as remarkable for imprudence as for ingenu- ity, was born in Dublin, 1708. In 1731, he pub- lished, at Edinburgh, a volume of poems, addres- .sed to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote als» an Elcgv upon the death of lady Stormont, enti- tled, " The Tears of the Muses ;" with which lord Storinount was so much pleased, that he ordered Boyse a handsome present. These pub- lications, and the honourable notice taken of them, were the means of recommending him to very high persons, who were desirous of serv- ing him : but Boyse was not a man to be served. He made an improper use of these recommen- dations, and had often recourse to the meanest arts to procure benefactions. At some times he would raise subscriptions for poems which did not exist ; at others, ordered his wife to inform people that he was just expiring, to move the compassion of his friends, who were frequently urprised to meet the man in the street to-day, who was, yesterday, said to be at the point of death. In May, 1749, however, he died, after a lingering illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- lane, whore he was buried at the expense of the parish. He was a melancholy instance of the wretchedness, contempt and dissrace, to which the most ingenious persons may reduce them- selves, by an abuse of those powers with which nature hath endowed them. The most celebra- ted of his performances, was his poem, called Deity," which is styled by Ilervey, " a beau- tiful and instructive poem ;" and is also men- tioned by Fielding, as •' a very noble one." BOYSE, Joseph, a dissentins minister, horn in Yorkshire. He became a popular preachor in London and Dublin, but was engaged in theo- logical di'^putes, and died ui 1728. BOZE, Claude Gros de, born at Lyons, was distinguished' by hi? knowledge of antitiuitiw 85 and medalfc, and lt^p«;ctcd for lii:> private cha- racter, died in 1753. r.RACClOLIM.deir api Francis, an Italian poet; )ie btcame an ecclesiastic, Rud ditd in 1643. BRACTON, Henry, a celebrated English law- yer, in the I'Mli century, chiefly known by liis learned work, " De l-egibus et Consuetiidinibus AiigliiE."- BR.\rKETT, Joshua, M. D., president of the New-Hanipshire MedicaJ Society, distiiifjuifjhed for his zeal and activity in tlie revolutionary war, died in 1B02. BADBUKY, Tlieophilus, judge of the supe- rior court of Massachusetts, died 1803. BRADBUKV, Thomas, a native of London, educated witli Dr. Watts ; he was a bold and eloquent preacher, and died 1757. BR.ADDOCK, Edward, major-general, and commander in chief of the British forces in America, in 1755, was defeated in an expeilition against Fort Du Ciuesne. BRADFORD, Samuel, rector of Mary-le-bow, born ^ "Jiackfriars ; he edited Tillotson's ser- ous ,88. BRETTINGER, John James, a native of Zurich, professor of Hebrew and author of an edition ol' the New Testament from the septua- gint; he died in l(i6. BREUGEL, Peter, usually styled Old Breugel, an eminent Dutch painter, chiefly of rural sports, the marches of armies, &c., was born at Brueg«|,near Breda, in 1563, and died 1596. BREUGEL, Peter, son of the preceding, sur- passed in the description of magicians ajid de- vils, whence he is called " Hellish Breugel." BREUGEL,John,2d son of old Peter, excelled in painting flowers and fruits, and died in 1042. Another of that name called .Abraham, born at Antwerp, excelled as a flower and landscape painter, and died in 1672. BREUL, James du, a Benedictine monk, au- tlior of the antiquites of Paris, &c., died in 1164. HREVAL, John Durant de, rose to the rank of captain under the great Marleborouch. He was ati author of some merit, and died in 1739. BREVINT, Daniel, made dean of Lincoln, in 1681 . died in 1695. BREWER, Anthony, a poet highly esteemed among the wits and courtiere in the reign of Charles I. 88 BH i BREWSTER, Wilham, a very distinguished member and ruling elder of the church of Ply- mouth ; he died in 1644. BKEYNIUS, James, of Dantzic, author of Plantariim e.ioiicarum centuria, &c., died in 1697. BRI.'VNT, Solomon, an Indian, and minister to the Indians at Marshpee, in Barnstable, Mass., died 1775. BRIDAINE, N.,a famous French preacher of the diocess of Uzes. compared to Demosthenes and Kossuet, dii'd in 1767. BRIDAULT, John Peter, a French writer, author of manufr^ and customs of the Romans, Sec, died in 1761. BRIDGE, VVilhnm a leading preacher among the independents ol England, died in 1670. BRIDGE, Thomas, a very wonhy minister of the 1st church in liusion, died in 1715. BRIDGEWATER, Francis Egerton, duke of, opened a communication, by a canal, between Mai!Clie.«ter aid Worsely, which, together with the M<;isoy, lacilitared the commerce between Liverpool aad Manchester He died in 1603. BRlDGfllAN, John, a native of Exeter, ciiap- :ain to James I. During the civil wars, h#w as a great sufferer in person and property. BRIDGMAN, Sir Orlando; after the restora- tion he was made lord chancellor : he was weak and irresolute, and died in 1672. BRIENNE, Walter de, a native of Champag- ne, distinguislied for his courage at the siege of Acre, against tlie Saracens ; be was auerwards king ot Siciiy : his son and successor, of the same nan;e, also distinguished himself against the Saracens; he was put to death in 1251. BRIENNE, John, made king of Jerusalem, in 1210, which he resigned ; he afterwards tilled the throne of Constantinople. BRIETIUS, Philip, a learned French geogra pher, and universal cbronologist, born at Abbe- ville, in 1601, and died librarian of the Jesuit's College, at Pari.=i, IC08. BRIGGS, Henry, an eminent mathematician, born at Halifax, in Yorkshire, 15.56. When Gresham College, in London, was estabhshed, he was chosen the first professor of geometry there, in 1596. He died in January, 1630. BRIGGS, William, a native of Norwich, an eminent physician, of St. Thomas' hospital, died in 1704. BRIGHAM, Nicholas, a native of Oxford- shire, eminent as a lawyer and poet, died in 1559. BRIGHT, Francis, first minister of Charleg- towii, Massachusetts, returned to England in 1630. BRIGHTMAN, Thomas, rector of Hawnes, Bedl'oidshire, wrote Latin commentaries on the canticles and apocalypse, died in 1607. BRILL, Matthew and Paul, natives of Ant- werp, and good painters ; bom in 1550, and 1554, and eminent for performances in history and landscape ; Matthew died in 1584 ; Paul in 1626. BRINDLEY, James, a most uncommon ge- nius for mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in planning and conducting inland na- vigations, was born iii 1716, at 'Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and died at Turnhnrst, in Staflbrd- shire, September 27, 1772, ha\ing shortened his days by too intense application ; for he never indulged or relaxed himself in the common di- versions of life, not having the least reUsh for them ; and though once prevailed on to see a play in LondoD, yet he declared that ti« vrouDl BR on no account be present ut another, because it Fo disturbed his ideas for several day;-- alter, as to render him untit for business. VVIien any extraordinary di(Hciilty occurred to him in the execution of liis works, he generally retired to bed; and has bcon liiiown to lie there one, two, or three day^, till he had surmounted it. Ik- would then f;et up, and execute his desiiin with- out any dravvinu or model ; for he had a pm- digious memory, and carried every thing in liis head. BEINSMEAD, William, first minister of Marlborough, Massactiusetts, died in 1701. He refused baptism to inlants born on the Sabbath. BRINVILLIEKS, Maria Margaret d'Aubrai, marchioness of, a French lady, known for her intrigues and crujies; she poisoned her father, two brothers, and her sister, was condemned to have her head cut off, and afterwards to be burnt ; the senterice was executed in 1676. BUiaUEMAUT, and CAVAGNES, two pro- tcstants, cruelly put to death soon after the mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew, in France, in 1572. BRISSONIUS, Barnaby, a lawyer of emi- nence, in France, was ambassador of Henry HI. in England, and died in 1591. BRISSOT, Peter, a native of Fontenay le Compte, in Poictou, eminent as a physician, died in 1522. BRISSOT, J P., a very eminent French writer on philosophy, politics, and legislation ; but, not contenting himself with a high degree of literary fame, he took a distinguished part in the Frencli revolutionary government, and suifercd by the guillotine, November 30, 1793, at the age of 31). BRITANNICUS, John, an Italian critic and grammarian, was born at Palazzolo, near Bres- cia, about the middle of the loth century, and died in 1510. BRITANNICUS, son of Claudius, poisoned by his mother-in-law, wlio wished to raise her son Nero to the throne, A. D. 55. BRITO, Bernardo de, a monkof Almeyda, in Portugal, author of a historical account of his countrv, died in 1617. BRITTON, Thomas, the famous musical small-coal man, was born at, or near Higham Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, about the middle of the 17th century, and went from thence to London, where he bound himself apprentice to a small-coal man. He served seven years, and returned to Northamptonshire, his master giving him a sum of money not to set uj) ; but after this money was spent, he returned again to London, and set upthe trade of small-coal ; which he con- tinued to the end of his life. Some time after his setting up in the coal business, he appliec liiraself to chyniistry ; and, by the help of a mov ing eiaboratory, contrived by himself, performed such things in that profession, as had never been done before. But his principal object was music in the theory of which he was veiy knowing ; in tlie practice not inconsiderable. HewassomucI addicted to it, that he pricked with his own hand very neatly and accurately, and left behind him a collection of nmsic, mostly pricked by himself, which was sold for near 100/. He left an excel lent collection of printed books, both of chymis try and music: not to mention that he had, soni( years before his death, sold by auction a col lection of hooks, most of them in the Rosicru sian facility, of which he was a great admirer. But what di.stiuguished him most of all, was a kind of musical meeting, held at his own small house, and kept up at his own charges, for many years. Tliis society was frequented by gentry M BR even those of the best quality, with whom he conversed familiarly, and by whom he was much esteemed; forBrilton was as respectable lormoral ndowments, as he was curious for intellectual. The circumstances of his death are not less re- markable than those of his lile. There was one Honeyman, a blacksmith, wiio was famous for peaking asif his voice proceeded fioni somedis- tant part of th<: house, (a ventriloquist, or speaker from his belly, as tliese persons are called.) This man was secretly introduced by Robe, a Middle- sex justice, who frequently played at Britlon's concerts, for the sole purpose of terrifying Brit- ton ; and he succeeded in it entirely; for Iloiiey man, without moving his lips, or sreniing to speak, announced, as from afar olV, the death of poor Britton within a few hours ; with an intima- tion, that the only way to avert his doom, was to fallon his knees immediately, and say the Lord's Prayer. The poor man did so ; but it did not avert his doom ; for, taking to his bed, he died in a few days, leaving Justice Robe to enjoy the fruits of liis mirth. His death happened in Sep- tember, 1714. BRIZARD, or BRITARD, John Baptiste, a French actor, eminent in comedy, died in 1790. BRIZIO, Francisco, a landscape painter, of eminence, of Bologna, died in l'o23. BROCARDUS, James, a wild visionary of Venice, embraced protestantism, and violently attacked popery. BROC'K, John, a useful minister, in Reading, .llassaclui.sells, died in 1C88. BROCKLESBY, Dr. Richard, an eminent English physician and medical writer, died at a very advanced age, December 12, 1797, beloved and regretted by the most distinguished charac- ters, in rank and science. BRODEAU, John, born at Tours, in 1500, rose to great eminence as a scholar. BRODEAU, Julian, a native of Tours, wrote a life of Charles du Moulin, and died in 1543. BROECKHUYSE, orBEOUKHUSIUS, John. Vid. BROUKHUSIUS. BROEK, Elias Vandeen, a native of Antwerp, distinguished for the masterly manner in which he introduced reptiles, &c., into his pictures of flowers and landscapes, died in 1711. BROGLIO, Victor Maurice, count de, marshal of France, distinguished himself in the service of i,ewisXIV. BROGNl, John de, a swine-herd, born at Brogni, in Savoy ; he was raised, by Pope Cle- ment VII., to the dignity of cardinal, and was distinguished for his learning, virtues, and piety; he died in 1426. BROKES15Y, Francis, rector of Rowley, in Yorkshire, author of " A Life of Jesus Christ, ' and apiincipal assistant to Mr. Nelson in com- piling his " Feasts and Fasts of the Church of England." He was also author of " A History of the Government of the Primitive Church," &c., and died in 1713, BROME, Adam de, a favourite of Edward IL, the founder of Oriel College, O.xford, died in 1332. BROMi;, Alexander de, born in 1020, and died in 16(J6. He was a warm cavalier, and author of innumerabJe odes, sonnets and little pieces, in which the round-heads are trpated witli great keenness and severity. These with his epistles and epigrams, were all nrinted in one volume 8vo. after the restoration. He published also a version of Horace, by himself aiul others; with a comedy, called "The Cunning Lovers," 1651; and the world is indebted to him for two volumes of the plavs of 89 ■ BR BROME, Richard, who Hved also in tlie reigii •f Charles I., and was coteuiporary witli Decker, Ford, Shirley, &c. His extraction was mean, for he was originally no better than a menial servant to Ben Jolnison ; he wrote iiiin- sell' liowever into high repute. Ilis (genius was entirely turned to comedy, and we have l.'i of his productions in Uiis way remaining. One o: these " The Jovial Crew," has with a little al teration, been revived, and exhibited with great and repealed success. Jle died in Vt'yi. BRO.MFIKLD, Kdward, an eminent mer chant, of Boston, distinguished lor iiis piety he died in 17.56. BROMFIELD, Edward, a young man of uncommon mechanicai genius, of Boston, died in 174<>. BRO.MPTON, John, a monk in the reign of Edward III. Tile Chronicon, which passes un- der his name, is probably the work of some un- known author. BRO.NCUORST, John Van, a painter, of Flanders, in the ITth century. BKONCHORsT, Jidin, a painter, born at Lcyderi, excelled at painting animals and birds in wiiter colours, died in 1661. BRO^■CHORST, Peter, a native of Delft, emi- nent as a painter, died in 1G61. BRONliXIART, Augustus Lewis, an emi- nent chvniist, died at Paris, in 1804. BRONKHCr^INS, or BROEKHUIZEN, John.j a learned Dutcliiiiaii, died in 1797. BUOXSSOiV, Claude, an elegant advocate, andl warm supporter of the protestants in France in the reign of Lewis XIV. BRtXVZINO, Aguolo, a painter at Florence died in 1.580. BROOK, Ralph, York Herald, known for the errors whicti lie discovered in Camden's Bri- taiiia, died in 1625. BROOKE, Sir Robert, an eminent judg&in the reign of Mary, born at Claverley, in Shropshire, died ill l.jofi. BROOKE, Sir Robert, one of the most emi- nent lawyers of his time, and lord chief justice of tlie common pleas, wrote " An Abridgment, containing an Abstract of the Year Books till the time of Q,ueen Mary," " Cases adjudged from the 6lU of Henry VIlI. to the 4th of Ciueen Mary," and" Readings on the Statute of Limi- tations, made 3-2d of Henry VHI. c. 2." Sir Robert died in 1558. BROOKE, Henry, who gained great reputa- tion as a writer, by the " Farmers Letters," pub- lished in Ireland, during the rebellion, in imita tion of Swift's " Drapier's Letters." He was also author of " The Fool of auality," a novel of more than ordinary merit. His dramatic works, of which the most celebrated are, " Gus- lavus Vasa," and " The Earl of Essex," were rollected, with his other writings, in 4 vols. 8vo. 1778. He died October 10, 1783. BROOKE, Mrs. Frances, a lady as remarka- ble for her virtues, a.s for her great literary ac- f oniplishments. Her principal works are, " Ju- lia Mandeville," and Emily Montague," novels; the '■ Old Maid," a series of periodical papere; " Virginia," and " The Siege of Sinope," tra- gedies ; " Rosina," and "Marian," musical dramas, and several much esteemed trans lations from the French. She died January 23- 1789. BROOME, William, born in Cheshire, as is said, of very mean parents. He was educated upon the foundation at Eton, and appeared early lin the world as a iranglaior of the Iliad intOiJ BR 90 prose, in conjunction with Ozell and Oldisworth. He was afterwards introduced to Mr. Pope, and gained so much of his esteem, that he was em- ployed to make extracts from Eustaihius, for the notes to the translation of the Iliad ; and in the volumes of poetry published by Liiitot, com- inoiily culled " Pope"'s Miscellanies," many of his 1 ariy pieces were inserted. When tlie suc- cess (if the Iliad gave encouragement to a ver- sion of the Odyssey, Pope, weary of the toil, called Fentoii and Broome to his assistance ; and taking only litilf the work upon himself, divided the other half between liis partners, giving fout book.s to Fentoii, and eight to Broome. To the lot of Broome fell the 2d, Otli, 8ih, 11th, 12th. IGtIi, 18tli and i'td ; together with the burden o( writing all the notes. The price at which Pop* purchased this as.si.stance was 300/. paid toFen- tim, and 500/. to Broome, with as many copies as he wanted for his friends, which amounted to 100/. more. Broome died at Batli, Aovembet 10, 1745. BROOKS, John, L.L. n^ governor of Mass. was distinguished as the early friend of the .\inerican revolution, as a brave, active, and judicious officer of the American army ; as ati able and sound statesman, and a true patriot. The friend of Washington, he enjoyed the con- fidence and respect of his fellow-citizens, an4 died, lamented by his country, in 1825. BROOKS, Eleazer, a brigadier in the revolu- tionary war, and was in tlie battle of White Plains in 177t), &c. ; he died in 1806. BROSHl, Carlo, a celebrated Italian singer died in 1782. BROSSARD, Sebastian de, a canon of Meux; he excelled as a musician, and died in 1730. BROSSE, (Juy de la, a physician, author of a treatise on ttie virtues of plants, founded a gar- den of medicinal plants at Paris, in 1626. BROSSES, Cliarles de, president of the par- liament of Burgundy, who wrote letters on the discovery of Herculaneum, &c., died in 1776. BROSSETTE, Claude, horn at Lyons, 1671, publislied the works of Boileau and of Uegnier with historical illustrations ; wrote " L'Histoire abregee de la Ville de Lyons," with elegance and precision, and died there in 1746. BROSSIER, Martha, a very remarkable wo- man, who pretended to be possessed by the devil, and had nearly occasioned great disordens in France toward the latter end of the 16ih cen- turv. liROTIER, L'Abb^, an illustrious and ami- able Frenchman, and one of the most dis- tinguished ornaments of tlie belles lettres ia. that country, born at Tanay, 1722, died 1789. BROUE, Peter de la, a native of Toulouse, friend of Bossuet, died in 1720. BROUGHTOX, Hugh, a very learned divine, born in Oldbury, tfalop, 1549, died 1612, leaving a very laborious work behind him, called " Tlie Consent of Scriptures," which he dedicated to queen Elizabeth. BROtJGHTON, Thomas, a learned divme, author of the " Bibliotheca Historica Sacra," 2 vols, folio, 1739, and one of the original writers of the " Biographia Britannica," (in the first edi- tion of which work his papers were marked T.) was born at London, July 5, 1704, in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, of which hia father was minister, and died vicar of Bed- rainster, ne.ar Bristol, 1774. BROUGHTON, Thomas, a counsellor and lieutenant-governor of South Carolina wbSe & British colony, died in 1737. V\l BROUNOKEll, William, viscount, a native of Castlu Lyon, in Ireland, horn 10:20, ditd lliH'l, liaviiiii (listinguisliod liiiiisuU cliiclly as a mailii'nialic:ian by his " Series tor tlie Ciuadra- tiueol the llvprrliola." KRilUWKU, Adrian, a celebrated Dutch paiMler, Ijorn at llierleni, in Iti(l8. Frans Halls took liini Iroin hciiginji in the streets, and in- structed liiinin the rndijneiiLsorpainlin;;. IIu- moiir was liis proper spliere ; and in little pieces he used to represent his pot conii)anions drink inj, smoking tobacco, gaming, tigliting, ice. He did this with a pencil so tender and free, so much of nature in his expression, such excellent drawing in all the particular parts, and good keeping in the whole together, that none of hi? countrymen liave ever been compar.able to him on that subject. He scorned, however, to work a3 long as he had any money in his pocket ; de- clared for a short life, and a merry one ; and, re- solving to ride post to his grave, by the help of wine and branny, he got to his journey's end, in l()l!8, at only :iO years of age. He died so very poor, that contributions were raised to lay him privately in the ground : from whence Iv was soon after taken up, and, as it is commonly said, very handsomely interred by Rubens, who was a great admirer of his happy genius for painting. liROWN, Robert, a famous schismatic, from whom the sect of the Brownists derived its riamn. He died 10110. This sect eipially con- demned episcopacy and presbytery, as to the jurisdiction of consistories, classes, and synods; and would not joir\ with any other reformed church, because they were not sufficiently as- sured of the sanctity and probity of its members, lioldinsr it an impiety to communicate with sin- ners. Their form of church government was deulocratical. Such as desired to he members of tlieir church made a confession of their faith, and signed a covenant obliging themselves to walk together in the order of the gospel. BRO W.V, Thomas, of facetious' memory ; but whose wit, being greater than his prudence, brought him frequently within danger of starv- ing. Toward the latter end of Brown's life, however, we are informed by Mr. .Tacob, that he was in favour with the earl of Dmset, who in- vited him to dinner on a Christmas-day, with Dryryden, at the same time, was presented with another of 100/. I'.rown was born in Shrop- sJiire, died in London, 1704, and was interred in the Cloister of Westminster Abbey, near the re- mains of Mrs. Belni, with whom he was inti- mate in his life time. His whole works were printed in 1707 ; consisting of " Dialogues, Es- says, Declamations, Satires, Letters from the Dead to the Living, Translations, Amusements, &c." in 4 vols. Much humour, and not a little learning are scattered every where through- out them; but those who think they want deli- cacy, liave certainly abundant reason on their side. BROWN, John, an ingenious English writer, born at Rothbury, in Northumberland, 171.5. Having taken orders, and made himself emi- nent by many excellent sormcms, he fell under the notice of Dr. Osbaldiston, who, when raised to the see of Carlisle, made him one of his chaplains. It was probably about this time that lie wrote his poem entitled " Honour," to show nat true honour can only be founded in virtue ; BK it was inscribed to lord^ionsdale. His next poetical production, tliongli ii.'S WICK, prince Leopold of, son of the, idevelopement and tslalilislmient of universal tlien reigniiiK duke. Having gone upon the'| truth; which lie knew could only be eli'ected waters at Frankfort, upon the Oder, on the 'iTtliii by removing the doubts oi the sceptic, and soft- of April, 1785, to relieve the inhabitants of a|fning the heart ot the inlidel. To this end he village that was overflowed, the boat overset, bent all his barning and powers. His lirsl avow- and his royal highness was drowned ; thus dy- ing, as he had lived, in the highest exercise of huniaiiitv. BRU.VrON, Mary, a native of one of the Orkney islands, and wife of Dr. Alexander Bru'iton, minister at Edinburgh, authoress of " Self Control," " Discipline," &c., died iu l?]a. liRUSCHIUS, Caspar, a Latin historian and poet of Bohemia, died in 1559. BRUSONl, Domitius, author of a facetious treatise, called " Speculum Mundi," edited at Komc, in 1318. BRirt-ONI, Jerome, a Venetian writer, died in \m). BRUTUS, a brother of Ascanins, said to have settled in Albion, to which he gave the name of Britain, soon after the Trojan war. BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, the avenger of the rape of Lucretia, and founder of llie Roman re- public, flourished 509 B. C. BRUTUS, Marcus, a brave general, but blind politician, who hastened the ruin of the Roman republic, by the assassination of Julius Cajsar. He slew himself 42 B. C. BRUTUS, John Michael, a very learned Ve- netian, born about 1518, was author of a " His- tory of Florence," printed at Lyons, in 1560. BRUTUS, Decimus Albinus,' conspired witli Ilis relation, Marcus Brutus, against his benefac- tor, Julius ('a.'sar. BRUTUS, John, .in ecclesiastic of Paris, died in V&2. BRUYERE, John dc la, a celebrated French author, horn at Donrdan, in 1644, wrote " Cha- racters," and described the manners of liis age, in imitation of Tiieophrastus; which characters were not always imaginary, but descriptive ol' real persons. He died in 1690. BRUYN, Cornelius, a painter, bom at the H.-igue, published an account of his travels, the best edition is that of Kouen, 17-25. BRUYS, Francis, born at Serrieres, published a hisrnry of tlif> popes ; he died in 1733. BRUY.*, IVter de, founder of the sect, called Petro-Brui.^sians, a native of Laiiguedoc, was b'.iriit alive in 1130. BRUZC.V, de la Martinicle, Anthony Aiicus- tinr, educated at Paris, under the I'amous Rich- ard Simon, his uncle, and died in 1749. BRY, Theodore de, a painter and engraver, died at Frankfort, on the Maine, in 1.598. ed publication, was a quarto volume, wjiich af^■ peared in 1767, entitled ' Observai.ioiis and In- cjuiries relating to various parts ol Ancient His- tory, &.C., with an account of Egypt, in its most early stale, and of the Shepherd Kings." The ne.Tt was his immortal work, in 3 vols. 4to, 1774, 1776, called " A Kew System, or an Analysis 4f Ancient Mythology ; wherein an attempt is made to divest Tradition of Fable, and to re- duce Truth to its original Purity." He also pub- lished " A Treatise on the Authenticity of the Scriptures, and the Truth of the Christian Reli- gion," 8vo, 179-2. One of the latest of his nu- merous works, was " A Dissertation concerning the War of Troy, and the expedition of the I Grecians, as described by Homer ; professing to jsliuw that no such e.vpedition was ever under- I taken, and that no such city in Phrygia exist- id," 4to, 1796. Mr. Bryant died of a mortifica- tion in his leg, occasioned by a razure against a chair, in reaching a book from a shelf, in his t'Oth vear, at Cypenhain, near Windsor, Nov. 14, 1804. BRYCHAX, one of the Irish kings, father of one of the three holy families of Britain, died ill 4.>0. BRYDONE, Patrick, author of a " Tour through Sicily and Malta," and of some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, died in Ber- wickshire, June 19, 1818. HRYENNUS, Xicephorus, the husband of .\nna Comenn, refused the throne of Constan- tinople, and died in 1137. BUC, George, a learned English antiquary. In the reign of James I., he was appointed mas- ter of the revels ; on which art lie wrote a trea- lise. He was the first vindicator of Richard III., (and publi.shed " The Great Plantagenet," ahis- toriciil poem, in 1635. BUCER, Martin, born in 1491, at Schelstadt, a town of Alsace. He is looked upon as one of the first authors of the reformation at Stras- burgh, where he taught divinity for twenty vears, and was one of the ministers of the town. In 1.548, Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, 2ave him an invitation to come over to England, which he readily accepted. In 1549, a handsome apartment was assigned him in the university of Cambridge, and a salary to teach theology. He died in l.wl, and was buried at Cambridiie. BUCHAN, Elspeth, or Elizabeth, a modem fanatic, her followers were called Ruchanites; BRYAN, Francis, or Briant, an Englishman,!ithey travelled through several parts of Scotland ; accompanied lord Surrey, the English admiral,'! their doctrines were extremely fascinating to the against France, in 152-2, and was knighted for vulcar. Mrs. Buchan died in 1791 his bravery. I BRY.'VX, George, a native of Ireland, emi-l grated to Pennsylvania ; delegate to congress ini 1705 ; and afterwards govcrnorof Pennsylvania;j Jie died in 1791. I BRYANT, Jacob, a learned writer on ancient history and mythology, was born at Plymouth, 1715, and educated at Eton ; whence he proceed- ed to King's College, Cambridge. He devoted his whole life to learned research : and the constant nsnlt othis liiliours was, to settle him firmly in a cniivii titiii of the truth of the Christian faith. 'I'lioiigh lielnii!:ing to the lay part of the com- BUCH.VN, Dr. William, an eminent physi- cian, and medical writer, born at the village of Ankriini. in Roxburghshire, 1739, was educated at the grammar-school of Jedburgh, and after- wards matriculated at the university of Edi^ burgh, with a view to the clerical profession; but lie preferred that of physic, which he pursue* through life. In 1771, appeared his well-known work, entitled "Domestic Medicine," which haa had a degree of success not equalled, perhaps, by any other book in the Englisli language, hav- ing passed through above twenty eilii Ions, (of we believe 5(X)0or6000 each,) and been tran!=la- manity, his eflorts in llje cause of religion, were ted into every European language. It dr< w upon 94 hu hiiu, however, the dislike and persecution of the less liberal part of the faculty ; but w hen it is considered, that the intention of its publica lion was not to supersede the use of a physi- cian, but to supply his place in situations where medical assistance could not be easily obtained, and to render tlie medical art more extensively beneficial to mankind, the jealousies and fears of the faculty were surely unbecoming the ])ro fessorsof a liberal science. Dr. Uuchan publish- ed several other medical works, and died in Per cy-street, Oxford-road, Feb. 25, 1805. BUCHANAN, Claudius, D. D., of Queen's College, Cambridge, M. A., 1796. In Scriptural erudition, he had very few superiors. Deeply versed in the Oriental IcUiguages, he conceived that he should best promote the honour of God, and the happiness of mankind, by enabling " e\'ery man to read the Holy Scriptures" in his own tongue. He died at Broxbourne, Herts, Feb. 9, 1815, while employed in superintending an edition of the Scriptures for the use of the Syrian Christians. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent poet and historian, born neai Kellerne, in the shire of Lenox, in Scotland, in J506. He was tutor to James I., of England, and employed the last 12 or 13 years of his life in writing the history of his country ; in which he happily united the force and brevity of Sallust, with tiie perspi cuity and elegance of Livy. He died at Edin burgh, Sept. 28, 1582. Sir James Melvil, who was of the opposite party to him, and therefore cannot be supposed to be partial in his favour, tells us, that Buchanan " was a stoic philosopher who looked not far before him ; a man of notable endowments for his learning and knowledge in Latin poetry ; much honoured in oilier coun tries, pleasant in conversation, rehearsing at all occasions, moralities, short and instructive whereof he had abundance, inventing where he wanted." Dr. Burnet, in his " History of the Reformation," says of him, " he is justly reckon- ed the greatest and best of our modern writers." BUC'HNER, AiiguPtus, professor of poetry and eloquence, at Wittemberg, died in 1661. BUCHOLTZER, Abraham, pastor at Fries- tadt, author of a valuable work entitled " Index Chronologicus Utriusque Testamenti." He died in 1584. BUCKELDIUS, William, a native of Voider; he invented an ingenious mode of curing her- rings with salt, and died in 1449. BUCKERIDGE, John, born near Marlborough, preached before King James at Hampton-court, and was made bishop of Rochester, in 1611. BUCKHOLD, John, a butcher, of Leyden, headed the fanatical mob of anabaptists at Mun- ster ; he was put to death in 1536. BUCKINGHAM. See VILLIERS and SHEF- FIELD. BUCKINGHAM, Thomas, one of the most eminent ministers In Connecticut, settled in Hartford; he died In 1731. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, a native of Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, was a distin- guished and eloquent preacher, of Brattle-street church, Boston, and lecturer on Biblical criti- cism at Harvard College ; he died in 1812. BUCaUET, John Michael Baptist, a physi- cian, of Paris, died in 1780, a victiin to excessive application. BUD.iEUg, William, a critic and commenta- tor on Greek and Latin authors, bom at Paris, 1467, died 1540. Erasmus called him " Pojten- tiun GaUise," The Prodigy of France. BU BUDD.AX'S, John Francis, suLcifSi\ely prch fessor of Coburg ilalle and Jena, eiiiiiieiit for clearness, judgment, and taste, died in 1729. Bl DGELL, Eustace, a very ingenious and enlerlaining writer, born at St. Thomas, near Exeter, 1685. He was concerned with Steele and Addison in writing the Tattler. The Spec- tator being set on foot in 1710-11, Mr. Budgell had likewise a sliare with them, all the papers marked with an X. being written by him ; as was indeed the whole 8th volume by Addison and himself, without the assistance of Steele. Upon the laying down of the Spectator, the Guardian was set up ; and in this work our au- thor had a hand along with Addison and Steele. In the preface, it is said, that those papers marked with an asterisk were written by Mr. Budgell, In the latter part of his life, after having served the office of under-secret ary of state, and held other high situations in the government of Ire- land, he returned to England, where he became involved in law-suits, which reduced him to a very unhappy situation. On the 4th of May, 1737, he took a boat at Somerset stairs, after tilling his pockets with stones, and ordered the waterman to shoot London bridge ; but while the boat was going under, be threw himself into the river, where he perished immediately. Upon his bureau was found a slip of paper, on which were written these words : " What Cato did, and Addison approv'd, " Cannot be wrong." BUELL, Samuel, D. D.,a presbyferian minis- ter on Long Island, much distinguislitd for his piety, died in 1798. BUFALIMACO,Bonamico, an eminent Italian painter, who died in 1340. He was the first who put labels with sentences into the mouths of his figures; since followed by bad masters, but more frequently in caricature engravings. BUFFET, Margaret, a Parisian lady, wrote an interesting eulogy on learned women, &c. = BUFFIER, Claude, a French writer, chiefly on belles lettres, bom in Poland, 1661, died 1737. There are many works of this author, which ,arned writer, born at Croft, Yorkshire, 1635. ilii most celebrated work, " The Sacred Theo- ;y of the Earth,' was originally published in Latin, in 2 vols. 4to ; the first two books, " con- 'crning the Deluge and Paradise," in 1681; the two last, " concerning the burning of the world, and the New Heavens and New Earth," in 1689. The uncommon approbation which this work met with, and the particular encouragement of Gtiarlex XL, who was exceedingly taken with it, put the author upon translating it into English. 9P BU It would be endless to transcribe all the high en- comiums that have been passed on this work Ey various eminent authors. He died in 1715. BURNKY, Dr. (Charles, an eminent musician nd general scholar, born at Shrcwsbur>', April , 1726, died at Chelsea College, of which he was organist, .April 12, 1814, in his 88th year. His " General History of Music," 4 vols. 4to; his "Present State of Music in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Holland, and Germany;" anfl \ccount of the .Musical performances in com- mcnior-itionof Handel," are valuable additions to British literature, from the knowledge wliich they impart, and the elegance with which they are written. He also wrote the " Life of Me- tastasio ;" a work highly c^stimable for its can dour, information, jndcmenl, and taste. BURNEY, Dr. Charles, son of the foreeoinc;, was born at Lynn, Norfolk, Dec. 6, 17.57, and bred at the Charter House, and Caius College, Cambridge. He greatly distinguished himself by the depth of his literary researches, and by his extraordinary skill in the Greek language. He obtained gre.it eminence as the master of classical academies, successively at Hammer- smith and Greenwich, was D. D., L. L. D.. and F. R. S., rector of St. Paul, Deptford, and of Clilfe, both in the county of Kent, and died Dec. 28, 1817. BLTINS, Robert, a native of Scotland, who, in the humble employment of a ploughman, discovered a most extraordinary genitis for po- etical composition. Dissatisfied with his low station, he was about to emigrate to Jamaica, to seek a better fortune ; and, with a view to procure money for his passage, a coarse edition of his poems were published at Edinburgh. They were soon noticed by the gentlemen in that city ; and some extracts, with an account of the author, were given in "The Lounjrer," a periodical paper then in the course of publica- tion. Subscriptions were then set on foot for a new edition of his works, and Burns was made an exciseman, with an income of about 50/. a year. This pupil of nature, however, this poet of inspiration, possessed in the same degree, the powers and the failings of genius. His ta- lents were often obscured, and his constitution was at length impaired, by excess. His manners not being capable of melioration, and his pro pensity to intemperance being ungovernable, the attentions paid to him were not lasting ; antl he sunk under poverty and distress, leaving a widow precnant, and five infant children. He died July 2), 1796, in the prime of life. I3URRHUS, Afranius, a Roman commander^ under Claudius and Nero. BURR, Peter, a judge, and afterwards chief justice of the supreme court of the state of Connecticut, in 1711. BUUR, Jonathan, a native of England, came to America, in 1639, and was settled in the mi- nistry at Dorchester : he died in 1641. lirRR,.\aron,pastorofthepre3byteri an church at Newark, N. J., in 1742 ; elected president of Princeton College in 1748, died in 1757. He was distinguished for his learning, &c., and publish- ed occasional discourses, &.C. BURRILL, John, speaker of the house of re- presentatives of Mass., and member of the coud- cil, died in 1721. BURRILL, James, a native of Providence, and a distinguished lawyer of that place, was attorney ceneral, and judge of the supreme court of Rhode Island, and at the time of bis death, in 1^20, a senator in coogress. BU nij BURRINGTON,(;corj;e,proi)rietai> yovfiriiorl nf Norili Carolina, was disiiiiss(,'d Ikjiii the ol- :Tce lor his vict.s, and afterwards murdered in EimlaiKJ, ahout 1734. £iL'KKuri;iJ, Edward, a native of West- tuorclaud, obiaincd from Charks II. tlie sus- pension of tlic jiersccution aj^ainst tlic quakers in iNew-ICimlaiid. B( Kiior (ill ES, Jeremiah, a nonconformist, became preacher of s^tepney and Crippkgate churches, ;i!:d died in Jljlti. liUIlROli'JHS^, George, a minister of Salem,] Mas.s., one of the victims of the witchcralt de- lusion, in ll)!l2. Bl'RKOW, Sir James, master of the crown- «iflice, and <(>iiie time president of tlie Royal So- ciety, pnblisliid four volumes of " Reports," and' a volume of " Decisions of the Court of King's Bench upon Settlement cases, from 1732 to 1772, (to which was subjoined " .\n Essay on runctuation,") and died Nov. 5, 17H2. RIRT, John, minister of Bristol, R. I., or- dained in 1741, dad 177.^, a sound divine. BURTON, Henry, an ecclesiastic, born at Birsall, in Yorkshire, made B. D. at Oxford, was clerk of tlie closet to prince Henry, and after his death, to Charles. His writings are all confro versial, and generally full of invectives. He died In 1648. BURTON, William, author of " A History of Leiceslcrshiro," born at Lindley, in that countv, in lo7.5, died in ]G4o. BURTON, Robert, known to the learned by the name of Democritus, junior, was brother of the preceding, and born also at Lindley, Feb. 8, 1576, died Jan. lG:i9-40. He was a man of general learning, a great philosopher, an exact mathematician, and (what makes up fortheiie- culiarity of his character) a very curious calcu- lator of natixities. He was extremely st\idlons, and of a melancholy turn ; yet an agreeable companion, and very humorous. " The Anato my of melancholy,'' by Democritus, junior, as lie calls hiniself, shows that these seemingly dif- ferent qualili'S « ere mi.xed together in his com- position. This book was printed first in 4to, 1621, aficrwatds many times in folio, to the great pi-otit of the bookseller, who, as Mr. Wood tell: us, got an estate by it. " Burton upon Blelan choly," says archbishop Herring, (Letters, 1777 12mo,) " is an author the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense.— The wits of (jueen Anne's reign, and the begin ning of George I., were (he adds) not a little leholdento him." Dr. Fcrriar, in " Memoirs v( the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester," published 1793. and in " Illustra- tions of Sterne," published 1799, lias detected in this book the source of many of Sterne'; most admired writings. See also an able critic on this subject, in the European Magazine, for Oct. ai.d Nov. 1793. BURTON, William, an excellent critic and antiquary, died in 1657. BURTON, William, a physician, hut better known as author of " A History of the county of York," 2 vols, folio. He was born at Ripon, in 1697, and died at York, in 1759. BURTON, John, a learned divine, born at Werabworth, in Devonshire, 1696, died in 1771 leaving some ingenious writings, collected under t6e title of " Opuscula Miscellanea." BURTON, Ezekias, prebendary of Norwich eminent for his learning and piety, died in 1681 His discourses were published by Tillotson. BURY, Arthur, D. D. at the restoration, he obtained a prebend of Exeter., and in 1065, was made chaplain to the kiiiL'. HI RV, Klizubeth, danghterof captain Law- rence, excelled in her knowledge of niaihema- tics, and the learned languages; she died in 1720. liURZUIE, a learned Persian philosopher and jiliysician, in the reign of Chosroes, sur- iiamed Nusihirvan the Just. BUS, Cusarde, anative ofCavaillon, atoned for the irregularities of his youth, by a pious lite, devoted io the reformation of the clergy, lie died in 1(;07. Bl'.'^BKQTTT'e, or BUSBEC, Auger Gislen, born at Conunincs, a town in Flanders, in 1529. In 1554, hf- was appointed ambassador at Con- stantinople, V. here he acipiired a perfect know- ledge of the state of the Ottoman empire, and the true means of attacking it with success ; on which subject he c ompo.sed a very judiciousdls course, eniitled, " De re militari contra Turcam instiiueihla consilium." He died in Oct. 1592. r.rsilV, Rif hard, horn at Lutton, in Lincoln- hire, ICUO. In 1G40, he was apiiointed master of Westminster school ; and, by his skill and diligence in this most laborious and important office, for the space of 55 years, bred up the greatest number of eminent men in churcli and state, that ever adorned at one time any age 01 naiion. This great man, alter a long and healthy life, the constquence of his chastity, sobriety, and temperance, died April 6, 1695, aged 89, and was buried in Westminster Abbey He had composed several books for the use oi his school, and had the reputation of being u very severe disciplinarian. BtTSCIlETTO DA DALICHIO, an eminent architect and mechanic of the 11th century. BUSCHING, Dr. Anthony Frederick, an emi- nent German, author of " A New Treatise of Geography," which has been translated into several languages, and particularly into English, in 6 vols. 4to. He died at Berlin, in May, 1793, aged 69. BUSCKIUS, Herman, a German scholar, wrote some Latin poems, and commentaries on classical authors, and died in 1534. BUSHELL, Thomas, a native of Worcester- shire, a zealous royalist, and master of the royal mines in Wales, died in 1674. BUSLEIDEN, Jerome, a statesman, in the service of Charles V., died in 1517. BUSSIERE, John de, a learned Jesuit, au- thor of a history of France, &c., died in 1678. BUSSY, Roger Rabutin, count of, a French- man, memorable for wit and misfortunes, was born in Burgundy, April 3, 1618. He wrote many works, satirical, historical, and moral ; but IS chiefly known by his " Letters," which are much esteemed. He died in 1693. BUTE, John, earl of, viscount, and baron Mountstuart, &c. Tltis nobleman was, in 1763, appointed prime minister. The nation being nearlv exhausted by a long and expensive, though successful, war with France, he con- cluded a peace, and then retired to enjoy a iife of learned leisure. He was a lover and encou- rager of learning and learned men, especially when genius and respectable character were united in the same person. It was on this prin- ciple that he asked and obtained of llis majesty a pension of 300/. a year for Dr. Johnson. Among many instances of his love to the arts, the earl of P>ute printed, at his own expense, a botanical work, in 9 4to. vols., of plants apper- taining only to England. Only 12 copies were 99 BIT' prinlfid ; tlie expense ft which amountuiJ to lOOUZ. Copifa were pv.st iilod to tlic i|iifcMi, ti the late du.chcHs of I'orihiiul, M. do IJiuIiim. kuly SiiKan IMrii;keiizi«, lady Hanks, and lo.d Muuiii- Stiiart. Those remaining won; reseivod tor le- gai-ies, and the plates were destroyed. His lord- ship died Mar.li 10, l7fl-2. IJ'JTLEll, William, a physician, born at Ips- wich. Some aueidiite.s are recorded of him, which exhihit him as a capricious madman ; he died in UtlS. BUTLBR, Charles, a native of Hampshire, anthor of a popular worii on bees, called the feminine inoiiarehy, &c., dit-d in U)47. BUTLER, Samiiel, a poet of a very singular cast, born at Sirensham, in Worcestorwhire, lOli. He lived some time, (though ii is not kiiown in what capacity,) with Sir Samuel Luke, a gentleman of an ancient family in Bed- fordshire, and a famous coimnander under Oli- ver Cromwell. Wtiile he resided in this (gentle- man's family, it is generally supposed tti^jt he planned, if he did not write, the celebrated " Hudibras ;" undor which characrer it is tlionsht he intended to ridicule llial kniglit. W'le'.! this poem became. known, it was neces- sarily admired' the king quoted, the courtiers studied, and the wliolc' party of the royalists ajiplauded it. Every eye wutclied for the golden Bhower which was to fall upon tiie author. Bui praise was liis whole reward. It is reported, indeed, that the king once gave h'm 3W guineas; but of this temporary bounty we liud no proof. )!edied .September '23, 1680; and was buried at the private expense of u Mi. Longueville, of the Temple, in the church-yard of Covent Garden. About GO years afterw.ards, Mr. Barber, n primer, mayor of London, and a friend in Butler's prin- ciples, bestowed on him a monument in \Vest- minsfer Abbey, tn the mist of obsv;urity passed the life of Butler, a mau whose name can only perish with his language. The mode and place of his education are unknown ; the events of fiis life are variously related ; and all that can be told with certainiv is, that he was poor. BUTLER, .lami*,' duke of Oriiioud, a very celebrated statesman and warrior, in thi; reian of Charles tl., to whose restoration he materi- allv contributed. He was born in Ltmdou, llilO, and died in IG.-'S. BUTLER, .loseph, bishop of Durham, a pre- late of most distinguished piety, horn at Wan- tage, Berks, lti!t2. His deep learning and com- prehensive mind appear sufficiently in liis writ- ings, particularly in a work entitled, " The Analogy of Religion, natural and revealed, to the constitution and course of Nature." He died in 17.5'2. BUTLER, Thomas, earl of Ossory, son of the preceding, was conlincd in the tower eight months by Cromwell. After the restoration, lie abashed Shaftsbury, by an exertion of his powers, in tlie vindication of his fatuer. He died in 1680. BUTLER, Alban, a Roman catholic, director of the English College of St. Omer's, died in 1782. BUTLER, Richard, a brave officerduring the war of the revolution, killed at the defeat of General St. Clair, in 1791. BUTLER, Thomas, a brave officer in the re- volutionary war. In 1797, he commanded in Teiinessre, and brought the Indian war to a suc- cessful termination. He died in 1805. BUTT, George, D. D., an English divine, ac- 100 ^v pilied some distinction as a poet. He published a volume of scrinoiis, and died in ]7!15. BUTTS, Sir William, a physician to Henry V'lH., one of the loundeis of the Royal College ijf I'livsiciaii^. iJUX'l'UN,.Icdediah, a man of most extraor- dinary natural talents for cab ulation, born at Elincion, a villai,'0 in Derbyshire, 1705. He was never taught to read or write ; but could', by the force of memory, solves in a very short time the most complicated (piestions respecting the mul- tiplication, division, reduction, &.C., of figures; yet, beyond mere calculation, his ideas were hardly above those of infancy. He died about 1775. BUXTORFF, .John, the name of two learned professors of Hebrew at Basil, father and son, who ai e allowed a place among those of the tirsT ank for ;abliiu'cal learning. The fatiier died in 1621), the son in 1G64. BUXTCJR I'T, John, nephew of the preceding, succeeded him in the Oriental chair of Basil, and was osi'^eined for his e.xte«sive ertidiUon, He died in 17:52. BUV DE MORXAS, Claude, born at Lyons, authorof a v.iluable atlasof geography and his torv. died in 178.'?. BUZANVAIj, Nicholas Choartde, a French prelate, relinquished the profession of law lor the church, and died in li)71). BUZOr, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one of the heroes of the French revolution, born in 1760. BYEFIELO, Nathaniel, a native of England, settled in Bristol, Rhode Island, and died in 173:j. BYFIRLD, Nicholas, a native of Warwick- shire, who wrote some voluminous tracts on divinitv ; bo died in 1622. BYLES, Mather, D. D., a pnet and political writer of some note, minister in Boston, where he was born in 1706. BYN/EUS, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, skilled in classical and historical learning, died in liillS. BYNG, George, lord viscount Torrii^ton, was born in 1663. His eminent aiiilities as a naval commander raised him successively to the high olTices of rear admiral of England, treasurer of the navy, and tii'st lord of the admiralty. He was father of the unfortunate admiral John livii'-', who, after having given many proofs of oiirage, was, on a dubious sentence for neglect I' diiiv, shut at Portsmouth, i\Iarch 14, 1757. His lordship died in 1733. BYNKEIiSIIOEK, Cornelius 'Van, pro.'essor >f law at l,eyden, &c., author of Observations on the Roman Laws, &c., died in 1743. BYRD, William, a native of Virginia, died abiiut the middle of the last century. He col- lecled a very large and valuable library. BYRGE, Justus, an ingenious mathematician and instruineiit-maker in France, tiouiifihed at ihe end of the lOlh century. BYRNE, William, a vi^ry distinguished land- scape engraver. His best performances are, The .Anticpiitios of Great Britain, after Hearne; Viewsof tiio Lakes after Farington; and Smith's Scenery of Italy. His chief excellence consist- ing in his aerial perspective, and the general fleet of his chiaro-oscuro, he was more agreea- bly and more beneficially employed in finishing than in etching; and hence he generally worked in conjuii'iiiiii with his pupils; to wliom his strons recommendation was, to study nature, Vivares, and the best examples of the Ftench CA VJi:. school. Aiiioiij; tlii; ()iii>il.s of Mr. Uynic, \vc know no ono vvlio Jias donu riinie credit (.•iihcr to his instructer in tlie art, or to Iiiiiiselt', ilian Mr. LandsmT, engraver to liis late niaje.fiy. Mr. Byrne died Septeniljer 24, IS05, aged H'i. BYKOM, Jolni, a poetical writer, and inventor of a new system of sliort-hand, born at Kersal near Manchester, 109], died in IVOJ. BYRON, Lord Geoif^c Gordon, an English nobleman, distingnislied as the greatest poet of me age in which he lived, author of " Childe Harold," " Don Jnan," and other poems, died «t Missolonghi, while assisting the Greeks in their glorious struggle for freedom, in April 18iM. BYTHNER, Victorinus, a native of Poland, eminent for his knowledge of Hebrew, died in 1664. BZOVIUS, Abraham, a learned I'olander. The chief of his works i.=, " A Continuation of Baronius' Annals from 1198 to 1572." ilt: died in 1037. CA CAB, Ben Zohair, an Arabian poet, the oppo-| nent, and afterwards the friend, of Mahomet died in the tirst year of the heaira. CABAUE!?, or COBAD, a king of Persia, de posed, but afterwards recovered his authority which he left to his son in 531. CABANIS, Peter John George, a French phy sician, the associate of Mirabeau, and one of the council of 500 during the revolution, died in 1808. CABASILAS, Nilus, archbishop of Thesa lonica, wrote against the supremacy of the pope; he was succeeded by his nephewj Nicholas, in the 14th century. CABASSOLE, Philip de, chancellor and chief minister of the queen of Sicily, and curili- nal d' metropolitan of Constantinople ; died in 137'2. CARASSUT, John, professor of the canon law at Avignon, died in lliS.'i. CABEIi,AdrianVander, of Riswick, eminent as a painter ; he died in 169,). CABESTAN, or CABJSTAIXG, William do, a poet, murdered by the husijand of his mis- tress, who eat ins heart unknowingly, and died with grief. CABOT, John, a Venetian, who first dis- covered the continent of America, in 14!I7. CAKOT, Sebastian, son of the preceding, ac- companied his father in his voyage, iuiUitT, and afterwards made several voyages ; he died in 1557. CABOT, George, an eminent statesman, was a member of the United States' Senate from the state of Mass., and president of the Hartford Convention. He was distinguished as a man of great strength of mind, of sound and correct judgment, of unsuljied honour, and the strictest ■ntegrity, and was the friend and associate of Washington. CABOT, Vincent, author of " LesPoIitiqucs," in 4 vols., of the 14th century. CABRAI, or CABRERA, Pedro Alvares, n Portuguese, sent, in LWO, by king Emanuel, with a fleet to the East Indies. He was driven upon the coast of Brazil, and gave the name to Santa Cruz. CAD A LOUS, a bishop of Parma, made poy under the title of Honorius II., died in 1004. CADAMOSTO, Lewis, a famous Venetian navigator, born in 14i-J, visited the Madeira.s, the ('anaries, ice. CAI)MU.<, king of Thebes, wiio brought 16 letters into Greece. The poets say that he h'ft his country in ijuest of his sister Eiiropa, rfiid wont into Buiotia, where on« of his coiiipaiiv was devoured by a dragon, wliich Cadmnsslew, and sowed its teeth in a field, whence sprung up an army of men wiio destroyed one another. CADMUS, a Milesian, author of a history of India. CADOG, founder of some churches in Wales, in the IStli century. CADOG, a bard of the 6lh century, called the Wise. • CADOGAN, William Bromley, a respected minister of St. Giles', Reading, aiid St. Luke's; di.;d in 17'J7. CADWALADYR, last king of the Britons, in 0()0 he was conquered by the Sa.\ons. CADWALADYR, Cesail, a Welsh bard of some merit, in the 10th century. CAD Vv' A LEADER, , an eminent physi- cian of Philadelphia, and among the first who wrote on medical subjects ; nourished about 1740. CAD WALLADER, John, a brigadier-generai in the American army, during the revolution, died in 1786. CADWALLON, prince of North Wales, de- feated by Edwin of England, in 620. CADVvgAN, a prince of South Wales, was assassinated in 1110. C.ECILIANUS, bishop of Carthage, was ex pellcd from office by a council, in 311. (VECILIUS STATIUS, a comic poet in the age of Emiius. C/ELIUS AURELIANUS, or, as some have called him, Lucius Callus Arianus, an ancient pliysiciauof Sicca, atown of Numidia, in Africa. We are obliged to him for the knowledge of many dogmas which are not to be found but iu his hooks " De celeribusettardis Passioiii'ous." He wrote, as he liimself tells lis, several other works; but they have all perished. This, however, wJiich has escaped the ruins of time and barba- rism, is highly valued as being the only monu- ment of the Medicina Methodica which is ex- tant. He is allowed by all to ho admirable in the history and description of diseases. Le Clerc places him in tjie 5th century. C'^SAR, Cains Julius, an iUuatrious Roman eneral and historian, born '.»8 B. C. By his va- lour and eloquence he acquired the highest re pnlation in the tield and in the senate ; beloved 111(1 respected by liis feilow-citizens, he enjoyed successively every magisterial and military ho- nour that the republic could bestow, consistent with its own free constitution ; but, at length, having subdued Pompey, the great rival of his growing power, his boundless ambition etiaced the glory of his former actions ; for pursuing his favourite maxim, " that he would rather be the first man in a village, than the second in Rome," he procured himself to be chosen perpetual dic- tator; and, not content with this unconstitu- tional power, his faction liad resolved to raise him to the imperial dignity, when the friends of the civil liberties of the republic rashly and basely assassinated him in the senate-house, where they should only Iiave seized him, and brought him to a legal trial for usurpation. By this impoli- tic and treacherous measure, they defeated their own purpose, involving the city in consternation and terror, which produced general anarcliv ^ 101 CA and paved tlio way to Uic revolution that they wanted to prevent ; for, after his death, the re public, thou!,'h for some lime it preserved the tornrs of liberty, became an absolute monarchy, the constant late of all governments, whatever freedom they might once have, when luxury and proiiigale manners have grown universal. The activity of Cwsar's spirit was such, that, as he himself said, " he thought nothing dune, while there was any thing left to do." However, amidst all his concerns, civil and military, he found time to be the author of many works ; none of which have been preserved from the ravages of time, except seven books, " De Bello Gallico." C.'ES.^R, Sir Julius, a learned civilian, born near 'rottenham, in Middlesex, 3557, died in lt;39. CTES A R A L FIN US, Andreas, an eminent phi- losopher and physician, born at Arezzo, 1559, died in 1603. CAFFA, Melchior, a distinguished sculptor, who adorned the churches of Rome and Italy, died in 1687 OAFFARELLI DU FALGA,N.,a French officer of ereat courage ; died in 1801. CAFFIAUX, D. Joseph, a native of Valen- ciennes, a writer on history, music, &c. CAFFIERI, Philip, an eminent sculptor, of Rome, died in 1755. CAGLIARI, Paul, a most excellent pamter, born at Verona, in 153-2. He was styled by the Italians, II pittor fcUce, " The happy painter." There is scarcely a church in Venice which has not some piece or other of his; and his picture of The Marriage at Cana, in tlie church of St. George, is to he distinguished from his other works, as being not only the triumph of Paul Veronese, but almost the triumph of painting itself. He died of a fever at Venice, in 1588, and liad a tomb and a statue of brass erected in the church of St. Sebastian. CAGHOSTRO, count Alexander, a man so called, but whose real name was Joseph Balsa- mo, was born at Palermo, 1743. His whole hie was a series of the most astonishing cheats, mummeries, and impostures ; and his ingenuity in every species of fiction and deceit exceeds all that has been recorded in the annals of ancient or modern roguery. For some enormities in Rome he was cominitted to the castle of St. An- gplo, in which iie died toward the end of 1794. CAGNACI, called Gaulassi from liis deformi- rv, an Italian painter of the 18th century. CAGNATI, Marsilio, a physician of Verona, settled at Rome, professor of philosophy, in the age of Paul V. CAHAGNKS, James, professor of medicine at Caen, died in 1012. CAHUSAC, Lewis de, a Frenchman, author of the tragedy of Pharamond, and some ro- mances, died in 1759. CAIAPHAS, the high-priest who condemned our Saviour, and afterwards committed suicide. CAIET, Peter Victor Paliiia, a Frenchman, doctor of the Sorbonne, who from a Calvanist became a Catholic : he was author of a valuable < hronologv, and died in 1610. CAIETAN , Constantine, a Benedictine, editor of the works of Peter Darien, died at Rome, in 1C50. ^ . CAIETAN, a cardinal, born in 14C9,atCaieta, a town in the kingdom of Naples. Ilia proper name was Thomas de Vio ; but he took that ol <;aictaii, from the place of his nativity. He gave a literal translation of the Old and New Testa- ments, from the originals : eiceptiog Solomon'* 102 Song and the Prophets, which he had begun, hut did not live to proceed tar in ; and the Kevela- lions of St. John, which he designedly omitted ; • saying, that, to ('xpUiin them, it was necessary for a man to be endued,not with partsand learn- ing, but with the spirit of prophecy. UAILIiER, iNicholas Lewis de la, a French malhPinatician and a.slronomer, friend of Cas- iii ; died in lliiU. CAIN, the eldest son of Adam, who slew hja brother Abel. CAIRO, Francisco, an eminent painter of re- ligious subjects, born at Milan, in ]."i!;8. C AlUS,or KAYES,Dr. Ji.lm, a distinguished English physician, author of several learned works, died in 1573. CAIUS, John, poet-laureat to Edward IV. CAIUS, Thomas, a disihisuished linguist in England, prebendary of Sarum, died in 1572. CAIUS, a Roman saint, made bishop of Rome in 283. CALABER, an ancient Greek poet, author of a supplement to Homer's Iliad. CALADROIS, Matthias Prcti, a painter, of Calabria, died atMalla, in lf)99. C.\LAMY, Edmund, a very eminent divino among the non-conformista ; born at London. IGOO, died Kitili. CALAMY, Benjamin, an eminent divine and excellent preacher, died vicar of St. Lawrence, Jewry, 168ii. The pieces that he printed in his lifetime were, 7 sermons on several occasions , 13 others were published in one volume, after his death. CALAMY. Edmund, an eminent divine among the non-conformists ; made D. D. by the univer sities of Scotland. He wrote several controver- sial works, and died in 1732. CALANDRUCCI, Giacintho, a painter, of Rome, died in 1707. CALANUS, an Indian brahmin, who burned himself before Alexander, 3i) B. C. CAI,AS, John, an unfortunate merchant, ol Toulouse, unjustly condemned, _on the charge of murderhig his own son, in 176'2. CALASIO, Marius, a Franciscan, at Rome- author of a valuable concordance of the Hebrew Bible, published in lt)'21. CALCAGNINI, Celio, a native of Ferrara, and a distinguished scholar, died in 1540. CALCAR, John de, an eminent painter, at Naples, died in 1546. CALDERINI, Domizio, born at Toris, pro fe-^sor of belles lettres, and translator of Pausan- ias into Latin ; he died in 1478. CALDERONI DE LA BARCA, Don Pedro a celebrated Spanish officer, ecclesiastic, and dramatic writer. In the latter character, he may, perliaps, deserve the name of the Spanish Shakspeare. He flourished about 1040, and his dramatic works make 9 vols. 4to. CALDERWOOD, David, a famous divine of the church of Scotland, and a distinguished wri- ter in behalf of the presbvierians, in the 17th century. He wrote " The True History of Scotland." CALDWALL, Richard, an eminent English physician, died in 1585. CALEB, a Hebrew, sent by JIoscs, with Jo- shua, into Canaan. CALED, or KHALED, one of Mahomet s friends, called, from his courage, the sword ol God, died in 639. CALFF, Robert, a merchant, of Boston, who published a work against witchcraft, in 1700; he idied In 1720. CA CALENDARIO, Philip, celebrated for the porticoes which lie erected round the palace ol' St. Maik, at Venice, about 1354. CALENTIUS, Elisius, a poet and philoso- pher, preceptor of Frederic, son of the king of Naples, and author of many works ; he died in 1502. OALEPINO, or DA CALEPIO, Ambrose, a native of Uerganio, author of a vocabulary of the Latin toncue ; died, blind, in 151]. CALIAVIKI, Luca, an Italian painter, who excelled in sea views, landscapes, &.C.; died in 1715. CALIGULA, the Unman emperor and tyrant, began his rf'if;n A. U. 37, with every appear- ance of becomiiiy; llie real, not the titular, father of his people ; but at the end of eight months he was seized with a fever, whicii, it in suppojid, left a frenzy upon his mind, for his disposition totally chanpcd, and he committed the most a- trocious acts of impiety, cruelly, and folly ; such as proclaiming his horse consul, feeding it at his table, introducing it to the temple in the vest- ments of the priests of Jupiter, and causing sa- crifices to be olfercd to himself, his wife, and his horse. After having murdered many of his sub- jpcts with his own hands, and caused others to Be put to death without any olfence, he was as- sassinated by a tribune of the people, as )ie came out of the amphitheatre, A. D. 41, in the 2!)t!i year of his ape. CALL.ARD, John Baptlste, a crlobrated au- thor, and professor in the university of Caen, died in 1718. CALLENDER, Elisha, minister of the 1st Baptist C'liurch, Boston ; of a peaceful disposi- tion, and exemplary life. CALLENDER, John, an eminent Baptist minister and WTitcr,in Rhode Inland; he publish- ed a history of Rhode Island, and died in 174H. CALLIACH, Nicholas, professor of belles lettres at Padua, died in 1707. CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan general, who perished in a naval battle, 405 B. C. CALLIERES, Francis de, an eminent states- man and poet, in the time of Lewis XIV., died in 1717. CALLIMACHUS, an ancient Greek poet, Born at Cyrene, a town in Africa; b\it when, we cannot precisely determine. Suidas relates that Cafiimachus wrote above 800 pieccK, of which we have now remaining only a few hvmns and epigrams. "CALLIMACHUS, of Corinth, an architect, and inventor of the Corinthian order, flourished about 540 B. C. CALLINUS, of Ephesus, an ancient Greek poet, the inventor of elegiac verse, flourished about 776 B. C. CALLIPPUS, a celebrated Athenian astro- nomer, the first observer of the revolutions of eclipses, flourished 336 B. C. CALLISTHENES, a philosopher, disciple and relation of Aristotle, by whose desire he ac- companied Alexander the Great in his expedi- tions ; but proving too severe a cenaurer of the hero's conduct, he put him to the torture (on sus- picion of a treasonable conspiracy,) under which lie died 328 B. C. CALLISTUS, Johaenes Andronicu9,a native of Thes salonica, and professor of philosophy, at Constantinople, in 1453; he died in France.' CALLIXTUS I., elected pope, in 209 ; he suf- fered martyrdom four years afterwards. CALLIXTUS II., Guy, pope, in ni9,held the first Lateraa ccuiicilj and died is 1124. CA ^^^ CAI.LIXTUS ill., elected pope in 1455 ; he was a learned and pious man, and died in 1458. CALLIXTUS, George, a Luiheran divine, professor at Hemsladt, founder of the sect called Callixtins ; he died in 1056. CALLOT, James, a famous engraver, born at Nancy, in 1593. Evelyn, who was a very good judge of his merit, speaks of him as one who " gave the utmost reputation to his art of which it is capable ; and attained, if ever any did, to its sublimity, and beyond which it seems not possible for human industry to reach." He died in 1G36. CALMET, Aupustin, a Frenchman, born in 1672, died 1757. He was a man of vast erudi- tion, and a wonderfully voluminous writer ; as wItneFseth the following list. 1. " A literal commentary upon all the Books of tlie Old and New Testament," 23 vols. 4to. 2. " Disserta- tions and Prefaces of his Commentaries," print ed separately, with 19 new Dissertations, 3 vols. ]4to. PerhaiB there are none of his writings imoie useful than these. 3. " The History of the |01d and New Testament," 4 vols. 4to. 4. "A jHislorical, Critical, and Chronolo;;ical Dictiona- jry of the Bible." 5. " Ecclesiastical and Civi3 jllistory of Lorrain," 3 vols, folio. 6. " Bibiio- thequcof the Writers of Lorrain, folio. 7. "Uni Ivereal History, sacied and prof;>ne," 15 vols. 4to, jof which eight only were printed. 8. " Disser- Itations upon Apparitions, Demons, W'itches. j&c." 9." Literal, Historical, and Moral Commen- jtary, upon the Rules of St. Benedict," 4to. Al" these works are written in the French language. I CALMO, Andrew, a Venetian, famous as an i actor, and comic writer, died in 1571. His best 1 piece is Rodiana. j CALO, John, or Joliannitz, a Bulgariaiij made an independent king, by Innocent III. CALONNE, Charles Alexander de, an emi- nent French statesman, successor to Necker, as comptroller general of finances ; he died in 1802. CALOVIUS, Abraham, a native of Bruns- wick, divinity professor at Radstock, died in 1686. CALPRENEDE, Gautier de la, author of some curious romances, died in 1663. CALPURNIUS, a Sicilian poet of the 3d cen- tury, author of seven eclogues. CALVART, Denys, a painter, of Antwerp, whose pictures are admired for dignity and taste, died in 1619. CALVERT, James, a non-conformist, of York, an author, and instructer of some note, died in 1698. CALVERT, George, a statesman, born at Kipling, in Yorkshire, 1582, died 1632. He ob- tained from Charles I., a patent, to him and hia heirs, for Maryland, in the north of Virginia. He was private secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, afterwards principal secretary of state ; but, be- coming a Roman Catholic, the king continued him only as a privy couiisellor, and made hirn Baron Baltimore. CALVERT, Leonard, brother of Cecelius Calvert, the proprietor and lirst governor of Mary'and, in 1G33. CAVjVERT, Benedict Leonard, was governor of Blaryland in 1727. He resigned the office five years afterwards, and died on his return to England, in 1732. CALVERT, Philip, was governor of Mary- land from 16C0 until 1662. CALVERT, Charles, son and heir of Lord Baltimore, was governor of Maryland in 1662. CALVERT, Charles, came to America as go- 103 CA Voriior of Maryland, in 1720, anj afterwards held Diher offices in llie colony. CALVEU'I', Frederick, Lord Baltimore, pro- prietor of Maryland, was flislingiiislied as a man of learning, and an author ; lie died in 1T71. CALVl, Lazaro, a famous painter, of Genoa, ill the Itith century CAIiVIiW John, one of the chief reformers of the church, in the I6th century, born at IS'o- yon, in Picardy, July in, J50t), died May '-'7, 15C4 He was a man whom God had endowed with very eminent talents; a clear understand ing, a solid judgment, and a liappy memory : he was a judiciour^, elegant, and indefatii;alde wtiter, atid possessed of very extensive learn- ing, -and a (.'real zeal for truth. His e.ttreme ri- gour, however, procured him many enemies. Inileed, it very ill became a reformer to defend (as he did) the burniti" of heretics. CALVISIl'S, Sethfis, a German, distinguisli- ed as a chronologer, born in 155St. CALZA, Anloino, a painter, in the 17th ccn- turv, pupil to Carlo Cianaid. (JAMARGO, Mary Ann Cupi dc, a celebrated stage dancer, who exhibited at Brussels and Pa- ris, died in 1770. CAMA.SSEI, or CAMACE, Andrew, an Ita- lian painter, who studied under tlie Sacchics, died in 1657. CAMB.\CERES, N., an eloquent preacher, made archbishop of Rouen, died in 1808. CA.MBAT, a French musician, who first in- troduced operas into France, died in 1677. CAxMBIS-VELLERON,.Tosepli Lewis Domi- nic, marquis de, a Frencli nobleman, born in 1700, distinguished for his writings. CAMBRIDGE, Richard Owen, nn elceant English poet, critic, and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, in 1717, and educated at Eton school ; whence he removed to St. John's College, Oxford. His poetical works are nu- merous; but the most celebrated of them is a mock-heroic poem, called " The Scribleriad," in six books ; the object of which is, to expose to ridicule false taste and false science : it is a masterly piece of humour, and should be read as much tor instruction as amusement. He also wrote a papers in that well known periodical collection of essavs, called "The World," and died September 17, 1802. In 180:t, a complete collection of his works was published by his son, in one volume 4to., and verv well receive>S5. CAMPBELL, George, D. D., professor of Church History at St. Andrews, published seve- ral works, and died in 1757 CAMPBELL, Dr. .lohn, an eminent histori cal, biographical, and political writer, born ai Edinburgh, MarchS, 1707-8. Among many otiiei works, he was either sole author of, or princi pally concerned in, the following: "The Mili- tary History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough ;" "Ancient Universal History;' Livesof the English Admirals;" " Hermippus Redivivus; or, the Sage's Triumph over Old Age and the Grave ;" "Voyages and Travels,' 2 vols, folio; " Biographia Britannica," (ic which work liis papers may be known by the. nitiais E. and X. ;) " The "Preceptor ;" " Pre ent State of Europe ;" " The Modern Univer sal Historv;" and " A Political Survey of Bri tain." Dr. Campbell died December 28, 1775. CAMPBELL, Dr. George, an eminent divin« and theological writer, of Scotland, principal and profes.sor of divinity in the Marischal Col lege and University of Aberdeen, born in 171!», died April 0, 1796, leaving several valuable works; the chief of which are, " A Dissertation on Miracles," " Philosopliv of Rhetoric," and CA CA "A New Translation of llie Four Gospels from tlic Greek, with Preliminary Dissertations and Notes," &.C. publislied in 1789. CAMPBELL, Colin, a Scotch architnct, au- thor of " Vitruvius Uritannicus," in 3 vols., died in 17.34. CAMPBELL, John, 2d duke of Argylc, and duke of Greenwich, a distinguished military character in tlic time of George I., died in 1743. CAMPBELL, Archibald, a learned bishop of Aberdeen, author of several celebrated works, r'.icd in 1744. C.\MPEGGIO, Lorenzo, a Roman cardinal, SMil to England to settle the affiiirs of Catha- rine's divorce, died at Rome, in 1539. CAMPER, Peter, a celebrated physician and naturalist, of Leyden, author of G vol=. 8vo. on philosophy and natural history, died in 1789. CAMPHUYSEN, Dirk, a painter, of Dorcuni, eminent in landscape pieces, born in lHHti. OAMPI, Bcrnardin, an Italian painter, of eminence, died in 1584. CAMPI, Galeazzo, an Italian painter, who excelled in miniatures and history, died in]530. CAMPIAN, Edmund, a learned Eii(;li.sh writer, who became a Roman catholic, and was hanged for aiding the cause of the pope, in LISl. CAMPISTRON, Jean Galbcrt, a distinguished French dramatic writer, died in 17i3. CAMPO, Antonio, an Italian historian, of eminence, in 1585. CAMPP A, Andrew, of Aix, greatly admired for his musical compositions, died in 1744. CAMPS, Francois de, a native of Amiens, au- thor of dissertations on medals, died in 1723. CAMPSON, Gauri, an able atid humaue sul- tan of Egypt, slain in battle with the Turks, in 151G. CASIUS, John Peter, a French prelate, and eloquent preacher, author of several pious ro- mances, died in lfi,52. CAMUS, Stephen la, an exemplary doctor of the Sorbonne, and bishop of Grenoble, died in 1707. CAMUS, Antoinc le, a physician, and atithor of several medical works, died at Paris, in 1772. CAMUS, Charles Stephen Lewis, a learned French mathematician, died in 1768. CAMUSAT, Nicholas, a learned French au- thor, of Troves, died in 1655. CANANI, John Baptist, a native of Ferrara, professor of medicine, said to have discovered the valves of the veins, died in 1590. CANAVE, Philip, sieur du Fresne, an am- bassador of Henry IV., of France, died in ItilO. CANDAULES, king of Lydia, murdered by Gyges, 718 B. C. CANDIAC, John Lewis Eliz. de Montcalm, a child of extraordinary powers in France, read Latin at four, and Greek and Hebrew at six ; he died in 1726. CANDITO, Peter, a historical painter, of Bru- ges, 1548. CANEAII, or C ANGHAH, in Indian philoso- pher, physician, and astronomer. CANER, Henry, D. D., minister of King's Chapel, Boston; lie published some sermons, and died in England, in 1792. CANGE, Charles dn, a celebrated French his- torian, critic, and antiquary, born hi 1610, died in 1688. CANGIAGO, or CAMBISI, Lewis, a cele- brated painter, of Genoa, died in 1535. CANINI, Angelo, a learned Italian linguist and anthor, died in 155' o CANISIUS, Henry, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, an author of eminence, died in 1609. CANITZ, baron of, a popular poet and states- man of Germany, died in 1099. CAN.N, John, an Englishman, author of a Bible, with marginal notes. CA N A M A RES, J ohn, a peasant of Catalonia, who, in a ht of insanity, attacked king Ferdi- nand, and nearly killed him; he was strangled in 1492. CANO, Alonzo, a native of Grenada, eminent as a painter, sculptor and architect, died in 67(3. C.\i\0, or CANUS, Melcbior, a native of To- ledo, bishop of the Canaries ; died 1500. C.ANOVA, Antonio, the most eminent sculp- tor of the age, died at Venice, in 1822. His statues areowued by the rich and noble tlirougli- out Europe, and are highly valued ; one, of Wash- ington, is at Raleigh, N'. C. CAATACU/ENUS, Johannes, a celebrated Byzantii.e historian, mu(.*> e-tcemed as the naithorof a " Hisiory of 'S\'^- Own Times,'" in four books. Besides this h nory, he wrote also some theological works ; particularly '• An Apo- logy lor the Christian Religion against that of Mahomet," in four books. He died 1411, aged above lOfl vears. CA^TARiNI, Simon, a painter, pupil and friend of Guide, died in 1648. C.ANTEL, Peter Joseph, a Jesuit of Caux^ enunent as an author, died in 1579. CANTEMIK, Pttmetrius, born in Tartary, 1073 ; died 1723. He was author of some con- iderable works. 1. " A History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire," in Latin 2. The system of the Mahometan Religion." 3. The pre.'^ent state of Moldavia," in Latin, Willi a lartre ma)) of the country. CANTEiMIR, Antiochus, son of the above ; born at Petersburg, 1710 ; died 1744. The Rus- sians before him had nothiiff but some barbar rous songs ; he was the first who introduced any civilized poetry among them. Besides a trans- lation of Anacreon, and the Epistles of Horace, he gave them, of his own, Satires, Odes, and Fables. He also made several foreign works known to them ; as, 1. " The Plurality of Worlds ;" 2. " The Persian Letters ," 3. '• Tl).e Dialogues of Algarotti upon Light," &c. CANTERUS, William, a distinguished lin- uist of Utrecht, who wrote several philological works ; he died in 1575. C,\NTON, John, an ingenious and very eminent English natural philosopher, born at Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1718, died 1772. CANTVVELL, Andrew, an eminent practi- tioner and writer on medicine, of Tipperary, died in 1704. CANUS, or CANO, a Spaniard, who accom- panied Magellan round the world. CANUTE, a king of Denmark and Norway, also sovereign of England ; he died in 1020. CANUTE, or KNUD, surnamed the Great, king of Denmark, took part of England from Edmund Ironsides, and afterwards seized the whole kingdom ; he died in 1035. CANUTE, IV., king of Demnark, a liberal benefactor to the church, slain by one of his subjects, in 1087. CANUTI, Dominiro, a seirtanght Italian painter of eminence, died in 1078. CAPACCIO, Julio Casare, author of a history of Naples, and was tutor to prince Urbano ; he died in ir>31. CAPASSO, Nicholas, of Naples, professor of ci\il law, and a poet; he died in 1743 105 CA CAPECIO, Scipio, a Neai)oIitan Latin poet and law proicesor at Naples, in the IGth ceiiiiiry. CAPEL, Arthur, lord, a virtuous jiobloniaii, Whose atlactiiiiciu to tlie cause of Charles I. proved his ruin ; he was beheaded in Vii8. CAPEL, Arthur, earl of Essex, ambassador to Denmark, &i.c. murdered by some one un known. CAPELL, Edward, a gentlemen known as an editor of Sliakspcare's works, in 10 vols. Hvo., and the author of three large volumes, in 4to under the title of " JVotes and various readings of Sliakspeare ; together with the suhool of Pnakspeare, or extracts from divers En,'lish bonks that were in print in the author's time evidently showing from whence his several Fables were taken, and some parcel of his dia- logue," &c. Besides the works already men- tioned, Mr. Capell was the editor of a voUime of ancient poems called " Prolusions ;" and the altererof " Antony and Cleopatra," as acted at iJrury Lane, in 1758. He was born at TrSston, near Bury, in Suffolk, June 11, 171J, and died Feb. -2-1. 1781. CAPELLA, Marcianus Minius Felix, a Latin poet of the 5rli century. C.\PELLO, Bianca, a Venetian lad}', an adul- trdss, mistress, and afterwards wife of Francis, the grand duke of Cosmo's son , she was poison- ed by lier brothef-in-law, in 1587. CAPELLUS, Lewis, an eminent Frcncli pro- testant and learned divine, born at Sedan, a town in Cliainpagne, about 1579. He was so very deeply skilled in the Hebrew, that the learned bishop Hall calls him the great oracle of all that studied Hebrew in France. His prin- cipal work is " Critica Sacra," a collection of various readings and errors, which he thought were crept into the copies of the Bible through the fault of the transcribers; it must have been, however, a work of prodigious labour, since thi; author acknowledges that he had been 36 years about it. Capellus died 1G58. CAPILUPUS, Caniillus, an Italian writer who published the stratagems of Charles IV against the Hugonols. CAPILUPUS, La;lius, brother of the preced ing, author of some Latin poems, died in 1560. C.\P1STR.VN, John, a famous preacher in the Foniish Church, and persecutor of ti)e Hussites, died about 1356. CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, distinguished him- self at the siege of Poictiers against the Kugo- nots, in 15U9. CAPlSUCCHI,Paul,a canon of the Vatican, and employed by the pope in the celebrated di- vorce of Henry VIII. ; he died in 1539. CAPITO, Wolfgang, a Gertnan protestant di- vine, author of a Hebrew grammar, died in 1542. C.VPITOLIXUS, Julius, a Latin historian in the 3d century. j CAPMANY, Don Antonio de, an eminent Spanish writer, born in Catalonia, and died at Madrid, in 1810. CAPORALI, CiBsar, an Italian writer, go-l vernor of Atri, and autlwr of some comedies ; he died in IfiOl. CAPPE, Newcome, a dissenting minister, edu- cated by Doddridge, and author of works on di- vinity ; he died at York, in 1801. • C.-^PPELLO, Bernardo, a native of Venice eminent as a poet. CAPPERONIER, Claude, a Frenchman, at first a tanner, but became a profe.ssor of Greek in the university of Basil ; lie died in 1744. CAPRANICA, Nicholas, a learned Italian, 106 CA .'.ecretary to pope jMartiu \'., bishop and cardi aal , died in 145d. CAPKIATA, Peter John, a Genoese, author of a history o( Italy, from 1013 to 11*0. CAKACALLA, Marcus Aurcl Aiitonin, a cruel lioman emperor; assassinated in iilT. C.AR.At "CI, Lewis, Aueustii\o, atid Hannibal, celchrat(-cl painters of the Lombard school^ and all of Bologna, in Italy, tloiirislied in the IGth ceiiiury. Had the Caracci hud no reputation of their own, yet the iiieritofthdr disciples, in tht academy which they founded, would have rcn dered their name illustrious in .succeeding times ■' among these were Guido, Dominichino, Lan- franco, &c. CARKACCIO, Anthony, a Roman noblemait of the 17lli century, author of some tragedies,, and an adioired epic poem in 40 cantos. CAR.'\CClULI, John, secretary and favourite of Joan 11., queen of Naiiles. CARACCIOLI, Robert, a noble ecclesiastic, bishop of Aquino, clociuent as a preacher anil a politician ; he died in 1495. CARACCIOLI, Lewis Anthony a native of Paris, of a noble family, author of 4 vols, of let- ters, prf'temled to be the r.orrespor Icnce of Gan ganelli, pope Clement XIV. CARACTACUS, a famous king of the an- cient Britons, called Silures, (inhabiting South Wales.) Having valiantly defended his country against the Romans for seven years, he was at length defeated, and, flying to Cartismundi, queen of the Briganti, (inhabitants of York- shire) was by her treacherously delivered up to the Romans, and led in triumph to the emperor Claudius, then at York ; where his noble beha- viour, and licroic, but pathetic speech, obtained him not only his liberty, but the esteem of the emperor, A. D. 52. CARADOG, a British historian, who wrote a history of Wales, died in 1156. CARAFI, a Mahometan doctor, author of a defence of Mahomet, died in 034 of the hegira. CARAMUEL DE LOBKOVITSH, John, a native of Madrid, bishop; afterwards a genera!, and then again a monk. He was possessed of great powers, and died in 1682. C.ARAVAGIO, Michael Angelo Amerigida, an Italian painter, distinguished for his adiier- ance to nature ; he died in 1609. CAR.\USIUS, a native of Flanders, who, ex citing the jealousy of Blaximian, fled to Bri tain, and proclaimed himself emperor : he wa9 assassinated in 293. CARDAN, Jeroin, a physician, and one of the most ingenious men of his age, was born at Pa- via, in 1501. He speaks in his writings, of hi» own good and bad qualities with a frardtiiess that shows a mind of a very peotiliar cust ; and believes himself under the care of a particular genius. He wrote a very great number of books, and died in 1575. CARDI, Ludovici, an admired painter, of Ita- ly, died in 1613. CARDONNE, Dionis Dominic de, a French- man, keeper of the MSS. in the royal libran', Paris, died in 1783. CAREW, George, earl of Totness, bom in Devonshire, in IS.'i?, and died 1629. He wrote a work entitled " Pacata Hibernia, or the His- tory of the late Wars in Ireland." Besides thi3 work, he collected several chronologies, char- ters, letters, monuments, and materials belong- ing to Ireland, in four large manuscript volumijB, which are still extant in the Bodleian library a< Oxford. CA t'AKiCW, Tiioiijiis, one of the uioiir (•(•Icbru- tiHl witsot' king c'liiirlts' court. lie «a.s much respt'cKid by the poets of his time, purlieu larly Ben Jonson, and Sir Wihi;im Davciiaiit, and died about 11J39; Icavinj; beliind him several poems, and a masque, called "Ccelum Brilaniii- cum," perfonued at \Vliiteliall,()n J^lnovc Tues- day night, Feh. 18, 1033, by the king's majesty, the duke of Lenox, the earls of Uevonsiiirt;, Holland, A'^ewport, and several other youn^' lords, and nobli:nien's sons. CARfiW, Richard, author of llic " Survey of Cornwall," was born in that county, in l.'),')5. His " Survey" wasjiublished in4to, at London, in 1602. or this work, Camden lias spoken in iijgh term^. and acknowledges his obligations to the aulh'^ir. lie died Nov. G, 1020. CAREW, Sir George, brother to tlie subject of the last article, was, from 15!t7, to IGO'J, em- ployed on embassies from the British court, to llio.se of P'l.'and and Fiance : on bis return from vfhich latter place, in 1609, he drew up, and ad- dressed to .^aines [., " A Relation of the Sialo of Frt'iicf ; '■villi tlic characlcrs of Henry IV., and the principal IVrsons of that Court." CAUIOW, UAJIFYLDE MOORE, was the son of a cl^rf'ynian, at Bickley, in Devonshire, and was himself intended for tiie church ; but, at the age of lifteen, embraced the giiwey's va- grant life: ;aul, by his ingenuity and do.«:tcrity in raising sui>plits lor his brotherhood, by beg- ging uiidtT vaiious deceptions, so ingratiated liimself with them, that they elected him their king. He was born in July, 1G93, and is sup- posed to have died about 1770. CAREW, Sir Alexander, a Cornish gentle- man, goV'jrnor of St. Nicliolas' island and fort at Plymouth ; he was beheaded in 1C44, for his disloyalty. CAREV, Harry, a man distinguished by both poetry and imisic ; but perhaps more so by a certain fiiretionsness, w'hich made him agreea- ble to every body. He wrote " The Contiivan- ces," a farce ; " Chiononliotonthologos," a mock tragedy ; "The Honest Yorkshiioman," a fares; "The Dragon of Wantley," and after- wards a sequel to itj^ entitled " The Dragoness;" both which vveieesieemed true burlesques upon the Italian opera. He was at length reduced to circumstances of distri?ss ; and, about 1744, in a fit of desperation, laid violent liands upon him- i-elf, and put a period to a life which had been led without rejnoach. It is to be noted, and it is somewhat singular in such a character, thai in all his sonss and poems on wine, love, and such kinfo of subjects, which arc very numerous, he seems to have manifested an inviolable re- gard for decency and good manners. He is said to have composed the famous English song of " God Save the King." CAREY, Gi;orge Saville,son of the preceding, x>as bred to the profession of a printer, and was one season, at least, on the stage, at Covent Garden. He was author of a " Lecture on Mi- micry," which he delivered with good success, and of several light dramatic performances. He also published, in 1799, some entertaining sketches of the different watering places of Eng- land, and died in his 64th year, July 14, 1807. He was a posthumous child, and inheriteil the misfortunes of his father ; but he inberiled also his talents in a great degree, though they took another direction. He inherited too his moral qualities ; for though be wrote a vast number of lyric compositions, they are all intended to awa- Iren patriotic, generous, and amiable cmotiojis. (JA CAKIUKRT, or CH.\¥iULRT, a licentious king 01 Paris, died in 567. CARINUS, Maicus Aurelius, was invested by his fattier, the empi.Tor Cams, with the pur- pie, aiid killed three years after. CARLL'ItJN, Sir Dudley, an English states- man and poliiical writer, born at lialdwin liriglilwell, in Oxfordshire, in 1573, died Xt)31 CARLETON, George, a native of Korthum- beiiaiid, bishop of Luiidalf, and member of the synod of Dort. He died in IG'^'b. CARLETON, Guy, Lord Dorchester, a dis- tinguished lirilish oiiicer, in America, successor loSirHeiiiy Clinton, in l'8-2; he died in Eng- land, in I8(»e. CARLIIMI, Agoslino, R. A., an eminent sta- tuary, and keeper of the royal academy of Lon- don. He was a native of Genoa; went early in lite to England ; and was an artist of great celebrity, for the skill and grace with which he e.\ecuteri drapery. Died Aug. 14, 1790. CARl.OMAN, eldest son of Cliaiies MarteT, succeeded him in the kingdom of Austrasia, in 741. — Another, the son of Lewis the German, king of Italy, and emperor. — Another, brother of Lewis uL, and sole king of France, in 883, died in 884. CARI.ONE, John, a Genoese painter, who :c"Iled in t!ie art of fortsliortening, died in 1G30. CARLOS, Don, son of Philip, king of Spain, deibiined in his person, and violent in his tem- per ; he was condemned to death for e.xciting aa insurrection, in 1568- CARLYLE, Joseph Dacre, vicar of Newcas- tle, and professor of Arabic, at Cambridge, dis- tinguished himself greatly by his proficiency in Oriental literature, and died at his vicarage, \pril 12, 1804, aged 45. CARMATH, an impostor, who, in 891, oppo- sed the doctrines of Mahomet, and advanced others equally unscriptural. CARMICHAEL, Gerrhom, a native of Glas- gow, professor of moral philosophy, died in 17.38. CARMICHAEL, Frederic, son of the pre- ceding, settled as a clergyman at Edinburgh. He published a volume of sermons which were ad- mired, and died in 1751. CARNEADES, a celebrated Greek philoso- pher. His dealli is placed in the fourth year of the lG2d 01ym[)iad. Plutarch has preserved the following apiilhegm of Cirneades : "Princes learn nothing well but riding ; for their masters llatler them, and those who wrestle with them, suffer themselves to be thrown ; but a horse con- siders uot whetlier a private man or a prince, a poor man or a rich, be on his back ; and if his rider cannot rule him, he throws him." C.'\RO, Hannibal, a very celebrated Italian poet, and orator, born atCivita Nuova, in 1507. He translated Virgil's " jlineid" into bis own lanciiage,very delicately and faithfully; in short, with such purity of style, and propriety of ex- pre.=ision, that the hest judges did not suppose liini to have falliMi the bast short of his original. He translated also Aristotle's " Rhetoric," and " Two Orations of Gregory Kazianzen," with a " Discourse of Cyprian." He wrote a come- dy likewise, which Balzac hasi»spoken well of, aiid a miscellany of bis original poems wa» printed at Venice, in 1584. His sonneis have been deservedly admired. He died in 15(iG. CAROLAN, , a most celebrated Irish bard, though blind, born in 1670, died at Aldev- ford, Roscommon, in March, 17.'i8. Carolau, on many occasions, proved himself a truly mu- sical genius. In the beginning of the last ceii- 107 c.\ tiiry, I.oril Mayo brouttlit I'lom Dublin a ci'Ic- bralid llaliaii perrnriiicr. Carolan, who was ut that tiiii'j (111 a visit at his lordship's country- sent, tbuiiil himself greatly neglected, and coni- plaiiioil r)f it, one day, in the presence of Oemi- iiiani. When you play in as masterly a man- ner as ho does," said his lordship, " you shall not be overlooked." Carolan wagered with the musician, that although he was almost a total stranger to Italian music, yet he would follow him in any piece that lie played; and that he would himself afterwards play a voluntary, in which the Iialian should not follow him. The proposal was acceded to, and Carolan was vic- torious. That Carolan was as tine a poet as he was a musician, may be seen in the Gent. Maga- zine, l>ii.\iv. pt, 2. p. 30. CAROLINE, daughter of Johi\ Frederic, jnargrave of Brandenburg Anspach, was crown- ed queen of England, in 1727. SJie is spoken of in high terms, as a woman, and ruler. • CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH, con- sort of George IV., of England, died August, 1822 Having been separated from her husbarnl Kfioii after their marriage, her cliaracter was most unjustly traduced, by the friends of the King; but two rigid examinations of her con- duct, if they did not attest her iimocence, enti- 1 tic her to commiseralion, as the object of base] and cruel persecution. CAROLOSTADT, or CARLOSTADIUS,| Andrew Bodeiislein, professor of divinity, and; minister, at Basil. He espoused, in thefullestl e.tlenf, the tenets of Luther, and died in 15 U. CAIIOTO, John Francis, an Italian painter, wi.o (lied in 1540. CAROTO, John, brother and pupil to the pre- ceding. Paul Veronese was his pupil. CARPENTER, Nathaniel, dean of Ireland, a man of great leartiing, particularly in maths niatics. He wrote on geograpJiy and philoso phv, and died in lt)35. CARPENTER, Peter, an eminent French writer, who assisted in the edition of the Glos- sary of Dncange, in 6 vols, folio; he died in 17G7 CARPENTIER, N. a native of Beauvais, a great calouluior and arithmetician. He wrote some treatises on his profession, and died in 1778. CARPI, I'go da, a painter, celebrated for the discovery of painting in chiaro-obscuro died in 150(1. CARPI, Girolamo, an Italian painter, who imitated Corrcgio's manner with great success, died in lo.'ifi. CARPONE, .Tulio, a Venetian painter, cele- brated (or his bacchanals, triumphs, and sacri- ficfis, dit^d in 1674. CARPOCRATES, a heretic of Alexandria, who revived and improved the gnostic theory, abo\it ];!0. CARPZOVIUS, Benedict, an able professor of law at Wittemberg, died in 1024. He left four sons, each of them eminent as professors, divines, or writers; and one of these left a sou who was also a man of great learning. CARR, Robert, a Scotchman, raised by James I. to the titleof duke nf Somerset. He murdered Sir Thouias Overbury, and died in 1038. CARR, John, Li. L. U., an usher, and after- wards master of the school at Hertford, and known as the translator of L\ician, died in 1807. C.\RR.\, John Li'wis, a French demagogue, for a time popular with the republicans of Paris. His party was proscribed by Robespierre, and he was hurried to the guillotine in 1793. He was the aut hor cf many works 108 CA I C.\RRANZA, Bartholomew, archbishop ot Toledo. He was accused of heresy, and sent to Home, where he died in I57C. He was a learried and virtuous man. CARRE, Lewis, an able mathematician, mem- ber of the academy of sciences at Paris, and pix pil of Wali'branche, died in 1711. CARRERA, Peter, a priest of Sicily, author of a treatise on chess, in itc, and of a history of Catana, died in 1047. CARRIER, John Baptist, a member of the French national convention, and one of the most atrocious among tliein. Ho invented new modes of torturing the innocent inhabptants of La Vendee, and came to the guillotine in 17U4. CARRIER, Thomas, remarkable forlongevity died at Colchester, Connecticut, in 17115, aged lOi). CARRIERA, Rosa Alba, a Venetian portrait painter in crayons. She painted the royal lami- ly at Paris, and was admitted member of the academy of painting there, and died in 1761. CARRIERES, Lewis de, a catholic priest, who published a French commentary on the Bible, in 24 vols., di(;d in 1717. CARRINGTON, Edward, an officer of the army during the American revolution, who, as riuarter-master-general under General Greene, rendered important services to the southern army. He was afterwards a representative iii congress from Virginia, and died in 1810. CAUROUAGES, an artist, of Pavia, who made a clock whicli would strike fire, and light a lamp. CARSTARES, William, a Scotch divine and political writer, who has left some valuable ■' State Papers" illustrative of Scotch history. He was born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, in 1649, and died in 1715. CAESUGIH, Rainer, a Jesuit, in Tuscany, known as the autiior of an elegant poem in Latin, on the art of writing well ; lie died in 1709. CARTE, Thomas, a very learned English his- torian, born at Clifton, Warwickshire, in 108(5. His most important works were, " The History of the Life of James, duke of Ormond, from his birth, in llilO, to his death, in 1688," in 3 vols., folio ; and a " History of England," in 4 large folio volumes. Notwithstanding our author's peculiar opinions and prejudices, his history ia undoubtedly a work of great merit in point of information. It is written with eminent exact- ness and diligence, and with a perfect knowledge of original autliors. Mr. Carte died in 1754. CARTEIL, Christopher, a naval officer, sen' by Queen Elizabeth, in company with Drake, to the West Indies, where he displayed great courage and intrepidity ; he died in 1592. CARTER, Fraiicis,'F. S. A., author of "A Journey from Malaga to Gibraltar," 2 vols. 8vo., died August 1, 1783. CARTER, Elizabeth, a venerable ornament to hterature, of the female sex, was daughter of the Rev. Dr. Nicholas Carter, and born at Deal, in Kent, December 17, 1717, died in London, February 19, 1600. Mrs. Carter was an admira- ble Greek and Latin scholar, wrote French and Italian with great fiuency and elegance, and was conversant in the German, Spanish, and Portu- sruese. She was author of Nos. 44 and 100 of The Rambler, and published a volume of her poems about the year 1702, replete with attic ' , wit, chaste philosophic fancy, and harmony of numbers; but the work that established her re- pni atioii as a learned lady was, a complete trans- latiou from the Greek of the works of" Epicte- lus," Willi notes. CA > CAUTKR, John, an eminent antiquanaii draftsman, and critic, in ancient English iirolii- tecture, u'as born in Loudon, Juno Hi, 1718, anil died at Pinilico, September 8, 1817; having been many years a laborious contribntor to that in- comparable depository of antitjuarian know- ledge, the Gentleman's Magazine. CARTERET, Jolni, earl of Granville, cm- ployed by George 1. in various important servi- ces. Ill 17:21, he was made secretary of state. and in 1724, Avas sent viceroy to Ireland. He was also in favour with George II., and died in I7(i3, greatly beloved. CARTERET, I'liilip, governor of the province of New-Jcrsev, died in 168-2. CARTEROMACO, Scipio, a learned profes- sor of Greek at Venice, and a celebrated classi- cal author, died in 1513. CARTES, Rene des, an eminent French phi- losopher and mathematician, born at La Have, in Touraine, March 31, 1596. In 1033, he wrote his " Treatise of the World," and in 163t>, liisi " Treatise of Mechanics." He died in ItJjU. having extended the limits of geometry as far beyond the place where he found them, as Sir Isaac Newton did after him. He first taught the method of e.xpressing curves by equations. CARTIER, James, a French navigator, wlio made important discoveries in Canada, in 1534, and published memoirs of Canada. CARTISMANDUA, queen of the Brigantes, in Britain, discarded her husband, Venusius, to marry his armour-bearer, Velocatns. i CARTWRIGHT, William, born at North- way, near Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1011, died in 1043. Ben Jonson said of him " My son Cartwright writes all like a man.'' There are extant, of this author's, four plays besides other poems, which were printed to- gether in 1051, accompanied by above 50 copies of commendatory verses. Prefixed is a portrait. CARTWRIGHT, Christopher, an English di- vine, well skilled in Hebrew. He wrote several works, and died in 1052. CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, a puritan, of great eminence and learning, born in Hertfordshire He was a sharp and powerful controversialist, and W'as much persecuted, being obliged to quitj the kingdom for safety. He wrote a practical commentary on the four gospels, and on the pro- verbs, and died in 1G03, in great poverty. CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, chaplain of King Charles, and prebendary of St. Paul's. He went with James II. in his flight to France, and after- wards to Ireland, and died in 1089. His works have been published. CART WRIGHT, John, commonly called Ma jor, distinguished himself by his gallantry while young, as lieutenant of the British navy ; he es poused the cause of America, in 1774, in several works of talent ; in 177C, declined, on principle, a very advantageous proposition to accompany Lord Howe in his expedition against the colo- nies ; and down to the time of his death, in 1824 was a zealous and able, though perhaps some times an intemperate, advocate of reform in the English government. His works are niimerou: but almost wholly political. CARVAJAL, Lawrence de, a Spaniard, who wrote the lives of Ferdinand and Isabella, in whose court he was a counsellor. CARVALHO D- ACOSTA, Anthony, aPortu guese mathematician, geographer, and astrono- mer, born in 1650, died in 1715. He left a topo graphical history of his ovm country, in 3 vols, fono TO CA CARVER, JoJm, first gpvernor of Plymouth colony, distimjuished for prudence, integrity, and lirnniess. CARVER, Jonathan, anativeof Connecticut, who published " Travels into the most interior pans of America," and died in 1780, in want of the necessaries of life. CAKUS, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman tmpe ror, in 283. He was killed by lighlniug. CARV, Robert, a learned chronologer, bnni at Cookington, Devonshire, in 1015, died in 1088. He published " Pal.Tolngia Chronica, a Chrono- logical Account of Ancient Time, in three parts; 1. Didactical; 2. Apodeictical; 3. Cauonical ;" in 1077. CARY, Lucius, eldest son of Henry I., vis- count Falkland, born in Oxfordshire, in 1810. Before he was 23, he had read all the Greek and Latin fathers; was member of parliament in 1040, and soon after secretary to the king. He was killed at the battle of Newbury, bravely fighting for his king, aged 34. C.VRV, Henry, carl of Monmouth, was edu- cated with Charles I. He was a man of learn- ing, having translated, from various authors, seven folios and two 8vos. ; he died in 1001. CARY, Felix, a learned Frenchman, who wrote the history of Marseilles, of Thrace, and of Bosphorus, by medals. C.VRY, Thomas, lieutenant-governor of N. Carolina, was removed from office, and after- wards sent to England for trial, for attempting to excite a rebellion about 1709. CARY, Thomas, minister of Newburyport, Mass., lie published some sermons, and died in 1808. CARYL, Joseph, one of Cromwell's chap- lains ; author of a tedious commentary on Job, in 3 vols. 4to. ; died in 1673. CAR YLL, John, was secretary to queen Mary, t-he wife of James II., and followed the fortunes of his abdicating master, who rewarded hini first with knighthood, and then with the honof • ary titles of earl Carjll and baron Dartford. How long he conrinued in that service is not ■ known ; but he was in England in the reign of queen Anne, and was author of two plays; 1. " The English Princess ; or, the death of Richard HI.," 1067, 4to. ; 2. " Sir Salomon ; or, tlie Cau- tious Co.xconib," 1071, 4to. CASA, John de, a most polite Italian writer of the 16th century, born at Florence, who be- came in time, archbishop of Bencvento. He died 1.556. His " Galateus seu de Morum elc- antia," is the most esteemed of all his works in prose. His poetry was very licentious. CASANOVA, Mark Anthony, a Latin poet of Rome, who displayed great wit and keen satire, died in 1527. CASAS, Bartholomi de las, a Spaniard and bishop of Chiapa, born at Seville, 1474. At 19 he attended his father who went with Colum- bus to the Indies, in 1493. Upon his return, lie became an ecclesiastic, and a curate in the isle of Cuba ; but quitted his cure and his country, in order to devote himself to the service of the Indians, who were then enslaved to the most ridiculous superstitions, as well as the most bar- barous tyranny. The Spanish governors Iiad long since made Christianity detested by their un- heard-of cruelties, and the Indians trembled at the very name of Christian. This humane and pious missionary resolved to cross the seas, and to lay their cries and their miseries at the feet of Charles V. The affair was discussed in coun oil • and the representations of Casas so sensi • X09 ex biy ailRctcd ttic tinpRior, tliat lie iiiaili: ordi iiaritcsi as ny vere K) Uu- persecutors as favouralilp lo the persecuted ; but tliete ordiiiauccs wen never executed, uiid tlie governors coiitiuuif! to tyrannise as usual. Casas employed above M years ill America, labouring with incessant zeal iliat the Indians might be treated with mildness, equity and humanity; but instead of availin; any tiling, he drew upon hiinsell' endless perse entions from the Spaniaids, and died in liO'i. t'AyATf, Paul, a Jesuit olgreat leaniiii:;, wlio persuaded queen Christiana, of Sweden, to ab- jure her religion, and turn Catholic. He was the author of an excellent treatise on optics after lie was t)lind. He died in 1707. CASAUBON. Isaac, a learned critic and com- mentator, born at Geneva, 1559, ami died 1014. lie was buried in Westminster Abbey, where there is a monument erected to his memory. r'AS.VUCON, Meric, son of tlie preceding, born at Geneva, l.TOi), died 1071. lie was^kiU- ci! in various parts of literature: but his chief ikilent lay in critical learning ; in which he was probably assi-stcd byliisfather'spapeis. Hewas H divine ; but is chiefly memorable for having re- fused considerable olfers made to him by Oliver Cromwell, to write the history of the civil war and for the refusal of a present from him, ten dered without conditions, though he was in in digent circumstances. CASCHI, an eloquent Mahometan preacher at Medina, author of commentaries on the Koran. CASCHIRI, a Mahometan, author of the lives of Mussulman saints, died in '201 of the hegira. CASK, Thomas, a non-conformist, during the civil wars, who wrote and preached against the loyalists. He was conJined six months in the tower. His works arc chietiy sermons ; he died ■:n lfi82. C.\SE, John, an English quack and astrolo- ger. He said to Dr. Radcliffe, " Let rne have all the fools for my patients, and you may have the rest." CASEL, .Tohn,a learned professor of philoso- phy at llelmstadf, died in 1613. CASRNEUVIO, Peter, a native of Toulouse ; he wrote the life and miracles of Edmund, king of England, and died in 105-2. CASES, Peter .lames, one of the first painters of the French school, died in 1745. CASIMIR, Matthias Sarbiewski, a Jesuit, of Poland, and an excellent Latin poet, born 15',I7 The odes, epode.s. and epigramsof this poet have not been lliought inferior to some productions of the finest wirs of ancient Greece and Rome ; and Grotius, D. Heinsius and others have not sent pled to affirm, that he is not only equal, but sometimes superior, even to Horace himself, ''asimir had a great regard for Virgil ; and had .ictually begun fo imitate him, in an epic poem, called " The Lesciades," which ho had divided into K books ; but died before he hud niade any great progress in the work, April '2, 1640, since which there have been many editions of his poems. CASIMIR I., king of Poland, an excellent prince, who did much toward civilizing his sub- jects; he died in lO.W. CASIMIR H., king of Poland, sumamed the.Tnst, died in 1194. C VPIMIR III., king of Poland, sumamed the (Woat; he was a great warrior, and conquer- ed Kns>ia ; he died in 1370. CASIMIR IV., king of Poland, m.tde war sQCcessfuUy against the Teutonic kniglits. He rro CA comniaiided that the Latin tonj^ue should be the vernacular lanj;iiage of his kingdom, wliicll is observed to iliisday. lie died in 1492. CASIAIIR, John', manied the widow of his lirotlier, Ladislaus, and became king of Poland ; bat the ingratitude of liis subjects made him ro ' sign his crown, and lie died in France, in 1C72. CAtSLON, William, eminent in an art of the greatest consequence to literature, the art of Ictter-fotinding, was born in ll)9'2, at Uallcs Owen, Shropshire. Though he ju.stly attained the cliaracter of being the Corypha;us in that I'mploynient, he was not brought up to the busi- ness ; but served a regular ai)prenticeship to aii enimvcr of ornaments on gun-barrels ; and, after tlie expiration of his term, carried on this trade in Vine-street, in the Minorics. He did not, however, solely confine his ingenuity to that oc- cupation, but employed him::elf likewise in making tools for the bookbinders and for the chasing of silver plate. While he was engag'id in this ImsinesB, the elder Mr. Bowyer accident- ally saw in a bookseller's shop, the lettering of a book uncommonly neat; and inquiring who the artist was by whom the letters were ni-nde, was hence induced to seek an acquaintance with Mr. Caslon. Not long after, Mr. Bowyer took Mr Caslon to Mr. James' foundry in Bartholomew Close. Caslon had never before that lime hcen any part of the business ; and being asked by his friend if he thought he could undertake to cut types, he requested a single day to consider the matter, and then replied that he had no doubt but he could. Upon this answer, Mr. Bowyer, Mr. Bettenham,and Mr. Watts, lent him 300Z. to begin the undertaking ; and he applied himself to it with equal assiduity and success. In 1720, the society for promoting Christian knowledge deemed it expedient to print, for the use of the eastern churches, the New Testament and Psalter in the Arabic language. These v/ero intended for the benefit of the poor Christians in Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, .\rahia, and Egypt; the constitutions of which countries did not permit the exercise of the art of printing. Upon this occasion, Mr. Cas- lon was pitched upon to cut the fount ; in his specimens of which he distinguished it by the name of English Arabic. After he had fin- ished this fount, he cut the letters of his own name in pica Roman, and ])laced them at the bottom of one of the Arabic specimens. The name being seen by Mr. Palmer, the reputed au- thor of a " History of Printing," (which was, in fact, written by Psalmanazar) he advised our artist to cut the whole fount of pica. This was accordingly done ; and the perforni.'ince exceed- ed the letter of the other founders of tlie time. He arrived at length to such perfection, that his workmanship was frequently exported to the continent. He removed about 1735 into ChiS- well-strcet, Moorfielda, where his foundry be- came, in process of time, the most extensive that existed. Having acquired opulence in the course of his employment, he was put into the commission of the peace for the county of Middlesex, in which office he died, January 23, 1766. CASNODYN, aWelsh poet, who flourished at the beginning ot the 14th century. CASSAGNES, James, abbe de, a French poet and preacher, who died mad, because he wa.s compared with Cotin, a very poor and un popular preacher, in 1G79. CASSAN, a christian, who renounced his re- ligion to become king of Persia, died in 1304. ^^ CA CAtiSAW A, Nicliolo, a V(?nelian paiiitei-,\vIjo Uit-'i] in 17j:i. His conspiracy ol' Cataliiie is yrcaily admired. t'ASSANA, brother of the preceding, was cuiinetit in drawing beasts and birds. CASSAIVDEil, lr. William, a learned divine, born 1G37, died 1713. He was author of some large and learned woiks, relating to ecclesiastical an- tiquity ; particularly, "The History of the Lives, Acts. Deaths, and Martyrdoms, of those who were coteinporary with the Apostle.'., and of the principal Fathers within the first three cen- turies of the Church," and " HistoriaLileraria, &c. ;" in which he gives an exact account of all who had written upon Christianity, either for or against it, from Christ to the I4th ceii tury. CAVE, Edward, born at Newton, in War- wickshire, Feb. 29, 1091, and celebrated for having planned and brought to perfectitni, "The Gentleman's Magazine," which lias been published upwards of 90 years, and is consider- ed one of the most successful and lucrative periodical works that history has upon record. Mr. Cave died Jan. 10, 1754." CAVEDONJS, Jacomo, an Italian painter. died in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, a celebrated English circumnaviufator, died about 1593. CAVENDISH, Sir William, born about 150.5. (?ardhial Wolsey took him into his splendid family, which consistedof one earl, nine b-trons, and about lUO knights, gentlemen, and inferior olhcers. He svrved the caidiual as gentleman- usher, and was admitted into more inliraacy with him than any otiier servant, and therefore would not desert him in his fall, but was one of the few, who stuck close to him when he had neither oftic; nor salary to bestow. This singu- lar fidelity, joined to his abilities, recommended him to his sovereign, who received him into his own tamily and service. He afterwards held high offices of state under Edward VI., aud Mary I., and died in 15.57 Sir William Caven- dish wrote the life of his old master. Cardinal Wolsey, and therein gives him a very high cha- racter; afTirming that, in his judgment, he never saw the kingdom in belt r obedience and quiet, than duringlhe timeof his authority, nor justice better administered. CAVENDISH, William, duke of Newcastle, born in 1592, died in 1676. He rendeied srreat services, in a military capacity to Charles 1. and II. ; and after the restoration, retired to indulge his natural disposition in literary pursuits. He wrote a celebrated " Treatise on Horseman- ship." of which a most excellent edition was, a few years ago, printed in England ; and four fcomedies. His second wife, Margaret, was a woman of great wit, and some learning : for. besides the lite of the duke, and her own, she wrote a great number of folio volumes, and pub- lished 26 plays, in several of which there are scenes and songs written by the duke. Her giace died in JG73. CAVENDISH, WiUiam, first dnke of Devoii- s'lire, an able statesman, and friend of Lord Ruiisell, was active in procuring king William HI. to invade England, and died in 1707. CAVENDISH. Lord John, son of the fourth iluke of Devonshire, and chancellor of the ex- chequer ; he opposed Lord North's adniinistra- lion. and died in 1796. CAVENDISH. Lord Frederic, chose a mil iiaiy life, was a field marshal, and died in 18W CAVKNDtSU, Hon. Henry, a very in^'oinous natural philosopher, bum Oct. 10, 1731, died at Clapliam, Feb. 'J4, 1810. TliuuKli not iiiiich heard of in the coiiimon pallis of life, he w;is well kiR)-,vii and highly disliiif;uished iii the sci- entific world. lie had stvidied and re.idercd him- t^eir familiarly conversant with every part of Sir Isaao i^ewlon's philosophy; tho principles of which he applied, about the year 1770, to an invGstis;alioii of the laws on which the phueno- jiiena of electricity depenii. Pursuing the same science, on the occasion of Mr. Walt^h's experi- ments with the torpedo, he gave a satisfactoiy explanation of the remarkable powers of elec- trical fishes ; pointing out that distinction be- tween common and animal electricity, whiclij has since been amply confirmed by the hrillianti discoveries in galvanism. Having turned hisi attention very early to pneumatic chymistry, he] ascertained, in 17t)t>, the extreme levity of in-j flammable air, nov/ called hydrogen ^as. ' On! this discovery, many curious experiments, and jjarticnlarly that of aerial navigation have been founded. In the same path of science, he made tJie important discovery of the composition of ^vater, by the union of two airs; and that laid the fou.ndation of the modern system of chy- mistry, which rests principally on this fact, and lliat of the decomposition of water, announced soon afterwards by M. Lavoisier. As the puri- ty of atmospherical air had been a subject of controversy, Mr. Cavendish contrived essential improvements in the method of performing ex- perintents with a eudiometer ; by means of which, he was the first who showed, that the proportion of pure air in the atmosphere is nearly the same in all open places. The other and much larger portion of our atmosphere, he sagaciously conjectured to be the basis of the acid of nitre ; an opinion which he soon brotight to the test, by an ingenious and laborious ex- periment, which completely proved its truth ; ^vhence this air has now very generally obtain- ed the name of nitrogen. Among the labours of his latter days, is the nice and difficult ex- periment, by which he determined the mean densityof the earth ; an element of consequence in delicate calculations of astronomy, as well as in geological inquiries. Even in the last year of his life, at the advanced age of 77, he pro- i posed and described improvements in the man- ner of dividing large astronomical instruments ; which, though not yet executed, promise very great advantages. These pursuits, together with reading of various kinds, by which he acquired a deep insight into almost every topic of gene- ral knowledge, formed the whole occupation of his life; and were, in fact, his sole amusement. From his attachment to such occupations, and the constant resource he found in them, toge- ther with a shyness and diffidence natural to his disposition, his habits had, from early life, been secluded. He is said to have left behind him 1,200,0001. Mr. Cavendish was great uncle to the duke of Devonshire. CAVOYE, Lewis, marquis de, a French mi- litary officer, of great bravery, died inl71(). CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a Frencli .lesuit, and confessor to Lewis XIII., was born at Troyes, in Champagne, in 1580, and died at Paris, July, 1051. lie published, among other works, " The Holy Court," a moral work, which has been often reprinted, and traiifilated into Latin, Ita- lian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Eng- lish ; and " Sacred Tragedies."' r.\\VDREY, Daniel, an ejected non-conform- JI4 CA ist and a member of the VVestniinster assembly of divines, died in 10ti4. CAVVTIl(-)Ki\E, .lames, a very agreeable poet, born at Shethcld, in 17'21. Iii 1743, he was chosen ma.ster ol Tunliridge School ; and lliia place he held till his death, which iiappened by a fall from Ids horse, in 17iil. Ills poetical com- positions were collected ajid published in 4to, in 1771. CAWTON, Thomas, a non-conformist, and a good Hebrew scholar, died in 11)77. CAXTON, William, the first who introduced the art of printing with fnsile types into Eng- land, was born in the Weald of Kent, about the latter eiul of the reign of Hemy IV. IJeJng about 15, he was put appreiuice to Mr. Robert I ;nrce. a mercer, who, after having been sheritl' and mayor of London, died in 1441, leaving by will ;i4 marks to his apprentice, William Caxton ; a considerable legacy in those days, and an early testimony of Caxton's good behaviour and in- tegrity. Caxton went abroad to settle the .same year that his master died, and was intrusted by the mercer's company to be their agent or factor in Holland, Zealand, "Flanders, &c. In 14114, a commission was granted to him and Rich.'jrd Whitehill, Esq., by Edward IV., to continue and confirm the treaty of trade and commerce between his majesty and Philip, duke of Bur- gundy, or, if they found it necessary, to make a new one. They are styled in the commission, ambassadors and special deputies. A marriage was concluded, in July, 14G8, between the king's sister, lady Margaret of York, and the duke's son, Charles, he being then duke of Burgundy: and when the lady arrived at the duke's coun at Bruges, Caxton appears to have been of her retinue. He was now either one of her house- hold, or held some constant post under her ; be- cause, as he says, he received of her a yearly fee or salary, besides many other good and great benefits. Being more expert than most others in penmanship and languages, it is highly probable that he Avas employed by the dntcliess in soiuc literary way. As soon as he had acquired the mystery of the new invention of printing, (which he did not accomplish, ho says lihnself, without great expense,) he was employed by her in trans- lating out of French a large volume, and after- wards in p.inting it. It appeared under the titia of " The Recuyell of the History of Troyc ;" and is the first book, we now know of, that was printed in the English tongue ; the date being September 19, 1471, at Colen (Cologne.) By the edition of the " Game of Chess," dated in 1474, Caxton appears to have been then settled in England ; and this book is allowed, by all the typographical antiquaries, to have been the first specimen of the art among us ; and as such, hai been so valued, tliat it is said, the carl of Pem- broke, for a fair copy thereof, which was given him by Mr. Grang^'r, presented him with a purse of forty guineas. The next performance of Cax ton, of which the date is ascertained, is, " The Dictes and .Sayinges of the Philosophers, trans lated out of French by Antone erie Ryvyre* lord Seeiles, emprynted by William Caxton, at Westinestre, 1477." Caxton printed severaj other pieces, either of his own composition, or translated by him. His last work was a trans- lation from the French of" The Holy Lives of the Fathers Hermites living in the Deserts ;" anJ we are informed by Wynken de Worde, that he finished his life and translation together, on the same dav, in 14itl. CAYLUS, Anne Claude, Count de, a French c i: writer, liorii at Paris, in ]6!t2. His cliiuf worl< is, " Kcriicil (I'Aiitiqiiitos Egyptiuimui!, Elnis- qiiLS, (ireciiufs, Roniaiiies, ei (iauloidiis," 7 toiu. 4ro., ITd'il-l)". lie (lied iii 17fS. t.'AZIOS, Peter .laiiiciB, a French painter and an in^'euioiis nniist, died in 1754. CAZUTTIJ, Juiiics, mayor of Pierry, wli<),f!)r lii? atiai-liMicnt to tfiu Frtiidi king,was yuill- lined in 17!i2. C'EBA, Aasaldo, a Genoese, of reputation as a poliiiciau, orator, and poet, died in Ui-U. CEHKS, tlie antlior of a little beautiful Grc ciaa leniain, eniiiled, " A picture of Unman Xjife." Of this author we iiave no account; save that lie i.s once jnentioncd by Plato, and once by Xeiiophon. VEVCODE AHCOLr, or FRANCIS DE 01,1 STABILI, of Ascoli, a professor at Boloena was burnt by order of tlie inquisition, in ]'.iZ7. CECIL, William, lord Burleigli an eminent F.n^lisli statrsnian, whose loyalty to liis sove- reign ((iieoM Eli'/ahetli, and his patriotism, pre- served the religion and the civil polity of Eng- land from falling a prey to sovereign tyranny and popish supersiitions. He was born at Bourn, in Lincolnshire, 1521, held the ofiice of lord hiffli treasurer of Eniiland 27 years, and died 1598. Acolleclion of his state papers was pub- lished by Haynes, 17-10 ; and a continuation of them by Miirdin, 17(iU. CEOII,, Ricliard, an eminent divine of the clmrcii of En;rJ.Tnd, died in 1810. CECUOPS.an Egyptian, founder of the Athe- nian monarchy, 1551) li. C. CEDRENUS, George, a Grecian monk, lived in the 11th century, and wrote "Annals, or an abridged History, from the beginning of the World to the reign of Isaac Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople," who succeeded Michael IV. in 1057. CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian painter, died in 1706. CELEST1?» I., was pope 10 years ; be con- demned the doctrines of Nestorius, and died in 432. CELESTL^I II., was pope 5 months, and died in 1143. (^ELESTIN III., was pope 7 years, and died in ] 198. CELESTIN IV., was pope 18 davs, and died in 1241. CELESTIN v., elected pope in 120 1, which office he afterwards resigned ; he was imprison- ed bv his successor, and died in 129(i. CELL.\R1TTS, Christopher, born in ]f>38, at Malcalde, in Franconia, died in 1707. lie pub- lished good editions of above 20 Latin and Greek authors. His works relate chiefly to gruminar, to geography, to history, and to the oriental lan- guages. Those in geography are well known as excellent helps to the understanding of ancient authors. CELLIER, Remi, a benedictine of Bar le due, wrote a biogiaphicul history, and died in 17C1. CELLINI, Benevento, a celebrated sculptor and engraver, of Florence, born in 1500, died in 1570. CELSUS, Aurelius Cornelius, a philosopher and physician, who flourished under the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Hewrote upon seve- ral subjects, as we learn from Uuintillian; upon rhetoric, for which he is often quoted and com- jnended by this great master; upon the military art ; upon agriculture ; and we have still extant of his eigiit books " De Medicina," which are written in very fine Latin. CE ' CELSUS, an epicurean philosopher of the 2d century, wlio wrote a book against the Chris- tian religion, whicii was an.swercd by Origen. The :v(irk of f^elsiis is lost. (JIJETES, Conrad, a Latin poet, who died at Vieiuui, in hTOa, after having obtained the lau- rel. CENSORINI'S, Appius Claudius, a Roman senator, raised to the tiuoue by ids soldiera, iii -o. CENSORINU S, a Roman grammarian of the 3d century. CENTLIVRE, Susannah, a celebrated comic writer, who had so early a turn for poetry, that, as one of her biographers tells us, she composed a song beloro she was seven years old. She is the author of 1!) dramatic pieces, and several little poems. Her talent was in comedy, particu- larly the contrivance of plots and incidents. Sho died Dec. J, 1723. CENTORIO, Ascanius anativeof Milan, emi- nent as a .soldier and philosoplier, lived in the lOth centurv. CERATINUS, James, or Tcyng, a Hollander whf) obtained a Greek ])rofessorship by means of Erasmus, and died atLouvain, in 1530. CEKCEAU, Jolm Anthony du, a Frenclt Jesuit, known as a Latin poet, died in 1730. CEKD A, John Lewis de la, a Spanish Jesuit, and an author of great learning and candour, died in 1043. CERDON, a heretic of the 2d century, who rejected the Old Testament and part of the New. CERETA, Laura, an Italian lady, eminent for her knowledge of philosophy, and the learn- ed languaiies, di(!d in 1498. CEIUNl, (Jiovamii Dominico, an Italian painter, whose pieces are esteemed ; he died in 1C81. CERINTIIUS, a disciple of Simon Magus, about A. D. 54, a heretic who denied the divi- nity of Christ. CERIS ANTES, Mark Duncan de, son of a Scotch pliysician at Saumur; he was sent am- bassador to Turkey by Riclielieu, and died in 1048. CERMEN ATI, John de, an Italian historian, who published an account of Milan, from 1307 to 1313. CERRATO,Paul, a native of Montserrat, of the 15th century, he wrote Latin poems. C'ERUTl, Frederic, a native of Verona, and an author, died in 1579. CERIUTI, Joseph Antony Joachim, a Jesuit, and proiessor at Lyons, and a member of the national assembly, died in 1702. CERVANTES". See SAAVEDRA. CERVETTO, an Italian, of extraordinary cliaracter in the musical world. He played the bass at Drury-lane Theatre, and died January 14, 1783, in his 103d year. One evening, when Mr. Garrick was performing the character of Sir John Brute, during the drunkard's muttering and dozing till he falls asleep in the chair, (the audience being most prolbnndly silent and at- tentive to the admiralile performer,) Cervetto, in tlie orchestra, uttered a very loud and im- moderately-lengthened yawn ! The moment Garrick was off the stage, he sent for the mu- sician, and witli considerable warmth repri- manded him for so ill-timed a symptom of som- nolency ; when the modern Naso, with great address, reconciled Garrick to him in a trice, by saying, witJi a shrug, "I beg ten tousand par dons 1 but I always do so ven I ^m ver luusch 115 CII pleasu!" Mr. Ccrvettovvas(]isiin;;uislicd among his Cncucls of the galleries by Uie iiidicrous name of No.sey, from the prominency of his nasal fcatnrf!. " CESALPIiVUS, a celebrated Italian writer on botaiiv, bO' n in ir>19, died in l(i03. CE&ALPINUS, Andrew, an Italian physi- cian, born about 1J09. CE>,\lvINI, Julian, a Romaii cardinal, em- ployed by several popes, was slain in 1444. CESARIM, Virginio, a learned Uoinan, cham- berlain to Tiban VIII., died in lii24. CESARO'l'TI, Meli liior, an Italian poet, pro- fessor of rhetoric, and afterwards oi Greek and Hebrew, in Padua, his native city, died in 1808. CESPEDr.S, Paul, a Spanish painter, of me- rit, and a writer, (lit d in 1G08. CEZELiI, Constance de, wife of Barri de St. Aunez, governor of Leucate under Henry IV., celebrated for her bravery. CHABANES, James de, a Frenchman, of great bravery, who fell at the battle of Pavia, in l.'j'-j. CIIAB.ANON, N. de, member of the acad. mv of belles lettrcs, and an author, died at Paris, in CH ABOT, Francis, a capuchin, was a violent jacobin, cruel in his sentiments, and was guillo- tined in 1794. CH.^BRIAS, an Athenian general, who took Cyprus, and died 355 B. C. "CHARRIT, Peter, an advocate in the parlia- ment o! Paris, of great erudition, died in 1785. CHABRY, Mark, a distintfiiished painter and sculptor, died at Lyons, in J 727. CHAIS, Clia.ies', born at Geneva, pastor of a church at the Ha?ne, distinguished as a preacher and scholar, died in 1786. CH.\ISE,'Fai her de la, a Jesuit, of unccramon abilities, and confessor to Louis XIV., born at Forez, in the province of Lyons, about 162.). The learned Huetius, bishop of Avranchos, calls him " a man incredibly well versed in all parts of learning, of philosophy and divinity in par- ticular." CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher, of the 3d century. CHALCOXDYLES, Laonicus, an Athenian, of the 15ih century, who wrote a history of the Turks. CHALCOi\DYLES, Demetrius, a native of Athens, and one of those learned men whom Pope Nicholas V. sent to Rome to translate the Greek authors into Latin. Under his inspection and care was first published at Florence, in 140!", the " Greek Le.\icon" of Suidas. He died about 1530. CIIALES, Claudius Francis de, a Jesuit, of Chaniheri, a royal professor at Lyons, and au- thor of several works, died in lfi73. CHAI.IER, Marie Joseph, a French revolu- tionist, fjO. CH.A.NDLER, Richard, D. D., an ominnnt English divine and antiqnarv, died in 1810. CHANTEREATf LK FF,V'RR, Lewis,anative of Paris, and an author, died in 1658. CHANUT. Peter, a Frenchman, sent as am bassador to gweden and Holland, died in Ififi'i. CHAPELAIN, John, a French poet, born at Paris, in 1595, chiefly distinguished himself by a heroic poem, called " La Pucelle, ou France Delivree," and died in 1674. CHAPELLE, Claude Emanuel Lullicr, a ce- lebrated French poet, born at Chapelle, in KiOl He is said to have been a very pleasant, but withal a very vohiptuousrnan, and died in '.SSG CHAPELLE, John de la, secretary to the prince of Conti, whose life he wrote, died in 1723. CHAPELLIER, Isaac RencGuy de, a native of Rennes, a zealous advocate oi" liberty ; he was guillotined in 1792. CHAPMAN, George, born in 1557, and high 1 ly celebrated in his time for his dramatic wri tings, and poetry. He translated " Homer's Ili- CH . ad and Odyssey," which are still looked upon with sonic' respect. He wrote 17 dramatic pie- s, and died in I(;34. (HL'VPI.l AN, Dr. John, an eminent English divine, critic, and vindicator of the Christian religion, against Morgan, Tindal, and others, was born inl'04, and died 1784. CHAPMAN, William, an Englishman, who, among many other useful discoveries and im- proveinenis, was the first who, about 1758, gave ilie idea, and at sea established by practice, the invaliialile secret of making salt water fresh. He died at Newcastle, Oct., 1793. CHAPMAN, George, a schoolmaster at Dal- keith, and afterwards at Dumfries, author of several works on education, died in 180(3. CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, Jolm. Vid. AU- TEROCIIE. CHAPiJNE, Hester, an elegant English poet, and moral writer, born of a respectable North- amptonshire family, of the name of Mulso,Oct. 27, 1727. Her pen was always directed to mo- 1 al purposes ; and virtue, far from showing re- pulsive austerity in her representations, was dis- tinguished by endearing graces. She will long be distinguished on the rolls of literature for her Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, addressed to a Young Lady," 2 vols. 12n)o, 1773, and " Miscellanies in Prose and Verse," 12nio, 1775. Mrs. C. died at Hadley, in Middle- sex, Dec. 25, 1801. CHAPPEL, William, a very learned and pi- ous divine, bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, in Ireland, born at Lexington, in Nottingham- hire, in 1582, died 1M9. He published, the yeai before his diiatli, " Methodus Concionandi ;" that is, " The Method of Preaching ;" which, lor its usefulness, was translated into English. To this bishop, among other divines, has been ascribed the composition of that excellent book, The Whole Dntv of Man." CHAPUZEAU, Samuel, a native of Geneva, and preceptor to William ill., of England, died in 1701. CHARAS, Moses, a phj-sician, at Paris, well known as an author, died in 1698. CHARDIN, Sir John, a famous voyager, was born at Paris, in 1643, but went to London upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1085. He went to Persia and the East Indies, and traf- licked in jewels Charles II., king of England, conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, lie died at London, in 1713. His " Voyages" have always been much esteemed, as very cu- rious and very true. CHARELON, a Jesuit missionary, employed many years among the Indians in Michigan. CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and missionary to China, for 15 years ; he died in 1735. CHARES, a Grecian statuary, who immor- talized himself by the Colossus of the Sun, at Rhodes, which has been reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. CHARETTE DE LA COINTRIE, Prnncis Athanasins de, a French roysli.-t, w ho signal- ized himself by an able resistance against the republican forces, in la Vendee ; he was taken and shot in 1706. CHARITON, a native of Cyprus, and an au- ti'or, in the 4th century. CHARKE, Chariotte, was youngest daughter of Colley Cibber, the actor, and afterwards po- et laurcat. At eight years old she was put to school, but had an education more suitable to a bov than a girl ; and as she grew up, followed 117 ' CH CH tlie same plun, being more truqueiitly in the stable than in the hedcliauiber, and mistress ol' tlie cunycomb, though iynoianl of tlie needle. Her adventures during the remainder of her lile. are nothing but one variegated scene ol distress- es, of a kind which no one can he a stranger to, who has eitlier seen, or read accountj> of those most wretched of all human beings, the members of a mere strolling company of actors. In 1755 she went to London, where she publish- ed ihe " Narrative of her own Life," to wliicii death put a period, and at the same time, to one contimied course of misery, Ihe inevitable con- sequence of folly, imprudence, and absurdity, in J 759. CllARLEM.VGNE, or CH.'VRLES I., king of France by succession, and emperor of the \Vest by conquest, in 800, (which laid the foundation of the dynasty of the Western Franks, who ruled the empire 47-2 years, till the time of Ko- dol|)lms Atispergensis, the founderof the house of Austria.) Charlemagne was as illustrious in the cabinet as in the field ; and, though he could not write liis name, was the patron of men of letters, the restorer of learning, and a wise legislator ; he wanted only the virtue of huma- nity to render him the most accomplished of men ; but when we read of his beheading 4.500 Saxon.s, solely for their loyalty to their prince, in opposing his conquests, we cannot think he merits the extravagant encomiums bestowed on hini by some historians. He died in 814, in the 7-lth year of his age. C(i.\r»LES II.,surnamed the Bald, succeeded to the Erencli crown in 840, was elected empe- ror by the pope and the Roman people, in 875, and poisoned in 877. Cli.VRLES HL, or Simple, succeeded to the fhroiie of France in 893. He was unequal to the government of a kingdom, and at last died in prison, in 929. CHARLES IV., the Fair, succeeded to the French throne in 132-2, and died in 1328. CHARLES v., or Wise, succeeded to the throne of France in 1364. By his abilities and courage, the English were dispossessf.d of nearly all their provinces in France. He died In 1380. CHARLES V[., succeeded to tlie French throne in 1.380. His ine.tperience, and a civil war, weakened the kingdom, and the defeat ati Agincourt, completed his misfortunes. He died! in 1422. Cn.\RLES VII., surnamed the Victorious, succeeded to the throne in 1422. By his great vigour and activity, he drove the Englisli from his kincdoin, and died in 1461. CH A RLESVm., called the Affable, ascend- ed the tinone in 1483. After having conquered Italy, and heing crowned king of Naples, and emperir of Constantinople, lie was driven into France, and died in 1498. CHARLES IX., ascended the throne in 1.560. Dnriu!: his reign, the fatal massacre of St. Bar- tholomew took place, which renders liis name odious. He died in 1574. CHARLES, the Fat, son of Lewis, the German, was elected king of Italy, and em- peror, in 831. By the intrigues of his prime minister, he was' driven from his throne, and died in 889. CH.\RLES IV., grandson of the emperor Henry VH., ascended the imperial throne, in 1317. He founded the university of Prague, and died in 1378. CHARLES v., eldest son of Philip, of Aus- tria, ascended the Spanisl) throne in 1516, and 118 was elected empernr of Gerniany, in 1518. He resigned his crowns in 1555, retired to acloisivi and died in 1558. CHARLES VI. was proclaimed kingof Spain, in 1703, and elected emperor of Germany, iil 1711. A great part of his reign was spent in war; he ilied in 1740. CHAULES VII., elector of Bavaria, in 1726; he conlested llie imperial throne with Maria 'riiercsii, and died in 1745. CHARLES 1., kingof Spain, wasChailes V., inperor of Germany. CHARLES H., son and successor of Philip IV , of Spain, in I'JSS, wastlie last of the eldest branch of Austrian princes who reigned in Spain. He died in 1700. CHARLES HI., king of Spain, son of Philip v., was a monarch of ability and virtue ; he died in 1789. CHARLES I., kingof England, ascended the throne in 1625. His reign was turbulent, and in the civil wars he was defeated. He was at last tried bcfoie a self-created court of his subjects, and condemned, and executed, in 1648. CHARLES II., king of England, was in IIol land at the time of the death of Charles I., and was restored to the throne in IGfiO. He wanted the virtues ri" Ills father, and was licentious and inimoral ; he died in 1685. CHARLES GUSTAVUS X. a.scended the throne of Sweden in 1054. lie was a. prudent and warlike monarch, and died in ICCO. ( HARLES XI., son and successor of the pre- ceding, \\ as successful in war, and respected aa a just prince ; he died in 1697. CH.ARLES XII., of Sweden, was born Juno 27, 1682, and set off in the style, and with the spirit of Alexander the Great. His preceptor asking him wliat he thought of that hero? " I tliink," says Charles, •' that I should choose to be like him." " Aye, but," said the tutor, " he only lived 32 years." "Oh," answered the piiiice, " that is long enough, when a man has conquered kingdoms." Inipalient to reign, he caused himself to be declared of age at 15; and, at his coronation, he snatched the crown from the archbishop of Upsal, and put it njion his head himself, with an air of grandeur that struck the people. His whole reign \va.s one continued scene of warfare, and concluded at the siege of Frederickshall, in Nom'ay, Decem- ber, 1713 ; where, as he was visiting "the works of his engineers by star-light, he was struck upon . the head by a ball, and killed upon the spot. He might be called the ftui.\otte of the north, carrying all the virtues of the hero to an excess, which made thenras dangerous and pernicious as the opposite vices. His firmness was obsti- nacy; his liberality, profusion; his courage, rashness; his severity, cruelty; he was, in his last years, less a king than a tyrant, and more a soldier than a hero. The projects of Alexan- der, whom he affected to imitate, were not only Iwise, but wisely executed : whereas Charles, ^knowing nothuig but arms, never regulated any lof his movements by policy, according to the [exigencies of the conjuncture ; but suffered him- self to be borne along by a brutal courage, which loftcn led him into difficulties, and at length oc- Icasioiied his death. He was, in short, a singu lar, rather than a great man. CHARLES I., king of Naples, and brother to the king of France, was an able and politic prince ; he died in 1285. CHARLES II., king of Naples, surnamed the Lame, employed himself in promoting pea'd CH ami commerce, niicl the practice of religion amon>; lii?! people ; he died in 1309. CUARI-ES HI., king of Naples, grandson of the preceding, obtained the kingdom in 1380, and died in I'.JSfi. CriAULKS U., kini; of Navarre, surnamed the Bad. CrueUy aiul artilice marked hi« con duct ; he died in I'.iSl. CHARLES MARTFX, son of Pepin IIoriFtal, »nd duke of Austrasia, conquered France, d t'eated and slew 375,000 of the Saraceii<>, and died in 741. CHARLES, duke of Burgundy, surnamed the Warrior, was generally successful, but at last slain, in 1477. CHARLES, count of Flanders, in Vlli). He was benevolent and virtuous, but was slain in 1124. CH.ARLES I., duke of Lorraine, claimed the French crown, but was defeated, and died in 9!H. CHARLES U., duke of Lorraine, a prudent and warlike prince, died in 1430. CHARLES IV., duke of Lorraine, was fond of military glory, but lost his dominions, and died in 1G75. CHARLES v., of Lorraine, nephew of Charles IV., entered the service of the emperor Leo- pold, aud acquired great military renown ; he died in im. \ CHARLES ALEXANDER, of Lorraine,! grandson of Charles V., was general of the im- perial armies, and a brave warrior ; he died in 1780. CHARLES EMANUEL, duke of Savoy, surnamed the Great, an ambitious prince, and brave warrior, died in lf)30. CHARLES EMANUEL IT., son of Victor Amadeus I., and duke of Savoy, in ir)38. He was an amiable and benevolent prince, and died ill 1675. CHARLES EMANUEL IH., son of Victor Amadeus H., duke of Savoy, in 1730. He was a good prince, and died in 1773. CHARLES EDWARD, grandson of James| II., of England, known as the Pretender, landpd in Scotlaud, in 1745, and defeated the Biiiishl troops, but was afterwards defeated, and re- turned to France, where he died in 1788. CARLETON, Walter, an English physician of eminence, died in 1707. CHARLRVAL, Charles Faucon de Rey, lord of, a French author of genius, who died in 1G93. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier de, a learned Jesuit, celebrated for liis travels, died in 1761. CHARMIS, a physician at Rome, under Nero. CHARNACE, Hercules Giraid, baron de, sent ambassador to Sweden by Richelieu, died in 1637. CHARNOCK, John, bom November 28, 1750, entered a gentleman-commoner of Mcrton Col- lege, Oxford, 1774, died in the King's Bench pri- son. May 16, 1807 ; leaving behind him, among other works, " Biographia Navalis;" 6 vols. 8vo. 1704, &c.: " AHistorvof Marine Architecture," 3 vols. 4to., 1802; and a " Life of Lord Nelson," 1806. His father, who was a man of large for- tune, totally forsook him in his distress; but buried him, with great ceremony and expense, at Lea, near Blackheath, in the same grave which, within two years after, received both his father and mother. CHARNOCK, Stephen, an eminent divine among the presbyterians and independents, who published liis works in 2 vols, folio, and died in IBSO. CH CHARNOIS, N. Va.'heur de, the author of some popular romances, was barbarously mur- dered at I'aiis, in 1792. CH \I!()N1).\S, a legislator, born in Sicily, dourishud about 400 B. C. OH.VRl'ENTIER, Francis, dean of the French aca«l ejected from his living, died in IfiOl. CHAUNCEY, Maurice, a catholic, confe.sF ir to queen Mary, and a historian, died in l.j&l.» CHAUNCEY, Charles, L. L. D., an eminent lawyer, was secretary of state, and aftervv-ards a judge of the superior court in the state of Conuerticnt; he died in 1822. CH.'VUNCY, Sir Henry,an eminent antiquary, author of " The Antiquities of Hertfordshire,' folio. This work, which is much esteemed, and now become very scarce, was published in 1700, in which vear also its author died. CHAUSSG, Michael Angelo de la, a learned antiquary, of Paris, and an author of the 17th century. CHAUVEAU, Francis, a celebrated painter and engraver, of Paris, who died in 1676. CHAUVEAU. Rene, son of the preceding, distinguished as a sculptor, died in 1722. CHAUVIN, Stephen, a French prolestant di- vine, born 1C40, died 1725 His principal litera- ry productions were, " A Lexicon Philosophi cum," and a new " Journal des Savans." CHAZELLE3, John Matthew, a celebrated French mathematician, who died in 17 10. CHECCLEY, Saumel, minister in Boston, was a plain and evangelical preacher; he died in 1769. CHREVER, Samuel, first mini.ster of Mar- blehead ; died in 1734. He had preached 5C years. CHKEVER, Ezekiel, an eminent instructer. at New-Haven, Ipswich, and Charlestown ; also a poet ; he died in 1708. CH^KE, Sir .John, preceptor to Edward VI. anil a c itical writer on Greek literature, bom at Cambridge t614. dlcK 1557. ClI OHEFONTAlNES.Ctiriitophoide, a French man, made archbishop of Cssaria by Gregory XUl., a learned man, died in 1595. CHELONIS, daughter of Leonidas, king of Sparta. CHEMIN, Catliarine du, a French lady, ce- lebrated tor painting flowers ; she died in 10il8, C'HEMlNAIS,TimoIeon, a celebrated preach- er aiiionji the French Jesuits, died in 1090. CHEMNITZ, Martin, a Lutheran divine,born at Britzen, in Brandenburch, in 152'i. His " Ex- amination of the councif of Trent" has been considered a very masterly performance. CHEMNITZ, Boreslaus Philip, a (lerman, counsellor of state totheijueen of Sweden, and an atithor. He died in 1678. CHERILUS, a Greek poet, intimate with He- rodotus. CIJERON, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of a French painter, wiio obtained celebrity by her peiic;il, and died in 1711. CHERON, Lewis, brother of the preceding, and of tlie same profession, died in 17 lU. CHERIIBIN, Father, a capuchin friar of the 17th century, was a mathematician and philoso- pher. CHESELDEN, William, an eminent English surgeon and anatomist, born atSomerby, in Lei- cestershire, 1688. So early as the age of '22, he read lectures in anatomy : of which the " Syl- labus" was lirst printed in 1711, and afterwards annexed to his " A natomy of the Human Body," printed first in 1713, 8vo. But what lie more particularly attended to, was the operation of cutting lor the stone. In 1722, he gained great reputation in this way ; and the year after, pub- tished liis " Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone." In 1728, he imniortahzed himself by giving sight to a lad near 14 years old, who had been totally blind from his birth, by the clo- sure of the iris, without the least opening for light in the pupil ; and drew up a particular ac- count of the whole process, with the various ob- servations made by the patient after he had re- covered his sight. He died April 10, 1752. CHESNE, Joseph du, a French physician and writer on chymistry, died 11309. Besides his pro- fessional works, he was author of two books in verse called " The Folly of the World," and !' The Great Mirror of the World." CHESNE, Andre du, called the father of French history, was born in Touraine, 1584, and crushed to death by a cart, as he was passing from Paris to his country house, in 1640. His principal work was, " Uii Recueil des Historiens de France." CHESTER, John, an officer in the American army, distinguished himself at the battle of Bunker's hill, and afterwards attained the rank of colonel ; he died in 1809. CHESTERFIELD, Philip,earl of, see STAN HOPE. CHET WODE, Knightley, dean of Gloucester, author of a " Life of lord Roscommon," and of several poems, died 1720. CHETWOOD, William Rufus, many years prompter to Drury-lane Theatre, author of some novels, a few dramatic pieces, and a duodecimo volume called," .\ General History of the Stage." He died in March, 1766. CHEVALIER, Anthony Rodolphle, a French protestant, who tauL'ht the French language to queen Elizabeth ; lie died in 1572. CHEVALIER, Lewis, an eminent French lawyer, and a very pious man, died in 1744. CHEVERT, Francis de, a French general of •reat bravery, wiio died in 176D Q CH CHEVILLIER, Andrew, was librarian to the Sorbonne, and an author ; he died in 1700. CHEVREAU, Urban, born at Louduu, in France, 1613, died 17U1. He wrote " A History of the World," which has been printed many times, and translated into several languages. CHEW, Benjamin, a native oI'Maiyland, was chief Judge of the supreme court of Pennsylva- nia, and afterwards president of the high court of appeals in that state ; he died in 1810. CHEYNE, George, a celebrated physician, born of a respectable family, iu Scotland, li)71, and educated at Edinburgh, under Dr. I'itcairn. He passed his youth in close study and great ab- stemiousness ; but coming to London when a- boutSO, and liiiding the bottle comjiaiiions, the younger gentry and free-livers, to be the most easy of access, and most susceptible of friend- ship, he changed his course with a view to force a (rade, till he at length grew excessively fat, siiort-breathed, lethargic, and listle.^s, and swell- ed to such an enormous size, that he cxcei (led 32 stone in weight. Having tried all the power of medicine in vain, he resolved at last to use a milk and vegetable diet, which removed his complninls. His size was reduced to almost one tliird ; he recovered his strength, activity, and cheerfulness, with the free and perfect use of his faculties, and by a regular observance of this regimen reached a mature period ; for he died at Bath, in ids 72dyear. He wrote among other things, " An Essay on HeaUh and Long Life ;" •' An Essay on the true Nature and due Method of treating the Gout ;" "A new Theory of acute and slow continued Fevers ;" " Philo sophical Principles of Religion, Natural and Re- vealed, ill two parts ;" " The Eut;lish Malady ; or a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of all kinds, in three parts." CHE YNRL, Francis, a non-conformist pliysi- cian and controversial writer ; he wrote chiefly against Chillingworth: he was born at Oxtord, 1608, and died 1665. CHIABRERA, Gabriello, an Italian poet <5f note, died in 1638. CHIARI, Joseph, a historical paintcr,of Rome, died in 1727. CHIAVISTELLI, Jacob, a perspective pain- ter, of Florence, died in 1698. CHICHELY, or CHICHLEY, Henry, arch- bishop of Canterbury, was born at Iligham Fer- rers, in Northamptonshire ; he founded and en- dowed All Souls' College, Oxford, and died April 12, 1443. CHICHERLY, Sir Henry, lieutenant governor of the colony of Virginia; repeatedly, in the absence of the governor, at the head of the go- vernment, which he administered with fidelity. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, phjsician to the French king, contended that the plague was not contagious; he died in 1752. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, son of the preced- ing, professor and chancellor of the univers/iy of Montpelier, died in 1740. CHIFFLET, John James, a Freneiiman, phy- sician to Philip IV. of Spain. CHILD, Sir Josiah, author of a well written " Essay on "l^ade," was born 1630, and died 1699, leaving a son who was, in 1718, created viscount Castelmaine, and in 1731 earl Tylney. The title of Tylney is now extinct. CHILDEBERT I., king of France, in 511, de- feated the king of Burgundy, and died at Paris, in 55S. CHILDEBERT II., son of Sigebert and Brunehaut, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Austrasia, in 575, and died in 596. I 121 <^n ""CHirDEBERT 111., brother of flovis HI.,] gui named tlie Just, died in 711. CHILDKKK; I., king of France, in 456, was] hani.shpd for his ill conduct, ai'terwards recalled, improved hi.s kiiijidoiii, and died in 481. CHtLDKRtC II., son of Clovis and Bathilda, succeeded tiis brother Clotaire III., in 070, was licentious and cruel, and was assassinated in 07.3. t^HILDERIC III., surnamed the Ideot and the Idle, was raised to the throne by his minister Pepin, in 74'2, who next a5rendrd it himself. CHILLINGWOR'I'H, William, a divine of the church of England, celebrated for his skill in defending the cause of protestaiUs against pa pists, born at Oxford, lfi(tt, died KJ44. His most important work is, " A free Inquiry into Reli- gion." CHILMEAD, Edmund, was ejected from his living, and died in 1G54. CHILO, one of the seven wise men of Greece, died .597 B. C CHILPERIC I., youngest son of Clotaire I., succeeded to the kingdom of Soissons,in 561, was a wicked and cruel monarch, and was assassin- ated in 584. CHILPERIC IT., son of Childerlc 11, succeed- ed Dagobert III., in 715. He lost his throne and died in 7-20. CHINE NOrNG, emperor of China, about 2837 B. C, instructed his subjects in various arts. CHING, or XI-llO\M-TI, emperor of China, ahout240 B. C, is said to have built the great Chinese wall. CHIR.\C, Peter, pliysician to the French king, was an author, and died in 1732. CHTSHCLL, Edmund, educated at Oxford, was the author of travels in Turkey, and died in 1733. CHITTEMDEX, Thomas, first governor of Vermont; a native of Connecticut: an illiterate man, but possessed great talents, and of great private virtue. He died in 1797. CHOIN, Man,' Emily Joly de, a lady of a no ble family of Havoy, was privately married to the dauphin of F.-ance, and died in 1744. CHOISETJL, Stephen Francis due de.a French politician ofgrcat abilities, and a generous patron of the arts : he died in 1785. CHOISI, Francis Tinioleon de, dean of P.a- yeux, and ambassador to the king of Siam ; he died in 1724. CHOMEL, Peter John Baptist, physician to the French king, and an author, died in 1740. CHOPIN, Kon6, a distinguished lawyer, of Anjou, died in 1006. CHOllIER, Nicholas, advocate in the par- liament of Grenoble, and an author, died in 1692 CHOSROE3, I., the Great, king of Persia In 531, was defeated by the Romans, and died of vexation, in 579. CHOSROES II., succeeded to the Persian throne in 590. By the aid of the Romans, he ponquered Eg>-pt, Africa, and Juda;; he died in 027. CHOUET, Jolin Robert, a native of Geneva, and professor of philosophy at Saumur, of dis tincuishcd talents, died in 1731. CHOUL, William du, a French antiquary, of Lyons, published a valuable work, in 1556. CHRISTIE, Hugh, master of the grammar school at Montrose, in Scotland, wrote a " Latin Grammar," and an " Introduction to the mak- ing of Latin," both of which are much esteemed, and died in 1774. ^Jt> CH iCHRISTIERN I., king»f Denmark, succeed- ed Chri.stopher of Bavaria, in 1448. He was a popular induarch, and died in 1481. CHRISTIERN II., surnam»d the Cruel, as- cended the Danish throne in 1513, and was elect- id king of Sweden, in 1520. He was expelled from the throne, and died in pris-on, in 1.559 CIIRIH riERN HI., successor of Frederic I., in 1.534; lie embraced the opinions of Luther, and died in 1559. CHRIfiTlERN IV., ascended the Danish throne in ].5''6. He was an able and benevolent monarch, and died in lt>48. CHRISTIERN V., succeeded to the throne in 1670 ; he was a warlike prince, and died in 1690. CHRISTIN.X, queen of Sweden, and daugh- ter of Gustavus Adolphus the Great, born Dec. 8, 10-26. She succeeded him in the government of the kingdom, in 1633, and ruled it with great wisdom and prudence, till lf).54, when slie re- signed it in favour of her cousin, Charles Gus- tavus. She then changed her religion for tliat of the Romish church, and retired to Rome ; yet upon the death of Charles Gustavus, whicli happened in 1660, she returned to Sweden, with an intent to resume the goverTiment. But this could not be admitted, because, by thelawsand constitution of the land, Roman Catholics are excluded from the crown. She died at Rome, in 1689. She was a woman of uncommon parts, and asunconmion learning ; for she understood several languages, and was a perfect mistress in the belles kttreg. CHRISTOPHKRSON, John, an English pre- late, and m.ister of Trinity College, Cambridge, in queen Mary's reign. CHRYSH'PIJS, a celebrated stoic philosopher, born at Soli, a city of Cilicia, wrote a great ma- ny books, above 700, as we are told, several of which belonged to logic. He died in the 143(1 Olympiad ; and had a monument erected to hits aniong those of the illustrious Athenians. CHRYSOLORAS, Emanuel, alearned Greek, Limbassador to England, from John Palaeologus, died in 1415. CHRYSOSTOM, .lohn, so called from his eloquence, was born at Antioch, of a noble fa- mily, about 354, consecrated bishop of Constan- tinople, in 398, and died 407. The works of this father arc very voluminous. ClirBB, Thomas, born at East Hamham, near Salisbury, Wilts, 1679. He was bred a glover, but became tolerably versed in mathe- matics, geograi>hy, and many other branches of science. But divinity above all was his favour- ite study ; and it is said, lliat a little society was formed at Salisbury, under the management antf iirection of Chubb, for the purpose of debatint; upon religious subjects. Here the Scripture? are reported to have been read under the guid- ance of some commentator; and every man de- livered his sentiments upon all points freely, anJ without re?er\-e. About this time, the contro- versy upon the Trinity, w.as carried on very warmly between Clarke and Waterland ; and, falling' undi!r the cognizance of this theological assembly, Chubb, at the request of the mem- bers, drew up and arranged his sentiments about it, in a kind of dissertation ; which, after it had undergone some correction, appeared to the world under the title of " The Supremacy of the Father asserted, &c.," and gained him great celebrity. He died at Salisbun,-, in his 68tl» vear, leaving behind him 2 vols, of posthumous works, which he calls " A Farewell to his Read- er ;" from which we may fairly form this judj- ( 1 niuiii of liis (ipiuioiis ; " that ho hud liltlo or no belif f of iwelatioii ; indeed he plainly icjecis tlie Jevvisli revelation, and consciiuently the t'hi islian which is loinided ii|ion it ; that he dis- claims a future jiidpiiient, and is very uncertain as to any fniuie slate of existence ; that a par- ticular Providence is not dediicihle from the pliu'iiomena of the world, and, iherelure, that praver cannot be proved a duty," &c. &c. (;m'UU;i<;il, l.ady Maiy, a poet and mis- folianeous wiiier, horn at VXinsloder, in Uevon- ahire, in lG5(i, died 17IU. <;HUH, aged 58. He was interred in Clielsea burial-ground, whereis an elegant Latin inscription to his memory. C1R\NI, Elizabeth, an Italian lady, distin- guished as a painter. riRClGXA.VO, Nicolo, called Pomeraneio, wliose paintings are preserved in the churches of Rome ; she died in 1588. CIRILLO, Domine, a botanist, and professor of medicine at Naples, lost ids life in 17Dj. 124 CL CIROEKRKl, a Roman painter and architect, died iu 1689. CISXER, Nicholas, professor of philosophy, at Wittemberg, and an author, died in 1583. CIVILIS, Claudius, a Bataviau ^^eneral, in the service of Rome, in the time of the emperor Vespasian. CIVOLI, Lewis, or Cardi, an Italian painter and poet. CLAGETT, William, an English divine, ac tive in opposing the popish plans of James II., died in liiS8. CLAGETT, Nicholas, brother of William, was also a preacher, and author of sermons ; he died in 17-27. CLAIBORNE, WiUiara Charles Cole, gover- nor of the Mississippi territory, and of the state of Louisiana, and afterwards elected to the so nate of the United States, died in 1803. CL.A.IRAULT, Alexis, member of the French academy of sciences, and one of the most illus- trious mathematicians in Europe, died in 1765. ile was one of the academicians who were sent to llie north to determine the exact iigure of the earth. CLAIRF.'MT, N., count de, an Austrian ge- neral, who distinguished himself against the French in the revolution. He died in 1798. CLAIRON, Clara Joseph Hypollyta Lewis Delatude, an admirable French actress, born in 1722, died by fallingout of her bed, (wherein she lav sick,) January 28, 180.!. CLANCY, Michael, M. D., educated at Dub- lin, wrote some poems and comedies ; he died in 1746. CLAP, Roger, one of the first settlers of Dor- chester, JIassachusetts ; he wrote memoirs of New- England, and died in 1691. CLAP, Nathaniel, minister of Newport, R. I., eminent for zeal and tidehty in his profes sion ; he died in 1745. CLAP, Thomas, president of Yale College, one of the most profound scholars of his age, published a history of Yale College, and conjec- tures upon meteors, and constructed the first orrery, or planetarium, in America; he died in 1767. CL.ARA, a native of Assisi, and abbess of a new order of nuns, died in 1193. CLARIO, Isidore, an Italian bishop, distin- guished at the council of Trent, died in 15.55. CLARK, Peter, a highly respectable minister, of Danvers, Massachusetts, published several sermons, and died in 1768. CL.ARIC, Jonas, a minisler, of Le.xington, Massachusetts ; at a short distance from his door was shed the first blood in the war of the revolution ; he died in 1805. CLARK, Thomas, was born near Coventry; and at the age of 22, came to London, and ob- tained a porter's place. By rigid economy he saved enough to take a stick shop, at the corner of Exeter 'Change, in the Strand. After a time, he purchased the Menagerie, and used to give his customers a ticket to see the lions, &c. He e.xtended his business to the cutlery, turnery, &c., till his own shops occupied one half of the 'Chanse, and he himself rented the whole. His dealings were marked with the utmost integrity ; and he realized a fortune estimated at .'lOOiOOOi. by the penurious nature of his habits. His own dinner, (msix days in the week, never exceeded 6t/.,aud2'/. for a glass of cin and water. Though addicted, however, to the accumulation of mo- ney, it was by ho.^ourable means; and what appeared to otiiers hard self-privation, was, CI. <;l probably, to him, wlio relished no higher plea- sures, :iii eiijoviiient, as it was asccoiiil uatiiro Mr. Clark ditrl at Tiuilico, in his 80th year, Septcmlier 0, 1810. CLARKE, John, one of the first founders ot Rhode Island, to which he was obliged lo retire, o;i account of his religious senti»ient.>i, which, (being a baptist.) were at varian-ie with ihiLsi which prevailed in Massachusetts ; he died ii 167t). CLARKE, Dr. Samuel, a very celebrated English philosopher and divine, horn at Nor- wich, in 11)7.), died May 17, 17:i9. His works are very numerous. CL.\RlvE, William, a divine and antiquary, born at f laglimon Abbey, in Shropsiiire, in 1006, died in 1771. CLARKE, Richard, an elegant classical scho- lar, who came to America in 17.50, hut returned to England in 1758 ; he published several works. CLARKE, John, D. D., colleague with Dr. Cliaunry, in Boston, was much esteemed ; he published some occasional sermons, and letters to a student. Sec, and died in 1798. CLARKE, John, governor of the state of De laware, died at Suivrna, in I82I. CLARKE, Edward Daniel, L. L. D., profes- sor of mineralogy in Cambridge, and author of travels in Europe and A.-^ia, died in 18-i2. CLARKE, Abraham, a momi)er of congress before and after the adoption of the federal con- stitution, and a siLuier of the declaration of in- dependence ; he died in 1794. CLARKE, Henry, L. L. D., a distinguished mathematician, professor of the royal military college at Marlow, died in 1818. His writings on mathematical and other subjects, are nunie ous, and are highly valued. CLARKE, Samuel, a celebrated oriental scho- lar, of England, died in 1069. CLARKE. Jeremiah, president of the colony of Rhode Island, died in 1648. CLARKE, Walter, was governor of Rhode Island for several years ; lie died about 1700 CL.\RKE, George, an English lawyer, was governor of the colony of New- York, in 1737. He returned to England, and died in 1703. CL.ARKE, Samuel, a non-conformist under Cromwell, was highly esteemed, and died in 1082. CL.ARKE, Edward, chaplain to Lord Bris- tol's embassy to Madrid, died in 1780. CLARKSON, David, ejected from his living for non-conformity, a learned and respectable man, died in 1686. CLARK.SON, Gerardus, a respectable physi- cian, of Pliiladelphia, died in 1790. CLARKSON, Matthew, of New- York, born in 1758, died April, 1825. He was a major ge- neral in the revolutionary war, and particularly distinguished himself at the battle of Bridge- water. He subsequently held various public trusts, and, at the time of his death, was first vice-president of the American Bible Society. His name is associated with those who fought and bled for American Independence ; and in private life, with the most elevated virtues. CL.VUDE, a monk of the celestine order, in the 15th cnnturv. X:L AUDE of LORRAINE, a famous landscape painter, born in lf>00. He was sent to school, but proving e.xtremely dull and heavy, he was sent thence, and bound apprentice to a pastry-cook, with whom he served out his time. Afterwards he went with some young fellows to Rome, with a view of getting a livelihood there ; but beingi n unable to speak the hinguayi-, and, w ithiil, Very t ill-bred, iicbody cared lo sit him lo work. Chance brought him at length to Angnstino rasso, who hired him to pound his culouis, clean his pallet and pencils, look alter hi? house, dress his meat for him, and do all his hou.sehold- IrndgOry ; for Augustiiio kept no oilier servant. This master, hoping lo make himserviceuble to him in some of his greatest works, laught him by degrees the rules ol perspective, and the ele- ments of design, t.'laude at first did not know wliat to make of those principles of art; but being encouraged, and not failing in application, he came at length to understand them ; then his soul enlarged itself apace, and he cultivated the art with wonderful eagerness. He removed his study to the banks of the Tyber, and into the open fields, where he would continue from morn- ing to night, taking all his lessons from Naiure herself; and by many years diligent iniilalion of that excellent uusiress, he climbed to the highest step of perfection in landscape painting. His memory was so good, that he would paint with great accuracy, when he got home, what he had seen abroad. He has been universally admired for liis invention, the delicacy of his colouring, and the charming variety and tender- ness of his tints; for his artful distributions of h" lighis and shadows, i'or his wonderful con- duct in the disposition of his ligures, and for the h.armony of his compositions. Claude was em- ployed by Pope Urban VIII., and many of the Italian princes, in adorning their palaces. He died in ltjg2, and was buried at Rome. CLAUDE, John, a French protcstant, dis- tinguished as an orator, and writer in defence of the protestant church, died in 1687. His son, Isaac Claude, published his works, settled at the Hasue, and died in 161>j. CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet flourished in the fourth century, under the em- peror Thcodosins, and his song Arcadius and Honorius; the two latter of whom, at the se- nate's request, ordered a statue to be erected for him in 'rrajan's Ibrum : on whicii was soon after placed the following epigram, in Greek : " Rome and the Casars here his statue raise, " Who Virgil's genius joined to Homer's lays.'' CLAUDIUS I., successor to the emperor Ca- ligula, much given to vice ; he was poisoned, A. D. 54. CLAUDIUS II., sticcessor of Gallienus, em- peror of Rome, died in 271. much lamented. CLAUDIUS, Appius. progenitor of the Ap- pian family at Rome, 504 B. C. CLAUDIUS, Appius, son of the preceding, was consul at Rome, and severe in his discipline. CLAUDIUS, Appius, a Roman decem\ir, in- famous for aliemptiMg to violate the chastity of Virginia ; he died in prison. CLAL'DIL^S, Appius, snrnained Ceecns, cele- brated for making the Appian way, at Rome. CLAVIUS, Christopher, an eminent mathe- matician, born in Germany, in 1537, and con sidered as the Euclid of his age, died at Rome, in 1012. CLAYTON, Dr. Robert, a learned prelate, and writer, bishop of Cork, in 1735; of Clogher, in 1745 ; died in 175S ; he was averse to the Ni- cene and Athanasian creeds. CLAYTON, John, an eminent botanist and physician, of Virginia, who came from England in 1705, died in 1773. He was a member of pome of the most learned societies of Europe and corresponded with Liiuiseus, &c. * 126 CL A CLAYTON, Jnjima, a physician, was cover ~ nor ot Delaware, aiid a member oi' tlie United States' senate ; lie died in 179U. CLF:aVKR, William, prebendary of Wijst- miiister, afterwards bisliap i)f Chester, Bangor, and t!t. Asaph's, died in Irtlj. CLEANTHEri, a stoic philosopher, disciple of Zeno, flourished at Athens, '240 B. C. lie maintained himself in the day by working in the night ; a4id being once questioned by the magistrates how he subsisted, he brought a wonian for whom he kneaded bread, and a gar Uerier for whom he drew water ; and refused a present offered him by his judges, having a trea- sure, (as he said,) in his abihty to labour. CLEEVE, Joseph, a Flemish painter, whose pieces were raisers counting their treasures ; he died in 1.5:)6. CLEGHORN, George, a physician and medi- cal wri'c;r, born at Granton, near Edinburgh, in ITJd, died in 1789. FUs chief publicatio*i was oji " The Diseases of Minorca." CLEIVELAXD, John, a noted loyalist and popular poet in the reign of Charles I. He Iiulj, hoivever, had the fate of those poets who, pay- ing their court to temporary prejudices, have been at one lime too much praised, and at ano- ther too much neglected. Cotemporary with Milton, he was, in his time, exceedingly pre- ferred before him ; and Milton's own nephew says, that he was by some esteemed the best of the English poets. ButCleiveland is now sunk into oblivion, while Miltor;'s fame is universally diifused. He was born at Loughborough, Lei- cestershire, in 1613, and died in l(i58. CLEMANCIS, Nicholas, aFrcnchman, rector of the university, who advocated a reform of the Komish church ; he died in 1440. CLEMENCET, Charles, a Frenchman, of great memory, and a distinguished writer, died in 1778. CLEMENS, Titus Flavins, a father of the church, succeeded, in 191, to the famous school at .\lexandria, where he died. CLE.VIENS,Romanus, a father of the church, companion of Paul, bishop of Rome, and author of ail epistle to the Corinthians, died A. D. 100. CLEMENT XL, bishop of Bamberg, a Saxon, elected pope, in 1047, died in 1048, distinguished for his zeal asainst simony. CLEMENT III., bishop of Prasneste, succes- sor of Gregorv VIII., as pope, in 1187, died in 1191 . CLEMENT IV., Guy de Foulgues, a French- man, of great moderation, prudence, and impar- tiality, was elected pope, after Urban V., in liJtia, and died in 12r)8. CLEMENT v., Bertrand de Goth, a French- man, bishop of Bordeaux, elected pope, in 1305, was accused of licentiousness and extravagance ; lie died in 1314. CLEMENT VI., Peter Roger, doctor of Paris university, elected pope, in 1.34iJ, a worthy, go nerous, and learned prelate, but represented otherwise bv some ; he died in 135i!. CLEMENT VII., Julius de Medicis, an Ital- ian, elected pope, in 1523 ; he was besieged by Charles V., who plundered Rome ; he excom- municated Henry VIII., which led to the refor- mation in England, and died in 1.134. CLEMENT VIII., Hippolitus Aldobrandin, a liberal minded and benevolent pope, elected in 1.5'.i2. died in iro.i. CLEMENT IX., Julius Rospigliosi, a Tuscan pope, elected in 1077, died of grief for the loss of t 'andia bv the Turks, in lf>ii9. ei-EMENT X., John Kaprtat Bmlfinj Altleri, CL ja Roman, succeeded ivlemeiit IX., in 1670, of a 'mild character ; he died in 1076. CLE.MENT XI., John Francis Albaiii, a Ro- man, elected pope, in 1700, an able politician ; his leigii was much disturbed by the Jani>euistit; he died in 1721. CLEMENT XII., Laurence Corsini, a Roman, succeeded Benedict XIII., in 1730; lie was very popular, aud corrected many abuses in the church ; he died in 1740. CLEiMENT XIII., Charles Rezzonico, of Ve- nice, succeeded Benedict XIV., in 1758, and died in 17U9, greatly respected. CLEMENl" XIV., John Vincent Anthony Ganeanelli, an Italian, raised to the pojitdoui on the death of Clement XIII. Me suppressed the Jesuits, and died, supposed bysome to have been poisoned, in 1774. CLEMENT, David, a native of Hof Geisraar, a minister and author, died at Hanover, in ITiiO. CLEMENT, Francis, a native of Beze, in Burgundy, a historian of much celebrity, died in 1793. CLEMENT, Petnr, a native of Geneva, tra- velling tutor of Lord Waidegrave, a poet, and conductor of Nouvelles Lueraires of Franw, died in 17ti7. CLEOBULTJS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, who died about ooO B. C. CLE0M8R0TUS, there were two of this name, kings of Sparta ; one flourished 371, the other about 480 B. C. CLEOMENES, a king of Sparta, who slew himself, 491 B. C. ; another reigned 61 years : a I bird was defeated hv the Achafans, fled to Egvpt, and killed himself, 219 B. C. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, famous alike for her beauty, and her licentious passions, w.is daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and had a son by Ca'sar, called Cssario. She killed herself after the defeat of Marc Antony, that she might not be carried to Rome in triumph ; and with her ended the family of the Ptolemies in Egypt, after it had reigned, from the deatli of Alexander, 294 years ; for Egypt, after that, was redrxed to a Roman province, in which dependence it re- mained till it was taken from thein by the Sara- cens, A. D. 641. CLEOSTRATUS, a Grecian astronomer, who invented the signs of the Zodiac, 53G B. C. CLERC, Sebastian le, engraver to Lewis XIV., rose from obscurity to eminence; he was admirable in his l.indscapes, and died in 1714. CLERC, John Ic, a celebrated philosophical and theological writer, and universal scholar, born at Geneva, in 1657, died in 1736. CLERC, Daniel le, a native of Geneva, and professor ; also eminent as a physician, and learned antiquary ; he died in 1728. CLERC, John Ic, a Frenchman, was knighted at Venice, and died in 1C33. CLERKE, Gilbert, an ableGreek scholar, and mathematician, a Socinian, fellow of Sidney Collei;e, Cambridiie, died in 1695. CLERMONT TONNERRE, Stanislaus, count of, a French nobleman in the stales general at Paris, in 1789, was massacred for his opposition to the Jacobin club, in 1793. CLEVELAND, John. Vid. CLEIVELAND. CLEVEI/AND, John, a pious and much ei- teeined minister, of Ipswich, Massachusetts; he was author of several religious works, and died in 17<»9. CLIFFORD, Martin, an English writer, who made every man's fancy the guide of liis reli- .111 i he died in 1677. CL CO CUKKOUl), Gcoige, carl of Cuiiibi'daiid, a CelebiatcJ Kiigiisli navigator, born in 1558, died ill 1G05. CLINTON, Honry, a British general in the American war; evacuated Piiiladclpliiain 1778 took Oiiarlestiin, ill 17H0 ; was governor ol' Gi ^raltar in 1795, and died sliorUy after. CIJN'i'ON, James, was a gentleman of ta Jents in tlie colony of New- York, and ancestor of the present disiiiifiuished family of that name CLINTON, ClrJiiles, a native of Ireland, ear ly emigrated to Anierii a, where he maintained a higli character for usefulness and respetahili ty. He waa tlie father of Jatnes and George Clinton, and died in 1773. CLINTON, James, son of the preceding, and major general in the American army during the revolution, dif tiugulshed himself as a brave and indefatigalJle ottie(;r, in the wars with the French and Indians ; and during the revolutionary war, he was with General Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians ; was for some time com- mander of the northern section of the union, stationed at Albany, and was afterwards at the siege of Yorktown. He closed his military ca- reer, by bidding farewell to Washington at New- York, and retiring to private life ; lie died ill 1812. CLINTON, George, brother of the general, was an eminent lawyer and member of Congress in 1776. He was an aetive supporter of the principles of the revolution and of liis country's rights ; and, during tlie war, he rendered essen- tial services to the American arms. He was repeatedly chosen governor of the state of New- York, and was elevated to the office of Vice- President of the United States in 1804. He died at Washington in 1812. CLINTON, George, vice-admiral of the En- glish navy, and governor of the colony of New- York, afterwards returned to England. The time of his death is not known. CLISSON, Oliver de, a native of Brittany,dis- tiuguished for his valour, died in 1407, much respected. CLISTHENES, an Athenian, who introduced the law of ostracism. CL[TOMACHUS,aCarthagin)an philosopher, who wrote 400 vols., and committed suicide. CLIVE, Robert Lord, an eminent East India governor, and a striking instance of the ineffi- ciency of wealth or external honours to confer liappiiiess, was born at Moreton-Say, near Mar- ket Drayton, Shropshire, 1725; and died, as is taid, by his own hand, Nov. 22, 1774. CLIVE, Catherine, an eminent actress in Bjw comedy, born 1711, died 1785. CLODIUS, Publius, a debauched Roman sen- Itor, killed by Milo, 53 B. C CLOOTS, Anacharsis, a native of Prussia, who in the French revolution called himself the erator of the human race ; profane, and irreli- gious ; he was guillotined in 1794. CLOPINEL, or JOHN de MEUN, a French poet, celebrated at the court of Philip the fair : he died in 13fi4. CLOSTERMAN, N., a portrait painter, who made himself rich in London ; he died in 1713. CLOTAIRE I., fourth son of Clovis, king of Soissons, and in 558 king of all Prance ; lie died in 561. CLOTAIRE II., king of Soissons, waa cruel and oppressive, and died in 628. CLOTAIRE HI. kingofBurgundy,diedin670. CLOVIO, George, a Sclavonian, eminent as a historical and miniature, painter, died in 1078. CLOVIS I., founder of the French monarchy, ♦ was converted to cluistianity, iiiid died in 511. CLOVIS li.,succe(.ried his" father Uugobert m 638 ; he was mild but debauchi'd. CLOVIS III., succeeded liiti father Thierrt HI., in (i9]. CLOWES, William, surgeon to q«cen Eliza- beth. CLUENTIUS, a Roman, accused of murder- ing his lather, defended by ticero. CLUVER1U9, Philip, a celebrated geogra- pher, born at Dantzic, 1580, died at Leyden, in 1623. CLYMER, George, a member of Congress in 1770, was a signer of the declaration of indo- pendente, and a distinguished advocate of Am- erican rights ; he died in 1813. COBB, James, sectetaiy at the East India House, in England, and a very siiccebsfnl wri- ter of operas and farces, died June 2, 1818, in his 62d year. COBB, Samuel, author of " Observations up- on Virgil," and a "Collection of Poems," inSvo 1700, died in 1713. COBB, Ebenezer, remarkable for longevity, was born in Mass, in 1694, and died in 1801 , aged 107 years ; he lived in three centuries. COBBET, Thomas, an eiuinent minister and writer, born in England, but on account of non- conlbrniily, came to America, in 1637, and be- came minister at Ipswich ; he died in 1686. COBDEN, Dr. Edward, an eminent English divine and theological writer, born about 1684, died 1764. COBENTZEL, count Louis de, an eminent statesman of Germany, died Feb. 22, 1809. He was born at Brussels, Nov. 21, 17.53, and com- menced his political career, under the nunister count de Pergen, in 1772. Two years after, he was named minister plenipotentiary extraordin- ary to the court of Denmark ; in 1777, to that of Prussia. He was recalled at the epoch of the war of llie Bavarian succession, and was des- tined to negotiate the peace of Teschen ; but a sickness which he had, prevented him. The same year he was named minister from Austria to Petersbnrgh. On his return to Vienna, aftei' the signing of the preliminaries of Leobt;n, he concluded, in 1797, the treaty of Canipo For- mio ; and in the month of December, in the same year, the military convention, at Radstock with Buonaparte. After the conferences of Selz, he returned to Petersburg. On the 9th Febru ary, 1801, he concluded the peace of Luneville, and filled, in the month of December following, the places of directory minister of state and con- ferences, and vice-chancellor of state for foreign affairs. COCCEIUS, Henry, a native of Bremen, pro- fessor of the law of nations ; a distinguished author ; he was created baron, and died in 1719. COCCEIUS, Samuel, a German baron, grand chancellor of Prussia, died in 1747. COCCEIUS, or COCK, John, a native of Bre- men, and Hebrew professor there ; afterwards removed to Leyden ; he mahitained that the bi- ble is mystical of Christ and the church ; he died in 1669. COCCHI, Anthony, professor of Physic, at Florence and Pisa; was intimate with Boerhaave and esteemed for his learning ; he died in 1758. COCHIN, Charles Nicholas, a French en- graver, whose pieces are admired ; he died in 1654. Another, of the same name, equally dis- tinguished, died in 1790. COCHIN Henrv, a native of Paris, as emi CO nciit at the bar, as Bourdalouc was in the pulpit ; lie died in 1747. COC II Lii^LTS, John, a catliolic of Nurcmburs, who violriilly attacked Luther, Bucer, Calvin, &c., die.l in 1552. COCHRAN, Robert, a Scotch architect, hung by the old nobility, because he was raised to the earldom ol" Mar, in 1484. COCHRAN, ^Villiani, a very eminent painter ill Scotland, born at Stralhavcn, in Clydesdale, 1738. died Oct. 25, 1785 COCKAIN, Sir Alston, a dramatic writer born at Aslibourn, in Derbyshire, KJOii, died in 11584. His works were printed in lt35»; and a- gain, in 2 vol=. small 8vo. 16R9, and arc very rare COCKBURN, Catharine, born in lt)79, gave marks of a genius for poetry before she had passed her childhood ; and in her 17th year pro- duced a tragedy called "Agnes de Castro," Avhich was acted in 1695. In" 1098 she brought a second traaedy upon the stage, and in 1701, a third trazedy and a comedy. But poetry and dramatic writing were the least of this lady's talents: she had a great and philosophic turn of mind, and wrote a defence of Locke's " Es- say on the Human Understanding," against some remarks wiiich had been made upon it at several limes,byDr.Burnet of the Charter-house. This defence was finished as early as Dec. 1701, when slie was but 22 years of age : she died in 1749. COCKER, Edward, deservedly esteemed one of the improvers of the arts of writing and arithmetic, died 1677, having published 14 copy- books engraved by his own hand; some books on Vulgar and Decimal Arithmetics ; a small Dictionary ; and a book of sentences for writing, calledi Cocker's Morals. COCLES, Publ. Ilorat. a Roman, celebrated for his defence of a bridge, across the Tyber, a- gainst the whole armv of Porsenna. CODDIXGTON, William, the father of R Island ; first settled in Mass., but havhig some religious differences, he, with others, removed he was governor of R. Island several vears, and died in 1078. CODM.^N, John, a member of the Senate in JJass. highly esteemed for his honesty and fidel- ity; he died in 180X CODRINGTO.V, Christopher, a native of Barbadoes, distinguished for bis knowledge of physic and belles lettres ; sometime governor of the Leeward Islands; died in 1710. CODRUS, the last king of Athens, who de- voted himself to death for hiscountrv, 1070, B. C. COEFFETEAU, Nicholas, a Dominican of Calais, author of a Roman History; died in 1623. COEN. John Paterson, governor of the Dutch Ea-st Indies ; founded the city of Batana, and died in 1629. COilUR, James, a French merchant, the rich- est subject in Europe; lent Charles 7,200,000 crowns ; he was basely imprisoned, butescaped and died at Chio, in 1456. COFFEY, Charles, a dramatic writer, prin- cipally known by his farce of "The Devil to Pay." died 1745. COG.\N, Thomas, an Englishman, master of Manchester school, and author of the " Haven of Health forSludenls." COGGESHALLE, Ralph, an Enclish monk, author of an account of the siege of Jerusalem, by Saladin, died about 1228. COGSWELL, James,D.D.,m)ni9ter in Wind- ham, Con. distinguished for his learning and piety, was dismissed in old ago, and died at ffartford, in 1807. 128 CO COHA(Jt?EN, John Henry, a German physi- cian, who maintained that fife might bee.i:tend- cd to 1 15 years by taking in the breath of youug women, died in 1750. COHOilN, Meniiion, a very celebrated Dutch cneineer, and autlmrof a treatise in the Flem isli language on the " Method of Fortifying I'lacei-," born 1C32, died 1704. COIGNET, Giles, an eminent painter, who sold Ilia scholars' productions as his own, died in 1600. COINTE, Charles le, a distinguished Frencli historian, died in 1611. COITER, Volcherins, celebrated as a surgeon,, physician, and anatomist, born at Groningen ; died about 1600. COKE, Sir Edward, lord chief justice of Eng- land, and one of the most eminent lawyers of that kingdom, wan born at Mileliain,in Norfolk, in 1.549, aiid died at Stoke Fogey's in Bucks, Sept. 3, 1634. Sir Edward had great quickness of parts, deep penetration, a faithful memory, and a solid judgment. He committed every thing to writing with an industry beyond example, published a great deal, and met with many changes of fortune : being sometimes in power, and sometimes in disgrace. He was, however, o e.xcellent at makiug the best of a disgrace, that king James used to compare him to a cat, who always fell upon her legs. " His learned and laborious works on the laws," saya Fuller, [Worthies, p. 251.] " will be admired by judi- cious posterity, while Fame tias a trumpet left her or any breath to blow therein." His prin- cipal works are, " Reports of Cases during the most happy reign of the most illustrious and re- nowned queen Elizabeth, the fountain of all justicf and the life of the law ;" " A Book of Entries :" and his " Institutes." COKE, Thomas, LL. D., a leading minister of theWesleyan Methodists, a very zealous and able divine, and most excellent man, was born at Brecon, in Wales, educated at Jesus college, Oxford, and entered into orders in the Estab- lished Church. For the last 28 years he dis- charged, with unremitting diligence the exten- sive duties of general superintendent of the Methodist missions ; which so warmly engaged his active and incessant energies, that he many times crossed the Atlantic, visiting the West India islands, and travelling through the United States. Ho gave to tire world, among other works, a " Life of John Wesley," a " History of the West Indies," and a " Commentary on the Bible." in 6 large vols. 4to. Dr. Coke died May 3, 1814, on his'voyage to India, with six mi-ssionaries, intended forCevlon and Java. » •OLARDE.'VU, Charles Pierre,a Frenchman who translated Pope's Eloisa to Abelard ; hi, wrote some irasedies, and died in 1776. COLBERT, John Baptist, marquis of Segne- lai, one of the greatest statesmen that France ever had, was born at Paris 1619, and died 1683. He was a pattern for all ministers of state ; and every nation may wish itself blessed with a Colbert. CtJLBERT, John Baptist, marquis of Torey,. ambassador to Portugal, Denmark and England, secretary of stale, &c., died at Paris, in 1746. GOLDEN, Cadwallader, a respectable phj'si- cian, botanist and astronomer of Scotland, who first came to America in 1703, and again in 1716, and afterwards sustained several high politick oflirps : published several learned works. COLE, William, born at Adderbury, in Ox- fordahire, about 1626, was the most famous CO bo-^nist of his time. In lOofi, Jie published " -i >i Art of Sinipliiig:" and in Kif)?, " Adatii in tilcu, or Nature's Paradise :" lie died in 1662. COLE, Thomas, a disisenting minister in Eng- land, and precejitor of the great Locke, died in ltJ07. COLE, Thomas, a native of Gloucestershire, di^iiiiguished for making a curious collection of herbs, &.C. COLES, Elisha, born in Northamptonsliire, in 1040, became one of the ushers ot Rlerchant- Tailor's school, and wrote several useful and ncces.sary books for the instruction of bejiinners,! the principal of which were " The Complelel English Sclioolniaster," " The newest, plainest, and shortest Slmrihand," " Nolens volens ; or, you shall make Latin whether you will or no, containing the plainest directions for that pur-| pose," " An English Dictionary," and " An English-Latin, and Latin-Enghsh Dictionary." COLET, Dr. John, a learned English divine, horn in Lonrion» in 14G6, was the eldest sou of Sir Henry Colet, knt. , twice lord-major, who had. besides him, 21 children. Being dean St. Paul's, and having a very plenlilnl estate without any near relations, (for numerous ai his brethren were, they were all dead and hii ried,) he resolved, in the midst of life and healih to consecrate the whole property of it to some standing and perpetual benefacfion. And this he performed by founding and endowing St. Paul's school, in London, of which he appuint- ed William Lilly first master, in 1512. He or- dained that there should be in this school a higli| master, a subniaster.and a chaplain, who should teach gratis, 15.3 children, divided into 8 classes ; and he endowed it with lands and houses, a- mounting then to 1221. 4s, 7d. halfpenny per an- juim, of which endowment he made the lom- [lany of mercers trustees. He died September llj, 1519. COLEY, Henry, an eminent astrologer, in England, died in 16D0. COLIGNI, Gaspard de, a celebrated admiral of France, who bravely supported the cause of the French protestants against the duke of Guise and his adherents ; but after several victories gained over their persecutors, was at last basely assassinated by oneof 'hedomesticsof theduki of Guise, in the beginning of the horrid niassa ere of Paris, on the eve of St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. COIJGNI, Henrietta, daughter of a marshal of P'ranceof the same name, celebrated for her poetical productions, died in 1673. COLLADO, Diego, a Spaniard, superintend ent of the convents of the Philippines, and author of a work on the Japanese language. COLLANGE, Gabriel de, a Huguenot, killed at the massacre of St. Bartholomews, in 1572, COLLATINT'S, husbarid of the celebrated Lncretia, in conjunction with Brutus, expelled the Tarquin family from Rome, and establislied the consular government. COLLE, Charles, a Frenchman, distinguish cd as a comic writer, died in 1783. COLLEGE, Stephen, a protestant mechanic, unjustly condemned in ItiS], as engaged in the conspiracy against Charles II. COLLEONE, Bartholomew, a native of Ber gamp, distinguished for his military successes in the service of the Venetians, died "in 1475. COLLET, Peter, a French ecclesiastic, of Ter nay, author of several works on 'heology and Wography died in 1770- R CO COLLET, Pliilibert, a French a.lvocate; au- thor of treatises on excommunications, lythes, &c., died in 17JS. COLLETET, William, a French academician, who wrole for the tlieatres, under Riciielieu, died in 1095. COLLE'I'ON, James, was governor of the colony of South Carolina, about \Ctf-t). COLLIEK, Jeremy, an eminent English di- vine, born at Stow-Uui, in Cambridgishire, in i()50, died 172C. He published "i,ssa>s npcm seveial moral subjects," which have pnssed through many editions. In 1698, he Uiudc an attempt to reform the stage, by publibliing his " Short View of the Immorality and Profane- iiess of the English Stage," and other pamphlets. This engaged him in a controversy wilh the wits ; and Congreve and Vanbrugh, whom, with many others, he had taken to task very severely, appeared openly against him. In this contro- rsy with thv stage. Collier e.xerled himself to the utmost advantage : his labours were alicnd- ed wilh success, and actually produced repent- ance and amendment ; for it is allowed on all hands, that the decorum which has been, for the most jjart, observed by the later writers of dramatic poetry, is entirely owing to the ani- niadver,';ions of Collier. Collier also publiilied "An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain," 2 vols, folio, which is written with great judg- ment ; and translated Moreri's " Historical, Geo- graphical, Genealogical, and Poetical Dictiona- i)-," ill 4 vols. foUo, a work of very great la- bour. COLLINGS, John, an eminent textuary and criiic, born in 1(;23, died 1G90. He wrote inany books of controversial and practical divinity, the most singular of which is " The Weaver's Pocket-book; or Weaving spiritualized, " 8vo ; and he had a principal hand in Matthew Poole's Annotations on the Bible. COLLlNGWt)OD, Cnthbert. lord, a gallant British admiral, the intimate friend of the im- mortal Nelson, and bis successor in the com- mand of the Mediterranean fleet, which achiev- ed the glorious victory of Trafalgar. His lord- ship was born in the county of Northumberland, in 1750; was created a peer of the realm, with a handsome annuity, Nov. 20, 180.5, and died March 7, 1810, on board his flag ship, the 'V'ille de Paris, oft' aiinorca. He was a man of great, but unobtrusive merit. He comniandi'd a 74 in the battle of the 1st of June, under lord Howe. In the great battle of Aboukir, he also bore a distinguished part ; but it was reserved for the battle of Trafalgar to raise his fame to its high- est jiitch. His ship, tlie Royal Sovereign, in which he broke through the centre of the ene- my's line, appeared, as viewed from the Victo- ry, which led the other division, a blaze of lire. " See," said the great Nelson, on viewing it, " how that noble fellow, ColHntrwood, carries his ship into action. On the death of the ter- mer lamented liero, he succeeded to the com- mand in chief. Since that great and memora- ble day, comprising an interval of about four years and a half, his lordship had never set foot upon land ; beins employed in the arduous and harassing duty of watching tiie Toulon fleet ; so that he never took his seat in the bouse of peers, nor revisited his family or country, after his signal merits had obtained the distinguished honours and rewards that we have stated. COLLINS, John, a maihematician and arith- metical writer, born at Wood Ealon, near Ox- ford, 1624, died 1683. 129 co_ COLLlNd, Aatlioiiy, an eminent writer on polemical subjtct.s, and ilie friend and corres fiondenl of" ilic ureal Mr. Locke, waa born at Icstoii, near llounslow, in Middlesex, in ICTti, and died ITi'J. He publislied llis celebrati'd " Discourse ol" Free-tliinking," in 8vo, i7j;i, and Ills " Discourse ot' the Grounds and Rea- sons of the Ciiristian Relit;ioii," in 1724 ; and wrote, besides these, a great many books, which were warmly attacked by the orthodox writers of thai time. COLLINS, Arthur, author of " The Peerage of England," was the ^on of William Collins, esq. (gentleman usher to queen Catharine, in the year IG69,) aud born in 1(362. Having received a liberal educalioii, and being from his youth inucli inclined to the study of antiquities, he conceived the arduous design of digesting a compendious account of the nobility of these kingdoms, whose genealogies had, till that time, been mouldering in private cabinets. The work liadgreat merit; the rewardsof his labour were, however, by no means adequate to the lime he devoted to these researches. The other works known to be publi.siied by Mr. Collins, were " Sydney btaie Papers," " Historical Collec- tion'sof the Families of Cavendish, Holies, Vere, Ifarley and Ogle," " The Life of Edward the Black Prince," and " Proceedings, Precedents, and .'Vrirnnnnts on Claims and Controversies, conceriiing Baronies by Writ, and other Ho- nours." He died in ITW, and was buried in the church of Battersea, Surrey. Whatever praise is due to Biographical literature in general, cer- tainly belongs to one who dipped even into the funereal uru to stamp his labours with authen- ticity ; and such is the credit tliey have obtaiii- , ed, that while there remains a spark of venera- tion for the exploits of the ancient English peer- age, the volumes which record them, and bear -Crtliur Collins' name, will be consulted as the anthentic history of that splendid and viial pan of the British constitution. A grandson of Arthur (Colonel David Collins) has lately given to the world a very valuable " Account of the English Settlement of New South Wales," from its first establishment, in January, 178d, 4to, vol. 1, 1798, vol. 2, 180-2; repr.nted in 1 vol. in 1804. Colonel Collins died governor of the British set- tloment on Van Diemen's Land, March 24, 1810. COLLIN'S, Samuel, aw English physician, au- thor of the present stale of Russia, 1(171. COLLINS, William, an unfortunate, but ad- mirable poet, was horn at Chichester, in 1721, and died June 12, 1759. During his residence at Magdalen College, Oxford, he applied hiin- gelf 10 poetry, and published the " Persian," or, as they have since been entitled, " Oriental Ec- logues," with regard to which, i; may justly be asserted, that in simplicity of description and expression, that in delicacy and softness of num- bers, and in natural and unatiected tenderness, they are not to be equalled by any thing of the pastoral kind in the English language. About 1744, he suddenly left the university, and went Jo London, a literary adventurer. He designed many works : but his great fault was irresolu- tion. He published proposals for a " History of the Revival of Learning ; but probably not a page of the history was ever written. His un- cle, Mr. Marlin, a lieutenant-colonel, left him about 5M001. But man is not bom for happiness ; Collins, who, while he studied to live, felt no c\il but poverty, no sooner lived to study, than llis life was assailed by more dreadful calami- ties, disease and inEaiv>tv; andh« died a lunatic 130 CO All elegant monument his b'.en erected to hid memory in Chichester cathedral, with some beautiful lines inscribed from the pen of Mr. Hayley. (OLLINS, John, the ingenious author of " The Evening lirnsli," an oial tnlertaiimicnt of story, song, and seiilimeiil, whicii he deli- vered many years with gri'at success in all the principal towns of Great Britain and frelund ; he was born in 17'i3, and died at Birmingham, May 2, 1808. COLLINS, John, a member of congress, and governor of Rhode-Island, died in 17U5. COLLINS, John, governor of Delaware, died in 1822. COLLINSON, Peter, F. R. S.. an ingeniouj botanist and natural historian, died August 11, 17()8. COLLIUS, Francis, doctor of a college of Milan ; author of a work in which he decrees salvation to the sa^es of Greece, the midwives of Egypt, &r., died in 1640. COLLOT, Germain, a French surgeon, fa- mous for his skill in lithotomy, died in 1656. COLLOT D'HERP,OIS, J. M., who, becoming a member of the French convention, was depu- ted to punish the revolt of the city of Lyons, and completely destroyed it, because, while a player, he had been hissed there; afterwards tile companion of Robespierre ; he died iu con- linement, at Cayenne. COLLUTHUS, a priest of Alexandria, who maintained that God was not the author of the wicked : he was condemned as a heretic in 324. C'OLMAN, George, an eminent dramatic wri- ter, sou of Thomas Colnian, esq., British resi- dent at Florence, was born at Florence, in 1732, and placed at a very early age in Westminster school. In 1758 he removed to Christ Church College, Oxford, and there took the degree of M...\. During his progress at Westminster, and while at College, he formed those literary con- nexions with whom he remained in friendship till they severally dropped off the stage of life. Lloyd, Churchill, Bonncl, Thornton, and other ceiebraled wits of a former day, « ere among the intimate associates of Mr. Colman, and gave eclat to his name, by noticing him in several of their coinpositifms. Mr. C. was admiiled into the society of Lincoln's-Iiin, and was called to the bar, where he practised a very short time. About the year 1768, Mr. Beard, being incapa ble of bearing any longer the fatigues of a thea trical life, and wishing to retire from the ma- na^eineiit of Coveiit-Garden theatre, disposed of ills properly in that house, to Messrs. Col man, Harris, Powell, and Rutherford. These gentlemen were, for a short time, joint mana- gers, but Mr. Colman appearing to desire a great- er authority than theothers,(exceptMr. Powell) which they were unwilling to yield, he was in duced, after a literary warfare, which was pub- lished, to dispose of his share. Soon after, Mr. Foote, then proprietor of the Hay-market thea- tre, having been induced to withdraw fronj the stage, disposed of his theatre to Mr. Colman, for a handsome annuity, which he did not long enjoy. On Mr. Foote's death, Mr. C. obtained the license. This gentleman was one of the chief writers in " The Con- noisseur," and produced a variety of misceV laneous poems and papers, which he collect- ed in three volumes. As a scholar, he holds a very respectable rank, as may be seen in his translations of Horace's " Art of Poetry," and of the " Comedies of Terence ;" and his man Hers wuif as pitiwiiig as liis talciita were re' wpectalile. Mr. V. tl'u.d August 14, l';94. COLiMAN, Penjaiiiiii, an emiiieiilly pious anil Utiffiil minister u( Jkattle-sueel cliuicl), lies; oil (listini-'uislicU tor liis eloquence ; Jie pub- lished iiiauy occasional >c.iniouis, and died in 1747. t'OLOCCI, Aiigelo, an Italian, bishop of No- rcia, and ^rovernor of Ascoii, dij^tintjuislifd loi making u viilur.lili: collection of Ixioks, was au- thor ol 1-aliu (xieins, and died in 1549. COLO(J\K, Pilei de, a naiive of Ghent, the friend of Calvhi and ISe/a, and a vindicator of tlieproicsljints. COLoiMUJCUE, Claude de la, a famous Je- suit, very jmpniar as a pitacher, helore Jaines II., of Kntjiand, inventor of " TlieSnlenmity of [he Ilearl of .losus;" lie died in l()8i. COLOiMIi;t>,orC'OLO.MJii?lUS,raul,a French proicstam, wiio travelled ihrnugh Europe, was iiuihor of several works, and dud in Id'j-i. COLON!, Adain and Adrian, two dutch his- torical iiainters ; the father died in 1065, and the son in 17(11. t;oj^Oi\N.A, Fabio, a botanist, the first who g.tve names to the petals and leaves of tlowers; ilie inventor of the ponlachoidon, and author of^workson hoUiny,&c. COLONNA, Francisco Maria Fompeio, a Frenchman, autlior of the natural history of the universe ; he perished by file, in 17:26. COjyOX.NA, I'rospero, a distincni.-ihrd war- rior, under (.'harles VIII., of France, who con- ijuered Naples, and then reconquered it for Aus- tria ; he died in ].52;i. COLONNA, Ponipeo, a restless ecclesiastic ; the cause of many calamities lo the Romans, bj' his ambition and intrigues for tlie popedom ; he died in 1.532. COLONNA, Francis, a Venetian, who, being disappointed in love, wrote a curious book call- ed Hypnerotomachia di Polyphilo ; he died in 1527. COLONNA, Victoria, an Italian, author of some ell ', autlior of " institutiunes." C(J.MMOULfS, Lucius Aurelius Auioninus, a dissipated emperor of Konie, 180. COMiVEiV'A, Anna, a most accomplished la- dy, and daughter of the Greek emperor, Alex- ius Conuieuus, flourished about 1118, and wrote 15 books upon the life and actions of herfallier, whicli she called " The Alexiad." CtJAlP'J"Oi>J, Spencer, master of the robes to the prince ot VVales, afterwards Charles I., and E. zealous advocate for him ; he was slain at the battle of Hopton-heath, in 164:!. COMPTOiV, Henr)-, bishop of Oxford, who was intrusted with the education of the prin- cesses -Mary and Anne, disj.ieased James II., by his zeal as a protestaui, and was dismissed from the privy council, and although restored, took part with William, prince of Orange, against James. He died in J7i:!. CO.MTE, Lewis le, a French Jesuit, missiona- ry to China, in lt>85. CONANT, Dr. John, an eminent English di- vine, born Oct. IS, l!i08, at Veatonton, in Devon- shire, was educated at Exeter College, 0.xford, where his uncommon parts and learning soon acquired hitn the favour of Dr. John I'rideaux, then rector of that college, who used to say of him, Conauti nihil est di.iicile ; an excellent pun, which, however, would be lost in translation. Having taken his degrees, he was by the par- liament constituted one of the assembly of di- ^^nes, though he seldom or never sat with them. In J647, lie' was chosen rector of his college ; shonly after, Regius professor of divinity, and ia i657', made vice-chancellor of the university. In 167ri, he was made archdeacon of Norwich, by bishop Reynolds, whose daughter he married in 1651 ; and in 1G81, aprebendary of Worcester, by king Charles II. In KiSi), he lost his sight; and ill 1693, died, leaving behiud him a number of admired sermons, of which, six volumes are in print. Dr. C. was buried in tlie church of All- t'aims, Northampton, of which he had been vicar many years, and possessed a considerable estate in the neighbourhood. CO\C.\, Sebastian, a painter, bom at Gaeta died in 1761. His pieces are much admired. CO.N'C.V.NEN, Matthew, a native of Ireland, who went to England, and gained some reputa tion by writing in support of the ministry ; he was afterwards attorney-general for Jamaica, ]~ vears, and died in 1749. CONCINA, Daniel, a celebrated Venetian preacher, author of a system of theology, &c., dieil in 17.56. ("OMCIXI, better known by the name of mar- clial d'.-^ncre, a Florentine, who, by his intrigues, bi'came a marquis and niarechal of France, but was shot by one of his eiiemies, in 1617. CO.\DAMI.\E, Charles Marie de la. a cele- brated French traveller atid poet, born at Paris, in 7701, died 1774, leaving many ingenious and valuable works. CON'DE, I^ewis, first duke of, distinsnished for his valour at the banle of Qniiiiin, and after- wards asthe loailerof t'^HHU'-'ueno;; ; he died in 15()9, of w,j died ]()81. He composed many works upon law and history, which have been printed in 6 vols, folio. CONSTANT, David, professor of pliilosophy, Greek, and divinity, at Lausanne ; he died m 1733. CONSTANTIN, Robert, professor of physic, and belles lettres, at Caen university, author of a valuable Greek and Latin Lexicon, with otlier works ; he died in 1605. CONSTANTINE, usually called the Great, and memorable for having been the first empe- ror of the Romans who established Christianity by the civil power, was born at Naissus, a town stantinopip, wlien besieged and taken by the Turks, in 1453. In liim ended the Greek empire I CONSTANTINE, Flavins Julius, a jirivatR jfloldier, who invested himself with the iuip(;rial puriplein Hrltain, and added Gaul and Spain to his dominions ; lie was put to death by Constan- tius, in 411. ! CONSTANTINE, a native of Syria, raised to the papal chair, in 706, died in the east, in ;715. j CONSTANTINE, of Carthage, in Africa, a physician of the lltli century, who first brought the Arabian and Greek physic into Italy. I CONSTANTIUS, Chlorus, fatlierof Constan- tine the Great, died in 30(5. CONSTANTIUS, I-'lavius Julius, succeeded his two brothers, Constans and Constantine, in the empire of Rome ; he died in 301. CONTAllINI, Gaspard, a native of Venice, made a cardinal, in 1538, was sent a legate to the council of Trent, in 1541. He wrote against Luther, and died in 1542. CONTARIM, Giovanni, an eminent Vene tian painter, died in lf.05. CONTARINI, Vincent, professor of eloquence at Padua, and a learned author, died in 1617. CONTE, Jacobino del, a Florentine, portrait painter, died in 15'J8. CONTI, Guisto de, a highly esteemed Italian poet, died about the middle of the ICth century. CONTI, Abbe Anthony, a noble Venetian, who travelled njuch, and wrote some poems and tra^redies ; he died in 1749. CONTI, Arniand de Bourbon, prince of, an author of some note, who warmly espoused the cause of the insurgents against his brother, the reat Cnnde, in the civil wars of France. CONTI, Francis Lewis de Bourbon, elected king of Poland, in 1097, but supplanted by the elector of Saxony, died in 1709. CONTO-PERTANA, Don Joseph, a Portu- guese poet of great merit ; he died in 1735. CONYUEARE, Dr. John, bishop of Bristol, , born at Pinhoe, near Exeter, in 1692, died at of Dardania, in 272.^ He died 337, and divided jIBath, in 1755. His " Defence of Revealed Re- .1 ;.._ i . ■ .. „ ligion," published in 1732, in answertoTindal's " Christianity as old as the Creation," is an ad- mirable work, and rendered eminent service to the church. COOK, James, a celebrated English circumna- vigator, was born at Marton, in Yorkshire, Oc- tober 27, 1728, of poor parents, and apprenticed on board a vessel in the coal-trade. In the war of n.^o, between England and France, he en- tered as a seaman in the royal navy. His be- haviour in tills station soon endeared him to the officers ; and, on the 15th of May, 1759, he obtained a master's warrant for the Mercury, which was soon after employed in the famous siege of Quebec. During this siege, a ditTicult and dangerous service was to be performed ; namely, to take soundings in the channel of the river St. Lawrence, directly in front of the French fortified camp. Tliis he performed at the imminent hazard of his life, with which in- the empire between his three sons, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans. CONSTANTINE II., son of Constantine the' Great; after his father's death, became master of Gaul, Spain, and Britain ; he was slain at Aquileia, in 34X). CONSTANTINE III., son of Constantius II., was crowned emperor, in 608, and died in 085. CONSTANTINE IV., CAPRONYMl^S, suc- ceeded his father Leo, in 1752; he defeated the Saracens, who made an insurrection against him, and died in 775. CONSTANTINE V., succeeded his father, Leo IV., in 1780 ; he was defeated by the Bul- garians, who took him and put out his eyes, in <92. CONSTANTINE VH., PORPHYROGEM- TUS, a learned man, wascrowned at 7 years of «ge ; he defeated the Lombards, and drove away Uie Turks ; he was poi.=ioiied by his son, in 959. CONSTANTINE IX., son of Romanus, sue- deed he very narrowly escaped; he was succcs tcedcd to the throne, in 970, and died in 1028. sively rewarded with the appointments of m.is- CONSTANTINE X., MONOMACHUS, or ter of the Northumberland man of war, marine GLADIATOR, ascended the throne, in 1042, surveyor of Newfoundland and Labrador, lieu- and died in 1024. tenant in the navv, and commander of the En- CONST.\NTINE XI., or DUCAS, succeeded deavour bark, fitted out for the purpose of tak- IsaacCommenus, in 1059. His reign was ren- ine some astronomical obser\'ations, and making dered unhappy by an invasion of the Scythians; discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. On this e.-cpe- Jie died in 1007. ' dition, he sailed from Deptford, July .30, 1768, CONSTANTINE Xin. succeeded his brother and returned to England, July 12, 1771. He John, in I'MS : he fell iti the defence of Con- sailed again. April 2, 1772. in the Resolution 12 ' 133 ^ (JO accoiupaiiieil by caiitaiii riinifaux, in tliu Aii- vsuUiire, to drtcniiiuf the OMSteiice, or uoii-tx- istiMico of a soutlierii conuiioiit. I'y tliia voy- a;;c', I'rom vvliich lie retuiued in 1775, ilie illu- sions of a Turra Australia Incognita to any purpot^es of commerce, colonization, or utility, vvi'ic (tispollcil ; but as a reward lor ca|iuiiii Cook's iniportaul iniprovemoius for preserving the lieallli of seamen, very happily numifested in tliis voyaije, tlie Royal Society hesiowed on Iiim tile nieiialof Sir Godfrey Copley. Another grand question was, the practicability of a uonliern passage to the Pacific Ocean ; to de- termine which, captain Cook sailed, in 177G, on board the Kosolution, accompanied by captain Clerke, in the Discovery. This voyage served to prove that there was no practicable passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to- ward the north ; but, on his return, it uufortu- naiely happened, that our navigator was Ijilled in an allVay witli the natives of Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich isles, February 14, 1779. His death was universally regretted, not only in Great Britain, but throughout all Europe, where his grrat merits and public services were If nown. COOKE, Sir Anthony, preceptor to Edwarli VI., boiu atGidding-lIail, in E.ssex, in ISOO, died in 1570. He was a man of singular piety and goodness, and of uncommon prudence in tlie management of his lamily. Knowing that women are as capable of learning as men, he instilled that into his daughters at night, which he had taught the prince in the day. He was remarkably happy in these daughters ; for they tvera learned above their sex in Greek and La- tin, and were equally distinguished by their virtue, piety, acd good fortune. Several witty and ingenious sayings of his are recorded ; par- ticularly the following; "That there were three olijccts before wliom he could not do amiss ; his prince, his conscience, and hischildren." This facetious story is likewise related of him : " A Susse.t knight, having spent a great estate at court, and reduced himself to one park, and a fine house in it, was yet ambitious to entertain the king, (Edward VI.) For that purpose, lie liew painted his gates, with a coat of arms and this motto over them, in large golden letters, OlA VANITAS. Sir Anthony, offering to read It, de.'ired to know of the gcnlleinan what he meant by 01.\ ; who told liim it stood tor omnia, " 1 wonder, (replied he,) tiiat having made your omnia so little as you have, you should yet make your vanitas so large." COOKE, Thomas, born at Braintree, in Es- sex, in 1702. When only W, he gave the world a very correct edition of " Andrew Marvel's Works, with a Life of the author prefixed." He published translation? of " Hesiod," " Cicero de Natura Deoruni," and "Terence," and pre- pared a translation of " Plautus," but only pub- lished the " Ainphytrion." He was also a dra- matic writer, and author of five or six pieces, which, however, were not attended with any success. COOKE, Elisha, a respectable physician, of Boston, and an agent to England to procure the restoration of the charter of Mass., in 1715. C'OOKE, Elisha, disthiguished in the political liisiory of Ma-ssachuaetts, was a representative in the general court, counsellor, &.C., and died IT) r.-.i-. COOKE. Samuel, first minister of the 2d pa- , rish in <\imbridge, Massachusetts, died in 1783. He was a man of science, and published several sermons. 134 CO COOKE, Uobert, an able English divine, and proctor of the t)xtoid univaisity. He retired upon the vicarage of lit eds, and died in 1614. COOI'ER, Thomas, 1). D., a leanied Eiigiiah prelate, ho^n in lol'i ; he was author of a work, eutith'd " Thesaurus Linguie llomanu! et Bri- taiiiiic;e," which was highly patronised by queen Eli/.abeth. COOPER, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- bury, and sometime lord higli cliaucellor, was born at Winborne St. GileV, in Dorsetshire, July 23, 1021, and died January, 1G82 3. Hi is suposed to have been a little iiilemperate in his gallantries; and it is recorded, that Charles 11., who would both take liberties and bear tliom, once said to the earl at court, in a vein of rail- lery and good humour, and in reference only lo his amours, " I believe, Shaftesbury, Ihnu art the wickedest fellow in iny dominions." To which, with a low bow and very grave face, Ihc earl re])lied, " May it please your majesty, of a subject I believe 1 am ; at wliicli tlie merry monarcli laughed most heartily. COOPER, "Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- bury, the celebrated author of the "Charac- teristics," was grandson of the preceding earl, and born at Exeter-house, hi London, Febru- ary 2G, 1670-1. Soon after his cimiing into par- liament, as a burgess for Poole, he had an op- portunity of showing that spirit of liberty vv hich he maintained to the end of his life, and by which he uniformly directed his conduct on all occasions : it was the bringing in and promoting " The act for granting counsel to prisoners ia cases of high treason." This he looked upon as important, and had prepared a speech in its behalf; but when he stood up to speak it in the House of Coimnons, he was so intimidated, that he lost all memory, and was quite unable to proceed. The house, after giving him a little time to recover his confusion, called loudly for y him to go on ; when he proceeded to this effect : ■' If I, sir, (addressing himself to the sjicaker,) who rise only to give my opinion on the bill now pending, am so confounded that I am un- able to express the least of what I proposed to say, what must the condition of that man be, who, without any assistance, is pleading for liia life, and under apprehension of being deprived of it?" He died in 1712-13, COOPER, Maurice Ashley, brother of the foregoing, translated " Xenoplion's Cyropoedia," which was published in 2 vols.Svo., 1728, being a short time after his decease. A third edition was published in 1770 ; " not," as is said, " with the eclat of popular applause, but with the silent approbation of the studious few." COOPER, Samuel, an eminent English pain- ter, born in London, in 1G09, and commonly tyled the Vandyck in little. Hedied in 1G72, and was buried in Pancras church. COOPER, John Gilbert, author of a " Life of Socrates." He wrote one or two numbers of the periodical paper called " The W'orld ;" was author of " Letters on Taste ;" " Ver Vert, or the Nunnery Parrot ;" and published a volume of " Poems on several subjects," 17G4, 12ino. He died in April, 1769. COOPER, Dr. Miles, a learned divine aiid poet, who published sermons " On the Origin of Civil government," and a volume of poems, and died at Edinburgh, in 1785. COOPER, William, minister in Bostoii, of which place he was a native ; he was distin- guished for his faithfulness and zeal, and died in 17-13 ; he published several discoursc-s CO COOPER, Samuel, minister ill lioston, son of William, whom lie succeydeU in Bratlle-strcei church ; was amomj the firstot'lliosc patriots wlio look part asanist Great lirirain ; he died in 178H. COl)PKK,Miles, D.D., president oIKine's Col- lege, Novv-york, a native of Knj^land ; he caiae toAmericaiii 17(ji, published a volume of poem returned to England, and died in I'Ho. COOTE, Sir Eyre, a celebrated coiTiinandcr of the East India Coiiipanv's forces in India, who {gained great renown by his frequent vic- tories over Hyder Ally ; in one of wiiich, near I'orto Niivo, Hyder's army consisted of more than 150, OUU men, and General Coote's of only 10,000. lie was boni in 172U, and died at Ma- dras, Aiiiil, 178J. COOTVViClI, John, of Utrecht, a civilian and traveller. The account of his "Travels into Jerusalem and Syria," was published in Ioe- tica Stromata," im7, and again in 176'i. Mr. Gilchrist published an edition of them (with his life prefixed) in 1807. Some pleasant anecdoles are recorded of him, among which are the fol- lowing ; after he was doctor of divinity, he sung ballads at the Cross at Abingdon. On a mar- ket-day he and some of his comrades were at the tavern by the Cross ; the ballad singer com- plained he had no custom, and could not put off his ballads. ThejoUy doctor puis off his gown, and put on the ballad-singer's leathern jacket ; and being a handsome man, and a rare full voice, he presently vended a great many, and had a great audience, lliscouveisation was exiremely plea- sant. Dr. Rtubbins was one of Ids cronies ; he was a jolly doctor, and a very good house-keeper. As Dr. Corbet and he were riding in Loli-lane, in v\'et weather, (it is an e.xtraordinary deep dirty lane,) thecoach fell, and Corbet said, ilia Dr. S. w.ts up to the elbows in mud, and he was up to the elbows in Stubbins. His chaplain, Dr. Lushington, was a veiy learned and inge- nious man ; and they loved one another. The bishop would sometimes take the key of the wine cellar, aud he and his chaplain would go and lock themselves in, and be merry : then, first he lays down his episcopal hood, ■' There lies the doctor;" then he puts off his gown, "There lies the bishop ;" then it was, " Here'sto thee Corbet." " Mere's to thee Lushington." CORBULO, Doinifius, a Roman general, who carried hi.s arms again.st the Parthians, and placed Tigranes on the throne ; lie destroyed hims^-lf, A.U. 67. COR DAY D' ARMANS,MaryAnne Charlotte, a native of Normandy, who avenged the death of her lover, by ftabbing Marat,the author of it, to the heart, for which she was guillotined in 1793. CORDEMOI, Geraud de, a French academi- cian, and a great partisan of Descartes' systems ; he wrote several works, and died in 17'2i2, CORDIER, or CORDERIUS, Mathurin, a schoolmaster, died at Geneva, in »5tW. aL'ed R'i : having continued the otiice of teaching till with in a few days of his death. Calvin was his scholar. Among many other works, he pub- lished " Colloquia," one of the most popular of our school books. CORDUS, Aulus Crcmentius, a Roman, au- thor of a histoiyof the civil wars of Rome, much commended by Tacitus and Seneca. CORDUS, Euricius, a German phy.sician and poet, intimate with Erasmus ; died in 1535. CORDUS, Valerius, son of the preceding : devoted himself particularly to botany, and tra versed the mountains of Germany, &c. ; he died in 1554. CORELLI, Arcanselo, a famous musician of Italy, born at Fusignano, a town of Bologna, in 11553. His merits, as a performer on the violin, were sufficient to attract the patronage of the great, and to silence, as they did, all competi- tion ; but the remembrance of these is at this day absorbed in the contemplation of his excel- lencies as a musician at large, as the author of new and original harmonies, and the father of a style not less noble and grtind than elegant an?nan ladies in tears. He was at last pnt to death by the Volsci as a traitor, who had made liiem quit their conti'iest: upon which the Ro- man ladies went into mourning: and in the same place where his blood was shed, there was a temple consecrated to Female Fortune. CORLGT, Elijah, was master of the gram- mar school, in Cambrid'^c, M.^ss., for 40 or .50! years, aud was much esteemed ; he died in 1087. CORXARIUS, or FIAGUKXBOT, John, a| German physician, early distinguished as aj scholar. He was the translator of the works of Ili|)pocrates, &c., and died in loS-'. CORNARO, Lewis, a noble Venetian, born 1464, wrote in Latin a celebrated treatise " Oti the -Advantages of a Temperate Life." By fol lovviiiaihisowii rules, he lived to upwards of 100 vears ot age, dying in 15G5. CORXARO, "Helena Lucretia,of the same fa inilv with the above, a prodigy of learning ; of whom it is related, that all people of quality or fashion who passed through Venice, were more solicitous to see her, than any of the curiosities of that superb city. She was born at Venice, in 1G46, and educated at Padua, where she obtain- ed the degree of doctor, and died in 1685. CORNAZZANl, Anthony, a native of Placen- tia, in the 15th century ; he wrote the lives of the Virgin Mary, &c. CORNBURY, lord, governor of New- York in 1702, was universally detested for his despo- tism, bigotry, and injustice ; he was removed ill 1708. CORNEILLE, Michael, a French painter, who gained a prize for one of his pieces, and was afterwarils professor of the academy of Pa- ris ; he died in 1703. CORNEILLE, Peter, a celebrated French poet, born at Rouen, in 1006, and died 1684. His works have been often printed, and consist of above '\0 comedies and tragedies. CORNEILLE, Thomas, a French poet also, but inferior to Peter Corneille, whose brother he was. He died 1709, aged 84. — Thomas Corneille was the author of " A Dictionary of .' rls," in 2 vols, folio ; and " A Universal Geographical and Historical Dictionary," in 3 vols, folio. CORNELIA, a Roman lady, who educated lier sons Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, and when they were killed, e.thibited great fortitude. COR>fELISZ, Lucas, a painter, of Leyden, %vho became chief painter to Henry VIII. of England. CORIVELISZ, .lames, a Dutch painter of the 16th centm', his descent from the cross is much adni'-'d. 136 CO CORNELISZ, CorneUus, of Haerlern, was eminent as a painter. CORNELIUS, bishopof Rome, after Fabian, was banished, and soon al'tor died, in 252. CORNETO, Adrian, an Italian ecclesiastic, much employed by Innocent VH. and his suc- cessors, as a legate : he was an author of some distinciiou. COUNUTtJS, a grammarian and philosopher of merit, and tutor to the poet Persius. He was put to death by Nero, A D. 44. CORNVVALLIS, Sir Charles, second son of Sir William Cornwallis, a man of superior abi- lities ; was sent by James I. as ambassador to -pain ; and died in UVM). CORNWALLIS, Charles, marquis, a brave British general, born in 1738. In the .\merican war he displayed great military talents, took possession of Philadelphia, contributed to the reduction of South Carolina, aud defeated Gen. Gatue with a very inferior force. But, in J781, iie was under the necessity ofsurrendering to the united American and French army ; soon after which he returned to England. He was ne.xt sent out as governor -general of India ; where in December, 171)0, he took Bangalore, which wae followed by the defeat of Tippoo Saib, who de- livered to his lordship his two sons as hostages. Lord Cornwallis was next appointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland ; where he quelled an insur- rection, defeated a French invading army, and succec'd'id in effecting a union of the two king- doms. In 1801, he was employed as minister plenipotentiary in France, where he signed the preliminary treaty of peace at .Amiens. His lordsliij) again accepted the government of In- dia, in 1805: but died al Ghazepoor, in the pro vince of Benares, on the 5th of October, in the same year. CORONEL, Paul, a native of Segovia, era- ployed by Cardinal Ximenes in the publication of ills Polyglott Bible : he died in 15^4. CORONELLI, Vincent, a Venetian geogra- pher, made cosmographer to the French king in 1085. He published 400 geographical charts, and died in 1718. CORRADINl, Peter Marcellinus, a learned ci- vilian, and favourite of Pope Clement XI., he died in 1743. CORRADUS, Sebastian, a grammarian and professor at Boloeiia, died in 1550. CORREGIO, Antonio da, a most e.xtraordi nary painter, so called from Corregio, a town in the dukedom of Modena, where he was born in 1494. This artist is remarkable for having borrowed nothing from the works of other men Corregio spent the greater part of his life at Parma : and notwithstanding the many fine pieces that he made, and the high reputation lie had gained, he was extremely poor and al- ways obliged to work hard for the maintenance of his family, which was somewhat large. Ha was very humble and modest in his behaviour, lived very devoutly, and died much lamented in 1534, when he was but 40 years of age. The cause of his death was a little singular. Go- ing to receive 50 crowns for a piece that he had done, he was paid it in a sort of copper money called quadrinos. This was a great weight, and he had 12 miles to carry it, though it was in the midst of summer. He was over- heated and fatigued ; in which condition, indis- creetly drinking cold water, he brought on a pleurisv which put an end to his life. CORROZET, GUes, a French bookseller, au- thor of several works of merit ; died in 1568. CtHtSlM, Edward, an Italian, a man of great triKiiiion; author of some valuable worKs on (.lilu-isni, philosophy, &.c. ; died in 1705. COIIT, Cornelius, a native of Holland. Hi.s enf ravings are the best wliitti that country has prodiired ; lie died in 1578. CURTESI, William, a French painter, patro- nised by Alexander VIII., died in 1079. CORTEril, Giovainia, a female painter of miniatures, of Florence ; died in 1736. CORTKZ, Ferdinand, a Spanish gentleman, famous, under the emperor Charles V., for the conquest of Mtxico. He died in 1554, aged ti:i. COXITE'/I, Paul, a learned Italian, a patron of literature ; was bishop of Urbino, and died in 1510. COUTl, Matthew, a native of Pavia, a phy- sician to (Element VII. , wrote on fevers, &c. and died in IHH. CORTICELlil. Salvatore, a monk of Bolojina, ! author of a much admired Italian granmiar,{|inveiitor of printiiisr, about 1430. died in 1770. 1440. CORVATE, Thomas, a famous English tra- ! COSTFIA, Ben Lura, a christian philofopher, vcller, cliierty on foot. He visited almost all jjOf Balbec, who translated several Greek works paits of tile world, and published relations of jiinto Arabic. his voyages and travels ; but the singularity of | COTA, Rodriguez, a native of Toledo, whose tile titles^ and of iiis iiianners, exposed him toj tragi-coniedia dc Colisto & Melibcra, has ap- much ridicule, and occasioned the character of I'peared in Latin and French, flourished in liie his works to be misrepresented, as well as thall'lGth century. of their author, v.ho was certainly a man of 1] COTELERIUS, John P.aptist, a learned great learning. His best known works are, |,Frenchman, who published the works of all the ■ Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months' |fathers in the Apost'olic age, with learned notes, Travels in France, Savoy, Italy," &c. He was!:died in 168G. born at Odcombe, in Somersetshire, 1577, and 11 CO*rES, Roger, an illustrious English matlit'- died at Sural in the East Indies, 1C17. ||niaticiai!, philosopher, and astronomer, born in COSBY, William, governor of tile colonies of jlCS\J, died 1716. .\'ew-York and New Jersey, died in 1736. COTES, Francis, an English painter, in oij COSIERS, John, a painter of Antwerp, pa and crayons died in 1770. tronised by many crowned heads. COTIN, Charles, a French writer, and elo COSIMO, Andrew and Peter, Italian painters,! quent preacher, known for the severity of Roi- the former e.xcelled in the claro-obscuro, the jleaii ai;d Moliere's satires against him, died in CO wtion travelling in Asia, was taken prisoner) and detained in captivity many years; he pub- lished an account of Indian plants. COSTA, Emanuel, a Portuguese lawyer pro- fessor at Salamanca, 1550. COSTA, John, professor of law, at Caliors, died in 1637. COSTA, Margaret, an Italian poetess, wliose works were published at Paris. COST.ANZO, Aiigelo di, an Italian, wrote a history of Italy, and was a poet of considerable merit ; he died about 1590. COST.\Rl», George, an English scholar, who iwrote 15 treatises, chiefly on astronomy, diii! in 11782. [ COSTE, Peter, a native of Uzez, who trans latfcd into French, Locke on the understanding and Newton's optics, &c. ; lie died in 1747. i COSTKR, Lawrence, an inhabitant oi Hacr Icin, .supposed by the Dutch to have been llio lie died in latter in ludicrous pieces. Peter died in 1521. COSIN, John.an English prelate, deprived of nis preferments by preaching a seditious ser- mon ; but at the restoration he was re-instated and preferred to the see of Durham. He wrote various works, and was a learned and humane man. He died in 1672. COSME, John Baseillac, eminent as a litho- T.omist, whose instruments were much used fur- fnerly ; he was banished tlirough the envy of >iis rivals ; and died at Paris, in 1780. COSMO I., son of John de ftledici, who rais- ed himself to the supreme aut^ority of the state of Florence, and put down all conspiracies against him : he died in 1574. COSMO n., grandson of Cosmo I , succeed- ed his father Ferdinand, in 1609; he was a benevolent prince, and died in 1621. COSJIO in., succeeded his father Ferdinand II. ; he was a patron of learning, and c ne of the richest sovereigns of Europe ; he died in 1723. COSNAC, Daniel de, a native of Limousin, raised to the see of Valence, and afterwards to that of Aix, died in 1708. COSPE.AI', Philip, a French prelate, repie sented to have been very eloquent ; died in 1646 COSS.\RT, Gabriel, a native of Pontoise, who assisted Labbe in his grand collection of conn cils, which was contained in 28 vols, fol o, died in 1674 COSSE, Charles de, mareclial de Briesac, a French general of great military talents, ], itron- ised by the king of France, was ambassador to Charles V., and died in 15i;3. COSTA, Christopher, a Portuguese, who S 11678. COTOLENDI, Charles, an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and respectable as an an- ithor. He wrote tlie life of Cokunbus, of de Sale.^, and nnmerous other works. COTTA, John, a Latin poet, author of some epigrams and orations, died at Viterbo in loll. COTTE, Robert de, of Paris, director of the Royal Academy of Architecture, who a«ionied many of the public buildings in Paris; died in J1735. I COTTFREI-, Sir Charles, groom-porter to ,laint:s I., and master of requests to Charles II., well skilled in modern languages. COTTIN, Sophia de, wife of M. Cottin, a banker of Paris, died in 1807. She wasthcatlior of Malvina, Matilda Mansfield, the exiles of Si- beria, and other novels. COTTINGTON, Francis, lord, chancellor of the exchequer, and first lord of the treasury, in the reign of Cliarles I., died in 1651. COTTO.N', orCOTON, Peter, a learned Je uit, born in France, in 15l>4, wretescveral books on controversial subjects, and died in 1626. COTTON, Sir Robert Bruce, an emintnt Eng- lish antiquary, born at Denton, in Huntingdon- shire, in ].')70. His writings are very numerous and valuable : but it may reasonably be ques- tioned, whether he lias not done more service to learning, by securing, as he did, his valu.ible library for the use of posterity, than by all his writings. The Cottoniau library is deposited in the British Museum. COTTON, Cliarles. lived in the reigns of cinirlc^ aiiri .lames II. He had sometbiiig of a ge- 2* 137 nius lor piiciiy, luiil was jiarticulariy lamousfor burlcscjiie vur.s'!. Ilu ira'islatcdoncofCorriPille's tragedies, called " lliiiace," piinfeil in 1071. H« publislicil a voluij)'.- of poems mi several occa- siouii: ■' Tlie WoudtTsof the P<;ak in Oerby- yiiiro;" " S';arronidi;s, or Virnil Travtstle ;" and' li'iciaii burlesqiied,orllieScolierKcoired:" an elilion of llie llirt-e last mentioned, was printed in I71o. aiid lias been Irf-nuoniiy rt>piint- ed. Hut the cliicf of all Ins pr(Hliiction>, and lor which pcrliap:^ lie deserves the l)isl praisB of his coiintrviiifii, is liis translation of " iMon- taigne's Essavs." COTTON, Dr., author of" Visions in Verse, for the instruction of Younger flliiids," was dis- tui!;uished for his great care, humanity, and at- ti'iiiion as a phvsician, at St. Albans, wliere he died Aua. -2, ifdS. CO'J'TOX, John, one of the most di.stinsiiish- eJ early ministers of New England, born in Kng- iand ; tie sustained a lii^jli reputation for wisdom and learniiijj ; iiis publications were numerous. COTTON, Seaiiorii, son of John, minister of Hampton, N. H., was bjrn at sea, died in KiSS. He was a sood scholar, and an able preacher. COTTON, John, son of the Rev. John Cot- ton, minister of riyinout'i,Mass., and of Charles- ton, South Carolina, lie was a faithful minis icr, and eminent for his koowlege of the Indian lant;na^e. He rewsed and superintended the prliitiimof Elliot'.s Bible. COTTON, John, minister of Newton, Mass , highly respected, died in 1757. COTYS, a king of Thrace, in the age of -Mexander, died about 35G D. C. A second of 1110 name lived in the age of Porapey, and a third in the age of Augustus. COIJDRETTE, Christopher, a French eccle- siastic, opposerof the Jesuits, and of the pope's bull, uiiiiienitus, died in 1774. His chief work is a history of the Jesuits. COULON, Lewis, a French priest, whose geographical works are much esteemed, died in J 1)64. COUPERIN, Francis, a Frenchman, much admired for his execution on the harpsichord, died in 1733. COUPLET, Philip, a Jesuit missionary to China, wrote some works on the Chin c lan- guage : he died in 1693. COURAYER, Peter Francis, a French divine, author of Paul's history of the council of Trent, in French, &c., died in 177t). COURCELLES, Stephen de, a native of Ge neva, professor of divinity at Amsterdam, and author of various theological tracts, died in COURT DE GEBELIN, Anthony, a protest- ant minister of Lausanne, author of " Monde Primitif," in 9 vols. 4to, a work of great merit, died in 1784. COURTANVAUX, Francis Caesar, marquis de, a French nobleman, who distinguished him- self in the wars of Bohemia and Bavaria ; he diedinl7S). COURTEN, William, son of a tailor, of Me- nix, in the Netherlands, who made himself im- mensely rich, by making French hoods, in Lou- don ; he died in 1636. COURTEN, William, descendant of the pre- ceding, who collected whatever was curious and important, in medallic and antiquarian history, and no lei^s than 38 vols, in folio, and 8 in 4to, all of which were purchased for the British M'lseuni, for Uie swn of 20,0001. He died in 138 CO COUR'I'i'JNAY, John, a member of parlia ment, and commis-sioncrof the treasury, known also as a writer, died in 1816. rOURTILZ. Garien de sieur de Sandras, of Paris, coiiiincri in the Rastile 9 years, for his po- litical works, died in 171-'. COURTIVRON, Gaspard, marquis de, a na- tive of Uijoii, a soldier and a scholar; he was wounded in atti'iupting to save the life of mar- shal Saxc. and diijin 1785. COURTNEY, William, archbishop of Can- terbui-j'i a persecutor of Wicklift'e, and his li.l- lowers, died in 1396. COURTOI.S, James, a painter, who delinoa- ted the battles of the French, in the campaigns of Italy ; he died in 1676. COURTOIS, William, alfo a painter, much admired, was patronised by Ale.xander VH., and died in 1673. COUSl?-;,John, a painter and mathematician, in France ; he was called the Great, and was patronised by Henry H., Francis U., Cliarlcs IX., and Henry IH. COUSIN, James Anthony Joseph, an emi- nent mathematician, was professor of natntal philosophy in the college of France, and ai'ter- wards of mathematics in the military school; he died in 18')3. COUSTON, Nicholas, scnlptorto the French king ; his pieces adorn th(! palaces of ParLs, Versailles, and Marly ; he died in 1733. COUSTON, William, brother to the preced- ing, director of the academy of painting and sculpture, died in 1746. COUSTON, William, son of the preceding was improving himself in the arts, at Rome. where he died in 1777. COUTHON, Georges, a native of Orsay, in Auvergne, a member of the convention in the French revolution, odious for his ferocious and vindictive conduct ; he was guillotined in 1794 COUVREUR, Adrianne le, a French actress, wlio played with much applause, died in 1731). COVEL, John, an English divine, chaplain to the embassy to Constantinople, published an ac- count of the Greek church, and died in 1722. COVERDALE, Miles, bishopof Exeter, in the time of Edward VI., was ejected from his see by queen Mary, and thrown into prison. Being liberated by queen Elizabeth, he attached him- self to the puritans, and died in 1567, at the age of 81. He assisted Tindal in the English ver- sion of the Bible, published in 1537, and after- wards revised and corrected the edition of it in a larger volume, with notes, in 1540. COWARD, William, a medical and meta physical writer, born at Winchester, in 1056 died between 1722 and 1725. COWELL, Dr. John, a learned and eminent civilian, born at Ernesboroiigh, in Devonshire, in 15.54 : and well known by a laborious work which he published at Cambridge, in 1607, enti- tled " The Interpreter." Besides, this, he pub- ished, in 1605, " Institutiones Juris Anglicaui," &c. , that is, ' ' Institutes of the Laws of England, in the same metliod as Justinian's Institutes.' He died in 1611. COWLEY, Abraham, an eminent Englidt poet, born in London, in 1618, died 1667,and was buried in Westminster Abbey, ncarChaucer an4 Spenser, where a monument was erected to his memory. Cowley was a staunch loyalist; and when Charles II. heard of his death, he was pleased to say, " that Mr Cowley had not left I better man behind him in England." Addi- son has observed, that of all authors, none ever CO abiiiiiidoil so much iiiwit, according to Locke's truH dt'linitioii of it, as Uowluy. COWLEY, Hannah, a voiy ingenine drama tic writer, and a poetoss, indcvd, in ahnosi every branch of the art, born at Tiverton, Di- voii, in 1743, died March 11, 180U, at the plact of lier nativity, in lierCfilli year COWPER, William, bishop of Galloway, in Scotland, born in Perth, in l^i'l, died l(il7, leav- ing a folio voliune of works ou divinity. COWPER, William, dean of Durham, was the son of earl Cowper, born in London, in 1713, and died 1 1 vtr, and ordered Coytier to be at large, as usual. CO'/'/.A, Francesco, born in Sicily, einiiiei^.t in fresco and oil painting, died in WCA. CRAASItECK, Joseph Van, of Brussels, a painter, who excelled in representing alehouse ijuarrels, died in KitjS. CRAH, Roger, an English hermit, who lived at Ickhani, near Uxbridge, and acquired great reputatidii for r.anctity and abstinence. Cu/\.I'iC, Habakliuic, an eminent dissenter, lii En!f!and,died in 1795. CRACHEUODE, Rev. Clayton Mordaunt, one of tiie inistc'es of the British Museum, and Fellow of the Royal and Aiitiquariaij Societies, His attahiments were various and cotisiderable : he wrote elegantly in Latin verse ; as may be seen in the " Carmina Guadrigesimalia," for tlie year 1748. He employed a considerable part nf a large revenue, in making collections of what was best and most curious in litera- ture, and certain branches of the arts. Ilia li- brary was unrivalled in its kind ; and his cabi- net of prints, drawings, and medals, was consi- dered as among the most select and valuable iii a country that posseses so many of them. He was ail exquisite judge of art, both ancient and modern, particularly of sculpture, painting, and music, and collected the choicest of early print- ed books, drawings, coins, and gems, of which a complete catalogue raisonne would require a volume. Mr. Cracherode died April 6, 1799, and bequeathed his immense collection of books, medals, drawings, &.C., &c., to the British Mu- seum. CRADD0(;K, Luke, an ingenius English painter, chiefly of birds, died in 1717. Vertue records, that Craddock's pictures rose quickly after his death, to three or four times the price that he was paid for them when living. CRADDOCK, Samuel, a learned divine, au- thor of " A History of the Old and New Testa- ment," an "Apostolical History," and " The Harmony of the Four Evangelists, died in 1700, aged 86. The latter of these works was revi- sed by Dr. Tillotson, who preserved it from the flames in the fire of London. CRADOCK, Thomas, rector of St. Thomas, Baltimore county, Maryland, published Psalma of David in heroic verse, in 1750. CRACKANTHORP, Ricliard, an eloquent English preacher, chaplaui to an embassy lo the emperor, and an author of merit, died in 1624. CRAIG, Nicholas, a learned Dane ; he waa engaged by the king of Denmark in some im- portant negotiations, and wrote annals of Den mark. He died in 1G02. CRAIG, Sir Thomas, a learned Scotcli law- yer, kviown for his "Jus Feudale," died in IfiOS, 139 CR CUAIG, James, a Scolcli divine, admired a^: a preactiJi- : lio publislied 3 vols, of sermons, and died in J744. CHAW, Joiin, a Scotch mathematician, who made liis name I'amous by a .-^niali woik ol' '.V'> pa^es in 4to, entitli-d " Tlicologia Clirisliante Pnnclpia Mailicmaiica." CKAIG, VVilliain,a Scotch divine, celebrated for iiis pulpit oratory, dii'd in 1783. CRAIR, .lames, M. D., a native orScotland, came to Virginia, where he became a distin- guished physician, received an appoiniment in the army of the revolution, and «'as physician to the family of General Washington. He died in I8I4. CR,\MER, .Tohn Frederic, learned professor at Duisburg, translated Puffendorf's introduc- tion ro hisiiny, and died in 1715. CUAJIKR, Gabriel, of Gejieva, well known ovi'r Kurope as a maihemalician, died in 175i. CRAHIER, iVicholas, a Flemish painter,'dis- tinguished for taste and correctness, died in 1710. ORAMKR, Daniel, a native of Bellz, in Uran- denhurg, professor of eloquence, at Witteniherg, and linkable divine, wrote on Aristotle's logic; he died in 1598. CR.AMER, John James, professor of oriental langaugc at Zurich, and afterwards at Ilerborn, and author of several theological works; lie died in 170'2. CRAMER, John Andrew, a native of Qucd linburs, who first reduced the art of assaying in inelaliurgy into a system ; ho died in 1777. CR.\?tIER, John Andrew, a German divine not distinguished excepting as a poet. He was professor in several institutions, and died in 1785. CR.\JN'E, Thomas, a non-conformist divine, author of a " Treatise on Divine Providence," died in 1714. CRANFIELD, Edward, v\-as, for ashorttime, governor of the colony of New Hampshire, af-l ier lli^-2. CRANIUS, Luca, a painter of Bamberg, whose pieces were once admired, died in l;i5:i. CRANMCEi, Thomas, an English archbishop, memorable for having endured niartyrdoni in the cause of proiflstar.lism, was born at Aslac-| ion, in Nottinghainsliire, in 1489, and burnt at| Oxford, Mardi 21, 1555, by order of queen Ma-| ry. . He was an open, generous, honest man ; a lover of truth, and an enemy of falsehood and superstition ; he was gentle and moderate in h\s\ temper, andthougli heartily zealous in vliecausej of the rcfonnaiion. yet a friend to the piiisonsj of those wlio most strenuously opposed it ; he was a great patron of leiuniiig and ihe univer- sities, a very learned man himsell", and author of several works. CRANSTON, Samuel, governor of Rhode- Islnnd, from 109? to 1727. CR APO.XE, Adam, a native of Salon, known for the canal which bears his name, between Aries and the Durance ; he was poisoned tlirough envv, in 1598. CRASHAW, Richard, an English poet, who was. in his lifetime, honoured witli the friend- ship of Mr. Cowley, and after his death, by the praise of Mr. Pope, wlio rondesceiuled both tof read his jioenis, and to borrow from them. He dii'd at liorotio, in Italy, in W50. f 'R ASSO. T.awrence, baron of Pianura, wrote a history of tiie Greek poe^s, commended by the Italians, but censured bv ilie French. CRAS?U.S, (,uc:nsr,ici!iius, a Roman orator, greatly coiutncnded by Cicero, died 92 15. C. 140 CRABSIJS, Marcus Licinius, one of the tri- umvirs with C;esar and Ponipoy, was defeated- aad kiln d in Syria, 53 B. C. CRATES, a pliilosoplicr,disciple of Diogene.s, the cynic, prided himself on his poverty and meanness, lived 328 B. C. CRATES, an academic philosopher of Athens, 272 B. C. CRATESIPOLIS, a queen of Sicyon, cele- br.af'd lor her valour, 314 B. C. CR.'\TIN L'S, one of the great masters of what we call the ancient comedy. He tlomislied in the aist Olympiad, some 20 or 30 years before Aristophanes. lie was an Athenian b(nn, and appears to have been an excessive drinker ; aniV the excuse lie gave lor lliat vice was, that it was absolutely necessary to warm his fancy, and to put a soul into his verse. Aristophanes, in his " Irene," has given us a pleasant account of Cralinus' death, where he says that it was caused by a fatal swoon, at the siglit of a noble cask of wine split in pieces, and washing the streets. Suidas tells us that he wrote 21 plays. CRATIPPUS, pronounced by Cicero, to be by far the greatest of all the peripatetic philoso- phers that he ever heard, was of Mityleue, and taught philosophv there. CRATO, or DE CRAFTIIBIM, John, physi- cian to the emperor Ferdinand I., intimate with Luther— wrote " Luther's Table Talk;" he died in 1583. CRAVEN, Charles, colonial governor of S. Carolina, returned to England in 1716. CRAWFORD, David, author of " Memoirs of Scotland," a " Peerage of Scotland," a '• His- tory of the royal family of Stuart," a topogra- phical description of the " County of Renfrew," &c., was born near Glasgow, in 16ti5, and died 1720. CRAWFORD, William, born at Kelso, in )C7fi, wrote " Dying Thoughts," and some " Sermons," published in 2vols. 12ino, and died in 1742. CRAWFORD, Dr. Adair, an emhicnt Eng- lish physician and chymist, author of" Experi- ments and Observations on Animal Heat," and Ihe hist who found out the medical uses inherent in the Terra Ponderosa, born in 1749, died 1795. CRAWFORD, Anne, a celebrated English actress, both in comedy and tragedy, but better remembered by her name of Barry, was born at Baib, in 1734, and died Nov. 29, 1801. CRAYER, Gasiiar dc, a celebrated painter of Antwerp, greatly esteemed by Reubens and Vand\ck. died in 1009. CRElill.LON, Prosper Joliot dc, a French writer of tragedy, and usually ranked after Corneille and Racine, was born at Dijon, in 1674, and died 1702. HIEBILLON, Claude Prosper Joliot de, son of the foreuoing, and a celebrated writer of rto- vels, letters, and romances, was born in Paris, 1707, and died there in 1777. The ease and ele- gance, together with the seducing levity of his writings, have obtained for him the appellation of the Petronius of France. His works, chictly of a voluptuous tendency, have been collef ted in 11 vol,-'. 12mo, 1779. CREDI, Lorenzo di, an Italian painter of Flo- rence, died in 1530, CKEKCH, Thomas, eminent for his transla- tions of ancient authors, both in prose and verse, was horn near Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, in 1059, and died bv his own hand, ia 1701. His principal works'are translations. of Lucretins and Horace ; but he transltited other things of a cu sniullcr kind, IVoiii Tijeocritiis, Ovid, Vi;gil, Ju- veiial, I'liilarcli, Coriidius NcpoB, &.c. tc. CllELL, Lewis l^liri.stiaii, a iiaiiic of Neu- stadt, and prolcssor at Leijisic, diwi in ITDS. ("KELLIUS, John, a Socinian, vvlio staled iu J'oland, where lie btitame piotossoi lo llio uni- tarians, lie was a man ol' grcai learning, and wroie against Grotius. ORKMOMiM, C.as.ar, an Italian iiliilosoplier, wlio advocated tlie doflrinesof ArisloUi', in re- spect to ilic materiality of the soul ; iie died in 1030. CRENIUS, Tliomas, a writer whose works were numerous. He wrote chiefly on philoso- phical snlijt!c!s, and died at L<>> den, in i'liiti. t'EF.tilfl, Cliarlfsdc, (iriiHcde Foix, a niare- chal, and peer of Prance, distinguished i'or liis valour; he was killed by a cannon ball at tlie siege of Bremen, in 3G38. CKEQ.UI, I-'rantis de, great grandson of the preceding, a marechal of Franrc, disiingiiislied for his niiliiary enterprises and heroic courage he died in ](i87. CRESCKMBENt, John Maria, an Italian poet, born at Maurata, in Ancona, IGS;'. He pro- jected the establishment of a new aeadenjy, un- fertile name of Arcadia, the members of which, at fust, did not exceed 14, but afterward creased much. They calle^J themselves (he shepherds of Arcadia," and each took the name of some shepherd, and sntne place in that an- cient kingdom. The founder of this society was appoinTed the director of it, in ICt'O, and held it to the year of his death, 1728. CKF.SC'ENS, a cynic philosopher, in the 2d cenlurv, who persecuted the Christians. CRl^SCENTIUS, Peter de, a native of Boii logne, in the 14th century, who travelled 30 years as a law practitioner ; he published a va Inable treatise on agriculture. CRESri, Daniel, a celebrated portrait pain- ter, of Bologna, died in 1630. CRESPf, Guiseppe Maria, a painter of Bo- logna, who, by darkening his room very much, gave greater vivacity to his subjects, died in 1747. CRESSEY, Hugh Paulin, an English divine, who became a catholic, and was chaplain to queen Catharine , lis; was much respected, and published some valuable works, particularly an able ecclesiastical history. He died in 1074. CRESTI, Dominico, a historical painter, of Florence, died in 1638. CRETIN, William Du Bois, whose chief me- rit consisted in puns, low wit, &c. He was his- torian to Charles VIII., Lewis XII., &c., and died in 1525. CREVIER, John Baptiste Lewis, a Parisian, trained under the celebrated Rollin, and after- wards professor of rhetoric. Upon the death of his master, in 1741, he took upon him to fi- nish his " Roman History." He published other works, and was greatly serviceable to the cause of virtue and religion, as well as letters. His death happened in 1765. CREW, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham, in the time of James II., whose cause he espoused he died in 1721. CRICHTON, James, a Scotch gentleman born at Perth, in 1560, and blest with most ex-i Uaordinary endowment', both of bodv and; mind. He was murdered by his pupil, Vijicen-i tio di Gonzaga, son of the duke of iMantua, in' 1582. Though so young a man, Chrichton was skilled in twelve languages, atid in several uni-j '^'crsities', gave public ciiallenses to disputations! in as many. He is usually styled The Admirable Cnchlon. CliIl.i,fJN, Lewis de Berthon dc, a French general, who dislingnished himself by his va- lour, in the time of liemy 11. HI., and IV He died in 1615. CKILLONMAIION, N. duke de, distinguish- ed himselt' in lire .seven years war, andlil'ier- wardsiji tlie cniiseof Hpain. He died in I7ii(i. CRli\l>'irS, Christoidier, a native of Lulie- inia, who |inblished several Teamed works ; he died in 1626. t.'RlA'lTI'S, Petriis, a native of Florence, a man of great learnins, but addicted to the basest sensualities ; he died in 1505. CRISP, Tobias, a controversial writer on di- vinity, and the great champion of Antinomian- isni, dieil iti 1642. CRlTIAti, one of the thirty tyrants of Athens, he fell ill battle 400 B. C. t'RITO, one of the pupils and friends of S.> crates. CRITOBUIJTS, a physician, who is said i*' have extracted the arrow which wounded the eye of Pliiiip of Macedon. CRlTOLAf'S, a Greek historian. CJU'l'OLAUS, an Arcadian, who, when de- feated by the Romans, poisoned himself, 14(5 B. C. ' CROESE, Gerard, a protestant divine, of Am- sterdam, author of a liistory of the Quakers, died in 1710. CRCF.SUS, the fifth and last of the Mermna- dsB, who reigned in Lydia ; was supposed the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydian?, and his court was the asylum of learning and the polite arts. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated by Cyrus, 548 B. C. : the time an4 manner of his death are unknown. CROFT, Herbert, an English prelate, who wrote in favour of the proteslants about 1675 : he died in 1691. CROFT, William, a celebrated musician, who succeeded Dr. Blow as master of the child- ren, and composer to the Chapel Royal, and also as organist in Westminster Abbey. Tn 1712 he published, but without his name," Divine Har- mony, or a new collection of select anthems;" to which is prefixed, "A Brief Account of Church Music." In 1715, he w.i.>= created doc- tor in music at Oxford ; and in 1724 published by subscription, a noble work of his own, en- titled, " Musica Sacra, or Select Anthems in Score," in 2 vols, the tirst containing the fune- ral service which Purcell had begun, but did not live to complete. He was born at Nether-Eating- ton, in Warwickshire, about 1077, and died Aug. 1727. CRORHJS, or DE CROI, amini.ner of Ihez, wiio wrote several works in Latin ; he died in 1659. CROIX, Francis Petit de la, secretary and in- terpreter to the king of France hi the Turkish and Arabic languages, died Nov. 4, 1095, in his 73d year. CROIX, John Baptist de la, second bishop of duebec ; came to Canada in 1685; he founded three hospitals, and died in 1727. CROIX DU MAINE, Francis Crude de la. a Frenchman of the lOtli century, who publish cd an account of all French authors. t'I'OKE, Fir George, many years one of llie judges of 111 ^ King's Bench, and an eminent law-\vriier, was born a,t Chilton, Bucks, in 1559, and died i'l ]f>4l. The '-Reportis" of Sir George 141 CR Croke, are of Hit highest autliority with the prolessioii. tiir Echnuiid Coke, recommendiiii; to the 5ludeiit an attention to tlicse Uejioiu, says, " Tlicie is no knowledge, case, or point in law, seem it of never so litilu account, hut will sijind him in stead at one time or other ; and therefore in reading, nothing is to be pretermit- ted." CROMPTON, William, a non conformist di- vine, author of several small tracts, died 1696. CROMWKI.L,«Thoinas, earl of Essex, an eminent statesman in the reign of Henry VIII.. was the son of a blacksmith at Putney, inSurr* , and born about 1-190. He was for some time clerk or secretary to the English lactory at Anl- M"<;rp. — On his return to Eiiijlaiid he was admit- ted into the family of Cardinal VV'olsey as his solicitor ; to wlioni he approved hhnself by his fidelity and diligence in several important afliiiirs; and after the cardinal's fall, the king employed him in his own service, and raised hira in a short time to several eminent dignities. Having been instrumental in promoting the Reformation, the king granted him many noble manors and large estates, the spoils of the religions houses ; ad- vanced him to the dignity of earl of Essex : and constituted him lord high chamberlain of Eng- land. The tide of prosperity, which had hither- to liowed in upon him, began now to take a turn : a scheme that he laid to secure bis greatness proved his ruin ; such is the weakness of hu- man policy ! He used his utmost endeavours to procure a marriage between king Henry and Anne of Clcves. As her friends were all Lu- therans, he imagined itraight tend to bringdown the popish party at court ; and tie expected great support from a queen of his own maiung. But the capricious monarch, being disgusted vvilh her person, on the lirst night's cohabitation, took an invincible aversion to the promoter of the marriage, who was soon after arrested at the council table, attainted of high treason and here- sy, and executed on Tower-hill, after six >veeUs imprisonment, July. 1540. CROMWELL, Oliver, protector of the com- monwealth of England, was son of Mr. Robert Cromwell, and born in the parish of St. .John, Huntingdon, April 23, 1599, baptized the 29th of the same month, and was educated in grammar learning at the free-school in that tijwn. From Huntingdon he was removed to Sydney college, in Cambridge, where he was admitted fellow commoner, April 23, lOKi. ile was elected a member of the third parliament of Charles I., which met Jan. 20, lfi28, and from this lime to 1641 was ill warm opposition to all the measures of the court. At length when the king and parliament came to an open rupture, Cromwell obtained a captain's commission ; and his first military exploit was, securing the town of Cam- bridge "for the parliament. He was afierwards rapidly promoted to the rank of licutenant-geu- wal under the earl of Manchester, in which ca- pacity he distinguished himself at the battle of Marston Moor. He was then made lieutenant- general of horse under Sir Thomas Fairfax, had the principal share in defeating the royal party at Naseby, made himself master of Winchester and several other places, reduced Carlisle and Berwick, and entered Scotland in triumph. Having dismissed the Hamiitons (of the king's party) from all ofRces of public trust, he return- ed to England with every mark of honour and oslcem on the part of the Scots . and, on his ar- val in London, took hisseat again in parliament, and received the tlianks of th<; lionse for this 142 signal service, vvbicli was the last he perlbrmcd lin his militaiy capacity till the king's deaiii. After that event (to which he was eijuaiiy prompted by fear and ambition,) Cromwell was appointed lord governor of Ireland, to wliicn jkiiigdoin he went in great (xjinp, and very soon imade himself master of l)io^lii;ii;i, and liie oilier Iplaccs which had been luld by tlie royalists. 'Having done this service, he was recalled to (England, and made captain-general of ail the iparliament forces, marched again intoScotlanJ, idef'ated the Scots at Dunbar, lollowed Cliarles iil. into Worcester, and totally roi ted Ins whole ]force. Oomweli now found his powu eo an- jCOiitioUable, that lie ventured on a otep; bolder iperliaps, tiian ever biibre had entered ihe lieaJ of any man in Engiand- He abruptly dis- solved the Longrarliaineiit, and, having turned all the members out of the lion.-e, locked ti.e doors, put the keys in his pocketj and tetiiriud home. This liappened on the 20th of Ajiri!, 10.53. On the ItJth of December, in the same year,he was invested with supreme authority, under the title of lord protector of the tliree na- tions, England, Scotland, and Ireland ; in which station, having for t\\n years adniinistered the arfairs of the kingdom with great vigour ami ability, he died Sept. 3, IfioS. CROMWELL, Richard, eldest son of Oliver, and named by hira as his successor, was born at Cheshiint,'l626, and died 1712.— An act v.as passed, for recognising him as Protector, and for restoring the house of lords: but liie Commons fell into debates about settling the chief niagis- trcile's power, and that of the upper house ; and the:!e, with other proceedings, terniinaltd in a jealousy, between the protector and his army. At last they discarded him, and took the govern- ment into their own hands. On the restoration he went abroad, but returned in ItJSO, under the assumed name of Clarke, and settled at Che.^ii- unt, where he lived privately and died beloved , ;biit he was not by any means qualitiedto si;p- port the station to which the aspiring laltnls of his father had raised him. CRONECK, John Frederic baron de, born at Anspach, distinguished himself as an ingenious poet ; he died in 1758. CRONSTEDT, Axel Frederic, a native of Sweden, a naturalist, and inspector of the mines : he published various works, and died in 1765. CROOK, Sir George, an Englishman, who became chief justice ; died in 1641. CROSBY, Brass, born at Stockton-ujxin-Tees, in 172-5, came early in life to London, where he practised several years as an attorney : became alderman of the ward of Bread-street, in 1765, and was elected lord mayor, September 34, 1770. March, 1771, in the case of the proclarr.ation against Wheble and other printers, Mr. Alder- man Oliver was committed to the Tower ; and Mr. Crosby (then lord Mayor) was ordered into the custody of the serjeant at arms ; but, on his spiritedly observing, " tliat if any offence had been committed, he was the greatest offen der, and that he longed to join his brother in of fice," an order was signed for his commitment to the Tower. The parliament was prorogued on the 23d of July, wlien tlie lord mayor was released and carried from the Tower to the mansion-house wth every possible mark of the approbation of his fellow-citizens; and, after the expiration of his mayoralty, was again re- warded bv the thanks of the corporation, and a ci!p of mi. in valne. He died, Feb. M, 179:^ CH CROSS, Michael, an Englisli artist, and la mnua copii^r of paintings, flouridbed in the reisns of Cliarles 1. ami II. CRO.St!, Lewis a painter, who retouched a picture of Mary, ti'ieen of Scots, in a masterly niariiinr; hedied in lT-i4. CROSWELIj, Andrew, a minister in Boston, much engaged in controversy, died in ITS'). CROUSAZ, Jolm Peter de, a celebrated phi- fosoplier and mathematician, born at Lausanne, in Switzerland, April 13, 16fi3, died 1748. CR<)\VNR,John, an American by birth, went to England, and was patronised hy Charles II., at whose command he wrote several dramatic pieces: the best known of which are, "City Politics," and " Sir Courtly Nice ;" the latter Of which has been several times acted of late years. His plays were 17 in number ; some of which were performed with great success, lie died about 1703. CRO.XALL, Dr. Samuel, a writer of good repute, born at Walton upon Thames, and known as publisher of the following works viz : " The l^air CircaMrian," a poem ; " Fable.-' | of .-Esop and others, translated into English ;" " Select JVovels ; " Scripture Politics ;" " The Royal Manual," &c. He died 1752. CROZE, Maihurin Veyssicre la, a native of Na:ites, was rtistinguished for his learning and works ; he dieil in 1739. CRUCrGER, Gaspar, a protestant of Leipsic, author of commentaries on Scrinture, died in ir,t>*. CRUDE.V, Alexander, a corrector of the press, w!5ose literary labours will ever entitle him to the veneration of all students of the sacred wri- ting. His " Concordance of the Holy Scrip- tures of the Old and New Testament," is his chief work, and a singular instance of indefati- gable labour and perseverance in the most use- ful employment. His private character (though naturally liberal in the e.«reine) was influenced by a temporary frenzy, which gave a certain co- lour to all his actions, and suggested to him ma- ny whimsical plans of reformation, hopes of superiority, and visionary views of ambition, wliicli were as useless to himself as unprotita- wlc to others. Of his singularities, however, wiiicli wore many, the tendency was uniformly virtuous. He was bom at Aberdeen, in 1701, and was found dead on his knees, apparently in the posture of prayer, at his lodgings in Isling- ton, on the morning of Nov. 1, 1770. CRUIKSHANK, William Cumberland, an eminent anatomist, born at Edinburgh, 1745, went to London 1771 ; where he soon got into most extensive practice as a surgeon. As a wri- ter, he is principally distinguished by his " Ana- tomy of tlie Absorbent Vessels in the Human Body," first published in 1786; and "E.tperi- inenls on the Insensible Perspiration of the Hu- man Bodv," 1705.— Mr. C. died June 27, 1800. CRUSltTS, or KRANS, Martin, of Bamberg, the first who taught Greek in Germany, died in 1007. CRUTTWELL, Rev. Clement, a gentleman wliose various literary performances, for labour extent, and utility, have rarely been equalled , and, wnei. regarded as the productions of an unassisted valetudinarian, have perhaps never been surpassed. Mr. C. first appeared as an au- thor i'l his edition of " Bishop Wilson's Bible and Works, to which he has prefixed a life ; and in the splendid edition of the Bible, he has in- serted collations from the various texts; an CV to tiuit most laborious iiiidertnkiiii;, his " Con- cordance of Parallel Texts' ublished several works, and died in 1716. CURyT^US, Joachim, a German, author of the annals of Silesia and Breslau ; he died in 1573. CURCELLjEUS, Stephen, of Geneva, author of an edition of the Greek Testament with va rious readings, &c.; he died inlG.^H. CUIUO, an orator, of Rome, who called Cs- sar the man of all the women, and the woman of all the men. CUIUO, Ccehtis Sccundus, a Piedmontcsc, who foreook the Romish religion for Lutheran- ism ; he was professor of eloquence at Basil, and died in 1560. Cl'^RlUS, Dentatus Marcus Annius, a Ro- man consul, distinguished in the wars against Pyrrhus, died 272 B. C. CURL, Edmund, a bookseller, and bookma- ker, rendered notorious by Mr. Pope, in his Dunciad. He was generally held to be of an immoral character, and was highly injurious to ' the literary world by his piracies and forgeries. He deservedly lost his ears in the pillory, by a sentence of the law, for puWishing obscene per- formances, and died Dec. 11, 17-17. CUKOPALATE, John, author of a Greek histoi-y, from 813, to 1081. CURR ADI, Francesco, an Itahan painter, whp excelled in historical pieces; he died in 1660. CURR AN, Rt. Hon. John Philpot, an eminent Irish lawyer, and orator, and sometime master of the rolls in Ireland, was born in the county of Cork, and died at Brompton, near London, Oct. 1-4, 1817, aged nearly 70 years. His oratory was completely sui generis ; always the sudden burst of strong and passionate feelings, which seemed to rise in proportion as the grand con- ceptions of his miiui became more and more il- luminated by the coruscations of his wit, — the lightning flashes of a vigorous and highly poeti- cal imagination. CURRIE, Dr. James, an eminent medical and political writer, born at Kirkpatrick Fleming, iu Dumfriesshire, May 31, 1750, died at Sidmonlh, Aug. 31, 1805. Besides medical writings, which are numerous, he furnished, in 1800, a rich treat to the lovers of elegant literature, by publishing, llin 4 vols. 8vo. " The Works of KobartBumes, cu with an Account of his Life, and a Criticism on his VViitinga: to which are prefixed, some Ob- iservations on the Character and Condition of the Scottish Peasantry." CURSON, or CURCEONE, Robert, an Eng hshniaii, chancellor of Paris university ; he was made cardinal by pope liuiocent III., and died in 1218. CURTIS, William, a very distinguished bota- nist, born at Alton, in Hampshire, rUioul 174t). His great work, " The Flora Londiuensis," is highly interesting, not only to the man of sci- ence, but also to the farmer and agriculturist ; as it combines the knowledge of entomology with that of botany. Mr. Curtis died at Bromp- ton, near Kiiighlsbiidge, July 7, 1799. CURTIUS, auinlUH, a Latin historian, who has written the actions of Ale.xander the Great, in 10 books. Where this author was born, no- body pretends to know ; and even when lie lived is still a dispute among the learned, and never likely to be settled. CURTIUS, MartiuB, a Roman, who, to liene- fit his country, plunged intoa gulf, whicii caused his death, 3«2 B. C. CURTIUS, Michael Conrad, professor of lo- gic and metaphysics, at Luneberg, and after- wards of history and rhetoric, at Marpurg, &c., died in 1802. CUSA, Nicholas de, a cardinal and bishop, so called from Cusa, the place of his birth. Mis parents were mean and poor ; and it was his own personal merit which raised him to the height of dignity that lie afterwards attained. He was a man ol' extraordinary parts and learning ; particularly lanious for his great knowledge in law and divinity ; and withal, a great natural philosopher, and geometrician. He died in I4ti4, aged ti3 years, and left many e.tcellent works be- hind him. CUSHING, William, LL. D. a judge of the supreme court of the state of Massachusetts, and of the supreme court of the United States, died in 1810. CUSHING, Thomas, LL. D., speaKcr of the house of representatives, member of congress from the state of Massachusetts, and lieutenant governor of the same, died in 1788. CUSHING, Nathan, a judge of the supreme court of the state of Massachusetts, died in 1812. CUSHING, Thomas, LL. II., lieutenant go- vernor of Massachusetts, much devoted to pub- lic life, and to the public good ; he died in 1740. CUSHING, Jacob, D. D., minister of Wal- thain, Mass., much esteemed, died in 1809. CUSIIMAN, Robert, one of the first emi- grants to America, returned soon on business to England, where he died. CUSPINIAN, John, aGerman historian, born in 1473, died in 1529. He was first physician to the emperor Maximilian I., and employed by that prince in several delicate negotiations. CUSSAY, N. governor of Angers, who told the duke of Guise, when he ordered the protest- ants of Anjou to be massacred, that his feliow- citizens were brave and loyal, but not assassins. CUSTINES, Adam Philippe, count de, a Frenchman, who assisted the Americans in the revolutionary war ; he perished on the scaffold, for treason, in 1793. CUTHBERT, an English saint, of sanctity, virtue, &c., died in (186. CUTLER, John, an eminent physician and surgeon, in Boston, died in 1761. CUTLER, Timothy, D. D., president of Yale College, a native «f Chanestown, Mass. In DA 1722, becoming an epiBCoi)alian, he left the col- lege, and went to England for orders ; after Jiis lelurn, hewas settled in Boston. He died in 17u5. CUTLER, Manasach, LL. D., a distinguished congregational clergyman, of Mas.-^achuhctts, and a member of congress from that state, died in 1823. CUTTS, John, lord, a brave English soldier, and no mean poet, died at Dublin, in 1707. His poems were published in 1G87. CUTTS, John, one of the early settlers of New Ilauipshire, and president of that colony, died in 1081. CYAXARES I., king of the Sledes, after Phraortes, died 585 B.C. CYAXARES II., king of Media, supposed to be the famous Darius, died 536 B. C. CYGNK, Martin du, a learned Jesuit, of St. Omer, author of several works, died in lCi69. CYNiEGIRUS, an Athenian, wh6 Inst bin life at the battle of^ Marathon, while attempting to stop the flight of the Persians. CYNEAS, a Thessalian philosopher, who ac- companied Pyrrliiis in his invasion of Italy. CYPRIANl, or CIPRIANI, an eminent Ita- lian painter, who settled in England, died in 1785. CYPRIANUS, Thascius, Caecilins, bishop of Carthage, a principal father of the Christian chinch, born at Carthage, in Africa, about the beginning of the 3d century, and beheaded theiv , Sept. 14, 2.58. CYR/VNO, Bergerac, a French author, of i singular character, born in Gascony, about ItSO, died 10.55. His works consist of some letters, written in his youth, with a tragedy, entitled " The Death of Agrlppina, Widow of Germa- nicus ;" a comedy, called " The Pedant, or mere Scholar, ridiculed ;" " Comic Histoi-y of the States and Empires of the Moon ;" " Comic History of the States and Empires of the Sun ;' several letters and dialogues, and a fragment on physic. CYRIL, of Jerusalem, one of the fathers, died in 386. CYRIL, made bishop of Alexandria, in 412, died 444. His works are voluminous, and have been often printed. CYRILL, Lucar, bishop of Alexandria, and patriarch of Constantinople, strangled for at- tempting to reform the clergy, in 1638. CYRUS, founder of the ancient Persian em pire, died 5:^0 B. C. CYRUS, the Younger, defeated by bis bro- ther Artaxerxes, 401 B. C. The retreat of the 10, (KM) Greeks who accompanied him, is cele- brated iii ancient history. CYRUS, a Latin poet, in tiie reign of tho younger Theodosius. D T DAC, John, a German painter, who flourish- ed about 1586, and whose pictures are in grand style. DAf/IER, Andrew, a vei-y celebrated French critic and pliilnsopber, born at Castres, in Lan- L'ucdoc, in 1651, died 1722. His principal wf^rks are translations of " Hornce;" "Aristotle's Poet- ics ;" " Plutarch's Lives ;" the works of" Hip- pocrates ;" "Plato;" "TheLifeof Pvthagoras," &c &c. DA(^TER, Anne, wife of Andrew Dacier, and a woman of extraordinary learning, as her woi ks will show, of which, the most considerable are 13 145 DA trsnalations of " Anacreoii," Sapplio," " I'lau- tus," " Terence," and " Homor." She was born at Saumur, in France, in 1651, and died in 17"20. Madame Dacier was a woman of },'reat virtue as well as learning. Slie was remarka- ble fjr firmness, generosity, goodnature, piety, and modesty. The academy of Ricovrati, at Padua, chose lierone of their body, in 1084. D \G.\R, Jacob, an eminent historical painter, of Faris, died m 1716. DAGGETT, Napthali, D. D., president, and professor of tlieology, in Yale College, was dis- tinguished as a thorough scholar, and a sound divine. He displayed great bravery when the British attacked New-Haven, where he died in 1780. DAGOBERT, I., king of France, in Ose8, a li- centious and cruel prince. DAGOBERT II., king of Austrasia, was as- sassinated in 679. DAGOBERT III., son of Childebert, king of Kcustria, died in 715. D.\GOBERT, N., a French general, who dis- tineuished himself in Italy and Spain, died in T794. D,\GOUMER, William, professor of philoso- phy, and rector of the university of Paris, died in 1755. DAHL, Michael, a Danish painter, patronised by the court of Denmark, died in 1743. DAHLBERG, Erie, a Swedish engineer, whose services were rewarded with a title of nobility ; he died in 1703. D.AILLE, John, a minister of the church of Paris, and one of the ablest advocates the pro- testants ever had, was born at Chatelherault, in 1594. In 1628 he wrote his celebrated book, " De r Usage des Peres," or " Of the Use of the Fathers," which Bayle has pronounced a master- piece. DALE, Sir Thomas, chief magistrate of the colony of Virginia, carae from England, in 1611, with three hundred colonists. His adjiiinistra- tion was vigorous, but advantageous to the co- lony , and contributed to its permanency ; he died in the East Indies. DALE, Samuel, an apothecary of Essex, who became, i'" ' '„ merit, a licentiate of the college of phvaicians, and fellow of the royal society ; he died in 1739. DALECHAMPS, James, a learned physician, born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1513. Mischief work was a translation of Pliny's " Natural History," with notes; he died in 1558. D.ALEN, Cornelius Von, an eminent Dutch engraver, who flourished in 1640. DALENS, Dirk, an eminent landscape pain- ter, of Amsterdam, died in 1689. D'ALIBRAI, Charles Von, a poet of Paris, who wrote bacchanalian, satirical, iieroical, moral, and Christian poems; he died in 1655. DALIN, Glaus de, the father of Swedish poe- try, and preceptor to prince Gustavus, was born in 1708. DALLAS, Alexander James, an eminent law- yer and statesman, came from the island of Ja- maica, to Philadelphia, in 1783. In 1791, he was appointed secretary of the state of Pennsylva- nia, and a "terwards secretary of the treasury of the United State.s, and acting secretary of war, and died in 1817. He published 4 volumes of valuable law reports. DALLINGTON, Sir Robert, author of the aphorisms of Tacitus, was knighted by queen Elizabeth, and died in 1637. BALMATIN, G«orge, a Lutheran minister, 146 DA of Layback, who translated the Bible into the Sclavoniaji language, in the lOthcciitun'. DALMATIUS, a bishop of Cyzicum. who al tended the council of Ephesus, and wrote the acts of the synod of Nice. DALRYMPLE, Alexander, son of Sir James Drilrymple, of Edinburgh, was encaged for several years in the service of the East India Company ; afterwards as hydrographer to tliat company, and to the admiralty. He is known as the author of " Discoveries in the Pacific Ocean, "and many other valuable works; he died in 1808. DALRYMPLE, Sir David, of Hailes, hart., belter known by tiie name of lord Hailes, one of the senators of the college of justice in Scot- land. He was not only conspicuous as an able and upright judge, and a sound lawyer, but was also eminent as a man of polite literature, and an excellent classical scholar. Numerous are the vvorks that have issued from his pen; and all of them distinguished by their accuracy and learning. He was bora at Edinburgh, in 1726, and died November 29, 1792. DALRYMPLE, Alexander, an aminent hy- drographer,born at New Hailes, near Edinburgh, July 24, 1737, died in London, June 19, 1808. DALRYMPLE, Sir John, many years a baron of the Exchequer in Scotland, author of '■ Me- moirs of Great Britain and Ireland," tracts on " Feudal Law," and several other vvorks, died Feb. 26, 1810, aged 84. D ALTON, Tristram, a native of Massachu- setts, speaker of the house of representatives, and a member of the senate of that state, and afterwards a member of the United Slates' se- nate, died in 1817. DALTON, Michael, an English lawyer, au- thor of two well-known books on " The Olfice of a Justice of Peace," and " On the Duty of Sheriffs," &c. The times of his birth and death are uncertain, but the latter was probablv about 1620. DALTON, Dr. John, prebendary of Worces- ter, born at Dean, in Cumberland, in 1709. He adapted Milton's" Masque at Ludlow Castle" to the stage,under the title of " Comus, a Masque," and died in 1763. DALZELL, Andrew, an eminent Greek scholar, born near Edinburgh, and a professor at the university there. He was a most amia- ble, as well as learned man ; he died in 180<). DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch officer, who escaped to Russia, where the czar made him a general. At the restoration, he returned, and was made commander in clxief, in Scotland. He was a very singular man. DAMASCENUS, John, an illustrious father of the church, in the 8th century. He died about 750, leaving behind him many compositions of various kinds. DAMASCIUS, a stoic philosopher, who flour- ished in the 6th century. DAM ASUS I., a Spaniard, raised to the papal throne in 366. DAM.VSUS II., bishop of Brixen, was elected pope, but died 23 days after, in 1048. DAMBOURNEY, N., bom at Rouen, distin- guished as a merchant, and man of science, dieil in 1795. DAMIEN, Peter, cardinal, and bishop of Os- tia, in the lltli century. He was a pious man, and left several works ; he died about 1073. DAMIENS, Robert Francis, a native of Trance, executed March 23, 1757, for attempt ing to aMassinate the king. For the form and DA tnaiiiicr of his execution, see CH ASTEL, whose punishment was similar. DAMO, the daughter of Pythagoras, was well skilled in the philosophy of her fatiier. DAMOCLES, a flatterer of the tyrantDiony- sius ; who, affecting upon some occasion orother, to adinire the fortune of that prince, Dionysius, to convince him that princes are not always so happy as they seem to be, invited him to a feast, and caused a naked sword lo he hung over his head, which was only held by a single hair. Da- mocles, extremely struck with a sense of the hazardous situation he was in, changed his opi- nion at once, and, for his own particular part, begged of Dionysius, that he might retire from court, and high life, into that mediocrity of condition, where no danger was, and where he Bliould not be subject to a reverse of fortune. DAMOCRITUS, a Greek historian, author of a treatise on tactics. DAMOiV, a Pythagorean philosopher, cele- brated for his friendship with Pythias. DAMON, an Athenian musician, the friend of Socrates. D AMOURS, Lewis, a French lawyer, author of some works of little merit. DAMFIER, John, a native of Blois, author of some elegant Latin poems, died in 1.5.50. DAMPIER, William, a famous English navi- gator, born in Somersetshire, m 16.52, died 1699. His " Voyage round Uie World" is well known, and has gone tlirougli many editions. DAMPIERRE, N., a French officer, who dis- tinguished liimself under general Dumourier, died of a wound by a cannon ball, in 1793. DAN, the fifth son of Jacob, by Bilkah, Ra- chel's maid. D.\NA, Francis, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, of Massachusetts, was a member of the Ameri- can congress in 1776, and minister I'roni that bo- dy to the court of St. Petersburg ; afterwards chief justice of the state of Massachusetts. He was distinguished for the fidelity and ability with wliich he discharged his public duties, and for bis attachment to the institutions of his coun- try. He died in 1811. DANCER, Daniel, a most singular example of penuriousness, with the means of plenty, lie lived at Pinner, in Middlesex, with a sister of his, who was of a congenial disiKisiiion ; and, though possessed of 30001. a-year, besides great sums in specie and bank notes concealed in dif- ferent parts of his house, he denied himself the common necessaries of life. He \isnally "nad his body girt with a hayband, to keep together his tattered garments; the stockings he wore had been sofrequently darned and patched, that scarcely any of the original could be seen ; but hi dirty or cold weather, they were thickly co- vered with ropes of hay, which served as sub- stitutes for boots. He rarely washed his face or hands, and never allowed his bed to be made, or his house to be cleaned. He hid bank notes amongthecobwebsin his cowhouse, and guineas in the fire-place, covered with soot. A number of singular eccentricities are recorded of him, in " Biographical Curiosities," 12mo, 1797. He died in October, 1794. DA^ff"HET, Anthony, a French dramatic poet, born atRiom, in 1G71, died 1748. DANDINI, Jerome,the first Jesuit who taught philosophy at Paris. He wrote a commentary on Aristotle, and died in 1634. DANDINf, Pietro, an eminent painter, born at Florence, died in 1712. DANDINI, Cssare, a historical painter, of DA ______ Florence, who finished his pictures in a sapcrior style. DANDINIjHerculeFrancois, professor of the law at Padua, and author of some learned works, died in 1747. DANDOLO, Henry, duke of Venice, a brave admiral, and great politician, who look ('(in- slantinople, in 1203, and had the modertaion to refuse the imperial dignity. He died in 12J0. DANDOLO, Andrew, doge of Veni< e, of which he wrote a history. He corresponded with Petrarch, and died in 1354. DANDliE BARDON, Michael Francois. He was a professor in the academy of i>ainting, and was admired for his historical writings , he died in 1783. DANDRIEU, John Francis, a famous musi- cian, of Paris, who composed three bonks ui' pieces for the harpsichord, and two for the or- an ; he died in 1740. DANEAU, or DANiEUS, Lambert, a Cal- vinist preacher, who taught theology at Paris, and published commentaries on Matthew and Mark, he died in 1596. DANES, Peter, Greek professor at Paris. He was a prelate of great eloquence, and extensive learning ; he died in J577. DANET, Peter, a French abbe, of the number of those learned persons who were pitched up- on by the duke of Moniausier, to illustrate clas- sical authors for the use of the dauphin. He had Phffidrus allotted to his share, which lie published with a Latin interpretation, and notes. He was aKso author of " A Classical and Histo- rical Dictionary," in4to, and died in 1709. DANFORTH, Thomas, an Englishman, who. after his arrival, was elected by the pcoi)le of Maine, as their president ; he died in 16'J9. DANFORTH, Samuel, minister of Roxbnry, Mass., published, besides several sermons, snnie astronomical works ; he died in 1047. DANFORTH, John, minister of Dorchester. Mass., son of the preceding, distlnguislictl for his learning, zeal, and piety ; he published seve- ral sermons, and died in 1730. DANFORTH, Samuel, minister of Taunton, Mass., author of a MS. Indian dictionarv, died in 1727. DANGEALT, Louis Courcillon de, a member of the French academy of sciences, and master of a great variety of languages. He was an industrious and good man, and the author of many works; he died in 1723. dAngEAU, Philip de Courcillon, marquis de, brother of the preceding, an accomplished and virtuous nobleman. He was a great favourite of tlie age, and died in 1723. DANHEWER, John Conrad, theological pro- fessor at Strasburg, and author of some thcu- logical tracts, died in 16G6. DANICAN, Andrew, a Frenchman, of many good qualities, who, only two months before l.e died, played at the same lime, two games of liess, with the best players, he being blindfold- ed, and beat them both, died in 1795. DANIEL, the last of the four great prophets, was of tJie royal blood of Judaii, and was car ried away into captivity, f>06 B. C. DANIEL, Arnauld, count of Provence. He wrote several poems, from which Petrarch took many ideas; he tUed in 1189. DANIEL, Samuel, an eminent English poet, and historian, who flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James L, to the former of whom he was poetlaureat, was born near Taunton, in Somersetahire, in W62. His " History of V.vf .147 OA taind' is written vvilh jiri'at liiovity ami polite- ness, and his political and moral reflections arc: useful and instructive. He wrote also sonic plays, which have much merit, ajid died in liil'J. The judicious Mr. Headley lias observed, that he was the Atticus of his day. DANIEL, GabriHl, a very ingenious and learn- ed Frenchman, born m 1649, wrote a great many books upon ditfercat subjects, but is most me- morable for his " History of France," in 7 vols. 4to. He died in 17'J8; and by liis death the .lo- Buifs lost one of the greatest ornaments tlieir or- der ever could boast. DANIEL, Peter, a learned advocate of Or- leans, died at Paris, in 11)03. DANIEL, Robert, president of the council of North Carolina, and deputy governor of S.C, was succeeded, in 1717, by gov. Johnson. DANTE, Peter Vincnt, a native of Perouse. He was eminent for liis skill iii mathematics, and was faint'd as a poet ; he died in 15)3. • D.VNTE, Vincent, f,'rand^oii of the preced- ing, well-known as a paiiuer, sculptor, and ma theinatician, died at Perouse, in 1567. DANTl:), .\iighieri, an eminent Italian poet, born at Florence, in 12G5. He discovered an early inclination and genius for poetry ; but wai ambitious; and, having attained some of tlii most considerable posts in the commonwealih. Was crushed by the ruins of the faction wliicli he embraced. He died in exile at Ravenna, in 1321. The most con-Jiderable of his works, i his poem entitled, " The Comedy of Hell, Pur galory, and Paiailise." DANTE, John Baptiste, of the same family, probably, with the preceding, and native of Pe rugia, was an e.wellent matiieniatir.ian ; and is memorable for having fitted a pair of wings so e.vactly to his body, as to be able to fly with them. He made the experiment several times over the lake Tiasimemis, and succeeded M'ell, that he had the courage to perform before tlie whole city of Pciugia. He shot himsiHf from the liighest part of the city, and directed his flight over the square, to the adniiralion' of the spectators ; but, unfortunately, the iron vvitli which he managed one of his wings, failed, and then, not being able to balance weiglit of his body, he fell on a church, and broke liis thigh. He flourished to^vard the end of the ].5tii centu- ry, and died before he was forty years old. DANTE, Ignatius, a descendant of the great poet, well known for his great skill in mathe- matics and astronomy, died in 1576. D,\NTON, Ceoige James, one of the most atrocious and unprincipled amonc the associates of Robespierre and Marat ; he was guillotuied in 1794. D ANTZ, John Andrew, a learned Lutheran divine of Germany, wiio wrote a Hebrew and a Chaldee Graiumar; died in 1727. D.ARAN, James, a native of Gascony, sur- geon-general of the army of Turin and Milan. He was an expert operator, and a good writer ; he died in 1784., D.-VRCET, N., an able chymist and physician, professor in the national institute at Paris ; he died in I80I. D arc;!, Patrick, count, an eminent philoso- pher and mathematician, wa^ born in Ireland, in 17-i5, and died in 177!». D'ARCOX, John Claudius Eleonorc Limi- ceaiid, an eniinefit French engineer, who dis- piayed great talciitii in conducting the siege of Oibraltar, in 17.^0. He joined the popular side, durhig the French revolution, and died in l&M. un DA UAIUJONNE, Dom Uonaventure, a learned C-"artimsian monk, wlio died in 1704. DARIUS, the Mcde, the same as Cyaxares, son of Aslyagea, died at Babylon, about 348 B. C. D.VRIUS I., king of Persia, destroyed Baby- lon, and restored the captive Jews to their coun- try ; he was defeated at Marathon, and died in 485 B. C. DARIUS If., king of Persia, and father of Cyrus the Younger ; died 404 B. C. DARIUS HI., Codomanus, the last king of the ancient Peisian empire, who was conquered by Alexander ihe Great, and at last treacherously assassinated by Bessus, his owng<'nera!, govern- or of Baclri:ina (who hoped thereby to succeed to hi.s sovereignty), 331 B. C. DARKE, William, a brave officer in the American war ; died in 1801. l).\ RQ.U1ER, Augustine, an eminent astrono- mer, buJli an observatory himself, and took pupils gratis. He was an able author and a vir- (uous man ; he died at Toulouse, in 1802. DARWIN, Dr. Erasmus, an eminent poet, philosoiihcr, and physician, born at Elston, near Newark, Nottinghamshire, 1731, and educated at fJhesteifield sciiool, under the Rev. Mr. Cur- rows ; whence he went to St. John's College, Cambridge. He afterwards settled as a i)hysi- cian at Litclifield. HLs principal publications are, " The Botanic Garden," a poem with phi- losophical notes, 4to, 1791. " Zoonoinia," 4to, 1794. " Phytologia," and " The Siirine of Na- ture," a poem : this last was publisiied after his death, which happened April 18, 1802. In his Zoonomia, atheism is unblushingly avowed. DARWIN, Charles, son of the precding, born at Litchfield, in 1758. He is well known as the autlior of a treatise on the means of dis- tinguishing pus, from mucus ; he died in 1778. D.-VSSIER, John, a medalist to the republic of Geneva. His nephew was appoi'ited second engraver in the British mint, in 1740. DASSOUCI,'a French musician and poet of the 17th century. He procured the patronage of the great by his wit and drollery. DATAMES, an illustrious Persian general, who was assassinated by Mithridates, 361 B. C. DAT!, Angustin,a native of Sienna, where he taught rhetoric and the classics ; he died in 1478. DATI, Carlo, professor of polite literature at Florence, where he was born, became famous as well for his works as for the eulogies which many writers have bestowed on him. He died in 1075. DAUBENTON, John Lewis Marie, born in Burgundy ; an eminent anatomist, and an ac- tive associate of Bulibn. He was the author of several works on natural subjects, and died in 1700. DAUBENTON, William, confessor to Philip v., of Spain, author of orations and sermons, died in 1723. DAUMIUS, Christian, an excellent classical scholar, regent of the college of Zwickau, died in 1fi87. DA UN, TiCopold count, a great general who distinguished hiinself in the wars of Marit Theresa, and against the king of Prussia ; he lied at Vienna, in 1766. D.AUNOIS, countess, acquired some celebri- ty, by her romances and travels in Spain ; she iied in 170.5. D.AUR.AT, John, an eminent French poet, born in 1507. Some have said that the odes, epi- •^raiijs, hymns and other poems, in Greek and !^ Latin, composed by Daurat, aiiuxuit to about 50,000 versi-s. He died at Paris, in 1588. DAVAL, Peter, a barrister of tiie Middle Temple, an able mathematician and engineer, died in i7()3 DA VANZATl,Bernard, a native of Florence, who translated Tacitus into Italian ; lie died in J60G. DA VEN /\NT, Sir William, a ccli'liraied poe of the )7ih century, born at Oxford, l('05. His father kept an inn at Oxford, where .Shakspeare used 10 lodge in his journeys bi:i ween liondon and Warwicksliire ; and as his nuitlter was a great beauty, some ha>e surmised, but without apparent foundaiion, that he derived his very being and along with it, his poetical talents, fion Siiakspeaie. In 1637, when Ben Jonson died, he was created poet laureat. lie had a great turn for the drama, and after the restoration of Charles 11., obtained a patent for erecting a new company of actors, under the patronage of James, duke of York. They performed many years in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he died lCf)8, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. His works consist of plays and poems DAVENANT, Dr. Charles, tlie eldest son of Sir William Davenant, born ItiSG, and died 1714. He wrote " Circe," a tragedy ; but was chiefly einplo\tilas apolitical and commercial writer. DAVENANT, William, fourth son of Sii William, a noted classical scholar, was drown ed at Pari.*!, in 1081. D.'VVKNANT, John, bishop of Salisbury, a zealous and pious divine, author of many lean r.-l works, the tendency of which was, to unite Christians in one sentiment. He was born ii London, l.'iTO, and died in 1640, DAVENPORT, Christopher, a learned En- glisliman who became a Franciscan, and wrote several relisions works ; he died in 1680. DAVENPORT, John, first minister of New- Haven, Connecticut, and one of tlie foniulers of the colony of that name ; he published nu- merous sermons, and died in 1670. DAVENPORT, John, minister of Stamford, Connecticut, eminently faithful in liis otlice and distinsuislietl for his knowledge of the learned languages ; he died in 1731. DAVENPORT, Addington, a native of Mass. and a judse of the supreme court of that state, died in 1736. D.WID, king of Israel, was anointed by Samuel, while keeping the flocks of his father, Jesse. His courage in killing Goliah made Jiim famous; he died 1015 B. C. DAVID, St., the patron of Wales, was a na- tive of Bangor, where he was educated in the 5th century. He was buried at St. David's Ca- thedral. DAVID, an Armenian philosopher of the 5th century. He translated some of the Greek Cl.issicB. D.'WID, de Dinant, taught, in the 13th cen- tury, that God was original matter. DAVID, de Pomis, a Jewish physician, who prffefided that he came from the true stock of Judah. He wrote a Hebrew and Italian dic- tionary. DAVID, George, a most extraordinary here- tic, son of a waterman of Ghent, and bred a glazier, or, as some say, a glass-painter. He began about T5"25 to preach such whimsies as these : namely, that he was the true Messiah, the third David, nepliev/ of God, not after the tiesh, but after the spirit. A pvoaecuiion lieing commenced against liiin aiul his followers, he DA fled first to Friesland, and from thence to Basil" where he lurked under the nameof Jolin Bruck, and (lied in that city in 1.556. DAVID, Gantz, a Jewish historian of the 16tli century, the author of a Hebrew chronicle. DAVID, of Hirazug, a Welsh divine and poet, called the Black, about 13.50. DAVID EL DAVID, a Persian Jew, in the I'.Hh century, who pretended to be the Messiah. DAVID ABGUILIJM, a celebrated Welsh bard, who inscribed 147 poems to Jiis mistress ; she, li(iwi;v<'r, married another man. DAVID, emperor of Trebizonde, defeated and slain hv Mahomet 11., in 1461. DAVID AP EDMUND, a V\ elch poet, presi- dent of an a.»seinbly of bards who met at tlie request of Edward (V. DAVID I., earl ol Northumberland and Hunt- ingdon, king of Scotland. He married Wand, grand niece of William the Conqueror, and was a mild and popular king ; he died in 1153. DAVID II , king of Scotland, son of RoDcrl Bruce, was taken prisoner by the English in 1346, and confined in the tower 10 years ; he died in 1371. DA VIDIS, Francis, a Hungarian, who chang- ed his religious principles lour times, and finally declared that no worship was due to Christ ; he died in prison, in 1579. DAVIDSON, William, a brigadier-general in the American revolutionary army, who was killed in North Carolina, while endeavouring to prevent the passage of Coruwallis over the Ca- tawba. DAVIE, William R., governor of North Ca- rolina, was distinguished for his services in the army, during the revolution. After the peace, he was chosen a member of Congress, and, in 1799, was appointed one of the commis- ioners for negotiating a treaty with France. He soon after withdrew from public life, and died at Camden, in IfriO. DAVIE, Mary, of Newton, Mass. ; died in 1752, aged 1 16 years. DAVlErf, .lohn, a writing-master and poet, who died about 1613. Besides many poems, he left a book called " The Anatomy of Fair Writ- ing." DAVIES, Sir John, an eminent lawyer and poet, born at Chisgrove, in Wiltshire, in 1570. He was successivly attorney-general and speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland ; and, go- ing over into England, he was, in 1(526, ap. pointed lord chief justice of the King's Bench ; but before his in.stallation, died suddenly of ai; apoplexy. His works on legal subjects are nii merous and valuable. His chief poetical work was intitled " NosceTeipsum." DAVIES, Dr. John, lorn in Denbighshire to ward the latter end of the 16th century, and highly esteemed for his knowledge of the history and antiquities of his own nation, and in thi- Greek and Hebrew languages. He assisted in translating the Bible into Welch in that correct edition which came out in 1620. DAVIES, Thomas, born 1710, was for many years an actor on the London Stage. This profession he at length quitted for that of a bookseller. In 1780 he wrote and published " The Life of Mr. Garrick," which acquired him much fame and some money. He after- wards publishnd " Dramatic Miscellanies," in 3 vols, in wliich he discovered much learning and critical acumen, and enlivened his work with many interesting and valuable anecdotes relating to the stage and its professors. His 13* 149 DA Other works are, "Some Memoirs of Mr. Hen- derson," " A Review of Lord Chesterfield's Characters," "A Life of Massinger," " LiveH of Dr. John Eachard, Sir John Davies, and Mr. Lillo;" and fugitive pieces without number, in prose and verse, in ahnost all the pubUc news- papers Mr. Davies died in 1785. DAVIES, Samuel, president of Princeton Col- lege, New-Jersey ; eminent as a preacher ; pub llshed several sermons, still much admired ; he died in 17G1. DA VILA, Henry Catherine, a celebrated his torian, born of an illustrious family in the isle of Cyprus. Hia most important work is his " History of the civil wars of France," which is divided into 15 books, and contains every thing worth liotice that passed from the death of Hen- ry £1., 1559, to the peace of Vervins, 1598. This liistory has always been reckoned a tine one, and lord Bolingbroke does not scruple to con- fess it in many respects equal to that of Livy.. Davila was murdered in 1634. DAVILA, Peter Francis, a famous Spanish naturalist ; died in 1785. DAVIS, John, an English navigator, who first discovered those straits in North America wliich bear liis name, 1585. DAVIS, Henry Edward, was born at Wind- sor, 175G, and at the age of 21, di-stingulshed among the earliest and most able examiners of some remarkable assertions, and insinuations yet more exlraordiaary, iucroduced in Mr. Gib- bon's " History of the Decline and Pall of the Roman Empire," and tending certainly to un- dervalue the testimony of the Christian religion. He died in 1784. DAVISON, Jeremiah, a portrait painter, born in England, of Scotch parents, studied under sir Peter Lely, excelled in painting satyrs and died in 1745. DAWES, Sir William, an English nobleman and prelate, one of the royal chaplains of queen Anne ; he was a learned, benevolent and pions man, and the author of several religious works : he died in 1724 DAWES, Richard, an English scholar, cele- orated for the publication of a work, intitled, "Miscellanea Critica," born 1708, died 1766. D.'VWSON, John, a mathematician, and an eminent teacher of mathematics in England, died in 1820. Dj\Y, John, an eminent English printer, and the first who printed in Greek and Sa.ton cha racters in England, died in 1594. He printed in 1549 the folio Bible, dedicated to Edward VI. DAY, Thomas, was born in London, 1743, bred to the law, and called to the bar ; but, dis- gusted with the technical nicety of legal process, he soon quitted Westminster Hall, devoted his mind to literary pursuits, and bucame the advo- cate of human kind. The admirable poem of | "The Dving Negro," written by himself andl the late John Bicknell, esq., and his " Fragmcntl of a Letter on Slavery," mark him among the! first of those who exerted their efforts to eman-j cipate a large portion of the human race from! cruelty and tyrtinny. His latest work, " The! History of Sandford and Merton," will long re-j main an instance of the successful application, of genius to form the minds of youth to active' and manly virtue. Plain and simple in his ha-; hits, denying himself all the luxuries, and ma-: ny of the conveniences of lit'e, no man could ex-, pend less upon himself, or bestow more upon' the necessities of nilier? ; and he devoted the •jrwuter part of an ample iiicoiiic to acts of pub- DE lie and private charity. Mr. D. lost hit) life Sept. 1789, by a fallfroiu his horse. DAYTON, Elias, early engaged in the war of the revolution, and continued in it till it end- ed ; he died at Philadelphia, in 1807 : be was then a major general. DAYTON, John, governor of the state of South Carolina, afterwards a district judge of the United States, died in J822. DEACON, James, an English gentleman, known for his skill in music, painting and draw- ing, died in 1750. DEAGEANT, DE ST. MARCELLIN, Gui- chard, a French writer and statesman, in the time of Lewis XIII. DEANE, Silas, a native of Connecticut, was chosen a member of Congress in 1774, and af- terwards appointed minister of the United States, at the court of France : he died in 1789. DEBOR.\H, a prophetess of Israel, who com- posed a beautiful ode, 1285 B. C. DE BURE, William Francis, a bookseller a» Paris, well known for his " Bibliographe Ins tructive," 7 vols. 8vo. ; lie died in 1782. DECATUR, Stephen, a captain in the navy of the United States, distinguished for his bravery and professional skill. He rendered himself conspicuous by his services at Tripoli, in 1804, by his actions with two British frigates, during the last war, and by his success, against the AI gerinos in J815 ; and was afterwards a niembei of the board of navy commissioners until his death, which happened in a duel, in 1820. DKCEBABUS, a king of Dacia, whose coun- try was reduced to a Roman province, by Tra- jan, in 105. DECEMBRIO, Peter Candido, a native of Pavia, secujtary to the pope, and afterwards to the king of Arragon. He wrote several lives, and translated some of the classics : he died in 1477. DECHALES, Claudius Francis Millict, an, excellent tnathcniatician,mechanic, and astrono- mer, born at Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, in 1611. His principal performances have been collected in 3 vols, in folio, under the title of " Mundus Mathematicus;" being indeed a com- plete course of all the mathematics. He died pro- fessor of mathematics, in the university of Tu- rin, in 1678. DECIO, Philip, of Milan, a celebrated lec- turer on jurisprudence at Pisa; died in 1(>35. DECIUS, Publius, aRonian consul and brave general, memorable for having devoted himself for his country in a battle with the Latins, 340 B. C. Decius Mns, his son, followed his father's example, as did a grandson. The custom was, that the officer who devoted himself to the gods for the service of his country, after certain ce- remonies of consecration, rushed, completely armed, into the enemy's foremost ranks, when his own despaired of victory. Though this was an act of superstition which proved fatal to the hero, it re-animated his party, and occasioned them to gain the battle. DECIUS, a Roman emperor after Philip. He perished with his army in a morass, fighting against the Goths, A. D. 251. DECKER, or DECKHER, John, a pious and learned Flemish Jesuit, who wrote much on Sa- cred Clironolosy, was born 1559, and died 1619. DECKER, Thomas, a dramatic writer of some celebrity in the reign of James I. In his " Honest Whore," and the comedy of " Old Fortunatus," there are beauties, asto character, plot, and language, especially in the former, equal to tliose of any dramatic wfiier (Shak- DE BE spcare excepted) that England has produced. The precise lime of this author's birth and deatli are not recorded ; yet lie could not have died young, as the tirst play we (ind of his wri ting was published in lUUO, and the latest date we meet with to any other is " The Wonder ot a Kingdom," 1636. 1)E COETLOGON, Cliarles Edward, an emi- nent English divine, assistant preacher to the chapel of the Lock-hospital, and rector of God- stone, in Surrey, died in 1820. His writings are principally on theological subjects. DEDEKIND, Frederic, a German of the 16th century, who published a curious ironical eulo- gium on incivility and rudeness. DEE, John, a great mathematician, and very extraordinary person in the repubUc of letters, born in London, 1527. He was a man of un- common parts, learning, and application ; and might have performed great things, if he had been poRscasedof a solid judgment ; but he was extremely credulous and superstitious. He suf- fered himself to be deluded into an opinion, that by certain invocations, an intercourse or com- munication with spirits might be obtained ; from whence he promised himself an insight into the occult sciences. He found a young man, one Edward Kelly, a native of Worcestershire, who had already dipped deep into these matters, and who readily undertook to be his instrument inj them, for which he was to pay him 50/. per an- num. Dec. 2, 1581, they began their incanta-l tions; in consequence of which, Kelly was, by some nieasures which he thought unconstitu- tional and unjust, he not only cheerfully under- went the punishment, but at the same time wrote " A Hymn to the Pillory," as a defiance of their usage of him. But, after all, De Foe is by nothing better known at present, than bv his interesting " History of Robinson Crncoe ;" which, though a romance, is written in so na- tural a manner, and with so many probable in- cidents, that it was judged to be a true story (or some time after its publication. He was born in London, 1660, and died at Islington, 17J1. DEGHUy, an eminent French engraver, di^d in 1748. DEIDIER, Anthony, a medical professor, of Montpelier, author of a dissertation, " De Ve- neris Morbis." DEJAURE, N. a. promising French poet, who died young, in 1800. He wrote Lodoiska, an opera, which has been received with applause. DEJOTARUS, king of Galatea, espoused the cause of Pompey, for which he was dethroned by Cesar. DELAMET, .'idrian Augustin de Bussy, born in Picardy, a relation of Cardinal de Retz, whom he attended in his travels. He wrote " nictioiiary of Cases of Conscience," 2 vols., and died in 1691. DELANCy, James, a judge and chief justice of the supreme court of the colony of New- York, and afterwards lieutenant governor, died in 1760. . -. ....,, DELANY, Dr. Patrick, a theological writer the inspection of a certain table consecrated for of Ireland, but perhaps better known as the in- that purpose, with many superstitious ceremo- timate friend and correspondent of Dean Swift nies, enabled to acquaint Dee with what Uie was born in Ireland,1686, and diedat Bath,176&' spirits thought fit to show and discover. These! DELANY, Mary, wife of the foregoin" ce- conferences were continued for about twoyearsjilebraied for her skUl in painting, and in cutting and the subjects of them committed to writing,! flowers and other ornaments in paper, was born ... .„„ „....i.„i,„j .. u _..., . "' at Coulton, in Wiltshire, 1700, and died 1788. DELAUNE, Thomas, wrote in ]f)83, " Plea for Nonconformity," which gave so much of- fence, tiiat he was castinto prison, where he died. DELAWARE, Thomas West, lord, governor of Virginia, in 1610. He felt a deei; interest in the affairs of the colony, and may be considered as one of its first founders. He died near the but never published, though still preserved ini Ashinole's museum. He travelled much abroad' in company with Kelley, who had in his pos session, as was reported, a philosophical pow- der of projection, by which they were furnished with money very profusely, in the latter end of his life, however, he became miserably poor ; and it is highly probable, that he remained un- der his delusions to his death ; for he was ac- tually providing for a new journey into Ger many, when, worn out by age and distempers, he died in 1608, aged 80, and was buried at Mortlake. His mathematical works are nu merous and valuable. DEFESCH, William, a German, eminent for his skill on the violin, died about 1750. DE FOE, Daniel, equally famous for politics and poetry, was bred a hosier. In that situa lion he was unsuccessful ; and this probably in duced him to apply to his pen for eubsisience. Tutchin havuig, in 1700, written " The Foreign- ers," an infamous satire on king William and the whole Dutch nation, De Foe wrote "The True-born Englishman," as an antidote to it, and thereby recommended himself to the notice of his sovereign, who failed not to reward the author. He afterwards wrote an amazing num- ber of tracts, 30 of which have been collected in two vols. 8v9. One of these tracts, entitled, •' The shortest Way with the Dissenters," con- tained reflections against some ecclesiastics in power, for breathing too much a spirit of per- secution. Becoming obnoxious to the ministry en this account, he was obliged to explain him- self, whicli he did very clearly, for he was a man of great tirinness : and when he was sentenced afterwords to staad in liie pillory for attacking mouth of Delaware bay, on his return from England, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, in 1618. DELEYRE, Alexander, a Frenchman, au- thor of an analysis of Lord Bacon's works, 3 vols. 12mo., died in 1797. DELFT, Jacob, a celebrated portrait painter of Delft, who died in 1061. DELILLE, one of the most distinguished poetical authors that France has hitherto pro- duced, died at Paris, December, 1814. He made at an early age, a masterly translation of Vir- gil's " Georgics" into French verse; wrote a counterpart to the Georgics, under the title, " Les Jardins ;" translated the " vEneid," and vvrote many original poems. In the latter pe- riod of his career, he published a translation of Milton's " Paradise Lost." Like most other au- thors, however, he appears to have left his pos- terity nothing but his writings ; which, as his eulogist, M. Campenon, savs, " Death catmot destroy, nor time annihilate.' DELILT3, Christopher Traugott, a native of Walhausen, an eminent mineralogist, and sur- veyor of the mines of Hungary and Venice, died in 1799. DELMONT, Deodalt, a historical painter, pupil to Reubens, who higbly esteemed him ; he died in 1634. 151 DK "ITeLOBKL, a Frftiuiii painl.-r, u( tlie ITtli century, whoso pieces adorn Uio clmrcliea anil catliedrals ol' France. UE LOLME. SeeLOl.MF. DEr..R10, Martin Anlliony, a mnst Icarnod man, born at Antwerp, liijl. 'J'lie pri)^'ro.s: he Minde in letters, while a vrry boy, in rrconled with wonder, liuviiig surprifecd the pnhlic vvhi'n he was only 19 years ot a^<; with some gui:tl notes upon the tragedies oi Pcneca i' he cited almost JlOO aiuliors, with aM 'i ance of a man who had read them t icnnf r/jy, and weighed (heir seniiinenls «iih ijreai judg- ment and exactness. He died in 1H08. DELRIO, John, dean of Antwerp, who wrote Gonunentaries on the U9tU psalm: he died in 1684. DE LUC. See LUC. DEMADES, an Athenian orator, put to death by Cassander 322, B. C. "DEiMARATl'S, a kin? of Sparta, who de- signed his crown, and retired to Persia. UEMESTE, .loiin, chaplain and chief surgeon to the forces of the prince of Liege, well known as the author of come letters on chymisiry, died in 1783. DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES, king of Ma- cedon, was highly Honoured by the Athenians ; he died Wd B. C. DEMETRIUS, SOTER, king of Syria, was for some time a hostage at Rome, and was killed in battle, 150 B. C. DEMETRIUS II., surnamed Nicanor, king of Syria, formed an alliance witli the .lews; he was killed by the governor of Tyre, 28'J B. C. DEMETRIUS, PHALEEEUS, a peripaletio philosopher of Athens, who lived in the time of Alexander the Great. Three hundred and .sixty statues were erected to his honour in that city ; and not undeservedly, since he is said to have augmented the revenues of it, as well as to have improve^ and polished its buildings. Neverthe less he died in banishment by the bite of an a^p, 284 B. C. His writings consisted of poetry, history, politics, rhetoric, harangues, and em- bassies ; but none are extant. DEMETRIUS, a cynic philosopher, in the reign of Caligula; he was banislied by Ves pasian for insolence. DEMETRIUS, czar of Russia : which coun try he invaded, in 1604, with a small army, and seated himself on the throne; he reigned 11 months, and was then assassinated. DE MISSY, Ca-sar, a learned divine, born at Berlin, in 1703 ; he published some poetical pieces, and assisted Jortin in his life of Erasnnis. DEMOCEDES, a physician of Crotona, who afterwards became the slave and physician of Darius, king of Persia. DEMOCRITUS, one of the greatest philo- sophers of antiquity, was born at Abdera, a town of Thrace, about the 80th Olympiad, that is, about 4fi0 years before Christ. — He is said to have laughed at human life in general, which, Montaigne says, it was better to do than to imi- tate Heraclitus, who wept eternally about it; because adds he, mankind are not so unhappy as they are vain. He was the forerunner of Epicurus, whose system differs from his no^ etherwise than in some improvements. DEMOtVRE, Abraham, an illustriona ma thematician, born at Vitri, in Chnmpaigne, May IGfi". His abilities were so admired by the Royal Society of London, that they judued him a fit person to decide the famous conicst lielween Newton and Leibnitz. He published some capital works, but is generally known bv 152 DE his " Doctrine of Chances ; or. Method of calcu- lating the Probabilities of Events at Play." He died at l,ondon, in 1754. DEMf)\AX, a philosopher, of Crete, in tlie reign ot Adrian, who had the greatest coniempC for riiheis. I HEMdSTHENES, one of the greatest ora- jtois of antiijuily, if not the greatest, was born at .\thens, in Ui'e2d year of the lOlsi Olympiad ; thai is, about 370 years before Christ. It is jir '\ovsalJy agreea, that no orator ever spoke ;v\ ith such force, or had the pas.sions ofotliers so inincli in his power, as Demosthenes ; insomuch jthat he actually appeared like one inspired. He |opp(.sed Philip of Macedonia with all his might, land Alexander alter him. Alexander requested of ihe Atheiiiars to have Demosthenes given up |to him, but this was refused ; yet, when Anti- ; pater, his successor, niade the same request afterwards, it was granted. But Demosthenes Would not be given up, and therefore eseajied into the island ot Celauria ; where be imbibed poison that he had kept on purpose in a quill, to prevent his being taken alive- He died in the 3d year of the 114th Olympiad. There are extant under his name 61 orations, which liave frequently been published. But, though lie ar- rived at such perfection in this art, he set out under Rieat disadvantages : for he had an im pediment in his speech, which for a long time would not sufiier him to pronounce the letter r , he had a weak voice, a short breath, and a very uncouth and ungracious manner; however, by dint of resolution and infinite pains, he over- came all these detects. He would climb up steep and craggy places, to help his wind and strengthen his voice ; he would declaim with pebbles in his mouth, to remedy the imperlcc- tioii in his speech ; he would place a looking- glass before him, to correct the awkwardness of his gesture ; and he learned of the best players tiie proper graces of action and pronunciation, whicii lie thought of so much consequence that he made the vvliole ait of oratory in a manner to consist of them. He was so intent upon study, that he would often retire into a cave of the earth, and shave half liis head, so that he could not with decency appear abroad till his hair was grown again. He also accustomed himself to harangue at the seashore, where the agitation of the waves Ibrmed to him an idea of the commotion in a popular assembly, and served to prepare and fortify him against them. From these several kinds of hardships, wiiich he imposed upon hhiiself, it is plain that he was not so mucli born an orator, as an instance how far parts and application may go toward the forniinn of a great man in any profession. DEMOUKS, Peler, a native of Marseilles, known for his dexterity as a surgeon and ocu- list ; he was author of some professional works, and died in 1795. DEMPSTER, William, a learned Scotchman, who refuted Raymond Lully, and wrote an ecclesiastical history; Jie died in 1557. DEMP.'^TER, Thomas, a Scotch historian and conimeiuator, bom l.'>79, died 16i;5. He was a very learned man, but of a singular character ; being as prompt to draw his sword in quarrel, as ro wield his pen, at any time. He became professor of the Bi'llcs Lettres, at Pisa, Ki.vmes, and Bologna, and had s-uch a prodigious me- mory, that he used to say he knew not what it was to foreet. This gained him the appellation of "The LivitTs Library." DEMPSTER , George, a Scotch lawjer, and a member of Parliament, in 17G2. He retired from DE public life, and devoted himself to the improve- ment of the Highlands, until his death, in 1818. DENELLE, one of the infamous friends o£ Marat, who killed his wife and five children with his own hands. He suffered a niciited leaih, on the scaffold. DENHAiM, Sir John, an eminent poet, born n Dublin, in 1615. In 1641 he published his tia- ,edy called "The Sophy," which was ex- 'iTcmely admired by the best judges ; and in 1R4'2 was first printed his " Cooper's Hill," "a poem (says Dryden) which, for majesty of style, is, nnd ever will be, the standard of good writing." i^ope has celebrated this poem very highly in his "Windsor Forest;" and all men of taste Jiave agreed in their commendations of it. He died in 1668. DENIS, Michael, principal keeper of the imperial library at Vienna, died in 1800. His writings on various subjects were highly es teemed. DENMAN, Thomas, M. D. an eminent phy- sician and writer on midwifery, born at Bake- well, Derbyshire, 1733, died in London, 1815. DENNER, Balthasar, a portrait painter, of Hamburgh, who refused in London, 500 guineas for his picture of an old woman ; he died in 1747. DENNIG, William, proprietary governor of Pennsylvania, in 1756. He was superceded in 1759, as unpopular and obnoxious to the people. DENNIE, Joseph, a native of Massachusetts, was educated a lawyer; he however soon re- linquished the profession for literary pursuits, and as editor of the "Farmer's Museum," a newspaper published in New-Hampshire, and afterwards of the " Port Folio," in Philadelphia, gave evidence of a powerful and highly culti- vated mind, and of a genius of superior order ; he died in 1812. DENNIS, John, a celebrated critic, born in London, 1657. Though it is now become fash- ionable to speak lightly of him, he had qualities enough to recommend him to the acquaintance of some of the most eminent personages for birth, wit, and learning, of his time; but the black passions were so predominant in him, and his pride, envy, jealousy, and suspicion, hurried him into so many absurd and ridiculous mea- sures, that his life appears to have been nothing but a mixture of folly and madness. — He began to be a writer as early, if not earlier, than 16y0, and so continued to the time of his death, which happened in 1733. He had better talents for judging of the performances of others, than for producing any thing of himself; which made a smart fellow say, that " Dennis was the fittest man in the world to instruct a dramatic writer; for he laid down excellent rules for writing good, plays, and showed what were bad by his own." DENNY, Sir Anthony, a man of great learn- ing and pieiv, privy counsellor of Henry VIII., he died in 1550. DENTON, .lohn, an English divine, and pre- hendary of York, an intimate friend of Tillot- »on. He published' some sermons and religious tracts and diid in 1708. DE.NTREOOLLES, Francis Xavier, a Je- suit, who went to China as a missionary, in 1741, and wrote several works in the Chinese lan- guage. DENYS, James, a historical painter, born at Antwerp in 1645. D'EON. See EON. DEPARCfF.I^X, Anthony, a learned French mathematician, wlio published several valuable works ; he di^d in 1768. DEUr Y .ranies Stanley, earl of, an English U DE nobleman, celebrated for his courage during the civil wars. He was finally taken and basely beheaded in 1651. DERCYLLIDAS, a Laceda-monian general, who avenged his country against the Persians, ■IDO B. C. DEREING, Edward, an eminent divitje, preacher at St. Paul's, London, before the court. He wrote sermons, lectures, &c. ; he died 1576. DERHAM, William, a very eminent philo sopher and divine, born at Stoughton, near Wor- cester, 1657, and died 1735, having spent liis life in the most agreeable and improving study of nature, and made all his researches there in sub- serviency to the cause of religion and virtue. — His works are extremely numerous; of these the best known are his " Physico-Theologj' ; 59. DI DINO, professor of jurisprudpiice al Holociia, •ndaiithorofsomevaliiablf works, died in I'Ml. DliNOCRATKS, a celebrated ancient arrlii ♦«ct, of Macedonia, employed by Alexander ii Oiiiiding the city of Alexandria. Another nie •norable instance of Uiiiocrates' architectonic ekill is, his restoring and building, in a more angust and magniticent manner than before, i/he celebrated temple ol Uiana at Ephi«ns, after Eratostrafiis, for iiie sake of immortalizing his name, had destroyed it by lire. UINOSTRATUS, a mathematician, the pupil of Piato, and inventor of the quadratic curve. DINOTH, lUchard, a protestant writer of France, who wrote an accurate work, " DeBello civili Gallico," and died in 1680. DINOHART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, rendered famous by his periodical publications in Paris, which drew upon liim, troubles and lawsuits ; he died in 1713. DINVVIDDIE, Robert, succeeded Lee as go- vernor of Virginia, in 17.W. Braddock's expe- dition and defeat, occurred under his adminis- tration. He left the colony in 1757, and died in England, in 1770- DIO CHRYSOSTOM, a celebrated orator and philo.'opher of the 1st century, born at Prusa, a city of Bithynia, and called Chrysostom, on account of his eloquence. There arc extant of his, 80 orations and dissertations ujwn politi- tal, moral, and philosophical subjects. DIOCLES, a mathematician in the .Ith cen- Inry inventor of the cissoid or curve line. iilOCLESIAN', Caius Valerius, a Roman em- peror, whose bloody persecution of the Chris- tians forms a chronological ara, called the ./Era xif Dioclesian, or the Martyrs ; it was for a long time in use in theological writings, and is -still followed by the Coptes and Abyssinians. It commenced August 29th, A. D. 284. — Dioclesian was born 233, and died :U3. DIODATI, John, a famous minister, and pro- fessor of theology at Geneva, born at Lucca, in lo79, died at Geneva, in lfi52. He is distinguished by translations of "The Bible into Italian," "The Bible into French," and of "Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent into French." DIOUORUS SICULUS, an ancient historian, born at Agyrium, in Sicily, flourished in the times of Julius Ca;sar and Augustus. Diodorus says, in the beginning of his history, that he was no less than 30 years in writing it, in the capital of the world, viz. Rome. He calls his work not a "History," but a "Historical Li- brary ;" and had comprised in forty books, the most remarkable events which had happened in the world during the space of 1138 years; but, to the great grief of the curious, of "the 40 books, only 15 are now extant. DIODORUS, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as a divine and as an instructer of youth, in the 4th centurv. DIOGENES, a philosopher of Babylon, 200 B. C. He succeeded Zeno in his school. DIOGENES, the Cynic, was born at Sinope, » city of Pontns, 413 B. C, and expelled from thence for coining false money ; as was his father also, who was a banker. He retired to Athens, and prevailed on the philosopher An- tisthenes to become his master. He not only submitted to the kind of life which was peculiar to the followers of that fotinder of tlie Cynics, hut ad DIONYSms, a tyrant of Heraclea, who mar- ried a niece of Darius, died 304 B. C. DIONYSIUS, a bishop of Corinth, who suf fered martvdom in 178. DIONYSIUS, an ancient poet and geographer, wrote a great number of pieces ; but his " Pe- riege.sis," or 'Survey of the World," is the only one that we have remaining ; and it would be superfluous to say, that this is one of the most exact systems of ancient geography, when it has been related that Pliny himself proposed it for his pattern. DlONYSfUS, bishop of Rome, condemned the heresy of the Sabellians in a full synod, died in 269. DlONVSirS HALICARNASSENSIS, a his- torian and critic of antiquity, born at Hali- carnassus, a town in Caria ; which is also me- morable for having produced Herodotus befors him. His history is intitled "Of the Romas l-Antiquities," and was comprised in 20 Ikjoi i 157 DO of which only the first 11 are now i/xtant. The reputation of this historian stands very higli on many accounts. As to wliat relates to cliro- noiogy, all the critics have been apt to prefer hini even to Livy himself; than his style and diction, nothing can be more pure, more clear, or more elegant. — But, besides the " Roman Antiquities," there are other writings of his extant, critical and rhetorical. Flis most ad- mired piece in this way is, " De Structura Ora- tionis." DIONYSIUS, a Romish monk, called "The Little," in the 5th century ; he compiled or wrote several works. DIONYSIUS, bishop of Alexandria, bom a heathen, was a diligent inquirer after truth, which he looked for in vain among the sects of philosophers ; but at last found it in Christianity. He was made bishop oi Alexandria, in 247, and died 207. DIONYSIUS, the Areopagate,a learned Athe- nian, member of the court of Areopagus, was converted to Christianity by the preaching of St Paul. DIOPHANTUS, a celebrated mathematician, t>{ Alexandria, reputed to have been the inven-l tor of algebra. When Diophantus lived, is not known. His reputation, however, appears to bave been very high among the ancients, who made no scruple to rank him with Pythagoras and EucUd, iu mathemaiiral learning. DIOSCORIDES, Pedacius, an eminent phy- sician, of Anaxarba, since called Cocsarea, in CiHcia, who flourished in the reign of Nero, and' composed five books of the " Mateiia Medica.' DIPPEL, John Conrad, a curious and e.xtra vagam character, who pretended to have disco vered the philosopher's stone, and yet was con fined for debt. He travelled in almost all parts of Europe, and wrote several books : he died in 1734. DIROIS, Francis, doctor of the Sorbonne wrote several books on religious subjects ; he died in 1700. DISNEY, John, D. D., an eminent English clergyman, chaplain to bishop Law, and vicar of Swinderly, died in 1816. His biographical sketches of distinguished individuals, have ad Ued to his reputation. DITHMAR, a monk, bishop of Mersburg, known as the author of a chronicle of the cm perors Henry I. ,Otho II. and III., and Henry II., died in 1028. DITHMAR, Justus Christopher, liistorical professor, at Frankfort. His work on the histo ry of Germany displays great learning; he died in 1737. DITTON, Humphrey, a mathematical and theological writer, born at Salisbury, in 1C75, died in 1715. DIVINI, Eustachius, an Italian artist, employ- ed in making telescopes, died in lt)t)4. DIXWELL, John, one of the judges who condemned the unfortunate Charles I. to tht block. At the restoration, he fled to America, and resided at New-Haven until his death, in 1688. DLUGOSS, JoJin, a Pole, archbishop of Leo- pold, and author of a history of Poland, in La- tin; he died in 1480. DOBBi?, Arthur, governor of North Carolina Jied in 17(J5, after an impolitic, unpopular, and weak administration of 12 years. DOBSO\, William, an Enghsh painter, born in lf)lu. How much he was beholden to Van- dyke, may easily be seen in all liis woiks, no 158 DO paniter having ever come so near to the perfec- tion of that excellent master as this happy imi- tator. He was also further indebted to the ge- nerosity of Vandyke, in presenting him to Charles I., who look him into his inmiediate protection. He died in 1647. DOD, John, an English non-conformist, whose pious observations were once very popular. He was an eminent Hebrew scholar, and died in 164.5. DODART, Denys, physician to Lewis XTV., and member of the French academy of sciences, liorn in 1634. Among other things, he was the author of a " Statica MedicinaGallica; and died in 1707. Guy Patin called him " monstrura sine viUo," a prodigy of wisdom and science, without any defect. DODD, Dr. William, an ingenious divine, of unfortunate memory, was born 1729, at Bourne, in Lincolnshire, of which place his father, being a clergyman, was vicar. Tn 17.53, he received orders ; and, being settled in London, soon be- came a popular and celebrated preacher. He obtained several lectureships, and advanced his llieological character greatly by an almost unin- terrupted publication of sermons, and tracts of piety. For the same purpose also, he was very zealous in promoting and assisting at charitable institutions, and distinguished himself much in regard to the Magdalen hospital, which wa.s opened in August, 1758 : he became preacher at the chapel of thi.s chanty, for which he was al- lowed yearly 1001. But, notwithstanding his attention to spiritual concerns, he was by no means negligent in cultivating his temporal in- terests ; for, besides writing constantly iu the Public Leger, he superintended and crjntribu- ted largely to the " Christian's Magazine;" for which he received from the proprietors 1001. yearly. The truth is, Dodd's finances by no means answered his style and manner of liv- : they were indeed much too small for it ; and tills obliged him to recur to such methods of augmenting them. Happy if he had never recurred to expedients worse than these 1 — Still, however, he preserved theological appearances, and now meditated a design of publishing a large " Commentary on the Bible," which he began to publish in weekly and raonthy num- bers, and continued to publish it regularly till it was completed, in 3 vols, folio. In 1766, he took the degree of LL. D., at Cambridge, having been made a chaplain to the king some time be- fore. In 1772, he was presented to the living of Hocklilfe, in Buckinghamshire: but what could such preferment as this avail 1 Tlie habits of e.xpense had gained a wonderful ascendency over him : he was vain, he was poraiwus, which persons emerging from low situations of life are apt to be, and thus became involved and sink- ing under debts. To relieve himself, he was tempted to astep which ruined him for ever with the public ; and this was, to procure by indirect means, the rectory of St. George's, Hanover Square. On the preferment of Dr. Moss to the see of Bath and Wells, in 1774, that rectory fell to the disposal of the crown : upon which, Dodd caused an anonymous letter to he sent to lady Apsley, offering the sum of 30001., if by her means he could be presented to the Ii\ing. Alas! he was unfortunate in his woman : the letter was immediately communicated to the chancel- lor, and, after being traced to tlie sender, laid before the king. His name was in consequence rdered ro be struck out of the list of chaplains From this period every stapled to complete hh DO ruin. In the summer of 177G, lie went lo France ; eut returned in tlie beginiiitig of winter, and proceeiled to exercise liis function as usual, par- ticularly at tlie Magdalen C'liapel, where ins last sermon was preaciied Feb. 2, 1777. Two days after this, lie signed a bond, which he had tor !;ed, as from his pupil, lord Chesterfield, for the sum of 42001., and upon tiie credit of it oblained a considerable sum of money ; but detection in- stantly Ibllowiiig, he was committed to prison ; tried aad convicted at tlie Old Bailey, Feb. 24, a^nd executed at Tyburn, June 27. DODDRIDGE, or DODERIDGE, Sir John, one of the judges of the king's bench, about 1620, and the author of many works on iJie laws of England. DODDRIDGE, Dr Philip, an eminent dis- senting minister, born in London, in 1702, died n.")!. He was 21 years pastor of a meeting- house, at Northampton ; director of a flourish- ing academy ; and author of many excellent writings; in which, his pious, benevolent, and indefatigable zeal, to niaise men wise, good, and liappy, is every where manifest. He left many works behind him ; the principal of which are '■• The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, Illustrated in a course of serious and practical Addresses, suited to persons of every Character and Circumstance ;" and " The Family Expo- sitor, containing a Version and Parai)hrase of the New Testament, witli Critical Notes ; and a Practical Improvement of eacli Section," ii 6 vols. 4to. DODOENS, or DODONi«:US, Ramnert, phy sician of the emperor Maxiiiiilian II., and Ro dolphus II. He was a botanist, and professor at Leyden, and died in 1585. bODSLEY, Robert, an eminent bookseller, and ingenious writer, bom at Manstield, in Not- tiiighamslHre, in 1703. His first setting out in life, was in a servile station, (footman to the honourable Mrs. Lowthcr;) from which, Iww- ever, his abilities very soon raised him ; for, having written " The Toyshop," and that piece being shown to Mr. Pope, the delicacy of satire which is conspicuous in it, though clothed with the greatest simplicity of design, so strongly re- commended its author to thp notice of that cele- lirated poet, that he continued from that time to the day of hia death, a warm friend and zealous jiatron to Mr. Dodsley. Hisfaice, called " The King and Miller of Mansfield," made its appear- ance the ensuing year, viz. 17.%. From the suc- cess of these pieces, he entered into that busi- ness which, of all others, has the closest con- nexion with, and the most immediate depend- ence on, persons of genius and literature, viz. that of a bookseller. In this station, Mr. Pope's Teconmiendation, and his own merit, soon ob- tained him not only the countenance of persons of the first abilities, but also of those of the first rank, aud, in a few years, raised him to great eminence in his profession, of which he was al- most, if not altogether, at the head. He wrote six dramatic pieces, which are enumerated in the " Biographia Dramatica ;" and besides these, lie published in his life-time, " The Muse in Li- very ;" " Friendly Advice to his Brethren," 1732 ; a little collection of his own works in one vol. 8vo, under the modest title of " Trifles," 1745 ; and a poem of considerable length, enti- tled " Public Virtue," 1754, 4to. A second vo- lume of " Trifles," was collected after his death, consisting of, 1. " Cleone ;" 2. " Melpomene, or the Regions of Terror and Pity, an Ode ;" 3. " Agriculture, a Poem ;" aud 4. " The Eco- BD nomy of Human Life." Mr. Dodsley also exe- cuted two vvoi ks of great service to the cau.se of genius, as they are the means of preserving pieces of merit, that might otherwise sink into oblivion ; viz. tlie publication of " A Collection of Poems by different eminent Hands," in ti vols. 8vo, and " A Collection of Plays by old Authors," in 12 vols. 12mo. He died Sept. 25, 17G4. DODSON, Michael, an English lawyer, and commissioner of bankrupts. Author of a trans- lation of Isaiah, aiid several ives ; he died iu 1799 DODS WORTH, Roger, jorn in YorKshire, in 1585, died 1054. Mr. Gougli (Topographer of Yorkshire) thus Bpeaks of him; " One cannot approach the borders of this county without paying tribute to the memory of that indefatiga- ble collector of its antiquities, Roger Dods worth, who undertook and executed a work, which, to the antiquaries of the present age, would have been the stone of Tydides. 122 volumes of his own writing, besides original MSS. which he had obtained from several hands, making all to- gether 1G2 volumes folio, now lodged in that celebrated repository of ancient monuments, the Bodleian library, at Oxford, are lasting memo- rials of what his country owes to him ; ass the two volumes of the " Blonasticon" (which, though published under his and Dugdale's namea conjointly, were both collected and written to- tally by him) will immortalize that extensive industry which has laid the whole kingdom un- der obligation." DODWELL, Henry, a most learned and pious man, born at Dublin, in 1641, died 1711, having written a great number of theological works. DODWELL, Henry, eldest son of the preced- ing, was author of a pamphlet, " Christianity not founded on argument." DOES, Jacob Vander, a Dutch painter, whose landscapes are very much admired, died in 1073. DOES, Jacob Vander, son of the preceding, who displayed promising talents as a painter, but died aged 19. DOES, Simon Vander, brother to thepreced ing. His landscapes, battles, &c., are in aplea»- ing style ; he died in 1717. DOGGET, Thomas, a comedian, former)? belonging to Dinry-lane Theatre, where he bo- came joint manager with Wilkes and Cibber < in which situation he continued till, on a disgu^ he took in the year 1712, at Mr. Booth's beinj[ forced on them as a sharer in the management, ho threw up his part in the property of the thea- tre, though it was looked on to have been worth lOOOI. per annum. As an actor, he had great merit ; and his cotemporary, Cibber, in forms us, that he was the most original, and the strictest observer of nature, of any actor of his time. He died in 172L In his political princi- ples, he was, in the words of Sir Richard Steele, a " whig up to the head aud ears ;" and so strict- ly was hs attached to the interests of the house of Hanover, that he never let slip any occasion that presented itself of demonstrating his senti- ments in that respect. One instance, among others. Is well known ; which is, that the year after George I. came to the throne, this perform- er gave a waterman's coat and a silver badge to be rowed for by s;x watermen, on the first day of August, being the anniversary of that king's accession to the throne; and, at his death, bequeathed a certain sum of money, the interest of which was to be appropriated annually, for ever, to the purchase of a like coat and badge, to be rowed for in honour of the day ; which 159 DO DO ceremony is every year [jerformed on the 1st of August, Ibe claimants setting out, at a signal given, at that time of the tide when the current is strongest against them, and rowing from the Old Swan, near London bridge, to the White Swan, at Chelsea. As a writer, Doggct left bt- liind him only one comedy, which has not been performed in its original stale for many years, entitled "The Country Wake, Ifi'.IO," 4to. It has been altered, however, into a ballad-farce, which occasionally makes its appearance under the title of " Flora, or Hob in the Well." D01S^^I^^ Lewis, a Jesuit, who wrote ele- gant Latin verses on the subject of sculpture and engraving, died in IT.'jS. DOLx\BELLA, P. Cornelius, son-in-law of Cicero, a friend of Caesar, and governor of Sy- ria, put an end to his life at 27 years of age. DOLBL\, John, a man of education, major in the king's service, during the civil wars, and afterwards dean of Westminster, and bishbp of Rochester ; he died in 1668. DOLCE, Lewis, a native of Venice, a poet, translator of some of the ancient authors, and author of several learned works, died in 1508. DOLCE, Carlo, a painter, of Florence. His St. John, painted when he was only 11 years old, is much admired ; he died in 1686. DOLET, Stephen, a learned Frenclirnan, a painter and bookseller, at Lyons, was burnt for atheism, in 1.546. DOLLOXD, John, a very eminent optician, i and the inventor of the achromatic telescope, was born in Spital-fieliis, June 10, 1706, died Nov. 30, 1761. He was reading a new publica- tion of M. Clairaut, on the Theory of the Moon, and on which he had been long intently engaged when he was seized with apoplexy, and died in a few hours after. Th« business and the abihties of the father were inherited by his two sons, Peter and John. DOLLOND, Peter, son of the optician, known as the author of papers communicated to the royal society, on his improvement of the tele- scope, on his alterations of Hadley's quadrant, &c., died in WiO, aged 90. DOLOMIEU, Deodat, an eminent French naturalist, who visited all the volcanic regions of Italy, and was afterwards sent, among other men of science, to collect and describe the anti- quities and natural curiosities of Egypt. Re- turning from that country, he was driven into Naples, and there committed to a close and loathsome confinement ; but, after suffering a long captivity, he was liberatod by the humane interposition of the celebrated Sir Joseph Banks. He had scarcely reposed after his fa- tigues, when he wont to visit Mont Simplon, whence he returned rich in mineralogical act^ui- sitions ; when a diseasi, which commenced in his imprisonment, terminated his career, De- cember, 1801. DOMAT, John, a celebrated French lawyer, born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1025, died at Paris, in 1696. The confusion which he had observed in the laws, put him upon forming a design of reducing them to their natural order, which he completed, and published in four vols. 4to, under the title of " The Civil Laws m their Natural Order, 1689." It has been usual to re- cammend this work to young lawyer.? and di vines, who would apply themselves to the study of morality and the civil law. DOME.NiCHINO, an Italian painter, on sacred subjects and landscapes, bom at Bologna, 15S1. He always applied himself to his work with 160 much study and thouglitfuiness,nnd never ofTef- ed to touch his pencil till he louiid akind of en- thusiasm or inspiration upon him. His excel- lence lav principally in the correctness of hi« style, aiid in expressing the pa.ssions and affec- tions of the mind. He died in 1641, not without the suspicion of being poisoned. DO.MINIC, de Guzman, a Spaniard, founder of the order of the Predicants, born in Arragon, in 1170, died at Bologna, in Italy, in 1221, and was afterwards made a saint for the prodigioiM services lie had done the church. DOMINICHINI, Lodovico, a native of Pla- centia, famous for his voluminous translations from ancient authors, died in 1574. DOMINIS, Mark Antony de, archbishop of Spolato, in Dahnatia, in the 16th century. He wrote against the j>apal power; turned protes- tant ; then again turned catholic ; he was sus- pected, seized, and imprisoned. After his death his body was dug up and burned as a heretic in 1645. DOMITIAN, Titus Flavins, a Roman empe- ror, at first mild, but afterwards licentious and cruel, was assassinated in 96. DOMITIANUS, Domitius, general and dio- clesian, was proclaimed emperor of Egypt, in 'iSS ; he died bv violence. DONALDSON, John, an eminent artist of Edinburgh, distinguished as a miniature portrait painter, and an exact imitator with his pen of the old engravers; also a poet and achymist; he died in 1801. DONATO, Bernardino, Greek professor at Padua, author of a Latin dialogue, on the differ ence between Aristotle's and Plato's philosophy , he died in 1550. DONATO, an arcliitect and sculptor, of Flor- ence, of great eminence, died in 14iJ6. DONATO, Jerom, a Venetian nobleman, eminent for his learning, his military services, and particularly for his negotiations, dkd in 1511. . ^ „. DONATO, Alexander, a jesuit of Sienna, who wrote a valuable description of Rome ; he died in 1640. DONATO, Marcellus, an Italian count, who wrote a learned wijt k on the Latin writers of Roman history, 8vo., in 1607. DONATUS, bishop of Carthage, banished in 356. DONATUS, yElius, a grammarian of the 4tli century, preceptor of St. Jerome, and author of commentaries on Terence and Virgil. DONATUS, a bishop of a religious sect in Africa, who began to be known about the year 329, and greatly confirnjed his faction by his character and wVilings. He was a man of great parts and learning ; but withal so prodigiously haughty, that he treated all mankind with con- tempt. The Donatists affirmed baptism in other churches to be imll and of no cfiect ; while other churches allowed it to be valid in theirs : from which tlicv inferred, that it was the safer to join that community where baptism was ac- knowkdLred by both parties to be valid, than that where if was allowed to be so only by one DONCKER, Peter, a painter, of Goiida, stu died at Rome, and died 1668. DONDUS, or DE DOXDIS, James, a physi cian, of Padua, learned also in roathcmatits anit mechanics, died in 1350. DO.% LAU, Hugh, professor of law at Bourpe* and Orleans. He wrote commentaries on civil law, 5 vols. foUo, and other work!^, and died ir> 1591. ■ DO D0N6AN, Thomas, earl of Liiiierick, a judi- cious and popular governor of Nt'W-Yoik, re- signed the office in 1089, and returned to Eng- land, in consequence of bis sovereign's displea- sure. DONI, Anthony Francis, a Florentine priest, who possessed great satirical powers, and wrote many books ; he died in 15T4. DONI D'ATTICHl, Lewis, a Florentine no- Ueman, whose raodesty and learning rccoin- mendedhim to Richelieu, who made him bislio|) of Autun. He wrote many volumes, and died iu 16&1. DONI, John Baptiste, professor of eloquence at Florence. His treause on music is well known ; he died in 1647. DONNE, John, an English poet and divine, born at London, 1573, and descended, by his luo- Iher, from tiie family of sir Thomas Mure. Soon after his taking orders (which he did at the spc cial request of king James) he was chosen preacher of Lincoln's-Inn ; in 1021, he was made dean of St. Paul's, and there was some thing singular in the ciscumsiances attendinu'it. The deanery becoming vacant, the king dent for Dr. Donne, and ordered liinj to attend him the next day at diimer. When his majesty was down, before he had eaten any meat, he .said, " Dr. Donne, I have invited yoii to dinner ; and though you sit not down with me, yet I will carve 10 you of a dish that I know you love well ; for knowing you love London, I do therefore make you dean of St. Paul's ; and when I have dined, then do you take your beloved dish home to your study; say grace tliere to yourself, and much good may it do you I" He died 1631, and was buried in the cathedral church of St. Paul, where a monument was erected over him. Ills poems consist of songs and sonnets, epigrams, «pithalamiums, satires, letters, funeral elegies, holy sonnets, &c. published at different times. Dryden has justly given Donne the character of " the greatest wit, though not the greatest poet, of our nation ;" and lord Falkland styles Donne " one of the most witty and most eloquent of modern divines." DONNE, Benjamin, a mathematician, made master of mechanics to the king in 179ii. He was a native of Devonshire, and wrote several tfeatises much esteemed. DOOLITTLE, Thomas, a non conformist, Biany years minister of St. Alpage, London. He wrote several books on practical divinity, and died in 1707. "" • ■ DOPPLE-MAIER, John Gabriel, profe.=sor of mathematics at Nurembnrg. He was fellow of the Royal Society of London, &c. DORBAY, Francis, a French architect, who furnished designs of several beautiful works al tJie Louvre, the Thuilleries, &e., died in 1697. DORFLING, a Prussian, who from a tailor, became a soldier, and finally a field marshal under the elector of BraiMlenburg. DORIA, Andrew, a Genoese admiral, the re- storer of the Independency of Genoa when un- der the French yoke, born 1468. died 1560. DORIGiVY, Michael, a painior and ensrraver, professor in the academy of painting of Paris. His works are to be seen in the castle of Vin- cennes ; he died in 1665. DORIGNY, Nicholas, an eminent French en graver, who was knighted by George I.; he died at Paris, in 1746. His brother Lewis, also an engraver, died at Verona, in 1742. DORING, or DORINK, Ma'thias, a German Franciscan, who in his writing9,inveigh8a{;ainst X DO the vices ol the popes and cardinals. He was the forerunniK-r of Luther, and dud in 149-1. nOKISL.'VUS, Isaac, a Dutchman, wlio went from Leydeii to England, and read lectures on history at Cambridge. He was all'irnatcly a republican and royalist, during iho civil wars, and turned out a prolligate and guilty man ; he died in 1049. DOR.MANS, John de, cardinal and chancel- lor of France under Charles V. He founded a college in Paris, and died in 1373. DORNAVllIS, Gaspar, a physician, born in Voightland, and an author of some humorous and whimsical pieces, died in 1631. DORSCH, Evcrard, a Dutch engi-aver of ge- nius, of superior abilities, died in 1712. His son Christopher was equally famous in the same art, and died in l'i32. DORSEY, John Syng, M. D., professor of ma- teria niedica in the university of Pennsylvania, and afterwards of anatomy, as successor to Dr. VVisiar ; he died suddenly at Philadelphia, in 1818. DOSITHyEUS,the first here3iarch,a magician of Samaria, whose followers remained 24 hours in the sam.; posture in wiiicli they were, when he Sabbath commenced. He starved himself to dea'u. DOUBLET, N. an eminent French surgeon, who left some vali.able professional writings : he died in 1795. DOUCLN, Lewis, a French Jesuit, who wrote a history of the Nesloriaus, and other works ; he died 1726. DOUFFET, Gerard, a painter, of Liege, and a pupil of Rubens, famed for tlie variety and acciirary of his pictures, died in 1660. DOUGADOS, Venance, a capuchin, bom near Carcassonne. The French revolution was a field fit to display his ambition and intrigue: he was dragged to the scaffold for his political opinions in 1794. DOUGHERTY, Michael, one of the first set- tlers ot Georgia ; died in 1803. aged 135. DOUGLAS, Gawin, bishop of Dunkeld, and eminent for his poetical talents, was born at Aunandale, in Scotland, in 1471, and diwiof the plague in London, in 1522 Mr. Warton styles him ''one of tne distinguished luminaries that marked the restoration of letters in Scotland, at the corameucement of the 10th century." He translated the " .-Rneid" of Virgil into Scottiali heroics, with the additional (13th) book of Ma- plieus Vsgius, 4to, 1553. He also wrote an ori- ginal piece called "The Palace of Honour," and other poems. He was likewise a promoter of public spirited works, and finished the stone bridge over the river "Tay, begun by his prede- cessor. DOUGLAS, William, a Scotch nobleman, commissioned by Robert Bruce. He had mads a vow to go on a crusade, but he perished on the way, in 1327 DOUGL.\S, James, an English anatomist,and distinguished practitioner in olwtetrica. He was also an eminent author, and died in 1742. DOUGLAS, admiral Sir Charles, a native of Scotland, was originally in the Dutcli service; and it was not without some dilTiculty that he was enabled to obtain rank in the English navy. He was so excellent a linguist, that he spoke six European languages correctly. On the war with America breaking out, he had a broad pendant given him, and commanded the squadron em- ployed in the gulf of St. Lawrence. His servi- ces there ©btained bjin very flattering honoar« DO on his return to England ; and after Brereton was dismissed, for misconduct, frmu tlie Duke, »f 98 guns, Sir Cliarles was aiipoiiitcd to com- mand her. In this ship, lie cultivated his me- chanical propensity so much to the improvement oi' the guns, and the use of locks instead of matches,that the practice was universally adopt- ed throughout the navy. During the prepara- tions for wat;, in the yi'ar 1787, he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral, and died in January, 1789. DOUGLAS, Dr. John, bishop of Salisburj-, a learned divine, born at Pittenwepm, in Fife- shire, in 1721, and educated chiefly at Baliol College Oxtord. This venerable prelate was one of the first literary characters of the age, and the lasi surviving member (the bishop of Dromore excepted) of tlie Beef Steak Club, ce- lebrated by Dr Goldsmith, in his poem of " Re- taliation. '" The literary talents of bishop Doug- las were first evinced, in detecting the attehipt of Lauder to depreciate the merits of Milton. He vindicated the originality of that illustrious bard, and covered his opponent withcotifusion. His next performance possessed such merit, as highly to recommend his character, bdth as a literary man, and an advocate for revealed re- ligion. It was entitled the " Criterion," in an- swer to Mr. Hume's Essay on Miracles. He suc- ceeded Dr. Law in the bishopric of Carlisle, in 1783; and upon the translation of Dr. Barring- ton to the see of Durham, was appointed his successor. His lordship died May 18, IHf)'. DOUGLAS, James, earl of Morton and Aber- deen, a man of great learning and many virtues. He was president of the London Roval Society, in 173.3. DOUGLAS, William, M. D., a native of Scotland, afterwards a physician in Boston, who first made known at Constantinople, the practice of rnnoculating for the small pox, but wasojipojj fiivided the booty he took, in just proportional sed to its introduction into America ; he pub- lished several works on small pox, &c., and died in 1752. DOUSA, James, a very learned man, bom at Northwick, in Holland, 1545, died in 1604. He was a great scholar, statesman, and soldier. His learning was indeed prodigious ; and he had stich a memory, that he could at once give an answer to any thing that was asked him rela- ting to ancient or modern history, or, in short, to any branch of literature. He was (say Mel- chior, Adam, and Thuanus,) a kind of living library, the Varro of Holland, and the oracle of the university of Leyden. DOUVRE, Thomas de, was raised by Wil- liam the Conqueror to the see of York, where he rebuilt the cathedral ; he died in 1100. DOUVRE, Thoma.'! de, nephew of the pre- ceding, was also archbishop of York, in 1108. DOUVRE, Isabella de, of the same family, was mistress to Robert, the natural sonof Hen- r>" I. ; she died in 1166. DOVE, Nathaniel, an ingenious penman, au- thor of " The Progre.ss of Time." He kept an academy at Ho.xton, and died in 1754. DOW, Gerard, a celebrated Dutch painter, the pupil of Rembrandt, born at Le^'den, 1613, died in 1680. DOWAL, William Mac, a learned Scotch- mati, born in 1590. He held several important offices under Charles I. and II. DOWNHAM, John, an English divine, au- thor of a well-known pious work, called " The Christian Warfare," died In 1644. DOWNI.NG, Calibut, LL. D.. an English di- 162 DO " vine, &.C. H»- tnntfid republican, and stirred up his people to. nn up arms against their king; he died in 1643. DOWNMAN, Hugh, a physician and poet, iborn at Newton St. Cyres, Devonshire, in 1740, died at Exeter, in 1801) ; having publitthed seve- ral tragedies and poems, on various subjects; of the latter, the principal one is eiiiitled " In fanry." DRABICIUS, Nicholas, a celebrated enthusi- ast, born about 1587, in Moravia, where his fa- ther was burgomaster. When he was upwards of 50 years of age he commenced prophet, and published gome extraordinary political chime- ras, which he called " Visions." DR.\CO, a celebrated legislator of Athens, whose laws were so severe, that thev were said to be written in blood. He flourished about600 years B. C. DRACONITES, John, a Lutheran divine, a bishop in Prussia, and the leanied author of some commentaries on the Scriptures. He be- gan a polyglott Bible, but died before its com- pletion, ill 1566. DRAGUT, Rais, or captain RAGLT, the fa- vourite and successor of Barbarossa, a famous pirate, m 1566. DR.'\KE, Sir Francis, a distinguished naval 'hero, who flourished in the reign of Elizabeth, Iwas born near Ta^ istuck, in Devonshire, 1545. iHe made his name immortal by a voyage int« the South Seas, through the strait of Magellan, Kvhich was what, at that timr, no Englishman had ever attempted. He sailed from England, Dec. 13, 1577, and entered the harbour of Ply- mouth on his return, Nov. 3, ISl^O; performing thus a voyage round the glotie in two years an4 about ten months. His expeditions and victo- ries over the Spaniards, have been equalled by modern admirals, but not his generosity ; for he hares with the common sailors, even to wedge* of gold given him in retmn for his presents t» Indian chiet^^/^ He died, after having rendered the most eminent services to his country by his bravery and skill, 1595-6, on board his own ship, in the" West Indie.") The town of Plymouth had very particular obligations to Drake ; for, in 1587, he utiderinok to bring water into it ; through the want of which, till llien, it had been grievously distressed ; and he performed it by conducting thither a stream from springs at eight miles' distance, that is to say, in a straight line : for, in the manner he brought it, the course of it runs upwards of 20 milts, DR.\KE, Samuel, published, in 1729, in folio, a splciuiid edition of archbi.'hop Parker's " De Aniiquitate Britannica^ ecclesia-,'" &c. DRAKE, James, a celebrated political writer and physician, bom at Cambridge, in 1567, died 1706-7. He is chiefly known now by his medi- cal works, by a " System of Anatomy," parti larly, which "was finished a little before his de- cease, and published in 1707. DR.AKE, Francis, a surgeon, at York, and an eniinent aiiiiqiiar\', published, in 1736, " Ebor«- cuin , or. The History and Antiquities of th« Citv of York, from its Original to the present Time," fcc. DRAKE, William, a physician, horn ai York, where he settled. In his old ag^e collected arioiis records, and published a vakuable histo- ry of his native town, in folio , he died in 1760. "DRAKE. Rodcer, D. D,, a physician, who becnmu a popularpreachcr in Lon on. He was learned and oious, and died after the restoration. m. UKAKEiNBEKU, UliiisUaii Jacob, was boni •n Nui way, and alterliviiiij in celibacy U'J years, manicd a widow aged 00. URAKKNBOltOH, Arnoldua, a professor of history and eloquence at Utreclu, died in 1748. He is iiicurorablc for iiaving given tine editions in 4to of two ancient autliors, "Titus Livius," 7 vols. ; and " tSilius Italicus," witii veiy learned notes. He ia also the autlior of some small works. DRAN, Henry Francis le, a famous surgeon, and lilliotoniist, autlior of Surgery, ii vols., and other surgical works, died at Pans, in 1770. DRAPKR, Sir William, an EnglLsli general, born at Bristol, was educated at Ktoii, and ui King's College, Cambridge ; but prelerring a military life, lie went to the East Indies, where he attained the rank of colonel, and in i7(i:i, in co-operation with admiral Cornish, reduced Manilla, where they consented to accept a ransom for the fort of 4,000,000 dollars, which the Spanish government never paid. In 176;t, being tl;en a knight of the Bath, the colonel appiiared in print, as the antagonist of Junius, in defence of the marquis of Granby. Sir William died at Bath, in 1787. DEAYTON, Michael, an English poet, born in Warwickshire, 15tJ3. Wivenbut 10 years of age he appears to have been page w some person of honour, as we collect from his own words. It appears too, that he was then anxi- ous to know " what kind of strange creatures poe:s were 1" and desired his tutor, of all things, th.at, if possible, "he would make him a poet." He took delight, and was eminent for his talent in this way, nine or ten years before the death ef queen Elizabeth, if not something sooner. Drayton died in lt>31, and was buried in West- minster abbey, among the poets. Ilis works, which are numerous, and of great merit, were collected and printed, in 1748, in one volume folio. DRAYTON, William, a political writer of considerable eminence, in South Carolina, ac- tive in forwarding the American revolution ■ he published a history of the war, and died in 1779. DRAYTON, William, I,L. D., a judge of the cderal cou't for the district of Soutli Carolina ; died in 1790. DRKBEL, Cornelius, a Dutch philosopher and alchymist, of whom some curious narlicu- lars are related, with respect to his power, to cause rain, cold, &c., by the operations of his machines ; he died in 157iJ. DRELINCOURT, Charles, minister of the church of Paris, born at Sedan, 1595, and died 1669. His " Consolations against the Feiirs of Death" have, of all his works, been the most frequently reprinted ; having passed through above 40 editions, and been translated into several languages. His "Charitable Visits," in 5 vols., have served for continual consolation to private persons, and for a source of materials and models to ministers. He pulilished three Tolumes of Sermons;" in which, as in all the forementioned pieces, there is a wonderful vein of piety, which is very affecting to religious minds. DRESSERUS, Matthew, a German, who oecaine professor of rhetoric and history at Jena, and, in l.'jSl, accepted the chair of polite learning at I^eipsic. He was a man of great learning, and died in 1607. DREUX DU RADIER, John Francis, a French advocate, who abandoned th« bar for DR the pursuits of literature, and became the author of various works ; he died in 1780. DREVET, Peter, an eminentengraver at Paris ; his son, also named Peter, was equally tininent in the same profession. They Iwih died in 1739, the father aged 75 ; the son 4i. UREXELIUS, Jeremiah, a Jesuit, of Augs- buri'h, author of a curious poem on hell tor- ments, ill which he calculates how many souls can be contained in a given space ; he died in 1638. DRIEDO, John, a learned divinity professor, of Louvaiii, whose abilities were employed iigainst the Lutheran Calvinists. He publisned I vols, folio, on theological subjects, and died in 1.535. DRINKER, Edward, a native of Philadelphia (lied in 178-2, aged 103. He lived to see the dth generation, and having survived the reigns of seven sovereigns, he at length saw the day that made America, a free and independent nation. UROLINGER, Charles Frederick, privy coun- sellor to the margrave of Baden Duilach, was admired as a poet, and scholar ; he *aed in 1742. DROU, N., a French advocate, distinguished for his eloquence, and for his defence of the poor as well as the rich ; he died in 1783. DROUAIS, Hubert, a painter, of Normandy who, by his pencil, raised himself to fame and opulence; died in 1767. DROUET, Stephen Francis, a laborious French writer, who died in 1779. DRUMMOND, WiUiam, of Hawthornden, a Scottish poet and historian, born 1585, died Dec. 4, 1649. He preceded Waller in polishing English versification. His poems have a harmo- ny and sweetness in them, unequalled by any of his time ; and in his " History of the Five Jameses" his manner of telling a atory, and interesting the reader in what he relates, has been highly commended. Ben Jonson so much admired our author, that he undertook a journey on foot into Scotlantl on purpose to visit him, and esteemed some months that he spent in his society the happiest of his life. Some of the conversation at this meeting has been preserved. Drummond's poems were first printed at Edin ■ burgh, in 4to., 1616; afterwards in Svo., 1656. and a complete collection of his works in tblio, 1711. The poems were reprinted in 1791. His general merits have been ingeniously appre- ciated by Mr. Neve, Mr. Headley, Mr. Pinkerton, and Dr. Anderson, in their several biographical sketches of our earlier British poets. DRUMMOND, Robert Hay, successively bi- shop of St. Asaph, of Salisbury, and of York. He published six occasional sermons, and died in 1773. DR.URY, Robert, was shipwrecked in 1762. nn the island of Madagascar, where he reniainca 15 years. After his escape, he published aa account of the natives, &c. DRUKY, Dru, a jeweller, of London, who wrote 3 vols, on insects, and collected a vast number of curiosities ; he died in 1804. DRUSILLA, Livia, disgraced herself by an incestuous commerce with her brother Caligula ;^ she died, A. D. 38. DRUSIUS, John, a most learned man among the Protestants, was born at Oudenard, in Flah- ders, in 155.5, and was author of several works which show him to have been well skilled in Hebrew, and to have gained a conaiderable knowledge in the Jewish antiauities. He died in 1616. 163 nu DKUSU3, sou of Ciuiiiiaaicus, was put to dealli by Tiberius, A. D. UU DRUtUB, M. liivius, an ambitious Roman, murdered for liis attempts to eiiloice the agra- rian law, 190 B. C. DRUSUS, Nero Claudius, brother of the em- peror Tiborius, was iioiioured wilh a triumph for hia victories in Germany ; lie died 91 h. L'. DKUSUS, son of T-berius and Vispama, was banished, A. D. 23. DRYANDER, Jolin, a Hessian medical and inathen)atic:U writer, died 15s to the fall oftheemp.re, printed at Paris, in 1649. BT'CHAL James, a dissenting minister, of Dublin, whose sermons were published in 3 vols 8vo. died in 1761. DUCHANGE, Gaspard, a French engraver, whose best pieces are the drivingout of tbemoney changers, and the pharisee's supper, died in 1757 Dl^CH AT, Jacob le, a Frenchman, was born at Metz, in 1658, and died, in 1735. He was re- garded as a very learned person, yet he is dis thiguished as an editor rather than an author He gave new editions of the " Menippean Sa tires," of the Works of Rabelais," of the "Apol ogie for Herodotus," by Henry Stephens, tc. all accompanied with remarks of his own. DUCHATEL Gaspard, a deputy in the French convention, celebrated for his manly and able defence of the unfortunate Lewis XVI. ; he was Guillotined in 1793. I DUCnATELET D'HARAUCOURT, Lewis [Marie Florent due, a colonel in tlie French ar- £U my, imprisoned and guillotined for bis attach ment to liis king, in 179^. UUCHE DE VANCY, Joseph Francis, a French poet, author of three tragedies, Debo- rah, Jonathan, and Absalom. He was a man universally respected, and died in 1704. DUCK, .Arthur, born in Devonsliire, 1580, and died 1649. He was an excellent civilian, a tolera- ble poet, especially in his younger daya, and very well versed in history, ecclesiastical as well as civil. He left behind him " Vita Henrici Chi- chele," &c.,and " De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis Romauorum in Dominiis principum Christianorum ; " a very useful and entertaining work, which has been printed several times in England and elsewhere. DUCK, Stephen, a tliresher and a poet, born at Charlton, Wiltz, at which place an anniver- sary, called Thresher's Feast, is still held to hi; memory. He had originally no other teaching than what enabled him to read and write Eng- lish ; about his 14tb year he was taken from school, and was afterwards successively en- gaged in tlie several lowest employments of a country life. He had from his infancy a pre- dilection lor poetry ; sometimes turned his own thoughts into verse while he was at work, and at last began to venture those thoughts a little upon paper. At lengUi some of his essays fall i-ng into the hands of a lady of quality, who at tended on the late queen CaroUne, he became known to her majesty, who took him under her protection, and settled on him a yearly pension of about 30Z. ; such a one at least as was sufficient to maintain him independently of la hour. Duck was afterwards admitted into or- ders, and preferred to the living of Byfleet, in Surrey. Here he continued for many years to make poems and sermons, and was much fol lowed by the people as a preacher ; till falling at length into a low-spirited melancholy way, he tlirew himself into a trout-stream, at the back of the Black Lion Inn, near Keading, and was drowned. This unhappy accident, for he was pert'ectly lunatic, befell him March 30, 1756. DUCIiOS, Charles Dineau, historiographer cf France, born at Dinant, in Bretagne, in 1705 ; he died in 1772. DUCLOS, Mary Ann, a French actress of great merit, who for many years gained much applause ; she died in 174S. DUCREUX, N., an eminent painter, of Paris, who went to Vienna to take portraits of the im perial family. He died in 1802. DUCROISY, Philibert Gassaud, a French ac- tor, of excellent character, and great merit. DUDEFPANT, N., a French lady, well known in Palis for her elesant and critical taste. She was acquainted witli all the learned men of the times, and died in 1780. nUDITH, Andrew, a Hungarian divine, em- ployed by Ferdinand 11. in important affairs of state. He wrote on physic, poetry, &c., and was a man highly esteemed ; he died in 1589. DUDLEY, Edmund, a celebrated la^vyer and speaker of the House of Commons, in the reign of Henry VII., but infamous in history for being the instrument of the extortions of that mon- arch ; he was born in 1642, and executed for trea- son, in Aug. 18, 1510. DUDLEY, John, son of the preceding, and duke of Northumberland, was born in 1502, and afterwards became one of the most powerful subjects in England. For an attempt to place the crown on the head of his daughter-in-law, lady JMie Grey, (who likewise fell a victim DU to his ambition), he was beheaded August 21, 1553. DUDLFJY, Ambrose, earl of Warwick, son of John, duke of Northumberland, born 1530, ex- hibited great wisdom and integrity as a Blalcg- man, and bravery as a general, under queen Elizabeth, and acquired the appellation nt " The Good Earl of Warwick." He died in 1589. DUDLEY, Robert, earl of Leicester, son to John, duke of Northumberland, and brother to Ambrose, earl of Warwick, before nieutioijed, born 1532, died 1588. On the accession of Eliz- abeth, he was entertained at court as a principal favourite ; obtained prodigious grants, one alter another, from the crown ; and all tilings gave way to his ambition, influence, and policy. In his private life he aftected a wonderful regular- ity, and carried his pretence to piety very high : tliough to gratify his jjasaions, there were no crimes, howeverexorbitant, which he would not commit. DUDLEY, sir Robert, son of Robert, earl of Leicester, born at Sheen, in Surrey, 1573, died 16;J9. -iVmong the learned, he held a very high rank, as well on account of his skill in philoso- phy, chymistry, and physic, as his perfect ac- quaintance with all tlie branches of the mathe- matics, and the means of applying them for Uie service aiid benpfit of mankind. DUDLEY, Thomas, governor of Mass. and one of the founders of that colony ; he died in 1653. DUDLEY, Joseph, governor of Mass., son of the preceding; of rare endowments, ani} an honour to his country ; he died in 1720. DUDLEY, Paul, chief justice of Mass. ioun- der of the Dudleian lecture,in Harvard College ', he died in 1751. DUFFET, Thomas, a dramatic writer, of the 17th century. DUFFIELD, George, D. D., a distinguished minister of Philadelphia, represented to have been uncommonly eloquent ; he died in 1790. DUFRESNE, Abraham Alexis auinault, a French actor of eminence, who succeeded par- ticularlv in noble ciiaracters ; he died in 1767. DUFRESNOY, Charles, Alphonse, a native of Paris, who acquired celebrity as a painter and po«t ; he died in 1665. DUFRESNY, Charles Riviere, a naUve ot Paris, called grandson of Henry IV., from his resemblance to that monarch. His dramatic works were published in 6 vols. He died in 1724. DUGARD, William, master of Merchant Tai- lor's school, London. He was imprisoned for being concerned in Salmasius' defence, and reduced to poverty ; but was a man of great learning, and worth ; he died in 1682. DUGDALE, Sir William, a very eminent English antiquary and historian, was born in Warwickshire, Sept. 12. 1605, and died Feb. 10, 1686. DUGOMIER, N. a French general, who com- manded in Italy during the revolution, and was next employed against the Spaniards. He wai killed in battle, in 1794. DUGUAY TROUIN, Rene, a celebrated ad- miral in the French navy, who displayed the greatest skill united to the most consummate wisdom ; he died at Paris, in 1736. DUGUET, James Joseph, a French writer, of great learning, and uncommon sweetness of temper. He wrote nearly 20 works in French, and died in 1733. DUHALDE, John Baptist, a French jeBuit, 165 DU author oi'a historical aiid gcograpliical (iescri|i tion of Cliiiia, in 4 voIb. (olio ; ht- tlii-d in l(lJ3. DUHAMEL, John Baptist, a Frciich uccie&i- asUc, of great learning ; eminent for liia vvorlin on the sciences, and philoKojihy ; lie died in ITUli. DUHAMEL UU MONCEAU, lle,.ry Lewis, a learned Frenchman, who devoted hinisell to the improvement of agriculture, and commerce : he died, greatly respocted, in 1782. DUHAW, Lawrence, a professor of pliiioeo- phy, (U the college riu Plessis, for 38 years ; he left some works, and died in 1T30. DUIGENAN, t'aiiick, LL. D., an eminent Iriail civilian, who from obscure birth, became a judge of llie prerogative court, a privy coun •eilor and a member of the Irish and English parliaments. He died in 1816 DUILLIUS, Nepos, the first Roman who ob- tained a naval victory over Carthage, 260 B. <;. DL'JSBURG, Peter de, a native of the duchy of Cieves, in the ICtli century, author of a chron- icle of Prussia, from 1220 to 1325. DUJARDIA', Charles, a Dutch painter, of Amsterdam, who excelled in delineating uiar- Uets, robbers, mountebanks, &c., died in 1074. DUKE, Richard, a poet of some credit, in the lastccntury, and by Dr. Johnson included among the classics. He died suddenly, Feb. 10, 1710-11. DULANY, Daniel, one of the most learned and accomplished counsellors of the countr)- ; a native of Maryland ; he died at an early age. DULAU, John Marie, archbishop of Aries, a member of the states-general of France. He was a good man, and therefore sacriticed by the Jacobins, in 1792. DULAUREiVT, N.,a wonhlesi^ French priest, who displayed great abilities on licentious sub- jects- DULLART, Herman, a painter and poet, of Rotterdam, the pupil of Rembrandt, whose pieces are frequently taken for those of his mas- ter ; he died in 1084. DUMAS, Lewis, a native of Nismes, an emi- nent raathe^iatician, who inv'ented a melhod of^ teaching children to read and write mechiini-j cally ; he died in 1744. DUMAS, Charles Lewis, a French anatomist,] and professor of anatomy at Montpelier, died alj that place in 1814 . i DT- MEE, Joan, a learned lady, born at Paris.! She applied herself particiilarly to asuonoiny, nnd published a 4to vol. on the subject, which displays much erudition, 1080. DUMESNIL, N., a professor of rhetoric at Paris, and author of Latin synonvmes, died in 1802. DUMMER, Jeremiah, an agent of Massachu- setts, in England, where he rendered important services to the oniony ; he died in 1739. DUMMER, William, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, highly respected, died in 1761. DITMOXT, John, author of Political Memoirs, 4 vols.. Travels in France, Italy, &c , 4 vols., Universal Diplomatic Body, &c., 8 vols, folio He was a Frenchman of great celebrity, and died in 1726. DUMONT, George, a native of Paris, secre tary of the French embassy to Russia. _He wrote on historv and comnierce,and died in 1788. DT'MONT, N., surnamed the Roman, e French painter, died in 1781. Dr:\IOURIER, Anthony Francis Duperier, a native of Paris, eminent as a conunissary in DU I DLWBAR, William, an eminent Scotlis!) po;:t, born about 1470, died about 1530. Hia " Thistle and Rose" and Golden Tcrge" are generally and justly esteemed his most capital v.orke. They are to be found in the Collections of Pinkerton, (rifcC,/ and Bunnatyiie, (1770.) DUiNBAK, Dr. James, prolessor of philosophy in King's t.'ollcge, Abtrdien, and author of " Essays on the History ol Mankind in rude nnd uncultivated Ages," 8vo, 1780, died Mav 28, 1798. DUNCAN, Mark, a Scotch physician, profos sor of piiilosophy, and principal of the Calva- nist'b college at Sauinur ; he died in 1640. DUN<. AN, Daiiiel,one of tlie most eminent and learned physicians of his time. He was liorn of Scotch parents, in France,and gradually rose to the highest distinction ; lie was known as a practitioner, in almost every part of Europe. The king of Prussia inviled him to settle at Ber- lin, as his physician, &c. He wrote many works, and died in London, in 1735. DUNCAN, William, an ingenious critic and translator, born at Aberdeen, in 1717. He wrote for Dodsley'b " Preceptor" the article " Logic," which was so much approved, that it was print- ed separately in 1752, and has in some measure superseded that of Dr. Watts. His last produc- tion was an excellent translation of " Casar's Commentaries;" previous to the publicati'jn of which, he was appointed professor of philoso phv in the Marischal college, Aberdeen. lU died in 17fiO. DUNCAN, Adam, lord viscount, a gallanl British admiral, whose name will be imiuortaUz- ed in the annals of his country by the victory which he gained over i Dutch fleet, between Caniperdown and Egmont, within five miles of the Dutch coast, Oct. 11, 1797, for which he was de.servedly rewarded with a peerage. He was born at Dundee, in North Britain, July 1, 1731, and early adopted the naval profeesion. It should be mentioned to his honour, that through life, admiral Duncan was a man of great and unalTected piety, and felt it an honour to he a Christian. When tlie victory was decided, which has fixed his renown, he ordered the crew of his ship, to be called together ; and at their head, upon his bended knees, in the presence of the Dulcli admiral (who was greatly affected with the scene) solemnly and pathetically of- fered up praise and thanksgiving to the God of Battles ; strongly proving the truth of the as- sertion, that piety and courage should be inse- parably allied, and that the latter w ithout the former loses its principal virtue. He died Ang. 4, 1804. DUNCOMBE, William, a dramatic author and translator of Horace, born in London, 1690, and died 1709. DUNCOMBE, John, son of the preceding, a pious divine and ingenius poet, born in 1730,died in 1786. DUNDAS, Sir David, a major general of high reputation, and afterwards commander in chiefi of the British army, and a privy counsellor; he died in 1820. DUNDAS, Henry, viscount Melville, lord ad- vocate and keeper of the signet for Scotland, afterwards president of the board of control foi East India affairs, secretary of state for the home department, and first lord of the EDgligh admiialty ; he died in Scotland, in 18U. DUNGAL, a monk of St. Dennis, in the 9th century, was consulted by Charlemagne, about »hc French armies, and author of several books, 4ied in 1767. ,,_ — ... . J>UN, David Erifcine, lord. See ERSKINE.[ltwo eclipsei which happened in 810. 166 _DU DUNLOP, William, a pious, learned, and elo- quent divine, born al Glasguvr, 1692, died at Edinburgh, 1720. UUNLOP, Alexander, brother to the preced- ing, was bom in America, but went to Scotland and was elected professor of Greek al Glasgow. He wuB the author ol a Greek grammar, still used in the univei'sity of Glasgow ; he died in 1742. DUNMORE, John Murray, earl of, governor •f the colony of New- York, in 1769, afterwards, the last royal governor of Virginia ; after com- mitting many dcpiedallons upon the colonists, he returned to England, where he died in 180'.». DUNN, Samuel, an English mathematician, and author of several mathematical works, died in 1792. DUNNING, John, lord Ashburton, chancel lor of the duchy of Lancaster, and one of the most distinguished pleaders that ever adorned the English bar. His rise was rapi.1, and there were very few causes tried in the court of King's Bench in which he was not employed as lead- ing counsel, either for the plaintilfor defendant. His industry and zeal for the interest of his cli- ents were equal to his abilities; and in cases Where the fees were small, he was never known to show less ardour than when they were con- sideiahle. The causes of the poor and (he op- pre.ssed he frequently pleaded without reward. lie was born in Devonshire,about the year 1732, and died August 18, 1783. To Mr. Dunning, (among others) Junius' Letters have been as- cribed ; we do not, however, believe that the teal author has vet been deterree. DUNOD DE OHARNAGE, Francis Ignatius, a learned professor of law at Besaucon, his na- tive town ; he died in 1751. DUNOIS, John, Count of Orleans and Lon- guevillp, a famous general of France, in the timeof Charles VII. who called him the restorer of his country. He was a man of many private virtues, and died in 14(j8. DUNS, John, commonly called Duns Scotus, a celebrated theologian of the order of St. Fran- cis, born in Northumberland. He distinguished himself so much by the acuteness of his parts, and especially by his manner of disputing, that lieacduired the name of" The Subtile Doctor." He affected to maintain opinions contrary to those of Thomas Aquinas, which produced two parties in the schools, the Thomists and the Scotists. He died 1308. DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canterbury, was a man well known for his talents and in- trigues ; he died in 988. DUNSTER, Henry, first president of Har- vard college, resigned on account of embracing the sentiments of the Antipedo-baptists ; he died in l(i59. DUNTON, John, a bookseller, who, upon ftiiling in business, turned author, and in 1710 published his Atheniauism, containing CflO trea- tises, in prose, and verse, on all subjects; he died in 1725. DUPATY, president of the parliament of Bourdeaux, an upright, enlightened, and elo- quent French ma^rietrate, died at Paris, in 1788. He lias left some excellent historical reflections on " Penal Laws," some " Academical Dis- eourses," and " Letters on Italy." DUPERRAY, Michael, a French lawyer, of Paris, who wrote some books on ecclesiastical subjects, and died in 1730. DUPHOT, N., a French general, who was s6nt ambassador to the pope, where he was as- sassinated, during a popular tumult, in 1797 DUPIN, Lewis Ellis, a very learned doctor of Uie Sorbonne, and one of the greatebt criliOB of his time, especially in what repaidtd ecclesi- astical matters, born at Paris, 1057, died 1710. His chief woik is, " Uibliolheque Universelle des Auteurs EcclesiasUques." He had an un- coumion talent at aiiiilyzing the works of tin author, which makes his Hibliolheque so valu- able, for there we have not only a history of Uie writers, but also the substance of what ihcy wrote ; which is a groat convenience to pereoiiB who are desirous to know something ol them, yet have not either time, or knowledge of .an- gnages, sufhcient to read their works. DUPLANIL, J. D., a French physician, who translated several English medical works into his own language ; he died in 1802. DUPLEIXjScipio, historiographer of France, died in IGtil. Among his works are, History of France, 6 vols, folio, and Roman History, 3 vols, folio. DUPLEIX, Joseph, a French merchant, of gieat abilities, governor of Pondicherry, which he defended with bravery against the English, in 1748. DUPORT, James, dean of Peterborough, in the 17th century, left behind him several learned works, among which is a Latin version of the i Psalms. I DUPORT, Francis Mathurin, counsellor ot the parliament of Paris, and a warm partisan of the duke of Orleans, which last circumstance brought him to the guillotine, in 1794. DUPPA, Brian, bishop of Winchester, born at Lewisham, in Kent, 1588-9, appointed, in 1638, tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and af- terwards to his brother the duke of York, was a great favourite with Charles I., and is said by some to have assisted in composing the famous Eikon Batilike. This bishop is deservedly me- morable for his numerous charitable institu- tions ; among which is to be remembered an alms-house at Richmond, on the gate of which is this inscription, " I will pay my vows which I made to God in my trouble," ice. He died in ]r)62. DUPRAT, Anthony, a very eminent French statesman, and president of the parliament of Paris ; a man, who, to increase his fortune, or enlarge his power, did not hesitate to sacrifice, eitJier fame or virtue ; he died in 1535. DUPRE DE GUYER, John, a hermit, said to have built in the solid rock with only the help of his servant, the hermitage at Friburg, the chimney of which rises 90 feet. DUPRE, Mary, a learned lady of the 17th century, who studied rhetoric, poetry, the lan- guages and philosophy. Some of her writings were read with applause. DUPRE D'AUNAY, Lewis, a learned native of Paris, who wrote on the generation of animals, on the transfusion of the blood, &c., he died In 1758. DUPRE DEST. MAUR, Nicholas Francis, a native of Paris. He translated Milton's Para- dise lost, and regained, Addison's odes, &c. ; he died in 1774. DUPUIS, Claude, a French engraver of merit, who died af Paris, in 1742. DUaUFSNE, Abraham, a native of Nor- mandy, a naval commander of great fame, whe distinguished himself in various battles against the Spaniards, Dutch, &c., he died at Paris, in 1088. DURAND, William, a native of Provence eminent a.% a lawyer and afterwards raised !" 167 DU DY land would not, as we say, be paid with a song." Those who have a curiosity to see his ballads, bonnets, &c. may find a large number of them brought together in a collection in 6 vols, in duodecimo, entitled, " Pills to purge Melancho- ly," of which the Guardian, in No. 2l>, speaks in very favourable terms. The titles of his dramatic pieces (31 in number), may be found in the " Biographia Dramatica." On a stone tablet, at the west entrance of St. James' churcii, Westminster, is inscribed the following memo- rial : "Tom D'Urfey dyed Feb. ye 26, 1723." DURHAM, James, a very popnlar and elo- quent preacher, at Glasgow ; died in 1658. DURINGER, Melchior, professor of ecclesi- astical history, at Berne. He passed his life in celibacy, solitude, and melancholy ; he died by a fall from his house, while it was on fire, in 1723. DURY, John, in Latin, Durseus, a divine of Scotland, who laboured with great zeal to re- unite the Lutherans and Calvinists ; in which laudable caufee he travelled over the greater part of Europe, and died about 1675. DUSART, a painter, of Haerlem. He was chiefly great in representing taverns, and low company, and died in 1704. DUSSAULX, John, who after having dis- tinguished himself in arms, devoted himself to literary pursuits. He became president of tlie national institute of Paris, and the author of several works ; he died at Paris, in 1799. DUTENS, Lewis, a learned writer on anti- quities, bom in France, 1729, obtained orders in the church of England, and died in 1812. DUVAL, Peter, geographer royal of France, author of some geographical tracts and maps, formerly in great esteem ; died at Paris, in 1683 ( DUVAL, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, who studied under Cortona, and was made director of the academy at the Hague ; he died in 1732. DUV.\L, Valentine Jamerai, an extraordinary character, bom in Champagne. He lost his father when young ; and having no friends, was obliged to obtain his subsistence, by watching poultry and sheep ; but by perseverance and labour, he obtained books and maps, and learned geography, histoiy, and antiquities with aston- ishing rapidity, so tnat he became one of the most learned men of his time, and enjoyed the patronage of princes, and the notice of the learned ; he died in 1775. DUVENEKE, Mare Van, an eminent histori- cal painter, of Bruges, died in 1729. DWIGHT, Timothy, D. D., LL. D.,a grand- son of tlie first president Edwards, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, 1752. Early dis- tinguished for his talents and learning, he be- came one of the most eminent men of his coun- try. As a poet, philosopher, and divine, he had few equals ; as president and professor of divinity in Yale college, he stood unrivalled, both for talents as an instructor, and for eloquence as a preacher : he died in 1817, universally regretted as a loss to the institution over which he pre- sided, to the country he adorned by his learning, and to the cause of learning and truth itself His system of theology has been frequently repubiished in Europe ; and his travels in New England, have been much read and admired. DYCHE, Thomas, an English divine and schoolmaster, well known by his useful "Eng lish Dictionary" and " Spelling-book ;" the latter of which has gone through many editions. H« died about 1750. DYER, WilUitm, a noji-coufonnwt, of Ent a bishoprick by the pope. He wrote some works of merit, and died at Rome, in 1290. DURANDE DE ST. POURCAIN, William, a French bishop, callfd, from his powers in argu ment, the " resolute doctor; he died in 1332. DURANDE, N., a physician of eminence at Dijon, w)io published some interesting tracts on his profession, died in 1799. DURANT, Gilles, sieur de la Bergerie, one of the nine persons, appointed to reform the customs of Paris. He possessed great talents for ludicrous poetry, of which he wrote several pieces. His works were published in 1594. DURANTt, John Stephen, first president of the parliament of Toulouse, which city he used his influence to preserve from the plague, the year before his death, which was caused by a mob in 1589. DURB.\CK, Anne Louisa, a German poetess, who from the occupation of watching cattle, rose by her genius to become a favourite -of the Prussian court, where she was invited by the monarch ; she died in 1780. DURELL, John, an eminent English divine and controversial writer, born at Jersey, 1625, died 1683. DURELL, David, a native of Jersey, made principal of Hertford College, in 1757, and in 1767, rose to the prebendary of Canterbury. He was the author of critical remarks on several parts of the Scriptures ; he dif^d in 1775. DURER, Albert, born at Nuremburg, 1471, was one of the best engravers and painters of his age. He was the first who brought the art of engraving in wood to any perfection, and by many authors is deemed the inventor of it. Albert Durer wrote several works, which were published after his death (1523), the principal of which is his book upon the rules of painting, entitled, " De syminetria, partium in rectis for- mis humanorum corporum." DURET, Lewis, a physician, who practised with great success at Paris, and was in the household of Charles IX., and Henry III. He published a Commentary on Hippocrates, and died in 1586. D'URFEY, Thomas, a, facetious English poet, bom at E.\eter about 1628. This author, who is more generally spoken of by the familiar name of Tom, was originally bred to the law, but soon quitted it to become a devotee of the Muses, in which he met with no small success. His dramatic pieces, which are very numerous, were in ceneral well received ; but what Mr. D'Urfey obtained his greatest reputation by, was a pecu- liarly happy talent he possessed in the writing of satires and irregular odes. Many of these were upon temporary occasions, and were of no little service to the party in whose cause he wrote : which, together with his natural viva- city and good humour, obtained him the favour of great numbers of persons of all ranks and conditions, monarchs themselves not excluded. The author of the Guardian, who, in No. 67, has given a very humorous account of Mr. D'Urfey, with a view to recommend him to the public notice for a benefit play, tells us, that he remembered king Charles II. leaning on Tom D'Urfey's shoulder more than once, and hum- ming over a song with him. Yet, at last, to speak in his own words, " after having written more odes than Horace, and about four times as many comedies as Terence, he found himself reduced to great difliculties by the importuni- ties of a set of men who of late years had fur- nished him with tbe accomraadaiions of life, 168 i^lMJyiJ-^ EA ED laud, who turned quaker. He wrote much alter tlie inauiier ol' Biiuyan, and d/ed in llJirti. DYER, tjir Jauies, an eminent Englisli law- yer, dad cliiel" justice ot the Common Pleas in (he reign ol queen Elizabeth, born at Koundliill in Somersetshire, 1511, and died 1581. He was the aullior ol a large book ol' Keporis, which were published about 20 years after his decease, and have been iiighly esteemed lor their succinctness and solidity, fie left behind him also other writings relative to his profession. DYER, John, an Eiiglsh divine and poet, bom at Abergiasiiey, in Caerniurihenshire, in 1700, and died in 1758. His character as a writer has been ti.xed by three poems, " Grongar Hill," "The Ruins of Rome," and "The Fleece;" wherein a poetical imaginalion perfectly ori- ginal, a natural simplicity connected with, and often productive ol, the true sublime, and the warmest sentiments of benevolence and virtue, have been universally observed and admired. DYER, Eliplialet, chief justice of the supreme fourt of Conn. ; was active in lorwarduig the revolution ; he died in 1807. DYNAMUS, a French rhetorician of the 4th century, born in Bordeaux. E E ACHARD, Dr. John, an English divine, well known as a writer, especially against Hobbes ; Ue died m 1697. EADMKR, an English historian, wlio fiour- tshed in die l-2th century. EAMES, John, a teacher in England, who was noticed by Newton, and others, and admit- ted to the royal society ; he died in 1744. EARLE, John, an English prelate, born at York, in 1601. In ISC'} he was translated from the see of Worcester, to thai of Salisbury, and died at Oxford, in 1665. The best known of his published works, is " Micro cosmography, or a Piece of the World, discovered in Essays and Characters," 12mo; of which there have been several editions. EARLE, Sn- James, knt., a very eminent sur- geon, and a writer of high professional distinc- tion, died in London, Sept. 3-.i, 1817, aged 72. He was F. R. S., and master of the royal col- lege of surgeons. EARLE, William Benson, an Englishman, who bequeathed much of his estate to charita- ble institutions, and died in 1796. EARLY, Peter, an eminent lawyer of Geor- gia, was a member of congress, and afterwards a judge of lie supreme court, and governor of that state. He died in 1817. EASTON, Nicholas, one of the first settlers in Newport, Rhode Island, and afterwards go- Temor of the colony, died in 1675. EASTON, John, son of the preceding, was also governor of the colony of Rhode Island, in 1690. He died in 1705. j EATON, Theophilus, first governor of New- Haven colony, and one of its founders, died in 1657, highly respected and beloved. | EATON, William, a i^eneral in the servicei of the United States, and a consul from that government to the kingdom of Tunis, was dis-' tinguished for the important services he render- ed his country in that station, and as navy agent of the United States, for the IJarbary powers, as well as for his enterprise and great bravery. Being compelled by a treaty to relinquish the advantages he had gained for his country in Tripoli, he returned tiome ; where, although public opinion was strongly in his favour, he met with niortihcations and disappointment, which hastened his deaili, in Ibll. EBERTUS, Theodore, a learned professor, of Fraiiktort, in the 17th century, and author of some works. KB I ON, a stoic philosopher, father of the sect of the Ebioniies, who denied the miracu- lous conception and divinity of Christ, flourish- ed about A. U. 'I'i. EBRiLIDES, a philosopher, of Miletus, au- thor of some comedies. EBROIN, mayor of the palace, under Clo- thaire HI. ; he was distinguished for his pride and cruelly, and was assassinated in 661 ECCARD, John George d', a German histori- an and antiquary, and author of several works, died in 17J0. ECCHELLENSIS, Abraham, a Maronite,pro- fessor of oriental languages, at Rome ; he as- sisted in translating the Bible into Arabic, and died in 1664. ECCLES, Solomon, an English musician, who, turning qiiaker, destroyed his instruments, died near the close of the 17th century. ECHARD, Jacques, a doniinican, of Rouen, author of an accauiit of learned men belougiDg to his order, died in 1774. ECHARD, Lawrence, an English divine and hisiorian, born in Suffolk, in 167:, died in 1730. He wrote " A History of England, from the in- vasion of Julius Ciesar to the establishment of William and Mary ;" " A General Ecclesiasti- cal History, from the nativity of our Blessed Sa- viour, to the first establishment of Christianity, by human laws, under the emperor Constantine the Great ;" " An English translation of Plautus and Terence ;" " A Gazeteer, or Newsman's In- terpreter;" and a piece entitled " Maxims ei- tracted from archbishop Tillotson's Works." ECKIUS, John, a learned German divine and controversial writer, born in 1483, died in 1543. He is chiefly memorable for his disputations with Luther and Melaucthon. ECLUSE, C:iiarles de 1' Clusius, a physician of Arras, in the service of Maximilian II., and Rodolpbus II., died in 1609. ECLUSE, Dt:s LOGES, Pierre Mathuran de r, doctor of the Sorbonne, editor of the me- moirs of Sully, died in 1775. EDELINCK, Gerard, a most excellent engra ver, born at Antwerp, in IMl, died in 1707. EDEMA, Geraid, a much admired Dutch landscape painter, who visited Surinam, and America; he died by excessive drinhinc, in 1700 EDEN, Charles, governor of the colony of North Carolina, in 1714, died in 1722, and was succeeded by Thomas Pollock, then presidentof the council. EDEN, Sir Robert, the last royal governor of Maryland, relinquished the office by order of congress, and retired to England. At the close of the revolution he returned to America, where he recovered his estates, and died in 1784. EDER, George, a leanied lawyer of the 16tll century ; he published several works. EDGAR, successor of Fdwv to the throne of England, in 959. He was a warlike prince, and died in 975. EDGAR, son of Malcolm III., was king of Scotland : ho died in 1107 EDGEWORTH, Richard LoveU, a philan- thropist, and practical philosopher, was born at Bath, in 1744. In 1767, he invented the tele- graph, which, many years afterwards, he saw generally adopted. He died iu Ireland, in Juoe, 169 E D Tin i leaving beliind him a daughter, Maria, who is hi^lily distinguished as a wriier. His lather was coufesssor to Louis XV)., on the ccaflutd. EUMER, or EADMER, an English bcncdic- tine, who wrote the history ol' liis own linit, from lOtJti to 1112. EDMONDES, sir Tlinmas, an eminent states- itiau and political writer, born at Plymouth, 156:?, and died in Jt«0. EUMONDES, Clement, an Englishman, sec- retary for tlie French to Elizabelli ; a man of let tcis and an author. EDMONDSON, Joseph, an able heraldic wri fnr, who rose, by dint of ingenuity and iiersever ance, from the situation of a barber's apprentice, to that of Mowbrav Herald Extraordinary ; he died in Eondon, 1786 ; leaving several publica- tions behind him, which will transmit liibuame to p'^sterity with great credit ; the princijial of which are, "A Complete Body of Heraldiy." 1780,2 vols folio, and a magnificent work, en- tilled, " Baronagium Gcnealogicum, or, The I'edigroe of English Peers," 1784, 6 vols, folio. EDMUND, St., king of the East Angles, made one of the saints ; he was shot to death with ar- rows, by Ivar tlje Dane, who had taken him prisoner, in 870 EDMUND, St., anative of Abingdon, preacher to the archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1240. EDMUND I., succeeded Athelstan, as king of England, in 941, and was stabbed to death in 948. EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, succeeded Ethelred, in lOlG, and was assassinated, in 1017. EDWARD, the Elder, succeeded Alfred in 900, and died in 973. EDWARD, St. or Martyr, succeeded to the throne of England, in 975, and was basely mur- dered bv his stepmother, Elfrida, in 978. EDWARD, the Confessor, succeeded Hardi- canute, in 1041 . He was a weak impolitic prince and died in 1066. EDWARD I., king of England, successor of Henry III, distinguished for his wisdom, and the equity of liis laws, and died in 1307. EDWARD II., son and successor of Edward r., less wise and firm in his kingdom than his fa- ther, was murdered in 1327. EDWARD III., son and successor of Edward II. , a prince of great military talents, and military successes, died in 1377. EDWARD IV., son of Richard, duke of York, who claimed the throne, but whose title was dis- puted by the reigning monarch, Henry VI., which dispute filled the kingdom with blood; he died in 1483 EDWARD v., son of Edward IV., was mur- dered while ver}' young, by his uncle, the duke of Gloucester who ascended Hie throne, as Ri- chard III EDWARD VI., son of Henry VIII., ascend- ed the throne at 10 years of age, in 1547. His character was humane and amiable ; he died at the age of 16, in 1.553. EDWARD, pritice of Wales, surnamed the Black pi-vuce, son of Edward III., distinguished himself in the wars of his father, especially at the battle of Cressv ; he died in 1376. EDWARD, or, as some say, EDWARDS, William, architect and bridge-builder. Thece- «brated bridge on the river Taafi", in Wales, tailed Pont y tu Pridd (by the Engli.«h, New- bridge,) was constructed by this extraordinary man. It is the segment of a circle, whose ctord at the surface of the water, is 147 feet, 170 ED and is the boldest and largest arch in Europe He wa.s then a cr nimou mason ; but his fame was soon ditlui^cd throughout the kingdom, and his assistance sought wherever diliiculties oc- curred ill constructing bridges. He died Aug. 7, 1789. EDWARDS, Richard, born in Somersetshire, in 1523, died 1566. He is one of the fir.st Eng- h dramatic writers, having left behind him three pieces ; the earliest of which is dated in 1562. He was esteemed an excellent poet and musician, and wrote several poems, \\ hicli were published after his death, together with some of other auUiors, in a collection, entitled " The Paradise of Dainty Devices, 1576." EDWARDS, Thomas, an Enghsh divine, and a non-conformist, who wrote severely against ihe rovalists ; he died in 1647. EDWARDS, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- vine, of the 17lh century, who distinguished himself chiefly by his writings against the So- cirians. EDWARDS, George, born at Stratford, 1694, an eminent English ornithologist. He publish- ed, between 1743 and 1764, 4 vols. 4to, of the " History of Birds," and three under the title of " Gleanings of Natural History; and thus, after a long series of years, the most intense application, and a correspondence in every quarter of the world, he concluded a work, which contains engravings and descriptions of more than 600 subjects in natural history, not before described or delineated. He died in 1773. EDWARDS, Thomas, a poet and critic, of eminence, born in 1699, died Jan. 3, 1757. Hi« poetry, of which specimens will be found in Dodsley's, Pearch's, and Nichols' collections, is simple, elegant, and pathetic ; his criticisms are exact, acute, and temperate. His " Canons of Criticism," first printed in 1747, under the ti- tle of " A Supplement to Dr. Warburton's Shakspeare," did him great credit both as a critic and as a scholar; but provoked the ven- geance of Dr. Warburton, whicli he wreaked very illiberally, in a note on the Dunciad, (iv. 567,) of wliicli Mr. Edwards was more suscepti- ble than the circumstance required. EDWARDS, John, a divine, of the church of England, whom Dr. Kippis called the Paul, the Augustine, the Calvin of his age ; he died in 1745 EDWARDS, Thomas, an eminent divine, of England, master of Coventry grammar school • he published several works, and died in 1785. EDWARDS, Timothy, first minister of Eaa' I VVindsor,Conn., and father of the famous Jona- Ithan Edwards ; he died in 1758. EDWARDS, Jonathan, an American divine, 'author of several distinguished works, particu- jlarly on " Original Sin," " Freedom of the Will," tc. He settled at Northampton, and 'afterwards was president of New- Jersey col- I'ege ; he died in 1758. I EDWARDS, Jonathan, D. D., president of I Union college, New- York, was a son of the pre- j ceding, and, like his father, was distinguished aa ta thorough scholar, an able theologian and me- ■taphysician, and as a controversial writer, on itheoiogic.il subjects. He died in 1801, a short itime after his elevation to the presidency of the icollege. EDWARDS, Brjan, author of an elegant " History of the West Indies," and other lesser productions, connected vrith the islands in that part of the world. Mr. Edwards was bom at Westbury, in Wilts, 1743, made a very large KI. fortune as a West Inilia merchaiit, hcciinie n member of the British parlinuui i, lor Gram pound, ill Cornwall, ami died in IBOU. EDWARDS, Edward, an eminent artist, of London, and teaclier of drawing ; afterwards teacher of persijective, in tlie royal academy ; he died in IfiOG. EDWIN, Jolui, an excellent low comedian, of Covent Gardi:n and the Hayniarket theatres, to whose taleiit:^, O'Keefe's extravagant dramas were greatly indebted for tJu'ir succeH> ; he was born in London, in 17-19, and died in 1790. EDWY, succeeded his uncle, Hdred, as kin; of England, in 955, and died in 959. EECKHOUT, Gerbrant Vanden, of Atnster dam, a successful imitator of Renibrant, his master; his paintings were nuinsrous. He died in 1674. EECKHOUTE, Anthony Vanden, a painter, of Bruges, wlio settled in Lisbon. His pieces were much admired ; he was shot in UW.l. EGBERT, la.st king of the Saxon heptarchy, and first king of England, died in 8iJ8. EGEOE, Jolm, a Dane, who was missionary K) Greenland, died in 1758. EGEDE, Paul, bishop of Greenland, was born in the year 1708, and at 12 years of age was an active assistant to his father, the celebrated Hans (or .lohn) Egede, (to whom Denmark is indebted for its colony in Greenland,) having accompanied hiin on his voyage thither in 17'J0. His zeal for the conversion of the Greenlaiiders to Christianity, exerted with unabated ardour through the course of a long life, both during his residence in their country, and after his quitting it, is strongly displayed in his " Account of Greenland," published shortly before his death, which happened June 3, 1789. EGERTON, Thomas Viscount Brackley, an eminent and learned lawyer, and chancellor of England, in the reign of .fames 1., born in Che- shire, in l.'>40, died in 1617. EGERTO.V, John,bishopof Durham, a pious and learned prelate, who distinguished himself greatly by an exemplary discharge of his epis- copal functions, by reconciling contending inte- re.sis in that courity and City, and by various wise regulations both in his spiritual and tem- poral department, lie was born in London, in 17'21, and died in Grosvenor-siiuare, in 1787. EGGELING, John Henry, a native of Bre- men, secretary of the republic, died in 1713. EGINHART,secretaryt.o the emperor Charles the Great, was a German, and is the most an- cient historian of that nation. He wrote " The Life of Charles ;" " Annals of the Acts of king Pepin, Charles the Great, and Lewis, from 741 to 839 ;" and other works, ecclesiastical as well as historical. He died in 841 . EGINTON, Francis, justly celebrated for his ingenious discovery of painting and staining of glass, after the manner of the ancients ; in which numerous works will long continue as monu- )nents of his unrivalled ability. A good speci- men of it may he seen in the window of Sta- tioners' Hall, presented to that company by the late alderman Cadell. Mr. E's first work of any coiLsequence was the arms of the knights of llie Gatter, for two Gothic windows over the stalls in St. George's chapel, at Windsor. This inge- nious artist died near Birmingham, in 18arkb of bravery ajid military know- ledge, in 1775 he was appointed commander in- chief in Ireland; which he soon relinquished and was apjiouited to the command of Gibi aliar in a foriunale hour for the safety of that impor- tant Ibrlress : wliere, by a cool and temperate demeanor, he maintained his station for three years of constant investment, in which all the powers of Spain were employed. The eyes of all Europe were on this garrison ; and his con- duct justly exalted him to the most elevated rank in the miUtary annals of the day. On his return to Englarid, the gratitude of the British senate was as forward as the public voice in giving him the distinguished mark that his merit deserved ; to which his majesty was pleased to add that of llie peerage, by the title of lord Heatlifield, baron Gibraltar, on June 4, 1787 ; ptMUiitling his lordship to take also the arms of the lorirets he had so bravely defended, to per- petuate to futurity his noble conduct. He died ul Aix-la-Chapelle, July 6, 1790, and was buried at Buckland, in Devonshire. ELIOTT, Richard, an English (Uvine, who became a dissenter, and published some contro- versial tracts ; he died in 1780. ] ELIbHA, a prophet among the Israelites: died 8:<0 B. C. ELIZABETH, of Austria, a very virtuous, and hiuhly respected queen of France, wife to <;ha!les IX., died in 15S0. ELIZABETH, Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great, who ascended the throne of Russia, in 1741 ; she was much given to secret amours, and died in 1761. ELIZABETH, queen of England, was tlie daughter of Henry Vlll., by his second wife Ann Boleyn, and bom Sept. 7, 1533. She begai to reign in 1558, being then 25 years of ajie, and hignlv accomplished both in person and mind Her feign continued 44 years. 4 months, and 68 days. She died March i4, 1603, in her 70tb year. ELLER DE BROOKHUSEN, John Theo- dore an able and learned physician to the king of Prusi-ia; he died in 17t)0. ELLER Y, William, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was a member of congress f.'-dm Rhode Island, distinguished for his active and determined oj'pnsition to the en- EL ELLIGER, Ottoniar, n painter, who settled at Berlin, and w as much admired ; be flourished about 1650. LLLIGER, Ottomar, son of the preceding, equally distinguished as his father in the use of the pencil: he died by intemiteranre, in 1732. ELLIOT, (alib, a visionary cnihusiaBt, who starved himself near Modbury, in Devonshire, Dec. 14, 1'89. It is imagined that he meant to have fasted 40 days, as he actually lived 16 without food of any kind, having refused ail sons of sustenance. ELLIS, Clement, M. A., an Englishman, distincuished as a scholar and divine ; he died in 1700. ELLIS, John, deputy of Broad-street ward, and a member of the corporation of London, nearly half a century, was the last of that an- cient profession called scriveners, which is one of the companies of London ; but the busiriest is now' carried on by attorneys and others. H« was a nian of literature, and wrote some Hudi brastic translations ; but never put his name to any thing that lie published. Of him Dr. John- son once said, " The most literary conversation that I ever enjoyed was at the table of Jack Ellis, a nioney-scrjvener behind the Royal Ex- change ; with whom I, at one period, used to dine generally once a week." It may be sup- posed, that the merit could not be inconsiderable which extorted such praise from Dr. Johnson. He wa£ bom in London, 1698, and died Dec. 31, 1791. ELLIS, George, an English miscellaneous writer, died in 1815. ELLIS, Henry, F. R. S., an English lawyer, colonial governor of Georgia, and afterw'ardi governor of Nova-Scotia ; he died in Europe, at an advanced age. ELLIS, Caleb, an eminent lawyer, of New Hampshire, was a member of congress, and afterwards a judge of the supreme court of that state ; he died in 1816. ELLSWORTH, Oliver, LL.D., an eminent jurist of Connecticut, and chief justice of the supreme court of the United States, was dis- tinguished for the strong powers of his mind, for the solidity of his judgment, and for hi» great professional learning. He was appointed a member of the senate of the LTnited States, a judge ill his native state, and, in 1799, ambassa- dor to France ; he died in 1807. ETiLWOOD, Thomas, an Englishman, some- time reader to Milton ; he wrote in defence of the Quakers, and died in 7713. ELIiYS, Dr. Anthony, bishop of St. David's, bom 1693, and died 1761. He was a man of fine pans, e;5lensiveknowledee,and sound judgment, with a heart overflowing with benevolence and candour, and a most Christian temper ; for he always thought a person, though on the right side of tlie question, with principles of persecu- tion, to be a worse man than he who was on the wrong. ELMACINUS, George, author of a historv of the Saracens, or rather a chronology of the Ma- hometan empire, flourislied in Egypt toward the middle of the 13th century. ELMENHORST, Geverhart. a critic of Ham- burgh, and aiitlior of notes on ancient arilhors ; he died in 1621. ELMENHORST, Henry, author of a treatiB* on public spectacles, of which he seems to ap- croachments of Britain, and for the judgment, ^-ove. and abUiiy he displayed in that body ; be died ELPHINSTON, James, bom at Edinburgh, IB 1820, aged 93. i| Dae. 6, 1721, very early devoted his attention to 172 ' EL Mtablishing the principles of the Enslish lan- guage, but with the best intentions, his zeal let! him astray into enthusiasm. As a grammarian, he stofxl on very liich Rround ; but he lundly em- braced aji idea, that the orthography of the Eng- lish language might be thoroughly refonno<1 ; and being encouraged by Dr. Franklin, he con ceived the project ol" etfcctin^ it, by spelling words as they are pronounced. This romantic (not to say ridiculous) scheme, in the latter part of his life, became liLs hobby-horse, and for a while clouded the genuine claims he had to the gratitude of every Englishman ; claims candidly acknowledged by most English scholars, and pubUcly by the late Mr. Walker, author of " The Pronouncing Dictionary," where his namecon- Btanllyrecursiureferencesto authority. In 1782, he published, in 4to. a translation of the " Epi- grams of Martial ," but it exiiibited more of elab- orate erudition than of poetical ease or grace, and was severely treated by the critics. Mr. El- phinston was unaffectedly pious and virtuous : perhaps the most distinguishing feature of hL< Blind was a simpUcity and purity that never doubted the truth or virtue of another. His death happened Oct. 8, 1809. ELPHINSTONE, William, a Scotch prelate and statesman, born at Stirling, in 14:!C!, died in 1513, having written a " History of Scotland," a •opy of which in MS. is now in the Bodleian li- brary. ELSHEIMER, Adam, a celebrated German painter, bom at Frankfort, in 1574, excelled par- ticularly in landscapes, histories, and night pie- ces, with little figures. His works are very few ; and, for the incredible pains and labour which he bestowed upon them, valued at such prodi- gious rates, that they are hardly any where to be found but iu the cabinets of princes. He died in 1610. ELSNER, James, a Prussian, professor at Lingen, and author of various works ; he died in 1750. ELSTOB, William, an English divine, emi- nent for his skill in the Saxon language, born at Newcastle, in 1073, died in 1714. ELSTOB, Elizabeth, sister of the above, and a famous Saxonist also, born in 1683, died 1750. She published a curious Saxon homily on the birthday of St. Gregory, with a translation, in 8vo, 1709 ; and in 1715, a grammar of the Saxon language, in 4to. ELSWICH, John Herman d', a Lutheran divine, native of Holslein, published several works, and died in 1721. ELS^NGE, Henry, clerk of the house of commons, in the reign of Charles I., born at I?attersea, in 1598. He was the author of a few things which were reckoned very good, and have been much esteemed ; particularly " The an- cient method and manner of holding parlia- ments in England, 1663 ;" reprinted often since. He died in It^. ELVIUS, Peter, a native of Upsal, who made surveys of the Swedish lakes, and invented se- veral machines to go by water ; he died in 1749. ELWES, John, M. P., for Berkshire. He was a man of clear perception, sound judg- ment, and unskaken integrity ; and in such high estimation was he held for his love of justice, that numberless disputes among his constituents and others, which would have been decided by courts of law, were let't to his sole arbitrament ; and his determination was sure to be thorough- ly satisfactory to the Judicious. Yet, notwith- cianding bis great and good qualitiw, be was a 1. EM man (respectius; himself) of an extraordinarily penurious luid singular turn ; instances rf which, that almost stagger belief, are related in an interesting account of his liff, published by E. Tophani, esq. 8vo, 1790. He died Nov 26, 178'J, aged 80. ELXAI, or ELX^EUS, founder of a seet among the Jews, in the 2d century ; he taught Ills Ibllowcis to pray toward Jerusalem ; Uia sect continued till the 4th century. ELYOT, Sir Thomas, was employed by Hen- ry VIII., in severa; embassies. He was an ex- cellent grammarian, poet, rhetorician, philoso- pher, physician, cosmographer, and historian; and distinguished as much for his candour, and the innocence and integrity of his life, as for bis accomplishments. He wrote and translated se- veral works, and died in 1546. ELYS, Edmund, an Englishman, who wrote against Tillotson's sermons on the incarnation ; he died after 1693. ELZEVIRS, celebrated printers, at Amster- dam and Leyden, in the 17th century, who great- Iv adorned the republic of letters by many beau- tiful editions of the best authors of antiquity. Their Virgil, Terence, and Greek Testament, have been reckoned their master-pieces; and are indeed so very fine, that they justly gained them the reputation of being the best printers is Europe. EMANUEL, succeeded John IT., as king of Portugal, distinguished for patronising commer- cial enterprises ; he died in 1521. EMEBRAET, aFlemish painter, at Antwerp, who was eminent in landscapes, lived in the 17th century. EMERI, Sebastian, an advocate, of Paris, in the ]6th century : he refused to defend the du- chess of Angouleme against the constable of Bourboa EMERSON, William, a very eminent mathe- matician, born at Hurworth, a village on the borders of Durham, 1701, died in 1782. He was a man of great singularity in his manners, dress, and conversation. His works are extremely valuable and numerous. EMERSON, Joseph, minister of Maiden, Mass., distinguished for his zeal and humility, died in 1767. EMILI.\NO, Jolin, an Italian philosopher of thp IGth centu'-y. EMLYN, Thomas, a learned and pious Eng- lish dissenting divine, memorable for his suffer- ings on the score of heterodoxy, was born at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, 1663, and died 1741. His son, Sollom Emlyn, was bred to the law, became an eminent counsellor, and v/as employ- ed to publifh lord chief justice Hale's " Pleas of the Crown," which he did with notes, and a preface, and died in the year 17.56. EMLYN, Henry, a very eminent architect, to whom king George III. confided the whole management of the architectural improvements in St. Georae's chapel, Windsor ; to which, per- haps, no edifice of the kind in Europe is equal in beauty. Tliere is a publication, by Mr. Em- lyn, of a " Desi.im for a New Order in Archi- tecture," which consists of a double pillar from a single pedestal. Mr. Emlyn died at Windsor, in his 87tli vear, Dec. 10, 1815. EMMA, wife of Ethelred, of England, after- wards married Canute, and upon her husband's death, reisned jointly with her son. EMMlUS,Ubo, a professor of Groningen ; he published several works on Chronology, Bi»- ?raphy, &C-, aad died in 1625 ,* 173 EN EMPEDOCLES, a r.vthagorean philosoiilier, poet, and historian, of" Agiigetitum, in Sicily; died 440 B. C. Some say, lliat lie I'ell or threw hiniaell' into the burning gulf of jElna; and others, that lie was dmwned in the sea. EMPEREUR, avvell linown French engiaver, in the ]8th century. EMPEREUR, Constantinel', of Holland, pro- fessor of Hebrew at Eeyden ; he publisiied se- veral works on the Jewish books, and died in 1648. .. . , EMPOLI, Jacopo da, an emnient historical painter, of Enipoli, died in 1U40. EMPORIAS, a learned rhetorician in the 7th century. „ . - t, EMPSON, Sir Richard, favourite of Henry VII., was afterwards beheaded in 1510. ENCOLPIUS, a favourite of the eraperorAI- exander, whose historv he wrote. ENDICOT, Jolm, governor of Mass., was a native of England ; he was violent in his oppo- sition to sectarians, and died in 1665. ENFIELD, William, a diMenting clergyman, of Norwich, born at Sudbury, 1740, died 1797. He had been lecturer in the belies lettres at Warrington Academy, and was well known to the public by many ingenious and useful publi- cations, of which the principal are, " The Preacher's Directory ;" a great number of ' Ser- mons ;" the " Speaker," and" Exercises in Elo- cution ;" the two latter very popular selections of passages from celebrated authors: "The English Preacher," the "History of Philoso- phy," &c. ENGELBRECHT, .Tohn,a German Lutheran, of Brunswick, who maintained doctrines simi- lar to those v^'hich Swedenborg has since pro- mulgated : he died in 1641. ENGHELBRECHTSEN, Cornelius, a pain- ter, of Leyden, the first who painted in oil ; he died in 1533. ENGHELRAMS, Cornelius, a painter in wa- ter colours, was bom at MalineH.and died in 1583. ENGHIEN, duke of, son of the duke of Bour- bon was seized by order of Buonaparte, hur- ried to Paris, condemned after a mock trial, for having carried arms against his country, during the tyranny of Robespierre, and shot in 1804. ENGLISH, Hester, a French lady, settJed in England, and eminent for the most exquisite skill hi penmanship. She lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. ENJEDIM, George, an ingenious unitarian of Hungary, who wrote against irinitarians ; he died in 1597. ENNIUS, Quintus, an ancient Latin poet, born in Calabria, 237 B. C. He died at the age of 70 years ; and his death is said to have been occasioned by the gout, contracted by an immo- derate use of wine, of which he aUvaj's drank very freely before he applied himself to writing. Hor. Lib. I. Ep. 19. He was the first among ihe Romans who wrote heroic verses, had an admirable genius, and did prodigious tilings for polishing the Latin poetry, though he left a great deal to be done by succeeding ages. He wrote the " Annals of Rome ;" which were so highly esteemed, that they were publicly recited with; vast applause by auintus Vargonteius, who di-i Rested them into books ; and they were read at| Puteoli, in the tlieatre, by a man of learning, who as-siimed the name of the Ennianist. Hei translaicl several tragedies from the Greek, and wroic others. He published likewise seve-l ral comedies; but wHether of his own inven- tion, or translated by him, is unceiluin. It ap- EP pears from his writings, that he had \ ery strong sentunents of reUgion. He held the doctrine of transmigration, and is paid to have afflmiod that Homer's soul was transmigrated into him. ENNOUIUS, Magnus Felix, bishop of Pavia, in Italy, bom 473, died Hil. His works, cliicfly theological, are not volnmiiious. ENOCH, son of Jared, seventh from Adam, was translated to heaven without dying, 3017 B.C. ENSENADA, Zeno Somo de Silva, marquis de la, an able minister of Spain, who rn.-ie to that station from being a book-keeper to a banker ; he died in 1755. ENT, Sir George, a very ingenious and enii nent English physician and medical writer born at Sandwich, in Kent, 1604, died 1689. ENTICK, John, an English divine, who pub- hshed a "Spelling Dictionary," a " History uf the War which terminated in 17C3," and a " Historv of London," and died May 22, In'.i ENTINOPE, an architect of Candia, in the 5th century, one of the chief founders of Ve nice. ENZIN.\S, Francis, a native of Burgos, and disciple of Melancthon , lie translated the new Testament into Spanish. EOBANUS, Elias, surnamed HefiBtis, an ele- gant scholar and good poet, was professor at Nuremburg ; he died in l.V.O. EON, de I'Et jile, a fanatic, of Brittany, who pretended that he was the son of God ; he had some followers, but eventually died in prison. EON, Chevalier Charles Genieve-Louisa- Augusta-.'Vndrea-Timothee du Beaumont d', bovn at Tonnerre, in Burgundy, August, 5, J728, died in London, May 22, 1810. The chevalier was memorable as a political character, atid once charge des affaires in England from the court of France ; but more so on account of the questionable gender to which this extraordinary character naturally appertained. In the year 1777, policies were opened to ascertain the sex of tills extraordinary nondescript, to the amount of 200,000Z. which were eventually decided,' and paid, upon a surgical certificate, after personal examination, that the reputed chevalier was a female. From that period the chevalier wore female liabiliments. After death, however, it was ascertained that the deceased was of the masculine gender. EPAailNONDAS, a famous Theban general, slain in battle, 363 B. C. EP.'VFHRODITUS, a bishop of Phihppi, who carried the contributions of hi.s country to the saints of Jerusalem, and brought back FauPs epidtle to his church, A. D. 62. EPEE, Charles Michael de 1', a very ingenious and benevolent French abbe, and the extensive promoter (if not the inventor) of a mode for re- lieving the deaf and dumb, and rendering them useful members of society. Some of his pupils were enabled to learn several languages ; some became profound mathematicians: and others obtained academical prizes by poetical and li- terary works. This amiable man died in Feb. 1790, justly lamented by his country ; and was succeeded in liis sclioo) by the abbe Sicard. EPHORUS, a historian of Cuma, pupil of Isocrates. EPHRAIM, son of Joseph, who gave name to one of the tribes of Israel. EPHREM, St., an ancient Christian writer of the 4th centurj'. Photius tells us, that he wrote above 1000 orations, and that himself had seen 49 of his sermons: and Sozomen ob- 174 EP Ell nerves, ihat he composed 300,000 versea. His works were so liiglily esteemed, tliiil tliey were publicly read in tlie cliurclies alter the Scrip- tures. St. Ephrem was a man of the 2;reatcbt severity of morals ; and so strict ati observer of cliastity, that he avoided even the sight of wo- men. "He died in '.i~8. EPICHAllMUS, an ancient poet and pliiloso- pher, born in the island of Cos, and carried, as Laertius tells lis, into Sicily, when he was but five months old. He had the honour of beitig taught by Pythagoras himself: and he and Plionnus are said to have invented comedy in Syracuse, though others have pretended to the glory of that discovery. He composed 55, or, according to others, 35 plays ; but iiis works have been so long lost, that even their character is scarcely on record. Luciau says, that he iived to the age of 97 years. EPICIE, an eminent French engraver. EPICTETUS, a celebrated philosopher.of an- tiquity, born near the end of Nero's reign, as is commonly supposed, at Ilierapolis, in Phrygia. He lived in e.\treine poverty at Rome, in a lit- tle cottage v.'ithout f) niiicii as a door to it; no attendants but one old woman, and no furni- ture but an earthen lamp, to the light of which \vi: owe those t>or.ntifiU and divine thouglits, of W'hich Arrian has preserved some nobJe re- mains. This lamp was purchased for about 100/. after iiU I'eath, by a person whom Lucian ridicules for it, as hoping to acquire the wisdom of Epictetus by studying over it. We have no account that can be depended on, either of what distem;ior,^or about what time, he died. Kpic- tetus, i.iough a philosopher, was a man of great huniiiity aiid modesty; which was most emi- neni in his own practice, as well as in his re- conmendation of it to others. His " Comment- aries," and the " Enchiridion, or Manual of the Stoic Pliilosophy," liave been often published, and translated into almost every language. EPICURUS, the greatest philosopher of his age, was born at Gargeltus, in Attica, about the year 340 B. C. From the place of his birth, we find him often called by ancient authors, the " Gargettic author," the " Gargettic old man," and simply, the " Gargettian." Whereas other professors of sects made choice of particular places in Athens, as the Academy, the Ivyceum &c., Epicurus purchased a very pleasant garden, where he lived with his friends in great tran- quillity, and taught philosophy to a great num- i)er of disciples. They lived all in common with their master; and a better regulated so- ciety had never been seen. He wrote a prodi- gious number of books, and died in his 72d year. As to his doctrine, t4iat the happiness of man consists in pleasure, though it lias occa- sioned some effects which have discredited his sect, yet, if it be rightly interpreted, it is cer- tainly very reasonable ; for it amounts to no- thing more, than that the happiness of man consists in his being at ease, and in feeling pleasure, or, generally, in being contented. Could we ask Epicurus where this ease and contentment must be fo\tnd, he would not say in gnnd eating, drinking, or in commerce with \voMien ; but, in sobriety, temperance, and the th.'cking of tumultuous and disorderly passions, which deprive the soul of her state of happi- ness ; that is, the soft and quiet acquiescence in lier condition. These were the pleasures in which Epicurus made the happiness of man to consist. But people exclaimed against the word pleasure : those who were corrupted already made an ill use of it ; the enemies ot his sect took advantage of it ; and so the name of Epi- curean became odious : all this, however, is ac- cidental to the doctrine ; for it is certain that he lived in a most exemplary maimer liimself, and conformably to the rules of philosophical wisdom and frugality. EPIIMENIJJES, an ancient poet and philoso- pher, born at Gnossus, in Crete. Many won- derful things are related of him ; and his repu- tation was so great all over Greece, that he was there esteemed a favourite of the gods. He died at the age of 157 ; and is alluded to by f43. EPPENDORF, Henry, a noble German, who acquired celebrity bv his dispute with Erasmus. ERASISTRATUS, an eminent Greek physi- cian, whose works are mentioned by Galen, but are now lost. He flourished 291 B. C. ERASMUS, DesideriuB, born at Rotterdam, the 28tli of Oct., 1467. He was called Gerard. after his father; and afterwards took the name of Desiderius, which in Latin, like the surname of Ercismus, in Greek, signify much the same as Gerard among the Hollanders, that is, " am- abilis," or amiable. He was the most learned man of the age in which he lived ; and contri- buted, by his exdhiple and his writings, to the restoration of learning in the several countries vvlierein he occasionally resided, viz. Italy, Switzerland, Holland, France and England ; with the last he was most satisfied; and there lie met with the greatest encouragement from Henry VIII., sir Thomas More, and all the learned Englishmen of those days. He was the most correct and elegant LatiJi writer among the moderns ; and died in 153G. Nothing has made the city of Rotterdam more famous, than her having given birth to this groat man, whose works were published at Leyden, 170G, in a very handsome manner, in ten volumes folio. ERASTUS, Thomas, a celebrated physician and divine, born at Baden, in Gerniaiiy, about 1524, died in 1583. He wrote several books on philosophy, physic, and divinity ; but what made the most noise of all his iierformancc-, and chiefly makes him memorable now, wa.s his book " He Excommunicatione Ecclesias- tica." In this he denies the power of the church, and affirms their censures to be incapable of ex- tending beyond the present life. ERASTOSTHENES, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, historian, and poet,dicdl94 B.C. ERATOSTRATUS, an Ephesian, who on the very night that Alexander the Great was born, 35G B. C, burnt the temple of Diana, at Ephesus, merely to eternize his name in the records of history. ERCHEMBERT, a Lombard, of the 9th cen- tury, author of a Chronicle of tlie Lombards from 774 to 8fe?. 175 ES in one volunit- I'iiw., under the title of "Lor4 Dun's Advices." He was born at Dun, in An ijusshirc, J 670, and died itierc in 1755. EIISKINL, James, lord Alva, one of the barons i.l' tlic S(X)tch excliequei , afterwards ap- pointed to tiie supreme civil court of Scotland; he died in IVWi. ERVING, William, an officer in the British army, wliicli In; iiuitted at the commenccmenl of iliH American war; he bequeaiiied 1000/. t» Harvard college, and died in 1791. ERXLKBE^i, Jolin Christian Polycai-p. a na- tive oi Cluediinburg, and an able naiuralist died in 17 77. ERVi'KIRA, Ferdinand de Mentst.s count d', distinguished himself as governor of Penicba and Tangif-rs. ERycElRA, Francis Xavier de Meneses count d", born at Lisbon, in lti73, increased the valuable library of his ancestors with 15,000 new vois., and 1000 MSS. ; he wrote 100 differ- ent publicatioi.s. ERYTROPHILUS, Rupert, a German di- vine, in the 17th century, author of a work on the pa&ion. ES, James Van, a painter, of Antwerp, well known lor his pictures ol birds, &c. ESAU, son of Isaac and Rebecca, died about 1710 B. C. ESCALO, Mastin del', elected podestat of Verona, in 1259, was assassinated by his ene- mies, ill 1273. ESCALaUENS, William, capitou of Tou- louse, in 1326 ; he ordered himself to be carried to ihe cathedral in a coffin, and then invited the attendants to a least. ESC OBAR, Marine d', the foundress of the reconciliation of St. Bridget, in Spain, died 1633. ESCOBAR, Anthony, a Spanish Jesuit, whose works in 16 vols., and his Principles of Morality, in 7 vols., were ridiculed by Pascal ; he died in 1669. ESCOBAR, Bartliolomew, a learned Jesuit, of Seville, went to America as a monk; heem- ploved liimself in works of charity, and died in 1624. ESCOUBLEAU, Francis d', cardinal de Sourdis, a great favourite with pope Leo IX., died in 1686. ESCOUBLEAU, Henry d', brother and suc- cessor of the preceding.', was at the siege of Rochelle, under Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1645. ESCURE, N. de 1', a general of la Vendee remarkable for his loyalty, courage, &c. ; hi died of his wounds in 1794. ESPAONAC, John Baptist Joseph de Sapu- guei Daniarzil baron d", a French general, who signalized himself in the campaigns of Italy, died in 1783. ESPAGNANDEL, Matthew 1', an eminent French sculptor, of the 17tli century. ESPAGNE, John d', a Frenchman, who set- tled in England, as minister of a French pro- testant r,ono?i!ion ro Aristotle's i.enets. I ESPAGNOLET, Joseph Riberia 1', a Spanish I painter, particularly successful in the represen bom 111 prison, became a seceder, publishedjr tation of terror, anguish, &c. ; he died in 165G several volumes of sermons, and died in 1755. ESPARRON, Charles d' Arcussia Viscount EKSKIXE, Ralph, brother to the preceding, d". author ofa trpatiseonhawking and falcoruy, published many works and sermons, and died published in 1644. in 1751. ESPEN.Zeger Bernard Van, born at Louvain, ERSKTNE, David, lord Dun, a celebrated wrote against the pope's bull unigenltua, and Scotch jntlce, who published an excellent worklldied in 1738. 176 ER ERCILL-YA-CUNIGA, Don Alon/.o d', a tSpaniaid, who fuugh*. against tJie Indians of Ciiili and Peru, and made his auveuiuius th Bub^t! of an animated poem, called Araucana EllCKEKN, Lazarus, a German, was supei- intfcndent of the luiiits of Hungary, &c. Ehi OLE, a painter, patronised by tiie court of Sa\oy, died in 1676. ERKMiTA, Daniel, of Antwerp, intimate with Sialiger, author of stveial works, some poems, &.C. ; he was a deist, and died at Ltg- born, in 1613. ERIC IX, king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, solemnly deposed, and retired to Pome- rania ; ne uie.d in 1459. ERIC XIV, succeeded his father Gustavus on the throne of Sweden, and became the unsuc ce&;f".l suitor of queen Elizabeth ; he died in 1571?. EKtC, Peter, a Venecian admiral, iaianious for his cruelty to the widow of the bashaw of Tripoli, whom, with her treasures, he carried to Constantinople ; he was beheaded by order of the Venetian senate. ERIGEN'A, John, Scotus, bom at Ayr, in Scotland, flourished in tht 9ih century, and was very learned in a very barbarous age. He was employed by king Alfred to promote hamiiig and the liberal arts. For this purpose he was appoi:iled to preside, at Oxtbrd, over tile studic- of g.xiinetry and astronomy in particular ; iha: university being either lately founded or lately restored by Allied. Three yeai-s he spent in this situation ; but, some disputes and disturb anccs arising at O-xfoid, he left that place, and retired to a monastery at Malnitsbury. There he opened a scliool ; and, behaving harshly and with severity to his scholars, was stabbed by them, with the iron bodkins iJiey then wrote with, in sue i a manner that he dieid. His death happened i.i fi83. ERINNA, a Grecian poetess, cotemporary with Sappho. ERIZZO, Lewis and Marc Anthony, two bro- thers, of a noble Venetian family, who mur- dered their uncle for his riches; for whicii the one was beheaded ; the other died in prison, about 1546. ERIZZO, Paul, a noble, of the same family inhumanly butchered by Maliomet, in 1469, after having surrendered ERIZZO, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, author •f a work on medals, died in 1.585. ERKIVINS, a famous architect of Steinbach who died in 1305. ERLACH, John Lewis, father of the six families of the same name, so illustrious in Switzerland ; he was distinguished in military life, and died in 1650. ERNESTI, John Ausustus, professor of the- ology at Leipsic, author of numerous works literary and theological ; he died in 1781. ERPEMfTS, Thomas, or, as he is called in Dutch, '] homas of Erpe, a most learned writer, and incomparably skilled in the oriental tongues, boni 1584, died 1624. ERSKIXE, Ralph, a Scotch di\ine, and non- confonnist who was imprisoned about 16P2 and liberated by the earl of Mar; hedied in 1696 ERSKIXE, Ebenezer, son of the pieceding. ES ESPENCE, Claude d', a Frencliinaii, a dis- tinguished orator, and author of coniuientaries on tlie t'pistles ; he died in 1571. ESPER, John Frederic, a native of Drossen- '.'eld, in Bayreuth, a botanist and naturalist, and author of worlts on these subjects ; he died in 1781. ESPERIENTE, Philip Callimachus, a Tus can, preceptor of an academy under Pius II afterwards ambassador to Constantinople, &.C. died in 14%. ESPREMENIL, James Duval d', an advocate and counsellor of the parliament of Paris, re- markable for his violent proceedincs during the revolution ; he was guillotined in 1704. ESPRIT, James, a Frenchman, an agreeable writer, the friend of Rochefoucault and Conti, died in 1078. ESSARS, Pierre des, a French nobleman, who served in the Scotch army against the Eng- lish, in 1402 ; on his return to France, he was raised to posts of honour, became suspected, was imprisoned, and beheaded in 1413. ESSARS, Charlotte des, countess of Romo- rcntin, mistress to Henry IV., and others, who, in attempting to advance her son, fell under the resentment of the king and Richelieu, by whom Bhe was imprisoned, where she died in 1651. ESSEX, James, famous for his skill in gothic architecture. His principal practice was at Cam- bridge, Ely, Lincoln, and Winchester ; and his writings may be found in the .Achaolop'^, vol iv. vi., &c. He was born in 1723, anrt aied at Cambridge, in 1784. ESTAING, Charles Henry count d-, a French admiral, who commanded the French fleet in the American revolution ; he was guillotined iul793. ESTAMPES, Anne, of Pisseleu, duchess of, mistress to Francis I., of France. She was a woman of great cunning and intrigue ; and one of those instances which prove that the ascen- dancy of a mistress may be the ruin of a kmg- doni ; for by her ambitious views the monarchy of France had nearly been subverted. ESTAMPES, Leonor d', bishop of Chartres, in lfi20, who opposed the Jesuits in the asbenibly of the French clergy. ESTCOURT, Richard, well known both as an actor and a dramatic writer. In all his parts, he was mostly indebted for his applause to his (lowers of mimicry, in which he was inimitable, and which, at times, alforded him opportunities of appearing a much better actor than he really was, by enabling him to copy very e.xacily seve ral performers of merit, whose mannner he re- membered and assumed. His company was e.xtremely courted by every one ; and his mimi- cry so much admired, that persons of the first quality frequently invited him to their enter- tainments, in order to divert their friends with his drollery ; on which occasions he constantly received very hand.^orae presents for bis com- pany. He died in 1713, leaving behind hini two dramatic pieces. ESTHER, a Jewess, mistress to Casimir HI., king of Poland, in the 14th century. ESTHER, a Jewish maid, who became wife to Ahasuerus, king of Persia, and was the means of saving the Jews from destruction. ESTHJS, William, a native of Holland, divi- nity professor of Douay university, and author of commentaries on the epistles, died in 1613. ESTLAGER, Christopher, a writer of Steir- niark, in the tSth century. ESTOII.E Pierre de I', grand auditor of the ET chancery of Paris, and author of several valua- ble works ; he died in IGll. ESTOILE, Claude de I', son of the preced- ing ; he wrote several plays and poems, and died in 1652. ESTOUTEVILLE, William d', a Norman, and a cardinal, who reformed the university of Paris ; he posisessed great titmncss and benevo- lence, and died in 1483. ESTRADES, Godfrey count d', marcchal of France, and viceroy of America, ambassador o England, &c., died in 16K6. ESTRANGE. See L'ESTRANGE. ESTREES, John d', page to queen Anne, of Brittany, distinguished himself in several bat- tles, and died in 15t)7. ESTREES, Francis Annibal d', son of the preceding, a duke, peer, and marechal of France, died in 1()70. ESTREES, Cssar d', son of the preceding, was employed in several important offices by ilie French king, and died in 1714. ESTREES, Gabrielle d', sister of Francis, mistress of Henry IV., died in 1599. ESTREES, Victor Marie d', a vice admiral of France, and a learned man, died in 1737. ESTREES, Lewis Casar duke d', marechal of France, and minister of slate, distinguished himself in the war against Spain ; he died in 1771. ETHELBERT, king of Kent, became a Chris- tian by the preachingof Austin, and died in C16. ETHELBERT, king of England, was a popu- lar and benevolent prince. ETHELRED, king of England ; to deliver himself from the oppressive ta.\ which he paid to the dames, he caused those \infortunate for- eigners to be all murdered ; he died in 1016. ETHELWOLP, king of England, in 838, went to Rome to improve the education of his son the great Alfred ; he died in 857. ETHEREGE, Sir George, a celebrated En- glish wit, and eminent in particular for his comic genius, flouris:-hcd in the reiens of Charles II. and James II. His three comedies are, " The Comical Revenge ; or. Love in a Tub;" '^ She Would if She Could ;" and " The Man of Mode; or, Sir Foppliiig Flutter ;" in which last piece he is supposed to have drawn some of the chief characters from certain of his coteraporaries, and acquaintance. Thus, beau Hewit, the most notorious fop of his time, was supposed to be designed under his first character; Uorimant for his friend lord Rochester, under which are characterised inconstancy, falsehood, and tri- umphs, in the conquest and ruin of the fair, varnished over with agreeable and captivating graces of modish gallantry, peculiar to that witty but licentious nobleman. He was also suspected to have sketched out himself in the character of Medley. Applauded, however, as this play was for wit, yet, like his others, it was condemned for immorality. He was born in O.xtordshire, about 16.36, and died about 1690. ETHRYG, George, or ETHER IDGE, or FD- RYCUS, an Englishman, who lived about 1550. He excelled not only in the Greek and Hebrew, but also in medicine and music. ETTMTILLER, Michael, an eminent physi- cian born at Leipsic, 1644, died 1683. His works, amounting to no less tnan 5 vols, in folio, were printed at Naples, in 1729. ETTMULLER, Michael Erne St.. professor of anatomy and surgery, wrote several learned and curious treatists on medical subjects, ajid died in 1732. 177 EU EUCHADIUS, Augustiaua, a Latin hibto- rlan. EUCIf ARIUS, or HOIJCIIARIUS Eligius, a divine aud poet, of Ghent. He wrote tlie lives of St. Levinus, Coleta, and Bertulfiiis, &.i;. EUCHKKIIJS, aiclibJKliopof Lyons, was can- onized for tils pieiy ; lie died in 454. EUCLID, a philsopher, of Megara, founder of the sect of wranglers. EUOLID, a most celebrated mathematician and astrononjiir, who collected all the fiuida- uienta! prUiciples of pilre mathoiiiatics, vviiich had been delivered down by Tnalts, Pytliagoras, Eudoxus, and other mathematicians before him, which he digested into rej^nlarity and order, with many others of his own : on which account he is said to liave been the tirst who reduced arithmetic and geometry into the lorm of a sci- ence. When this great man was born, and wliat was his country, we have no distinct ac- eounl ; but he flourished, as appears from Pro- clns' Comment upon his Elements, about 277 years before Christ, and taught mathematics at Alexandria with vast applause. EIID^MON, John Andrew, a Jesuit, pub- lished some works, and died in 1025. EUDES, Joiin, lounded the congregation of the Eudists ; he left some devotional works, and died in 1G80. EUDOCIA, daughter of I.eontius, an Athe- nian sophist and philosopher, born al)out 400 Her father took such care of her education, that she became at length comsuiumalely learned ; and 'so accomplished in every respect, that, at liis death, he left his wliole estate to his two BOtis, except 100 pieces of gold, which lie left to his daughter, with this declaration, that " her own good fortune would be sufficient for her." Upon this she went to law with her brothers, but williont success ; and therefore carried her cause to Constantinople, where she was recom mended to Pulcheria, sister of the emperor The odosins the Younger, and became her favourite. In 421 she embraced Christianity, and was bap tized by the name of Eudocia, for her heathen name was Athenais ; and the same year was married to the emperor, through the powerful recommendation of his sister ; by which event the words of her father might seem to Iiave something prophetic in them. She died about A. D. 4(i0. EUDOCIA or EUDOXIA, queen of Constan tinople, in 1067, died in prison, the government having been usurped by Michael, iter son, in 1071. EUDOCIA, Feodoreuna, first wife of Peter the Great, was divorced in 169(5, on account of her infidelity ; she died in 1731. EUDOXiUS, bishop of Germanicia. He wrote a discourse on the incarnation of the word ; he died in 370. EUnOXUS, of Cnidus, a city of Caria, in Asia Minor, flourished about S70 years before Christ; and was so skilful, that Cicero did not scruple to call hira ths greatest astronomer that had ever lived. EUGENE, Francis, prince of Sivoy, born 1363. Haying found himself slighted liy i^ewis XIV., in Frai'ce, his native country, he retired to Germany, and spent his life in the service of the house of Austria. His victories over tfye Turk.";, and afterwards over the French, too nuinerous to be detailed in this work, have rendered his name immortal in the annals of fame. This illustrions hero died at Vienna, in 1736. 178 EU EUGENIUS I. St., pope after Martin, in 654 , he died 3 years after. EUiiENIUS II., succeeded Pascal L in 824, and died 3 years after. KUGENiUS HI., was made pope in 1145, and died in il53. EUGENIUS IV., Gabriel Condolmero elected pope in 1431. He was unjustly deposed, for • tmie, but was afterwards restored ; be died 1447. EUGENIUS, emperor in Dauphine, fell iu battle in 394. EULER, Leonard, a very eminent mathe- matical writer, horn at Basil,' in 1707, died Sept. 7, 1783. He possessed, to a great degree, what is conunonly called erudition ; had read all the Latin classics; was perfect master of ancient mathematical literature ; and had the history of all ages and nations, even to the minutest facii, over present to his mind. EULOGIUS, apatriarch, of Alexandria, wrote against the Novatians, and died in 608. EULOGIUS, the martyr, of Cordova, was put to death by the Saracens, in 859. He wrote a history of some martyrs. EUMATHIUS, a Greek, writer of amatorial compositions; iu what age he wrote is unknown. EUMENES, a celebrated general of Alexan- der, put to death by Antigonus, 316 B. C. EUMENES, a king of Pergaraus, 253 B. C. His nephew of the same name w^s king, 197 B.C. EUMENIUS, an eminent orator, about 310. EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis, in Lydia, floinished in the 4th century. He was a cele- brated sophist, a physician, and no inconsidera- ble historian. We have no remains of Euna- pins, but his " Lives of tlie Pliilosophers and Sophists." EUNOftllUS, a heresiarch, of the 4th centu- ry, bishop of Cyzicum, and founder of the sect that have since been called Eunomians. He died very old, about 394, after having experien- ced great variety of sufferings. Eunomius wrote many things, and his writings were so highly esteemed by his followers, tha* they thought their authority preferable to that of the gospel. His doctrines were, that " there is one God un- create and without beginning • who lias nothing existing before him ; for nothing can exist be- fore what is uncreate : nor with him; for what is uncreate must be one : nor in hira ; for God is a simple and uncompounded being. This one simple and eternal being is God the creator and ordainer of all things ; first indeed and prin- cipally of his only-begotten Son, and then through him of all other things : for God be- got, created, and made the Son onl3', by his own direct operation and power, before all things and every other creature : not producing, however, any other being like himself, nor imparting any of his own proper substance to the Son : for God is immortal, uniform, indivisible, and there- fore cannot communicate any part of his own proper substance to another," &c. EUPHEMIA,FlaviaElia Marcia,a concubine, and wife of the emperor Justin I., died in 52.3. EUPHEMIUS, a patriarch, of Constantinople, was banished, and died in 515. EUPHORION, a Greek poet and hUtorian, of Chalcis, 274 B. C. EUPHRANOR, an excellent sculptor and painter, of antiquity, flourished about 362 B. C. He wrote several volumes on the art of colour- ing, and on symmetry ; and was the first who signalized himself by representing the majesty of heroes EU EUPHRATES, a heretic, of the 2d century, who maiiilaineil that our first parents were de- ceived by Christ in the form of a serpent EUrOLlS, an Athenian comic poet, in the 85tli Olympiad. He used the freedom of the an- cient comody to labli the vices of tlie people ; and havin;; lost his life in a seafiylit betvvecn the Athenians and Laccdiemonians, hi;) death was so lamented, that a statute was enacted, which decreed that no poet sliould thcnccfonh •erve in tlie wars. EURIPIDES, an ancient Greek poet, born in the island of Salaniis, in the 1st year of the 75lli Olympiad. He wrote a groat nuMd)er of trage- dies, which Were highly esteemed, both in his life-time, and after liis death ; and notliing can better demonstrate the high esteem they were in, than the service they did to the Athenians In Sicily. The Athenian army under the com- mand of Nicias, sntiered all tlie calamities that ill-fortune can reduce men to. The vict'jrs made a most cruel advantage of their victories : but, although they treated the Athenian soldiers with so inuch inhumanity, yet they were e.\-| tremely kind to such as could rei)eat any of Euripides' verses. An unhappy accident con-| eluded his life. He was walking in a wood,, and, according to his usual niannor, in deep! meditation, when unfortunately happening upon Archelaus' hounds, he was by them torn to pie-| cea, in the 7.5(h year of his age. He is, of alli writers, remarkable for having interspersed mo- ral reflections and philosophical aphorisms in liis dramatic pieces. It is said that he used to shut hiinself up in a gloomy cave, airtl there compose his works. This cave was in the isle of Salamis, and AulusGellins had the curiosity to go into it. He composed his verses with great difficulty; and one day complained to the poet Alcestis, that in the last three days he had heem able to write but three verses, though he hadi laboured with all his might. Alcestis observed, with an air of high vanity, that he had written a hundred with the uttnost ease. " Ay, but (says Euripides) you don't consider the difter cnce : your verses are made to live no longer than these three days ; whereas mine are to con- tinue for ever." There are now extant but 19 of his tragedies, and part of a 20ili ; though Suidas says that he composed 92. EURYf)ICE, wife of Amyiuas, king of Ma- cedon, and mother of Philip. EURYDICK, daughter of Aridsus, was put to death by Olympias. EUSDEN, Lawrence, an Englisli divine and poet, born in Yorkshire, was preferred in 1718 to the laureaislnp. He had several enemies ; and, among otiiers, Pope, who put him into his Dunciad ; though we do nut know what provo- cation he gave to atiy of tliem, unless, by being raised to the dignity of tlie laurel. lie was no inconsiderable versifier, and died at his rectory, at Coninesby, Lincohishire, in 1730. EUSE81 \, abbess of St. Cyr, at Marseilles, who cut off her nose to secure herself from the brutality of the Saracens, in 731. EUSEBIUS, Painpiiilus, an ecclesiastical his toriaii, born in Palestine, bishop of Ciesarea ; he opposed Arius, and died in 338. EUSEBIUS, a bishop of Berytus, and after- vards of Constantinople ; he died in 3{1. EUSEBIUS, a bishop of Emcsa, in Syria, dind in 300. EUSEBIUS, bishop of Vercell, in Piedmont, i«l«nded .-\lhanasins, and died in 371. EUSEBIUS, bishop of Samosata, favoured,, EV and afif;rwards opposed Arianiiiin , be died iu 378. EUSEBIUS, bishop of Doryleum, in Phrygia, was dep.sed in 44'.). . EUSTACE, John Skey, a brave officer in the American war ; sometime aid to general Lee, and afterwards to general Greene: he went to France in 17U4, where he was made brigadier and major general; he relumed and died in lo05. EUSTACHE, David, a protestant minister, of Montpelier, sent by the synod of Ludun. in 16o9, to address the French king; his speech was nuicli admired. EOSTACHIUS, Bartholomew, an Italian physician, of the 16lh century, who published anatomical tables ; he died in 1570. EUSTATIHUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, was born at Constantiiiople,and flourished about A. U. 1170. He is chiefly memorable for his " Commentaries upon Homer." EUSTATHIUS, a learned Greek, commenta- tor on Homer and Dionysius the geographer ; he died in 1194. EUSTOCHIUM, a Roman lady, well skilled in (ireek and Hebrew ; she died in 419. EUSTRATlUS,a bishop of Nice, who wrote conmientaries on Aristotle, lived in tlie 12th century. EUTHYMIUS, an Isaurian, made patriarch of Constantinople, in 90G ; he was displaced, and died in exile, in 910 or 911. EUTHYMIUS, Zigabenns, or Zigadenus, a Greek monk, of Constantinople, author of se- veral works, died after 1118. EUTOCIUS, a Greek mathematician, of the 6th century, author of several works. EUTROPIUS, Flavins, an Italian sophist, aa Suidas calls him, wrote a compendious history of Roman affairs, divided into 10 books, from the foundation of the city, to the reign of Va- lens, (to whom it was dedicated,) that is, to A.D. 3G4. EUTROPIUS, a eunuch, and minister to Ar- cadius, was consul, but was banished and be- headed about 399. EUTYCIIES, an abbot of Constantinople, who maintained that ChrLst's body was an aerial form, and therefore not human. EUTVCH.'ANUS, pope, successor of Felix, in 275, was martyred in 283. ETJTYCHIUS," patriarch of Constantinople, in 553 ; deposed iu 564 ; restored, and died in 535. EUTYCHIUS, a Christian author, patriarch of Ale.xaiidria, was born at Cairo, in Egypt, in 870, and became eminent in the knowledge of physic. He wrote annals from the beginning of the world to the >'ear 900 ; in whicli may be found many things which occur no where else, but certainly many more which were collected from lying legends, and are entirely fabulous. He died in 950. EUZ0RIU3, a deacon of Alexandria, depo- sed and condemned by the council of Nice, for adhering to Arius ; he baptized Constantius, and died in 376. Another of the same name was bishop of Cu'sarea EVAGORAS, king of Cyprus, waa defeated by the Persiai;s, and assassinated 394 B. C. EVAGORAS, a Greek writer, in the age of Augustus, author of a history of Egypt, &c. EVAGRIUS, a monk of the 5th century, au- thor of " Allercatio Simonis JudicietTheophili Christian!." EVAGRIUS, a bishop of Antioch, died in 392. 179 EV EVAGRIUS SCIIOLASTICUS, an aiici.nt tcclesiaslical historian, born at Epipliania, a city of Syria Secuiitla, about the year 536. He pub- lished "Six Books of Kcclesiasiical History," beginning with the year 43] ; wliere Thcodorct, Socrates, and Sozonien, conclude ; and ending with 594. It is not certain when he died. EVAGRIUS, Ponticus, a inonl< of tlie 4tli century, arclideaoon of Constantinople. EVANGELISTA, a learned civilian, author of" Consuita varia in jurocanonico,"' &c.,died in 1595. EVANS, Cornelius, during the civil wars lie played the part of an impostor, pretended he was the prince of Wales, «vho had escaped Iron) France ; was sent to Newgale, but escaped, and was never after heard of. EVANS, Arise, a Welch engineer, died about the time of the rebellion. EVANS, Abel, generally styled Dr. Evans the Epigrammatist, lived at the end of the 174h and beginning of the 18th centuries. He was bursar to St. John's college, Oxford, vicar of Saint Giles', and appears to have been inti- inate with Mr. Pope. EVANS, John, D. D.,a dissenting minister, was popular as a preacher, and died in 1732. EVANS, Caleb, O. D., instructed young men for the dissenting ministry ; he published some works, and died in 1791. EVANS, Evan, a clergyman, obtained no pre ferment, and died of intemperance in 1790. EVANS, Nathaniel, a minister of N. Jersey, and a poet, was a missionary in the employ- ment of the society for propagating the gospel ; he died in 767. EVANS, John, came from England as deputy governor of Pennsylvania, in 1703. Ilis unpopu- larity caused his impeachment and removal in 1709. EVANS, Lewis, eminent for his acquain- tance with American geography, was surveyor in Philadelphia ; he constructed many maps. EVANSON, Edward, a native of Warrington, author of some works, died in 1805. EVANTIUS, an old Latin poet, who wrote " De ambiguis, sive hybririis animalibus." EVANTUS, a bishop of Vienne, in the 6th century, died in 586. EVARISTUS, bishop of Rome in 100, was martyred nine years after. EVELYN, John, one of the greatest natural philosophers that England ever produced, was born at Wottoti, in Surry, in 1620. Among his numerous writings (which are on the subjects of agriculture, navigation, commerce, antiqui- ties, sculpture, painting, &c.) the most cele brated at the present day is " Sylva ; or a Dis- course of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions." Full of age and honours, this amiable author died Feb. 27, 1705-6, in his 86th year ; and was interred at Wotton, under a tomb of freestone, shaped like a coffin, with an inscription upon a white raaible, expressing, according to his own inten- tion, that, " Living in an age of extraordinary events and revolutions, he had learned from thence this truth, which he desired might be thus communicated to posterity. That all is lyanitij which is not honest, arid that there is no solid wisdom but m real piety." The eulogiums which have been bestowed upon him are as numerous as thev are great. EVELYN, John, son of the preceding, at the age of 15 wrote an clcgaut Greek nocm; he d'.ed in 1698. 180 FA EVPjRARD, Sir Richard, baronet, was pre prif'tary governor of North-Carolina, in 172.", after .in administration of three or four years, which was disturbed by controversies with othei branches of the governnient, he returned to En ^'land, where he died in 17.33. EVRRDINGRN, Ca;sar Van, a Dutch painter of eminence, died in 1075. EVERETT, Oliver, minister in Boston fof some years ; afterwards judge of the court of common pleas for Norfolk ; he died in 1802. EVREMOND ST., Charles de St. Denis, lord of, a celebrated French oflicer and satirical writer, born in Nomiandy, 1613, died 1703. As for religion, lie always professed the Romish, in which he was born ; though at the bottom he was certainly a freethinker : but whatever might be his sentiments of religion, he never let fall any loose expressions about it : lie could not bear that any one should droll upon it ; for, said he, " bare decency, and the regard due to one's fellow-creatures, will never suffer it." EWALD, John, a native of Copenhagen, who, from a military life, studied divinity, and wrote several poems of much merit ; he died in 1781. EV/ING, John, D. D., minister in Philadel- phia, and provost of the college in that city ; he was much respected for his talents, learning, and piety, and died in 1802. EXPILLI, Claude d', president of the parlia- ment of Grenoble, and a writer of some merit ; he died in 1636. EXUPERIUS, a Romish saint, bishop of Ton- louse, distinguished for bis charities, died about 417. EYCK. See VAN EYCK. EYKENS, Peter, a much admired painter, of Antwerp, bom in 1599. EYMAR, A. M. d', a deputy from Forcal quier to the states-general, in 1789, much at- tached to the principles of Rosseau, as a lovet of republicanism ; he died in 1805. EZEKIEL, the third of the great prophets, was a captive at Babylon, 599 B. C. EZEKIEL, an eminent Jew and poet, author of some fragments on Scripture subjects, flou- rished, according to some, 300, according to others, 200 B. C. EZRA, one of the descendants of Aaron, son of Seraiah ; he rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem about 467 B. C. FABER, or, according to some, PEVRE LE, Nicholaus, a very ingenious, learned, and pious man, born at Paris, in 1544. During the course of his studies, a terrible accident happened to him. As he was cutting a pen, a bit of the quill flew into his eye, and gave him such excessive pain, that hastily lifting up his hand to it he struck it out witii the knife. He applied him- self to the mathematics particularly ; in which he succeeded so well, that he discovered mime- diately the defect in Scaliger's demonstration of the quadrature of the circle. When Henry IV., of France, became at length the peaceable liossec-sorof the crown, he appointed Faber pre- ceptor to the prince of Conde. During this im- portant trust, he found time to labour upon some considerable workf and composed his fine pre- face to the fragments of Hilary, in which he dis- covered many important facta relating to the history of Arianism, not known before. After the death of Henry IV., he was chosen by tiie FA queen, preceptor to Lewis XUI. He died in 1611. „ , „ FABER, Tanaquil.in French, Taneguy le Fe- vre, a very learned man, born at Caen, in Nor- inanity, in 1615. Cardinal de Uicliclieu, settled on him a pension of 2000 livre.s, to inspect all the works printed at the Louvre. He died in 'G72, leaving a son of his own name, and two daughters, one of whom was tlie celebrated tnadame Dacier, the other married PaulUauldri, professor at Utrecht. FABIAN, a saint of the Romish church, who was made pope, in 826, and suftered martyrdom in the reign of the emperor Decius. FABIAN, Robert, author of the " Chronicle of England and France," or, as he himself calls it, " The Concordance of Stories," was born in London, in the 15th century. He was brought up to trade, and became so considerable a mer- chant, that he was chosm an alderman of that city . and in 1493, w as one of the sherifts for the same. He died at London, in 1512, and Tias buried in St. Michael's, Cornhill. FABIUS,Maximus Rulliauus,a Roman, master of the horse, and afterwards dictator, 287 B. C. FABIUS, Maximus auintus, an illustrious Roman general, who opposed Hannibal in Italy ; he died 20!! B. C. FABIUS, Pictor, the first Latin historian mentioned among the Romans, 225 B. C. FABRE, Jean Claude, a priest of the orato- ry of Paris, known as an indefatigable compi- ler, died in 1753. FABRE, N., a native of Languedoc, who voluntarily submitted to 6 years confinement in the galleys, to save his father from that punish- ment in 1752. FABRE, D'EGLANTINE, Philip Francis Mazaire, successively an actor, a comic writer, and a statesman, was the friend of Danton, and other promoters of the infernal butcheries, dur- ing the revolution ; he was himself guillotined in 1794. FABRETTI, Raphael, a very learned anti- quary of Italy, born at Urbino, in 1019 ; died 1700. Fabretti had an admirable talent for decyphering the most difficult inscriptions ; and discovered a method of making something out of I host which seemed entirely disfigured through age, and the letters of which were effaced in such a manner as uot to be disceniable. He cleaned the surface of the stone, without touching those places where the letters had been engraven. He then laid upon it a piece of thick papei' well moistened, and ])ressed it with a sponge, or wooden pin, covered with linen ; by which means tlie paper entered into the cavily of the letters ^and taking up the dust there, discovered the traces of the letters. FABRI, Honore, a learned Jesuit, professor Bf philosophy, at Lyons, and penitentiary' at Some, died in 1688. He is said to have disco- vered the circulation of the blood before Hervey. FABRI ANO, Gentile da, a historical painter, of Verona, who deservedly attahied the honours of Venetian nobility ; he died in 1412. FABRICIUS, Caius, a Roman general, who conquered the Saranites, and spurned the ofl'ers of Pyrrhus to bribe him. He afterwards eipos- •;d to Pyrrhus, the plot of his •xiysician to poi son him, 250 B. C. FABRICIUS, William, a surgeon and physi cian, at Berne, autlior of several surgical works, died in 1634. FABRICIUS, Jerome, an Italian, was a phy- sician of vast repute in hit day The republic FA of Venice, settled u|i jn him a yearly stipend of 1000 crowns in gold, and honoured him with a statue and a gold chain. He died about 1(J03, leaving behind hiin several trealibcs both in physic and chirurgery. FABRIC'IUH,Oeorge, alearnedCcrnnin, born in Upper Sa.xouy, 1516. His chief work is en titled " Roma," conlaining adescripiion of that city. He was the author of numerous Latin poems, written with great purity and elegance, and died in 1571. FABRICIUS, John Lewis, professor of theo- logy and philosophy, at Heidelberg, and also cclesiastical counsellor to the elector, died at Frankfort, in 1697. FABRICIUS, Vincent, a learned German, born at Hamburgh. He wrote Latin poetry with ease and elegance ; he was counsellor to the bishop of Lubec, and 13 times deputy to Poland ; he died in 16!i7. FABRICIUS, John Albert, a most learned and laborious historian and critic, born at Leip- sic, 1668, died 1736. Fabricius has laid the whole learned world under the greatest obligations ; since he has contributed, more perhaps than any other man ever did, to abridge and shorten the fatigue and drudgery which scholars are obliged to undergo, in order to be acquainted with the materials of their profession. FABRICIUS, Baron, known to the public b> his letters relating to Charles XII., of Sweden, during his residence in the Ottoman empire. He stood very high in the good graces of that prince ; accompanied him in his exercises, was frequently at his table, and spent hours alone with him in his closet. He had but one enemy in the court, viz. general Daldorf, who was made prisoner by the Tartars when they storm- ed the king's camp at Bender. Fabricius took pains to find him out, released him, and suppli- ed him with money ; which so entirely van- quished the general, that be afterwards bet Mue a warm friend. This amiable person was ke- wise in favour with king Stanislaus, and with George I., whom he accompanied in his last urney to Hanover, and who may be said to have died in his anus. FABRICIUS, Charles, a painter, of Delft who gave indications of great merit, perisheu in his house, with his jmpil Spoors, by the ex- plosion of a powder magazine. FABRONl, Angiolo, a native of Tuscany, was prior of St. Lorenzo's church, at Florence, and curator of Pisa University. He wrote an account of the illustrious men of the house of Medicis, and another of the learned men of Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, in 21 vols ; he died in 1802. FABROT, Charles Hannibal, a French advo- cate and professor of law, at Aix, in Provence. He published, at Paris, an edition of the Basi- licip, or the constitutions of the Eas^tern empe- rors, and other valuable and importaii' forks, and died in 1659. FACCIOLATI, Giacomo, an Italian irator and grammarian, of Padua, died in 176» FACHETTI, Pietro, an eminent paiiuir, of Mantua, died at Rome, in 1613. PACINI, Pietro, a historical painter, of Bo logna, pupil to Annibal Carracci, died in 1602. FACIO, Bartholomeo, a Genoese historian and biographical writer, in Latin, born at Spez- zio. in Genoa, died in 1457. FACUNDUS, bishop of Ilermianum, in Asia, during the reign of Justinian. FADLALLAIl, or CHODSA EASCHID 16 181 FA FA ADDIN, a Persian, author of a history of the Moguls, was vizier to Cazan, the sultau of Tau- rus, about 129-}- FAKRMUS, Gabriel, a native of Cremona, was a favourite of pope I'iua IV., and was dis- tinguislied as a critic and poet in the IGth cen- tury ; ho died in 1561. FAGAN, Christopher, a French comic poet, born 1702, died 175.5. His playa were printed in 4 vols. 12mo, in 1700. FAGE, Raimond do la, an artist, celebrated for his drawings with tlie pen and Indian ink ; lie died at Laniiuedoc, in KiStO. FAGIUS, Paul, alias BUCHLIN, a very learned protestant German mimster, born at Rheinzabern, in 1504. He and Bucer went to England, upon receiving letters from Cranmer, in 1510. were entertained some days in the pa- lace at Lambeth, and destined to reside at Cam- bridge, where they were to perfect a new trans- lation and illustration of the Scriptures, Fagius taking the Old Testament, and Bucor the New, for their several parts. But this was all put an end to by the sudden illness and death of both these professors. Fagius died Nov. 1550 ; and Bucer did not live above a year after. PAGNANI, Prospero, an Italian commenta- tor on the 5 books of the decretals, and secreta- ry to the holv congregation, died in 1073. PAGNANO, Julius Charles, count of, mar- quis of Tosclii, author of a treatise on the pro- perties and use of the geometrical curve ; he died in 1700. FAGON, Guy Crescent, an emuient physi- cian and botanist, of Paris, professor of botany and chymistry in the royal gardens, and physi- cian to Louis XIV., died in 1718. One of his sons became a bishop, the other a counsellor of FAGUNDY, Stephen, a Portuguese Jesuit, died at Lisbon, in 1645. PAIIRENHEtT, Gabriel Daniel, a natural philosopher, eminent for his great improvements in the construction of thermometers, was born at Dantzic, 158G. He published a " Disserta- tion on Thermometers," 17'^!, and died in 1736. FAILLE.William dela, a syndic ol Toulouse, and author of a iiistory of that city, died in 1711. F.^IRCLOUGII, Samuel, an Eiiglish_^clergy- man, educated at Cambridge, died in 1678. FAIRFAX, Edward, an Eafelish poet, who flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James r., and chiefly distinguished himself by a trans- lation of Tasso's " Godfrey of Bouillon." His merits were so great, that Wail«i professed to have learnt from him the art of versitication. He was born at Denton, in Yorkshire, and died in 163-2. , , . FAIRFAX, Thoma'-, lord, general of the parliament forces a^rr.'.iist Charles I., died 1671 See CROMWELL, Oliver. FAIRFAX, Brian, minister of the episcopal chtirch in Alexandria, Virginia, died in 1802. FAIRTIIORNE, William, an eminent English painter and engraver, who flourished in the 17th century. He wrote a book " Upon Drawing, Graving, and Etching," for which he was cele- brated by his friend Flatnian, the poet, in an elegy which ends with these lines : " So long as brass, so long aa books endure, " So long as neat- wrought pieces, thour't se- cure ; " A 'Fairthorne sculpsit,' is a charm can eave " Prom dull oblivion and a gaping grave." Fainliorne was born about iOl'o, aiiJ died 1601. 1C2 FAISTENBERGEll, Anthony, a distinguish- ed landscajie painter, of Insprnck died in 17aS. His brother Joseph w.is equally eminent in th» same branch of his profession. FALCANDUa, Hugo, an accurate historian, of Sicilv ; the time of his dealh is unknown. FALCONBRRG, Mary, countess of, third daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was a woman of ,reat beauty, and uncommon strength of mind. On the deposition of her brother Richard, she exerted her influence in favor of the restora- tion of Charles II. She died in 1712. FALCONE, da Benevento, secretary to pop* Innocent H., and author of a History of NaplCB from 1102 to 1 140. FALCONER, William, an ingenious Scotch sailor, author of a " Marine Dictionaiy," 4to., and of a charming pathetic poem called "The Shipwreck," founded on a disaster experienced by himself; in a second calamity of which kind he lost his life, in 1770, on board of the Aurora frigate. FALCONET, Camille, an eminent pliysiciaa, of Lyons, a member of tlie French academy, died in 1761. His library contained nearly 500,000 volumes. FALCONIA, Proba, a Latin poetess, who lived in the age of Theodosius. FALDA, Giovanni Baptista, an admired Italian engraver of the last century. FALETI, Jeronimo, a poet, historian, and statesman, of Savona, near Genoa, ambassador from the duke of Ferrara to Venice, lived about 1560. FALIERI, Ordelalo, a doge of Venice, was killed at the siege of a revolted city in DaUna- tia, in 1120. FALIERI, Marino a doge of Venice, who was detected in a plot to render himself absolute, by the assassination of all the senators ; he \va« executed in 1354, at the age of 80, with about 400 of his associates. FALK, John Peter, a Swede, who studied bo tany and medicine under Linneus, and was af tervi'ards professor of botany at Petersburgh he died in 1774. FALKENSTEIN, John Henry, director of an academy of noblemen at Erlingen, and after wards in the sei-vice of the margrave of An« pacli ; he died in 1700. FALKLAND, lord. See GARY. FALLE, Philip, a clergyman, author of th« History of Jersey, where he was born in 1655. F.-VLLOPIUS ( uuriel, born at Modena, in 1490. He poss>^^it great powers of mind, which ho cultivated by an intense application to his studies in philosophy, physic, botany, and ana- tomy. In this last he made some new discoveries, and, among the rest, that of the tubes by which the ova descend from the ovarium, and which, from him, are called the " Fallopian tubes." He died at Padua, in 1563. PALS, Raymond, a medal engraver, settled at Paris, where he obtained a pension of 1200 hvres, died at Berlin, in 1703. FALSTAFF. See FASTOLF. FALSTER, Christian, a Danish critic, v^'hose writings are numerous ; the tinie of his death it unknown. FANCOURT, Samuel, an English disBenting clergyman and controversial writer, and insti- tutor or promoter of the first circulating library ever opened in England. He died in 1768, aged 90 years. I F ANEUIL, Peter, founder of F»n«uil hall, in BoetuH, died in 174.3. LX^^ '^^^^^^^^^ t-^T—C^-. FA FANNhNG, Edaiuiiil, LL. D., n native of Connecticut, settled as a lawyer in North-Caro- lina. Ill the war of the revolution, he united with the British, and was coiisincuous, for the bitterness and zeal hedisijilayed against hiscouii tryinen. He was at"lerwauls made a general in the British service, and lieutcnaiit-goveriior of Nova-Scotia. He died in 1818. FANNIUS, .suniained Strabo, a Roman, known by his law to ciieck the extravagance ol his coauttymen. Annther of tlie same name, wrote an account of Nero's reign, which is lost. FANSHAVV, sir Richard, an English gentle- man, famous for his embassies aiid poetic writ- ings, born at Ware P.trk, in Hertfordshire, 1G07, died 161)0. A translation by him, of the " Pastor Fido" of Guarini, did him much credit. Some jntere.stiiig private history of this family will be found in Mr. Seward's " Anecdotes of Distin- guiwhed Persons." F.ARDKJ.LA, ■\Iichael Angelo, professor of natural history and astronomy at Padua, died at Naples, in 1718. FARE, Charles Augustus, inaniuis de la, i captain in the French guards, known as the au thor of Memoirs on the reign of Louis XIV., died in 1712. FAREL, William, an able reformer, born in 148S. Being driven from Paris, as a protestant he went to Strasburgh, Geneva, Basil and Neuf tliatel, where he preached the doctrines of the reformation, with zeal, ability, and success, although opposed with ridicule and abuse. He was the assoc'ate of Calvin, and died in 1565 FARET, Nicholas, one of the first members of the French academy, died in 1G46. FARIN, Emanuel de Sousa, a Portuguese knight, and ambassador at Rome, distinguished as a poet and historian, died in 1(550. FARINACCIO, Prosper, an Italian lawyer, whose writings on the civil law, are much esteemed at Rome, died in 1(518. P ARIN ATO, Paul, an eminent Italian painter, born at Verona, 15ii, and cut, it is said, out of his mother's womb, who was just dead in la- bour. He was famous also for being an ex- eellent swordsman and a very good orator, and for his knowledge ia sculpture and architecture, especially that part of it which relates to fortifi- cations. His last moments are said to have been as remarkable as his fir.st, on account of the death of his nearest relation. He l.iy upon hi.s death-bed in 1(50(5, and his wife, who was 8ick in the same room, hearing him cry out, "he was going," told him, "she would bear him company ;" and was as good as her word, they both expiring at the very same minute. PARINELLI, Carlo Broschi, au Italian sing- er, born at Naples 1705 ; and, being trained to| singing, acquired great reputation at Rome amlj at Bologna. The fame of his great talents reach- ing England, he was engaged to sing in the opera at London, in 1734 ; for England was then, as it is eminently now, the place of all places for fiddlers, singers, dancers, tumblws,' sharpers, and impostors of every kind, to flock! to and grow rich. His arrival in that country was in the newspapers announced to the public as an event worthy of national attention. Upon' what terms Farinelli, was engaged to sing is not' known to any degree of certainty ; his salary,; however, be it what it might, bore but small proportion to the annual amount of his profits.; The excessive fondness which the nobility dis- covered for tliis person, tiie caresses they be-! stowed on, and the presents they made him, indic.ated little less than infatuation: their boun-, ty was prodigality, and their applause adora- tion. "One God, one Farinelli :" will be long remembered of u lady of distinction, who, be- ing charmed with a particular passage in one of his songs, uttered aloud from the bo.vcs thatioi- piouse.xciamaiion. HequittedEngland in 1737. FARINGDON, Anthony, an English divine, and author of several volumes of sermons died in 1(558. FARMER, Hugh, a dissenting minister, edu- cated under Dr. Doddridge, and known as a theological writer ; he died in 1787. FARMER, Dr. Richard, master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, principal librarian to tHe university, &c. &c. , was born at Leicester, in 1735, and distinguished, himself in the walka of literature by a very masterly " Essay on the Learning of Sliakspcare;" in which he decided a point that had been nmch litigated ainous the learned. For a man of his rare endowments he published but little : the essay already men- tioned ; some " Notes on Shakspeare ;" a " Poem on laying the first stone of the public library in 1755," and .1 soimet on the king's death, in 17(50, (both in the Cambridge collection of verses;) " Directions for the study of English History " (Europ. Mag. xix. 415,) and a " Letter on Dep- nis the Critic," (Europ. Mag. .xxv. 412,) being all tliat is known. Dr. F., however, assisted many authors in various works, for which he receivei their public acknowledgments and thanks. He died in 1707. FARNABY, Thomas, an English gramma rian and critic, born in London, in 1575, died in 1647. FARNESE, Peter Louis, son of pope Paul til., by a secret marriage, duke of Parma, and Placentia, was assassinated in 1547, on account of his tyranny and debauchery. FARNESE, Alexander, known by the title of cardinal Farnese, was son of the first duke of Parma, and born 1520 (long before his father was advanced to the dukedom.) At fourteen years of age he was made bishop of Parma by Clement VH. Paul III., raised him to the purple in 1554, and employed him in various embassies. He died in 1589, lamented as a true patron of the arts, and protector of men of letters. FARNESE, Alexander, nephew to the Cardi nal, was the 3d duke of Parma, and governor of the Low Countries. He was mortally wound- ed, at the siege of Rouen by Henry IV., of France and died in 1592. FARNEWORTH, Ellis, distinguished by translatinj» some eminent authors, was born at Bonteshail, in Derbyshire, and di.id 1763. His publications were, "The Life of Pope Sixtus v., translated from the Italian," " Pavila's History of France," " The works of Machiavei, illustrated with Annotations, Dissertations, and several new plans on the art of war." FARQUHAR, George, an ingenious comic writer, was the son of a clergyman, in Ireland, and born at Londonderry, in 1678. In 1696 he went to London, and was solicited by his friend Wilks, the celebrated actor, to write a play ; but he was still more substantially invited by a genteel accommodation, which suffered him to exercise his genius at his leisure : for the earl of Orrery, who was a patron as well as master of letters, conferred a lieutenant'scommission upon him in his ovvn regiment in Ireland, which Farquhar held several years, and behaved hun- scif so well as an officer, giving soveral proofs both of courage and conduct. He died in ."Vpril, 1707, before he was 30 vears of age. His tome FA FE dies display a sprigliily genius, and are extreme- ly diverting. FASTOLFF, Sir John, a valiant and renowned general during the English coni]uests in France, Oorn ui Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in i:t77, died HWl. He was knighted in the field, and honoured with the Garter. Sir John was a benelactor to both the universities, bequeatliina; a considerable le- gacy to Cambridge (or building the schools of Philosophy and Civil t.aw ; and at Oxford he was so bountiful to Magdalen College, that his name is tJiere commemorated in an anniversary speech. Shakspeare has been very unjustly accused of having drawn his sir John F'alstaii" to ridicule this great and good man. FAUC'HET, Claude, vicar-general to the arch- bishop of Bruges, and preacher lo Louis XVI. His manner of preaching disgusting the mo narch, Fauchet became a bitter enemy of the go- vernment, a leader in the destruction of the Baj- lile, and a member of the national assembly and of the convention ; he was guillotined in 1793. FAUCHET, Claude, a French antiquarian, and historiographer to Henry IV., died in 1601. His writings are valuable, but inelegantly writ- ten. FAUCHEUR, Michael le, a French protestant divine, admired as a preacher, died at Paris, in 1667. FAUGERES,Margaretta v., distinguished for Iter literary accomplishments, was a native of the state of New- York ; she was unforlnnate in her marriage, and died in 1801. She published several little poems. FAULKNER, George, a worthy printer, of Dnblin, of no mean celebrity, being the first man who carried his profession to a high degree of credit in Ireland. He was the confidential prin- ter of dean Swift ; and enjoyed the friendship and patronage of the earl of Chesterfield, whose ironical letters to Faulkner, comparing him to Atticus, are perhaps the finest parts of his writ- ings. He settled at Dublin, as a printer and bookseller, soon after the year 172G ; raised there a very comfortable fortune by his well- known " Journal," and other laudable under- takings ; and died an alderman of Dublin, Aug. 28, 1775. FAUGUIER, Francis, succeeded governor Dinwiddle, as chief magistrate of the colony of Virginia. He was respected for his integrity, talents, and piety, and was extremely popular with the colonists; he died in 1768. FAUR, Guy de, lord of Pibrac, ad vocate -gene- ral of the parliament of Paris, and counsellor of state, known also as a poet ; he died in 1584. FAUST, or FAUSTUS. See FUST. ' FAUSTA, Flavia Maximiana, second wife of the emperor Constantine, was suffocated in a bath, for her incontinence, in 327. FAUSTINA, Anna Galeria, the wife of An- toninus Pius, known only for her profligacy, died in 111. FAUSTUS, an English monk, abbot of the monastery of the Lerin islands, and afterwards bishop of Riez, in Provence ; he died in 481. FAVART, Charles Simon, a Parisian, known for his admired operas, died in 1793. FAVART,Marie Justine Benoite, a celebrated French actress, wife of the preceding, died in 1772. FAVOLIUS, Hugo, a Dutch physician and poet, died in 1585. FAVORINUS, a Platonic philosopher, who lived in the aje of Adrian. r.WORINUS, Varinus, a Benedictine monk 184 keeper of the mcndicean library, and afterwards bishop of Nocera ; lie died in 1537. FAVRE, Anthony, an eminent lawyer at Bresse, afterwards governor of Savoy, died in 1624. FAVRE, Claude. See VAUGELAS. FAWCETT, sir William, an English officer of great merit, who, for his services, was pro- moled to the rank of general, made a knight of the bath, and governor of Chelsea hospital ; he died in 1804. FAWKES, Francis, an ingenious English poet and divine, born in Yorkshire, 1721. He published a volume of poems, by subscription, 1761, in 8vo,and several poems afterwards. But his great strength is supposed to have lain in translation ; as his Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, Musa:us, and Theocritus, show. His name is set to a " Family Bible, with notes, 1761," in 4to. He died Aug. 26, 1777. FAYDIT, Anselm, a Provencal poet, or trou. badour, celebrated among the princes of bis time for his wit, and the elegance of his man- ners ; he died in 1220. FAYDIT, Peter, a French priest, known for his satirical attacks on Bossuet and Fenelon, died in 1709. FAYETTE, Louisa de la, a French lady of great celebrity, maid of honour to Anne of Aus- tria, and the confident of Louis XIII., retired to a convent, after reconciling the monarch to his queen, where she died universally beloved and esteemed. FAYETTE, Marie Madeleine, countess of, a French lady, more distinguished by her literary productions than by her family. She was mar- ried to the count de Fayette, in 1655, and died in 1693. The principal works of this lady are, " Zaide," a romance often printed, and " La Princesse de Cleves," a romance also, to which Fontenelle is said to have given four readings. M. Fayette was so regardless of fame, that she published these works under the name of Se- grais, who, however, is supposed to have been no farther concerned than in aiding a little in the design of them. Voltaire says, that the ro- mances of Fayette were the first which exhi- bited the manners of people of fashion in a graceful, easy, natural way ; all before having been pompous, bombast, and swelling every thing beyond nature and life. FEARNE, Charles, an eminent English con- veyancer, and author of a well-known work, entitled, "An Essay on Contingent Remainders and Executory Devises," born in 1742, died Jan. 21, 1794. FEATLEY, or FAIRCLOUGH,Daniel, D.D., an English divine, celebrated as an able theolo- gian, and as a popular and eloquent preacher ; he was provost of Chelsea college, where he died in 1645. FECHT, or FECHTIUS, John, a Lutheran divine, settled at Rostock, died in 1716. FECKP;NHAM, John de, so called because he was born of poor parents, in a cottage, near the forest of Feckenham, in Worcestershire, his right name being Howman. He was the last abbot of Westminster, and died in 1585. Cam- den calls him a " learned and good man, that lived long, did a great deal of good to the poor, and always solicited the minds of his advei- saries to benevolence." FEIJOO, Benedict Jcrom, a Spanish Bene- dictine, who attempted, by his w^ritings, to ex- pose the ignorance of the clergy, and the inuti- lity of pilgrimages, &.C. He died in 1765. FEITHUS, Everard, a learned German, who FE retired to Fram*, wliero lie hccame coiispicu-l ous lor his learning, and was lioiioiired vvilh the friendship of the most eniiiietil literary men ol that country. FELIUfEN, Andrew, counsellor and historio- (•r.iphei to the lung of France, born at Chartrcs, in 11)1!), died lt>'J5. His " Dialogues upon the Iiives of the Painters" have done Itiinyrcat ho- nour. FELfBIEN, John Francis, son of the preced ing, inherited from his father a taste and know- ledge of tile fine arts, and succeeded liiin in all his appointments ; he died in 173H. FELintEN, James, brother of Andrew, and archdeacon of Chartres, died in 1TI(3. FELIiilEN, Michael, son of Andrew, an au- thor of reputation, died in 1719. FELIX, governor of Judea,in the reign ol Nero. FELIX, bishop of Urgella, in Spain, «» posed for heretical opinions, died in exile in 815. FELIX, Minutius, a father of the primitive church, who flourished in the 3d century, about the year 220. He wrote a very elegant dialogue ill defence of the Christian religion, entitled " Octavius." PEUX I., pope after Dionysius, was put to death in 274, and canonized. FELIX H., was elected pope in 355, and af- terwards died in exile in 305. FELIX HI., elevated to the papacy in the reign of Zen o, died in 492. FELIX IV., a pious and exemplary prelate, was chosen pope in 52G, and died four years after FELL, Dr. John, an eminently learned di- vine, and bishop of Oxford, born at Long worth in Berkshire, 1G25, died 16^6. FELL, John, an English dissenting minister tutor of an acailemy at Homerton, died in 1797 FELLER, Joachim Frederic, a learned Ger- man, secretary to llie duke of Weimar, died in 172(5. FELLER, Franci.s Xavier, an cx-jesuit, of Brussels, author of Observations on Newton's Philosophy, and on Buffon's works, with other writings ; he died in 1802. PELLTHA.M, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, born in Siitfolk, who lived many years in the family of the earl of Tii()nionEZ, Benedict, a Portuguese jesruit, and also a writer of coiumentaries on Scripture died in 1630. FERN.-VNDEZ, Alphonso, a Spanish Domi- nican, and writer, died in 1040. FERNEL, John Francis, physician to Henry II. of France, was distinguished for his indefatj gable attention to his studies, for his attainments in philosophy and medicine, and for his attach- ment to private life ; he died in 1558. FERNOUILLOT DE FALBAIRE, Charles George, a French author ; he died in ISOl. FERRACINO, Bartolomco, a selftaught and ingenious mechanic, born at Bassan, in Padua, died in 1704. FERRAND, James, a French physician, and authorof a treatise, " De laMaladied'Amoui," printed at Paris, in 1622 ; and published in En- glish, in 1640. FERRAND, Lewis, a French lawyer, and advocate of the parliament of Paris, died in 1699 FERRAND, Anthony, a counsellor of Paris, author of madrigals, songs, &.C., died in 1719. FERR.WD, James Philip, a French painter in enamel, died in 1732 FE FK FERKANDUS, Fulgentius, a deacon of Car- l!«a^"!, died before 531. FKRllAR, Roben, bishop of St. DavWs, was burnt a)i a lieretic, in tlie loign of Mary, in 15.55. FERRAR, Nicholas, a native of Louiiou, was secretary to the Virginia company, and afteru'ards a member of parliaiiieiil ; he died in 10.(7. FERRARI, Lewis, of Milan, professor of ma- thematics at Uologna, wliere he died in 1505. FERRARI, Aiilon> Mary Zaciiaiy Kartlio- lomew, founder of the order of the Barnabites at Milan, died in 1544. FtiRR.^RI, Octaviaii, an Italian author, born atMilan, 1518, died in i58ti. Though excellently skilled ill polite literature, yet he was princi- pally famous for philosopiiy, being esteemed a second Aristotle. FERRARI, Francisco Bernardino, of the same family with the former, born at Milan, 1577, died 1009. He was an able divine and sacred liistoriUn, and of no mean talents as an antiquary. FERRARIjOctavio, historiographer of Milan, of the same family witli the former, born in 1607. died in 1682. He was remarkable for the sweetness, sincerity, and affability of his temper; and had so happy a way of conciliating persons exasperated against each other, that he acquired the title of " The Reconciler." FERRARI, John Baptist, a Jesuit, author of a Syriac Dictionary, &c. ; he died in 1655. FERRARI, Giovanni Andrea, a painter ol Genoa, died in 1669. FERUARIEN.S1S, a general of the Domini- cans, and a writer on philosophy, died iu 1528. FERRARS, George, a distinguished advocate, a member of parliament, and a favourite of Henry Vlli., and of his successor. He wrote the History of (iueen Mary, the Tragedy of Richard II., and other works, and died in 1579. FERRARS, Edward, a poet and favourite of Henry VIII., died in 1564. FERRARS, Henry, of the same family as the preceding, is known as having made large and valuable collections foi' a history of his native country ; he died in 1633. FERRAUO, N., a deputy to the national convention of France, distinguished for his ha tred of monarchy, was shot at Paris, in 1793, during an attack on the convention. FERREAS, Don John of, born at Raba- nezza, in Spain, in 1652, died in 1735. He was author of a Spanish Dictionary, and of several works in Theology, Philosophy, and History the most considerable of which was a " General History of Spain." FERREIN., .\ntony, a French anatomist, and lectureron Materia Medica ; he died in 1769. PERRETI, or FERRETUS, a poet and histo rian, of Vicenza, who contributed to the revival of learning in Europe, in the 14tli century. FERRETI, Eniilio, an Italian lawyer, secre tary to pope Eeo X.. died at .Avignon,' in 1.552. FERRETY, Giovanni Batista, a Benedictine monk, of Vicenza ; the tiute of his death is un known. FERRI, Paul, a learned, popular, and elo- quent divine, of Metz, died in 1669. FERRfjCiro, a celebratetjninster- hall. He began sixm after to be molested w ith such violent attacks from the goui, as rendered it impossible for him to be so constant at the bar as the laboriousnesd of his profession leqaired; and a proof of the great force -and vigour of his mind is, his pursuing so arnuous a study under the e.\igencies of family distress, with a wife and children, whom he tenderly loved, looking up 10 him for sustenance ; with a body torn by the acutest pains, and a mind distracted by a ihoiisaiid avocations; yet obliged, for im- jniediate supply, to produce almost extempore, a play, a farce, a pamijhlel, or a newspaptjr. A large namlier of fugitive political tracts, which had their value when the incidents were actually passing on the great scene of business, caine from his pen. At this lime too he produced his "Joseph Andrews," which is too well known and too justly admired to leave us any room to expatiate on its merits. About 1745, Mr. F. 'accepted of the office of an acting niagistiate in the ton. mission of the peace for lire county of Middlesex, in which station he continued till pretty near the time of his death. Vet, amidst all the laborious duties of his office, he found leisure to amuse liimself, and afterwards the world, with "The History of Tom Jones," and "Amciia." At length,' however, his whole frame of body was so entirely shattered by con- tinual inroads of complicated disorders, and the incessant fatigue of business in his office, that, by the advice of his physicians, he set out for FIDANZA, Johannes, a philosopher, poet,l|Lisbon. Even in this distressful condition, his and iheologisl, of Tuscany, styled, on account | imagination still continued making the strongest elTorts to display itself; and the last gleam of Ills wit and humour faintly sparkled in the " Jounial" he left behind him of his " Voyage" to that place, which was publii^hed in 1755, a« London. In about two months after his arrival at Lisbon, in 1754, he died, in his 48th year. FIELDING, Sarah, sister of Henry, author of " David Simple," a novel of considerable tneiit,bofn in 1714, died in 1768. FIELDING, Sir John, half-brother to Henry an excellent magistrate, and author of many of his great learning, tiie seraphic doctor; lie died in li>T4. FIDDES, Dr. Richard, an English divine, and ingenious biographical and theolisical wri- ter, born in 1071, died In 1725. Ills chief work is, " The Lilc of C ardiiial Wolsey." FICLD, Richard, aa English divine, eminent for his learning, benevolence and piety, chaplain to quf^en Eiizabeih, canon of Windsor, and dean of Gloucester ; he died in 1016. FIELOI.NG, Henry, son of general Fielding, was born in 1707, and received the first rudi-j| useful regulations in the police of London and ments of his education at home, imder the care] VVestminsier, died in 1780. of the Rev. Mr. Oliver ; lie was removed to Eton- school ; from wlience, at about 18 years of age, he went to Leyden, where he studied under the most celebrated civilians for two years; at the expiration of which time he returned to London; and ill 1727 commenced writer for the stage. Between this time and 1743, he wrote 26 dra- matic pieces. About six or seven years after Mr. Fielding's cmimencing a writer for the Etase, he married Miss Craddock, a young lady from Salisbury, possessed of beauty, and a for- tune of about 1500/. ; and near the same time his mother dying, an estate of somewhat bettei than OlXli. per annum, came into hisposscisio i. Thi.- fjrtune, had it been conducted w ith pru- dence and economy, might have secured to him a state of independence for life, and, with the helps it might have derived from the produc- tions of a genius unincumbered with anxieties and v)orpieiity, might have even alTorded him an .i:ltni,ni income; but, fond of figure and magiiihcence, he threw wide open '.he gates of hospitality, and suffered his whole patrimony to FIENNES, William, lord Say and Sele, al- though raised to the peerage by James I., was a rebel against his son, an active member of Ui« long parliammt, and one of Cromwell's adher ents. He was afterw'ards chamberlain, and lore privy seal to Charles II. : he died in 1062. FIENNES, Nathanael. second son of the pre- ceding, was, like his father, an enemy to the church and king, a friend of Cromwell, and one of his peers ; he died in 1669. FIENl'S, Thomas, a very ingenious and learned physician, born at Antwerp, in 1566, died in 10.11. He composed several works, among which were, " De Veribus Imaginationis." I FIESCHO, John Lewis, a noble Genoese, who conspired to deliver Andrew Doria and his fleet to the French, and was drowned in the attempt, in 1547. FUJINO, Ainbrozio, a painter, bom at Milan, died in 15P0. FIGRKLIUS, Edmundus, a learned Swede, and iiroffssor at Upsal, died in 1676. FiLANfiERI, Gaetano, a gentleman of Na be wa-sted. In short, in less than three years, 1 pies, employed about the court, who wrote a ^e reduced himself to the unpleasant situation of havinu no /ortune. Not discouraged, how- ever, he betook himself closely to the study of vhe law, and, after the cuatoaiary time of pruba 188 popular work on legislation ; he died in 1787. FILELFO, Francis. See PHILELPHUS. FILES.-\C, John, dean of tlie faculty of the ology, at Paris, died in 1038. PI F1L.ICAJA, Vinceiitio di, an «;le^;aiit poet, of Florence, and a senator of tliatcit)', died lu 1707. FILMER, Sir Robert, author ol some publi- cati'nis on the nature of monaichial govern- mem, was born in Kent toward the end of the IGth century, and died in 1G47. FIN.'EUS, Ofontius, a celebrated astronomer, and prolessorof matheniatics in the Royal Col- lege at Paris, born at Briancon, in 14*J4, died 1555. He was one of those who vainly boasted of having found out tlie quadrature of the circle. FINCH, Heneajre, earl of Noiiinghani, lord high chancellor of Gn;,'land, born in 1021, diei' in 1G62. Though ht: lived in very troublesome times, yet lie retained the good opinion of both prince and people. He was distinguished by his wisdom and eloquence ; and was such an excellent orator, that some have styled him tlie Eneli.-h Cicero. He left behind him, written with his own hand, " Chancery Reports," MS. in folio. FINCH, Daniel, earl of Nottingham, son of the preceding, was secretary under William and his successor, and president of the council at the accession of George I. ; he died in 1730. FINCH, Eilvvaid, brother of Sir Heneage, was vicar of Christ-church, London, from which he was expelled for preaching in a surplice, and! associa'ing with women : he died in 1642. | FINOII, Thomas, physician to the duke of j Slesvvick, and successively professor of inathe-i inatics, of eloquence, and of medicine, at Copen- hagen ; he died in I(i56. FINET, riir John, born in 1571, was bred up in the court, where, by his wit, mirth, and un- common skill in composing songs, he pleased James I. very much. In 1636. being then in good esieem with Charles I. he was made master of the ceremonies, and died in 1041 FINGAL, a Cal>-donian chief, died in 283. FINKENSTEIN, Count, an eminent Prussian statesman, bora in 1713, held the important sta tiou of cabinet minister at tlie court of Berlin more than .50 years, and died in 1800. FfNLEY, ifamuei, D. D., a native of Ireland, a,nd president of New-.Ieisey College ; he was much distini^uislied for his piety ; published many sermons, and died in 1706. P'INLEY, Robert, D. D., an eminent presby- teriau clergyman of New-Jersey, was elected president of the university of Athens, Georgia, in 1817, and died soon after he had entered on the duties of that office. PIRENZUOLA, Angelo, an Italian poet, born at Florence, and patronised by pope CI mont V'll. His comedies, prose, and poetical works, were published in 3 vols. ; he died hi ).j4.). FIRMICIUS MATERNUS, Julius, an ancient • "hristian writer of the 4th century. His trea- tise '\Of the Errors of the Profane Religions" shows great learning, and great zeal for Chris- tianity. FIRMILIAN, bishop of Casarea, in Cappa- docia; died in 209. FIRMIN, Thomas, a citizen of London, me- morable for his public l)enefactions and chari- ties, born in 1632, died in 1697. In good works he was iiidefatigably industrious, and success- fully provoked many others thereto, becoming also their almoner, visiting and relieving the poor at their houses, and in prisons, whence also he redeemed many. He set many hun- dreds of tliem to work, to the expending of great suras. He rebuilt, repaired, and added conve- uienceB to liospitals, w^eekly overseeing the or- FI phans. The refugees from Fiance, and from Ireland, parlook largely the eflicts of his chari- ty, pains, and earnest solicitations for tii'jn? • in short, his charities were unequalled at the time when he lived. FIRMIN, Giles, a physician, of New- England, in its early settlement, and afterwards a clergy- man in Great Britahi, author of the " Real Ciirisiiaii," died in 1697. FIRONZABADI, suriiaraed Sharazi, a Per- sian writer on the Mahomedan law, in the llth century. Another of that name wrote an Ara- bic Dictionary, and died in 1414. FISCHER, John Chiistian, a very eminent performer on, and composer for, the liantbois, was born at Fribourg, but was long settled in England, where he was appointed one of the queen's chamber musicians. This admirable musician was seized with an apoplectic fit, April 29, 1800, and died in about an hour. FISH, Simon, an English lawyer, author of " The Supplication of Beggars," a violent sa- tire on bisliops and clergy, wliich gained him the favour of Henry VIII.;" he died of the plaguu in 1571. FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester, and martyr to popery, born in 1450, was beheaded for denying the king's supremacy, in 1535. Dur- ing his confinement, the poor old bishop was but hardly used, and scarcely allowed iieces sanes. He continued above a year in the tower and might have continued there till released by a natural death, if an unseasonable honour paid him by pope Paul III. had not hastened his de- struction ; this was, the creating him, in May, 1535, cardinal, by the title of cardinal priest of St. Vitalis. When the king heard of it, he said, in a great pas.sion, " Well, let tlie pope send him a hat when he will ; Mother of God, he shall wear it on his shoulders then, for I will leave him never a head to set it on." Erasmus represents him as a man of integrity, deep learn iii2, sweetness of temper, and greatness of soul FISHER, aiary, an enthusiastic quakeress, of the 17th century, who went to Constantino- ple to convert the grand seignior. Mahomet, af- ter hearing her patiently, sent her back to her own country in safety. FISHER, Ale.xander M., professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy, in Yale College, Connecticut, was lost with the packet Albion, on the coast of Ireland, in ]8-.'J, while on a voy- age to Europe for the advanconient of his pro- fessional knowled;ie. Talents of the highest Older, united with an entire and intense devo- tion to the pursuit of philosophical and scienti- fic subjects, had excited great expectations of his future usefulness, and eminence, and the news of his death was heard with the deepest regret wherever he was known. FISKE, John, first minister of Wenham and Cliplmstbrd, Mass., died in 1677. FISKE, Nathan, D. D., minister of Brook- field, Mass., distinguished for his industry and perseverance in the great duties of his office ; he published some sermons, and died in 1799. FITCH, James, first tninister of Saybrook, Conn., died in 1702. PITCH, Jabez, minister of Portsmouth, N. H., author of some unpublished MSS. relating to the history of New-Hampshire, died in 1746. FITCH, Thomas, an eminent lawyer and statesnia 1, was, for several years, chief justice of the colony of Connecticut, and afterwards governor of the same. He died in 1774. FITZGIUBON, John, eail of Clare, an emi- 189 FL, nent Irisj lawyer, was attonicy-geiicral of Ire Jand, and keeper 01' the gnat seal. He vvasdis tinguislied as !lie great |iroiiJoter of the union between England and Ireland, and died at Dub- lin, in 1802. FITZHERBERT, Sir Anthony, a very learn- ed judge, of the common pleas, in llie reign of Henry VIII. He was born at JVorbiiry, in Der- byshire, died in 1538, and left behind him many valuable works, of which the chief are, " The Grand Abridgment rollcclcd by that most reve- rend judge, Mr. Anthony Fitzherbert, lately con ferred with his own manuscript, corrected by himself, together with the references of the ca- ses to the books by which they may be easily found ; an improvement never before made ;" and "The NewNaturaBreviura," always held in very high esteem. FITZHERBERT, Thomas, grandson to Sir Anthony, a zealous catholic, voluntarily fled to France,"and afterwards to Rome, where he pre- sided over the English college, and died in IfWO, in the 88th year of his age. His writings were controversial, and on theology. FITZHERBERT, Nicholas, also exiled him- self, and went to Rome, on account of his reli- gious principles, where he wrote several books, and was drowned in 1612. FITZJAMES, James, duke of Berwick, na- tural son of James II., was distinguished for his bravery as an oflicer, and his successes as a ge- neral, for which he was made a marshal of France. He was killed at the head of the French army in Germany, in Vl'M. FITZ-STEPHEN, William, a monk, of Can- terbury, who was present at the nmrder of Becket, of which he wrote an account, includ- ing a curious description of London ; he died in 1191. FJXMILLNER, Placidus, an Austrian, eccle- siastical professor at Kremsniunster, and a wri- ter on astronomy and the canon law ; he died in 1791. FIZES, Anthony, an eminent physician, of Montpellier, vvhose works on medical subjects are much esteemed ; he died in 1703. FLACCOUR, F. de, director general of the French East India company, and at the head of a colony in Madagascar, in 1648, an account of which he published. FLACCUS, Caius Valerius, an ancient Latin poet, of whom remain but very imperfect ac- counts. He lived, however, in the time of the emperor Vespasian, to whom he addressed a poem on the Argonautic expedition ; of which he lived to compose no more than seven books, and part of an eighth. In this poem he imita- ted Virgil, and often in the most happy manner. FLACIUS, Matthias. See FRAN COWITZ. FLAMEEL, Bertholet, a historical painter, «f Liege, whose pieces are to be found in tiie churches of that city, and of Paris; he died hi 1675. FLAMEL, Nicolas, a notary of Paris, who suddenly rose from poverty tc opulence, proba- bly by commercial speculations. His wealth gave rise to a report that he had discovered the philosopher's stone. He was living in 1399. FLAMINIO, Giovani Antonio, an orator poet, and historian, of Bologna, who wrote the fife of AlbertuE Magnus, tc, died in 1536. FLAMINIO, Marc Antonio, son of the pre- ceding, eminent as a man of learning, and as a writer of epigrams, &c. ; he died at Rome, in 1550. FLAMINnJS, or FL AMININUS.Titus ftuin- 190 FL Ills, u Uuinan conbul, celebrated for his difea. (if Pljihp of Macedon, 198 B. C, and his resto- ration of the liberties of Greece. FLAMIMUS, Nobilis, an eminent Italian di- vine and critic, who corrected the Vulgate edi- tion of the Septuagint, and died in 1590. FLAMSTEED, John, a most eminent Eng- lish mathematician and astronomical writer, born in 1646, died 1719. FLANDRIN, Peter, of Lyons, celebrated for his knowledge of the veterinary art, and of com- parative anatomy; he wrote a treatise on the management of cattle and other works, and died in 1706. FLASSANS, Taraudet de, a Provencal poet of the 14th century, born at Flaspans. FLATMAN, Thomas, an English wit and poet, born in London, in 1C33, died in 1688. li is remarked, that Flatnian in his younger dayn, had a dislike to marriage, and made a song de- scribing the incumbrances of it, with this be ginning : " Like a dog with a bottle tied close to his tail " Like a toad in a bog, or a thief in a jail," &c but being afterwards smitten with a fair virgin, and w ith her fortune, he espoused her, in 1672 ; upon whicli his ingenious coini ades did serenade him that night, while he was in the embraces of his mistress, with the said song. FLAUST, John Baptist, an advocate of the parliament of Rouen, and author of a work on Nonnan jurisprudence, upon which he was em- ployed fifty years ; he died in 1783. FLAVEL, John, an English divine, educated at Oxlbrd, was ejected from his living at Dart- mouth, and afterwards restored by Charles 1. ; he died in 1692. FLAVIAN, a patriarch of Antioch, died in 404. FLAVIAN, a patriarch of Constantinople, in 447. He was deposed, and died in banish- ment. FLAVIGNI, Valerian de, doctor of the Sor- bonne, and professor of Hebrew, at the royal college, died at Paris, in 1674. FLAVITAS, patriarch of Constantinople, af ter Acacius. FLECHIER, Esprit, a French bishop, cele- brated for poetry and oratory, born in 1632, died in 1710. His works consist of Sermons, Latin and French poetry. Letters, &c. He wrote also the " History of Cardinal Ximenes." FLECK NOE, Richard, an English poet atid dramatic writer, in the reign of Charles II., re- membered only as giving a name to Dryden'a incomparable satire against Shadwell, called " Mac Flecknoe," from which Pope afterwards acknowledged to have taken the plan of his Dunciad. FLEETWOOD, William, an English lawyer, recorder of London, in the reign of Elizabeth, and author of several law treatises, died in 1593. FLEETWOOD, William, bishop of Ely, bom in the Tow er of London, in 1656, died in 1723. His most celebrated writings are " An Essay upon Miracles ;" " Chronicon Preciosum ; or, an account of the English money, the price of corn, and other commodities, for the last sLv hun- dred years," &c. Bishop Fleetwood's cliarac ter was great in every respect. His virtue was not of the fanatical kind, nor was his piety the least tinctured with superstition: yet he culti- vated and practised both to perfection. As for bis actomplislunentB, lie was iiicoutestibly the best pieaclirr, of Ins time ; and, for occasional sermons, may be considereil as a model. FLEAIING, Kobcil, a Scotch dissetiling mi niater and jiowerful preacher, born in 1630, died ill 1694, leavinR behind him a work of coiiside rahlH merit, called" Tlie Fulfilling of the Scrip lures." FLEMING, Robert, son of ihe above, minis ter at Leyder. and Amsterdam, and afterward.* at London, wrote tracts, &c. on religious sub jects. He died in 1716. FXiEMINGf, Caleb, an English dissenting clergyman and writer, diid in 1773. FLKMMIiVG, or FLK.MMYNGE, Richard, prebendary of York, a".d bishop of Lincoln, was the founder of Liucoia college, Oxford ; he (lied in 1431. FLESSlJLLRrf, N. de, a French magistrate, who was shot while attempting to repress a re- volutionary mob in Paris, in 1T89. FLETCHI:R, Dr. Richard, fatiier of the poet, dean of Peterborough, and bishop of Brislol, Worcester, and London, died suddenly, inlollfi. FLETCUER, Giles, LL. D., brother to the bishop, was an ambassador from Elizabeth to Russia, and otherwise employed in her service; he died in 1610. FLETCUER, Phiuehas, called the " Spenser of the age," was born about 1582, and died in 1650. His moDt famous composition called " The Purple fsiand," is an allegorical description of man His works were printed at Cambridge, in 1633, and in 1772 his " Eclogues" were reprint- ed at Edinburgh, with an iiilroducTion and argu- ment to each eclogue, and notes by an anony- mous editor. FLETCHER, Giles, brother of the foregoing, and author of a rich and picturesque poem, called " Christ's Victorie," was beneficed at Al- derton, in Suflfolk, where he died in 1623. FLETCHER, John, an English dramatic writer, born in 1576, was the son of Dr. Richard Fletcher, bishop of London. He v.rote play jointly with Beaumont, though it is not knovvn what share each bore in forming the plots, wri ting the scenes, &c. ; but the general opinion is, that Beaumont's Judgment was usually employ- ed in correcting and retrenching the superfluities of Fletcher's wit. He died of the plague, at London, in 1625. FLETCHER, Abraham, a sclf-taugiit mathe- matician and astroloscr, died in 17i'3. FLETCHER, Benjamin, governor of the co- lony of New- York, known only for his passion- ate disposition, and his avaricious propensities, which rendi-red him p.vt'eniolv unpopular. FLEURI El7,Cli.-irles Peter Clarel de,a Frencii hydrograpJier. captain in the marine, and after- wards minister of that department, and Ititor to the dauphin. Under Napolean, he was ap- pointed intondant of the house, and governor of the Thuilleries. He died in 1810. FLEURY, Claude, a French advocate, of great learning, tutor to several of the French princes, abbot of Locdieu, and prior of Argen- teuil ; he was confessor to Lewis XV., and died in 1723. FLEtrRY, Andrew Hercule de, cardinal, a most eminent FrencJi statesman and negotiator, bom in Languedoc, 1653, died in 1743. FLEITRY, Julian, the learned editor of the Dolphin Apuleius. I'LINDERS, Matthew, a distinguished Fng- lisli navinator, who explored the coas: of New South Wales in a small boat, and was after- wards sent out as commander of a vossei. for' Jlie (lurpo^e of making farther discoveries ni [iliat region, lie was taken prisoner by the iKrench, his journal detained, and himself so cruelly treated as to cau.se his death, in 1814. FLINK, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, pupil of Rembrandt, died iu 16tX). FLINT, Abel, D. D., a distinguished presby- lerian clergyman, for many years pastor of a church in Hartford, Connecticut, died in 1825. FLIPART, John James, a French engraver, of great merit, died in 1782. FLdCCtlJET, Stephen Joseph, an eminent musician, died at Paris, in 1785. FLODOARD, or FRODOARD, a French li's- torian, and an ecclesiastic, of Rheitns, who wrote a history of his church from its founda- tion to 949 : he died in r«(). FLOGEL, Charles Frederic, professor of phi- losophy in the coHegeof noblemen, at Leignitz, iiitlior of a history of the human uudei-stond- iug, aiul several other works; he died in 1788. FLOOD, Henry, a very celebrated senator, ibrmerly of Ireland, but latterly of England, born in 1732. For many years a most distin- guished mumber of the house of commons, his every effort Was invariably directed to improve the political constitution, to increase the inter- nal resources, and to promote tlie general pros- perity of Ireland. As an orator, he made De- mosthenes his model, and emulated his strength and vehemence, without aiming at the diffusion or brilliancy of Cicero ; and, as a writer, energy, force, and argument, more distinguished his productions, than an elaborate structure of words, or accurately polished sentences. He died iu 1701. FLORENTINO, Stepliano, a historical pain- ter, of Florence, died iu 1350. FI<(»Rr>\N, John Peter Claris de, a very po- i)ular French writer, born in 1755. Voltaire, to whom he was near akin, procured him the place of page to the due de Penthlevre, who soon gave him a commission in the army ; but, on observ- ing the success of his first literary production, " Galathee," which appeared in 1782, the duke determined Uiat he should confine himself to li- terature, and furnished him with a library. His dramas, pastorals, and novels, have placed him in the first rank of popularity as a sentimenttil writer. Hi.^ " NumaPo;npi!iu.s," and " Fables," are also mucli admired. He died in 1794. FLORI.MOND DE REMOND, counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeai'.x, known as an op- poser of Calvinists, died in 1C02. FLORIO, John, born in London, in the reign of Henry VIII., died of the plague in 1625. He was the author of several works, viz. " First Fruits, which yield familiar Spercii, nierrr Pro- verbs, witty .Sfintencee, and golden Sayings;" " Dictionary, Italian and English ;" which was afterward.s published, in 1611, under this title, " Queen Anna's New World of Words," &c. FLORLS, Francis, a sculptor, and celebrated painter, of Antwerp, died in, 1570. FLORUi?, Lucius AnnsRu's, an ancient Latin historian, of the same family with Seneca and Lucan, flourished in the reigns of Trajan and Adrian, and wrote an abridgitient of the Roman history in four books. FLORU.S, Furnamed Master, a deacon of Lyons, in tlie 9th century, author of a commen- tary on St. Paiil,&c. FLOYER, Sir John, a respectable Englisii physician and medical writer, died in 1720. FLOYD, William, a member of congress, be fore and alter the adoption of the federal con 191 PO slilution, and a signer of the declaration ol" in- dependence ; he died in 1821. FLUDD, Robert, an English physician and philosopher, and a voluminous writer on the- wonders of alchymy, and the Rosicrucian doc- trines, early in the 17th century. FL YNT, Henry, one of the first ministers of Braintree, was a man of piety and integrity ; lie died in 1668. FLYNT, Henry, tutor and fellow of Harvard course, a native of Dorclicster, Mass., and a preacher, distinguished for his solid talents; he ptiblished a number of sermons, and died in 1760. FOES, or FOF,SIUS,Anutius, a very celebrat- ed i)hv.>ician, of Paris, born at Metz, in 152>?, and died in ISSXi. He translated into Latin the whole works of Hippocrates, and judiciously corrected the Greek text as he vvent along. He translated also the commentaries of Galen, upon the se- cond book of Hippocrates, " Conceniing vulgar Maladies." FOtJLIETA, or FOLIETA,Uberto, a learned Genoese priest, died at Rome, in 15^*1. FOHI, the first king of China, who is said to have founded this empire about 200 ycais af- ter the deluge. He was the first who taught the Cliinesethe advantages of civil society, invented instruments of music, established laws .ind or- dinances, and is said to have reigned no less iJian 113 years. FOINARD, Frederic Maurice, a native of Normandy, eminent as a Hebrew scholar, was vice-president of the college of du Plessis, and died In 1743. FOIX, Mark Anthony, a Jesuit, eminent as a preacher, died at Auvergne, in ltJ87. FOIX, Odel de, lord of Lautrec, an eminent French general under Lewis XII. and Francis I., and governor of Milan ; he died in 1528. FOL A RD, Charles, a Frenchman, born in 1669, died 1752. He was author of several works, the principal of which are, " Commentaries upon Polybius," and " A Treatise concerning the De- fence of Places," &c. FOLENGO,Theophilu3, a nobleman, of Man- tua, was for some time a soldier, and afterwards became a Benedictine. He died in 1544. His writings are numerous, both in prose and poe- try. FOLENGO, John Baptist, a Benedictine writer, of Mantna, died in 1559. FOLKES, Martin, an English antiquarian, ma- thematician, and philoaopher, and president of llie royal society of London, born in 1690, died 1754. His last production was a book upon the "English Silver Coin," from the conquest to his ewn times. FONCEM.\GNE, Stephen Laurent de, of Or- leans, preceptor to the duke of Cbartres, died in 1779. FONSECA,Anthonyde, a Dominican, of Lis- bon, preacher to the king, and profeasor of theo- logy at the university of Coimbra, about 1540. FONSECA, Peter, a Portuguese metaphysi- cian and writer, died in 1559. FONT, Joseph de la, a French comic writer, died in 1725. FONT, Pierre de la, a French divine and theo- logical writer, died in 1699. FONTAINE, John de la, a celebrated French peet, born in 1621, died 1695. His compositions have a great deal of nature, without the least af- fectation : his wit seems unstudied, and so much pleasantry is hardly to be elsewhere met with. His "Failles" are observed to have more so- 192 FO briety and correctness than his " Tales," which e very licentiou.'!. FONTAINE, Nicholas, a French theological writer of great piety, learning, and industry, died in 1709. FO.VTAINES, Peter Francis Guyot des, a French critic and historical writer, and transla- tor, bom in IW5, died 1745. FONTANA,Dominico, a Roman architect and mechanic of great eminence, who succeeded in Fstiing up the obelisk in I ront of St. Peter's, a work before deemed impracticable. He died at Naples, in ir.07. FONTAN.\, Prospero, an eminent painter at Bologna, bmn in 1512. FONTAN.A, Lavinia, daughter of the preced- ing, was also eminent as a painter, and was pa- tronised by pope GreL'ory XIU. ; she died in 1002. FONTANGES, Marie Angelique, duchess of, favourite of Lewis XIV., was distinguished for her beauty : she died in 1681. FONTANINI, Juste, archbishop of Ancyr-i, died at Rome in 1736. FONTE-MODER.\TA, a celebrated Venetian lady, whose real name was Modesta Pozzo, was born at Venice, in 15.55. She is the author of several poems, and published a book in prose, ' Dei Meriti delle Donne," in which she main- tains, that the female sex is not inferior in un- derstanding and merit to the male. This book upon " The Merits of Women," was )irjntccl immediately after her death ; and father Ribera has made a eulogium of this learned heroine, in his "Theatre of Learned Women." She died in 1502. FONTENAY, Peter Claude, a learned Jesuit, of Paris, died in 1742. FONTENAY, John Baptist Blain de, an emi- nent French painter, born at Caen, in IC54, died 1715. Nothing is finer than his fruits and flowers. They have all the ireshness and beauty imaginable : and the very dew seems to trickle down the stalks of them with all the lustre and transparency of a diamond. The insects upon them also appear perfectly animated. FONTENELLE, Bernard le Bovicr de, a French author, born in 1657, died 1757. Voltaire declares him to have been the most universal genius that the age of Lewis XIV. produced. In his poetical performances, and " Dialogues of the Dead," the spirit of Voiture was discerned, though more extended, and more philosophical. His " Plurality of Worlds" is a work singular its kind ; his desiirn in it was, to present that part of philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing dress ; for which purpose he has introduced a lady, and drawn up the whole in a most agree- able, as well as instructing dialogue. In the 'same manner he made an entertaining book out of " Vandale'a Oracles." Ha\ing been ap- pointed perpetual secretary to the academy of sciences, he discharged that trust above 40 year.?, so as to meet with universal applause. His "History of the Academy of Sciences" often throws a great light upon their memoirs, which are very obscure. The " Eloges" which he [spoke on the deceased members of tlie academy 'have this particular merit, that they excite a re- spect for the sciences as well as for the author. FONTENU, Lewis Francis de, a French 'writer and a great antiquarian, died in 1759. I FONTIUS. Bartholomew, a historian of Flo rence, and librarian to the king of Hungary, ax Buda : he died in 1513. ; FOOTE, Samuel, bom atTruro.inComw.iII, in 1722. He waa designed for the law, but ths FO dryness iniU gravity of tins study not suiting tlie vivacity ol' Foote's 8[jirii, he left it, ami had recourse to the stage. He appeared first in Othello, but soon struck out into a new and un- trodden path ; which was, by taking ujxm him- self the double character of author and perform- er. Under this form, ill 1747, he oi)eiiii; and was sent one of the earliest missionaries to the East Indies ; for nis zeal and ability iii which undertaking, heob tained the appellation of the Apostle of the In- dies. He died in 1552, and was canonized in 1022, ly Gregory XV. FRANCIS, of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, married a daughter of Ihi; emperor Charles VI., and was as^:ociated with his wife in the empire till ]74.>, when he was elected emperor. He was a patron of literature and the arts, as well as of eommerce ; he died suddenly in 1675. FRANCIS I., kin(,' of France, succeeded Lewis Xn on the French throne, in 1515. He is known as the rival and opponent of the emperor Cliarles v., with whom he was involved in war, during almost his whole reign, with various success, and to whom he was, at one time, a prisoner. With Ids two sons ; also, as the patron of litera- ture and the arts. He died at Rambouillet, in 1547. FRANCIS IL, son of Henry H. and Catherine de Medicis, succeeded to the throne of France on the death of iiis father. He married the unfor- tunate Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 1560, aged 17, after a reign of 17 months. FRANClS,dukeof Alencon, Anjou, andBerri, and brother of the precedinc, opposed his bro- ther Henry HI., forwhich lie was imprisoned by Catherine, and afterwards liberated. He was subseriuentiy crowned duke of Brabant, and was one of the suitors of queen Elizabeth ; he died in 1584. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, count of St. Pol andClianniont, distinfrui.^hed himself at the bat- tle of iMarignan. He was taken prisoner with Francis I., but escaped, and died in 1545. FRANtMS DE liOCRBON, count Enphien, fv'as a celebrated general in the service of Fran- cis I. ; he was killed by accident, iu 1545. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, duke of Mont- T)ensier, was the Caitliful associate of Henry IV. of France, and distinguished himself in his ser- vice as a soldier ; he died in 1592. FRANCIS, of Lorraine, dnke of Guise and of Aunialc, distinguished himself in the wars with Charles V., and the English ; and in the reigns of Henry II., and Francis II. of France, com- pletely governed the kingdom. After the death of Francis, he espoused the side of the catholics, in the civil wars, and was assassinated in 1563. FRANCIS DE BORGIA, St., duke of Can- dia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was the grandson of pope Alexander VI. He afterwards became a Jesuit, and died at Rome, in 1572. He was ca- nonized by pope Clenumt X. FRANCIS, Lucas, a histoiical and portrait painter, employed by the kings of France and Spain ; he died in 1R4.1. FRANCIS ROM AIN, a Dominican, ofGhcnf, wns an eminent architect ; he was employed by Lewis XIV., to fii;ish the Pont Royal, of Paris, for which he was libcrallv rewarded ; he died in 1735. 17* FR FRANCIS, Dr. Philip, more distinguished as a translator than as an original writer. Hit versions of Horace and Demosihen.s have been justly valued : the former i.s perhaps as com- plete and useful a work of its kind as hath yet appeared. He was also the author of two trar gedies, "Eugenia," and " Constantia;" but, as a dramatic writer, not very successlul. He died in 1773. FR.INCIS, . Tames Cliarles, an eminent French engraver, died in 1760. FRANCIS, sir Philip, n-as a member of the English parliament, and an active promoter of tlie articles of impeachment of Warren Hast- ings. He has been considered by some as the author of Junius' Letters ; he died in 1816. FAN(;ISCA, or FRANCES, a Roman lady, who founded a convent at Rome, and was can- onized in lf08 ; she was born in 1384. FRANCIUS, Peter, professor of rhetoric, and oratory at Amsterdam, his native city ; he died in 1704. FRANCK, George, a native of Naumburg, re- ceived a poetic crown, at the age of 18, for his Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew poetry. He was professor of medicine at Heidelberg and Wittemburg, and died in 1704. FRAJVCK, Augustus Herman, of Luheck, professor of oriental languages, and of divinity at Halle, was distinguished for his benevolence and pietv; he died in 1727. FRANCK, or FRANCKEN, Franciscus, a Flemish painter, of great merit,' died in 1616. FRANCK, Franciscus, son of the preceding, jand a pupil of his father, was also a painter • he died iu 1642. FRANt'KER, Christian, successively a Jesuit, a socinian, a unitarian, and a catholic, in the 16th century. FRANCKENSTEIN, Christian Godfrey, of Leipsic, an advocate, distinguished as a man of letters, and a historian ; he died in 1717. FRANCO, Nicolo. a satirist, born at Bene- vento, in 1510. He was condemned to death, for some severe satires on illustrious persons of Rome ; but it is not known that he was e.\ecuted FRANCO, Battista, a painter, of Venice, who imitated the manner of Buonarotte, died in 1561. FRANCOIS, Abbe Laurent, an able opponent of the French philosophers, died in 1782. His works were principally in defence of religion. FRANCOIS, Simon, a selftaught portrait painter of Tours, died iu 1671. FRANCOIS, Lucas, a historical painter, in the service of the kings of France and Spain, died in 1643. FRANCOIS, Lucas, called the Younger, son of the precedin-;, was also highly respected as a painter : he died in 1654. FRANCOWITZ, Matthias, a protestant di- vine, pupil ofLutlierand Mi.laiicthon, was a pri- vate teacher, and afterwards professor of the Greek and Latin languages at VViitemburc ; he died in 1575. FRANCUS, Sebastian, a German anabaptist of the 16th centurv FRANCK FLORIS. See FLORIS. FRANKLIN, Dr. Benjamin, born at Boston, in America, in 1706, was placed at a very early ace under one of his brothers, who was a printer, where he made a rapid progress in that art so usrful to mankind, and contacted an attach ment for tlie press whicli continued as Ion? as he lived. Scarcely emerged from infancy Franklin was a philosopher without being con scious of it, and by llie continual e.\ercisc of iiw 197 genius, prepared himself lor tliusc groat discove- ries ill science wliicli have since associated his name wiili tliat ol" Newton, and for those (lolitical rerteclions which have placed him by the side of a Solon and a Lycnrpus. tjoon after liis removal from Boston to Philadelphia, Franklin,in concert with some other young men, established a small club ; where every member, after his work was over, and on holidays, brought his stock of ideas, which were submitted to dis- cussion. This society of which the young print- er was the soul, has been the source of every useful establishment in Pennsylvania calculated to promote the progress of science, the mechani- r.al arts, and particularly the improvement of the human understanding. Higher employ- ments, however, at length called him from his country, which he was destined to serve more effectually as its agent in Kngland, whither he was sent in 1757. The stamp act, by which the British minister wished to familiarize the Amer- icans to pay taxes to t!)e mother-country, re- vived that love of libeny which had led their forefathers to a country at that time a desert ; and the colonies formed a congress, the first idea of which had been communicated to them by Franklin, at the conferences at Albany, in 1754. The war that was just terminated, and the <-.xertions made by them to support it, had ?iveu tJieni a conviction of their strength ; tliey op- posed this mea.=ure, and the minister gave way, hut reserved the means of renewing his attempts. fJnce cautioned, however, they remained on their guard ; liberty, cherished by their alarms, took deep root; and the rapid circulation of ideas by means of newspapers, for the intro- duction' of which they were indebted to the printer of Philadelphia, united them together to resist every fresh enterprise. In the year 1766, this printer, called to the bar of the house of commons, underwent that famous interrogatory, which placed the name of Franklin as hi^ih in politics, as it was before in natural philosophy. From that time he defended the cause of Amer- ica with a firmness and moderation becoming a preat man, pointing out to ministry all the errors they had committed, and the consequences they would induce, till the period when, the tax on the tea meeting the sameopposition as tlie stamp- act had done, England blindly fancied herself capable of subjecting by force 3,000,000 of men determined to be free, at a distance of 2000 leagues. Every man is acquainted with the particulars of that war ; but every man has not equally reflected on the bold attempt of Franklin as a legislator. Having asserted their indepen- dence, and placed themselves in the rank of nations, the ditl'rrent colonies, now the United Suites of America, adopted each its own form of governraent ; and, retaining almost univer- silly their admiration for the British constitu- tion, framed thein from the same principles vari- ously modelled. Franklin alone, disengaging the political machine from those miihiplied move- ments and admired counterpoises that rendered it so complicated, proposed the reducing it to the simplicity of a single legislative body. This grand idea startled the legislators of Pennsylva- nia: but the phili>:43, at Enkhuysen ; the best of his pieces are pre- served in Amsterdam. FRERET, Nicolas, of Paris, a historian and cliroiiologisi, andopposer of !?ir Isaac Newton's system of chronology, born at Paris, in IfitS, died 1749. He wasa complete sceptic ; and Vol- taire, for the worst of purposes, revised two of his works : viz. " The Letters of Thrasybulus to Leucippus," and " Exaniinatiou of the Apo- logists for Christianity." FRERON, Elie Catherine, a French critic and journalist ofcoiisideial)letaleiits,and known as having been the constant object of the satire of Voltaire, w,is born at Quimper, in 1719, and died in 1776. His " Letters on certain writings of the Thnes," he began in 1749, and published 13 volumes. In 1754, he began his " Aiinee Literaire," of which he published 7 volimie.<« that year, and eight every year alter, till his death ; and in that work, Freion, as a zealous enemy of the modern philosophy, attacked Vol-, taire with spirit. He represented him as a skil- ful plagiary ; as a poet, brilliant, but inferior to Corneille, Racine, and Boikau ; as an elegant, hut inaccurate historian ; and rather the tyrant than the king of literature. FRESNAYE, John Vauguelin de la, an early French poet, king's advocate for Caen, and pre- sident of that city ; he died in 1606. FRESNE, Charles du Cange du, a learned Frenchman, born at Amiens, in 1610, died lC8tJ. His best works are a " Latin and Greek Glossa- ry," the " History of Constantinople under the French Emperors," &c. FRESNOY, Charles Alphonso du, an excel- lent French poet and painter, born at Paris, iu 1611. After his death, his poem, " De Arte (iraphica," was printed with a prose transla- tion and notes, by De Piles, and dedicated to Colbert. It was afterwards translated into En- glish, by Dryden, who prefixed to it an original Preface, containing a parallel between paint ing aud poetry." This poem will keep his name alive as long as either poetry or painting shall find any esteem. A later version of Du Frea- noy has been made by Mr. Mason, and enriched with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds. FRESNY, Charles Riviere du, a French poet, born at Paris, in 1648. He had a good natural taste for music, painting, sculpture, architec- ture, and ail the fine arts. He had also a tas'.t for laying out gardens, which procured him the place of overseer of the king's gardens, whose valet de chamhre he likewise was. He died iu 1724 ; and in 173], his works were collected and printed in 6 vols., consisting of " dramatic pti- formarices, songs, amusements serious and ay inirnl," fee. FRETliiVU DE ST. JUST, Enunanuel Marie FR Micliaol I'hilip, aFreiicli nobleman, who, from (JisBiilUl'adiou witli tlie court, embraced the pu- piilar paity, at the revolution; but was con- demiii'd by Robespierre, and executed in 1793. FUEWKX, Accepted, an English prelate, educated at i\l;ipdalen toilette, OxKud, 01 wliicii _ „. »,, lie became president, alVtr wards chaplain lo'jUe wa.s al' o a poet, as'well as a iiisiiJriaii. diaries I., deau of Gloucester, bisliop of l^itcli- lielU and Coventry, and arclibisiuip of York ; he riic;d in IG64. FREY, John Cecil, an eminent German phy- sician, :jl. FREYTAG, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgomas- ter of Nuremberg, known as a writer, died iu 177.). FKEZIER, Amaciee Francis, a Frenchman, whotravelK'dlhiouyli Chili andPeru.aiiaccotuit of which l;e pulili.sli'.d ; he died iu 1772. FRIART, Rowland, an eminent arciiitect, of tlie 17tli centurv. FRlCHK,or FRISCHE, James dc, a Bene- dictine, who wrote the life of St. Augustine, and died in I60'i. FRJSUIE, Levi, minister of Ipswick, Mass., distinguislied as a very faithful and successful prcai-her; lie published some sermons, and di(!(l in I80t>. I FRiTrBlE, I..evi, professor of the Latin br:- guage, and afterwards of moral philo? vI-t-J of Harvard college, Mass., was disiingo;,. u'i for his talents and learning ; he died in ISi-i. I FRISCH, John Leonard, d!s;in(;uished aslhej founder of the silk manufacturies of Bra.ulen- burg, and as the first eucourager of thecultiva-l tion of the mulberry tree in Prussia; he died' in 1743. I FRISCHLIN, Nicodemus, a learned Ger- man, professor at Tubingen, known as a dra- matic writer, and as a translator; he died ini FRISCILMTJTH, John, rector of the universi-l t>' of Jena, died iu 1G87. | FRISIUS, John, principal of the college at Zurich, into which he introduced the study of | the Hebrew and other oriental languages ; he| died in 1505. His three sons were professors at| Zurich. FRITH, John. See FRYTH. FKIZOiV, Peter, master of the Jesuit's college,] of Navarre, and author of a history of the French' cardinals. &c., died in 1651. I FROBENIL'S, John, an eminent and learned! German printer. He was the first of the Ger- mans who brought the art to any perfection ; and the great character of tliis printer wrli^• iho principal motive which led Erasmus to fix ids quarters at Basil, in order to have his own works printed by hiin. He died at Basil, In 1527, lamented hy all, but by none more than Eiasinus, who wrote his epitaph in Greek and Latin. FROBISHER, Sir Martin, an eminent navi- gator, and the first Englislinian that attempted to find out a north-west passage to China. He! wa« liorn in Yorkshire, and was killed In battle in 1504. FROELICH, Erasmus, a Jesuit, eminent for his knowledge of mathematics and medallic his- torv. died in \~^^. FROIDMONT,Libert,a native of Liegcdean of St. Peters, and professor of philosophy, at Louvain, died in 1653. FROILA L, king of Spain, is known for a, victory gained over the Saracens, in 7ij0. Hr- causeil His brother to be murdered, and was him- gelf killed by another tuo'her. in 7G8. I ■y-.iL;:-;-' ^ C c FROILA II., king of Spain, in 923, died of a kprosv. FR(')I.-3SARD, orFROISSART, John, born Bt V alencieiinus, about 1337. His chief work is a history, which comprises what happened in France, Spain, and England, from i:i2fAS, SiKi«:nund, a historian of tlic 15tli century, in the service of pope Julius II. FI.'L,KE, William, 1). D., an EiiL-lisli divine, eminent for his- ieaniiiig, master of Peuibrokt-- ball, Oxford, and a prolessor there; iie died in PULLER, Nicolas, a distinguished Englisli •chiilar and critic, prebendary of Salisbury, died in KtZi. FULLEU, Thomas, an English historian and divine, born in 1<'.08, died in IGiil. He is cele brai.-d pa>ticularly as author of a " History of the War," " Tht" Chtircii History of Britain, froia thp birth of Jesus Chi ist, to tho ysar 1348 ;' ' " The Kislory of the University of Cambridge since the Conquest," &c. &,c. He liad a me- inory so tenacious and comprehensive, that it enabled hint to do things which are hardly cre- dible. He could 1 -^peat 500 strange words after twice hearing ; and could-make use of a sermon, verbatim, if he once heard it. FULLER Isaac, a celebrated English pain- ter, in the reign of Charles U., died iti London. FULLO, Peter, a heretical bishop of Antioch, in the 5th century. FULTON, Robert, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in i7!)5. Hetarly evinced agenius foi mechanics and painting, and went to England to improve himself in the latter. His attention, however, was soon turned to mechanics, and he became a civil engineer. From that time, his discoveries and inventions were numerous and important. But that which will continue his rame to posterity, and associate him with the benefactors of mankind, was the successful ap- plication of steam to the propelling of boats. Th;' discovery was made, and the first experi- inent tried at Pans, in 1803 : after which he re- turned to America and exliibitod a boat in suc- cessful operation on tlio wat^'rs of New-York. Vessels propelled by hia machinery are now in common use throui;hoat the United States, and in Europe. He died suddenly, in tlie mids; of his career, in Feb., 1815. FULVIA, an extraordinary Roman lady, and wife of Mark Antony, who had no more of her sex tiian lier body ; for her temper and courage breathed nothing but policy and war. This lady was an admirable coadjutor to her cruel hus- band during the massacres of the triumvirate. She put several persons to dsath of her own head, either out of avarice or a spirit of re ventje ; and even people whom her husband did not know. Antony caused the heads of thos.^ whom he had proscribed to be broueht to a ta ble, and fed his eyes a long while with ihosij nn happy spectacles. The head of Cicero was one of them, which he ordered to be fixed on the rostrum from whence Cicero had made so many speeches atjaiiist him ; but, before that order WiT? exec:ited, Fulvia took the head and spit upon it, and placing it on her lap, drew out th^' tongue, which she pierced sever.il times with her bodkin, uttering all tlie while tlie most op- probrious lan:;uage against Cicero. FUNCCIUS, or FUNCK, John Nicholas, a celeb, atad critic, born at Marpurg, 1h 1693, died in 1778. Flj'ilETTERE, Anthony, an ingenious and parnod Fre.icliman, born at Paris, in ir)-20, was cmiiier.t in the civil and canon law; but lie is chiefly known by, and valued for, his " Univer- salDiclJonary Of the French Tongue," in which 202 he explains the terms ol art in all sciences. He died in l(i^?7. G/vDSDKN, Christopher, lieutenant governor •f South-Carolina, was an early friend and advocate of the rights of the colonies, and took a decided part in I'arour of their separation and independence; he died in 1(^05. g\ELEN. Alexander, Van, a Dutch p.ninler, who painted three battles, between C'harlue I and Cromwell ; he died in ITi^. GAERTNER, Joseph, a native of Caiu, in Swabia, a dislinf;uished naturalist, autlior of a great work called Carpolngj', which he dedi- cated to Sir Joseph Banks ; lie died in ITEl. G^^TANO, Scipio, an admired Florentine painter, died :.t 1583 GAFF-\REr.L, James, a French writer, li brarian to Riciieliou, who enabled him to make a large collection of MSS. ; lie was author of Beveral v f>rks, and died in 1681. GAFflKlO, Franchino.ai.ative of Sodi, head of the choir, in Milan cathedral , ha wrote several works oil music, and died In 1520. GAGE, Thomas an Irishmtui, missionary to the Philippines ; he died in Ui51. GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Mass., appointed by the kiiie, after the conquest of Canada, in 1760, was appiMiited co'xrnor ol Montreal, he was exceedingly odious to the Americans, and died in England, in 17i^7. GAGEK, William, a civilian and poet, was entered of Christ chrirch, Oxford, in 1574, wliCit he arrived at the degree of LL. I). lie delind 8'1 the stSfT'^ against tho attacks of Dr. Raiiiolds; lie wrote in Latin, "Melea>:er" and "Ulysses Redux," tragedies; and " Ri\alps," a conicdy G.^GNIF.R, John, an eminent orientalist, who.! in 1723, published Abulltda's' "Life of Mini Uanimed," in Arabic, with a Latin liiinslalion,! and no-f s ; he was born at Paiis, and died in ITiS.j GAGTS'V, Tohii, first .Tlnioner to Francis I.,! and author of commentaries on the New Testa-j meiit ; he died in ISIS. I G.VGUINrS, Robert, a French historian, died; in l.">i;i. He was the author of several works; the principal of which is a histurvin 11 hooks' " Dp Cc stis Francorr.m, fron: 1200 to l.'iOO." G.MrilFf^, Jnlin, priest of the oratory, and canou of iSoiiisoiii, died in 1730. GAILI^ARD, de Lonjumeau, bishop of Apt, was the first projector of a universal hislutical dictionary ; he died in 1605. GAILLAlvD, Gabriel Henry, a French histo- rical writiT, and member of the French academy died in icH)l\. GAIIVAS, a Goth, of great valour, became a general under Arcadius and desolated Thrace, because refused a church for the Arians- he was killed A. D. 400. GAiNSBOROUGH,Thomas,bom at Sudbury in Sull'olk, 1727, very early discovered a pro- ppiisily to painting. Nature was his teacher, and tiie woods of Suffolk iiis academy. Her* he would pass in solitude his mornings, in milk- ing a sketch of an old tree, a marshy brook, a few cattle, a shepherd and his flock, or any other accidental objects that were presented. From delineation he proceeded to colourinn ; and after painting several landscapes from the ape of 10 to 12, he quitted Sudbury for London, where he commenced portrait painter. His landscapes will establish his name on the record of fim arts with honours such as never before attended a native of England. These subjecta lie painted with a faithful adherence to iiiiiure: indeed, the brilliancy of (Jlaude, and the .-impli- city of Ri'.ysdael, appear combined in Mr. G's romantic sieiies. While we lament him as an artist, let us not pass over those virtues wliich were an honour to human nature, that gene- rous lieart, v.hose strongest propensities were to relieve the genuine claims of poverty. If he selected, for the exercise of his pencil, an infant from a cottage, all the tenants ol the humble roof generally participated in the profits of the pictiiie ; and some ol them frequently found in his habitation a permanent abode. His libera- lity was not con/iiied to this alone ; needy rela- tives, and unfortunate friends, were further iii- cutabrances on a spirit that could not deny ; and, owing to this generosity of temper, that affluence was not left to his' family which so much merit niiglu promise, and such real worth deserve. He died in 1788. GALADIN, Mahomet., a popular emperor of the Moguls, died in 1695. GALANTINI, Hippolito, a delicate irriuiature painter, of Genoa, died in 1706. GALANUH, Clement, an Italian, missionary to .\merica, wrote a grammar of that lancuace. about ]fi50. GALAS, Matthew, a general, who, from being a page, rose to higli standing : he was in the service of the emperor Frederic II., and Philip IV., ot Spain; he died in 1647. GALATEO, Ferrari Antonio, a scholar and physician, born at Galatinia , ho was author of af-veral wnrkF, and died in 1517. GALATIN, Po'ci, author of the valuable work " De Areanis Catholica; Veritatis ;" he died about 1530. GAI-BA,ServiusSulpicius, emperor of Rome after Nero : he was slain bv the guards, who raised Otlio to the throne. A' D. 69.^ G.\LE, John, a learned divine, among the baptists, born at liofidon, in 1680. His lather was a citizen of ^ood repute. He is chiefly known for his writings against " Wall's De- fence of Infa;it Baptism," and died in 1721. GALE, Tlieophilus, a learned divine, among the non-conformists, born in 1628, died in ir)78. He wrote a large and laborious work, called "The Court of the Gentiles." GALE, Thomas, dean of York, formerly head-master of St. Paul's school, and cidebra 203 GA GA tort for his kiu;wleitj;e of tlie (ii'iek langiiaf,'c;, 811(1 aiitiqnitu'K, was bom in IG:!*), died in i'dti. OAI.K, Roger, F. I.. A. SS., son of llio dean, fnst vicn-presidaiii '. " '! p society of anti- qiiarina, nnj treasurer to tlht in • ..nriety, horn 167'^: was considered as oiieof f...,i :. v learned men of Ills age, and most liifrtdy skil j in the antiquities of liis country, lie died in IV4-.'. GALE, Sninnel, the yo\nigest of the dean's sons, born in iix"2. He was one of tlie revivm of the swiety of antiquaries, in 1717, and tlieir first treasurer. He was a man of {.'reat learn- ing and uncommon abilities, :uid well versed in the antiquitieh of Rnjrland, for which he left manv vahiahle collections behind him. He died in 1754. G.^fiEANO, Joseph, a physician ot great re- |)Hte, at Palermo. VVe owe to him a collection of littl* pieces of the Sicilian pnets. lie was born in liiO.'i, and died in 11)75, (ireatly regretted ; for he was a kind of oracle with his country,- men. G ALTON, Matthew, a native of Zealand, chancellor of Douay university, and author of several works. GALF,?f, Claudian, after Hippocrates, prince of the Greek physicians, was a native of Per- p.linus, in the Lesser Asia, where he was born abiiiit VM. He chose physic for his profession, being determined thereto by a dream which his father had a little before his death ; and at 28 years of age had made some considerable ad- vances toward improving his art: for instance, he had acquired a particular skill inthe wounds of the nerves ; and was possessed of a method of treating them never known before. The pontiff of Periramup have him an opportunity of trying his new method upon the gladiators : and lie was so successful, that not a single one perished by any wounds of this kind. By this We find, as well as by several other instances, that Galen studied, understood, and practised surgery, as well as physic. Distinguished above his cntemporaries, tliis prince of physicians con- tin iK'd to practise at Rome, the capita! of the world, til! he was obliged to submit to fate like mher mortals. His death Iiappened in 20L There are reckoned above 500 books of his upon physic only, and about half that number upon other sciences. GALKN, Bernard Van, a native of West- phalia, known as a bishop and a genernl ; he wai" iMisaeed in a war with the Turks, attacked «he United States, Sweden, &e., and died in 167S. GALEOTt, Nicholas, an Ttalian jeeuit, au- thor of the lives of the generals of his order ; he died in 1748. GALF/)Tr, Marcio, a native of Nanii, tutor to the stJll of Matthias Corvinus, tlie king, and beins invited to France by Lewis XL, on going to pav his respects to hiiii, fell, and so injured fiimsi-lf as to cause his deatli. GALERIUS, C. Valerius Maxiniianus, from a herdsman in Dacia, became emperor of Knme ; he died in SH. G.'VLGAtTJS, a Caledonian chief, famous for his noble resistance against the invasions of the Romans. GALILF.T. Galileo, a innst eminent astiono- Itier and mathematician, inventor of the tele- scope, fcr., born at Florence, Feb. 19, 15t)4. Having ob.=crved «me solar spots, in 1612, he nrlnled that discovert' the following year, at Rome ; In which, and in some other pieces, he vetittirod to assert the truth of the Copernicati 204 syjiei.i, and brought several new arguments to |Cnnfirm it. Tiiis slarLled the jesuj's, who thcre- lupon procured a citation lor "him to appear be- fore the holy office, at Rome, in IfilS, wheie he was charged with lieresy, for maintaining these two propositions : L That thf: sun is in the cen- tre of tlie world, and immovoBhle by a local motion ; and, 2. That the earth is not the centre I' the world, nor immoveable, but actually movis by a diurnal motion. The first of these positions was declared to be absurd, false in phi- losophy, and fornjally heretical, being contrary to the express word of ed for his wife soup made of boiled frogs, G.ilvani prepared them himself; and having ac- cidentally touched a frog after lie had skimied it, he observed it in an involuntary motion, which induA,, Jsihn, a trulv- primitive Cliris tian, and a bishop among tlie Moravian brethren. He was not only a good scholar, but a man of great parts, and of singular mechanica; ingenui- ty ; he died universally respected, in 1771. GANDY, James, apaii.ter, who came to Ire- laiul with the duke of Ormond, and died there in lC8!t. GANG.'\NELLI, John Vincent Antony, was born ill 1705, the son of a physician ; and, from being a petty monk of the order (if St. Francis, ascended to the papacy. May 19, 1*00, when lie assumed ihe name of ClemenI XIV. Thus be- coming sovereign pontifl' in the most critical and tempestuous times, in his conunerce with the world, he practised the Inimilily of a Fran- ciscan monk ; but, on occasion of si'Jendour, he sus;ained the papal grandeur with appropriate magnificence. Tlie most stiiking incident of his life was his being tiie instrument, under Provi- dence, of aimihiiating the mighty order of the Jesuits. To the resentment of that order it is supposed he at last fell a sacrifice, his robust constitution and regularity of life seeming to promise him a nmch longer period than 09 years; for he died in 1774, poisoned, as is supposed, in the sacrament ; he himself declaring his suspi- cions before he died, and all the after symptoms strongly contirming the same. GANG, John, collected the first baptist society in New-Yolk, and was its minister; he disiin- gnished himself in the American war, and died in 1804. GANSEVOORT, Peter, a distinguished offi- cer of the American army during the levolu iion. He rendered his country essential service by defending fort Slanwix, when besieged by S*. Leger: and afterwards, by preventing the co- operation of that ofiicer with Burgoyne, he con- tributed essentially to the surrender of the lat- ter. He died in 1812. GARAMONT, Claude, a French engraver and letter founder, was a native of Paris, and began to distinguish himself about 1510. lie brought his types to so great a degree of perfection, that he can neither be denied tlie glory of having surpassed whatever had been done in this way before, nor that of not being excelled by any of his successors in this useful mechanic art. Ga- ramont died in 1501 ; ;ind all his fine types came into the hands of Fonrnicr the Elder, an emi- nent letter founder at Paris. GARASSE, Francis, a Jesuitical writer, and aullior of the enmity between the Jesuits and the janwuisis, in the cliurch of Rome, was born at Angonlciiie, in 1585, and died in 1031. GARBiEN, Lorenzo, a painter, of Bologna, and pupil of Ludovici Caraeci, died in 1654. GARBO, Raphael del, a historical painter, of Florence, died in 1534. GARCIAS II., king of Navarre after Sancho II., died in 1000. GARCJLASSO. Garcias Lasso de la Vega, a celebrated Spanish poet, born at Toledo, in 1500, died 1530, by a stone thiown by a countryman from a tinrel, falling upon his head. GARDEN, Alexander, a distinguished episco- pal clergyman, of Charleston, South-Carolina. He came from Scotland to Charleston, in 1720, and resided there until his death, in 1756. GARDEN, Alexander, fti. D., ascientific phy- sician, of South-Carolina, who introduced into medical use the Virginian snake root ; he died about 1771. GARDIK, Pontusde la. a French adventurer, successively in the employment of n'arshal Bri- sac, the Danes, and Swedes; he died in ]0i5. SO."! GA GARniNDUMESNIL.N., professor of rhcto- ric at Paris, and an eminent sriiolar; he wrote on Laiin synoiiynics, and died in 1603. GAKDIN'ER., Stephen, bishop of Winchester, and ohanrellor of England, was horn at Bury St. Edmund's, in .Suffolk, 1483. His character as a minister is to be drawn from the f;eneral his- tories : he had a large portion of liaiij^htiness, boundless ambition, and deep dissimulation ; for he looked on religion as an eniine of state, and made use of it as .such. He died in 1.555. GARDINER, James, a colonel in tlie army of George n., bom in Scotland, 1G88, was equally admirable for the virtues of piety and personal courape, and died bravely fielitinj; against the rebels at Preston-pans, near Ediuburijh, in 1745. GAR ENGEOT,Rene, Jacques, Croissant do, a French surgeon of great reputation ; he wrote several valuable works, and died in 1759. GARE.SSOLES, Anthony, a native of Mon- tauban, who wrote several tiieoioglcal works^ died in IG50. CARET, John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, born at Havre de Grace, died in 1694. GAREANUE, Jean de, a grammarian, ob- tained somecelebrity by hispoem on the " Con- teu)i>t of the World," &.C. ; he was living in 1801. G.\RNET, Henry, a person memorable in English history, for having been privy to, and aiding in, the celebrated conspiracy called " The Gunpowder Plot," was executed at the west end of St. Paul's, Mav 3, 1606. GARNETT, Dr. Thomas, an English physi- cian and natural piiilosopher, was born in 1766. After having studied medicine and chymistry, and giaduated at Edinburgh, he deUvered seve- ral courses of lectures on chymistry and expe- rimental philosophy, at Manchester, Liverpool, &c. He was soon after elected professor of philosophy, in Anderson's Institution at Glas- gow; and his leisure hours in Scotland were employed in collecting materials for his ■' Tour through the Highlands, and part of the Western Isles." Pr. Garneit afterviard? accepted an in- vitation from the new royal institution, in Lon- don ; where, for one season, he was professor of natural philosophy and chymistry, and deli- vered the whole of the lectures. On reli.'ing from this situation, as being too laborious for the state of his health, be commenced a course of lectures at his house, on Zoonomia, or the Laws of Animal Life, arranged accordim; to tiieUrunonian theory. From a patient, whom he attended in a lever, he caught the infection, and died in 180-2. GARNIER. Robert, a French tragic poet, born in 1534, died 1590. (4 \RN1ER, John, a Jesuit, professor of rhe- toric and philosophy, died in 1681. G VRNIER, Julian, a Benedictine monk, died in 1703. I G AROS.VLO, Bonvenuto, an Italian painter, born at ?>rrara, died in 160.5. GARRARD, Mark, an eminent painter, born at Rrnges, in Flanders, in 1561. He was prin- cipal painter to queen Elizabeth, and died in 1635. O.VRRARD, James, was an officer of the re- voliiiionary armv, and one of the first settlers of Kentucky, of which state be was afterwards governor ; ho died m 1822. GARRjTK, n.ivid, an excellent English actor, born a' Hereford, and baptized there, Feb. 28, 1716. Ilavin!: perOumed a noviciate at Ipswich, he made his appearance at Goodman's Fields ; 206 GA and, Oct. 1741, acted Richard HI. for the lirst thne. His acting wria attended with the loudest acclamations of applause ; and his fame was so quickly j)ropa:|ated through the town, that the iriore established theatres of Drury Lane ami Covent Garden were deserted. These patentees, ala'nied at the gr.-at deficiency in the receipts of their houses, and at the crowds which constantly filled the theatre of Goodman's Fiel.ds, united their efforts to destroy the new-raised seat of theatrical empire; in consequence of which, Garrick entered into an agreement with Fleet- wood, patentee of Drury Lane, for 500Z. a year. The fame of our English Roscius was now so o.xtended, that an invitation from Ireland, upon very profitable conditions, was sent him to act in Dublin during the months of June, July, and Angust, 1742 ; which invitation he accepted. His success there exceeded all imagination ; he was caressed by all ranks as a prodigy of thea- trical accomplishments; and the play-house was so crowded during this hot season, that a very mortal fever was produced, which was c.aWpd Garrick's fever. lie returned to London before the winter, and now attended closely to his the- atrical profession, in which he was irrevocably fixed. April, 1747, he became joint patentee of Drury Lane theatre with Mr. Lacy ; and in July, 1749, married Mademoiselle Violetti. In 1763, he undertook a journey into Italy for the benefit of his liealth ; and during his travels, ave frequent proofs of his theatrical talents; for he could, without the least preparation, transform himself into any character, tragic oj ^oniic, and seize instantaneously upon any pas- sion of the human mind. After he had been abroad about a year and a h-alf, he lurncd his thoughts homewards, and arrived in London April, 1765 In 1769 he projected and conducted the memorable Jubilee at Str:iif"ord, in honour of Shakspeare, so much admired by some, anrf so much ridiculed by others. On the death of Mr. Lacy in 1773, tiie whole management of the theatre devolved on him ; but, being ad vanced in j-eais, and much afflicted with chroni- cal disorders, he finally left it in June, 1776, and disposed of his moiety of the patent to Messieurs Sheridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,0i)(i/. He died Jan. 20, 1779. Notwithstanding his con- lant employ as both actor and manager, he was perpetually producing various little thingj in the dramatic way ; some of which are origi nals; others translations or alterations from otlier authors, adapted to the taste of the present times. G.ARRIEL, Peter, he wrote an account of Montpelier cathedral, in 1631. GARSAULT, Francis .Mexander, a learned Frenchman ; he wrote theanatomy of the horae, and died ar Paris, in 1778. G.-^RTH, Sir Samuel, an excellent poet and phvsician,and author of a most admirable satire, called "The Dispensary," was born in York- shire. After having eminently distinguished himself, as well by his various poetical produc- lion.s as by his professional merit, he died Jan. 18, 1718-19. GARTHSHORE, Maxwell, a physician and an accoucheur, who practised in London, with creat reputaiicm, near lifty years, was a Fellow of the Royal Society ; hoi-n in 1732. in Scotland, [died in London, in 1812. Some papers of his will be foiund in -'The Pliirosophical Transac- tions." GAR7.I, Lewis, a painter, considered the suc- |ce«»fi>l rival of Carlo Marat, died in 1721. GA GA <;AS(;01GNE, sir U'illi:im, chief justice ol tliH Kind's Bench in tlie reigii ol' H<:nry IV , na> bom ill 1350. How much lie distinguished him self in ilia high office appenrf from Die ;,e\ era! abstracts of his opinions, arguments, disriiict ions, and decisions wliich occur in our old ijooUs ol law rcpoilH ; but lie is said to have dislinguislied Jiiniself above his brethren by a niostnieinorabie transaf tioii in tlie latter end of the king's reign. A servant of the prinrt of Wales, afterwards Henry V., being arraigned for felony at the bar of the King's Bencli, tlie news soon reached hi: master's ears, who, hastening to the court, or dered him to be unfettered, and ofi'ered to rescue him ; in which, being opposed by the judge, w iio commanded him to leave the prisoner and de- part, he rushed furiously up to the bench, and, as it isgenerally affirmed, struck tlie chief justice then silting in the execution of hisoffice. Here- upon Sir William, after some expostulation upon the outrage, indignity, and unwarrantable in- terruption of the proceedings in that pluce, di- rectly committed him lo the Uing's bencli prison, mere to wait his father's pleasure. Thei.rince submitted to his punishinent with a cahnness no less sudden and surprising than the offence had been which drew it upon him; and the king, being informed of the whole affair, was so far from being displeased with the justice, that he returned thanks to God, "That he liud given liim both a judge who knew how to administer, and a son who coiild obey justice." Tiie prince also, who had for some time led a dissolute liie, vv'as eniirely reformed thereby, and afterward-* became with the title of Henry v., that renowned king who conquered France. Sir WiUiam died in 1413. GASCOIGNE, George, a celebrated poet in the early part of the reign of aneen Elizabeth, was bred to the law, but becan>e a soldier, and served with credit in the waisnf the Low Coun- tries. He was author of ftmr dramatic pieces, and several poems; the most remarkable of which was a satire called " The Steel Glass;" he died in 1577. His works were most collected m 15b7. GASPARINI, a celebrated granimanan, born in 13T0, died in 1431. He isdesorvedlyretorded as «ne of the first restorers of food Latin in Italy . GA6SENDI, Peter, a very eminent French philosophical, moral, and mathematical writer, born in 1592, died at Paiis, in 1G55. GASSION, John de, a native of Pan. marshal of France, eminently distinguished for his valour in war, fell at the siege of Len.-i, in lf)47. GAST, John, a nalive of Dublin, he published some works of merit, for wliich the university of Dublin honoured him with a degree of I). D. without the usual expenses; he died in 1788. GAST.'VLDI, John Baptistc, ar.ativeof Siste- ron. an eminent physician, died in 1747. GAt^TAUD, Francis, an ecclesi3_tic of Ai\, he insulted the bishop of Marseilles 7n his writ- ings, and was denied the honours of sepulture ; he died in 1732. GASTON of France, John Baptist, duke of Orleans, was son of Henry IV., and brother of Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1600. GAST(jN de FOIX, duke of Nemours, early distiiii,Miished himself in the army in Italy ; he fell in b:i!tle in 1512. GASTi5FLL. Francis, bishop of Chester, and a controversial writer, born in lGti2, died in 1725. G.'VTAKVMv, Thomas, an Englisli divine, and critical jind theological writer, born in London, in 1574, 'ditd in 1651. I GATAKER, Charles, son of the preceding, and a writer on controverblal divinity, born in 1G14, diedin lCh-0. GATES, Sir Thomas, one of llio first govern- ors of the colony of Virginia, alxmt ICO'.!, and again, on reiurning from England, in lUll; he died in the East-Indies. GATES, Hor.itio, a major general, and a dis- tinguished officer of the American army during the revolution. He was a major in the Britisii service, at the defeat of general Braddock ; at the declaration of independence, he was made adjutant general, afterwards commander of the northern army, to which general Burgoyne sur- rendered in 1777 ; in 1760, he was appointed commander of the southern army ; after the \\ ar he returned to his farm, from which he removed to New-York, where he died in 1806. GATlJiOSIN, the last of the Mexican kings. He was cruelly tortured in a fiery ordeal by Cortez, and three years after was hanged in his capital in 1526. GAUBIL, Anthony, a Frendi missionary in China, where he resided 30 years ; he died in 1759. GAUEIUS, Jerome David, a native of Hei- delberg, professor of medicine, and lecturer on botany and chyniistry, died in l*eO. GAUD, Henry, a painter and engraver, of Utrecht, died in 1639. GAUDEN, John, bishop of Worcester born in 1005, celelii ated for his zeal in the cause of the unfortunate king Charlej, and reputed (though falsely) the author of "Eikon Basihke," died in 1C62. GAUDENTIO, a painter, of Milan, born about 1-180. GAUDENTIUS, St., a bishop of Brescia, he wrote sermons, letters, &c., and died in 427. GAUDENZIO, Paganin, a native of Valte- liiie, iireek professor, died in 1648. GAULI, Giovanni Baptista, a painter, of Ge- noa, died at Rome, in IVOO. GAULMIN, Gilbert, -a French writer of some celebrity, died in If 65. CAUPP, John, a native of Lindau, educated at Jena, was an able mathematician; he died in 1738. GAURICO, Luca, an Italian professor of astronomy, at Forrara, died in 1558. G.aUSSEM, Jane Catharine, a celebrated actress, retired from ihe tlieatre from motives of religion ; she died at Paris, in 1767. GAUSHIER, Jean Baptiste. a French abbe, he wrote a " Tract against Pope's Flssay on Man," and died of a tail in 1755. G A VANTS, Bartholomew, a Paniabite monk, author of some works ; died at Milan, in 1638. GAVESTON, Peter, a fav(;T1L1S, Sicipio, a naiive of Ancona, pro- fessor of civil law, died in 1616. GENTILIS, John Valenthie, was condemned lo lose his head at Berne, for the violence of his religious opinions, in 1567. GE.N'riLlS, Alberico, a native of Ancona, and professor of law, at Oxford, died in 1608. Gb;NTlLLET, Valentine, a native of Dau- phine, and syndic of the city of Geneva, lived about l.>78. GENTLEMAN, Francis, an actor and dra niatic writer, born in Ireland, 1728, died 1784. He was author of eleven dramatic pieces ; and of "The D.aniatic Censor." GEOFFULY, of Monmouth. See JEFFERY. GKOFFRUI, Stephen Francis, a French phy- sician, who wrote a Materia Medica, died in 1731 GEORGE, St., the patron of England, sup- posed to have sulfered in the reign of Dioclesiau. GEORGE of Trebizond, a naiive of Candia, and secretary to pope Nicolas V., published se- ■ral works, and died in 1494. GEORGE the Cappadocian, Arian bishop of Ale.Tandria ; w as assassinated, in consequence of his oppression, in 361. GEORGE, surnamed Amira, a learned Ma- oiiile, who published a grammar of the Syriac and Chaldee ; he died in 1641. GEORGE, duke of Clarence, brother of Ed- ward IV., of England, condemned to death for conspiring against his brother, in 1478. GEORGE, prince of Servia, died in conse- quence of a wound received in 1457, in a baule against the Hungarians. GEORGE LEWIS I., son of Ernest Augustus, of Brunswick, called to the throne of England on the death of queen Anne, in 1714. GEORGE AT'GUSTUS il., son of the preced- ing, succeeded to the throne, in 1727. liisreiea was more splendid than useful. GEORGE HI., king of Great Britain and Ire- land, succeeded liis grandfather George II., oti the throne, in 17C0. His reign was of 60 years duration, and was rendered prominent by the loss of the American colonies, by the acquisition India, and by long and sanguinary wars, with the difi'erent power.? of Europe. During the latter part of hi.s roigu, the kingdom was go- verned by a regency, in consequence of his men- tal derangement. He died in 1820. GERARD, Tom, or Tung, was the institu- tor and first grand master of the knights hospi- talers of Jerusalem, afterwards of Malta ; he ,diedin lliiC. GERARD. EaUhaz3r,the assassin ofWiJliam I., prince of Orange, whom he shot through the head with a pijtol as he was going out of his pa- lace at I'eift. His sentence was the same as that of Damien ; and this fanalic died, in his own conceit, a martyr of the church of Rome, !5e4. GERARD, John, a learned protestant divine, [of Qnedlimburp, died in 1638. GERARD, John, a native of Jena, professor and rector of the university, author of several [works, died in 1663. His son, John Ernest, died professor of divinity at Gei^sen, in 1707. GERARD, John, a native of England, enii- 'nent as a bofanf-^t, published a work on plants, and died in 1607. j GERARD, Dr. Alexander, professor of divi- nity in the university of Aberdeen, an: he died in !t;50. GIBSON.Thomai!, an omintnt painter, known at Oxford and London, died in 1751. GIBSON, Thomas, a physician in England, eminent as a botanist, &c., wrote several works he died in 15(i2. GIBSON, Edmund, bishop of London, born in 1669, and eminent a? an antiquarian, theoloci gicai, political, and controversial writer, died in 1748. He published an edition of " Camden Britannia," in English, and the posthumous works of sir Henry Spelman. GIBSON, Richard, an eminent English pain ter, greatly in favour with Charles l.,towlion he was page of the back stairs. He was a dwarf, and married one Mrs. Annr; Shepherd, who wa: also a dwarf. Charles I. was^ pleased to honour their marriage with his presence, and to give tlie bride. Waller wrote a poem on this occasion ''Of the Marriage of the U wart's," which begiiu- thus : " Design or chance make others wive ; But nature did this match contrive ; Eve might as well have A Jam fled, As she denied her little bed To him, for whom IJeav'n seem'd to frame And measure out this only dame," <8cc. They appear to have been of an equal stature each of them measuring three feet ten inches They had, however, nine children ; live of whicl attained to maturity, and were well proportion- ed to the usual standard of mankind- He dii;d in 1689, aged 75, and his wife died in 1709, at the age of 89. GIBSON, William, nephew of Richard, be- came eminent a? a painter ; he died in 1V02. GIBSON, William, a self-taught matliemati- cian of the most wonderful powers, born iu 172(1, died 1791. GIBt-'ON, Edward, kinsman to William, and instructed by him, died young. GIDEON, one of the judges of Israel, died 1230 B. C. GIF.ANIUS, llubertus, or oiR-rtus.acritic and civiliarj, died at Prague, in 1€04. GIFFORD, Dr. Andrew, an eminent English dissiiiting divine and antiquary, bom m 1700, died J784. He was assistant librarian at the Bri- tish .Aluwunj ; to which post he was remarkably suited, having a peculiar taleut for receiving and eomniuiiitatiiig knowledge. As a minister of the Gospel, he was lively and evangelical ; he was master of the pathetic, and persuasion dwelt on his lips ; his heart was in the work ; and, upon some occasions particularly, it might have been said of him, as was said of one of the blessed reformers: " Vividus vultus, vividi oculi, vivida: inanns, denique omnia vivida." GIFFORD, Richard, an English divine, au- thor of several learned works, died in 1607, much respected. GIFFORD, John, a political writer and histo- rian, (whose real name, however, is ; aid to have been John Richard Green, i was born in 1T58. He embraced the law as a profession ; but, having dissipated his little fortune, he was obliged to go abroad under the assumed name which he ever after retained. He returned in 1788 : and. on the breaking out of the French revolution, devoted his pen to the defence of government in church and state. He contributed to the establishment of the ■' British Critic ;" and compiled a " His- tory of France ;" and a " History of the Politi- cal Life oi William Pitt." He died in 1618. GIGGEO, Anthony, an Italian divine, w no wrote " Thesaurus Lingua; Arabicae," in 4 vols, folio, besides other works, died in 1632. GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, an enterprising, hut inifortunate navigator, related to sir Waller Raleigh. He took possession of Newfoundland in the name of queen Elizabeth, wrote a bcok to prove the existence of a north-west passage to China, and died in 1583. GILBERT, Thomas, P,. D., an English divine, who made a convert of Dr. South to ins opinion of predestination; he died ii. 1G94. GILBERT, Sir Jeffrey, cnief baron of the ex- chequer, and a voluminous law writer, was born in 1674, and died at Bath, in 1726. GlLBERT,Wil!iam, a learned physician, who tirst discovered several of the properties of the loadstone, born at Co'chester, in 1540, dic.^ 1603. GILDAS, surnarcd li;e Wise, a nii -» of Wales, and. the most ancient British wrii^r ex- tant ; for his famous " Epistle" was written A. D. 560, and is a most severe censure of the de- pravity of the Britons at that time. GILDON, Charles, an English poet and critic, born in 1G65. He is best known by his " Com- plete Art of Poetry," and died in 1723. GILES of Viterbo, an Italian cardinal, favour- ite of popes Julius III., and Leo X., died in 1.532: GILES, John, or iCgidius, the first English- man on record entered among the Dominicans; he lived in the 13th century. ClLIMER.or GELIMER, was the last of the Vandal kings of Africa. GILL, Alexander, an English scholar, mastei of St. Paul's school, who wrote some theologi- cal tracts, died in 1635. GILL, Alexander, son of the above, assisted his fatlier in his school, was a good Latin poet; he died in 1612. GILL, Dr. John, an eminent English Calvin- istic divine, a learned orientalist, and voluniia- )U9 writer on theoloijical subjects, born j.697, and died in London, 1771. His greatest work ia a " Commentary on the Bible." GlLLFiS, Pster, a learned adventurer, who 211 GI wt'iit iiitd foreign coun'rics to learn their man- ners ; lie (iird al Rome, in 1555. GIIjLESI'IE, Oeoryo, a lanjons preacher of the cliurrh of SOTtlaud, died in ]t)48. GILLOT, Ulaiidc, a French painlfr and en- graver, disc/ple to V'aleaujdiod in IT^. GILLRAY, James, a celebrated caricature designer and enpraver, died in 1815. GILPIN, Bernard, an eminent English divine and reformer, l)orn in 1517, died 1583. GILPIN, Richard, a popular non-conformist minister in and about London ; he afterwards practised phvsic, and died in If)57. GILPIN, William, an English divine, biogra- pher,- and dolineator of nature's picturesque beauties, was born in 17S24, dieil 1801. His prin- cipal works are, " An Exposition of the New Tcsiament;" " An Essay on Prints ;" and nu- merous Essays and Observations on Picturesqu:; Scenery, Sec, in different parts of En(;land. To tlie.-te we should add, his " Sermons to *a Country Congregation." GILPIN, Sawrey, R. A., a celebrated painter, particularly of horses and wild animal.^, was born iu 1733, and was brother of the pvccediag. He went to London at the age of 14, and was ar- ticled to Mr. Scott, a ship-painter, who lived in Covent-Gardcn, where Mr. Gilpin caught his first relish for animal painting, frequently amus- ing himself in sketciiing the carts and horses, market-srroupa, &c'. He was afterwards patron- ised by William, duke of Cumberland, at Wind- sor ; and from his royal highness' stud he ac- quired that knowledge of the horse which he has BO ably exhibited in his works. The historical compositions lie has left, show that he might have claimed the palm in the first department of art. The Triumph of Camillas, Diomcdes' Horses, his poetical subjects, and drawings of animals, possess a taste peculiar to himself His chef d'cBuvre is in the possession of S. Whit- bread, esq. M P. It consists of a group of tigers, and is a noble and spirited composition. He ex- celled much in giving an expression of terrible, but majestic fierceness, to that noblest of all ani- mals, the lion. He died at Brompton, in 1807. GINNANI, Francis, page to duke Anthony Farnese, wrote several works on agriculture ; he died in 17G6. GIOCONDO, Fra Giovanni, a schoolmaster at Verona, who instructed Julius Csesar Scali- ger ; he died in ]5'2I. GIOIA, Flavio, of Amalfi, in Naples, a cele- brated mathematician, who, from his knovilcdse of the magnetic powers, invented the mariner's compass, by which the navigation of Europeans was extended to the most distant regions of the plobc , before this invention, navigation was confined to coasting It is said that the Chinese knew the compass long before ; be this as it may, he Europeans arc inrtebted'to Gioia for this in- valuable discovery. He was born about 1300. j GIOLITO DETi FERRARI, a printer, of thej' 16th century, at Venice, ennobled by Charles V., I died iu 1.547. GIORDAN!, Vital, a Neapolitan mathemati- cian ; author of several works on the niathema- tice. died in 1711. | GiORD.\NO,Luca, a painter of Naples, he was; knighted bvthe king of Spain, and died in 1705.' GIOKGIANI, or AL.SEfD ALSCHERIF; ABON HASSAN, orHOUSSAIN ALI, a ua-j live of Georgia, author of Theological and Phi- losophical terms. j GIORGtONR, an illustrious Venetian painter,; born in 1478, died in 151,1. ' 21? GL GIOSEPPINO, an eminent Neapolitan painter, born in 15Wl, di(!d in 1640. GIOTTINO Tomaso, a painter, of Florence, died ill 13.5t). GIOTTO, an eminent Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect, born in 1276, died in 133G. GIRALDI, Lilio Gregorio, an ingenious critic, antiquary, and historian, and one of the most learned men that modern Italy has produced, ' died in 155-2. GIRALDI, John Baptist Cintio, an Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1504, died in 1573. Mis worlcs consist chiefly of tragedies; and some make no scruple to rank him among the best tragic writers that Italy has produced. GIRALUUS, Sylvester, a learned Welchman, who wrote a History of Ireland, and other works of great erudition, died about 1215. GIRALDUS, Canibrensis, an ancient British historian, who died about the latter end of the 12th century, having written "A History of the Vv'orld," in which his information res- pecting ecclesiastical attairs is extremely valu- able. GIRANDON, Francis, was inspector-general of sculpture to Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1715. GIRARD, John Baptist, a Jesuit, born at Pol, was tried by the parliament of Aix, for using sorcery upon a young girl ; but was acquitted. GIR'.'\RD, Gabriilj a French ecclesiastic, was almoner to the duchess of Berri, &c. ; he died in 17-tS. GIRON, T). Pierre, duke ot'Ossuna, a Spaniard, who encoiiraged tlie fauious conspiracy against Venice, wiiich forms the subject of one of the finest pieces of English tragedy ; he died in prison in 1024. GIRONST, James, of Anjou, known as a po- pular preacher : his sermons were pubhshed in 1704 ; he died in 1689. GIRTIN, John, an English painter, whcse views of London and Paris, are much admired ; he died in 1802. GIBY, Lewis, one of the first members of the French academy, and author of several valuable works ; he died in 1G65. GISRERT, John, a native of Cahors,proffis.«or of divinity at Toulouse, and author of Anti- Probalasimus, died in 1710. GISBERT, fiiaise,a Jesuit of Cahors, wrote a work on Education, &c., died in 1731. GISELINUS, a physician, a native of Bruges, died in 1551. GIST, Mordecai, a brigadier general iu the American war ; was in the battle of Camden, died in 1792. GIULANO, Di-Majano, a Florentine, sculptor and architect, who died at Naplris, in 1447. Se- veral buildings at Naples, are the monuments of his genius. GIUSTI, Antonio, a painter, of Florence, of much excellence, died in 1705. GL.AIN, N. Saint, a zealous Protestant, born at Limoges, about 1620, remarkable for having been, by re;iding of Spinoza's book, changed into as zealous an Atheist. GL ANnOR, Matthias, a physician to the arch- bishop of Bremen, died in 1652. GL.'VNVIL, Joseph, a distinguished philnso phical and theological writer, born al Plymouth, in 163<;, died in lf)80. In " Some Philosophical Considerations, touching the Being of Witches and Witchcraft," he defended the possibility of witchcraft, which drew him into a com ro- versy that ended only with his life. During the GL coiinie of it, lie endeavoured to eonJii m his opin- ion by a coUcciioii of several narratives itlativc tu it. ULANVILLE, Uaniilpli, ctiief justiciary of all Kiiylaiid, and an uniinent writer on jurispru- dence, who first collctud the Kiiglish laws into one hody, flourished toward tlie end of the 12tli century. G LAPH yRA, a priestess of Bellona's temple, known foi her amoms with JMarc Antony. GIj.^PTflOUAE, Henry, a poet and dramatic writer, who lived in the reign of Ciiarles I., and puhlislied five plays. GI^ASER, Christopher, apothecary to Louis: XIV., and author of a valuable treatise on chy- tnist.'-y, died in 1071*. GIj'ASS, John, a Scotch divine, who, in 1727, puhlislied a treatise to prove that the civil esta- blishment of religion was inconsistent with Christianity ; for this he was deposed, and be- can)e the father of a new .-ect, called in Scot- land, Glassites, and in England, Sandenionians. He was born at Dundee, in 1098, and died in 1773. GLASS, John, born at Dundee, traded to the Brazils, whence returninj; in 1705, with great property, he was murdered by the seamen, wlio were al'crvvards executed. GLAPSIUS, Solomon, D. D., a German di- vine, superintendent of the schools and cliurches inSaxe Rotha, and author of several works ; he died in Viol). GLAUI5ER, John, a painter,of Utrecht, whose pieces are much admired ; he died in 1726. GLADDER, John Gotlief, a painter, whose pieces were in a finished style, died in 1703. GLAUBER, Diana, sister of the preccdinj; painters, born in 1051), was also distinguished for the execution of her pencil ; she becamej blind in her old age. GLAUBER, John Rodolphus, a celebrated i German chyraist, and chyuiical writer, of the! 17lh century. ! GLEDITSCH, John Gottlieb, a native ofi Leipsic, and lecturer in botany, physiologj', &c.,l di?d in 1786. | GLEICIIEN, Frederic William Von, a noble-' man, of Bayreiith, he constructed a curious mi- croscope, and died in 178.3. GLEN, John, a painter and engraver on wood,| of Liege, of the Ifith centurv. GLUN DOWER, Owen, a celebrated Welch warrior, who for more than fourteen years op- posed the sovereignty of Henry IV. of England, by force of arms, declaring him to be a usurper, and the murderer of Richard 11. , born in 1354, died ill 1415. GI.ENIE, James, a mathematician, engag- ed in the military service of Great Britain, died in 1817. He was the author of a flistorj' of Gunnery, and several valuable mathematical works. GLENN, James, governor of the colony of South-Carolina, was succeeded by Lytfleton, in 1755. He promoted the prosperity of the colony, by an advantageous treaty with the Indians. GLICAS, a Byzantine historian, his "Annals from the Creation," were published in Greek and Latin in IfiOO. GLIPSON, Francis, an English medical and anatomical author. His Treatise on the Liver is his rti(l-ri'(puvre , he died in 1677. i GLOUCESTER, Robert of, the most ancient ! poet in the records of English history, flourished] in the time of Henry II. I GLOVEB. Bichiird. This verv ingeniouf=i GO gentleman was brought up ii> the mercantile hue, and, by a remarkable speech that hf de- livered in behalf of the leprcliantc of l^indon at the bar of the House of Commons, about the year 1740, previous to the breaking out of (he Spanisii war, acquired, and with great jiisiice, the chaiacter of an able and steady patriot; which churacler he retained through lite. In the belles lettroshe also m.ide no inconsiiierable figure, being the nutlior of an epic poem ol very liii^h relebritj-, entitled " Leonidas ;" the subject of which is," ilie gallant actions of that preat general, and his heroic defence of, and fidl at, the pass of Thermopyla- ; he wrote also, " Bo- adicea," " lledea,"' and " Jason," tragedies : and died in 1785, aged 74. GLUCK, Christopher, an eminent musical composer, born in Bohemia, in 1716. He intro- duced a new style of music iuto Paris, and died at Vienna, in 17fe7. GLYNN, Robert, a native of Cambridge, au- thor of the Pay of Judgment, a poem of great merit ; he (ibiaincd the prize of Cambridge, and died in 1800. GMELiN, Dr. Samuel Gottlcib, a celehratrd eastern traveller, who has left an account of his travels inSvo'unies. He was born in Swaliia,in 1745, and died in 1774, at Achniet Kent, a village of Mount Caucasus. GMELIN, John George, born at Tubingen, published some works ; he died in 1755. GMELIN, John Frederic, a professor in the university of Gottingen, was born at Ttibingen, in 1748. He was a voluminous and able writer on every part of natural history ; but is most celebrated for his edition of Linnfeus' "System of Nature." The world is also indebted to him for the discovcrV' of several excellent dyes, ex- tracted from diiferent vegetable and mineral substances : he died in 1805. GOADBY, Robert, a printer and bookseller, of Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, and author of several useful publications, died in 1778. His " Illustra- tion of the Holy Fcriptures," is a book that has been very generally read, and widely circu- lated. "The Life of Bamfylde Moore V'arew, King of the Beggars," was likewise written by him. G0.4R, James, a Dominican friar, of Paris;, published " (Jra coruni Eucologinm," &c. ; he died in 1653, much respected. COBBO, Pietro Paolo Cortonese, a much admired painter, of Cortona, died in 1640. GOKBO, .Andrea, an Italian historical painter died about ],')27. Gobi:!,, John Baptist, a native of Hanne, bislinp of Lydda : was accused by Robespierre, of aiheisni, and guillotined in 17U3. GOBELTN, Giles, a famous French dyer, w)io.hus, considered as the 213 GO founder of modern magnetism : was born at Wittemberg, and died in 1621. GOCL.ENIUS, Rodolphus, a volnniinous wri- ter, 50 years professor of logic at Marpurg, died in 1028. GODDARD, Jonathan, an English physician and chymist, and one of the first promoters of the Royal Society, born in 1617, died iu 1074. GODEAU, Anthony, a French bishop, born in 1605. He was a very voluminous author, both in prose and verse ; but it may xutiice to mention one work in each way, as chiefly worth notice ; his "Ecclesiastical History," and a "Transla- tion of the Psalms into French verse ;" he died in 1672. GODEFROI, or GODFREY, of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine, a most celebrated crusader, and victorious general : he took Jeru- salem from tlie Turks in 109(1, and was pro- claimed king ; but his piety, as historians relate, would not permit him to wear a diadem of golfl in the city where his Saviour had been crowned with thorns : he died iu 1100. GODEFROI, Denys. a native of Paris, and author of Corpus Juris Civilis, &c., died in 1G22. GODEFROI, Theodore, counsellor of state, of France, died in 16-12. His brother James, was law professor at Geneva, where he died in 1G59. GODEFROI, Denys, son of Theodore, an au- thor ; he died in 1681. GODESCHALC, surnamed Fnlgentius, a monk, in Saxony, in the 9th century, known for Ills controversy about predestination and grace; he died in 869. GODEVVYCK, Margarita, a female painter, of Dort, much admired, died in 1077. GODFREY, of Viterbo, chaplain and secre- tary to king Conrad TIL, and the emperors Fre- deric and Henry VI. He laboured 40 years iu compiling a Chronicle from the Creation of the World to 1186. It is written in Latin prose and verse, and entitled "Pantheon." GODFREY, Sir Edmundbury, an able ma- gistrate, v.ho exerted himself in the discovery of the popish plot, was found dead, pierced by his own sword, supposed to have been killed by the papists in 1078. j GODFREY, Thomas, the inventor of Flad- ley'si]uadrant, died iu Philadelpliia, in 1749. "GODFREY, TI:omas, soii of the preceding,]' a poet ; died at VVilmington, in 1763. I GODIVA, the name of a beautiful lady, wife of Leofric earl of Mercia, in the reign of Edward ] the Confessor. Having an extraordinary affec-i tion for Coventry, she solicited her husband to release the inhabitants of that city from a grie- vous tax. To this he evasively consented, on condition that she would ride naked tlirouL'h the streets of Coventry ; which she performed, covering her body with her hair, and command- ing all persons to keep within doors and from! the windows on pain of death. The pictures of Leofric and Godiva are in the window of Trinity Church ; and every year on the Fri-] day after Trinity Sunday, there is a procession through the town, with a figure representing a naked woman on horseback. GOUOLPHIN, John, an eminent civfiian, of England, born in 1617, died in 1678. He puh-i lishcd several books which were held in muchl esteem. GODWIN. Earl, brother to Edward the Con-| fessor, invaded England, in 1052. Being tried. for the murder of prince Alfred his brother, he was pardoned, but died at the king's tabl«, wbilej 214 GO protesting his innocence of the said murder ; supposed by the historian of those times to have been choked with a piece of bread, as a judg- ment from heaven, having wished it might stick iu hi? throat if he were guilty of the murder, which he cerlainly was. GODWIN, Thomas, an English prelate, who embraced the tenets of the protes'.anrs, but on the accession of Mary, was persecuted ; he was afterwards favoured by Elizabeth, who at length became displeased with liim, which hastened his death in 1.590. GODWIN, Dr. Francis, an excellent malhc- matician, philosopher, and historian, born i« 1561. In 1583, ho wrote an entertaining piece, which came out about five years after his death, under the title of " The Man in the Moon ; or a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonsales," in 1038. But his principal work is, " A Catalogue of the Bishops of England, since the first planting of the Christian Religion in this Island ; together with a brief History of their Lives and memorable Actions, so neaf as can be gathered of Antiquity ;" he died in 1633. GODWIN, Dr. Thomas, a learned English writer, and excellent schoolmaster, born in 1537, died in 1642. His chief work is, " Roman® Historiffi Anthologia," an English Exposition of the Roman Antiquities, &c. GODWIN, Mary Wollstonecraft, aladyofvery superior literary accomplishments, who distin- guished herself by many able productions, bill chiefly by " A Vindication of the Rights of Women, with Strictures on Moral ami Politica! Subjects." She also wrote well on female education and conduct, and her practical skill in education was even superior to her specula- tions on the subject. For soundness of under- standing, and sensibility of heart, she was, per- haps, never e.xcelled ; but there were certain peculiarities of system both in her writings and her conduct, against which every lover of reli- gion or mor.Tis must protest. She was born in 170S, and died in 1797. GOERCE, William, an eminent scholar, of Middleburv, author of Jewish Antiquities, &c., died in 1715. GOERIXG, Jacob, for many years minister of the German Lutheran church in New- York, died in 1807. GOERTZ, John baron of, a memorable Swede, who endeavoured to e.\cite an insurrection in Enslatid in favour of the pretender ; he was be- headed in 1719. GOES, Hugo Vaiider, a painter, of Bruges, flourished about 1480. GOESIUS, William, a critic, of Leyden, au- thor of notes on Petronius, died in 1686. OOETZE, George Henry, a native of Leipsic ; he was superintendentof the churches of Lubec, and died in 1702. GOEZ, John Aigustus Ephraiin, a native of Ascherlcben, eminent as a naturalist; he died in 1780. GOEZ, Damian de, a Portuguese writer, and a great traveller, became acquainted with the learned men of Europe. GOFF, Thomas, born in Essex. 1592, and died in 1627. He waB a divine ; but wrote several pieces on different subjects, among which are four tragedies. GOFF, William, one of the judges of king Charles I., and major-eeneral under Cromwell, cauic to America in 1660; he lived in conceal- ment till his death, in 1679. 4k GO GOGAVA, Antonius Jltunanius, a Geniian physici:iii, flourisht'd about 15i)2. GOGUET,Autoiiy-YveM, a Fieiich writer, and author of a celebrated work, entitled, " L'Ori- giue de Loix, des Arts, des Sciences, et de leur Progres ches las Anciens Peuples," born at Pa- ris, in 1716, died 1758. GOLDAST, Melchior Haiminsfield, a learned civilian, of Switzerland, author of many valua- fcle works, died in 1GH5. GOLDHAGEN, John Eustachius, of Magde- burg, translated Herodotus, &c. ; he died in 177'2. GOLDMAN, Nicholas, a native of Breslaw, author of a treatise on military architecture, died in 1665. GOLDONI, Charles, a dramatic writer, born at Venice, in 1707, produced a number of come- dies, which were remarkably successful. He died in 1793. GOLDSMITH, Francis, a poet and translator, who lived in tlie reign of Charles I. GOLDSMITH,OUver, an eminent Englisii his- toric, dramatic, and mjscellaneous writer, was born at Elphiu, in Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729. Uuit- ting home to taste of foreign climes, he encoun- tered many ditficulties ; and having experienced all the vicissitudes to which a pennyless wan- derer must necessarily be subject, arrived in England in 1758. Shortly after, he became an as- sistant at an academy at Peckham ; then a writer in " The Monthly Review;" and afterwards in " The Public Ledger," in which his" Citizen of the World" originally appeared, under tlie title of" Chinese Letters." Fortune seemed now to take some notice of a man she had long neglect ed. The simplicity of his character, the integrity of liis heart, and the merit of his productions, made his company acceptable to the better sort, He took handsome chambers in the temple, and lived in a genteel style. His "Traveller," his "Vicar of Waketjeld," his " Good-natured Man, aComedy," raised hiraup, and ensured him sue cess to any thing that should follow ; as " The Deserted Village," "She Stoops to Conquer," &c. Notwithstanding the success of his works by which he cleared vast sums, his circum stances were by no means prosperous ; and this has been imputed to two causes : partly to the liberality of his disposition ; and partly to an un fortunate habit of gaming, the arts of which he very little understood. He died Apiil 4, 1774. Goldsmith, like SmoUet, Guthrie, and others who subsisted by their pens, is supposed some times to have sold his name to works in which he had little or no concern. GOLIUS, James, a learned orientalist, born at tlie Hague; travelled into several countric; he published several learned works, and died in 1667. GOLIUS, Pete^-, brother of the preceding, an cxcellentorientaUst, assisted in the edition of the great Arabic Bible, printed at Rome, in 1671 ; he died in 1673. GOLTZIUS, Henry, a famous Dutch painter and engraver, born in 1558, died 1617. GOLTZIUS, Hubert, a German writer on Ro- man antiquities, born in 152fj. He was the au- thor of several excellent works, in all which he applies medals to tlie clearing up of ancient his- lorv. He died in 1583. GOLYDD AN, a bard in the court, of Cadwal- lader, in the beginning of the 8th century. GOMAR, Francis, a native of Bruges, known for his strong defence of Calvin's principles against Armiuius ; he died in 1641. GOMUAULD, John Ogicr de, a French poet| and theological writer, born 1567, died in 166 he died in 1580. GOMEZ, Magdalene Angelica Poisson de, a French lady, who wrote some romances, &c., died in 1770. GONDEBAUD, third king of Burgundy, be- came tribuiary to Clovis, king of the Franks ; he died in 510. GONDlilN, Lewis Antony, a favourite of Louis XIV., who gratified that monarch by em- ploying 1200 men to destroy a wood which was offensive lo him. GONDV, John Francis Paul, afterwards Car- dinal de Retz, born 1613, died 1679. This extraor- dinary man has drawn liis own character in his " Memoirs," which are written with such an air of grandeur, impetuosity of genius, and inequali- ty, as give us a very strong representation of his conduct. He was a man who, from the reatest degree of debauchery, and still lan- guishing under its consequences, preached to the people, and made himself adored by them. Voltaire says, that " in his youth he lived like Cataline, and like Attieus in his old age." Of his Memoirs, "several parts," says the same Voltaire, " are worthy of Sallust, but the whole is not equal."/ They are supposed, however, to be written with impartiality ; the author having every where spoken with the same free- dom of his own infirmities and vices, as any other writer could have done. GONET, John Baptist, a Dominican friar, professor at Bourdeaux, and author of a sys- tem of theology ; he died in 1681. GONGORA, Lewis de, a Spanish poet, bom in 16.52, died in 1027. His works are all posthu • mous, and consist of sonnets, elegies, a comedy, a tragedy, &c. The Spaniards have a very high opinion of this poet, even so as to entitle him prince of the poets of their own nation. GONNELLI, John, a Tuscan sculptor and painter, who lost his sight at the age of 20 ; but modelled in clay ; and by his exquisite sensa- tion of feeling, wrought his statues to great per- fection, and drew portraits with striking resem- blance. He died at Rome in 1073. GONSALVA, or GONSALVO, Fernandez, duke of Terra Nuova, and called The Great Captain, a renowned Spanish general under Ferdinand and Isabella, was born at Cordova in 1443, and died in 1515. GONTHIE!!, a Latin poet, author of a histo- ry of Constantinople, in 1203. GONTHIER, Leonard and John, Frenchmen and brothers, eminent in the art of paijitingor staining glass ; the time of their birth and death is uncertain. GONZAG.X, Lucretia, an illustrious lady of the 16th century, as remarkable for wit, learn- ing, and stylo, as for high birth. She wrote inch beautiful letters, that the utmost care was aken to preserve them ; and a collection of them was printed at Venice, in 1552. All that came from her pea was so much esteemed, that 215 GO u collection was made even of ihe notes that slie vviote to lier servants, sev i-ji ol' whicjiart 10 lie met with ir. tlie edilio.) ol licr letters. GONZAGA, Scipic, a noble Italian, whti wrote some poems, aii'i left maimscript inemoirt of liirnself . tie died in 1593 GONZAGA, Vespasian, duke of Sabblone ta, a city wliich he founded ; he died in 169], much respected. GONZALEZ, Thyrsus, a Spaniard, general of the Jesuits, who died at Rome, in 1705. GOOCU, Sir William, a distinguished oilicor ill the mifitaiy service of Great-Brilaiii, com- inauder of tile forces raised for the Spanish war, and afterwards a major-general, and governor of the colony of Virginia, after Drysdale, in 17-27. COODALL, Walter, a Scotchman, known as a philologist, and author of a vindication of IMarv ; he died in 1758. GOODKICH, Elizur. D. D., minister of Dur- ham, Conn. ; was distinguished for his lilera/y and scientific acquirements : he was well ver- sed in the languages, and familiar wilh mathe- matical and philosophical investigation : he published several sermons, and died in 1707 GOODRICH, Chauncey, son of the prece- ding, was an eminent lawyer and siatesinan, of Harttord, Conn. He was a representative, and afterwards a setiator in congress, a coun- sellor and lieutenant-governor of Connecticut, and njayor of the city of Hartford. For depth and solidity of judgment, great professional at taiiiments, strict integrity, benevolence and pi ety, he had few equals ; and his death, which happened in 1815, was lamented as a public ca lamity. GOODWIN, Thomas, a puritanical divine, one of the members of the assemblyof divines at Westminster, and autlior of theological works; he died in 1679. GOODWIN, John, a most acute and subtle controversialist of the 17th century. He wrote a vindication of the death of Charles I., which at the Restoration was burnt by the common hangman. He was excepted out of the act of indemnity, and died soon after. His works are numerous, but mostly in support of Arminian doctrines. GOOKIN, Daniel, author of the historical collections of the Indians in New-England, and major-general of Massachusetts ; died in l(i87 GOOKIN, Nathaniel, minister of Hampton N. H. ; much respected for his faithfulness he died in 1734. GOOL, John, Van, a Dutch painter, born at the Hague, in 1685. GORDIAN I., emperor of Rome, invested with the purple in Africa, much against his will, in 237, in the reign of JVIaxiniinus, and soon after killed by a general of that monarch. GORDON, Robert, of Stralogh, author of " Theatrum Scotia;," an e.vcellent work, con- taining a description of the whole country of Scotland, with maps of every county. He died about the middle of the 17th century. GORDON, Thomas, a native of Scotland, greatly distinguished by his writings on political and religious subjects. He was concerned with Mr. Trenchard in the composition of "Cato's Letlers," and "The Independent Whig;" and published English translation.* of Sallust and Tacitus, with additional discourses to each au- thor. He died in 1750. GORDON, James, a Jesuit, who inuKht phi-" losophy and languages at Paris and Bourdeaux, 216 G O died in 1620. Another of that name, waa au tlior of a commentary on the Bible. (iORtlON, Alexander, a learned Scotchman, an excellent draflsnian and antiquary, and secretary to the Antiquarian Society, in 1740. He puhhshed a .lourney through most parts of ihe counties of Scotland, with 66 copperplates; " The Li '-•* of Pope Alexander VI. and his son Ca\»ar Ilor„.a;" "A Complete History of the ■ iitient Amphitheatres," &c.&c. GORDON, Hon. George, commonly called Lord (icorge Gordon, a man whose restless spirit has furnished too many materials for fu- ture history, to pass unineiitioiud in this collec- tion. He wfis son of Cosmo-George, dvikc of Gordon, and born in 1750. At an early period of life he eiilered into the royal navy, which he quitted during the American war, in conse- quence of an altercation with the earl of Sand- wich, relative to promotion. He afteiAvards re- presented the borough of Ludgeishall in parlia- ment during several sessions ; and, as he ani- madverted with gieat freedom, and often with great wit, on the proceedings of both sides of the House, it was usual at tl.at period to say, that " there were three parties in parliament, the ministry, the opposition, and Lord George Gordon ;" at length, however, taking a very vio- lent part in the House against a " Bill for th? Relief of Papists from certain Penalties and Dis- abilities," he headed a popular associutKm to oppose the measure ; which transaction gave rise to, though it certainly did not authorize, the dreadful riots by which the kingdom, and particularly the metropolis, was for some days Jevastaled in 1780. For this Lord George was tried on a charge of high treason ; but acquit- ted, on the ground that his intentions in assem- bling the people were not malicious and traitor- ous. May 4, 1786, he was excommunicated by the arclibishop of Canterbury, for contempt, in not appearing in court as witness in a cause. Jan. 28, 1788, having received sentence on two convictions, for libelling the French ambassa- dor and queen, and the criminal justice of Great Britain, he retired to Holland, but wa.s sent back under a guard, and committed to New- gate. In July, 1789, he presented a petition to the national assembly of France, for its inter- ference in his behalf; but Lord Greiiville in- formed tiie French ambassador that the applica- tion in his. favour could not be admitted, and the ambassador acquainted him with it. He died in Nevvgate, in 1793 ; and his last moments were embittered by the knowledge that he conlci not be buried among tlie Jews, whose religion li.-^ had embraced, during liis imprisonment, and jto which lie w as warmly attached. GORDON, Andrew, a native of Aberdeen, !profc?snr ;ind author ; he died in 1751. GORDOK,Sir Adam, an English divine, rector of Hiuckworth, and prebendary at Bristol, au- thor of sermons and other works, died in 1817. GORDON, Patrick, succeeded Sir ■William Keith, as governor of Pennsylvania, in 1726. His administration was prudent, judicious, and advantagfous to the colonists ; he died in 1736. , CORDON, William, D. D., minister of R ox- bury, Ma.29.). GORREUS, a piotestant physician at Paris, who pnblislied a trauslalioa of Nicander, and died in 157i. GORTKR, John, became medical lecturer and public piiysician at Harderwyck ; he wrote various works, and died in 17t)'2. GOKTDN, Samuel, the first settler of War wick, Rhode Island, was persecuted for his re ligious opinions in Massachusetts, and for s time imprisoned ; he died after the year 1G76. GOSNOLD, Bartholomew, an Knglishman, who li.'-st discovered and gave name to Cape Cod, in ](i02 : he died in Virginia, in 1007. GOySELINI, .lulian, a writer, horn at Rome ; he was appointed secretary to Ferdinand Gon- zaca, viceroy of Sicily, and died in 1587. GOSSEHN, Antony, regius professor of his- tory and eloquence at Caen, and principal of the college du Bois, published a " fiistory of the Ancient Greeks, in Latin, 16.30." GOSSON, Stephen, a divine and poet, born ill Kent, in 1554, educated at Christ Church, Oxford, took orders, and obtained the living of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, where he died, in 1623. He wrote three plays ; and afterwards, in 1.579, published an invective against poets, players, &c. called " The Schoole of Abuse." GOTH, Stephen, archbishop of Upsal, who, in attempting to restore the Catholic religion in Sweden, nearly kindled a civil war, in the 16th century. GOTHOFRED, the name of a very learned family, originally of France. Deni.s Gothofi ed, a celebrated lawyer, born in 1549, died in l&iU. He is now best known by an edition of the "Corpus Juris Civilis." Theodosiiis, the eld- est son of Denis, born in 1.580, became a coun- sellor of state, and died in 1649. James, another son ofDenis. born in 1587, was preferred to the first ollices in the republic of Geneva, and died there in 16.52. Denis, the sen of Theodosiiis, born in 1615, died in 1681. He inherited his father's taste for French history, and made great additions to what his father had done. Of thiij kind are the histories of Charles VI., Charles VH., and Charles VIII., magnificently printed at the Louvre. John, son of the fore- going, had also, like his father, a passion for the history and antiquities of France. He gave an edition of " Philip de Corainines," and other works, and died in 1732. GOTTESCHALC, vid. Godeschalc. GOTTt, Vincent Lewis, an Itali.in, made cardinal by Benedict XIII. ; he died iu 1742. £ e GO CJOJ 'I'IGME.s, Giles Francis, professor of iiiathematji-, at Rome, and author of several "'■'!'",■','.''■,""'''' works; he died in ir>^j. GOTTLEi;i:r, Jolm Christopher, an excel- lenl G<-rtnaii critic ; he died in 17Hi;. GOTTiSCHED, John (Miristopher, a German poet of Kuuing.-^bi rg, who was the means of banishing bullbonery Horn the stage; he died in 1762. GOUUELIN, or GOUDOl'LI, Peter, a poet of Gascony, so celebrated that he is cullod liie Homer of (;ascony ; he died in h'A'J. (JOIJUIMEL, CHudins, an eicellerit musi- cian ; he was put to death lor setting the psahiia of .Marot and Beza to music. GOUUINOT, John a native of Rheims, zeal- ously attached to the tenets of the Jaiiseiiisto , he died in 1749. GOUFFIER, Marie Gabriel Augustel,aurent, count de Choiseul, ambassador from France to the Porte. During the revolution he went to Russia, where he was made a privy counsellor, and keeper of the imperial library. In IWJ, he returned to France. On the restoration of Eouis XVUI., he was made a peer of France, and died in 1817. He was autlior of " Voyage en Groce," (Sec. GftlKiE, William, one of the ministers of the assembly of divines, and appointed one of the annotators of the Bible ; he died in 16.5:$. GOUGE, Thomas, sou of the preceding, wrote many books, and distributed many thousand jpies of the Bible and (^aii cliism. Sec, among the 300 schools established in Wales. GOUGE.S, Mary Olyinpe de, a native of Mon- taiibaii, whose heroic conduct in defending Louis XVI., caused her to be guillotined in 17ii2. GOUG II, Richard, a very learned and eminent English antiquary, born in 1735, in London, and educated at Cambridge. The principal of his very numerous works are, " British Topogra- phy," a new edition of " Camden's Britannia," and " Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britaiu.' Mr. Gonuh died at Enfield, in 1809. GOUJET, Claude Peter, a French writer, born at Paris, in K)i)7, died in 1707. He published " Supplements to Moreri's Dictionary," and to •' Dupin's Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Writers, " &.C. GOUJON, John, a sculptor, of Paris, called the Cnreggioof sculpture; he was killed iu the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1.572. GOULART, Simon, a Frenchman, who suc- ceeded Calvin as minister at Geneva, and wrote several valuable works ; he died in 1628. GOULD, Robert, an English poet of some celebrity, in the 17th century, died in 1709. GOUIjIN, John u French writer of merit, died in 1799. GOULSTON, Theodore, an English physi- cian of great celebrity, died in 1632- GOULU, John, a Frenchman ; he translated Epictetns, Arian, Sec, and dieet of the 16th cen- tury, and author of a Latin grammar. GOVEA, Andrew, brother of the precediifg, established, under John III. of Portugal, the cot- lege of Coimbra ; he died in 1548. GOVE.A., Antony, youngest brother of the pre- ceding, professor of law at Toulouse, died of eat- ing cucumbers, in 1565. GOWER, John, an English lawyer and poet, cotemporary with Chaucer, but older, being born about 1320" Thouph Gower was born first, yet he outlived Chaucer, and was his successor in the laurel. In his character as a lawyer, he made so considerable a figure, that he is said to have been raised to the first rank in that profes- sion, and to have sat chief justice of the Com- mon Pleas. His principal production, as a poet, is " Confessio Amantis," a folio, first printed by Caxton. He died in 1402. GOYEN, John Van, a painter, of Leyden, distinguished for his landscapes ; he died in 1656. GOZO\, Deodati, grand master of the order «f St. John of Jerusalem, died in 1353. GOZZI, Count Gaspar, a Venetian noble, dis- tinguished for his lyrical and satirical poems ; he died in 1786. GRAAF, Regnier de, a celebrated Dutch phy- mcian and writer on anatomy, born in 1641. died J673. GR.AAF, Parent, a painter, of Amsterdam, who died in 1709. GRAAW, Henry, a native of Hoorn, disciple to Van Campen, died in 1082. GR.\BE, John Ernest, a learned theological and critical writer, and editor of the " Septua- gint," from the Alexandrian MS. in the king of England's palace, at St. J.-imes', wag born at Koninzsberg, in 1066, and died 1712. GRACCHUS, Sempronius, a Roman, ban tshed to a solitary island, on the coast of Africa, for hia licentious conduct. GRACCHUS, Tiberius, who, being elected tri bune of the Roman people, demanded of the .senate, in their name, the execution of the Agra- rian law, by which all persons possessing above ."JOO acres of land, were to be deprived of the sur- plus, for the benefit of the poor citizens, among whom an equal distribution was to be made. Having carried his plan into execution by vio- lent measures, he fell a victim to his zeal, being assa.»sinated by his own party, 133 B. C. Caius, his brother, pursuing the same steps, caused a sedition, in which he was killed by the consul, Opimius, 121 B. C. G!{.\(,CHUS, Rutulius, a Roman poet, of the lOthcenturv, of some merit. 218 GR GRACI AN, Balthazar, a Spanish Jesuit, whose iermons were esteemed ; he died in 1658. GRADENK.'O, Peter, adoge of Venice, who rhanned the goveriinieiit of his country from a Idiniocracy lo an aristocracy ; he died in 1303. (;R/i;CiNnS, Julius, a native of Frejus ; he was put to d(!ath by Caligula, for refusing lo be- come the accuser ol M. Silvanus. GPyE.ME, John, a Scotch poet and miscel- laneous writer of considerable merit, born in 1748, died 1772. GRTEVIUS, John George, a celebrated critic. SeeGKKVll'S. GRAFFIO, a Jesuit of Capua, in the 16th cen- tury, author of two volumes on moral subjects. GRAFIGNY, Frances, a French novelist and dramatic writer, born in 1694, died 1758. GRAFTOiN, Richard, an English printer, io the JOth century. He compiled the greater part of" Hall's Chronicle ;" and, in 1562, published "An Abridgment of the Chronicles of England." (lis large Chronicle appeared in 1569. Grafton was a great promoter of tlie reformation, b) printing Bibles. He was living in 1572. GRAFTON, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, duke of, was educated at Cambridge university, of which he was afterwards chancellor, and suc- ceeded to the family honours, in 1757. He waf made secretary of state, and afterwards first lord of the treasury, which office he held till IdO. From 1771 until 1775, he was lord privy s<;al, and, after that time, was an opponent of the mi- nistry till his death, in 1811. The celebrated let- ters of Junius, were many of them addres.sed to him, with a severity which must have been dic- tated by private hatred, GRAHAM, Gcorg«', clock and watch maker, was born at Gratwigk, a village in the north of Cumberland, in 1675 ; and, in 1088, went to Lon- don. He was not put apprentice to Tompion, as is generally said ; but, after he had been some- time with another master,Tompion received him into liis family purely for his merit, and treated him with a kind of parental atlcction till hia death. "That Graham was, without competition, the most eminent of his profession, is but a mall part of his character •, he was the best me- chanic of his lirne, and had a complete know- ledgeof practical astronomy; so that he not only gave to various movements for the mensuration of time, a degree of perfection which had never before been attained, but invented several astro- nomical instruments, by which considerable ad- vances have been made in that science ; he made great improvements in those which liad before been in use ; and, by a wonderful manual dex- terity, constructed them with greater precision and accuracy than any other person in the world. He was many years a member of the royal so- ciety, to which he communicated several ingeni- ous and important discoveries, and died in 1751. GR.AHAM, Catherine Macauley, a celebrated English historian. She began her literary career with the " History of England, from James I. to the Bru'iswif k line." Her other works were a History of England from the Revolution to the present time, in a series of Letters to a Friend;" A Treatise on tl)e Immutability of Moral Truth;" " An Addressto the Peopleof England. Scotland, and Ireland, on the present important Crisis of Aft'airs;" "Letters on Education," &e. ■ She died in 1791. GRAHAM , James, a Scotch poet, and a cler gyrnan of the church of England ; he died in early life, in 1811. t GRAHAM, Isabella, a native of Scotland, wht» GK 'aiiie, ill 17(511,10 Nert-Vork, wlicro slie esla- »lii>li(!(l a seminary lor young ladies, which was «xtensivPly useful. She was a rare uxaiiiplc of piety ami active benevolence. She died in 1814. GRAIN, John Bapliste le, a French historian, born in 15U5, died in 1643. GRAINDOllGE, Andrew, a physician and plii- losopher of the Epicurean sect ; hediedin 167t;. GRAINGER, Dr. James, a pliysicianand poet, borri at Uunse, in Scotland, about 1723, died at St. Cliristoplier's, in the West Indies, 17G7. He was author of several medical tracts, wrote an excellent poem on the " Sugar Cane," and ano- ther on " Solitude," and publisiied a good trans- lation of " Tibullus." GRAMAYE, John Baptist, provost of Arn- heim ; he wrote a history of Africa, and died in 1635. GRAMMOND, Gabriel, lord of, president of the parliament of Toulouse, and author of the history of Lewis Xlll. ; he died in 1654. GR.\MONT. There were three French no- bles of this name, who distinguished themselves bv " Memoirs of the reiaas of Lewis XIII. and XIV.," and died at the latter end of the 17th, or beginning of the 18th century. GRAN BY, Marquis of, a celebrated English general, born in 1720, died in 1770. GR ANGOLAS, John, doctor of theSorbonne, and author of some works ; he died in 1732. GRAND, Antony le, a Cartesian philosopher, of the 17th century, author of some iiistorical treatises. GRANDjJoachim le, aFrench political writer, much esteemed at the court of Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1733. GRAND, Mark Antony le, a French actor, whose comedies were received with applause ; fte died in 1728. GRAND, Lewis, a doctor of the Sorbonne, bom at Luzigni, in Autun ; he wrote some va- luable theological works, and died in 1780. GRAND, Peter le, a captain of a Dieppe pri- vateer, famous for his courage. GRANDET, Joseph, a French priest, of An- gers, of great aniiableness ; he wrote several volumes of biography, and died in 1724. GRASDI, Francis Lewis, a native of Cremo- na, professor of philosophy at Florence, &c. , he wrote various mathematical works, and died in 1742. GRANDIER, Urban, curate and canon of Lou don, in France, famous as a martyr to the super Btitious belief of magic; being burnt alive on a charge of having bewitched several Ursuline nuns of Louilon. He was born at Bouvere, near Sable, and suffered in 1634. GRANDIN, Martin, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and author of a system of theology, died in 1691. GRANDIUSjCuido, a mathematician, of Cre mona, translated Euclid into Italian, and died in 1742. GRANDUET, Charles, a French actor, who played with success. GRANET, Francis, a French writer, highly spoken of by .4ibbe do Fontaine ; he died in 1741 . ORANGEfJosephde Chancel, a French wri- ter, who was imprisoned and exiled for writing against Philip, duke of Orleans; he died in 1758. GR.ANGE, Nicolas, an able writer, who trans- lated Lucretius, Seneca, &c. ; he died in 1775. GRANGER, James, a learned and ingenious English divine, author of a very valuable work in 4 vols., 4to, under the title of " A Rioijraphi- cal Hi«ory of England." When vicar of Sliip- iake, in Oxfordshire, he was seized with a sud lien lit wliile administering the sarrainenl al the Icommuiiion-iablo, by the bursting of a ves-ifl in brain, in 1770, and died the next morning. This death wa>i similar to that ot the cardinal (le Berulle. GRANGER, Gideon, a native of Connecticut; he graduated at Yale college in 1787, and was soon after admitted to the bar of his native state, where he practised law with considerable reputation. He was appointed postmaster- ge- neral of the United States, in 1801, and retained the office until 1814, after which he removed to New- York, and was chosen a member of th«- senate of that state ; he died in 1822. GR.ANT, Francis, lord Cullen, an eminent lawyer and judge, of Scotland, died in 1726, universally respected. GRANT, Patrick, a Scotch judge, who wroto against the rebellion ; he died in 1762. GRANVILLE, George, viscount Lansdowne, an eminent English poet, born in Devonshire in 1667, died in 1735. Having vainly endea- voured lo get employment in arms, fof the defence of James II., to whose cause he waB warmly attached, he passed the course of king William's r(Mi!n in private life, enjoying the company of his muse, which he employed in celebrating the reigning beauties of that age , as Waller, whom he strove to imitate, had done those of the preceding. We have also several dramatic pieces of his, which were all well re- ceived. GRAPALDUS, Francis Marius, a native of t'arhia, so distinguished as an ambassador to the pope, that Julius U., crowned him with hia own hand. GRAS, Anthony le, an ecclesiastic of Paris, who translated C.Nepos ; he died in 17G1. GRAS, James le, an advocate of Rouen, who translated Ilcsiod into Frencii verse, in the 17lh century. GRASWINCKEL, Theodore, a native of Delft, eminent as a lav,'yer, and a man of letters ; he vindicated 'he Venetians against tlie duke of Savoy, and died in 1666. GRATAROLUS, William, a learned physi- cian, of Basil, wrote many books, and died in 1562. GRATIAN, one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors, son of Valentinian, boru in 3.')9, was assassinated by rebels in 383. GRATIAN, a private soldier, raised to the throne of Britain, in 407 ; he reigned 4 months. GRATI.\N, a monk of Tuscany, in the i2th century; he was employed 24 years in recon- ciling the contradictory canons one lo another. GRATIANI, Jeronii', an Italian of the !7tJl century ; he wrote. Conquest of Grenada, &c. GRATIUS, Faliscu.-?, an eminent Latin poet, supposed to have been cotrmporary with Ovid. We have the fragment ol a poem of his on hunting, called " Cynegeticon." GRATIUS, Ortuinus, a learned German, who wrote several works ; he died in 1542. GRATTAN, Right Hon. Henry, a statesman, and an orator, born in Dublin, about 1750. He was bred to the bar, but relinquished that pro- fession for the senate. He was elected into the Irish parliament in 1775, and by his powerful eloquence obtained for his country a participa- tion in the commerce of Britain : for which be was rewarded with a vote of .50,000/. He was the active and vigilant leader of the oppo.> t'ailiolic claiins, to \vl\ich cause lie It'll a mar- lyr, by leaviii!^ Ireland in an exhausted staled heallli, to carry to Kngland the petition with tvliicli he liad been intrusted. )le died soon after his arrival, May 14, 1830, and was buried ill Westminster Abbey. GUAUNT, .lohn, a well known author of "Observations on l)ie bills of Mortality," born iii London, in H>20, died in 1C74. GKAUNT, Edward, a learned man, head of Westminster school, died in 1001. r.KAVELOT, Henry I'raucis Bourguignon, a very famous engraver, horn at I'aris, in 1(>U9, diedii. IT7:). fj'UAVEUOI., Francis a French advocate, he wrtne Sorlieriana. and died 'n 1094. (JRAVKS, Thomas Lord, a gallant British ad- miral, born at Tlianckes, in Cornwall, died in 180-2. GRAVES, Kichard, 52 years rector of Cln- ■verton, near Bath, was born at Micklcton, in Clouoestersliire, in 1715; at the age of Ifi he was chosen a scholar of Pembroke College, Oxford ; and in 17.16 elected a fellow of All Pouls. lie \vas jireaented to the living of Cla xertnn, in 1750 ; and iVoin that time to his deatli tn 1804, never absented himself a single month at any one time : thus setting an ei-aniple worthy the apjirobalion and imitation of all clergymen. Mr. Graves was the intimate friend and corres- pondent of Shenstone, as well asof many otiitr literary characters, and was author of an inge- nious satirical novel, called '• The f'piritual Ciuixotte ;" besides a dramatic piece, essays, and many poems, translations, and sermons on \ ari- ous subjects. He always enjoyed good health, and but a few months before his death, when nearly 90 years of age, published " Tlie Invalid, with the obvious Means of enjoying Life, by a Nonagenarian." There is an ease, and spright- liness, and an cpigraitunatic turn in his writ- ings. t\hich was peculiar to himself, and will make them bo always read with pleasure. GRAVESANDE, William James, a cele- brated mathematician and moral philosopher, born in 1(588, at Bois-lc-Duc, in Holland, died in 1742. GR.WINA, Peter, an Italian poet, who pub- lished a 410 vol. of poems much admired. (jKAVlNA, John Vincent, an eminent dra- ir)3lic poet, critic, antiquary, and lawyer, of Italv, born at Roggiano, in 1GG4, died in 1718. 'ilie ffreatest of all his works, and for which he will be ever memorable, is his three books, " D Uriu et Progrcssu Juris Civilis." (i K A Y, Thomas, eminent for a few poems that HP has lof; was born in London, in 1716, and died in 1771 He Was perhaps the most learned man in Europe, cfpially awpiaintcd with the f .ogant and the profound parts of science. A new arraiigrmont of his poems, with notes and aadilioiis, was made and printed in 8vo., in 17;tl). GRAYSON, William, a senaior of the United S-.a«s. from Virginia; of great abili_ties and nninipeachable integrity ; he died in 17!l0. (;R.\7.ZIM, Antony Frair.iSiSurnaniedLascR roiisidered nearly ofequal merit as a writer with iJoccace ; he died in 15r<3. GHEATR AKEP-, Valentine, R most exlraordi- liitry person, celebrated for his power I'real or Biipposed) of curing the king's evil ami other di-cases by stroking the alfc ted parts with his (land^. He was born in Ireland. in.lli28, Imt it is Ktrt recorded in what y* ar he difjd. ilo was livldg, bmvever, in HiSl". (;R (;Ki\;A VE.-^,.ioiin, an eminent niatliematiciar (uid .-iiitiijiiaiy, horn at Colinore, Hants, in 1IJ02, published several learned works, and died in 1().W. GRECOURT, John Baptist Joseph Villartde, a French poet, who became a favourite oi men of wit and rank ; he died in 1743. GREEN, Robert, a dramatic author in queen Elizabeth's reign, born in 1550. He was a man of great wit and humour, but in the life that hf, led prostituted great talents to the purposes of vice and obscenity ; and upon the whole, both in theory and practice, seems to have been a most perfect libertine. His works of ditferent kinds arc very numerous ; many of thtin are pastoral romances in prose and verse. His dra- U)atic pieces, amounting to four or live, njay be seen in the " Biographia Dramatica ;" he died in 1532. One of his biographers says of him that his works contain the seedsof virtue, while his acts display the tares of folly. GREEN, Matthew, an ingenious English poet, horn in 1090, of a good family among the dia- scntcrs; lield an office in the custom-house of London, and died in 1737. His poems were first collected and published in 12mo, in 1790. The iiosi celebrated of them is entitled " The Spleen," in which (says Mr. Mehnouth) "there are more original thoughts thrown together, than I have ever read in the same compass of lines. GKEEN, Dr. Maurice, an eminent musician and composer, who was successively organist and composer to the Royal Chapel, professor of music in the university of Cambridge, and master of the royal band. About 1750, he con- ceived a project of reforming church-music, and had made a considerable progress in the work ; but, ids health failing lam, he transmitted the further prosecution of it to liis friend Dr. lioyce, who completed and published it^ Dr. Green was born in London, and died in 1755. GREEN, John Richard. See GIFFORD, John. GREEN, John, bishop of Lincoln, and an eminent controversial and miscellaneous writer, born at Hull, about 1798, died in 1779. GREEN, Samuel, the first printer in North- America, who printed first the freeman's oath, then an almanac: he died after 1085. GREEN, Edward Burnaby, a gentleman well known in the regions of Parnassiis, liy " Trans- lations of Anacreon and Pindar," and many single poems and essays ; he died in 1788. GREENE, William, deputy governor and go- vernor of the colony of Rhode-Island, died in 17.'->8. GREENE, William, chief justice and after- wards governor of the state of Rhode-Island, died in 1809 GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general in the armv of the UnitcU States, during the revolu- tion,' distinguished himself in the batties of Tren- ton and Princeton, and afterwards, in that of Gerniantown, where he commanded the left, and of Monmouth, where he commanded the right wing of the artny. He was appointed quarter master general, in 1778, and in 1780 to the command of the southern army, with which he' gained the victory at the Eutaw Spring.?. His bravery, skill, and services, were sucli as to merit tlie express apprabation of congress, and of his €o\inlrv ; iie died in Georgia, in 1786. GREENHI'LL, John, a very ingenious En- glish painter, the most excellent of all the disci (lies of Sir Peter I.ely, who is said to have con- iiidefcd liini so niuUi a rival, that he never GR sulfoied him to see liim iiaint; he was born at Salisbury, and dieii in IHTti. GREENUP, Christoplier, a soiditr of tin; re- volution, and a representative ia congress, Iroiii Kentucky, was governor of that state, in 1804 ; h>: died in 1818. GIlIiEiWILLE, Sir Richard, grandfather, ot' tlie well known Sir Bevil Greenville, com- manded a fleet in America, in 1585, against the t^paniards, but was tal;on, and died of his wounds. GREENVILLE, Sir Bevil, distinguished in the civil wars for defending his sovereign ; hi fell at the batllo of Lansdowne, in 1643. GREENWOOD, Isaac, professor of ntathc oiatics and natural philosophy, in Harvard cxtl lego, from 1728 to 1738. GREGORIUS, Georgius Florentinns, a learn- ed bishop of Tours, in the Gth century ; ii« wu an able writer, but censured by Gibbon ; he died Rbout 595. - GREGORY, George, D. D., an English divine, and miscellaneous wrili;r, was settied In Lon- don, where he supported and defended the mi iiistry by his writing? ; he died in 181)8. GREGORY, St., suiuanied the Great, a mild and benevolent ponlill", died in fi04. GREGORY II., an enlightened and virtuous pontiff, died in 731. GREGORY III., acharilnble, but magnificent pnntilf, who added splendour to the holy see ; he died in 1741. GREGORY IV., who visited France, to re- concile the jarring interests of the royal family of France, but witliout success ; he died in 3f;4. GREGORY v., Brunon, a German, pope after John XVI.; he died in9!lft. <;REG0RY VI., .John Gratian, who attempt- ed to restore the revenues of the church ; he ab- dicated the tiara in 104(5. GREGORY VII., Ilildebrand, succeeded .\Iex- ander II. ; he abdicated the pontificate, and died in 10S5. GREGORY VIII., Albert de Mora, succeeded Urban III., and died two mmitlis after, in 1187. GREGORY IX., rgolin, elected pope in 12^27. He e.vcited the Christian princes to undertake a crusade, and died in 1241. GREGORY X., Theobald, summoned a ge- neral council at Lyons, and endeavoured to Ileal all schisms in religion; he died in 1270. f.'RRGORY XI., Peter Roger, a promoter of concord and benevolence among the Christian princes; he died in 1378. GREGORY Xa., elected pope in 1400, during ihe schism of the West : he died in 1417. GREGORY XI (I., Hugh Buoncompagno, elected pope after Pius V., in 1572 ; he reform- ed the calendar, and adopted the style which bears his name. He died in 1585. GREGORY XIV., Nicholas Sfondrate, elect- ed pope at^er Urban VII., and died in 1591. <;REGORYXV.,.AIe.xanderLudovisio, made pope in 1021, died in 1023. (JREtiORY, James, a ver>- eminent mathe- riancian, born at Aberdeen, in 1039, died in 1075. 7'he chief inventions of Gregory are, the reflecting telescope, the burnina concave mir- ror, and the quadrature of the circle by an in finite convergi.'ig series. He w.as likewise the first who demonstrated the meridian line to be analagous to a scale of lograritliic tangents, of the half complement of latitude ; he also invent- ed and demonstrated geonietiically, by the help of the hyperbola, a very swiff converging series for uijkiiig the Ingsrithms, and lliejet'ore re- IS* GR commended by Dr. Halley as very proper fcjr 'practice. I GREGORY, Uavid, a distinculshed mathe- rnalician, who lirst introduced Newton's I'rinci- ipia3 into the university schools ; he died in 1710. I GRE(;ORY, Dr. John, an eminent physician and moral writer, died in 1773. Ili.t writings are spirited and elegant, and calculated lor ge- neral utility. Those by wiiich he is best known arc, " A Comparative View of the state of Alan and other Animals;" "A Father's Legacy lo his Daughters ; and " An Essay on the oiiice and Duties of a X'hysician ;" by the lallir of which he plainly shows- that lie thought the miilical art, to be generally admired, needed only to be better known; and that the aflecta- tion of concealment retarded its progress, ren dered it a suspicious art, and tended to diavi" ridicule and disgrace on its professors. GUKtiORY, John, an English divine, wlio wrote several works ; he died in 1(346. GREGORY, Edmund, author of the " His- lorical .\iiatoniy of Christian Melancholy,"' 4iC. died in ItioO. GREGORY, Nazianzen, patriarch of Con- stantinople, born in .'524, died in 389. He was one of tlie ablest champions of the orthodo.v faith coiiceniiiig the Trinitv, whence he had the title given him of " THE DIVINE," by unanimous consent. GREGt )R Y, Ny-sen, bishop of Nyssa, in371, and author of the Nircne Creed, died in 390. GREGORY, Theodcirus, bishop of Neo-Cesa- rea, surnamed Thaumaturgus, a disciple of Origen, and famous for his conversion of the Gentiles ; he died about 2(55. GREGORY Peter, a native of Toulouse, au- thor of some learned, but injudicious works ; he died in 1527. GREGORY, Dr. Genrse, a native of Ireland, and a learned and industrious moral and miscel laneous writer, died vicar of West-Ham, in 1808. GR1'>NADA, Lewis de, who refused the bish- opric of Eraganza, being so much attached to a monastic life ; he died in 1588. GREN.\N, Benignus, a Latin poet, poetical rival of professor Cotfin; he died in 1723. GRKNCE, a French painter of great merit. G RENVILLE, George, a celebrated I'.ritish -talesman, known in parliamentary history for his two bills for a more regular payment of the navy, in 17.57, and for the trial of contested elec- tions in 1770 GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, an eminent mer- chant, born in London, in 1510, and died in 1579 He was well acquainted with the ancient and se- veral modern languaiies, had a very comprehen- sive knowledge of all atlairs relating lo com- merce, whether foreign or domestic; and his sue cess was not less, being in his time esteemed the richest commoner in lEngland. He transacted lueen Elizabeth's mercantile affairs so constant- ly, that he was called " The Royal Merchant ;" nd his house was sometimes appointed for the reception of foreign princes upon their first arrival in London ; but the most shining part of his character appears in his public benefac- tions, 'i'hi Royal Exchanee, which he built, was a singular ornament to the city of London, and a great convenience to the merchants, who wanted such a place to meet and transact their affairs in ; and the donation of his own man- ion-houso, in Bishopsgatestreet, for a seat of learning and th(! liberal arts, with the handsome provision made for the endowment and support it. was such an instance of a jrenerous and 221 GR public spirit as has been equalled by few, and must [leipetuale liis memory willi the higli'Sii fistecni and gratitude, so long as any regard to Jearningand virtue is preserved; nor ought hi? charities to the poor, his 8 alms- houses, and Ins liberal contributions to the 10 prisons and lios- pitals in /jondon and Southwark, to be forgotten in the delineation of Sir Thomas Greshani's be- nevolent character. CRESSET, John Baptist Lewis, a celebrated French poet, and author of Vert-vert ; he died in J777. GRETSER, James, a learned Jesuit, 24 years professor at Ingoldstadt; he died in 1035. GREUZE, a very eminent French painter. GREVENBROECK, an admired Flemish pain- ter, of the I7th century. GREVILLE, Fulk, or Foulk, lord Brooke, an eminent statesman, historian and dramatic writer, born in Warwickshire, in 15.54, was assassinated by one of his domestics in 1Q28. GREVIN, James, a poet and physician; he wrote several plays, &.<., and died in 157J. GREVIUS, or GR/F.VIUS, John George, a celebrated Latin critic, born in 1032, at Naum- bourg, in Saxony, died in 1703. GREW, Obadiah, an Finglish divine, who sided with the presbyterians, but opposed their views in cutting oil" the king ; he died in 1098. GREW, Nehemiah, a learned writer and phy- sician, and secretary to the Royal Society, born at Coventry, in 1028. His chief works are " A Catalogue of the natural and artificial Rarities belonging to the Society ;" " A Comparative Anatomy of the Stomach and Guts;" and "The Anatomy of Plants," &c. ; he died in 1711. GREV", Lady Jane, an illustrious, but unfor- tunate personage of the blood royal of England by both parents; her grandmother on her lather's side, Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, being queen consort to Edward IV., and her grandmother on her mother's, lady Frances Brandon, being daughter to Henry VH., queen Dowager of France, and mother of Mary queen of Scots. She was born in 1537, and fell a victim to the am- bition of her parents, who on the demise of Enward VI., overcame her by their persuasions to suffer herself to be proclaimed queen of Eng- land. Though only an iniwccnt agent, s!ie was, on the accession of Mary, declared guilty of Iiigh treason, and beheaded in 1554, aged 17 years. She was eminent for her piety and learning, being mistress of the Greek and Latin lancuages, in both of which she wrote elegant letters, which were printed after her death. GREY, Dr. Zachary, an ingenious English scholar, born in Yorkshire, in 1087, died at Ampthill, in 1706. He was the atithor of nearly 30 publications ; but his edition of " Ifudibras,'" 2 volumes 8vo., is the work which will best pre- serve his memory. GREY, Dr. Richard, a learned English divine and p(demical writer, born in 1093, died in 1771. He published " Memoria Technlca ; or a new Method of Artificial Memory ;" " A System of F.nglish Ecclesiastical Law ;" " A new and easy Method of leaniins Hebrew without points," &c. GRIBALDLi'S,Matthew, a learned civilian, of Padua, who left Italy to embrace protestantism ; he embraced the anti-trinitarian doctrine, for which he was persecuted ; he died ofthe plague, in 1504. GRIBNER, Michael Henry, professor of law al Wittemberg, wrote several works on jurispru- dence, and died in 1734. GRIDLEY, Jeremy, attorney general of the 2?2 GR provitice of Massachusetts, of great distinction , In; di<'(l In 1707. r;RlERSON,Constantia, born at Kilkenny, in Ireland, 1700, died 1733. She was an excellent scholar, not only in Greek and Roman literature, but ill history, divinity, philo.^ophy, and mathe- matics ; and wrote elegantly both in verse and prose. GRiESBACH, John Jacob, a learned critic and divine, born in Hesse Darmstadt, 1745. In 1775, he published his editir#i of the " Greek Testa- ment," with various readings; an inestimable work. His " Critical Notes upon the Scriptures" are very valuable. He died at Jena, where he was divinity professor, in 1812. GRIFFET, Henry, a Jesuit, of Moulins, w^ho died at Brussels, in 1775. He published Daniel's History of France. GRIFFIER, John, an eminent painter, called old Griffier; he died in London, in i718. His son, c.illed young Griffier, was an excellent landscape painter, and was living In 1713. GRIFFIN, Cyrus, a member, and president of congress ; a warm friend of the independence if the colonies ; and, in 178B, a judge of the United States' district court for Virginia ; he died in 1810. GRIFFIN, the last prince of Wales before its final subjugation by the English, was murdered by his conquerors. GR IFFITH, Michael, a native of London, wh» became a Jesuit, and was missionary of his order in iingland ; he died in 1052. GRIFFITH, Elizabeth, a novelist and drama- tic writer of some eminence, first distinguished by " The Letters of Henry and Frances," which contained the genuine correspondence between her and her husband before their marriage. Her next publication was, " Memoirs of Nin.m d« L'Enclos." Beside these, she wrote three noveli", four comedies, the " Morality of Shakespeare's Drama illustrated," and "Essays addressed to Young Married Women," which closed and crowned her literary career. She died in Ireland, 1793. GRIFFITHS, Ralph, first editor ofthe Month- ly Review, begun in 1749, which he edited very ably ; he died in 1803. GRIGNAN, Frances Margaret do Sevisne, countess of; the correspondence between her and her mother is higlily esteemed ; she died in 170.5. GRIGNION, Charles, an engraver, who ac- quired great reputation in England, until his manner was superseded by a more fashionable and imposing sPyle ; he died in 1810, aged 94. GRIGNON, Jaques, an eminent French en- graver of portraits, flourished toward the end of the 17th century. GRIGNON', Charles, an English painter of some cclebriry, who was sent by the royal aca- demy to lloine, where he jiainted a picture of the death of captain Cook, &c. ; he died at Leg- horn, in 1804. GRIMALDI, John Francis, a celebrated pain- ter, born at Bologna, in 1006, studied under Ca- racci, to whom he was related, and died in ]fi80. GRIM.\NI, Domenico, son ofthe doge of Ve- nice, a learni'd man, died in 1523. GRIMANI, Hubert, an e.xcellent portrait pain ter, of Delft, died in 1629. GRIMAREST, Leonard, a Frenchman, who wrote the life of Charles XH., &.C. ; he died in 11720. I GRIMAVD, N. de, profei?jor of medicine tU iMonlpclier, died in 1791. GR GR (JRIMMER, James, an admired landscape painter, of Antwerp, died in 1546. GRIMOUX, a French painter, who affected to make no distinction between night and day ; he died in 1740. GRIMSTON, Sir Harbotlle, master of the rolls to Charles 11., an eminent law writer, and original editor to Judge Croke's Reports, born iu 1584, died in Ifia"!. GRINDAL, Edmund, archbishop of Canter- uury, an able theological writer, born in 1519, died at Croydon, in 1583. GRINGOXNEUR, Jacquemin, a Parisian painter of the 14th century, who is said to have invented cards to amuse the melancholy hours of Charles VI., king of Fiance. GRINGORE, Peter, herald at arras to the duke of Lorraine, died in 1544. GRISAUNT, William, an English physician, astronomer and matln^riiUtician of some note ; the time of his death is unknown. GRISWOLD, Roger, LL. D., an eminent lawyer of Connecticut, was a distinguished and influential member of Congress under the ad- ministration of the first President Adams, and hia successor. In 1801 he was appointed secre- tary of war, an office which he declined ; he was afterwards successively a judge of the su- preme court, and lieutenant governor and go- vernor of his native state. He died in 1812. GRIVE, John de la, a French geographer, born at Sedan ; author of "Topography of Pa- ris," &c. ; he died in 1757. GROCHO WSKI, a Pole, who was at the bat- tle of Syezekociny with Kosciusko, in 1791, in which he was mortally wounded. GROCYN, WUIiam,born at Bristol. 1442, died 3519. He was a greater master of the Greek and Latin languages, and introduced a better pronunciation of the latter, than had been kno W!i Defore in England. He was professor of Greek at Ctford, where he 13 said to have taught Erasmus. GRODITIUS, Stanislaus, a Jesuit, of Poland, author of 8 vols, of Latin sermons, &c. ; he died in 1613. GRONOVIUS.John Frederic, an emi-jent ci- vilian, historian, and critic, born p.'. '!i;:iburgh, In 1613, died in 1672. GRONOVIUS, James, son of the preceding, and a writer on the belles lettres, born at De- venter, in 1645, and died in 1716. His clief d'oeuvreis, "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Gra;ca- rum," 13 vols, folio. GROPPER, John, an able polemic, of West- phalia, who had a great abhorrence of women he died in 1559. GROS, Peter, an able sculptor, who embel- lished the capital of France with his art ; he died in 1710. GROS, Nicholas, a theologian, of Rheima •v(rho3e opposition to the bull unigenitus obliged him to flee from France to England ; he was au Ihor of several works, aud died in 1751. GROSE, Francis, F.S. A., who, after haviikg illustrated the " Antiquities of England, Walts, and Scotland," in a series of views of monastic and other ruins, was on the point of completiiig hid design by those of " Ireland," where he had been employed about a month before his death, which happened in 1791, in the 52dyearof his age. He published also " A Treatise on ancient Armour and Weapons ;" " A Classical Dic- tionary of the Vulgar Tongue ;" " A provincial Glossary, with a Collection of local Proverbs and popuiar Supcrstilions ;" and " Rules for drawmg Caricatures; the Subject iUusiraied with four Copperplates ; with an Essay on Co- mic Painting." ■ GROSLKY, Peter John, a Frenchman, mem- ber of the academy of belles letters, &c.,and author of several works ; he died in 1785. GROSSETESTE, Robert, an English prelata who wrote commentaries on Aristotle, &c. Dr. Pegge wrote his life ; he died in 1253. GROSTESTE, Claude, a minister of Savoy, who went to London on the revocation of tho edict of Nantes ; he wrote several works, and died in 1713. GROSVENOR, Benjamin, a native of Lon- don, and minister of a dissenting congregation there ; he wrote an Essay on Health, &.C., and died in 17.')8. GROTIUS, Hugo, or Hugo de Groot, bom at Delft, in 1.583, died in 1645. He was eminent as a lawyer, philosopher, mathematician, historian, political and poetical writer ; but his chief works are " Treatise of the Truth of the Christian Religion ;" and, which, singly, i« sufficient to render his name immortal, his " Treatise of the Rights of War and Peace," " De Jiue Belli et Pacis." GROTIUS, William, brother of Hugo, was a distinguished lawyer aud a writer on law ; he died in 10G2. GROVE, Henry, a learned divine among the. Enijlish dissenters, born at Taunton, in 1683, died in 1738, leaving some very e.xcellent theological treatises. GROVE, Joseph, an English historical and critical writer, die0. GUARINI, John BajitLst, a celebrated Italian lioet, born at Ferrara, in 1537, died in 1612. The " Pastor Fido" has iraiuortalized the name of Ouarini. GUARINI, Guarino. a well known architect, who embellished Turin and Paris; he died in 1(kJ3. GUASro, Octavian. a native of Turin, who disiirisuished liiiuself bv his writiiiijs ; he died ilJ J7e3. OCfA GU I GUAV 'I'ROULS, Keiiedu, a famous admiral. s^ee UIJ-GRAY. GU.AZ'/I, Stcplu'n, an Italian, author of .^ome poems, dialogues, iSlc., much esteemed ; he died ill l.ViO. GUAZZI, Mark, of Padua, eminent in arms and literature ; he wrote a History of Charles VIII., middled in l.'.'ie. GUDIN DE LA CRENELLERiE Paul Philip a French writer, autiior of irageuies, essays on various subjects, &,c., died in 1612. GUniliS, Riarijuard, an able critic, of Hol- stein, who owed his elevation, being counsellor to the duke of Hoistein, to the friends of his pupil Schas, who lefthii» his property : he died in 1689. GUDIUS, Gottlob Frederic, a Lutheran minia- ter, author of some valuable works. GUEDRIER DE ST. AUSTIN, Henry Mi- chael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, distinguished a-s a casuist ; he died in 1742. GUERARD, Robert, of Rouen, who wrote an abridgment of the Bible in questions and ati- swers, &c. ; he died in 1715. GUERART, Benjamin, governor of the state of South-Carolina, died at Charleston, in 1789. GUERCHEVILLE, Antoinette de Pons, niar- chionees of, a French lady, who, when Henry IV. meditated an attack on her virtue, replied that she was not noble enough to be his wift^ but too noble to be his mistress. GUERCHI, Claude Lewis de Regnier, count de, a French general, who distinguished himself in the wars of Italy aud Flanders ; he died in 1768. GUERCINO, (so called from a ca.st that he. had in one of his eyes, for his true name was Francesco Baibieri da Cento,) a celebraleu Italian painter, born near Bologna, in IdUO, died in 1666. GUERET, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate at the bar, and as an author; hediedatParis,in]Ce8. GUERICK, Citno, a Prussian, and the most celebrated mathematician of his time, born in 11602, died in 1686. He was inventor of the air- pump, and wrote largely on natural philo.sophy. GUERIIV, Francis, professor of the college of Beauvais, translated Tacitus and Livy into French. GUERINIERE, Francis Robichon, author of " I'Ecole de Cavalerie," &c. ; he died in 1751. GUERRE, Martin, a Frenchman, whose wife, in his absence, received another man, as her husband ; but he returning, the impostor was hanged, in lO.U). GUESCLIN, Bertrand du, constable of France, a renowned general, who checked the victorious progress of Edward IH., of England, after king John of France was taken prisoner; he was born in Brittaiiv, in 1311, died in 1380. GUETTARD, John Stephen, a French physi- cian and botanist, whose application was the cause of his diatb, in 1786 ; he wrote on jilanl*. GUEULETTE,Thoma3 Simon, a French ad- vocate, author of some novels and comedies; ke died in 1766. GUEVAR.A, Antony de a Spanish writer, whose life of M. A. Antonius has been translat- ed into all the languages of Europe ; he died in 1>44. GUEVARA, Lewis Veioz de, a Spanish jioet, and author of several humorous comedies, born at Andalusia, and died in 1646. GUGLIELMINI, Dominic, a mathematician, patronised by I,ewis XIV., and author of se- veral valuablr! works , he died in 1710 GU GU GUIBERT, author of Gesta I>«i per Francos ; Ii GUILLET DE ST. GKOKGE, George, first lie (lit'd iu 1 124. |historiogiu|il)rr to ilie acad'jiiiv of' paiiuing and GUllJERTJamesAntlionyHippoliie, aFrenchlsculptun; in Paris; lie wrou- tlie Hisinryof Ma- wriier on miliiary allaits, borji at Montaubau, iu | honiet U-, and other works, and dit-d in 1705. 1743. He acquired the rank of colonel, and the I GIJILL[AUU,Claude, doctor oil he Sorbonne, cross of St. Louit), by his active services in the; author of coiuaientaries on sonio of the Gospels, French army, ami publislied, in 1770, his cele-!(ifcc. brated work, " Essai general de Taclique work which, though known and admired over all Europe, drew upon its author the envy too often attendant on merit, which embittered a great part of his days. He was also a dramatic writer, and produced three traj^edies, " Tlie Con- stable of Uourbon," " The Gracchi," and " An- na Buileu ;" neither of which, however, was published ; he was admitted a member of ihe Freiicli academy ; and died of an almost broken heart, in 1T90 ; e.xclainiing on liis deaiii-bed, al- luding to iiis enemies, "They will one tinie kiiow me, and do iHe justice." GIJICCIARDINI, Francisco, a celebrated his- torian, of Italy, was born at Florence, in 1482, and died in 1540. GUICUIARDINI, Lewie, nephew of the pre- ceding, and a historictU writer of the most ap- proved fidelity. His principal work is a " His- tory of the Low Countries, and of the Alfaiis of Europe," from 15J0 to 1500. He was born atFlo- reiice, in 152.J, and died in 15fi3. GUICHARD, Claude de, historiographer to thedukeof Savoy, and author of" The Funerals ieJ his rebel band. The League; the plan w nf tli*i AiiriMnl'a •^' ht> itipjt in l(i(i7_ fVirinp^l hw iIk. nnrHinal hi^ trtuinat^r hiv>rh*i ■ the Ancients ;" be died in 1607. GITICHERON, Samuel, a FrencJi advocate and historian ; he wrote " History of tlie House of Savoy," and died in 1004. GUIDI, Alexander, an eminent Italian poet, born at Pavia, in 1650, died in 1712. GUIDO,Reni,an Italian painter, born at Bolog- »a, iu 1575, died in 164'2. The heads of this pain- ter have been considered as not at all inferior to Raphael's. GUIDO, Cagnacci, ahistorical painter, of Bo- logna, of great merit, died in 1680. GUIDOTTI, Paul, a painter and anatomist, v/ho, in attempting to fly, fell and broke his limbs ; he died in 1629. GUIGNARD, John, a Jesuit, who was execut- ed at Paris for high treason, in 1595. GUIGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pontoise; he became interpreter to the French king in 1741, and wrote many works ; he died in lEOO. GUILD, William, D. D., a Scotch divine, pro- fessor of divinity and philosophy at Aberdeen ; he (lied in 1G6'2. GUILLAIN, Simon, a sculptor, rector of the painting and sculpture academy at Paris; he died in 1658. . GUILLANDIUS, Melchior, an eminent phy- sician and botanist in Prussia, wrote an e.xcel- leni commentary ou the Papyrus, (tc. ; he died in 1589. GUILLELMA, of Bohemia, the foundress of an infamous sect which started up in Italy in the liitli century, and which, under the mask of de- votion, used to practise all manner of lewdness. Guillelnia imposed so effectually upon the world, by a show of extraordinary devotion all her life time, that she was not only reputed holy at her death, but also revered as a saint a considerable time after it. However, her frauds, and the de- lusions she had employed, were at last discover- ed ; upon Which her body was dug up, and burnt, in 1300. She died in 1281, and had been buried in Milan. GUILLEME.AIT, James, a French surgeon, author of some valuable works : he died in 1C12. F f GUILLIM, John, the 'eputed author of a ce- lebrated book, entitled, " The DispUiyof Heral- drie," was born in Herefordshire, in liW, died in 1621. See BARKHAM. GUILLOTiN,a piiysitian, of Saintes, inventor of the guillotine ; ho died ofgrief that this instru- ment was so much abused. GUIS(,'ARD, Robert, a famous Norman knight, who assisted in the conquest of ^^aples from the Saracens; he died in 1085. GUISCARD, Charles, a Prussian oflicer of distinction, author of " Military Memoirs of IhQ Greeks and Romans," &c. ; he died in 1775. GUISE, Claude de Lorraine, duke of, settled in France, and became foiinderof the family of Guise there ; he died in 1513. GUISE, Francis, duke of, son of the preced- ing, a man of great talents ; in him began the factions of Coiule and Guise ; he died in 1503. GUISE, Henry, duke of, memorable in the his- tory of France as a gallant officer ; but an iiiipe- liou.s, turbulent, seditious subject, who placed hiui.-;elf at the head of an armed force, and cal- forined by the cardinal, his younger brother : and, under the pretext of defending the Roman catholic religion, the king, Henry HI., and the freedom of the state, against the designs of the Huguenots, or French pioiostants, they carried on a civil war, massacred the Huguenots, and governed the king, who forbade his appearance at Paris ; but Guise now became an open rebel, entered that city against the king's express or- der, and put to the sword all who opjiosed him ; the streets being barricadoed to prevent his pro- gress, this fatal day is called in the French his- tory, The Day of the Barricades. Masters of Paris, the policy of the Guises failed them ; for they suffered the king to escape to Bloia, tliougU he was deserted in his palace at Paris by his very guards. At Blois, Henry convened an as- sembly of the states of France ; the duke of Guise had the boldness to appear to a summons sent him for that purpose ; a forced reconcilia- tion took place between him and the king, by the advice of this assembly ; but it boing acci- irtentaHy discovered, that Guise hud I'ovinetla plan jlo dethrone the king, that weak monarch, in- stead of resolutely bringing him to justice, had |tiini privately assassinated, Dec. 23, 1558, in the ;j3th year of his age His brother, the cardinal, shared the same fate the next day. GUtSE, Charles, duke of, eldest son of Henry, was arrested on his father's murder, but escap- ed ; he was reconciled to the king, but the Jea- lousy of Richelieu drove him from the kingdom ; he died in 1640. GUISE, Lewis de Lorraine, cardinal of, son of Henry, well known as illustrious in arms, and in the arts of peace ; he died in 1021. GUISE, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, grandson of Henry, was remarkable for his intrigues with the duke of Bouillon, &c. ; he died in 1004. GUISE, William, tn English divine, eminent for his translations from the oriental languages, born in Gloucestershire, in 16.53, died in 1683. Fo- reigners hive styled him " the immortal orna- ,ment of the university of Oxford." 1 GUiTTOX, John, a citizen of RorhcUc, was 22.5 GU known as an ablf antiquarian, and correct writ- er ; he ilir.il in 3638. OUTHRIK, William, a very laborious and vo- luniiiious vvritpr on liistory, politics, and otlier subjects, borii.if Breii'lieii, in Angussliire,in ]70J, died in !7f)'J. His principal works arc, "Historief of Hit- World," of " Kng'and," and of " Scot- land." He was a " writer by prolession," and is said to have lent Iiis name lo booksellers for pubiicaiiona in which he had no concern. Such is asserted to have been the case with respect to tlieGeoprnpliicttl Giamniar, called "Guthrie's;" which, however, is a work that, for its general utility and con.parative perfection, coiilera cre- dit on tlio compiler, whoever he be. GUTTER i'.ERGH.Johii of, a citizen of Stras- bourg, tci whom is attributed the invention of the art of printing, in conjunction with Fust, or Faustus, and Peter SchocfTer, or Schuffer, the servant, and afterwaids the son-in-law, of Faus- tus, by whom it was further improved. He was born at Mentz, in 1408, and died there, in 1467. GUY, a monk of Arezzo, who invented the six syllables of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, liv ed about 102G. GUY, Thomas, founder of Guy's hospital, was the son of Thomas Guy. lighterman and coal- GU elected mayor, captain-general, and governor, when that city was besieged by cardinal Riclie- Jieu, in lti37. He would not accept the conmiand, unless it was agreed that a poignard, which he produced, should lie on the table in the town- house, for him to put to death the first man who proposed to surrender. When he was told that I'amine had swept off the greatest part of the in- habitants, he coolly answered, " No matter, while there is one lell to shut the gates." GUITTON, d'Arezzo, an early Italian poet, flourished in the middle of the 13th centtiry. GULDENSTAEIiT, John Antony, a famous traveller, born at Kiga ; visited Astracan, Cau- casus, &c. ; he died in ]781. GUNDLING, Nicolas Jerome, anative of Nu- remberg, professor at Halle, and author of some valuable work:^, he died in 172y. GUNNERUS, John Ernest, a native of Chris- tiana, founder of the royal Norwegian society at Drontheim ; he died in 1773. GUNNING, Peter, an English prelate, born at Hoo, in Ken^, was one of the committee ap- pointed to review the liturgy ; he died in 1684. GUNTER, Edmund, an English mathema- tician, and professor of astronomy at Greshani col- lege, born in Herefo;dsliire, in 1581, was bred for the church, and took ordi^rs ; but genius and in-ljdealer in Horsleydown, Southwark. He was clination leading him chiefly to mathematics, he jput apprentice, in IGCU, to a bookseller, in the app'ied early to that study, and distinguished' porch of Mercer's chapel, and set up trade witU l)inisKlfbymanyin])or[a;n improvements in ma-j a stock of about 200/., in the house that forms thematical instruments for the use of naviga-, the angle between Cornhill and Lombard-street, tion ; of those the most celebrated are, a new |The English Bibles being at that time very badly projection of the sector, the invention of a small I printed, Mr. Guy engaged, with others, in a portable quadrant, the discovery of anew varia-lscheme for printing them in Holland, and ira tion in the mariner's compass, and of a scale, ;porting them ; but this being put a stop to, he which, after him, is called " Gunter's Scale." n contracted with the university of Oxford for He died in lOie. their privilege of printing them, and carried on a GUNTHER, a German poet, in the beginningj'great Bible trade for many years to considerable «>f the I8th century, who was poisoned by a ri- val, when going to be presented to Augustus II., king of Poland. GURTLER, Nicolas, a native of Basil, author of a German and Freneh Lexicon, and other vorks ; he died in 1707. GUSMAN, Lewis, a Spanish Jesuit, author of the history of his fraternity, in the Indies, &c. ; he died in 1005. GUSSANVILLAN, Peter, a native of Char- tres, edited the works of Gregory the Great. GUSTAVUS V.ASA, who, having delivered Sweden from the Danish yoke, was, in 1523,|lmas', v\hich bears his name. The charge of elected king of that country. He was born in .erecting this vast pile amounted to 18,793/., be- 1400, and died in 1500. 'sides 219,499/. w^hicli he left to endow it : and he GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, the greatest king [ just lived to see it roofed in. He died Dec. 17, that Sweden ever had. He conquered Ingria, 1 1724, in the 81st year of his age, after having de- I.ivonia, Brcmen,Venden,Wiesmar, PomeraniaJ dicated to charitable purposes more money than &c. He shook the throne of the emperor Fcr-| any one private man upon record in England, dinandn. He protected the Lutherans in Ger-[j GUYARD, de Berville, a French author of many, and by his victories humbled the housci. some merit, died in poverty, aged 73. of Austria. The glory of this action has been'l GUYAKD, .Anthony, a Benedictine monk, ati- unjustly attributed to cardnial Richelieu, who! had the art of raising his reputation from the' victories which Gustavus was content to gain. | He carried the war beyond the Danube, and would perhaps have dethroned the emperor, had he not been slain at the battle of Lutzen, A., D. 1663, in the 37th year of his age, after he had de-^ feated the imperial army commanded by Wal- Etein. He carried to his tomb the name of "The Great Gustavus," the love of his subjects, and the esteem of his enemies. Gi:STAVUS III., king of Sweden, came to the throne in 1771, was shot at a masked ball, and having languished some time, died in 1792. GUTHIERES, James, a French advocatej died in 1799. 2?6 advantage. Thus he began to accumulate money, and his gains rested in his hands ; for, being'a single man, and very penurious, his e.v- penses were next to nothing. His custom was, J to dine on his shop-counter, with no other table cloth than an old newspaper: he was also as lit tie nice with regard to his apparel. The bulk of his fortune, however, was acquired by purchas- ing seamen's tickets during queen Anne's wars, and by South-sea slock, in the memorable year 17-20. He WIS 76 years of age when he formed the design of building the hospital, near St.Tho- thor of several works, died at Dijon, in 1770. GUYET, Francis, an eminent critic, of An- gers, died in 1655, much esteemed. GU YON,Claude,a French historian, author of an ecclesiastical history, and other works; he died in 1T71. GUYON, Johanna Mary Eouviers de la Motho, a French lady, memorable for her writ- ings and her sufferings in the cause of Quietism, born at Montargis, in 1648, died in 1717. Some of her spiritual songs have been translated by Cow- per. GUYS, Peter Augustine, a native of Marseilles, eminent as a man of letteis, and a metchavit HA ' GUYSK, John, D. D., minister of an inde- pendeat congrngatioii at London, and author of several thtoloRical works ; be died la 1761. GUYTONDE MORVEAU, Lewis Bernard, an eminent lawyer, of Dijoa, and advocate gc-\ neral to tUe parliament of that city. He was dis-i tinKuished as a proficient in natural philosophy, and cliymiatry, and as tho author of a course of chymistry, in 4 vols., and other writings on the same subj»;ct ; he was made a member of the le- gion of hononr, and a baron of the empiie, by Napoleon, and died in 1815. GWINNET, Button, a native of England tame to South-Carolina, in 1770, and soon re^ moved to Georgia. He was a decided friend of the revolution, a member of cougiess, in 17TC, and a signer oT Uie declaration of independence. He was killed in a due!, in 1777. GWYNN, Eleanor, better known by the name of Nell, who rose from an orange girl to be the mistress of Charles II. ; she died in 1687. G\VYNNE,!\Iatthew, a dislinguished English physician, died after 1639. GYLIPPU.S, a Lacedaemonian general, sent to assist Syracuse against the .Athenians, 414 B. C GYZEN, Peter, a landscape painter, whose views on the llhine are much admired ; he was born at Antwerp, about 1636. H HAANSBERGEN, John Van, a painter, of Utrecht. Tlie figures which he introduced into hi.-^ landscapes were very much admired ; he died in 1705. HAAS, William, a printer and type-founder was the first who engraved French type in the style of Baskerville ; he invented a new print- ing press, and died at St. Urban monastery, in 1800. IIABAKKUK, the eighth of the minor pro phets, supposed to be of the tribe of Simeon. His style is poetical, beautiful, and sublime. HABERT, Francis, a native of Berry, one of the most ancient poets of France ; he wrote some fables, &c., and died in 15G9. HABERT DE CEUISl, Germain, an eccle- siastic, of Bayeux, who wrote some poems ; lit died in Itw."). HABERT, Henry Lewis, the friend of Gas eendi, and the pulVisher of his works, with ai elecant Latin preface, died in 1679. HABICOT, Nicolas, a surgeon, born atEonay, was eminent in his profession, and wrote a trea fise on the pinsue ; he died in 16'24. HABliNGTUN, William, .in English poet and historian, born in Worcestershire, in 1G05, died in 1054. His amatory poems were entitled " Castara," and printed in 1634 5 and 1640. He also published a tragi-comedy, called " The Queen of .\rragon." HACHETTE, Jane, a heroine, of Beauvais, in Picardy ; she successfully headed a body of women, in an assault aijainstthe Bourguignons who be.sieged her native place in 1472. H,\CK.\EllT, John, a Dutch painter, horn at Amsterdam, in 1035. The mountainous scene- ry in his landscapes is much admired. H.\CKET, John, an English prelate, of great merit, was chaplain to James I. bishop of Lich field and Coventry, ; he spent eight ye.trs in re pairing liis cathedral, at the o-npeiise of 20,000/., ucarlv all his own. and died in 1670. HACKET, William, an English fanatic, in tlie reign of Eli/.abeth. He was hung and quar- tered for blasphemy, in 1502. H.\CKSPAN, Theodore, a liUtheran miniB HA; ter, well skilled in oriental literature ; his books, on theological subjt-cts, are much esteemed ; ba died in l()5i1. HADDICK, N., count of, an Austrian gene- ral, distingui-'hed hinwelf against the Turks, in 1789, and di<.'d Uic ne.tt year. HADDOfJK, Sir Richard, a valiant admiral, who distiuKuished himself, on various occasions, under Charles II. and his successors ; he died very old, in 1714. HADUOiV, Walter, an eminent English scho- lar, professor of civil law, in the reign of Ed- ward ; ho was a zealous promoter of the refor- mation, and died in 1571. HADRIAN. See ADRIAN. HAEN, Antony de, privy counsellor, and phy- sician to the empress Maria Theresa, was au- thor of " Ratio Medendi," and a treatise on magic ; he died in 1776. HAERLEM, Theodore Van, a Dutch painter, born at Haerlem. His Christ and his apostles, in the church of Utrecht, arc much admired ; he died in 1470. HAGEDORN, a German poet, of the 18th cen- tury. His works, iii imitation of Fontaine, dis- play genius, vivacity, and great delicacy. HAGEN, John Van, a landscape painter, born in C'leves. His pieces are much admired. He died at the end of the 17th century-. HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets, lived in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. He was of the sacerdotal race. HAGUENIER, John, a French poet. Hia pieces are on light subjects, but possess great wit and elegance ; he died in 1738. HAGUENOT, Henry, author of medical trea- tises, was a physician, of Montpelier; he died in 1776. HAHN, Simon Frederick, author of the " His- tory of the Empire," was a very extraordinary character. .Vt the age of 10, he knew several languages, and at 24, was professor of history at Helnistadt ; he died in 1729. IIAILES. See DALRYMPLE. KAILLAN, Bernard de Girard, lord of, a French historian, born at Bourdeau.x, in 1535, died in 1010. He published a history, which reaches from Pharamond to the death of Charles VH., and was the first who composed a body of the French history in French. HAINES, Joseph, commonly called count Haines, a. very eminent low comedian, and a person of great fac.°tiousness of temper and ri'adines.^ ofwit, died in 1701. H.-\KEM, the tiilrd of the Fatimite caliphs, was a violent persecutor of the Christians and Jews, and pretended to be the visible image of God. He was assassinated by the intrigue of his sister, in 1021. HAKEWELL, John, mayor of Exeter, in 1632. Another brother, William, was of Exeter college ; he warmly espoused the party of the puritans, and published " The Liberty of the Subject against the power of Impositions," &c. HAKEWELL, George, a learned divine, born at Exeter, in 1579, died in ItUO. His principal work is " An Ajxilogy, or Declaration of tlie Power and Piiividence of God in the govern- ment of the World, proving that it doth not de- cay," &c. HAKLUYT, Richard, famous for his skill in the naval history of England, was born in Here- fordshire, in 15.53, and died in 1616. He is au- thor of a " Collection of Voyages and Discove- ries,' ' in 3 vols. foliOj and of several otlier useful works. 227 __^ HA I been a man of gtcat nit and learning, andof a« IfeipatinPekiicffr, modesty, and piety. His works jn;Bke 5 vol^. in Iblio, and Viave gained liim the a|ijiellatioii of the " Clirislian Seneca." I HALL, Lyman, governor of Georgia, was s zealous advocate Co.' the revolution, a member of congress in mfi, and a signer of the decla lion oi independauce. He died about I'iOO. HALIiE, Antony, a good Latin poet and pro- fessor of eloquence at Caen ; lie died at Taris in 1C75. HALLE, Peter, professor of canon law in tlie uiiiverBitv of Paris, born at Bayeux, in Konuan- dy, ill 16J1, riiedin Jf)89. HALLE, Claude Guy, of Parifc, distinguished as a painter, died in 173C. His son, ^'oel, was also respectable in liie same art; he died in ITdS. HALLER, Albert, an illustrious physician, and voluminous writer, born ai Berne, in Swit- zerland, in ITU'i, died in 17"7. lie is supposed to have been the most aciue, various, and original genuis, that lias appeared in the medical world since lioei haave. HALLEY, Edmund, a most eminent English pliilosoplier and astronomer, born inLondon,in IfiSO. His asironoiiiicai discoveries greatly im proved the art of navigation, and his works are highly valued in every part of Europe. He died at Greenviich, in Jan. 1741-2. H ALLIFAX, George Savilie, marquis of. See .SAVILLE. IIALLIFAX, Dr. Samuel, bishop and arch- deacon of St. Asaph, was a prelate of great Iciial hiwsagainstlifercd in 1.V27, aged S.'.. liw rehgion, and became diviniiy piofessor at. HAMILTON, James, first duke of, a dislin- i)ouay;"he was author of some theokigicaHgiiisited commander under Charles I. He main- works, and died ia JOO-t. jtained his master's cause in tlie North, after its HALL, Joseph, an eminent and learned bi-ljruin iti England; was at length defeated at phopof Norwich, born ia 1574, died in \(5i>. Hisp Preston, and beheaded in irv49. " MeditRtio«iii" are well known ; and his pocli-|J H.A.MILTON, Count Antony, art elegant wit- cul talents, cliietiy exercised in saiire. were very ptcr, Iwrn in Ireland, ui 1640, of a Scotch fau.ilv Hvpcctalile. He is universally ttilo^Ved to have,! Hie most cctebrated work was " Wciaoir* of ttm HA tilt; Nav-y of the United Stales under President iVIadiiDU. He diiMl in 1810. HAMU.TON, lliifTli, a learned English pre- late, proli'ssor of naitnal pliilosopliy at 'I'riiiity college, Diihlin, afterwards dt^an of AriiiaK'' and liiniioi) ■""' Clonfert and of Ossory ; iic died ill IHUJ. HAMILTON, William, an Eni^lish historical painter, and iiicnibur of the royal academy, died in 1801. H.\ MLU'T, the name of a prince of Denmark, vviiose history, as related hy Saxo Gi ainmalicns, has furnished tShakspeare with the groundwork of one of his finest plays. HAM.MONP, Anthony, an English poet and an author, disthifjiii^hed also as a wit and as a man of fashion ; he died about 17;i0. HAMMtJNI), Dr. Uefiiy, a learned English di- vine and coiinnentalor, bom at Chertsy, in l'J05, died in WOU. His chief works are, a " i'rac- tical (^1techi^iln ;" a " Paraphrase and .Annota- tions on tl'.e New Testament ;" and a " I'ara- phraaeand Coinineiitary on tlie Old Testament ;" of which he only published the Psalnia, and went through a third part of the book of Proverbs. HAMMOND, Ja.Tie.<;, an elegant Englisli poet, borii in 1710, died in 1742. He was oquerry to the prince of VVales ; and i.^ said to have divided his life between pleasure and book.s; in his re- tirement forgeuiug the town, and in hisgayety ] losing the student. Of his literary hours th« principal elfects are exhibited in liis memorable "Love Elegies." HAMON, John, a French physician, who wrote on religious subjects in an admired style • HA ^uiit dc (Vranimout ;" but lie wrote also some poems and P'airy Tales, wiiich are excellent in th^ii.- kiod. and died 17-.'0. H.-VMILTON, William, dnke of, was secre- tary of state for ricoiland. He died in lli.j'i of wouiuls received al tin; battle of Worcester. H.\ MILTON, William, an ingenious poet, distinguished by the liveliness of his imagina- UiHi and the delicacy of his sentiments. He was Iwin of ail ancient and honourable family in ];i)i, and died in 1754. His poems were printed at Edinburgh, 1700. H.\i\liL'rON, tieorge, carl of Orkney, dis- tinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne, and at lilenheini ; he died in 1737. HAiMlLTOIV, sir WiUiam, thirty-seven years British ambassador at the court of Naples, was born ill the year Hi!), and died in London, in 1801). The zealous and successful eftbrts which Jic .Tiade during his long residence in It^.ly, in bringing to lighi the buried treasures of antii-iii- ty need not here be enumerated ; indeed, his whole life was devoted to studies: connected with the fine arts. His " Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount ."Etna, and other Volcanoes, in a Series of Letters to the Royal Society," were published with notes in 1772. HAMILTON, Eli/.abeth, a distinguished mis- cellaneous writer, born at Heifast, in 1758. Miss flaniilton remained single throu;,»h life, andilied at Hariovvgate, in ISltj. Her principal works are, "Letters of a Hindoo Rajah;" '• Memoirs of Moderu Pliilosophers ;" " Letters on the Prin- ciples of Education ;" and the " Life of Agrip- pina, Wife of Germanicus." After her death, her " Meinoiis," with a Selection from her||he died in lf)87. Correspondence, were edited by Miss Bengcr, HAMPUEN, John, a celebrated political cha- and piibliehcd. I racter in the reign of Charles I., famous for sus- H.-^MILTON, Andrew, an eminent lawyer of | laining singly the weight of a royal prosecution, Philadelphia, and speaker of the house of as- on his refusing to pay the ship-money in the semblv; he died in 1741. His son James Ha- | reign of Charles I., was born in London, in 1594. milton was repeatedly governor of Pennsylva- |i Having in HM5-6 obtained a seat in the house of nia between 1748 and 1771. 1 commons, he soon grew to be one of the most HAAHLTON, Andrew, governor of the co-j' popular man in the nation; and after he had lony of New-Jersey, and deputy governor oflj held the chief direction of his party in the house Pennsylvania, died in 1702. against the king, he took up arms in the same HAMILTON, John, a counsoilor of the colony i| cause, and was one of the tirst who opened the war by an action at a piace called Brill, about 5 milef" from O.ttbrd ; but he was cut ofT early by a mortal wound, which he received by a pistoj bursting iu his hand, in a skirmish with prince Rupert, June 18, 104.'?, and of wiiich he died the vJ4th. Clarendon has given Hampden the ciia- racterof a great, rathertlian a good man; but when passive obedience and non-resistance were disgraced by law, he came to be esteemed a good as well as a great man, and lias conti- nued lo he thought so from that time to this. HAMPTON, James, translator of Polybius, died 1778. K AMSA, a Mahometan doctor, known for his attempt to eradicate the tenets of Mahomet and to establish his own. He flourished about 1020. HANCOCK, John, minister of Lexington, Massachusetts, respected and beloved ; he died in 1752. HANCOCK, John, minister of Braintree, son of the preceding ; died in 1744. H ANCOCK, Thomas, a benefactor of Harvard college, died in 1704. HANCOCK, John, LL. D., one of the most conspicuous friends of the American revolution, was president of congress in 177G, and s'^'ied the declaration of independence in that ca.vici- ty. He was afterwards governor of Maa^acliii setts for .several years. He died in 1793. of New-Jersey, who was at the head of its verninent for several years ; he died in 1746. H.\MILTON, John", was several times gover- nor of Pennsylvania; he died ill New- York, in 1783. H.\MILTON, Alexander, secretary of the Treasury of the United States, under general Washingion, and a major general in the Ameri- can army, was born in the island of St. Croix, in 17.'j7, and came to New- York, in 1773. At the commencement of tiio revolution he joined the army, wa.«i aid-de-camp to the commander in chief, and continued in the service until the sur- render of Cornwallis, at Vorktown, where the Americans under his command stormed and took the British works. He afterwards com- menced the practice of the law in New-York, and rose to the highest eminence in the pro- fession. He was killed in a duel with colonel Burr, in 1804. As a statesman and a financier, he revived the public credit, and placed the United States revenue on a permanent footing-. He always possessed the coniidence of Washing- ton, and his death was lamented by the whole community, as an irreparable loss to his coun- trv. HAMILTON, Paul, was a firm and decided patriot of the revolution, governor of the state tif South Carolin.'i, and altcrwards secretary of ^0 229 IBT HA HANDEL, George Frederic, an illustrious iiiastcrin music, born at Halle, in Upper Saxony, in 1684. Hi8 compositions, particularly bis ora- torios, have been repeatedly performed, to tlie present day, with uninterrupted success and un rivalled glory. He died in 1759, and was bu- lled in Westminster Abbey, where, by his own order, and at lii.s own expense, a monument is LTtcted to liiii mtniory. HANGEST, Jerome de, a doctor of the Sar- boniic who wrote ajrainst Luther; he died in 1.^38, H.\NIFAH, asaintamonff the Mussulmans, the head of ail their sects; he died at Babylon. HA.NKIN.S, Martin, was professorof liistoiy, politics and eloquence atBreslaw, and an author ; he died in 1709. HANMER, Meredith, D.D., trcasurerof Tri- nity church, Dublin. He translated the ecclesi- astical histories of Eusebius, Socrates and Eva- grius, and died in 1604. HANMER, Jonathan, a non-conformist di- vine. He is the author of ecclesiastical ami- qaity and other works ; he died in 1C87. HANMER, SirThon:a3, Bart., a distind Flaniinius, and slew lOjOCO mm : he next overthrew Varro at Canns, with 40,000 foot, and 2700 horse, the flower of the Roman youth, and sent to Carthage two or three bar00 pieces for the theatre. Of these, however, no more remain than 41, which were published by himself in six vols. He was the first French dramatist who intro- duced the custom of being paid for his pieces, and died at Paris, in 1630. H.^RDIME, Peter, a painter, of Antwerp, died in 1748. His brother, Simon, excelled as la flower painter, and died in 1737. I HARDING, John, an old English chronicler, born in 1438, died after 1161. HARDING, Thomas, an Enalish divine, and polemical writer, born in 1512, died about 1570. HARDINGE, Nicolas, an eminent English scholar, and author of some Latin, and other poems : he died in 1759. HARDINGE, George, an eminent English lawyer, a member of parliament, and attorney 'and solicitor general to the queen ; be died in 1816. H.\RDION, James, a Frenchman, who pub- lished " Universal History," 18 vols., and other works ; he died in 1766. HARDOUIN, John, a French Jesuit, eminent 1 as a critical, historical, and miscellaneous wri- HANNO, a Carthacinian, employed by hisl ter, born at Kimper, in Bretagne, in 1647, diod countrymen to make the circuit of .\frica; in in 1729. consequence of which he explored various re-ll H.ARDUIN, Alexander Xavier, of Arras, gions, and made great geographical discoveries, llkxiowii as a grammarian, died in 1783. 230 HA HAKDvVICKK. See YORKF., Ptiilip. HAllOV, Sir Cliarles, governor of Uie colony of New- York, aftervviiriJs an adinJrfil in llie British navy, and oominander in chi(^f of the western squadron, in ITT-J, the year of liis death. HARDY, Josiah, brother of the preceding, was governor of the province of iVew- Jersey, in 17U1. HARR, Dr. Francis, bishop of Chichester, and author of some celebrated polemic tracts, died ill 1740. HARGRAVE, Francis, one of the most emi- nent law-writers of his day, was born in 17;W, and died in 18-21. He was many years one of his majesty's counsel, ami recorder at Liverpool : and among his numerous publications may be mentioned, a " Collection of State Trials," 11 vols, folio, in 1781. In 1813, owing to ill health and other circumstances, he parted with his library, which was purchased by parliament for SOOOl., to be placed in the library of Lincoln's Ir-«, for the public use. It contained 300 MSS arnl his law books were enriched with valuable notes. IIARTOT, Thomas, an English mathemati- cian. He accompanied Sir Walter Raleigh ti) America, and gave the public an account of Virginia; he died in 1621. H.\RIRI, an Arabian author, lived in 1120 HARLAY, Achille de, a firm, dicnilied, and learned president of the parliament of Paris, after De Thou ; he died in 1616. HARLAY DE SANCY, Nicholas de, was ambassador of France to England, under Henry UI. ; he died in 1629. HARLAY, Francis de, archbishop of Paris, ■he favourite of Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1605 HARLAY, Achille de, first president of the oarliamentof Paris, was an upright magistrate ; mi died in 1712. HARLEY, Robert, afterwards earl of O.^ford and earl Mortimer, and lord high treasurer iu the reign of queen Anne, was born in London, in 1661. On the 8th of March, 1711, he was in great danger of his life ; the marquis of (iuis- card, a French papist, then under exarai nation ofacominittee of the privy council at VVhituhall. stabbing him with a penknife, which he took up in the clerk's room, where he waited before he was examined. Guiscard was imprisoned and died iti Newgate, the 17tli of the same month ; whereupon an act of parliament passed, making it felony, without benefit of clergy, to attempt the life of a privy counsellor in the e.xe- cution of his office. After the death of queen Anne, viz. June 10, 1715, Harley was impeached by the house of commons of high treason, and high crimes and misdemeanors ; and was com mitted to the Tower by the house of lords where he suffered confinement till July 1, 1717, and then, after a pubhc trial, was acquitted by his peers; he died in 1724, and Pope has cele brated his memory ia the following lines : *' A soul supreme in each hard instance tried, Above all pain, all anger, and all pride. The rage of power, the blast of public breath, The lust of lucre, and the dread of death." This nobleman laid the foundation of the Hai leian Collection of M3S. now in the British Museum ; which was enlarged by his son Ed ward, who succeeded to his title and estates, and at whose death, it consisted of 8000 volumes. and above 40,000 original rolls, charters, and other deeds and instruments of jreat antiquity. ilARLOVV, an eminent English portrait and __^ HA jhistorical painter, died in the bloom of life, in 1819. The admirable arranijenient and pow- erful effect with, which he represented the scene I'rom Henry ViU., in which i\Irs Siddons is the principal Ojriire,and all the Kemblc fami- ly are introduced, is a masterly proof of hi9 taste, judgment, and skill, as a historical pain- as his portraits of West, Northcole, Fnseli, &c., were of his fidelity in that branch of the art. As a copyist also he was entitled to high praise. His copy of a picture of Rubens might be taken for the original ; and his copy of Ra- phael's famous picture of The Transfiguration, which he pahited with astonishing rapidity, was highly admired at Rome, where the original might be compared with it. HARMRR. Thomas, an eminent dissenting divine, and critical writer on biblical literature, born at Norwich, in 1715, was .54 years pastor of a congregation at Wattesfield, in Suffolk, and died in 1788. HARMODIUS. See ARISTOGITON. H.'VRO, Don Louis de, a favourite of Philip IV., prime minister, and a great diplomatist ; he died in 1661. HAROLD I., king of England, son of Canute; he died the .)th year of his reign, in 1039. HAROLD 11., son of earl Godwin, took pos- session of the English crown, on the death of Edward the Confessor. In repelling the inva- sion of his kingdom, by William of Normandy, he was slain, Oct. 1066, in the first year of hia reign. HARP ALUS, a Grecian astronomer, inventor of the cycle, 480 B. C HARPALUS, an officer intrusted by Alex- ander with the treasures of Babylon, with which he fled away. HARPE, Jean Fraricois la, an eminent French orator, critic, poet, and dramatic writer, born at Paris, in 1740, died in 1802. HARPOCRATION, Valerius, an ancient rhe- torician of .■Alexandria, who has left an excellent Lexicon upon tiie Ten Orators of Greece." He flouiish'?d about 175. H.'VRPSFIELD, Nicholas, archdeacon of Can- terbury, an Bnglish divine, attached to the po- pish relision ; he died in 1572. HARRINGTON, John lord, an English noble- man, distinguished by the talents and genius which he displayed at a very early age ; he died in 1613, agud 22. HARRINGTON, Sir John, an ingenious Eng- lish poet, and translator of Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso ;" by which he gained a considsrable reputation, and for which he is now principjiily known ; he was born at Helston, near Bath, in 1561, and died in 1612. H \RRl.\(JTON, James, an eminent political wri'er, born in Northamptonshire, in 1611, died in 1677. His chief work is called " Oceana," and is a kind of political romance, in imitation of Plato's '' Atlantic Story," where, bv Oceana, Harrington means England ; exhibiting a plan ofrepublican government, which he would have erected, by forming the three kingdoms into a gsniiine commonwealth. H.\RRIN''GTON, Henry, an eminent English physician and poet, died at Bath, in 181G HARRIS, Walter, an Englisii physician, in the reign of William III. He wrote some es- '.eemed books on !hc diseases of children. HARRIS, Robert, was president of Trinity college, Oxford, wrote some sermons, and died in I'.Kj-^. H.VRRIS, John.an English divine,and a distin- 231 jIA _ guislied inatlicinalisiaii, seerutary to the royal society, diud in 1730. HARRIS, William, minister of a dissenting coiiirpyalinii in Lniidoii, died in 1710. ll.VURIS, William, a protesiant dissuntiti!; minister, oCoiiiineut abilitieHandcliaiactcr, and autiior of a historical and crilical Account of the Ijives of James I., Charles I., and Oliver Cromwfdl, all tending to reconnnond republican- ism, in 5 vols., after the manner of Jlr. Bayle. Ue died in 1770. HARRIS, James, an English gentleman, of very uncommon parts and learning, born in the Close, at Salisbury, in 170!t, died in 1780. He is the author of " Three Treatises, concerning Art, Music, and Paintinji, and Poetry, and Hap- piness ;" " Hermes , or, a Philosophical Inqui- ry concerning Universal Granniiar," (which hisiiop l,owth, in tlie preface to his " English HA of eminence, born in Yorlvishire, in 1705 His principal work is entitled " Observations on .Man, his Frame, Ids Duty, and hid Expectations.'' He died in 1757. H-\RTMA.N, John Adolphus, a convert from ihe Jesuits, to Calvinism, and professor of [ihi- losopliy and poetry, at Casrel, and afterwards of hi.-tory, at Marpurg ; he died in 1744. HART50EKF.R, Nicolas, ))rofe:,sor of phi- losophy, at Heidelberg, and m.Khfcmatician to the elector palatine, died in 172.). HARTUNGUS, John, profes.-or of Greek at Heidelberg, for some time in arms against Ihe Turks ; he died in 1579. U.VRVARD, John, an eminent American di- vine, founder of Harvard college, JMass.^chu setts, died in 10.18. HARVKV, Gideon, an eminent English phy- ician, attendant upon Charles 11. in his e.Tile, Giamniar," calls the most beautiful and perfect and after his restoration ; he died in 1700 example of analysis that lias been exhibited since HARVEY, William, an eminent Enjilishphy- tlic days of Aristotle;) " Philosophical Arrange- isician wlio first discovered the circulation of the D)ent9j" and " Philological Inquiries " _ 'blood and the motion of the heart, in aniiirahs, HARRIS, James, earl of Malmesbury, an En glish ambassador at the court of IJcrlin, St. Pe- ter.'^burg, and afterwards at the Hasue, and aj member of the privy council, v/as raised to thei peerage in 1800.- ond died in iKO. born at Polkstone, in KeiU, in 1578, died in 1657. H,\RVEY, Sir John, governor of tlie coiony of Virginia. His tyranny and rapacity caused his impeachment and removal, in 1035. HARRISON, Willian^, an elcjiant poet, and I secretary to the English Hacue. died in London, in 1713. {|1 H.VRKlSOiV, William, an English writer, au- Hare, " Anintrodnction to the Study or the New H.\RWO01), Dr. Edward, an English dis- tiglish ambassador at the j'senting divine, and e.Ycellent classical scholar, Ion, in 1713. ilborn in 1729, died in 1794. His chief works thor of the Pilffrim, a pastoral trfigedy, 1709 H.\RKISON, John, a colonel in the parlia ment army, and one of the judges of the un fortunate Charles; he was executed for his per tidy, after the restoration. HARRISON, Robert Hansen, an eminenti lawyer, of Maryland, was chief justice of the I general court, and governor of that state. He was appointed a judge of the supreme court of ; the United States, in 1789, but declined the of- fice, and died in 1790. I HARRISON, John, a most accurate English ; mechanic, inventor and maker of the famous time-keeper, for ascertaining the longitude at sea, born at Foulby, near Pontefract, in York- shire, lfi93, died 177G. .\fter many experiment?, he made a time-keeper in the form of a watch, with which two trials were in voyages to the West Indies ; and, being found to answer, the discoverer received from parliament the sum of 24,000Z. H.\RRISON, Benjamin, one of the delega- tion from Virginia, who signed the declaration of Independence. H.\RT, Oliver, minister of Charleston, South Carolina,publi3hed several sermons, and died in 1795. HART, Levi, D. D., minister of Preston, Conn., instructed maiiv young men for the mi- nistry, and died in 1808. HART, John, a signer of the declaration of Independence, and an active and useful revo- lutionary patriot, he died in 1779. H.\RTE, Walter, a divine, poet and histori- an, born earlv in the 18th century, and educa- ted in the free-school of Marlborough. Lord Chestertield, to whose son Ilarle was tutor) describes him as a man of consummate erudi-I tioii. His greatp.st poetical work, called" The .Amaranth," was published in 17()7 ; his " His- torv of Gnstavus Adolphus," in 17G5: and his ' Essays on Husbandry," in 17tU. He died in 1773. HARTLEY, David, an English physician 232 iTestament," " A View of the variou.s editions lof the Greek and Roman Clajisics," and an edi- jtion of the " New Testament in Greek, witll English notes." HASE, Theodore, professor of Hebrew at Bremen, his native town, died in 1731. HASE, James, brother ot the preceding, dis- tinguished for his learning and writings, died in 17-J3. HASSELQUIST, Frederic, a Swedish bota- nist and natural historian, born in East Goth- land, in 1722, died at Smyrna, in 1752. HASTED, Edward, a topographer, born at Ilawley, in Kent, in 1732. His " History of Kent" is well known and esteemed. In the latter part of his life he was much reduced in circumstances, and was, by lord Radnor, pre- sented with tlie mastership of the hospital at Corsham, Wilts. He died there in 1812. HASTINGS, Elizabeth, daughter of llie earl of Huntington, was celebrated for lier accom- plishments, and for her public and private cha ritv. She died in 1740, deservedly lamented. ilASTINGS, Rt. Hon. Warren, was born near Daylesford, in Worcestershire, in 1733. Having been educated at Westminster school, he went out to the East Indies as a writer, and in course of time became governor of Bengal. He was removed from Madras to the presidency of Calcutta at a critical period, when the state of Hindostan became perilous from the rapidly increasing power of Ilyder Ally, the sovereign of Mysore, and the intrigues of the French, who were taking ad\ antage of the rupture between Great Britain and her colonies. In this e.xigeucy, the governor-general had to rely solely upon his own exertions; and he succeeded, beyond all expectalion, in saving British India t'rom a com- binalion of enemies. Party spirit at home, how- ever, turned his merit into a crime, and charges were brought against him in jiarliament. He returned in 1786, and an impeachment followed, the trial of which lasted nine ye.ors, and termi- nated in an aciiuittal. After' this he led a re- UreU life on the wreck of his fortune, and aiijlliave sunk iiuo wretclieijness, arising from the annuity from the India company. He liii-d, untimely loss of their dearest relatives, however, to see his pians lor the security of HAV\ Elrf, Thomas, an Etiglibh divine. known ijidia publicly applauded ; but received no other as cliaj>lain to the countess of Hunlingion, and recompense for his sufierings, tlian that of being l.is principal of a seminary wliich .slit; founded Bwoni of the privy-couucU Sir Warren died |for the education of students in divinity; he died iu 181S. flATSELL, John, clerk of the Imuse of commons, from 1708 to 1797, died in Irt'JO. H.'\TTOiV, Sir Ciiristopher, an eminent states man, and lord chancellor under Uueen Eliza beth, died iu JoOl. HAUSTEAD, Peter, a clergyman and a comic writer, in the reign of Charles I. HAUTE-FEUILLE, I'ahbe, a French gentle- man, slcillcd in mechanics, who inrde con.siUera- ble impro\-eineiUs in the movements of watches, and invented a specular gnomon lor rcgniatiug clocks and watches by the sun, iStc, born in ?!>4'/, died ir 1724. HAiJTEIlOCHE, Noel le Breton de, a French dramatic poet and actor, died at Paris, in 1707 HAUTETERUE, Anthony Dadine de, profes- sor of law at Toulouse, autlior of a treatise on monastic life, and other works, indicative of great alents and learning; he died in HJB2. HAVARO, William, a" respectable actor, and dramatic writer, of Dubiin, died in 1778. HAVEN, Samuel, D. D., minister of Ports- mouth, New-Hampshire, publislied many ser- mons, and died iu 1806. H.WEN, Jason, minister of Dedham, l\[assa- chuseils, author of many published seiinons, died, much respected, in 1803. HAVERCAMP, Sigibert, a celebrated Dutch critic, and professor of history, eloquence, and the Greek tongue, at Leyden. He was particu- larly skilled in the science of medals, and was the author of some works in this way that were very much esteemed. He gave good editions, as well as grand ones, of several Latin and Greek authors ; of Eutropius, Tertullian's "Apo- logetic," Josephus, Sallust, &.c. ; and his edi- tions of those authors are reckoned the best. He died in 1742, aged 58. HAVERS, Clopton, an English physician, author of a treatise on the bones, died early in the 181 h century. H.\WES, Stephen, an English poet, who flourished about 1500. in J820. H.VVVKE, Edward lord, a brav ind intrepid Englisi) aihniral, appointed rearol the white, in 1747, being then styled l)y (Jeorge 11. " His own Admiral;" and, by successive prnmoiioiis, he becaisie vice-admiral of Great Britain, in 1765. He was one of tlie greatest characters that evel adorned tlie British navy ; but most of all re* njarkable for the daring courage, which induced hjni, on many occasions, to disregard those forma of conducting or sustaining an attack, which, by the rules and ceremonies of service, had be- fore been considered as indispensable. His de- feat of the Fiench armament, under marshal Confiaiis, off Belleisle, will never be forgotten. He died in r,dl. HAWKESWORTH, Dr. John, an English writer, of a very soft and pleasing cast, born at Bromley, iu Kent, in 171.5, died in 1773. As aa author, "The Adventurer" is his capital work; the merits of which, it is said, procured him the degree of LL. D. from Dr. Herring, arclibislioj* of Canterbury. When the design of compiling a narrative of the discoveries in the South Seas was on toot, he was recommend.^d as a proper person to be employed on the occasion ; but the perforinanci'did not answer expectation. Worka of taste and elegance, where imagination and the passions were to be afiected, were his pro- vince ; not works of dry, cold, accurate narra- tive. However, lie executed his task, and in said to have received for it the enormous sum of 6000;. HAWKINS, Sir John, an English admiral, who signalized himself, in the reign of Eliza- beth, by opposing the Spanish armada, and in his espeditions to the West Indies ; he died in 1595. HAWKINS, Sir John, to whom the public are indebted for a good edition, with notes, of "Walton's Angler," is well as a valuable" His- torv of Music," was born in 1719, and died in 1739. Some short time before his death, he wrote a " Life of Dr. Samuel Jolmson," which, though replete with literary anecdote HA WES, Dr. William, an English physician, 1| and entertainment, met with but an indifferent who has iirmiortalized his name by being thej reception iVoia the critics. founder of the Royal Humane Society, lor the 'ecovery of persons apparently dead by drown- ing, suftbcation, or strangulation, was born at Islington, in 1736, and died in 1808. Dr. Hawes was a truly amiable and benevolent man ; and gave a strong proof of his philanthrophy in his unwearied attention to the above-mentioned in- stitution, which has been fotmd highly vtseful, and to establish which ho employed many years of his life. So much, indeed, did this engross his mind, and engage his attention, that his own iimnediate interests appeared to him to be very subordinate considerations ; yet he was always ready to afford his professional assistance to distress. It would be difficult for the enemies of Dr. Hawes, (if such a truly benignant cha- racter could have any enemies,) to say any thing to his disadvantage. There was a remarkable simplicity in his manners, the result of an inno- cent and unsuspecting heart ; and his name ought to be recorded among the benefactors of their country, for liie esiablishment of an insti- tiilion, which has been a source of renewed happiness to tliousauds, who might otherwise HAW'KINS, William, governor of the state of Ge G 20* 233 HA England with Jamus 1., when! ho was ennobled, and en)ployed on several embassies, and to ni gotiate a marriage between the prince of Wales and a princess oi France ; he died in IGUG. HAY, William, born in Sussex, in 1C95, was lemarkable for his personal det'oimity ; on which subject Ik; wrote an excellent " Essay," wherein he alluded to his own case with singular good liumour. He was representative in parliament for Seaford, and died in 1755 ; having written, beside tlie above essay, " Fcligio Philosoplii," " Imitations of Martial," and some other pieces, which were collected and printed in 17114. HAYDN, Joscpl), was born of low parentage, at Rhorau, in Austria, in 1733. At an early age he was received into the choir of Uie cathedral in Vienna. He afterwaids got his living by teaching music, and by composition. In 1791, he went to England, and published several of his works ; in consccjuence of which the univer- sity of O.xford conferred upon him the degree of doctor of music. In 179G, he returned to Ger- many, where he composed his sublime oratorio of "The Creation," and " The Seasons," and died in 1809. His works are very nunjerous and valuable. Wlule Haydn was in England, a ship captain entered his chamber one morning : " You are Mr. Haydn V " Yes." " Can you make me a march to enliven my crew 7 You shall have thirty guineas ; but 1 must have it to- day, for tomorrow 1 start for Calcutta." Haydn agreed : the seaman left him ; the composer opened his piano, and in a quarter of an hour the inarch was written. Haydn appears to have had a delicacy, rare among the musical birds of prey and passage, who go to feed on the un- wieldy wealth of England ; he thought so large a sum, for a labour eventually so slight, a spe- cies of plunder — came home early in the even- ing, and made two other marches, in order to allow the liberal seaman his choice, or to give them all to him. At daybreak the purchaser came — " Where is my march V " Here, try it on the piano." Haydn played it. The captain counted the thirty guineas on the piano, took up the march, and went down stairs. Haydn ran after him ; " I have made two others, both bet- ter, come up and hear them, and take your choice." " I am satisfied with the one I have." The captain still went down. " I will make you a present of them." The captain went down only the more rapidly, and left Haydn on the stairs. Haydn, from one of those motives not easily defined, determined on overcoming this singular self-denial. "He immediately went to the exchange, ascertained the name of the ship, made a roll of his marches, and sent them, v»ith a polite billet, to the captain on board. He was surprised at receiving, shortly after, his en- velope, unopened, from the Englishman, who had judged it to be Haydn's. The composer tore the whole in pieces on Ihc spot. The anec- dote is of no great elevation ; but it expresses peculiarity of character; and certainly neither the captain nor the composer could have been easily classed among tlie common, or the vulgar of men. Haydn soon adopted the custom of shopping, and frequently wandered in the morn- ing from house to house of the music-sellers. He used to mention his dialogue with one of those persons. He had inquired for any par- ticularly good music, " You are come exactly at the right time," was the shopkeeper's answer, "for I have just printed off Haydn's sublime music. " Oh ! as for that, I will have nothing t« do wtli it." " How, air, Hothiflg to do with 234 HE llaydn! wliat fault is to be found with ill" 'Oh! fault enough; but there ig no use in speaking about it now ; it does not please mc, show me something else." The music-seller, who was an enthusiast about Haydn's compo- sitions, looked at the inquirer, " No, sir, 1 have other music, no doubt, bui it is not fit for you," and turned his back upon him. Haydn was go- ing out of the shop, laughing, when he met an acquaintance coming in, who pronounced lii« name. The music-seller, whose ve.xation had revived with the sound, turned round and said, " Yes, sir, here is a gentleman who actually does not like that great man's music." The mis- take was of course soon cleared up, and the person was known who alone might presume l» object to Haydn's music. HAYER DU PERUON, Peter le, a native of Alencon, distinguished for his poems, odes, songs, &c. ; he was born in 1003. HAYER, John Nicholas Hubert, a French ecclesiastic, author of a work on the immortali- ty of the soul, and other valuable writings , he died at Paris, in 1780. HAYES, Charles, an ingenious mathematical writer, author of a treatise on fluxions, and other works ; he died in London, in 1760. HAYES, Dr. William, an eminent musical composer, born in 1708. He became professor of music at Christ Church College, Oxford, anC published a collection of English ballads ; but it best known by his cathedral music and catches. He defended Handel against Avison, with some asperity, and died in 1777. HAYLEY, William, an English poet, and miscellaneous writer, died in 1820. HAYLEY, William, a poet, dramatist, an4 miscellaneous writer, bom in 1745, was edu cated at Cambridge. On leaving the university he retired to his estate of Eartham, in Sussex i he died at Felpham, in 1820. HAYMAN, Francis, a painter, of some dis" tinction, born at Exeter, in 1708, became a mem ber, and librarian ef the royal academy, ana died in 1776. HAYWON, a native of the Tyrolese, in the 15th century, of gigantic stature. He is said te have been 16 feet in height, with strength pro- portionate to his size. HAYNES, Hopton, assay master of the Eng- lish mint, known as the author of a work on the attributes and worship of God, and the charac- ter and ofiices of Christ ; he died In 1749. HAYNES, Samuel, an English clergyman; he published a collection of state papers, and died in 1752. HAYNES, John, governor of Massachusetts and Connecticut, of which latter colony he wa« one of the founders ; he died in 1654. HAYTER, Rev. John, an excellent Greek scholar, who was employed by the prince of Wales, (present king,) for many years, in un- rolling and decyphering the MSS. found at Her- culaneiun. He died at Paris, of apoplexy, in 1818, in his 63d year. HAYWOOD, Sir John, an eminent English historian, died in 1627. HAYWOOD, Elizabeth. See HEYWOOD. HAYWOOD, Henry, minister in South Ca- rolina to the Socinian baptists, died in 1755. HAZAEL, servant of Benhadad, king of Sy- ria, was sent by his master to inquire of the prophet Elisha, "the result of his sickness. Oa his return, he killed the King, and usurped bia throne, 889 B. C. HEAD, Richard, a native of heland, known HE HE DS tli€ author of "The English Rogue,"a«)- medy, and scvural other dramatic pieces ; he 4ied in iffiif. HFADLKY, Henry, an ingenious poet, and excellent young man, was born at Irstead, in Norfolk, in 17(5>, and, after passing under the tuition of Dr. Parr, was admitted to Trinity col- lege, Oxford. He died in ITt'S. Before the age of 20 he published a volume of " Poems ;" but he is principally known to the literary world by two volumes of " Select Beauties of Ancient English poetry, with Remarks," 1787: a work Tery deservedly in high esteem ; and which was elegantly republished by Mr. Sharpe, in 18i0, with a biographical sketch of the author, by th' Rev. Henry Kett, B. D., Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. HEARNE, Thomas, an English antiquary, and indefatigable collector and editor of hooks and MSS. chiefly concerning English history, born in 1678, and died in 1735. HE.\TH, Nicholas, archbishop of York, and chancellor of England in the reign of Mary, died in 1560. HE.ATH, Jamea, an English historian, boni in London, in 1629, and died in 1664. HE.\TH, Thomas, brother of the preceding, and a Jesuit ; he was sent as a missionary to England, where he died about 1568. HEATH, Benjamin, a lawyer of eminence, and town-clerk of Exeter, who wrote several works, but is best known by " A Revisal of Shakspeare's Text, wherein the alteratioiis in- troduced into it by the more modern editors and eritics are particularly considered, 1765. HEATH, William, a brigadier, and after- wards a major-general in the American army during the revolution ; he was distinguished for his patriotism and zeal, and died after the war at Boxbury, Massachusetts HEATHCOTE, Dr. Ralph, a very learned di- vine and controversial writer, born in 1721, and died in 1795. When very young, ho published, atCambridge, " Hiatoria Astronomiae," which laid the foiuidation of that merit which he after- wards acquired in the literary world. The doc- tor was deeply engaged in the Middletonian controversy upon the miraculous powers. In 1775 he published " A Sketch of Lord Boling- broke's Philosophy ;" and, in the latter end of the same year, came out, " The use of Reason asserted in Matters of Religion." The doctor also was engagfd in the compilation of the "■Biographical Dictionary," 12 vols. 3vo, 1761, and had a considerable sum from the booksellers for several new articles in the edition of 1764. In 1771 appeared " The Irenarch ; or. Justice of Peace's Maimal ;" and he then qualified himself for actint' for the liberty of Southwell and Scrooby. The first volume of " Sylva ; or, The Wood," was published in 1786, and a se- cond edition in 1788. He had intended publish- ing a second volume of this work, but indisposi- tion prevented his accomplishing it. HEATTIFIKLD, Lord. See ELIOT. HEBENSTREIT, John Ernest, a physician and writer educated at Jena; he went afterwards to Leipsic, where he died in I'UG. HEBER, son of i^^lah, and father of Pheleg, died 817 B.C. aged 464. The Jews derive tlie name of Hebrews from him. HF.Br.RDEN, Dr. William, an eminent Eng lish phv.'-ician and medical writer, born in 1710, died in'1801. HKBF.RT, James Rene, a French revolution ist, distinguisUad for tiis abusive writings and his bitterness against the queen. He was guil- lotined bv order cf Robespierre, in 1794. I1ECATA;l y, a historian of Abdera, at the court of the Ptolemies, author of a history «( the Jews, &.c. HECHT, Christian, a minister, of Essen, in East Friezland, died in 1748. IlECK, Nicholas, an admired Dutch landscapa and historical painter, born in 1580. HECK, Martin Heimskirk, son of the preced- ing, was also an eminent landscape painter. HECK, John Van, a landscape painter, of Ou- denard, died in ]()89. HECKEWELDER, John, a native of Eng- land, was for many years a Moravian mission- ary among the Delaware Indians, and author of an account of the mai'ners and customs of the Indian tribes which ouce inhabited Pennsylva- nia ; he died in 1823. HECQUET, Philip, a French physician, who is immortalized in Gil Bias, under the name of Doctor Pangrado. He was a man of piety, and author of several medical works ; he died in 1737. HEDELIN, Francis, a French grammarian, poet, antiquary, preacher, and writer of roman- ces ; but chiefly distinguished by a book Mititled, Pratique du Theatre," born at Paris, in 1604, died in 1676. HEDERICUS, orHEDERICH, Benjamin, a native of Upper Saxony, and author of a cele- brated " Greek Lexicon," was born in Misnia, in 1675, and died in 1748. HEDLINGER, John Charles, a Swiss engra- ver, whose medals are much admired, died in 1771. HEDWIG, John, a German, professor of bo- tany, whose researches respecting the cryptoga- mia class of plants will immortalize his fame ; he was born in 1731, and died at Leipsic, in 1799. HEEDE, William, a historical painter, bom at Fumes, died in 1728. His brother. Vigor Van, also eminent in the same branch of the pro- fession, died in 1708. HEEJI, John Diivid de, apainter, of Utrecht, whose fruits and flowers were much admired , he died in 1674. HEEMSKIRK. See HEMSKIRK. HEERE, Lucas de. an eminent historical painter, of Ghent, died in 1584. HEGEPIPPUS, a Jew, converted to Christi- anity, in 157. He wrote a history of the church to his own time. Another of the same name, wrote an account of the destruction of Jeru- salem. HEIDEGGER, John Henry, an eminent pror testant divine, professor at Heidelberg, atStein- furt and ai Ziuich, where he died in 1698. HEIDEGGER, John James, born in Switzer- land, in 1661, and famous for his humour and his ugliness. His judgnieut and taste in operatic amusements gained hiin the favour of George II. and his court, and acquired him the chief management of the Opera-house in the Hay- market. He also improved another species of diversion, not less agreeable to the king, which was the masquerades ; and over these he always presided at the king's theatre. He was likewise appointed master of the revels. Froii these several employments, be gained a regu iar in- come, amounting in some years to 5000?., which he spent with mueh.liberality ; and his charity was b20, became as great a Latin poet, and a greater critic, than his father, and died in 1681. HEISS, N., a German liistorical writer, of the ittli century. HEISTER, Lawrence, a physician, surgeon, and naturalist, born at Frankfort, in 1683, died in 1758. His principal works are, "Compendiuni Anatoinicum," and " Institutions of Surgery." Hh:lE, Thomas, an Englishinan, w'.io, at"tei eerviiig ill the army, setl led at Paris, where he became an esteemed dramatic v/iiier, in the French language ; he died in 17.-!0. H.nLENA, St., the mother of Const.intine the Great was distinguisiictl for her piety and Chrii- tiaa ;harity, and .as the founder of several Churoiies She died in 323. HELtODORUS, of Phumicia. nourished ahonf ^{)8. In hif, youth he wrote a romanre, by which he is now brftter known than by his bi.-.liripric of Tricca, to which he was after .vards promoted. It h enti'led, " Ethiopics," and relates the annurs rrffbeagenesand Chariclea. The leainwi Heu- tiiiE is of opinion, that iieliodorus vv:i-< among the romance writers, W'liat Homer was among the j)oeis. IlELIoaAUALrS.Marcus Aurclius Auftmi- tnis, emperor of Rome. He was crael, vindic- Sive, and licentious, and was assaasitiated A. D. aw 236 JHE^ HKLLENICUS, a Greek historian, w.a> dieiJ 411 B.C. HELLOT, John, a French philosophical and chyinical writer, and a distinguished chyniist, died in 17G6. UELMBRKKER, Theodore, a Dutch land- iicape and historical painter, of Ilaerlein, died at Koine, in I6!I4. HELMONT, John Baptist Van, commonly called Van Helinont, a man of great learning, ea- ipeiially in physic and natural philosophy, born lat Brussels, in J577. By his skill in physic he perlbrmed such une.ipected cures, thai he was put into the inq.ui»ition, as a man that did things beyond tlie reach of nature. He cleared him- .^elf before the inquisitors ; but, to be more at liberty, retired afterwards into Holland, where he d;cd, in 1G44. HELMONT, Matthew Van, a painter, of Ant- werji, died in 1726. HELOISE, the concubine, and afterwards the wife, of Peter Abelard ; a nun, and afterwards prioress of Argentail ; and, lastly, abbess of the i'araclete. She was born about the beginning of the 12th century, and died in 1163. See ABE- LARD. HELSHAM, Richard, M. D., professor of physic and n.itura) philosophy in Dublin college) and author of leciures on natural philosophy. HELSE, Bartholomew Van der, a painter, of Haerleni, died in 1670. H i-JLVETlUS, Adrian, a Dutch physician, who ilistinguished himself at Paris, during the pre- valence of an epidemic there, by his successful practice ; he died in 1721. liELVETH'S, John Claude, son of the pre- xding, was pliysician to the queen of France, ;ounsellor of state, &c. ; he died in 1755. HELVETIUS, Claude Adrian, who wrote tlie celebrated book "De I'Esprit," On the Mind, and " De rHoinme," On Man, and whom Voltaire calls " a true philosopher," was born at Paris, in 1715, and died in 1771. His hypo- thesis is rmtcrialism in the worst sense. Ht;LVl'JUS, Christopher, professw of Greek and ea-itevn languages, andof divinity at Giesaen aniveisitv : he died in 1617. HELYOT, Peter a native of England, of the order o" Franciscans, author of a history of the mona'tic orders, &c.,died in 1716. HEMFjLAU, John, a Flemish poet and orator, and author of srmie extremely useful connnen taries upon the medals of tlie Roman emperors, from tlie time of Julius CiEsar down to Justinian, was born at the Hague, and died in 1640. HEMMERLIN, or MALLEOLUS, Felix, a canon, and writer of Zurich, in 1428. HEMMINGFOUD, Waller de, canon of Gis- borough abbey, England, and author of a history of Ensbini!, from 1066 to 1308 ; he died in 1.347 HEMSKfRK, Martin, an eminent painter, born at a village of his name in Holland, in 1198 Most of his works were engraved ; but it ib visible thai he did not understand the chiaro obscuro. and that his manner of designing was dry. He has, however, been called the Ra- phael of Holland, and died in 1574. HE.VISKIRK, Egbert, a Dutch painter. HEJISKIRK, Egbert, the Youniter, a son of the preceding, was also an eminent Dutch painter, ii? died in 1704. HKiMSTERHIJIS, or HEMSTEKHUSIUS, Tiberius, a iearnfd critic, born at Groningen, was professor of mathematics and philosophy, at Aiiijlerdam, and of Gieek and histoid, at Levden ; he died in HbCV, HE HE IIKMSTEUHUSIUS, Francis, t'raiKJsoiiofthcjjbflow, " Inveniaiu viani, aut faciani." Each precediuj;, was in the seivice of the United auiiit'ir paid one shiilins.'. Kc was ai;o author Slatoi. He was author >«r " ffiuvres Piiiloso- ot' a w<;i;l.^-.>. iiphilosopiiy in thi; collsed him ; the king said, '' And is it so, tliat the Jesuits must be con- demned by my mouth ?" and thereupon they were banislied. A protestant minister told him, "He denied God with his mouth, and therefore he was struck there ; but if he denied him in his heart, the ne.vt stroke might be thereabouts too." He concluded a peaee with Spain, and an agree- ment with Savoy, in IGOJ ; and was stabbed with a knife, by Ravillac, in his coach, at Paris, May 14, IGIO. Above fifty historians, and five hun- dred panegyrists, poets, and orators, have spoken in Ills praise. But the "llenrindf:" of Voltaire is the most likely to immortalize him. . HIINKV I., king of England, and duke of Normandy, was the third son of William the Conqueror, and ascended the throne in 1100. Although absolute in power, he reigned with wisilom, opposed the encroachments of the church of Rome, abolished the curfew, regula- ted the weights and measures of his kingdom,!; position of the Bible. " and laid the foundationof that liberty, of which'J HENRY, Dr. ROBERT, minister of one of Englishmen are so justly proud. He died inj the churches of Edinburgh, and author of the 1185. |!" Histoiy of Great Britain," in 5 vols., born at HENRY II., succeeded to the throne of Eng- St. Ninian's, in 1718, died in 1790. A posthu- land in 1154. He added Brittany and Ireland [mous volume, being the 6th, has been published to his dominions, attempted to repress the ambi-j since his death. tion of tlie clergy, and died of ii broken heart,] HENRY, Philip, an English dissenting cleegy- at the rebellion of his clvldrtn, in 1189. His, man, eminent for his piety, benevolence, and reign was markedwith v .,)dora, valour, and po-; moderation, died about 1670. pularity, and was caJtulated to advance then HENRY, David, a printer, was for moie than welfare of his people. |] half a century, an active manager of the Gentlc- HENRY HI., succeeded John, as king of man's Magazine, he was born in the neighbour- laws, and died with the reputation of a great and good king, in 1509. By his marriage, the rival claims of the houses of York and Lancas- ter, were united and settled. HENRY VIII., son and successor to HeDry VII., ascended the throne, in 150!1, aged 18. Al- though for a short time popular, he soon, by his arbitrary and capricious conduct, proved him- self a tyrant. He obtained the title of defender of the laith, from the pope, by opposing Luther., He afterwards quarrelled with the pope, wlio refused to divorce him from his wife, and re- nounced his authority, and declared himself head of the church, thus introducing the refor- mation into England. He was six times mar- ried ; two of his wives perished on the 8caft"n.d, and two others were divorced. Although bene- fits resulted from his reign, he must be detested for his tyranny and oppression ; he died in 1547. HENRY, prince ofWales, oldest son of JamcB I., died in 1612, aged 18, lamented by the nation, who viewed in him their future friend and com- mon benefactor. HENRY, of Huntingdon, an early English historian, died in 1168. HENRY, Matthew, an eminent dissenting teacher, and voluminous writer, bom in 166^ died in 1714. His best known work is his " Ei- England, in 1216. He was defeated in his wars abroad, and imprisoned by his barons at home, and died after a weak and disgraceful reign, in 1272. HENRY IV., third sonof Henry III., usurped the throne in 1399, and by that act, gave rise to the long wars between the houses oif York and Lancaster; he died in 1413. HENRY v., son of Henry IV., on ascending the throne, abandoned his dissolute associates, and his equally dissolute habits, and became a wise and virtuous monarch. He formed the de hood of Aberdeen, in 1710. A concurrence of circumstances placing him within the notice of Mr. Edward Cave, of St. Gate, he at length became related to his patron, by marrj'ing his sister, in 1736. Those useful and popular publi- cations which describe the curiosities in West- minster Abbey, St. Paul's Church, the Tower of London,&c.printed for Newbury, wereoriginally compiled by Mr. Henry, and were improved by him through many successive impressions. He published in 1772, "The Complete English Far- mer; or, A Practical System of Husbandry , iij sign of conquering France, fought the battle of j which is comprisedageneral View of the whole Agincourt, married Catherine, and was declar ed heir to the throne of that kingdom ; but died suddenly in the midst of his successes, in 1422. HENRY VI., son of Henry V., succeeded his father on the English throne, when only ten iBunlhs old, and his grandfather Charles VI. asi sovereign of France. He was crowned king of France at Paris ; but his claims were opposedj by the duke of Orleans, under the name of; Charles VII. who recovered the French domin- ions, and expelled the English. He was after-; wards deposed at home by the duke of York,! and committed a prisoner to tlie tower, where' ne was murdered, in 1471. j HENRY VII., opposed and defeated Richard III. and was crowned king of England, on the field, after the battle of Bosworth, in 1485. He was devoted to the happiness of his subjects, ind contributed materially 10 the establishment of commerce, the encouragement of industry, and lo the protection of the arts He checked lihc cncroariiments of tlie nobles, made salutary he died hi 1799 233 Art of Husbandry;" from this he withheld his name, as he did also from " A Historical Account of all the Voyages round the World, performed by English Navigators," in 4 vols., in 1774 ; !o which, in 1775, Mr. H. added a 5th, containing Captain Cook's Voyage in the Resolution ; and in 1786, a Cth, containins the last Voyage of Captain Cook ; introduced by an admirable summary of all the voyages undertaken for dis- covery only, in the Southern and Northern hem- ispheres, and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. He died in 1792. HENRY, Patrick, a native of Virginia, dis- tinguished for his commanding eloquence, was the first man who proposed to the colonies, hostile measures against Great Britain. He was the first governor of Virginia, after the de- claration of Independence, and a member of the old congress ; he declined the appointments of secretary of state, under president Washington, and of minister to France, under his successor ; HE HE HENRY, Jolia, a mtnibcr of congress, from ^wno publi.sli»jd some elegant lyric and tieroic Maryland, in 1116, afterwards elected a senator of the United Stales, and in 1797, governor of Ihe state ol Maryland ; he died in 171)6. HERACLITUS, a celebrated Epiicsian philo- Bopher, who is said ;o have contiiiually bewail- ed the wicked lives of men, and as often as tie came among them to have fallen a weeping ; eontrary to Democritus, who made the follies of mankind the subject of laughter; he flourished about 500 B. C. HERACLIUS, son cf a governor of Africa, dethroned Phocas, and ascended the throne of Constantinople, in 610 ; he died inti41. HERACLIUS, patriarch of Jerusalem, about 1170. HERALDUS, Desiderius, a counsellor of the parhament of Paris, eminent for his writings on law and on the belles lettres,died in 104!). HERBELOT, Bartholomew d", an eminent orientalist, born at Paris, in i&25, died in ItiOo. His chief work is " Bibliotheque Orientale, or A Universal Dictionary, containing whatever relates to the Kunwledge of the Eastern world." HERBEP.T, Thomas, an Englishman, author of " Travels in Asia and Africa," was engaged in the civil wars of his country, at first on the Bide of the parliament, afterwards for the king. At the restoration Ue was created a baronet, and died in 1682. HERBERT, Mary, countess of Pembroke, a great encourager of letters, and herself an in- genious poet. Her character may be highly judged of, from the epitaph written by BeH Jon- eon, viz. " Underneath this sable hearse liies the subject of all verse : Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. Death ! ere thou hast kill'd another, Fair, and good, and learn'rt as she, Time shall throw a dart at thee." HERBERT, Edward, lord Herbert of Cher- bury, in Shropshire, an eminent English states- man, and writer on history, philosophy, and Briticism, born in Montgomery Castle, in 1581, died in 1043. HERBERT, George, brother of the preceding, 8 divine and poet, of whose judgment the great Lord Bacon, had so high an opinion, that he would not sutler his works to be printed till they had passed Herbert's e.xamination ; he was Iwrn in 1593, and wrote a volume of devout poems called "The Temple." He also wrote » valuable work in prose, entitled " A Priest to the Temple ;" he died about 1635. HERBERT, William, earl of Pembroke, born in Wiltshire, in 1580, died of apoplexy, in 1630. He was chancellor of Oxford, and made the university a present of a large collection of manuscripts. Pembroke College was so named tn honour of him. HERBERT, William, a topographical anti- quary, born in 1718, died at Cheshunt, in 1795, Bublished a new edition of " Alkyns's History »f Gloucestershire;" and a continuation of "Ames's Topographical Antiquities." HEREIN, Augustus Francis Julian, a native of France, distinguished as an oriental scholar, iied in 1806. flERBINIUg, John a protestant clergyman of Poland, died in 1676. HERDER, JoImi Gottfried, a German writer. poetry, abuut 1582. HERISSA.NT, Lewis Anthony Prosper, an emineiit French poet and physician, died at Paris, in 1709. HEKITIER, Nicolas 1', a French poet, and dramatic writer, and historiographer of France, died 1.1 1G80. HERITIER, Marie Jeanne 1'. dcVillandon, a French poetess and novel writer, died ai Paria, in 1734. HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, Charles Lou- is 1' , a botanist, was born at Paris, in 1746. In 1784 he published a splendid work, called " Stirpes Novae ;" two years after which he went to Eng- land, and collected from the gardens the mate- rials of his " Hortum Anglicuni," winch he left unfinished, being assassinated in August, 1801, as was suspected, by his son. HERLIC1UE5, David, a German astrologer, born in l.>j7. HERM.XN, Paul a celebrated botanist, a na- tive of Halle, in Saxony, died in 1695. HERM.\N,Jaines, an eminent mathematician of Basle, and the friend of Leibnitz. He was born iu 1678, and died in 1733, leaving various works. HERMANT, Godefroi, a doctor of the Sor- bonne, and rector of the university of Paris, died in 1690. HERMAS, Pastor, or Shepherd, one of the fa- thers, supposed to have died at Rome, A. D. 81. HERMES, an Egyptian legislator, priest, and philosopher, who lived, as some think, in the year of the world '2076, in the reign of IS'inus, after Moses ; and was so skilled in all profound arts and sciences, that he acquired the surname of Trisinegistus, or, "thrice great." Some writers think that Hermes Trismegistus was no other than Moses, and state that he flourished 1930 B. C. HERMIAS, a heretic, of Galatia, in the 2d century. HERMILLY,Vaquetted', anative of France, author of the history of Majorca and Minorca, &c.,died at Paris, in 1778. HERMOGENES, of Tarsus, a Greek rhetori- cian, flourished about the year IGl. At 15 he became a teacher ; at 17 he wrote iiis " Art of Rhetoric;" but, at 25, he lost his memory, and the faculty of speech. Of his works some por- tions remain, which were printed at Geneva, in 1614, HERMOGENES, a heretic, of the 2d century, of the sect of stoics. HEROD, falsely called the Great, king and ty- rant of Judea, who, on the strength of a misin- terpreted prophecy, caused all the male children of Bethlehem, and its neighbourhood, to be mas- sacred by his soldiers, at the time of the birth of Christ, iii the vain hope of destroying the Sa- viour of mankind. He died .\. D. 3. HEROD ANTIPAS, son and successor to He- rod the Great ; he put to death John the Baptist. Our Saviour was made to appear before him by Pilate. HERODr.\N,aGreekhistorian, ofRome, who flourished under the reigns of Severus, Cara- calla, HeliogabaUis, Alexander, and Maximin. His history coiituins eight books, and ia greatly adm'ired. It comprises the events from A. D. IS) to 236. Herodian died about 247. HERODOTUS, an ancient Greek historian, preacher to the duke of Saxe Weimar, ecclesi- 1 of Halicarnassus, in Caria, born about 484, and astical counsellor &c., died in 1803. (died in 41:? B. O. He is called " The Faiherof HERERAS. Ferdinand de. a poet of SeviJI';. liHistorv ;" his work is written in the Ionic dia- 239 HE P^ feet, and divided into nine books, which contain tlie most remarkable occurrences williin a pe- riod of 240 years, from the reiijn of Cyrus, the first king of Persia, to tliat of Xerxes, wlien the historian was living. These nine books are ca! :e< tin, in Pomerania. He became known .;i thej literary world at the age of 17, and on leavind college, by a •' Dissertation on History." On his return from the university, being known to Fre- deric [I., who saw him possessed of merit, in 1745, he entered the diplomatic career as secre- tary of legation, and progressively rose to the highest point of rank and confidence in the state. The retnenibiance of him will always be closely connected with that of the great king w hom he had the honour to serve. He died in 1795. HERVEY, .\ugustu3 John, earl of Bristol. a captain of the royal navy, and a loid of the admiralty ; he died in 1779. HERVEY, James, an English divine, of ex- einplarv virtue and piety, born at Hardingstonc. in Northamptonshire, in 1714, died in 1758. Hisj chief writings are, " Meditation^ nnd ContcDi-| plations;" "Remarks on Lord P.'ilingbroke's| Letters on the Study and Use of History ;" andjj 1000, 240 HE "Theron andAspasio; or, a Seriesof Inaloguea and Letters on the most imiiorlant subjects.'' HEUWART, or HERVAU'l', John Frederic, of .Augrhurg, chancellor of Bavaria, lived at the hegiiiiiiiiii 01 the 17tl: century. HE.SHL'^IL'S,Tillenian;nis, a German divine.- was a teacher of theolot;y, aiul the aiiihor ol se- veral theological works; he died in 1588. HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whe- ther cntempory with, or older or younger, than Homer, is not yet agreed among the learned. The "'Tlieogony," and "Works and .Hays," are the only undoubted pieces of this poet now ex- tant. HESSE, W^illiam, prince of, was distinguish- ed for his attention to literature, and for his pa- tronage of literary men ; he died in 1597. HESSELS, or HESSELIUS, John, profeasoi of theology at Louvain, was distiiigiiished for his eloquence and learning ; he died in 15Wi. HESYCHILS, a celebrated grammarian and le.xicoL'rapher, of Alexandria, who flourished about A. D. 300. HETHERINGTON, William, an English di- vine, who died in 1778, leaving 20,0U0i. as a perpetual fund for the relief of 50 blind persons with 10/. a yesr. HETZER, Lewis, a German socinian ; he published a translation of the Bible, which was suppressed, and died in 1540. HEURNIUS, John, acelebrated Dutch physi- cian, born at Utrecht, in 1543, died in IGOl. There are several productions of his, but his principal one is, " A Treaii.ie upon disorders of the Head.'" He also published Hippocrates, in Greek and Latin, with explanatory commenta- ries, which have nndergoneniany editions. HEUSCII, William de, a landscape painter, I of Utrecht, who died in the latter part of the 1 17th century. His nephew Jacob, and another of the same family, named Abraham, were also uccessful, a."; painters. HEUSINGER, John Wicbael, a Saxon di- vine, eminent for his piety, was made professor at Gotha, and afterwards at Eisenach, >vhere ho died in 1751. HEUSINGER, James Frederic, nephew of the preceding, was an able scholar, and a dis- tinguished teacher ; he died in 1778. HEVELIUS, John, an eminent astronomer, bom at llantzic, in 1611, died in 1687 ; leaving behind him several valuable treatises. HEVIN, Prudent, an eminent French sur- geon, and writer on surgery, died at Paris, in 1789 KEWES, Joseph, a member of the conti nental congress from North-Carolina, and a signer of the declaration of Independence ; he died in 1779. HEWSON, William, a distinguished anato- mist and lecturer, for some time the assistant and partner of Dr. Hunter, and author of several mediial works; he died in 1774. HEXHAM, John of, an English Benedictine, and historical writer, of the 12i,li century. HEY, John, D.D., born in 1734, was educated at Cambridge, and in 1780, became the first Norrisian professor of divinity, which chair he resigned in 1795; he died in London, in 1815, leaving, besides other works, " Lectures on Di- vinitv." HEYDEN. John Van dor, an eminent Dutch landscape painter, died in 1710. HEYLIN, Dr. Peter, an English divine and historian, born at P.urford, in O.xfordshire, in In 1021, he published his " Micioccsinus,. HI or, Description of the Great World ;" wliicli is almost liii; only work that he is known hy now ; but tlial is in no very hijjh esteem, beim; super- seded by things abundantly better of tlie Itind ; he died in 1602. liKVNE, Christian Gottlieb, born in Silesia, 17I!1, succeeded Gesner, in 1763, in the profes- sorship of rhetoric at Gottingen, where also he, became secretary to the Society of Sciences. He drew up a catalogue of the library at Goi- tingen, whicli made 150 folio volumes. Kingjlof the Romans HI hibiis a splendid and durable monumciil of hid industry. HICKMAN, Henry, ejected fornon-conforini- ty, minister of au English congregation at Ley- den, and author of several works ; he died ui 1688. HIERO I., king of Syracuse, 478 B. C, ccle- brati'dby the pen of Pindar. HIERO II., king of Syracuse, 268 B. C, was at onetime the enemy, and afterwards, tint fiitiid George 111. placed his three younger sons under| H[EROCLES,an enemy and peiieculor of nie care at Goitlngen, and they all treated him the Christians in the 4th century, with tlie greatest respect: he died suddenly, I HIEROCLES, a Platonic philosopher of the July 14, iei2. His principal works were, an 15th century, taught at Alexandria with great re edition of Homer, with illustrations, 8 vols, another of Virgil, witii notes; and " Opuscnla Academica," 6 vols. 8vo. HEY WOOD, John, a noted English poet and jester of his time, was one of the first who wrote Englisli plays. He found means to become a favourite with Henry VIII., and was well re-j warded by that monarch for the mirth and quick- ness of his conceits ; he was born in London, and died in 15()5. HKYWOOl), Jasper, son of the preceding, translated three tragedies of Seneca, and wrote various poems and devices, some of v/liich are printed in a book called " The Paradise of Dainty Devices," in 1573, 4to ; he was born in 15H5, and died in 1597. HEYWOOD, Thomas, an actor, and most voluminous play-writer, in the reigns of queen Elizabeth and James I. He is said to have been the author of iiO plays, of which only '24 are now e.xtaut. HEYVVOOD,Eliza,avery voluminous writer, born ill London, in lt;93, died in 175ti. Her latter and best writings are "The Female Spectator," ,4 vols. " Epistles for the Ladies," 2 vols. " For- tunate Foundling," 1 vol. " Adventures of Na- ture," " History of Betsy Thoughtless," 4 vols., " Jenny and Jeinmy Jessainv," 3 vols., " Invisi- ble Spy," 2 vols., " The Husband" and "The Wife," 2 vols. : all in 12ino. : and a pamphlet, entitled, " APresent for a Servant Maul." When young, she dabbled in dramatic poetry, but with no great saccess : none of her plays being either much approved at first, or revived afterwards. . HEY WOO I). Oliver, an English non-conior- inist divine, and a writer ou theolugical sub- jects ; I'^H died in 1702. HEYWOOD, Nathaniel, a native of Bolton, ejected for non-cont"ormity ; died in ltJ77. HEYWOOD, Thomas, junior, one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; he was from South Carolina. IHACOOMES, the first Indian in New-Eng- land, converted to Christianity, was luiuister at Martha's vineyard; he died iu 16'.t8. HICETAS, of Syracuse, an ancient philoso- pher, who flourished about 340 B. C. He taught that the sun and the stars were motio.ikss. and that the earth moved round them ; this is men- tioned by Cicero, and probably gave the first hint of that system to Copernicus. niCKEL, a celebrated portrait and historical painter, died at Hamburgh, April 1799. HICKES, John, joined the duke of Mon mouth's rebellion, in 16S5, and for this disloyal act was executed. HICKES, George, an English divine, anti- quary, critic, and polemical writer, of uncom- cuon parts and learning, born in Yorkshire, in ICA", died in 1715. His " iJnguaruni Septen triQnaUam Thesaurus," publislied in 1705, ex-llesteeuKu , he died in 1' 11 h 21 putatiou, and wrote seven books upon Provi- dence and Fate. These books, however, aie lost, and all we know of them is by the extracts which are to be met with in Pliotius. Ilieroclcs wrote also " A Commentary upon the Golden Verses of Pythagoras," which is still exlan;, and has several times been published witii those verses. HIKRONIMUS, or, as he i« commonly called, Jerome, a very celebrated father of the churci,, horn oil the confines of Dalmatia, about 32^, died in 420. HIFFERN.\N, Paul, a native of Ireland, but chietiy resident in England, and known as a dramatic writer, translator, and compiler, was born ill Dublin, in 1719, and died in 1777. Some very curious and entertaining memoirs of this singular character, will be found in the F.uru- pean Magazine, vol. XXV. HIGDEN, Ralph, an early English chronicler died in 1363. HIGDEN, Dr. William, an eminent polilicul writer in the time of queen Anue, died in 17J5 HIGGENS, or HIGINS, John, an English, di vine, who instructed youth, and wrote several school-books ; he died after 1004. HIGGINSON, Francis, first minister of Sa- lem, Massachusetts, arrived from England lu 1629, and died in 1630. HIGGINSON, John, son of the preceding, much respected ; died in 1708, aged 93 ; lie was a minister 72 years. HIGGONS, SirTliomas, a writer, and an am- bassador from England to Saxony and Vienna ; he was knighted lor liis services, and died :u lti91. HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet and !iisii>- rian ; died in 1738. HIGHMORE, Natlianiel, an eminent English anatomist; he died in 1684. HIGIIMORE, Joseph, an eminent English paintei', born in Loudon, in 1092, died iu 1780;. Mr. Higliuiore was also a respectable writer, and, among several other things, i)ublislied in HiiO, two small volumes of " Essays, Moral, Rehgi- ous, and Miscellaneous."' HILARION, a native of Gaza, founded a monastic order in Palestine, and died in 371. HILARIUS, an ancient father of the Chris- tian church, and bishop of Poictiers, who Huu- rished in the 4th century. HI LARIUSE, Joseph, eminent as a medalist and antiquary, at Vienna ; died in 1798. HILARY, St. a native of Poictiers, in France, bishop of that town, in 3.55; was banished by Constantius. into Phrygia ; and died in 3ti7. HILDEBERT, blsiiop of Mans, and lii-u archbishop of Tours, distinguished for pitix , learning, &.c. ; died in tho 12ih century. HILDESLEV, Mark, an English bishop much 241 HILL, Aaron, a celebrated poet and mistt-Ila' iioous writer, born in Loudon, in lt'fc'5, dli:(! iii^ 175(1. His principal works arc, " EH'rid, or^ 'I'lie Fair Inconstant," a tragedy ; " Riiialilo," j; an opera ; anntlKT tragedy, called, " TJie Fatal J Vision, or, Tlie Fall of Si'ain;" and two trage [•; dies, called, " Merope," and " Zara ;" which were brought ujion the stage in Drury-lane, by Gariick. MILL, Joseph, an English p\iritan divine, v/ho fled to Holland ; author of an improved edition of" Schrevelii Lexicon," &.c. ; tie died in 1707. HILL, Sir John, an Engli^:h writer, born abuni 1716, died in 1775. He wa.* bred an apo- iliecary, and set up in St. Martin's lane, V\ est- ininster ; but, iiiarryiri^ early, and without a fortune, he was obliged to look round for other resources than hi:) profession. Being po.ssessed of fjuick natural parts, he soon made himself acquainted with the theoretical as well as pi ac- tical parts of botany ; and being recommended to thedukeof Richiuoiid and lord Pelre, lie, un- der their patronage, executed a scheme of travel ling over several parts of England, to gather certain of the most rare and uncommon plants, which, he afterwards i ublishcd by subscription. About 1746, he translated from the Greek a small tract, written by Theoplirastus, " On (iems ;" and this being well executed, pro- | cured him friends, reputaiion, and money. En- couraged by this, he engased in works ol greater extent and importance. The first tliat he under- took was, " A General Natural History," 3 vols. . D., bisliop of Leighlin and F'ernes.arclibiHliop olDulilin and of Armagh, an7. HOADIiY, Dr. John. This gentleman, young- est son of the bishop of Winchester, was born in London, in 1711, and died in 177fi ; and wiili him the name of Hoadly became extinct. He revised Li llo' 5 " Arden of Feversham," wrote the 5th act of ?diller's " Mahomet," and left behind him several dramatic works in M3.S.; among the rest, "The Honsei^eeper," a farce, on the plan of High Life below Stairs, and a tragedy on the .storv of lord Cromwell. HOAR, Leonard, M. D., president of Har- vard College, respected as a scholar and a Christian ; he died in 11)75. HOBART, Peter, lirst minister of Hingham, Mass., died in 1079. HOBART, Nehemiah, son of Peter, .ind min- ister of Newton ; he was humble, pious, and learned, and died in 1712. HOBART, Noah, minister of Fairfield, Conn., was a man of great talents and extensive ac- quirements; he wrote in favour of presbyteriaii ordination, and died in 177.3. Ht)B.\RT, John Sloss, judge of the district court of New York, and a senator of the United Slates: he died in 1.^05. HOBBES. Thomas, born tit Malinsbury, in 1588, died in 1079. He published, among otlier things, an •' English transl.irion of Thiicydidcs," " Tluman Nature," and a treatise "DeCorpore Politico, or, of the Elenienls of the Law." This latter piece was presented to Gassendus, and read by him a few months before his deatli ; who is said fir^it to have kissed it, and then to have delivonvl his opinion of it in these words: " This treatise is indeed small in bulk, but, in my judgmiMit, the very marrow of science." In 1651, he pnbl shed his religious, political, and moral principles in a complete system, which lie called the " Leviathan ;" and caused a copy of it, very fairly written on vellum, to be pre- gentrd to Charles II. He also, in his 88th year, published in Kiiglish verse, the whole " Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Homer; but his poetry is below criticism, and has long ticuii exploded. HO 'J'here have been few persons whose writings have liad a more pernicious influence in spread- ing irreligion and infidelity tlian Hobbes; and yet none of his treatises are directly levelled against revealed religion. HOBBIMA, Minderhout, an eminent Dutcli landscape painter, born at Antwerp, about 1611. HOCHE, Lazarus, a native of Versailles, dis linguished as a brave and intrepid general in the French army, during the revolution ; he died in Austria, in 1797. HOCHSTKT TER, Andrew Adam, a German divine, historian, and political writer, born at Tubingen, in ItiOH, died in 1717. HODGES, Nathaniel, an eminent English physician, settled in London, wiiere he died in 1R84. He wrote an account of the plague in London, and other medical works. HODY, Humphrey, an eminent English di- vine, and controversial writer, regius professor of Greek at O.xford, and an archdeacon ; he died in 1706. HOE, Matthias de Hoenegg, a distinguished German Lutheran divine, and preacher to the elector of Sa.\ony ; he died in 1645. HOECK, Robert Van, m eminent painter, of Antwerp, died in the middle of the 17th century. HOECK, John Van, a distinguished portrait and historical painter, born at Antwerp, in 1600, and died in 1650. HOEL, Ger.ard, a distinguished historical and landscape painter, of Utrecht, died in 1733. HOELTZLINltS, Jereraias, a learned phi- lologist, of Nuremberg, settled at Leydcn, where he died in 1041. HOESCHELIUS, David, a learned and inde- fatigable scholar, of Augsburg, and librarian and teacher in tiie college there, died in 1617. HOFFM.'VN, Daniel, an eminent Lutheran livine, and professor, at Hclmstadt, toward the close of the 16th century. HOFFMAN, Maurice, a German medical, an.itomical, and botanical writer, born at Bran- denburg, in 16-21, and died in 1698. H(:)FFMAN, John Maurice, son of the pre- ceding, a physician, and medical writer, born at Altdorf, in 1656, and died in 1727. HOFFMAN, John James, the laborious com- piler of a " Lexicon Universale Historiro-Geo- graphico-Poetico-Philosophico-Poiitico-Philolo- gicum,"2 vols, folio, Geneva, ];i77. It hasbeen since enlarged and published ia 4 vols. I'olio, and tinrls a place in every learned library. He was born at Basle, in 1635, and died there in 1706. HOFFM.AN, Gasper, professor of physic, at Altdorf, and author of some medical works ; he died in 1649. HOFFMAN, Frederic, born at Hall, near .Magdeburg, in IWO, was professor of physic at that place, and died in 1742. His works were collected at Geneva, in si.v large folios, 1748, and 1754 ; and he has deservedly been reckon- ed among the best writers on physic. HOGARTH, William, a truly great and ori- ginal genius in painting and engraving, was born in 1697, in the parish of St. Martin, Lud- gate, and bound apprentice lo Mr. Ellis Gam- ble, a silversmith of eminence, in Cranbonm street, Lciceeter Fields. In this profession it is not unusual to bind apprentices to the single branch of engraving arms and cyphers on every species of metal ; and in that particular depait- ment, young Hogarth was placed. He be.;aii business on his own account about 1720; and his first employment seems to have been the engraviiiu of arms and shop-bills. The next 243 HO Rtep was to (lesi'.'ii aiul I'liruUI] plates lor honk eolliirs ; ol' wliicli, thosi^ hist kiinwn arn 17 tor aduodociiiK) edition of " Fluililiras," (with Joll- ier's lioad,) in 1726. Tlie lirsl pie<-e in wliicli he distinguished liiniself a;- a painlrr, was a re- jircRcnlation of" Waiistrad a?s'i;ibly, the por- traitu I'rom life, witliout hurlesipie, and the C'>- loiirinf; rather better than tiome of his later and more liighly finieiied pertorinances. It was Hosrarth's custom to sketch out on the spot any reiTiarkable lace which |)aiice ; and this he Ireqiientlv did with a pen- cil on liis nail. In 17;t0, Mr. Hnuartli married the only daughter of Sir James Thornhill ; and soon alter, liavin(5 summer lodgincs at S-outh Ijauilielh, and beinc iiitiniate with Mr. Tyers, he contributed to the iniprovciiiciitof the .Sjiring Gardens, at Vaiixhall, by the hint of eint)elli9h- in" them with paiiuiii!;, eome of which were the productions ol his own truly cofhic pencil. In i~'0 his genius became conspicuously known. His " Harlot's Proeress" introduced him to the notice of the great, aiitj Ho?arth rose complete- ly into fame. Soon after the peace of Aix-la- ("hapellc, lie went over to France, and was ta- ken into custody at (.'alais, while he was draw ing the gate of the town ; a circumstance whicli Jic has recorded in liis picture, entitled " O th< Roast Beef of Old England !'" published 1749. H>' was actually carried before the governor as a sp\, and alter a strict examination, commit led a prisoner to fJrandsire, his landlord, on liii promisnia that Hojiarth should not go out of hi: house, till he was to embark for England. In J'ii'.i, he appeared to the world in the character of an author, and published a 4to volume, en tilled " The Analysis of Beauty, written with a view of lixing tlie fluctuating ideas of Taste." Jn this performance, he shows, by a variety of examples, tha* a curve is the line of beauty, and that round swelling figures are most pleas )!ig to the eye ; and the truth of his opinion has been countenanced hy subsequent writers on the Kuhjeet. Hoiiarfh was one of the most absent of men. Soon after he set up his carriage he had occasion to pay a visit to the lord-mayor, (Mr. Beckford.) When he went, the weather was fine ; but business detained him till a vio lent shower of rain came on. He was let out o! the mansion-house by a different door from that at which he entered ; and, seeing the rain, began immediately to call for a hackney-coach. Nril one was to be met with on any of the neigh- Ijouring stands; and our artist sallied fortli to 111 ave the storm, and actually reached Leicester Fi, 'Ids without bestowing a thought on his own carriage, till Mrs. Hogarth, (surprised to see him so wet and siilashed) asked him where he bad left it. The last memorable event in our artist's life, was his quarrel with Mr. Wilkes; in which, if Mr. Hogarth did not commence di- rect hostilities, he at least, obliquely gave the first offence, hy an attack on the friends and party of that gentleman. Mr. Churchill, the poet, soon after published the " Epistle to Wil- liam Hu;.'arth," and took for the motto, " ut pic- turapoesis." Mr. Hogarth's revenge against the p.ipt, terminated in vamtiing up aii old print of fi pug-dog and a bear, which he pnnlished under tllH title of "The Bruiser C. ("hurcliill, (once the Uev. :) in the chat.icter of a Rus.'Jian Hercu Ifs," &c. At the lime tliese hostilities were carrying im in a niatnier so vii ulent and (lis gi .-VrpfMl to all the parties, Hogarth dad, Ocioiier 25, 17G4. 244 HO (lOriKMiOHE. prince de, a distinguished zeneral ot the imperial army, inthc wars against the Fr.-nch and Turks ; he died in 1796 IKJLBAt K, Paul Thierri, baron de, an emi- nent miri(ralo(;i.-^t, andinendier of several of the adcniii's of Europe : he died at Paris, ii; 1789. HOLIiElW, John, better known by hi's Ger- man name, Hans Holbein, an admirable pain- ter, born at Basil, in Switzerland, in 14t>8, died of the plague, in 1554. Hi* most famous pic- tures are. Our Saviour's Passion, in the town- house, at Basil ; and, in the Ilsh-market of the same town, a Dance of Peasants, and Death's l>ance; which are exceedingly striking to the connoisseur, fioing to England Holbein wai introduced by SirThomas .More to Henry VIII., in this manner. Sir 'I'homas invited the king to an entertainment, and hung up all Hoibein's pie- ces, disposed in the best order, and in the best light, in the great nal! of his house. The king, upon his tirstentraiice, was so charmed with the sight of them, that he ask. d " Whether such an artist were now alive, and to be had for mo- nev?" Upon which. Sir Tiiomas presented Holbein to the king, who immediately took him into his service, and brouuht him into great es- teem with the nobility of the kingdom. Hol- bein haii the same singularity which Pliny men- lions olTurpilius, a Roman; namely, that of painting with his left hand. HOLBERG, Louis de, a distinguished Da- nish writer, author of a history of Denmark, and other works, died in 1754. HOL( ROFT, Thomas, a miscellaneous, poe- tical, political, and dramatical writer, and no- velist, was the son of a shoemaker, and born in 1744. He was bred to his father's trade, but quitted it for a time, and became jockey to the Hon. Mr. Vernon, at Newmarket races. He re- turned afterwards to shoemaking, at which he continued till he wa» about 25 years of age. Mr. Holcroft then became an actor, which pro- fession he followed (not with the most flatter- ing success) till after the production, in 1781, of his comedy, called Duplicity. He then with- drew from the stage as an actor, and for several years devoted his attention to dramatic and no- vel writing. His plays (of which the bent is The Road to Ruin) are enumerated in the Bio- graphia Dramatica. Mr. Holcroft died in 1809. HOLDEN, Henry, an excellent English com- mentator on tiie New Testament, and writei on Faith, died in 1(562. HOLDEN, Samuel, died in London, in 1740, and bequeathed 4,847/. in charity, for promoting iihe gospel, &c., in New England. HOLDER, William, an ingonRous English Iman, who, among many other works, published a book entitled " The Elements of Speech ; an Essay of Inquiry into the natural production of Letters : with an Appendix concerning Persons that are Deaf and Dumb, lCtJ9." He died in 1697. HOLDSWORTH, Edward, born in 1689, died in 1747. He was the author of " Miir-cipula," a poem, esteemed a master-piece in its kind ; and also of " Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil;" and Mr. Spence speaks of him in "Po- Ivmetis," as one who understood Virgil in s liiore masterly manner than any person he ever kni'W. I HOLE, Richard, an English poet and divine, 'born at Exeter; he died in IPOS. I HOLINSHEP, Raphael, an English historian, [and fanous for the chronicles that go under his •name, died in 1581. His " Chronicles" wett Jl ' 'It HO no first (mblis-Iicd in 1577, in 2 vols, folio ; and llien ill )5f7, in 14; tlie I wo firsl ot which are gene- rally hoiiiiii lo'.'Ltlici. The lonliiiualions from 1577, to 1587, were by Stow, Thin, Fleming, and olhi.rs. HOMj, Francis Xavier, a jcsnit, professor of belles letters, and of ecclesiastical law, in several German universities; he died atlleidel- bnrg, in I7H4. HOLIi.ViM*, Philemon, a very lalmrions trans- lator, was born at C'helmford, Kssex, and edn- cated at Trinity coUei^e, Cambridge, lie died in lliliO, at tb« ace of 85, having; published translations of Ijivy, Pliny, Plutarch, Suetonius, Xenophon, and " (Camden's Britannia ;" to which last he made additions. HOliLAB, VVenlzel, or Wenceslaus, a most admirtid enpravcr of views and portraits, born at Praane, in Kolieniia, in lii07, died in l(i()7. HOlililS, Denzil, lord, second son of the earl of Clare, an eminent English patriot, born in 1597, died in lii80. He nobly maintained and] defended the rishls and privileges of the honsel of connnons, of which he was a most worthy' HOLT, John, an Knglish miscellaneous. wri ler, died near Liverpool, in Jf^OI. At the time of his death tie was engaged m writiug a liisto- ry of that city. HOLVVELL, John '/,e|)haniah, a governor of Hengal, and oni; ol" the wretched prisoners con- lined in the l^lack Hole, in Calcutta, iJOih June, 17.1(5, wherein a great number of gentlemen were sulibcated ; but Mr. Hohvell, wilJi a few others, surviving, he published a " Narrative" o! the dreadful affair. He al.so wrote a great number of tracts, chiefly on Indian alfaits, and died, aged near 00, in 1708. IIOLYDA, Karten, an ingenious and learned Englisli divine, poet and philosopher, born at Oxt'oid, in I.j'.W, died in 1(561. He wrote '"J'eclj nogamia, or the Marriage of the Arts," a cmii- edy, acted by some Oxford scholars, at AVood lock, in Ifi'il, before king James ; and a " (Pur- vey ot' the World," in 10 books, a poem, in 1(5(51 ; but the work tbat he is known and es- teemed lor now, is his '•Translation of the Sa- tires of Juvenal andPersius;" for lhons;h hiB poetry is but inditlerent, yet his translation is member, against the arbitrary measures ot'llnerally allowed to be faithful, and his notebpiod Charles I. and his favourites, falsely styled " 'J'ho King's Friends." His lordship was alsoi a political writer. " I HOLLIS, Thomas Fclham, duke of Newcas-| tie, was employed in several high otlices dnringi the reign of Ceorge 11. He retired from the ad- 1 ministration soon after the accession of George; Ifl., and died in 17(58. | HOLLIS, Thomas, born in Ijondon, in 1720 died in 1774; He was possessed of a large for-, colIc;2e, died in 17li7. HOLYOAKE,Fraiici.*, a learned Englishman, niomorable for having made an " Etymolou'ical Dictionary of Latin Words," born in War- wickshire, in 15(57, died 111 1633. HOLYOAKE, Thomas, an officer in the Eng- lish army, afterwards a clergyman, and author of a Latin and English Dictionary ; he died in 1675. HOLYOAKE, Edward, president of Harvard ;; more than half of which he devoted to charities, to the encouragement of genius, and, to the support and del'cnce of liberty, liis stu-i dions hours were devoted to the search ofnoblel authors hidden by the rust of time, and to do: their virtues jnsticii by brightening their actionsj for (iie review of the public. A new edition of i "Toland's Life of Alilton" was published un-| der his Swis« iia ;" being an amplt account of the vislipes of writer, who has done prtxligioup service to the the Romans in Britain. He wa.s born in North- pr^testant cause, hnni at Altdorl, in 1547, died umberland, and di87. HOTM.'\N, Francis, a learned French civi- an, and conunentator on Latin autiiors, bom at Paris, in 15-J4, died in 1590. HOTTINGER, John Henry, a native of Zu- rich, distinguished for his great learning and ta- lents. His abilities were so conspicuous, that he was educated at the public expense ; he was professor of divinity and oriental languagi s at Zurich, professor at Heidelberg, and ecclesiasti- cal counsellor to the elector Palatine. His writ- ings are very numerous. He died in 1607. HOTZE, an Austrian general, born in Zurich, distingnishc(i for his bravery, was killed in bat tie about 17W). HOUARD DE LA MOTHE, Anthony, a French lawyer, skilled in the profession, and au- thor of several works connected with it ; he died in 1803. HOUBIGOT^^T, Charles Francis, a learned divine, born at Paris, in ItjfiO. He published an excellent edition of the Hebrew Bible, with a Latin version, and notes, 4 vols folio, 17.'>,3, and many other learned works, and died m 1763, in the !l8tli vcar of his age. HOfJBRAKEN, Arnold, a Dutch painter, au- hor of tlie " Lives of the Flemish painters," was born at Dordi, in lf.60. HOUBRAKEN, Jacob, an eminent Dutch portrait and historical engraver, bom in 1698, lied at Amsterdam, in 1780. HOUCHARD, John Nicholas, a French ge- neral, who raised himself to the highest rank in I be annv during the revolution ; he was guillo- iiied in'l7(t3. HOUDARD DE I-A MOTTE, Anthony, a French writer. See BIOTTE. HOUDRY, Vincent, a Jesuit, distinguished as a popular preacher and writer, died at Paris, in 17:!0, aged 'J9. HOr(HI, John, bishop of AVorrester, memo- rable for the noble stand he made, when presi- .lent of Ma?dalcu college, Oxford, against James II., who wanted arbitrarily to impose fellows [and ollicers upon the coIle;ie by iiii, royal muii- .HO ctati", \va3l)i>rn in MiflUiesex, in 1650, anil dieil 111 I74:i. HDUFilKRES, Antoinette de la Gardn dns, a French luily, distliisiii>'l"-d as a pootcss ami dia- niatic writer; she died in ltJ91. Her daugh- ter, wlio also possessed poetical talents, died in 1718. HOUSEMAN, Cornelius, a celebrated land Bcape painter, of Antwerp, died in 1727. HOUSEM.\N, James, an eminent portrait and historical painter, ol' Antwerp, died in Iti'JG HOUSbAYE. Sec AMKLOT. HOUSTON, William, M. D., an eminent Ein glisii physician, pupil to Boerhaave, died in the West Indies, in 1733. HOUSTON, John, a distinguisjied advocate for the revolution, was a member oi congress in 1775, afterwards a judge of the supreme court, and governor of the state of Georgia ; he died in 1796. HOUTEVILLE, Claude Francis, a native of Paris, who wrote an admirable work, called " La Verite de la Religion Chretienne prouvee par les Faits," died in 1742, aged 54. HOVEDEN, Roger de, an early English his- torian, whose annals commenced where tliosc of Bede terminated ; he lived in the agt of Hen- ry H. HOVEY, U'ory, minister of Plymouth, Mass. He left a journal which contained about 7,000 octavo pages, and died in 180:J. UOVV, William, an officer in the royal army, during the civil wars in England, afterwards a physician and botanist of distinction in London ; he died in ltJ56. HOWARD, Charles, earl of Nottingham, an intrepid English admiral, commander in chief at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, born in 153f), died in 16'Jl. HOWARD, Sir Robert, an English historian and dramatic pout, died about 16'J8. There was one Edward Howard, esq., likewise a descend ant of the same family, who exposed himself to the satirists by writing bad plays. HOWARD, Henry, earl of Surrey, a brave general and esteemed poet, born in 15iO, was beheaded on a suspicion of his designing to wed the princess Mary, and thereby aspiring to the crown. HOWARD, Thomas, earl of Surrey, and duke of Norfolk, lord high admiral of England, in the reign of- Henry VIII., distinguished for his services as a naval officer, and as a soldier, at the battle of Floddentield, and afterwards as viceroy of Ireland ; he narrowly escaped tJje capricious tyranny of that prince, and died in 15.54. HOWARD, Edward, a brave and celebrated English admiral, brother to the preceding, wus killed in an action with a French ship, in 1514. nOVV.\RD, John, was born at Hackney, in Miildlesex, in the year 1729, and put apprentice! to Mr. Nathaniel Newnhain, a wholesale gro- cer, in Walling-street. His constitution was thought very weak, and his health appeared to have been injured by the necessary duties of his apprenticeship ; at the expiration of it, there- fore, he took an apartment hi a lodging-house, in Stoke, Newington. kept by a .Mrs. Sarah I,ardeau, a widow, by whom he was nursed wiih the utmost care and attention. At iengili he became so fond of his landlady, tiiat tiiey were privately married, about tlio year I^.V!. She was possessed of a small fortur.e, wliicli ho presented to her lister. This wile, lio'«'">'e- died in 1735, and he was a sincere and .irfTi i I HO tionate iiioiii ner ior her death. About this time, it is believed, he was elected F. R. S., and, with an intention of visiting Lisbon after the earth- quake, he at midsummer, 17.''j6, set sail on board the Hanover packet, which was taken by u French privateer; and he behaved with so much hauteur, so much a I'Anglois to the captain of the privateer, as might probably be the cause of his sutl'ering so severely as it appears he did, and •' perhaps what he sulFered on this occasion increased (if it did not first call forth) his sym- pathy with the unhappy people." He ailer- warils, it is believed, made the tour of Italy; and at his return, settled at Brokenhurst, a re- tired and pleasant villa in the New Forest, near Lymington, iu Hampshire; having, April 25, lioS, married Harriet, only daughter of Edward Leeds, esq., of Croxton, in Cambridgeshire. Mrs. H. died in 17G5, in childbed. After the death of his second wife, he left Lymington, and purchased an estate at Caidington, near Bedfoid, where he very much conciliated the esteem of the poor, by employing them, build- ing cottag(« for them. &c. In 1773, he served the office of sheriff of the county of Bedfoid. This office, as lie observes, brought " the dis- tress of prisoners more immediately under hia notice ;" and with a view to its alleviation, lie began his labours by " visiting most of the county jails in England,'* and afterwards " the bridewells, houses of correction, city and town jails," where lie found " multitudes, both of felons and debtors, dying of the jail fever and the smallpox." Upon this subject he was ex- amined in ths house of commons, in March, 1774, when " he had the honour of their thanks." This encouraged him to proceed in his design : he travelled again and again through Great Britain and Ireland, and also into France. Flanders, Holland, Germany, 3nn::. In e.oiii'.luries bis " Account of La.-.a- 243 no HU reitos" with announcing his intention again to •juit liiB country, for llic purpoee of rivisitiiii; Kusfia, Turkey, and some other countriri!, and rxtonding his tour in the East. On this toin, liowc\er, he fell a victim to his liuinanily ; for, having visited a young lady at Chcrson, nick of an epidemic fever, for the purpose of adminis- tering sonic medical assistance, he ca\i^'ht the distemper himself, and was carried 0(1 in 12 (lays, Jan. 20, 1790. The name of Howard will live in the remembrance of those who have been rescued, by his exertions, from the gloomy horrors of confinement, which might otherwise have been unlimited ; alleviated in the pangs of disease, which might have been irremediable ; and comforted in the still more agonizing re- proaches of conscious guilt, which would inevi- tably have terminated in destruction. A statue to Mr. Uoward's memory has been erected in St. Paul's cathedral. "HUWARO, Francis, earl of Effingham, go- vernor of the colony of Virginia, in 1(584. After an unpopular administration of five years, he returned to England, and died in 1700. HOWARD, t^imeon, D. D., minister in Bos- ton; he took a deep interest in the American revolution, and died in 1804. HOWARD, Benjamin, a member of congress, from Kentucky, afterwards governor of the ter- ritory of Ujiper Louisiana, was a brigadier-ge- neral in the army of the United States, during the last war ; he died in 1814. HOWE, John, an English non-conformist di- vine, eminent for his learning, moderation, and great virtues ; he died in 1705. HOWE, John, an English statesman, and member of parliament, was a privy counsellor, in the reign of Anne. He died in 1721. HOWE, Richard, earl, a famous British ad- miral, born in 1725. At 14 he entered the na- vy ; and at the early age of 20 was appfiinted captain of the Baltimore sloop, in which he attacked two French frigates of 30 guns each, and obliged them to sheer off. Our Umits pre- vent us from tracing this brave man through all his exploits ; but, tding presented to the king, by lord ^'"■-fke, after the memorable victory oVc; i,onflans, in 1759, his majesty said, " My lord Howe, your life has been one continued se- ries of services to your country." In brief, we may say the same thing of the latter period of his e.\istence. In 178-2 he was sent to the relief of Gibraltar, a sen'ice which ho performed in the most admirable manner in the sight of the hostile fleet, which he in vain challenged to bat- tle. In 1793, his lordsliip took the command of the channel fleet ; and in 1794, totally vanquish- ed one of the most powerful fleets that France had ever equipped for sea, and brought home seven ships of the line, besides smaller vessels. On this glorious occasion their majestieji, with three of the princesses, paid him a visitou board liis ship, at Hpithead ; when the king presented him with a magnificent sword, enriched with diamonds, a gold chain, and a medal ; and the thanks of both houses of parliament, the free- dom of London, and the \mivcrsal acclamations of the nation, followed these acknowledgments of the sovereign. Karl Howe died in nSlt, and a handsome monument is erected to his memo- ry, in St. Taul's cathedral. HOWELL, James, an English political and historical writer,and poRl,born in Caerniarthen- shire, in 1596, died in lOGG. Of his very nume- rous works, the best arc " Dodona's Grove, or, (he Vocal Forest," and " Epistolse Ho Elianh minister, lord North, made the following remark on him : " If England and Ireland were given to this man, he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato gar- den." Mr. Hutchinson was born in 1715, and died in 17H4. IIUTTEN, Ulric dp, a. satirical wiiter, of Germany, riistinHuishod for his zeal in sii[i)iort of the rcfomiation, his hostility to the church of Rome, and the eccentricity and profligity of his private life ; he died on an island in the lake of Zurich, in l.^iffl HUT'J'F.N, Jacob, a native of Silesia, fonndet of an anabaptist sect, called Ihe Moravian hi ■jth- ren ; the time of his death is not known, altliojgh \h is said, he was burnt as a heretic. IIUTTER, Elias, a proieslant divine, distin- guished as a learned orientalist ; lie died at Ku- reiiiburg, in lf>02. HUTTER, Leonard, a learned German di' vine, professor of theology, at Witlemberg, and rector of the university there ; he died in Ifilfi. BUTTON. Matthew, profpssor of divinity in HUS,«!,J(ihn, a celebrated GermSn ret'ormer iCnmhriilge, tiishop of Durham, and afterwards SiiH martvr, horn in Bolieniia, in 137(). lie was j archbishop of York ; he died in IfiO."). lilt' first Jliposer of the doctrine of trajjubstan-y IIUTTON, William, the historian of Bir HY ID inj; nut oi' that chair, where Ainmonius, Hiero- les, aiirl many great and culcbrated philoso- ()h>;rrt l)ur, who died in 1348. IBRAHI.M IMAM, a Mahomtlan chief-priest, murdered by tile calipli .Marvan, in 748. IBRAHlSl, son of Mass'iud, was the eighth caliph of the race of the Gaznevides ; he died in 109S. IBRAHIM, brother of Ilaroun Ras'-hid, was made caliph of Bagdad in 817, and died in 8,'''i. IBRAHIM, a learned inussuhnan doctor, of Shiraz. IBRAHIM, son of Acliraet, sircc-eded his poix; of Rome in 153; lie suifered martyrdom,|lbrot!ier as emperor of Turkey, iu 1040, and was and was canonized. llassas-sinated in 1649. miiigham, and author of various other Wl>;■K^ was born at Derby, in 17'2a, and died at Bin neit'sHill, near Birmingham, in 1815, ageii U-!. IIUXHAM, Dr., an Eiighsh physician, who made some improvements in medicine, which alill bear his name ; he died in 1763. lUIYGENS, C'oii«tantine, secretary to the prince of Oraii,;e, and president of his council, n-as the autlioi of 14 books of Latin poems, &.c. He died in Uid7. H I / Y*T ENS, Christian, a very celebrated Dutch iiaihenialician and astronomer, born at the H-dSue in lt>29, and died in 1695. Hi'YSUM, Justus Van, an eminent Dutch pairiier. born at .\msterdani, died in 1716. Hl/VSUM, John Van, son of the preceding, was also distinguished as a painter; as were his two brothers. He died in 1749. HVf)E, Edward, earl of Clarendon, and chan- cellor of England, born in Diiilon, in Wiltshire, in I'lOB, and died in 1674. His iiamo is inimor- talizod by his " History of the Rebellion," in the time of Charles I. He was afterwards, how- ever, impeached of high treason, and fled to France, where he died. HYDE, Henry, earl of Clarendon, son to the chancellor, born in 1638, died in 1709. HiS| " Stale Letters," during his government of Ire land, and his "Diary," for the years 1687 to! 1690, were published m 1763, from the Claren- don press, in Oxforu. | HYDE, Dr. Thomas, an eminent divine, and professor of the oriental lansuage.s, horn in lo3t). He published, beside other thingj, " A] catalogue of the books in tiie Bodleian library :"| " De Ludis orientalibus Ubro duo," a work which is held, at present, in very high esteem ; and " Tiie religion of the ancient Persians," a work of profound and various erudition, abound- ing with many new lights, on the most curious and interesting subjects. He died in 1703. HYDE, Lawrence, viscount Hyde, and earl of; Eochoster,was the second son of the chancellor, and was always employed about the court, either as a member of the cabinet, or as an ambassador abroad. He died in 1711, with the reputation ol^ an able statesman. H Vl)E,Edward, wa.s lieutenant governor, and govarnor of the colony of North Carolina ; he died in 171-2. H YDER-.VLI KHAN, an Asiatic prince, son' of tile king of Mysore, and himself sovereign of Saba of Servia, was distinguished for his intrepidity, and for hiB hostility to the Euro- peans, whom he considered as intruders in the country, aad whom he invariably opposed ; he died in 178-2, aad was succeeded by his son, Tipsioo Saib. j K YGINUS, Caius Julius, the fieedman of Au- gustus, was the author of several Latin works, j HYGINUS, a philosopher, of Athens, was HYLL, Albayn, an English pbvsiciati andi mu'dical writer, died at London, in 1559. | HYPATI.A, a most beautitui, virtuous, and! learned lady of antiquity, daughter of Theon,! who governed the Platonic school at .Alexandria,! the place of her birth and education, in the lat- ter part of the 4th cenfary. Socrates tells us, thai Hypatia " arrived at such a pitch of learii-| ing, as very far to exceed all the philosophers of ! her time." But our notions of Hypatia will b^ IBRAHIM, Effcndi, a Pole, established a printing press in Turkey. IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, flourished about 540 B. C. He was murdered by robbers ; and in his dying moments he ob.served cranes flying over his head, whom he implored to be his avengers. His murderers walking in Rhegima some time afterwards, and seeing some cranes in the air, one of them said to his companions, " there come the witnesses of Ibycus death." pvodijioiislv heightened, when we consider her [They were overheard, tried, and executed. fciKceedingher father, a.s she actually did; in the IDACIUS, a Spanish prelate, and an author jovortiuiciit oi lh(! Aleitandrlau school: te-ach H of tlic 5th century. oo 253 IN _ IDRI3, Gawr, a Welch aslronomer, al'tpr whom one of the highest niouutaiiis of Wale is named. IFLAND, Augustus William, a celebrated German actor and dramatic writer, di"d at Ber- lin, in 1814. He was interred wiih ^'leat pomp. IGNATIUS, surnamcd Theoplirastus, bithop of Antioch, born in Syria, and educated undirr the apostle and evangelist, St. John. He was torn to pieces by lions, at Home, by r.ominand of the emperor Trajan, A. D. 107. His epistles are very interesting remains of ecclesi.istical ajitiquity on many accounts; but the most im- portant iise of hid' writings resiiects the authen- ticity of the Holy Scriptures, wliich he frequent- ly alludes to in the very eApresaioiis that they stand in at this day. IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in 847, died in 878. IGNATIUS. See LOYOLA. IGOR, sovereign prmce of Russia, died in 945. ' ILDEFONSE, St., bishop of Toledo, and au- thor of an Ecclesiastical History, died in *5ti7 ILI\'E, Jacob, ail Enjjiisli printer and niiscel laueous writer, died in 1768. ILLESCAS, Gonsalvo, a Spanish ecclesias- tic, author of the lives of the popes, died in 1580. ILLTYDVAUCHOG, orlLLUTUi^, asaip.t, who is said to have taught the Welch an im- proved iiiethnd of ploughing. He died in 480. ILLYRIUS, Matthias Flaccus, or Francow- itz, was a learned di\ine, who completed his education under Luther and Alelancthon ; he died in 1.575. IMBERT, Bartholomews, a poet of Nismes, died in 1790. IMBERT, John, an advocate of Rochelle, died in the 16th century. IMBERT, Joseph Gabriel, a painter, of Mar- seilles, who entered a monastic order, and died in 1749. IMHOFF, James William, a very famous ge ncalogist, born at Nuremberg, in 1631, died in 1708. IKPERIALI, John Baptist, an Italian physi- cian, and one of the 21 nobles of Genoa, died in 162.1. IMPERIALI, John, son of the preceding, eminent as a writer and physician, died in 1653. tMPERI.\LI, Guiseppe Renato, a cardinal, known for a ma;,'nilicent library which adorns the city of Rome ; he died in 1737. INA, a king of the West Saxons: he went| to Rome in 726, and founded an English college. INA(!HTjS, founded tiie kingdom of Argos, ab<-.ut 18.M B. C. INCHOFER, Mclchior, a German Jesuit. He wrote a satire against the Jesuits, and died in UMS. IXDULPHUS, a Scotch king, said to be the 77tb since the foundation of that monarchy. INGSiNHOUZ, Dr. John, an eminent natu- ral philosopher, who happily applied his chymi- cal discoveries to the purposes of medical and aqricnltural improvements. Many of his dis qiiisitions will be found in the Philosopiiical Transactions of London, vol. 65 to 72. He was born at Breda, but was latterly resident in Eng- land, and died at Bnwood park, the seat of the marquis of Lansdowne, in 1799. INGHEN, William Van, a Dutch painter, who died iu the I7tli century. INGOLD.SHY, Richard, govr-nior of the co- lony of New York was sutce<,'d8d by governor Beeknian, in 1700 254 IR ^ INgTjULT, Nicholas Lewis, a native of Gi- 'snrs, was elo<}uenl as a preacher of the jeiiuils, !and died in 1751!. I iNGR A M, Robert, an English divine, and the author of various works, diid in 1804. I.N'GRASSIA, John Philip, a celebrated phy- isician, of Palermo, died in 15hl. i INGUIMBERTI, Donunic Jo.-pph Marie d', !a learned divine, and bishop of Carpeiitras, wag |a munificent and pious prelate, and died in 1757. INGULPHUS, abbot of C'royland, was born lin London, in 1030, wrote " Historia Monasterii ICroylandeiisis," and died in 1109. I LNNOCENT 1., was elected pope in 402, and Idled in 417. I INNOCENT II., was elected pope after Hon»- rins II. ; he was driven into France by a rival po[)c,but afterwards returned, and died at Rome, in 1143. INNOCENT III., I-othaire Conti. elevated to the popedom, in 1198. He psiscculed the lAlhigenses, and raised the papal authority to its greatest heitht. He died in 1216. INNOCENT IV., Siuibaid) de Fitsque, car- [dinal, was elected pope in 1243, aj«d was tho first who invested the cardinals with a red l)at, aj a mark of dignity. He died in 1254. INNOCENT v., Peter de Tarantaise, arch bishop of Lyons, was made pope in 1276, and died the same year. INNOCENT VI., Stephen Albert, bishop of Ostia, waselerfed nopein 1352, and died in 1362. INNOCENT VII., Come de .Meliorati, wag elected pope in 1404, and died in 1406. INNOCENT VIH., Joim Baptist Cibo, a no- ble Genoese, was elected pope in 1484, and died in 1492. INNOCENT IX., John .\nthony Facchinetti, an Italian, ivas elected pope in 1591, and died two mi>nth8 after. INNOCENT X.. John Baptist Pamphili, was elected pope in 1644. He published abull against the Jansenists, and died in 1655. INNOCENT XI., Benedict Odcscalchi, an Italian, was elected pope iu 1076, and died in 1689. INNOCENT XII., Anthony Pignatelh. a Nea politan, elected pope in 1691; he condemned Fen elon's Maxims of the Saints, and died in 1700. INNOCENT XIII., Michael Angelo ContI, a native of Rome, and the eighth pope of !li8 family, was elected in 1721, and died in 1734. INSTITOR, Henry, a Dominican, inquisitor- genera! of Mayence, Treves, and Cologne, and author of some works. INTAPHERNES, one of the .seven nobles of Persia, who conspired against the usurper, Smerdis, 521 B. C. INTERIAN DK A YALA, John, a Spaniard, author of some poems, died in 1770. INVEGES, Augustino, a Sicilian historian, and antiquary, of the order of the Jesuits, died in 1677. IRELAND, Samuel, a gentleman,bred,we have been told, to trade ; but, endowed with a turn to science and literature, he soon distinguished himself as the draftsman, engraver and illus- trator of several elegant and esteemed works ; among which were, " A Picturesque Tour through Holland, Brabant, and part of Prance, in 178J;" "Picturesque Views on the River Thames, and ou the Medway ;" " Graphic Il- lustrations of Hogarth ;" "Picturesque Views of the Severn and Avon;" and "Picturesque Views, with an Historical .\ccount, of the IiiBS of Court in Loudon and Westminster." He dicdJune II, 1800, (being the very day on whicii I ISjIIUS, a celebrated Urcek orator, nnd na- tlif cnucliidine; sheet of his last mriuioiiod woil^ytivo of Chalcis, in Syria, the scholar of Lysins, w.^nt to press,) of a broken lieart, as is believ- ed ; having been most illiberally accused (with- out any proof) of being concerjiwi in the forge- ry of the pretended Shakspeare M.SS.; froin which his son, W. H. Ireland (the real fabrica- tor of that most ingenious literary irupoBition,)! in a confessional pamphlet, publicly and solemn ly exculpated liini. IRELAND, John, author of "Illustrations of Hogarth," and " Life and Letters of Mr. John Henderson,' the actor, was born near Wcni, in Shmpshire, and died in the vicinity of Birming- ham in 1808. IREN.(EUS, Saint, bishop of Lyons,in France, who wrote an elaborate work " against Here- sies," part of which is still e.vtant under his name. He suffered martyrdom in the 5th per- eecutioil of the Christians under Severus, A. D. 203. IRETON, Henry, son-in-law to Oliver Crom- well, and a brave general in. his army, died in 1651. IRE VISA, John, an Englishman, who trans- lated tlie " I'olychronicon," in 1387. IR.VERIUS, called also Wernerus, or Guar- ncrus, a German lawyer of the 12tti century, who was properly the restorer of the Roman law. Ho died in 1150. IRONSIDE, Gilbert, an Englishman, who, at the restoration, was made bishop of Bristol ; he died in 1C71. IRVINE, William, a major-general in the and preceptor of Demosthenes^. He flouri.shcd 3'.m years befnre Christ, and was the first who applied eloquence to state aftairs, in which he was followed by his scholar Dcniosthenes. IS.\IAH, the greatest of the prophets, was of the lineage of David. He prophesied from 735 to G81 B.C., and is said to have been cut in two with a wooden .«aw, by the cruel king Munasseh. ISDEGERDES, king of Persia, was v-aliaiu, but cruel. He persecuted tlie Christians, and died in 420. ' I.SELIN, James Christopher, was professor of divinity at Basil, where he died in 1737. ISIIMAEL, son of Abrah.un, by Hngar, 1919 B. C. He was the progenitor of the Arabians. ISH.M.\EL I., sop.hy of Persia, was dislin- 1,'uished for his valour and wisdom, and died in 1523. ISHMAEL II., sophy of Persia, murdered his eitrht brothers, and at last was poisoned by his own sister, in 1579. ISIDORE, of Alexandria, placed over a mo- nastery, by Athanasius, died in 403. ISID(JRE, St., surnamcd Pelusiota,orDaciate, from Ills retiring into a solitude near the town which bears both these names, was the un5st celebrated of the disciples of John Chrysostom. He died about 440 ; and we have remaining 2012 of jiis letters, in five books. ISIDORE, of Cordova, was bishop of Cordo- va, in the age of Ilonorius. ISIDORE, of Seville, a bishop of that city, American army during the revolution, and af- [j was called the doctor of tlie age : hediedinG36 terwards a member of congress, from Pennsyl- vania ; he died in 1804. IRVVIN, Eyles, was born at Calcutta, of Irish parents, educated in England, and afterwaads employed in a civil capacity, in the East. He « as distinguished as a poet and miscellaneous writer, and died in 1817. IS.VAC, son of Abraham and Sarah, was the father of Esau, the progenitor of the Edomites, and of Jacob, the ancestor of the Israelites. He died 1710 B. C. ISAAC, Angelus, Greek emperor, in 1185. Me was imprisoned bv his brother, and died in J 204. ISAAC, Cam, a vabbi,of Spain, who retired to Jerusalem, and devoted himself to study and solitude : he dittd in the IGth century. ISAAC CO.MJrENUS, Greek emperor, in 1057. After a turbulent reign, he retired to a monastery, and died in 1061. ISAACSON, Henry, an Englishman ; be wrote a valuable chronological work, and died in 1654. ISABELLA, daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France, was born in J2S2, and married to Edward II., of England. Her conduct was licentious, and she died in prison. ISABELLA, of Bavar\a,raarriedCharles VI., of France, in 1385, and died little lamented, in 1435. ISABELLA, daughter of JolmlL, of Castile, married Ferdinand V., king of Arragon, in 1469. She succeeded to the throne of Castile i[i 1474, and thiK united the two kingdoms. Her reign is remarkable fer the discovery of America by C jlumb.is. She died in 1504. fS.ARELLA, daughter of Alphon.so, duke of Calabria, was married to John Galeaz/oSforza, ia 1489, and died in 1 j'il. li?ABELLA, sister of the kinjj of Poland, Qi a tried John Zopolita, king of Hungary, in ISJi), and died in 153S. ISIDORUS, of Charax, a Greek author, 300 U. C. ISINGRINIUS, Michael, an eminent printer, of B.isil, of the 16t!i century. ISMENIAS, a Theban general, who refused to kneel before a Persian king. ISOCRATES,a Greek orator, born at Athens, in the first year of the 86th Olympiad, i. e. 436 years before Ciirist, died at the age of 98. We have 21 orations of his composing. ISRAEL, Manasseh Ben, a learned rabbi, of the Low Countries, who offered Cromwell two liundred thousand pounds for permission to the Jews to settle in England. He died in 1057. ITTIGIUS, Thomas, a German divine, and professor of divinity at Leipnic, died in 1710. IVES, or YVES, bishop of Chartres, in 1093, led a Ufeof great piety ; he died in 1115, and was canonized. IVETEAIJX, Nicholas Vauquelin seigneur do, a French poet, and preceptor to Lev/is XIII., wiicn dauphin ; lie died in UH9, after leading a liccnlious life. IWAN v., John Alexiowitz, succeeded fo the throne of Russia in lt)82. He was a weak prince, unworthy of a throne, and died in 1696. IWAN VI., of Brunswick Bevern, succeeded to the thrtme of Russia in 1710, at the age of three months. He was ir.iprisoned, and at last pu: to death, in 1746. IZ-AACKE, Richard, an Englishman, wrote the history of Oxford, and died in 1724. JAAPH.4.N, Ebn Tophail, au Arabian phi- losopher, coteniporary with Averroes, who died about 1198. He composed a philosophi- cal romance, wtitled " The Life or History of Hai EbnVokdhan;" in which he endeavours to dcmoiistiatf. how a rcaa may, bv the mere-. 255 J A liylil of nature, -attain The knowledge of tilings nulural and supernatural ; niDre parliuularly the knowledge of God, and tlie atiairs of anoilier life. JABLONSKI, Daniel Ernest, a popisli divine, of Germany. He endeavoured to reconcile llie Lutherans and Calvinisls ; wrote some dis.«er- tations and other works, and died in 1T41. J.ABLONSKI, Theodore, counsellor of the court of Prussia, was a niau of extensive erudi tion, and highly esteemed. Hid publications were numerous. JABLONSKI, Paul Ernest, professor of theo loey at Frankfort, the author of several learned works ; lie died in )757. JABLONSKI, Charles Gustavus, a German author, he died at Halle, in 1787. JACETIUS, Francis de Cataneis, professor of Platonic philosophy, at Florence, died in J 552. JAOHAIA, Ben Joseph, a Portuguese rabbi, wrote a paraphrase on Daniel> and died in JACKSON, Thomas, an English divine, pre- sident of Corpus Christ! college, Oxford, and a man of learning and piety ; he died in lf)40. JACKSON, John, an English divine, thtnlogi- cal and historical author, born in 1G86, died in 1703. His last and capital work was, " Chrono- logical Antiquities," 1752. J.'VCKSON, Joseph, a lelter-fouiider of distin- guished eminence, born ill 1733. In testimony of his aliiliti&s, lei it suffice to mention, as mat- ters of difficulty and curiosity, the facsimile types which he formed for Dooinsday-Book, and the Ale.xandrian New Testament: and, as a pat- tern of the most perfect symmetry, the types with which Mr. P.ensley printed the splendid edition of the Bible, publisiied by the late Mr. Macklin. Mr. Jackson died in 1792. JACKSON, Arthur, an ejected non-conformist divine, wrote a commentary on the Bible, and died in lG6fi. JACKSON, Cyril, D. D. an eminent divine, horn at Stamford, in 1746, and educated at Ox- ford. He was sub-preceptor to his present m.v jesty ; in consequence, he was made dean of Christ-Church, which lie resigned in 1800. This elegant scholar declined the mitre, thoiijih the primacy of Ireland, as well as an English bishop- ric, had been offered him. He died at Felphani, Sussex, in 1819. JACKSON, Dr. William, brother of the pre ceding, was prebendary of York, regius pioles- sor of Greek at Oxford, and bishop of Oiford ; he died in 1811. J.\CKSON, William, a musical composer of considerable eminence, and author of several in- genious liierarv productions in prose and verse, was born at Exeter, in ITM. His musical pro- ductions are too numerous to be here detailtd, and too well known to require it. In 178i, he published " Thirty Lettersou various Subjects." In 1791, he publisned " Observations on the pre- sent State of Music in London ;" and in 1798, he added another volume to hn Letters, undei the title of " The Four Ages ; with Essays on various Subjects." Mr. Jackson was organist of the cathedral at Exeter ; and, besides his mu- sical talents, was an excellent painter, chiefly in the landscape way. He died in 1803. JACOB, son of Isaac and Rebecca, obtained bis brother's birthright, and went to Egypt, where he died 1689 B. C, aged 147. JACOB, Ben Napthali, a famous Jew rabbi, ill the 5;h century, and inventor (with Ben Aser], of tlie points in Hebrew to serve for vowels, and of the accents, to facilitate the reading of that language. JA( OB, Ben Haim, a rabbi, of the 16th cen- turv, who rendered himself famous by the col- lection of the Ma-'-'ore, which is properly a cri- tique upon the books of the Bible, in order to settle the true reading. JACOB, Henry, an Englishman, wrote against the Brovvnists, and died in 1021. J.ACOB, Henry, son of the preceding, was an able Orientalist, and died in 1652. J.\COB, a Hungarian monk, of the 13th cen- tury, preached a crusade against the 8ara(eiis. JACOB, Giles, an English law wniler, biogra- jpher, and lexicographer, bom at Roinsey, in Hampshire, in KWO, died in 1744. Besides a [Law Diciionarv, lie published twovolumes, en- titled '• The Poetical Register ; or, Lives and Icharacters of the English poets." JACOB AL BARDAI, was an able leader of the Eutvchians, and a disciple of Severus. JACOB^EUS, Oliger, professor of philosophy, at Copenhagen, and an author ; hediedin 1701 JACOBS', Jurian, a Swiss painter, died in 1664. J ACOMB, Thomas, D. D., a fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, was ejected for non con- forniitv, and died in 1087. JAf'OPONK, daTodi, an Italian poet, cotern- porarv wiiJi Dante, died in 1306. JACQUELOT, Isa-dC, a French prolestanl minister, who, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, became chaplain to the king of Prus- sia; hediedin 1708. JACaUET, Lewis, a native of Lyons, was an admirer and imitator of Kosseau, and died in 1793. JACQUIER, Francis, a Frenchmaii, eniinent as a mathematician and divine, died in 1788. JADDUS, high-priest of Jiidea, when Alex- ander approached Jernsalciii to destroy it. JADELOT, Nicholas, a Frenchman, knowni as a physician and an author, died in 1793. JAEGER, John Wolfgang., a Lutheran di- vine, and divinity professor, at Tiiliingen , he wrote several Latin works, and died in 1720. JAGO, Richard, an English divine and pnet, born in 1715. About 17.'i2 he was entered as a servitor in University college, Oxford ; in which humiliating situation he was visited by his schoolfellow, Shenstone, then a commoner in Pembroke college, who introduced him to his fellow- collegians. In 1767, he published a poem c-dl!ed " Edge Hill," by which his poetical repu- tation was completely established ; and he died rector of Kilmcote, Leicestershire, in 1781. A collection of his poems was published in 1784. J.MLLOT, Alexis Hubert, a French sculptor, and geographer to the king, died in 1780. JAMBLICUS, the naiiie of two celebrated Platonic philosophers, in the 4th century, one of whom was a native of Chalcis, and the other of Apamea, in Syria. JAiMES, St., the Great, son of Zebedee, one of the apostles, was put to death by Herod, A. D. 44. JAMES, St., the Less, brother of Simon and Jude, was also one of the apoitles. He was surnamed the Ju.-;t, and put to death, A. D. 62. JA.MCS, St. a bishop of Nisibis, distinguisti- ed for his patriotism and benevolence ; ho died about 350. JAMES I., king of Scotland, was taken by the Engli-sh, imprisoned 18 years, and Uien libu rated. He was assassinatt^d in 1437 JA JAMES, II., king of riCDtland, succeeded hib lallier, .lames I., and was killed In 14ti0. JAMES UI., succeeded his lather, James II., ot (Scotland, was odious lor his cruelties, and put to death by his rebellious subjects in 1488. JAMErf, IV., succeeded his fatltcr, James HI. Ho was an active and patriotic monarch, but was slain at the fatal battle of Floddentield, in lol.J. J.A.MES v., son and successor of James IV. He 3up(>orted the religious establiahmiint of his country, and left his dominions loins only child, Mary Stuart. He died in 1542. JAMES VI., of Scotland, and I. of England, was son of Mary, queen of Scots. Tnough iearned and intelligent, his favourites were worthless characters. He was the author of several works, and died in 1025. J.IAIES II., of England, succeeded his bro- ther Cliarles II. His oppressive government and popish principles, alienated his subjects from liiiO, who invited William III., of Holland, to the throne. He died at Paris, in 1701. JAMES I., king of Arragon, surnamed the Warrior, succeeded to the throne in lSil3, and died in 1-276. JAMES II., king of Arragon, succeeded his brother, Alphonso HI., iu 1291. He united Va- lentia and Catalonia to his crown, and died in 1337. J.\MES, of Voraigne, provincial of the Do- minicans, compiled the Gulden Legend, and died tu 12y8. J.\.\IES, Thomas, an English divine, was a distinguished collector of curious MSS., and died in 1G32. J.^MES, Richard, nephew of the preceding, educated at Oxford, was a learned scholar and critic ; he died in 1038. JAMES, Dr. Robert, an EngUsli physician of great eminence, and particularly distinguished by the preparation of a most e.xcellent fever powder, born in 1703, died in 1716. His princi- pal writings are, a " Medicinal Dictionary," The Practice of Physic," and " A Dispensa- tory." J.\MES, Thomas, D. D., an Englishman, educated at Cambridge, was an autlior, and died in J8(M. J "VMET, Peter Charles, a French writer, born in 1701. J.VMISON, George, a celebrated Scottish painter, usually called the Vandyke of Scotland, born in 1.580, died in Ediuburgii, in 1&14. JA.MYN, A^nadis, a French poet, who be- came secretary to Charles IX., and died in 1585. J.ANE WA Y, James, educated at Oxford, was ejected for non-conformity, and died in 1074. .1 .\NICON, Francis Michael, a French writer, born in Paris, was educated in Holland, and di.?d in 1730. JANSENIUS, Cornelius, a divine, envoy of Philip II. of Spain, to the council of Trent, died iu 157ti. JANSEN, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, and principal of the sect called Jansenists, born at Leerilam, in Holland, in I5.?5, died in 1638. JANSOX, or JANSON'IUS, James, a native of Amsterdam, and professor of theology, at Jjouvaiii ; he died in 1625. J.Ai\S(3N, Abraham, of Antwerp, an excellent painter in the Kith century. JAXSSEXS, an eminent Dutch painter, died ill 1665. JANSSRNS, Victor Honorins. a painter, of Brussels, died in 173i>; | K k 22"^ JE JANS.SENS, Abraham, a celebrated painter, born at Antwerp, in 10.51). He once cliallengi^ Rubens, who prudently yielded to him ; telling him, that he should leav(! the public to de^ termine the question of their rc-pective merits. JaiiKsen, however, was a good artist, as may be seen by a line picture of his in the liusseldorlt gallery, repre.'.-enliiig the resurrection of Lazarus. JANUAIlItJS, St., bishop of Kencvento, was beheaded in the persecution of Dioclesian. J.\PHET, son of Noah, the progenitor of the nations of Europe and Asia, was born 8448 B. C. JARDINS, Mary Catherine des, a French lady, famous for her poetry and romances, died in 1083. She is said to have been the inventor of novels. Her works were printed in 10 vols. at Paris, in 1702. JARDY.^f, Karel du, a Dutch painter of note, died in 1678. JAROSLAW, grand duke of Russia, in tho 10th century, was a patron of learned men. J.-VRRIGE, Peter, a Jesuit, who became a protestant, and afterwards recanted. He wrote for, and against, the Jesuits, and died in 1670. J.VRRY, Laurence Juillarddu, a French poet and divine, who excelled as a preacher ; he died in 1730. JARS, Gabriel, a Frenchman, and mineralo- gist of some note, died in 1766. JAUV/S, .\braham, D. D., second bishop of the episcopal church in Connecticut, died at New-Haven, in 1813. JAUCOURT, Lewis de, a learned FrencJi- man, and an author ; he died in i780. JAULT, Augustus Francis, professor of Sy- riac in the Royal College at Paris, was cele- brated as a phy.--ician, and died in 1757. JAY, Guy Michel, le, an advotate of the par- liament of Pans, ruined himself by printing a polyglot Bible, and died in 1075. JEACOCKE, Caleb, was a baker, and an au- thor, died in 1786. JEANES, Henry, educated at Oxford, was the author of several works ; he died in 1662. JEANNIN, Peter, a Burgundiau, advocate in the parliament of Dijou, and favourite of Henry IV. ; he died in 16-22, after seeing seven succes- sive kings on the throne of France. JEAURAT, Sebastian, a Frenchman, dis- tinguished as an able mathematician ; he died in 1803. JEBB, Samuel, an English physician and miscellaneous writer, born at Nottingham, died in 1772. JEBB, Dr. John, born in London, in 1736. He was eminent both as a non-conformist divine, and a physician. In the knowledge of the Christian Scriptures he was particularly con- versant, as bis theological lectures at Cam- bridge gave incontestable proofs ; his skill in the medical profession was great and scientilic, and his practice uncommonly successful. His ardour in the cause of liberty also, was unabating and incorruptible : and his publications, theological, medical, and political, gained great approbation; he died in 1786. JEBB, Sir Richard, bart., M. D. F. R. and A. S. S.. son of the preceding, one of the censors of the college of physicians in 1781, and phy- sician extraordinary to his Britannic Majesty, born in 17-2?), died in 1787. JECHONI.\S, king of Judah, was carried pri- soner to Babylon bv Nebuchadnezzar. JEFFSRY, Thomas, an English dissenting clergvnrian, and an author of the I81I1 century. 257 JE JEFFERY, John, a popular divine, was educated at Cambridge, and died in 1720. JEFFERY, of Monmoutli, ap Arthur, bishop of St. Asaph, a famous British historian, wli< flourished in the time of Henry I. JEFFREYS, lord George, baron Wem, com- monly known by the name of judge JclTreys, the infamous lord chancellor, under James II., died a prisoner in the Tower, in 10«?!t. He wa^ one of the greatest advisers and promoters of all Ihe oppressive and arbitrary measures of that unhappy tyrannical reign ; and his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings will ever render his name detested. JEFFREYS, George, a writer, and fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, died in 1755. JEFFRIKS, Sir Herbert, lieutenant governor of the colony of Virginia, and successor to Sir William Berkeley, as chief magistrate, died in 1C78. JEHU, the tenth king of Israel 885 B.C., was deprived of his kingdom by Hazael, king of Sy- ria, and died 656 B- C. JEKYL, Sir Joseph, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was master of the rolls to George 1., and died in 1768. JEKYL, Thomas, D. D., brother to Sir Jo- seph, educated at Cambridge, was an author of various works, between 1674 and 1682. JELLINGER, Christopher, a German, who obtained a living in England, from which he was ejected for non-conformity, in 1662. JENCKES, Joseph, lieutenant governor and governor of the colony of Rhode Island; he died in 1740. JENISCHIUS, Paul, a learned native of Ant Werp, died in 1647. JENKIN, Robert, profe.ssor of divinity at Cambridge, and author of valuable theological tracts, died in 1727. JENKLN, William, a pufitan, ejected for non-conformity, in 1662. JENKINS, Henry, a native of Yorkshire, re- markable for his longevity, being at the time of his death, (1670,) 169 years old. He remember- ed the battle of Floddenfield. and was exami- ned in court on a circumstance that happened 140 years before. He retained his faculties to the last ; but, as he waa born before parochial registers were kept, no parish would support him ; so that he subsisted by begging. JENKINS, Sir Leoline, a learned civilian and an able statesman, under Charles II., boru in Glamorganshire, in 1623, died in 1685. JENKINSON, Charles, earl of Liverpool, a statesman of profound ability, but extremely unpopular, was the son of colonel Charles Jen- kinson, and first introduced himself into life as a political writer, and a critic in The Monthly Review. From this source he derived the pat- ronage of the late earl of Bute, and all those honours and rewards to which he afterwards at- tained. He was for many years president of the board of trade. In the year 1782, he suc- ceeded to the family title of a baronet ; in 17c'6, he was created lord Hawksbury, and in 1790, earl of Liverpool. He was supposed to be high in the confidence of his majesty ; and his tho- rough knowledge of the commercial interest of his country, and acquaintance with subjects of political economy, have been displayed in nu- merous tracts ; the greater part of which, how- ever, were written on subjects creating a teni- porarry interest, rather than as illustrative of general principles. From this description of his Ust valuable work, " On the Coins of lliel 258 JE Realm," ought, however, to form an exception. He died in 1808, in his 80th year. JENKS, Benjamin, a pious divine, born in Shropshire, in 164G,diid in 1724. Hisbes.»kjiown writings are " Prayers and Olfices of Devotion for Families," arid " Meditations on variou* important Subjects." JENKYNS, David, made a Welch judge by Charles I. ; he was distinguished for hia loyalty, and died in 1650. JENNENH,Charlep, a non-conformist gentle- man, of considerable fortune, at Gopsal, in Lei- cestershire, who compiled the words for some of Handel's oratorios, and began an edition of Shakspeare ; but died when he had published " King Lear," " Hamlet," " Othello," " Julius Ca;sar," and " Macbeth." His death happened in 1773. JENNINGS, David, D. D., a dissenting mi- nister and author, died in 1762. JENSON, Nicolas, orJansonius, an eminent printer and letter-founder, of Venice, died in 1181. JENYNS, Soame, born in London, in 1705, and well known in the literary world, as the author of " The Internal Evidences of the Christian Religion ;" an " Essay on the Origin of Evil;" and various poetical pieces. lie was many years M. P. for the town of Cambridge ; he was also a commissioner for trade and plan- tations, and died in 1787. JEPHSON, Robert, a successful poet, drama- tic and miscellaneous writer, was many yeari master of the horse to the lord lieutenant cf Ireland, and died in 1803. JEPTHAH, a judge of Israel, known in sa- cred history for his remarkably ra^h vow. JEREMIAH, second of ilie great prophets, was born 629 B. C, and died 5823. He was imprisoned by Theo- doric, and died in 526. JOHN II., a native of Rome, was elected pope in 533, and died in 5;!5. JOHN III., a Roman, was elected pope in 500, and died in 573. JOHN IV., elected pope in C40, died in 642. JOHN v., a Syrian, elected pope in 685, died in 687. JOHN VI., a Greek, elected pope in 701, died 705. JOHN VII., a Greek, succeeded John VL He was a weak pontiff, and died in 707. JOHN VHl., a Roman, elected pope in 872, and died in 8S2 ; 300 of his letters are preserved. JOHN IX., a native of Tivoli, elected pope in 898, died in 900. JOHN X., archbishop of Ravenna,was elected pope in 914. More capable of leading an army, than guiding the church, he defeated the Sara- cens in battle, and was put to death in 928. JOHN XI., son of Alberic, duke of Spoletto, was made pope in 931, at the early age of 25; ihe died in 9.^0. JOHN XII., a Roman noble, elected pope in 1950. Being accus(;d of various crimes, he was deposed bv a general council, and killed iu 964. JOHN XHI., a Roman, was elected pope in 965 by the emperor, against the will of the Ro- man people ; he died in 972. JOHN XIV., succeeded to the popedom in 983. He was imprisoned by the anti-pope Boni- face VIII., and died in 984. JOHN XV., pope after John XIV., died soon after bis elevation. JOHN XVI., a Roman, was made pope in 985. He was the first who rewarded meritori- ous derdtJ bv canonization, and died in 996. JOHN XVIL, a Roman, elected pope in 1003, after Svlvester II. JOHN XVI II., a Roman, elected pope after John XVII. He died iu 1009, after liaving re^ signed the dignity. JOHN XIX., succeeded his brother as pope, in 1024. He crowned the emperor Conrad 11., and died in 1033. JOHN XX., the name given by some to the anti-pope Philagathus, or to Jolin, or to the woman who is said to have filled the papal chair, under ihe name of pope Joan. ?59 JO ' JOHN XXI., elected p;nial urc, while Mr. Jolmca was attending hii duty in parliament. In 1811 he lost a favourite daugh- ter, from the effects of which shock he never recovered. He died in 1816. Mr. Johnes rc- Va9a,aaceiided the throne in ISTiS. He attempted H printed, with great care and attention, generally to restore the popish religion, but was unsuc- cessful, and died in 15'.i'2. | .lOHN 11., King of Castile; he was a brave i warrior, and died in 14,i4. | JOHN II., king of Navarre, succeeded to ihej throne of Arragon, in 14.'i8, and died in 1479 with notes and illustrations, at his private press, above alluded to, the valuable work.s of " Frois- sart," " dc Joinville," and " Monstrelet." JOHNSON, Martin, an excellent iiainter of landscapes, ditd in the reign of James II. JOHNSON, Samuel, an English divine, of JOHN, son of the emperor Henry Vlf., was Iremarkahle learning, and steadiness in suflering sleeted to the kingdoin of Bohemia, in 1309, and .-ifrer conquering Silesin, declared himself king of Poland. He was a prince of great valour, and was inortallv wounded in ttio battle of Crecy, in 1346. JOHN I., king of Portugal, v. as raised to the throne in 1384. Under hi>i reign the Portuguese began tlieir famous discoveries ; he died in 1433. JOHN II., king of Portugal, s\irnamed the Great, succeeded to the throne in 1481. He earned liis arms into Africa, and died in 1495. JOHN lI!.,kingof Portugal, succeeded to the throne in 1521, and died in 1.5.')7. JOHN IV., surnamed the Fortunate, was son of the duke of Braganza. By the assistance of his brave countrymen he shook off the Spanish yoke, and was proclaimed king in 1630 ; he died in 1636. JOHN v., succeeded to the throne of Portugal , in 1707. He devoted himself to the interests of liis country, and died in 17.50. JOHN,ofGauntor Ghent, duke of Lancaster, and son of Edward HI., was a prince of dis- tinguished valour and prudence, and a patron of the poet C'lia\iccr; he died in 13!fl. JOHN SOBIESKI, king of Poland. See SO- BIESKI. JOHN, of Austria, Don, was the natural son of the cmpen/r Charles V., and a celebrated warrior ; he died by poison, in 1578. JOHN, Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, dis- tinguished himself at N icopolis against Bajazet; lie was assassinated in 141'.). JOHN, of France, duke of Berry, was son of king John, and distinguished at tiie battle of Poictiers; he died in 1416. JOHN v., duke of Brittany, surnamed the Conqueror, died in 1399. JOHN VI., duke of Brittany, a prince of great valour and benevolence, died in 1446. JOHN v., count of Armagiiac, was son of John IV., of Navarre. For his misconduct, he was banished from France, and hilled in 1743. JOHN, of Leyden. SecBOCCOLO. JOHN, of Saiislmry, an Englishman, bishop of Cliartres, and one of the most learned per- sons in the 12th century. The only things re- nj;iining of his, arc his " Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury ;" "A Collection of Letters ;" and his " Polycration." JOHN, of Paris, a celebrated Dominicin, and theological professor at Paris, di*!d in 1304. JOHN, of Udino, a celebrated painter, at Rome, died in l.')64. 260 for the principles of the revolution, in 1088 He was born in 1649, and died in 1703. JOHNSON, John, a non juror divine, wlio, though promoted in the established church, e.x- pre£.sed a niean opinion of her articles and litur- gy ; he died in 17^5. JOHNSON, or JANSEN, Cornelius, an ex- cellent painter, a native of Amsterdam. In the reign of James I., he drew several fine portraits of that monarch, and most ofhis court, and died in 1665. JOHNSON, Charles, a dramatic writer of merit, died in 1748. The dramatic pieces which this author produced are enumerated in the " Biographia Dramctica." JOHNSON, Maurice, an excellent English antiquarv, died in 1755. JOHNSON, Dr. Samuel, born at Litchfield, in 1709, where his father was a reputable book- seller. He was entered of Pembroke college, Oxford, in 1723, but left the university without taking any degree. In March, 1737, he went to London, where lie appears to have met with disappointments which disgusted him with the town ; for, in August, we find him desirous of returning again iiito his native countrj', to take upon himself the office of master of a charily school, in Shropshire, then vacant, the salary of which was G(W. a ye.tr. But ihe statntes of the school requiring the person who should be elected to be a master of the arts, this attempt seems to have been frustrated. In 1740, he be- gan to write the "Debates in tiie Senate of Lil- iiput," printed in the Gonthman's Magazine; and, after prodm-ing sonie poems, translations, and biographirdl works, which met with a good reception, (jiarticularly " London," the " Va- nitvof Human Vt'ishes," and "The Life of Savage,'") he brought forth " Irene," a tragedy, in 1749. This not meeting with the success tliat he expected, he set about his " Dictionary." The execution of this cost him the l.ibour of many years ; but he was amply repaid by the fame which he acquired. During the recesses of this stupendoiis labour, he published hi* " Ramblers." The reputation of these works cained him the honorary degree of doctor of laws, in the university of Dublin, which was soon after followed by the same degree from O.-tford. To this succeeded his " Idlers." His next publication was" Kasselas, Prince of Abys- sinia," a b'autiful little novel, in the Eastern .srvle, ah Munding with Uie most useful and rao -^ JO ral nia.vinis, suited to Itie several conUiiioiis of lite. Ol' liis political works, which followuci at distant intervals, the public are inuri; dividi'd about the merits : it is, however, but lair to pre- sume that they were his candid opinions u)ion the subjects, and, as such, deserving of no cen- sure from the judgment of impartiality. His Jast undertaking, " The Lives of the British Po- ets," would alone liave been sufficient to ini- mortali/.e his name, as it by far excels any thing executed upon a similar plan, by others; and, thougli the critical remarks, in a few instances, incorporate a little too much with political opi- nions, their general excellence must always give them de:. JOK.VSON, Sii- William, sur-evintendent of JO Indian alfairs, in the colony of New-Yorfc known for the treat influence and authoriiy he ac()uired over tliat people ; lie died in 1774 JOHNSON, Samuel, D. D., a native of Con- necticut, distinguished as the first convert to episcopacy in the colony, and afterwards as president of King's college. New- York; lie died in 1772. JOHNSON, William Samuel, LL. D., P. R. .S son of the preceding, was an eminent lawyer, and for several years, agent of the colony of New- York, in England. He was afterwards a judge of the supreme court of Connecticut, a delegate to congre.sSj and to the conveutinii which formed the constitution of the United States, and first senator ol' the U. S., from Con- necticut. He was also president of Columbia college, New-York, for several years. He died at Stratford, in 1819, aged 93. JOHNSON, Thomas, an eminent lawyer, and a tirm patriot, of Maryland, governor of that state after the revolution, and afterwards an as- sociate judge of the sujireme court of the Uni- ted States: he died in 1819. JOHNSTON, Dr. Arthur, a physician, but more celehr.itod as a Latin [loet, was born at Aberdeen, in 1587, of which university he af- terwards became principal ; lie died at Ox- ford, in Kill. His " Epigrams," and version of the " Psalms," are excellent. JOHNSTON, Charles, born in Ireland, was Dred to the bar ; but, being exceedingly deaf, he relinquished that profession. In 1760, he pub- lished " Chrj'sal, or the Adventures of a Gui- nea;" a political Romance, in which all thP scenes and characters were sketched from real life. This was followed by " The Reverie ; or, a Flight to the Paradise of Fools ;" the " Histo- ry of John Juniper, Esq., alias Juniper Jack," &c. &c. In 1782, Mr. Johnston went to India, where he died about 1800. JOHNSTON, Gabriel, governor of the colony of North Carolina, died in 1762. His adminis- tration contributed to tlie increase and prosperi- ty of the colony, and to the advancement of learning there. JOHNSTONE, James, a Srotcli pliy.sici.in, distinguished for his treatment of a malignant fever, at Kidderminster, died in 1802. JOJfNSTONE, George, one of the commis- sioners sent to treat with America, during the war: he died in 1787. JOINVILLE, Jolm Sieur de, an eminent French statesman, and author of " The History of St. Loui.';," a very curious and interesting piece, died in 1318, aged 90. JOLOGOEH, a Welch bard, who. from 1370 to 1420, was in the court of Owen filendowr. JOLY, Guy, known by his long and faithful attachment to the famous cardinal dc Rlietz. whom he attended both in his prosperity and adversity. He wrote" Memoirs of hisTiiues."' from 1C48 to ltjG5 : which, as Voltaire expresses it, " are to those of the cardinal, what the ser- vant is to the master," JOLY, Claude, a Fiencli ecclesiastic, wlio died in 1700. JON.VH, the fifth of thc'miuor phophets, was sent to denounce judgments on Nineveh. He died about 761 B. C. JONAS, Anagrimus, a learned Icelander, who acquired a great repiit.ition for astronomy and the sciences, died in 1640, at the age of 95. JONAS, Justus, a famous protestant divine and polemical writer, in Germany, born inThu- riiigia, in 1493, died in J553. JO JO JONATHAN, son of Saul, and tin- faitlifulf writings, to propagate the doctriiicsol'iHJidelity friend of David, was slain in battle by the I'lii liatines, 1055 B. C. JONATHAN, a general of the Jews, and bro- ther of Judas Maccahr.'iis, was a valiant man, and eruKlly put to death, Ui K. C. JONE.S, William, an English divine, of learn ing and piety, whose works arc highly esteem- ed ; he died in 1801. JONES, Jeremiah, a dissenting divine-, and author, died in 1724. JONES, John, a Benedictine monk, educated at Oxford, was made vicar-general of liis or- der, and died in lii^jti. JONES, David, a native of Wales, wrote some poetical pieces, and died in 1780. JON EH, John, a Welch antiquary, who was employed 40 years, from 1590 to 1030 in collect-l ing Welch MSS. JONEs?, Rice, a Welch poet, died in 1801. JONES, John, a dramatic writer, in the reign| of Charles I. JONES, Inigo, a celebrated English architect, born in London, in 157-2, died in 1H.')-2. His abi- lities in all human sciences surpassed most of his age. His designs and buildings were many and imporiaiu ; but for an account of these we must refer the reader to Campbell's" Vitruvius Britannicus." JONES, John, a medical writer, born in Wales, died in 1580. JONF2S, Sir William, judge of the king' bench, in the reign of Janics I., and Charles I. JONES, Sir Thomas, a judge of the king's| bench, under Charles II. and James H. JONES, William, one of the last of those genuine mathematicians, admirers, and coteni- poraries of Newton, who cultivated and im- proved the sciences in the present century, fa- ther to Sir William Jones, was born in Anglesey, in the year 1680, and died in 1749. JONES, Henry, a native of Drogheda, in Ire- land, and no mean dramatic poet, though ori ginally a journeyman bricklayer, died very poor, ill 1770. His principal performance, " The! Earl of Es.'cx," a tragedy, appeared in 17.53. JONES, Gridith, born in London, in 17Q1, died in \'?ti. This gentleman wa-^ many years edi- tor of the Liind'on Chronicle, of the Daily .Ad- vertiser, and, we believe, of the Public Ledger, 111 the " Literary Magazine," with Johnson, and ill the " British Magazine," with Smollet and Goldsmith, his anonymous labours were of- ten associated. His modest mind shrunk from public a;tention; and his labours were most frequently directed to the improvement of the younger and more untutored classes of man- kind. His translations from the French arc' verv iiuineriiiis, but cannot now be traced. I J'O.VKS, Sir William, one of the judges ofl the supreme court of judicature, in Bengal, andj an e.xcellent poet, to whose translations we are indebted for many beautiful etTu^ions of the] Persian tnuse, was born in London, in 174ti, atid died in 1794, at the premature age of 48. En-I dowed by nature with a mind of extraordinary! vieour. Sir William, by unwearied industry,; aided by superior genius, successfully eiplorcdi the hidden sources of Oriental science and lite-| rature; and his altainmcnts in this interesting' branch of learning were such as to make hiur far beyond all cornpetiiion, the most eminent! Oriental srliolar, in this, or perhaps any other, age. Unlike many other eminent literary cha-| racters of the age. Sir William was a sincere: and pious Christian; instead of labouring by his; 262 as has been a favourite practice with some mo- dern philosophers of reputation, he was desir- ous to lend the Scriptures his utmost support ; and, ill one of his laiest annual discourses to the Asiatic Society, he has done more to give validity to the Mosaic history of the creation than has been done by the researches of any co- temporary writer. The following epitaph, wri» ten by and for himself, is equally admired f» its truth and its elegance. " Here was deposited the mortal part of a man who feared GOD, but not death ; and maintained independence, but sought not riches ; who thought iioni* below liim, but the base and unjust ; none above him but the wise and virtuous; who loved his parents, kindred, friends, and country : and having devoted his life to their service, and the improvement of his mind, resigned it calmly, giving glory to his Creator, wishing peace on earth, and good will to all his creatures, on the day of in the year of out blessed Redeemer. . . ." JONES, Richard, a Welchman, and an in genious author, died in the 17th century. JONES, David, speaker of the colonial as- sembly of New- York, and a judge of the su preme court of that state, died in 1775. JONES, Thomas, an English divine, eminent as an instnicter of mathematics, at Cambridge, died ill 1807. JO.N'ES, John Paul, a native of Scotland,who, after being engaged in the merchant service of Great Britain, came to America, at the com- mencement of the revolution, and received a lieutenants commission in the navy of the L'lii- ted States. He was soon after promoted, and, as captain of the Ranger, and afterwards of the Bonne Homme Richard, fought battles and gain ed victories, which gave him reputation through- out Europe, and which, for their desperation, have seldom been equalled. He also annoyed the enemy's merchant vessels in every sea. After the peace, he was, for a time, in the ser- vice of Russia. He died at Paris, in 1792. JONES, John, M. D., an eminent physician, of New- York, afterwards professor of surgery n King's college ; he died in 1791. JONES, Wifliam, speaker of the house of assembly, and governor of the state of Rhode- Island, died in 18i>2. JONG, Ludolph de, a Dutch painter of emi- nence, died in 1097. JONGHE, Baldwin, or Junius, a Franciscan monk, and the author of several works, died in lG:^t. JONIN, Gilbert, a Jesuit, known as an emi- nent poet, died at Tournon, in 103?. JONSIUS, John, a native of Holstein, andaa elegant writer, died in 1659. JONSON, Benjamin, a celebrated English poet, born in Westminster, in 1574. He was hred a bricklayer, but went afterwards to St. John's college, Cambridce ; where, however, his continuance was short in proportion to bis finance', which would not supply the decent conveniences of a learned ease. In this cii- geuce he turned hia thoughts upon the pl&y JO liousi's : liis iucluiation and gi'iiius lay to com- positions for tlic stage ; and liu had the example of iStiakspcare, wlio liad taken the same course, in llie Ukc difficulties, with success. The first play Jonson printed was the comedy entitled " Every man in his humour ;" after which he produced a play regularly every year, for some years successively. In 1019, on the death of Daniel, he succeeded to the vacant laurel ; and this office obliged him to provide the Clirislnias diversion of a masque : accordint'ly, in his works, we have a series of these and other en- tertainments of a like kind, niostof which were presented at court from 1615 to KiCo. He died in 1637, and was interred i n Westminster A hbey . Over his grave is a common pavement stone, and on it are engraven these words, " O R.\RE BEN JONSON." JOHNSTON, John, a polish naturalist, tra veiled over Europe, and died in 1075. JOKAM, king of Israel, 896 B. C. ; he was slain 8H4 }i. C. JORAM, kingof Judah889B. C. ; he died in 885 K. C. JORDAENS, James, an eminent painter of the Flemish school, born at Antwerp, in 1503, died in 1078. He improved under Rubens, for whom he worked, and from wiiom ho drew his best principles. JORDAN, Sir Joseph, an Englisli admiral, by whose extraordinary valour, the Dutch were defeated at the battle of Solebay, in 1072. JORDAN, Charles Stephen, a Prussian writer, highly esteemed by Frederick the Great, who erected a monument to him, with this inscrip- tion, " Here lies Jordan, the friend of tiie mu- ses and of the king." He died in 1746. JORD.^N, John Christopher, privy coun- sellor to the king of Bohemia, was an eminent antiquary, and died iri 1740. JORD.\N, Dorothea, an eminent English ac Uess, was the daughter of Capt. Bland, of a most respectable family in Ireland. Her mother eloped with her father; they both took to the stage : and our heroine was born among the "Fhespian corp.s. As an actress, she commenced her career in Dublin ; but soon quitted that for Tate VVilkenson's York company ; where she soon distinguished herself so much as speedily to attract the notice of the London managcis. She died at St. Cloud, in France, in 1816; and was indebted, we believe, to the kindness of a casual English traveller for a decent interment. The ob.scurity of her retreat, and the penury in which she ended a life that had led to mucli higher e:?pectations, very much interested and astonished the public. JORD.\N, Thomas, a dramatic writer, in tlie reign of Charles I. Langbaine speaks of him as having been an actor also. JORDANO,Luca, an eminent Italian painter, was born at Naples, in 10;i2, died in 1705, JOBDEN, Edward, an English physician, and an author, died in IC.3'2. JORNANDES, a Goth, author in the time of Justinian. JORTIN, Dr. John, a learned English divine and ecclesiastical historian, born in London, in 1698, died in 1770. His chief works are, "Dis- courses concerning the Truth of the Christian Religion ;" "Miscellaneous Observations upon Authors, ancient and modern ;" " Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History," "Life of ICras- iiius ;" and " Kciuarks upon (he works ef Eras- urns " JO JOSEl'H, son of Jacob and Kachel, was the favourite of his father. In Egvpl he rose to be the governor of the country, anil died 1030 B. C. JOSEl'H, husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, was of the tribc'of Juduh, and of the lineage of David. JOSEPH, of Arimathea, a counsellor, and disciiileof our Saviour. JOSEPH 1., I5tli emperor of the liouse of Austria, w as crowned king of Hungary, in lf)87, elected king of the Romans, in lO'JO, and suc- ceeded to the empire of Germany, in 1'05; he died in 1711. JOSEPH ir.,cmperorofGermany, was elected king of the Romans, in 1704, and crowned em- peror the following year ; he was a benevolent monarch, but too fond of innovation; he died in 17!I0. JtJSEPH, king of Portugal, of the Biaganza fa- mily, ascended the throne i n 1750,and di-'d in 1777. His reien \\ as turbulent and unfortunate. JOSEPH MEIR, a learned rabbi, was born in France, in 1496, and died in 1554. JOSEPH, Ben Gorioii, a Jewish historian, who flourished in the 10th century. JOSEPH, of Paris, acapucliin, and confidant of Richelieu, died in 1G38. JOSEPH, Father, an apostate monk, who raised 6000 banditti in 1678, to eilirpate the ca- tholic religiiin in Hungary. JOSEPHUS, Flavius, the ancient historian of the Jews, born at Jerusalem, A.D. 37, died in 93. His " History of the Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem," hi 7 books, was composed at the command of Vespasian, and is singularly interesting and aflecting, as the historian was an eye-witness of all that he re- lates. St. Jerome calls him " the Livy of the Greeks." His "Jewish Antiquities," in 20 books, written in Greek, are a very noble work : we liave also a discourse " ujion tile Martyrdom of the Maccabees ;" which is a master- piece of eloquence, for he was certainly a great orator, as well as a great historian. JOSHUA, the son of Nun, and successor of Moses, in conducting the Israelites to Canaan, he died 14'24B.C. JOSIAH, king of Judah, 641 B. C, died 610 B. C. JOSSELYN, John, a native of GieatBritain, who came to America in 1003, and wrote an account of New-England, &c. As a historian he is not esteemed worthy of great credit. JOUBERT, Francis, a priest of Montpclier, ooMlined in the Hastile, for his attachment to the ■Tausenists ; he died in 1703. JOIiIiEUT, Laurence, a French physician and ineilical writer, born at Valence, in 1520, died in 1582. JOUBERT, Bartholomew Catharine, a French eneral of great celebrity, second in command under Buonaparte in the conquest of Italy, was killed at the battle of Novi, in 1799. JOERDAIN, Aniable Brechillet, an oriental Bcliolar. distinguished for his attainments in the study of the eastern languages, died in 1818. JOUSSE, Daniel, a French la wyer,wlio wrote some vaUiaiile works, died in 1781. JOUVENCY, Joseph, a French Jesuit, pro- fessor of belles-letters at Caen, and a writer, died in 1719. JOUVENET, John, a French painter, whose pieceri are esteemed, died in 1717. JOVI.ANUS, Flavius Claud, aRoman em; e- ror, elected by the army after the death o;" Julian the Appelate, in363. He at first rel'usiii, saying, 26S JU JU tiiat he would not command idolatrous soldiers ;j|Tiheriu3. Slie was banisiied by the latter for but, upon an assurance that they would einliraceijher debaucheries. Christianity, iie accepted tlie throne, imnii'diair- 1 J (JLIA, the daughter of Titus ■ her cbdrac- lyshulupallt!iepagantenjplcs,andforbude their Iter was infamous. sacrifices; but he did not long enjoy the dii»iiity toll JULIA DuMNA. the wife of the cinparty which his merit !iad raised liini ; being sutrocatedjjSeverus, was well skilled in philosophy and the ia his bed by the fumes of a fire which liad beenljscieiices. nijide to dry thechamber, in 3'V4, in ihea^d year I JUI.iI.\N, the Roman emperor, commonly of his aje, ami dth month of his rei^n. JOVINIAN, a monk of Milan, who became the head of a sect, aTid died in consequence of his debauchery, A. 1). 40(5. JOVIU.S, Benedictus, brother of the historian, Iniowii aa a poet and historical writer. JOVIUS, I'aul, ail Italian Giovio, well known by his histories, was born at Como, in Italy, in 1483, and died in 1j5'2. JOVEIJSE, Anne de, a duke and admiral of France, and a favourite of Henry III. ; he died in 1587. JOYEUSE, Francis de, brother to the pre- ceding, was an abb minister of Henry III. andi IV., and Lewis XIll. ; he died in i6\f>. JOYNER,Williaui,orLyde,anEni;!i.sli writer, I who HUibraced popery, and died in ITUt!. JU.'VN, George, a Spaniard, kiiiyht of Malta, known as an able mathematician ; lie died at Madrid, in 1773. JUil.4, king of Mauritania, was driven from lii"; kingdom by Ctesar, and destroyed himself 42 B. C. JUB.\, son of the preceding, was carried prisoner to Rome by (JiEsar, but under Augustus, i;e iscovered his dominions. JUD.\, Hakkadish.or the Saint, a rabbi, cele brated for his learninf; and riches, who lived in the time of the emperor Antoninus, and was the friend and preceptor of that prince. lie collected, about 20 years after the destruction of the Temple, in a book which he called the " Misna," the constitutions and traditions of the Jewish magistrates and doctors who pre < cded him. JLDA, Leo, son of a priest of Alsace, was well skilled in Hebrew, and died minister of 'Zurich, in 1542. JUDA-CHING, a rabbi, of Fez, of tlie 11th century, author of an Arabic dictionary and other works. JUDAH, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, was the head of a tribe, and died in l(53fi B. C. JUDAS ISC.VRIOT, so called, from the place of his birth, betrayed his Lord and Master Je- sus Christ for 30 pieces of silver, and immedi- ately hanfred himself. JUDE, St., an apostle, and the author of an epistle, was brother of James the Less, and suf- fered martyrdom, A. D. 80. JUDEX, Matthew, a learned German, divini- ty professor at Jena, died in 1564. ' JUGL.\RI.S, AloysiuB, an Italian Jesuit. He wrote 100 panegyrics on Jesus Christ and 40 on Lewis Xfll., and died in 3G53. JUGURTHA, a brave Numidian prince, who sustained a war of five years against the power' of Rome: he was at last betrayed, thrown into a dunseon, and died of hunger. JUISNE BROISSINIERE, D. Seigneur de| Moliere, wrote a Theological and Historical Dic-i tionary, published in 1644. I JULIA, a virgin and martyrof Carthage, 440.| JULIA, daughter of Ciesar and Cornelia, a Tvomaii lady of great virtue, and the wife ofi Pompey; she died 53 B. C. | JULIA, daughter of Augustus, was the wife of Metellus. afterwards of Agrijipa, aud then of 2G4 styled the Apostate, because he profes-ied Chris- tianity before he ascended the throne ; after which he openly embraced paganism and perse- cuted the Christians. He was killed in battle 363. JULIAN, St. archbishopof Toledo, author of a work against the Jews, died in 690. JULIANA, a singular charaeter of Norwich, who in her zeal lor mortification, confined her- self between four walls ; she lived iu the time of Edward HI. JULIEN, Peter, one of the best statuariet that France ever possessed. His last work was a marble statue of Poussin. His batliingnymph, in white marble, and the statue of La Fontaine, are considered as his chefs d'ceuvres. He diet at Paris, in 1805, at an advanced age. JULIO, Romano, an Italian painter, the disciple of Raphael, with whom he was a par- ticular favourite, died in 1546, leaving immortal proofs of his great abilities. JULIUS I., pope and saint, wasi elected pope in 337, and died in 352 ; he was a man of learning and piety, JULIUS II., pope, called before Julian de la Revere, equally distinguished for his warlikecx- ploits and political negotiations, was born at Arbizala, in 1440, and died in 1513. He built the famous church of St. Peter at Rome, and was a generous patron of the polite arts. JULIUS HI., John Marie du Mont, a native of Arezzo, was elected pope in 1550. He dis- solved the council of Trent, where he presided in the name of Paul IU., and died in 15.56. JUNCKER, Christian, an able medahst, wa« born at Dresden, and died in 1714. JUNCTIN,or GUINTINO, Francis.an Italian, and a Carmelite, wlio quitted the catholic for the protcstant religion, and settled in France, where he died in 1580. JUNGERMAN, Godfrey, professor of law at Leipsic, died in 1010. JUNGERM.-VN, Lewis, brother to the pre- ceding, distinguished for works on botany and natural history, died in 1653. JUNOIUS, Joachim, professor of mathcma tics at Glossen, died in 1657. JUNILIUS, a bishop of Austria in the 6tb century. JUNIUS, Adrian, a learned Dutchman, and author of numerous worka; he diediu 1575. JUNIUS. Sec BOYD, Hugh. JUNIUS, or DU JOHN, Francis, professor of divinity at Leyden. His best known work is a Latin version of the Hebrew Bible, lie died iu 1G02. JUNIUS, Francis, or Francois du John, born at Heidelberg, in 1589, died in 1677. He wa» highly distinguished for his skill and researches in the Anglo Saxon and Gothic languages. JUNT.V, Thomas, a physician of Venice, and an author, died in the 10th century. JUNT.^S. There were two of the name, prin- ters of celebrity, who had establishments at Ve- nice, Florence, and Geneva. One of them died in 1519 ; the time of the death of the other ii not known. JURET, Francis a native of Dijon, wLom JIJ poetical pieces are iri liijjii eblceui ; lio Uieii in 1626. JURIEU, Peter, a French yroteslaiit divine, Bometimes culled the Goliah of tlie proteslants, born in 1(537, dic^d in 17 1;). His theological and polemical writings are licJd in much esteem : particularly his "Treatise of Devotion,' and iiis " Preservative against Popery." JflKlN, Dr. Jamts, a distinguished person, wlio cultivated medicine and matliema'.ics with equal success. He was secretary of the Royal S(]clety in London, as well as president of the College of Physicians there, and died in 1750. JUStflElI, Anthony de, a celebrated French physician, hotanist,and traveller, born at Lyons, in if^ii, died in 1758. JUSSIEU, Bernard de, a Frenchman, enii- tieiu as a botanist and physiciaiv, he died in 1779. JUSTEL, Chri.stopher, counsellor and secre- tary to the French king, was the author of se- Teral works, and died in 1649. JUSTEL, Hi nry, son and successor of Chris- topher. On the revocation of tlie (tdict of Nantes, he went to L(jndon, and was made keeper of the king's library ; he died in 109:5. JUSTl, N. de, a celebrated German mineral- ogist, and professor of natural history at Got- tingen, was born in 1720. JUSTIN, an ancient Latin historian, who abridged the large work of Trogus Poinpeius, in 44 booKs, comprising a history of the world from Ninus to Augustus Ca?sar, which is written with cnat purity and elegance. He flourisiied about A. D. 250. JUSTIJV, surnamed the Martyr, one of tlie earliest writers of the Christian church, was born at Neapolis, the ancient Sichem of Pales- tine, in the province of Samaria, and beheaded for the Christian religion under Marcus Aure- lius, A. D. 167. JUSTIN I., from a soldier, rose to the rank of general, and was proclaimed emperor of the east by his army, on the death of Anastasius, in 518, he died A. D. 5-27. JUSTIN IL, successor of Justinian, in 563. He was a weak prince, but his wife governed liini and his empire with ability ; he died in 578. JUSTINIAN, the first Roman emperor of his name, celebrated for having collected the im- mense variety and number of the Roman laws into one body, called "The Code;"' to which the emperor gnve his own name ; he also had the decisions of judges and other magistrates, l9^ther with the authoritative opinions of the; most eminent lawyers, collected ; and the iiamej of " Digests" or "Pandects" given to them. Be- sides these, for the uaechiefly of young students in the law, Justinian ordered 4 books of "In- stitutes" to be drawn up, containing an abstract or abridgment of the text of all the laws : and lastly, the laws of modern date, posterior to that of the former, were thrown into one vol. in the y(^ar 541, and called the " Novellffi," or " New Oide." This most important transac | tioii in the state has rendered Justinian's namej lmn\ortal. JUSTINIAN II., succeeded to the throne in 685. lie was sncce«;sful against the Saracens, ll place, died in 1800! ^ KA JL'!:t'l'ij\'IANl, Bernard, nephew to the pre- ceding, went ambassador from Venice to Lew- is XI. of Fiance ; he wrote several historical works, and died in 14H9. JUSTINIANI, Augusiin, bishop of Nebo, In Corsica, was a learned man, and proteesor of Hebrew at Paris He was lost at sea in 1330. Jl'STlNIANI, Fabio, bishop of Ajaccio, was an author, and died in 1627. JUVARA, Philip, a Sicilian architect, who erected beautiful edifices at Turin ; he died ia 17:j5. JUVENAL, Decius Junius, a Roman poet and satirist, was born about the beginning of the emperor (laudius' reign, and died in his HOth year. Juvenal, as a poet, improved on Horacet ajnl Persius, being elegant and witty with the former, und meat and sublime with the latter. JUVENAL, de Carleneas Felix, a French writer, highly respected, died in 1760. JUVENCL'S, Cassius Vectius Aquilinus, a Spaniard, of noble birth, in the 4tti century, ajid author of a poem. JUXON, William, archbishop of Canterbury, was imprisoned by the parliament; he was re- instated in utiice at the rebioraiion, and died in 1003 K KABBETE, John, an excellent Dutch pain- ter, died in llitiO. KAHTER, John, a professor of Theology, at Rinletz, and an autiior, died in 1049. KAIN, Henry l.,ewis le, a celebrated French actor, died at Paris, in 1778. KALB, baron de, a native of Germany, and a brigadier-geueial of the French army. At the coininencementof the American revolution, lie volunteered his services in the cause of free- dom, was promoted to the rank of major-gene- ral, and was for a tinn; commander of the south- ern army. He was killed at the battle of Canr- den, in 1781, and a monument was ordered by congress to be erected to his memory. KALE, William, a Dutch painter, died in 1093. KALGREEN, N., a dramatic writer, of Swe- den, died in 1798. KALRAAT, Barent Van, a native of Dordt, eminent as a painter, died in 1721. KALUBKO, Vincent, a Polish historian, elected bisliop of Cracow, died in 1223. KAM HI, emperor of China iu 1661, was a liberal patron of the literature and arts of Eu- rope, and of Christian missions ; he died in 1722. KAMPEN, Jacob Van, an eminent Dutch painter, in the 17th centtrry. KANDLER, John Joachim, an ingenious ar- tist, of Saxony, died in 1776. KANOLD, John, a German physician, and an author, died in 1729. KANT, Immaiiuel, an eminent metaphysi- cian, born at Kouingsberg, in 1724, and died in 1804. KASTNER, Abraham Gothelf, professor of mathematics at Goitingen, secretary of the roy- al society, and keeper of tlie observatory at that but was of an infamous character, and was assassinated in 711. JUSTINIANI, St. Lawrence, a noble of Ve- nice, was made the first patriarch of Venice, in 1451 ; he died in 1455, aud was canonized by pope Alexander VUl L 1 KATEB, a Persian poet at the court of the Samanidps. KATTERFELTO, Dr., an eccentric Bort of quack philosopher, who for several years gulled the good people of England with the exhibition of experiiiients in electricity, &.C., whicli he 23 265 KE CAlled " Wonderful Wonder;" insinuating that hia practices were magical, and perfornied un- der the supernatural agency of the Black Cat, liis constant companion on those occasions. He is supposed to have been a Prussian by birth, and died in Yorkshire, in 1799. KAUFFMAN, Mary Angelica, an eminent paintreas, and royal academician, in London, was born in 1740, died ai Rome, in 1807. The Germans styled her " The Paintress of the Soul;" and her mental acquirements and moral I conduct were no less (listin;,'uished than her ta- lents as an artist. Slie was at one time of iier life the dupe of a villainous artifice, by which she was drawn into an unfortunate matrimonial connexion KAUiNirZ, RITBERG prince, a celebrated statesman, and for 40 years prime minister of Austria ; he died in 1794 K.-VY, William, a native of Breda, distin- guished as a historual painter, died in 1508. KEACH, Benjamin, a baptist teacher, and au- tlior of works of great merit, died in the begin- ning of the 18th century. KEATE, George, a poet and miscellaneous writer, born at Trowbridge, in 1729, died 1797. Wliat will chiefly distinj^uish him as a writer is, " An .\ccount of the Pelew Islands " which he compiled from the papers of captain Wilson. KE.-vriNG, Jeffry, an Irish clergyman and an author, died in 1!)50. KEIIOE, Jo.wpli, an eminent English law- yer, born in W32, died ir 1710. He was a man of i'xredible industry, having published several books in his lifetime; beside which, he left above 100 large folios, and more than 50 thick quartos, in manuscript. His principal works are, " An Assistance to Justices of the Peace, for the easier Performance of their Duty," and " Reports," taken at the king's bench at West- minster, from the 12ih to the 30th year of the reign of Charles II. KECKER.MAN, Bartholomew, professor of Hebrew at Heidelberg, fell a sai-.ritice to his in- tense application lo study, in l(i09. KEEiVE, Edmund, an English bishop, and vice-chancellor of St. Peter's college,Cambridge, died in 1781. KEILL, John, an eminent mathematician and philosopher, born at Edinburgh, in 1671, died in 1721. His works are numerous, and in high repute. KEILL, James, an eminent physician and anatomist, younger brother of the preceding born in 1673, died in 1719. KEITH, James, a brave and experienced field-marshal, in the king of Prussia's service, born in Scotland, in J 696, distinguished himself in the memorable wars of that illustrious mo- narch, and was killed in the unfortunate affair of Hohkerchen, in 1758. KEITH, Sir William, governor of the colony of Pennsylvania, from 1717 to 1726, and author of a history of Virginia ; he died in 1749. KELLER, James, a learned jesui., of Sekin gen, the friend of the emperor Maximilian, died at iVTunich, in 1631. KELLEY, Edward, a famous English necro- mancer, was born in 1555. Behaving indis- creetly in Germany, he was imprisoned by the emperor Rodolphus II., by whom he had been knighted ; and, endeavouring to make his es- cape out of the window, so Inirt himself by a fall, that Ue died soon after, in 1595. His chief works arc, "A Poem of Chymistry ;" "A Poem of the Philosopher's Stone ;" and " A true and 266 KE faithful Relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits, &c., London, 1659." KELLY, Hugh, born in Ireland, in 1739, was bound apprentice to a stay-maker. At the ex- piration of his indentures he set out for London, to procure a livelihood by his biisiiieris. This liappened in 1760 ; and he encountered all the ditiicnlties which a person poor and without friends could be !s3L'Ss(.(la:i iiiicomiiio!. strtng'li of mind, and an iniuiiiveness of pcrcuptioe. ■which enabl'jd him at once to discerii the direct path of justice, however attempted to be con- cealed by legal chicanery, and subtleties of prac'.ice To Ins exertions, England is indebted fhr iiiiich of that reform which has been intro- duced into the practice of the law, and particu- larly with regard to attorneys, whose misconduct never failed to meet his just resentment and in dignation. His endeavours on the Bench, were uniformly directed to the promotion of every moral and religious duty, to the discouragement of vice, and to the e.vposure of those lalse prin- ciples of honour, the baneful effects of which we have too often reason to contemplate. He died at Bath, in ISO-l KEPLER, John, a celebrated German astro- nomer, and author of many valuable discoveries in that science, born in 1571, died in 10:10. KEPPEL, Rt. Hon. Augustus viscount, son of William, earl of Albemarle, ureatly distinguish- ed himself in the naval service of his country. He was created a peer of Great Britain, by the title of viscount KeppSe, and was, at two differ- ent periods, first lord of the admiralty. Re- specting his s« rvices during the American war, while he couinianded the channel fleet, we must refer to history for the detail. He died in 1786, KERCKCHOEE, Joseph Van der, a painter of Brussels, of some note, died in 1724. KERCKRlNtJ, Thomas, a physician, obtain ed celebrity in his profession, and died at Hain- KI KI giinges, and w.ote elegant Latin poens; sii. dieU in IbOO. KILLIGREW, Sir William, anEiigliBhdiaiiia- tic poet, horn at Hamvorth, in 16()5, liii-d in lt)!»3 KILLIGKEW, Thomas, br oilier olllie Ibrnicr, born in !611, and disiinguislitd by unconimon natural parts, was pa{!c of hononr to Charles I., and groom of the btdclianiber to Charles II., with whom he had suli'erod many j'ears' e.vile During his absence from his country, he applied his leisure hours to poetry, and wrote 11 plays. He died in HiH-2, and n as buried in VVeslniiiisler Abbey. Killiprew was a man of very droll liu mour, with which he used to divert the merry Bionarch, Charles 11., who on thai account,was fonder o;' him diaa of his best ministers, and would sive him access to his presence when h denied it to them. KII,LIGKEW, Dr. Henry, brother of the former, born in 1(112 His writings were on op |iosite themes of theology and the drama ; th^t JS, sermons and plays. KILLIGRF-W, Anne, " a grace for beauty, and a muse for wit," was the daughter of Hen- ry Killigrew, and born in London, a little before the Restoration. She became eminent in the arts of poetry and painting, and died in 1C85, KI1,L1GREVV, Margaret, wife of tlie duke of i^pwcastle, and author of 13 folio volumes ; Ehe died in 1673. KILWARDEN, Arthur Wolfe, lord, an Irish judge, of great virtue and impartiality in public life, was killed by a mob in the streets of Dublin, in 1803. KIMBER, I?aac, a learned protestant dissent ing minister, born in 1692, died in London, in 1755. This gentleman was the author of many literary productions, highly esteemed for purity of style and impartiality ; among which were "The Life of Oliver Cromwell," "The Life of Bishop Beveridae;" a " History of England," in which he was concerned with Messrs. Bai ly, Hodges, and Kidpath " The Reign of George n." "History of England," esteemed one of tbe best abridgments of the English history extant. In 1731, he was engaged as editor of "The London Magazine," which he conducted with credit to himself, and advantage to the proprietors, to the time of his death, which was occasioned by a fit of apoplexy. KIMBER, Edward, son of the preceding, bom in 1719, died in 1769. He served an apprentice- ship to Mr. John Noon, bookseller, in Cheap.Mde ; but his active genius led him early in lite to prefer a military occupation under the late gen- eral Oglethorpe, from whom he receii-ed an ensigncy, was with him at settling the then infant colony of Georgia, and sisnalizcd him- self in an espeditionto the gatesof!, century. In i'i3J. be was appointed to arbitrate the diflerences between the French and Spanish synagogues concerning the books of Maimonides. His '-'Hebrew Gram- mar" was printed at Venice, in 1545; and hit •' Talmudical Dictionary" in 1506. His " Com- nienlaries on the Psalms, Prophets, and other hooks of Scripture," are very valuable. KINASTON, Francis, an Englishman, edu- cated at Oxford, and an authoi, died iu 1642. KING, John, bishop ol London, born in 1559, died in 1621. James I. used to style him " the king of preachers ;" and loid chief justice (oke often declared that "he was the best speaker of the star-ciiamber in his linje." KING, Henry, bishop of Chichester, son of the preceding, and an elegant poet. He turned the Psalms into verse, and published "Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes, and Sonnets." He waa horn in 1591, ai:d died in 1669. KING, John, second son olthe bishop of Lon- don, and an author, died in 1639. KING, Edward, fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1633. He was unfortunately drowned in 1637, in his passage fronj Chester, in the Irish sea ; a circumstance which gave birth to the admirable "Lycidas" of Alilton, xvho says of him, that " He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme." KING, Dr. William, an ingenious and hu mourons English wriier, born in London, ia 1663, died in 1712. His poetical and political works are numerous ; but his most useful book is " A Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes, necessary for the understanding of tlie ancient Poets." KING, Dr. William, archbishop of Dublin, born ill 1050, wrote a celebrated treatise, " De Origine Mali," on the Origin of Evil ; wherein he undertook to show how all the several kinds of evil with which the world abounds arc con- sistent with the goodness of God, and may be accounted for without the supposition of an evik priircipal. He died in 1729. KING, Peter, chancellor of England, and fa- mous for his ecclesiastical learning, a.s well al his knowledge in the law, was born in 1669, and died in 1734. KING, Dr. William, principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford, and an ingenious theological and political writer, born in 1685, died in 1763. KING, Sir Edmund, a surgeon and chyniist, esteemed hy Charles II., whom he attended in his last illnefs. KING. John G'on, D. D., F. R. and A. S.S., author of "The Rites at;d Ceremonies of the Grctk Church in Russia," &c., died in 1767. KING. Edward, F. R. and A. S. S., an emi- nent English antiquary, poet, and biblical critic, author of " Morsels of Criticism," and other works, born in 1735, died in London, in 1807. KING, Thomas, a very eminent comedian, who continued 42 years an ornament of the English stage, was born in London, in 17.30, and first appeared at Drury-lane Theatre, in 1743. His first essaysheing passed over without.noticp, he repaired to Bath, and afterwards to Ireland, where he rapidly accomplished himself in bii profession. He was recalled to Drury-lane stage in tbe year 1740, when he was received as one of the first comic performers of the daj'. Foi forty years, he was constatilly before the public ; and those who recollect his Lord Ogleby, Sir Peter Teazle, Tom, Prass, and Li.ssardo, must be ruiiier fastidious yu tljeir reception of an/ Kl KL ucc('Ssor in those pans, finally (luiucd the stage , lord Buto, lie became clerk of the works atKew ; and iu 1701 published, at the king's expense, " The Perspective of Architecture." Mr. Kirby was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and died in 1774. KIRBY, Ephraim, a native of Connecticut, was the tirst reporter of law cases and decisions, in the United States. He was afterwards a judge of the district court of the U. S. at New- Orleans, and died in 1804. KIKUH, Mary Margaret, a native of Leipsic. She was much attached to astnniomica! studies, and in 1702, discovered a comet, on which slm pubhslied observations ; she died in 173U. KIKCHER, Atiianasius, a famous German philosopher, and mathematician, born in liiOl, died in T660, after having piibli.'^hed 22 vols, in folio, 11 in 4to., and 3 in 8vo. His works are rarlior curious than useful, savouring much of vision and fancv. KIRCHER, Conrad, of AuRshnrg, known for his Greek concordance of the Old Testament, in 11)02. KIRCHMAN, alearned German, died at Lu- beck, in IMS. KIRCHMAN, N., an eminent professor of philosophy at Petersburg, was unfortunately killed while making experiments on electricity, in 1758. KIRCHMAYER, John Gasper, professor of logic, at Wittemberg. He was a learned man, published valuable commentaries, and died Ih 1700. KIRK, Colonel, an English offioer in the service of James II., who distitiguislied himself by his cruelty. KIRKLAND, Dr. Thomas, an eminent phy- sician and writer on surgery, born in 1721, died in 1798. KIRKLAND, Samuel, a missionan,- amon^ the Seneca Indians for 40 years ; he died at Paris, New- York, in 1B08. KIRSTRNIUS, Peter, a German physician, author of an " Arabic Grammar,," and of se- veral other works in Arabic, born in 1.577, died in 1640. It is observed in his epitaph, that he understood 2fi languages. KIRSTENIUS, George, a native of Stettin, eminent as a botanist, died in 1()60. KIRVVAN, William, dean of Killala, a dis- tinguished ornament of the church, was origi- nally a Romish priest ; but became a zealous adliertnt and powerful s'lpporter of the pro- testant faith. He was certainly one of the most popular orators that ever appeared in the pulpit, and no man ever made a more powerful impres- sion on his audience. He was at all times ready to evert his great powers in forwarding the ob- ject's of benevolence ; many of them owe ex- istence and prosperity to his unparalleled exer- tions. He was born about 1754, and died near Dublin, in 1805. KLVPROTH, Martin Heniy Von, professor of chymistry at Bi;rliii, and an eminent writer on that si'ience, died in 1817. KLEBER, I. B., a famous general in the French revolutionary army, was born at Stras burg, in 1750. He accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, and was bv liini left to command there on his deparlure. Kleber afterwards captured Cairo, and formed an alliance with Miirat Bey. In 1800 lie was assassinated by an Arab. KI/EIST, Ewald Chri>;tian de, di,=tin2i:ishp(l as an orticer in the Prussian service, and as a noet. He was killed in bartle, ill I7.")0. Of,C) in 1801. In private life, lie was full of whim anecdote, and pleasantry ; and liis general con- duct bore, even on the mosi trying occasions, thestampof the strictest integrity. His acting was characterised by a union of cliasteness with vigour, which always produced the most ad- mirable efl'ect. Mr. King died in 1805. KING, Edward, an eminent and learned Eng- lish antiquarian, and fellow of the Royal Soci- ety. &c. ; he died in 1807. KiNSBY, James, LL. D., a member of Con- gress I'roin New-Jersey, in 1774, and afterwards cliiPt justice of that state ; he died in 1802. KIPI'INGIDS, Henry, a sub-rector of Bremen University, and an author, died in 1078. KIPPIS, Dr. Andrew, a very celebrated Eng- lish bioijrapher, being the principal author and conductor of tiie second ediiion of the " Bio- grapliia Briiannica," was born in 1725. His father, a respectable tradesman, dying in the year 17;f0, he went to reside with his grand- failier, Audrew Kippis, of Seaford, in Lincoln- sliire, and received his classical education at the grammar school in that town. In 1741, he removed to Northampton, and commenced his academical studies under Dr. Doddridge. After a residence of five years at the academy, he was invited by several congregations to become their minister, but gave the preference to an invita- tion from Boston and Lincolnshire, where he went to reside in September, 174G. Here he continued four years: and in November, 1750, accepted the pastoral charge of a congregation at Dorking, in Surrey. The congregation meet- ing in Princes street, Westminster, having been without a minisler about two years, he was chosen, in June, 1753, to succeed the Rev. Dr. Obadiah Hughes. In September following, he married, at Boston, Miss Elizabeth Bott ; and in the month of October fi.ved his residence in Westminster. In June, 1767, he received the degree of D. D. from the uuiver:iity of Edin- burgh, on the unsolicited reconimendaiiou of the late learned professor Robertson. The interests of literature, science, and religion, have re- ceivMd from the exertion of his talents as a writer the most essential advantages. His first efforts in literature were made in the " Gentle- man's Magazine ;" a periodical publication cal- led the" Library;" and the" Monthly Review:" to each of which he contributed many impor- tant articles, especially in the historical and pliilolo^ical departments of the last. His im- proved edition of l)r Doddridiie's Lectures is a work of great value; and "The History of Knovvledge, Learning, and Taste, in Great Bri- tain," prefixed to the New Annual Register, merits, and has received, the approbation of the public, fle published, at different times, several single sermons entitled to very high praiae. The greater part of these he republished, with other practical discourses, in the year 1794 ; but the work which, next to the studies immediately connected with his office as a Christian minister, engaged his principal attention, and by which lie will ever be distincuished, is the " Biogra- pliia Britannica." This great national pnbli cation has aiven him a high rank among the literati of his country, and will carry down his name with distinguished reputation to posterity. This creat and good man d;tory of the Turks, from the beginning of that Nation to the rising of tlie Ottoman fami- ly," &c., which has immortalized his name. He died in 1610, leaving behind him the character of a judicious, learned, and worthy man. KNOLLIS, Francis, an English states.man, distinguished for his zeal in the cause of refor- mation. He was one of the commissioners at the trial of Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 1596. KNOR.R "VON R03R.VR0T, Christian, a teamed German, died in 1689. KNOTT, Edward, an English Jesuit, was pro- fessor in the English college at Rome ; he died in 16.1.1 6. KNOvVLER, William, an Enelish divine and translator of Chryaosiom's Comment, died in 1767. KNOWLES, Thomas, an Englishman, an able divine, and an author, died in lrt02. KNOWLTON, Thomas, an English bota- nist, died in 1782. KXOX, John, an eminent Scottish minister. a chief instrument and promoter of the reforma- tion in that country, and a steady and undaunt- ed tatrint in the wcust of times, born in l.'iOo. and died in 1572. As to his character, he was, 270 til the capture of Cornwallia, after wliich iie was made a major general in the army. He was afterwariLs secretary at war, under Washing- ton, and died in 1810. KNUPPEK, Nicholas, a native of Leipsic, eminent as a painter, died in 1660. KNU'/E.X, Matthias, a celebrated atheist, born in Holstein, about 16,50. He was the only person on record who openly taught atheism; and he undertook long journeys ou pnrfiose to make proselytes. His followers, were called c.onscienciaries,because they asserted that there was no other god, no other religion, no other lawful maeistracv, than conscience. KNU7.EN, Martin, professor of philosophy at Koninirsberg, died in 1751. KNYGMTON, Henry, author of a chronicle of the Rnclisli history, and of the deposition of Richard HI. KOEKEGER, Winceslaus, a native of Ant vvprp, and eminent as a painter, died in 1604. KOEMPFLR, Encelbert, an eminent German, botanical v.Titer, and author of a " History of Japrtn," born in 1651, died in 1716. KOr:NlG, Daniel, a Swiss, who translated iiiio Latin, Arbutimot's Tables of Ancient Coi'is. published in 1750. K(_)EN[(;, Samuel, professor of philosophy anil natural law at Franeker, and librarian to the stadibolder, and the ])rincess of Orange. He was author of several works ; 3ud died in 17.57, with the character of being one of the best mathematicians of tlie age. KOE.MG, Georae Mailhiaf, a learned Ger- man, born in 1616, died in 16;W. He was weU versed in the belles lettres, in divhiity, and in KO KV the oriental lauguages, and gave several public epecimeiid of Ilia learnln),'; but 13 priiicipaily known by a work entitled " Bibliotlieca vetus et uova," 4to. This is a biograpliical diction- ary, wbich has been veiy useful to other biogra- phers. KOERTOX, Joanna, a native of Amsterdam, celebrated for ingenuity and taste in cnibr.'iilory, drawing, and water colours ; she died in 1715. KOETS, Roclof, a Oernian painter, ft is said liis portraits amounted to 5000, and all of them superior. He died in IrZo. KOLLOCK, Henry, U. D., an eminent pres- byterian clergyman, professor of theoiogy in Princeton college, New-Jersey, afterwards pas- tor of a church in Savannah, Georgia, died in J819. KONIG, George Matthias, a learned Gorman, professor of poetry and of Greek, at .\Udorf. He was an able scholar, and died in l:>99 KONIG, Emanuel, a physician, of Basil, pub- lished various works, and died in 1731. KORN.MANN, Henry, a German lawyer and author, in the beginning of the 17th century. KORTHOLT, Christian, professor of divini- ty at Keil, (lied in 1694. KORTHOLT, Christian, grandson of the preceding, and professor of theology at Gottin- gen, published Leibnitz's Latin letters, and died in 1751. KO.SCIUSKO, Thaddeug, a famous Polish general, was bred at Warsaw, and served in the American war as aid de-camp to general Washington. He afterwards headed the Poles in tlieir resistance to Russian oppression, but in vain ; he was severely wounded and made pri- gfiner by the Russians, vvho, however, treated him with great respect, and the emperor Paul gave him aa estate. He died in Switzerland, in 1817. KOTTER, Christopher, a fanatic, who lived at Sprottow ; he died in lfv47. KOTTERUS, Christopher, a tanner, of Sile- sia, and one of the three fanatics wliose visions were published at Amsterdam in 1657, with the following title, " Lux in Tenebris." He died in 1647. KOTZEBUE, Augustus Von, born at Wei- mar, in 1761. He was intended for the profes- sion of the law ; but the drama had more at- tractions for him, and he wrote numerous plays, the beet of which have been translated. His •'Stranger," "Lover's Vows,'* and " Pizarro,' have had great success. Kotzebue was assas- sinated, in 1819, by a fanatical student of Jena, named Sandt, who then stabbed himself, but recovered from his wounds, and suffered de- capitation for the murder. KOUCK, Peter, a Dutchman, and principal painter to Charles V., died In 155!). KGITLI KHAN, Tharaas, alias NADIR SCHAH, born in 1687, In the province of Che- rasan, in Persia. He was the son of tlie gover- nor of a Persian fortress : and engaging in th'> service of the Schah Thamas, whoso throne Eschref. a usurper, possessed, and had lorded ft over the Persians for five years with the ut- most barbarity, the sophi gave him at length the command of his army. The new general entirely defeated Eschref, conducted Schah Thamas in triumph to Ispahan, and established him upon the throne of his ancestors. Es- chref, havine got togethc his treasures and his women, fled toward Candahar with 10,0(X) men. Kouli Khan, at the head of 15,000 men, nenl in ntirsuit of bim. and recommended it to the king to go against the 'J'n'ks with the rest of his army ; assuring Inni tha:, as soon as he had secured Kschref, he wouid fly to his assist- ance. Kouli Knan at last tame up with the usurper, and prepared for an engagement wliich was very soon decisive. The Agliwans, Bur rounded, were either cut to pieces or taken ; Eschref was among the prisoner:-, and all his treasures fell into the hands of the victor. Kouli Khan ordered both his eyes 10 be put out, and BO[ne days alter had him beneaded. He then hastened back to succourthe sophi, whom he supposed to be engaged with the Turks ; but was surprised to tind, when he came near Ispa- han, that he had concluded a peace with the Porte, disbanded his army, and sent him orders to do the same. These orders he received with indignation, exclaiming against the ignoniiuious peace and his efteminate prince. Instead of disbanding his army, which now consisted of 70,0tX) men, he marched with it to l.spahan, seized the Schah Thamas, imprisoned him in a strong fortress, and in an assembly of the chief men of Persia got him deposed, a:id his son, an infant six months old, proclaimed Schah, by the name of Schali Abbas HI. In his name, Kouli Khun assumed to himself the sovereign power, and presently issued a manifesto disclaiming the iate peace with the Turks. After having recovered all that had been taken from Persia, he concluded a peace with the Ottoman Porte in 1736. The following year, the young SchaU Abbai? died, and Kouli Khan procured himself to be proclaimed his successor. As he thought war would be a better prop to his throne than peace, he immediately carried his victorious arms against the Mogul, and in one single bat- tle conquered almost all tiiat empire. In this expedition he killed COO.OOO people ; and brought away a treasure worth about 145 millions, in which was the imperial throne, set with dia- jmondsof an immense value. Taking from the Mogul all the country that lay between the for- mer limits of Persia and the Indus, and subdu- ing the whole country of the Usheck, he vast- ly enlarged the bounds of his empire ; but he now fell into a state which seemed to border upon distraction : he attempted 10 change the religion of Persia to that of Omar ; hanged up the chief priests; put his own son to deatli ; and was guilty of such cruelty, that he was as- sassinated in 1747, in his 60th year; having reigned above 20 years over one of the most powerful empires on the globe. KRACHENINNIKGW, Stephen, a Russian naturalist, professor of botany and natural his- tory, at Petershuri, died in HSJ. KR.\NTZ, Albert, a famous historian and divine, professor of divinity, at Rostock, and author of several learned works, died in 1574. KR/MTSE, Francis, a Gorman, eminent as a historical painter, died in 17.54 KRESA, Father, confessor to the king of Bo- hemia, died in 1715. KRUGF.R, John Christian, author of poems and comedies, died at Hamburgh, in 1750. KUHLMAN, (iuirinus, a famous fanatic, born at Breslaw. He was at la.>^t burnt at Mos- cow, in 1689, for some seditious prophecies. KUHNIUS, Jachim, a learned native of Pomerania, and principal of the college of Oc- iingen ; he acqui.ed great celebrity by his pub- licatioii.i, and died in 1697. KUICK, John Van, a painter, of Dordt, ac- cused of heresy, was cruelly burnt by the Jesuits in 157-3 271 LA LiE KUNCKKT, John, an able cliyinist and iir!,Fiiiiiiaiiiis, an eminent latlier of llie Christian geniousphilosnjiher, was boiu al Sieswic, and clniii:ii. He in liie most eloquent of all the pc- ditd in 170-2. ijciesiastical Latin authors, and wrote in such a KUNZK, John Christopher, D. D., a distin- pnie, smooth, and natural stvie, and so niiirHi cuished clerg} nian of the Lutheran church in!;in the tasto and tnanner of the Roman orator, Philadelphia, afterwards pastor of a Lutheran thai he is generally distinguished by the title of church in New- York, and jirofessoi of orientalii" The Clirislian Cicero." languages in Columbia colli ge; he died in 1-07.!! LACY, John, an actor and dramatic writer Kl)PIKt?KI,John, a painter, of Bohemia, born[|0f some cmmtnce, in the reign of Charles 11. :n 1W7, was patroni.scd by the emperor Cliarlesil LACYDAS, a Greek pliilosopher, of Cyrene, lU., and other priticcs. )| who was tenderly attached to a favourite "goose, KUSTEK, Ludolf, a learned German criticjidifcd 212 B. C. born in 1670. He published editioir^ of Suid,is,i LADISLAUS L succeeded to the Hungarian Aristophanes, and several works of a aniallerl! throne in 1077. He was an able politician, a kinri, and dkd in 1716 !] brave general, and a pious niau ; he was canon KL YP, Jacob, an eminent landscape painter, !|ized in IJ'J8. at Dord!, flourished about 1643. (i LAIilSLAUS HI., king of Hungary, a licen KUYP, orCUYP, Albert, a very eminent hious mnnarch, who was assajiiinaitd in ]•.".«, landscape painter, was born at Dordt, iu IbOti The lime of hjs deaili is uncertain. KVD, Thomas, an Enylisii dramatic writer in the reign of queen Eiizabtth. KYDERMINSTER, Riciiard, abbot and his- torian, of the Benedictine convent of Win- chonibe, died in 1531 LADISLAUS IV., grand duke <>{ Lithuania, and lungof Poland, was made king of Hungary, in 1440. He was defeated and slain in battle with the Turks, in 1444. LADISLAi:S v., succeeded Ladislans TV. It is said he was poisoned by the Hussites, whose sect he persecuted. KY.MOSTON, John, an English divine, who|| LADISLAi::;? VI., son of the king of Poland, gained great reputation by a Latin oration, which he pronounced : he died in 17H3. KYNWELMARriH, Francis, an Englishman, who wrote some poetry in the 16lh centuiT. KYRLE, John, the ci.'lebrated Man of Ross. raised to the throne of Hungary, in 1490, had a turbulent reien. and died in 151)0. LADISLALS, orLAUNCELOT, the Libe- ral and Victorious, count of Provence, succeed- . led his father, as king of Naples, in 1386. His as Pope calls him in his poem "On the Use otiifight to the throne was disputed, and he died Riches." He possessed asmall estate of 500/. a||in 1414, after a turbulent reign. year at Ross, and literally became, as the poet sings, a blessing to the whole community. He died in 1724, at the age of 90. LABADIE, John, a celebrated French enthu- siast, born in It^lO, died in 1674. LABAT, John Baptist, a celebrated traveller and niissionarv, of the order of St. Dominic, born at Paris in ltit)3,died in 1738. His " Voy- ages and Travels" into ditferent kingdoms, are works of much amusement, and of good repu- tation. LABBE, Philip, a je«uit, of Boiirgee, of great learning, memory, and indefatigable applica- tion ; he died in 1667. LABBE, Louisa, a poetess, called the fair rope-rnaker, because she married a rich rope- raaker, of Lyons. Her works were published at Lyons, in 1555 and 1762 : she died in 1506. L.'\BEO, Quintus Fabias, a Roman consul, of literary talents. LABEO, Antistius,a Roman lawyer who op- posed the government of Augustus. LABERIU3, an ancient Roman knight in the time of Julius Casar, who excelled in writing': French critic, grammarian, geogranher, and his- mimes, or little satirical productions for the;; lorian, author of " Dictionnaire Geosraphique siHge. jiPortaiif:" " Dictionnaire Historique Portatif ;" LABOI'REUR, John le, a Frenchman, wholjand a " Hebrew Grammar." He died in 17C5. from a gentleman's servant rose to become al-i| L'ADVO<:aT, Louis Francis, author of a moner to the king. He wrote several works, and treati.^e on morals, died at Paris, in 1735. died in 1075. i, L.iELirs, Caius, a Roman consul and comic L.\CARRY, Giles, a French Jesuit, and profes-i poet, died 12GB. C. eigii LADIISLAUS I., king of Poland, succeeded to the ihrone in lOPl. He was fond of peace, but brave in war : he died in 1102. LADISLAUS II., king of Poland, succeeded his father, Bolislaus, in 1139; he made war against his brothers, aid was at last banished from the throne, and died in 1159. LADISLAUS ni., kine of Poland, in 1296, oppressed his people so that they revolted, and placed VVenceslaus on the throne, after whose death Ladislans was replaced on the throne, and governed with justice and moderation. He died in 1333. LADlSL.\lTf5 v., snrnamcd Jagellon. grand duke of Lithuania, obtained the crown of Poland in 1366, by marriage. His reign was mild bul vigorous, and he died in 1434, hichlv respected. LADISLAUS VI., king of Poland, son of Ladislaus V., was duke of Lithuania, and king of Hungary. LADISLAUS, Sigismund,VIL, king of Po- land and Sweden, after the d( atb of his father, in 1632. He defeated the Turks in various bat- tles, and died in 1648. L'ADVOCAT, John Baptist I'Abbe, a learned sor of theology, wrote some useful works, and died in 1684. LAER, Peter, a Dutch painter, some of whose pieces are elegant, died in 1675. L.^ COLONIE, John Martin de, served in the LAET, John de, a native of Antwerp, and Austrian army, and rose to the rank of marshal he died in 17.V9. LACO.MBE, James, a French historian, born in 17^. LACOMBE DE PREZEL, Honore, brother of the prpci ding, author of several oiciionaries. LACTAWTIUS, Firmian, or Lucius CslIius author of some useful works, died in 1640. Li^^VINUS, Torrentinns, commonly called Vander Bekin, was a native of Ghent. He wen! as ambassador to Philip II., of Spain, founded the Jesuit's college at Louvaine, and died in LVLi, L.ii:VIL';j, a Roman poet. LAFITAU, Josepli Francis, a French jt-suit'iserveJ, Uiat " uii uiidevoutastroiinmer is mad ;" and missionary to Nortli America, <1i<.'d in 1*55, i and iln- fcceniricitien of Lalandc might justify leaving behind him a curioim cornpariscin he- Ijthe conclusion tliat Young would liave drawa tween the manners of the ancients and those of the American savages LAFITAU, Peter Francis, distinguished as a preacher, was the favourite of Clement IX., and died in 1764. LAGALLA, Julius Cisar, a Neapolitan, phy sician to the pope ; he was a learned man, and died in 1623. LAGF.RLOOF, Peter, professor of eloquence at Upsal, author of the ancient and modern his lories of Northern Europe ; he died in 1599. L.AGNY, Thomas Fantet sieur de, a French- man, member of the academy of sciences at Paris, and author of several works ; he died in 1734. LAGRANGE, Joseph Lewis, an eminent ma- thematician, of Turin, aftcrwardft professor of the Norman and Polytechnic schools at Paris ; he died in 1813. LAGUNA, Andrew, a Spanish physician, and favourite of Charles V., died in 1560 LAHARPE DES UTINS, N., a native of Vaux, dislinsuislved himself in the Freneh army of Ilaly, under Buonaparte, and was killed in J 796. LAHAYE, William Nicholas de, a French engraver of great merit, born in 1725. LAIDLIE, Archibald, D. D., a native of Scot- land, pastor of a church at Flushing, Zealand, and afterwards of a Dutch reformed church in the oity of New-York, eminent as a theologian and preacher: he died in li/S. LAINEZ, Alexander, a French poet, whose pieces possess great elegance, died in 1700. LAINEZ, James, a Spaniard, the successor of Loyola, as general of the Jesuits ; he was at the council of Trent, and died in 1565. LAING, Malcom, a Scottish historian, born in Orkney, in 1762. He published a " History of Scotland," chiefly distinguished by its partiali- ty, and its hostility to the character of the un- fortunate queen Mary. His last literary under- takinff was an edition of Ossian's poems, the au- thenticity of which, he demolislied by a pre- liminary dissertation. Mr. Laiiig iied in 1819. LAIRE, Francis Xavier, a learned French author, died at Sens, in 1800. L.MRESSE, Gerard, an eminent Flemish painter and engraver, born at Liege, in 1640. The Hollanders esteem him the best history painter of their country, and commonly call him their second Raphael; Hemskirk is their Arst. He died in 1711. LAIS, a courtezan, of such renown in anti- quity, that, like Homer, several cities claimed the glory of her birth ; but that honour is most generally given to Hyccara, a city of Sicily. Retiring to Thessaly, she fell a sacrifice to the envy and jealously excited by her beauty ; for her rivals, seeing themselves eclipsed, became desperate, and, having conducted her into the] temple of Venus, there stoned her to death, 340 B. C. I LAKE, Arthur, an English prelate, respected: as an amiable man, died in 1626. I LALANDE, Blichael Richard de, a cele-l brated French musician and composer, died in I 1726. I LALANDE, Joseph Jerome Francis, a most! celebrated astroLOincr of France, born in 1732. ' His principal works arc, " Connoissance du. Temps," '-Tour in Italy," and a valuable! • Treatise of Astronomy." Dr. Young has ob-; M III ifrom tlie uihi'istica! principles he openly pro- 'foB-fed. He went so far as lO read public lec- tures on those baneful arid hope- blasting doc- irinea, in tlie Lycc-e of Paris, a society 'ormed of pretended philosophers of the same descrip- tion ; he died in 1807. LALLI, John Baptist, an Italian poet, was employed by the pope in civil affairs, and died in 1637. LALLY, Thomas Arthur, count, a gallant genera! in the service of France, though a na- tive of Ireland ; but being compelled to surien- der Pondicherry to the English, he incurred the suspicion of treachery, and was executed in 1766. LAMBALLE, Marie Therese Louise, of Sa- voy Carignan, princess of, wife of the duke of Bourbon Penthievre, ardently attached to the French queen, for which she was inhumanly murdered, in 1792, by the tyrants of the French revolution. LAiMBECIUS, Petei, a learned German, and rector of the university of Hamburgh. He re- nounced protestantism for popery, and died in 1680. LAMBERT, John, a general in Cromwell's army, memorable for baring opposed Oliver'a acceptance of the crown, died about 1670. LAMBERT, Anne Therese, marquise de, a most ingenious French lady, born at Paris, in 1647, died in 1733, having been the author of some very pleasing moral productions, which have been collected and printed in 2 volumes. LAMBERT, Claude Francis, a French ec- clesiastic, and an author, died in 1763. LAMBERT, Daniel, remarkable for having greatly exceeded the ordinary dimensions of mankind, was born at Leicester, in 1770, and died at Stamford, in 1809- He had exhibited himself in Picadilly two or three years before his death ; not long before which event, on being weighed, he was found to be 52 .»lone 11 lbs. in weight (14 lbs. to the stone,) which is 10 stone 11 lbs. more than the great Mr. Bright, of Essex, ever weighed. His coffin was 6 feet 4 inches long, 4 feet 4 inches wide, and 2 feet 4 inches deep, and consisted of 112 superficial feet of elm timber. LAMBERT, George, an English landscape painter, died in 1765. LAMBERT, George Henry, an able mathe- matician, of Alsace, and an author, died in 1728. LAMBERT, of Schawemburg, a German Be- nedictine, published a dry chronicle, from Adam to A. D. 1077 ; he died in 1069. LAMBIN, Denys, professor of belles-lettres, at Paris. He was esteemed as a critic and a scholar, and died in 1672. L.'VMBRUN, Margaret, was a Scotch wo- man, and one of the retinue of Mary queen of Scots, as was also her husband, who dying ot grief for the tragical end of that princess, hia wife took up a resolution of revenging the death of both upon queen Elizabeth. For that pur- pose she put on a man's habit; and, assuming the name of Anthony Sparke, repaired to tte court of the queen of England, always carry- in? with her a brace of pistols, one to kill Eli:ia- beth, and the other to shoot herself, in order to avoid the hands of justice; but her design hap- pened to miscarry by an accident which saved the queen's life. One day, as she was pushing ?73 LA through the crowd to come up to her inajcnty, who was ihen walking in her garden, slie chan- ced to drop one of tliu pistols. This being seen by tile guards, she was seized, in order to be sent immediately to prison, but the queen not Buspocting her to be one of her own sex, had a niiad first to examine her. Accordingly, de- manding lier name, country, and ipiallty, Mar- garet replied with an unmoved steudiiiess, " Ma- dam, though 1 appear in this habit, I am a wo- man ; my name is Margaret Lambrun ; I was several years in the service of queen Mary, my mistress, wliom you have so unjustly put to death ; and by her death you have also caused that of my hunband, who «!ied of grief to seesoj innocent a queen pi,'rish so I'liquilously. Now, as I had the greatest love and affection for both those personages, I resolved, at the peril of my life, to revenge their death by killing you, who are the cause of both." The queen pardoned her, and granted her a safe conduct till she ehouid be set upon the coast of France. LAMI, Bernard, a philosopher of a noble family of Mons , he was a warm admirer of the principles of Descartes, and died in 1715. LAMI, Dom. Francis, a French writer, who distinguished himself against Spinosa ; he died in 171L LAMI, John, ecclesiastical professor at Flo rence, was a facetious and agreeable man, and died in 1774. LAMIA, a celebrated Grecian courtezan, some time mistress to Ptolemy I., king of Egypt. LAMOIGNON, Christian Francis de, advo- cate-general and president of the parliament, of Paris, died in 1677. LAMPE, Frederic Adolphus, rector of Bre- men university, and an author, died in 1729. LAMPLUGH, Thomas, an Englishman, and archbishop of York. He crowned king Wil- liam, after exhorting the people to adhere to James II., he died in 1691. LAMPRIDIUS, ^lius, a Latin historian, who flourished under the emperors Dioclesian and Constantine, in the 4th century. We liave of his writing the lives of four emperors, viz. Coramodus, Antoninus, Diadumenus, and He- liogabalus. LAMPRIDIUS, Benedict, a Latin poet, of Cremona, died in 1540. LANA, Francis de, a Jesuit, of Brescia, born in 1637. From his works, it appears that he had an idea of aerostation prior to Montgolfier. LANCASTER, James, a celebrated English navigator, died in 1620. LANCASTER, Nathaniel, D. D., an English divine and an author, died in 1775. LANCELOT, Claude, a native of Paris, and tutor to the prince of Conti, was a Benedictine monk, and the author of several works ; he died in 1659. LANCELOTTI, Joiin Paul, an Italian, cm- ployed by pope Paul IV., to compile the canon law ; he died in 1591. LANCJEAN, Romi, the most eminent of Vandyck's pupils, died in 1G71. LANCI3I, John Maria, an eminent Italian physician and anatomist, horn at Rome, in 1654, died in 1720. L.\NCRET, Nicholas, a famous French paititer, born at Paris, in 1690, died in 1743. There are a great many prints after his paint- ings. LANCRINCK, Prosper Henricus, an e.xcel- lent landscape painter in the English school, born aJ Antwerp, in 1628, died in 1692. His 274 LA stylo WHS agreeable, and imitative of Titian and Salvator Rosa. L.\Nt)A, Catherine, a learned lady, author of an elegant Laiin letter to Peter Bembo, died in 1526. LANDEX, John, hnrn in Northamptonshire, in 1719, died in 1790, having written largely on uiathemaiics, and advanced that science con- siderably by his studies and e.vperimeiUs. LANDINI, Christopher, a learned Venetiao of the 15ih century. LAN no, Ilortensio, an Italian physician, of the IGth century, who wrote several works. LANDO, Biissiano, a physician, of Padua,au- thor of some medical works, was assassinated in 15G2. Lz^NDRI, bishop of Paris, and founder of the hospital called Hotel de Uieu, died about 660. liANE, Jane, a female of extraordinary sa- gacity and spirit, who assisted in the escape and preservation of Charles II., after the battle of VVorcester, and was amply rewarded at the restoration. Charles (disguised in her father's livery) rode before her on horseback from Bent- ley Hall to Staffordshire, to Mr. Norton's near Bristol. LANFRANC, John, an Italian painter ; he excelled chiefly in fresco, and died 1(»47. LANFRANC, a physician, of Milan; he restored surgery to a regular and respectable system, and died in 1300. LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of William I., died in 1089. He re- built the cathedral of Canterbury, and has tlie character of a great statesman, as well as a learned prelate. LANFRANCO, Giovanni, an eminent Ital- ian painter, disciple of the Carracci, born in 1581, died in 1647. LANG, John Michael, professor of di\inity at Altorf, died in 1731. LANGALIERE, Philip de Gentils, marquis de, distinguished himself in the service of France during 20 years. He was afterwards in the service of the emperor, and king of Po- land, and died in 1717. LANGBAINE, Gerard, an English writer, who acquired literary celebrity by his edition of Longinus ; he died in 1657. LANGBAINE, Gerard, born in 1656, was au- thor of " An account of the English Dramatic Poets," which has been of great use to later bio- graphers ; he died in 1692. LANGDALE, Marmaduke, an Englishman of great courage, who espoused the royal cause in the rebellion ; he died in 1G81. LANGDON, Samuel, D. D., minister of a church in Portsmouth, New- Hampshire, and afterwards i)resident of Harvard college; he died in 1797. LANGDON, John, LL. D., an active and powerful advocate of the revolution, was a member of (Congress in 1775, and afterwards a member of the convention which formed the federal constitution, a senator in Congress, and governor of the stale of New-Hainpsliire ; he died at Portsmouth, in 1819. LANG?', Joseph, Greek professor at Friburg, in ICOO ; he turned catholic in the latter part of his life. L.\NGE, Charles Nicholas, a Swiss naturalist, about 1720. LAiN'GE, Rodolphus, canon of Munster, dis- tinguished himself as a poet ; he died in 1519. LANGELANDE,Robeit, author of "The Vi LA _______ sioiis of Pierco Plovviiiaii," ;uid one of the most aiiciei\t English poets, flourished about the mid- dle of the J4th century. LANG HAM, Simon, archbishop of Canter- bury; lie was made treasurer of England by JEdward HI., and died in 1370. LANGHORNE, Dr. John, rector of Blagden, in Somersetshire, and author of several literary productions ; among which the best known are, "Poems," in 2 vols., "Sermons," in 2 vols., " TheodosiusaudConstantia," " Frederick and Pharamond, or the Consolations of Human Life ;" and a translation of " Plutarch's Lives." He was born in 1735, and died in 1779. LANGIUS, John, of Lawenburg, practised physic at Heidelberg ; he was physician to four Buccessive electors palatine, and died in 1505. LANGLAND, John, principal of Masidalen Hall, Oxi'ordj and bisiiop of Lincoln, was a popular proScher and a benevolent man ; he died in 1547. L.\NGLE, John Maximilian, minister of the reformed church at Rouen ; he wrote a defence of Charles I., and died in 1674. L.\NGLE, Samuel de, son of the preceding ; on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he went to England, was made D. D. at Oxford, and died in lt}99- LANGLEV, Batty, an English architect, au- thor of some useful books, died in 1751. Li.\NGTON, John, au English Carmelite monk, was at the council of Basil. LANGTON, Steplien, made archbishop of Canterbury by the pope, in the reign of king John, died in 1223. He was one of the most illustrious men of the age in which he lived, for his learning and his writings. LANGUET, Hubert, a learned Frenchman, minister of state to the elector of Saxony, and afterwards in the service of the prince of Orange ; lie died in 1.581. LANGUET, John Baptist Joseph, doctor of the Sorbonne, the celebrated vicar ofSt. Sulpice at Paris, and one of those extraordinary men whom Providence raises up for the relief of the indigent and wretched, for the good of society, and the glory of nations, was born at Dijou, June 6, 1657, and died in 1750. L.ANGUET, John Joseph, archbishop of Sens, a polemical divine, esteemed for his benevolence and piety : he died in 1753. LANIER, a painter, employed by Charles I. LANNOY, or LAUNOV, Charles de, an able general in theservice of the emperor Charles V., who took Francis I. prisoner at the battle of Pavia ; he died in 1527. LANSBERGHE, Philip, a learned mathe- matician, of Glient, and the author of several works ; he died in 1R32. LANSDOWNE. See GRANVILLE. LANZANO, Andrea, an Italian painter who excelled in his art, died in 1712. LANZI, Lewis, an Italian Jesuit, distinguished as an antiquary. On the suppression of his or- der, he was made sub-director of the gallery at Florence. He was author of an essay on thf Tuscan language, and other works, and died in 1810. LANZONI, Joseph, a native of Ferrara, em- inent as a physician, and an antiquary ; he died In 1730. L.\PARELLI, Francis, an Italian, eminent ts an architect, mechanic, and engineer. He assisted Michael Angelo in his designs for St. Peter's church, at Rome, and died in 1590. LAPIDB, Cornelius, a Freiicli Jesuit, author LA of 10 vols, folio, of commentaiios on the Scrip- tures, died in Hi37. LAPO, Arnulphus di, a native of Florence, known as an able architect, died in 1300. LARCH ER, Peter Henry, a French writer, author of a translation of lleroduius, of Xeno- phon, &c. ; he died in 1812. LARDNER, Dr. Nathaniel, a very eminent dissenting divine, author of " The Credibility of the Gospel History ;" of " The 'I'eslimonies of the Ancient Jews and Pagans in favour of Christianity ;" " The History of Heretics," dec. ; he was born in lf)h'4, and died in 1768. LARGILLIERE, Nicholas de, a French painter of grcar, merit. He painted portraits of James II., of England, and his queen, and died in 1705. L.^ROO.N, Marcellus, a painter, born at the Hague, was celebrated for his astonishing cor- rectness as a copyist ; he died in 1705. L.ARREY, Isaac do, a French (;ulvinist,who, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, fled to Holland, and was made historiographer to the Slates; he died in 1719. LARROUIJE, Matthew de, a French prote.'!- tant minister, of deserved popularity ; he died in 1084. LARROaUE, Daniel de, son of the preced- ing, and author of several works, died in 1731. L.\SCAR1S, Cunstanline, one of those learn- ed Greeks who quitted Constaiiliiioplu upon its being taken by the Turks in 1453, and took refuge in Italy. He was author of a " Greek Grammar," and other small works of a similar kind. LASCARIS, John, surnamed Rhyndacenus, was of the imperial family. He was an adiiii rahle scholar, and died in 1535. LASCI or L.\SKO, John de, a learned Pole, made bishop of Vesprim. Ho declared in fa- vour of the reformation, and was dismissed from his bishopric ; he died in 1500. LASENA, or LASCENA, Peter, a learned Italian, and an author, died in 1036. LASSELS, Richard, an Englishman, who embraced the catholic religion ; he published " travels in Italy," and died in 1768. LATi.MER, Hugh, bishop of Worcester, one of the first reformers of the church of Eng- land, born in 1470. It is a remarkable circum- stance, though not altogether without parallel, that, from being a papist he became a zealous protestant, active in supporting the reformed doctrine, and assiduous to make converts. For his zeal, however, in the protestant faith, he was, with Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, in 1555. LAUD, William, archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Charles I., was born in 1573, and beheaded in 1G45 for high treason ; he fell a sncritice to party violence, and liigh church sentiments. LAUDER, William, a native of Scotland, memorable for an attempt to ruin the reputation of Milton; an attempt which ended in the de- struction of his own. He be;;an first to retail part of his design in the Geiillemau's Magazine, 1747 ; and finding that his forgeries we're not detected, was encouraged, in 1751, to collect them, with additions, into a volume, entitled " .\n Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns in his Par.adise Lost." The fideli- ty of his quotations had been doubted by seve- ral people ; and the falsehood of them was.soon after demonstrated by bishop Douglas, in a pamphlut onlitled, "fttilton vindioalcil frouitlie LA LA i''liarg»! ot" Plagiarism, brouglil against him by -jauder; and Lauder liinigell convictKcl ot scvt- •al F(>rii;eries and gro:-s Iiii[iositioiiS on the Yuh- Hr." Thf ap|>earance ol this detcctidii over whelmed Lauder with confusion. Hesubscnhed a coiifeifeion dictated by Dr. Johnson ; and, lind- ing that his character was not to be retrieved, quitted the kingdom, and passed the remainder of his lite in universal contempt. He died at Barbadoes, in 17T0. SecHOWLE. LAl'DOILN, or LOUUON, Gideon Ernest, field marshal, and commander in chief of the Austrian forces, horn in ITHi, died in 1790. Sn liigh was his reputation, ihai Frederic the Great, of Prussia, used to say, he feared nobody so much as Lnudohn. LAUGILK, Mark Antony, a French Jesuit, the aulhor of several works, died in 17611. LAUNAY, Francis de, a French advocate of eminence, and an author of law publications, died in WJ'.i. L.AUNUI, John de, a learned French writer, known for his delence of the rights of the Gal- ilean church, died in lt)78. LAUNOY, Charles de, a French general. SeeLANiNOY. LAURA UB NOVES, the mistress of Pe- trarch, who wrote in her praise 318 sonnets and 8ft songs, most of which breathe the warmest spirit of poetry. She was born at Avignon, ju 1310. and died in 1348. LAUPvATI, Peter, a celebrated Italian pain- ter, who flourished in the 15th century. LAUREXS, or LAURENTIUS, Andrew, jjrofessor of medicine, at Montpelier, and phy- fician to Henry IV., died in 1009. LAURENS, Honoms, brother of Andrew, an advocate in tlie parliament of Paris, and af- terwards archbisliop of Embrnn ; he died in lUVi. L,\URENS, Henry, a member of Congress rem South Carolina, and president of that rody in 1777. He was taken prisoner by the British, while on his way to Holland, as anibas- Bador from the United States, and confined in She tower, and treated with great riuour until 1781. On his liberation, he went to France, and afterwards, joined the American niinisiurs In signing the treaty with Great Brituin. He died in Carolina, in 1792. LAURENS, John, son of the preceding, was a distinguished otiicer of the American army, during the war of the revolution, and rendered essential services to his country. He was mor- tallv wounded in an action with a small party of the enemy in Carolina, and died in 1782. LAURENT, Peter Joseph, a native of Flan- ders, celebrated for his astonishing mechanical powers ; he died in 1775. LAURENTlO, Nicholas, a remarkable cha- racter in the history of modern Rome, who, al- tliough the son of a vintner, rose to the supreme power, but was murdered by the populace. LAURI, Filippo, an eminent Italian painter, born at Rome in lfi'23. died in 1(504. LAVATER, Lewis, an eccfcsiastic, known for his abilities as a protestant controversialist, died in i.wr,. LAVATER, John Caspar Christian, a Swiss divine, of warm fancy, and natural acute- nets, by which he was led to turn his attention lo the expression of human sentiment and cha racter. He perceived that not only transient Jiassion, but even the more permanent qualities Of character, arc often very distinctly expressed ; l>iit carried his observations in this way much farther than any other pernen had before ad- 276 vanced. Success inflamed his imagination, and he became an enthusiast in the study of physi- ognomy. The opinions relative to it, which h« propagated, were a medley of acute observa- ■ tion, intenious cunjtctiire, and wild reverie. His books, published in the German laniruage, were multiplied by many editions, and transla- tions. This amiable clergyman (i'or such h« was,) was born at Zurich, in 1741, and diei llierc in 1801, in consequence of a wnund whicit he received from a French soldier a twelve month before. LAVINGTON, George, bishop of Exeter born in 1683, and died at Exeter, in 17ti2. Ije sides sermons, he published, " The Enthusiasn of the Methodi.sts and Papists compared." LAVIUOTTE, Lewis Anne, a French physi cian ot eminence, died in 1759. LAVOISIER, Anloine Laurent, a celebrated French medical and chymical writer, born at Paris, in 1743, was murdered by the guillotine tin- der the execrable tyranny of Robespierre, with 27 other farmers-general, in 1794. LAW, John, of Edinburgh, a famous pro- jector, who raised himself to the dignity of comp- troller-general of tlie finances of France, upon the .strength of a scheme for establishing a bank, an East-lmiia, and a Mississippi company, witt the profits of which the national debt of France was to be paid off; but this great fabric of false credit fell to the ground, and almost overthrew tlie French government, ruining some thousandi of families ; and it is remarkable, that the same desperate game was played by the South Sea directors in England in the same fatal year, 1720. Law, being e.\iled as soon as the credit of his projects began to fail, retired to Venice, where he died in poverty, in 1729. LAW, Edmund, bishop of Carlisle, an emi nent theological writer, born in 1702, died in 1787. LAW, William, an able English dis.senting divine, and autlior of the " Serious Call ;" he died in 1761. LAW, Jonathan, a native of Connecticut, was successively a judge and chief justice of the superior court, lieutenant-governor, and af terwards governor, of that state ; he died in 1750. LAW, Richard, LL. D., an eminent lawyer of Connecticut, was for several j'ears, a judge and chief justice of the supreme court of that state, and afterwards judge of the United States districi court. He died in 1806. L.AWES, William, an eminent English mu- sician and composer, was kiHed at the siege of Che.^ler, in the army of Charles I. LA WES, Henry, his brother, and also a great musician, in wliich art he is by some thought to have excelled William, was bom at Salisbury in 1600, and died in 1662. LAWRENCE, Stringer, a distingtiislied gene- ral on the East-India Company's establishment, born in 1697, died in 1775. In gratitude for his emi- nent services in the command of their forces on the coast of Coromandel, during a period of 20 years, the Company erected a noble monument to his memorvin Westminster Abbey. LAWRENCE, James, a captain in the nav» of the United States, distinguished for his bra very and skill, was wounded in an action will the British frigate Shannon, in 1813, and died four days afterwards. L.WVSON, Sir John, captain of a ship in the na\-v of the parliament, and afterwards rear adm'iral under the duke of York ; he was kiU cd in 16C5. LE LAVVSON, John, surveyor gpneral of North Carolina, and author of a work, coiitaiiiiiig a natural history of that country to about the year 1700. LAY, Benjamin, an eccentric, but benevolent quiiker, who diatinguisiied himself by his deci- ded opposition to slavery, and to the use of arti- cles of luxury, ile was a native of England, but removed to the West Indies, and afterwards to Pliiladelpliia, where he died. LAYAllD, Charles Peter, an English divine, and dean of Bristol ; he died in 18UX LAZARELLI, John Francis, a native of Ga- beo, and a poet, died in 1694. LEAKE, Richard, master gunner of England, was distinguished for bravery in several naval actions ; he was born at Harwich, in 1629, and died in IGQG. LEAKE, Sir John, a brave and successful Englii^h admiral, born in 163ij, was distinguished by many great actions ; but chiefly by his relief and preservation of Gibraltar from the French and Spaniards, in 1705. He died in 1720. LEAKE, Stephen Martin, an ingenious wri- ter on coins, and on heraldry, born in 1702, died in 1773. LEAKE, Dr. John, physician to the West- minster Lying-in-Hospital, of which he was the founder, died in 1792. His writings on mid wife ry, and on female diseases, are in very high es- teem. LEAPOR, Mary, an ingenious English lady, and author of some poems, died in 17J5. LEAMING, Jeremiah, an episcopal clergy man, of New-England, and a theological wri ter ; he died in lfc04. LEBID, an Arabian poet, employed by Ma honict to answer satirical works against him. LE BLANC, Marcel, one of the fourteen je suits whom Lewis XIV. sent to Siam, died in 1093. LECLAIR, John, a native of Lyons, an emi nent musical composer, was assassinated in 17C4. LECTIU8, James, a native of Geneva, a po- et and critic, died in 1611. LEOESMA, Alphonsus, a Spanish poet, died in l()2;i. LEDYARD, John, a distinguished American traveller, a native of Connecticut. He ac- companied captain Cook in his last voyage, and witnessed his death. After suffering incredible hardships in his different journeys, he died at. Cairo, in 1789, while preparing to penetrate the interior of Africa. LEE, Samuel, an Englishman, ejected from his living for nonconformity in 168G, and em- barked for North America. LEE, Nalhaniel, an eminent English drama- tic poet. He is the author of eleven plays, all acted with applause. His thoughts are wonder- fully s\iited to tragedy ; but frequently lost in such a cloud of words, that it is difficult to see the beauty of them. He died in 1691. LEE, Thomas, president of the council of Virginia, in 1749. The administration of the affairs of the colony devolved on him until his d'ath, which occurred in 1750. LEE, Charles, a native of Wales. After Eorving in the English army under generals Aberriombie and Burgoyne, came to Virginia, in 177.'<, and at the commencement of the revo- lutionary war, was appointed a major-general in ihi! army, and afterwards to the command of the iK/ops in the southern stales. He rendered great] and impnriaiit services Ki thel'nited States, but LE being censured and suspended for disobedience of orders, he retired to private life, and died from chagrin and nionificalion, on account of his disgrace, about 17fS. LEE, Richard Henry, an eminent citizen, and distinguished patriot of the revolution, was a member of congress from Virginia, in 1776, and liret proposed to that body the declaration of In- dependence, which he afterwards signed. lie was subsequently president of congress, and a senator of the United States, under the federal constitution. He died in 1794, and his name will be remembered with gratitude, as one of the most conspicuous actors of the revolution, so long as Americans enjoy the benefits resulting from that event. LEE, Arthur, LL. D., brother of the preced- ing, was also an ardent friend to the rights of the colonies, and rendered lluni essential servi- ces, while agent of Virginia, at London. He was afterwards minister to France, from the United States,with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane ; he died in 1792. LEE, Francis Lightfoot, a member of can- gress, from Virginia, in 1775, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; he died at Richmond, in 1797. LEE, Thomas Sim, a member of coiigre.>s, and of the convention which formed the federal constitution, afterwards governor of Maryland , he died in 1819. LEE, Charles, attorney-general of the United States, died in 1815. LEE, Ezra, a revolutionai^y officer, wlio was engaged in several of the principal contests of the war. He enjoyed the confidence of his su- perior officers, and was selected to take cliarge of the marine " Turtle," in an attempt to blow up the British ship Asia, in tlie harbour of New- York. He died in 1821. LEE, Samuel, a learned and distinguished English divine, afterwards liri5t minister at Bris- tol, Rhode Island ; he died in 1691, on his ieturr> to England. LEECHMAN, Dr. William, piincipal of the college of Glasgow, born in 1706, died in 1785. His publications were few, but they are gene- rally known and admired, and will remain last- ing monuments of a devout and benevolent heart as well as of an enlarged and highly cul- tivated understanding. LEEPE, John Anthony Van der, a Dutch painter, celebrated for his sea views, died in 1720. LEE9E, Anna, a native of England, of ob- scure origin, and of doubtful character, was the founder of the society of shakers. She can'e to America, and settled near Albany, where she died in 1784. LEETE, William, a native of England, came to America to enjoy his storn republican prin- ciples, and settled at Guilford. He was chosen governor of New- Haven, and on the union of the colonies, lieutenint-governor and governor of Connecticut. He dittl in 1G83. LEEURO, Gabriel Van der, a native of Dordt, who excelled in painting animals ; he died in 1688. LEGGE, George, lord Dartmouth, an eminent English admiral, who commanded the force pphs to demolish Tangier, in 1683. In 1688, he was made admiral of the lieet; but, after the revo- lution was cllected, he was committed to the Tower, on suspicion of correspQiidlng with the abdicated king; and he died in that prison, in 1691, .^4 277 I,E LEGlIANO.Stefano Maria, a historical pain- ter, the pupil of Caiio Maralti Hia pieces arc uiastorly, particularly in the diirusion of liijiit and shade ; lie died in Italy, in 1715. LKIliNITZ, Godfrey VVilliam de, baron of Lripsic, an tnninent statesman, poet, and law- yer, but more eininiMU as a writer on philoso- phy, born ip lt)46, died in 1716. His philoso- phical writings are very numerous, and have rendered his name immortal. LfUGH, Sir Edward, an English critic and Hebrew le.\icographer, died in 1671. LEIGH, Charles, F. R. S., an able naturalist, of England. He wrote a natural history of Lancashire, Cheshire, &c., and a history of Virfjiiiia. lie died in the beginning of the 18th century. LEIGHTON, Alexander, a native of Edin- burgh, author of " Zion's Plea," and " Looking Glass of the Holy War," both directed against the government. He was inconsequence punish- ed by having his nose slit, his ears cut, and run- niiiir tlie gauntlet. He died in 1644. L"EIGHT0N, Robert, an eminent Scotch pre- laXe and theoloijical writer, died in 1684. LfilSLER, Jacob, known as the leader of a rebellion, in the colony of New- York, for which, he was accused of treason, condemned, and e.x- ecuted, about 1691. LEISM.\N, John Anthony, a German pain- ter, some of whose pictures are very much ad- mired ; he died in 1698. LEE.\ND, John, the first and last antiquary- royal in Euiiiand, was born in London, and died ill 1552. He has been styled the father of Eng- lish antiquaries. LELAND, Dr. John, a celebrated English dissenting divine, settled in Dublin, who distin- guished himself by some very estimable and la- borious publications, particularly " A View of the Deistical Writers of England," and " The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Re- velation." He was born in 1691, and died in 1766. LEL.\ND, Dr. Thomas, author of a " Histo- ry of Ireland," a" Life of Philip of Macedon," and translator of Demosthenes, was boru in 17M, and died in 1785. LE LONG, James, author of " Historical Li- brary of France." He died at Paris, in 1721. LELY, Sir Peter, an excellent portrait and historical painter, born in 1617, at Westphalia, but afterwards settled in England, under the pa tronage of Charles 11-, died in 1680. LEMENS, Balthasar Van, a native of Ant werp, eminent as a historical painter, died in Loudon, in 1704. LE MERCIER, Andrew, a minister of Bos- ton, for many years pastor of a French protest- ant church in that place ; he died in 1762. LEMERY, Nicolas, a celebrated French chymical writer, born at Rouen, in 1645, died in 1715. LEMERY, Lewis, son of the preceding, was born at Paris, and became physician to the king. He vvas the author of several useful books, and died in 1743. LE.MNIUS, Lsevinius, born at Zealand, where he became a physician, and afterwards took orders. He wrote on astrology, plants, &c., and died in 15l)S. LE.MOINE, Francis, a French painter, who, without genius, became, by application, an emi- nent artist ; he died in 1737. LE.MO.V, George William, an Eiujlish divine, who dibtinguislied himself by the publication 278 of a large volume on " English Etymology,' being a derivative dictionary, in which hu hank tliat conferred an infamous celehrity upon him, was a most licentious novel called "The Mi/nk." It gave him also the nick-name of M'lnk Lewis. Ll^Wirf, kings of France. See LOULS. LEvVIS, Meriwether, a native of Virginia, was private secretary to Mr. Jetferson, and was a(>pi)inted by him governor of the territory of Louisiana. By order of government, he with Capt. Clark, explored the Missouri and country West, to the Paciiic ; an accoun;. of the expedi- lioii was published in ISOii. He died in 1309. LKWIS, Francis, of New- York, was one of the signers of the declaration of Independence. LEV, Sir James, chief justice of Ireland, and afterwards of England, was finally created ba- ron of Ley, and earl of Marlborough, and lord higli treasurer, by James I. LEYBOURN, William, originally a painter, and afterwards an eminent mathematician, died about Ui'K). LEYDECKER, Melcbior, professor of the- ology at Utreclit, and author of a curious trea- lise on the republic of the Hebrews; he died in 1721. LEYDEN, Lucas Van, a Dutch painter and engraver. He acquired great celebrity by his painting the history of St. Hubert, which he finished before the sige of 15 ; ho died in 1533. LEYDEN, John, a distinguished physician and poet, of Scotland, was appointed professor of the Hindoostanee language, at the college of Calcutta, and a judge at that place. He died in 1811. LEYSSENS, N., a native of Antwerp, who studied painting, and was very successful in his prol'ession ; he died in 17C!0. L'HERITIER, a most indefatigable French botanist, confessedly the greatest (next to Buf- fon) that France ever produced, was born near Paris, in 1752, and assassinated in the street at Berne, Aug. 15, 1800; being mistaken, as it was supposed, for some other person. LHUYD, Edward, keeper of the Ashmolean mnsenm at Oxford, and a celebrated antiquary and liuiTuist, died in 1709. LHWYD, or LHUYD, Humpliiey, an ami qiiarian, born at Denbigh. He studied physic at Oxford, practised in his native town, and (lied in 1570, leaving behind him the character 1 4' an excellent rhetorician, and sound philo- -Mphec LIBANITTS, a famous sophist of antiquity, born at Antioch, in 314. His epistles and ora- tions are in high esteem. LIB.VVHIS, Andrew, a native of Saxony, an able physician, \ ho wrote against Paracelsus ; he died in 1610. LIBERl, Peter, a native of Padua, eminent as ;i painter. His best piece is Moses striking the rock ; he died in lti77. i LIBRRIUS, pope after Julius L, in 35-2. He subscribed very rcluctantlv for the condemna- tion of AthanasiuB. He died in 36G. i LICE'PU^, a ce!?hra'ed physician, of Italy, bom in fit^noa, in 1577, died in 1653. His work " De Monsuis" has great merit. ^ n "^ LI LICllTE.VIiElt.t;,U,;urge Christopher, proles- Kor of philosophy in the university of Gottingen, and one of the most ingenious writer* of Oer- inany, died in 1799. LICINIUS, Tegula, a Laiin poet, 200 B.C. -VoUiing but fragments remain of bis comic compositions. LtCINILTS, C. Flavius Valerianus, son of a Dalmatian peasant, rose to the rank of general in the Roman armies, and married the sister of Consia.iiine. He was killed in baltle, A. D. 324. LK/INIUS, Caius, a Roman tribune, author of the law to forbid any man the possession of more than 500 acres of land. LIDDEL, Duncan, a native of Aberdeen, 3 physician, and professor of mathematics a> Helmstadt. He returned to hie native town, where he estahiislied six scholarships at the university, and di(,'d in 1013. IiIEUiWUD, Joseph, physician to Lewia XVI., and member of the academy of sciences, of Paris. He wrote Eleinents of Physiology Svnopsis of the Practice of Medicine, &c., an(i lied in 1780. LI EVENS, John, a native of Leyden, emi- nent as a historical and portrait painter, invited by Charles I. to England, to paint the persons of the court. LIGARIU3, dnintus, a proconsul of Africa, was one of the murderers of Coesar. LIGER, Lewis, author of the Paris Guide, and some useful works on gardening , he died in 1717. LIGHTFOOT, ,Tohn, a most eminent divine, born in Start' mlshire. He was one of the mogt learned rabinical scholars that England evei produced. His works are published in 2 vols, folio ; he {"led in 1075. LIGN.\(,\ Joseph .Adrain de, anativeof Poic- tiers, a priest and author of Letters to an Ame- rican, on ButTon's Natural History, he died ill 1762. LIGONIER, John, earl of, a very distinguish- ed field marshal in the English army. He serv- ed with honour in all the wars of qiteen Anne, under the duke of Manborough, and in every succeeding war, and died in 1770, aged 92. LIGORIO, Peter, a Neapolitan, distinguishea as a painter and architect. His designs compos© 30 vols.: he died in 15.80. LILBURNE, John, a famous English enthu- iast, born in 1618, died in 1657. He was the chief riniileader of the levellers, a modeller ol state, and publisher of several seditious pam- phlets; and of so quarrelsome a disposition, as to have it appositely said of him, that if tliere were none livinjbut him, John wmld beagaias< Lilburne, and Liiburne against John. LILIE.NTAL, Michael, a Prussian, profesaoi at Koningsberg. He published various works. which are preserved in the memoirs of the Ber- lin academy ; he died in 1750. LILLO, George, an excellent dramatic wri- ter, born in London, in 1693. Tlioiiih strongly attached to the ,nuses, he seemed 10 liavc^ laic it down as a maxi;n, that the devotion paid to them ought always to tend to the promotion of virtue, morality and religion. In pursuance of this aim, Lillo was happy in the choice of his ibjpcts, and showed creat power in affecting the heart, by working up the passions to such a lieisht as to render the distresses of common and donK'stic life ^•qually interesting to the au- diences as that of kinsrs and heroes; and 'lie ruin brought 011 private families by an indnl gence of avarice,lu8t, &c., as ihehavnck made ?81 u u iii.'«'uies and empires by ambition, cruelty, oristaie, and liemenantgovernor ol bis native tj'rantiy. His "George Uariiwcll," " Fatal istate ; he was appoiiiteJ to, but did not accept, Curiosity," and " Ardeii of Fevorsham," arejitlie office oi' jtuifjc of tbe supreme court of the all planned on common and well-known stories yet they have much more frequently drawn tears from an audience tlian tbe more pompous tra^redies of " Alexander the Great," " All for Love," &c. He died in 1739. LILLY, William, a famous English astrolo- ger, born in lt)(K!, died in 168L In liirn we have a. I instance of thogeneral superstition andigno raucc tiiat prevailed in tbe lime of the civil war between Obarica I. and his parliament ; for the king consulted this astrologer to know in what quarter he should conceal himself if he could escape from Hampton court; and general Fair- ft«, on the other side, sent for him to his army, to ask him if he could tell by his art whether God was with them and their cause. Lilly, who made his fortune by favourable predictions to United Siateu. He died in litiO. LIND, L)r. James, a celebrated medical wri- ter, (lied ill 1794. LliN'DAJMJS, William, a Dutchman, made first bishop of Ruremonde, by Philip 11., of Spain. He wrote some Latin books in defence of the catholic religion, and died in 1588. LINDENBRUCH, Frederic, a Fleming, the laborious and learned editor of Virgil, Terence, and other classics. He died in 1638. LINDSAY, John, a learned divine, for many years minister of the dissenting congregation in Aldersgate- street, London. He wrote several books, and died in 1768. LINDSAY, Sir David, of the Mount, Lyon King at Anns, an ancient Scotch writer and dra- iniatic poet, born in 1496, died in 1557. His chief j writings were, -'Satires on the Vices of the His poetical works were published in both parties, assured the general that God would be with him and his army. His almanacs were Clergy." Jn repute upwards of 36 years, and to be found i|1806. in almost evpry family in F.rigland. I LIN DS-W, David, after studying in foreign LILY, William, an English grammarian, Ijuniversities, returned to support the reformed born at Oldham, in Hampshire, in 14C(i. He ;ireligion against queen Mary. He wrote a his- was appointed first master of St. PauTs school, iltory of Scotland, and died in 1593. by the founder, Dean Colet; in 1510, and died !| LINDSEY, Theophilus, bom in 1723, took his of the plague at London, in 1522. He is highly i.degrees in arts at Cambridge, and obtained, af- praised by Erasmus, who revised the synta.v in jiter other preferments, the valuable living of his " Grammar," for his uncommon knowledge jjCatterick, in Yorkshire; which, however, he in the languages, and admirable skill in the resigned, in 1773, having embraced the Socinian instruction of youth. jsystem. He then settled in London, where he LILY, George, eldest son of the grammarian, lopened a chapel, in Essex-street, Strand, in patronised at Rome, by cardinal Pole. He wrote which he officiated till 1793, when he retir«d some historical books, and was the first who from the ministry. He died in 1603. published a correct map of England ; he died in 1559. LILY, Peter, second son of the grammarian, was a dignitary of the church of Canterbury. He had a son named Peter, who was D. D., pre- bendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of Taun- ton ; he died in 1614. LIMBORCH, Philip, a celebrated professor of divinity, in Holland, born in 1033, died iu 1712. His best work is a " History of the In- qnisition." LLMN/EUS, John, a German lawyer, of Je- na, known as the author of various learned works ; he died in 1663. LINACRE, Dr. Thomas, a very learned Eng- lish physician, born in 1460, died in 1524. He projected the foundation of tiie college of phy- sicians, was the first president after its erection, and held that oifice for the seven years that he lived afterwards. LINANT, Michael, a French poet, the inti- mate friend of Voltaire, who three limes obtain- ed the prize of the French academy ; be died in 1749. LINCOLN, Benjamin, a distinguished officer and a major-general in the American army, dur- ing the revolution. His services were conspi- cuous through the war. He was second in com- mand at the capture of Burgoyne, commander of the forces in the southern slates, was taken prif!oner at Charleston, and exchanged, and af- terwards shared in the siege of Yorktown, and superintended the capitulation of Cornwallis. After the war, he was repeatedly in public life, was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, and collrxtorof the port of Boston until 1809. He died in 1810. LINCOLN, Levi, a member of congress from Mas.iacliuseits, was attorney-general of the Uni- ted States, and for a tirae, acting secretary of , S82 LINDWOOD, William, divinity professor, at Oxford, ambassador to Spain, and afterwards bishop of St. David's. He wrote the constitu- tion of the archbishops of Canterbury, and died in 1446. LINGELBACK, John, a celebrated German landscape-painter, of the 17th century. LINGUET, Simon Nicolas Henry, a French writer, born at Rheims. He was educated a lawyer, and rose to the highest eminence as an advocate. He wrote "Theory of Laws, Me- moirs of theBastile, Political Anna:s," and many other works. He fell under the guillotine, in 1794. LINIERE, Francis, a French poet of great literary merit, but of dissipated character, and an obstinate atheist, died in 1704. LINING, John, M. D., a native of Scotland, was a distinguished physician of South Caroli- na. He published an' account of the yellow fever in 1753, the time of his death is not known. LINLEY, Thomas, a very eminent English composer of music, and one of the proprietors of Drury-lane theatre, died in 1795. LINN, William, D. D., an eminent presbyle- rian clergyman, of New-Jersey, allerwards set- tled at New- York ; he died in 1808. LINN, John Blair, D. D., minister of a pres- byterian church in Philadelphia, known as A poet ; he died in 1804. LINNVEUfl, Charles Von, the father of mo- dern botany, was born at Smaland, in Sweden, 1707. He made the tour of Lapland, in 1732, and traversed what is called the Lapland De- sert, enduring great hardships, merely from an ardent love of science ; and, after six months thus employed, returned to Upsal; in the uni- versity of which, at the age of 34, he was made professor of physic and botany. He died in 1778; Iwiving, among other works, 1. Sysiema NaiuraL", sistcns regna tria Natura;; 2. Biblio- theca llutaiuca ; 3. Oritica Botaiiica ; 4. Geiieia Plantariim ernnique Clw-racteres Naturalis; o. Amotiitates ^cadeinicie; 6. Slateria Mcilica, &c. LINT, I'eter Van, a native of Antwerp, known an an eminent liiatorical and portrait painter of tlie 17th century. LtNTRUSI, Heverinus, professor of divnuty and eloquence, at Copenlmgen, and author of some theological works in Latin ; he died in 1732. LINUS, St , successor of St. Peter, at Rome, he is ranked among the martyra of tliat city. LIOTARD, John Stephen, a crayon painter, of great fame, born at Geneva, in 1702. /ilOTARO, Peter, a French botanist, who be- gan the study after he was iO years old, and pursued it with so much zeal, that lie was made director of the public garden, at Grenoble ; be died in 1791!. LIPPI, Philip, who from a Carmelite, became a painter. He was a native of Florence, and died ill 1438. LIPPt, Lawrence, a painter, of Florence, who escellod in historical pieces and in portraits. He also possessed merit as a poet ; he died in 1C64. LIPSrUS, Justus, a most acute and learned Flemish critic and commentator on ancient au- thors, born near Brussels, in 1547, died in IfiOfi. LIRON, John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, au- thor of several French works of great merit, died in 1749. LIS, John Van der,'a painter, born at Olden- burgh. His pieces on Scriptural subjects and moral sports, possess great merit ; he died in 1629. LiSLE, Claude de, a native of Lorraine, ex- celled as a teacher of geography. He wrote "Historical Relation of Siam," "Abridgment of Universal History," &c. ; he died at Paris, in 1720. LISLE, William de, an eminent French geo- grapher, born at Paris, in 1675, died in 1720. LISLE, Joseph Nicholas de, an able astrono- mer, brother to VV.lliain. He had the friend- »hip of Newton and Halley, and was invited to Russia, where he was placed at the head of the observatory; he died in 1768. LtSLE, Sir George, learnt the art of war in Flanders, and distinguished himself iu the civil wars of Great Britain. He was knighted on the field of battle, at Newbury, by Charles I., for \w bravery : he died in 1648. LISOL.A, Francis de, was 4 years ambassa- dor to England from the emparor Ferdinand HI. He wrote on the ambitious views of Lewis XIV., which highly offended the French; he died in 1677. LISTER, Matthew, president of the college of phvsicians, and physician to queen .\iine, and Charles I., who knighted him; he died in 1657. LISTER, Martin, nephew to sir Matthew, studied physic abroad, and on his return, settled at York, where he acquired great reputation. He afterwards removed to London, and attend- ed the duke of Portland on his journey to Paris ; he died in 1711. LITHGOW, William, a Scotchman, famous for his travels on foot over Europe, Asia, and Africa, and his sulferings by imprisonment and torture at Malaga. He was born the latter end of the 15th, and died about the middle of the ]6th century. LITTLE, Wilham, an English historian, who v/fote Uie hiotory Of liis country from the LI jinvasion of William'the Conqueror, to 1197, in (ive hooks. LITTLEBURY, Isaac, an English divine who puhlisiied a translation of Herodotus. LITTLETON, or LYTTLETON, Thomas, judge of the court of common pleas, in the reign of Edward IV., and author of a c«l8- brated treatise on tenures or titles, by which all estates were anciently held iu England ; he died in 1481. LITTLETON, Adam, an excellent English philologist and grammarian ; an indefatigable restorer of the Latin tongue, as appears from ins " Latin Dictionary," and an excellent critic in tlie Greek, born in 1627, died in 1694. LITTLETON, Edward, an English divina and poet, in 17;i4. LITTLETON, Edward, a distinguished mem- ber of parliament, chief justice of the court of common pleas, lord keeper of the great seal, and afterwards made a peer, by the title of lord Littleton ; he died in 1645. LITTLETON, John, an active member of parliament. His attachment to Essex was the cause of his being condemned as a conspirator, though he was saved from execution by Sir Walter Raleigh ; he died in prison in 1600. LIVIA, wife of Tyberius Claudius Nero, af- terwards married to Augustus, died A. D. 29. LIVINGSTON, John, a Scotch presbyter, banished because he refused to take the oath of allegiance, on account of his religious opinions. He went to Holland, where he continued to preach. He was author of some letters, and died in 1672. LIVINGSTON, William, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, of New- York, and a zealous advocate of the rights of the colonies, removed to Ne'.v- Jersey, and was chosen a member of Congress, and afterwards governor of that state; he died in 1790. LIVINGSTON, John, D. D., an eminent di- vine, of New- York, born in 1746. He was pastor of the Dutch reformed church in the city of New- York, and, at thesametirae, professor of theolo- gy in the theological seminary of that church ; and on its removal to Ciueen's college, N. J., he was placed at the head of the institution; he died at New-Brunswick, in January, 1825. LIVINGSTON, Brockholst, an eminent law- yer, of Now- York, was engaged in the army during a part of the revolution, and was at tli« capture of Burgoyne. He vvent to Spain, in 1779, as private secretary to Mr. Jay, and on hia return, soon rose to professional eminence ia his native city. He was a judge of the supreme court of New-York, and afterwards of the United States, until his death in 1823. LIVINOSTOi'^J, PhiUp, a member of Con- gress, in 1776, and one of the signers of the de- claration of Independence ; he died in 1778. LIVINGSTON, Robert R., a distinguished member of congress from New- York, was one of the committee which drew up the declaration of Independence, and after its adoption, was, in 1780, appointed secretary for foreign atlairs. He was afterwards chancellor of the state of New- York, and minister from the United States to Prance. He materially assisted Fulton, by upplying him with funds, both in France and at home, to enable him to pursue his experi- ments, and to carry his discoveries into effect. He died in 1813. LIVINIUS, or LlVINEUS,John, Latin trans- lator of some of the works of Gregory and Chrysosloni, was a student at Cologne, where 283 i,o 1,0 he was distinguished as a Grecian scholar; lieTiiioiik, einin<-iuly known by Ins worlis : ''I't'e died in IS/i'J. Illistory of Brilany,^' 2 vols, folio, "llie Coii- LIVIUS, Andronicus, a Roman comic poet, wboHe plavs are lost. Ke lived '^40 K. C LIVIUS, Tifiis, the host of the Roman histo- rians, born at Padua, 5'J B. (J. Tlie history of Livy, like other great works of aniiquiiy, is trananiilted down to us exceedingly nnilil.ited an^. LOBEL, Matthias, a native of Lisle, who de- Voted himself to the study of botany After travelling in most part> of the continent, he Went to England, where he was nominated physician and botanist to James I. ; he died J()!6. LOBINF Al ■ . GuyAIesis, a FreuchBeiicdiaine 284 luest of sjpain," " History of Paris," 5 vols, folio, Sec. ; he died in 1727. LOBKOWITZ, Boleslaus de Hassenstein; baron de, a Bohemian nobleman, who, after visiting several countries, and making himself t'amous as a negotiator and warriur, entered the clerical proft;ssion ; he died in iolO. LOBO, Jerome, a Jesuit, of Lisbon, who was sent on a mission to the Indies, and penetrated to Abyssinia, of which he published a very accurate account, and died in 1678. LOBO, Rodriguez Francis, a celebraied Por- tuguese poet, whoee works were published in 1721. LOCK, Matthew, an excellent musician, of Exeter, published some musical pieces, in 1657; and after the restoration, was employed as a composer of operas. His vocal music is stifl greatly esteemed ; he died in 1677. LOCK ART, Alexander, autliorof " Memoirs of Scotland," was born, near Edinburgh, in 1673, and killed in a duel, in 1732. LOCKE, John, the most celebrated philoso- pher of the age he lived in, and one of the brightest ornaments of English literature, was born in 1632. By the patronage of lord Shafts- bury, he held a respectable sitnalion under go- vernment, and wrote some able political tracts. His lordship, however, being at length compel- led to fly to Holland, to avoid being prosecnlpd for hiaii treason, Mr. Locke followed him. In 1685, the English demanded him of the St.ites General, on suspicion of his being concern- ed in Monmouth's rebellion. On this, he kept himself private for several months, and em- Iployed the time in preparing for the press that 'work which has immortalized his name and Ifame, "The Essay on the Human [Tnderstand- iing." It .vas not published, however, till alter |the revolution, an event which restored him to his nntive country. The latter years of his life, he devoted chiefly to religious retirement, and to the writing of works on theology, and died a the seat of lad v Masliam, in 1704. LOCKE, Samuel. D. D., a native and distin. _uished minister of Massachusetts, was, for several years, president of Harvard college ; he died after 1773. LOCKER. John, an English gentleman, de- voted to literary pursuits, and an aulliorof some works; he died in 1760. LOCKM.\N, John, author of" Rosahnda," a musical drama, " David's Lamentations," and other works ; he died in 1771. LOCKWOOD, Samuel, D. D., an American clergyman, settled in Andover, Connecticut, died in 1791. LOCKYER, Nicholas, Cromwell's chaplain, and author of some theological tracts ; he died in 1684. LODBROG, Regner, a celebrated king of Denmark, at the beginning of the 9th century. He was a warrior and poet, full of fanaticism and religious frenzy. LODGE, Dr. Thomas, an English phy.oician and dramatic writer, died in 1625. We find him characterized, by many of his cotemporary poets, as a man of very considerable genius. LOEWENDAL, UlVic Frederic Woldeinar, count de, a native of Hamburgh, dislingiiished as an officer in the service of Poland, and at'ier- wards of Denmark, against Sweden. He w.-ig finally a field-marslial of FraiKe, and died in 1755. E o LOGAN, Frederic, baron de, a German poet, of considerable merit, whose r.|)ii;rarnH, &c have been edited by I-essins; ; he died in 11)55. LO(5 AN, John, a Scotcli divine and poet, bom about ITtfl, died in London, in 1788. His poems were publislied in 1781 ; and in 1790, two vo liiines of his sermons were printed ; lor lie had obtained much distinction as an eloquent and alfiicting preacher. LOGAN, Ja.nes, a native of Ireland, distin pui.-ihed for his talents and learning;, came to Pennsylvania witli the proprietor, in lt)99, and Ijeld tlieolficesof chief justice of the colony and president of the council. On the death of llie governor, in 1736, the administration devolved on him for two years. LOG.AN, an American Indian chief, knowi for his friendsliip to the white people, until hi; familv were wantonly murdered by them, ii 1774, "and afterwards, for the hostility with which he avenged his loss. LOGES, iMary Bruneau, a French lady, mucli admired for her wit and jjenius, particularly by the kin^ of Sweden, and the duke of Orleans and called the tentli muse. She has left none of her poetrv behind her. LOMRNSTEIN, Daniel Gaspard de, a learn- ed German, who wrote some dramatic pieces, and other works ; lie died in ltJ83. LfilR, Nicholas, a painter, born at Paris, the diriciple of Le Brun. He died professor of the academy of painting. LOKMAN, surnamed the Wise, sometimes called Abre Anain, or father of Anam, a philo- sopher and fabulist of great account among the Easterns. Being once asked how he had attain- ed so exalted a pitch of wisdom and virtue, L)kman replied, "It was by always speaking the truth, by keeping my word inviolably, and by never intermeddling in aflfairs that did not concern me." LOLLARD, Walter, founder of the religious sect called Lollards, who denied the power and influence of the virgin Mary over Christ ; taught that the mass, baptism, and extreme unction, were of no use or avail ; rejected the form of the penitential, and renounced all obedience both to the ecclesiastical and civil magistrates. He was burnt for heresy at Cologne, in 13->2. LOL.MR, .Tolin Lewis de, LL. D., a native of Geneva, in which country he practised as an advocate till he went to England, where he pub- lished, in 1775, a celebrated treatise, " On the Constitution of Kngland ;" a work well known and justly esteemed. Junius recommended it to the public, as deep, solid, and ingenious ; and in the British senate it was honoured with the applause of a Camden and a Chatham. He publislied, beside.?, a "History of the Flagel- lants, or Memorials of Human Superstition, im- itated from the .Abbe Boileau." Dr. De Lolme, died in Switzerland, in 1807. LOM, Jassu Van, a physician, who practised at Ton may and Bruges. His works on medical subjects, written in elegant Latin, were publish- ed in '.i vols. .Amsterdam, 1745. LOMAZZO, John Paul, a native of Milan, known as a landscape, and portrait painter. I He wrote a treatise on painting, in Italian, and died in 1.598. 1 LOMBARD, Peter, well known by the title' of master of the sentences, from a work of his,! which is looked on as the source and origin of! the scholastic theology in the Latin church. He was born at Novara, in Lombardv, and died iii: 1161. ' LU LOMBARD, John L.wi-^. [i,.)ies-.,r ol artil- lery, at Meniz. He wrote on the niovemenl of projectiles, principles of gunnery, «tc. ; he died in 1794. LOMB.ART, Lambert, an architect and pain- ter, a native of Liege, died iii 15li5. LOMENIE, Henry Augustus, count de Brit-ii- ne, for some time ambassador to England, ;c:id secretary of state in the reign of Lewis XI \'., of France ; he died in IStiti. LOMENIE, Henry Lewis, count de Brienne, son of the preceding, and also his succc'ssor in his liigu oitices. But the loss of his wife, wlioru he tenderly loved, alrected his niulcr- sianding, and he was dismissed; lie died in 1()98. LOMENIE DE BRIENNE, Stephen Charles de, of the same family, was made archbishop of Toulouse, and afterwards cardinal, and prime-minister of Lewis XVI. ; but his alii iiics were below his higti station, which he quit'ed, after having disgraced Caloiine ; Ue died ia 1798. LOMONOZOF, a celebrated Uussian poet, and great refiner of his naiive tongue, born in 1711, died in 1764. The odes of Loinonozof are great- ly admired for originality of invention, subli- mity of sentiment, and energy of language. He is in fact the Pindar of Russia. Lomonozof made also no inconsiderable figure in history, having published two warks relative to that of his own country. LONDE, Francis Richard de la, a French poet, of considerable merit, w'Jio also wrote on iiistory, morals, and antiquities ; he died in 1765. LONDON, Jolin Campbell, earl and baron of. was commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, and governor of the colony of Vir- ginia. LONG, Edward, a judge of the vice-admi- ralty court, in the West Indies, and aulhor of a History of Jamaica, &.C. ; be died in England, ill 181.3. LONG, James le, p priest of the oratory, born at Paris. He was professor at several univer- ities, and was well skilled in ancient and mo- dern languages, and in mathematics and pliilo- sopliy: he died in 1721. LONG, Thomas, an able divine, born at E.ve- ter. He was author of the hi.story of the Dona- tists, Examination of Hales' Treatise on Schism, &c. ; he died in 1700. LONG, Dr. Roger, a very eminent astrono mer, and author of an excellent treatise on that scieiic:e. He erected in one of the rooms of Pembroke college, of which lie was master, a sphere of eighteen feet diameter, elevated to the latitude of Cambridge, wherein thirty per- sons misht sit conveniently : it ia turned with great ease by a small winch, though the whole weight is above 1000 lbs. He was bora in Nor- folk, in 1679, and died in 1770. LONGBEARD, William, a facetious priest, notorious for raising seditious in London, in the reign of Richard I. He was torn to pieces by horses, and then hung upon a gallows. LONGEPIERE, Hilary Bernard de, a learned Frenchman, born at Dijon. He translated into verse, Anacreon, Theocritus, Sappho, itc, and was the author of some tragedies. He died in 1727. LONGLNIJS, Dionysius, a Grecian philoso- pher and orator, author of a " Treatise on the Sublime." which raised his leputation to sn(!h a height as no critic, either before or since, ccjnid 235 LP ever leacti. His cotcmporarids had so great]' an opiuiDM of liis judKineiit and taste, that tliuyK api>oiiittd him sovereign judge of all authors in and every ihiiiK was received or rejected by the] public according to the decision of Loiiginus-jj He was put to dcalli by Aiirelian, in 273. LONGLAiND, or LANGKLAND, Robert, an Enslish poet, born in Shropshire. His " Vision of Pirrce I'lowinan," abounds willi severe re- flections on the Roniish clergy, and cihibiisacu- riouH picture of the times. It was linislied in 1363. LONGLAND, John, an Englishnnan, made dean of Salisbury, in LOM, and seven years af- ter bishop of Lincoln : his works appeared in folio, in 153-2. He died in 1547. LONGOMON'TANUS, Christian, an eminent astronomer, born in Denniarli, in ljt)-2, died in l&n. He was author of several works, which show great capacity in mathematics and astro- nomy ; but his " Astrononiia Danica" is the most" distin^ruished. LO.N'GUEIL, Gilbert de, a learned physician, of Utrecht, author of Remarks on Plautus, Ovid, Nepos, a Dialogue on Birds, with their Greek, Latin, and German names, and a Greek and Latin Lexicon ; he died in 1543. LONGUEIL, Christopher de, an able French scliolar, highly favoured by Lewis XII., and by pope Leo X., who enjtaged him to write against Luther; he died in 1522. LONGUERUE, Louis Dufour de, a French critic and theologj-al writer, born in 1652, died in 173-2. LONGUEVAL, James, a French Jesuit, whoj wrote a Historytof the French Church, in 10 vols. Disaertatinn on Miracles, &c. ; he died in 1735. LONGUS, a Greek sophist, author of four pastorals, and the Lovea of Daphnis and Chloe, edited in ISfiO, 4to. i LONt, Alexander, of Florence, eniinent as a painter, died in 170-2. LONICERUS, John, a learned German, pro- fessor of languages at Marpurg. He compiled a Greek and Latin Lexicon, and published Dioscorides ; he died in 15fi9. LONICENU-S, Adam, son of the preceding, was a sagacious physician, who died at Frank- fort, in 1586. He was the atuhor of many works, chiefly on natural history. LOON, Theodore Van, of Brussela, whose excellent paintings adorn the public edifices of Rome and Venice, was born in 1030. LORD, Benjamin, D. D., an American di vine, settled at Norwich, Connecticut ; he died In 1784, aged 90. \\ LOREDANO, John Francis, a learned andj ingi'iiluus senator, of Venice, autlwr of a life of Adam, History of the Kings of Cyprus, &c.,| was born in 1006. i LORENZETTI, Ambro^io, a painter, of Si-|I enna, and the first who painted with success, t storms, rain, and the elTcct of winds; he diedj in 1350. ji LORENZINI, Lawrence, a native of Flo-^| rence. eminent as a mathematician. He wasjl imprisoned twenty years, during which time he,] Wrote 1'2 books on conical and cylindrical sec-' tions, in La'.in ; he died in 17-21. LORENZIN'r, or L.\URENTIN[, Francis Maria, an Italian poet, who wrote " Sacred Dramas:" he was born at Rome, in 1680, and died in 1743. LORIMER, Dr. John, an F.milish physician, nnrl antlior of an F.ssay on Magnetism, born in' 1733. dird .Inly, 1795. 1' LO LORING, Israel, born in 1682, was settled as minister of Budbury, Matfeathusetts, and died in 177a. LORIT, Henry, or Glareanus, from Claris, in Switzerland, where he was born. He studied at Basil, Cologne, and Paris, waa the friend of Erasmus. He wrote much on classical sub- jects, and died in 1563. LORME, Philibert de, an eminent French architect and anticjuary, born at Lyons, died in 1557, leaving behind several books of arcbitec ture greatly esteemed. LORME, John de, a French physician, who attended the wile of Henry HI., Slary de Medi- cis, and other branches of the royal family. He was universally esteemed, and died in 1034. LORME, Charles de, son of the preceding, physician to Lewis XIH. He acquired great fame and opulence, and died in 1678. LORRAINE, Robert le, a celebrated French sculptor, born at Paris, in lOtiO, died in 1743. LORRAINE, Charles of, cardinal, and arch- bishop of Rheims, son of the duke of Guise. His influence at one time was nearly unlimited in France ; he died in 1574. LOER13, William de, a poet of considerable merit, author of the " Romance of the Rose." in imitation of Ovid's Art of Love, died about UV20. LORRY, Anne Charles, a French physician. well known for his Latin treatises on melancho- ly and its affections ; also a treatise on cuta neous diseases; he died in 1783. LOSA, Isabella, a native of Cordova, so il- lustrious for her knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, that she was honoured with the degree of D. D. She died in 1.546. LOT, son of Haran, and nephew of Abra- liam. When Sodom was about to be destroyed, God, out of mercy to Abraham, spared Lot. LOTEN. John, a good landscape painter, of the English school, though a native of Holland, died in IGcl. LOTHAIREI.,sonof LewiatheDebonoaire, was partner on the throne of Germany with his father, in 817, and made king of Lonibardy three years after. He revolted against his fa- ther, seized liim, and shut him in prison. This conduct brought on a war in which an immense number of lives were sacrificed. Lothaire died in 8S5. LOTHAIRE II., duke of Saxony, afterwards king, and then emperor of Germany ; be died in 1157. LOTHAIRE, king of France, son of Lewig IV. His wife, Emma, gave him poison, of which he died in 986. LOTHAIRE, king of Lorraine, abandoned his wife to marry his mi.-^lress, but pope Nicho- las 1. had the spirit to intertere, and to compel his majesty to asain take his lawful wife. He died in 869. LOUIS I., snrnamed the Debonnaire, or the Feeble, son of Cliarlemagne, was proclaimed king of France, and emperor of the West, in 814. Ue was in a perpetual quarrel either with his brothers or sons, until his death, which hap- pened in y.W. LOUIS II., the Young, elde.itson of Lothaire t., wa-; made king of Italy in 844. and succeeded to tlie imperial throne in 855. He was a brave and \ iriuous monarch, and anxious to preserve th- diiinitvof thethrone; he died in 875. LOUiSlII., siimamed the Blind, succeeded lo the thrnn." in 8P0, and was crowned by Bene- dict IV. He was soon after, surprised and taken LO LO iy his rival, Berunger, who put out liia eyes; he died in HM. LOUIS IV., called the Child, succei-ded his fath(T, the emperor Arnold, when he was only »evcii years old. His reign was a scene ol" civil war and desolation ; he died in 911. LOdlS v., was elected emperor of Germany, in I'Mi ; and after much civil discord, was killed by a fall from his horse in 1^7. LOtJIS I., king of France. Sec LOUIS I., the Debonnairc. LOUIS II., the Stammerer, vifas the son of Charles the Bald, and succeeded his father as king of France, in 877. He was a weak prince and died in 8T9. LOUIS III., son of Louis IL, shared the king- dom with his brother Carloman, with whom he livsd in perfect union ; Louis died in 882, and Carloman became sole king of France. LOUIS IV.,surnanied Transmarine, because he resided 13 years in England, succeeded to the throne of France in 936. He was killed by a fall from his liorse while hunting in 954. LOUIS v., surnamed the Lazy, succeeded his father Lothaire in 986. He was vigorously preparing to march a;;ainst the Saracens, when he was poisoned by his queen Blanche, in 987. He was succeeded by Hugh Capet. LOUIS VI., called the Big, succeeded to the throne in 1108. He was disturbed by e.xternal quarrels, and internal factions; but he was a wise and popular nxonarch, benevolent as a man, impartial as a judge; he died in 1137. LOUIS VII., the Young, son and successor of the preceding, was early engaged in a quarrel with the pope, and was excouimunicated by him. He made a crusade with an army con- sisting of 80,000 men, to Palestine, but was de- feated by the Saracens ; he died at Paris, in 1180. LOUIS VI 11., surnamed the Lion, succeeded his father, Philip Augustus, in 1223. He waged successful war against the English, and took large possessions from them ; he died in l^'iS. LOUIS IX., called Saint, son of the preceding. He made two crusades, during tlie last of which he died at Tunis, in 1270, and was canonized by Boneface VIII. LOUIS X., called Hutin, succeeded bis father, Philip the Fair, in 1314, and died in 1316. LOUIS XI., ascended the throne in 1461, an ungrateful wretch, who rebelled against his father, and afterwards poisoned his brother. During his reijn, rebellion and carnage were common occurrences ; and he has been deserved ly called tlie Tiberius of France. lie died in 1483. LOUIS XII., surnamed the Just, ascended the throne in 1498. He engaged in war with nearly all the neighbouring states, but was an amiable monarch, and greatly beloved by his subjects ; he died in 1515. LOUIS XIII., surnamed the Just, ascended the throne in 1610. He was guided in his con- duct by the celebrated cardinal Richelieu, who from motives of ambition kept him at war dur- ing most of his reign ; lie died in 1G42. LOUIS XIV., surnamed the Great, was born in 1638. His reign is celebrated, as an era of magnificence, learning and licentiousness, in France ; he died in 1715, leaving behind him monuments of unprecedented splendour and e.x- pense, in palaces, gardens. Sec. LOUIS XV., ascended the throne in 1715. During his reign, France was almost constantly at war. The contest with England, concerning the possession of Canada, ended with grcal loss of territory to France. Louis died of a stcond attack of the small pox, in 1774. LOUIS XVI., ascended tlie throne in 1774, having married thecelebrated Maria Anlomette of Austria, in 1770. He was a benevolent, vir- tuous, and amiable man, much attached to re- ligion, and anxious to make bis subjects happy. By his subjects he was treated in the vilest manner, called a tyrant and traitor, and finally beheaded by a perjured tribunal, in 1793. LOUIS XVIII., brother to Louis XVI., dur- ing the reign of Terror, and that of Buonaparte, being obliged to leave his country, he wandered I'rom place to place, as his safety required. He finally went to England, where he remained till 1814, when the allied powers placed him on the throne of France. On the approach of Napoleon from his retirement, he was obliged again to fly, but was again placed on his throne by the allies. He was a mild and amiable prince, con- sulting the wishes and happiness of his people ; he died in 1825. LOUIS I., called the Pious, king of Germany, was a powerful monarch, and rendered hiiuself formidable to his neighbours ; he died in 876. LOUIS 11., Bon and successor of the preced- ing, defeated his uncle Charles the Bald ; he died in 882. LOUIS III., king of Germany. See LOUIS III., emperor. LOTTIS I., of Anjou, king of Hungary and Poland, succeeded Charles II., in 1342, and died in 1382. LOUIS II., was king of Hungary, after his father Ladislaus, and was drowned in a marsh, as he fled from a fleJd of battle, in 1526. LOUIS, prince of Tarentum, married Jane, queen of Naples, and was crowned king of Naples, in 1352. LOUIS I., duke of Anjou, second son of John, king of France. The kingdom of Naples was' left him by the will of queen Jane, but failing to obtain it, he died of a broken heart, in 1384. LOUIS, Antony, secretary to the academy of surgeons, at Paris, was one of tlie best anato- mists in Europe. He wrote many professional works, and died in 1792. LOUPTIERE, John Charles de Relongue de la, of the Arcadian academy, at Rome, wrote a collection of poems, in 2 vols. ; he died in 1784. LOUVET, Peter, was master of requests to queen Margaret, he wrote some learned works, and died in 1646. LOUVET DE COUVR.W, John Baptist, during the revolution, he was an active mem- ber of the French convention, and although proscribed, escaped the scaffold. He was au- thorof some licentious works, and died in 1797. LOUVILLE, Eugene d'Allonville, chevalier de, a nobleman, who served as a colonel under Philip v., king of Spain. He afterwards devo- ted himself to mathematics and astronomy, and died in 1752. LOVE, James, an Ensriisih actor and dramatic writer, died in 1774. Taoagii (his person passed by the name of Love, his real family name was Dance. LOVE, Christopher, an English clergyman and divinity writer of great reputation, was beheaded in 1651 by the republicans, on a charge of high treason in holding correspondence with king Charles I. LOVSL.VCE, Richard, an English poet and dramatic writer, born in 1618, died in 1653. He wiote two plays, neither of which have been printed: " The Scholar," a comedy ; and "Tne LO Soldier," a tragedy. His pnems', which arr exlriuncly scarce, were primed under the tiilc of Lucasta ; the first part in 11)49, tlie second in 1659. LOVELACE, Francis, povernor of the colo ny of New- York, from lfi67, until lis surrender to the Dutch, in 167.'J. LOVELACE, John, lord baron of Hurley, came to America as governor o{ the colony of! New Vork, in 1708, and died the eiisuine year. LOVEIONl), Edward, a poet of considi-rable| talents, died in 1775. His brother collected audi published his poems in 1785. LOWE, Peter, a Scotch surgeon, who for 22 years was in the arnresof Flaiuiei-sand France, finally settled at (ila-sgow. He left some books on Ilia profession. LOWE, Mauritius, an English painter of considerable eminence, died in extreme poverty, the eiTect of indolence, in 179.3. • LOWELL, John, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, of Massachusetts, was a member of concretes. j from that state, a judge of the court of appeals,^ from the admiralty courts of the states, and ai judie of the circuit court of tlie U. ri., he died* in 1.^02. I LOWEN, John Frederick, wrote some poems,] printed at Hamburgh, and a romance ; he diedi ill 177:^. LOWER, Sir William, a famous cavalier in the troubles of Charles I., and a dramatic w.-iter, (lied in lfi62. LOWER, Dr. Richard, a celebrated English physicia'i. died in Jii91. He was author of an ex- ceilenl book, " De Corde ;"' and of another, " De' Molu et Colore San'^uinis et Chyli in eum traii-i situ;" and practised the transt'usioit of bloodi from one animal into another ; but whether he; wa.-i the inventor of this operation we know! not. LOWM.\N, Moses, 40 years dissenting mi-j nrster at Surrey, was well skilled in Jewish an tiquiiie-s.and history. He wrote a work on Re velaiions, and died in 1752. LOWNDES, William, LL. D., a member of congress iVom South Carolina, distinguished foi his talent.s, eloquence, and application to thel busine'Js of- his ofSee ; he died in 1622. LOWIH, William, a di.-tinguished English] tlieoliisica! writer and commentator, born in London, in Ifitil, died in 17:!2. LOWTH, Dr. Robert, son of the preceding faisiiop of London, &c , horn in 1710, died in 1787. His literary character is well known by his learned " Pralections" on Hebrew poetry, which were translated into English by Mr. Gre- gory, in 1787. But perhaps the most useful of his achievements are what refer to his own language ; which owes to him, what nothing said in it can ever pay, the "First Institutes of Grammar ;" and, in his "Translation of Isaiah," the subliraest poetry in the world. LOYER, Peter le, a native of .'\njou, and an thor of a curious history of spectres, aud other works ; he died in 1634. LOYOL.V, Ignatius, of, the founder of the Jesuits, born in 1491, at the castle of Loyola, in Spain, was first page to Ferdinand V. king of Spain, and then an officer in his army; in which lie signalized himself by his valour, and was wounded in both legs at the siege of Painpeluna, in 1?£. To this circumstance the Jesuits owe their origin ; for while he was under cure of his wounds, a Life of the Saints was put into his hands, which determined him to forsake th niilitarv for the ecclesiastical profession. His 28« LU first devout e.tercise was to dedicate himself to the blessed virgin as Ijer knight, he then went a pilgriinage to the Holy Land; and on his re- turn to Europe he contiiiueil his theological stu- dies in the universities of Spain, though he was then 33 years of age. After this he went to Paris, anil in Prance laid the four.dation of thia new order, tlie institutes of which he present- ed to pope Paul HI., who made many objectioiig to them ; but Ignatius a•> ?.0 2C.0 LY Wittenibergli, it was remarked that he grew| unusually pensive, and more austere in his lifci and conversation; he likewise read and ex-' pounded the sacred writings in lectures and ser-l mons. and threw new liglils on obscure passa- ges: the minds of his auditors being thus pre-i pared, a favourable occasion soon ofl'ered for' cariying into execution his grand plan of re- formation, lu 1517, pope Leo X. published his indulgencies. Albert, archbishop of Mcntzand Magdeburgh, was connnissioner for Germany, and was to have half the sum raised in that country ; Tecelms, a Dominican friar, was de putcd 10 collect, witti others of his order, for Saxony , and he carried his zeal so far, aa to declaiV'his connnission to be so extensive, that no crime could be too great to be pardoned ; by purchasing indulgencies, not only past sins, but those intended, were to be forgiven. Against these vile practices Luther openly preached with wonderful success, and thus began the Reformaiion in Germany. Luther died in 1546. LUTTI, Benedetto, an eminent Italian pain- ter, born at Florence, in 16(56, died in 1724. LUXEMBOURG, Francis Henry de Montmo- rency, duke of, a famous general, and marshal of Prance, died in 1694. LUYKEN, John, a Dutch engraver, born at Amsterdam ; he died in 1712. LUYTS, Jolin, a native of Holland, profes- •or of mathematics and philosophy, at Utrecht. He wrote several works, and died in 1712. LYCOPHRON, son of Periaiider,of Corinth, 628 B. C. murdered by the Corcyreans. LYCOPHRON, a Greek tragic poet and grammarian, flourished about 304 years before Christ, and wrote a poem entitled " Alexan- dria," containing a long course of predictions, which he supposes to be made by Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy. This poem has created a great deal of trouble to the learn- ed, on account of its obscurity. Suidas has preserved the titles of 20 tragedies of his com- posing. LYOURGUS, a celebrated Spartan legislator, flourished 870 B. C. LYCURGUS, an Athenian orator, 408 B. C. He studied under Plato and Isociates. LYDE. SeeJOmER. LYDGATE, John, an Augustine monk of St. Edinundsbury, and a poet, flourished in the reign of Henry VI. He was a disciple and ad- mirer of Chaucer ; and, according to some cri- tics, excelled hia master in the art of versifica- tion. He died in 1440. LYDIAT, Thomas, an eminent English chro- nologer and astronomer, boru in 1372, died in lC-16. LYE, Edward, a learned divine and anti- quary, born in 1704. He published, among other works, an edition of the " Etymologicon Angll- canum," by Junius, with many additions, and to which he prefixed an Anglo-Saxon Gram- mar; " The Gothic Gospels," with a Grammar of that language ; and after his death, which happened, in 1707, came out his " Anglo Saxon and Gothic Dictionary." LYLY, or LILLY, John, born in 1553. He took his masters' degree at Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1575 ; and afterwards went to court, whore he was taken much notice of by queen EHzabeth, and had expectations of being pre- ferred to the post of master of revels; but was, after many years' attendance, disappointed. He is considered as the first who attempted to re form and purify the EngUsb language. For this 290 LY purpose he wrote a book entitled, " Euphuea and his England," in 1582, which met with a degree of success unusual with the first at- teiiipters of reformation ; bei;ig almost immedi- ately and universally followed. He also wrots 9 plays, and died in distressed circumstances about IGOO. LYNCH, Thomas, jun., a native of South Carolina, born in 1749. He was a member of the Congress of 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence. He waa lost at sea afier 1779. LYNUE, Sir Humphrey, an English author, who wrote against popery ; he died in IK'S. LYNDE, Benjamin, a judge, and afterward, chief justice of the superior court of Massa chusetts, died in 1745. LYNDE, Benjamin, son of the preceding also held the office of chief justice of Massa chusetts, which he resigned, in 1772. LYNDON, Josias, governor of the colony of Rhode Island, died in 1778. LYONNET, Peter, secretary to the states ot Holland, a man highly eminent for his great an* various learning: viz. he knew 9 languages, was skilled in music, painting, engraving, sculp- ture, divinity, law, natural history, &c. ; lie died in 1789. LYONS, Israel, a celebrated English mathe- matician, born at Cambridge, in 1739, died in 1775. LYSANDER, a famous Spartan general, who defeated the Athetiian fleet, and ended the 27 years war. He fell in battle, 396 B. C. LYSERUS, Polycarp, an able German theo- logian, author of several learned commenta- ries on the Scriptures ; he died in 1601. LYSERUS, John, aprotestant divine, of tho same family as the above, a man of great learn- ing, and famous for a work in defence of poly- gamy ; he died in 1684. LYSIAS, an ancient Athenian orator. Plu- tarch and Photius relate, that 425 orations were formerly exhibiled under the name of Lysias; of which 34 only are now extant. He died 378 B. C. LYSIMACHUS, one of Alexander's generals, was killed in battle, 286 B. C. LYSIPPUS, a celebrated Greek statuary, who flourished in the time of Alexander the Great, and chiefly excelled in the hair of the heads, and the proportion of his figures. ' LYSIS, a Pythagorean philosopher, master of Epaminondas, died 388 B. C. LYSONS, Daniel, an English physician, au- thor of many Essays, particularly on Camphor and Calomel in Fevers, on Intermittent Fe- vers, Dropsies, &c. &c. ; he died in 1800. LYSONS, Samuel, an antiquary, born in 1763. He studied at the Middle Temple, and waa there called to the bar. On the death of Mr. Astle, he was appointed keeper of the re- cords in the Tower. His chief works are, " An- tiquities of Gloucestershire ;" " Collection of Roman Remains ;" and " Magna Britannia," in conjunction with his brother. He died in 1819. LYTE, Henry, a native of Somersetshire, where he establislied tlie best botanical garden in England ; he died in 1607. LYTTELTON, Edward, lord keeper of the great se.il of England, hi the reign of Charles I, and an eminent law-reporter, born in 1589, died in 1645. LYTTELTON, George lord, an elegant hi.<- torian. poet, and miscellaneous writer, born in 1709, died in 1773. His principal writings arc. MA ' TU". Progress of I.ovc;" " Persian liCltcrs ;" " Ohservations onUie Conversion and Apostle- thip of Si. Paul," and " The History of Henry the Second." LYTTELTON, Tliomaslord, son of llie pre- ceding, a young nobleman of very considerable parliamentary talents, but of a gay and distii- patedmind: be was cutoft'from a race of luxury and sensuality, if not of infidelity, under cir- cumstances peculiarly impressive ; having been warned in a vision three days before his death, which happened accordingly without any pre- vious iliiiess. His lordship was born in 1744, and died in 1779. LYTTELTON, Dr. Charles, bishop of Car- lisle, and an eminent antiquary, died in 1768. M MAAS, Dirk, a Dutch painter, whose repre- Bentations of battles and landscapes, were much admired, was born in lt)56. M.'VAS, Arnold, a Dutch painter, eminent for representin;; people in conversation. MAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Dutch portrait painter, died in 1093. MABlLLON,.lohn, a very learned theological and historical writer, of France, born in 1032, died in 1707. MABLY, Gabriel Bonnot de, better known by the name of Abbe de Mabiy, born in 1709, died in 1785. He was a man of great talents, and wrote several valuable works; but his "Treatise sur la Maniere d'ecriere I'Histoire," is that by which he is best known in England. MABOUL, James, bisl]op of Aeth, in France, admired for his eloquence as a preacher ; he died in J723. MABUSE, John, a Hungarian painter. His best picture is the decapitation of St. John; he died in 1562. MAC ARDELL, James, an English mezzo- tinto engraver, died in 1765. MACARIUS, St., a celebrated hermit, said to have been a disciple of St. Anthony, born at Ale.iandria, in 301. Fifty homilies in Greek, attributed to him, are e.vtant. MACARIUS, St., born at Alexandria, where he presided over 5000 monks ; he died in 394. MACARTNEY, George, earl, a celebrated Irish statesman, who, after having been sent on several important embassies, and being knighted by the king of Poland, and by the king of Eng- land, was selected as ambassador extraordinary from Great Britain to China. On his return, he was mads an Irish baron. He married lord Bute's daughter, and died in 1806. MACAULAY. See GRAHAM. MACBETH, usurper of the Scottish crown, slain in 1054. M.4CBRIDE, David, an Irish physician, who acquired great celebrity as a practitioner, in Dublin. He was tlie author of " Theory and Practice of Medicine," a work formerly in great request; he died in 1788. MACCABEES, seven brothers, Jews, who, with their mother were put to death, at Antioch, during the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, 168 B. C. MACCLINTOCH, Samuel, D. D., an Ame- rican clergyman, settled at Greenland, New- Hampshire ; he died in 1804. MACDIARMin, John, an English writer, au- thor of " An Inquiry in the System of Military Defence," and other works ; he died in 1808. MACE, Francis, a writer of the Sorbonne, BIA who published " C'hronological Abridgment of the Old and New Testament," -'A Moral Histo- ry," &c. ; he died at Paris, in 1721. MACE, 'J'iiomas, a practitioner on the lute, distinguished among musical men, was born in 1613, and died in 1679. MACEDO, Francis, a Jesuit, of Portugal, who was promoted to offices of trust, by pope Alex- ander VII. He published 109 different works, and wrote, or~ pronounced 1.50,000 verses extem- poraneously ; he died in 1681. MACEbONlUS, Arian, bishop of Consian- tiiiople, in 341. He was deposed by a council, and caused great commotion and trouble in his diocess. RIACER, .^imelius, a Latin poet, of Verona, in tile a^e of Augustus. M.*\C£R, Lucius Claudius, declared himself emperor on Nero's death ; he Was put to death by Galba, in 68. MACFARLANE, Henry.aScotch writer, au- hor of a history of the reign of George III., in 4 vols. MACFARLANE, Robert, a miscellaneous writer, born in Scotland, in 1734. He was for some years a reporter of speeches in parliament. He afterwards kept a boarding school of great reputation. Mr. Macfarlane published " The History of George IH," and translated the po- ems of Ossian into Latin- He died in 1804 of bruises received at a Brentford election. MACGREGORE, James, an Irish clergyman who came to America, to avoid religious perse- cution, and was settled in Londonderry, New- Hampshire ; he died in 1729. MACHAM, Robert, an Englishman, who, iu the reign of Edward Hi., eloped with his mis- tress, and with her was shipwrecked on the Island of Madeira, which was before unknown The crew escaped with the news, and a ship being sent to the newly discovered island, found the two lovers buried under a tree. MACHAULT, John de, a French Jesuit, rector of Clermont college at Paris. He wrote Latin notes on the History of Thuanus, said to be seditious, and which were burned by the hangman ; he died in 1619. Two other Jesuits of the same name were able writers. MACHET, Gerard, principal of the college of Navarre, confessor to Charles VII. of France, and bishop of Castres, died in 1448. M.^CHIAVEL, Nicholas, a native of Flo- ence, born in 1409, was secretary, and after wards historiographer, to the republic of Flo rence, and wrote a historyof that commonwealth from 1215 to 1494,of all his writings, that by which he has been chiefly distinguished is a treatise of politics, entitled "ThePrince;" the purpose of which is, to describe the arts of government, as they are usually exercised by wicked princes and tyrants ; and which is considered as a mas- terpiece in its kind. He died in 1530. M'KEAN, Thomas, LL. D., a distinguished actor in the American revolution, was a member of congress from Delaware, one of the signers of the declaration of Independence, president of congress, and governor of Delaware ; he died in 1817. M'KEAN, Joseph, D. D. LL D., professor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college, died at Havana, where he had gone for his health, in 1818. M'KEEN, Joseph, D. D., a disthiguished cler gy man, of New-Hampshire,afterwards president of Bowdoin college, Maine; he died in 1807. MACKENZIE, Sir George, an ingenious wri 291 WA ter, bom at Dundee, iii 1036. He was bred to the bar, made king's advocate, and kniyhted. He wrote numerous and valuable works upon Ibe laws and antiquities of Scotland, and died in England, in IG'Jl. MACKEV, John, an Englishman, who fol- lowed ilio fortunes ot James II. in his exile ; but traitorously betravod his master's secrets to VVilliatnlll He "wrote some curious ami in- tereslinj; Wf>'try and na tura! history, and afterwards of niathematics snd natural philosophy, at Princeton college, New-Jersey. He was subsequently professor of natural philosophy and chymistry, in the college of William and Rlary, Viiijinia, which he resigned on account of his health, and died at Princeton, in 1814. MACKLIN, Robert, a native of Scotland, remarkable for his longevity. He died in New- Hampshire, in 1787, at the age of one hundred and lifteen. MACKLIN, Charles, an actor and dramatic writer, remarkable for his longevity, having been born in the north of Ireland about the mouth of May, 1G90, and lived till July U, 1797. His real name was M'Laughlin, which, to ren der more pleasing to the English ear, he changed to Macklin. He became an actor in the Lincoln's Inn Fields company, in 171G. His last stage performance was his ever memorable character of Shylock, at Covent-Garden the.itre, in 1790, when his memory wholly failed him, and he took leave of the audience for ever. MACKLIN, Thomas, a print seller in Fleet- stro74, acquired great reputation by his " Ephemerides," and by his other works, and died in 1739. MANFREOI, Bartholomew, an eminent pain- ter, born at Mantua, in 1574. MANGEART, Thomas, a learned Benedic- tine aniiquary, librarian, ai.id counsellor to the duke of Lorraine. He wrote on medals, and died in 17R3. MANGENOT, Lewis, a native of Paris, au- thor of eclogues, fables, tales. &c., died in 176H. MANGRT, John James, physician to the elector of Braiulenburph, and the learned au- thor ofmany works, was born at Geneva, and died in 1742. MANGEY, Thomas, D. D., prebendary of London. He was the author of commentaries, and practical sermons, and died in 1755. MANILIUS, Marcus, a ooet in the reign of Tiberius Pp ^MA MANLEY, Mary, an English female, of con iderable reputaiion as a \\ liter, but of a wanton and licentious character. She wrote plays and romance.'^, and died iii 1724. MAMJL'S, Torquaiiis, a famous Roman, who put his b!on to death for tigliting without orders, 384 B. C. MANLIIJS CAPITOLINUP MARCUS, a re- nowned Roman consul and general, who saved 1 he Capitol when it was attacked by the Gauls in the night. He was alarnied by the cries of (ieesi , "which were ever alter held sacred, and the general himself styled the Capitolinus. He was ihiown from theTarpoian rock, 384 B. C. MANLY, John, a captain in the navy of the United Siaics, distinguished lor his services in the revolutionary war; he died in 1793. MANNING, James, D. D., a distinguished baptist clergyman, who was elected first presi- dent of the college at Providence, R. I., and a member of congress from that state ; he died in 1791. MANNINCHAM, Thomas, D. D., a learned prelate, who became bishop of Chichester, and published some sermons; he died in 1722. MANNORI, Lewis, an adv"cate of Paris, who published " Memoirs of Pleadings" in Itj vols. ; he died in 1778. MANNOZZI, John, a painter, who adorned the palace of Lorenzo de Medicis, by the worlis of his art ; he died in 1636. IMANSARD, Francis, a Frenchman, first ar- liitect to the king of France. He adorned Paria with many elegant designs, and died in 1666. His nephew succeeded him, and died in 1708. MAN.«F1ELD, Peter Ernest, count de, an able statesman in the service of the emperor if Germany ; he died in 1604. MANSFIELD, Ernest de, natural son of the preceding, distinguished bv the emperor Ro- TlolKhus II.; he died in 1626. MANSFIELD, earl of. See MURRAY. MANSTEIN, Christopher Herman de, a dis- tinguished officer in the Russian and Prussian rvice, author of "Memoirs of Russia;" he was shot in battl«, in 1757. MANTEGNA, Andrea, an Italian painter of great eminence, originally a sliepherd, died at Mantua, in 1517. MANTICA, Francis, professor of law at Padua, was made a cardinal at Rome. H^ wrote several books in Latin, and died in 1614. MANTLM^S, James, a Spanish physician, of the 16lh century, who practised at Venice, and translated the worksof Avicennaand Aver- roe into Latin. MANTON,Thon!as, D. D.. a popular preach- er, in Lond<5. MARGARET, daughter of Robert, duke of Burgundy, married Louis Hutin, king of France in 1305. She was a beautiful, but sensual wo- man, and was strangled in 1315. MARGARET, daughter of Maximilian I., married to the infant of Spain, and afterwards to the duke of Savoy. She displayed her reli- gious zeal against the Lutherans, and died 1530. MARGARET, of Anjou, daughter of Rene d'Anjnu, kina of Naples, and wife of Henry VI., king of Etigland, an ambitious, enteipris ing, courageous woman. Intrepid in the field, she signalized herself by heading her troops in several battles against the house of York ; and if she had not been the instrument of her hus- band's misfortunes by putting to death theduke of Gloucester, his uncle, her name would hove been immortalized for the Ibrtitude, .ictivity, and policy with which she supported the rights cf her husband and son, till the fatal defeat at Tewk-sbury, which put an end to all her enter- prises ; the kiuir being taken prisoner, and prince Edward, their only son, basely murdered by Richard, duke of York. Margaret was ransom- ed by lier father, and died in Anjou, in 1482. MARGARET, daughter of Francis I. , of France, married Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savov, and died highlv respected in 1574. MARGARET, of France, daughter of Henry IV., disgraced herself by the levity and licen- tiousness of her character. She was divorced in 1509, and devoted the rest of her life to litera- ry and religious exercises. MARGARET, of Valois, queen of Navarre, and sister of Francis 1., of Prance, born in 14.')2, She was celebrated as a writer both in verse and prose. Her " Heptameron" or novels, have been often republished. She died in 1549. MARGARET, daughter of Florent, count of M.ARGAKET, duchess of Newcastle, famous for her voluminous productions, in letters, plays, poems, philosophical discourses, and orations. She died in 1673. MARGARITONE, an Itahan painter, who invented the mode of gildingcn Armenian bole, or clay ; he died in 1275. MARGON, William Plantavitde la Pause de, a French author and journalist, who was ban- ished for his libelous publications; he died in 1700. MARGRA.\F, Andrew Sigismund, a cele- brated practical chyniist, of Berlin, who made great improvements in the modes of analysis ; i he died in 1782. MARGUNIO, Massineo, a native of Candia, who printed (J reek books at Venice, and after- wards became bishop of Cerigo. He wrote Greek odes, and died in 1602. MARIA THERESA, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, married Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who was crowned emperor, in 1745. Her reign began with a war, in which all the neighbour- ing nations were engaged, and Maria was near losing her throne. After the war had continued eight years, a peace was concluded at AU-la Chapelle, and Maria immediately devoted her- self to repairing the ravages which her subjects had suffered during the commotion. She built hospitals, encouraged commerce and science, and did every thing vrhich humanity and muni- ficence could devise, to render her infirm soldiers comfortable. The king of Prussia, again de- clared war against her, but in this terrible struggle, she maintained her elevation, and a peace was established. After a long reign, during which she displayed, heroism, virtue, and charity, to a degree which endeared her to her subjects, she died at Vienna, in 1780. MARIA ANTOINETTE, queen of France, was the daughter of the emperor Francis I., and Maria Theresa ; she was married to Lewis XVI. ol France, in 1770. This celebrated queen, was humane and benevolent to her subjects, but fond of magnificence and pleasure. Sh« was doomed in the latter part of her reign to witness the most horrid scenes ofriot and murder among her subjects, the execution of her hus- band, and her own trial and condemnation She hore all these calamities with great forti- tude and serenity, but such was their effect on her, that the colour of her hair changed to a silvery white. She was guillotined, being carried to the' scaffold in a can, on the 16th Oct., 1703. MARIAMNE, wife of Herod the Great, and mother of Alexander the high-priestof theJews, slain bv order of Herod, 28 B. C. MARIANA, John, a Spanish historian, bom in 1.593, died in 1624. He wrote several works, theological and historical ; the most considerable, ofall his performances, is his" History of Spain." MARIANITS, Scotus, a Scotch monk, related to the venerable Bede, and author of a Chronicle from Jegua Christ, to 1083. 299 MA .AIAIUET'J'K, I'eU-r .loliii, gecntaiy to flip I'rt'iict/ king, and cliaiirellor con iiin^ili r, died in ITI^. )te wrote on |ijctiirp8 ami i ngravihfis. WAUIGNAN, .loliii Jaiiios Mcdichiiio, mar- quis de, a native of IVlilan, who was prevailed on by Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, in inurdir Viscdiiii, a Milanese nobleman ; lie died in 1555. MARIGNY, James Carpcnlier de, an itcciesi- astic, more adndred lor liic wit ilian the purity of his morals. He was the author of poeni«, and several histories; he diarable Shakspenre. He was accounted an excellent poet in hit time, even by Ben Jon- son hiniself ; and Hey wood, his teilow-actnr, styles him the best of poets. He was murdered in 1593, in an afl'ray. MARLORAT, A'ugustin,anAugustinemonk, of Lorraine, who embraced the tenets of the protestants, and was an eminent theological writer, he was murdered in 1662. MARIMION, Sheckerley, an English dramatic writer, born in 1602, died in 1639. MARMOL, Lewis, a Spaniard, taken prison er by the Turks, at Tunis, and kept in slavery 8 ye rs. • He wrote a description of Africa. MARMONTEL, John Francis, a French novelist, admired at once for the vigour and the delicacy of his genius, was bom at Bort, in Vil9. Seldom has wisdom been arrayed in ? more charming drees than in his " Moral Tales,' " Belisarius," &c. He died in great retirement, but in a stale bordering on want, in 1799. Three years before his death, being nominated to (he legislature, he went to the Electoral Assembly, and, thanking his fellow-citizens for this mark of respect, said to them, "You behold, my friends, a body enfeebled by age ; but the heart of an honest man never grows old." MARNEZIA, N.de Lezia, a member of the French convention, who reprobated the violence of their proceedings, and retired to America. He was the author of several good works, and died in 1797. MARNIX, Philip de, a native of Brussels who warmly embraced the tenets of Luther. He was afterwards consul at Antwerp, and died in 1598. MAROLLES, Michael de, bom in France, in 1600, died in 1681. He attached himself to the translating of ancient Latin writers, was cer- j tainly a man of great learning, and discovered ;all his life a love for the arts. He collected ,ahout 100,000 prints, and these made one of the 'ornaments of the French king's cabinet.. MAROT, John, a French poet of .some emi- nence, born in Normandy, in 1463, died in 1323. MAROT, Clement, son of the preceding, a celebrated French poet, and valet de chambre to Francis I., born in 1495, died in 1544. MAROT, Francis, a French painter, the pu- pil of la Fosse, died in 1719. MARQUARD-FREHER, a native of Angs- burgh, counsellor of state to the elector palaiine, and professor of civil law at Heidelberg. He wrote several works, and died in 1014. MAEQTTET, Francis Nicholas, a native of Nancy, eminent as a physician and botanist. He wrote an account of the plants of Lorraine, in 10 vols., and some other curious works ; he died in 17.59. MAFR.ACCI, Luigi, a very learned Italian theological writer and antiquary, born in 1612, died in 1700 He was author of several pieces in Italian ; but the grand work, which has made him deservedly famous all over Europe, is, his edition of the " Koran," in the original Arabic, with a Latin version, notes, and confutation of his own. MA^RRIER, D. Martin, of Paris, made a cu- rious collection of ecclesiastical 'WTiters, which he published ; he died in 1644. MA MAUSAIS, Cisar Cliesiieau du, a French grammarian and an eniineul writer anil Christ- ian. He wrote for the Encyciopa;dia, als^o on the Doctrines of tlie Gallitan Churcli, " True Principles of Grammar," " Logic," &c., and died in 1756. MARSH, Narcissus, an eminept Irish prelate, and scliolai, bisliopof Arniajih He buili a no- ble library at UubJin, endowed alms houses, &c. He was an ableorientalisi and pliiloso|ihcr, and died in 1713. M.\RSH, Ebcnezer Grant, professor of lan- guages and ecclesiastical history in Yale col- lege, died soon after his appointment to thai station, in 1H03. MARSHAL, Walter, an English divine, was ejected from his living, at Huisley, for non-con- formity, and went to Gosport, where he preach- ed to a dissentin;: congregation. He wrote some religions works, and died m Iti'JO. R1ARSHALL, Thomas, an English divine, and celebrated critic, especially in theGothic and Anglo-Saxon tongues, born in 16-21, died in 1C85. M.ARSH.'VLL, William, an able and eminent writer on " Rural Economy" and statislics. He died in Yorkshire, in 1818. MARSHALL, Natlianael, D. D., an English divine, cliaplain to George II., and canon of Windsor. He published sermons in 3 vols., and other works, in H.'iO. MARSHAM, sir John, a learned author, born in London, was one of the six clerks in chance- ry, niembor for the city of Rochester, and was knighted and made a baronet by Charles II. He is celebrated for his Chronological Dissertation, and died in I()85. MARSIGLI, Lewis Ferdinand, an Italian no- bleman, famous in letters and in arms, born at Bologna, in l(J58, died in 1730. He was founder, in 1712, of the academy of arts and sciences, at Bologna, called " The Institute," and author of a physical " History of the Sea, and a De scription of the Danube, from Vienna to Bel- grade." MARSILIUS. See MENANDRINO. MARSOLLIER, James, a French historian, whose works arc still read and valued ; he died in 1724. MARSTON, John, an English dramatic au- thor, died about 1()34. MARSY, Francis Marie de, a French author, who wrote an Analysis of Bayle, in 4 vols., for which he was sent to the Bastile. He was au- thor of many other works, and died in 17iU. M.^RSY, BaUhasar, an eminent sculptor, of Cambray, died in 1763. M.'VRTEL, Francis, a surgeon, in the service if Henry IV., of France, author of an Apology fi;'r Surgeons, and other works, printed at Paris, ill 1635. MARTELIERE, Peter de la, an advocate, who distinguished himself in the celebrated trial between the university of Paris, and the Jesuits ; he died in 1631. MARTELLI, Lewis, an Italian poet, died in 1527. MAR.TELLI, Peter James, author of seven volumes of prose and verse ; he was secretary to the senate of Bologna, and died in 1727. MARTENNE, Edmund, a Benedictine of St. Maur, author of a commentary on the Rules of St. Benedict, and some other books ; he died in 1739. MARTIAL, D'Auvergne, a French poet, au- liiorof a historical poem on Charles VII., " Ar- tetB de L'amour," &c., died in 150& MARTIALIS, Marcus Valerius, an anciert Latin poei, bom in Spain, A. U.S'J. He isge ntrally allowed to have excelled all those, whe ther ancient or modern, who have attempted tile poiiiied epigram. He died at tlje age of 75 MAKTIANAY, John, a Btn.^dictine, who ably edited the works of St. Je.oine, in 5 vols, folio, with a life of that latlier ; he died in 1717. MARTIGNAC, Ste|)hen Aigai, lord of, a French writer, who published the lives of the bishops of Paris, and iranslated Horace, Te rence, Juvenal, Ovid, &c. ; he died in 16!i8. MARTIN, St., was converted to Christianit" and became bishop of Taurus. He is regaidcci as the apostle of Gaul. His confession of laitb IS still extant ; he died in 397. M.'iRTlN 1., pope, caused the doctrines of the Monofhelites to bt condemned ; he died in 655. MARTIN H., pope, alter John VIII., in 862-, he died two years after. MARTIN HI., a native of Rome, pope after Stephen Vlll. He was a benevolent pontiff, and founded several churches ; he died in 946. M.\RT1N IV., a Frenchman, made pope after Nicholas III. ; he died at Perouse, in 12fe5. MARTIN v., Otlio Colonna, an illustrious Roman, made pope after the abdication of Gre' gory XII., in 1417. MARTIN, Benjamin, one of the most cele- brated matheniaticians and opticians of the age, born in London, in 1704, and died in 1782. MARTIN, David,alearned French protestanl divine, of most amiable manners, author of a "History of the Bible," with 424 plates, also of sernions, &c. ; he died in 1721. M.^RTIN, Dom James, a Benedictine of Languedoc, who wrote a treatise on the Religion of the ancient Gauls, a History of the Gauls, and other works ; he died in 1751. MARTIN, Thomas, an English antiquarian. He wrote the History of his native town, and was in possession of a large collection of anti- quities, pictures, &c. ; he died in 1771. MARTIN, Claude, a native of Lyons, who went to India as a soldier, but left the army and remained in thatcountry. He became immense ly rich and built a magnificent editice at Luck- know. He then made a very curious, and valu- able collection of the natural productions of the country, and died in 1799. MARTIN, Alexander, LL. D., governor of tne state of North-Carolina, a senator in con- giess from that state, died in 1807. MARTINDALE, Adam, ao English mathe- matician and divine, who was chaplain, in the family of lord Delaware. He was author of ■' Land Meter's Vade Mecuni, Almanacs, &c., and died in 1700. MARTINEAU, Isaac, a Jesuit, confessor and friend to the duke of Burgundy, and author of Psalms of Penitence ; he died in 1720. MARTINI, Raymond, a Dominican friar and great orientalist, who flourished in the 13th century. He was selected at Toledo, in 1250, to study Hebrew and Arabic, hi order to confute the Jews and Mahometans. This he attempted in a very learned work, called " Pugio Fidei." MARTINI, Martin, a Jesuit, long resident in China, where he wrote some valuable books, on the manners and habits of the Chinese, &c. ; he died in 1651. MARTINIERE, Anthony Augustin Bruzen de la, born in 1684, was secretary to the king of Naples, and geographer to the king of Spain, and died in 1749. MARTINIUS, Matthiai, divinity professor 26 301 MA at Padciborri, and Bremen. He wrote a Phi- lusopiiitai Lexicon, and died in 363U. MARTINUSIUS, George, or VTISINO- VISCH, a native of Croaiia, who from a lighter of stoves, became a bishop, minister and friend to the king of Hunjrary, and linally a cardinal. He was assassinated in J,551. MARTINKLLI, a lands, ape painter of gjeat eminence, boi n at Naples, m 1670, died in 1720. MARTYN, .Tolni, a botanical writer, born in London, in 1699, ditil in 1768. MARTYR, Peter, a Milanese, employed as a nugoMaior by Ferdinand f'( Spain. He %vas au- thor of a Hisiory of the Discovery of America, &c., ai-.d died in 15-25. ftlAUTYR, Peter, a distinguished commenta- tor on the Bible, born at Florence, in 1500, died in lots. MARUCELLI, John Stephen, an eminent Italian painter, died in 1706. AIARULLUS, JVIichael Tarchanistis,_a very learned, but atheistical and blasphemous Greek, who left his native country, and resided in Italy. He was drowned in 1500. MARULLUS, a poet of Calabria in the 5th century, who came to Padua, to wait upon Altila. Marullus expected an ample reward lor the flatteries with which he had filled his pane- gyric upon Attila; but when that prince was informed that the poet deduced his origin from Heaven, and styled him a god, he ordered both the verses and the versifier to be burned. Attila, however, forgave him. M.\RVELL, Andrew, a very ingenious poli- tical and critical writer and poet, born in 1620, died in 1678. He manfully supported the reli- pous and civil liberties of his country, by his writings and his parliamentary hiterest, against the arbitrary encroachments of the court on both; and repeatedly declined all inducements which the king olTered him, to go over to the court party. MARVIELLES, N. de, a French officer, au- thor of some poetical pieces of merit, in Latin and French ; he died in 1775. MARY, the mother of our blessed Saviour, was of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal house of David. MARY, wife of Cleophas, called in Scripture, the sister of the Virgin, and mother of the apostles James the Less, Simon, Jude, and Joseph. MARY, queen of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII., and Catharine of Arragon. She was a learned woman, but bigoted in the popish superstition, exceedingly jealous, and violent and sanguinary in her resentments. During her reign, lire, faggots, and the stake, were the horrid'means used to make proselytes to the Romish church. The sacritice of the in- nocent lady Jane Grey and her husband, to a mean fit of jealousy, showed a degree of barba- rity rarely equalled in civilized life. She mar- ried Pliilip of Spain, whose coldness toward ner, together with the loss of Calais, is said to have so preyed on her mind, that she fell into a fever, of which she died in 1558. MARY, queen of England, wife of William in., was daughter of James II., by the daughter of lord Clarendon. She is represented asa meek, inoffensive character, little inclined to meddle with public affairs, and of a humane and bene- volent disposition : she died in 1694. MARY, daughter of Henry III., duke of Bra- bant, married Philip the Bold, of France, in 'iHH. She was accused of puisonuig occ of iier 302 MA husband's sons, of which crime, she was, bow- ever, probably innocent ; she died in 1321. MARY, of .^njou, daughter of Lewis II., and wife of Charles VII., of France. She was a woman of a very heroic character, and died in 1403. MARY, daughter of Henry VII., of England, married Lewis XII., of France, and was grand- mother to the unfortunate lady Jane Grey ; slie died in 1534. MARY THERESA, of Austria, daughter of Philip IV^., of Spain, iriarried Lewis XIV., of France, in 1660, and died in 1683. 1 MARY DE MEOICI6, daughter of Francis II.,dukeof Tuscany, was married to Henry IV., of Prance, in 1600. She was banished by her son Lewis XIII, together with her favourites and attendants, and died in poverty, at Cologne, in 1642. MARY LECZINSKA, daughter of Stanislaus, king of Poland, married Lewis king of France, in 1725, and is represented as a very amiabie and virtuous princess ; she died in 1768. MARY, of Cleves, married Henry I., prince of Conde. She was loved with so much ardour by the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III., that when he came to the throne, he designed to annul her marriage, and take her himself; but her sudden death, probably by poison, at the age of 18, in 1574, left him disconsolate. MARY, of Arragon, daughter of Sancho III., wife of Otho, was put to death in 998, for false- ly accusing, and destroying the count of Mo dena. MARY, daughter of diaries, duke of Bur- gundy, married Maxiinihan, son ol' the emperor > Frederic, and thus transferred the dominions^ of Burgundy to the house of Austria ; she died in 1482. MARY, of Austria, daughter of Philip, king of Spain, married, in 1521, Lewis, king of Hun- gary, who was slain at the battle of Mohals. She was a woman of courage and firmness, and a great protector of literature ; she died in 1558 MARY STUART, queen of Scots, famous for her beauty, wit, learning, and misfortunes, daughter of James V., king of Scotland, suc- ceeded her father, in 1542, eight days after her birth. In 1558, she mairied Francis, dauphin, and afterwards king of France ; by which means stie became queen of France. This monarch dying in 1.560, she returned into Scot- land, and married her cousin, Henry Stuart, (lord Darnley,) in 1565 ; but excluding him from any share of the government (as he suspected) by the advice of Rizzio, an Italian musician, her favourite and secretary, the king, by the as- sistance of some of the principal nobility, sud- denly surprised them together, and Rizzio was slain in the queen's presence, in 1566. The next year the king was blown up with gunpowder, in a private house, to which he hafl retired with a few friends. The earl of Bothwell, the new favourite of ^lary, was undoubtedly the contri- ver of this murder ; he was, however, acquitted by the nobles of his and Mary's party ; and, in aix)ut two months after, the queen, to the as- tonishment of all Europe, married this ambi- tious villain. This shameful conduct occasion- ed the revolt of the ohief nobility, and her best subjects, by whom ghewas taken prisoner, com- pelled to resign the crown, and her son James VI., was crowned. The queen soon after ea caped from prison and raised an army toopposo the regent. Murray, but was defeated, and fled |io England, u) )5Ce where stut was detained a aiA prisoner, charged by her own subjects wiih ihe murder of lier husband, king Heury. During tae long iraprisonnjent of the queen, slie was justly considered as the head of the popish par- ty, who wished to see a princess of their per- suasion on tlie throne of England. She counte- nanced, if she was not directly concerned in, the plots against the life of Elizabeth, who was re- duced to the necessity of sacrificing her to iier own personal safety. She was tried for a con- spiracy, condemned, and beheadud, in 1587. MAUY, a French poetess, who resided in England, in the 13th century. Her poems on chivalry, &c., are preserved in tlie British mu- seum. MAS, Lewis du. See DUMAS. IVIASACCIO TJionias, an eminent Italian painter, who /as regarded as the chief artist of the secop »ge of modern painting ; he died in 144H. MASC.\RDI, Augustine, a learned Italian Je- suit, for whose benefit, pope Urban VII. found- ed a professorship. He was the author of many works, but always poor and in debt. He died in 1640. MASCARON, Julius, bishop of Agen, and a most eminent French preacher, born in 1004, died in 1703. His eloquence was astonishing ; and it is related that his preaching had such an effect upon the Hugonois, tliat, of 30,000 Calvin- ists, which he found at .lis coming to the see of Agen, 28.000 forsook ilijir church. MASCHERONI, Laurent, of Bergamo, an eminent mathematician, the well-known author 01' Compass Geometry, died at Paris, in 1800. MASCLEF, Francis, a French theologician, and canon of Amiens. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, and other books, and died in 1723. M.-VSCRIER, John Baptist de^ a French wri- ter, author of a description of Egypt, from Mal- let's Memoirs, Christian Reflections, &c. ; he died in 1760. MASEN'lUS, James, a Jesuit, professor of eloquenca and poetry, at Cologne, and author of a Laun poem on the Fall of Man, (mm which, it is said, Milton borrowed ideas ; he died in 1681. MASHAM, lady Damaris, a very learned lady, who wrote a discourse concerning the Love of God. Besides learning, she possessed every other virtue, and died in 1703. MASIUS, Andrew, born near Brussels, a very learned orientalist, who wrote a Syriac gram- mar, and translated pieces from the Syriac ; he died in 1753. M.\SKELINE, Rev. Dr. Nevil, a most emi- nent mathematician, and many years astrono- mer royal at Greenwich, was born in 1332, and educated at Cambridge. He determined the method of finding the longitude at sea by lunar observations. He pubhshed " The Nautical Almanac," and several other scientific works, and died in 1811. MASO, Thomas, or FINIGUERRA, a gold- smith, of Florence, said to have invented the art of taking impressions from engravings on copper, about 1480. MASON, Francis, a native of Durham, chap- lain to James I., and author of some valuable writings; he died in 1621. MASON, Sir John, a statesman of eminence, in the reign of Henry VIII., and his successors. Henry employed him on several embassies, and made him bis privy counsellor. He maintained his influence at court under Edward, Mary, and Klizabeth ; he died in 1566. MA ^^ 1 M.ASON, John, a learned and pious dissent- ing minister, author of Self Knowledge, Prae- tical Discourses for Families, aud other workg. He died in 1703. MASON, William, an excellent English po«t and divine, born in 1725, died in 1797. MASON, George, an English writer, author of "Essays on Gardening;" " Answer to Tom Paine," and other works ; he died in 1806. MASON, John, one of the early settlers of Connecticut, distinguished tor his successful ex- pedition against the Pequot Indians, of which he wrote an account ; ho was commander of the jtroops aud lieutenant governor of the colony. He died in 1673. MASON, John, D. D., a native of Scotland, and a distinguished presbyterian clergyman, of New-York,was eminent for bis learning, talents, and eloquence. He died in New- York, in 1792. MASON, George, a distinguished statesman, of the state of Viieinia, died in 1792. MASaUE DE FER, or IRON MASK, a per- son confined in the bdstile, who always wore a mask with steel springs, which concealed his features, wirhoutpreventinghis eating. Though no person could ever discover who he was, it is certain from the treatment he received, that he was a person of J.igh birth. He died in 1708, and was buried privately. MASSAC, John Baptist, an eminent French painter, born at Paris, died in 1767. MASSANIELLO, or ANELLO. See ANEL- LO. M.^SSARt, Lucio, a native of Bologna, emi- nent as a historical painter, died in 1633. MASSARIA, Ale.xander, a physician, born at Vicenza. He wrote " Practice of Medicine," and other works, and died in 1593. MASSASOIT, an Ii.dian sachem, who resi- ded in Naragauset bay, when the pilgrims land- ed at Plyraouih, in 1620. He was distinguished for his friendship to the whites, and lor the good faith he always observed toward them. He died about the year 1655. MASSE, John Baptiste, a Parisian, miniature painter to the Frencli king ; he died in 1767. MASSEI, Raymond, a physician, of Orleans, author of Pcean Aurelianus, and other works, about 1600. MASSEN-iV, Andrew, prince of Esling, one of the most distinguished and fortunate of Buo- naparte's field marshals. He was born at Nice, in 1758, and commanded in chief in the memo- rable compaign of Switzerland ; when, at the battle of Zurich, he liad to contend against the archduke Charles and marshal Suwaroff; yet, the fruits of this campaign were 70,000 prisoners ! He ended liia military career by the command of the army of Portugal, in 1810-11, and died in 1817. MASSEVILLE, Lewis le Vavasseur de, a native of Montebourg, an able topographical writer, and author of a History and Geography of Normandy ; he died in 1733. MASSIEtr, William, an ingenious and learned French writer on classical antiquity, and author of an edition of Demosthenes, born in 1665, died in 1722. MASSILLON, John Baptiste, a very cele- brated preacher, of France, and considered in that country as a consummate master of elo- quence, was born in 1663, died in 1742. MASSINGER, Philip, an e.tcellent English dramatic pnet, born in 15S5, died in 1639. Hv was held in high esteem bv the poet? of ihu; 303 ma" age. His works were collected by Mr. Mason and Mr. Davies, in 1779. MASS1NIS?SA, an African king, who became a most taithful ally ol Rome, died in i49 H. C MASbOLINO, de Paaicale, ol Florence, an admirable painter; he died in 1450. WASSON, Anthony, a French engraver whose portraits were much admired, died ii 1702. MASSON, Innocent le, a Carthusian, who rebuilt the Gra.ide ('hartreusc, at Paris, when destroyed by fire ; he died in 1703. MASSON, Anthony, a Minim, author of a Historv ni ihe Deluge, and of Noali ; he died in 1700 MASSON DES GRANGES, Daniel, a French ecclesiastic, authorof the " Modern Philosopher, or the Unbeliever condenmed at the tribunal of Reason ;" he died in 1700. M.ASSON, Papirius, a French annalist of good reputation. Fie died in 1611. MASSON, John, a reformed minister, origi nally of France, but who fled to Kiigland to enjoy that liberty in relii'ion which his dwu country refused him, and died in Holland, about the middle of the 18th century. MASSON, Francis, an eminent Scotch gar dener and botanist. He visited the (ape oi Good Hope, the West-Indies, Portufral, Madeira and Norih-America, to colltct plants for the royal eardens. and died at Montreal, in 1805. MASSrET, Rene, a learned French Bene- dictine, known by his edition of Irsnaius, with learned dissertations, in 1710. MASTELL13TA,Joh:i Andrew, a painter, of Bologna, born in 1577, died in a fit of melan- choly. MATANI, Anthony, an Italian physician, professor of medicine at Pisa, arid author of se- ver.-il learned workson his profession, he died in nta. MATERNUS, DE CILANO, George Christ ian, author of a Dissertation on the Aurora Borealis, and other work»,died in Lower Saiony, in 1773 M.-VTHER, Richard, came to Massachusetts, in Ifkio, and settled there. He was an eminent divine, and author of several religious works ; he died in 1C99. MATHER, Samuel, son of the preceding, caniowith his father to New-Eng:land, but re- turned to Great Britain, where he became a dis- tinguished preacher; he died in 1671 MATHER, Increase, D. D., brother to the preceding, was for several years a clergyman of Boston, and afterwards, president of Har- vard college ; he was author of several works, and died in 1723. MATHER, Cotton, D. D.. F. R. S., son of the preceding, was distinguished for hisprcat learn- ing and piety, and may be considered as the most eminent clergyman of his day in New- England. He was settled at Boston, where bo died in 1727. His writings we'e numerous. MATHER, Samuel, son of Dr. Cotton Mather, was also a clergyman of Boston. He died in 1785 MATHER, Nathaniel, an eminent English divine, settled at London, died in 1097. MATHER, Eleazer, first minister of Norln- empton, Mass. ,was born in lG37,and died in 1609 MA MATHIAS CORVINUS, king of Hungary and Bohemia, in 145;^. He broke the conspiracy 01 Hungarian lords, who invited Frederic III., to take possession ot tlie crown. He was a great wariior, bui a good and benevolent king, and introduced order, and reformed abusei among his subjects ; he died in 1490. MATHIAS, Christian, a native of Holstein, professor ol' divinity and philosophy at various univorsiiiea. He wrote Historia Patriarcharum &.C., and died in 1655. MATHON DE LA COim, James, a French niail'ematician, and an active member ol the academy at Lyons, lie wrote Elenieuts of Dyna- mics, and Mechanics, and other works, and died in 1770. , MATHON DE LA COUR, Charles Joseph, son of the preceding, was distinguished at Paris for his literary labours, and the prizes he obtain ed in the various learned academies there. A mong his works, he wrote on the danger of reading books liostile to religion. He was exe- cuted in 1793. M.XTIGNON. James de, an able warrior, was commander-in-chief in Noinjandy, in 1572, and was made marshal by Henry 111. of France ; he died in 1597. MATILDA, or MAUD, daughterof Henry I., king of England, married Henry IV., king of Germany, and was afterwards acknowledged queen of England ; but her conduct not suiting the nobles, she was dejiosed, and Stephen placed on the throne ; she died in 1167. . MATSYS, Quintin, sometimes called the blacksmith of Antwerp, famous for having been iransformed from a farriei to a painter by the force of love, and for the sake of a mistress ; became eminent in his new profession, and died in 1529. MATTEI, Paolo da, a painter, of Naples, ce- lebrated for the correctness of his pieces, died in 1728. MATTHEW, or LEVI, a tax gatherer, be- came a disciple of our Saviour. He wrote his !!ospel about A. D. 61, and is supposed to hav« suffered martvrdom. MATTHEW CANTACUZENUS, son of John, emperor of Constantinople, and partner on the throne with him in 1534. He composed some commentaries on Solomon's Song. MATTHEW, of Westminster, an English hislori.an, of the 14lh century, very much es- teemed for his veracity, acuteness, and dili- gence. MATTHEWS, Tobias, an able and eloquent divine, in the reign of James I., was made bi- shop of Durham, and afterwards of York; he died in 1028. MATTHEWS, Thomas, a native of Glamor- ganshire, eminent as a naval commander ; he died in 1751 MATTHKWS, Samuel, governor of the co- lony of Vireinia, in lt)5(i,died in England, while residing there as tie agent of the colony. MATTHEWS, John, an active friend of the revolution, a member of congress from Souib Carolina, during that struggle, and aiterwards governor of that .-tate ; he died in 1802. M ATTHIEU. Peter, a French histoiian, who became historiographer to Henry FV., and at- tended Lewis XIII. at the siige of Montauban. MATHIAS S*.., one of the twelve apostles. He wrote the history of France, and historiea in the room of the traitor Judas. MATHIAS, son of Maximilian II., was em- peror of Germany, after his brother Rodolphus JI., in 1G13. He died at Vienna, in 1616, 304 of several of the French kings ; he died in 1("21. M.\TTHIOLrS, Peter Andrew, an able au- thor, boni at Sienna. He published, in Italian, some valuable commentaries on DioscoridsR. MA His works were edited by BartUolin ; he died in 1577. MATTI, Don Emanuel, a Spanish poet of eminence, member of the Arcadia, at Rome. Pope Innocent XIL, made him dean of Alicant ; he died in 1737. MATURING, a native of Florence, eminent as a painter, was a pupil of Raphael, whose works he rivalled ; he died in 1.327. M.-^TY, Dr. Matthew, an eminent physician, critic, and miscellaneous writer, born in Hol- land, in 1718, but settled in England; he was secretary to the Royal Socisty, and principal librarian of the British Museum. He died in 1776. MATY, Paul Henry, M. A., F. R. S., son of the preceding. His whole lite was taken up in literary pursuits. In January, 1782, he set on foot a Review of Publications, principally fo- reign ; and no man was better qualified for the emplovment. He was born iu 1745, and died in 1787. ' MAUCH.\RD, Burchard David, professor of anatomy and physic, at Tubingen, and physician to the duke of VVirtcmherg. He wrote various tracts on his profession, and died in 1751. MAUCROIX, Francis de, a Frenchman, fa- mous for his many translations from Greek and Latin authors. He was intimate witli Boileau and Racine, and died in 1708. MAUDUIT, Michael, an eminent French di- vine, who wrote against atheists and deists, also atranslationof thePsalms, &c. ; hedietl In 17(j!). MAUDUIT, Israel, F. A. S., a political and miscellaneous writer, best known as author of " Considerations on the German War," &c., died in 1787. MAUGIN, John, of Anjou, translated Ma- chieval's Discourses into French, about IS.TO. MAUPERTUIS, Peter Lewis Moreau de, an eminent French philosopher, born i!i 1GSI8. In 17:16 he was placed at the head of the academi- cians who were sent into the North by the king of France, in order to determine the figure of the earth, which was executed witli great success. He died in 1750. M.\UPERTUY, John Baptist Drouet de, a Parisian, was bred to the law, but afterwards look orders. He wrote his " History of the Ho- ly Church at Vicnne," andother religious books, and died in 1736. AI.\UPIN, N. Aubigny, a celebrated singer at the Paris opera. She died in 1707. M.\UR, St., a disciple of St. Benedict, who Jied about 584. A congregation bearing his name, was formed in France, in the 17th cen- L\iry, which has produced some learned men. .\1.A.UR, Don Charles de, an eminent matlie- maiician and engineer, was employed in the Spanish army, and also in the construction of canals and roads. He wrote Elements of Ma- thematics, and died in 1785. MAURAN, Peter, a leading man among the \lbigenses, in Langiiedoc, was condemned to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, because he denied transubstantiation ; he lived in the 13th century. MAiniEPAS, John Frederic PhiUippeaux, count of, a statesman, of France, eminent for (lis genius activity, and profound sagacity, was born in 1701, and died in 1781. M VinilCE, of Nassau, prince of Orange, succeeded hia father in the government of iht; MA MAURKJEAU, Francis, a French siirgton, who applied himself with success and reputa- tion to the disorders of women, and was at the head of all the operators in obstetrics. One of his works upon this subject has been translated iulo several languages. He died in 1T09. MAURITIUS TIBERIUS, a (;ai)padocian, who distinguished himself at the head of the Ro- man armies, and finally was made emperor, but dethroned and put to death by Pliocas, infioa. MAUROLICt), Francis, abbe of Santa Maria del Porte, in Sicily, and professor of mathema- tics there, was the author of several mathema- tical svorks ; he died in 1575. MAURUS, Terentlanus, a Latin poet in tlie time of Trajan. MAURY, Jean Siffrcin, an eminent preacher at Paris, distinguished at the commencement of the revolution, for his defence of the clergy and of royalty, in the states-general. He was after- wards arciibishop of Paris, and a cardinal, and died at Home, in 1817. M.AUSSAO, Philip James, president of the court of aids, at Montpellier, and an elegant Greek scliolar and writer ; he died in 1650. MAUTOUR, Philibert Bernard T-Ioreau de, auditor of the Paris chamber of accounts, an(i member oi' tlie academy of inscriptions. He wrote some poema and other works, and died in 1737. MAXCY, Jonathan, D. D., professor of divi- nity, and president of Brown university, and afterwards president of Columbia college. South Carolina ; iie died in 1820. MAXENTIUS, Marcus Aurclius Valerius, son of Jlaximianus Hercules, declared himself emperor of Rome, in 30S. He was defeated by Constantine, and drowned in the Tiber, in 312. MAXIMIANUS, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Hercules, a Roman emperor, who rose to that dignity from the rank of a common soldier. He was put to death by order of Constantine, hia son-in-law, in 310. MAXIMIANUS, Galerius Valerius, a shep- herd, raised to the Roman throne by Dioclesian, who gave him his daughter in marriage ; he died in 311. MAXIMILIAN L, archduke of Austria, son of Frederic IV. He was elected king of the Romans, and afterwards emperor. He was un- steady in his attachments, and little to be de- pended upon ill political allairs ; he died in 1519. M.\X15ULIAN 11., son of F.ederic L, was elected king of the Romans, in 158-2, and two years after, succeeded his father as king of Hun- gary and Bohemia, and emperor of Germany. He was a peaceful and well disposed prince, and died in 157'). MAXIMILIAN, duks of Bavivia, dcser\'eil by his courage, the title of Dofe-ider of Germa- ny, by Ills wisdom, that of Solomon. He was raised to the dignity of an elector of Germany ; he died in 1051. MAXIMILIAN, Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, distinguis'ic'd himself by his services inthe cause of the emperor Leopold. His merits placed bim at the head of the Hungarian army, and he was made governor of the" Low Countries by the king of Spain ; he died in 1726. MAXIMILIAN, Leopold, elector of Bavaria, son of the emperor Cliaries VII., died in 1777. M.\X1MIXUS, Cams Julius Verus, son of a peasant, rose by his valour to be emperor of Low Countries, in 15S4. He^ added to his do-ji Rome, in 2.»5. He ivas a -yrant, and fell by as- lainions by conquest, and was considered thei sassiiiation, in 256. ab'esl ".Mieral of his time- he died in 1625. '' MAXI.MUS, Magnus, a Siianiaid, pt-oclanue <20* 305 Q'1 MA emperor of Rome by liis army, but he wasde- ffated and brheaded by Ttjtodosius, in 388. MAXIM "JS, of Tyre, a Platonic pliilo.'^oplicr, who was at Home in 146. His discoursev stiU remain. .MAXIMUS, a Cynic, tutor to the apostate Julian, whom he encouraged in his opposition 10 Christianity ; he was pnt lo death in 366. MAV, Thomas, an English dramatic poet, and historian, born in 1594. Wc liave several translations of his from Latin authors, and othur compositions of his own also in verse. But he was most fajnous for that of " Lucan's Pharsa- lia ;" and his own continuation of that poem to the death of Julius Caesar, both in Latin and English, has considerable merit. He died in 1G50. MAY, Lewis du, a protestant French histo- rian. He wrote " State of the Geriuan Em- pire," and several other works, and died in 1681. M.'WENNE, Charles, of Lorraine, duke- of, ton of Francis, duke of Guise, and one of the most distinguished warriors of his time. He was, however,defeatedby Henry IV., of France, who afterwards became his friend, and added the Isle of France lo his government ; he died in 1611. I MAYER, John Frederic, a Lullieran divine, of Leipsic, professor at Wilteinberg and Ham-j burg, and aiilhor of dissertations on the Scrip-i tures ; he died in 1712. j M.'iYER, Tobias, one of the greatest astro-l nomers and mechanics of his age, was born in| Wirtemburg, in 1723, died in 1762, having pub-j lished several excellent works. MAYERNE, Sir Theodore, an eminent phy-| •ician, born at Geneva. He became physician to Henry IV., of France, and afterwards to James I., of England, and his queen. His works were printed in folio ; he died in 1635. MAYHEW, Thomas, was governor of Mar- tha's Vineyard, and distinguished for his regard to the spiritual and temporal welfare of the In- dians under his authority ; he died in 1G81. MAYHEVi^, Thomas, son of the preceding, W.1S the first cler5;yman of Martha's Vineyard, and was distinguished for his ministerial labours among the Indians of that island. He perished at sea, aged 37. MAYHEW, John, asonof the preceding, and a clergyman of Martha's Vineyard, died in 1689. MAYHEW, Experience, was also a minister among the Indians at Martha's Vineyard, and translated a part of the Bible into their lan- guage. .M.\YHEW, Jonathan, D. D., son of the pre- ceding, a distinguished American divine, set- tled at Boston, author of several religious works.; He died in 1766. j MAYNARD, Sir John, an eminent English| lawyer, celebrated for his eloquence, died in 1690. MAYNARD, Francis, a French poet of wit and gayety, secretary to queen Margaret, and author of odes and songs, died in 1646. M.\YNE, Dr. Jasper, an English poet and divine, bom in 1604. He wrote " The City Match," a comedy ; and " The Amorous War," a tragicomedy, and died in 1672. MAYNWARING, Arthur, an English po- litical writer and poet, bom in 1668, died in 1712. M.^VO, Richard, an Enslish divine, autbor of several works, died in 1695. 300 ME MAYOW, John, a learned English physician, celebrated an a chyrnist, and for Iiisexperimeuta on air ; he died in 1679. MAZARl), Stephen, of Lyons, a man who greatly improved the manufactory of hats ; he died in 1736. .MAZARINE, Julius, cardinal, and first mi- nister of state in France, to Louis XIV., bom in 1(502, died in 1661. MAZEA.S, John Mathurin, professor in the college at Navarre, and a writer in mathema- tics ; he died in 1802. MAZELINE, Peter, a sculptor, of Rouen, whose works are still admiied; he died in 1706. MAZOCHI, Alexins Symmachus, an Italian antiquary, died in 1771. M,\ZUIER, Claude Lewis, a member of the French convention during the revolution. His moderate, yet bold and firm conduct marked him for tlje guillotine, by which he suffered in 1794. MAZZUCHELLI, Grammaria, a nobleman, of Brescia, eminent as a philologist and histo- rian ; he died in 1765. MAZZUCHELLI, Peter Francis, an eminent painter, of Rome, died in 1616. M.A.ZZUOLI, Francesco, or Parmesan, an eminent painter, horn at Parma. He excelled in etching, of which he has been called the in- ventor, and was regarded as the rival of Cor- regio ; he died in 1540. There was another ar- tist of the same name, in the 16th century, who excelled in historical pieces. MEAD, .Matthew, an English dissenting di- vine, and author of some meritorious works, died in 1699. ME.AD, Richard, a most eminent English physician, born in 1S73, died in 1754. His " Me- dical Works" were collected and published. Those for which he is most celebrated, are on " Pestilential Contagion," and on " Poisons." During alina-it half a century he was at the head of his profession. He was a most generous patron of learning and learned men, in all sci- ences, and in every country. MEADOWCROFT, Richard, an English di- vine and author, died in 1769. MECH.MN, M., of Lyons, an eminent astro- nomer, whoso talents were usefully employed ; he died in 1?05. MEDE, Joseph, B. D., an English author; his works are chiefly on divinity ; he died in 1638. MEDICIS, Cosmo de, born at Florence, in 1,399, was a merchant, but bestowed vast ex- pense and attention in promoting learning and the sciences. He collected a fine library, and enriched it with rare manuscripts. He re- moved to Venice, where he was received as a king; but his countrymen soon recalled him; and in effect he presided over the common- wealth 34 years. He died in 1646, and over his tomb was inscribed. Father of the People, and Freer of his Country. MEDK'IS, Lorenzo de, surnamed the Great- and Failierof Letters, v.-as an illustrious grand- son of Cosmo de Medicis, and born in 1448. He was a srcal merchant, and as great a statesman, equally fit to entertain an ambassador as a fao tor. His public services s>o recommended him to the Florentines, that they declared him chief of the republic ; and he was so universally es teemed by the princes of Europe, that they of ten nindc him the arbiter of their difference*. He died in 1492. ME MEDU-IS, John, suriiained the Invincible, was ill the service of Fiancls I., of France ; he died ill IStSi, ayed 28. MKDJC'I.S, Lorenzo de, an Italian, related to the great Cosmo. He caused Alexander de Me- dicis, the duke of Florence, to be assassinated in 1537. IUKDICIS, Hippolyto de, natural son of Ju- lian, was, in 1529, raised to the rank of car- dinal, by his cousin, Clement VII., and sent le- gale to Germany. He possessed great talents as a negotiator,'and military man ; he died in 1535. MEDICIS, Sebastian de, of the same illustri- ous family, was distinguished by his learning ; he died in 1560. MEniCIS, Peter de, of the same family, an eminent and highly celebrated painter, «as born at Florence, in 1586. MEDINA, John Baptiste, a highly celebrated painter, born at Brussels, and created knight in Scotland ; he died in 1711. MEEN, Henry, an English divine, published " Remarks on the Cassandra of Lycophoron," one of the most obscure of the Greek poets; and died in 1817. MEGASTHENES, a Greek historian, about 292 B. C. MEHEGAN, William Alexander, a French historian, who wrote " Picture of modern His- tor)'," and other works; he died in 1766. fllEIBOJUUS, John Henry, a learned pro- fessor of physic at Ilelmstadt, his native place, was alterwards first physician at Lubec. He wrote some professional works, and died in 16.55. MEIBOMIUS, Henry, a German physician, horn in 1C38, and known by the publication of " Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum,"' a very useful collection. He died in 1700. MEIBOMIUS, Marcus, a very learned person of the same family, born in 1611, who published '• Notes upon Diogenes Laertius," &c., and died in 1711. MEIBOMIUS, Henry, a native of Helmstadt, celebrated for tiis great knowledge in medicines, his general learning, and his critical powers ; he died in 1625. *MEIR, George Frederic, a German philoso- phical writer, born in t^axonv, in 1718, died in 1777. MEISNER, Balthasar, a Lutheran divine, and theological professor at Wittemberg, was author of several books, and died in 1628. MEISSONIER, Justus Aureliiis, of Turin, eminent as a painter, scuptor, »joldsraith and ar- chitect, designer and goldsmitii to the king of France ; he died in 1750. MELA, Pouiponius, an ancient Latin geogra- phical writer, born in Spain, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Claudius. His 3 books of " Cosmography, or De Situ Orbis," have been thought worthy of the attention and la- bours of the ablest critics. • MELANCTHON, Philip, a celebrated Ger- man divine, coadjutor with Luther in the Re formation, and one of the wisest and greatest men of his age, born at Bretten, Feb. 16, 1497, died in 15fi0. MELANIPPIDES, two Greek poets of merit One of them grandfather, flourished 500 B. C the other his grandson, 460 B. C. Their works are lo?t. MELCHISEDECK, high-priest of Cod, and king of Salem, met Abraham after his defeat uf the king of Sodom, and gave him his blessing ME MEL(;THA L, Arnold dc,one of the founders of Swiss liberly, in 1310. MELEAGER, a Greek poet of Syria, 18.'( B. C. MELETIUS, bishop of Lycopolis, m Egypt, who founded a new sect, wj.ich supported the Arians. He died about A. D. 346. MELISSUS, a philosopher of Samo;, who maintained that the universe is infinite, and immoveable, 444 B. C. RIELITO, St., bishop of Sardis, in Abia, in 170, and author of several works which arc lost. MELITUS, a Greek orator and poet, the ar- cnsir of Socrates. His iniquity was discovered after the death of Socrates, and he was sen- tenced to death, 400 B. C. MELLAN, Claude, a celebrated French en- graver, invited to England by Charles II. ; he died in 1688. MELLON, John, an American clergj-man, settled at Lancaster, Mass., and afterwards at Hanover, K. H. ; he died in 1807. MELMOTH, William, a learned English lawyer, born in 1666. He wrote an admirable treatise " On the great importance of a religi- ous life," and died in 1743. MELMOTH, William, son of the preceding, was bnm in 1710. He translated the epistles of "Pliny" and "Cicero" and wrote some elegant letters under the assumed name of sir Thomas Fibrosbone. He died in 1799. MELON, John Francis, secretary of the aca deniv at Hourdeaux, died in 1738. MELOT, John Baptist, a French writer of merit, member of the academy of inscriptions, and librarian to the king of France ; he died in 1760. MELVIL, sir James, author of some useful and entertaining itienioirs of England and Scot- land, was born in 1530. He was privy coun- sellor, and gentleman of the bedchamber to Mary queen of Scots, till her confinement at Lockleven. He died in 1606. MEMMl, Simon, a portrait painter, of Sienna, died in 1345. MEMNON, a Rhodian, general of Darius, opposed Alexander's invasion. MENAGE, Giles, called the Varroof histime, was born in France, in 1613, and died in 1692. He composed several work;", the principal of w hich are " Origines de la Langiie Francoise," " Miscellanea," a collection of pieces in Greek, Latin, and French, prose and verse. MENANDER, an ancient Greek comic poet, born at Athens, in the 3d year of the 109th Olympiad. The kings of Egypt and Macedon, sent ambassadors to invite him to their courts, and even fleets to bring him over; but Menander preferred the free enjoyment of his studies to the promised favours of the great. Only four of his numerous comedies are preserved. He w.3i accidentally drowned 293 B. C. MENANDRINO, Marsilio, also called Mar- silius of Padua, the place of his birth, one of the most celebrated philosophers and lawyers of the 14th century. MENARD, Claude, a French magistrate, of Angers, and an eminent antiquarian ; he died in 1652. MENAiy), Dom Nicholas Hugues, a Bene- dictine of yt. Maur, and an author, died in 1644. MEN.'VRD, Leo, a counsellor of Nismes, and author of a history of that place, died in 1767. MENAPSEH-PEN-ISRAEL, a Portuguese rabbi, of the sect of the Pharisees, author of some Hebrew works, died in 16C0. MENCKE.Otto, a learned German critic, bom 307 MR ill 1C44, died in 1707. Tlie most coiisidorablr of his works, and wiiicli is alone suiriciciit lo perpetuate liis name, isllie " Acta Eruditoruai" cf LiBipsic. MENCKE, John Biirchard, son of Olio, was bom in 1074, and author of numerous lcarii<;45. MICHAEL ANGELO, of Battles, a celebrated Roman painter, died in 16i;0. MICHAEL CERUL.'\RIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in 1043 ; he prevented the union of the eastern and western churches, and was banished in 1059. MICHAEL ANGELO BUANAROTTI, an Uustrious Italian painter, sculptor, and archi- tect, born in 1474, died at Rome, in 1564. He has the name of the greatest designer that ever lived. Being asked why he did not marry, he answered, "Painting was his wife, and his works bis cliildren." The most celebrated of all hip works, is his " Last Judgment," printed for pope Paul III. In architecture, he surpassed all the moderns, and as some think, the universi- ty also. St. Peters at Rome, the Capitol, and his own house, are proofs of his ability. He was also an excellent poet. MICHAEL ANGELO DU CARAVAGIO, a celebrated Italian painter, born in 1569, was at first a day labourer, but seeing some painters at work on a wall which he had helped to raise, he was so charmed with their art, that he immedi- ately applied himself to the .study of it, and in u few years was admired as the author of a new style of painting. His pieces are to be found ic ilways waited upon Uis company to the door J most of the cabinets of Europe. 30» MI Ml ftllCHAELlS, John David, a very learned ; Ceriiiau writer on divinity, and the oriental languages, was born in 1717, and died in 1791. His works are numerous, but his most celebrated is "Introduction to the New Testament," a translation of which v>'as published in English, in 1761. MICHELI, Peter Anthony, an able botanist, of Florence, died in 1737. MICHELI, James Bartholomew, aGenevese, devoted to philosophical and mathematical pur- (iuiLs; be died in 17ti6. MICKLE, William Julius, well known in the literary world, as the translator of the '■ Lusiad of Camoens." He was also author of the "Concubine," apoem in the manner of Spen- ser, and "Almada Hill," a poem. He was born in 1734, and died in 1788. MICRELIUS, John, professor of divinity at Stettin, and a distinguished theological dispu- tant, died in 1658. MIDDLETON, Richard, of the order of the Cordeliers, distinguished for his learning, died in 1304. MIDDLETON,\Villiani, a naval commander, who made a version of the psalms into Welch verse : he died in 159.5. MIDDLETON, Thomas, a dramatic writer, died about 1630. MIDDLETON, sir Hugh, a citizen and gold- smith, of London, memorable for his public spirit in supplying that citv with water ; he died in ir-81. MIDDLETON, Dr.Conyers, a celebrated Eng- lish divine and critical author, born in 1683. In 17.35, he published " A Dissertation concern- ing the Origin of Printing in England," showing that it was first introduced by William Caxton, at Westminster. In 1741, came out his great work " The History of the Life of M. Tullius Cicero." In 1743, he published " The Epistles of " M. T. Cicero to M. Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero, with English notes to each epistle, together with a prefatory dissertation," &c. He died in 1750. MIDDLETON, Erasmus, an English divine, author of the "Biographia Evangelica;" he died in 1805. MIDDLETON, Arthur, a member and presi- dent of the convention of South-Carolina, at the commencement of the revolution ; he died after 1776. MIDDLETON, Arthur, a member of congress from South-Carolina, in 1776, and a signer of the declaration of Independence ; he died in 1787. MIDDLETON, Thomas Fanshaw, D. D., a distinguished English clergyman, and bishop of Calcutta, was the first English bishop in India. He was appointed in 1814, and died in 1822. MIEL. Jan, a celebrated Flemish painter, died in 1664. MIERIS, Francis, of Leyden, excelled as a painter, and died in 1681. MIERIS, William, son of Francis, was also an eminent painter, and died in 1747. MIFFLIN, Thomas, an early advocate of the rights of the colonies, member of congress from Pennsylvania, a major-general in the American army, and afterwards governor of the state of Pennsvlvania; he died in 1800. MIGNARD, Nicholas, a celebrated French painter, died in 1668. MIGNARD, Peter, first painter to tJie king of France, and director and chancellor of the royal academy of painting, born in ICIO, died in lees. 310 MIGNON, Abraham, a German painter, whose piect.M are admired, died in 1679. AlILBOURNE, Luke, a divine and poet, au- thor of " Poetical Translation of the Psalms ;" he was born in JGI>7, and died in 1720. MILDMAY, sir Walter, was educated at Cainbridgi!, and, in 15(j6, was appointed chan- cellor of the e.xchequer. He was the founder of Emanuel college, and died in 1589. MILL, John, a very learned English divine, editor of a Greek New Testament, with vaiious readings and critical notes ; he was bom in 1645, and died in 1707. MILL, Henry, an ingenious mechanic, was born in London, about 1680. In the science of hydraulics, he was probably unequalled. He died in 1770. MILLAR, John, a popular professor of law, at Glasgow, died in 1801. MILLEDGE, John, a representative and se- nator in congress from Georgia, and afterwards governor of that state. He died in 1818. MILLER, Joseph, better known as Joe Miller, a comedian and compiler of a celebrated jest- book. He was born in 1684, and died in 1738. MILLER, James, an English dramatic poet, born in 1703, died in 1744. He published seve- ral plays, and many occasional pieces of poetry, the most distinguished of which, is his "Harle- quin Horace." MILLER, Philip, an eminent English botanist, and author of the " Gardener's Dictionary," born in Scotland, in 1691, died in 1771. MILLER, lady, author of "Letters from Italy, in the years 1770-71." " Poetical Amuse inents at a Villa near Bath," &c. ; she died in 1781 . MILLER, Edward, M. D., author of several musical productions. He was father of the pro- fession in the north of England, and performed in the oratorios of Handel. MILLER, Edward, M. D., a native of Dela- ware, and professor of ih(; practice of medicine in the collegeof physicians inNew- York; he was distinguished practitioner, and died in 1812. MILLES, Dr. Jeremiah, an eminent English divine and antiquary, born in 1713, died in 1*84. He was dean of Exeter ; was ardently engaged in the Chattertonian controversy, and published the sup])osed Rowley's poems. MILLETIER, Theopilus Brachet, sieur de la, a lawyer, and afterwards a protestant di- vine, and then a catholic; he died in 1665. MILLOT, Abbe de, author of several useful abridgments of history. Histories of France and England, Elements of General History, &c., was born in 1726, and died in 1785. MILLS, Samuel J., an American clergjinan, distinguished for his piety and zeal in pro- moting the missionary cause in his country. He died on his return from Africa, where he had gone as agent of the American colonization society, in 1818. RHLNE, Dr. Colin, a divine and naturalist, author of "A Botanical Dictionary," " Linntei {nstitniiones Botanic*;" he died in 1815. MILNF.R, Joseph, a divine, bom in 1744. He became vicar of a church at Hull ; was author of " An Answer to Gibbon's attack of Christ- ianitv,"and "A History of the Church of Christ." MILNER, Dr. Isaac, brother of Joseph, was a mathematical tutor at the university of Cam- bridge. Mr. Wilberfotce and Mr. Pitt were among his pupils. He afterwards became dean of Carlisle, continued his brother's " History of the Church of Christ," and died in 1820. J MILO, an athlete, of Crotona. celebrated for MI his prodigious strength. He was devoured by wild beasts, 500 B. C. MII/O, Titus Annius, a Eoman, who killed Clodius in the Appian Way. MILTIADES, a famous Athenian general. He died 489 B.C. MIIjTON, John, a most illustrious English poet, and famous pohtician, was born in Lon- dou, in 1608. In lt">25, he was admitted of Clirist's college, Cambridge. His father designed him for the church, and he was himself inclined to that profession for some time, but after he had taken the degree of M. A., in lfi3-2, he left the university and returned to his father. During his retirement for five years, he enriched his mind with the choicest stores of Grecian and Ro- man learning, making poetry his principal study. Tile poems entitled "Comus," "L'allcgro," "II Peaseroso," and " Lycidas," all written during this time, would have transmitted his fame to the latest posterity, if he had never produced any thing else. On the death of his mmlier, in 1G38, he visited foreign countries, and passed nearly two years in France and Italy, where hcdistinguialied himself by his talents in poetry. Milton returned to England, in 1659, and era- ployed himself in educating his sister's two eons : and being solicited by several friends for the same favour for their children, he took a handsome garden-house, in Aldersgate-street, fit for the purpose. Here he wrote many po- loJiiic and controversial tracts. In 1643, he married a daughter of Richard Powell, Esq. She had not lived with her husband much more than a month, when, under a pretence of visiting her friends, she deserted him. About two years afterwards, he was surprised by the entrance of his wife, who imploring pardon and reconciliation on her knees, was again received to his bosom. " soon his heart relented Towards her, his life so late and sole delight, Now at his feet submissive in distress." At the subversion of the monarchy by the death of the king, Milton, whose principles were strongly republican, was taken into the service of the commonwealth, and made Latin secre tary to the council of state. In 1(J51, he pub lished his celebrated piece entitled " Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio contra Claudii falmasii Defensionem Regiam ;" which spread his fame over all Europe. While writing this, he lost his eyesight, which had been decaying several years. In 1652, he lost his wife ; but he unme dialcly married a second. At the restoration, he was included in the general amnesty ; and having married a third wife, removed to a house in the Artillery-walk. His circumstances were much reduced by losses at the restoration ; but his principles not suffering him to seek or accept of any pubUc employment at court, he sat down to his studies, and applied himself diligently to finish his grand poem, " Paradise Lost," which! was published in 1667, and in 1670, he published " Paradise Regained," to which was added "Samson Agonistes, a dramatic poem." In 1669, he published his " History of Britain," which had occupied him many years. He died of the gout, in 1874. MIMNERMUS, an ancient Greek amatory, poet and musician, flourished in the 37tb Olym- piad. MINELLIUS, John, a Dutch grammarian of note, died in 16d3. MI MINOS, a fabulous son of Jupiter, and king of Crete ; he lived 14:i2 B. <;. MINOT, Lawrence, an English poet anterior to Chaucer, supposed lo have died about 1352. His poems were first discovered in manuscript, in the Cottonian librai-y, and have since been presented to the public. MIi\'OT,Gt'orge Richards, a lawyer, of Massa- chusetts, author of a continuation of Hutchin- son's History of Massachusetts, and of an Ac- count of the Insurrectiuu in that state ; he died in 1802. MINTO, Walter, a native of Scotland, was professor of mathematics and natural philoso- phy in Princeton college, New-Jersey ; he died in 1796. MINUTIUS FELIX, a Roman orator in the 3d century. MIRABAUD, John Bapti.st, secretary of the French academy, and an author, died in 1760. MIRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, marquis de, of Paris, a man well known in the republic of letters, and one of the founders of the political sect called the Economists, of whose principles Dr. Adam Smith has made such good use. He was also author of other works, and died in 1790. MIRABEAU, Honore Gabriel Riquetti count de, a celebrated French nobleman, born in 1749, died in 1791. A few hours before he died, he de- plored the fate of the French empire, exposed as it was to factions and intrigues of every kind. The French directory decreed a public mourning of eitrht days ; and all the places of amusement in Paris were shut on the day of his death. MIRABEAU, Boniface Riquetti, viscount de, served with distinction in America. He opposed the French revolution, emigrated, and died in 1792. MIRABELLA, Vincent, an Italian author, died in 1674. MIR^US, Aubertus, a learned German wri ter, died in 1640. MIRANDULA, John P'cus, earl of, an Italian, and a prodigy of learning, bom in 1463, died in 1494. MIRANDULA, John Francis Picus. prince of, succeeded to the principality in 1499. He was a lover of learning, and was assassinated in 1533. MIREVELT, Michael Jansen, a painter, of Delft, died in 1641. MISSON, Francis Maximilian, a distinguished advocate, in the parliament of Paris, in favour of the protesiants, and author of " Travels in Italy." He died in 1721. MITCHEL, Jouathan, a distinguished Ame- rican clergyman, settled at Cambridge, Mai's. ; he died in 1668. MITCHELL, Joseph, a dramatic poet, born in Scotland, in 1684, died in 1738. MITCHELL, John, M. D., an eminent Eng- lish botanist and physician. His botanical re- searches led him to America, in 1741, wlvere he resided several years. He afterwards returned to England, and died there. MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, a renowned general, and atfirst victorious over the Romans ; but being at length conquered by Pompey.he took poison, which proving ineffectual, he was slain, at his own request, by one of his attendants, 64 B. C. aged 72. MITTARELLI, John Benedict, of Venice, general of the order of the Calmudenses ; he di^d in 1777 sn MO MOCENIGO, Lewis, (lojje of Venice, del'oatcd *liu Turks ill tile celebrated battie of Lupunto, in ^571, ami died in 1576. MOCREVirJS, Andreas Priciiis, secretary of 'he liingof foiand, was a learned autiiorof tlie }CtlJ century. MOKBfUS, Godfrey, medical professor at Je- na, ,iiid tlie author of several medical worlts ; he lUeri in 1664. MOi'RliTS, George, professor of theology at Leipsic, nnd an author ; he died in 1097. MOirsE, Peter le, an indifferent French poet, died in JGVa. MOINE, Abraham le, a French divine, who left France, and became minister of aprotestant coiicroijation in London. He died in 17G0. MOJ.VE, Stephen ie, a French protestant mi- nisl.T, highly skilled in the Greeli, Latin, and orie.ttal languages, and professor of divinity at Leydeii, born in 1634, died in 1689. MOINK, Francis le, an excellent French painler, born in 1688 He ran himself through with a sword, in a tit of lunacy, and died in 1737 IMOIVRJS, De. SeeDEMOfVRE. MOLA, Pietro Francesco, a Swiss painter of celebrity, died in 1665. BIOLA, Giovanni Battista, an eminent painter, who studied at Paris, was born in l(3'ifl. MOLA.JU;.:, or VERMUELIN, John, an ec- clesiastic, and professor of theology at Louvaine ; he wrote seve/al works, and died in 1585. JIOLANUS, Gerald Walter, a Lutheran di- vine, abbot of Lockuin, and a correspondent of Bo.^^ue( ; he died in 1722. MOLAY, James de, the last grand master of the Templars. Philip the Fair, summoned him to Paris, where he came with 60 knights, who were seized and burnt alive in 1314. M0LE.-5W0RTII, Robert, viscount, an emi- nent statesman and political writer, under Wil- liam III., born in 1656, died in 1725. He wrote a celebrated " History of Denmark." MOLEViLLE, Bertrand de, a French states man, and minister of marine under Lewis XVI. He died in 1819. MOLIERE, John Baptist Pocquelin de, a comedian and diamatic poet, the restorer of co- medy in France, bora in 1620. In 1653, he pro- duced his first play, called " L'Elourdi," or the Blunderer, and continued the remainder of his life to write new plays, wliich were very greatly and very justly applauded : and if we consider the number of works which he composed wliila he was himself an actor, and interrupted by per- petual avocations of one kind or other, we must admire the quickness, as well as fertility of his genius. His last comedy was " Le Malade Im- aginTiire," or the Hypochondriac, and it was acted for the fourth tune, Feb. 17th, 1673. On this ve'ry day Moliere died in his 53d year. MOLIERES, Joseph Privat de, a French phi- losopher and professor in the royal college at Pa- ris, fie wrote several works, and died in 1742. MOLINA, Lewis, a Spaniard of noble birth, and professor of divinity at Ebola ; he died in 1601). MOLIN,«US, Caiolus, or Charles DU MOU- LIN, a famous lawyer,boin at Paris, in 1500. He wascalled the French Papinian, and died in 1566 BIOLLN'iEUS, or DU MOULIN, Peter, apro- testant minister, of France, afterwards profes- sor of philosophy at Leydcn. He died in 1656 MOD NET, John, canon of Valenciennes, wrote several work?, and died in 1607. MOLLNET, Claude du, canon of St. Gene- vieve, published several works, and died in 1687. 312 MO MOLINETTl, Anthony, a Venetian physician of great reputation ; he died in 1669. MOLINIER, John Baptist, a distinguished preacher, of 'I'oulouije, and author of sermons ; he died in 1745. MOLLINOS, Michael de, a Spanish ecclesias- tic, who caused great controversy iu the church. He was founder of the .sect called quietists, and died in 1696. MOLL, Herman, an eminent English geogra- pher, died in 17^2. MOLLER, Henry, a protestant, Hebrew pro- fessor at Wittemberg, and author of Latin poems, died in 1589. MOLLER, Daniel William, a celebrated tra- veller, and professor in Altorf university ; he died in 1712. MOLLER , John, of Sleswick, an able writer, died in 1734. MOLLOY, Charles, an eminent Irish politi- cal and dramatic writer, died in 1767. MOLO, a learned rhetorician, who had Cicero among his pupils. MOLS.A,Tarquina, a very accomplished lady. The senate of Rome passed a decree in which all her accomplishments are set forth, bestowing the right of citizenship on her and her family. She was born in 1542, and died in 1617. MOLS.^, Francis Maria, an eminent Italian poet, died in 1544. MOLYNEUX, William, an excellent mathe- matician and astronomer, born in 1656, died iu 1698. BIOLYNEUX, Samuel, an Englishman, born in 1689. He devoted his time to scientific pur- suits, until he was made one of the board of ad- miralty. MOLYNEUX, sir William, a gallant soldier in the service of Henry VIII. at the battle of Flodden-Field. MOMBRITIUS, Monimus, an Italian, and au- thor of the Lives of the Saints, printed in 1479. MOMPESSON, William, a divine and recto' of Cyam, in Derbyshire, at the time of the plague which nearly depopulated that town in 1666. During the calamity, lie at the imminent risk of his life, performed the duties of a physician, legislator, and priest, in his afflicted parish. MONALDESCHI, Lewis, of Rome, author of Roman Annals, in Ilahan, died in 1380. MONALDESCHI, Joiin, equery of the queen of Sweden, was put to death in 1657, for writing an account of her intrigues. MONAMY, Peter, born in Jersey, a painter of sea-pieces, died in 1749. MONANTHEUIL, Henry de, professor of mathematics at Paris, in 1577 ; he translated Aristotle's mechanics. MONARDES, Nicholas, a Spanish physician, who acquired great reputation by his praciice, and works which he published ; he died in 1578. MONBODDO, James Burnett, lord, one of the lords of session in Scotland, and a philoso- phieal-and metaphysical writer, horn in 1714, died in 1799. He wrote " Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of Language," and " An- cient Metaphysics." In the latter work, ho strenuously maintains that the ourang-outaii!-'. is a class of the human species ; lie also endea- vours to estabhsh the reality of mermaids ami other fictitious animals. MONBRON, N. Fougeret de, a Frenchman, known foi- his virulence as an author ; he died in 1760. MONCEAUX, Francis de, bom at Arms, was MO ainl);issiulor of Alexauder Farilcse, to Henry IV.; he wrote several works. MONC'KTON, Robert, a brigacjicr-gencral un- d(,'r Woll'e, in his e.xpcdition against (iucbec, aitorwards lieutenant-governor of Nova-Scotia, and governor ol' the colony of New- York ; he died in 1782. MOiVC'ONYS, Balthasar de, a Frenchman, who published his Travels in the East, in ll)(i5. MONCRiF, Francis Aiigustin ParadLs de, iiieinher oC the French academy, wrote several works, and died in 1770. AIONDON VILLK, John Joseph Caesanca de, a celebrated French musician, died in 1772. MOXGAUIiT, Nicolas Hubert, an ingenious and learned French critic, editor of " Tully's Letters to Auicus, with a Translation and Com rncnis ;" born in 1074, died in 174(5. MONIN, John Rdward du, author of elegant poems, was assassinated in 1086. MONIS, Judah, a converted Jew, teaclicr of Hebrew at Harvard College, died in 1C74. MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, a brave English general, restored Charles 11. to his cro\vn and kingdam. He whs author of some political and military tracts. Born in 1608, died in 1070, MONK, Nicholas, brother of the preceding, and bishop of Hereford, died in lOfil. MONK, the hon. Mrs., daughter of lord Moles- worth, of Ireland, a celebrated poetess, died in 1715. MONMOUTH, James, duke of, natural son of Charles II., king of England, born in 1649. He distinguished himself by his valour and mi litary skill, as lieutenant-general in the service of France. On his return to Fnglanil, he was sent to quell an in.^urrection in Scotland, which he effected. Being a protestant, he was deluded into ambitious schemes for the exclusion of the duke of York. He conspired against his father and the duke, and, when the latter came to the crown with the title of James U., he openly ap- peared in arms. Ho was defeated, taken, tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1685. MONNIER, Peter le, professor ot philosophy at Paris, and author of several works, died in 1799. MONNOYE, Bernard de la, a noted French poet, born in 1041, died in 1728. MONNOYER, John Baptist, an eminent Flemish painter, born in 1635, died in 1699. MONRO, Dr. Alexander, an eminent physi- cian and anatomist, born in Scotland in 1697, died in 1767. His " Osteology" has been trans- lated into several languages. MONRO, Alexander, D. D., a learned Scotch divine, and principal of the university of Edin- burgh, died in 1713. MONRO, Dr. John, an English physician, ce- lebrated for his skill in cases of insanity, born in 1715, died in 1791. t MONSEY, Dr. Messenger, many years phy eician of Chelsea hospital. In his character and humour, he resembled the celebrated dean Swift. He died in 1788, aged 96. MONSIfiNORI, Francis, of Verona, an emi- nent painter, died in 1519. MONSON, sir William, a famous English ad niiral, and author of "Naval Tracts," born in 1509, died in 1042. MONSTRELET, Enguerand de, a French historian, died in 1453. MONT, Deodate de, an eminent French paint- er, a pupil of Rubens, died in 1634. MONTAGUE, Charles Greville, governor of South Carolina, in 17G6. died in 17&t R r MO MONTAGUE, Richard, an English prelate and chaplain of James 1. He was un excollent scholar, and died in IMl. MONTAGUE, Charles, earl of Halifax, a dlB- tingoished wit and statesman under William III., queen Anne, and George I., born in 1661, died in 1715. MONTAGUE, Edward, earl of Sandwich, an illustrious Englisn general, admiral, and states- man, and a political and philosophical writer. He was blovvn up in his ship, in an engagement with the Dutch, off Southwold bay, in 1072. MONTAGUE, lady Mary Wortley, a woman of great talents, and an elegant writer. She accompanied her husband in an embassy to Constantinople, about 1716, from which place she wrote letter.s to Pope, Addison, and other eminent literary men of the time, which are very interesting, and contain many curious facts concerniug the manners and politics of the Turks. She introduced inoculation for the smallpox into England, the henelit of whioli has extended to millions, and died in 17C^. WONT.A.GUE, Edward Wortley, son of lady Mary, equally remarkable for his talents ami eccentricities, was born in 1714, and died in 1776. In his -youth, he ran away from West- minster sclwol, and apprenticed himself to a chimney-sweeper ; he afterwards connected himself with a fisherman ; he next became ca bin boy in a ship bound for Spain, and while in that country, was menial servant to a muleteer. Ill tills situation he was discovered, and brought back to his friends. After receiving a suitable education, he visited the countries of the East, and contracted such a fondness for the manners of the people, fJiat he spent the nmainder of his life in strict conformity to them. He was au- thor of " Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the Ancient Republics," and" An Examination into the Causes of Earthquakes." MONTAGUE, Elizabeth, a learned lady, au- thor of " Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakspeare, compared with itie Greek and French Dramatic Poets ; with some Remarks upon the Misrepresentations of Mons. de Vol- taire." She was born in 1P19, and died in 1800. MONTAIGNE, Michael de, an eminent French writer, born in 1533, died in 1592. MONTALBANI, Ovid, professor of astrono- my at Bologna. He published several works, and died in 1G72. MONTALEMBERT, Mark Rene, a distin- guished French general, and a man of learning; he died in 1799. MONTAMY, Didier Francis d'Arclais, lorti de, of Normandy, employed in the service of Ihe duke of Orleans, published a work on Co- lours, and died in 1765. MONTANI, Gemiano, mathematical .profes- sor at Bologna. He wrote several works, and died in the 17th century. MONTANUS, Benedict Arias, a learned Spaniard, whom Philip II. employed in the pub- lication of a new Polyglot bible ; he died in 1600. MONTANUS, an ancient heresiarch among the Christians, and founder of a sect in the 2d century called the Montanisfs. They pretended to the gift of projihccy, and prohibited second inarriaces. MONTANUS, John Baptist, an Italian phy- sician, regarded by his countrymen as a second Galen, was author of several works ; born ,'n ,I4,S8, died in 1551. 7 313 MO MONTARKAGO, or MASCARENHAS, Frsre dc) a learned Portuguesu author, died in 1730. , MONTAIJLT, Philip de, duke of Noailles TCiioiiucfid the protestant faith, and rose to high rank in the arinv; he died in 1684. MON TAUSIER, Charles de Sante Maure, /luke de, peer of France. lie was a man of in tegritv and virtue, and died in 1690. MONTHEILl.ARD, Philibert Gucneau dc nn oinincnt naturalist, of Nainur, who assisted }n in his gical work ; lie died in 1785. MONTCALM, Lewis Joseph de St. Vcran nianiuis de, a brave general. He fell on tlie fi'hi of battle with VVolfe, at the conquest of aiiehec, in 17.W. MO.NTCHRESTIEN DE VATEVILLE, An- thony, a French poet, engaged in the civil wars, T.'as put to death in 1G21. MO.NTECUCULf, count Sehastian, an Ita Han. He poisoned the son of Francis I. ot Pranfce, at the instigation of the wife of llenry U., brother to tlie murdered prince. He was put to death in 1536. MOXTECUCULLI, Raynard de, a distin- guished general, born in 1608, died in 1680. ^lONTE M.\ YER, George de, aCastilian poet, in ihe reit'u of Philip 11. of Spain, died in 1560. MONTENAULT, Charles Philip, a French writer, dirri in 1749. MONTESPAN, Athenais Mortimar, madame dc, a celebrated French lady, wife of the marquis of Muiitespan, and one of the raistressc:; of Louis XIV. ; she died in 1717. BIONTESaUIEU, Chsrles de Secondat, ha- Tfin de, an illustrious Frenchman, president of the parliament of Bourdcaus, born in 1689, died in 1755. His " Spirit of Laws" lias immortal ized his name. MONTEZUMA, the last king of Mexico, was conquered by Corte/., and stoned to death by his own subjects in 1520. MONTFAUCON, Bernard de, a very learned French Benedictine, famous for his knowledge of ecclesiastic and pagan antiquities, born in 1655, died in 1741. MONTFLEURY, Zachary Jacob, of Anjou, author of some tragedies, died in 10S5. MONTFORT Simon, count de, a renowned Frencn generSi, slain at the siege of Toulouse hy a stone thrown at him by a woman, in 1218. MONTGAILL ARD, Bernard de, a mendicaut friar. He was a celebrated preacher, but pros- tituted his eloquence to bloody purposes. Ho died in 1628. MONTGERON, Lewis Bassille Carre de, of Fans, was imprisoned for the fanaticism of his writings, and died in 1754. MONTGOLFIER, James Stephen, a French paper maker, inventor of air balloons, was born iu 1747, and died in 1790. MONTGOLFIER, Jamfi.=, brother of the preceding, died in 1810, in the TOth year of his age. MONTGOMERIE, John, aid to George II., and afterwards covernor of :he colonics of Kcw-York and New-Jersey ; he died in 1731. MONTGOMERY, Richard, a major-general In the American army, fell in an attack upon ttutbec. in 1775. MONTGOMERY, Gabriel de, count of, a Frencli protestant nobleman of distinguished bravery. He was beheaded by order of Caihe- »ine dc Medicis, in 1574. Mvjrn'GON, Charles Alexander, a French ecclesiastic, was spy to the duke of B«urbon,| &14 ' MO and confessor to Philip V. of Spain ; he died in 1770. MONTI, Joseph, professor of botany at Bo- logna, died in 1750. MONTICELLl, Andrew, an adraireil Italian painter, died in 1716. M0NTI(;N1, Stephen Mignol de, a French- man, eminent as a mechanic. He improved the Frencli manufactures, and died in 1782. MONT.IOSIEU, Lewis de, born at Rouergne, was the author of a curious book on the sculp ture of the ancients, published m 1649. MON'TLUC, Blaise de, a brave Frenchman, who rose to be marshal of France. He distin- guished himself in various battles, and died in 1577. MONTMAUR, Peter de, Greek professor in the royal college at Paris. He was successively a drugsist, advocate, and poet, and died in 164?. MONTMtJRENCY, Matthew dc, constable of France, of one of the most illustrious fami- lies of Europe. He married a natural daughter of Henry I. of England, and, for his second wife, the widow of Lewis VI. of France. He died in 1160. MONTMORENCY, Charles de, of the same family, w>is made marshal of France, and %va3 at the battle of Cressy ; he died in 1381. MONTMORENCY, Annedc, a famous mar- shal of France, born 1495, was slain in the civil war against the Huguenots, 1567. MONTMORENCY, Henry de, second son of Anne, distinguished himself at the battle of Dreux, and took Condc prisoner. He was made a marshal of France, and, under Henry IV., constable ; he died in 1614. MONTMORENCY, Henry, son of the pre- ceding, was made adndral of France at the age of 18, and, by his valour, supported the honour of his house ; he was beheaded for rebellion in 1632. MONTPENSIER, Anne Marie Louisa d'Or- leans, dutchess de, inherited the boldness and intrigue of her father, and, during the civil wars, embraced the party of Conde ; she died in 1603. MONTPETIT, Arnold Vincent, an ingenious man, who left the law for painting, and that for the study of mechanics, in which he excelled; he died in 1800. JMONTPEZAT, Anthony de, a marshal of France, died in 1544. MONTROSE, James Graham, marquis of, memorable for his valour and military abilities as a general, and for his attachment to Ch.irles I. and II. Being defeated by the parliamentary forces, he concealed and disguised himself; but being betrayed and delivered up, to the eternal disgrace of the Scots republicans, he was hang- ed and quartered at Edinburgh, in 1650. MONTUCLA, Joseph de, a member of the French national institute. He was devoted to mathematical studies, had the good fortune to escape the storms of the revolution, and, in his old age, to receive a pension from Buonaparte. He died in 1800. MOODY, Joshua, a minister of Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, afterwards settled at Boston ; he died in 1697. He sutTered much persecution from the governor of New-Hampshire, for at- tempting to enforce strict church discipline, and afterwards at Boston, for opposing the violent but then popular measures against witchcraft MOORE, Philip, an amiable and exemplary man and divine, died ia the Isle of Man, in 1783. MO MOUKi;, sir Jonas, .111 able iiiailiemuticiaii and an author, patroiiised by Charles 1., died in 1G81. ftlOOKE, Robert, an eminent ppmnaii and wrilinc master, died in F.iiglaiid, in 1727. MOOKi;, Kdward, an linglisii fabulist and 'dramatic writer of eminence, born in 1712, died in 17.''>7. MOORE, Pranciii, an inccnioin English me chanic, wlio^e invrntive talents raised him into eminent notice witlMut the tu^sisiance of erudi- tion or of patronage. The machinery whieti he irtade, and wliicli prcw to such a maL'nilude in their scope and tendency as to attract the no- tice of tlie le;:islati!re, have very nuich improv- ed the meclianic art.' and assisted the manufac- turer. He died in 1787. MOORE, Dr. John, was born in 1730, and edu- cated at Glasgow, where he studied medicine and surgery, and afterwards went abroad, and practised in the British arn>y. In the year 1771) lie published " A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany," and two years afl<;r a continuation of it, called " A View of Society and Manners in Italy.*' lit also published " !^Ie(lical Sketches;" an excel- lent novel called "Zeluco:" " A View of the Cause and Progress of the French Revolution ;" " Edward," a novel ; a series of letters entitled " Mordaunt ; being Sketches of Life, Character, and Manners in various Countries." Dr. Aloore possessed great in.sight into human nature, and that liappy union of acute discernment with a lively imagination, by which be was enabled to describe its intricacies with the greater pleasaut- rv. He died in 180-3. 'MOORE, sir John, K. B., a gallant British general, and eldest son of the preceding, wat hornatGlasgow, in 176], and killed by acannon hall, in the moment of victory achieved by the British troops under his command, at tlie battle of (,'orunna, Jan. 10, 1S09. His whole life lir.d been devoted to the service of his couiUry. He has left a name that will be immortal in the mi- fitarv annals of his country. MOORE, John, D. I)., a'rchbishop of Canter- bury in 1783, died in 1805. MOORE, James, governor of the colony of ?outh Carolina, and speaker of the house of assembly of that colony, in 1725. MOORE, sir Henry, a popular governor of tlie colony of New- York, died in 17(59. MOORE, Benjamin, bishop of the episcopal churcli in the diocess of New- York, professor of rhetoric and logic in Columbia college, and president of that institution at the time of his de.ith. which happened in 181(5. MOORE, Zephaniali Swift, D. D., a congre- gational clergyman in Massachusetts, was pro- fessor of languages in Dartmouth college, presi- dent of Williams college, and afterwards first president of the college at Amherst, Mass. ; he died in 18M. MOR.ABIN, James, authorof a life of Cicero, died at Paris, in 1762. MOR.ALES, Ambrose, historiographer to the king of Spain, wrote a Spanish Chronicle, and died in 1590. MORAND, Sauveur Francis, a celebrated furgeon and medical writer ; he died at Paris, in 1773. MORAND, an ingenious architect, of Lyons, was guillotined in 17U3. MORANDE, N. Thevenot de, an unprincipled s'rehch writer ; he was inassacretl at Paris, in MO ^ I MORANDI, John Maria, of Florence, euii- nent as n pauiter, died in 1715. MOR ANT, Philip, M. A. and F. S. A., a learn- ed and indefatigaijie English antiquary and bio- grapiier, horn in 1700, died in 1770. His writings Were very numerous. MOR ATA, Olympia Fulvia, a learned Italian lady, who siioke Latin and Greek ; she died in 1555. MORDATTNT, Charles, earl of Peterborough, a renowned English statesman, general, poli tical writer, and poet, born in 1(558, died in 17:;5. MORE, sir Thomas, ch. nccllor of England in the reign of Henry VIII., was born in Ijondon, n 1480. After having leen long in habits of uncommon farniliarily and confidence with llie king, he was beheaded by his order, July 5, 1435, an 'J'ower-Hill. Sir Thomas More was author of many and various works. MORE, Henry, an English philosopher and poet, born in 1014, died in 1(567. He possessed much natural enthusiasm, and was enraptured Willi the Platonic system. MORE, Alexander, a protestant divine, and divinity professor at Geneva, afterwards minis- ter of the reformed church at Paris. He was an I'loqucnt preacher, and died in 1(570. MORE, sir Francis, an English lawyer and author ; he died in 1G21. MORE, John, a learned prelate of the English church, whose library was purchased by George II., and given to Cambridge university ; he died in 1714. MORE, St. Antonio, a Dutch painter, died in 1575. MORE, or MOORE, James, an English wri- ter, and a friend of the duke of Wharton ; he died in 1734. MORE, Henry, an English dissenting minis- ter, whose poems possess merit, died in 1802. MOREAU, James a French physician and an author, died in 1729. MOREAU, Victor, an advocate, and a gene- ral in the French army, was born at Morlaix, in 1701. In 1803, he was banished by order of the first-consul, and visited the U. S. He after- wards joined the enemies of hie country, and, at the battle of Dresden, was shot by a cannon-ball, which terminated his life on the 2d Sept., 1813. MOREAU, Jacob Nicholas, historiographer of France, and an able writer, he suffered oa the scaffold in 1794. MOREELSE, Paul, a Dutch painter, died in 1038. MOREL, the name of several celebrated printers to the kings of France, who, like the Slephenses, were also very learned men. MOREL, Andrew, an eminent Swiss anti- qiiarv, died in 1703. MI^RELL, Dr. Thomas, a learned Engliah divine, lexicographer, and classical editor, born in 1701. died in 1784. His chief work is an abridgment of" Ainaworth's Latin Dictionary." MORELY, lord, son of sir Thomas Parker, was a great favourite of Henry VHI., and died in 1547. MORERT,Lewis, D D., author of a celebrated historical dictionary, born in ir43, died in 1680 MORES, Edward Rowe, an eminent Engliib antiquary, born in 1730, died in 1778. MORETT, an ingenious artist and goldsmith, onniloved bv Henry VIII. MORGA(^NT, John Baptist, an Italian, emi- nent as an anatomist, died in 1771. SIORGAN, William, a native of Wales.ra) SI 5 MO ed to the see of Landaff ; lie was zealously en- gaged in translating the Bible into Welch, uud (lied in 1H<)4. MORGAN, Mwyijvawr, or the CourteouB, a Welch prince and an able warrior ; he died in 1001. MORGAN, prince of Powys, .went on a pil- grimaae to the Holy Land, and died in 1126. MORGAN, George Oadogan, a native of Walea, teacher of a dissenting congregation at Norwich, and an author ; he died in 1798. MORGAN, John, M. D., F. U. S., a distin- guished physician, of Philadelphia, professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical school of tiiat city, and afterwards chief physician to the general hospitals of the American arniv. He died in 1789. MORGAN, Daniel, a biigadicr-general, and a distingnished otiicer, of the American army, during the revolution, died in 1799. His servi- ces as an officer were highly important and duly appreciated by his countrymen. MORGUES, Matthew de, sieur de St. Ger- main, a French preacher of great eminence, born in 1582, died in 1670, leaving a " History of Lewis the Just." MORHOFF, Daniel George, a very learned German critic, poet, and Latin historian, born in 1639, died in 1G91. MORICE, sir William, a learned Englishman, and secretary of state under Charles IL ; he died in 1676. MORILLO, Bartholomew, an admired Span- ish painter, died in IC>S3 MORIxV, John Baptist, physician, and regius professor of mathematics at Paris, born in 1.583, died in 1656. His " Astrologia Gallica," had cost him thirty years' labour, and was printed in IGOl, with two epistles dedicatory ; the one from the author to Jesns Christ, the otlier ad- dressed to the queen of Portugal. MORIN, John, a learned Frenchman, convert- ed fr9m the protestant to tlie catholic faith. His works are numerous ; he dieil in 1659. MORIN, Simon, a celebrated French fanatic, burnt alive at Paris, in lf>o3, for having assum- ed the title of the Son of God. MORIN, Stephen, a learned French theologi- cal and biblical writer, born in 16i;5,died in 1700. Ill one of hig works he endeavours to prove that the Hebrew language is as old as the crea- tion, and tlmt God himself inspired it into Adam. MORIN, Henry, also changed hk religion, and died in 1728. MORIN, Peter, a learned French critic, em ployed by the pope to superintend the editions of the Septuagint and the Vulgate ; he died in 1803. MORIN, Lewis, a French physician, and member of the academy of sciences, at Paris ; Jre died in 1715. MORIN, John, professor of philosopliy, at Chartros, died in 17(>4. MORINIERE, Adrian Claude le Fort de la, author of several works, died at Paris, in 1696. MORISON, Robert, physician, and professor of botany at Oxford, born in 1G20, wrote a "Historv'of Plants," and died in 1683. MORiSOT, CLiude Bartholomew, a French Writer, uied in 1661. MORL.\N[), Samuel, an eminent statesman, C-mploved bv Cromwell in several embassies. Mf^JRL.'VNn, George, an exquisite painter, chiefly of rustic scenes, was born in London, in 1761. As a faithful copier of nature, it is uni- 316 MO veraally allowed none could excel him. For seven years of the prime of his life, he confined himself to picturesque landaca|)e ; but, taking to an irregular course of drinking, he was led from the woodside to the alehouse ; bis sheep were changed for pigs, and the lield for the stable. He had always favourites whom he pre- ferred, and would paitu for none who did not hit his peculiar humour. His genuine pictures are in few hands, and his drawings are sliU more scarce. He died in M04. MORLEY, Dr. George, bishopof Winchester, memorable for having negotiated with the Dutch for the restoration of Charles II., bom in 1597, died in 1684. MORHERE, James Augustus de la, a French writer of romances, died in 1785. MORLIN, Joachim, a Lutheran divine, horn in 1514 ; he was made bishop of Sambia, by the king of Poland. MORNAC, Anthony, an eminent French ad vocate and an author, died in 1619. MORNAY, Philipde, baron du Plessis Marly, an illustrious French protectant, a political and polemical writer, and privy councillor of Henry iV., born in 1549, died in 1628. His most im- portant work, and for which he has been most, distinguished, is a book " Upon the Truth of the Christian Religion," in wliich he employs the weapons of reason and learning with great, force and skill against Atheists, Epicureans, Heathens, Jews, Mahometans, and other Infi- dels. MOEOaONS, Francis, a Venetian, di.stin- guisheil himself against the Turks, at the siege of Candia, and defeated them in a great naval battle. He died in 1699. MORRIS, Lewis,a nativeof Anglesea. About 90 MS. volumes of antiquities, collected by hun, are preserved. He died in 1765. MORRIS, Richard, an eminent critic and poet, was engaged in the publication of two editions of the Welch Bible ; he died in 1764. MORRIS, Robert Hunter, chief justice of New-Jersey, and lieutenant-governor of the co- lony of New- York ; he died in 1764. MORRIS, Lewis, a judge of the supreme court, and afterwards governor of the colony of New Jersey , he died in 1746, MORRIS, Robert, an eminent merchant, of Philadelphia, was a member of congress from Pennsylvania, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence. He was after- wards appointed treasurer of the United States, and rendered essential service to the country, during three years of the war, by his skill as a linancier, and by pledging himself individually for the public credit ; he died in 1806. MORRIS, Gouverncur, a distinguished Ame- rican statesman and orator, was a delegate to congress from New- York, and to the con vention which formed the federal constitution. He was afterwards ambassador from the United States to France ; and on his return from Europe, was chosen a member of the United Slates' senate. He died in 1816. MORTIMER, John, author of an esteemed Treatise on Husbandry," died in 1736. MORTIMER, Thomas, grandson of the pre- ceding, a writer, of some eminence on commer- cial subjects, was born in London, in 1730. In 1761, he published "Every Man his own Bro- ker," and was the following year appointed vice-consul for the Austrian Netherlands ; which situation he held tiU 1768. He then resumed his literary pursuits, and publistmd "Elements et MO Commcrcu, Politics, ami Fiuaiict-s ;" " An Epi- tome of Uuivoisal History ai.-ri Biogiaptiy ;" a translation of M. Necltcr's !,'r(;at work on the " Finances of Franco ;" " History of Knglai'.d," to 17G:i ; tlie " liritislj Plutarch ;" and a " Gene- ral Dictionary of ( 'omnierce, Trade, and Manu- factures." Mr. Jlortinier died in 1809. MORTIMKR, Julin Hamilton, an eminent English historical painter, born in 1739, died in 1779. MORTON, Thomas, an English bishop, and chaplain to king James. He was esteemed lor his benevolence and piety, and died in 1059. MORTON, James, earl of, a Scotchman, who promoted the reformation, lie was made chan- cellor and regent of Scotland. His enemies at last condemned him for high treason, in IfiS). MORTON, William, a barrister, distiiiijuislied in the civil wars, and in lb05, made justice of the king's bench. MORTON, John, rose by his abilities to the office of lord chancellor of England, and died in 1500. MORTON, Nathaniel, oim; of the early settlers of Plymouth, author of a History of the Church of that colony, and of "New-England's Memo- rial," published in 1669. MORTON, Charles, a native of England, came to America, and was settled as a minister ih Massachusetts. He died in 3698. MORTON, Joseph, proprietary governor of South-Carolina, in 168-2, and afterwards in 1685. i MORTON, John, a member of congress from Pennsylvania, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; he died in 1770. MOSCHOPULUS, Emmanuel, a native of Crete, in the 14th century, and author of a Trea- tise on Grammar. MOSCHUS, a Grecian pastoral poet of anti- quity, cotemporary of Bion and Theocritus. MOSELEY, Dr. Benjamin, an eminent Eng- lish physician, whose practice, however, chiefly laid in Jamaica. On his return to England, liej was made physician to CheLsea hospital. His' writings were chiefly on Tropical Diseases ; and; he was an inveterate enemy to vaccination ; he died in 1819. MOSES, the great legislator of the Jews, was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C, and died at the age Of 120. MOSES, MendeLshon. See MENDEL^HON. MOSES, Miconti, a Spanisli rabbi, of the 14th century. MOSHEIM, John Laurence, an illustrious German divine, ecclesiastical historian, and critic, liorn in 1695, died in 1755. His " Ecclesi- astical History, from the birth of Christ to the beginning of the 18lh century," is unquestiona- bly the best that is extant. MOSS, Robert, an English divine, and a po- pular preacher, was chaplain to king William and his two successors ; he died in 1729. MOSS, Charles, an English prelate and con- troversial writer, bishop of St. David's, and af- terwards of Bath and Welts ; he died in 180-2. MOSSOP, Henry, an eminent English trage- dian, died in 1774. j. MOTHELEVAYER,Prancisdela,counselIor of state, and preceptor to the duke of Anjou, «nly brother to Lewis XIV., was born at Paris in 1.588, and died in 1C7'2. We have no French author that approaches nearer to Plutarch than he. His Treatise concerning the education of the Dauphin, and that oi> Pagan FbiTosopby, axe his best perform ante*. ' M O MOTHK LE VAYER, de Buutignc, master of reque.sls to the French king, and a writer OJ" several works ; he died in 15el5. MOTHEKBY, Dr. George, an eminent Enj: hsh physician, and celebrated as the author of "A New Medical Dictionary," born in ll'H,- died in 1793. MOTTE, Anthony Houdart de la, an ingenious French critic and miscellaneous author, born at Paris, in 1072, died in 1731. His " Discourssur Homere" is a masterpiece of elegance. His works consist of epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric, pastoral, and fables ; besides a vast varie- ty of discourses, critical and academical, in prose. MOTTEUX, Peter Anthony, a French refu- gee, settled in England, where he became an cmmentdramalic writer, gave a very good trans- lation of " Don Ciui.xotte," and wrote severut " Songs," " Prologues," " Epilogues," tc, died in 1717. MOTTEVILLE, Prances Bertrand, dame de, a celebrated French lady, born in 1615, died in 1689, leaving a very agreeable work, under the title of " Memoires pour servir a I'llistoire d' Anned'Austria." MOTTLE Y, John, an English dramatic wri- ter, born in 1692, died in 1750. He wrote live plays, some of which met with tolerable suc- cess, and published a " Life of the great Czar Peter." MOUCIIERON, Isaac, a Dutch painter, cele- brated for his landscapes, died in 1744. MOUFET, Thomas, a medical writer, who first introduced chymical medicines in England ; he died about 1600. MOUHY, Charles de Fieux, a native of Metz ; he wrote several romances, and died in 1784. MOULIN, Charles du. See MOLINiEUS. 1 MQULIN, Peter du, a French protestant di- vine and polemical writer, bom in 1568, died in 16.58. MOUIjIN, Peter du, son of the preceding, chaplain to Charles U., of England, preoendary of Canterbury, and a theological writer, born in 1604, died in 1084. MOULIN, Lewis, brother of the preceding, was a violent independent ; he wrote a work dedicated to Cromwell, and died in 1680. MOULIN, Gabriel, a catholic minister, o{ Maneval, wrote a History of Normandy, 1631. MOUIjTRIE, John, an eminent physician, of South Carolina, died in 1773. MOULTRIE, John, M. D.,son of the preced- ing, was also a distinguished physician of South Carolina, and aftervvardslieutenant-governor of East Florida. MOULTRIE, William, a major-general in the American array, during the revolution, anil afterwards governor of the state of South Car rolina ; he died in 1805. MOUNSEY. See MONSEY. MOUNTFORT, William, an English dratjj^- tic writer and eminent actor, born in 1659, wa» assassinated in 1692. RIOURET, John Joseph, a celebrated Frefich musician, died in 1738. MOURGITES, Michael, a French Jesuit, an« author of a Treatise on French Poetry; bediei! in 1713. MOURGUES, Matthew de, an ex-jesuit, anil author of controversial v\ orks ; he died at Paris, in 1670. MOUVANS, Paul Richard, surnamed Le Brave, a protastant olTicer, was slaih in the c; vll wars of Frarcp, in 1568. i* 317 _^lu MOXON, Joseph, hydrugraplicr to Cliailt s II of England be wrote niiuhcniatical and astro noniif'al works, and died about 17UU. MO VLK, Walter, a very ingenious and lennic'd R]]!;lisli )ii)litical and iDiscellaneous writer, born in lOTi!, (lied in l?'.'!. MOYSK, Henry, page to James I., a Scotcli man, died in 1630. MOZART John Chrysostom Wolfgang The opiiilus, a very celebrated fierrnan musician and composer, born at Saltzburg, in 1754), died in 1791. MUDGE, John, M. D., P. R. S., who, for his skill in the scienc*; of mechanics, was no less eminent than in that of medicine ; of which hi; iiiiprovenicniin the formation of reHecting tele scopes, his excellent medical treatises, and long and extensive practice, bear ample testimony. He died in 17!I3. BlUDGE, Zachary, an English divine, prcben dary of E.xeter cathedral, died in 17t>9. Three of his sons, were distinguished for their ^eniu and learning. iMUDO, Ucrnande/., a Spanish painter of eminence ; lie was deaf and dumb, and was em])lo\ cd by Pliilip II. MUEllLKNBERG, 11. M., D. D., pastor of the first Lutheran church in Pennsylvania, was distinguished for his learning. He died at Pliila- delphia, in 1787. MUEHLENBERG, G. Henry Ernest, D. D. son of the preceding, was also a Lnl heran divine, eminent for his literary and scientilic attain mcnts ; he died in 1815. MUET, Peter le, a French architect, and the author of valuable treatises on architecture ; hi died in 1069. MUGGLETON, Lodovick, an English tailor of notorious fame as a schismatic, who damned all the world thatditieved from his strange mode of faith. He was born in li>07 ; liis books were burnt by the hangman, liim.self pilloried and imprisoned, and he died in 1697. MUlS, Simeon de, an eminent orientalist and professor of Hebrew at Paris ; he died in 16ti4. MULGRAVE, Constantino Pliipps, lord. See PIIIPPS. MULLER, John, a celebrated engraver, who flourished about 1600. He studied under Golt- ziiis. whose manner he successfully imitated. MULLER, John. See KEGIOMONTANUS. MUMMIUS, Lucius, a Roman consul, known for his triumph over Corinth, Thebes, &;c. MUNCER.or MUNTZER, Thomas, a Saxon divine, one of the disciples of Luther, and chief of the German Anabaptists. In conjunction with Stork, lie pulled down all the images in the churches which Luther had left standing ; and then, Iniding an army in liis followers, he com- menced leveller, and openly taught that all dis- tinctions of rank were usurpations on the rights of mankind. At the head of 40,000 men, he ravaged the country. The landgrave of Hesse at length defeated him ; 7000 of the enthusiasts fell in battle, and the rest, with their leader fled : he was taken and beheaded at Mulhauscn, in 1525. MIINCKER, Thomas, a learned author, died in 1H80. MUNDAY, Antony, a dramatic author, died in 1033. MUNDINUS, a celebrated anatomist, was born at Florence, and died in 13)8. MltNICIf, Burchard Christopher, of Olden- hurgh, learned the art of war under Eugene and Waiiboronsh. He distinguished hiiuseU" is the 318 uv .service of Peter 1. of Russia, wlio made him » mar.shal ; he died in 1707. MUNNICKS, John, professor of physic and boumy at L'treclit, died in 1711. MIJNyTER, Sebasiian, a German Lutheran divine, eminent for his great knowledge in the Hebrew and other oriental languages, the ina- IhematicB, and natural philosophy, and lor a great number of works which lie published on all these subjects, bom in 1489, died in 1552. MCNTIiVG, Abraham, a learned botanist, of Gronenger, died in 1083. MUNI'S, Don Juan liaptista, a most volu- minous Spanish writer, who published 130 vols, of historical and other works, many original documents and letters of Columbus, Zimeiies, &c., and other productions relating to America, and was employed in 1779 by tin' King of Spain to write the History of th'e New World. He died at Madrid, about 17VH). MURALT, Realt Lewis de, a Swiss, wlio travelled over Europe, author of letters on the French and Englisli ; he died in 1700. MURAT, Joachim, a soldier of fortune, who emerged from obscuiity during the French re- volution, became a distinguished general in the armies of France, a duke and marshal of the empire under Napoleon, and afterwards king of Naples. He married a sister of Buonaparte ; was with hi.m in several of his celebrated cam- paigns, in Egypt, in Austria, and in Russia, and was shot by order of tlie allied sovereigns, Oct., 1815. MURATORT, Lewis Antony^ an eminent Italian antiquary, and Latin historian and cri- tic, born in 1072, died in 1750. Tlie principal (jf his very voluminous works are, " Reruiu Italicarum Scriptores ab anno Er;e Christiana; .'iOO ad 1500," 27 vols, folio; " Aiitiqnitatcs Italicie, medii .(Evi, sive Dissertationes de Mori- bus Italici Populi, ab Inciinatione Romani Ini peril usque ad annum 1500," vols, folio ; " An- nali d'ltalia ilei principio dell' era volgare flno air anno 1500," 12 vols. MURETUS, Mark Antony, a very ingenious and learned French poet andcritic, born in 1526, died in Lj85. JlfiRILLO, Bartholomew, a Spanish painter, whopc iiieces were so much admired as to obtain for him from the king, a patent of nobility ; he died in 1082. MURPHY, Arthur, a barrister at law, antl celebrated dramatic and miscellaneous writer, born about the year 1727. At 19 years of age, lie was sent to England, and intended for a mercantile life ; but literature and the stage drew his attention, and soon absorbed hisrniiid. On the 18th of October, 175"), he made his first appearance at Covent Garden theatre, in the character of Othello; after which he confined himself to writing plays for others to act. His dramas arc 22 in number, of which his tragedy of the Grecian Daughter and several comedies and farces, still keep possession of the stage. He also wrote a periodical paper in the manner of the Spectator, called " The Gray's Inn Jour- nal ;" and toward the close of liis life published an excellent translation of " Tacitus." He died in 1805. MURRAY, James, earl of, natural son of James V. of Scotland. He was guilty of bar- barous conduct towards Mary, queen of Scots, who had ennobled him, and was shot in 1571. MURRAY. Thomas, a Scotch portrait paint- er, patronize jjr the royal fauiily of Englaud , ti« died in 17i.<. MU NA MURIIA Y, William, a Scotcli dissenting ini-|!are curious, and contain iiuotatluns from Hoinei nlstur, and an author ; he died in 1753. MURRAY, James, a Scotch divine, refusedl preferment at liomo, settled In London, and died; in 1758. Another dissenting divint of the saniej iwme wrote a history of tlie Auwjrican war, andi otiier works, and died in 17S2. | MURR.\Y, William, earl of Mansfield, born| in 1705, died in 1793 In 1731! he was appointed to tiia office of lord chief justice of the King's Bench, which he held fcr upwards of 30 years, with a splendour and reputation unrivalled. His judgments in that court were particularly fortunate; for, during the whole lime of his presiding there, thore were few or no instances of their being either arraigned or reversed, lie thrice refused the office of lord high chancellor, and neve-r took any grant or emolument from the king, for himself or any person belonging to him. MURRAY, .Toscph, a distinguished lawyer, of jVcw-York, known as the liberal benefactor of King's (now (.'oinmbia) collese, in that city. MURRAY, William Vans, an eminent law- yer, of Maryland, was a member of Congress from that stale, and afterwards minister from the United States to the Ratavian republic, and ambassador, with Messrs. Ellsworth and Davie, to France ; he died in 1803. MURRAY, Jamp„7, and died in 1774. MUSURUS, Marcus, a celebrated Greek poet, and critic, to whom we are obliged for the first editions of "Aristophanes" and " Athemus," died in 1517. MUTIAN, Jeremy, an admired German paint- er, died ill 15'l0. MU'I'IUS, Cuilins Scaivola, an illustrious Ro- man, distinguished for his attack on Porsenna. MUTUJS, Hulric, historical professor at Basil, died in the Itith century. MUY, Louis Nicolas Victor, count de, a na- tive of Jlarsoilles, his bravery raised him to be a marshal of France, and minister of war. He died in 1775. MUYS, William, of Sleenvick, was an able writer on philosophy and botany, and died in 1744. MUZIO, Jerome, an Italian author, died in 1576. MYDORGE, Claude, an able mathematician, of Paris, died in ]li47. MYLNE, Robert, an architectT born at Edin- burgh, in 1734. He was employed in llie erec- tion of Blackfriars' Bridge, and was appointed surveyorofSt. Paul's Cathedral, died in 1811. MYN, Herbert Vander, a celebrated Dutch painter, died in 1741. MYREPiSUS, Nicolas, a physician, of Alex- andria, of the 13th century. MYSOX, a celebrated Greek philosopher, ranked by some among the seven wise men. jrYTENS, Arnold, an eminent Dutch painter, died in 1602. MYTENS, Martin, a Swedish painter, much respected by the emperor Charles VI., died la 1755. N NABI-EFFENDI, a Turkish poet of great me'-it, of the 17th century. \ABIS, !iing of Lacedtemon, noted for hia ed the reformation at Bern. He was a man of great learning and eloquence. He died ui 15G3. Museums, Andrew, a Lutheran divine, and professor at Frankfort on the Oder; he died in 1580. MUSGRAVE, Dr. William, an eminent En- glish physician and antiquary, and secretary to the Royal Society, born in 1657, died in 1721. MUSIUS, Cornelius, professor of belles let- tres in Flanders ; he was cruelly put to death, on ace<)unt of his religion, in 1572. MUSS.\SA, a warlike princess, who succeed- ed her father as sovereign of Congo. She dress- «d in male attire, and often conducted her sol- diers to battle. She flourished in the 17th cen- tury :MUSSATI, Albcrtin, a historian and poet, of Padua, and ministcrto the emperor Henry VH. ; he.lifd in ir>36. MUSSO, Cornelius, a famous preacher, and member of tlie council of Trent, lUs sermons NABONASS.\R, a king of Babylon, supposed to be the Baladan of Scripture, founded that epoch which began 747 B. C. NABOPOLASSAR, king of Babylon, inva- ded and divided the kingdom of Syria 626 B. C , and died 21 years after. NiEVIUS, Cneins, of Campania, an ancient Latin poet, died 203 B. C. NAHUM, one of the minor prophets, in the reign of Hezekiah. N.\IRON, Fanstua, aMaronite, and professor of Syriac in tl»e Sapienza college at Rome, died ia 1707. He maintained that the Maronites had preserved inviolate the Christian faitli. NALSON, Valentine, an English divine, and author Of sermons, died in 1724. NALTOiN', James, was cjecied for non-con- formity in 1662, and died in 16f)3. NANCEL, Nicholas de, a French physician, and author of some-eminence, died in 1619. NANFAN, .Tolin, colonia! governor of \f.'W lYork, about 1701. 319 NA NANI, John Baptist, a noble Venetian stat.es- tn.in, aud aiilliorof a" History of Venice," of iii:)Cli rcpiiHitioii, born in KJJti, died iti 1678. OiANNUJii, Peter, professor at Louvain, wrote Kev-eral works, and died in 1557. NANQUIER, aimon, a French poet of the IGth century. NANTEUIL, Robert, acclcbratcd French de- tilsiinr and engraver to Louis XIV., burn in 1630, died inl67rt. NANTIGNI, Lewis Chazot de, a French writer, and autlior of " Historical Genealogies of Jvingsand etnperorg," &c. ; he died in n.W. NAOGLORGUS, Thomas, a native of Bava- ria ; he wrote satires against the papists, and , died in 1578. N.IPIER, John, lord, a Scotch nobleman, ce- lebrated as a philosopher and mathematician, and as the inventor of logarithms for the use of navigators, born in 1550, died in 1617. NARES, James, doctor of music, organist of the chapel-royal at St. James', niastcr of the children of ihe said royal cliapel, and confiposcr of divers anthejns, wliich manifest the strength of his genius, and, together with his other works, will perpetuate his name, and rank him with the first in his profession ; he was born in 1715, and died in 1783. NARSES, king of Persia, died A. D. 303. NARSES, a Persian eunuch, who was in the service of the Roman emperors, and at the head of their armies defeated the Goths. He died in 552. NASn, Thomas, a satirist against the puri- tans, and a dramatic writer, barn about ].)(i4. He settled in London, where he died in ItJOl. NASH, Richard, commonly called Beau Xash, or king of Bath, born at Soutii Wales, in 1674, and died at Bath, in 1761. NASH, Francis, a brigadier-general in the American army, during the revolution ; he was isilled at the battle of Germantown, in 1777. NASINl, Joiieph Nicholas, an Italian painter of some celebrity ; he died ju 1736. NASMITH^ James, D^D., an English divine and writer, died in 1808. NAT ADS, Michael, an engraver, of Liege, eminent in his profession, died in 1670. N.-iTHAN, a prophet in the age of David. NATHAN, Isaac, or Mordecai, the first who published a Hebrew concordance, which he com- pleted in 1448. N.VPTIER, John Murk le, a French painter, patronised by the French king ; he died in 1766. NATTIER, Lawrence, of Swahia, publislied a book on ancient gems, and died in 1703. NAUCLERUS, John, professorof law atTu- bingen, and an author, died in the IGlli century. NAUDE, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, treated with kindness by Richelieu and Maza- Tin, died in 1653. NAUDE, Philip, born at Mctz, was professor of mathematics at Berlin, and died in 1729. NAUNTON, sir Robert, a statesman, and secretary of state to James I. His " Fraginenta Regalia"' contains some curious anecdotes of the court of queen Elizabeth. Sir Robert died in 1633. NAVAGERO, Andrew, a noble Venetian, who was employed as ambassador to Francis I. ; Jic died in 1.029. NAVAGERO, Bernard, of the same family, was made a cardinal, and was present at the council of Trent ; he died in 1565. NAVARRE, Peier, a famous warrior of the liilli century. NE NAVARETTA, Ferdinand, a Spanish Domi- nican, who, for his eloquence, was employed aa a missionary in China, he died in 1089. N.ANARET'I'A, Balthasar, a S))anish Domi- nican, and an .-luthor of the 16th century. NAVIER, Peter Toussaint, a native of St. Dizier, eminent for his discovciy of nitrons ether, and the combination of uicrcury with iron. He died in 1779. NAYLER, James, a remarkable enthusiast, born in 1616, he became a convert of the fam- ous George Fo.\ to 4. NICIAS, a renowned Athenian general, put to death by ihe Syracusans, 413 B. C. NICOUEMUS', a learned Jew, who visited our Saviour by night. NlCOL.\I, John, a French Dominican, and professor of theology, at Paris ; he wrote theolo- gical works, and died in 1673. NICOLAS, a proselyte, of Antioch, one of the seven deacons of the first church at Jerusa- lem. NICOLAS, St., bishop of Myra, lived in the age of Corrstantine the Great, and assisted at the Nicene council. NICOLAS I., surnamed the Great, was elect- ed pope in 858. He was the cause of the schism between the Greek and Latin churches, and died in 807. NICOLAS II., Gerard, of Burgundy, was Nl elected |>ope in 1058. He extended the papal power, and died in lOlil. NICOLAS III., Jolni (;aetan,was elected pope in 1277. He sent miasiouaries to Tartary, and tlied in I'iSO. NICOLAS IV., N.deRubeis.waselected pope fn 1288. He was a man of learning, and died in I'JJi NICOLAS v., Thomas de Sarzanne, an Ita- Uaii, was elected pope in 1447. He gained uni- versal re^^pect for his wisdouj and moderation, and died in 1455. NICOLAS, ol" Damascus, a philosopher and bistoriau of the age of Augustui*. N ICOL.AS, 01" Cusa, son of a fisherman, rose by liis merit, and was appointed ambassador hy Engenius IV., to several courts. He died in 1454. NICOL.4S, of Lyra, a Jew, converted to Christianity. He taught divinity with reputa- tion, and died in 1340. Nli'OLAS, of Munster, founder of a sect calleil the House of Love, died in 1540. N100L.\S, of Pisa, an emi.nent architect and sculptor, flourislied in the 13th century. NICOL\S EY.VIERIOK, adomiiilcan.of Gi- ronne, and author of the Directory of tlie In- quisitors; lie died in 139'J. NICOL.\S, Augustine, an advocate of Besan- con, and an author, he died in l(i05. NICOLE, John, a French lawyer of some re- putation, died in 1G78. NICOLE, Claude, usually called the Presi- dent Nicole, born in France, in lfill,died in 1G85. His works consist of transhitions into French verse of several works of "Ovid," "Horace," "Persiiis," " Martial," "Seneca the tragedian," "Claudian," and others. NICOLE, Peter, an eminent French divine. He was a Sa.\seni.st, a man of great abilities, and left some works; he died in 1095. NIt;OLE, Francis, a distinguished French mathematician, died in 1758. NICOLL, John, M. D., a native of Scotland, was a distinguished physician of New York. From a sincere attachment to the con.stitution and discipline of the church of Scotland, he engaged in establishing a presbyterian church in New- York, to which hu devoted a great part of his estate. He died in 1743. NICOLO DEL ABBATE, a celebrated Ital- ian painter, of the IGth century. NICOLSON, William, archbishop of Cashel, in Ireland, born in 1055, died in 1727; distin- guished as a historian, critic, and antiquary. ?Iis thiee books, called severally, " The English, Irish, and Scottish Historical Libraries," are works in very good esteem. NICOMEDES, a mathematician of the 2d century. NICON, patriarth of the Russian empire. His publication of the Bible in tlie Russian language created enemies among the clergy, and he was compelled to abdicate his office in 1079. NICOT, John, ambassador from France to Portugal. He wrote a French and Latin Dic- tionary, &c., and died in ICOO. NIDIIARD, John Everard, an Austrian Je- suit, was made inquisitor-general of Spain, and niinistcr, and died in 1081. NIEUHOFF, John de, a Dutchman, and am- bassador from the Dutch East India Company to China, in the 17th centurv. NIEUVVENTYT, Bernard, a learned Dutch- man, and the author of several mathematical works , h€ died in 1730. NO NIGER,C. Pescennius Justus, governor of Sy- ria, proclunned emperor of Kouie by his array, in 193, but afterwards defeated and slain by hid rival. NIGIDIUS FIGULUS, Publius, was one of the most learned authors of ancient Rome after Varro, a philosopher of the Pythagorean sect, and a great astrologer ; he also applied himself to state ati'airs, and was a very able minister. He died in exile, 45 B. C. NIGIUSOLI, Jerome, an Italian physician and author, died in 1089. NILES, Samuel, an American clergyman, settled at Braiuirce, Mass. ; he died in 1702. NINLTS, the founder of the Assyrian empire, was son of Belus, and husband of Seiniramis, to whom he left the kingdom, 2104 B. C. NIPHUS, Augustin, a famous philosopher, of Calabria, died in 1550. NISBET, sir John, lord advocate of Scotland, in the reign of Charles II. NISBET, Charles, D. D., a clerg>Tnan of Scot- land, was chosen tirst president of the college of Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, in 1783, and held that otfice, with reputation and success until hta death in 1804. NIVELLEDE LA CHAUSSEE, Peter Claude, an admired French poet, died in 1754. NIVERNOIS, Lewis Julius Mancini, duke of, minister of stale, and ambassador abroad, ne- gotiated the peace of 1703, at London. He is known as a poet and a writer, and died in 1798. NIZOLIUS, Marius, an Italian grammarian of the IGth century. NO.\H, son of Lamech, was saved from de- strnction in the ark, built by the direction of God. He died 2029 B. C. NOAILLES, Lewis Antony de, cardinal and archbishop of Paris. Though by birth, duke of St. Cloud, he preferred the ecclesiastical state to political distinction ; he died in 1729. NOAILLES, Adrian Maurice, dukede, a dis- tinguished French military officer, was promo- ted to the rank of marshal, and died in 1706. NOBLE, Eustache de, a Frenchman, who by his abilities, rose to be procurer of tlie par liament of Metz. He wrote several works, and died in 1711. NOGAROLA, Isotta, a learned lady, of Ve rona, well acquainted with philosophy, theolo- gy, and the learned languages ; she died in 1468. NOG.AROL.'\, Lewis, a noble Venetian, was dt the council of Trent ; he died in 1559. NOINVILLE, James Bernard de, the author of several works, died in 1708. NOIR, John le, an ecclesiastic of Sees, con- demned for heretical opinions. His works pos- sess great merit. He died in 1692. NOLDIUS, Christian, a Danish divine, and author, died in 1673. NOLIN, Denys, an advocate in tlie parlia- ment of Paris, quitted his profession for divini- ty, and died in 1710. NOLIN, John Baptist, a geographer, of Paris, died in 1702. NOLLET, Dominic, a Dutch historical pain- ter, died in 1736. NOLLET, John Anthony, a learned man and philosopher, whose experiments contributed much to the advancement of science. He died at Paris, in 1770. NOLLIKINS, Joseph Francis, a painter^ of Antwerp, died in 1748. NONH'S, Klarcollus, a learned grammarian and peripatetic philosoiiher. His works were printed in 1471. 323 NO NONNIUS, Lewis, a learned physician at Antwerp, in llie 17tli century, and autlior ol' a famous treatise, entitled " "uieteticou, sive dt Ke Cibaria." He also printed a commentary upon tlie Greek medals, and ttiose of Julius Cffisar, Augustus, and 'I'iberius. NONNIUS, Peter, or N UNES, a great mathe- matician, born in Portugal, in J497. Hi; vvas^ author of several mathematical works, and died in 15T7. NONNUS, a Greek poet, surnamcd Panopo- lites, from the place of his birth, being a native of Panopolis, in Egypt, where he was born in the 5lh century. He is the author of a para- phrase in Greek verse upon the gospel of St. John, the diction of which is perspicuous, neat, elegant, and proper for the subject. iV'OnD'l", Gerard, an eminent civilian, born at Niineguen. His works arc all on law sub- jects. He died in 1725. NOR.ADIN, son of Sanguin, or Emadeddin, sultan of Aleppo and Nineveh. He attacked and defeated the crusaders, and died in 1174 universally respected. NORDBERG, I. A., chaplain and companion of Charles XII., of Sweden, in all his military adventures. He died in 1745. NORDEN, Frederick Lewis, born in Holstein in 1708. He was a skilful navigator, a great designer, and a good mathematician. Having a strong desire to examine the wonders of Egypt. he went thither under the patronage of the king of Deaiinark, and published the result in " Tra- vels in Egypt and Nubia." Going afterwards to England, he W3s admitted a member of the Royal Society , and on this occasion gave the pub Uc " Drawings of some Ruins and Colossal Sta tues at Thebes, in Egypt, with an account of the same, in a Letter to the Eoyal Society." He di«d in France, in 1749. NORDEN, John, an able topographer, and surveyor of the king's lands, in the reign of James I. ; he died in 1625. NORDEN FLEK'HT, Chedcrig Charlotte de of Stockholm, celebrated among the Swedes for her elecant poems ; she died in 1793. NORDENSCHOLD, a native of Sweden, and governor of Finland, known lor his extensive knowledge of political economy ; he died in 17C4. NORES, Jason de, a native of Cyprus, who went to Padua, and taught philosophy. He died in 1590. NORGATE, Edward, an Englishman, and an' ingenious artist, died in 1G49. NORMANT, Alexis, advocate of the parlia ment of Paris, deservedly celebrated for his love of justice ; died in 1745. NOUUIS, John, an Englishman, educated at Cambridge; he was a benefactor to his College, and died in 1777. NOliRlS John, a learned English divine and Platonic philosopher, moral writer, and poet, born ill 1057, died in 1711. NORRIS, Henry, a learned cardinal, born at Verona, in lfi31, distinguished himself by a "History of Pclagianism," and died at Rome in 1704. NORRIS, John, a merchant, of Salem, Mas- sachusetts, distinguished as one of the founders, and a liberal benefactor of the theological insti tution at Aiidover, in that slate ; lie died in ]g08. His wife, Mary, left by will, 30,000 dol lars to the same institution, and a like sum to other relicious objects. NORTH. Francis, lord Guilford, keeper of the great seal , in the reigns of Charles U. and' 324 NO Jam-'s H., a great natural pliilosopher, and au- thor of " A riiilosophical Essay on Music." lie was born about 1040, and died in 1665. NORTH, Dr. John, brother of the preceding, born in 1645, was a man of great learning, aa admirer of Plato, and published an edition of some of his pieces, viz. " .-^ocratis Apologia," " Crilo," " PhiPdo," &c. He died in 1683. NORTH, George, M. A., an eminent English divine and antiquary, born in 1707, wrote a " Tabic of English Silver Coins, from the Con- quest, to the Commonwealth, with Remarks,' and died in 1772. NORTH, Frederick, earl of Guilford, better known as lord North ; tlic minister,under wiiose administration, England lost her American colo- nies. He was born in 17.32, and died in 1792, liavinc been blind several years. NORTON, lady Frances, an English lady, who wrote "Applause of Virtue," &c. ; she died in 1720. NORTON, John, a writer in the reign of Charles H., who published "The Scholar's Vade-mr cum ;" in which he attempted to alter the orthography and structure of the Englisb lansungo. NORTON, Thomas, an English lawyer and dramatic writer, assisted Sternhold and Hop- kins, in their noted version of the Psalms, 27 of which he turned into English metre. He died about It'iOfl. NORTON, John, one of the early emigrants from Great Britain to America, and a distin- guished clergyman, in the infant colony of Mas- sachusetts: he died in 1663. NOSTRODAMUS, Michael, an able French phvsician and celebrated astrologer, was born in 150.3. and died in 1566. NOTT, Edward, governor of the colony of Virginia, from 1705 until his death, the ensuing year. He W'as respected by the colonists, and iiis short administration was popular. NOITE, Francis de la, of Brittany, a colonist, engaged in tlie civil wars of France ; he was distinguished as a brave man, and was killed in battle in 1.591. NOUE, Stanislaus Louis de la, of the same family, served with great reputation in the French army, and was killed in 1760. NOUE, Denis de la, an eminent printer, of Paris, died in 1650. NOUE, John Saiivre de la, of Meau.r, a ce- lebrated actor and dramatic writer ; he died in 1761. NOUE, N. la, a famous financier, of France, in the 17th century. NOVARINI, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, of Ve- rona, and an author, died in 1650. NOVATI.\N, a pagan philosopher of the 33 century, who was convened to ctiristianity, but founded a new heresy. His followers were called Novatians. NOVATUS, a priest of Carthage, of great in- consistency of opinion, he died in the 3d cen- tury. NOWEL, Alexander, an English divine. Hia catechism, published in 1572, was extensively used, and much admired. He died in 1576. NOY, William, attorney-general in the reign of Charles 1., celebrated for the many valuable law books which he wrote. He was born in 1577, and died in 1034. NOYES, James, a native of England, came to America in 1634, and soon after se^.^ed aJt Newbury, Massachusetts, as pastor of acbunh , there. He died iu 16-'6 PC NoYI'.S, Jaiiies:, son of r!ie preceding, \va3 jelllfil, as a cli^rcyiiiiiii, at Stoniiiglon, Con- necticut. He died in 1719. KOYF-S, Nicliola-, minister of a church at Salciii, Mas-sacliusi'tts, died in 1717. NUCK, Antiio.iy, a DuicU physician, and professor of anatomy at Leyden. NUGENT, Robert, earl of, an Irish catholic, who became a prottstant, was promoted to office, and died in 1788. NUGENT, Thomas, LL. D., an Irishman, author of a Frenrh dictionary. His daughter was married to Fldmund Burlce. NUMA POMPIMUS, second king of Rome, known for the laws whicli he estabhshcd, and his respect for religion. He died C7i! B. C. NUMENIUS, a Greek philo-sopher of tlie Od century, and a follower of Pythagoras and Plato. NUMERIANUS, Marcus Aurelius, son of the emperor Carus, succeeded his brother in 284, but was soon after assassinated. NUNEZ, Ferdinand, a Spanish critic, and professor of belles lettres, at Alcala and Sala- manca ; he died in 15.")J. NYE, Philip, an ejected non-conformist, died in 1672. NYE, Nathaniel, a mathematician, in the the ri'i2n of Charles II. NY.M.\NNUS, Gregory, professor of anato- my and botany, at Wittemhcrg, died in 1638. O OAKES, Urian, an English clergyman, who settled in Massachusetts, and was chosen pre- BideTit of Harvard ciillcse ; he died in 1C81. OATES, Titus, an infajnous character, whose public conduct may be found in every history of England under the reign of Charles II. and James 11. He%vasbornin 1619, and died in 1705. OBADfAH, the fourth of the minor prophets. OBRECHT, Ulric, a learned German critic and Latin historian, born in 1646, died in 1701. So extensive and various was his learning, that .le has been styled ■" The Epitome of Human Science." OBSEaUENS, Julius, a Latin critic, who flourished about the year 305, and wrote a book " i)e Prodigiis.' OBSOP.'iKUS, John, a German physician and critic, born at Brettin, in 1550, died in 1.506. O'BURNE, James, a celebrated ventriloqnift, born in Ireland, hut for many years re.-idi;nt in England, died in ITiiO. OCCAM, or OCCIIAM, William, a famous scholastic divine, of the order of Cordeliers, who acquired so ereat a reputation as to he en- itled, the Invincible Doctor; he died in 1347. OCCLEVE, Thomas, an English poet, flour- ^hcd about 1420. OCCUM, Sampson, a Monegan Indian, con- verted to Christianity, became a missionary »monc the Western Indians; he died in 17;i2. OCELLUS, a Greek Pythagorean philoso- jher, surnamed Lncanus, author of a celebiat- f.d tract, called " The Universe." He flourished }00R. C. OCHINUS, Bernardin, an Italian, vicar-gene- ral of the capuchin order. He changed his re- figion several limes, and died in 1504! OCKLEY, Simon, an eminent orientali.st, professor of Arabic in Cambridge, and author of " A History of the Saracens, from the dealh of Mahomet, in d'M to 705." He was born in 167r», and died in I'-Xi. OCT AVI A, daughter of Cains OctavLu= sis OL ler to ,\ugn!*lus Ca'sar, wife of Mark Antony, and oneof tiic most iliualriou.s ladies of ancieiil Rome for her wisdom and virtues, died 1 1 P.. C. OCTAVIA, the wife of Nero, who divorced and put her to death. ODAZRl, John, a painter and engraver, of Rome, died in 1731. ODELL, Thom.is, an English dramatic wri- ter, and deputy master of the revels, died in 1749. He hrousht lour dramatic pieces on the stage, which met with some share of success. ODEN ATUS, king of Palmyra, was assassin ated in 067, and his wife, Zenobia, assumed the government. ODIN, a famous hero, who lived about 70 B. C. in the kingdom of Denmark. He was a war- rior, poet, priest, and monarch, and worshipped by his countrymen, as a god, affer his deatli. ODO, Saint, abbot of <;iugni, distinguished for his great learning and sanctity; he died in 943. ODO, of Kent, Hourislied in the 12th century, a very learned and eloquent Benedictine prior and abbot. He died in 1171, having composed many valuable work.s. CECOLAMPADiUS, John, a German divine, eminent among the reformers of the church, born in 1482, died, of the plague, in 1.531. CECUJIENIUS, a Greek writer of the 10th century. OKFA, king of Mercia, was the first who es- tablished the Peter-pence tribute; he died in 79-4. OGDEN, Samuel, a learned and pious Eng lish divine, born in 1710, died in 177.'^. OGDEN, Matthias, an officer in tlie American army during the revolution, and afterwards a brigadier general in the service of the United States; he died in 1791. OGDEN, Jacob, a respectable physician, of New- York, in 1765. OGILBY, John, an eminent geographer, cri- tic, and poet, of Scotland, born in 1600. His principal works are translations of " Vircil," and " Homer," and a versification of " Esop's Fables ;" an " Atlas," comprised in several fo- lio volumes. He died in 1076. OGILVIE, Dr. John, a divine of the church of Scotland, born in 1733. He was greatly dis- tinguished for learning and piety, published many poems, and died in 1814. OGLE, Samuel, governor of the colony of Maryland ; he died in 1751. OGLE, Benjamin, governor of the state of Maryland, died at Annapolis, in 1809. OGLETHORPE, James, an able British ge- neral, and a distinguished philanthropist. He served under prince Eugene, and in the senate of his country, hut is most renowned for his successful enterprise in Georgia, of which state he Was the founder. He died, in England, in 1785, at the age of 97. OISEL, James, professor of civil law, atGro- nineen, died in 1680. OKOLSKI, Simon, a Polish author, who died in the 17(h century. OKSKI, Stanislaus, a Pole, who studied divi- nity under Luther and Melancthon, and after- wards turned catholic ; he died in the 16th cen- tury. OLAF, a king of Norway in the 10th century, sent missionariea to Greenland to convert the natives. OLA HUS, Nicolas, a Hungarian bishop; he wrote a chronicle of his time, and died in 1568. OLAUS, Magnus, archbishop of Upsal, in Sweden, and historian of the northern nations, di.d in 1555. OL OLAVIDES, N., count de, a native of Spati- isli America, educated at Madrid, publisliert the Triumph of the Gospel, and died in the reign of Charles III. OLUCASTLE, sir John, called the good lord Cobliam, the first author, as well as the first martyr, on the reformation from popery, was born in the reign of Kdward III. He was one of the leaders in the reforming party, who drew up a number of articles against the cor- ruptions wliich then prevailed among church- men, and denied the scriptural dominion of the pope. As a heretic, he was hung in chains alive upon a gallows, and fire being put under him, he was burnt to death in 1418. OLDENBURG, Henry, a learned German gentleman, who, being settled in London as consul for Bremen, became first secretary to the Koyal Society ; to which ofJice, he ap[ilied him- self with extraordinary diligence, and began the publication of the " Philosophical Transac- tions," with No. 1, in 1664. He died ip 1078. OLDEN BURGEN, Philip Andrew, professor of history and law at Geneva, died in I6T8. OLDERMAN, John, a German, and Greek professor at Hclmstadt, wrote some valuable dissertations, and died in ]'i23. OLDFIELU, Anne, a celebrated English ac- tress, and accomplished woman, was born in 168.1, and died in 1730. OLDFIELD, T. P., an English youth of extra- ordinary genius, died in 1804, in iiis 10th year. At the age of five and a half years his body was debilitated witlisicivnoss, but his mind presented the finest-display of human perfection. He be- came a great proficient in mathematics, philoso- phy, astronomy, geography, history and paint- ing. His memory was extremely retentive. He never forgot any thing with which he was once acquainted, and he would frequently take adnji- rable likenesses of persons who struck him from memory He was never known to be out of temper^ and though he suffered an illness of ten years, never repined or seemed impatient. OLDHAM, John, an eminent English poet, was born in 1653. His genius lay chiefly in satire. He died in 1683. OLDISWORTH, William, a political and miscellaneous writer, in the reigns of ipieen Anne and George I. He was one of the original au- thors of the " E.xaminer," published several other works, and died in 1734. OLDMIXON, John, an English historian and poet, a violent party writer, and a severe and malevolent critic, died in 1742. He was a man of learning and abilities. OLDYS, William, Norroy king at arms, well versed in English antiquities, a correct writer, and a good historian, born in 1696, died in 1761. OLEARIUS, Godfrey, a learned German, and professor of divinity at Leipsic, died in 1713. OLEARIUS, Godfrey, a learned Greek pro- fessor and writer, born in 1672, and died in 1715, having published several works, and translated "Stanley's History of Philosophy" into Latin, with " Notes and Dissertations" of his own. OLEAEIUS, Adam, a German writer, and minister to the duke of Holstein ; who having occasion to send an ambassador to the great duke of Muscovy, and the king of Prussia, ap- pointed Olearius secretary to the embassy. On his return, he drew up " A Relation of his Journeys," which was published in 1656. He was born in 1599, and died in 1671. O'LEARY, Arthur, a native of Ireland, who entered into the Franciscan order of Capuchins. 326 OL Returning to Ireland, he soon distinguished him- self by his « rilings, both on religious and poli- Itical suiiHHls, by which he gained the esteem of jail parlies, as a friend to freedom, liberality and [loleration His addresses to the catholics gained htm the most (laliering notice of the Irish go- vernment ; he died in London, in 1802, aged 73. 0LF;AS'I'I';K, Jeroni, a Portuguese Domini- can, wasollered a bishopric, which he declined fur the otlice of grand-inquisitor ; he died in 1563. OLEN, an ancient Greek poet. His age is fubulons. OLES.MKI, Ibigneus, anoble Pole, wasmade cardinal, and died in 14f5. OLIMPO, Balthasar, an Italian poet, of the I6th century. OLIVA, Alexander, general of the Augustin monks, a celebrated cardinal, and learned theo- logical writer, was born in 1408. and died in 1483. OLIVA. John, a learned ecclesiastic, of Fo- vigo, and secretary to the conclave ; he died in 1757. OLIV.ARES, Gasper de Guzman, count de, an illustrious Spaniard, minister under Philip V. He occasioned the total separation of Portugal from Spnin, and died in 1643. OLIVER, Isaac, a celebrated English histori- cal and portrait painter, was born in 1556, and died in 1017. OLIVER, Peter, an eminent English minia- ture )iainter, died in 1661. OLIVER, of Malmsbury, a Benedictine, was p.n able mechanic, but attempting to fly with wings which he had made, he fell and broke his leg. He died in 1060. OLIVER, William, an able physician, of Bath, died in 1764. OLIVER, Claude Matthew, an advocate in the parliantentof Aix, of great eloquence. He was an author of merit, and died in 1736. OLIVER, Daniel, a merchant, of Boston, eminent for piety and benevolence, died in 1732. OLIVER, Andrew, lieutenant-governor of the colony of Massachusetts, died in 1774. He rendered himself unpopular toward the close of his life by favouring the claims of the British government upon the colonies. OLIVER, Peter, LL. D., brother of the pre- ceding, was chief justice of Massachusetts, and like his brother, became extremely unpopular with the colonists. He retired to England, where he died, in 1791. OLIVER, Thomas, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, at the commencement of the re- volution. He espoused the cause of the mother country, and went to England, where he died. OLIVET, Joseph, a Frenchman, chiefly me- morable for an excellent edition of " Cicero's Works," died in 1768. OLIVETAN, Robert, a relation of Caleric, who printed, at Neufchatel, in 1535, the first French translation of the Bible, from the He- brew and Greek texts. He was poisoned the ensuing year. OIiIVEVRA, Chevalier Francis de, a noble Portuguese, employed in various embassie.'?. His enlightened mind abandoned the popish re- lisrion for the protestant. He afterwards went to England and died in 1783. OLONNOIS, John David, a Frenchman fa- mous for his bold adventures on the ocean, in the 17ih centurv. OLYB RIUS,"Flavius Anicius, husband of the sister of Valentin ian III., was scut into Italy • OP against a rebel, whom he proclaimed emperor 01" tl)« West. lit; afterwards deposud him and usurped the throne hiiiiself, and died in 473. t)L VMPIODORUS, a peripatetic philosopher of Kj;ypt, in the age of the second Tiieodosius. OlTzOFFSRI, Andrew, a learned Polish di- vine, was ambassador to Vienna. He died in 1678. OMAR I., caliph of the Saracens, the second after Muhtunet, and one of the most rapid con querors in modern history. He drove the Greeks from Syria and Phoenicia; Jerusalem was sur- rendered to him ; his generals took the capital of Pfrsia; and soon after, Memphis and Ale.t- andri a submitted to his victorious troops : and in this conqm^st, the famous Alexandrian libra- ry was burnt by these savages, who heated their Moves with its valuable books. He was assas- linated by a Persian slave, in 643, the 10th year of his reign, and 63d of his age. OVl.AR II., nth caliph of the race of the Om miades, succeeded to the throne in 717. Hevvas wufil to the Christians, and was assassinated n 720. OMEIS, Magnus Daniel, professor of belles ettres at \ltorf, and author of several works ; lied in 1708 ONESICRITUS, a cynic philosopher, among be attendants of Alexander the Great. ONRf'IMUS, a Phrygian slave, converted to C!hristianity by St. Paul. OiVKELOS, surnamed the Proselyte, a famous Kabbi of the first century, and author of the Chaldee Targum on the Pentateuch. ONOMACRITU3, a Greek poet, about 516 B. C. The poems entitled Orpheus, are ascribed to him. ONOSANDER, a Greek author who flourish ed about A. D. 50, and wrote commentaries up on " Plato's politics," which are lost; but his name is particularly famous (or his treatise " Of the duty and virtues of the general of an army," Miich has been translated intosever.il languages ONUPHRIl IS, Panvinius, acelebrated Augus- tine monk, born at Verona, in 1529, who, apply- ing himself to the study of ecclesiastical history, continued the " Lives of the Popes" begun by Platina. He acquired the title of the father of history ; and died in 1568. OORT, Adam Van, an eminent painter, of Antwerp, was born in 1557. COST, James Van, a celebrated Dutch pain- ter, died in 1600. OPIE, John, an eminent English artist, and ?irofessor of painting, in the Royal Academy. le was not merely an excellent artist, but was also an admirable writer upon the art. He was born in 1761, was the son of a humble carpen- ter ; he was drawn from his obscurity by the kind patronage of Dr. Wolcot (usually called Peter Pindar) and died in London, in 1807. OPITIUS, Henry, a Lutheran divine, and pro- fessor of oriental languages, at Keil ; he died in 1712. OPITIUS, Martin, a famous Silesian poet, Etvled the "Virgil" of Germany; he died in 1639, aged 42 years. OPORINUS, John, a famous German printer, editor, and commentator on Greek aud Latin authors, born in 1507, and died in 1568. OPPEDE, John Meyneir, baron d', presidetit of the parliament of Aix, made himself odious by the atrocities which he committed against the Vaudois. He died in 1558, GPPIAN, a Greek poet and grammarian, who flourished about the year S30, under the emperor OR Caracalla, who gave him a crown of gold for every line of his poems, whence they got tha title of golden verses. He died at 30 years of age. OPSOP/EUS, John, from a corrector of the press, became an eminent physician, and proles- or oi' medicine, at Heidelberg; he died in 1619. OPTATUS,an African bishop, who flourished in the 14th century, under the empire of Valenti- nian and Valens. He wrote the " History of the Donatists," the " Sacred Geography of Africa." ORDOR.AN, a monk, at Sens, and an author, died in the I4lh century. ORELLANA, Francis, a Spaniard, who ac- companied Pizarro to Peru. He was the first European who saw the great river Amazon, and perished, in 1550, in attempting to discover its mouth. ORGANA, Andrew, an eminent painter, poet, and architect, born at Florence, in 1329, and died in 1389. The greatest part of his paintings are at Pisa. In his picture of the universal judgment, he painted his friends in heaven, and his Iocs in hell. ORIBASIUS, an eminent physician and medi- cal writer, of the 4th century. He settled tit .Alexandria, in Egypt, and died in ITO. ORIB.ASTIU.-^, of Pergamos, was physician to the apostate Julian. ORIGEN, an illustrious father of the Christ- ian church, and a man of great parts and learn- ing, born at Alexandria, about the year 185, and died in 254. ORIGEN, a Platonic philosopher, and the friend of Porphyry. ORIGNV, Peter Adam, author of a History of ancient Egypt," died at Rheims, in 1774. ORKAN, son of Othoman, made himself em- peror of Turkey, in 1326, by destroying his elder brothers. He died in 1360. ORLANDI, Pelegrini Anthony, an eminent Italian bookseller, and the author of several works, died in 1730. ORLAY, Bernard Van, an eminent Dutch painter, and a disciple of Raphael, died in 1560. ORLE.ANS, Louis, of France, duke of, son of Charles V., was basely murdered by his uii-' cle John, duke of Burgundy, in 1407. ORLEANS, Charles, duke of, son of Louis, of France, was taken prisoner at the battle of Agincourt, and after a captivity of 25 years, in England, returned to France, and died in 1465. ORLEANS, Louis, duke of, piince of the blood, son of Philip, the regent, and an accom- plished scholar ; he died in 1752. ORLE.ANS, Louis, an advocate, of Paris,who boldly defended the cause of the league against Henry IV. He died in 1627. ORLEANS, Peter Joseph, a French Jesuit, and an author of several works, died in 1698. ORLEANS, Philip Louis Joseph, duke of, born in 1747. This prince was early addicted to low pleasures. After a short, but disgraceful service in the navy of France, he joined the factious and the vile in their schemes of revo- lution; and by his opulence and influence, greatly subserved their interests. He voted for the death of Louis XVI. with indifference, and was soon after himself accused, and led to the scaffold, in November, 1793. ORLEANS DE LA MOTTE, LouisFrancia Gabriel de, bishop of Amiens, was a pious and charitable prelate, and died in 1774. ORME, Robert, author of a " History of the military transactions of the British nation in Hiadostan, from the vear 1745," and " His- s's? OS iiirical Fra^iiiPiits of the M(ii;ul Empire," waa bdrii in India, in 17'2fi, and died m;;ii- Ldiidoii, in ISOI. He was, by some persons, complinieiilcd with the title of the Britisli Thucydidcs. OROBIO, Baltliasar, a Spanish Jew, who professed the Roman catholic faith, and became professor of metaphysics at Salamanca ; he died in 1687. ORONO, an Indian, chief of the Penobscot tribe, was faithful in his attachment to the white people, and laboured to promote Christianity among his own. He died in 1801, aged 113. His wife died in 1809, aged 115. OROSIUS, Paul, a learned Spanish ecclesias- tic, who flourished in tlicSth century, and wrote a history under the title of " Miseria Humana," containing an account of the wars, plagues, earthquakes, floods, conflagrations, thunder and lightning, murder, and other crimes, which had happened from the beginning of the world to the year of Christ 416. ORPHEUS, of Thrace, an ancient Greek poet, who flourished before Homer, and befbre the eiege of Troy. He was an excellent musician, poet and physician. ORSATO, Seitorio, an Italian writer, and professor of philosophy, at Padua; he died in J 678. ORSATO, John Baptist, an eminent physician and antiquary, of Padua ; he died in 1720. ORSI, John Joseph, an ingenious poet and philosopher, of Bologna; he died in 1733. ORSI, Francis Joseph Augustin, an able Tus- can writer, raised to the purple, by Clement XHI. Hediedin 1761. ORTE, N. viscount d,' governor of Bayonne, refused to put the protestants to death at the St. Bartholomew massacre. ORTELIUS, Abraham, a celebrated geogra- pher, of Antwerp, died in 1598. ORTON, Job, a dissenting minister, born at Shrewsbury, in 1717, and died in 1783. He wrote "Memoirs of Dr. Doddridge," "Letters to a Voung Clergyman," and an " E.xposition of the Old Testament." ORVILLE, James Philip d', aDutch critic and author, died in 1751. OSBORN, sir d' Anvere, governor of the colony of New- York, committed suicide a few days after his arrival in America, in 1753. OSBORN, John, a native of Massachusetts, distinguished as a poetical writer, died in 17.53. OSBORNE, Francis, an English writer of gr:at abilities, was born in 1583. Of all his works, that best known is his " Advice to a Son." He died in 10.58. OSGOOD, Samuel, an officer of the revolu- tionary army, afterwards a member of congress from Massachusetts, and post-master-general of the United States ; he died in 1812. OSIANDER, Andrew, a Bavarian, one of Luther's first disciples, was a professor at Ko- nigsberg, and a voluminous writer. He died in 15,52. OSIUS, bishop of Cordova, presided at the council of Nice, in 325. OSIUS, or OSIO, Felix, professor of rhetoric at Padua, died in 1631. OSMAN L, son of Achmet I., succeeded to the Turkish throne in 1618. He introduced an Arab militia to replace the Janissaries ; but the latter hurled him from the throne, and put him to death, in 1622. OSMAN 11., emperor of Constantinople in 1754, dind in 1757. OSMOND, St., made chancellor of Englond, 328 OT and bishop of Salisbury, by William the Con- queriir, died in 109!). OSORIO, Jerome, a learned Portuguese di- vine, and an excellent writer, born at Lisbon, in I50G, and dii.'d in 15B0. His diction is easy and elegant; for which reason he is called the icero of Porlugal, OS(JRUJ, Jerome, canon of Evora, and an author, died in the 16th century. OSSAT, Arnaud d', a most Celebrated French cardinal and statesman in tlie reign of Henry IV., was born in 1536, and died in 3604. His "Despatches" areas tiseful to an ambassador who hopes to succeed in his employment, as the Bible and the Corpus Juris to such divines and lawyers as would succeed in their respective professions. OSSIAN, a Gaelic poet, supposed to have flourished in the 3d century, and to have been the son of Fingal. His poems were translated by Mr. M'Pherson, in 1762. OSTADE, Adrian Van, an eminent painter, born at Lubec, in 1610, and died in 1685. Na- ture guided his pencil in every thing he under- took. OSTERWALD, John Frederick, a celebrated Swiss protestant minister, born in HKJ3, and died in 1747. He was author of many excellent works, the best of which is his "Instructions in the Christian Religion." OSTERWY, Maria Van, a native of Delft, was an elegant artist, and died in 1093. OSWALD, king of Nortljiimberland, became a Christian, and was killed in battle, in 043. OSWALD, Erasmus, professor of Hebrews' Fribonrg, published a Hebrew translation of the New Testament, and died in 1579. OSYMANDYAS, an Egyptian king, the first who formed a public library. OTHO, Marcus Salvius, emperor of Rome in 80. He held his office only three months. OTHO I., surnamed the Great, crowned em- peror of Germany in 936. He was a valiant prince, and died in 973. OTHO II., surnamed the Bloody, was son and successor of Otho I. ; he died in 983. OTHO III., only son of Otho II., was crown- ed emperor in 983, and died in 1002. OTHO IV., surnamed the Proud, son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, was elected emperor in 1197, and died in 1218. OTHO, Venius, aDutch painter of' great emi- nence, born at Leyden, in 15.)n. His genius was so active, that he at once applied himself to phi- losophy, poetry, mathematics, and painting, and acquired an excellence in all parts of the latter. He died at Brussels, in 1634. OTHO, bishop of Frisengen, and an author, died in 1J58. OTIS, James, a lawyer, of Massachusetts, distinguished as a zealous defender of the rights of the coliinies; he died in 1798. OTIS, James, a distinguished lawyer, of Mas- sachusetts, and son of the preceding, was one of the most active and zealous friends of colo- nial rights in America. He became insane se- veral years previous to his death, and was killed by lightning, in 1783. OTROKOTSKIFORIS, Francis, a Hunga- rian, and protestant minister. He embraced the Catholic faith, and died in 1718. OTT, Henry, a learned SwisH divine, and professor of Hebrew at Zurich ; he died in 1682. OTTER, John, anthor of Travels in Turkey, &c., died in 1748, PA OTWAY, Thomas, an eminent English poet anil dranifitic writer, born in 1051, had his edu- cation at Oxford, but, leaving the university without any degree, he went to London, and applying himself to the play-houses, both wrote and acted for a support. He excelled in touch- ing the tender passions in traftedy, of which his "Orphan," and " Venice Preserved," con- tain the strongest specimens. He died in 1085. OUDENARDE, Robert Van, a celebrated Dutch painter, died in 1743. OUDfN, Casimir, a learned French monk, born in lO.'iS, and died in 1717, having published " A Supplement of the Ecclesiastical Writers pinitied by Bellannine ;" a work which did him much iKMiour. OUDIN, Francis, a Jesuit, author, and pro- fessor of theology at Dijon ; he died in 1732. OUDINET, Mark Aatliony, a French medal- ist, died in 1712. OQDRI, Joint Baptist, an admired French painter, died in 1755. OlJGlITRED, William, an English divine, celebrated for his uncommon skill in the ma- thpinatics, born in 1573, and died in 1600. He wa>-- the author of several valuable works. OUSEL, Philip, a native of Daiitzic, was theological professor at Frankfort, on the Oder, and was well skilled in Hebrew. He died in n-M. onvVALER, Albert, a historical painter, of Haerlem, died in 1515. OVERALL, John, bishop of Norwich, was born in 155!', and died in 1019. He had thecha- raclor of being the best scholastic divine in the English nation. OVERBEICE, Bonaventure Van, of Amster- dam, an eminent designer and antiquarian, died in 1703. OVERBURY, air Thomas, a polite English writer, born in 1581, was poisoned in the Tow- er, in 1013, by order of Robert Car, earl of Ro- chester, and the countess of Essex. He was the author of several works in verse and prose. OVID, Publius Naso, one of the finest poets of the Augustin age, born at Sulmo, in the year of Rome, 710. He was exceedingly amorous in bis youth, and addicted bey(md measure to wo- men. He wrote several works, the best of which is his Metamorphoses. He was exiled by Augustus, and died about 00 years of age. OVIEDO, .fohn fJonsalvo de, a learned Span- iard. He became the friend of Columbus, whom he accompanied in his second voyage to the new world. OWAIN, a prince of Powys, was slain in 1114. OWAIN, son of Mexen Wledig, a brave war- rior, who became a saint in the British calen- dar. OWAIN, or OWEN TUDOR, lord Pen- mynvdd, in Anglesea, married the widow of Henry V., in 1426. His second son was the earl of Richmond, father of Henry VII. OWAIN CIVEILOG, a Welch warrior, who ilied in 1197. OWAIN GLANDWR, or OWEN GLEN- DOWER, the last of the Welch princes, was in the service of Richard U., but was disgraced by Henry IV. OWEN, Dr. John, an eminent English divine, among the independents, and sometimes styled tae oracle and the metropolitan of that sect, was born in 1616, and died in 1683. He was a very voluminous writer. OWEN, John, in Latin called Aadoenas, an t eminent epi-grammatist, born about 155U, and died in London, in 1022. OWEN, Dr. Henry, a very celebrated Eng- lish divine, whose oililical knowledge was, per- haps, superior to that of any of his cotemporaries. He was born in 1715, published many excellent worlcs of divinity, and died in 1795. OWEN, George, an English physician and, author, died in 1558. OWEN, Charles, an English dissenting di- vine, died in 1712. OWEN, John, an eminent English clergyman, one of the founders, and for many years secre- tary, of the British and Foreigu Bible Society. He died in 1822. OWTRAM, William, an eminent preacher and scholar, in the reign of Charles II. OXENiSllIDGE, John, an eminent divine, and popular preai;her, at Boston ; he published some religious tracts and sermons, and died in 1074. OXENSTIERN; Axel, prime minister to Gns^ tavus Adolphus, deserved his elevation by his merit and abilities, and died in 1654. OZANHAjM, James, an eminent mathenui- tical writer, died at Paris, in 1717, aged 77. OZELL, John, an English dramatic and mis- cellaneous writer. Hie plays, though all trans,- lations, are very numerous. He died in 1743. PAAS, Crispin, of Cologne, an eminent en- graver in the 17th century. PA.WV, Peter, a physician and botanist, Of Amsterdam, died in 1617. P.\BO, a British prince of the 5th century, and founder of llie church of Mona. PACA, William, a member of congress from Maryland, and one of the signers of the declara- tion of Independence, afterwards governor of that state, and a judge of the district court of the United Stales for Maryland ; he died in 1799. PAC.ATIANUS, Titus Juiius Marinus, a Ro- man general, who revolted against the emperor Philip ; he was defeated and slain in 249. PACE, Richard, a learned Englishman, em- ployed in negotiations by Henry VIII. He was highly esteemed, and died in 1532. PACHECO, John de, marquis de Villena, the favourite of Henry [V. of Castile, and prime minister. He died in 1473. PACHYMERIJS, George, an eminent Byzan- tine historian, flourished about 1280, and died in 1310. PACI,\UDI, Paul Marie, an able and learned antiquarian, of Turin ; he died in 1785. PACIFtCUS, Maximus, of a noble family of Ascoli, in 1400, was an elegant Latin poet. PACIUS, Julius, an Itahan, distinguished for his lectures on jurisprudence, died in 1635. PACORUS, son of Orodes, king of Parthia, defeated the Rouian gener»l Crassus. He w^ slain 39 B. C. PACUVIUS, Marcus, an eminent Latin tragic poet, in hi<;h reputation at Rome, about 154 B.C. PADARN, a British bishop. He is one of the three blessed visiters, who tirst preached tiie jospel in Wales. PADERNA, Paul Anthony, of Bologna, an eminent painter, died in 1708. PADUAN, Lewis Leo, acquired celebrity as a painter and engraver of medals, and died in 1015. P.\DTJAXINO, Francisco, a historical pain ter, of Padia, died in 1017. 28* 329 PA PADIliIiA, Mary de, a Spanisl) lady, the favourite of Vntor the Cruel, king of Castile. PAEZ, Francis Alvarez, a. Portuguese, bishop of Coron ; he died in 15:i2. FAGAN, Peter, prot'essor of poetry and his- tory, at Marpurg, died in 1576. F/VGAN, Blaise Francis, count de, a valiant French othccr and eminent mathematician, was born in l(i04, and died in 1(!G5. PAGANl, Gregorio, a celebrated painter, of Florence, died in 1500. PAGANO, Paul, a distinguished painter, of Milan, died in 1716. PAGE, William, an English divine and au- thor, died in ICliO. PAGE, John, governor of the colony of Vir- ginia, espoused the cause of the colonies at the commcnctunent of the revolution, and was dis- tinguished as an ardent patriot. He was a member of congress, after the adoption of the federal consiitution, and governor of the stale of Virginia. He died in 1808. PAGE, Benjamin, a distinguished physician, of New-Hampshire, died in 1824. PAGE, John OdUn, son of the preceding, an eminent citizen of New-Hamp3hire ; he died in France, in 1811. PAGET, William, lord, ambassador to France, and Becietary of siate, in the reign of Henry \'in. ; he died in 1004. PAGI, John Baptist, of Genoa, an eminent painter and engraver, died in 1629. PAGI, Anthony, a famous French Cordelier, and one of the able.st critics of his time, was born in Provence, in 1624, and died in 1699. PAGI, Francis, nephew of the preceding, and .atuhor of " A Chronolo!,acal History of the Popes," was born in 1654, and died in 1721. PAGNINUS,Sanctes, a Dominican, of Lucca, well skilled in the learned languages ; he died In 1536. P.\INE, Thomas, a political writer, born at Thetford, England, in 17:i7, and bred a stay- maker : coming over to America, he contributed much to the revolution by a pamphlet entitled " Common Sense;" in 1790, he went to London, and published " Tlie Rights of Man," in an- swer to Burke. To avoid a prosecution, he went to France, and was chosen a member of the national assembly. He was thrown into prison by Robespierre, and narrowly escaped the gtiillotine. He returned to the United States, and died in 1809. PAINE, Robert Treat, LL. D.,adiatin2uished lawyer, of Massachusetts, was a member of the first congress from that state, and one of the signersof the declaration of Independence. He wa? afterwards one oflhe judges of the supreme court of Massachusetts. He died in 1814. PAINE, RobertTreat, son of the preceding, a <1istinguished poet, was born in 1773, and died in 181 1. PAINTER, Gamaliel, an officer of the rcvo- fiition, was one of the earliest settlers of Mid- dlebury, Vt., and held several important ofiices in that state; he died in 1819. P.VJOX, Claude, a French protestant divine, and author, died in 1685. P.\JOT, Lewis Leo, count of Osembray, a robleman of great learning and abilities. He enjoyed the favour of Louis XIV., and died in 1753. PAKINGTON, Dorothy, an English lady, Ctninentlv distinguiehed for her learning; she died in 1670. EAJiiEMON, Q. Ehemmius, a celebrated ,330 PA granunarian, who taught at Ronn', about A. H 10. His arrogance, however, surpassed his me- rit. He asserted that learning was born when he was born, and would die when ho died. PALiiiOLOGUS, Michael, emperor of the East, took Constantinople from the Latins, and put an end to their empire. He died in 1283. PAL.'EPHATCB, a Greek philosopher, who lived before the Christian era. PALAKOX, John de,an illustrious Spaniard* appointed bishop of Los Angelos, in America, and distinguished fur his benevolence to the na- tives; he (liiil in 1659. PALACE, N. de la Curne, a member of th8 French academv, and an author, died in 1781. PALAPRAT; John, of Toulouse, a distin- guished lawyer and poet, died in 1721. PALATI, John, a Venetian historian of the 17th centurv. PALEARIUS, Aonius, an eminent Italian writer, was condemned at Rome as a heretic, and burnt to death in 1566, for saying that Lu- ther's followers were to be commended in some degree FALEY, Dr. William, a learned divine, anfl elegant writer on ethics, was born in 1743, and died in 1805. He was archdeacon of Carlisle, «ub-deacon of Lincoln, and rector of bishop Wearmouth. PALFIN, John, of Giierit, an eminent surgeon, and medical wdter, died in 1730. PAMNGENiUS, Marcellus, or PIERRE AN- GELO MANZOLl, an Italian poet of the 16th century. PALISSY, Bernard de, a native of Agen, an eminent potter and chymist. He w.is patronis- ed by Henry III., and died about 1590. PALLADINI, Arcangela, an Italian lady, of Pisa, celebrated as a portrait painter ; she died in 1622. PALLADINO, James, an ecclesiastical writer, called also James of Taranio, his best work ia a pious romance, published in 1572. PALLADIO, Andrew, a celebrated Italian architect in the 16th century. He immortalized his name by four books of architecture. Ha was born in 1508, and died in 1580. P ALLADIUS, of Cappadocia, a Greek bishop and anchorite, and author of a History of the Anchorites, or Hermits," died in the 5th centu- ry. PALLADIUS, Rutilius Taurus .■?;milian, a Latin author of a treatise " De Re Rustica." PALLAJUOLO, Anthony and Peter, two Florentine brothers, eminent as painters. They b<3th died in 1498. PALLAS, a freedman of Claudius, who waa put to death by Nero. PALLAS, Peter Simon, born at Berlin, in 1741, was bred to sursrery and medicine, wrote seve- ral works on difterent subjects, and died in 1811 PALL.WICINl, Anihony, of a noble Genoese family, employed by the pope in several embas- sies, was made a cardinal, and died in 1507. PALL.A.VICIN't, Ferrante, an eccentric Ita- lian, distinguished for his learning and mental endowments. These he prostituted to the basest of purposes, and was at last condemned to death in lf)44, for satirizing the pope. PALLAVICINI, Sforsa, an eminent cardi- nal, who composed a " History of the Council of Trent," in opposition to that by father Paul, was born at Rome, in 1607, and died in 1667. PALLIOT, Peter, an eminent bookseller and printer, of Paris, died in 1698. PALUSER, Sir Uugb; an English admiral. PA known for his dispute wifli admiral Keiipel in the battle of Usliaiit, in 1778. He died governor of Greenwich hospital, in 178C. PAIJ.UKL, Francis Crelte de, of Paris, strongly attached to agricultural pursuits, died in 17!)y. PALMA, James, the Klrfer,an Italian painter, and a pupil of Titian, died in ISSS. PALMA, James, liic youMRcr, neptiewof tllf preceding, a c*;lrtnated painter, died in ItiiW. PALMJ'^ll, Samuel, an eminent printer, of London, in whose office the celebrated Dr. Franklin was sometime employed. Ue died in 17:i2. PALMER, John, an actor of very considera- ble talents, belonf^inR to Drury-Lane theatre, was born about 1742, and came on the stage in 17t3i. Tn liis profession lie excelled. He died sud. 333 PA I'ATLT, Claude Peter, of Paris, author of sninc poems and dramatic pieces of merit; in; liitd in 1757. PAUCTON, Alexis, a French matheiiialiciaii, author of a treatise on weights and measures, and of other works, died in 1791). PAUL, .Mark, or MARCO PAULO, a Vene- tian traveller, into China, in 127a, of which he published an account. PAUL, St.,oriu'inallycalIed S,\UL, was a na- tive of Tarsus, in Cilicia, ajid edncaied amon^' the Pharisees of Jerusalem, under the care oi' Gamaliel. He was imprisoned at Rome, aud put to death by Nero, A. D. 60. PAUL I., pope after his brother Stephen II., in 757 ; he died 10 years after, much respected for his wisdom and learning. P.-VUL II., Peter Barbrt, a Venetian noble, elected pope after Pius II., died in 1471. P.\UL III., Alexander Faruese, pope, memo- rable for refusing to divorce Henry VIII. of England, from his queen Catherine of Arragon ; he died in 1549. PAUL IV., John Peter Caraffa, succeeded Marcellus II. on the papal throne, in 1555. He was very haughty and cruel toward tiie pro- testants, and died unlatnentpd, in 1559. PAUL v., Camillus Bor;;liese, pope, after Leo XI., in 1005. He embellished Rome with sculpture, aqueducts, and paintings, and died, greatly respected, in 1621. PAUL, Petrowitz, emperor of Russia, son of the great Catherine and Peter III. He married for his second wife a niece of the kingofPrusKia. Before he came to the throne, he visited most of the nations of Europe, to obtain such inlbr- ination as would be advantageous to his subjects. But he afterwards grew tyrannical, and banished a great number of persons to Siberia. He was assassinated in 1801. PAUL, a celebrated heresiarch, of Samosata, a city on the Euphrates. He was bishop of .^n- tioch, in 200 ; but avowing his belief that Jesus Christ was only a good man, endowed with great wisdom, he was deposed by thi Synod of Antincli, in 270. P.-VUL, of Tyre, a rhetorician, who went as ambassador from his country to Adrian, A. D. 120. PAUL, thesilentiary, a Greek writer, so called from the office he held in the palace of the em- peror Justinian. PAUL, of Sancta Maria, a Jew, converted to fjhristianity. He became tutor to Jolm II., king of Castile, and was appointed bishop of Carthagena, and then of Burgos. This learned prelate died in 1445. PAUL, deacon of Aquileia, was secretary to Didier, the last king of the Lombards. He was afterwards banished, but left his e.vile for the court of the duke of Benevento. He wrote some histories, and died in 801. PAUL, Father, a most illustrious person and universal sclmlar, but particularly skilled in the canon and civil law, and in physic. He wrote many political and anatomical works ; but is principally celebrated for his " History of the Council of Trent," the rarest piece of history the world ever saw. PAUL, an ecclesiastic, of Spain, author of "A History of the Spanish Fathers," edited at Antwerp, in 1G15. P.^UL, a physician, of .lEpina, in the 7th cen- tury, author of several medical works. PAULA, St., a Roman lady of noble birth, and great learning, who embraced Christiaiiitv, 334 PA built a monastery at ISetlileiiem, and displayed all tlie virtues ajid niortitications of an ascetic life , she died in 407. P.AULK'l", William, Marquis ot Winchester, son of sir John I'aulet, one of the courtiers of Henry Vlll., and of his tliree successors. Ha declared that he retained his places by being a willow, and not an oak ; he died in 1572. PAULI, Simon, vvais professor of medicine at (yopunhagen, and physician to Christian V., who rewarded his services by mSking him a bishop. He wrote several books on his profes- sn)n, and died in 1080 P.\ULIAiV, .^ime Henry, a learned Jesuit, of Nismes, who wrote largely on philosophy and physic ; he was born in 1722. P.\ULINU3, St.,anativeof Bourdeauit. He married a Spanish lady, by whom he was per- suadod to embrace Christianity. He afterwards Went to Italy, where he was made bishop of Nola, and died in 431. PAULMIER UE GRENTEMESNIL, Julian de, a Frenchman, physician to Charles IX., whom he restored to health. He v/as a very copious autlior in the line of his profession, and died ill 1670. PAULMY^, Mark Anthony Rene de Voyer, marquis de, distinguished as a man of lettnrs, and for his valuable library. He was raised to the dignity of minister of state, and was the author of several works ; he died in 1787. PAULZE, N., a Frenchman of great intelli- gence and erudition, made farmer-general of France. He formed a company for the im- provement of Guyenne. He was imprisoned during the revolution, and guillotined in 1794. PAUSAN1.\S, an ancient Greek writer, who flourished in Cappadocia, about 170 A. D., and has left us a curious " Description of Greece." PAUSANIUS, a Lacedu-monian, governor of the kingdom during his uephew's minority. He made a secret treaty with the Persians, and took refuge in a temple to escape punishment ; but his mother placed the first stone to secure him there, so that he was starved to death, 474 B.C. P.-VUSIAS, a painter, of Sicyon, about352 B. C. He tirst applied colours to wood and ivory, by means of tire. PAUTRE, Anthony le, an architect, of Paris, patronised by Lewis XIV. He was made a member of the- academy of sculpture in lt)71, and died a few years atier. He contributed to the embellishment of Paris. PAUTRE, John, a relation of the preceding, was an eminent designer and engraver. His works appeared in three vols., folio, with more than 1,000 engravings PAUVV, N'. de, a German, author of "Re- cherches sur les Americains, les Kgyptiennes, les Chinoises, et les Grecs ;" he died in 1799. PAUW, Cornelius, a native of Utrecht, emi- nent for bis learning. P.WILLON', Stephen, a French poet, and advocate, of Paris, who received a pension froia Lewis XIV. ; he was born in 1652. PAVILLON, Nicholas, an eminent French ecclesiastic, made bishop of Alet, by cardinal Richelieu. He was deposed, aud died in e.\ile, in 1677. P.'WNE, Nevil, a dramatic author, in the reign of Charles II. He wrote several works, and died in 1675. PAYNE, Roger, an English book-binder, of very singular habits. His workmanship was of so superior a style, that lord Spencer gave iiirn PE 15 guineas for binding a volume. He always] worked .-ilonc. He died in 1797. I'AVB, Renele, a Kiencli poet, w^ll known at court by Iiis miscellanies ; he died in IW.'O. PA VSON, Phillip, U. v., minister of Chelsea, MiiHs., and a distinguished classical scholar ; iie died in 1801. PA/.ZI, James, a banker, of Florence, of an Sllusiiious family. He headed the faction whi<:li opposed the Medicia, and conspired to seize ujuin the sovereign power of Italy ; but was ta- ken and suffered death, about U'i8. PEACOCK, Reginald, an Englishman, made duke of Glouceal<;r. bishop of St. Asaph, and, afterwards of Chichester ; hut denying transub- stantiation, he was banished, and his books pub- licly burnt ; he died in 1486. PEAPB, William, a dramatic writer, of Eton, England, who wrote " Love in its Ecstacy," in JC49. PEARCE, Dr. Zachary, bishop of Rochester, author of several works, one of wbich is a Com- mentary, with notes, on the four Evangelists, and the Acts of the Apostles ; he died in 1774, aged 84. PEARSON, John, an English prelate, chap- lain to lord keeper Finch, and to lord Goring. He was afterwards made master of Trinity col- lege, and i.s particulaily known for his " Eipo- sition of the Creed ;" he died in 1086. PECHANTRE, Nicolas de, a French poet. Who three times obtained the laurel at the aca- demy of Floral games, and acquired great po- pularity ; he died in 1709. PECHLIN, John Nicholas, a native of Ley- den, and professor of medicine, at Kiel, and phy- sician to the duke of Holstein. He wrote many works on bis profession, and died in 170f>. PECHMEJA, John de, a Frenchman, profes- sor of eloquence. He wrote a eulogium on Col- liert, and was a most amiable and friendly man. He died in 1785. PECK, Francis, an eminent English anti- quary, biographer, and critic, was born in 169~, and died in 1743. He wrote several books; among whicli are the lives of Milton and Crom- well. PECK WELL, Dr. Henry, a very eminent English divine, and popular preacher among the Calvinistic m^tliodists, was born in 1747, and died in 1787, having passed an active Ufein the exercise and promotion of charity. PECCiUET, John, a physician, born at Dieppe, distinguished for having discovered the recepta- cle of the chyle ; he died in 1674. PECCiUET, Anthony, a French writer, grand master of the water-works, and the forests of Rouen, and master of the nulilary school there. He wrote several works on law, and died in 1702. PEELE, George, an English poet and drama- tic writer, who flourished hi the reign of queen Elizabeth, and died about 1598. PEERE WILLIAMS, William, an English law writer; he died in 1736, PEGGE, Sanmel, a learned antiquary, who published several works, and died in 1800, aged fi8. PEfRESC, Nicholas Claude Fabri, an illus- trious antiquary, and patron of learned men; he died in 1637, aged 57. PELAGIUS, the heresiarch, founder of the sect of Pelagians, was born in Britain, in the 5th century. PELAGIUS I., a native of Rome, elected j*oj)e, in 555. He wag a Moderate and piotis PE pontiff", and laboured to reform the habits of his clergy. PELAGIUS II., a Roman, who surccednd on the pajial throne after Benedict I., in 57b. In his time, a plague raged at Kmne of so fatal a nature, that persons seized with it died sneezing and gaping. PELAGIUS, an illustrious Spaniard, related to the khig of the Visigoths, and al'ierwards king of Leon and Asturias ; he died in 737. PELETIER, Claude de, a Parisian, counsel- lor of the Chatelet, and of the parliament, pre- sident of the chamber of requests, piovosi of the merchants, and builder of the quay at Paris, which bears his name, and, finally, counsellor of state ; he died in 1711. PELL, Dr. John, an English divine, and very eminent mathematician ; he died in 1685. PELLEGRIN, Simon Joseph, a French eccle- siastic and poet, who obtained, in 1704, the prize of the French academy tor his poetical epistle to thf^ king ; he died in 1745. PELLEGRINI, Antonio, a native of Padua, celebrated as a historical painter; he died in 1741. PELLEGRINO, or PELLEGRIN, Tibaldi, of Bologna, an eminent painter and architect, died in 1591, as;ed70. PELLEGIMNO, of Modena, a celebrated Ita- lian painter, bred under Raphael, was born ia 1511, and was killed in an affray. PELLERIN, Joseph, a French antiquary. His cabinet of medals, &c., was purchased by the king of France. He died in 1782, aged 99. PELLETIER, John ie, a native of Rouen, learned in the languages, in mathematics, chy- mistry, astronomy, &;c. He wrote the li\es of several persons, some religious works, and died in 1711. PELLETIER, Gaspard, physician and coun- sellor, at Middleburg, in Zealand. He acquired reputation in his prol'ession, and published some works on botany ; he died in 1659. PELLETIER, Bertrand, distinguished at Pa- ris for his knowledge of chymistry and phar- macy, and author of various dissertations in the mejtioirs of the French academies, and of observations on arsenic ; he died in 1797. PELLETIER, James, a French physician, and raedicai and mathematical writer; he died in 1582, aged 65 PELLICAN, Conrad, a native of Alsace, who presided over the convent of Basle, but after- wards embraced the tenets of Luther, and went to Zurich, where he taught Hebrew. He died in 1556. PELLISON-FANTANIER, Paul, a French writer, was born in 1624, and died in 1693. His chief works are "A Commentary upon the In- stitutes of Justinian," and a "History of the French academy, from iteestablishmentto 16.52." PELLOUTIER, Simon, a protestant divine, born at Leip.-Jic. He was member of the Berlin academy, and distinguished as an active pastor aiid an able writer ; he died in 1757. PELOPIDAS, a celebrated Theban warrior, and statesman, the friend of Epaminoudas; he was slain in battle, 364 B. C. PEMBERTON, Henry, F R. S., an English physician of eminence. He wrote on chymistry and philosophy, and died in 1771. PEMBERTON, Ebenezer, a distinguished American divine, and pastor of a church in Bi« on ; he died in 1717. PEMBERTON, Ebenezer, D. D., son of the preceding, was in the tniniEtry at New-Yori 33.S V£ and afiwrwards in Boston ; he publi ^ticd several sermons, and died in 1777. PEMBERTON.Thomas, a dwtinguislied Ame- rican liistorian, borii in 11-8, and died in ItiOT. He devoted liimsclf to the history of his country, and wrote 15 liistorical and other manuscript volumes, which now belong to tlie Massachusetts Historical Society. PE.MBLE, William, an English divine, who ranked high as a sciiolar, dii^d in 16-23. PEMP.ROKK, Thomas, an exccllunt English portrait and liistorical painter, dit^d in 17:!0. PENDLETON, Edmund, an eminent lawyer and statesman, of Virginia, was distingnishedl for his aupportof the riKlits of the colonies, audi lor his patriotism durin;; the war of the revolu-] lion. He was a member of congress, in 1771,1 and afterwards a judge of the court of appeals I in Virginia ; he died in 1803. | PENHALLOVV, Samuel, of New Hampshire, author of a "History of the early Indian VVari of New-England ;" he died in 17'26. I PENN, William, a distinguished British ad- miral, who commanded at the reduction of Ja- maica, in lt)5.5, and was knighted by Charles H.,' for his services; he died in 1670. PENN, William, a distinguished quaker, founder and legislator of the colony of Pennsyl- vania, was born in London, in 1614. At the age of 24, he became a preacher among the qua kers. In 1681, Charles II., granted Mr. Penn and his heirs, by letters patent, the province of Penn- sylvania, and made thein absolute proprietors and governors of that country. He died in England, in 1718. PENN, Thomas, son of William Penn, was born in 1702. For nearly fifty years after the death of his father, he took an active and influ- ential part in the administration of Pennsylva- nia, and was distinguished for his liberality to the literary, charitable and religious institutions of that colony. He died in London, in 1775. PENN, John, a luember of congress, from North Carolina, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration oi' Independence. PENNANT, Thomas, an English gentleman, of eminent knowledge in natural history and antiquities ; he wrote a number of valuable books, and died in 1798, aged 72. PENNI, Giovanni Francisco, an eminent Ita- lian painter, and disciple of Raphael ; he died in 1523, aged 40. PENNICUIK, Alexander, a Scotch physician, who published a topographical account of Tweedale ; he died in 1722. PENNINGTON, lady, wife of sir Joseph, hart. — Family misunderstandings having separ- ated her from her children, she wrote for their use, " An unfortunate Mother's advice to her absent Daughters," a work of great merit; she died in 1733. PENNINGTON, Isaac, son of a lord mayor of London, was converted by Fox, and became a zealous quaker. As a writer and travelling minister, he was active in spreading the tenets he bad embraced, for which he was much per- secuted ; he died in 1679. PENNY, Thomas, a celebrated English natu- ralist, who travelled over England and other countries, in search of botanical knowledge. PENROSE, Thomas, an English divine and ingenious poet, died in 1779, aged 36. PENRUDDOCK, John, a colonel during the civil wars, in the royal service, who was be- headed in 1055. He was a man of great piety and manv virtues. "336 PE PENRY, John, or AP-HKNRY, a Brownist, educated at Oxford. He wrote against episco- pacy, under the name of Martin Mar-Prelate. His writings were considered seditious, and he was tried and executed in 1593. PENS, (Jeorge, of Nuremberg, a very distin- gulshcd painter and engraver, m the 16th cen- turv. P"EPIN the Short, son of Charles Mattel, the first monarch of the -second French dynasty, was elected in 752. He was a heroic and firm prince, and di"d in 768. PEPIN the Fat, mayor of the palace, and governor of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. He was a man of wisdom and vigour, and died in 714. PEFPERELL, sir William, a native of Maine, and lieutenant-general in the British ser vif.e ; he coinniarided the expedition which toolc Ljiiisburg, and died in 1759. PEPUSCH, Dr. John Christopher, one of the greatest theoretic musicians of modern times. lie became, so early, a proficient on the harpsi- chord, thai at the age of 14 he was sent for to court, and appointed to leach the prince, father of the king of Prussia. At 33 he went over to England, was retained at Drury-lane, and assist- ed in setting the operas which were performed there. He died in 1752. PEPYS, Samuel, a learned Englishman, known as the indefatigable secretary of the ad- mirality, in the reisns of Charles II., and his brother; he died in 1703. PERANDA, Santa, a native of Venice, and an eminent historical painter, died in 1738. PERAU, Gabriel Lewis Calabre, a French ecclesiastic, of the Sorbonne, who wrote " Lives of Illustrious Frenchmen," and edited Bossuet's works, &c. He died in 1767. PERCEVAL, Spencer, son of the earl of Egmont, was born in 1762. He was educated at Cambridire, and became an eminent lawyer. ."Vn assassin named Beliingham, shot him with a pistol, in the lobby of the house of commons, in 1812. PERCIVAL, Dr. Thomas, an eminent physi- cian, and medical and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1740, and died in 1804, and left be- hind him an excellent moral character. PERCY, William, progenitor of the illustrious house of that name, and one of the courtiers of William the Conqueror. His descendants, dis- tinguished by their zeal in the cause of their sovereigns, were raised in 1377, to the rank of earl of Northumberland, by Richard II. The most celebrated among them was, Henry, sur- nained Hotspur, who was at last defeated at the battleof Shrewsbury, in 1403. PERCY, George, succeeded capt. John Smith, as president of the colony of Virginia, in 1609, and was superseded the following year. PERCY, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, Ire~ land, was ed,;;ated at Oxford, and died at Dro- more, in 1811 : he was author of several works. PERDICCAS, one of the generals and suc- cessors of Alexander ; he was slain in his tent, by some of his officers, 321 B. C. PEREFIXE, Hardouin de Beaumont de, archbishop of Paris, and author of a very ex- cellent " History of Henry IV. of France ;" I he died in 1670. I PEUEIRA-GOMEZ,George,aneminent9pan- |ish physician, author of a "Treatise to prove I the I5rute Creation to be mere Machines." I PEREIRA DE FIGUEIKEDO, Anthony, a IPortiigiiese divinej who took part in the disjniie PE between the courts of Koine and Lisbon. Hell wrote a Translation oftlie Bilile, ui 23 vols. 8vo, and other works, and died in 1797. PKKEZ, Anthony, a Spanish wiiler, who publishp-' "Letters," which are inter<^siing and well wriiten ; he died in 1598. PERGOLESI, Jolin Baptist, a celeliraied mu- sician, composer and po(:t, was born at Naples, in 1704, and died in 3737. PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, a poli- tician and warrior, he died .WS B. (/. PERIANDER, Giles, nf Krussels, was pro- fessor of belles lettrcs, .at Meutz, and an author. He flourished about 1570. PERICLES, acelebrated Athenianstatesman, orator, and general. He prided himself that he never caused any citizen to go into mourning. PEUINGSKIOLL, John, profe,«sorof antiqui- ties, at Upsal, andsecrctai y and counsellor to t!ie king of Sweden. He wrote on history and chronology, &c., and died in 1720. PEKIZONIUS, James, a learned German, professor of eloquence, history and Greek, at Leyden. He published various works in Latin, on history, classical literature and antiquities, and died in 1717. PERKINS, William, a;:trictCalrinist, whose writings drew upon him the 'attacks of Arini- nius, which occasioned the calling of the Synod at Dordt, for the settlement of tlieological dis- putes ; he died in IfiOS. PERKINS, William, remarkable for longevity, died in New-Hampshire, in 1732, aged lli§. PERNETY, James, historiographer, of Ly- ons, and member of the academy there. He was an able writer on history, education, &c., and died in 1777. PERNETY, Anthony Joseph, a Frenchman, librarian to the king of Prussia, author nf a Dictionary of Painting, Sculpture, and Engrav ing, and some other works. He was born ii; 1716. PEROUSE, .lohn Francis Galoupde la, a ce- lebrated French circumnavigator, was lost on his return from a voyage round the world, in 1788. PERRAULT, Claude, physician and archi- tect ; he published a book of the Five Orders of Architecture, and other works, and died in 1088. PER1AULT, Charles, brother of Claude, a rulebrated French poet, biographer, and iniscel- laneous writer ; he died in 1703, aged 77. PERREIR, Jean, an eminent naturalist, of France. He came to the United States in the pursuit of scientific research, and died at New- York, in 180.5. PERRIER, Charles, a French writer of lyric poems ; he died in lfi92. PF.RRIER, Francis, a Frenchman, who, from a beggar, became a most eminent painter and engraver ; he died at Paris, in 1650. PERRON, James Davy du, a cardinal, eini nent for great parts and learning: his talents !vero so great, that none durst dispute with him. Hediedin IfilS. PERR<' >N, Anquetil du, historiographer to the archives of foreign relations in Paris; very ce- lebrated. He died in 1805, aged 73. PERRONET, John Rodolphus, an able and celebrated civil engineer, of France, member of many leaj-ned societies, and afterwards di- rector of the .school of engineers, at Paris. He wrote on his profession, and died in 171)4. PERROT, Nicholas, archbishop of Siponto, and author of a commentary ou Martial ; he >!iod m l-.'-'O. 29 Uu PLRROr, Nicolas, sienr d'Ablancourt, cele- brated for his excellent translations into French of the Greek and Latin cla.ssics. He died ia 1664, aged o8. PEKRUT, Fir John, one of tlie favourites of Edward VI., of England, was made knight of the Raih at his coronation. He was distinguish- ed as a naval officer, but was afterwards con- demned lor high tieason, and respited bvEiiza- bclli. He died in 15?8. ' " PERRY, captain John, a celebrated English engineer, patronised by czar Peter, of Russia, of which country he wrote the history ; he died in FERRY, Oliver Hazard, a captain in tlir American navy, distinguished by an important victory which he gained over the British naval force on lake Erie, in 1813. He died in lft20. PERSEUS, son of Philip, of Macedon, was fe.Ued by Paulus iEmilius, his kingdom de- stroyed, and liimself taken prisoner to Rome, 1G8 B. C. ' PERSIUS, Aulus Flacciis, an ancient Latin pof t and Roman knight, who wrote satires in the reign of Nero ; he died A. D. 62 PFKTINAX, Pnblius Helvius, from an in- structor of youth, became a soldier, and on the death of Con-modus in 195, was raised to the imperial tlinii^o of Rome. He was afterwards assassinat- i kingdom, lie permitted greaf cru(;Hies against lepers, who were either put to death or coiiliued ; lie died in 1.531. PHILIP DE VALOIS, first king of Franco, of the collateral brunch of the Valois, ascendedl and duke of Burgundy, was a brave aiid vir- tuous prince, but uiifortunaiely so profuse in his expenses, that his body was seized after death, by his creditors, and it was with dilficully his dulchess could redeem it. He died in 1401. PH ILI P of Orleans. See ORLEANS. PHILIP, infant of Spain, was placed in pos- session of the dutchies of Parma and Placeiitia, and after having signaUzed himself in war, he the throne in i:!2H. His elevation was disputed jidevoted himself to the prosperity and improve by Edward III., of England, and a terrible wari,menl of his subjects; he died, universally re- msued, in which, at tlie celebrated battle of Crcssy, the French lost 80,00U men. Ilichard proposed to decide the war by single combat, but i'iiilip declined. He died in li'oO. PHILIP I., son of the emperor Maximilian, and Jane, queen of Spain, obtained the Spanish throne. He possi>ssed but moderate abilities., and died in 1506, aged 28. PHILIP II., son of Charles V. and Isabella of Portugal, was made king of Sicily and Na- jiles, in 1554. ,He was afterwards made king of England, by marriage witii queen Mary; and two years after, ascended the Spanish tlirono, hy the abdication of liis father. He made war against France and England, and was unsuc- ci^ssful. Though a man of great abilities, he was superstitious and cruel in the extreme ; lie died in 150H. PHILIP HI., son of Philip IT. and Anne of Austria, became king of Spain at the age of 20. He cruelly banished all the .Moors from his king- dom, and thus deprived himself of the arts and services of a million of his subjects. At the siege of Ostend, he lost 8;), 000 men, and the place was of no use to him when taken ; he died in lG-21. PHILIP IV., son of Philip III. and Margaret of Austria, became king of Spain, in 1621. He lenewed the war with Holland, and also de- clared war against France, in both of wiiich he was unsuccessful. The Portuguese rebelled against him, and after many bloody attempts to reduce them, he acknowledged tlwir indepen- dence. This weak and eScminate monarch died in 16fi5. PHILIP v., duke of Anjou, son of Lewis, the dauphin of France, and Maria Anne, of Bavaria, ascended the Spanish throne, in 1700. i His elevation was opposed by the archduke Charles of Austria, in which England, Holland,! Savoy, Prussia, and Portugal joined liiin, andi one of the most bloody wars on record ensued,! in which Prance finally joined the Spaniards. A peace was signed between the allied powersi at Utrecht, in 1713. He died in 1746. PHILIP the Good, succeeded to the throne of Spain, in 1410. He joined the English against France, but afterwards abandoned them, and joined the duke de Berri of France, against his brother Lewis XI., and engaged in all the tu- rr.ultsof war. He lost the title of Good, by burn- ing the town of Dinan, near Liege, and putting its inhabitants to the swurd ; he died in 1467, 340 gretted, in 1765. PHILIP, governor of Jerusalem, in the time of Anriochus Epiphanes, behaved with great cruelty to the Jew.s, and compelled them to change their religion. He was put to death by his rival Lysias. PHILIP the Solitary, a Greek author, about 1105. PHILIP, of tjie Holy Trinity, a French eccle siastic, who travelled into the Levant, Persia, and India, and afterwards visited all the con- vents in Europe ; he died in 1671. PHILIP, an Indian sachem, notorious for the bloody wars he waged with the early settlers of New-England, which had »early extermina- ted the colonists. He was killed by them in 1670, and his forces destroyed. PHILIPS, Thomas, a native of Ickford ; he wrote the Life of C'ardinal Pole, a work of great celebrity, in v/hich he supports the princi- ples of the Romish church, and thus brought upon himself a host of opponents. He died at Liese, in 1774. PHILIPS, Fabian, a learned English anti- quary, who was a zealous supporter of C'harlea I., and stronsly protested against his execution He died in 1690. PHILIPS, Edward, a nephew of Milton, born in 1630. He published several works, one of which was a dictionary entitled " A New World of Words." PHILIPS, Catherine, an English lady of great wit and accomplishments, chiefly distin- guished for her skill in poetry ; she died in 16C4, aged 33. PHILIPS, John, an eminent English poet, died in 1708. PHILIPS, Ambrose, an English pastoral and dramatic poet, and pohtical writer, died in 1749, aged 78. PHILLIPS, George, was the first minister of Watertown, Mass., and died in ll)<)4. PHILLIPS, Samuel, a clergyman, at Ando- ver, Mass., wrote some sermons, and died 1771. PHILLIPS, John, LL. I)., a native of Mas- sachusetts, distinguished for his liberal endow- meiit of an academy al Andover, and another at Exeter. His brother Samuel joined him in his laudable undertakings. PHILLIPS, Samuel, LL. D., a member of congre.?s in 1775, and afterwards lieutenant-go- vernor of Massachusetts; he died in 1802. He was distinguiehed for Ids patriotism, iategriiy, I'll PI and liberality to different religious and literary condemned on a false accusation of treaKon, by Ill's un^;rateful I'cllow-citizens, and put to death, by poison, 'MH B. C. PH(»C YLlDEtf, a Greek poet, ol" Miletus, institutions. rHII.LII'S,Jolin,alawyer, of Massachusetts, was president of the senate of that state, and first mayor of the city of Boston. He died in 1«23. PHILO, Jnda-us, an ancient Greek writer, on moral philosophy, and of a noble family among the Jews, flourished at .Alexandria ih the reign of Cali^iula. He was twice sent by the Jews of that city to Rome, to plead their cause against Apion, and on his second mission is said to have become a Christian. PHILO, a urannnarian, of Byblos, who tran.s- lated' Sanchoniaihou, from the Phoenician into Greek. PHILO, an architect, of Byzantium, 300 B. C. He is the author of a treatise on military ma- chines, &c. PHILOLAUS, of Cretona, an ancient philo sopher of the Pythagorean school. He made the heavens his principal object of contempla- tion, and is generally supposed to have been the author of that system which Copernic\is after wards revived, and wiiich is now known to be the I rue system of astronomy. PHILOPCEMEN, of Megalopolis, celebrated as a general in the Achaian league, against the Sripartiiiis and Aitolians. He was poisoned by Dinocrates, 183B. C. PIlILOPOiVUS, John, an Alexandrian, au tlior of a Commentary on the Creation, and head of the tri-tlieists in the 7th century. PlilLOSTORGlUS, an ancient ecclesiastical liistorian, who fiourislied in Cappadocla about the year 420. PHILOSTRATUS, Flavins, an ancient Greek eophisj^^ and critic, who wrote the Life of Apol- lonius *ryaneus, wliich is highly celebrated. He died in 344. PHILOX"ENUS, a dithyrambic poet, at the court of Dionysius, of Syracuse. He died 380 B. C. PHILPOT, John, a native of Hampshire, a warm advocate for the reformation, was made archdeacon of Winchester, by Edward VI. ; but in the next reign, was convicted of heresy, and] burnt at Smithtield, in 1 j.i5. PFHNEHAS, son of Eleazar, was commend-' ed for his zeal in the cause of God, for killing the Israelite and tiie Midianitish woman, who conmiitted fornication in the camp of Israel, 14.55 B. C. PHIPPS, Cnnstantine John, lord Mulgrave, an eminent English circumnavigator ; he died in 179-2, aged 46. PHIPS, sir William, governor of the colony of Massachusetts, was born of obsciue parents, in lljrK), and died in 1695. He was knighted for his success in obtaining a large properly from a .-Spanish wreck, which laid the foundation of liis toriune. PIILEGON, a native of Tralles, wrote se- veral works full of erudition. He was the em- peror .Adrian's freedman. PHOCAS, a Chalcedonian noble, who seized on the empire of the East by the murder of the emperor Mauriceand hischildren, in 602. He- raclius, governor of Africa, conspired against him, and cut off his head, in 610. PHOCAS, John, a monk of the 12th centurv. peripatetic philosopher, of about 540 B. C. PIIORMIO, Ephesns. PIIORMIO, an Athenian general, who dis- played great bravery during the Pelopoimesian war. He sold his jiroperiy to supply the army but refused to be commander-in-cliief. PHOTINUS, bishop of Sirmium, was depos- ed for supporting that Christ was only a man ; lie died in ;i76. PHOTIl.S, patriarch of Constantinople, in the 9th century, and the greatest man of the age in wliici) he lived. Of his works, the most consi- derable is his " Blbliotlieca." He died in 886. PHUA.vTES lli., king of Partiiia, was mur dered by l)i> two sous, 36 B. C. PHRAATES IV., w?.s raised to the Parthian tliroiie by his fath.i, \\ .n lii lie soon murdered ; but lie at last perishes iiiniself by the hand of his own son. PHRANZA, George, a Greek author, who v/rote a Chronicle of his own Times, to j46J. PHREAS, or FREAS, John, an English wri- ter of the 14th century. PHRYNE, a celebrated courtezan, of Athens, the mistress of Prexileles, 328 B. C. PHRYMCUS, a Greek orator, of Bithynia. under Commodus. PHKYNIS, a musician, of Mitylene, who is said to have added two strings to the lyre, 438 B.C. PI.4, Philip Nicholas, an eminent chymist, and chief surgeon of tlie hospital at Strasburg; he died in 1799. PIAZZI, Jerome Bartholomew, a historian of the " Inquisition in Italy," of which court he was formerly a judge; but became after- wards a convert to the church of England, and dipd at Cambridge, in 1745. PIAZETTA,John Baptist, a celebrated paint- er, of Venice, died in 1754. PIBRAC. See FAUR. PICARD, John, a French ecclesiastic. He acquired celebrity as an astronomer, and died ill 1683. PICART, Bernard, a verj' famous French en- graver ; he died hi 1733, aged 60. PICAR'r, Michael, professor of philosophy and poetry, at Altorf, died in 11)20. PICCIM, Nicholas, an eminent musical com- poser, of Naples, died in 1800. PICCOLOMINI, James, an Italian, made car- dinal by Pius II., was author of a history of his own times, and died in 1479. PICCOLOMINI, Ale.vaiider, an Itaiian, and archbishop of Patras, the author of drauiatic pieces, &c., was the first who used tlie Italian language in philosophical subjectb; he died in 1578. PICCOLOMINI, Francis, of Uie same family, wrote Conmientaries on Aristotle, and -iied in 1604. PICHEGRU, Charles, a distinguislied French general, born at Arbois, in 1761. He subjugated Holland : was exiled to Cayenne, whence he escaped to England. He returned to Paris, in 1804, where he was imprisoned, and died on born in Crete. He built a small church on] the 6th of April. Mount Carmel, where he fixed his residence. Ii PICHON, John, a French Jesuit, and autlior, He wrote a description of the Holy Land, &c. jldied in 1751. PHOCION, a renowned Athenian general and ;' PICHOT, Poter, a physician of eminence at philosopher, the disciple of Plato. He was ilBourdeaui, in the 16th century. 2^* 341 PI PICHOU, N., a French poet, wa» assassinated in 1631. PICKERING, John, LL. D., an eminent law- yer, of New-Hampshire, was chief judge of tlie supreme court of that state, and afterwards judge of the district court of the United States for the district of New-Hampshire: he died in 1805. PICTET, Benedict, a native of Geneva, and professor of divinity there, was a man of great abihty, and a pious and vigilant pastor ; he died in 172tj. PICUS. See MIRANDULA. PIDOU, Francis, lord of St. Olon, a French- man, employed as ambassador to Madrid, and otlier courts ; he died in 1T20. PIERCE, Edward, an eminent English paint- er, in the reign of Charles 1. and 11. ; he died in 1715. PIERCE, James, an eminent English presby terian divine ; but, in consequence of l)is be- coming an Arian, he was expelled from his con- gregation, and died in 1730. riERINO, or PIRINO DEL VAGA, a cele brated Italian painter, and disciple of Raphael ; he died in 15^17, aged 47. PIERIUS. See VALERIANUS. PlERaUIN, John was 40 years minister at Chatel, in the diocess of Rheims, wrote several works, and died in 1742. PIERSON, Christopher, a celebrated painter of the Hague, died in 1714. PIERSON, Abraham, a pious and learned minister, settled about 1640 at Southampton L. I., and afterwards in Connecticut. PIERSON, Abraham, a distinguished cler- pyman, of Connecticut, and tirst president of Yale college, died at Saybrook, in 1707. PIETRO DI PETRI, a historical painter, of Rome, died in 1716. PIETRO DE LA FRANCISCA, a Florentine painter and writer, died in 1473. PIGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent sculp- tor, of Paris, died in 1785. PIGANIOL DE LA FORCE, John Aymar de, a French geographer of some eminence, died in 1753. PIGHIUS, Albert, a native of Kampen, and author of controversial works against the re- formers, died in 1542. PIGHIUS, Stephen Vinand, a very learned German annalist, born in 1520, and died in 1604. PIGNONI, Simon, an eminent Florentine painter, died in 1612. PIGNORIUS, Laurentius, a learned Italian and an author, died in 1631. PIGRAY, Peter, an eminent surgeon, em ployed in the armies of Henry IV. and Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1613. PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, a brigadier-ge neral of the arnry of the United States, was killed at York, in Upper Canada, in an attack upon that place, in 1813. PILATE, Pontius, a Roman governor of Ju- dea, under whose administration our blessed Saviour suffered death. Pilate was removed from his government, and exiled to Gaul, where lie hanged himself, A. D. 37. PIL.\TRE DU ROSIER, Francis, a native of Metz, and one of the first who ascended in a balloon. In 1785, he and his friend, in an as cent from Boulogne, were killed, by falling to the earth from a height of 1500 feet. PILES, Roger de, an eminent French painter, and biosrapher, born in 1635, and died in 1709. riLICINGTON. LKtitia, an Engh»h wit andj 342 PI poetess, born in Dubhn, in 1712, and died iii 1750. PILO.V, Germain, a native of Maine, known as an able sculptor and architect, died in 1500. PILON, Frederic, an Irishman, who studied medicine, which he quitted for the stage. He afterwards became an author, and died in 1788. PILPAY, an Indian bramin, gymnosophist, and mora! fabulist, flourished 230 B. C. P1N.(EUS, Severinus, an eminent sHrgeon, of Jl Paris, and author of a \ery curious Latin bonk. S! He died in 1619, aged 69. PINAS, John, an eminent painter, of Hnr- laem, in 1696. His brother James also acquired celebrity as a painter. PIND.AR, of Thebes, prince of lyric poets, born somewhat above 500 years B. C. The grandeur of his poetry and his deep erudition, made Plato call him the Wisest, and the Divine ; jEscliylus, the Great ; and Atliena:us, the Most Sublime. PINEAU, Gabriel du, of Angers, gained great celebrity at Paris as a lawyer, by his genius and eloquence. He was so universally respected, that he acquired the appellation of Fatiier of the People. He died in 1644. PINEDA, John, a Spanish Jesuit, who taught theology and philosophy in several colleiics, and died in 1037. He wrote " Commentaries on Job," anil a History of the Church. PINELLI, John Vincent, an Italian noble- man, celebrated for liis love of letters, and for the immense and valuable library iliat he form- ed ; he died in liiOl, aged tiS. PINET, Anthony du, a native of Besancon, who defended, in the 16th century the protect- ant tenets, which he embraced. PINET, N.,amerchant,of Paris, to wJlose in- trigues was imputed the scarcity of grain in 1789. He was murdered the same year. PINGERON, I. C, a native of Lyons, and an author, died in 1795. PINGRE, Alexander Guy, librarian of St. Genevieve, celebrated as a philosopher and as- tronomer, was the author of various works, and died in 1796. PINKNEY, William, LL. D., a distinguish- ed lawyer, of JIaryland, was born in 1765. He was minister of the United States to the court of St. James ; attorney-general of the United States ; a representative in Congress ; minister to St. Petersburg, and to Naples ; and a mem- ber of the senate of the United States t'rom Ma- ryland. In all the.se offices, he acquitted him- self with distinguisiied ability. He died in IBiS. PINON, James, of Paris, distinguished at tlie bar for his eloquence aud integritv. He died in 1641. PINSON, Richard, a native of Normandy, in the service of Caiton. He excelled as a printer, and printed the Magna Charta, and other books and died in l.'iSO. PINTOR, Peter, a Spaniard, and physician to pope Ale.'cander VII. He was an able writer, and died in 1503. PINTURICCIO, Bernardino, the inventor, in Italy, of a new way of painting, in the 15th oen tury : he died in 1513, aged 50. PIPER, Francis le, an English painter of emi- nence, died in 1740. PIPER, count, counsellor of state to Charles XII.. of Sweden, was taken prisoner by the Russians, at the battle of Pultowa, and died in imprisonment, in 1716. PIRANESI, John Baptist, a celebrated arcki PI tect and engraver, born at Venice, about 1711, and died in 1778. ^^ ^ . PrilOftf ALU, Paul, a Dominican, of Calabria, sent missionary to tiie East. He was a learned man, and died in 1067. PIRON, Alexis, a French poet, ana very keen satirist, ffe wrote some dramatic pieces, and died in 1773, aged 84. PISAN, Thomas, an astrologer, of Bologna. It is said lie died in 1380, the very day he had foretold. PISAN, Christina de, daughter of the pre- ceding, was celebrated for her beauty and wit ; she wrote " A History of Charles V.," and died in 1420. PISANI, Victor, a Venetian general ; he dis- tinguished himself against the Genoese and Dalmatians, and died In 380. PISCATOR, John Fischer, professor of the- ology, at Strasburg, was the author of vahiable Commentaries on the Bible, and died in 1540. PISISTRATUS, an Athenian general, who, though he seized the sovereign power of his country, respected the laws and privileges of his fellow-citizens, and died 528 B. C. PISO CNEIUS, a Roman consul, wns ac- cused of [wisoning Germanicus, upon which he destroyed himself, A. D. 20. PISSELEU, Anne dc, a woman of great beauty, born in Picardy, wife of the duke of Etampes, and a courtezan to Francis I. She •died in 1576. PISTORiUS, John, a lawyer, of Nidda, who changed his profession and rcllgion,nnd became counsellor to the emperor of Germany. He died in 1608. PITAU, Nicolas, a native of Antwerp, emi- nent as a painter and engraver, died in 1671. PITCAIRNE, Dr. Archibald, a physician and poet, born at Edinburgh, in 1652, and died in 1713. His writings are chiefly medical and ma- thematical. PITCAIRNE, Dr. William, a very eminent English physician, president of the college, and F. R. S. He died in 1791, aged 80. PITHOU,orPlTHCEUS,aFrench gentleman, of eminence in the republic of letters, born in 1539, and died in 1596. He published several works, and was the first who made the world acquainted with the " Fables of Phsedrus." PITHOU, Francis, of Troyes, procureur-ge- ncral of the chamber of justice under Henry IV. He was a learned and an amiable man, and died in 1621. PITISCUS, Samuel, a learned man, bom at Zutphen, author of various works, died in 1717. PITISCUS, Bartholomew, the learned author of "Thesaurus Mathematicus," died in 1613. PITKIN, William, a judge and chief justice of the superior court of the colony of Connec- ticut ; he died in 1723. PITKIN, William, son of the preceding, was a judge and chief justice of the supreme court of Connecticut, and governor of that colony. He died in 1709. PITOT, Henry, a celebrated French mathe- matician, and friend of the great Reaumur ; he died In 1771. PITS, or PITSEUS, John, an English bio- grapher, born in 1.560, and died in 1616. PITT, Christopher, an elegant English poet, and translator of " Vida," and "Virgil;" was born in 1699, and died in 1748. PITT, William, earl of Chatham, a most illustrious English statesman, son of Robert Pitt, esi}. He was born in 1708, and died in PL 1778. Of lord Chatham, his eloquence was one of the most striking characterislics, the iiiuaic and majesty of his voice ; the persuasive grace- fulness and Irresistible force of his action ; and his power of eye ; all carried conviction with his argument. PITT, William, a celebrated statesman, se- cond son of the preceding, was born In 1759. His father taught him to argue with logical precision, and to speak with eloquence and force. At the age of 22, he accepted the office of chancellor of the exchequer, and under this administration, the American war was con- cluded. He died In 1806. PITTACUS, a native of Mitylene, and one of the seven wise men of Greece. He died 579 B. C. PIUS I., St., succeeded to the popedom in 142, and suft'ertd martyrdom in 157. PIUS II., jTOneas Sylvius Piccolomini. See 7ENEAS SYLVIUS. Plus HI., Francis Thndeschini, succeeded Alexander XI. in the papal chair, in 1503, and died 21 days after. PIUS IV., John Angelo, cardinal de Medicis, brother to the marquis deMarignan, and not of the Florence family, succeeded to the popedom In 1559, and died in 1565. PIUS v., Michael Ghisleri, an Italian, of the Dominican order, was elected pope in 1566, and died in 1572. Under his auspices the celebrated battle of I^epanto waa fought, in which the in- fidels were dreadfully defeated. PIUS VI., John Angelo Braschi, was born ia 1717, and succeeded Clement XIV., as pope, in 1775 ; he rendered his name /"anions by draining the Pontine marshes. Buonaparte entere98, aged 65. PLANUDES, Ma.>;imus, a monk, of Constan- tinople, of the 4th century ; he wrote a curious Lifb of iTIsop. PLATER, George, a delegate to congress, froni Maryland, judge of the court of appeals, and governor of that state ; he died in 17'Ji 343 PO PLATIN'A, Bartboloincw Sacchi, a learned Italuin, aiiil auMior of a Distuiy of the I'opes, from Si. Peler to Sextus IV. ; he died in 1481, agod (iO. I'L.^TO, a mostilliLSlriMus philosopher of an- tiquity, died at Athens, ;i48 B. C, aged 81. His writings arc very valuable ; his language beau- tiful and correct ; and liis philosophy sublime. PLATOFF, count, lietman of the Cossacks in the service of KusKia ; lie assisted in over- tuniiiigthe seemingly invincible power of Buiv naparte ; he died, venerable in years and in ho- nours, in 1818. • PLAUTUri, Marcus Accius, a comic writer, ill Italy. He died about 1S4 B. C. PLAYFAIR, Jiihn, D. D., born near Dundee, tn 174(1, was professor of mathematics at Edin- burgh. He wrote on several subjects, and died ill 1819. PLAYFORD, John, bom in 1013, published an " Introduction to the Skill of Music, ".which succeeded so well as lo go through uiany edi- tions. He di.'d about 16il3. PLiEMPlUS, Vopiscus Fortunatus, a native of Amsteid.iin, and professor of medicine at Louvain ; he died in 1671. PLESSIS RICHELIEU. See RICHELIEU. PLINY, Caius Secundus, the Elder, one of the inosl learned of the ancient Roman wri- ters, born at Verona, about A. D. 23. He was suflbcated by the sulpliurous smoke of Mount Vesuvius, in his friend's house near it, A. D. 79. He left a " Natural History," in 37 books. PLINY, Caecilius Secundus, the Younger, ne- phew of the preceding, boin A. D. 62, and died in 113. He was an eijuneiit lau'yer and an elo- (juent speaker. He attained tlie dignity of con- sul, under Trajan, whose panegyric he pronoun- ted in the senate. PLOT, Dr. Robert, an eminent English phi- losopher and naturalist, died in 1096, aged 55. PLOTINUS, an illustrious Platonic philoso- pher. He died in 270, aged 06. PLO\Vl)E\, Edmund, an eminent seijeant- at-lavv. He died in 158-1, aged 67. PLUCHE, Antony, a French writer on na- tural histoiy. His "Spectacle de la Nature," is known to all the world. In English it is called " Nature Displayed." He died in 1761, aged 93. PLUKENET, Leonard, a well known Eng- lish botanist and author, died in 1705. PLUWIER, Charles, a famous French bota- nist, employed by Lewis XIV. to visit the West In. He could tlien number nearly 1.500 descendants. PRATT, Samuel Jackson, an English niisccl laneous writer, author of poems, novels, and some dramatic works ; he died in 1814. PRATT, Benjamin, an eminent lawyer, of Massachufcetts, and afterwards chief justice of the colony of New- York ; he died in 1763. PRATT, right hon. Charles, earl Camden, a most eminent English lawyer and statesman, horn in 1713. In 1759, he was appointed attor- ney-general ; in 1762, he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, appointed chief justice yf the common pleas, and knighted. His lordship presided in that court with a dignity, weight, and impartiality never exceeded by any of his predecessors; and, when John Wilkes, esq., was seized and committed to the Tower, on an illegal general warrant, his lordship, with the intrepidity of a British magistrate, and the be- coming fortitude of an Englishman, granted him a habeas corpus, and, on his being brougl.; be- fore the court of common pleas, discbarfjcd him from hia confinement in the Tower, in 1703, in a speech that did him honour. His wi«c nnd spirited behaviour on this remarkiible occ;i.;ioi! was so acceptable to the nation, that the cily of London presented him with the freedom of tiieir corporation in a gold box, and desired liis pic- ture, which was put up in Guildliail, with this inscription : — Hanc Iconera Carol i Pratt, Eq. Summi Judicia C. B. In Honorem tsinti Viri, Anglicx Libertatis Lege Assertoris fidi. P. a. L. In Curia Miinicipali Poni Jusserunt Nono. kal. Mart. A. D. MDCCLXIV. Gulielmo Bridgcn, Ar. Prte. Urb. The corporations of Dublin, Bath, Exeter, and Norwich, paid him the like compliment. He was created a peer of Great Britain, by the title of lord Camden, baron Camden in the county of Kent ; and July 30, 1706, he was appointed lord high chancellor of Great Britain, lie con- ducted himself in this high office so as to obtain the love and esteem of all parties ; but when the taxation of America was in agitation, he PR f declared himself against it, and,stron!>lv of.p<.i- ing it, was removed irom his station, in 1770. He was appointed president of the council iti 1782, and resigned this office in March, 1783; but soon after resumed it, and lield it till bis death, )794. PRAXAGORAS,aGreekhistorian,ofAthen» about 135. PRAXE.^S, author of a heresy, in the i!J century. PRAXITELES, a famous Greek sculptor, about 364 B. C. PREBLE, Edward, a captain in the Ameri- can navy, distingniabed for bis services and suc- cesses against the I'niprror of Morocco and the Bev of Tripoli, in 1803-4 ; he died in 1807. PiU'.MO.N'TVAL, Peter le Quay de, a mem- ber of the academy of sciences at Berlin, and author of various works ; he died in 17C7. PRESTON, Dr. Thomas, an English drama- tic writer, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, died master of Trinity-hall, Cambridse, in 1598. PRESTO.\', John, master of Emanuel college, Cambridge, was an able W'rilcr in favour of the puriians. and died in Wi9. PRE.STRE I,E. See VAUBAN. PRETf, Jeiojiie, a native of Tuscany, dis- tinguished as a poet, died in 1620. PREVIIiLE, Peter Lewis Dubus de, a very eminent French comic actor, and the intimate friend of Garrick, was born in 1706, and died in ISOO. PREVOT D'EXILES, Antony Francis, a French writer, was educated among (he Jesuits, but entered the army. He tran.slated Richard- son's novels into French, .ind died in 1703. PRIAM, tile famous kiijg of Troy, was slain byPvrrhusM84B. C. PPilC.'EUS, or PRICE, John, an Englishman, who iiecame a Roman catholic, and Greek pro- fessor at Florence. He died in 1676. PRICE, sir John, an E;iglishman,weH skilled in antiquities. He wrote "a defence of British history in answer to Polydore Virgil, and died in 15.53. PRICE, Rev. Dr. Richard, an eminent dis- senting mi'iister, universally known and ccle Ihraled for his great abilities in arithmetical cal- culations, and for very numerous and valuable writings, iheolosical, moral, and scientific ; he died in 1791, aged 68. PRICHARD, Rees, a native qf Llandovery, in Wales, was a poet, and rector of liis native village ; he died in 1644. PRIDEAUX, John, an English prelate, who, from a kitchen boy, ro.se to the see of Worces- ter. He died in 1650. PRIDEAUX, Dr. Humphrey, an English di- vine, historian, and critic, born in 1648, and died in 1724. He was the author of several works. PRIE, N. de Bertolet, marchioness, an in- triguing female, and favourite of Bourbon, the prime minister of France ; she died in 1727. PRIESTLEY, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated dissenfingclerayman, and a polemical and philo- sophical writrr : lie dieil in '804, a.qed 7!. PRIEUR, Philip, professor of belles lettresin the university at Paris, died In 1080. PRIMATICCIO, Francesco, an eminent Ita- lian painter, who was extremely skilful in stuc- co and basso relievo, and excelled chiefly in battle pieces ; lie dif d in 1570, aged 80. PRIMEROt^F. Gilbert, a Scotch divine, and chaplain to .l:!nies 1. ; he wrote various works, and died ir. I64J. 11 PRINCE DE BEAUMONT, madame le, » " ^ 347 PR FT rrciicli lady, lojig uiitagetl in education, in nug- land ; .slie liied m 1780. PKIXCE, Jolm, an English divine, and an author, died in 17i;0. PlliNCE, Tlionias, one of tlic early seltlors of Plymouth, came from England, in IGil, and was aftoivvards governor of Plymouth colony. He died in lH'.i. PRINCE, Thomas, an eminent American clerijyman, settled al Boston ; he vvasauthoi ol a Chroiiologital History of A'ew-Englaiid, and made large collections for a history of the coun- try. He died in 1758. PKIN'CE, Nathan, brother of the preceding, an eminent ina'hemaliciau and classical scholar, Jied in 1748 , . . PRIXGLE, sir John, an eminent physician »nd medical wiitcr, and president of the Royal Society, was burn in 1707, and died in 1782. PRIOLO, Benjamin, author of a Latin histo- ry of France, from J643 to 1664 ; he was the fiiend and associate of the duke de Rohan, and .iied in 1667. - t. ,■ u .i PRIOR, Matthew, an eminent English poet, and statesman, honi in 1664. After having oc- cupied many high diplomatic posts and lucrative employments, he died fellow of St. John's col- lege, Cambridge, in 17-il. PRISCIAN US, an eminent grammarian of antiquity, born at Caisarea, but went to Con- Btantinople, where he taught the principles ot his art, and was in the lughest repute, about the year 525. PRISCILLIAN, a Spaniard, who became the chief of a sect in the 4th century, was beheaded in 384. T. ,. u PRITCHARD, Hannah, an eminent English actress, who excelled both in tragedy and com- edy ; she died in 1768, aged 57. PRITZ, or PRlTlUri, John George, a pro- testant divine, professor of divinity, at Grips- walde, and one of the ministers of Franklort, (lied in 1732. I PKOBUS. M. Aurel. Valer., a general, made! emperor of Uome, in 276. He was successful: against the Barbarians, but was murdered by; his own soldiers, in 282. PROCACCINI, Camillo, a celebrated painter,' of Bologna, died in 1626. His brother Julius, i who died the same year, was celebrated in thej same art. I PROCLTJ3, an eminent philosopher awong; tlie later Plaionists, born at Constantinople, in, 410, and died in 48.5. PROCLUS, St., the disciple of Chrysostom, and patriarch of Constantinople, died in 447. PROCOPIUS, an ancient Greek historian, of Byzantium, who llourishod in the Gth century. His histoiv commences toward the end^ of the vcign of Anastasius. emperor of the East, in •407, and is carried down to the year 649. | PROCOPIUS, a Greek historian, patronised^ by Belisarius and Justinian. PROCOPIUS, a Greek sophist, of Gaza, A. D. PRODICUS, a sophist of Cos, about 396, B. C. Socrates anJ Euripides attended his lec- tures at Athens. PROMETHETJS, the son of Japhet, and a great warrior, supposed to have been the first discoverer of the art of striking fire by flint and steel, which cave rise to the fable of his steahng tiie from heaven. He flourished 1687 B. C. PRONAPIDES, a Greek poet, said to have been the master of Homer. I'UOPERTIUS, Sextus Aurclais, an eminent 348 Roman elegiac poet, born about 59 B. C, and (lied 19 H. V. PROSPER, St., a Christian writer, of the 5th century, the disciple of Augustine, was an able advocate of the faith. PROTAGORAS, a Greek philosopher, ban^ ished tVom Alliens, for supporting atiieistical principles. He died about 400 B. C. FROTOGENES, a famous painter, of Rhodes, cotemporary and companion cf Apclles, about 300 B. C. PROVENZALE, Marcello, an eminent Ita liaii painter, died in 1639. PRUDENTIUS, Aur. Clement., a Spaniard, distinguished as an advocate and a poet. H» Latin poems were published in 1667. PRUSIAS, a king of Bithynia, at whose court, Annihal took refuge. Prusias was put to death, 149 B. C. PRYNNE, William, an eminent English law- yerand voluminous writer, much distinguished in the civil commotions under Charles 1., bom in 1600. He published several books against what he thought the enormities of the age, and concerning the doctrine and discipline of the church. His " Histriomastix," which came out in 1632, giving great offence to the court, he was committed prisoner to the Tower, and sentenced by the star-chamber to be fined 50001. to the king, expelled the university of O.vford, and Lincoln's-Inn, degraded from his profession of the law, to stand in the pillory and lose his ears, to have his book publicly burnt before his face, and to remain prisoner during life ; Uie former part of this sentence was severely put into effect. He was, however, afterwards restored to liber ty and held a seat in the house of commons till his death, in 1669. His greatest work goes under the title of " Records.' PRZIPCOVILTS, Samuel, a Socinian writer; expelled from Poland with his partisans, in 1658, on account of his opinions. He died in 1670. PSALMANAZAR,George, the fictitious name of a very extraordinary person, born in one of the southern provinces of France, and designed for a friar; who, after various adventures, arrived at London, under the character of « Japanese converted to Christianity. He died iK 1763 PSAMMENITUS, a king of Egypt, after Arnasis, 525 B. C. PSAMMETICUS, a king of Egypt, wha shared the sovereign power with eleven other princes. He died 616 B. C. PSELLUS, Michael Constantius, a Greek writer, who flourished about 1105, was a good scholar, and an author. PTOLEMY LAGUS, cr SOTER, was one of the generals and favourites of Alexander the Great. He obtained Egypt as his share of the spoils, and died 285 B. C. PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS, son of the preceding, was a zealous patren of learned men, and died 246 B. C. PTOLEMY EVERGETES, son and succes- sor of Philadelphus, was a benevolent prince, and died 221 B. C. PTOLEMY PHILOPATER, son of Ever- eetes, died 204 B. C. PTOLEMY EPIPHANES, succeeded his fa- ther Philopater, and was poisoned by his suc- cessor Philometor, 180 B. C. PTOLEMY PHILOMETOR, the murderer of Epiphanes, was slain in battle, 146 B. C. PTOLEMY PHYBCON, succeeded his bro PU QU Itier Pliilotiietor. He was tyrannical in liis go vetniiicnt, and died 110 B. C. I'TOLEMVLATHYRUS, succeeded his fa- ther riivscon, but was banisljed, and his bro- ther Alexander placed on the throne, after wliose death he regained his power, and died 81 B 0. PTOLKliy AULETES, illegitimate son and successor of Lathvrus, died 51 B. C. PTOLEMY DIOXYSIUS, son of Auletes, married his sister Cleopatra, and niurdi-red his benefactor Ponipey. He was drowned, 4fi B. C. PTOLEMY, Claudius, a great geographer, mathematician, and astronomer, of antiquity, was born hi Egypt, about A. D. i:!8, and flour- ished in the reigns of Adrian and Marcus An- toninus. PUBLIUS SYRUS, a Syrian slave, set at liberty by his master, distinguished liimself as a poet, 44 B. C. PUCCI, Francis, a noble Florentine. After changing his religious opinions several times, he was taken, while a protestant, and burnt at Rome, as a heretic, in ItiOO. PUFFENDORF, Samuel de, an eminent Ger- man civilian and historian, born in 1631, and died in 1694. Very numerous are the woricsof this learned and e.\cellent man ; but the most important, and what will immortalize liis name is his treatise " De Jure Natuiis et Gentium;" it is indeed a body of the law of nature and nations well dieesied, and, as some think, pre- ferable to GrotJus' book " De Jure Belli et Pa- cis," since the same subjects are treated in a more e.xtensive manner, and with greater order. His other works are chiefly polemic. PUGATSCHEFF, Yeinclka, a Cossack, who laid claim to the Russian throne, as the real Pe- ter III. He was taken and beheaded in 1775. PUGET, Peter Paul, one of the greatest [lain- ters that France ever produced, born in 1623, and died in 1694. PULASKI, count, a noble and distinguished Pole, who, after making great, but unsuccessful f llbrts for the freedom of his own country, of- fered his services to the United States, during the revolution, and was appointed a brigadier- general in ttie American army. He was wound- i at Savarmah, and died soon after, in 1779. PULCIIERIA, St., daughter of Arcadius, as- cended the throne with her brotlier. She was! a patroness of learned men, was devout and ex- emplary in her conduct, and died in 454. PULCI, Lewis, an Italian poet, of a noble family of Florence, died in 1487. PULIGO, or PUGLIO, Dominico, an eminent Italian portrait painter, died in 1527. PULMANNUS, Theodore, properly POEL- MAN, a Dutch scholar, and an able critic, died in 1580. rULTENEY, William, earl of Bath, a cele- brated English senator and statesman, born in 1682, died in 1764. He for many years lived in the very focus of popularity, and was respected as the chief bulwark against the encroachments of the crown : but, from the moment he ac- cepted a title, all his favour with the people was at an end ; and the rest of his life was spent in contemning that applause which he could no longer secure. PULTENEY, Richard, a celebrated English physician, the author of several works ; he died in 1801. PUNTORMO, Giaeomo, an Italian painter, whose pieces arc much admired : he died in 1558. rURB ACH, George, a learned German, emi- nent as a divine aud philssopher died in 1462 PURCELL, Henry, a very eminent English musician and composer, born in 1658, and died in 1695. PUKCHAS, Samuel, a learned English divine, and compiler of a valuable collection of voy- ages ; he died in 1028, aged 51. PURVER, Antony, an Englishman, an extra- ordinary character, whose parents w ere quakers. He made a translation of the Bible Irom the (iriginal, after a labour of 30 years. He was liighlv respected as aquaker preacher, and died in 1777. PUTEANUS, Erycius, properly VANDE- PUTTE,wa3 born in Guelderlaiid, and an enii nent scholar, lie succeeded his master in the professors' chair at Lou vain, and died in 1646. PUTNAM, Israel, a major-general in the American army, during the revolution, dis- tinguished for his daring intrepidity in the early wars with the French and Indians, and during the whole revolutionary struggle. He died in 1790. His reputation as an officer, was beyond suspicion, and his services were highly appre- ciated bv Washington and his countrymen. PUTSCHIUS, Elias, an eminent grammarian, of Antwerp, died in 1606. PUTTENHAM, George, born about 1530, was one of the gentlemen pensioners to queen Elizabeth. He died about 1600, leaving among other works " The Art of Poesie." PUY, Peter de, a very learned French anti- quary and historian ; he died in 1652, aged CD. PUY SEGUR, James de Chastenet, lord of, a celebrated French general, who served his coun- try 43 vears, and died in 1682. "PYE, Henry James, born in London, in 1745, was appointed poet Laureate, in 1790, and in 1792, one of the police magistrates ; lie died in 1813 ; and left many poems. PYLE, Thomas, M. A., a learned divine, born in 1674 ; he wrote much esteemed para- phrases on various parts of the Old and New Testament. He died in 1757. PYM, John, a celebrated English republican, distinguished for his virulence against Charles 1. He died in ]643.< PYNAKER, Adam, a celebrated Dutch paint- er, died in 1673. PYRRHO, an eminent philosopher, born at Elis, flourished in the time of Alexander, about the llOth Olvmpiad ; he was a sceptic. PYRRHUS, a king of Epirus, celebrated as the friend and ally of the Tarentines. He was killed at Argos, 272 B. C. PYTHAGORAS, one of the greatest philoso- phers of antiquity, born at Samos, about 590, and died 497 B. C. His " Golden Verses" are well known, and have been frequently pub- lished. PYTHF.AS, a Greek philosopher, in tlie age of Aristotle. His discoveries about the difler- ent length of the days in various climates, ap- peared astonishing io the philosophers of his age. PYTHEUS, a rhetorician, of Athens, knowm as the rival of the great Demosthenes. a QUADRATUS, a disciple of the Apostles, and bishop of Athens, who composed an " Apology- tor the Christian Faith." and, presenting it to the emperor, stopped the persecution against the Christians, A. D. 125. aU ADRIO, Francis Xavier, a Jesuit, who be- came a secular priest by consent of the pope, died in 1756, 30 349 QU Q,UAI\I, Lewis, an Italian painter, died in 1717. Q.UARLES, Francis, an English poet, born in 159-2, and died in 1M4. lie wrote a comedy called " The Virgin Widow," and several other worki^. QUATROMANIjSertorio.an Italian writer, of respectable abilities and learning, died in 160G. QUEIiLIiV, Erasmus, an eminent painter, and disciple of Rubens, was born at Antwerp, in 1607, and lived to a very old age. QUENSTEDT, John Andrew, a Lutheran divine, author of several theological works. He died in 1G88. ai'ENTAL, Bartholomew du, a Portuguese catholic priest, distin'.juisiied for his piety and learnhig; he died in 1608. aUERENGIlI, Anthonv,an Italian poet.died in 1G33. QUERLOX, Anne Gabriel Meusnier de, an eminent scholar of Nantes, and a noted periodi- cal writer, died in 1780. QUERNO, Camillo, an Italian poet, and buf- foon to Leo X. ; he died in J5U8. QUESNAY, Francis, a French physician, who, from obscurity, rose to emiu»nce in his profession ; lie published several medical works, and died in 1774. QUESNE, Abraham, marquis du, of Nor- mandy. He entered into the naval service of France, where he distinguished himself by a series of valorous and successful engagements; lie died in 36S-3. QUESNEL, Pasquier, a celebrated priest of the oratory, in France, born at Paris, in 1634 ; he became the head of the sect of Jansenists ; wrote many polemical books, and died at .Am- sterdam, in 1719. aUESNOy, Francis, an eminent sculptor, died in 1644. aUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, Francisco de, an eminent Spanish author, born in 1570, and died in 1G45. He was one of the best writers of his age, and e.xcelled equally in prose and QlilEX DE LA NEUFVILLE, James le, a French author, whose death, in 1723, was caus- ed bv excessive application to study. dtriEN, Michael de, a French Dominican. He was an able scholar, and well versed in ori- ental literature, and died in 1733. atTTLLET, Claudius, a French physician, and ingenious Latin poet, born in 1G02, and died in 1661. QUIN, James, a very celebrated English co- median, born in London, in 1'503, and died in 1766. The prince of Wales, father to George III., appointed him to instruct his children in the true pronunciation of their mother tongue. aUINAULT, Philip, a celebrated French dramatic poet, born at Paris, in 16.35, and died in 1688. ttUINCY, marquis de, a French officer and engineer, author of " The Military History of Louis XIV." He died in 1720. aUINCY, Dr. John, an eminent English phy- sician and medical author, died in 172;J. aUINCY, Edmund, a judge of the supreme court of the colony of Massachusetts, and agent for that colony at' the court of St. James, died U> London, in 1738. ClUINCY, Josiah, an eminent lawyer, of Massachusetts, distinguished for his zeal and exertions in support of the rights of the colo- nies ; be died in 1775. ^50 • RA Q.UINCY, Edmund, of Boston, author of an agricultural treatise, died in 1788. Q.UINTILIAN, Marcus Fabius, an illustrious Roman lawyer, rlietorician, and critic, born at Rome, A. D. 4'2, and died at 89 years of age. QUf.NTIN. Pee M.VTSYS. dUlNTINIE, John de la, a famous French gardener. He stuilied law, and practised with great reputation, but soon devoted himself en- tirely to agricultural pursuits. He died after 1700. aUINTrS CALABAR, a Greek poet, who wrote a large " Supplement to Homer's Iliad,* In which a relation is given of the Trojan war, from the death of Hector to the destruction of Trov. QUINTIIS CURTIUS, Q. Curtius Rufus, author of a Latin history of Alexander the Great, which has at once immortalized the he- ro and the historian. He lived A. D. 380, and was probably a Roman. CiUlRINI, Ang'-lo Maria, a Venetian cardi- nal. He was no'iced and caressed by the learn- ed and good of the age, and respected for bis benevolence, liberality, and learning, and died in 1755. His works are numerous. QUIROS, Fcrnand de, a Spanish navigator, who discovsrcfi tne Society Islands, in 1605. aurSTORP, John, a Lutheran divine, the friend of the great Grotius, died in 1646. R RAB.\N-MATJR, Magnentius, a French di vine, of noble birth. His works on theology are nunieiou.s ; he died in 856. RAB.YIID ST. ETINNE, John Paul, a pro- testant minister. He was bold and eloquent in defence of Lewis XVI., and, for those senti- ments, was guillotined in 1793. li.\BEL, John, an eminent French portrait painter, died in 1603. RABEL.MS, Francis, a celebrated French phvsician and satirist, died in 1553, aged 70. RAEIRIUS, a Latin poet, who celebrated the victory of Ausustus at Actium. RABURN, William, governor of the state of Georgia, died in iS19. RABUTIN. See BUSSY. RACAN, Honorat de Bueil, marquis of, com mended for his pastoral poetry; he died ui 1670 RACCHETTI, Bernard, an Italian painter died in 1702. RACIXE, John, an illustrious French dra m.itic poet ; he nied in 1699, aged 60. RACIXE, Lewis, son of the poet, an cccle siastic and author ; he died in 1763. RACK. Edmund, an English author and poet, died in 1787. R.\CLE, Leonard, a French architect, of con- siderable distinction, died in 1792. RADCLIFFE, Alexander, an English militaiy officer, known as the writer of some poetic works of low humour, died in 1700. R.\DCLIFFE, Dr. John, an English physi- cian, of uncommon eminence, born in 1650 and died in 1714. To him the university of Ox- ford is indebted for the library and infirmary which bear his name, and for an annual in- come of 600Z. sterling, for two travelling fellow- ships. R.\DEGONDE, St., a German princess, re- nowned for her personal charms, and devotcd- ness to religious duties. At the age of 10, she renounced paganism for the Christian faith, by direction of Clouire, who afterwards married RA her, and then, yielding to iier wishes, permitted Iter to retire to the seclusion of a luonastery .slio died in 587. R A OKMAKER, Gerard, a Dutcli painter, died in ITil, aged 38. RA(JOTZKr, Francis Leopold, prince of Transylvania, wrote an interesting memoir on the revolutions of Hungary, and died in l~i5. RAGUEAU, Francis, prdlo^sor of jurispru dence at Roiirges-, nnd an aiitlior, died in 1005. RAGUENET, Franci?, a learned ecclesiastic, of Rouen, contended tor llie t^uperiority of tlie Italian, ovi r Fiencli music, died in 17?2. RAIKF.f, Robert, a printer and philanthropist, born in 1735. In 1781 he planned the institution of Punday Schools, and died at Gloucester, his native place, in 1811. RAINALDI, Oderic, a priest of the oratory, died in 1C70. RATNAUD, Theophilus, a Jesuit, who taught belles lettres and theology, died in 1603. RAINE, Matthew, D. D., an English divine, master of tile Char'er-house school, died in 1810 RAINOLDS, John, an English divine, and dean of Lincoln, died in 1607. He was one of the divines employed in the translation of the Bible under James I. RAI-RFGII, sir Walter, an illustrious English navigator and historian, born in 1.5.'i2. He did eminent services for queen Elizabeth, particu- larly in the discovery of the country now called Virginia, and in the defeat of the Spanish Ar- mada, and lived in full happiness and honour during her reign; but his sun set at her death. He was much persecuted on the accession of James, and accused of high treason. Though reprieved, he remained long a i>risoner in the .Tower. He was afterwards commissioned by the king to go and explore the golden mines of Guiana. But the Spaniards killed his eldest son, and prevailed on James to condenm sir Walter. He was beheaded in 1C18. RALPH, James, a voluminous writer, in po- etry, politics and history. He was an American by birth, but went over to England about 1729, and died in 176'2. He wrote a history of Eng- land, commencing with the reign of the Stuarts, and many other works. RAMAZZIM, Bernardin, an Italian phy- sician and medical professor at Padua, a station filled by him with great applause though Wind ; he died in 1714. RAMEAU, John Philip, an illustrious mu- sician, and writer on the principles of that art ; he died in 1767, aged 84. RAMELLI, Felix, a native of Asti, an eccle- siastic, who became an eminent miniature por- trait painter. He died in 1740. RAMSAY, Charles Lewis, a Scotchman, au- thor of a Treatise on Short-hand writing, 1681. RAMSAY, Andrevi' Michael, a Scots histo- rian, and political and moral philosophy writer, born in 1686, and died in 1743. RAMSAY, Allan, a celebrated Scots pastoral poet, born in 16%, and died in 1763. RAMSAY, David, M. D., an eminent physi- cian, liistorian and statesman, of South Caroli- na, and a member of congress from that state, died in 1815. He was distinguished for his pa- triotism during the revolution, no less than for his writings in after life. He published a Histo- ry of the Revolution in South Carolina ; a Histo- ry of the American Revolution; a Life of Wash- ington, and several other valuable historical works. RAMSAY Martha L, wife of tbe preceding. RA and daughter of Henry Laurens, preeiUenl of jcongress; she died iu 1811. RAMSDEN, Jesse, an English artist, tlour- islied in 1786. His iinprovomcnts in various mathematical and optical instruments were very •important to science. RAMUS, Peter, an eminent French professor )l philosophy, eloqucsice and mallicniaiics, born in 1515, and fell in the massacre of Paris, in l.'i7-2. RAjruSIO, John Baptist, a Venetian, am- bassador to France, &.c., and an author, died in 1557. RANC, John, admired as a painter iu Spain, died in 1735. RANCE, Armand, John le Boutillicr de, a. French ecclesiastic, well skilled in Grecian liter ature. In early life, an iibandoiied sensualist, but reformed, and died respected, in 1700. RANDOLPH, Thomas, an able diplomatist in the reign of queen Elizalielh, died in 1590. RANDOLPH, Thomas, an English dramatic poet, born in 1605, and died in 1634. His " Muse's Looking Glass," a comedy, is wel' known, and much admired. RANDOLPH, Edward, an agent of Great Britain to the American colonies, and a violent enemy to their interests, died in 1695. RANDOLPH, Peyton, an eminent lawyer, of Virginia, and first president of the American congress in 1774, died suddenly in 1775. Pv ANDOLPH, Edmund, an eminent lawyer, of Virginia, and an active friend of the revolution, was a member of congress in 1779, afterwards governor of the state of" Virginia, attorney-gen- eral, and secretary of state of the United States. In the last office, he lost the confidence of Washington, and resigned in 1795. He aied ii) 1813. RANNEQ.UIN, N., a celebrated engineer, oi Liege, died in 1708. RANS, Bertrand de, of Rheims, a hermit in 1226, who imposed liimself upon the people of Flanders, as the emperor Baldwin I., and suffer- ed death for it. RANTZAN, Josias, a Danish nobleman in the French service, died in 1645. Chiefly known as the active agent by whom the pro- testant religion was established in Denmark. RAOUX, John, of Montpellier, eminent as a historical and portrait painter, died in 1734. RAPHAEL, d'Arezz.io, an Itahan painter, whose historical pieces and portraits are ad- mired, died in 1580. RAPHAEL, Sanzio, an illustrious painter and architect, of Italy, born in 1483, and died in 1520. By the general consent of mankind, he is acknow- ledged to have been the prince of modern paint- ers, and is often styled " the divine Raphael." As Raphael was the best painter iu the world, so was he perhaps the best architect also ; he was at le.ast so admirable a one, that Leo X. charged him with the building of St. Peter's church at Rome. RAPHELENGIUS, Francis, a learned Flem- g, was Greek professor at Cambridge, and afterwards professor of Hebrew and Arabic, at Leyden, died in 1597. RAPIN, Nicholas, a French poet, whose works were elegantly written, and who was the favourite of Henry III ; he died in 1609. RAPIN, Renatus, a French Jesuit and critic, famous for his skill in classical learning, born in 1621, and died in 1687. RAPIN DE THOYRAS, Paul de, an eminent liistoriographer, bor^ in Languedoc, in 166J, 351 RA RE fled to England soon after the revocation of the edict of Naiitz. He went afterwards to Hol- land, and entered into the military service, T)ul returned to England with king William, under whom he served and distinguished him- self at the battle of the Boyne, in Ireland, and at the siege of Limerick. He alierwards spent 17 years in writing his " History of England, down to the accession of William and Mary, in 1689." Hedied ill 1725. RASLES, Sebastian, a French Jesuit, who was a missionary among the Indians, and ac- quired great influence over them. He was a man of learning, and wrote " A Dictionary of the Indian Language," which is sliU preserved. He died in 17'i4. „ . ^ . RASTAL, John, an eminent English printer and author, died in 1536. K.\STA[i, William, an eminent English judge, in the 16th century, who published "An Abridgment of the Statutes of England." RATER, Anthony, an eminent architect, of I.vons, died in 1794. RATRAMNUS, a monk of the 9th century, who wrote on predestination, and on transub- stantiation, wa.smuch quoted by the calvinists. R.\TTE, Stephen Hyacinth de, an eminent French astronomer, and an associate of the French National Institute ; he died in 1805. RAULLN, Joseph, a French physidan and medical author of some note, died in 1784. RHAWOLFE. See RAWWOLF. R.WAILLAC, Francis, of Angouleme, tlie delil)er.iie murderer of Henry IV., in 1610. RAVENi\.A.S, Agnellus, or Andreas, an au- thor, who lived in the 9th century. RAVENSCROFT, Edward, a dramatic wri- ter, in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. RAVESTEYN, John, a Dutch painter, who flourished about 1360. RAVIUS, Christian, of Berlin, was one of the learned correspondents of queen Christina, and a professor of oriental languages at Utrecht, &c. ; hedied in 1667. RAWLET, John, B. D., an English divine, died in 1686. RAWLEY, William, D. D., chaplain to Charles I. and II., and also to the great Bacon, and the editor of his works ; he died in 1667. RAWLINS, Thomas, an English engraver, and author of dramatic pieces, died in 1670. RAWLINSON, Thomas, was sheriff, and in 1706, mayor of London : he rendered his name memorablp, by beautifying the Guildhall. RAWLINSON, Thomas, a learned English antiquary, died in 1723. RAWLINSON, Christopher, an eminent English antiquarian, and critical writer, born in 1677, and died in 1732. RAWLINSON, Richard, an eminent Eng- lish antiquary, died in 1755, aged 65. RAWSON, Grindull, a very benevolent mi- mister, of Blendon, Mass., died in 1715. RAWWOLF, Leonard, of Augsburg, who travelled into Syria, Judea, and other e.tstern countries, engaged in botanical researches, died in 1606. „ . , RAY, or WRAY, John, an eminent English divine, natural philosopher, natural historian and critic; hedied in 1705. R.'XY, Benjamin, an ingenious and learned English curate, but ignorant of the world; he died in 1760. RAYMOND, Robert, lord, chief justice of the king's bench, and an eminent law reporter, died in 1733. 352 RAYNAL, William Francis, a French Jesuit, who distinguished himself as a historian and political writer, but is chiefly known by his " His- tory of the European Settlements in the East and West Indits." RAYNARD,Theophilu3,ofSospello, ajesuit, profes.jor of belles lettres and theology, died in 1663. RAYSSIGUIER, N., a French dramatic wri ter, of about 1730. READ, Alexander, an eminent Scotch phy sician. He wrote on anatomical and medical subjects, and died in 1()80. « KEAD,.lohn,adistinguished lawyer, of Massa- chusetts, died in 1749. READ, George, an eminent lawyer, of Dela- ware, was a member of congress from that state, and one of the signers of the declaration of American Independence He was afterwards a member of the senate of the United States; and died in 1708. REAL, Cajsar Richard de St., a celebrated French writer on Roman lilstory, philosophy, politics and morals, died in 1602. REAL, Gasper de, seigneur de Curban, au- thor of a valuable work on the Science of Go- vernment ; he died in 1752. REAUMUR, Rene Anthony Ferchault sieur de, a French philosopher, born in 1683, and died in 1757. He wrote a great number of pieces upon the various branches of natural philoso- phy ; and gave a new construction to the ther- mometer, which bears his name. REBOULT, Simon, of Avignon, a historical writer, died in 1752. RECORDO, Robert, tlie first English writer on algebra, died in 1558. REDE, William, bishop of Chichester, io 1369 ; was eminent as a mathematician. REDI, Thomas, a Florentine painter of erai nence, died in 1728. REDI, Francis, an Italian physician, natural philosopher, and poet, born in 1626, and died in 1697. REDMAN, John, M. D., a distinguished physi- cian, and lirst president of the college of physi cians in Philadelphia, died in 1808. REDWOOD, Abraham, of Newport, known as a patron of learning, died in 1788. REED, Joseph, a dramatic writer of consid_er able merit, was born in 1723, and died in 1787. REED, Joseph, a patriot of the revolution, an aid to general Washington, and afterwards ad- jutant general of the army ; afterwards president tof the state of Pennsylvania, died in 1781. In 1778, an attempt was made by a British oflicer to bribe him, to whom he nobly replied ■' That he was not worth purchasing ; but poor as he was, the king of Great Britain was not rich enough to buy him." REED, Isaac, an ingenious English miscella- neous writer, for many years editor of the Euro- pean magazine, died in 1807. He published lady Montasue's poems, an edition of Shakspeare, and several other works. REESE, Thomas, an eminent American cler- syman, author of an " Essay on the Influence of Relision on Civil Society." was pastor of a church in South Carolina, and died in 1796. REEVE, Clara, a lady of considerable literary talents, died at Ipswich in 1807, aged 70. Sh» wrote many works. RF.EVE, Tapping, LL.D. an eminent law- yer, of Connecticut, for many year? a judge, an4 chief justice of the supreme court of that state , he died in 1898. RE REGA, Henry Joseph, professor of medicine, at Loiivain, and aiiilior of various treatises of merit ; lie died in 1754. KKCilOMONTANl'S, an illustrious German astronomer, wliase real name was John Mulle- ru^, died in 1176, aged 40. RKGIS, Peter Sylvian, a French philosopher, of ilie Des Cartes school, in 16C5. He was a popular lecturer of that system, and published several pliilosopliical works. REGIUS, Urban, or LE ROY, a German, pro- fessor 01 poetry and rhetoric, was a convert to Luther's opinions ; he founded a reformed church at Augsburu, and died in 1541. REGNARD,JolinFrancis,a celebrated French traveller, and one of the best comic writers af- ter Moiiere,born at Paris, in lf>47,and died in 1709. REGNAULT, Noel, a learned Jesuit, of Ar- ras, died in 1762. REGNIER, Mathurin, a French satirical poet, and the first among the French who succeeded in satire ; he died in 161.3, ased 40. REGNIER DES MARETS,Seraphin,a French abbe, and an eminent Spanish, Italian, and La- tin poet and translator, born in 1632, and died in 1713. REGULUS, Marcus Atlilius, a renowned Ro- man general and admiral ; he was put to death 251 B. C. REID, Dr. Thomas, professor of moral philo- sophy m the university of Glasgow, and highly distinguished as amalhematicianand metaphy- sician, born in 1709, and died 171K5. REIHING, James, of .Augsburg, who, after violently ojipoEing the tenets of Luther, warm- ly embraced them, and bucame professor of the- ology at Tubingen. He died in 1628. REINBECK, John Gustavus, a protesfant minister, of Germany, and author of treatises on Redemption, MarHage, Sermons, &c. ; he died in 1741. REINECCIUS, Reiniei , professor of belles lettres, at Frankfort, where he died in 1595. REINER, Wenceslaus Laurence, a painter, of Prague, whose landscapes and battles were ti- nished in a very striking style ; he died in 1743. REINESIUS, Thomas, a learnef' German physician and antiquary, born in 1586, and died in 1667. REINHOLD, Erasmus, an eminent astrono- mer and mathematician, of Germany, and pro- fessor at Wittemberg; he died in 1553. REI3K, John, rector of the collese of Wolf fenbuttel, and an author, died in 1701. REISKE, John James, of Leipsic, eminent as a critic ; he died in 1774. REL AND, Hadrian, a learned orientalist, and professor at Utrecht, died in 1718. REMBRANDT, Van Rein, a Flemish painter and engraver of great eminence, born in 1C06, and died in 1668. REM I, or REMIGIUS, St., archbishop of Rheims, the prelate who converted Clovis to Christianity; he died before 535. RE.MI, Joseph Honore, of France. He was author of several valuable works, and acquired celebrity by his learning. REMIGiO FLORENTINO, a learned Domi- nican, of Florence, died in 1580. REMOND DE ST. MARD, Toussaint, a French writer, who died in 1757. RENAU D'ELISAGARAY, Bernard, a ma- thematician, of France, who obtained distinc- tion in the improving of the construction of vessels ; he died in 1719. RENAUDOT, Theophrastus, a physician. RE distinguished by being the first author of newa- papers in France, in 1631 ; iie died in 1653. RENAUDOT, Eusebius, a celebrated French writer on oriental history and languages, born in lf4C, died in 1720. RENNKLL, Thomas, .in Englishman, famed as a limner, and wrote poetry; he died in 1788. REPTON, Humphrey, a disiinguished Eng- lish wriicr on landscape gardening, burn in 1752, and died in 1818. RESENIUS, Peter John, couuKellnr, and pro- fessor of moral philosophy, at Copenhagen ; he died in ISftS. RESSIUS, Rutger, a learned Greek professor, at Louvain, highly commended by Erasmus; died in 1545. REPTnUT, Peter, a respected advocate, at Paris, died in 1764. He was distinguished by his learning and integrity. RESTOUT, John, an eminent painter, of Rouen, died in 1708. RETZ, John Francis Paul de Gondy, cardinal de. See GONDY. REUCHLIN, John, a learned German, born in 1450, died in 1522, was the first who intro- duced the study of the Hebrew among modern Christians, and author of the celebrated work entitled " KpistolKObscnroriim Virorum." REUVEN, Peter, a Dutch painter, died in 1718. REVELY, Willey, a very ingenious English architect, vihn published a collection of draw- ings, whicl) are universally known to the lovers of art, and admirers of classic antiquity. He was also the editor of the posthumous volume of Stuart's "Antiquities of Greece," and died in 1799. REVET, Edward, a comic writer, in the reign of Charles II. REY, William, of Lyons, eminent as a pliy- sici;n, died in 175G. RRYBR.AC, Francis Philip de Laurens de, a learned and amiable French prelate, and also a puet ; he died in 1782. REYHER, Samuel, professor of mathematics and jurisprudence, at Kiel, died in 1714. He translated Euclid into German. REYLOP', Oliver, of Ghent, eminent as a Latin poet ; he died in 1742. REYN, John de, of Dunkirk, a pupil of Van- dyke, died in 1G50. REYN A, Cassiodorus, a Spaniard, who trans- lated the Bible into Spanish, in 1569. REYNE.AU, Charles Rene, an eminent French mathematician, and distinguished by two popu- lar productions ; he died in 1728 REYNER, Edward, an English non-conforgj- ist and author, in 1627. ~ REYNOLDS, Edward, was a member of tht Westminster assembly, and one of the presbyte- rian ministers at the Savoy conference, yet he became bishop of Norwich. He was a strong calvinist, and died in 1676. REYNOLDS, sir Joshua, a most eminent English painter, and many years president of the Royai Acadimy, born in 1723 The lecturea that he delivered on the subject of his art will be preserved to latest posterity, as models of cora- pn.sition His most famous paintings were " The Infant Hercules," " Count Ugolino," " Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy," and " Mrs. Sid- dons as the Tragic Mu&e." He died in 1792. REYNOLDS, John, governor of the colony of Georgia in 1754. REYS, Antony dos, was cbronologer of Por- tugal, and an ercl«siaatic : he died in 1738. Yy .■^o*' 353 RI RHADAMISTUS of Iberia, married Zenobia, and was put to death A. D. 52. RHAZIt?, Slohaimiied Ebn Zacliaria Abube- Irial, a Cflebriited physician of the lOih cen- tury, the Galen of the Arabians, and the first writer on the sinall-pox, born in 85'2, and died in 935. RHE.NANUS, Beatus, author of a history of Germany, and a Life of Erasmus, died in 1547. RflENFERD, James, professor of oriental languages and divinity at Francker, died in 1712. RIIESE, John David, of Anglesea, master of the Itahan language; he died in 1609. RHETICUS, George Joachim, a German as- twnomer, died in 1570. RHOOIGINUS, Ludovicus Ccelius, author of Antiqua: Lecliones, and other works, died at Padua, in ]5:i5. RHODlUSjJohn, an eminent physician, author of several medical works, died at Padua, in 1059. RHODIUS, John, a Danish phpician, and medical writer, born in 1587, and died in 1631. RHODIUS, Ambrose, professor of physic and rnathematica, at Anglo, in Norway, died in 1633. RHODOMAN, Laurentius, liistorical pro- fessor at Wittemberg, and a writer of some celebrity ; he died in 1606. RHOTENAMER, Jolm, an eminent painter, born at Munich, in 1564. The time of his death is unknown. RIBADENEIRA, Peter, a Jesuit, of Toledo, an elegant but superstitious writer, and professor of rhetoric at Palermo ; he died at Madrid, in 1611. RIBERA, Anastasius Pantaleon de, a Span- ish satirical poet, who flourished about 1630. RIBERA, Joseph, called also Espagnolet, an eminent Spanish painter, died in 1656. RICARD, John Marie, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, who died in 1678. RICARD, Dominic, an ecclesiastic, of Tou- louse, who settled at Paris, where he published an elegant translation of Plutarch, and wrote the Sphere, a poem, in 8 cantos. He died in 1803. RICAUT, or RYCA17T, sir Paul, an eminent English pohtical writer and critic, but chiefly known by " The Present State of the Ottoman Empire," and a continuation of Knoll's "His- tory of theTurlis," from 1623 to 1700, when he died. RICCATI, Vincent, a Jesuit, professor of mathematics at Bologna, until the suppression of his order ; he died in 1775. RICCI, Matthew, a Jesuit, who went as a mis- sionary to China, where, by his address, he gained the favour of the emperor, and leave to build a church ; he died there in 1610. RICCI, Michael Angelo, a cardinal, born at Rome, and distinguished as an able mathemati- cian ; he died in 1682. RICCI, Lawrence, an illustrious Florentine, who embraced the order of the Jesuit.?, of which lie was general at the time of its suppression. He was imprisoned by order of Clement XIV., and died in confinement in 1775. RICCI, Sebastian, a distinguished Italian painter, who died at Venice, in 1734. His ne- phew, Mark, was eminent also as a landscape and historical painter ; he died in 1730. RICCIO, Dominico, an eminent painter, of Verona, died in 1517. RICOIOLI, John Baptista, an Italian astrono- mer and mathematician, and teacher of rheto- ric and philosophv, died in IG71. RICCORO.NI, Lewis, of Modena, a celebra- 35'1 RI led actor, dramatic writer, and critic, bora i» 1674, and died in 1753. RI(;HAUD I., king of England, surnames' CtBur de Lion, succeeded his father, Henry II., in 1189. In the beginning of his reign he leti England for a crusade to the Holy Land, where, after displaying great bravery, he defeated tlie linfidels under Saladin, and embarkt d for Eu- rope. In his return he was sbipw.'cckeu, taken prisoner, and held in cajitivity by the emptor Henry VI., until he was discovered and ran- somed by his subjects. He was killed whilo besieging Ciialus, in 1199. RICHARD II., succeeded his grandfather Edward III., on the throne of England, in 1377. His reign was disturbed by the rebellimis of Wat Tyler, andal'lervvardsof his nobles, under Hen- ry of Lancaster, who defeated him and took liim prisoner. He was deposed by parliament, and killed in Poniofract castle, in 1400. RICHARD III., duke of Gloucester, and brother to Edward IV., obtained the throne by murdering his nephews, Edward V. and Richard duke of York. He was defeated and slaiu in he battle of Bosworth field, by Henry, earl of Richmond, his rival, in 1485. RiCH.\RD I., surnamed the Fearless, duke of Normandy, succeeded his father William, in 942 ; he died in 996. RICHARD II., surnamed the Good, son of the preceding, succeeded his father as duke of Normandy ; lie died in 1027. RICHARD, Thomas, a Benedictine monk in the abbey of Tavistock, known as the transla- tor of '-Boethius' Consolations of Pliilosophy," about 1525. RICHARD, Martin, a native of Antwerp, although born with only a left arm, became a painter of eminence. He died in 1636. His brother David was also a painter of merit. RICHARD DE ST. VICTOR, a Scotchman, prior of St. Victor's monastery, at Paris, died in 1173. RICHARD, N., a native of Dundalk, arch- bishop of Armagh, died, universally respected, in 1359. RICH.ARD, John, an ecclesiastic of Paris, died in 1580. RICH.\RD, Rene, a French ecclesiastic, dean of St. Opportune, at Paris, died in 1727. RICHARD, Charles Louis, a Benedictine aulrror of sermons, &.C., died about 1790. RICHARDS, Nathaniel, a dramatic writei and a poet, in the reign of king Charles I. RICHARDS, James, an .American missionary at the island of Ceylon ; he died in 1822. RICHARDSON, John, an English clergyman- educated at O.xford, afterwards bishop of Ardab, in Ireland, died in 1654. RICHARDSON, Jonathan, born about 16C5, became a celebrated painter of heads, and wrote, in conjunction with his son, several works. He died in 1745. His son died in 1771. RICHARDSON, Joseph, an English lawyer, poet, and dramatic writer, born in 1756, and died in 1803. RICHARDSON, Samuel, an eminent Eng- lish printer, and inventor of a pecuUar species of moral romance, which restored the lost credit of novel writing. He wrote " Pamela," " Cla- rissa," and "Grandison," and many other books on different subjects. He was born in 1689, .ind died in 1761. RICHARDSON, William, a native of Scot land, and professor of classical literature 3t Glasgow, died in 181 1. RI RI RICHEr^jrr, Cmsar Peter, a French writer, author of a Dictionary of the French language, Uied in 1698. RICHELIEU, John Armand du Plessis de, a great cardinal and minister of state in France, born at Paris, in 1585, and died in 1642. lie showed himself a patron of men of letters, and causal the arts and sciences to flourish in the kingdom . RICHER, Edmund, an eminent French Ihco- lORical writer, possessed of great powers of mind and of a lively imagination. His writings drew on him the censures of the pope's legate, and persecutions, which ruined liis health ; he died in 1631. RICHER, John, a bookseller, of Paris, known as the first compiler of the Mercure Francois ; he died in 1605. RICHER, Henry, a nati^'e of Longneil, who devoted himself to literary pursuits at Paris ; he died in 1748. RICHER D' AUBE, Francis, author of an Essay on the Principles of Right and Morals, died at Paris, in 1752. RICHER, N.. a French philosopher, who first observed the shortening of the pendulum, in 1672 ; a discovery, wliich, in the hands of Newton and Heygens, led to the most astonish- ing truths. RICINIER, a Roman senator, who acquired prcal power as a general. He put to death iiajorian, raised Severustothe throne, and after- wards dethroned Anthemius, his father-in-law. RICIUS, Paul, a converted Jew, professor of philosophy, at Paris, and afterwards physician to the emperor Maximilian. He was highly esteemed by Erasmus and other learned men. RICOBONI, Antony, of Revigo, professor of eloquence, at Padua, and died there in 1599. RIDER, William, B. A., curate of St. Faith's, and many years under-master of St. Paul's school, published a " History of England," a " Commentary on the Bible," and other works, and died in 1785. RIDGBLV, Thomas, an eminent dissenting clergyman, author of a Commentary on the Assembly's larger Catechism, died in 1737. RIDLEY, Nicolas, bishop of London, one of tlie principal instruments of the reformation, who sulTered martyrdom for it in the reign of ijueen Mary, was born in 1500, and burnt at Oxford, in 1555. RIDLEY, Thomas, a distinguished English civilian, was knighted, made masterin chancery, and vicar-general to the archbishop of Canter- bury ; he died in 1026. RIDLEY, Gloster, an English divine, dra- matic and theological writer, born on board the Gloster Indiaman, at sea, in 1702, died at Poplar, in 1774. RIDLEY, James, son of the preceding, was author of " The Tales of the Genii," and some other literary performances ; he died in 1765. RIDOLFI, Claudio.a historical and portrait painter, of Verona, died in 1644. RIDPATH, George, aScotchman, distinguish- ed for his attachment to protestantism, and for his bold opposition to the religious innovations of James II. ; he died in 1717. RIEDESEL, John Herman, baron de," a learned German, ambassador from the Prussian court to Vienna, died in 1785. RIEGLES, M., a native of Denmark, author of a valuable history of his country, died in 1802. RIELEY, Henry, a physician, author of the " Anatomy of the Brain," published in 1095. RIENZI, Nicolas Gabriiii de, a man wIkj, . from a low situation, raised himself to sovereign authority in Rome, in the 14th century, was murdered in 1354. RIGALITIUS, Nicolas, an ingenious French- man, distinguished for his great learning and industry ; he was librarian to the king, and coun- sellor of the parliament of Metz ; he died in 1654. RIGAUD, Hyacynth, an eminent French p.iinter, called the Vandyck, of France, born in 1G63, and died in 1743. RILEY, John, an English portrait painter, horn in 1646. On sir Peter Lely's death he was made state painter, and died in 1691. RliMINALDI, Orazio, an eminent historical painter, of Pisa, died in 1638. RlNAI,DO, Oderic, a native of Treviso ; he continued "Baronius' Annals," and published, in Italian, an nbi idgment of the entire work. RINCON, Antonio del, an admired Spanish painter, died in 1500. RINGELBERGIUS, Joachim Furtius, an eminent writer oti mathematics, born at Ant- werp. His German name was Storck ; he died in France, about 1536. RINUCCINI, Ociavia, an Italian poet, boru at Florence, went to France, and is said to have there invented the opera ; he died in 1621. Hia poetry- and operas are deservedly admiicd. RIOLAN, John, a physician, at Paris, author of several works on anatomy and medicine, died in 1605. His son John was also an eminent phy- sician, and professor of anatomy and botany. RIPLEY, George, an eminent English mathe- matician and alchymist, died in 1496. RIPPERDA, John William, baron de, a na- tive of Groningen, who, when ambassador at Madrid, so pleased Philip V., of Spain, that he persuaded him to settle there, created him a duke and peer of the kingdom, and intrusted him with the departments of war, finance, and marine. Being afterwards disgraced, he went to Morocco, wliere he became a favourite of the emperor, and a Mahometan ; he died in 1747. RISBECIK, Gaspard, a German writer, au thor of Travels through Germany, and a Histo- ry of Germany ; he died in 1786. RISDON, Tristram, author of a History of Devonshire, died in 1640. RISLEY, Thomas, an English dissenting clergyman, died in 1716. RITSON, Joseph, an English lawyer and an- tiquary, born in 1752, and died in 1803. He wrote ongs, metrical romances, and some other books. RITTENHOUSE, David, an American phi- losopher, who, in the early part of his life, min- gled the pursuits of science with the active em- ployments of a farmer and a watch-maker. In 1769 he was invited by the American philoso- phical society to join a number of gentlemen who were then occupied in making some astro- nomical observations, when he particularly dis- tinguished himself by the accuracy of his cal- culations, and the comprehension of his mind. He afterwards constructed an observatory, which he superintended in person, and which was the source of many important discoveries, as well as greatly tending to the general difiu- sion of science in the western world. He suc- ceeded the illustrious Dr. Franklin in the office of president of the philosophical society, and died in 1796, aged 04. RITTERSHUSIUS, Conradus, a German civilian, and law writer, born in 1560, and di<.d 35f RO in 1613. He was a man of consummate learn- ing, greatly skilled in the Greek and Latin lan- guages, and is said to have had Homer and He- eiod so perfectly by heart, as once, in a conver- sation with a learned young gentleman, to have expressed in the verses of Homer, all that he had occasion to say. RIVALZ, AjiHiony, a painter, of Toulouse, whose portraits and historical pieces were much admired; he died in 1735. RIVAKD, Francis, an eminent professor of mathematics ai Beauvais, and an author, died in 1778. RIVARD, Anthony de, a French writer, emi- nent as a man of genius and information, the friend of V'oltaire, d'Alembert, and Buflbn He died in Germany, in 1801. His writings are numerous. RIVET DE LA GRANGE, Anthony, a Be- nedictine, of Poitou, author of a History of France, died in 1749. RIVIERE, Henry Francis de la, a native of France, who embraced the profession of arms, but on account of an unfortunate marriage, re tired to a monastery, where he died in 1743. He wrote two volumes of Letters. RIVINUS, Andrew, a physician, and profes sor of poetry and philosophy at Leipsic, died in 1656. RIVINUS, Augustus Quirinus, a professor of medicine, and a distinguished physician at Leip- sic, died in 1722. RIZZIO, or RIZZI, David, an Italian must cian, attending the Piedraontese ambassador iu to Scotland, got into the queen's favour, and wasj made her secretary, and soon arrived at a very high degree of royal favour. However, in 1500, certain nobles conspired against him, and dis- patched him with great brutality in the queen's presence, with 56 wounds. ROBBINS, Chandlei, D. D., of Plymouth Mass., was eminent in the ministry; be died in 1799. ROBERT DE COURTENA Y, French empe ror of the East, in whose reign the empires of Trebizoud and Thessalonica were established : he died in 1228. ROBERT, elector palatine, chosen emperor of Germany, in 1400. He died, just as a pow- erful combination had been formed to deprive him of the crown, in 1410. ROBERT, king of France, surnamed the Wise, or the Devout, succeeded iiis father Hueli! Capet, in 996. He refused the crown of thel empire, and of Italy, preferring to reigi; over his native dominions, and to devote himself to the happiness of the French people. He died in 1031. ROBERT of France, count d'Artois, brother of St. Louis, refused the empire of Germany, ofTered him by pope Gregory IX., and accompa- nied his brother to the Holy Land, where he behaved with great valour : he was killed at the battle of Massourah, in 1250. ROBERT, count d'.'Vrtois, called the Good, or the Noble, son of the preceding, distinguished himself in an African expedition, and against the English and the Flemings. He was killed in a baitle with the latter, in 1302. ROBERT of Anjou, succeeded his father Charles the Lame, on the throne of Na|iles, in 1309. He died respecJed by his subjects, and by foreim powers, in 1343. ROBERT the Magnificent, duke of Norman dy, was poisoned on his return from a pilgrim »ge to the Holy Land, at Nicola, in Biihyaia, 356 _ RO ! He was succeeded by his son William the Con- queror, in 1035. ROBERT, surnamed Short Shanks, son of William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, displayed great valour in the Holy Wars, but on his return,he found himself deprived not on- ly of the throne of England, but of Normandy, by his brother Henry, who detained him a pri- soner until his death, in 1134 ROBERT BRU(JE, a Scotch nobleman, who ♦iisputod the throne with John Baliol. By the aid of England he was deposed; but afterwards appearing among his countrymen, he was una- nimously elected king, and maintained his ele- vation by his valour. He defeated the English at the famous battle of Bannuckburn, and died in 1329. ROBERT, Nicholas, an eminent painter, of Langres.whose birds and plants on vellum, were much admired ; he died in 1084. ROBERT DE VAUGONDY, N., a Frencl" geographer of eminence, died in 1766. ROBERTELLO, Francis, professor of rheto- ric and philosophy, at Padua, and author of Commentaries on the Greek and Latin poets, died in 1507. ROBERTS, Barre Charles, an eminent Eng- lish scholar, died in 1810. ROBERTS, Peier, an English divine, emi nent as a writer on theological and other sub- jects, died in 1819. ROBERTS, Charles, of Virginia, remarkable for longevity ; he died in 1796, aged 116. ROBERTSON, William,D. D.,aneminentdi- vine, born in Dublin, afterwards settled in Scot- land, and died in 1783. ROBERTSON, George, an eminent English landscape painter, died in 1788. ROBERTSON, Dr. William, principal of the university of Edinburgh, and historiographer to his majesty, of Scotland, boni in 1721, and died in 1793. His histories of " Charles V.," of " America," and of " Scotland," will long continue to be read with pleasure, aud impress future ages with respect for the memory of the writer. ROBERTSON, Joseph, an eminent English clergyman, author of a translation of Telema- chus, and other works, died in 1802. ROBERVAL, Gilles Personne, sieur de, au- thor of a Treatise on P.Ieclianics, was professor of mathematics at Paris, and died iu 1675. ROBESPIERRE, aiaxiinilian Isidore, a revo- lutionary monster, of France, was born at Arra?, of a poor family, in 1759. At an early period of the French revolution he became the chief of the jacobins, and at length obtained the su- preme command in France. A confederacy was formed against him, and he was arrested in the national assembly, and executed in July, 1794. ROBIN HOOD, captain of a notorious band of robbers, who infested the forest of Sherwood, in Nottinghamshire, and from thence made ex cursionsto many parts of England in search of booty. He died in 1247. ROBINS, Benjamin, an English mathemati- cian of great genius and eminence, born in 1707, and dieJ in 1751. He was engineer-general to the East India Company ; wrote " New Princi- ples of Gunnery ;" and is considered as the real narrator of lord Anson's " Voyage round the World." ROBINSON, Tankred, a distinguished phy siciaii, author of an Essay on Natural History died in 1748. ROBINSON, Anaatasia, an eminent gtaje RO kinger, wlio became afterwards countess of Pe- lerborougli, by marrying the earl, and died in 1750. ROBINSON, Robert, an Englisli divine, who jmblislied a translation of" Saurin's Sermons," and an " Essay on the Composition of a Her- niou," was born in 1735, and died in 17!i0. RODINSON, Mary, an elegant English poet, dramatist, and novelist, was born in 1758, and died in 1800. ROBINSON, Richard, a native of Yorksliire, prebendary of York, afterwards bishop of Kil- )ala, and archbishop of Armagh, in Ireland, and created a peer, by the title of baron Rokeby ; he died in 1794. ROBINSON, Moses, a member of tlie United States senate, from Vermont, and governor of tliat state ; hn died in 1813. | ROBINSON, Jonathan, chief justice of the stale of Vermont, and afterwards a senator in congress from that state ; he died in 1619. ROBINSON, John, a distinguished English clergyman, pastor of the Enjjiish church at Am- sterdam, and afterwards at Leyden, and died there, in 1025. ROBINSON, Dr.John.aniathemaiician, pro- fessor of natural philosophy, and afterwards of chymistry, at Edinburgh, was born in 1739. He wrote " Elemenis of Mechanical Philosophy," and died in Edinburgh, in 1805. ROCHEFORT, William de, a distinguished French writer, died in 1788. ROCHEFOUCAULT, Francis, duke of, an ingenious French writer, born in 1C13, and died iHi 1680. ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, earl of, a very licentious wit and poet, in the reign of Charles 11., horn in 1648, and died in 1680. ROCHON DE CHABANNES, Mark Anthony James, a French dramatic writer of merit, died at Paris, in 1800. RODGERS,John, D. D., a distinguished Ame- rican clergyman, pastor of a presbyterian church ia New-York, died in 1811. RODNEY, George Brydges, a most brave and successful English admiral, born in 1718, and died in 1792. RODNEY, Ca!sar, of Pennsylvania, one of the sijiners of the declaration of Independence RdDOLPH, duke of Swabia, was elected king of Germany, in 1077, by some German in surgents. He was soon after killed in battle. RODOLPll I., of Hapsburg, surnamed the Clement, emperor of Germany, made war with the king of Bohemia, and obtained with victory, the ci^ssion of several of his provinces; lie died in 1291. RODOLPH 11. son of Maximilian II., king of Bohemia, Hungary, and the Romans, and elect- ed emperor in 1576. He was a weak and irreso- lute monarch, and suffered his kingdom to be invaded by the Turks, and afterwards divided by his brother, without courage to oppose the one, or spirit to repress the other. He died in 1612. ROE, sir Thomas, an eminent statesman, sent as ambassador by James I., to the court of thej great mogul, to that of the grand signior, and af- terwards to Sweden ; during his absence, he made valuable collections of MSS. in the orien 1 tal languages, which he presented to the Bod- leian library. He vi'as afterwards a member of, parliament and a privy counsellor, and died in 1644. ROEMER, Olaus, a Danish astronomer, who| was appointed teacher of mathematics to thej RO Dauphin of France, afterwards professor of as- tronomy at Copcuhageu, and engaged in the ser- vice of Christian V. ; he dird in 1710. ROENTGEN, N., a German artist, who was employed by Catherine of Russia, in erecting the palace of Petersburg, died at the close of the 18th century. ROEPEL, Conrad, a painter, born at the Hague, whose fruit trees and flowers were much admired ; he died in 1748. ROESi'RATEN, Peter, an eminent portrait painter, of Haerlem, flourished about 1698. ROGER, lirst king of Sicily, conquered Apu- lia, Calabria, and alterwards waged successful war against the Eastern empire ; he died in ll.')4. ROGER, Charles, an eminent printer at Paris, in the Kith century. ROGER, Joseph Louis, a physician, of Strae- burg, died in 1761. ROGER, prior of He.vham, author of a His- tory of the Campaign of the Scotch Army unde' king David, about 1138. ROGERS, John, an eloquent and zealous English divine, who sulTered martyrdom at the stake, at Sniithfield, in 1555, in the persecuting reign ol Mary. ROGERS, John, D. D., a distinguished Eng- lish divine and controversial writer, canon and sub dean of Wells, and afterwards promoted to the living of St. Giles, London ; he died in 1729. ROGERS, Woods, an English circumnaviga- tor, and writer of his voyages round the globe ; he died in 1732 ROGERS, Nathaniel, a descendant of the martyr, was minister at Ipswich, Mass. ; he died in 1655. ROGERS, Ezekiel, first minister of Rowley, Mass., died in 1661. ROGERS, John, a native of England, came to America when young, and in 1682 was chosen president of Harvard college ; he died in 1684. ROGERS, William, D. D., a baptist clergy- man, professor of English and oratory in the University ofPennsylvania ; he died in 1821. ROGHMAN, Roland, a distinguished land- scape painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1686. ROHAN, Henry, duke of, peer of France, born in 1579. He distinguished himself as a warrior against Lewis XIII., and also as apoliti- cal writer ; he died of wounds received in bat- tle, in 1638. ROHAULT, James, a French philosophical and polite writer, born in 1620, and died in 1675. ROLAND DE LA PLATIERE, I. M., a na- tive of Villefranche, removed early in life to Rouen, where he was soon noticed for his know- ledge of commerce and political economy, and for his writings. He was afterwards a minister of Lewis XVI., and a favourite of the people for a time, but was at length proscribed and fled from Paris. He committed suicide in 1793. ROLAND, Mary Jane Philipon, wife of the preceding, was a woman of strong mind, and eminent for her knowledge of the arts, her wit and learning. During her husband's elevation she assisted him in the transaction of his busi- ness, and her house was the resort of the learn- ed, the powerful, and the intriguing. She was guillotined as an accomplice of the Girondists, in 1793. ROLAND D'ERCEVILLE, B. G., a learned and popular man, and president of the parlia- ment of Paris, fell a victim to the revolution, in 1794. ROLE, Michael, an eminent French mathft- 357 RO matician, author of a treatise on Algubra, and died in 1719. ROLLIN, Charles, a Frenchman, famous for eloquence and skill in the belles lettres, and as an author, was born in IGGl, and died in 1741. ROLLINS, Reinhold Henry, a German plii- Inlogisl, author of Lives of Philosophers, Poets, &c., published in 1709. ROLLO, a Norvegian chieftain, who obtained the sovereignty of Normandy with the title of dulie of Normandy, in 912 ; he was the ancestor of William the Conqueror, and died about 932. ROLLOCK, Robert, a native of Scotland, appointed by king James VI., the first principal, and profe.ssor of divinity, in the university of Edinburgh ; he died in 1601. ROLT, Richard, a miscellaneous and dra- matic writer, died in 1770. ROMAINE, Rev. William, an eminent and very learned Ensjiish divine, born in 1714, and died in 179.5, having published many valuable theological works. ROMANELLI, John Francis, a painter, born at Viterbo, patronised by the pope, and elected head of the academy of St. Luke, died in 1062. His son Urban, was also eminent as a painter, and died in 1682. ROMANO, Julia, an eminent Italian his- torical painter, and architect, and disciple of Raphael ; he was born at Rome, in 149'J, and died ill 1546. ROMANUS I., emperor of Hie East, was raised to distinction, by saving the life of the emperor Basil. He afterwards married a daugh- ter of Constantine X., who raised him as his associate to the throne. After exhibiting great military talents, united with humanity and be- nevolence, he was banished to a monastery, by his son Stephen, and died in 948. ROiM.ANUS II., the Younger, emperor of the East, a worthless, and effeminate prince, who died in consequence of his debaucliery and in- temperance, in 963. RO.M.ANUS III., emperor of the East, raised himself to the throne, by marrying the daughter of Constantine the Younger, in 1028. He was poisoned, and strangled at the instigation of his wife, in 1034. ROMANUS IV., surnamed Diogenes, was taken prisoner, by a Turkish general, in 1071, and generously set at liberty by him. On his return to Constantinople, ho found his throne usurped by Michael, the son of his predecessor who defeated him in a subsequent battle, took him prisoner, and put out his eyes, which caused his death, in 1071. ROMANZOFT, N., marshal de, a Russian general, distinguished as one of the greatest warriors of the age in which he lived. He defeated the Turks at the battle of Ruth, leav- i.ng 100,000 of their army on the field ; he died about 1787. ROMBOUTS, Theodore, a successful histori- cal painter, of Antwerp, died in 1637. ROME, DE L'lSLE, John Baptist, a native of France, distinguished by bis devotion to the study of mineralogy and natural history, and by his writings on those subjects ; he died in 1790. ROMEYN, Theodoiicus, an eminent Ameri- can clergyman, settled at Schenectady, New- York, and professor of theology in the reformed Dutch church ; he died in 1804. ROMEYN, John B., D. D., son of the pre- ceding, pastor of apreabyterian church in New- York, where he died In 1825. ROMLLLY, John, an ingeoious mechanic and 3S8 ^O clockmaker, of Geneva, author of the articles in the Encyclopedia, on clockmaking, and other writings, died in 1796. His son, John Edme, was a Calvinistic minister at Geneva and Lou- don, and the friend of d'Alenibert, Rousseau, and Voltaire ; he died in 1779. ROMILLY, Sir Samuel, a learned English pleader at the chancery bar, and a most enlight- ened and effective member of the house of com- mons, was born in 1757. On the death of his wife, he became delirious, and destroyed him- self in 1818. ROMNEY, George, a celebrated English paint- er, was born in 1734, and died in 1802. ROMULUS, the founder, and first king of Rome, died 715 B. C, after reigning 38 years. RONCALLI, Christofano, a historical painter, of Pomeraiia. died in 1626. RONDELET, Wiliiara,a distinguished French physician and anatomist, died in 1566. RONSARD, Peter dc, a French elegiac and epigrammatic poet,of a noble family,died in 1585, aged fil. RONSIN, Charles Philip, an active and vio- lent partisan of the French revolution, minister of war, and commander of the revolutionary army, he was guillotined in 1794. ROODSEUS, John Albert, an eminent por- trait painter, of Holland, died in 1674. ROOKE, sir George, a brave English admiral, died in 1708. ROOKE, Laurence, a distinguished English astronomer and geometrician, was professor of astronomy, and afterwards of geometry, at Gre- sjiam college, where he died in 1062. ROOME, Edward, an English dramatic wri- ter, died in 1729. ROORE, James, a native of Antwerp, distin- guished as a historical painter, died in 1747. ROOS, John Hendrick, an eminent portrait and landscape painter, of Ottenburg, born in 1631. His two sons and his brother, were also respectable artists. ROOT, Jesse, a member of congress from Connecticut, and an officer in the revolutionary army, was afterwards chief justice of the su- preme court of that state. He published two volumes of Law Reports, and died in 1822. ROGUE, John de la, author of travels in Arabia Felix, Palestine, Syria, &c., died at Paris, in 1745. RORENMULLER, John George, a German divine and critic, professor of divinity at Er- langen ; he died in 1815. ROSA, Abba Cariera, a Venetian lady, cele- brated for her talents in crayon painting and miniature, died in 1755. ROSA, Salvator, a painter. SeeS.ALVATOR. ROSAMOND, daughterof Walter de Clifford, lord Hereford, known in history as the beau- tiful mistress of Henry II., was poisoned by his queen. ROSCIUS, Quintus, a Gaul by birth, a cele- brated comedian, died 61 B. C. ROSCOMMON, Wentworth Dillon, earl of, an English poet and critic, died in 1684, aged 51. He possessed the merit of being the only moral writer in the days of Charles II. ROSE, George, an English statesman, presi- dent of the board of trade, and treasurer of the navy, was distinguished for his great industry and application to business, and for his writings on various subjects ; he died in 1818. ROSE, Samuel, an English lawyer, author of a Life of Goldsmith, and editor of Comyn's Re- ports and Digest ; be died in 1804. RO RO ROSEWELL, Thomas, an eminent dissent ing clergyman in England, was educated at Oxford ; ho died in 1691. ROSINUS, John, a learned German author, and preacher of the cathedral, at Naumberg, in Saxony, died in IB'JC ROHOI, Barnaby Firmin du, a French dra- matic writer, distinguished himself at the revo- lution, by his writings in favour of the unfortu- nate king, for wliicli he was condemned and executed in 1792. ROSS, Alexander, teacher of an English grammar school, and chaplain to Charles I., and author of some religious tracts, died in 1654. ROSS, Alexander, a Scottish bishop and vol- uminous writer. He wrote "A View of all Religions," and died in 17'20, aged 80. ROSS, David, an eminent English actor, died in 1790, aged 62. ROSS, John, D. D., bishop of Exeter, died in 1792. ROSS, George, a member of congress from Pennsylvania, in 1776, and a signer of the de- claration of Independence. ROSSI, John Victor, or JANUS NICIUS, ERITHKiEUS, a Roman, of noble birth, who devoted himself to literary pursuits ; he died in 1647. His writings were voluminous. ROSSI, Jerome, a native of Ravenna, physi- cian to Clement Vlll., died in 1607. ROSSI, Bernard Marie de, a theological pro- fessor to the dominicans of Venice ; he wrote on historical and antiquarian subjects, and died in 1775. ROSSLYN, Alexander Wedderburn, earl of, an eminent English lawyer, appointed solicitor and attorney general, and created baron Lough- borough, and made chief-justice of the connnon pleas, afterwards one of tlie ministry, and chan- cellor ; lie died in 1805. ROSSO, Le, or WASTER ROUX a self- taught artist, of Florence, who acquired cele- brity as a painter, ditd in 1541. ROTARI, Peter, a celebrated portrait and his- torical painter, of Verona. He was patronised by the imperial family at St. Petersburg, in 1756 The time of his death is not known. ROTGANS, Luke, a native of Amsterdam, who, after being engaged two years in the wars of Holland, retired to his country seat, to devote himself to poetry. His epic poem in eight books is admired by the Dutch ; he died in 1710. ROTHENAMER, John, an eminent historical painter, of Munich, patronised by the emperor Rodolph n. ; he died in 1604. ROTHERAM, Dr. John, an English physi cian, and experimental philosopher, died in 1787 ROTHERAM, John, an English divine and theological writer, died in 1788. ROTHMAN, Christopher, astronomer to the landgrave of Hesse, died in 1592. ROTRON, John de, a distinguished poet, dra- matic writer, and magistrate of Dreux, who lost his life in consequence of administering to the necessities of the poor, during the prevalence of an epidemic disease, in 1650. ROUBILLAC, Francis, a most eminent sculp- tor, whose chief works are in Westminster Ab bey. He was born at Lyons, in France, but went over to England. He had also a turn for poetry, and wrote satires in French verse, died in 1762. ROUGHER, J. A., a distinguished French poet, born at Montpellier, was guillotined for the freedom with which he spoke of the atroci ties of the French revolution, in 1794. ROUELLE, William Francis, lecturer on chymistry, in the royal botanical garden at Puria died in 1770. ROUILLE, Peter Julian, a Jesuit, of Tours, professor of theology and philosophy to his order, died at Paris, in 1740. ROUS, Francis, a violent fanatic of the com- monwealth, speaker of Barebone's parlii :ncnt, and a favourite of Cromwell, who made him pro- vost of Eton ; he died in IG59. ROUSE, John, author of a Chronicle of the Kings of Er.gh'.id, and other works, died in 149). ROUSSEAU, James, a distinguished French painter, born at Paris, in 1630, and died in Lon- don, in 1693. ROUSSEAU, John Baptist, an illustrious French poet, born at Paris, in 1609, died in 1741. ROUSSEAU, John James, a celebrated phi- losopher, and most eccentric genius, born at Ge- neva, in 1711, and died in 1778. KOUSSEL, William, a Benedictine, of Cou- ches, in Normandy, who devoted himself to literary pursuits at Rheinis, died in 1717. ROUSSEL, Peter, a distinguished writer and physician, ofFrance, died atChateaudun, in 1803. ROUX, Augustin, a native of Gascony, who took his degrees in medicine at Bourdeaux, au- thor of Memoirs of Chymistry, &c. ; he died in 1776. ROWE, Nicholas, an English dramatic poet and translator, born in 1673, died in 1718. He wrote 8 plays, and gave the public an edition of Sliakspeare's works, to which he prefixed an account of that great man's life. ROWE, Elizabeth, an English lady, famous for her fine parts and writings, in verse and prose, bom in 1764, died in 1737. She is chiefly celebrated for her " Friendship in Death, in 20 Letters from the Dead to the Living ;" and lier Letters Moral and Entertaining." ROWE, Thomas, the husband of the preced- ing, died in 1718, in the 28th year of his age. He commenced a translation of Plutarch's Lives, which he did not live to finish. ROWE, Thomas, educated at Oxford, min- ister of Litcliet, in Dorsetshire, afterwards a dissenting clergyman, died in 1698. ROWE, John, a popular English preacher, ettled in Staffordshire, and afterwards in Lon- don, died in 1677. ROWLAND, Henry, author of a History of the Island of Anglesey, died in 1722. ROWLAND, David S., an American divine, pastor of a congregational church at Windsor, Conn. ; ho died in 1794. ROWLEY, Samuel, a dramatic writer, in the reign of Charles I. of England. ROWLEY, William, an eminent dramatic writer, and an actor, cotemporary and in friend- ship with Shakspeare, Jonson, &c. ROWLEY. See CHATTERTON. ROWLEY, Dr. William, a physician, and a copious writer on medical subjects, unfortu- nately opposed himself to vaccination. He died in 1806, aged 63. ROWNING, John, an able mathematician, author of a compendious system of Natural Philosophy, died in London, in 1771. ROXANA, the daughter of Oxyartes, a Per- sian prince, and a prodigy of beauty, was mar- ried to Alexander the Great, and had a son after his death ; both mother and son were put to death by Cassander, 323 B. C. ROXBURG, William, M. D. an eminent botanical writer, of Ayrshire, went to India, where he became keeper of the Botanical Gar- den, at Calcutta. He died at Edinburgh, in 1815. 359 RU ROY, Julian Ic, a native of Tours, dislin guielicd for tiis great mechanical knowledge died ill 1759. ROYSE, George, D. D., an eminent EnRli.-li divine, ctiaplaiii to king William, provost of Orial colit^gc, and dean of Bristol, died in 1709. UOYSE, John, A. RI., a popular preacher, under Cromwell, died in 1663. ROZEE, N., a lady of Leyd-'n, who e.xcelled in the use of her pencil, but finished her pictures with silk floss, instead of colours ; she died in 1C82. ROZIER, Francis, D. D., an ecclesiastic, prior of Nanteuil, distinguished for his attachinenl to the study of agriculture, botany, chymistry, and natural history. Killed during the siege of Lvoiis, by the bursting of a bomb, when in bed, in 1793. RUBENS, sir Peter Paul, prince of the Flem- ish painters, born in 1577. He was sent by Isabella, ambassador to England, to negotiate a peace with Charles I., in 1630. The king knighted him for painting the banqueting-house. He died in 1640. RUBENS, Albert, son of the preceding, go- vernor of the Low Countries, died in 1657. RUCCELLAI, John, an ecclesiastic, of Flo- rence, of illustrious birth, ambassador from pope Leo X., to Francis I., afterwards governor of St. Aiigelo ; he died in 15-26. RUCCELLAl, Bernard, a native of Florence, in the loth century, author of " Bellum Itali- cum." RUDBECK, Olaus, professor of medicine at Upsal, died in 1702. RUDDIMAN, Thomas, an eminently learned Scotchman, author of a Latin grammar, with valuable notes ; he was born in 1674, and died in 1757. RUDING, Rogers, an English divine, author of " Annals of the coinage of Britain and its dependencies;" he died in 1820. RUE, Charles de la, a Benedictine monk, eminent for his knowledge of Greek and He- brew, died in 17.39. RUE, Charles de la, a French orator and po- et, born at Paris, in 1643, and died in 1725. RUFFHE.\D, Owen, an English law and miscellaneous writer, and biographer of Pope, died in 1769. RUFFI, Anthony de, a learned counsellor, of Marseilles, of which place he wrote a Histo- ry ; he died in 1689. RUFINUS.afatherof the church, the friend, and afterwards the antagonist of St. Jerome, died in 410. RUFU3, Epiiesius, an ancient Greek anato- mical writer, whose works are lost, and an able physician. RUGENDAS, George PhiJip, a celebrated painter, of Augsburg, died in 1742. RUGGLE, George, an English writer, author of acomedv, in Latin, performed before James L, in 1614 ;' he died in 1040. RUGGLES, Timothy, a native of Massachu- setts, wasabrigadier-general under general Am- herst, and a brave and meritorious officer. At the revolution he joined the British, and died in Nova Scotia, in 1793. RUHNKEiVIUS, David, a native of Pomera- nia, professor of belles letlres and history, and librarian in Leyden university, died in 1798. RUfNART, Thierry, a Benedictine monk, born at Rheims, died in 1709. RULE, Gilbert, professor of philosophy, at Aberdeen, and principal of his college, and af- :160 RU terwards of the university at Edinburgh, diei m 1705. RULIERES, N. de, a learned Frenchman, author of an Account of the Revolution ill Po- land, and other works, died in 1791. RULL.\Nf), Martin, professor of medicine, at Lawiiigpn,in Swabia, and physician to Ro- dolpli II., died at Prague, in 1602. RUMFORD, count. See THOMPSOxV, Ben- jamin. RUMPHIUS, George Everard, a doctor of me- dicine in Hanau university, distinguished as a botanist : the time of his death is not known. RUM3EV, James, an ingenious mechanic, of Virginia, who invented a mode of propelling boats by steam, in 1782. The experiments which were made, however, were not success- ful. He died at Philadelphia, about 1790. RUNDLE, Thomas, bishop of Derry, and an excellent theological writer, died in 1748. RUNNINGTON, Charles, an English ser- geant at law, died in 1821. He published Hale's History of the common law, and several other valuable professional works. RUPERT, Prince, a brave German general, died in 16S2, aged 63. RUREMOXD, John William de, a French fanatic, who thought himself inspired and com- missioned by heaven, to restore the tenets of the anabaptists of Munster, was burnt about 1580. RUSCELLI, Jerome, a native of Vilerbo, eminent for his learning, died in 1565. RUSH, Benjamin, M. D., LL. D., a distin- guished American physician and statesman, was professor of chymistry, and of the theory and practice of medicine, and of clinical medi- cine, in the medical school in Philadelphia. He was also a member of congress, in 1776, and a signer of the declaration of Independence, and physician-general of the middle department of the revolutionary army. Few men have been greater ornaments to the country than Dr. Rush, and very few have acquired greater reputation both at home and abroad. His writings, par- ticularly on professional subjects, are highly valued. He died at Piiiladelphia, in 1813. RUSH WORTH, John, an English gentleman, editor of some very useful historical collections, died in 1690, aged 83. RUSSEL, Alexander, physician to tlie Eng- lish factory at Aleppo, distinguished for his abilities and learning both there and in England; died in 1770. RUSSEL, lord William, an eminent English patriot, was beheaded in 1683. RUSSEL, Francis, duke of Bedford, an Eng lish iiobleiiian, distinauished for his endeavours to improve every branch of agriculture. He died in 1802, aged 37. RUSSEL, Richard, an eminent English phy sician, died in 1708. RUSSEL, Elizabeth, lady, wife of lord John, was distinguished by a well cultivated mind, anil a taste for literature ; she died about 1600. RUSSEL, Patrick, M. D., and F. R. S., au- thor of a valuable treatise on the plague, anJ of some estimable works on natural history ; he died in 1805. RUSSEL, William, LL. D., born in Scot- land, in 1746, and died in 1793, having published several works RUSSELL, Chambers, a judge of the suprema c mrt of the colony of Massachusetts, and of the admiralty court of the province, died in Eng- land, in 1766. RUSSELL, James, of Maisachu setts, be sus- SA (ained various civil offices in tliat state, wUli great reputation, a'.id died in 1790. RUSSKLL, Tlioinas, an eminent merchant, of Bosmn, died in 1790. RUST, (Jeorge, dean of Connor, and bishop of lirouiore, Ireland, died in 1670. FiUTH, a woman of Moab, mentioned in the Scriptuips, who by marrying Boaz, became tlie profreniior of the royal race of liavid. RUTHKRFORTII, Thomas, an l^nglish di- vine, and writer on natural philosophy, morals, and mathematics, died in 1771, aged 59. KUTILIA, a Roman lady, wife of M. Anna Cotta, celebrated as a woman of great virtue. RUTILIUS RUFUS, Publins, a Roman con- sul, banished through envy, about 105 B. C. RUTILIUS, Claudius, a native of Toulouse, in the 5th century, wrote in elegiac verse. RUTLEDGE, John, a member of congress in J774, and afterwards governor of the state of South Carolina, was distinguished tor his zeal and firmness in support of the rights of the colonies, during the revolution. He died in J800. RUTLEDGE, Edward, an eminent lawyer and patriot, of South Carolina, was a member of congrea'i from that state, in 1774 and 1776, and a signer of the declaration of Inde|)eMdence. He was afterwards governor of South Carolina, and died in 1800. RUYbCH, Frederic, a very eminent Dutch anatomist, born in W.iS, and died in 1731. RU YSDALL, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch land- scape painter, died in 1081, aged 4.5. RUYTER, Micliael Adrian, a famous Dutch ■admiral, died in 1676, aeed 09. RYAN, Lacy, an English dramatic writer, but more eminent as an actor, born in 1694. and died in 1700. KYCKHAERT, Martin, an eminent Dutch landacapt painter, died in 1636. RYCQUIUS, Justus, of Ghent, professor of eloqi'.cnre at Bologna, where he died in ltJ27. He wrote " Capitolio Romano," a valuable work. RYER, Peter dii, a French dramatic writer, died in 10.58, aged .53. RYKIUS, Theodore, professor of history at Levden, died in 1690. RYLAND, John, a distinguished baptist prea';her in England, author of " Elements of Mechanics," "Sermons," &c. ; he diedin 1792. R*YLAND, William Wynne, an eminent English engraver. He committed forgery, for which he suffered death in 1783. RYMER, Thomas, an excellent antiqilary and Jiistorian, died in 1713. EYSBRAC, John Michael, an eminent statua ry, who died in London, in 1770. RYSBRAECK, Peter, an eminent landscape painter, of Antwerp, born in 1657. Tlie time of his death is uncertain. RYVES, sir Thomas, an eminent lawyer and miscellaneous writer in Latin, died in 1051. UYVES, Bruno, a celebrated preacher, chap- tain to Cliarles L ; he died in 1677. RYVES, Eliza, an Irish lady, celebrated as a fioetess and miscellaneous writer, died in 1797. SA, or SAA, Emamiel, a Portuguese Jesuit, was professor of theology at Coimbra and at Rome ; he wrote several valuable works, and died in 1.506. S.'i DE MIRANDA, Francis, a native of Co- imbra, and proiesaot of .iurisprudcncc at the 3i Zz university. He wrote satires, comedies, &c. and died in 15.58. SAADAS (;A0N, a Jewish rabbi, author of a book on the Belief of the Jews, and other theological works, died in 943. SA AS, John, a canon of the church of Rouen, and librarian, died in 1774. He wrote an Abridg- ment of the French Historical Dictionary, and other books. SAAVEDRA, Michael de Cervantes, a cele- brated Spanish writer, died in 1616, aged 67. SAAVEDRA FAJARDO, Diego, a noble Spaniard, ambassador to Switzerland. He wrote "Idea of a Pnlite Prince," and other works, and died in 1770. SAB.VS, a famous sectarist, flourished about 310. SABATEI-SEVI, a Jewish impostor, born at Smyrna, in 1026. He presented himself at Jerusalem, as the promised Messiah, and in- vited the Jews to salute their deliverer. Mul- titudes were so infatuated as to believe liis declarations, and receive him as the King of Kings. He was seized on his way to Constan- tinople, and imprisoned, and after embracing Alahometanisni, died there in 1675. SABBATHIEK, Francis, a French miscella- neous writer, whose works are numerous ; he died in 1807. SABBATiiriU, Peter, a native of Poitiers, of the order ol .')( nedictines, wiio was employed rbr twenty yiurs in making a collection of the Latin versions of the Bible, which was publish- ed in 1743, under the titleof " Bibliorum Sacro- ruMi Latinee Vcrsiones Antiqua.' ;" he died in 1742. SABELIilCUS, Mark Antony Cocceius, a learned Italian, professor of belles letlres at Udina, and librarian to St. Marks at Venice, died in 1500. SABELLIUS, a noted African, founder of a sect in the 3d century, which denied distinc- tion in tlie Trinity. SABEO, Faustus, a native of Bresse, in the Venetian territory, distinguished as a poet, died tibout 1558. SABINA, Julia, wife of the emperor Adrian At the request of her husband she took poison, that she might not survive him, and died in 13d. SABIN.'V, Anlna, a Latin poet in the age of Ovid. His works, which have all perished, were said to possess some merit. SABINUS, Francis Floribus. a polite and learned Italian writer, author of Interpretations of tlif Civil Law, &c., died about 1547. SABINUS, George, an excellent modem La- tin poet. He settled at Frankfort on the Oder, whore he was patronised by the elector of Bran- denburg, and the emperor Charles V. ; he died in 1500. SABLIF.R, N., an eminent French writer, who published " Essai sur les Languages," and other works, and died at Paris, in 1785. SABLIERE, Anthony de Rambouilletde la, a French poet, died in 1680. SACCHI, Andrea, an illustrious Italian his- torical painter, died in 1661, aged 62. 1 SACCHINI, Antoine Mnrie Gasper, a very eminent musician, born at Naples, in 1735, and died at Pari.---, in 1786. 1 SACHEVERELL, Dr. Henry, a divine of 'great celebrity in Eng'and, died in 1724, aged 52. 1 SACHTLEVEN, Herman, a native of Rot- terdam, distinguished as a landscape painter, I died in 1685. His relative, Cornelius, was also ran eminent lard.scape painter. 361 SA SACKVILLE, Tiiomas, lord Bucklmrst, and earl of Dorset, was celebrated as a poet, and died in 1008, aged 72. SACKVILLE, Cliarlcs, carl of Dorset and Middlesex, a celebrated wil and poet, died in 1706. aged 09. SACKVILLE, Edward, earl of Dorset, an Englisli soldier, and au ambassadur from Eng land to tlie Frcncli court. He was afterwards president of the council, and lord privy seal, under Charles, and died in lO.W. SACKVILLE, George, viscount, a lieutenant- general in the British service, and afterwards secretary of state for the colonial department, and tirst lord of the board of trade, in the British cabinet, died in 1785. SACY, Lewis de, an advocate of the parlia- ment of Paris, author nf a French translation of Pliny's Letters, and other works, died in 17'27. SADE, N. de, abbot of Ebreuil, and author of '• Memoirs of tlic Life of Plutarcli," died in 1780. SADELER, John, an eminent designer and engraver, of Brussels, patronised by the duke of Bavaria, lived about 1550. His brother and a nephew were also eminent artists. S.\DLEIR, sir Ralph, a statesman, born in 1507, and died in 1587. SADLER, John, an English law writer, died in lu74. SADLER, Anthony, an English clergyman, chaplain to Charles 11. after the restoration, died in 1G80. SADOE, a famous Jew rabbi, and founder of the sect of the Sadducees ; he flourished 2-.J0 B. C. SADOLET, James, a polite and learned Italian writer andcardinal, died in 1547, aged 70. SAGE, David le, a French poet, wrote epi- grams, sonnets, elegies, &,c., and died about IGSO. SAGE, Allan Rene le, an ingenious French dramatic poet and novelist, died in 1747, aged 80. He wrote " The Devil on two Sticks" and "Gil Bias." SAGE, John, a Scotch clergyman, bishop of Edinburgh, died in 1711. SAGITTARIUS, Gaspard, professor of his- tory in the university of Halle, and historian to tlie duke of Saxony, an able supporter of the doctrines of the reformation, and a writer. He died in 1604. SAGREDO, John, a noble Venetian, ambas- sador to various courts, and doge of Venice, wrote a "History of the Ottoman Empire," in 1(>77. S.\1LLANT, N. du, a French officer, distin- guished at the beginning of the revolution, for his etforts in support of the monarchy. He was murdered with his followers at Vans. S\INT A.M.\ND, Mark Antony Gerard de, a French traveller and poet, died in 1060. His best piece is an Ode on Solitude. SAINT-ANDRE, Nathaniel, a Swiss, who went to England, and practised surgery and anatomv ; he died in 1773. SAINT- AULAIRE, Francis Joseph de Beau- poil, marquis de, a French poet,who lived to near 100 years, and wrote his best verses at 90 ; he died in 1742. SAINT- CLAIR, Arthur, a native of Scot- land, came to America, in 17.j5, and served in the British army under general Wolfe. At the beginning of the revolution, he joined the Ame- ricans, and was appointed successively a bri- gadier and major-general in their army, in 362 &A which he served with reputation and success, lie was afterwards a member and president of congress, and governor of the United States ti;rriti)ry north-west of the Ohio. He died in 1313. SAINT-CYR, Tannequil de Bouchet, a brave French otiicer under Charles IX. He was made governor of Orleans, and was killed at the battle of Monconlour, in 1509. SAINT-CYRAN, John du Verger de Hou- ranne, abbot ot", born at Bayonne, in 1581 ; he wrote many books, and died in 1G43. SAINT-EVREMOND. Sec EVREMOND. SAINT FOIX, Germain Francis PouHain de, a Frencii writer, born in 1703. He wrote "Turkish Letters," "Historical Essays," "Comedies," &c., and died in 1770. SAINT-GELAIS, Octavian de, a French di- vine and poet, bishop of Aiigouleme, died iu 1502. SAINT-GELAIS, Melin de, son of the pre- ceding, a distinguished French poet, died in 1559. SAINT-GENNIEZ, John de, a clergyman, of Avignon, and author of some poetical pieces of great merit, died in 1063. SAINT-GERMAIN, Robert, count de, a dis- tinguished olficer in the service of France and of Denmark. He was made a field marshal of Denmark, and was afterwards at the head of the French war department under Lewis XVI He died in 1777. SAINT-GERMAIN, N., count de, an im- postor, who pretended to have lived 2000 years, and to have set at the side of our Saviour at the marriage of Cana. He died in 1784. SAINT-HYACINTHE, Themiseul do, a French writer, known by his quarrel with Vol- taire, and author of some romances, and other works, died in 1746. SAINT-JOHN, Henry, lord viscount Boling- broke, a famous English philosopher, and poli- tician, born in 1672, and died in 1751. He was secretary of war, and of state, to queen Anne. SAINT-JUST, Louis Leon de, one of the most violent and cruel of the French revolu- tionists, the associate of Robespierre. He gain ed the friendship of that monster by advocating and supporting his sanguinary measures, and deservedly perished with him on the scaffold, in 1794. He wrote " Esprit de la Revolution." SAINT-LAMBERT, Charles Francis de, a French poet and dramatic writer, the friend of Voltaire, died in 1802. He wrote the " Seasons," a poem, " Oriental Fables," &c. SAINT-MARK, Charles Hugh le Fevre de, a French miscellaneous writer, died at Paris, in 1763. SAINT-MARTIN, N., a French soldier and writer, author of a book "on Error and Truth," and a " Picture of Natural Order ;" he died in 1304. SAINT-NECTAIRE, Magdalen de, a French heroine, famous for the defence of her castle against the superior forces of the enemy, in the wars of the profestants. SAINT-NON, John Claude Richard de, a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and au- thor of a " Voyage to Naples and Sicily," and " Julia," a comedy ; he died in 1791. SAINT-PAVIN, Denys Sanguin de, a French ecclesiastic and poet, author of epigrams, son- nets, &.C., died in 1670. SAINT PHALIER, Frances Theresa Aumele de, a French lady, who wrote the " Confident Rival," a comedy, and some poetical piece* died in 1757 SA SAINT-PIERRE, Charles Ireiiaius Castel de a French ecclesiastic, distinguished aa a politi ciaii, and as a man of letters, author of a " Pro ject for Universal Peace among the European Powers," and other works, died In 1743. SAINT- PIERRE, Eustace de, a famous pa triotic citizen of Calais, who, in 1347, oflered himself, the first of six, of the principal inhabi tants, required by Edward III. lo be given up to his discretion, as victims for their obstinacy ii holding out the siege. By the entreaties of Ed ward's queen lie spared their lives, and made tliera presents. SAINT-PIERRE, Jacques Henri Bernaidin de, a very pleasing French writer, died in 1814, aged 77. His " Studies of Nature," is deserv- edly a popular work. SAINT PREUIL, Francis de Jussac d'Em- bleville de, a dislingui.shed French olficer, and governor of Arras, died in 11141. SAINT-SIMON, Louis de Rouvroi, duke of, a French statesman, and ambassador to Spain, in 1721. His works have been published in 13 vols. SAINT- VINCENT, John Francis Fauris de president of the parliament of Provence, died in 17(18. SAINT- YVES, Charles, a skilful French oc- ulist, author of a valuable Treatise on the Dis- orders of the Eyes, died in 173G. SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, Philip de Marnix, lord du Mont, an eminent German statesman and patriot, and divinity and civil lav/ writer ; he died in 1598, aged GO. SAINTE-BEUVE, James de, a French eccle- siastic, and professor of divinity at the Sorbon- ne, died in 1677. SAINTE-MARTHE, in Latin, Sammartha- nus, the name of a family in France, which, from 1536 to the end of the 17th century, was fruitful in men of letters. SAINTE-PALAYE, John Baptist de la Curne de, a French antiquary, author of a valuable work on " Ancient Chivalry," and of a " Uni- versal French Glossary," In 40 volumes, died in 1781. S ALADIN, or SALAHEDDTN, a famous sul- tan of Egypt, equally renowned as a warrior and legislator ; he died in 1193, aged 57. SALARIO, Andrew, an eminent painter, born at Milan, in 1487, died at Florence, in 1559. SALDEN, William, a native of Utrecht, was minister of the Hague church, and di( Mississippi Ter ritory, died in 1820. SARISBURY, John, a famous English histo- rian, critic, and philosopher, born in 1110, died in 1181. SAKJEANT, John, an English secular priest who went to Lisbon, where he became a catho Sic, and wrote against liis former faith ; he died about 1670. SARPt. See PAUL. SARTO, Andrea del, a famous Italian paint- er, born in Florence, in 1478, and died in 1520. SATURNINIJS, a heretic of the 2d century He supposed the world was created by angels, and regarded the connexion of the sexes as cri -tninal. SATURNINTTS, Pnblius Sempronius, a Ro- man general, who assumed the imperial purple in 2f)i?, and was murdered by his soldiers in 267. Another of the same name was proclaimed em- peror by the Alexandrians, and soon al'ter killed himself. SAUL, son of Cish, of the tribe of Benjamin, was anointed king of Israel, bv the prophet Kamuel, 1095 B. C. He killed himself after an wnf'ortunate battle at Gilboah. SAUNDERS, Charles, a dramatic writer, in the reign of Charles II. The time of his death is not known. SAUNDERS, Richard, author of " Astrolo- gical Judgment and Practice of Physic," and other works ; he died in 1C80. SAUNDERS.sirEdmund, chief justice of the «ing's bench, in the reign of Charles II., was ©riginally a strolling beggar about the streets. He was noticed and taught to write by an attor- ney's clerk ; and in a few years became an able attorney, and a very eminent counsel ; he died in 1683. SAUNDERS, John Cunningham, a very emi- nent and successful English oculist ; he died suddenly in 1810, at the early age of 37. SAUNDERS, WilHam, a distinguished Eng- lish physician, author of several valuable medi- tal works, died in 1817. SAUNDERSON, Dr. Nicolas, an illustrious professor of the mathematics in the university of Cambridge, born in 1C82. At 12 months old lie lost his eyes by the small pox ; nevertheless he became a great mathematician ; he died in 1739. SAURIN, James, an eminent Flemish divine, theological and controversial writer, born in 1G77, and died in 1730. He was possessed of great talents, to which were added, a fine ad- dress, a harmonious voice, and a most eloquent unaffected style. SAURIN, Josepl], a French raathematician, 31* SA born in 1659. He was a member of the academy of sciences, and received a pension Iroin llie king. He died at Paris, in 1737. SAURIN, Bernard Joseph, son of the pre- ceding, was an advocate of tlie parliament of Paris, a distinguished dramatic writer, and the friend of Voltaire and Helvetius. He died in 1781. SAUSSURE, Nicolas de, a distinguished French writer on agriculture, died in 1790. SAUSSURE, Horace Benedict de. a cele- brated naturalist, was born at Geneva, in 1740, and died in 1799. SAUVAGES, Francis Eoissier de, a French physician, professor of botany and medicine, at Montpellier, died in 1767. He wrote several medical and botanical works, and his reputa tion was so great, that he was called the Boei- haave of Langutdoc. SAUVAL, Henry, an advocate in the parlia inent of Paris, and author of a work, entilkfl ' The History of the Antiquities of Paris," died in 1676. SAUVEUR, Joseph, a French mathemati- cian, born in 1653. He was honoured by the royal family, had prince Eugene among his pupils, at the age of 20, and was made professor of mathematics to the royal college. He died in 1716. SAVAGE, Richard, a celebrated English poet. He was the son of Anne, countess of Maccles- field, by the earl of Rivers. His mother was his enemy till his death, which was in 1743, in a jail at Bristol. His indiscretion was his ruin. SAVARY, James, an eminent French writer upon the subject of trade, died in 1692, aged 70. SAVARY, N., a celebrated French vvriter,_ author of "Travels in Egypt," a translation of the " Koran," with a " Life of Mahomet," and a "Dictionary and Grammar of the Arabian Language ;" he died in 1788. SA VERY, Roland, a celebrated French land- scape painter, he died in 1639. SAVILE, sir George, baronet ; he acquired the deserved encomium of beine an independent English patriot ; and died in 1784, aged 59. SAVILE, sir Henry, a most learned Engli.sli divine, historian and critic, born in 1549, and died in 1622. He was tutor in the Greek tongue to queen Elizabeth. SAVILE, sir George, marquis of Halifax, an eminent statesman, and political and moral writer, died in 1695, aged 65. SAVONAROLA, Jeroni, a famous Italian monk, born in I4."i2, and died in 1498. SAVOT, Lewis, a French physici.in and an- tiquarian. He was physician to Lewis XIH., and wrote a " Discourse on Ancient Medals," and other works, fie died in 1640. SAWV3'".i;, sir Robert, an eminent English lawyer, anrl attorney-iireneral. He was removed from his nftice, for opjiosing the arbitrary mea- sures of king James, and died in 1(592. SAXE, Maurice, count de, marshal-general of the French armies, born at Dresden, in 1696, and died in 1750. He was one of the greatest and most succes.sful generals of the age. SAXO, Grammaticus, a Danish historian, who flourished in the 12th century, and died in 1208. SAY, Samuel, an English dis.»eming minister, and poetical critic, successor to Dr. Calamy, at Westminster, died in 1743. SAYLE, William, first governor of the colony of Carolina, died the year after his arrival in the country, in 1071. 365 ' {~Cyt-A OLA, Mutiiis, suriiaintd Cdicliis, ai young Roina!!, lamous for his courape and in- trepidity in the lime of Tarfjuin tlie Proud. SCALA, Bartholomew, an Italian slatfBman pindtiistorian, born in 1424, and died in 1497. SCALA, Alexander, daughter of the pre- ceding, was distinguished for lier beamy, her private virtirt-s, and her knowledge of classical literature. She died in 1506. SCALIGER, Julius Cwsar, an Italian phy- sician, and eminent Latin poet and critic, born in 1484, and died in 1558. SCALIGER. Joseph Justus, son of the pre- ceding, a great critical and historical writer, and rlirontiloger, born in 1.540, and died in 1609. He was perfectly skilled in 13 languages. SCAMOZ'ZI, Vincent, a native of Vincenza, the most celebrated architect of his time. He wrote in Italian, " Ideas on Universal Archi- tecture," in 10 hooks, and died in IClfi. SCANDERBEG, or GEORGE CA3T-RI0T, king of Albania, a province of Turkey, in Europe, dependent on tlic Ottoman empire. He was born in 1404, and died in 1467. SCAPULA, John, a lexicograplior, who was employed in tlie priming house ot Henry Ste- phens, at Lyons, acquired a considerable sura by publishing 'an abridgment of a work his em- ployer was preparing for the press, in 1580. The time of his death is not known. SCARBOROUGH,sirCharles,aneminentEng- li.sh physician and mathematician. He was phy sician to Charles II: and his two successors, and succeeded Dr. Harvey as lecturer on the subjects of anatomy and surgery. He died in 1698. SCARELLA, John Baptist, an ecclesiastic, of Brescia, distinguished as the advocate of New toil's system, and as a writer on philosophical and theological subjects. He died in 1779. SCARRON, Paul, an eminent French comic or rather burlesque writer and satirist, born in 1610, and died in 1669. He was deformed, and of very irregular manners. SCHAAF, Charles, a learned German pro- fessor of oriental languages at Duisbourg, and afterwards at Leyden. He died in 1729. SCHACHT, Christian Paul, professor of me- dicine, botany, chymistry, and natural history at Harderwvck, in Holland, his native p ace died in 1600," aged 32. SCHAGEN, Giles, a celebrated portrait and historical painter. He resided for some time at Paris, and died in 1668. SCHAICK, Gonseu Van, was a brigadier-ge neral in the United States array ; he rendered important service by an attack upon some In- dian settlements, in 1779, and died at Albany, in 1789. SCHALKEN, Godfrey, an eminent Dutch painter, born in 1643, and died in 1706. SCHATEN, Nicholas, a German Jesuit, au thorof a " History of Westphalia," and other works ; he lived at the close of the 17th century. SCHEELE, Charles William, an eminent chvmist, born at Stralsund, in 1742, and died in 1786. He wrote a valuable Treatise on Air and Fire. SCHEELSTRATE, Emanuel de, canon of St. John Lateran, and of St. Peter at Rome, died in 1692. He wrote " Antiquitates EccleslEe Mus traise," and other works. SCHEFFER, John a German critic and anti quary, born in 1621, and died in 1679. He pub- lished several valuable works. SCHEGKINS, James, professor of philosophy and medicine, at Tubingen, died in 1587. Al- 36G »SC i}uugh blind, he pursued his studies and wrote otvrra! works. SCHEINER, Christopher, an eminent Ger- man mathematician and astronomer, memora ble for havmg first discovered the spots on the the sun'ij disc, was born in 1575, and died in 1650. SCHELHAM.MER, Gouthier Christopher, professor of medicine, at Helmstadt, at Jena, and at Kiel, and pliysician to the duke of Hol- stein, died in 1716. SCHELLINKS, William, a native of Am- sterdam, eminent as a painter of landscapes, history, and sea views ; he died in 1678. His brother Daniel excelled as a landscape painter ; he died in 1701. SCHENCK DE GRAFFENBERG, John, a physician and medical writer, of Friburg, died in 1598. His son, John George, was also a phy- sician, at the Hague ; he wrote some medical works, and died about 1620. SCHENCKIUS, John Theodore, professor of medicine at Jena, and a medical writer, died in 1671. SCHERTLIN, Sebastian, a distinguished ge- neral and soldier, in the service of several sove- reigns of Europe, particularly of Charles V., emperor of Germany, died in 1577, aged 82. SCHEUCHZER, John James, a physician, of Zurich, and profes.5or of mathemalics and medicine there. His reputation was so great, that Peter of Russia made him liberal offers to settle in th.tt country His writings were nume- rous and valuable; he died in 1733. John, his brother, was also professor of medicine at Zu- rich, and died in 1738. SCHIAVONE, Andrea, a Venetian painter, born in 1522, and died in 1.582. SCHIAVONETTI, Lewis, born at Bassona, in Venice, in 1765. He at first studied painting, but afterwards took to engraving, in which he greatly e.tcelled ; he went to England, and died in 1810. SCHICK ARD, William, professor of Hebrew at Tubinsen, died in 1635. SCniDONE,Bartholomew, an eminent paint- er, of Modena, died in 1616. SCHILLER, Frederic, a very distinguished German dramatist and miscellaneous writer, born in 1759, and died in 1805. SCHILLING, Drebold, authorof a " History of the Wars of the Swiss against Cliarles, duke of Burgundy," lived in the 15th century. SCHLTCTINGIUS, Jonas de Bukowic, a na- tive of Poland, who was banished by the diet of Warsaw, on account of his Socinian princi- ples. His writings are chiefly theological. Ha died in 1661. SCHMIDT, George Frederic, an eminent en- graver, of Berlin, died iu 1775. SCHMIDT, Erasmus, professor of mathema- tics and of Greek, at Wittemberg, died in 1637. SCHMIDT, Sebastian, professor of oriental languages at Strasburg, died in 1697. SCHMIDT, John Andrew, a Lutheran divine, and professor of theology, at Mariendal, died in 1726. SCHNEBBELIE, Jacob, born in Westmin- ster, in 1760, was bred a confectioner, but quit- ted it for tlie study of drawing, in which he ex- celled: he died in 1792. SCHOEPFLIN, John Daniel, an eminetit German philosopher, historiographer, and anti- quary, born in 1694, and died in 1771. SCHOMBERG, Henry de, governor of la Marche, and a distinguished French officer un- sc sc der Charles IX., died in 1599. His son of the same name, also succeeded iiim in tlie govern- ment of la Marclic, and for his distingiiislied military services, was made a marshal of France, governor of Langiiedoc, and sent as ambassador to England and Ucrinany. He died in 1()31. SCHOMBERG, Frtderick Armand de, duke of, a distinguislied German general, born in 1603, and was shot in battle, in 1690. SCHOMBERG, Dr. Isaac, an English phy- sician and medical writer, died in 1T61. SCHOMBERG, Alexander Crowcher, an emi- nent English writer on juridical antiquities, &c., born in 1756, and died in 1792. SCHONER, John, a German philosopher, and professor of mathematics, at Nuremburg, wrote several mathematical works, and died in 1547. SCHOOKirs, Martin, professor of languages and philosophy at Utrecht, Groningen, Dtven- ter, and Frankfort on the Oder, died in 1669. SCHOOINFIELD, Jolm Henry, an eminent German painter, died in 1689. SCHOOLJANS, Anthony, a native of An- twerp, distinguished as a painter, died in 1726. SCHOREL, John, a celebrated Flemish paint- er, died in 15G2, aged 76. SCHOTTUS, Gaspard, a learned German Je- suit, who resided at Palermo, and at Rome, died in 1CG6. His writings on various subjects were numerous and valuable. SCHOTTUS, Andreas, a very learned Greek critic, of Germany, born in 1552, and died in 1629. SCHREVELIUS,Cornelius, a laboriouscritic, and Greek lexicographer, of Holland, died in 1667, aged 52. SCHULEMBOURG, Matthias John, count of, a distinguished general in the service of the king of Poland, and afterwards of the Vene- tians, died at Venice, in 1743. SCHULTENS, Albert, a German divine, greatly distinguished as a Hebrew critic and orientalist ; he died in 1741, aged 70. SCHUP.ZE, John Henry, an eminent phy- sician, and professor of medicine at Halle, au- thor of a "'History of Medicine from the Crea- tion to the year of Rome 535," and other works ; he died in 1745. SCHURMAN, Anna Maria, a most extraordi- nary German lady, a prodigy of her sei, born at Cologne, in 1607, and died in 1676. SCHURTZFLEISCH, Conrad Samuel, pro- fessor of history, poetry, and Greek, at Wit- temberg, and counsellor and librarian to the duke of Saxe Wieniar, died in 1708. SCHUT, Cornelius, a distinguished painter, of Antwerp, the disciple of Rubena, died in 1660. SCHl'UR, Theodore Vander, an eminent painter, born at the Hague, in 1628, and died in 1705. SCHUYLER, Peter, distinguished for his in- fluence over the five nations of Indians, in the stale of New- York, was mayor of the city of Albany, and in 1719, as the oldest member of the council, was at the head of the government of New- York. SCHUYLER, Philip, a major-general in the American army, during the revolution, was a member of congress, and a senator of the Uni- ted States from the state of New- York. He died in 1804. SCHWARTZ, Bertholct,the inventor of gun powder, was a monk of the order of Cordeliers, in the 13ih century, born at Friburg. He was an able chymisi, and is said to have made the important discovery while trying experiments on nitre. Roger Bacon is thought by some to have made the discovery previously, but to have concealed it from ihe world. SCHWARTZ, Christopher.an emlnentpaint- er, of Ingoldstadt, who was called the Raphael of Germany ; he died in 1594. SCHVt'EKIN, Christopher, count of, govern- or of Nicss and Bricg, and a field marshal hi the Prussian service, rose to the liighe.-t honours by his merit. He fell at the battle of Prague in 1757. ' SCHYNDAL, Bernard, an admired Dutch painter, born at Haerlem, died in J716. SCIOPPIUS, Caspar, a learned German wri- |tcr of the 17th century, called the Granmialical Cur, on account of his calumniating all men vf eminence in learning ; he died in 1019, aged 73. SCIPIO, Pnblius Cornelius, a renowned Ro- man general, surnanied Africanus, for his con- questsin that country. He was valiant, and ge- nerous to his prisoners. He died IfiO B C. SCIPIO, Liicius Cornelius, brother to the pre- ceding, obtained the surname of Asiaticus, from his conquests in Asia. SCIPIO NASICA, of the same family as the preceding, was distinguished for his success in Spain, and for his virtues. SCIPIO, Publius oEmilianus, olHained tlie isurname of th'i second Africanus, from the final |Conquest of Carthage, 147 B. C. He afterw ards destroyed Nuniantia, and enlarged the Reman dominions in Spain, and was found dead in his bed, 128 B. C. SCIPIO, Publius, fatber-in-Iaw of Pompey, was defeated in Africa by Julius Caesar. SCLATER, William, D. D., an English di- vine and poet, died in 1647. Another of the same name, was vicar of Pitminster, and a the- ological writer ; he died in 1626. SCOPAS, a sculptor and architect, of Paros, 430 B. C. His most admired works were a sta- tue of Venus, and the Mausoleum of Artemisia. SCORZA, Sinibaldo, a Genoese painter and engraver, who e.xcelled in landscapes and ani- mals. He died in 1631. SCOT, Reynolds, a learned English gentle- man, born in 1545, and died in 1599. SCOTT, Dr. John, a learned and pious Eng- lish divine, wrote " The Christian Life," and other works ; he was born in 1638, and died in 1694. SCOTT, Daniel, LL. D., an eminent English writer, chiefly on theological subjects, died in 1759. SCOTT, Thomas, brother of the preceding, a distinguished dissenting minister, died in 1740. SCOTT, Thomas, B. D., an English clergy- man, for many years preacher to the English aT Utrecht, was assassinated in 1626. SCOTT, Samuel, a distinguished Englisli painter, died in 1772. SCOTT, sir Michael, a brave soldier and offi- cer, in the service of Alexander III., of Scot- land, died in 1291. He was distinguished for his learning. SCOTT, David, a Scotchman, author of a ■' History of Scotland," a work of no great me- rit ; he died in 1742. SCOTT, John, a quaker, called the poet of Arawell, was born in 1730, and died in 1783, He published manv poems. SCOTT, Thomas, D. D., an English divine, chaplain to the Loch hospital, and rector of As- ton Sanford, Bucks, distioguiebed for his Com 367 SE inentary on tin: Bible, and other works ; iie died in 1821. SCOUGAL, Henry, M. A., professor of moral philosophy and theology at Aberdeen, died in 1078, ased 28. SCREVEN, James, a brigadier-general of the militia ol" the state of Georgia, was killed by an invading party from Florida, during the revolutionary war, iu 1778. SCRIBONIUS LARGUS, an eminent Roman physician, in the age of Augustus, and of Ti berius. Some of his works are still extant. SCRIVERIUS, Peter, a poet and philologer, of Haerlera, died in 1653. SCROGGS, sir William, an English officer during the civil wars, afterwards knighted, and made chief justice of the king's bench. He died in lfi83. SCUDDER, Henry, a presbyterian clergyman, of England, author of "The Christian's Daily Walk." He died before the restoration.^ SCUDEIUS, George de, a French dramatic writer and poet, died in 1665. SCUDERl, Madeleine de, sister of the pre- ceding, bom at Havre de Grace, in 1G07, became very eminent for her wit and her writings ; she died in 1701. SCULTETUS, Abraham, professor of the ology at Heidelberg, and a deputy from the university to the Svnod of Dort. He died in 1026. SCYLAX, a geographer, of Caria, who was employed by Darius in visiting and making ob servations in India, 522 B. C. The invention of geographical tables is attributed to him. SEABURY, Samuel, D. D., an episco clergyman, bishop of Connecticut, and the hist diocesan in the United States, published two volumes of his sermons, and died in 1796. SEAMAN, Lazarus, D. D., an English cler- gyman, distinguished for his exertions in favour of the parliament, during the civil wars. He was one of the divines of the Westminster assembly, and died in 1675. SEBA, Albert, author of a valuable work ou Natural Historv, was born in East Friesland SEBASTIAN, king of Portugal, succeeded his grandfather John HI. on the throne, in ISS" lie was unfortunate in his wars, and was finally killed in the battle with the king of Morocco, in 1578. SEBASTIANO, called del Plombo, from an office given him by pope Clement VII. in the lead mines, was an eminent painter, born at Venice, in 1485, and died in 1547. SECKENDORF, Guy Lewis de, a very learn- ed German, born in 1026, and died in 1092. He wrote several books. SECKER,Tliomas,archbishopof Canterbury, born in 1693, and died in 1768. tlis catechetical lectures and sermons, published after his death, are masterly compositions. SECONDAT DE MONTESaUIEU, John Baptist, Bon of the celebrated Montesquieu, was a counsellor in the parliament of Bourdcanx, and devoted himself to study and agriculture. He wrote a " Memoir on Electricity," &c., and died in 1796. SECOUSSE, Denys Frauds, a French writer, author of" Memoirs for the History of Charles the Bad," "Memoirs of Conde," &c., died in 1754. SECUNDUS, John, a celebrated Latin poet, born at the Hague, in 1511, and died in 1536. SECORIS, John, an English physician and medical writer, died about 1570: 368 SB SEDAINE, Michael John, a dramatic writer, and an architect, born at Paris, in 1719, and died in 1797. SEDGWICK, Obadiah, an English clergy- man, distinguished for his attachment to repub- lican principles, died in 1657. .SEDG WICK , Theodore, LL. D. , a distinguish- ed jurist of Massachusetts, was a representative and senator in Congress from that slate, and afterwards a judge of the supreme judicial court of the state ; he died m 1813. SEDLEY, sir Charles, an English wit and poet, born in 1639, anddied inl703. SEDULIUS, Ciecilius, an ecclesiastic, of the 5th century, author of a poem on the life of Christ. SEED, Jeremiah, an Eiiglish divine, and the- ological writer, died in 1747. SEE-MA-KOANG, a Chinese mandarin and philosopher, in the 11th century, who relin- quished all his public employments for solitude, where he devoted liimseli' to study. He wrote a History of China, commencing with the year 403 B. C, and other works. SEGAR, sir William, garter king at armsi, and author of " Honour, Civil and Military," and some heraldic MSS ; he died in 1633. SEGHERS, Gerard, an eminent Dutch paint- er, of Antwerp, died in 1641. His brother Da- niel, w.^io was a Jesuit, painted insects and flow ers inimitably ; he died in 1060. ■^EGNERI, Paul, a popular preacher and ac- tive missionary of the society of Jesuits. Hit w.is chaplain to pope Innocent XII., and died ill 1694. His writings were chiefly theological. SEGRAIS, John Renaud de, a celebrated French poet and novelist, died in 1701. aged 77. Ho was patronised by Mad. de la Fayette, in whose society he was treated with honourable di>tinction. SEGUI, Joseph, a French clergyman, distin tinguished as a poet ; he was abbot of Genlis, and canon of Meaux cathedral. He died in 1761. SEGUIER, John Francis, a distinguished French botanist, and president of the academy of Nismes, died in 1784. His writings on bota- nical and other subjects, are numerous. SEJANUS, jElius, the son of Seius Strabo, a Roman knight ; he aspired to the imperial pur- ple, but failed, and was strangled in prison, A. D. 31. SELDEN, John, an English antiquary, histo- rian, aoJ '".w writer, of most e.xtensive learning; he diea in 1654, aged 70. Grotius styles him " The glory of the English nation." SELEUCUS NICANOR, a king of Syria, at the division of the provinces after the death of ■Meiander. He was assassinated 280 B. C. SELIM I., son of Bajazet II., ascended the throne of Turkey, after poisoning liisfatlier, and destroying his elder brother. He marched asainst Egypt, and destroyed the power of the Mame- lukes, and was equally successful against the PersiaiLs, but died while preparing to make war against the Christians, in 1520. SELIM II., grandson of the preceding, suc- ceeded his father Solyman II., on the throne, in 1,566. He addicted himself to the pleasures of the seraglio, and died little respected, in 1574. SELIS, Nicholas Joseph, a distinguished French poet, born in 1737, died in 1802. He was the author of a " Translation of Persius," " Re- lation of Voltaire's Disorder, Confession, and Death," and other works. SELKIRK, Alexander, a Scotch adventurer, i sa 6E born about 1680. He made several voyages to the South Seas, in oue ol which, having a quar- rel with the commander, the latter set him on shore on the island ol Juan de Fernandez, with a few necessaries, where he lived 3 years, wlien in 1709, he was taken off hy captain Woods ttosers, of Bristol. SELLER, Abednepo, an English divine, and writer on religions subjects, died about 1720. SELLIUS, Giidfrcy, a native of Dantzic, dis- (inguished as a geographical and historical wri- ter, died in I7ii7. SEMIRAiMlS, queen of Assyria, famous for lier extensive conquests. Herson Ninyas caus- ed her to be put to death, and ascended the tlirone. She flouri?hed about 1^15 B. C. SENA€,John, physician tothe king of France, counsellor of state, and superintendent of the mineral waters of the kiiiedom, died in 1770. He wrote several books on the subjects of an- atomy and medicine. SENAUDT, John Francis, a native of An- twerp, became a member and afterwards r^upe- rior of the oratory, died in 11)7^. He wrote a "Treatise on tiic Use of the Passions," "Lives of Saints and Illustrious persons," &c. SENECA, Lucius Anna us, a native of Cor- duba, celebrated as a pleader and orator in the Roman forum. SENECA, LuciusAnnsEUs, a celebrated Stoic philosopher and tragic poet, born al Corduba, in Spain, A. T>. 12. He was preceptor to the ivrant Nero, by whom he was putto death A. D. e"5. SENECAI, or SENECE, Anthony Eauderon de, a French poet, died in 1737, a^ed 94. SENNACHERIB, a Syrian king, whose army, when besieging Jerusalem, was struck with a pestilence and destroyed. He escaped, and was afterwards killed by his sons, 710 B. C. SENNERTUS, Daniel, an eminent physician and medical writer, of Germany, died in 1637, ayed 65. SENNERTUS, Andrew,son of the preceding, professor of oriental literature at Wiltembeig, died in 1619, aged 84. SEPULVEDA, John Genes de, a Spanish writer, historiographer to Charles V., known for his attempted vindication of the cruelties of the Spaniards against the Indians, in answer to de la Casas, died in 1572. SERAPION, John, an Arabian physician and medical writer, flourished about 8'JO. SERENUS SANMONICUS, the preceptor of Gordian, was a physician and poet, of the 3d century. He was put to death by Caracella. Another of the same name, wrote a Treatise on Conic Sections. SERGARPI, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, of Sien iia, author of some elegant Latin poems andsa tire^, died in 1726. SERGEANT, John, an American clergyman, and a missionary among the Indians, at Slock- biidcp, Mass., died in 1749. SERGEANT, Jonathan Dickinson, an emi rent lawyer, and ineujber of congress during the revolutionary struggle, died at Philadelphia, in 1792. SERGIUS, a Syrian, patriarch of Constanti- no|)le, and head of a sect called the Monothe- litfs, died in 038. SEllLK ), Sebastian, an eminent architect, of Boloiriia, died in 1552. f^i^RRANUS, orDE SERRES, John, a learn III Frencls historical and theological writer, died Jii 1598, aged 50. A aa ^ SERRARIUS, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, and teacher of philosophy at W'uri/biirp, died in 1010. He wrote " Commentaries on the Bible," &;c. SERRES, Oliver de, a celebrated French agri- ciilturi.st, and superintendent of the plantaliou.'j of Henry IV. He was the first who imrndiiced the white mulberry into France, and wrote a fri'alise on that tree, and on silk. He died in 1619. SERTORIUS, Quintiis, a Roman geiiera), who, alter serving under ^?arillsand Cinna, re- tired to Spain, and declared tiimself independ- ent. He was defeated hy Ponipey, and killed by some of liis ofiicers, 73 B. V. SERVANDONI, John Nicolas, a distinguish- ed painler and architect, of Florence, died in 1766. SERVETUS, Michael, a most ingenious and learned Spaniard, was burnt at the stake, in 1553, aged 44. He was first a physician and then a divine. SERVR'S, Honoratus Maurns, a Latin gram- marian, author of a Commentary on Virgil in the 4th century. SKRVIUS i'ULLIUS, sixth king of Rome, celebrated for his laws, on the subjects of rank and property. He was murdered hy his son-in- j law, the second Tanjuin, 534 B. C. SESOSTKiS, a fabulous king of Egypt, who is said to liav ;• extended his conquests over va- rious parts of the world. He is supposed to have destioved himself, when oppressed with age and infirmity. SESSA, an Indian philosopher, who is said to be the inventor of the game of chess The. king of India was so pleased witli his wisdom, that he conferred on him the highest honours of his kingdom. SESTO, Ca~sare de, an eminent painter, of Milan, flourished about the beginning of the 16th century. SETTLE, Elkanah, an English dramatic poet, died in 1724, agpd 76. SEVERl^S. Lucius Septimiiis, a Roman em- peror after Pertinax ; he died in Britain, in 211. Two other emperors of the same name perished by tile hands of their enemies. SEVERUS, Cassius, a Roman orator, banish- ed by Augustus, on account of the severity of His satirical declamalione. SEVEKUS, Suipitius, a historian, author of "Ilistoria Sacra," and called the Christian Sal- lust ; he died in 420. SEV FBI'S, L. Cornelius, a Laiiu poet,in the age of Augustus. SEVERUS, a heretic of the 2d century, who maintained the existence of a good and an evil principle. SEVIER, John, an ofiicerof the revolutionary army, afterwards a member of congress, and governor of Tennessee died in 1815. SEVIGNF, Marie de Rabiilin, marquise de, a French lady, celebrated for her wit, and her witdom. She left letters on various subjects, wiitten in an inimitable style, and died in 1696, a^-ed 70. SEVIN, Francis, keeper of the MSS. in the library of the king of France, wrote several works, and died in 1741. SEWALL, Samuel, a native of England, came to America in 1661, and after holding several important offices in Massachusetts, wag made chiel-jiistice of the colony, in 1718 ; he died in 1730. SE\V.\LL, Joseph, D. D., son of the pre- 36-9 SH SFORZA, Callicrine, a natural daughter of the preceding, was distinguished for her bravery and presence ol' mind. Alter heroically defend- ing her dominions, from rep«ated attacks, she was taken prisoner, and died about 1500. SFORZA, Isabella, of tlie same family aa the preceding, was distinguished for her learn- ing ; she lived in the 16lh century. SilADVVELL, Thomas, un English dramatic writer, historiographer, and poet laureat, born in 16-10, and died in 169-2. SH.ADVVELL, Charles, a dramatic writer, in Ireland, of considerable talents, died in 1726. SMAKSPEARE, William, the father of the English theatre, the great poet of nature, and the glory of the British nation, was descended from a reputable family at Stratford-on-Avon ; he died i;i 161(5, aced 52. SHARP, Granville, a very learned and pious man, born at Durliam, in 1735, and bred to the trade of a linen draper, lie was the zealous and effeciive advocate for the abolition of Negro slavery ; promoted the distribution of the Scrip- tures ; and was critically conversant with the Greek and Hebrew languages. He died in 1813. SHARP, James, archbishop of St. Andrew's, born in 1618, and was assassinated, for his zeal in the cause of episcopacv, in Scotland, in J 679. SH.ARP, Dr. .lohn, archbishop of Yorh, and en)inent as a theological writer ; he died in 1713, aged 69. SHARP, Thomas, D. D., son ofthe preceding, sophcr, preceptor to tiie omperor Antoninus. His ! was prebendary of Durham, and archdeacon of ffllowers have received from him the name of j|!S'ortlnimberland. He died in 1753. His writings Empyrics. Two of his compositions are extant. rare on bibhcal literature. SEXTUS, a Stoic philosopher, preceptor toil SHARPE, Gregory, D. D., F. R. A. S. S ., an Iiucius Verus, and to Marcus Aurelius. He was|eminent English divine, died in 1771. He was SF ci ding, minister in Ruston, of respectable attain- ments, died in 1769. SEVVALL, Stephen, born in Mas.sachusetts, in 1702, was a judge and chief-justice of the colony ; be died in 1760. SEW.\LL, Sanniel, LL. D., an eminent law- yer, of Massachusetts, was a member of con- gress from that state, and chlel"-jusiire of the sujireme court, and died in IS14. SEVVAiiL., Stephen, professorof the Hebrew language in Harvard collcgo-, died in 1804. He wrote ri Hebrew Grammar, and a Dictionary of the Chaldee Tongue. SEW.'VLL, Samuel, brother ofthe preceding, was distinguished as an ingenious architect. He died in 1815. SEW.ARD, Thomas, an F.nglish divine of most p.Tcellent character, born in 1708, and died In 1790. SEWARD. Anna, an excellent English poetess, died in 1809, aged 66. SEWARD, William, an English gentleman, who had a peculiar taste for making biographi ral sketches of eminent characters in dirt'erentl ages and countries. He died in 1799. aged .52. SEWELI>, William, a Dnlch quaker, bornj In 1654, and died in 1720. He wrote a Historyi of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers, and other hooks. I SEWELL, Georpe an English dramatic poet, physician, and mibcullaneous writer, died in 1726. SEXTUS EMPYRICUS, a Pyrrhonian philo- nephew to Plutarch SCYDLITZ, Frederic William, baron de, one of the famous generals of Frederic the Great. After distinguishing himself in several battles, he died in 1773, and was honoured by the king with a statue at Berlin. SEY.MOUR. Edward, viscount Beauchamp, and duke of Somerset, uncle and guardian of Edward VI., and protector of the kingdom of Great Britain, was executed, on a false charge of hich treason, in 1552. His brother Thomas, admiral of England, had suffered on the same charge, three years before. SEYMOITR, Anne, Margaret, and Jane, dis- tinguished for their poetical talents, were the daughters of Edward, duke of Somerset. SEYMOUR, lady Arabella, daughter of the earl of Lennox ; she married William Seymour, without the consent of the king, who caused them both to be conveyed to the tower ; her husband made his escape, but she died in prison, in 1615. SFONDRATI, Francis, a senator of Milan, and state counsellor, and ambassador of Charles v., afterwards took orders, and became a car- dinal. He wrote the " Rape of Helen," and died in 1550. One of his sons became pope un- der the name of Gregory XIV. SFORZ.A, James, styled the Great, count de Conignola, a renowned warrior, born in 1369 ; he was drowned in 14SM. j SFORZA, Francis, natural son of the pre- ceding, an able statesman, and renowned gene-l lal, died in 1466. ] SFORZA, Galeas-Marie, succeeded his father Francis, as duke of Milan, in 1466. By his| ferocity and debauchery, he rendered himself; ■npopular and was assassinated in 1476 370 distinguished for his knowledge of oriental litera- ture, and for his numerous writings. SHARROCH, Robert, an eminent English divine, prebendary and archdeacon of Win- chester, &c., died in 1661. His w^ritingson dif- ferent subjects were much esteemed. SHAW, Dr. Thomas, au English divine and antiquary, and author of travels or observa- tions relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant ; he died in 1751, aged 59. SHAW, Dr Peter, an Eiiglif^h physician, and editor of Bacon's philosophical works, died in 1703. SH.\W, Cuthbert, an English poet, of very humble origin, but of superior attainments, and inferior to no writer of ancient or modern times; he died in 1771. SHAW, John, an English clergyman, died in 1089. SHAW, Samuel, an English non-conformist divine and teacher, author of some religious, dramatic, and other works, died in 1696. SH,\W, Stebbing, an English divine, born in 1762, and died in 1803. He published several books. SHAW, George, an eminent English natu- ralist, and principal keeper of natural history in the British Museum, died in 1813. He tvrote several books, on Zoology, &.c. SHEBBEARE, Dr. John, a native of Eng- land, bred an apothecary, and became eminent as a political writer, and died in 17?^, aged 79. SHEFFIELD, John, duke of Buckingham, a celebrated general, critic, and poet, born in 1650, and died in 1721. SHELDON, Gilbert, archbishop of Canterbu- ry, born in 1598, and died in 1677. It app" -ed by his private accounts, that in 14 years u^ jjm* SH bestowed 60,000 pounds sterling, in public and private charities. SHELLEY, George, a celebrated English penman and writing master, died in 173fi. SHENSTONE, William, an eminent flnglisl elegiac and pastoral poet, and a miscellaneoui writer, died in 17(j.1, aged 49. SHEl'ARD, Thomas, an English non-con forniist divine, bpcame minister of (-'ambridge, Mass., and was auttior of many useful work Ixe died in IWi). SHEPARD, Thomas, son of the preceding, luinister at Charlestown, Mass., died in 1077, SHEPREVE, John, an eminent English scholar and poet, was professor of Hebrew ui Oxford; he died in 15452. SHERARD, or SHERWOOD, William, an eminent botanist and antiquarian, of England, who spent the greater part of his life abroad i pursuit of his private studies, and founded a professorship of botany at Oxford ; he died in i728. SHERBURNE, sir Edward, an English wri ter, and a distinguished loyalist in the civil wars, died in 170*2. SHERBATOF, prince, a Russian nohleman, author of the " Russian History," a" Journal," and the " Life of Peter the Great," and other works. SHERIDAX, Dr. Thomas, an Irish divine and schdolmaster, died in 1738. SHERIDAN, Thomas, son of the preceding, an eminent actor, a lecturer on oratory, and an orthoepist, died in 1788, aged 67. SHERIDAN, Et. Hon. Richard Brinsley, son Bf the preceding, distinguished as a dramatist, a wit, and an orator, died in 1810, aged 65. SHERIDAN, Frances, mother of the preced- ing, an ingenious novelist and dramatic writer, died in 1767, aged 43. SHERLOCK, Dr. William, an eminent Eng- lish divine ; he wrote many controversial books and pamphlets, and died in 1707, aged 66. SHEELOt.'K, Dr. Thomas, bishop of London, son 01 the preceding, a controversial writer, died in 1761, aced 83. SHERLOi 'K , Richard, an Englith divine and tiieological writer, died in I08'J. SHERMAN, John, a naiiveof England, who •,arae to America in 1034, was a distinguii^hed preacher and mathematician; he died in 1C85. SHERMAN, Roger, an eminent lawyer, of Connecticut, was a member of the first Ameri- can congress, one of the committee that drew tip the declaration of Independence, and a sign- er of that instrument. He was also a judge of the superior court, and a senator in congress, from Connecticut. He died in 1793. SHERRINGIIAM, Robert, an able divine, au- tlior of the " King's Supremacy Asserted," and other works, died soon after the restoration. SHERWIN, John Keyse, an English engraver of uncommon abilities, died in 1790. SHlPLEy,Jonathan, an English prelate, dean of Winchester, and bishop of St. Asaphs. H was the author of some poems, particularly on the deathof queen Caroline, some sermons, &c., and died in 1788. SHIPPEN, Edward, the first mayor of Phila delphia, and one of the first settlers of the stale of Peimsylvania. SHIPPEN, Edward, LL. D., a disthiguished lawyer of Philadelphia, was a judge and after wards chief justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania ; he died in 1806. SfUPPEN, William, M. D., professor of ana SI tomy in the Pennsylvania university, died in 1808. During the revolutionary war, ho was appointed director-general of the medical de- partment in the army. SHIRLEY, sir Anthony, a native of England, whoj after travelling in tlie Low Countries, and visituig America, went to Spain, where he be- came a grandee of the kingdom, and admiral of the Spanish fleet. He was the author of se- veral volumes of Travels, and died in U)40. SHIRLEY, Robert, brother of the preceding, went with sir Anthony into Persia, where he settled, and became a favourite of the emperor, who gtive him his niece in marriage, and sent liim as his ambassador to Poland and England. He died in 1627. SHIRLEY, Thomas, of the same family as the preceding, was physician to Charles U., and a philosophical writer ; he died in 1678. SHIRLEY, James, an English drtintatic wri- ter and poet of eminence, born in 1594, and died in ](i. SIBBAU), sir Robert, an eminent Scoth phy- sician, was professor of medicine at Edinburgh, and projector of the college of physicians, and of the botanical garden at that place. He died in 1720. ,SIBRECHTS, John, an eminent landscape painter, of .Antwerp, died in 1703. SIETHORPE, Robert, pi ebendary of Peterbo- rough cathedral, distinguished tor his zeal in fa- vour of Charles I., died in 1662. SIBTHORPE, Dr. John, a very learned natu- ralist, and regius professor of botany in the uni- versity of Oxford, died in 1796. SICINIUS DENTATUS, a warrior, surnam- ed, for his valour, the Roman Achilles. He fought and won 121 battles, and was murdered by Appius Claudius, 405 B. C. SICIOLANTE,Gtrolamo,a distinguished Ita- lian landscape and biatorical painter, died in 1558. 371 SI SIDNEY, Hoiiry, an Knglisli statubinan, ihe favourite of Edward VI., aiul lii.s ambassador to France, and alVerwards eniplnycd in llie reigiid of Alary and Eliz;ibetli; he tlied in lodti SIDiVEY, sir Pliilip, an eminent Knglisli 8taies(nan, -(eMeral, and poet, burn in I5.)4, and died in J58ti, of a wound received in battle. As he lay bleeding on tlie field, and was about to drink some wine which his attendants had brought him, he saw a wouniled soldier, who was cairied by, look wislil'niiy at it, he ininnidi- ately ordered it to he given to him, adding " Poor fellow ; thy neces.sity is greaiijr than mine." SIDNEY, Algernon, an Enslisli patriot and political writer, was beheaded in 16d:i, aj;ed liS. He left behind him, " Discourses upon Govern- ment," a valuable work. SlDONIU.SAPOLLINARIS,a Roman, raised to the see of Auvergne against his will. He was a pious and cvemplary prelate, wrote somej epistles, pomns, &^., and died in 1488. i SIDONIUS, C. Collins Apollinaris, a very ingenious and learned ecclesiastic and epistolary Writer on sacred and profane history, born at Lyons, in 400, and died in 487. SIGEBERT, king of tiie East Angles, was a munificent prince, and is mentioned with great praise by the venerable Bede, for his learning and piety. He abdicated his throne, and was afterwards assassinated, in 542. SIGEBERT, son of Clotairc I., inherited the kingdom of .\ustrasia. He was a valiant prince, and was successl'ul against the Huns and other enemies. He was assassinated in 575. SIGEBERT the Younger, son and successor of Dagobert, in the kingdom of Austrasia, diedi io 650, aged '20. ! . . . SIGISJIUND, king of Burgundy, was taken came governor of St. liUke's hospital, and after- prisoner by Clodonjir, a son of Clovis, who I wards physician to the king; he died in 1811. threw him, with his wife and family, into ajHe wrote a Treatise on Consumptions, and well, to perish, in 323. 'other work.^. SIGISMUND, son of Charles IV., king of I SIMON MACC.\B^US, high-priest and ruler Hungary, in 13Sf), and emperor of Germany, in lof the Jews, 143 B. C. After displaying his 1410. He prevailed upon the pope to call the! valour in ropellingtheTyriansandSidonians,in council of Constance, in 1414, to settle the dilli-lnbiaining a confirmation of the independence cultiesof the church, at which he presided, and of his iiation from the king of Syria, and da- 81 He was author of a Treatise ou Bleeding, aixl oilier works. SlIiVEf. SILVESTER i;., Gerbeit, a native of Au- veigne, distinguished for his learning, was tu- tor to Otho III., and to Robert, the eon of Hugh Capet, became archbishop of Rlieiins and of Ravenna, and pope, after Gregory V., in 999. He died in 1003. SILVESTER, I.srael, an eminent French en- graver, died at Paris, in WJl. Silvester, LouIs, an eminent French painter, ennobled by the king of Poland, died in Paris, in HiiO. kSLMEON STYLITES, the founder of a sect of devotees, called Stylites. He died in 461, awd 69, after having spent 47 years on the top of a column GO feet high, e.vposed to the incle- mencies of the air and the seasons, and often supporting himself for days on one foot. SIMEON METAPHRASTES, secretary of state to Leo, and to Constantine Porphyrogeni- tns, in the 10th century, and author of the " Lives of the Saints," &c. S[MI,\NE, Charles John Baptist de, marquis of Pianeze, died in 1677. He wrote a Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion. SIMLEIl, Josias, an eminent and able pro- testant divine, of Switzerland, author of an " Abridgment of Gesner's Bibliotheca," and other works, died at Zurich, in 1576. John, of the same family, distinguished as a portrait painter, died in 1748. SIMMONS, Samuel Foarf, an eminent Eng- lish physician, settled in London, where he be- at which were present 18,000 ecclesiastics, and 36,000 nobles; he sutfered that council to burn John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, alter he hadj given them a safe passport. SIGIS.MUND I., king of Poland, surnamedthel Great, was elected to the throne in 1507. Afterl restoring the ancient glory of Poland, and es- tablishing order, he defeated the Muscovites,] and the Teutonic knights, and died in 1548, aged 82. SIGISJIUND II., son and successor to the preceding, surnained Augustus, died in J572, without issue, and was the last of the race of Jagellons. SIGISMUND IlL, son of John III., king of Sweden, ascended the throne in 1.578. He died| after a long but troublesome reign, in 1632. SIGNORELLl, Luca, a very fine FloreiUine| painter, died in 1.5-31, aged 82. SIGONIfJS, Carolns, a learned Italian histo- rian and antiquary, died in 1584, aged 59. SILHUNEfTE, Stephen de, comptro'Ier- general, and private minister of France, died in 1767. He wrote "General Ideas on the Chinese Government," and some other works. SILHJS ITALICIJS, Cains, a Roman author of an indifferent poem on the 2d Punic war, died: A. D. 74, aged 75. feaiing the troops of Antiochus Soter, he was murdered 135 B. C. SI.MON, surnained Zelotes, an apostle of our Saviour, suffered martyrdom in Persia. SIMON, called the brother of Christ, was made bishop of Jerusalem, A. D. 62. He was crucified under Traian, in 107. SI.MON MAGUS, or the MAGICIAN, a .Samaritan impostor, who pretended that he was the Son of God sent to the Jews, and the Holy Ghost to the Gentiles. He died A. D. 66. SIMON, Cliiiide Francis, a painter, of Paris, author of " The Knowledge of Mythology," and some comedies, died in 1767. SIMON,Thomas, an eminent English engraver in the aae of Charles I. His brother Abraham, was celebrated as a modeller in wax. SIMON, Richard, a French critic, and his- torian, born in 1638. and died in 1712. SI.MON of Durham, a monk of vVliitbv, and afterwards of Durham, in the reign of Edward III. He wrote a Chronicle, which was published by Hearne, and died about 13.53. SI.MON RT, Edmund, a Jesuit, born at Lan- gres, in 1662. was profe.ssor of philosophy and theology at Rheims, and at Pont-a-Mousson ; lie wrote Institutes of Theology for the use of School*, and died in 1733. SlMiXVIDES, a Greek poet and philosopher, SILV.\, John Baptist, a n.itive of BourJeaiis, and an eminent physician of Paris, died iu 1744.1 who flouiished about 4801}. C, 372 SK SIMOA'NEAsr, Charles, a Freiidi engraver, of some ot'lehriiy, died at Paris, in 17'28. SIMONNEAII, Lewis, an eminent engraver, aulliurol'tlie lijawry of Priming and Engraving, anil the liistory of otlier Arts. SIMPLICIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, of Pliry?ia, who flourished about 4.50, and wrote jof Henry Vlll., and rector of Diss, in Norfolk. iJe xvas learned and ingenious, and died in l.'j'iS). SKEI/J'UN, Philip, an eninient Irish divine, distingnished lor Ins piety, learning, eloquence, jand benevolence. lie is said to have sold hi3 library, in a linn^ oi' famine, to snpply his indi- gent parishioners with bread. Ue wrote scve- commentaries upon several parts of Aristotle's I ral tlnjolngical works, and died in 178' works. SIMPSON, Edward, D. D., an English di- vine, author of " Universal Cliroimlogy" in Latin, died in ir)5iJ. SIMPSON, Christopher, author of a "Com- pendium of Practical Music," died in 1(HJ2. SIMl'SON, Thomas, an eminent professor of mathematics in the academy at Woolwich, and F R. a., died in 1761, aged .51. SIMPSON, John, a Scottish divine, and di- vinity professor at Glasgow ; he was deposed and exconimuuicated for denying the doctrine of the Trinity, and died at Edinburgh, in 1744. SIMPSON, Robert, a distinguished mathe- matician, was professor of mathematics at Glasgow. He published a Treatise on Conic Sections, a valuable edition of Euclid, and other works, and died in 17G5. SINGLIN, Anthony, a French ecclesiastic, distinguished for his piety and learning, died in 1604. His writings were on theology. SIRANI, John Andrew, an eminent painter, of Bologna, was a pupil of Guido ; he died in 1670. His daughter Elizabeth excelled as a his- torical painter ; she died in 1664. SIRl, Vittorio, an Italian writer, who settled at Paris, and became historiographer to the king of France, died in l(if?5. SIRIES, Violante Beatrice, a native of Flo- rence, who acquired opulence and celebrity by her portraits, died about 1700. SIRLET, Flavins, a celebrated engraver on precious stones, died at Rome, in 17.37. SIRMOND, James, a French Jesuit, and a voluminous theological writer, born in 15.'^D, and died in 1051. SITGREAVES, John, an officer in the revo- lutionary army, afterwards attorney, and judge of tlie district court of the United States for North Carolina ; he ilii'd in 1801. SIXTUS I., pope after Alexander I., in 119, died in 127. SIXTUS II., an Athenian, pope after Stephen, in 267. He suflfered martyrdom, in the reign of Valerian. SIXTUS III., pope after Celestinus I., in 432. He attempted to eflect a reconciliation among the churches of the East, and died about 440. SIXTUS IV., Francis Albecnla, son of a fish- erman, of Genoa, professor of divinity at Pa- dua, provincial of the order of Cordeliers, a cardinal, and pope after Paul II. He was a patron of learning, and an author, and died in 1482. SIXTUS v., Felix Beretti, pope, born in 1521 ; his father, Francis Beretti, a poor vine-dresser, unable to maintain him, put him out to a farm- er ; in; was noticed by a Franciscan friar, for his conversation and behaviour, and admitted as a lay-brother. He rose by degrees to be in- quisitor at Venice, but qtiarrelling with the se- nate, he wasobliged toquit the territories of the republic. He was afterwards made pope, and died in 1.590. SIXTUS, a Cordelier of Sienna, was an able divine, and a favourite with Pius V. He died in 1569. SKELTON, John, noet-laureat, in the reign quitics; he died in 1715 32 SKELTON, Saiimcl, minister in Salem, Mass., died in 10:i4. SKINNER, Stephen, an eminent English anti- quary, and etymologist, died in 1067, aged 4.5. Sl^EIOAN, John, an excellent (iermaii his- torian, and political writer, died in 1.5.56, aged 50. SLINGELANU,J3hn Peter Van, a celebrated Dutch painter, died in IG'Jl. SLOANK, sir Hans, baronet, an eminent phy- sician and nnluralisl, born at Killileagh, in Ire- land, in 1000, and died in 1752, having formed a valuable nmseum cf the rarest productions of n.-iture and art. SLODTZ, Rene Michael, an eminent French sculptor, member of the French academy, and sculptor to the king, died at Paris, in 1764. SLOUGIITER, Ilemy, governor of the colony of New-York, died shortlyafter his arrival in the country, in 1091. SLUYS, James Vander, a Dutch painter, born at Leyden, in 1660, and died in 17r!S. SMALBROKE, Richard, bishop of St. Da- vid's, and aftf rwards nf Litchfield and Coven- try, died in 1749. He wrote a " Vindication of our Saviour's Miracles," a work of great merit. SMALClUS,Va!enline, a celebrated Socinian writer, died at Cracow, in 1023. SMALLEY, John, D. D., an eminent Ameri- can clergyman, settled at Berlin, Connecticut, died in \&iO, a^ed 80. SMALL WOOD, William, a brigadier-gene- ral in the American army, during the revolution, and afterwards a member of congress, and go- vernor of the state of Maryland , he died in 1092. SMALRIDGE, Dr. George, bishop of Bristol, and a very elegant theological writer, born in 1606, and died in 1719. SMART, Christopher, an Enelish poet and miscellaneous writer, born in 1722, and died in 1771. He published a translation of Horace in prose, and other works. SMEATON, John, a celebrated English me- chanic and engmeer, died in 1792, aged 68. SMELLIE, Dr. William, a Scotch physician, and writer on midwifery, died in 1763. SMELLIE, William, a Scottish printer, F. R S E., secretary to the society of Scottisil anti- quaries, and an author, died in 1795. SMIBERT, John of Boston, an eminent por- trait iiaintcr, in the 18th century. SMITH, sir Thomas, a learned English states- man, historian and critic, and secretary of state in the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth ; he died in 1.597, aged 65. SMITH, Miles, a learned English divine, bishop of Gloucester, died in 1624. He was well skilled in oriental languages, and assisted in translating the Bible, to which he wrote the preface. SMITH, John, an English divine, and a man of great learning, died in 1652. SMITH, John, an excellent mezzotinto en graver, in the reign of William of England. SMITH,Dr.Thomas, a learned English divine, historian, biographer, and critic, died in 1710. SMITH, John, an English divine, particularly versed in septentrional literature, and in anlj- 373 SM SMITH, Edmund, an English poet, and au- thor, died in 1710 SMITH, William, an able scholar and divine, dean of Chester, died in 1787. He publislicd an elejiant traiislalion ol' Thucydides, and ofLon- gftius, besides other works. SMITH, .\dam, LL. D.,and F. R.S., of Lon- don and Edinburgh, one of the commiasioners of the cusloms in Scotland, and formerly pro- fessor of moral philosophy, in the university of Glasgow ; he died in 17il0, aged 67. SMITH, Charlotte, an excellent English po- etess, and a writer of novels of distinguished merit, died in 180tj, aged CS. SMITH, George, a distinguished landscape painter, of Chichester, and an author, died in 1776, an'.A 62. SMll H, .lohn, one of the early settlers of Virginia, and for some time at the head of the colony, was distinguished for the variety of his adventures and employments, and for his bra- very as a soldier. He was eminently s^vice able in protecting and defending the settlement of Virginia from destruction by the Indians, and was only saved himself, when taken pri- soner by the timely interference of Pocahontas ; he died in 1631. SMITH, Thomas, was for a short time go-l vernor of South Carolina, about 1693. SMITH, Wiiliam, an eminent lawyer, and judge of the supreme court of the province of Mew- York, died in 1769. SMITH, William, son of the preceding, was also distinguished as a lawyer. He became chief justice of New- York, and afterwards held the sanit office in Canada. SMITH, Tliomas, minister of Portland, Mass., died in 1795. SMITH, Josiah, of South Carolina, a distin- guished divine, died at Philadelphia, in 1781. SMITH, Samuel, an American historian, au- thor of a " History of the Colony of New Jer- sey," died in 1776. SMITH, Isaac, a patriot and officer of the American revolution, and a judge of the su- preme court of New Jersey, died in 1807. SMITH, William, D. D., a native of Scot- land, and provost of the College of Philadelphia, died in 1803. SMITH, Robert, D. D., an eminent clergy- man of Pennsylvania, died in 1785. SMITH, John Blair, a distinguished Ameri- can clergyman, settled at Philadelphia, was af- terwards, the first president of Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.; he died in 1799. SMITH, Samuel Stanhope, D. D. LL. D., an eminent presbyterian clergyman, who was the founder, and first president of Hampden Sidney college, Virginia, and afterwards pro fessor of moral philosophy and theology at Princeton college, and president of that institu- fion ; he died in 1819. SMITH, Israel, a representative and senator in congress from Vermont, chief justice of the supreme court, and subsequently governor of that state, died in 1810. SMITH, Robert, D. D., an episcopal clergy- man, and first bishop of the episcopal church in South Carolina, died in 1801. SMITH, Nathaniel, an eminent lawyer, was a member of congress from Connecticut, and a judge of the supreme court of that state ; he died in 18-22. SMITH. John, T). D., professor of Greek and the orici'.tal languages, in Dartmouth college. New flaiiipshire, died in 1809. 374 SO _^ SMITH, George William, lieutenant gover»- or and alli;rwar(ls governor of the state of Viir- ginia, died in 1811. SMITH, Elihu H., a distinguished physician and poet, of New- York, died in 1798, aged 27. SMITH, James, a lawyer, of Pennsylvania member of the memorable congress of 1776. and one of the signers of the declaration of In dependence. SMITH, EHzabeth, an English lady, of distin- guished talents and learning, died in 1806. SMITZ, Lewis, an eminent painter, of Dort, died in 1675. SMITZS, Caspar, a Dutch portrait painter, died at Dublin, in 1689. SMOLLETT, Dr. Tobias, a physician, his torian, novelist and poet, born in Scotland, in 1730, and died in 1771. SMYTH, James. See MOORE. SNELT,, Rodolphns, professor of Hebrew and mathematics, at Leydeii, and a writer on mathematical and philosophical subjects, died in 1613. His son Willebrord, who succeeded him in the chair of mathematics, in 1613, first discovered the true laws of refraction of light, and attempted to measure the earth in the mode since adopted by Picard and Cassini ; he died in IS'iB. SNORRO, Sterlesonius, a native of Iceland, inister of state to one king of Denmark, and to three kinj.-jof Norway ; was killeil by an en- my, in 1241. He wrote a Chronicle of the Kings of Norwav, &c. SNOY,"Renier, a Dutch physician, and am- baiisador to Denmark, and Scotland, wrote » " History of Holland," and died in 1537. SNOY, Lambert, author of a Gencalogica? History of the Low Countries, died in 1638. SNYDER, Simon, governor of the state of Pennsvlvania, died in 1819. SNYDERS, Francis, a famous Flemish paint- er, died in 1657, aged 78. SOANEN, John, an eminent French eccle- siastic, was bishop of Senez ; he was after- wards deposed by the pope, and died in exile, in 1740. SOBIESKI, John IIL, king of Peland, the most renowned warrior of his lime. His victo- ries obtained over the Tartars, and the Turks, procured him the crown. He was a friend of learning, and of learned men, and died in 1696, aged 66. SOCINUS, La;liiis, founder of the Socinian sect, born at Sienna, in 1525, and died in 1562. SOCINUS, Frustus, nephew of La>lius, and liead of the sect which goes by his name, was born at Sienna, In 1539, and died in 1604. SOCRATES, the greatest of all the ancient philosophers, born i 1802. Si'ALLANZAXI, Lazarus, an Iiahan writer, considered a« one of tlie greatest naluialists of the age ; he died In 1709. SPAA'HEIM, Frederic, professor of divinity, at Gcit'va, and afterwards at Leyden, and a distinguished preacher, died in ir>49. SPAXHEIM, Ezt;lombards, and took from them 25 towns, which he gave to the pope, and thus laid the foundation of the temporal power of the Holy See. Stephen died in 757. STEPHEN nr., succeeded to the papaty in 768, and died in 772. STEPHEN IV., was elected pope after Leo III., in 816, and died the next year. STEPHEN v., pope after Adrian III., in 885, died in 891 . STEPHEN VI. was elected pope in 896. He caused the dead body of his predecessor, For- mosus, to be dug up, dressed in the pontifical robes, tried, and decapitated, for having been his enemy, which so disgusted the Romans, that they revolted, and strangled him, in 897. STEPHEN VH., successor to Leo VI., died after a pontificate of two years, in 933. STEPHEN Vllt., was elected pope in 939. He was insulted and disfigured by the Romans, and died in 942. STEPHEN IX., brother of Godfrey, d\ike of Lorraine, was chosen pope in 1057, and died the following year. STEPHEN of Muret, Saint, devoted himself to religious solitude, for 50 years, on the moun- tains of Muret, where he founded a monastery, and died in 1124. STEPHEN I., St., king of Hungary, suc- ceeded his fathei, Geisa, in 097. He introduced Christianity into his kingdom, made wise and wholesome laws for the benefit of his people, and died respected and regretted, in 1038. STEPHEN, a waivode of Moldavia, who in the 16th century expelled the lawful sovereign, of that country, and usurped his throne ; he was, in consequence of his tyranny, murdered in his tent, with 2000 of his followers. STEPHEN, king of England, usurped the throne from Matilda, the lawful sovereign, who opposed him with various success; and after distracting the kingdom with civil wars, for a long time, he made an agreement by which he reigned peaceably the residue of his life, and left the crown toHenry, the son of Matilda, to the exclusion of his own son. He died in 1154. STEPHENS, Henry, a celebrated French printer, the founder of the family of that name, was born at Paris, and died at Lyons, in 1520. STEPHENS, Robert, son of the preceding, one of the best printers of his time, was born at Paris, in 1503, lived in intimacy at Geneva, with Calvin and others, whose works he printed, and died there in 1559. STEPHENS, Henry, son of Robert, born at Paris, in 1528, and died in 1598. He was also a printer, and considered the most learned of all his learned family. STEPHENS, Paul, son of Henrv, distinguish 378 ST ed as a man of learning, continued his father'* business at Geneva, and died in 1627. STEPHENS, John, an English catholic, who espoused the cause of theexiled James II. After an act of amnesty had passed, he returned to London, where he distinguished himself as a writer. He died about 1726. STEPHENS, Robert, an emiicnt English an- tiquary, died in 1732. STEPNEY, George, an English poet, states- man, and political writer, died in 1707, aged 44. STERNE, Lawrence, an eminent writwr, horn in Ireland, in 1713, author of "Tristram Shan- dy," " Sentimental Journey," and other works. He died in London, in 1768. STERN HOLD, Thomas, an English poet, celebrated for his version of king David's Psalms, in conjunction with Hopkins; he died in 1549. STESICHORUS, a Greek poet and statesman, born in the 37th Olympiad, and lived above 80 years. STEUBEN, Frederic, William baron de, one of the distinguished foreigners, who volunteered their services in the cause of liberty, during the American revolution, was a major-general in the American army, during that period, and a brave, skilful, and valuable officer. He had been an aid-de-camp of Frederic the Great, of Prussia, his native country, and possessed a knowledge of the military tactics of Europe, highly serviceable to the revolutionary army. He died at Steubenville, N. Y., in 1794. STEVENS, William Bagshaw, an English clergyman, author of " Retirement," a poem, Indian Odes," &c., died in 1800. STEVENS. George Alexander, an English dramatic writer, died in 1784. STEVENS, Alexander, an emir.ent architect, died in 1796. The bridge over the Liffey, the aqueduct at Lancaster, and the locks in the grand canal of Ireland, are lasting monuments of his skill and ingenuity. STEVENS, Paiamedes, an English painter of considerable merit, died in 1638. His brother Anthonv, was a celebrated portrait painter, and died in 1690. STEVENS, Joseph, minister of Charlcstown, Mass., died in 1713. STEVENS, Benjamin, D. D., an able minister of Kittery, Mass., died in 1791. STEVIN, Simon, a distinguished Dutch ma- thematician, and mathematical writer, died in 1635. STEWART, sir James, a Scotch baronet, au- thor of a valuable " Treatise on Political Eco- nomv," and other works, died in 1789. STEWART, Matthew, professor of mathe- matics at Edinburgh, and a mathematical writer, died in 1785. STIFELIUS, Michael, a protestant divine, of Germany, author of a Treatise on Algebra," and another on the calendar, died in 1567. He predicted that the destruction of the world would happen in I5.'>3, but lived to witness the fallacy of his calculations. STILES, Ezra, D. D., an eminent American clergyman and classical scholar, for many years president of Yale college, died in 1795. STILL, John, bishop of Bath tind Wells, a verv early dramatic writer, died in 1607, aged 32. STILLINGFLEET, Dr. Edward, bishop of Worcester, born in 17.35, and died in 1099, great ly distinguished by numerous polemic writings, particularly "Origines Sacree:" a book of in estimable value. ST STILLINGFLEET, Benjamin, grandson of tho preceding, a distinguislied naturalist and poet, born in 1702, and died in 1771. STll.LMAN, Samuel, D. D., a distinguished baptist minister, settled at Boston, Mass.. died in 1807. STCni, William, an American historian, president of the college of William and Mary, Virginia, until about 1740. STOBiEUS, John, a learned Greek writer, who lived in tlie 5th century. STOCK, Christian, a German orientalist, of great learning, was a professor at Jena; He died in 17:);). STOCKADE, Nicholas de Helt, an eminent portrait and historical painter, of Nimeguen, lived about 1614. STOCKTON, Richard, an eminent lawyer, and judge of New-Jersey, was a member of con- gress from that state in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; he died in 1781. STODDARD, Solomon, an eminent clergy- man, of New-England, settled for nearly 60 years at Northampton, Mass., and died in 1729. STOFFLER.John, an eminent teacherof ma- thematics at Tubingen, wrote some books on that science and on astrology, and died in 1531. STOFFLET, Nicholas, a French private sol- dier, who at the beginning of the revolution, armed himself and his followers, in support of royalty, and supported liimself against the for- ces of the convention. During two years he fought 150 battles, and his bravery generally en- sured success. He was at last prevailed on to lay down his arms, and afterwards on some frivolous pretext taken and shot, in 1796. STONE, John, an eminent Engli.sh [lainter, in •he reigns of the two Charles'. He died in 1653, STONE, Edmund, a selftaught mathemati- cian, author of a "Treatise on Flu.\ions" and ether mathematiial works ; he died about 1750. STONE, Nicholas, a distinguished English statuary, died in 1647. STONE, Samuel, an English divine who came to this country to escape persecution. He was one of the first ministers in Hartford, Con. and died there in 1033. STONE, John Haskins, a brave and zealous officer of the revolution, afterwards governor of the State of Maryland, died in 1804. STONE, Thomas, a member of congress in 1776, from Maryland, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence, died in 1787. STONE, David, a representative and senator in congress from North Carolina, and after- wards a judge and governor of tliat state. He -died in 1818. STONEHOUSE, sir James, an eminent En- glish physician, and afterwards a popular and eloquent preacher, died in 1795. In the early part of his life, he was an inlidel ; but he re- nounced and wrote against his sceptical opin- ions. STORAGE, Stephen, a distinguished musi- cian and composer for the English theatre, was born in 17C3, and died in 1790. STORCK, Nicholas, a naliveof Sa.\-ony, who in connexion with Muncer founded the 'sect of the Anabaptists in Moravia ; he died at Munich about 1530. STORCK. See RINGELBERGIUS. STORCK, Abraham, a Dutch painter, whose Bca pieces and marine views were much admi- red ; he died in 1708. His brother was a good landscape painter. ST STOUFFACIIFU, Werner, one of llie illus- trious band of Swiss lieroes, who overturned the Austrian government of Switzerland, and restored their country to its original Independ- ence. STOUGHTON, William, chief justice, and afterwards lieutenant governor of the colony of Massachusetts, died in 1701. STOW, John, an eminent English historian and antiquary, died in 1605, aged 80. STIlABO,a native of Cappadocia, celebrated as a geographer and historian, died at the be ginning of the emperor Tiberius' reign. STRADA, Famianus, a very ingenious and learned Italian Jesuit, died in 1049. STRADA, John, or STRADANUS, a Flem- ish painter, born in 1536, and died in 1604. Hig hunting and historical pieces are much admired. STRAETEN, N. Vander, a celebrated Dutch landscape painter, born in 1680. STRAFFORD, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, See WENTWORTH. STRAHAM, William, a very eminent print- er, was born at Edinburgh, in 1715, and died rn 1785. STRAIGHT, John, an English divine and poet, was prebendary of Salisbury cathedral; he died in 1740. STRANGE, sir Robert, a celebrated histori- cal engraver, born in the island of I'omona, in Orkney, in 1721, and died in 1792. STRAUCHIUS, Giles, professor of divinity at Wittemberg, and afterwards profes.sor of the- ology and rector of the university of Dantzic, died in 1682. STREATER, Robert, an en^inent English historical painter, died in H5F0. STRE"EK, Jurian Van, an admired Flemish painter, died in 1678. His son. Henry, excelled as a historical painter ; he died in 1713. STRIGEEIUS, Victorius, a teacher of theo- logy, and afterwards a professor of morality at Heidleberg, died in 1569. STROBELBERGER, John Stephen, an emi- nent German physician and medical writer, died in 1630. STRONG, Josoph, a native of Carlisle, who, although blind from his infancy, was dislin- uislied for uncommon skill in mechanics. He died in 1798. STRONG, Nalhan, D. D., an eminent Ame- rican clergyman, pastor of a congregational church in Hartford, Conn., distinguished for his talents, eloquence, piety, and learning, died in 1816. STRONG, Caleb, LL. D., a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1744. He was distinguish- ed in early life for his energy and zeal in defence of the rights of the colonies, and after n variety of public employments, was chosen a member of the senate of the United States, and govern- or of the state of Massachusetis. He was con- picuous for the vigour of his intellect, the de- cl;«:on and energy of his character, and for his >atriotism and integrity, and died in 1820. STRONG, Simeon, LL. D., a judge of the iupn^me court of the state of Massachusetts, iied in 1805. STROZZI, Titus and Hercules, father and son, were Latin poets, at Fcrrara. The father died in 1502, llie son, in 1508. STROZZI, Cyriaco, aperipatetic philosopher, horn at Florence, in 1504, and died in 1565. STROZZI, Julitis, an Italian i)uet, author of a poem on tho origin of Venice, and another lieroic poem ; he died In 1680. 379 ST STROZZI, Nicholas, a distinguished poet and dramatic writer, ol" Florence, died in 1654. STRUDKLt, Peter, an eminent German painter, died in 1717. STRUENSEE, count, a physician, who by his abilities, became the favourite and prime minister of the king of Denmark. He was ruined by the intrigues of the queen mother, and perished on the scaffold, in 1772. STRUTT, .Joseph, an Kn(;lish artist, well known fur the, assiduity wiili which he traced aniii|uity ; he died in 1787, ajtd 53. STRUVIUS, George Adam, professor of ju- risprudence at Jena, aiid counsellor to the duke of Saxony, died in 1692. STRUVIUS, Burcard Gotthelf, son of the preceding, was employed at Jeua, in his father's profession, ai>d was equally esteemed. He wrote a " History of Germany," and numerous other works, and died in 1738. STRUYS, John, a Dutchman, celebrated as a traveller. He wrote an account of his travels, and died about li)80. STRYPE, John an industrious English di vine, biographer, and historian, died m 1737 aged 94. STU.4RT, Robert, lord Casitlereagh, marquis of Londonderry, an eminent English statesman and minister, for many years at the head of the British cabinet, and the representative of the nation at the continental meetings of the allied sovereigns ; died in Ireland, in 1822. STU.\RT, Gilbert, an eminent historian, of Scotland, born in 1742, and died in 1786. STUART, James, commonly called .\Ihenian Stuart, a very celebrated traveller, and delinea- tor of Athenian architecture, died in 1788, aged 76. STUBBE, Henry, a learned English contro- versial writer, and physician, was drowned near Bath, in 1676. STUBBS, George, an English divine, and able writer, author of the " .New Adventure of Telemachus," and some elegant verses, lived about 1720. STUBBS, George, a celebrated painter and anatomist, died in 1806. STUCKIUS, John William, a native of Zu rich, dislinguished as an antiquary, and as a writer on antiquuies, died in 1607. STUDLY, John, an English poet, and soldier killed at the siege of Breda, while serving un- der prince Maurice, in 1.537. STUKELY, William, an English divine and antiquary, of much celebrity, died in 1765 GTUVICV, James Lopez, a Spanish divine, and philologer in the university of Alcala, died at Naples, in 1530. STUHGES, Jonathan, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, and a strong advocate for the rights ol the colonies ; he was a member of the first congress in 1774. and afterwards a judge of the Bupreine court of the state of Connecticut, and died in 1819. STUllMIUS, James, a learned German, who was employed as ambassador to the imperial court and to England. He contributedlo the reformation in Strasburg, and died in 1553. STURMIUS, John an eminent German gram- marian and rhetorician, called the Cicero of Germany, died in 1589. STURMIUS, Leonard Christopher, an emi rent architect, of Altorf, published a course of architecture, and died in 1719. STURMIUS, John Christopher, professor ot philosophy and matbemaiics, at Altorf, died in SU 1703. IliA mathematical and philosophical wri- tings are very numerous. STUVEL," Ernest, an admired painter, of Uaniburgh, died in 1712. STl'YVKSANT, Peter, the last governor of the colony of New- York, while in the posses- ion of the Dutch, he surrendered the colony to the English, in 1664. SUARD, J. B. Anthony, a French writer, and editor of a journal opposed to the revolution, was distinguished particularly for his transla- tions from the English ; he died in 1817. SUAREZ, Francis, a Spanish Jesuit, was pro- fessor at Alcala, Salamanca, and Rome, and af- terwards professor of divinity at Coimb.a, in Portugal. He wrote on metaphysics, morality, and theology, and died in 1C17. SUBLEYRAS, Peter, a portrait and histori- cal painter, of Langucdoc, died in 1759. SUUTERMANS, Justus, a celebrated paint- er, of Antwerp, died in 16^1. SUCKLING, sir John, an English poet and dramatic writer, died in 1641. SUE, John, a celebrated French surgeon and medical writer, died ai Paris, in 1782. SUE, John Joseph, brother of the preceding, was professor of anatomy at Paris, and a writer on aiMtomy and surgerv. He died in 1792. SUETONIUS, Caius Tranquillus, a historian and biographer, born at Rome, and flourished in the reign of Vespasian. SUETT, Richard, an English comedian of merit, died in 1805. SUEUR, Nicholas le, or SUDORIUS, coun- sellor and president of the parliament of Paris, was assassinated by robbers, in 1.t94. SUEUR, Thomas le, of the order of IMiiiims, was a celebrated teacher of theiilngV: philoso- phy, and mathematics at Rome, and preceptor to the duke of Parma, was born in Champagne, in 1703. and died at Rome, in 1770. SUEUR, Eustache le, one of the bestFrench historical painters of his time, died in 1655. SUFFRE.N, John, a French Jesuit, confessor to Mary de Medicis. He wrote " Annee Chre- tienne," a work of great merit, and died in 1641. A French admiral Suffrcn, of the same family, died in 1789. SUGER, Abbe, abbot of St. Denis, and min- ister under Lewis VII., and Le\vis the Gros, was distinguished for his talents ; he died in 1152. SUICER, John Gaspard, a most learned di- ine, and author, born at Zurich, in 1620 and died in 1705. SUIDAS, author of a useful Greek Lexicon, flourished between 975 and 1025; his native country is not known. SULLIVAN, sir Richard Joseph, an English writer, and member of parliament, and author of an Analysis of the " Political History of In- dia," and several otl»er works, died in 1806. SULLIVAN, John, LL. D., a distinguish- d patriot and soldier of the revolution, was p major-general in the American army during that period, and afterwards a member of Congress, :ind a judge of the United States district court tor New Hampshire. His services as aii oificer were numerous and important, he died in 1795. SULLIVAN, James, LL. D., brother of the preceding, was an eminent lawyer, and a judge in the state of Massachusetts, and after- ^vards a member of congress, and governor of hat state ; he died in IBOS. SULLY, Maximilian de Bethune, baron of ^•(sni, duke of, a marshal of France, prime ininister to Henry IV.^ aad one of the aWesi and 3W most honest statesmen tliat France ever had He died in Ui41,agraH2. SULPICIA, a Koman poetess, who lived un der the reign of Doniilian, and has been called the Roman Sappho. SULPICIUS, Sevcnis, an eminent ecclesias- tical historian, bora in Aquitaxnc, in the 5tb cen- tury. SULZER, John George, an eminent Swiss philosopher and ecclesiastic, professor of niath- emalics at Berlin, died in 1T79. lie wrote "Moral Contemplations on the Works of Na- ture," &c. SUMMERFIELD, John, A. M., a very elo- quent and popular preacher oi the methodist episcopal chnrch, died at New- York, in 1825, aged 27, having been a preacher 8 years. SUMNER, Increase, a judge of the supreme court, and governor of the state of Massachu- setts, died in 1797. SUMOROKOF, Alexander, the founder of the Russian theatre, and a poet. He died in 1777, aged .50. SUPERVILLE, Daniel de, a protestant min- ist«r at the Walloon church, in Rotterdam, and a theological writer, died in 1728. SURRNHUSIUS, William, professor of He- brew at Amsterdam, in the 18th century. SURIAN, John Baptist, a pious and benevo- lent prelate, and an eloquent preacher, of Prov- ence, became bishop of Vence, and died in 1754. SURIUS, Lawrence, an ecclesiastic, of Co- logne, and a theological writer, died in 1578. SURVILLE. Margaret Eleanor Clotilde de, a French poetess of the 15th century. Her lan- guage is now almost obsolete, but her writings display great vigour of mind, and a fertile ima- gination. SUTCLIFFE, Matthew, a learned English divine, and controversial writer, was dean of Exeter, and founder of Chelsea college ; he died about 1610. SUTTON, Thomas, a patriotic English gen- tleman, died in 1611, aged 79. SUTTON, Samuel, an English soldier and ingenious mechanic, died in 1752. SUWAROFF, Ale.xander, count Riminiski, a Russian general, celebrated for his inhumani- ty, was born in 1730, and died in 1800. SUZE, Henriette de Coligne, countess de la, a celebrated French elegiac poetess, died in 1673. SWAMMERDAM, John, an eminent Dutch naturalist, died in 1G80. SWANEFELD, Herman, an eminent Flemish landscape painter, whose works are scarce and valuable, died in 1(380. SWEDENBORG,hon. Emanuel, an eminent mathematical, philosophical, and mystical writer, died in 1772, aged 84. He was the founderof a sect which has become very numerous, and is called the New-Jerusalem churcii. SWIETEN, Gerard Van, an eminent German physician and medical author, died in 1772, aged 72. SWIFT, Dr. Jonathan, dean of St. Patrick's, in Dublin, an illustrious poliucal, satirical, and miscellaneous writer, and poet, died in 1745, aged 78. He was author of several singular books. SWIFT, Deane, a near relation of the pre- ceding, and author of an " Essay on the Life, Writings, and Character of Dr. Jonathan Swift," died in 1783. SWIFT, Job, D. D., a congregational minis- f^r, of Bennington, Vermont, died in 1804. 6Y SWIFT, Zephaniah, LL. D., a distinguished lawyer, of Connecticut, was a member of con- gress from that state, and afterwards a judge and chief justice of the supreme court. He published a " Digest of the Laws of Connecti- cut," and other valuable prolcssioiial works, and died in Ohio, in 1823. SWINBURNE, Henry, a judge of the prero- gative court of the archbishop of York, author of a " Treatise on Testaments and Last Wills," &.C., died ill lf)20 SWINBURNE, Henry, an English traveller, author of "Travels in Spain," and "Travels in the Two Sicilies," died in 1803. SWINDEN, Tobias, an English divine, au- thor of a curious " Inquiry into the Nature and Place of Hell," died about 1720. SWINNOCK, George, an eminent English non-conformist divine, and writer, died in 1673. SWINTON, John, B. D., a celebrated Eng- lish antiquarv, died in 1777. SYBRECHT, John, a Flemish landscape painter, died in 1703. SYDENHAM, Thomas, an exc-ellcnt English physician, and medical writer, died in 1G89. SYDENHAM, Floyer, a learned and diligent man, but for want of patronage, he lived lonj; in indigence, a disgrace to English opulence and humanity, and died in 1787. His fate is con- nected with the literary fund of Great Britain, which has since risen to great celebrity. SYDNEY. See SIDNEY. SYLBURGIUS, Frederick, a learned German, born in 1546. He wrote some Greek poems published editions of Herodotus, Aristotle, &c., and died in 159C. SYLLA, Lucius Cornelius, a renowned Ro- man general and dictator, but the scourge of his country, died 78 B. C. SYLVESTER, Matthew, an English dissent- ing clergyman, settled in London, and died there in 1708. SYLVESTER, Joshua, an English poet, died in 1618. SYLVIUS, Francis, professor of eloquence, and principal of the college of Tournay, at Paris, died in 1530. SYLVIUS, Lambert, or VANDER BOSCH, a Dutch writer, author of the " Theatre of Illustrious men," "History of his age," and other works, died in 1688. SYLVIUS, Francis de le Boe, professor of medicine, at Leyden. In his lectures, he ably demonstrated the truth of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. He died in 1672. SYLVIUS, James, or DUBOIS, an eminent French physician and professor, died in 1555. SYMMACHUS, Q. Aur. Avianus, a citizen and senator of ancient Rome, and consul in the year 391. He was a pagan, and a warm opposer of the Christian religion. SYMMES, William, D. D., a minister, of An- dover, Mass., died in 1807. SYMNUS, Thomas, a minister, of Bradford, Mass., and author of sermons, died in 1725. SYNCELLUS, a monk, of Constantinople, in 792, author of a chronography in Greek and Latin. SYNESIUS, of Cyrene, an ancient father and bishop of the Christian cliurch, who flourished at the beginning of the 5th century. He wrote about 150 epistles on philosophical and polemi- cal subjects, which are in high esteem with the learned. SYNGE, Edward, an eminent Irish prelate, bishop of Raplioe, and archbishopof Tuam; he 381 TA dicil in 1741. His father, uncle, and two Bonit were bishops in Ireland. SYI'HAX, a l Af3drubal, whose daughter lie had married. 1! was defeated by Massinissa, and died in prison, 201 B. C. TABOR, John Otho, a native of Lusatia, be came counsellor to the I andgrave of Hesse Darm- stadt ; he wrote several ivorks on law, and died at Frankfort, iji 1674. - TABOUROT, Stephen, called Sieur des Ac- cords, a French writer, born in 1549, and died in 1590. TACCA, Peter James, a native of Carrara, dis- tinfiuislied as an eminent sculptor, died at Flo rence, in 1640. His son, Ferdinand, was also an excellent sculpior. TACMAED, Guy, a French Jesuit, sent as a missionary to Siani, in 1686. He wrote an ac count of his voyages to that place, and died in 161)4. TACITUS, Caius Cornelius, a celebrated Ro man historian, orator, and statesman, who flour ished under Vespasian, Titus, and Domilian He was born A. IK 56, but tlie time of his death is uncertain. TACITUS, Marcus Claudius, emperor of Rome, iu 275, was a wise, benevolent, and pa triotic monarch, and died in 276. TACKANASH, John, an Indian minister, of Martha's Vineyard, cotemporary and colleague with Haacoomcs, died in 11384. TACONNET, Touissant Gaspard, an eccen trie character, of Paris, Icnown as a player and dramatic writer, died in 1774. TACaUET, Andrew, a Dutch je.suit, emi nent for his knowledge of luathematics, died in 1660. TAFFI, Andrew, an artist, of Florence, emi nent for his designs in Mosaic, which he learned and introduced from some Greeks. He died in 1204. TAI.BERT, Francis Xavier, an ecclesiastic and canon of Besancon, autlior of several ele- gies, and some poetical pieces; he died in 1803 TALBtDT, Jolin, earl of Shrewsbury, a brave and warlike Englishman, wlio distinguished turn self in Ireland, and in the wars with France. He was called the Achilles of England, and died in 1453. TALBOT, Peter, a native of Ireland, almo ner to Catherine, wile of Charles II., and arch bishop of Dublin, died in 1682. TALBOT, Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, bro tlier to the preceding, was made viceroy of Ire land by James II., and died in 1692. TALBOT, Charles, earl and duke of Shrews- bury, was distinguished as the warm promoter of the revolution. He was afterwards viceroy of Ireland, and high-treasurer of England, and died in 1717. TALBOT, William, an English divine, was dean of Worcester, and successively bishop of Oxford, Saruni, and Durham ; he died in 1730. TALBOT, Charles, lord, son of the preceding, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was lord ehancellor of England ; he died in 1737. TALHAIARN, a Welsh bard of the 6th cen- tury, who retired to the solitude of a hermitage, where he was visited and reverenced as a saint. TALIAOOTIUS, Caspar, or TAGLIACO- 0EI, a professor ef medicine and surgery, at 382 TA 1 Bologna, famous as an anatomist, and chiefly celebrated, by his skill in restoring lost [larts of the face, particularly the nose. He died in 1553, aged 64. TALIE9IN, a celebrated Welsh bard of the 6th century. Some of Jiis compositions are still preserved. TALLARD, Camille D'Hostum, count de, usually styled marshal Taliard, a brave French general, who was taken prisoner by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704. He died in 1728, aged 76. TALLIS, Thomas, one of the greatest mu- sicians that England ever bred, died in 1585. TAMERLANE, or TIMURBEG, or TIMUR the Lame, chani of the Tartars, who became formidable toward the end of the 14th century. He was the sou of a shepherd, and raised him- self by his courage and prudence. He obtained so many victories, that he boasted that he had three parts of tlie world under his power. He died in 1405. TANAQUIL, wife of Tarquin the Elder, persuaded her husband to settle at Rome, where he was elected king. TANEVOT, Ale.\ander, first commissary of the fiiia.nces of France, died iu 1773. He wrote two tragedies, besides fables, songs, epistles, &c. TANNER, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, and a learned antiquary, died in 1735, aged 61, leav- ing a very valuable work, which employed him 40 years. TANSILLO, Luigi, an eminent Italian poet, author ol " Tears of ot. Peter," and other works, died about 1596. TANUCCI, Bernard, marquis de, a native of Tuscany, was professor of jurisprudence at the university of Pisa, and prime minister of Naples. For 50 years, he sustained that office with dignity, ability, and integrity, after whicll he resigned, and died in 1783. TAPLIN, William, a veterinary surgeon, and author of several publications connected vv'ith his profession ; he died in 1807. TAPPAN, David, D. D., a distinguished American clergyman, and professor of theology in Harvard college, Mass., died in 1803. T."»RGE, I. B., professor of mathematics, and author of a General History of Italy, and other works, died at Orleans, in 1788. TARIN, Peter, a French physician, and me- dical writer, whose works are nmch esteemed, died in 1761. TARLETON, Richard, a celebrated English jester and actor, and a dramatic writer, died in 1589. TARPA, Spurius Moctius, a learned Roman, who was appointed with others, by Augustus, to examine the compositions of cotemporary poets. TARPEIA, daughter of Tarpeius, the go- vernor of Rome under Romulus; she betrayed the city to the Sabines, and was killed by the bucklers of the enemy, which were thrown upon her as thev entered the city. TARQUIN the Elder, fifth king of Rome, was elected on the death of Ancus Martius. He was a benevolent prince, highly distinguished for his improvements of the city, and for the dignity and importance he attached to the sen- ate and magistrates. He was assassinated 578 B. C. TARQUIN the Second, or the Proud, king of Rome, a tyrant and usurper, died at the age of 90. T ARRAKANOFP, N., princess of, daughter of Elizabeth, empress of Russia. She was seized at the age of 12, carried tu Rome, and after • TA wards brought back to Si. Petersburg in chains, and confined in a prison, where she was drown ed by the sudden rise of the Neva, in 1777. TARRAM'IUS, Lucius, a Roman, the friend ©f Cicero. TARTAGUA, Nicholas, an eminent mathe raatician, of Brescia, and author of an Itahan translation of EucUd, &e.: lie died in 1557. TARTtNI, Joseph, an admirable musician, di.stinguished for his performances on the violiu died at Padua, in 1T70. TARUFFl, Emilins, a distinguished land Bcape painter, of Bologna, died in 1G'J4. TASKER, William, an Enghsh divine and poet, died in 1800, aged 00. He was author of several works. TASMAN, N., a Dutch navigator, who dis- covered New Holland and New Zealand, in 1642. TASSO, Rernardo, an Italian poet, author of Amadis, in 100 cantos, and some letters which are hi^'hly regarded by the Italians ; he died in 1575 TASSO, Torquato, the prince of Italian po- ets, son of the preceding, died in 1.595, aged 51. His works show him to have been a philosopher, orator, logician, critic, and poet, and excel- lent in every kind of composition. His life was a chain of miseries and woes. TASSONI, Alexander, a distinguished Italian poet, author of " the Rape of the Bucket," a mock heroic poem, admired in Italy for !ts ele- gance and delicate humour. He died in 11)35. TATE, Nahum, a dramatic poet, born at Dublin, in l(i52, succeeded Shadwei! as poet- laureai, and died in 1715. He and Dr. Brady wrote a version of the Psalms. TATIAN, a native, of Assyria, a writer in defence of the Christians of the primitive church, flourished A. D. 170. TATISCIIEF, Vassili, a Russian historian, who was employed thirty years in collecting materials for the history of his country, and died before his labours were completed, in 1750.1 TATIUS, king oftheSahines, took possession! of the Roman capital, but afterwards shared the kingdom with Romulus. He was murdered at Lanuvium, 742 B. C. TATIUS, Achilles, an ancient Greek writer on mathematics, and author of a romance. TAUBMAN, Frederick, professor of belle lettres and of poetry at Wittemberg, and a favourite of the prince of Saxony, died in 1013. TA VANES, Gaspard de Sauly de, a French general, who became an ornament to the mili- tary profession, and particularly distinguished himself at the battle of Rentis, and at the victo- ries of Jarnac and Mnncontour. He saved the king of Navarre and the prince of Conde from the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and died in 1573. His son, William, was governor of Bur- gundy, and died in 1633. TAVARONE, Lazarus, a distinguished Ge- noese painter, died in 1031. TAVERNER, William, an English dramatic writer, died in 1731. TAVERNIER, John Baptist, a Frenchman, famous for his travels, died in 1689, aged 84. TAYLOR, John, an eminent English critic and divine, died in 17GG. His works are nume- rous and respectable. TAYLOR, Dr. Jeremy, bishop of Down and Connor, in Ireland, and a very eminent theolo- gical writer and controversialist, died in 1667, aged 54. T.WLOR, John, usually called the water 2^^^ poet, from his being bjed a waterman, wrote eighty books, and died in JG34. TAYLOR, Ur. IJrook, a very able English mathematician, died in 1731, .aged 10. TAYLOR, Dr. John, a learned dissenting divine, who, among other works, published, a " Hebrew and English Concordance," a valua- ble work ; he died in 1761. TAYLOR, John, a learned English divine, a writer on civil law, and an antiquary. He died in 1706. TAYLOR, William, of North Carolina, re- markable only for longevity ; he died in 17U4, aged 114. TAYLOR, George, a member of congress from Pennsylvania, and one of the sigtiers of the declaration of Independence. TEILO, a British saint in the .5th century. It is said that he erected the church at Landalf into a bishopric, and founded a college at that place. TEISSIER, Anthony, a French writer, who left France for Russia at the revocation of the edict of Nantes; he died at Berlin, in 1715, leaving numerous and valuable writings. TEKELI, Emmeric, a noble Hungarian, dis- tinguished for his brave and continued oppo- sition to the encroachments of Austria, died in I7a5. TELFAIR, Edward, a revolutionary patriot, and governor of the state of Georgia, died in 1807. TELL, William, an illustrious Swiss patriot, and chief instrument of the revolution which delivered the Swiss cantons from the German yoke, in 1307. He shot an apple oil' the head of his son with an arrow, and soon alter shot the tyrant who compelled him to do it. He died in 1354. TELLIER, Michael le, an eminent French lawyer, and secretary of state under Lewis XIH., and afterwards chancellor of the king- dom. He is known as a zealous enemy of the proteslants, and by his influence caused the re- vocation of the edict of Nintes, and the violent measures that followed. He died in 1085. TELLIER, Francis Michael le, marquis de Louvois, son of the chancellor of France, was made minister of war at the age of 23, and afterwards secretary of state. He was a states- man of splendid talents, who devoted himself to tne glory and prosperity of France, and died in 1691. TFLLIER, Adrian le, a French Knvyer, and member of the national assembly and conven- tion. He was sent to Chartris, in 1795, to en- courage a more free circulation of corn, but met with such indignities from the populace, that he shot himself soon after. TELLIER, N. le, a faithful servant and constant attendant of the minister Barthelemy, in his exile and misfortunes, during the French revolution. TEMPESTA, Antonia, an eminent landscape painter, of Florence, died in 1630. TEMPLE, sir William, an eminent English talesman, and political and miscellaneous wri- ter, died in 1700. TEMPLEMAN, Dr. Peter, an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, died in 1769. TEMPLEMAN, Thomas, an English writing master, who published engraved tables con- taining calculations of the number of square feet and population in the several kingdoms of the world. TENOIN, Peter Gucrin de, a French ccclesi- 383 TE astic, who was grand vicar of Sens, the envoy of France, at Rome, archbishop of Ernbrun, and of Lyons, a cardinal, and prime minister of France; he died in 1738. TENCIN, Claiidine Alexandrine Guorsi dc, sister of the preceding, was a member of the monastery, of Monttieuri. She exchanged tlie convent lor the dissipations of Paris, and died in 1749. Slie wrote tlie "Siege of Calais," a romance, &c. TEMEKS, David, a much admired Flemish jiainter, died in 1649 TENISON, Dr. Thomaa, archbishop of Can- terbury, and a celebrated polemic writer against )>oprrv, died in 1715. TENXENT. John, a physician, of Virginia, author of an Essay on Pleurisy, and the Vir- tues of the Snake Koot, lived about 1736. TENN'ENT, William, a distinguished divine, of Ireland, died in Pennsylvania, in 1743. TENNENT, Gilbert, a native of Ireland, son of the preceding, wlio came to America, "when young, and became a highly distinguished and useful clergvniau ; he died in 1765. TENNENT, William, brother to the prece- ding, wns also a respectable and useful clergy- man in New Jersey ; he died in 1777. TENTZELIUS, Andrew, an eminent Ger- man physician, in tlie 17th century. TENTZELIUS, William Ernest, an eminent writer, of Tharingia, author of" Sa.xoniaNumis- matica," and " Supplirnentum Historian Gotli- an;i>," both works of great merit, died in 1707. TEUBURGH, Gerard, a Dutch painter, and a niasjistrate of Deventer, died in 1681. TERENCE, Publius, a dramatic writer among the Romans, born at Carthage, in the year of Rome .5f;0. Being brouglit early to Rome among other slaves, he fell into the hands of a generous master, Terentius Lucanus, who gave him a pood education and his liberty. He was drowned i59 R C. TER PANDER, a poet and musician, of Les- bos, who added three to the four strings of the lyre, 675 B. C. TERR ASSON, John, a French writer, author of a critical dissertation on Homer's Iliad, died in 1750, with the reputation of having been one of the best practical philosophers of his age. TERRASSON, Anthony, son of the preceding, was also a distinguished advocate, and professor to the royal college. He wrote a " History of Roman Jurisprudeiice," and other works, and died in 1782. TERRAY, Joseph Marie, comptroller-general, minister of state, and director-general of build- ings, in France ; and was a man of great in tegrity, loyally and patriotism. He retired from office, in 1774," with the respect of the virtuous, and died in 1778. TERTRE, Francis Joachim Duport du, a French writer, and professor of the learned languages among the Jesuits, died in 1759. He wrote a "History of Famous Conspiracies," and several other works. TERTRE, John Baptist, a Frenchman, who after serving as a soldier and sailor, joined the Dominicans, and came to America as amission ary. He died in 1678, leaving a " History of Die Antilles, belonging to the French." TERTULLIAN, auintus Septimius Flo- rus, a cp'ebrated father and deliiidi;r of the primitive Christian church, who flourished un Uer the reigns of the emperors Severiis and ^ "TERWESTEN, Augustin, an eminent Dutch 384 TH painter, died in 1711. His two brothers, Matthew and Elias, alao excelled as painters. TESTA, Peter, an Italian painter and engra- ver, who was drowned in the Tiber, in 1650. TESTELIN, Lewis, an eminent French his- torical painter, died at Pari=, in 1055. His bro- ther Henry also excelled as a painter, and died in 169fi. TESTI.FuIvio, an Italian poet, and prime mi- nister to Francis, duke ot Modena, died in 1646. TESTZELL.John, a Dominicaii, ol Gern^any. He was commissioned to publish ihe indulgences of the holy see; and the zeal with which be .executed the duties of the oflice, caused the ani- madversions of I.,utlier, and consequently, the reformation. When charged with being the cause of the di.^asters of the church, lie was so afflicted with the imputation, that he died of a broken lieart, in 1519. TEXTOR. See TEXIEI. THACHER, Thomas, a minister in Boston, and eiuineiit as a Hebrew scholar, died in 1678. TH ACHER, Peter, minister of Jlilion, Mass., and author of sermons, died in 1727. There were two other clergymen of the same name , one minister in Bostoji, in 1723, the other af Mid(lleb,4.roush, Mass., in 1709. THACHER, Oxenbridge, a learned man, and an aiitlior, died at Boston, in 1765. THACHFR, Peter, D. D., son of the pre- ceding, a minister of great celebrity in Boston, and author of sermons, &c. ; he died in 1802. THAIS, a celebrated courtezan, of Corinth, who persuaded Alexander the Great to set Pcrsepolis on fire. She afterwards married Ptolemy, king of Egypt. TH,^LES,"the chief of the seven sages of Greece, born at Rliletus, ■ TO TINDALI^, William, an English divine and antiquary, and a miscellaneous writer, died in l&H. TINELLI, Tiberio, an eminent historical and portrait painter, of Venice, made a knijjht of St, ftlicliai.'l, bv Louis XII., aiuldied in 1638. TINTOURTTO, James, so called bwaiisehe was a dier's son, for his real name was Ciaco- ino Robusli, a famous Venetian historical paint er, died in 15'J4. TIPPOO SAIB, succeeded his father Hyder- Ally, as king of Mysore, and of the Mahrattas, disiinguislifd by his licstility and opposition to the (Jreat Wo;ul, and to the English. He was the patron of literature ^.iid the arts, and was killed by the Uritisb, in the storming of Seringa- pataiii, about 1799. TIRABOSCIU, Jerome, a learned jesnit, was professor of rhetoric at Milan, and librarian to the duke of Modcna. He wrote a " History of Italian Literature from the days of Augustus," a work of great merit, and died in 1794. TIUAfttJEAlI, Andrew, an eminent French lawyer, counsellor of the parliament of Bour- deau.v, and afterwards of Paris ; he was a vo- luminous writer, and died in 1574. TISSOT, S. A. D., a celebrated physician and medical writer, of Switzerland, died in 1797. TITIAN, orTlTIANO, a celebrated Italian painter, died in 1576. TITLY, Walter, an English writer, and an ambassador to Copenhagen, died in 1754. TITON DU TILLET, Everard, a French Jesuit, distinguished for his learning, and for a firazen Parnassus, which he planned and erected in honour of Louis XIV. ; he died in 17G2. TITUS, a Greek disciple of St. Paul, con- verted by him to Christianity, and made bishop of Crete, where he died. TITCS VESPASIAN, a Roman emperor, Bon of Vcs^iasian, who once exclaimed, " I have iosl a day !" because he could not recollect that he had done any remaikable good action on tliat U?y. He died A. D. 81. TIXIER, John, lord of Ravisy, called also RAVISHjS TEXTOR. an elegant French scho- lar, and miscellaneous writer, died in 1522. TOALDO, Joseph, an Italian physician, and teacher of matlwmatics in the university of f adua ; he pubhslied Journals on Astronomy and Meteorology, and died in 1797. TOBIX, John, a solicitor in Loudon, and a dramatic writer, died in 1804. TODD, Hugh, D. D., an English divine, author of a "Description of Sweden," and other works, died about 1710. TOIR.AS, John Ciylard de St. Bonnet, mar quis de, a distinguished French general, was marshal of France, and afterwards a general in the army of tlie duke of Savoy ; he was killed in the Milanese, in 1636. TOLAND, John, a very famous political, polemical, and miscellaneous writer, and anti quary, died in 1722. TOLLET, Elizabeth, an English lady, emi nent for her knowledge of mathematics, and the languages ; she wrote some poems, &c., and died in 1754. TOLLIUS, Jacobus, a learned physician, of Utrecht, became professor of Greek and elo- quence, at Brandenburg, and died in 1696. His brother Cornelius was professor of the same branches at Harderwyck. TOLEMMEI, Claudio, bishop of Corsala, was distinguished as a poet and orator, and as a ;earned man ; he died in 1357. TO I TOMKLNS, Thomas, a most eminent and distinguislnid artist iu ornamental penmanship, ktied in J816. TOMPION, Thomas, a most eminent English iwatchmaker, died in 1696. TOMPKINS, Daniel D., for many years governor of the stale of New York, and after- wards vice-president of the United States dut- iig the administration of Mr. Monroe. He may justly be ranked among the greatest and best friends ofhis country ; and his zeal and services in the war with Great Britain, deservedly ac- quired forliim the esteem of every section of the union. He died in June, 1825. TONSTALL, Cuthbert, an English scholar, distinguished for his knowledge of mathematics and divinity, was made bishop of London, and of Durham, and lord privy seal, by Henry VIII., and died in 1559. TOOKE, George, an English soldier, who, during the civil wars, devoted himself to literary pursuits, and to poetry ; he died in 1C7.5. TOOKE, Thoniap, a learned English teacher, master of a school at Bishop Stortford, which, under his care, gained great celebrity ; he died ■ 1721. TOOKE, John Home, an English politician and writer, author of " Diversions of Purley,'' '&c.; he died in 1812. TOOKC;, Andrew, a learned English divine, and professor of geometry in Gresham college, died in 1731. TOOKE, William, P. R. S., was bred a printer, but at 27 obtained ordination, and be- came chaplain to the British factory, at St. Pe tersburgh. After many years' residence there, he returned to his own country, and passed a literary life ; he died in 1820. TOPHAM, Thomas, an Englishman, cele- brated for great personal strength, died in 1749. TOPHAM, Edward, an English writer, pro- prietor of a periodical paper called the " W'orld," and author of " Letters from Edinburgh," some dramas, &c.; he died in 1820. TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, a zealous and able Calvinistic divine, died in 1778. TORF^US, Thormodus, historiographer to the king of Denmark, author of a History of Norway, and other works, died in 1720. TORRE, N., a native of the Milanese, distin- guished as a chymist and a pyrotechnist. It is said that he discovered a method of preparing an ttne.xtinguishable fire. He died in 1780. TORRENTIUS, Lajvinus, a native of Ghent, eminent as a scholar, and as an ambassador, was made bishop of Antwerp, and died iu 1595. TORRENTIUS, John, a very fine but im- moral painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1640. TORREY, Samuel, minister of Weymouth, for 50 years, died in 1707. TOKRICELLI, Evangeliste, an illustrious mathematician and philosopher, of Italy, died in 1647. TORY, Geoffrey, a professor of philosophy in tlie college of Burgundy, was afterwards a printer, and greatly improved the art; he died in 1550. TOSCANELLA, Paul, an eminent astrono- mer, who is supposed to have formed the first idea of a passage to the East, by the Cape of Good Hope ; he died about 1490. TOSTATUS, Alphonso, a doctor, of Sala- manca, and bishop of Avilla, distinguished for his eloquence and his writings, died in 1454. TOTILA, king of the Goths, defeated the troops of th« emperor Justinian, obtained pss- 387 TR Session of lialy, Corsica, t>ai(liiiia, and Su-ily, and sacked Rome ; hu was allciwards kilted in battle, ir oi. TOTTiN, John, an eloquent and popular English preacher, died in 1775. TOULMIN, Joshua, an Enclish Uniiarian clergyman, author of the " Life of Sociuus,' '•Biography of Dr. Priestley," and Other works; he died in 18 lo. TOUP, Jonathan, a divine, and a very learned critic in the classics, died in 1785. TOUKNEFORT, Joseph Pition dp, a famous French botanist, and natural hisioiian, died in 1708. TOURNELY.Honore, a distinguished French ecclesiastic, was professor of theology at Douay, and p popular preacher; he died in 1729. Tt URKETTE, Mark Anthony Lewis Claret de la an eminent French naturalist, who formed 3 vaUable collection of insects and herbs, and cultivated not less than .3000 rare and choice plants in his garden. He died in 1793. TOUKViLLE, Anne Hilarion de Costentin de, a celebrated French admiral, who di.stin- guished himself against the Algerines and Span iard.s, and aftAwards defeattd the conibuied fleets of England and Holland. He was made a marshal of France, and died in 1701. TOUSSAIJVT LOUVERTUEE, a mulatto, of St. Domingo, who rose to command in the French army under Rochambeau. He possessed unbounded influence over the blacks of that island, and became the head of aU power, civil and military, among them. In the exercise of his authority he formed a constitution, and adopted the wisest and most humane regula- tions. He was treacherously betiayed, and im- prisoned by the French, and died, not without suspicion of violence, in 1803. TOWERS, Dr. Joseph, an eminent English dissenting minister, and an able writer in the various di^partments of theoloey, criticism, biog- raphv, politics, and law ; he died in 1799. TOWALEY, Charles, an e.minent English antiquary, celebrated for his collection of verses, medals, and other antiquities, and lor the taste and zeal he displayed in collecting theiri. He died in 1805. TOWNSEND, Joseph, an English clergyman, author of a "Journey through Spain," "A Guide to Health," and several other works; lie died in 1816. TOVV.\SOX,Thomas, P.D., an eminent Eng- lish divine, celebrated for his discourses on the filur Gospels, and other religious works, died in 1792. TOZZETTI, John Targioni, an eminent bo tanist and physician, of Florence, was pro- fessor of botany at that place, and a member of several learned societies of Europe. He was the first who introduced inoculation into Tus- cany, and died in 1780. TR,A.CY, Uriah, an eminent lawyer, of Con- necticut, and a member of the senate of the United States, from that stare, died in 1807. TRADESCANT, John, a Dutchman, who settled in England, as superintendent of the gardens of Charles I., and known as one of the lirst collectors of medals, and objects of natural history. He died in 1652. TRAJAN, M. Alpinus Crinitus, a Roman emperor, celebrated in history for his mild and equitable government, and for his valour in the field, died in 117. TRALLIAN, Alexander, a celebrated Greek writer on physic, flourished about 550. 388 TR TKAPEZUNTIUS, Georgius, a Greek and Laiiii critic and commentator, born in Crete, aniJ died in 1465. 'J'RAPP, Joseph, an English divine and poet ; he traiislaied Virgil's iEiieid in blank verse, and jdied in 1747. TRAVERSA RI, Ambrose, a monk, bom near Florence, in lUStJ. He translated Eiogenes La- ertius into Latin, which is acknowledged ii> pon sess .some merit. TRAVIS, George, an Englisli divine and Ccn- troversial writer, was archdeacon and preben- dary of Chester, and died in 1797. TREAD WELL, John, LL. D., lieutenant- governor, and govei.ior of the state of Con- necticut, died in 1823. He was distinguished for his sound judgment, strict integrity, and ar dent piety, and was a good citizen and an up- right magistrate. TREAT, Robert, deputy governor in lC7C,and afterwards governor of the colony of Connec- ticut , he died in 1710. TREAT, Samuel, an eminent clersyjnan, of JNew-England,sonoft!ie preceding, died in 1717. ! TREMANE, Nicholas and Andrew, twin?, jborn in Devonshire : they were alike in features, |and, though at a distance, and without any in- jtelligence given, they equally desired to walk, sit, eat, and drink at the same times, and were both slain together in battle, in France, in 1562. TREMBLEY, Abraham, a native of Geneva author of " Instructions on Natural Rehgion," and other works, died in 1784. TREMELLIUS, Immanuel.a Jew, who was converted to Christianity, and became a protest- ant divine, and professor of Hebrew at Hcidle- berg, and afterwards at Sedan. He published „ a transl.Ttion of the Bible, and died in 15S0. TREM01LLE,prTRIMOL'XLLE,LouisdeIa, viscount de Thouars, a French general, who w as distinguished no less by Iii? valour and rnc- cess in thefield, than by his abiUty as a nego- tiator and ambassador; he fell at the battle of Pavia. in 1525. TREMOLLIERE, Peter Charle?, an eminent French painter, died at Paris, in 1739. TRENCH.\RD, John, an illustrious English patriot and political writer, died in 1723. TRENCK, Francis, baron lie, a Prussian no- bleman, who was imprisoned for his imprudent conduct, and afterwards published his memoirs, - containing an account of his sufTerings andad-^jj- ventures. He was guillotined in France, in 1794. TRESHAJl, Henr}-, a painter and poet, born in Ireland. He was a member of the Royal Academy, in London, and wrote, among other pieces, "' The Sea-Sick Minstrel ;" he died in 11814. TREVISANI, Francis, an eminent landscape and historical painter, of Trieste. He settled, and died at Rome, in 174C. TREVISJ, Jerome, a native of Trevisi, dis tinguished as a jiainter, died in 1544. TRIMMER, Sarah, an English lady, eminent for her exertions in support of Sunday schools, and other religious institutions, died in 1810. TRISSL\0, John George, an eminent Italian poet, died in 1550. TRIVULCE, John James, a native of Milan, vvho being banished his country, entered into the service of Charles VIH., king of France, and was made a marshal of the kingdom. He repeatedly distinguished himself in battle, and died in 1518. TROGUS POMPEIUS, authorof aHistpryof TV the World, to tlie age of Augustus, lived about 41 I!. V. TKOMMIUS, Abraham, a native of Gromn- pen, author of afiieck Concordauco of the Old Testament, died hi 1719. TROMP, Marthi Happerlz, a native of Brille,! who siKiiallzed himself in the naval service of hit! country, and was made admiral of Holland. He fought more than 30 naval hatlli;-, and was killed in an action with tlie English, in ItjSX TROMP, Cornelius, son of the piccedinp;, also distinguished himself in the naval service of the republic, and in 1770 succeeded Uuyter, as admiral of the fleets of the United Provinces. He died in lf.91. TRONCHIN, Theodore, an eminent piiysician, of Geneva, a pupil of Boerhaave, died in Paris, in 1781. He wrote some medical book.^. TROOST, Cornelius, a historian and painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1750. TROTT, Nicholas, LL. D., governor of the Bahama Islands, and afterwards a judge in South Carolina •, he died in 1740. TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, one of the most distinguished lawyers of New England, was attorney-general, and afterwards a judpe of the colony "of Massachusetts ; he died in 1T93. TROY, Francis de, an eminent painter, of Toulouse, and a professor and director of the academy of painting, died in 1730. TROY, John Francis, son of tlie preceding, was also distinguished as a painter. He died at Rome in 1752. TROYEN, Rombrud, an excellent Flemish paiiiler, died in 1G50. TRIIBIjET, Nicholas Charles Joseph, a French writer, author of " Essays on Litera- ture and Morality," and other works; he died in 1770. TRUCHET, John, a native of Lyons, distin- guished for his knowledge of geometry and hy- draulics, died in 1729. TRIFMBULL, William, LL. D., an English statesman, was ambassador to France, and afterwards secretary of state ; he died about 1700. TRUMBULL, Jonathan, one of the most dis- tinguished patriots of the revolution, was an eminent lawyer of Connecticut, and held suc- cessively the offices of chief-justice of the su- preme court, lieutenant-governor, and governor of that state. He died in 1785. TRUMBULL, Jonathan, son of the preceding, an aid and secretary to general Washington, at the commencement of the revolution ; was af- terwards a member of the house of represen- tatives in congres.-i, and speaker of that body ; a inember of the United States senate, and lieu- tenant-governor of the state of Connecticut, lie died in 1809, respected by all who knew him, for his mild and amiable deportment, and for his integrity and independence. TRUXTON, Thomas, an American naval officer, born on Long Island, N. Y., in I'/SS, dis- tinguished for his services during Ihe revolution, and afterwards in the war with France ; he died in 1822. TRUSLER, Dr. John, an English bookseller and compiler, died in 1820. TRYPHIODORUS, an ancient Greek poet, the time of his death unknown. TUCKER, Abraham, a curious and original thinker, and author of " the Light of Nature Pursued," died in 1775. TIJCKER, Dr. Josiah, dean of Gloucester, •Jied in J799. He was jnyftently distinguished 3?* by a vigorous, comprehensive, and independeiil mind. TUCKER, John, D. D., niinialer of Newbury, Mass., and author of sermons, died in 1792. TUCKEY, .lames Hing.'^toii, an English na- val officer, and nautical writer, died in Africa, while exploring the river Congo, in 181G. TUDELA, Benjamin, of, a celebrated RabUi of the 12tl) century, and an author oi travels. TULDEN, Theodore Van, an eminent paim- er and engraver, of Bois-le-duc, died in 1671). TULL, Jethro, a gemlcman of Oxford, in- ventor of the drill plough, and the first writer ficrhapa, ancient or modern, wh.o ever success- fully attempted to reduce agricultuie, to certain and uniform principles; he died in 1740. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, the third king of Rome, a renowned warrior who was destroyed, with his whole family, by a fire, pretended to come from heaven, but in reality the effects of :■. conspiracy of Ancus Martius, his succes.io; . t;40 B. C. TULLY, Thomas, an English divine and theojogicai writer, was made head of St. Ed- mund hall, and dean of Rippon ; he died in 107C. TULLY, George, a relative of the preceding, author of a " Discourse on the Government of the Thoughts," and several other works, died in 1095. TULLY. See CICERO. TUNSTALL, Janies, an eminent English di vine, and a writer on religious and other subjects, died in 1772. TURBIDO, Francis, a distinguished histori- cal painter, of Verona, died in 1581. TURELL, Ebenczer, a minister of Medfoid, Mass., died in 1778. TURENNB, Henry de la Tour d' Auvergne, viscount de, a renowned marshal of Prance un- der Louis XIV., was killed at Saltzbach, in 1675. TURCOT, Michael Stephen, president of the parliament of Paris, died in 1751. He con- tributed much to adorn Paris, and to promote the comfort of its inhabitants. TURCOT, Anne Robert James, an eminent French statesman, was intenilant of Limoges, and afterwards comptroller general of finances In both stations, he e.xeited all the energies of his powerful mind, for the public good ; but his plans were frustrated by his enemies, and caused his resignation. He died in 17S1. TURNEBUS, Adrian, a French critic, distin- guished for his learning and critical knowledge, was professor of Greek at Paris ; he died in 1565, TURNER, William, an eminent English cler- gyman, who at the period of the reformation warmly embraced the doctrines of the reformers, for which he was imprisoned by Gardiner, but was afterwards released, and raised to eccle- siastical honours under Elizabeth ; he died in 15()8. TURNER, Thomas, an able divine, chaplain to Charles I., and dean of Rochester, and of Canterbury, died in 1672. TURNER, Francis, son of the preceding, waa bishop of Rochester, and afterwards of Ely. At the revolution, he refused to take the oathi to William, and was deprived of his preferment. He died in 1700. TURNER, Robert, an English divine, who left the kingdom on account of his attachment to the Romish church, and was afterwards ■made canon of Breslaw, and died in 1597. TURPIN, F. H., professor of belles lettres at Caen, and afterwards at Paris, died in 1799. He wrote the lives of the great Conde, of Marshai 389 uir Choiseul, and of Mahouiet, a Universal History, and several other works TURRKTIN, Btnedict, professor of theology at (ieneva, and iiulhor of a defence of the Ge- ii'vese trniislalinn of the Bible, died in U>31. TLfRRETiN, Francis, son of tlie preceding, was profewor of theology at Geneva, and after- wards an ambassador from the republic to Hol- land. He died in 1737. His writings were chiefly theological. TURRETIN, John Alphonsus, son of the preceding, professor of ecclesiastical history at Geneva, was distinguished for his great learning, and died in 17:i7. He wrote an " Abridgment of Ecclesiastical History," and other works. TUSSER, Tliomas, a writer on agriculture, died in 1580. TVVEDDELL, John, an accomplished scho- lar, of Northumberland, born in 17G9, and died at Athens, in 1709. TWINING, Thomas, a worthy divine, and enlightened scholar, born in London, in J735, and died in 1804. He was also a great proficient in music. TWISS, William, a distinguished presbyte rian divine, was president of the Westminster assembly of divines, and rector of St Andrew's, Holborn. His writings, were on theological subjects. He died in 1045. TYE, Christopher, a celebrated composer of c\)urch music, in the 16lh century. TYERS, Thomas, a political and miscellane ous writer. He published a series of " Politi ral Conferences," which are very highly es- teemed, and died in 1787. TYLER, John, a distinguished revolutionary patriot, of Virginia, and afterwards governor of that state; he died in 1813. TYNDALL, William, a most zealous Eng- lish reformer, memorable for having made the first English version of the Bible. He sutTercd 'loath as a heretic, in 1536. TYNTE, Edward, governor of the colony of South Carolina, died in 1710. TYRAN.MON, a surname of Theophrastns, a celebrated grammarian and critic, of Pontus, who Hourishe74. VALLEE, Simon, an eminent French en- graver, in the reign of Lewis XIV. ' V.-iLLEMONT, Peter le Lorraine de, a French ecclesiastic, author of "Elements of History," and other works ; he died in 1721. VALLIERE, Louise Francoise, duchesse de la, wife of the duke of Orleans, and mistress of Lewis XIV. She spent the last 33 years of lier life in a cloister, in acts of piety and devotion, and died in 1710. VALLISNIERRI, Anthony, an It.ilian natu ralist, and professor of medicine at Padua. __ne wrote several medical works, and died in 1730. VALOIS. See VALE>;IUS. VALOIS, Yves de, a Jesuit, bom at Bour- deaux, in 1G94, was professor of hydrography at Rochelle. The time of his death is not known VALSALVA, Anthony Marie, an eminent physician and anatomical writer, died in 1723 VALVERDA, John, a Spanish physician, distinguished as having introduced anatomy into Spain, from Italy. He lived about 1580. VANAKEN, Joseph, an eminent painter, of Antwerp, died in 1749. VANBRUGH, sir John, an excellent English dramatist, and architect, died in 1726. VAN-CEULEN, Ludolph, a distinguished mathematician, of Levden, in the 17th century. VAN-CLEVE, Joseph, an eminent French sculptor, died in 1733. VANCOUVEUR, George, a captain in the English navy, who performed a voyage of dis- covery to the north Pacific ocean, and round the globe, in 1790-95, to ascertain the existence, if any, of a navigable communication between the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. He died in 1797. VANDALE, Anthony^ a learned Dutch phy cian and critic, died in 1708. | VANDEN-ECKOUT, Gerbrandt, a historical and portrait painter, of great merit, at Amster- dam, died in 1674. VANDEN-VELDE, Adrian, a painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1672. VANDEN-VELDE Isaiah, an eminent 392 VA Flemish painter, died about 1C40. His brothers, John and William, were also eminent artiits. The former excelled as an engraver, and the latter as a painter. VANDEll-OOKS, Jacob, a Dutch landscape painter, who e Hague, in 1673. VANDER-llKVDEN, John, an eminent painter, died at AinHeidam, in 1712. VANDER KAUEL, Adrian, a painter and engraver, who excelled in sea views, and land- scapes ; lie died at Lvons, in 1695 V.VNDER LIN HEN. John Antonides, a learn- ed professor of medicine, at Leyden, died in 1614, having written many medical books. VANDER MEER, John, a Dutch landscape painter, who excelled in battles and sea pieces; he died in 1690 VANDER-MERSCH, general of the insur- gents ol r.rabant, in 1789, againi^t the imperial forces. He distinguished himaelt by his valour and prudence, and died in 1792. VANDER-MEULIN, Anthony Francis, a distinguished painter, of Brus.=els, who accom- panied Lewis XIV^., in his militan' expeditions, and gave accurate representations of his sieges and battles. He died at Paris, in 1690. VANDER MONDE, Charles Angiistin, a phy- sician and medical writer, was censor royal of the university of Bologna, and died in 1762. VANDER-MONDE, N., a French mathema- tician, died in 1796. VANDER-NEER, Eglon, an eminent painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1697. VANDEK SPIEGEL, an eminent and useful ' Dutch statesman, died in 1800. VANDER -ULFT, James, a painter, and bur- gomaster of Gorcum, his native town, born in 1627. VANDER-VFLDE. See VANDEN-VELDE. VANDERWEKF, Adrian, an eminent Dutch historical and portrait painter, died in 1727. V.ANDIEST,.'\drian,aDutch landscape paint- er, who settled in England, in the reign of Charles II., and died in 1704. VANDYCK, sir Anthony, an illustrious his- torical and portrait painter, born at Antwerp, in 1599. He travelled much, but flourished chiefly in England, in the ser^'ice of Charles I., who knighted him, and gave him his own picture set round with diamonds ; he died in 1641. VANDYCK, Peter, an eminent Dutch histo- rical and portrait painter, died at the Hague, iu 17.58. VANE, sir Henry, a famous English states- man, and a political and theological writer, was beheaded on a charge of treason, in 1662. VAN-EFFEN, Just, a native of Utrecht, known as the translatorof " Robinson Crusoe," i and other works ; he died in 1735. I VAN-EVERDINGEN, Albert, an eminen- landscape painter and engraver, of Alkmaer jdied in 1675. His brothers, John and Ctesar, j were also excellent artists. VAN-EYCK, John, called John Bruges, a I Flemish painter, and inventor of the art of ! mixing colours with oil, flourished in the 15th Iceuturv. VAN-HUYSUM.John, aDutch painter, fam- ' ous for landscapes, flowers, and fruit pieces ; • he died in 1749. I VANIERE, James, a French Jesuit, and fam ous Latin poet, died in 1739. VANINI, Lucilio, a most determined Atheist^ who settled in France, and was burnt for bla«- phemy, in 1619. VAN-KEULEN, John, a Dutchman, who VA edited the " Flifhibeau de la Mer," at Auister llam, in 1(;87. VANLOO, John Baptist, a French historical and portrait painter, died in 1745. VANLOO, Charles Andrew, a native of Nice, who settled at Paris, where he was highly dis- linKiiishf d as a painter ; lie died in 17(J5. VAN-]MENDER, Cliarles, a Fleniisli histoi- cal and landscape painter, died in lfi06. VAN NESS, William VV., a very eminent lawyer, ol' New- York, and a judge of the su- preme court of that state, died at Charleston, ». C, in 1823, aged 48. VANNI, Francis, a painter and architect, of Sienna, died at Rome, in lti09. VANNIUS, or VANNI, Francisco, an Italian historical painter, died in 1610. VANNiUS, Valentin, a native of Swabia, distinguislied for his writings in deleuce of the Lutheran tenets, in 1557. VAN-OBSTAL, Gerard, an eminent Flem- ish sculptor, died in 1668. VAN-OORT, Adam, a Flemish painter, of eminence, died in 1C41. VAN-OOST, James, a Flemish historical, landscape, and portrait painter, died in 1713. VAN-ORLAY, Bernard, an eminent Flemish painter, died in 1550. VAN-OSTADE, Adrian, an eminent painter, of Lubeck, died at Amsterdam, in 1C69. His brother Isaac was also an artist. VANSOMER, Paul, a native of Antwerp, known as a painter, lie resided for some time in England, and died in lC-21. VAN-SWIETEN. See SWIETEN VAN. VAN-TULDEN, Theodore, a painter ar,d en- graver, born at Bois le Due, in lo20 ; he was a pupil of Etibens. VAN-UDEN, Lucas an eminent landscape painter, of Antwerp, died in 1600. VARCHI, Benedict, professor of morality at Padua, was disiinjxuished for the purity and ele- gance of his language, and for his writings ; lie died in 1666. VARDES, Francis Rene du Bee, marquis de, «ne of the favourites of Lewis XIV. He indis- creetly betrayed ilie secret debaucheries of bis master, for which he was disgraced, and exiled ; but was afterwards pardoned, and died at Paris, in 1688. VARENIUS, Augustus, an eminent Luthe- ran divine, of Lunenburg, celebrated for his profound knowledge of the Hebrew. It is said that he could repeat the Hebrew bible by heart. He died in 1684. VARENIUS, Bernard, an eminent Dutch geographer, whose " Geographia Universalis" was translated into English, by sir Isaac Kew- ton ; he died in 1660. VARENNE DE FENILLE, P. C, a distin- guished French agriculturalist, was guillotined during the revolution, in 1794. VARGAS, Aiphonso, anative of Toledo, and archbishop of Seville ; he died in 1366. VARGAS, Francis, an eminent Spanish law- yer, was ambassador at several courts, under; Charles V., and Philip II., and afterwards a counsellor of state in Spain ; he died in a mou-j astery, in 1560. j VARGAS, Lewis de, an eminent painter, of! Leville, died in 1590. | VARIGNON, Peter, a distinguished French architect and mathematician, was professor of i mathematics, at the college of Mazarine, and an able writer on that science ; he died in 1722. VARILLAS, Amhony » ^'pncli historical D d d V A and political writer, died in 1690. He was con- sidered unworthy of credit. VARIUS, a la'iin poet, the friend of Horace. Some fragments of his poetry remain. VARNUW, Janj (19; his reign was marked by wiarrfom, modera- tion and firmness. He died A. D. 79. I VESI't'TlUS. See AMERICUB. I A'IC/\RS, John, an English divine, who wrote |in favour of the presbyterians ; he died in 1652. I VICANY, Thomas, of London, the first ana- jtomitai writer in the English language, lived about 1550. VICENTE, Giles, a famous dramatic poet, of Lisbon, in the 10th century. VICO, John Baptist, professor of rhetoric, in the ':iiiversity at Naples, died in 1740. VlCCi D'AZIR, Felix, a very celebrated phy- sician, of Paris, died in 1794. VICTOR I., pope after Eleutherus, in 193, suffered martyrdom, in £02. During his age, violent disputes arose about the proper lime for Easter. VICTOR IL, Gibehard, elected pope after Leo IX., in 1055, and died two years after ; he was an active pontifl'. VICTOR HI., Didier, was elected pope in 1080, and died 1087. VICTOR, Sextus A melius, a Roman histo- rian, who flourished under the emperors Coii- stantins and Julian. VICTOR, Ainadeus, duke of Savoy, and first king of Sardinia. Ho abdicated the throne in favour of his son, and died m 1732. VICTOR, Benjamin, a dramatic writer, died in 1779. VICTORIUS or VETTORIN, Peter, a very learned Florentine, died in 1585. VICTORIUS, Benedict, was professor of me- dicine at Bologna, and a medical writer ; he died in 1552. His uncle Lionel, was also pro- lessor of medicine at Bologna, and died in 1530. VIDA, Mark Jerome, an illustrious Latin poet, died in 1566. 1 VIETA, Francis, master of requests to queen Margaret, born in 1540, and died in 1603. He Was celebrated as a mathematician, and was the first who used letters in algebra. VIEUSSENS, Raymond de, a distinguished French physician and medical author, died in 1715. VIGAND, or W^IGAND, John, a Lutheran divine, who was engaged in the publication of " The Centuries of Madgeburgh," an important work ; he died in 1587 VIGIIJUS, an African bishop, about 484. He ably opposed the heretics of his age. VIGILIUS, made pope by the wife of Jus- tinian, in 537. He was afterwards banished from Rome, and died in 555. VIGNES, Peter des, of Capua, rose from ob- scurity to be chancellor of the German empire. He was accused of an attempt to poison his sovereign, for which his eyes were put out. He killed himself in prison, in 1249. VIGNOLE, James Baroggio, an eminent Italian architect, died in 1573. VIGNOLES, Stephen de, better known by the name of la Hire, was one of the ablest ge- nerals in tlie service of Charles VII.: he died in 1447. VIGNOLES, Alphonsode, a French theologi- cal writer, who, asaCalvinist, fled to Prussia on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and was made director of the royal academy at Berlin ; he died in 1744. VILLALPANDLTS, .lohn Baptist, ajcsuit, of Corduba, author of " Desultory Comn>'^taj'ies I on Ezekiel," died in 1C08. 39f VI VILLARET, Claude, an actor on the Frctn-hl stage, author of a "History of France," and oth'T WMiks; lie died in l"688. VILLOISON, John Baptist Gaspard d'Ansse lie, a learned French critic and antiquary, pro- fessor of Greek, in France, died in IfeOo. VILLOTTE, James, a French Jesuit, who travelled into Armenia, and publislied Commen- taries on the Go.'ipels, &c. ; he died in 1743. VINCENT, Tliomas, an English non-con- formist divine, author of an " Explanation of the Catechism," and other religious tracts, died in 1671. VINCENT, Nathaniel, an English dissenting divine, and author of sermons. Ice. : he died in 1697. VINCENT, William, D. D., a very learned English divine, died in 1815. VINCI, Leonard, an illustrious Italian paint- er, died in l.'iSO. VINER, sir Robert, ?. goldsmith and banker, of London, who lent the administration of Cliarles II. considerable sums of money VINER, Charl(s, an eminent Engl writer, died in 1757. VINES, Richard, one of the assembly of di- vines, under the presbyterian government, dis- tinguished as a Greek scholar and philologist, and was very eminent as a preacher : lie died in 16.55. VINNIT'S, Arnold, professor of law at Ley- den, and auilior of Commentaries on the Insti- tutes of Justinian ; lie died in 1057. VIOT, Marie Ann Henrietta Payan de I'Es- fanL, of Dresden, a lady, so distinguished for learning and wit, and for the versatility of her genius, that she was honoured with a seat in the academy of Niaines, and died in 1802. VIRGILIUS, Publius Maro, the most excel- lent of all the ancient Roman poets, was born at Andes, near Wantiia, 70 B. C, in the consul- ship of PoRipey and Crassus, and died 18 B. C. VIRGINIA, daughter of Virginius, was stab- bed to the heart by her father, to prevent the violence which Appius meditated against her 385 Englisli law " VO pers(ui. This created a revolution, about 450 B. C. VISCONTI, Ennius Cluirinus, an eminent Italian antiquary, and writer on antiquarian subjects, keeper of the museum at Paris, died in 1818. VITELLIO,or VITELLO, of Poland, author of a Treatise on Optics, in the middle of the 13th century. • VlTELLl, Paul, an e.\cellent general, was, by the Florentines, ungratefully i)ut to death, in 1499. VITEliLlUS, Aulus, a Roman emperor, whose reign was marked by every species of li centiousness ; he was assassinated, A. It. C9. VITRINGA, Canipegio, a native of Fries land, was professor in the university of Frane ker, and a learned author ; he died' in 1722. VITRUVIUS, Marcus Pollio,aUoma(i archi tect, who flourished about 15 B. C. VIVALDI, Antonio, a famous Italian musd ciaii, died in 1743. VU'ARES, Francis, a most ingenious and celebrated landscape engraver, died in 1780. VIVENS, Francis de, a French physician, and an author, died in 1780. VI VES, Joiin Lewis, a learned Spaniard, who vvroie some theological and other works, and lied in 1540. VIVIANI, Vincent, a famous mathematician, (if l''lorence, and author of many valuable works. He was the pupil and friend of Galileo, and died in 1703. VIVIEN, Joseph, a painter, of Lyons, die< in 1735. VLODOMIR, grand duke of Russia, was de hauched in his youth, but in 989 he embracw Christianity, and was regarded, after his death' by his subjects, as an apostle and asaint. VOETIUS, Gisbert, a learned divine, profes sor of theology and of oriental languages a Utrecht, for 4tj years, died in 1077. His son Paul, was professor of law at Utrecht, and au thnr of some valuable works ; he died in 1667. John, the son of Paul, was professor of law at Leyden, and died in 1714. VOGLERUS, V'alentine Henry, a physician, and rnedical writer, of Helmstad't, died in 1677. VOIGT, Godfrey, a learned Lutheran di- vine, born at ftlisnia, and died at Hamburgh, in 1682. VOISENON, Charles Henry de Fusee de, a French ecclesiastic, who left his profession and became a dramatic writer ; he died in 1775. VOISIN, Joseph de, of Bourdeaux, a divine and theological writer, died in 1685. VOISIN, Daniel Francis, counsellor of tlie parliament of Paris, and chancellor of France, eminent for his talents, integrity, and virtue ; be died in 1718. VOITURE, Vincent, a polite and elejtant French miscellaneous writer, and poet, died iu 1648. VOLDER, Burchel de, of Amsterdam, pro- fessor of philosophy and mathematics at Ley- den, where he died in 1709. VOLKOF, Feodor, a most e.tcellent actor, the Garrick of Russia, whose talents for the stage were as great as those of Sumorokof for dramatic composition ; he died in 1763. VOLMAR, Isaac, a German statesman, who was ambassador at the conferences before the peace of Westphalia; he died in 1662. VOLNEY, Constantine Francis Chassebeuf de, a distinguished and volumiDous French wri- ter, died in 1S02. WA VOLTAIRE, Mai .e Francis Aiouol de, gen lleinan ol Uut licdcliaiiiber, and liisioiiograpliei to iho king of Fiance, a mosi ccleijiated Fiencli liisloiian, pliilosoplier, dramatic writer, and £pic poel, difid in J788. VCiNDBL. Justus, or Josse dn, a Dnteli poet, 01" very considerable cniinence, died in KiT'J aged 91, VOPISCUS, Flavins, aSyracnsan, who lived in lilt; reign of Dioclesian, author ol' the lives 01" Aurelian, Tacitus, &.c. VORSTiUS, Conrad, a learned German pro- testam divine and polemic writer, died in 1622 VORSTIUS, JFJius Everard, prolessor of medicine at Levden, died in 16i!4. .' VOUTIGEKN, a renowned British chief, who, for his valour, was elected king of South Britain. He was burnt in a castle which he had built in North Wales, in 484. VOS, Martin de, a historical painter, of Ant- werp, died in 1604. VOSSIUS, Gerard John, a very learned pro fessor of chronology and eloquence, at Leyden, and of history, at Amsterdam, where he died ill 1649. VOPSIUS, Francis, brotlier of the preceding, author of a poem on a naval victory obtained by Van Tromp, died in 1645. VOSSIUS, Dionysius, son of Gerard John, celebrated for his learning, though he died at the age of 22, in 1633. VOSSIUS, Isaac, younger brother of the pre ceding, a man of great learning, died in 1688. VOSSIUS, Gerard, another brother, was emi- nent as a critic, and died in 1640. Matthew, also a brother, wrote a valuable " Chronicle of Holland," and died in 1646. VOSSIUS, Gerard, a Roman catholic divine, died at Liege, in 1609. He edited and enriched with notes, the works of Gregory Thauniatur- gus, Ephrem Styrus, and some pieces of Chry- 60.stom and Theodoret. VO.STKHMAN, a famous Dutoh landscape painter, died in 1693. VOUET, Simon, a celebrated historical and portrait painter, of Paris, died in 1641. VROON, Henry Cornelius, a celebrated Dutch painter. The lime of his death is not known. VV "WAGE, Robert, a native of Jersey, canon of Cayeux, and a poet, flourished in the 12th cen- tury. WADING, Peter, a native of Ireland, who joined the Jesuits, and was professor of theology at Prague, and at Louvain ; he died in 1644. WADING, Luke de, an Irish cordelier, au- thor of " Annals of his Order," &c., died in 1655. WADSWORTH, Thomas, an English divine, respected for his learning, piety, and charity, died in 1676. WADSWORTH, Benjamin, an American clergyman, distinguished for his piety and learn- ing, was president of Harvard college. He died in 1737. WADSWORTH, Jeremiah, an active and energetic officer of the revolution, and a mem- ber of congress from Connecticut ; he died about 1804. WAPFER, Lionel, an English surgeon, who published an account of his voyages to the South Seas, in 1699. WAGENSEIL, John Christopher, a very learned German polemical writer died in 1705. WA WA(iNKl!, John .lumrs, a Swiss pliysician, author of "llistoria Naturalis Helvetia' Curio ," died in 1695. VVAGSTAFFE, Thomas, an English prelate, itiid an author, died in 1712. WAILLEV, Noel Francis de, a distinguished Frdich philologist, died in 1801. WAKE, Isaac, English ambassador to Ve- nice, Savoy, and France ; he died in 1632. WAKE, Dr. William, archbishop of Canter- bury, and a most celebrated polemical writer, died ill 1737. WAKEFIELD, Robert, an eminent English divine, was Hebrew professor at O.xford, and author of some theological works ; he died in 1537. WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, an eminent polemi- cal and classical writer, died in 1801. WALDECK, Christian Augustus, prince of, a distinguished Austrian general, died in 1793. WALDO, Peter, a merchant, of Lyons, was the founder of the sect called Waldenses, in thi> 12tli century. WAIiES, William, a very distinguished wri- jier on niathemaiics, and secretary to the board of longitude ; he went round the world with ■ apiaiu Cook, in his first voyage, and died in 1799 ■ WALES, Samuel, D. D., a distinguished American clergyman, professor of divinity in Yale college ; lie died in 1794. WALKER, Clement, celebrated for his deter- mined opposition to Cromwell's authority. He lied in the tower, in 1651. WALKER, Edward, an English author, was made secretary at war to Charles I., in 1639. and at the restoration, a clerk of the privy ouncil; he died in 1076. WALKER, Adam, a lecturer in philosophy, born in Westmoreland, and bred a weaver. Ht passed some time as writing-master and ac- countant at Macclesfield, and afterwards tra- velled as a lecturer. He died in 1821. WALKER, Robert, principal painter to Oli- ver Cromwell, died just before the restoration. WALKER, George, a celebrated Irish divine who was killed at the battle of the Boyne, in 1690. WALKER, George, F. R. S., a dissenting minister of eminence, who published the first part of a Treatise on Conic Sections, and died in 1807. Of a petition for recognising Ameri- can independence, drawn up by him, Mr Burke declared, that he would rather have been the author of that piece, than of all his own com- positions. WALKER, John, an eminent writer on English grammar and elocution, and author of " A Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Lan- guage;" he died in 1807. WALKER, John, D. D., an English divine, rector of St. Mary's, Exeter, where he died, in 1725. WALKER, William, an English divine, th4. WELLES, Samuel, M. A., an English divine, distinguished for his usefulness during the civil wars, and for his eloquence as a preacher ; he died after the restoration. WELLES, Noah, D. D., an American divine, and controversial writer, settled at Stamford, Conn.; he died about 1776. WELLES, Thomas, one of the first colonists of Hartford, and governor of the colODy of Con- necjicut ; he died in 1660. 400 WE WELLS, Edmund, D D., professor of Greek in the university ol O.xford. He wrote nume- rous pamphlets against the dissenteis, and a work of nierit on the Geography of the Bible, &c., and died in 17:>0. WELLS, William Cliarles, an American physician, who joined the British in the revolo Ition, and died in England, in 1*17 WELLS, John, an emineiii lawyer, of New- York, died in 1823. WELLWOOD, James, M. A., a native of Penh, author of several religious tracts, died in IfiSO. WELLWOOD, Dr. Thomas, a native of Edin- burgh, who published "Memoirs of England, from I5P8 to 1688 ;" he died in 1716. WELSTED, Leonard, an English poet, dra- matist, and miscellaneous writer, died in 1747. WENCESLEUS, son of Charles IV., empe- ror of Germany, succeeded his father in 1378 ; he was deposed in 1400, and died king of Bohe- mia, in 1419. His character was that of a de- bauched, capricious, and cruel prince. WEATWORTH, Thomas, earl of Stafford, a celebrated statesman under Charles 1., was beheadtd on a false charge of treason, in 1641. WENTWORTIl, Benning, first governor of the colony of New-Hampshire, died in \''0. WERDMULLER, John Rodolph, a historical and landscape painter, of Zurich, was drowned in 166S. WERENFELS, John James, a German di- vine, author of some sermons and homilies ; he died in 1655. His son Peter, was professor of theology at Basil, and died in 1703. WERENFELS, Sanmel, son of Peter, was a professor at Basil, highly respected for his learn- ing and his virtues; he died in 1740. His works are chiefly on theology, philosophy, and philo- logy. WERFF, Adrian Vander, a historical and portrait painter, of Rotterdam, died in 1727. His brotlier Peier, was also eminent in histori- cal pieces, and died in 1713. WERNER, Abraham Gottlieb, a very emi- nent mineralogist, born in Upper Lusatia, in 1750, and died in 1817. WESENBEC, Matthew, professor of law, at Jena, and at Witteniberg, where he died in 1586. WESLEY, Samuel, an English divine and poet, died in 1735. WESLEY, Samuel, son of the preceding, and a poet also, died in 1739. WESLEY, John, brother of the foregoing, celebrated as the founder of the sect called methodists : he died in 1791. WESLEY, Charles, brother of the preceding, a minister also among the methodists, and of respectable talents as a scholar and a poet ; he died in 1788. WESSELLUS, John, a learned ecclesiastic, of Groningen, who was regarded by many as the forerunner of Luther ; he died in 1489. WEST, Dr. Gilbert, a learned English writer, author of several valuable works : he died ia 175H. WEST, Thomas, an English antiquary, and an author, died in 1779. WEST, Benjamin, a very eminent painter, born in Pennsylvania, in 1738. His parents were quakers. Going to England, he met with great encouragement in his art, and became president of the Royal Academy of London. He died in 1820. WEST, John, governor of the colony of Vir- Igioia, in 1635. WH WKST, Samuel, D. D., an American clergy- man, settled at Boston ; he died in ItiOH. WEST, Josepli, was governor of Soutli Caro lina In 1071, and in subsequent years. WEST, Francis, a magistrate, and governor of the colony of Virginia, in 1620. WEST, Samuel, D. I)., an American minis- ter, settled at New-Bedford, died in 1807. WEriT, Benjamin, an eminent lawyer and member of conj^ress from the state of New- Hainjtshire; he died in 1817. WES'J', Benjamin, LL. D., professor of ma- thematics and natural philosophy in the col- lege at Providence, Rhode Island ; he died in 1813. ' WEST, James, M. A., was one of the joint secretaries to tlie British treasuiy, for about 20 years, and some time president of the Koyal Sociriy; iie died iii 1772. WEST, Richard, an Englisli lawyer, was made lord chancellor of Ireland, in 172a, and died the year after. WEST, Elizabeth, a native of Edinburgh, wlio 'oecame known for her eccentricities and mystical opinions ; she died in 1735. WES'l'KRLO, Eilardns, 11. D, a native of Holland, came to America, in I7ti0, as pastor of the Dutch church in Albany, and was highly esteemed and distinguished as a preacher ; he died in 1790. WESTFIEI.D, Thomas, a native of Ely, was made aichbibliop of St. Albans, and soon alter, bisliop of Bristol. He was so eloquent and pathetic a preacher, that he was called tae weeping prophet ; he died in 11)44. WESTON, Richard, an K.iglish thread ho »ier, who became eminent as a horiicultnralist, »nd published some useful tracts on that sub- ject ; he died in 1800. WESTEIN, John Rodoiphus, a native of Basil, where he was professor of Greek and of iheology. He published several valuable works, and died in 171 1, ilis brother Joiin Henry, was celebrated in Holland as a printer, and a ma;i of I'tudition ; he died in 1720. WESTEIN, John James, a very lenrned di- vine and author, born at Basil; he died in 1754. WHALLEY, t'eter, an English divine, and eminent critic, and commentator on Sliaks- peare and Ben Jonson ; lie died in 1791. WHARTON, Geoigo, an Englishman, who lost extensive properly in the civil wars, in con sequence of his attachment to the royal cause, was made a baronet at the restoration, and died ill 1081. WHARTON, Anne, an English lady, distin- guished for tier learning, and for her poetical productions; she died about 1G85. WH.'^RTON, Henry, an English divine and historian of uncommon abilities, died in 1695. WHARTON, Piiilip, duke of, an English nobleman of most eccentric character, went to France, and engaged in the Pretender's interest, for which he was attainted of high treason, but died in Spain, in 1731. WH ATELEY, William, an English divine, who wrote, among other things, an exposition of the ten commandments; he died in 1013. WHEARE, Degory. master of Gloucester Hall, Eng., and author of a " Dissertation de Ratione et Methodo legendi Historias." He died in lfi47 WHEATLEY, Charles, an English divine and theological writer, died in 1742. WHEATLEY, Francis, an eminent painter, born in London, in 1747, and died in 1801. E e e WH WHEATLEY, Phillis, an African girl, who' while a slave, wrote a volume of poems o( con siderable merit; she died in 1784. WHEELER, sir George, an English divine, auiiior of a journey into Greece, and other works; he died in 1724. WHEELOCK, Eleazar, D. D., an American clergyman, first president of Dartmouth college, died in 1779. WHEELOCK, John, LL. D., son of the pre- ceding, was an officer in the army of theievo- lution, and served with reputation. He was af- terwards for many years president of Dartmouth coileee, and died in 1817. WHEELWRIGHT, John, the founder an native of RIassacdu si'tts, and secretary ot tliat colony ; lie died in 1758. WILLEMET, Rmni Peter Francis, a Freiicii physician, wlio iiied in 1790, at Seringapaiarn, wli.:re lie resided as tirst pliysician to Tiiipoo Saib. WILLIAM I.,surnanipd the Conqueror, was the son of Robert 1. ofiVorniaiuly. Me ascended the Enfflish throne on the- deaih of Edward the Confessor, in lOOG, and after tlie battle of Has tings, in which was sluin, Harold, his competi- tor, with 50,000 English. His rpi}.'n was at tiisi opj)rcssive and unpopular, but before his dcatli ill 1087, he was regarded more favourably by Ills people. \V1I>L!AM II., surnamed Rufus, succeeded his father, William I., in the absence of his cider brother, and became a persecutor of the clergy, and an oppressor of his subjects. He was accidentally shot by one of his courtiers, while hunting, in 1100. WILLIAM III. of Nassau, prince of Oraiipre. He acquired the English crown by the defeat of his father-in law, James II., in 1089, and died in 1702. He was great as a politician, and for- midable as a general. WILLIAM son of Florent IV., count of Holland, crowned king of the Romans, in 1247 He was assassinated in 1255. WILLIAM, St., distinguished himself by his valou r against the Saracens under Cliarlemagne, and died in 812. WILLIAM LONGSWORD, son and suc- cessor of Rollo, first duke of Normandy, and had the reputation of being an able and active general ; he was murdered in 942. WILLIAM DE NANGIUS. a monkish his- torian of St. Denys, in the I4th century. WILLIAM of JIahnsbury, a monk, and an Enslish historian, flourished in 1140. WILLI.\M of Nev.hnry, a monk, and an Enghsli historian of his own lime, flourislied in 1197. WILLIAM AUGUSTITS, duke of Cumber- land, second son of George U., and a very dis- tifignislied eciieval, died in ]7fi5. WILLIAMS, John, archbishop of York, and lord keeper under James I. ; he was an eminent Uieological writer, and died in 1G50. WILLIAMS, sir Charles Hanbury, an Eng- Ksh minister plenipotentiary at the court of Ber- lin, who puhli^hcd various poems, remarkable for e.ise and vivacity ; he died in 1759. WILLI.MNiS, Anna, a poetrss and miscella- neous writer, born iii South Walos ; having lost )ier sight, she was supported by Dr. Johnson till title died, in 1783. WILLI-'VMS, John, an ingenious mineralo- gist, and author of a ' History of the Mineral Kingdom," &c.; he died in 1795. WILLIAMS, John, an able divine, was bishop ot unicnester, and wrote several con- troversial tracts ; he died in 1709. WILLIAMS, Daniel, D. D., an English cler- gyman, who settled at Dublin, and after re- maining there 20 years, returned to London ; lie died in 1716. WILLIAMS, William, a distinguished min- ister, of Hatfield, Mass., died about 1740. WILLIAMS, Solomon, D. D., a minister of Lebanon, Conn., died in 17G9. WILLIAMS, Francis, a native of England, was the first governor of the infant colony of \ew Hampshire ; he died after 1641. WILLIAMS, Roger, ong of the early coIo-l|7 volumes 4to; he died in 1313 WI (lists of Nrw England, afterwards the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, of which he be- canie president ; he wa.s an eminent clergyman, a man of strong imelk ct, great learning, and uncommon rmrgy, and died in 1683. WILLIAMS, William, a member of con- gress from Connecticut, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; h« died in 1811. WILLI A.MS, Samuel, LL. D., professor of iri;ui)e;i.alics and natural philosopliy in Harvard college, and author ol a 'ii-slory of Vermont"' he died ill 1817. WILLIAMS, David, an English deistical ineacher, and author of " Lectures on Educa- cation," and other works ; he died in 1816. WILLIAMS, John, a clergyman, of Deerfield, Massachusetts. He with his family, and many of his parishioners, were taken piisoners by the Indians in 1704 ; his wife and two children were murdered, and tlie remainder of the party car- ried to Canada, and after two years of privation and suiTering were ransomed. He returneii to Deerfield, and died there in 1729. WILLIAMS, Elisha, an American clergy- man, and president of Yale college ; he died in 1750. VV'ILLIAMS, Fphraim, an officer of the American army, in the French war, was killed in a skirmish with the enemy in 1755. He was the founder of Williams' college in Massachu- VVILLIAMS, Otho Holland, an officer of the American army, during the revolution, and dis- tinguished for his services, jiarticularly at the battli.s of Guilford and Eutaw Springs ; he was promoted to therankof a brigadier general, and died in 1794. WILLIS, Thomas, a very eminent physician, of London. He wrote several works on tlie science of medicine, and died in 1675. WILLIS, Browne, LL. D., an English an- tiquary, who wrote several works, and died in 17t;0. WILLOUGHBY, Francis, a celebrated Eng- lish naturalist, died in 1672. WILMOT, John Eardley, an English mis- cellanenus writer, died in 1815. WILSON, Florence, a learned Scotchman, who taught philosophy in the college of Navarre, at Paris : he died in 15.57. WILSON, John, an English stocking-weaver, who became a popular lecturer on botany ; he died in 1750. WILSON, Richard, an eminent English land- scapK painter, who was called the English Claude ; he died in 1732. WILSON, .Arthur, an English historian and dramatic writer ; he died in 1652. WILSON, Thomas, LL. D., bishop of Sodor and JMan, an excellent prelate, and an eminent writer in theology ; he died in 1755. WILSON, Thomas, D. D., son of the pre- cedintr, was an author ; he died in 1784. WILSON, Benjamin, F. R. S., an eminent English painter, and writer on subjects of natu- ral philosophy ; he died in 1788. WII,SON, John, one of the early settlers of New England, and first minister of Boston, Massachusetts ; he died in 1067. WILSON, Matthew, D. D., a distinguished Presbyterian clergyman, of the state of Dela- ware; he died in 1790. WILSON, Alexander, a distinguished natu- ralist, author of " American Ornithology," in 403 _ Wl NVILSON, LI.. L)., an einiiitiit lawyer, of Pt'iinsylvaiiia, was a piicMiber of congress from lliiit si.ito, ami one of the sinners of tlie tlccla- iHtionoi' riiUepeiidence. He; was aflervvarils a judge of the supreme courl of tliu I'liueJ .Sui Ci, and professor of law in the university «f Peiinsylvania. He died in 1798. VV[.'\IPINA, Conrad, proft;.'sor of divinity at Franld'ort. He wrote in d^li'icc of tlif; papal pT.ver, asiainst Luther, and died in 1531. WfNCKELSK.'^, Anne, countess of, autlior of some poems, which are written in an elegant ma.incr ; she died in 17-20. WKVCHESTER, Thomas, D. D., author of a tract on tlie 17th article of the church of Eng- land ; he died in 1780. WINCHESTER, RIkanah, an American di- vine, of the 18ih century, author of a work in dti'enee of the doctrine of universal salvation. WINCKELMANN, John, a German polemic writer, died in 1623. WIN'CKELMANN, Abbe John, an eminent German writer nn subjects of taste and art, was aiisassinatod in 17G3. WiNDH AM, Joseph, an eminent English an- Ijiljuarian. dii'd in 1810. VVLNDHAM, William, a celebrated English orator and statesman, was secretary at war, and afterwards secretary of state for the vi'ar department, in the British cabinet, and a mem- ber of parliament ; he died in 1810. WINDER, William H , a lawyer, of Jlaiy land; and during the second war witli Great Britain, a brigadier general in the army of the United States; he died in 1824' WIN'DEIl, Levin, a soldier of the revolution, ,ind .subsequently governor of the state of Mary land ; he died in 1819. WING, Vincent, a famous astronomer and as- trologer, who published " The Celestial Har- ni i!iv of the Visible World," and other works ; ho died in 1608. WING ATE, Edmund, an English writer on aiithnictio and the mathematics; he died in um. VVI.\GFIELD, Edmund Maria, a governor of the Colony of Virginia, soon after its settle- nii nt ; he returned to England in 1608. VV'INSCHOMB, John, commonly called Jack of Nmvbnrv, an English clothier, in the time of Henry VIH., famed for his opulence and loy- alA-. WTNSP.MTUS, Peter, historiographer to the states of Holland, and professor of idstory and eliiiuionce at Kraueker ; he died in 16-14. WiNSI.OV*', James Benignus, an eminent Daiish anatomist. He wrote several anatomi- cal and other works, and died in 1760. ^V^XSI,OW, Edward, one of the pilgrims who l.-indf'd on Plymont!) rock, in 1620. He w:i# a:"ter\va'ds governor of the colony of Plymoutli, and particuiarlv instrumental in its preserva- tion, ;iis tnai'iiage was the firs? that was cele- bi:!'"d in New Enyland. He died in l;o5 WrXSLOVV, Josiah. a son of the precedinc, '.v.'K also ffovernor of the colony of Plyrnouth, nnd was distinsuished for his talents, enenty, and '-rf'i'.n'ss in the colony; he di'd in 1680. WINSLOW. John, a descendant of the pre- cediniT, had a high military reputation in the ■ olrinies. and was a major-freneral in the British c.i'o-ial service. He ilied in 1774. ^V^^•ST\NLRY. William, an Englieh bio- ^raotiPi-, was originallv a barber, and lived in Ihf riv'o'.s of Charles H. and .I.-imes H. WINST:)\, Thomas, an Englisb physician, 404 WI i__ and professor at Gresham college ; he died in WINTER, George Simon, a German writer on the veterinary art, in the 17ih century. WINTIIROP, John, emigrated from Great Britain, with llie lirst colonists of Massacliu- Isetts, and w;h chosen the first governor of that colony He was a man of strong mind, strict integrity and prudence, and of great wealth, and was devoted to the prosperity and service of the infant settlement. He died in 1649. WINTHllOP. John, F. R. S., a son ef the preceding, and governor of the colony of Con- necticut, died in 1676. He was a man of great learning and talents, and an independent and upright macistrate. WI.\THROP, Fitz John, F. R. S.,son of the preceding, and distinguished, like his father, for his learning and piety He was governor of the colony of Connecticut, and died in 1707. WINTIIROP, John, F. R. S., son of the pre- ceding, distinguished in Connecticut for his ta- ents and acqiirenients. He went to England, and died there in 1747. WINTIIROP, John, LL. D., F. R. S., profes- sor of mathematics and tiatural philosophy in Harvard collesre ; he died in 1779. WINTHROP, James, LL. D . son of the pre- ceding, distinguished for his devotion to literary nursnits. He was librarian of Harvard college, and dif^d in 1821. WINTLE, Thomas, a learned Rngliyh di- vine, and theological writer; he died in.jS14. His writings were numerous. WINTOWN. or WYNTOWN, Andrew, canon of St. .'Indrew's, and author of a curious chronicle of Scotland : hedied about 1400. Wl.\'Ta INGHAM, sir Clifton, baronet, an eminent Enixlisli physician and medical writer; he died in 17',)4. WIN WOOD, sir Ralph, secretary of state In the reign of James L,and an author; hedied in 1617: WIRLEY, Williani, Rouge croi.\ pursuivant, an English antiipiaiy and heraldic writer, died in 1618. WIRSL'NGITS, John George, professor of anatomy at Padua, where, in 1642, lie disco- , vered and ex|)!aiiicd the pancreatic duct. WISCH.\UT, William*, n. D., a Scotch di- vine, wtis principal of Editiburgh university, iii 1716. His " Theologia" i.srecarded asavaluabls system of divinity. He died in 1727. WISC'HEAUT, an enlightened and benevo- lent prelate, of Scotland ; he becuine bishop of Hdiidiurgh, and died there in 166U. WISCHF.R, Cornelius, a Dutch engraver, in the 17tll century. His brother John, and his relations Lambert and Nicholas, weio also emi- nent artists. WISE, Francis, an eminent English divine and antiquary, died in 17li7. WIS!^. Joiin, an .Ami-rican cleriyman, who ettled at Ipswich. Mass , died in 172.5. WISSIXG. William, an excellent Dutch por- trait pai'ter. died in 1fiH7. WlS,=;ow,-\THJS, Andrew, graiidson of Faiislus Socinus, and head of the the Sncinians in Poland, died in Holland, in 16CS. WISTRR, Caspar, M D., an eminent Ame- rican physician, was professor of chymistry and physiology, and afterwards of anatomy and sursery, in the college at Philadelphia. He wrote a " Pvstem of Anatomy," and other works and died in '818. WITAfeJSE, Ciiarles, a French ecclesiasiiP, wo and proli'ssoi ofUK.M'iowyai I'aiis, and author oi Bt\u;al works; lie died ni 171(5. WI'J'HEUS, George, a pastoral poot, and a pariisaii ol ( roinwfll ; l)e difd in 1G67. \VITIU;RI!\G, Dr. VVillian], an einineni plivsiLJan and botanist, died in 1799. VVITIiERSPOON, John, D. D., L.L. D., was a native of Scolland, and a very ditaincnisliHil clcr<.'ytiian of that country. He acct;()'id tlie: presidei.cy of Princeton college, and came to America, in HGS. Here lie entered y.ealously into llie views and interests of the colonists. was sent as a dele^raie to congress in 1776, anil signed the declaration of Independence. Whi'ii a desiee of public traiiqiiillily was restored, lie resumed the station of presitient of the cnllc<;i', the exercises of wliicli had heen inlerrupteil by the war, and retained the oifice until his dealii in 1794. VVITSIIIS, Herman, a very learned and emi- nent Dutch divine; he died in 17U3, liaving published several important works. WITT, John de. See DE WITT. WITT, Emanuel de, an eminent Flemish painter of architecture ; he died In l(j0'2. WITTICIIIUS, Christopher, a native of Si- lesia, professor of mathematics and theology at different periods, in four universities. He died at Levdeii, in 1687. WODHULL, Michael, an English writer ol poems, died in 1816. WOFFINGTON, Margaret, an eminent Irish actress celebrated for beauty of counienance, and elegance of form, as well as good sense and general merit in her profession ; she died in 1760. WOIDF,, Dr. Charles Godfrey, a native of Poland, one of the librarians of the British tnuseum. a most learned grammarian and lexi co^'raplierof the Egyptian language, and editor uf t e famous Alexandrian New Testament. He was chaplain of the Dutch chapel in Savoy, and died in 1790. W' OLCOT, John, M. D , of Devons, in Eng., a very eminent and ingenious satirist, who pub lished his works under the name of Peter Pin dar. He died in 1819. WOLCOTT, Roger, chief judge of the supe rior court, and governor of the colony of Con necticut ; he died in 1767. WOLCOTT, Erastus, son of the preceding, was a brigadier-general in the American revolu tioiiary army, and a judge of the superior court of Connecticut ; he died in 1793. WOLCOTT, Oliver, LL. D., a son of Roger, wa^: a distinguished patriot of the revolution, a niembi r of congress in 1776, ai, leaving numerous works. ZOUST, Gerard, a German, celebrated for his accuracy in portrait painting ; tie died in 1G81. 35 ZY ZURLEY, John Joachim, D. D., un ominenl clergyman of Georgia, was a native of Switzer land, and came to America about 17tiO. He died in Savannah, in 1781. ZUCCHEHOTadeo, an Italian historical and portrait painter ; he died in 15»i6. ZUCCHEiiO Frederic, an eminent painter, and brother of Taddeo ; he died iu ICO'J, azed 63. ZUINGLIUS, Ulricus, of Swit7.<;rland, an able and zealous reformer of the church ; lie was killed in a skirmish with his popish oppo- nents in Id.'U. ZUMBO, Gaston John, a sculptor, of Syra- cuse ; he died at Paris, in 1701. ZUR-LAUBEN, Beat de, known as an able negotiator from the canton of ^ug, at the court of Lewis XIII.; he died in 16(j3. ZUSTRUS, Lambert, a painter of merit, the pupil of Titian. ZWINGER, Theodore, born in Zurgan, in 1534 ; he published an enormous compilation, entitled " I.e Theatre de la Vie Humaine," in 8 folio volumes, and died In 1588. ZWINGER, Theodore, grandson of the last, .'as a pastor and a physician at Basil ; ho died in 1629. His son John, was professor of Greek there, and died in 1696. ZWINGER, Theodore, son of John, was pro- fessor of medicine and eloquence at Basil, where he died in 17'^. ZYLIUS, Otho, a Jesuit, born at Utrecht, au- thor of " Lives of Saints," &c.; he died in 1655. ZYP.iEUS, or VANDEN ZYPE, Francis, a learned theologian, and writer on civil law, was born at Malines, in 1570, and died in 1650. His brother Heniy was an ecclesiastic, and abbot of St. Andrew, near Bruges ; he died iu 1659, leaving several works of merit. 409 F f f CONCISE ACCOUNT THE HEATHEN DEITIES, Arydian princess, turned by Minerva, into a spider, for presuming to vie with her at spinning. ARETHU'S.^, the daughter of Nereus. ARGENTl'NUS, and jESCULA'NUS, gods of wealth. AR'GO, the ship that conveyed Jason and his companions to Colchis, and reported lo have been the first man of war. AR'GONAUTS, the companions of Jason. AR'GUS, son of Aristor, said to have had a hundred eyes ; also an architect, who built the ship Argo. ARIAD'NE, daughter of Minoa, who, from love, gave Theseus a clue of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labyrinth : being after- wards deserted by him, she was married to Bacchus, and made his priestess. ARIMAS'PI, a warlike people of Scythia. ARI'ON, a lyric poet of IMethymna. ARIST.'E'US, son of Apollo and Cyrene. ARISTOME'NES, a cruel Titan. ARIsiTOPH'ANES, a comic poet, born at f.indus, a town of Rhodes. AR'TEMIS, the Delphic sybil ; also Diana. ASCLE'PIA, festivals of jEsculapius. ASCO'LIA, feasts of Bacchus, celebrated in Attica. ASTE'RIA, daughter of Ceus. ASTRAPayUS, and.VTABY'RUS: Jupiter ASTR.E'A, the goddess of justice. A.STROL'OGUS, a lille of Hercules. ASTY'.\NAX, the only son of Hector. ASTYPALCE'A, daughter of Phcenix. A'TE, the goddess of revenge. ATLAN'TES, a savage people of Ethiopia. AT'LAS, a king of Mauritania. AT'ROPOS, one of the three Fates. AVER'NUS, a lake on the borders of hell. AVERRUNC'US, a god of the Romans. AUGE'AS, a king of Elis, whose stable of 3O01) oxen was not cleansed for 30 years, yet Hercules cleansed it in one day. A'VISTUPER, a title of Priapus. AUR'EA, a name of Fortuna. AURO'RA, the goddess of the morning. AUTO LEON, a general of tlie Crolonians. AUTUM'NUS, the god of fruits. B BACCHUS, the god of wine. B AP'T.A, the goddess of shame. BARBA'TA, a title of Venus and'Fortuna. B '.SSAREUS, a title of Bacchus. BAT'TUS, a herdsman, turned by Mercury into a loadstone. BAU'Cld, an old woman, who, with lier hus- band Philemon, entertained Jupiter and Mer- cury, travelling over Phrygia, when all otheri refused. BELLER'OPHON, son of Glaucus, king of Ephyra, who underwent numberless hardships lor refusing an intimacy with SthenobiEa, the wife of ProBtus, king of Argos. BELLO'NA, the goddess of war. BERECYN'THIAMA'TER,atitlcofCybele. BERENI'CE, a Grecian lady, who was the only person of her sex permitted to see tlie Olympic games. BER'GION, a giant, slnin by Jupiter. BIB'LIA, the wife of Duillius, who first insti- tuted a triumph for naval victory. BICEPS, and Bl'FRONS, names of Janus. BISUL'TOR, a name of Mao. BI'THON, a remarkably strong Grecian. BOLI'NA, a nymph rendered immortal for her modesty and resistance of Apollo. BO'NA DE'A, a title of Cvbele and Fortuna. BO'NUS D.-E'MON, a title of Priapus. B0'REA3, son of iEstrsus and Heribeia, generally put for the north wind. BRE'VIS, a title of Fortuna. BRI'AREUS, a monstrous giant, son of Tilan and Terra : the poets feign him to have had a hundred arms and fiftv heads. BRl'MO, and BUBAS'TIS, names of Hecate. BRISE'I3, daughter of Brises, priest of Ju- piter, given to Achilles upon the taking of Lyr- nessus, a city of Troas, by the Greeks. BRQN'TKS, a maker of Jupiter's thunder. BRO'THEUS, a son of Vulcan, who threw himself into mount ^tna, on account of his deformity. BRIJMA'LIA, feasts of Bacchus. BUBO'NA, the goddess of oxen. BUSI'RIS, a son of Neptune, and a most cnrel tyrant ; he was slain by Hercules. BYB'LIS, the daughter of JNliletus. CABAR'NI, priests of Ceres. CABPRF, priests of Cybele. CA'BRIJS, a god of the PliaselitE. CA'CUS, a son of Vulcan. CAD'MtJS, son of AgeiKir and Tclepbessa who, searching in vain for his sister, built the city of Thebes, and invented 16 letters of the Greek alphabet. CADU'CEUS, Mercury's golden rod or wand. C.E'CA, and CONSERVATRIX, titles of Fortuna. CiECUIiTIS, a robber, son of Vulcan. C^E'NEUS, a title of Jupiter. CAI/Cn.'\3, a famous Greek soothsayer. CALld'TO, the daughter of Lyraon. O.'M.LrOPB, the muse of heroic poetry. CALYP'SO, daughter of Oceanus and Thetis, who reigned in the island of Ogygia, where she entertained and became enamoured of Ulyssca, on his return from Troy. CAM'BLES, a gluttonous king of I,ydia. CAMBY'3ES, tfie son of Cyrus, and king of the Medcs and Persians. CAMCE'NA, and CARN.A, goddess of infants. CA'NES, a title of t.ie Furies. CANO'PIJS, an Egyptian god. CAR'DU,\, a household goddess. CARMEN'TA, a name of Themis. C'.AR'N.A, a Roman goddess 4.11 cy CARYA'TIS, a title of Diana. CAS'PJl, a people of Hyrcaiiia, wlio were said to starve their parents to death when 70 years old, and to train up dugs for war. CASriANDKA, aduiighter of Priam and He- cuba, endowed with the gift of prophecy by Apollo. C.^STAL'IDES, the Muses, from the fountain Castalius, at the foot of Parnassus. CA'TIUS, a tutelar god to grown persons. CAS'TOR, son of Jupiter and Leda, between whom and his brother Pollui immortality was a'ternatelv shared. CE'CROPS, the first kin? of Athens. CKLCE'NO, one of the three Harpies. CEN'TArRS, children of Ixion, half men, half horses, inhabiting Thessaly. CEPH'ALUl?, the son of Mercury and Ilersa. CE'PHEUS, a prince of Arcadia and Etiiiopia. CERAU'NirS, a thieof Jupiter. CER'BERUS, a dog with three heads_ and necks, who guarded the gates of hell. ' \ CERE.A'LIA, festivals in honour of Ceres. CE'REP, the godJi'ss of agriculture. CE'RUS, or SE'RUS, the god of opportunity. CH.^L'CEA, festivals in honour of Vulcan. CHAR'ITES, a name of the Graces. f'HA'RON, the ferryman of liell. CHIME'RA, a strange monster of Lycia, which was killed by Eelleroplion. CHI'RON, the preceptor of Achilles. CHRO'MIS, a cruel son of Hercules. CHRYSAO'RH'S, a surname of Jupiter. CHRY'HIS, a priestess of Juno at Argos. CIR'CE, a famous enchantress. CIR'RHA, a cavern of Phocis, nearDcIph whence the winds issued which caused a divine rage, and produced oracular responses. CITHCE'RIDES, a title of the Muses. CL*\TJ'Sh\A, a name of Venus. CLAU 'SIl?S, or CLU'SrUS, a name of Janus. CLEOME'DES, a famous wrestler. CEI'O, the muse presiding over history, and patroness of heroic poets. CLO'THO, one of the three Fates. CLYTEMXES'TRA, dauuhter of Jupiter and Leda, killed by her son Orestes, on account of her adultery with yEgisthus. COCY'TUS, a river of hell, flowing from Styx. COLLI'NA, the goddess of hills. rOMPITA'LIA, games of the household gods. CO'.MUS, the god of festivals and merriment. rC\COR'DlA, the goddess of peace. CONaERVA'TOR, and GUSTOS, titles of Jupiter. CON'srS, a title of Neptune. CORTINA, the covering.' of Apollo's tripos. CORYBANTES, and CURE'TES, priests of Cvbele. CRE'ON, a king of Thebes. CRI'NIS, a priest of Apollo. CRINIS'SUS, a Trojan prince, who could change himself into any hhape. CRCE'PUS, a rich kini; of Lydia. CRO'NIA, festivals in honour of Saturn. CTES'IBUS, a famous Athenian parasite. CI"NIA, the goddess of new-bom infants. CtJ'PH), son of Mars and Venus, the god of Icve, smiles, &c. CY'CLOP.?, Vulcan's workmen, with only one eve in the middle of their forehead. CYB'EEE, the wife of f-'alnrn. CYC'NUS, a king of Liguria ; also a son of Nep'iine, who was invulnerable. OVLEENIIS, and CABIII/LUS, names of Mcrcurv. 41? DI I CYNOCEPH'AH, a people of India, said to have heads resembling those nf dogs. CYNTHIA, and CYN'THIUS, Diana, and Apollo. CYPARISSjE'A, a title of Minerva. CYP'RIA, CYTHERE'A, titles of Venus. Djf^DA'EION, the son of Lucifer. DjED'ALUS, an artificer of Athens, who formed the Cretan labyrintl), and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumbline, saw, and masLs and sails for ships. DA'MON, the sincere friend of Pythias. Dv^'MON BO'NUS, DITHYRAM'KUS, and DIONYS'IUS, titles of Bacchus. DA'NAE, the daughtfr of Arrisius, king of Argos, seduced by Jupiter in the form of a golden shower. DANA'IDES, or BE'LIDES, the 50 daughters of Uanaus, king of Arges, al! of whom except Hypermnestra, killed their husbands, the sons of their uncle A;gyptus, on the marriage night: they were therefore condemned to draw water out of a deep well with shieves, so that their labour was without end or success. DAPH'NE, a nymph beloved by ApoUo. DAR'DANUS, the founder of Troy. DA'RES, a very ancient historian who wrote an account of the Troian war. DE'A SYR'I.A, a title of Venus. DE'CIM.A, a title of Lachcsis. DEIANI'R.A, the wife of Hercules. DEJDA'MIA, daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, by whom Achilles had Pyrrbus, whilst he lay concealed in women's apparel, in the court of Lycomedes, to avoid going to the Trojan war. DKIOPEA, a beautiful attendant on Juno, DEIPH'OBE, the Cumeau sybil. DEIPH OBUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba. DE'LTA, DE'Lirs, Diana and Apollo. DE'LOi*, the island where Apollo was born. DEL'PHI, a city of Phocis, famous for a tem- ple and an oracle of Apollo. DEI/PinCCS, DIDYM^'Ug, titles of Apollo. DF.JI'ADES, an Athenian orator. DER'BICES, a people near the Caspian sea, who punished all crimes with death. DEUCA'LION, son of Promeiheus, and king of Thessaly, who, with his v\ife Pyrrha, was preserved from the general deluge, and repcfipled the world. DEVEK'RA, the goddess of breeding women. DIAG'OKAS, a Rhodian, « ho died for joy, because his three sons had on the same day gained prizes at the Olympic games. DIA'NA, the goddess of hunting, &c. DI'DO, daughter of Belns, the founder and Iqneen of Carthage, whom Virgil fables to have ' burnt herself through despair, because jEneas left her. DI'ES, and DIEP'PITER, titles of Jupiter. DIN'DVME, DINDYME'NE, titles of Cybele. DIOME'DES, a king of AUoWn, who gained great reputation al Troy, and, accompanied by Ulysses, carried olT the Palladium also, a tyrant of Thrace. DIO'NE, one of Jupiter's mistresses. DIONYS'lA, feasts in h«nour of Bacchus. D10?jtJTER'PE, the muse presiding over music. EUTHY'MIJS, a very famous wrestler. FAB'ULA, the goddess of lies. FABULI'NUS, a god of infants GY FA'MA, the goddess of report, Sec. FAS'CINUM, a title of Priapua. FATES, ihe three daughters of Noi and Ere- bus, (Uothos, Lachesia, and Atropoa, entrusted with t!ie lives of mortals, fee. FAU'NA, and FAT'UA, names of Cybele. FAU'NUS, the son of Mercury and Nox, and father of the Fauns, rural gods. FEB'RUA, FLORIDA, FLUO'NIA, titles of Juno. FEIVRU.A, a goddaasof purification. FEB'RUUS, a title of Pluto. FELt'CITAS, the goddess of happiness. FER'CULUS, a household god. FERE'TRIUS, and FULMINA'TOE, titles of Jupiter. I''1';R0'NIA, a goddess of woods. FESdO'NIA, a goddess of wearied persons. FID'lUS, the god of treaties. FLAM'INES, priests of Jupiter, Mars, &c. FLO'R.A, the goddess of flowers. FLUVLV'LES, or POTAM'IDES, nymphs^f rivers. FOR'N.^X, a godde.ss of corn and bakers. PORTU'x\A, or FOR'TUNE, the goddess of happiness, &c., said to be blind. FU'RIES, or EUMEN'IDES, the three daugh- ters of iVox and Acheron, nam«d Alecto, Me- ga;ra, and Tisiphone, with hair composed of snakes, and armed with whips, chains, &.C. - GALATE'A, daughter of Nereus and Doris, passionately beloved by Polyphemus. GAL'Il, castrated priests of Cvbele. GAL'LUS, or ALEC'TRION, a favourite of .Mars, and changed bv him into a cock. GAME'LIA, atilleof Juno. G.AN'GES, a famous river of India. GAN'YMEDE, the cupbearer of Jupiter. GELASI'XnS, the god of mirth and smiles. GELO'NI, a people of Scythia, who used to paint themselves in order to appear more terrible to their enemies. GE'NU, guardian angels. GE'NuTS, a name of Priapus. GER'YON, a king of Spaiii, whofed his oxen with human ficsh, and was therefore killed by Hercules. GLAUCn'PIS, a name of Minerva. GLAUCUS, a fisherman, made a seagod by eating a certain herb: also the son of Hippolo- chu8, who exchanged his arms of gold for the brazen ones of Diomcde. G.NOS'SfS, a name of Ariadne. GOR'DIUS, a husbandman, but afterward* king of Phrygia, reruarkabU; for tying a knot of cords on which the empire of Asia depended, in so very intricate a manner, that Alexander the Great, unable to unravel it, cut it to pifces. GOR'(;ON'.S, the three daughters of Phorcya and Ceia, Medusa, Euryalw, and Stheno, who could change into stone those whom they looked Perseus slew Medusa, the principal of them. GORGOrH'ORI^S, a title of Pallas. GR.\'(;ES, Aglaia, Thalia, and Kuphrosyne, the daughters o! Jupiter and Eurynonie ; atten- dants on VcMUs and the Muses. GRADI'VtT!?, a title of Mars. GY'GES, a Lydian, to whom Cindaules, king of Lydia, showed his queen naked, which so iiiceiised her that she slew Candaules, and mar- ried Gygrs : also a shepherd, who by means oj a ring could render himself invisible. 35* 413 HA'DE3, a title of Pluto. HAMAXO'BII, a people ofScythia, who lived In carts, and removed from place to place, as necessity required. HAK.MO'iN'IS, a famous artist of Troy, HAKPAL'YCA, a very beautiful maid of Argo3. HARTIES, three monsters, Aello, Celceno, and Ocypete, with the faces of virgins, bodies of vuliures, and hands armed with monstrous claws. IIARPOU'RATES, the Egyptian god of si- lence. HF.'BE, the goddess of vouth. HEBRUS, a river in Thrace. HECA'LIUS, a title given to- Jupiter by TJie- Eeus. HECATE, Diana's name in hell. HEC'TOK, a son of Priam and Hecuba, and tiie most valiant of all the Trojans. HKC'J'BA, the wife of Priam. HiiGE'islUS, a philosopher of Cyrene, who dcsc.ibed the miseries of life with such a gloomy eloquence, that many of his auditors killed theinselvrs through despair, HEL'EiVA, the wife of Mcnelans, the most bcaUtifu! womaa in the world, who, rnniiing away with Pads, occasioned the Trojan war. HELRKUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba. HEL'ICON, a famous mountain of Bojotia, dedicated to Apollo and the Muses. HERA'IA, sacrifices to Juno. HER'CULES, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena remarkable for his numerous exploits and dan- gerous enterprises. HERIBE'lA, the wife of Astreus. HER'iM.^, statues of Mercury. HER'MES, a name of Mercury. HERMI'ONE; a daughter of Mars and Venus married to Cadmus ; also a daughter of Mene- laus and Helena, married to Pyrrhua. HE'RO, a beautiful woman of Sestos. in Tjirace, priestess of Venus; Lcander, of Abydos, loved her so tenderly, that he swam over the Hellespont every night to see her ; but being at length unfortunately drowned, she threw her- self into the sea, through despair. HEROD'OTUS, a very famous historian of HalicarnasBMS. HEROPH'ILA, the Erythrapan svbil. HERSIM'A, tlie wife of Romulus. HES'PERUS, or VESPER, the evening star. HES'PERIDES, the daughters of Hesperus; JF-S\e, Arethu^a, and Hesperethusa, who had a garden bearing golden apples, watched by a dragon, which Hercules slew, and bore away the fruit. HE'SUS, a name of Mars among the Gauis. HIPTIAS, a philosopher of Elis. HIPPOCAM'PI, Neptune's horses IX HY'ADES, the seven daughters of Atlas and JFAhra.; Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, Pasithoe, Plexaris, Pytho, and Tvche. They were changed by Jupiter into 7 stars. 'HY'BLA.a mountain in Sicily, universally famous for its thyme and bees. HY'DRA, a serpent, which had seven heads, or as some say, nine, others fifty, killed by Her- cules in the lake Lerna. HY'GE'IA, the goddess of health. HYL'LUS, the son of Hercules and Dejanira HY'MEN, the god of marriage. HVPE'RION, a son of Ccelus and Terra. HY'PS1P'\''LE, a queen of Lernnos, who was banished tor preserving her father when all the other men of the island were murdered by their kindred. lAC'CHUS, a name of Bacchus. lAN'THE, the beautiful wife of Iphis. lAP'ETUS, a eon of Ccelum and Terra. lAR'BAS, a cruel king of Mauritania. ICA'RIL'S, the son of Oebalus, who, having received from Bacchus a bottle of wine, went jinto Attica, to show men the use of it; but, j making some shepherds drunk, tbcy thought he ; had given them poison, and therefore threw him into a well. I IC'ARUP, the son of Dsdalus, who, flying with his father out of Crete into Sicily, and jsoaring too high, melted the wax of his wings, I and fell into tho sea, thence called the Icarian sea. PDA, a mountain near Troy. IDyE'A MATER, a name of Cybele. IDA:'I DACT'YLf, priests of Cybele. IDA'LIA, a name of Venus. ID'MOiV, a famous soothsayer. IPO'THEA, Jupiter's nurse. IL'IONE, the eldest daughter of Priam. TLIS'SUS, a river in Attica. PLUS, the son of Tros and Callirrhoe, from whom Troy was called Ilium. IMPERA'TOR, a name of Jupiter, IN'ACHIS and PSES, names of lo. I'NO, daughter of Cadmus and Heruiiones, and wife of Athamas. INTERCIDO'NA, a goddess of breeding wo- men. INTERDU'CA, and JTJ'GA, names of Juno, IN'UUS, and LN'C'UBUS, names of Pan. I'O, daughter of Inachus, transformed by Ju- piter, into a white heifer ; hut afterwards, resuming her former shape, w as worshipped ■ as a goddess by the Egyptians, under the name of Isis. IPH'ICLUS, the twin brother of Hercules. IPIHGE'NIA, daughter of Aganieintiun and Clytemnestra, who, standing as a victim ready to be sacrificed to appea.=ie the rage of Diana, was, by that goddess transformed into a white . HIP POCRENE, a fountain at the bottom of jl hart, carried to Tauris. •■iitd made her priestess. mount Helicon, dfdicated to Apollo HIPPOL'Y'TTTS, the son of Theseus and An-' fiope or Hippolyte, who refused intimacies with his stepmotl'.cr Pha;dra. At the request of Di-i ana, iEsculapius restored him to life, after I)« had been thrown from his chariot, and dragged thri)u?li the woods till he was torn in pieces. [ Hll'PO'NA, the goddnss of horses and stables. HI.-^TO'RIA, the goddess of histo:y. ; HORTEN'SIS, a name of Venus. HORf.S, a title of the sun. j HO.S'i'ILP.N'A. a goddess of corn. 414 ITHIS, :i prince of Cyprus, who hanged him- self for love ; also a daughter of Lygdas. IPH'ITITS, son of Pra.xonides, who instituted Olympic games to Hercules. I'RIS, the daughter of Thanmas ; she was Juno's favourite companion, and her messenger on aflair? of di.^cord, &c. I'TVS, the son of Tereus and Propiie, mur- >h!red and served up by his mother at a banquet before Tereu.s, in revenge for his having forcibly defloured her sister Piiilomela. IXI'ON , the son of Phlcgyas, who was faiteur MA NO eil in hell to a wheel perpetually turning round, for boristiiiR that he had lain with Juno. JAN'ITOR, and JUNO'NIUS, titles of Janus. JA'NUH, the first king of Italy, sou of Apollo and Creusa. JA'SON, a Thessalian prince, son of JEsnn, Who by Medea's help brought away the golden fleece from Colchis. JOC.\S'TA, the daughter of Creon, who un- wittingly married her own son Oedipus. JU'NO, the sister and wife of Jupiter. JU'NO INFER'NA, a name of Proserpine. JUNO'NESS, guardian angels of women. JUTITER, a son of Saturn and Ops, the su- preme deity of the heathens. JU'PITERSECUN'DUS, a name of Neptune. JIT'PITER TER'TIUS, INFER'NUS, or STY'GIUS, several appellations given to Pluto. JUVEN'TA, a goddess of youths. LA'CIIESTS, one of the three Fates. LACIN'IA, and LUCIL'IA, titles of Juno. LACTU'RA, or LACTUCI'N A, a goddess of corn. LiESTRIG'ONES, cannibals of Italy, who roasted and ate the companions of Ulysses. LA'IUS, a king of Thebes, killed unwittingly by his own son CEdipus. LA'MEit;, a name of the Gorgons. LAUC'OON, a sou of Priam, and highpriest of Apollo ; he and his two sons were killed by serpents for opposing the reception of the wooden horse into Troy. LA'PIS, or LAPID'EUS, titles of Jupiter. LA'RES, sons of Mercury and Lara, worship- ped as household gods. LATERA'NUS, a household god. LAVER'NA, a goddess of thieves. LEAN'DER. See Hero. LE'DA, daughter of Thestias, and wife of Pyndarus, seduced by Jupiter in the shape of a »wan. LEMONI'ADES, nymphs of meadows, &c. LE'N.(E, priestesses of Bacchus. LER'NA, a marsh of Argos, famous for a nydra, killed there by Hercules. LE'THE, a river of hell, whose waters caused a total forgetfulness of things past. LEVA'NA, a goddess of new born infanta LIBITI'NA, the goddess of funerals. LI'NUS, son of Apollo and Terpsichore. LiUBEN'TIA, the goddess of pleasure. LU'CIFER, son of Jupiter and Aurora, made Ibe morning star. IjU'NA, Diana's name in heaven. LUPERCA'LIA, feasts in honour of Pan. LUPER'CI, priests of Pan. LYCA'ON, a king of Arcadia, turned by Ju- ()iter into a wolf. M MA'IA, loved by Jupiter, and by him turned Into a star to avoid Juno's rage. MANAGENE'TA, a goddess of women in labour. MANTU'RA, a goddess of corn. MANTUR'NA, and ME'NA, nuptial god- desses. MARI'NA, MEL'ANIS, MER'ETRIX. MI- GONI'TIS, and MUR'CFA. titles of Venus M.'^RS. thegodofwar. MAUSO'LUS, a king of Caria, who had a most magnificent tomb erected to him by his wife .'Artemisia. MEDE'A, daughter of jTItes, king of Colchis, a famous sorceress, who assisted Jason to obtain the golden fleece. MEIilTRl'N.^, a goddess of grown persons. MKOU'SA, the chief of the three Gorgons. MEG/E'R.-V, 'as made a ctLimmissioner of the admiralty, in 176.3, and lord of the treasury, in 1788, and has subsequently held several otJierimportant offices, since so much distinguished. In 1792, he was sent by the elector of Cologn, to Vienna, to study the theory of music, under the cele- brated Haydn ; he has continued to reside in that city since, under the patronage of several distinguished noblemen, by whom he is muni- licently supported. His works are far too nu- merous to be mentioned iiere ; they are uni- versally known, and are admitted to be produc- tions of the highest order : many of them will be heard with delight, after tlie overtures, even of Mozart. Beethoven is extremely deaf; this, together with a degree of inattention to the or- dinary rules of politeness in private life, has de- tracted somewhat from his reputation. He is however, said to possess a nice sense of honour and of moral rectitude, and an extensive ac- quaintance with literary and scientific subjects. BEllNADOTTE, John Baptist Julius, now Charles John, king of Sweden, is the son of a citizen of Pau, in Beam. He was born January ■26, 17(54, and after receiving a limited education, commenced his career, as a private soldier in a regiment of royal marines, at the beginning of the French revolution. His activity and valour soon raised him fiom obscurity ; in 1792, he at- tained the rank of colonel, and the next year, that of general of brigade. From that time, his reputation as an oflicer rapidly increased, and his promotion in the French service, conse- quently followed. He was appointed ambas- sador from France to Vienna, and to the Hague ; commander-in-chief of the army of the v^est, and minister of war. Buonaparte made him a marshal of the empire, and gave him the princi- pality of Ponte Corvo. He was also decorated with the order of the Eagle by the king of Prussia, and with the insignia of several other orders, by different princes. Until 1610, he was actively and successfully engaged as a general officer, under Napoleon, and maintained the re- putation of a brave, skilful, and efficient com- mander. He was also distinguished no less tor his humanity and moderation, than for his va- lour and energj'. This fact, so foreign to the characters of the other French marshals, en- deared him to the people of those countries through which the vicissitudes of war led liim, and contributed in a great degree to his present elevation. On the deposition of Gustavus Adol- phus, in 1810, the throne of Sweden was with- out an heir, and he was selected by the principal inhabitants of that country, to supply the va- cancy. He was accordingly proclaimed by the states of Sweden, crown prince of that king- dom, August, 1811, and adopted by Charles Xlll. as his son. On receiving intelligence of that event at Paris, he solemnly renounced the catho- lic religion ; hastened his departure from France, and made his public entrance into Stockholm on the 1st of November following. From that time to the present, he has been devoted to the interests and prosperity of his adopted country, and he has gained the confidence and esteem of his subjects by his exertions for their welfare. In 1813, Sweden entered into the coalition against France, and the crown prince was ap- the duties of which, he has discharged with'lpointed to command the right wing of the allied ability. He is now secretary of stale for the||ariny,cntisisting of nearly one hundred thousand cokMiial department, and one of the tellers of jimen ; with this force he gained several impor- '.he English exchequer. | tant victories, and contributed to the overthrow BEETHOVEN, Liidwig Van, was born at!|of Napoleon. On the death of Charles Xlll., Boun, in the electorate of Cologn, in 1772,i:Februaiy 5th, 1818, the crown prince wa.s ele- and at the early age cf eleven, gave evidence' vated to the throne of Sweden, and has since of those great musical talents, both as a coni-jibeen acknowledged by all the great powers sf \K))!er and performer, for which he has beenJiEurope, as sovereign of that kiugdoBi. 420 BO BERTRAND, count Henry Gratian, is des- cended from a respcclable family in Touraiiie. Hi! took the oatli of fidelity to Napoleon, and served as a general of artillery in the camp of St. Omors, in 1800. The sLiccceding year he was aid-de-cam|) to the emperor, and in that ca- pacity, acted a distinguished pnrt in most of the campaigns of that period. In the battles of Aus- terlitz, and Friedland, he signalized himself as a brave and skilful general, and as a firm friend of the emperor ; and ho so far succeeded to his confidence and favour, that he was named grand marshal of the palace. Marshal Bertrand was engaged in the memorable catnpaign of Russia, and the severe actions that ensued. He then retired with the emperor to Elba, and, while there, was his confidential friend and adviser. On the return of Buonaparte from that island, Bertrand accompanied him as his first minister, was with him during the important events of the " One hundred days," and after the battle of Waterloo, and the second abdication of the emperor, retired with him on board the Bcllero- phon, to share the banishment of his sovereign, to the island of St. Helena. Too much praise can- not be given to the gratitude and fidelity which induced this noble minded man, to quit his native country, and all the prospects of ambition, that he might soften the captivity of his fallen sove- reign. BLOOMPIELD, Robert, a distinguished Eng- lish poetical writer, was born in the county of Suffolk, in the year lTi'6. His father was a rnechanic of middling circumstances, and with a large family dependant on him for support; he, of course, was enabled to give his children but a limited and common education. The death of this parent compelled Mr. Bloomfield, when a lad of eljven years old, to accept the employ- ment of a farmer's boy. In the intervals of his labours, his native genius prompted him to pe- ruse such books and newspapers as came within his reach, and even then, he wrote a small po- em which was published in the I.^ndon Maga- zine. He now turned his attention to poe- tiy during the hours of relaxation from labour, and compose.'! many excellent pieces ; the prin- cipal of which, the " Farmer's Boy," as a de- scriptive poem, possesses greatmerit ■ it has ful- ly established the claim of the author to the ti- tle of poet, and stamped his name with the ho- nour of genius. He has also published songs, ballads, and other pieces ; and the " Banks of Wye," a poem. BOLIVAR, Simon, is the most brilliant star in Colombian history, and indeed in the history of modern revolutions ; and, to whatever it may be ascribed, whether to accident, good fortune, or personal merit, or to all combined, he has raised himself to an eminent station in the list of successful heroes and remarkable men. He was born at Caraccas, about the year 178.5, and is said to be descended of a noble and wealthy family of that place, .\fter completing his stu- dies at Madrid, where he received his education, he resided for some time at Paris, where he was intimate with Humboldt and Bonplaiid, and then travelled through England, France, and other countries of Europe. Before he returned [ to America, he had formed the design of de- voting himself to the cause of South American independence, and he returned in season to ioin Miranda and his associates, just as he had unfurled the standard of liberty in Venezuela. Being dissatisfied, however, with the general system of measures pursued by the patriot party. he for a time, avoided taking any active part ; but the time soon arrived, when he fell it his duty not to be kept inactive by a mere dilfcrencc of opinion ; he then joined the army and engaged in the contest, with a zeal and patriotism, that raised him to popularity and influence. From that day to this, his history is before the world ; it has been a succession of splendid achieve- ments, which have gained for his name a mer- ited place on the same tablet with that of Washington. The brightest records of ancient or modern fame, have nothhig prouder to ollrr. Time must show, whether he will complete the parallel with his illustrious model, which may thus far be run with so much apparent justice Bolivar, was in his early career, unfortunate as a soldier ; he has however triumphed over his disasters. For a considerable time he was su- preme dictator, with all the army at liis com- mand ; but when a favourable opportunity pre- sented, he voluntarily relinquished his power, and returned to the rank of a private citizen. As president of the republic of Colombia, he has proved himself equally eminent as a states- man, as well as a soldier. He has recently ex- hibited his magnanimity, and disinterestedness, by relinquishing supreme authority in an adjoin- ing state, for whose liberties he had been con- tending ; and by declining to accept a present of a million of dollars, which had been voted him, by the congress of Peru, for his patriotic services. There is reason to believe that he is about to attempt the liberation of Brazil from the d.omi nation of a Portuguese dynasty. An American gentleman, in a letter from Lima, thus speaks of him : " General Bolivar, or, as he is always called, the Libertador, is about 5 feet 7, slender in his person, and, as the "Hero of the Equator," which the Americans call him, might be sup- posed to be rather dark in his complexion. His countenance, always of a serious cast, yet not- withstanding the mouztachio on his upper lip, not ferocious, as many represent him ; his eyes, dark hazel, are expressive and penetrating : he reads English, but does not speak more than a few words. French he speaks fluently, though not correctly. Apologizing one day for my imperfect knowledge of French and Spanish ; he said, " O, no matter, never regret it, your own tine idiom is the only one worth speaking ; all that is liberal, all that is noble, is to be found ia that. It is the language of liberty." Fie talks a great deal, and with apparent frankness, and without premeditation. He seems fond of so- cial life, and never balks a party by going away prematurely, Sec. On two occasions I have been with him in large parties, once at a ball and supper, where hestaid from eight in the evening to five in the morning talked the whole time ; at supper, gave toasts and made speeches, and after supper danced a waltz with a handsome girl. At a breakfast on Washington's birth day, the day he selected for his visit to the frigate tJniled .States, which lasted from eleven to three, he gave several toasts and speeches, in one of which he exalted the United States as infinitely surpassing every nation of ancient and modern times, in knowing how to unite the most entire liberty with the most perfect order, intelligence, and liberality. His ambition appears to be of a lofty and fine description. He wishes to go down as the assertet and founder of South American Independence, and satisfied with an ample private fortune, dis- dains all accessioa of wealth. His favourite 36 42-1 BO projects are a canal across the isihiiuis, and tlii' establishment of a congress at Panama, to coii- eist of a grand federative councii, to decide on all disputes between the different states; to have an array which they shall call out when either of the states or any foreign power coin- Jnits an aggression. After settling the affairs of these countries, and establishing their peace and independence, it is his wish to travel through the United States and England, for both of which countries he has a high admiration. His enmity against the Spaniards, nourished in the bloody war of Venezuela, is irreconcilable. All his connexions were murdered by them, except an uncle whom he has in Spain." BOYER, John Peter, president of the island of Hayti, is a native of St. Domingo. Of his birth and early life, we are unable to give any par- ticulars. He is said to be well educated, and it appears that he must long have possessed con- siderable influence in his native island, as on the death of Petion, he was elected president of the republic, without opposition. Since the death of Christophe, he has extended his au- thority over the whole island, and united all the inhabitants under his government. Boyer has recently procured, bv negotiation, the recogni- tion on the part of franco, of the independent sovereignty of the whole island. So far as we are acquainted with the acts of his administra- tion, he has given evidence of a strong mind, and of talents for governing, which might be coveted by some of the more legitimate sove- reigns of Europe. BRYANT, William Cullen, a poet of con- siderable eminence, was bom in the town of Cornington, Massachusetts. His father was a respectable physician of that place. After com- pleting his preparatory studies, he became a member of the WiHiamslown college, and re- mained there two years. He then commenced his professional studies, read law in an office at Northampton, and settled as a lawyer in Great Barrington. His amiable character, and social qualities have obtained for him the re- gard of a large circle of friends ; while his pure taste and cultivated genius have excited admi- ration on both sides of the Atlantic. He now resides at New York, and is an editor of the Atheneiim Magazine (1825.) » < • • • BUONWPARTE, madam Letitia Romalina, mother to the late emperor of France, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1750, and in 1767 married an assessor to the tribunal of that island. On the death of her husband, she was left with a numerous family, and without a fortune. She, iiowever, succeeded in gaining powerful friends and protectors, to some of whom she was in- debted for the elevation of her family. On the invasion of Corsica by the English, she removed to Marseilles, and from thence to Paris, where she resided until the downfall of the emperor. During the greater part of that period, she lived in all the splendour and luxury of a court, and received from the French people, that homage which was due to the mother of their sovereign. But the elegance which surrounded this lady had no charms for her, and it was said, that she was constantly advising Napoleon to recollect, that the day of trial might come, when| the dazzling glory with which he was encircled, might pass away. Since the abdication of the emperor, madam Buonaparte has resided in the states of the church, with her sons Lucien and liouis. BUONAPARTE, Joseph, brother to Napo- 4^2 BU Iton, was burn at Ajaccio, Jan. 7, 1768, and re- mnvod with his family to France, in 1793. The next year lit- married a mademoiselle Clary, sta- ter to the present queen of Sweden. He was appointed by his brother a commissarj' in the army ; and by the republic ambassador to Rome, in 1797. On his return, he was chosen a depu- ty to the council of Five Hundred, and secreta- ry to that body. After the revolution of the 18lh Bruniaire, his brother named him counsellor of state, and minister plenipotentiary to nego- tiate a treaty of amity and commerce with Iho United States. He signed the treaty of Lune- ville, in 1801, and soon after concluded a peace with Great Britain, at Amiens. He was nomi- nated president of the senate, by the emperor, and honoured with the titles of prince and grand elector of the empire. This was but the prelude to farther advancement; he was raised to the rank of general and commander-in-chief of the army of Naples, and lastly named lieutenant- general of that kingdom, which he had invaded at the head of a powerful army. On the 13th of Feb., 1806, king Ferdinand left Naples for Sicily, and the next day Joseph entered the city and took possession of the palace. He was soon af- ter proclaimed king of Naples, and formally elevated to that dignity. As sovereign of the kingdom of Naples, he became subservient to the views and policy of Napoleon. He suppres- sed the religious orders, seized upon their pro- perty, and converted their lands to the public use. He also abolished the feudal rights, and created a new order, called the order of the Two Sicilies. He was likewise accused of resigning to pleasure, hours which should have been devoted to business, and of preferring a voluptuous and ostentatious life, to the welfare and respect of his subjects. His administration, however, was far from being either tyrannical or cruel, and hi> people complained rather of his prodigality of expenditure, and the burthen of the public tax- es, than of his vices or injustice. In the yeai 1808, he was proclaimed king of Spain and th« Indies, by Napoleon, and he immediately quit- ted Naples, for his new monarchy. The civil wars wliich ensued in Spain, the interference of the English, and the victories of Wellington, caused his overthrow in that kingdom, and his retreat from it, in 1813. He returned to France, and on the invasion of Russia, in 1814, he was appointed by the emperor, lieutenant-general of the empire, and commandant-general of thena tional guards, and confidential adviser to the empress Maria Louisa, then invested with thf> regency. Being afterwards overpowered by tha allied army, he left the kingdom, and retired to Switzerland; and on the final abdication of Na poleon, he came to the United States. He ha» since resided as an American citizen, in the stats of New-Jersey, and lias acquired the confidence and esteem of the inliabitants of that state, and of the country. His wife resides with her two daughters in the \'icinity of Frankfort. BUONAPARTE, Lucien, was born in 1775, and went to France in 1793. He was at first employed as a commissary of stores, in Belgium, and did not commence his political career until 1797. He was then sent as a deputy to the coun- cil of Five Hundred, and, while a member of that body, was distinguished for his moderation and love of justice. Perceiving that the then igovemment was tottering, and that a cbanga jof affairs was approaching, Lucien wrote to I his brother, then in Egypt, advising him of the lUtate of parties io Frauce, and urging bis retura BU and on the arrival of Napoleon, he acted a prin- cipal part in tlie revolution wliich elevated his brother to the tirst consulship. His services on tliat occasion were rewarded by an appointment to the ministry, and by embassies abroad, in which he amassed immense wealth. He wa.s said to have been opposed to tlie elevation of Napoleon to the throne ; in consequence of Which, a coolness ensued between the brothers which was so far increased by a subsequent iDarriage of Lucien, that he was ordered to quit France. He retired to Milan, and afterwards to Korae. Subsequently he embarked for theUni ted States, was taken prisoner by a British fri- gate, and sent to England, where he continued until 1814. On the return of Buonaparte from Elba, he repaired to liis assistance, and took an active part in the affairs of that period. Since the abdication of the emperor, he has resided at Rome. He has been created prince of Canino, by the pope. BUONAPARTE, Louis, third brother of Na- poleon, was born in the year 1778. He entered young into the military service, was with his brother in the campaigns of Italy and Egypt, and returned from the latter country witi* des- patches for the directory. When Napoleon was proclaimed emperot, he was made a constable of the empire, and governor-general of Pied- mont. In 1805, he succeeded Murat in the go- vernment of the city of Paris ; he afterwards took command of the army north, and on the 4th of June, 1806, he became king of Holland. Louis was distinguished for his mild and gentle disposition, and for his love of justice. He made his administration, so far as was in his power, beneficial to his people ; he diminished the tax- es of the country, secretly encouraged trade, and generally adopted such measures as acquired for Jiim the character of a good prince. His pohcy so far interfered with the views of Napoleon, that he was compelled to relinquish the throne, and he retired to Gratz, in Styria, and afterwards to Rome, where he now resides. He has recent- ly published an interesting work, relative to his reign over Holland. BUONAPARTE, Jerome, the younger brother of Napoleon, was born in 1784, and educated in France. He went to St. Domingo with Le Clerc, as a lieutenant, and soon afterwards was ap- pointed to the command of a frigate. Buona- parte had so high an opinion of his nautical ta- lents that he made him an admiral ; he, how- ever, was soon dissatisfied, and transferred him to the army, where he rose to the command of a division. About the year 1801, Jerome visited! the United States, and while here, he married a Miss Patterson, daughter of a very respectable gentleman of Baltimore. Napoleon compelled hira to divorce this lady, with a view of marry- ing a princess of the house of Wertemburg. This marriage took place in 1807, and he now resides with his family in the territory ofWer- ternburg, under the title of count of Montfort. BURR, Aaron, late vice-president of the Uni- ted States, was born at Fairfield, in Connecticut, in 1749, and educated at Princeton college, inl New- Jersey, of which his father was president.! At the age of twenty-five he was aid-de-camp! to general Putnam, and he was afterwards lieu- tenant-colonel in one of the twelve regiments of the new levy, in the revolutionary war.' During the whole of that war he was distin-[ guished for his bravery, talents, and liberality.! At the close of the war he applied himself to tbe studv °^ ^''^ '**"'> ^^^ w^^ ^'^^^' called to. CA the bar, where he rose to the highett rank ol' professional eminence. He was afterwards chosen a meniber of the United States senate from tlie state of New- York, and subsequently vice-president of the United Statics. A di^pule of a political nature, led to a personal eiicouniev between colonel Burr and general Alexander Hamilton, in which the latter was mortally wounded. This event, and a charge of liigh treason against the United Stales, for which ho was tried and acquitted, have destroyed the cha- racter and influence of colonel Burr, and cast a stigma upon his reputation. For several ycaiu after the above event, he resided in Europe. He has now, however, returned to America, and resides in the city of New- York. CALHOUN, John C, is a native of SoutA Carolina, and was born in the district of Abbe- ville, about the year 1781. His father emigrated from Pennsylvania to South Carolina, anterior to the revolution, and was an ardent whig dur- ing that struggle. Mr. Calhoun laid the founda- tion of his classical attainments under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Waddel, after which he became a student at Yale College, and graduated witii much distinction for his proficiency in iiieta physics, mathematics, and the sciences gene rally ; and with a high reputation for his talents. At this period, Dr. Dwight foretold the political eminence which he would one day attain. Mr. Calhoun prepared himself for the practice of lavif, attended the lectures of judge Reeve, at Litchfield, Conn., and soon after, rose to the first grade m his profession. In a short time he became a member of the legislature of his native state, where he attracted great confidence, and in two years he was elected to congress. Of this body, Mr. Calhoun was an able, an eloquent, and a leading member, until the close of the year 1817, when he wag appointed secretary at war. In this capacity, " his attention was ac- tively directed to the great and important object of the general defence," and his active mind seems to have pervaded and analyzed the great and complicated mass of our national interests, and to have formed almost a new creation in the military department of the government." In March, 1825, Mr. Calhoun was elected vice- president of the United States. He was a lead- ing, decided, and able advocate for the late war, and has ever been a uniform advocate for in- ternal improvements, and also for a navy, " as the appropriate armour for a free people, with- out endangering their liberty." As a statesman, Mr. Calhoun is an ornament to his country ; as a patriot, he is ardent and independent ; aiid his colloquial powers are of the first order. CAMBACERES, John James Regis de, was born at Montpellier, of a respectable family, in 1753, and educated for the bar. His talents soon gave him reputation, and in 1792, he was nam- ed a deputy to the national -convention, and, in that capacity, voted for the death of the king. He was afterwards president of the council of Five Hundred, and minister of justice. On the elevation of Napoleon to the first consulship, Cambaceres was created second consul, and, in that office, devoted himself to the organization of the courts of justice. As emperor, Napoleon named hira arch-chancellor of the empire, and a member of the legion of honour. He was in- defatigable in the service of the emperor, who 45:3 CA Initiateii him in all his secrets, and on several occasions, in the absence of Napoleon, he wa» intrusted with the control of affairs. Tn 1814, he was created gram! dignitary of the order of the iron crown, and president of the council of regency, during the cainpaitjn of Russia. After the abdication of Buonaparte, he sent in his ad- hesion to the king ; but on the return of that monarch from Elba, ne resumed his offices of arch-chancellor and minister of justice. On the final return of Louis XVIII., he was banished ac a regicide, but has been since suffered to re- turn to Paris, where he now lives in a very re- tired manner. lie published, in 1704, his project for a civil code, which has since served as a ba- sis of the Napoleon code. CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederick, duke of, is the youngest son of the late king of Great Britainj and was born in 1774. He was educa- ted at Gottingen, and when he came of age, was made a colonel, and created duke of Cam- bridge, with a stipend of 12,000/. a year. In 180:i he was sent with 14.000 men to defend Hanover, but not succeeding, he returned to England. He then took his seat in the house of lords, and was promoted in the army to the rank of field marshal. In 1818 he married the princess Auzusta, niece of the landgrave of Ilcsse, by whom he has a son. Since his mar- riage his yearly allowance has been doubled C.'\MPBELT>, Thomas, a distinguished poeti- cal and miscellaneous writer, was born at Glas- gow, in the year 1777, and received his education at the university of that city. In 1799, he pub- lished "The Pleasures of Hope," a poem of great merit, and which has passed through seve- ral editions. He subsequently travelled on the continent, and on his return settled in London. Ho has since written " Gertrude of Wyoming," and other poems, and " Annals of Great Britain fro(n the accession of George III. to the peace of America. Mr. Campbell is the author of several articles on poetry and belles lettres in the Edinburgh Encycloptedia, and is now editor of the London New Monthly Magazine (18i5.) CANNING, George, Rt. Hon. The father of this gentleman, a native of Ireland, having dis- pleased his friends by marriage, was left to pro- vide for himself, and died in early life, leaving his family destitute. Mr. Canning was educated by his relations, at Eton and Oxford, where he gained several prizes. He afterwards went to the Temple to study law, and after completing his studies, was returned a member of parlia- ment for Newtown, in the Isle of Wight. The minister, Mr. Pitt, soon discovered his abilities, and offered hinj the place of under secretary of state, in the administration, virhich, in 1796, ho accepted. From that time, he supported Mr. Pitt until his death ; he then joined Mr. Percival, and was made secretary of state for foreign af- fairs. In this capacity, his conduct to lord Cas- tlereatili, brought on a duel between them, in which he was wounded, and for which he lost his place. He afterwards came into parliament from Liverpool ; was sent as ambassador to Lisbon, and on his return was made president of the Board of Control for India Alfairs. Mr. Canning is now secretary of state for foreign affairs, and leader of the administration party in the house of commons. He is said to have been a contributor to, and perhaps proprietor of, the duarterlv Review. CAXTKRBiniY, Charles Manners Sutton, archbishop of, is the grandson of John, duke of Rutland, and son of lord George Manners. He 424 CH was horn in 17.55, and educated al Cambridge, Kvherc he took his first degree in 1777. He was soon made dean of Windsor, and in 1791, raised to the bishopric of Norwich. On the death of the late primate, Dr. Sutton was, by the influ- ence of the king, nominated to fill the vacancy. He is said to be a prelate of great learning, con- ciliating habits of life, of an amiable character, and well calculated to fill the highest episcopal dignity of the realm. His only son, is now peaker of the house of commons. C.\REY, William, LL. D., baptist missionary at Bengal, was originally a shoemaker. In his twenty-fourth year he was ordained as a clergy- man, and in 1793, was sent as a missionary to India. On his arrival there, he immediately made liimself master of the Bengalee, Sanscrit^ and Mahratta languages, and is now professor of those languages, in the college of Fort William, at Bengal. Dr. Carey, with his associates, has been assiduous in printing and publishing the Scriptures, in different languages and dialects of India, and in promoting the spread of the Gospel in that country. He is now far advanced in lift, yet still continues his labours and usefulness, with all the zeal and energy of an apostle of the primitive church. CATALANI, Angelica, madam, is probably the most distinguished fem.ale singer of the age. She was born near Rome, in 1782, and educated in aconvent. Her father who was a silversmith, becomins embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs, his daughter became a public singer at Milan, at the age of fifteen, and was highly applaudeil by tlie Italian and French critics and journals. On her first appearance in England, in 1806, she was found superior to all the continental pane- gyrics, and has never since ceased to be greatly admired. Her voice is singularly powerful, and equally melodious in the high and low tones. Her figure is finely formed, and her deportment majestic. She is still heard with delight, both n Great Britain and on the continent. CHANTREY, Francis, an eminent English iculptor, was bom at Norton, in Derbyshire, in the year 1782. His father dying when he wa« quite young, he was educated by his mother, and in early life gave indications of his genius, by making models in clay. His friends had chosen the law as a profession for him, and he was on his way to Sheffield, to enter an office, when he chanced to look at some figures in the shop of a carver and gilder, which immediately induced him to change his pursuits. He there- fore became an apprentice to the carver, and resided with him three years ; during which he devoted himself to drawing, modelling, and studying from nature. He then went to London, where he soon attracted attention, and obtained extensive employment. His first public work, was a statue of the king in Guildhall. He has since established his reputation, by several splendid specimens of his genius. In 1818, Mr. Chantrey visited Italy, and contracted an inti- mate friendship with his great rival Canova. C1I.\PTAL, John, count de Chanteloup, was born al Montpellier, in the year 175,5. He stu- died medicine and natural philosophy when young, and, before the French revolution, was distinguished as a physician and chymist. At the beginning of the revolution he headed a mob in Montpellier, and took possession of the citadel in 1791. In 1793, he was called to Paris by the [committee of safely, to he consulted as a chy- inist, relative to the production of saltpetre, [and the making of gunpowder, and lie so far CH CL siirr.ociled in improving llie iiiauufaoture of that Brtiule, as to produce all that was wanted forthn use of the Freucli army, consisting of l,4OO,0IJ0 mm. It mav safely be said, that if any man coiitriliuted more than another to prevent the republic from being overrun, at that time, it was M. Chaptal. He was rewarded for liis servi- ces by the directory with the profesaorship of chymistry, in the university of Montpellier. He was afterwards, under Huonaparfe, made minis- ter of the interior. In that situation, he paid great attention to tlie mnnii factoring establish- ments in France, and to the means of promoting education. He was a devoted friend to Napoleon during his reign, and since his abdication has Jived as a private citizen. His writings have been very numerous, principally on chymical subjects. CHARLES X., king of France, was born Oct. 9, 1757. He married, in 1773, Maria Theresa, of Savoy, by wliom he had three children, a daughter, who died young, the present due d'An- goulemo, and the late due d'Berri. In his youth, the king was gay and extravagant ; he v.'as, .however, amiable in his disposition, and a pat- ron and protector of men of letters. From the bejjinning of the revolution he was decidedly opposed to any reform, and soon emigrated with his family. He went to Turin, and, in 1791, joined his brother, the iate king Louis XVIH., and prepared to assist in invading France. The events of this period of liis life are matters of history, and do not need repetition here. Fail- ing in his projected invasion of France, he re- tired to Westphalia, and afterwards to Great Britain, where lie resided until the restoration of his family. In 1814, he returned to France, and took up Iiis residence in the Thuillerics, as lieutenant-general of the kingdom in the absence of his brother ; and by his affable deportment and conde,scending manners, contributed not a little to reconcile the French to a change of govern- ment. On the death of liis brother, he succeed- ed to the throne under tlie title of Charles X. ; he was recently crowned at Rheims, with all the parade and splendour of modern extrava- gance. The general policy of his administra- tion has been the same as that of his predeces- sor, since his elevation to the throne. He has, however, abolished the censorship of the press, and done some other acts indicative of sounder views of government, than were entertained during the last reign. CH.\RLES LOUIS, of Lorraine, archduke of Austria, was born in the year 1771. He be- gan his military career under the prince of Co bourg, in Brabant, and was soon afterwards made governor and captain-general of the low countries, and field marshal of the empire. This prince commanded with great reputation and glory in the war against revolutionary France, and in a succession of campaigns, and during a series of severe actions with the first French generals of the age, proved himself not only a match for them, but almost the only general capable of successfully opposing them Our limits will not allow us to recapitulate bis victories ; we can only say, that whether oppos- ing Moreau on the Rhine, Buonaparte in Italy, or Massena in Switzerland, he displayed great military talents, and acquired great glory. Ow- ing to the intrigues of the Austrian court, he was induced to resign his military command, and he was made minister of war. In 1805, he resumed the command of the army of Italy, arid the next year he was made Austrian gcneralis- H h h simo of the army. After the peace with France, he hail an interview with Naijoleon, and repre- sented him at the marriage ceremony with the arch dutche-ss Maria Louisa, at Vienna. Prince Charles now resides at Vienna, devoted to mili- tary and literary studies. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Augustus, vis- count de, was born in 1769, of an ancient fami- ly in Brittany. He entered into the military service in 1786, but his regiment revolting at the beginning of the revolution, he came to America, and spent some time among the In- dians of the western wilderness, studying the character of that people, and viewing the beau- lies of nature in their original state. He re- turned to Europe in 1792, and from a sense of duty, enli.sted under the banner of the French princes. In their service he was severely wounded, and confined to his bed for three years; this ruined his finances, and compelled him to resort to his pen for suppoil. He pub- lished his Essay on Ancient and Modern Revo- lutions, and afterwards his Genius of Chris- tianity, works which have been mucli read and admired. Napoleon wished to attach him to his interests; and for a short time succeeded; but on the death of the duke d' Enghein, he re- siined his employments. He then travelled in Italy, Greece, and the Holy Land ; and lias since published his travels in those countries. During the residue of the reign of Napoleon, he lived a private life ; but on the restoration of thp Bourbons, he was created a viscount, and nam- ed minister to Sweden. He was afterwards iniiiister to Berlin, president of the electoral college of the department of Loiret, and minis- ter of state. He has lately resigned his offices in consequence of a quarrel with the ministry. CLARENCE, William Henry, duke of, is the third son of his late majesty, George HI. Ho was born in 1705, educated for the navy, and sent to sea at an early age Having served his time as a midshipman, he was gradually pro- riioted to the command of a frigate, and recently to the station of admiral of the fleet. In 1789, he was created duke of Clarence, and St. An- drews, with an income of 12,01)0? per annum. In 1814, he commanded the royal yacht, which conveyed Louis XVIII. to France and a throne. He married in 1818, a sister of the duke of Saxe Meiningen. CLARKSON, Thomas, a distinguished En- glish philanthropist, was born in the year 17G1, and educated at Cambridge, where he had a high reputation. In 1785, Mr Clarkson composed a prize essny in Latin, on the question, •' Is it just to make men slaves against their wilH" a translation of which he afterwards published This was, probably the fijst elfectual step toward the suppression of the African slave trade ; and seems to have stimulated its author to those great exertions, which so materially contributed to the English act of abolition. From this time, Mr. Clarkson relinquished his professional put- suits, and devoted his whole time to this great object. He connected himself with Mr. VVilber- force and others, and formed a society lor the abolition ofthe African slave trade ; he also wrote and published several works on the subject ; had several interviews with Mr. Pitt, and the privy council ; and after years of unwearied exertion, has accomplished the great object he had in view. He has lived to witness the triumph of principle, and of humanity, and to see his name placed among the benefactors of the human race. ^ ^ 38* 42r, C'L CLAY, Henry, was born in April, 1776, and is a native ol'tlie county ol' Hanover, iu Virginia. His fatlier, a resptctable baptist clergyman, died wlicn tie v/a>^ very younp, leaving liis laniily in pecuniary n)eans, soniewliat limited. His education was not tliat of a scholar ; but at an early ace as a clerk in the chancery office at Kichnioiid, Mr. Okiy attracted the attention ot chancellor Wythe, in whose lioiise he found an as'ylijin and a homo, an instructor and patron, under whose auspices he soon aciiiiin.d a pro ficiencyin the law. He removed to Lexington, Ky., in 1797, and there was successful in his profession, and soon became disiingtiished as a politician. From 1799 until IHOG, he was a leading and eloquent member of the house of representatives of Kentucky, at which time he was elected a member of the senate of the United States. After this, he was successively chosen a member of the legislature of his adopteil state ; of the senate of the United States ;,and >n Nov. 1811, a member of the house of repre- sentatives of the United States, and was imnie diately chosen speaker of that body. This office lie held until his recent ajipointment of secre- tary of state; at the commencement of Mr. Adams' administration. Mr. Clay's political career has been popular. In every appointment which he has held, he has acquitted himself with dignity and tirmness, and he has acquired the reputation of a zealous patriot ; a statesman. sound, prompt, and sagacious; and a brilliant and forcible orator. CLINTON, De Witt, son of James Clinton, a major-general in the revolutionary army, was born in thecounty of Orange, siale oiNew-Yo ill the year 17G9. He was edur nted at Colunibia College, and after receiving the honours of the university, commenced the study of ihe law, in 1786, and was admitted to the bar. He was se creiary to his uncle, governor George Clinton, who appointed him secretary of the university, and of the board of fortifications of New- York. He was elected a member of the legislature, from the city of New- York, in 1797, without opposition, and soon after was chosen a member of the senate. Mr. Clinton was afterward; member of the council of appointment, in 1802 a senator in congress, and was from 1803 to 1807 mayor of the city of New- York. During this time, he was for nine months a senator in the legislature, and member ot the council of appointment. In 1608 he was again chosen mayor of the city of New- York, and received the appointment of regent of the university. i)uring Mr. Clinton's public life, much of bis attention has been bestowed upon subjects rela live to the public health and internal improve ments generally, and when the law was passed, n 1817, authorizing the junction of the Western and Northern lakes and the Hudson river, byca nals, Mr. Clinton was appointed commissioner In 1811 hewas elected lieutenant-governor of the state of New-York, and recommended as a candidate for president of the United States, by a majority of the members of the leaislature, and from that time until 1615, was again mayor of the City of New- York. He was elected^ in JSn, governor of the stateof New- York almost vfithout opposition, and was re-elected in 1824. In the great and growing state of which Mr. Clin- '.(Mt is a native, liis name, his genius, and his ser- vices, are stamped upon many monuments of public munificence; and the promptitude, so- jidity and talent exhibited in his public career iV'jT^ that his energy is equal to any occurrence 4*6. CU COBBETT, William, fs the son of a farmer in Surrey. His father taught him arithmetic, and to read and write, and educated him as a I'armer. Early in life, he left his lather and went to London, and afterwards enlisted in a regiment destined to Nova J^cotia, where he re- sided six years. During this time, he devoted all his leisure to the cultivation of his mind. In 1792, he came to America, here he commenced author, and under the name of Peter Porcupine, wrote a series of essays, which exhibited his powers, and enraged his opponent*. Being pro.secuted for a libel and amerced in 5000 dollars damages; he left the country and returned to England, where he commenced his Political Register, which he extended to forty volumes. In this paper he attacked the administration with his whole energies, and with such effect, as to incur the vengeance of the ministry. Mr. Cobbett visited America again in 1817, and returned to England in 1819. He still continues his writings, which are already numerous. In dry humour, in pointed sarcasm, and in the power of casting ridi- cule upon an opponent, he is almost unrivalled. Mr. C. is said to be preparing for publication, a History of the Persecutions of the late Queen. CONGREVE, sir William, was born in the year 1760, and entered young into the artillervj f which his father was an officer of rank. He applied himself assiduously to the service, and soon distinguished himself by his mechanical genius, and by his important improvements. The principal of these, is the rocket, known by the name of the Congreve Rocket, wliich, as a frirmidable means of military annoyance, is generally admitted to be more efficient than al- most any other. This he invented in 1808 ; it is now adopted generally in the armies of the military powers of Europe. Sir William has pub- lished several scientific works, which prove him a man of extraordinary talents. He is said to be hijih in favour with the present king George IV CONSTANTINE, grand duke of Russia, is the second son of Paul I. He married, in 1798, a princess of Saxe Cobourg, who has since re- turned to her family. In 1799, he served under general Suwarrow, and behaved with greal bravery. He was in the battle of Austerlitz, opposed to Bernadotte, and distini.'uished him- self by his gallant resistance to the French. During the invasion of Russia, he was actively engaged, and in the subsequent campaigns ; and he enteren Paris with the allies. He is now viceroy of Poland, under his brother Alexander. COOPER, sir Astley Paston, F R. S., is one of the most distinguished surgeons and medical writers in Great Britain. Few possess an equal share of science and practice, and none enjoy a higher reputation for that spirit of liberality and philosophy, which ought to characterize the member of n learned profession. He is a mem- |ber of the Royal Society, a surgeon of Guy's j Hospital, and president of the Medical and Chi- rurgical Society. His writings, which are nu- nierous, are considered standard works by the 'nietnbers of the profession. He has lately been appointed surgeon to the king, and created a I baronet. CUVIER, baron de, was born at Montbeliard in 1769, and educated at Stutgard, where he be- came acquainted with the langufige, the litera* tnre, and the sciences of Germany. He arrived in France at the beginning of the revolution, and was soon distinguished among scientific men. I He was one of the first members of the Frencfc II Institute; and is perpetual secretary of (he DE acadeoiy of physical stitnicB, and profcstor of natural liisUiry lo the college of France. Baron Cuvier is one of the most distinf;iiisliert natural- ists of tlio present ago ; and to proroinid kiinvv- hiUge, lie has the an of expressiii'j his ideas with great clearncfs and elrgaiioe. Hie writings are very numerous, on scitinlilic and iniscHllaneons subjects. He is one of the editors of tiie Jour- Hal des Scavants. D D'ARBL\Y,inailaine, is the daughter of Dr. Burncy, and is better known by her maiden name, of Miss Francos Burney. This lady has deservedly attracted public attention, and pained a high reputation for herself, by her writings. She unquestionably ranks among the first female novel writers of the age. Her first work was Evelina, published in 1777. To this succeeded Ceciha and Camilla; she has also written a tragedy, which has been performed on the Eng- lish stage, and recently a novel called the Wan- derer, or Female Difficulties. Madame D'Arblay is now a widow, and resides, Bince the death of her husband, in F.ngland. DAVID. This celebrated French painter has been greatly distinguished for his zeal and atro- city as a revolutionist. He was a member of the national convention, and voted for the im- mediate death of Louis XVI.; and he was the constant associate and intimate friend of Robes- pierre and Maiat. After the fall of the former, he was arrested and imprisoned, but his merit 3s an artist, probably saved his life. He is ac knowledged to be the first French palmer of the present day. His pictures of the "Death of Slarat," of the Sabines, and of the coronation of Napoleon, are considered as admirable speci- mens of the art. As a regicide, David has iH^en banished, since the return of Louis XVIII., and now resides in BruxtUes. DAVY, sir Humphrey. This distinguished philosopher, who has done so much lo enlarge the bounds of chymical science, was born ai Peni-ance, in the year 1779, and received the rudiments of education at the school in that place. At the age of 15, he was placed as a pni)il with a Mr. Borlase, an excellent surgeon and accomplished sc)tnlar, with whom he resided several years, during which time, he laid down for himself, and pursued a course of study, which marineipal officer of the legion of honour. In 1806, he was nominated by the elector, arch-! chanctllor of the Germanic empire, his coadjutor and successor. He afterwards fell into disgrace with Buonaparte, for opposing his violent treat- ment of the pope, and retired to his see in Lyons, where he resided in great splendour, until 18H. On the downfall of his nephew, he went with liis sister Madam Letitia Buonaparte to Rome, where he lived in retirement, until the return from Elba. He then resumed his dignities in France for a short period, but again took up his residence at Rome after the battle of Waterloo. FRANCIS II., emperor of Austria, and son of Leopold II. of Spain, was born in February, 17fi3. In June, 1792, he was crowned king of Hungary ; in July, elected king of the Romans ; and in August of the same year, he was crown- ed king of Bohemia. In 1804, he took the title of hereditary emperor of Austria. Francis is not willing to relinquish the rights of despotism ; yet his mildness of temper, and his attachment to his subjects are remarkable. He is an effi- cient member of the " Holy Alliance." FREDERICK VI., king of Denmark, son of Christian VIL, was born in January, 17G8. He distinguished himself by the probity, justice, and publicity of his administration while regent, and since ISU"?, when he ascended ilie fTSrone, his GE reign has afforded an example of political and religious liberty, singular In a country, the con- stitution of which is almost wholly at the dis- posal of the sovereign. FREDERICK W'lLLIAM HI., king of Prus- sia, boni in .'Vugnst, 1770, succced'd his father, Fiederick William II., November, 1797. Ilia early life was much devoted to tlie interests of Prussia; but since his alliance with .Moxander of Russia, the character of Frederick seems to have been changed ; the promises made to his subjects during his turbulent wars with Fr;uire, liave been broken, and Frederick, backed by the armies of the " Holy Alliance," defies the dis- content and anger of his people. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS L, son of Frede- rick Christian, was born December, 17.")0 ; be- came elector of Saxony in 1708, and in 1777, elector of Bavaria, by the death of Maximilian. In 1791, the crown of Poland was proffered him in the name of the Polish nation, which he de- clined accepting, at the desire of his subjects. In laOG, Saxony was constituted a kingdom, and Frederick elected king. He became a nieinber of the Germanic kxiy in 1812. Taken prisoner by the armies of France, Russia, and Prussia in 1813, he was obliged to relinqnish large por- tions of his territory, and, by order of the king of Prussia, he acceded to the " Holy Alliance" in 1817. GALL, Dr., is now a resident of Paris, and vias born in VVertembnrg, in 17.58. With him originated the science of craniology, which has found so many advocates in Germany, Paris, England, and the United States. GALLATIN, Albert, a native of Geneva, came many years since to the United States. For subsistence he became a French teacher, but afterwards connecting himself with Mr. Jerferson, he rose to high employments in this country. He was appointed secretary of the treasury ; and, in 1813, was sent to conclude a peace between th^ United States and Great Britain ; failing in this he returned in 1814 ; in 1815, he was appointed minister to Paris, and afterwards went to London on public business. GALT, John, an extensive and observant traveller, and an author of considerable talent, was born in Greenock, 1779. He has published the " Life of Benjamin West, Esq.;" the "Life and Administration of Cardinal Wolscy ;" " Annals of the Parish," and many other works. GEORGE IV., king of Great Britain and Ire- land, son of George HI., was born August 12th, 17fi2, on the 17th of that month was created prince of Wales, and earl of Chester. He con- nected himself with Mr. Fox and the popular party, in 1783, and in the same year, having taken his seat in parliauient,supported Mr. Fox's celebrated India bill. In 1705 he married the princess Caroline of Brunswick, and, in 1810, in consequence of the king's indisposition, lie was appointed regent, and continued closely at- tached to the Pitt party. He succeeded his fa- ther in 1820. His attempts to procure a divorce- ment from the queen, produced an extraordina- ry feeling of indignation throughout the kingdom, which only subsided at her death, which took place soon after. GERARD, M., acelebrated painter, wis bom 4^9 ___^ iiO at Kome, in 1770 ; lie is now a resident of France, and cliit'f painter to llie king. C.IJ'KURD, William, editor of the " London Ouarirrly Review," was born in 1757. Wlien he liad ii-arned to write and cipher, lie was pnl on board a coaBUnt; vessel, where he remained a year. He alterwards was bound an apprentice to a shoemaker, where he continued till he was twenty years of age, when his talents were dis covered, and lie was sent to Oxford. He per- formed two tours afterwards on the continent, as tutor to lord Belgrave, who, on his return, placed liim in a state of independence. He has published a translation of the " Satires of Juve- nal;" the " Baviad;" the " Ma;viad ;" and pome other works. (ULLIES, John, a native of Brechin, was born in 17,50, and educated at the university of Glasgow. His great work, the " History of An- cient Greece," and the " History of tlie World from Alexander to Augu.suis," have gained him the reputation of a correct historian. He; has also published other works of merit, and now resides in London. ♦ilSBORNE, Rev. T., an English curate, and distinguished moral writer. Among his works arc " The Principles of Moral Philosophy," an " Inquiry into the Duties of the Female se.\," and " A Familiar Survey of the Christian Re liL'ion," &c. "GLOUCESTER, duke of, son of the late duke of that name, was born at Rome, and succeeded to his father's title in 1805. In politics:, the duke has generally voted with the whigs, and during the queen's trial, he supported her as a much injured and oppressed woman. He has lately acted much in public life. He was educated at Canitiridge, and is now chancellor of that uni- i-ersity. GOnOI, Don Manuel, prince of peace, was liorn at Badajoz, in Spain, in 1764, of a poor la mily. From one of the king's body guards, liv- ing on a pay of twenty cents a day, he became a favourite of the king and queen, was made prime minister, and, besides being invested with all the titles and honours his majesty could be- Ftnw, the king gave him his eousin in marriage. His ambition and influence were unlimited, nor did Godoi finish his career of artifice and in- trigue, till Buonaparte, in 1S08, became king of Spain. GODWIN, William, son of a dissenting cler- gvman,was himself a preacherof that persuasion for some years. In 1792, as the author of " Po lilical Justice," he inculcated some doctrines, both on religion and politics, which gave great offrnce. He has since been a political and mis- cellaneous writer, and hasac(iuircd much cele- brity by his masterly e.\ainination of Maltlius' "Theory of Population," "Fleetwood,"" Man- deville," " Life and .\ge of GeotiVey Chaucer," and " Caleb Williams," are from his pen. Be- sides these, he has written many useful books on education, and is now a juvenile bookseller in London. GORTHE, baron, a most celebrated German writer was born at Frankfort, in 1'49. In 1782 he was ennobled, and as baron Gorthe was named president of the ducal chamber. Gortlie, in his own country, is almost worshipped, and abroad bis reputation is high as a poet, and as a scholar His works are voluminous, the first of which was the " Sorrows of WfertPr." GOOD, Dr., a man of distinguished talents, and eminent as a pliysirian. he resides in Lon- (ton.. Besides manyother woiks, Us lately pub- 439 HA lished the " Study of Medicine, ".and a " System of Nosology," both of which have been re- published in this country. GOnViON,St. Cyr, count, one of the best French tacticians, was an officer under Louis XVI., and acquired great reputation as a soldier under Buonaparte, who appointed him a mar- shal. When Iiouis XVIII. returned to France, he created liini a peer. He is now at the head of the war department. GRAFTON, duke of, was born in 1760. He was closely attached to Mr. Pitt, is now one of the whig parly, and was actively engaged forthe queen, during her trial. GRANT, Mrs., author of " Memoirs of an American Lady," " Letters from the Moun- tains," &;c. She was born at Glasgow, in 1751) ; and when a child, spent some years in this country with her father, who was a Brilisii officer stationed among the Mohawks. GRENVILLE, lord, was born in 1769, and educated at 0.xl'nrd, where he studied law for a short time, and afterwards devoted his fife to politics. He for some time supported Mr. Pitt in his admitiistration. He was afterwards a member of parliament, and for a short time speaker of the house of commons. When Mr. Piti's interest declined, lord Grenville joined Mr. Fo.x in the opposition, and has since acted mostly with that body. GROS, M., a historical painter, a pupil of David, and one of the best masters of the French school. GROUCHY, marshal, born at Paris, in I7G6, was once a lieutenant of the body guards of Louis XVI., afterwards under Napoleon; he cqnired great reputation as a general, and rendered important services to France. By Buonaparte he was made a count, and after- wards marshal of the empire.yTiis attach|nent to Napoleon however has been dfiubtcd/and it if certain that during the battle of Waterloo, he was within hearing of the canonade with 40,000 men. Soon after the return of the king. Grouchy came to the United States but lately obtained permission to return to France. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, e.x-king of Swe- den, was born November, 1778, and snccctded lis father, Gustavua III., in 1792. At the com- mencement of his reign, he resolved to follow the pacific system of his father. But he refused to marry Catharine Paulowna, of Russia, after- wards queen of Wertemburg, although he went to St. Petersburgh with that object; this, and his refusal to recognise Buonaparte as emperor of France, was sufficient to involve him in his after difficulties. A coalition of France, Russia, Prussia, and Denmark, was formed in 1609, against Sweden, and the fear, anxiety, and dis- content manifested in all classes of the Swedes on this account, would have terminated in % civil war, had not Gustavns been seized, and required to abdicate the throne. He now re- sides at Basle, in Switzerland. H HALL, Rev. Robert, a Baptist minister, and not only one of the most eloquent dissenting ministers of his time, but an able polemical writer, was born in England in 1766. He was some time a minister at Cambridge, but his de- clining health has obliged him to retire to Leice'^'ersliire. H ARDENBERG, prince was bom in Hano- ver, 1750. After the Margravate of Aijspirfi HO and BaruutI) was sold to Trussia, M. Hardenbc^r^ was employed to assiniilute tlicir laws and goveniiiieiit to those of Priiesia. lie is now cliaiiccllor of state, minister of war, and mem- ber of tlie cabinet of the king of Prussia, who gave him tlie rank of prince. He is considered one of the ablest statesmen of Europe. HASTINGS, inariiuis of, born 1754, and as Iornary war. His career since has gained him inucli popularity. In IH05, he was sent as com- mander-in-chief, into Scotland ; and in 1822, he returned to England from India, where he had been for some years as governor-general. HAZLITT, William, the son of a dissenting minister, was originally an artist, but, relin qiiishingthe pencil for the pen, has become con- siderably distinguished as an autlior. Besides many other works, he has written " Lectures on tlie English Poets," '• Political Essays, with Sketches of Public ('haracters," " Lectures on the English Comic Writers," and "Characters of Shakspeare's Plays." HEATH, .lames, an eminent engraver, of England, was born in 1757. He has engraved several beautiful prints, which have !j;ained him great reputation ; his son, Charles Heath, is con- sidered one of the best engravers of his time. HENRY, Dr. William, born in Manchester, Eng., has acquired nmcli celebrity as a chymist. Jlis works have all been well received. Among them, are " Elements of Experimental Chyniis- try," and " A General View of the Nature and Objects of Chymi-stry." HESSE CAdSEL, elector of, was born June, 174j. He is one of the most illiberal monarchs of the present day. After the battle of Jena, Buonaparte took from him his electorate, to which he did not return till after the coalition, into which he entered, was victorious over Prance. HOBHOUSE, John Cam, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and soon after tra- velled into Greece and some provinces of the Turkish empire, in company with lord Byron. He has written an "Account of a Journey into Albania and other provinces in the Turkish Em- pire," a volume, illustrative of lord Byron's " Childe Harold," and some other works. In a reply to lord Erskine, heofTended the house of commons, for which he was imprisoned ; but he was soon after elected a member of the bouse he had offended, and is an intimate friend of sir P. Burdett. HOFLAND, Mr. and Mrs., the former a land scape painter, and the latter an author, each uniting considerable talents in their profession. Among the works of Mrs. Holland are "The Son of a Genius," " Says she to her neighbour, what7" "Ellen the Teacher," "The Sisters," and the " Officer's, Clergyman's and Merchant's Widow." Many of her works are designed for youth, and all are strictly moral. HOGG, James, the Ettrick shepherd, is the son of a respectable farmer and sheep dealer in Scotland, who was ruined when the subject of this article was a child. At seven years of age ne became a cowherd, and afterwards a shep- herd. During this period he suffered many hardships. " Time after time," says he " I had but two shirts, which often grew so bad, that When I put them on they hung in long tatters as far as my heels." At eighteen years of age, he could hardly read, and in writing a letter at that time, he says, " I tiad actually forgot how to HY make sundry letters of the alphabet." When lie was nineteen, he hired him.-'elf as a shepherd, to a gentleman, with whom he lived nine years. Here he had ai cess to many valuable books, and aspired to be an author. In 17!):), ho wrote An Address to the Duke of Buccleugh in beha'f o' mysel' an' ither poor fo'k." His flrsl printed work appeared in 1601, and soon after, he published the "Mountain Hard," by which, and a work on sheep, he became master of nearly three hundred -pounds ; a sum which, lie says, made him " perfectly mad." Hut in three years he was pennyless, and in I?10, in utier des- peration, he took his inlaid about his shoulders, jset out for Edinburgh, and forced hinicelf into no- tice as a literary character. His works, among |wliich are the "Queen's Wake," " The Pili^rima oftheSun" " Madorof the Moor," "TheBrow- |nieof Bodsbeck," and "Winter Evening Talcs," have nearly all been published in theU. States. HOME, sir Everard, is not only one of the principal operative surgeons, but is a writer of considerable eminence, in London. He lias written on the •• Properties of Pus," " Practical Observations on the treatment of Strictures in the Urethra," "Observations on Cancers," "Lectures on comparative Anatomy," &c. HUFELAND, Dr., the most celebrated of German physicians, is professor of the universit;, of Jena, and physician to the king of Pnissiu. He has pubiished many works on medicine, among which, the most curious is the " Art of prolonging Human Iiife," by means of which, he is of opinion that the age of man may be ex- tended to two hundred years. HUMBOLDT, baron^ Frederick, one of tlie most i!uJ'!l"atigable and intelligent of modern travellers, was born at Berlin, in 17()9. Ho has visited Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Cuba, South America, and the United States; few have encountered toil and danger more readily, in pursuit of a favourite object ; or looked upon he works of nature with a more observant eye. Baron Humboldt has published several volumes of travels, and is known as a botanist and mineralojjist. He is now supposed to be in the East Indies. HUNT, Leigh, a nephew of the late Benja- min West, was born in England, in 1784. As a poet and prose writer, he has exhibited con- siderable talents; among his works are "The Feast of the Poets," " Tlie Descent of Liberty," " Foliage," a translation of the " Aminta of Tasso," "The Round Table," &c. For a time he was editor of a paper, called the " E,x- arniner," and for a libel published in it on the prince regent, he was once sentenced to two years imprisonment. HUTTON, Dr. Charles, born at Newcastle- ipon-Tyne, in 1737. Although since the age of eighteen, he has always been a schoolmaster, he has become eminent as a inatliematlcian. Among his works are " Elements of Conic Sec- tions," " A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary," and " A new course of Mathema- tics." He now resides at Woolwich. HYDE DE NEUVILLE, count, the son of an Englishman, a resident of France. De Neu ville was a principal ajent of the exiled Bour- bons alter the establishment of the consulship, and had the boldness to propose to Buonaparte to restore the exiled family. For this, and some unsuccessful intrigues, an order was issued for his arrest ; but he escaped, and Ikd, finally, to this country, and resided in the vicinity of New York, for several years. After the restoration 431 JA of I^ouis XVIII., he retunied to France, and for his fidelity to the Bourbons, he \va.s rewardrd wirh tile title of count, and the place of aiiibas BSdor to the United StatcH. He has lately re turned to Paris. I IRVINO, Washington, was born in the city of New- York, about the year 17c:'.3, was ejuratudj at ( 'olumbia College, and while there he annised the town occasionally by tome efl'usions which appeared in one of the papers of the lime. He had commenced the studj of the law, when in 18(15, his ritudics were interrupted by decaying health ; lie inimediattly sailed for Europe, and at the expiration of two years, liaviiig visited many of the most important places on the con- tinent, he returned through England to his na- tive city. After completing his studies, he was admitted to the bar ; but preferring other pursuits to the details of tlie law, he devoted himself to literature, and in 1807, in connexion with iMr. Paulding and Mr. Vtrplanck, the most amusing a!id popular periodical publication of the times, was produced under the title of " Salmagundi." In 1810, Mr. Irving publislied " Knickerbocker's History of New- York," and the fame of iti established the reputation of its author. During' the late war, Mr. Irving was military secretary, and aid-de-camp to the governor of tlic state of New-York ; and in 1815, he went to Eng-I land, and has since resided in Europe. Since! his arrival in England, he has added much to{ his literary reputation, both there, and in hiyna-i live country, by several volumes under the titles, of "The Sketch Book," 'Brucebridge H*'.!," audi " Tales of a Traveller." Mr. Irving is iiow en gaged at Paris, in editing an extensive coliec (ion of English and American literature. JACKSON, Andrew, was born in the (then) Vv'ra.':aw settlement. South Carolina, in the year 1707, and is of Irish parentage. He enlisted in the service of his country at the age of fourteen and after fighting bravely, was wounded and taken prisoner. After his release, he studied at a flourishing academy ii> the settlement, prepared himself for the bar in Salisbury, in North Carolina, was admitted to it, and settled himself at Nashville, in Tennessee, where he was so successful in his practice, that he was .soon appointed attorney-general tor the district.] At a state conventiou in 1790, Mr. Jackson wat much distinguished, and he was that year elected to congress, after being a member of each house one year, he resigned his seat,! esteemed lor the soundness of his understand- ing, and the inoderatioB of his demeanour. He was then for a short time a judge of the su- preme court of Tennessee. At the commence- ment of the late war he was a major-general of militia in Tennessee, and by an energetic ad- dress to the militia of his division, he drew 2o00j volunteers to his standard. These were dis banded in the spring of 1813. General Jackson's] military career since, is well known ; in his va- rious campaigns, lie has proved himself a most skilful commander, a vigilant disciplinarian, and a dauntless soldier. He was sent by government to receive the Floridas from Spain, as commis- sioner, and afterwards was appointed governor of these provinces. General Jackson was elect- ed a senator to cungrqis fiora Tennessee, where[ 43g JE he has since held a seat, and he was a promi- nent, although unsuccessful canuidalc for the presidency, in opposition to Mr. Adams. JA MIESON, Kobert, an eminent mineralogist, and a resident of Edinburgh, wliere he is a pro- fessor of natural history, president of tlie Wer- nerian Society, and lecturer in mineralogy. Hia largest work is a "System of Mineralogy," 3 vols. 8vo. Among other works which he has published, is a " Treatise on theextornal, chymi- cal, and physical cliai after of Minerals ;""and " Outlines of the Mineralogy of the Scottish h^les." JAY, John, was born in the city of New- York, on the 1st of December, old style, in 174.''>. lie was educated at Columbia College, and was afterwards admitted to the bar, where he attain- ed great and deserved reputation as a lawyer. He was elected by the citizens of New- York, to the first American congress, in 1774, and after having been re-elected the two succeeding years, he was chosen president of congress, in 1776, Ho was afterwards appointed a meniherof the convention of New- York, and after the organ- ization of that government, was appointed chief-justice of the state. In 1778, he was minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain, and in 1782, was appointed one of the com- inittsiiuurs to negotiate a peace with England, and a treaty was signed in Sep. 1784, when he returned to New- York. After this, he was al the head of foreign affairs until the organiza- tion of the governineiil, when h^ was ajipointed chief-justice of the United States ; while ii) this occupation, he was engaged with Mr. Madi- son, aud colonel Hamilton in writing the Fede- ralist. Asenvoy-oxtraordinary to Great Bruain, he negotiated and signed the treaty which bears his name, and on his return in 1795, he found hini.self elected governor of the state of New- York. This office he held until 1807, when declining a re-election, and also tljc situation of chief-justice of the United States, to which he had been appointed, he retired from public life to his farm at Bedford, N, Y., still the friend of his country, but wholly unambitious of further honours or distinctions. He is one of the most worthy men who were bred in the school of the revolution ; and is conspicuous alike for the soundness of his judgment and his legal acquire- ments. His piety is undoubted, and the wanton malice, and rancorous endeavours to injure his name, he has viewed with the complacency of a Christian. JEFFERSON, Thomas, was born in Chester- field county, Virginia, on the 2d ol' October, 1743, and was educated at William and Mary College. He was a pupil in the office of chancellor Wythe, and was a distinguished member of the Virginia legislature in 1709, wliere he continued three years, and afterwards was a delegate, and took a most conspicuous stand in the congress at Philadelphia. Here he drew up that gigantic and spirited article, the Declaration of Indepen- dence. After this, from 1779 to 1761, he was governor of Virginia, and at the conclusion of peace, was appointed, with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, minister plenipotentiary to Europe He returned in 1789, and was appointed secre lary of state, which office he resigned in 1790, and retired to jirivate life. Mr. .lefTerson was elected vice-president in 1797, and for the eight years succeeding Mr. Adams' administration, he was president of the United States. He then withdrew from public life, and retired to Mon- ticello. During Mr. Jeflerson'e political career. I KK tie was disuii5£uish>;(l as a sound l('s;i-*lat,or and statesman, iiiiyieldia^ in liis delerniiiiaiiun, and a firm patriot. In private lite, he is said lo he benevolent, humane, and affable. He is presi- dent of the American Philosophical Society, and is a member of several literary sncioiies in Europe and America. lie published " Notes on Virginia" in 1781, which has lately been re published : it was also translated in France, and published i:i 1784. JEFFEKY, Francis, a celebrated literary and legal character of Edinbnreh, where lie was born, In 1773. In 1814, he visited the United States, and married a Miss Wilkes, of New- Jfork. Mr. JelTery is most cenerallv known as a literary character, and this reputation he .nas acquired as editor of the Edinbiir2h Itcview Thisolfice, however, he has declined the present vear (18'25.) . JOHN VI., kingof Portuijal, washornini7fi7, and in 1792 became recent of the kingdom. At the outset of his administration as regent, heot- fended both Buonaparte and Spain, and thi;se Eoon combined to manifest their disatlection Napoleon made demands of the regent which were not complied with, and he then declared that the house of Bras^anza had ceased to reisn. The reyent immediately sailed for the Brazils, and reached Rio Janeiro in safety. In March, J810, he succeeded his mother, as king of Portu- gal. Though he had somewhat ameliorated the situation of the Brazilians, the government con- tinued rtespoiic, till, in lS-20, he took the oath as constitutional sovereign. In July, 1821, he re- turned to Portugal, and appears to be on the best terms with the cortes, the people, and the nevv order of tilings. JOIJRUAN, marshal count, an eminent mili- tary commander, was born at Limoges, in 17C2. lie served in the United States in the regiment of Auxcrrois, from the age of I(i to the close of the revolutionary contest. In 1793 he command- ed the army of the North, and defeated the prince of Saxe Cobnurg, and compelled him to abandon tlie blockade of Manbeuge. At the bead of the army of the Moselle, in 1794, he de- feated the allies, under Cobourg, and the entire conquest of the Netherlands was the conse- quence. Asa member of the council of Five Hundred, in 1797, be manifested a decidedly re- publican spirit, and was soon chosen president of the council. In July, 1800, he was sent as administrator to Piedmont, and by his judicious government did himself much honour. In 1803, he was at the head of the army of Italy, and, in 1604, was appointed marshal and grand olTicer of the legion of honour. After this he was sent into Spain with Joseph Buonaparte, as his ma- jor-general and military counsellor. He assented to the return of the Bourbons, was created a knight of St. Louis, and in 1819, became a mem- ber of the bouse of peers, K KEAN, Edmund, an actor, born in London, in 1787. As an actor, Mr, Kean's talents and powers rank him among the lirst of his profes- sion. But a late trial has rendered the infamy of hia character as conspicuous as are liis talents as a perlormer. It is said, notwitUstanding the disgrace ;n which he left the stage in this coun- try, in lo22, that he is about making the United States another visit. KEMBLE, Charles, an actor of great merit as a tragedian, and uue of ttie tirst couiic actors, ... 37 1 I 1 LA was born in Wales, in 1775. His wife, Mrs, M. T. ICemble, is an actress of considerable ability. They are hoih engaged at ihe C'oveut harden Theatre, and both have written .several piays. kKTT, rev. Henry, was educated \i Oxford, and is a fellow and tutor of Trinity Cohere, and one of the king's preachers at Whitehall. He has publisliod many works, aiumig which ar« "Sermons at the Bampton Lectures;" "Elements of General Knowled'i.e ;" a translation of Cha- teaubriand's " Beauties of Chrisiiauity;" and " The Flowers of Wit." Kl.NfJ, Rnfus, is the son of Richard King, a rnercliant. of Hcarbor(mgh, in Maine, and was born In 1755. He graduated at Harvard College, (Cambridge, and completed his studies in the law in the office of the late chief-justice Parsona, While a student, lie volunteered his services in the cause of his country under general Sullivan, who soon appointed him his aid, and served with much ardour and alacrity in the enterprise against the British on Long Island. In 1784, he was a delegate to the con'^rcss then sitting at Trenton, and In 1787, bore a conspicuous part in the general convention at Philadelphia. In 1788, Mr. King removeil to New York, and was elect- ed to the legislature in 1789, and also a senator to congress. He represented the United States at the En;;lish court from the last year of presi- dent Washington's administration to tne year 1803, with much honour to himself and his coun- try, when he returned home. In 1813, he waa again chosen senator to congress, which office he continued to till with undiminished esteem and applause. Mr. King in his public life, has displayed a sound mind, and discriminating judgment, and is a profound statesman, civilian, and orator. He has recently been appointed by president Adams, minister to England. KNIAZIEWICZ, general, a native of Poland, who first distinguished himself in the gallant struggles made by the Poles, in 1794, to ex- pel tlieir Russian tyrants. He commanded, un- der Zajonczek, at the combat of Gulkow ; and at the fatal battle of Macejorrice, he seconded Kosciusco with the utmost intrepidity and intel- ligence. As second in command of the Polish legions in the French service, he repeatedly dis- tinguished himself, and afterwards, at the head of the Polish legion on the Rhine, he contributed his services to the gaining of the victory of IIo- henlinden. Napoleon, in 1803, sent him the decoration of a commander of the legion of ho- nour, and he has since been a lieutenant-general in the armv of Poland. KONOVNlTZt!>f, lieutenant general in the Russian service, born in 17fi4, He was employ- ed in the war again^^t Sweden, and, in 1812, fought gallantly at Witepsk, at Smoiensko, at Borodino, and at Krasnoi; and was rewarded with the cross of several orders. Ti LABILLARDIERE, M., a native of Aleiicon, and eminent as a botanist. His enthusiasm has led him to visit many parts of Europe, Asia, and America ; and on returning from one of hia ex- peditions abroad, he found himself in possession of a herbal of four thousand plants, three-fourths of which were new discoveries. He has pub- lished the most ample collection of the plants of New Holland, that has appeared. LABRADOR, Don Pedro Gomez, formerly minister of Charles IV, at the court of Florence. By invitation of Ferdinand Vlf., he accompa- 433 LA sied him to Bayonne, where he held a conlbr- eiicewith Chanipagny relalive to the proposals offered by Napoleon for ihe acceptance of Fer- di-iiand. Don Peiro aitendcd Ferdinand in his exile, and on liis return to Spain, in 1814, tiiat prince nominated him counsellor of state, a? well as ambassador to France, and his lepre- sentativeat the congress of Vienna ; in all which situations, he distinguished himself by his dipio matic talents. LACEPRDE, count, a distinguished natu ralist, and a pupil of Daubenton and Butfon. He is also a politician. In 17%, he was appointedi a member of the iVatJonal Institute, and in 17SI9, JVapolpon called iiiin to the c(niservalive senate, of which he became president, in 1801. He atlerwards was a member of the grand council of administration, and was soon cho^^en presi- dent of the senate. He accepted the dignity of peer of France offered to him by Mapoleon, whicl; was confirmed by Louis, in 1819. Ho has published many works, among which is ai; edition of the " Works of Buff>n," with notes, a lUo-jraphy of the Author, and a Discourse on the progress of the Natural Sciences, by himself LA CHATRE, the dulfe de, was born in Ferry, about 1750. He accompanied Louis XVIII. in his exile from France, and was his particular confidant. In 1805, Louis nominated him liis agent at the court of England, where he remained after the restoration of the Bourbons, j ivith the title of French ambassador. The dukelj returned to F.ance in 1916, and in 1817, was appointed a member of tlie chamber of peers. LACROIX, M. Sylvester, is considered in all respects, the ablest mathematician in Europe, | and his publications are numerous and valuable.' In 1782, he was appointed professor of mathe- matics in the naval academy of Rochefort, and also a member of the French Institute, and of the legion of honour, in 1799. LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottier, marquis de, was born on the 6tli of September, 1757, at the Chateau de Chavagnac, in the department of Haute Loire, and was the inheritoi of a princely fortune, and descended from distinguished ances- tors. At seven years of age, he entered Ihe college of Louis le Grande, at Paris, and com- menced liis literary education. Here the lovely but ill-fated Antoinette, the late queen of France, took him under her immediate patronage, and at a very early age, he rose to the rank of a commissioned officer in the khig's guards. In 1774, he married the countess de Noilles. At nineteen years of age, he sailed for America, and landed on the shores of South Carolina. This illustrious friend had become an advocate of lire colonies, and felt all t'lat ardour in the cause of liberty, which liae not deserted him in matnrer years. Lafayette had watched atten- tively the momentous controversy between Great Britain and her oppre.ssed subjects, and resolved to make any sacririce in their cause. He made known his intention to Dr. Franklin, then our commissioner in Franco, who laid be- fore him the disastrous state of the country. " The more hopeless your cause," said he, "the more occasion is there for my assistance, the more honour shall I acquire by bestowing it." He immediaiely equipped a vessel for this en- terprise at his own expense, and severing the ties wliich would have detained him in his na- tive country, he sailed for the United States. Arrived at Philadelphia, he presented himself before congress. "lam come," said be, ''to request two favours of this assemblage of patri- 434 LA ots. One is that I may serve in your army, the other, that I receive no pay." He was imme- diately received into the family of Wasliington, and congress in July following, tendered him a commissioi\ of majiirgeneral. Soon after, learn- ing the embarrassments of the armv, he gave Washington t)0,000 I'rancs (about 11000 dollars) to procure supplies; by which generous act, Washington was so affected, that he embraced Lafayette with tears of joy and afl'ection. At the battle of Brandy wine, the marquis exhibited full evidence of his bravery and military char- acter, and in this bloody contest was wounded. After his recovery he joined general Green, ir> New- Jersey, and was at the head of 2000 men, whom he liad formed, clothed, armed, equipjifd and disciplined himself He was aftei wards actively emjiloyed in different parts of the coun- try, till 1779, when he returned to France, iiis oljject to obtain assistance for his adopted coun- try. In this he succeeded, and in May, 1780, he returned with the joyful intelligence, tliat a French fleet and army would soon arrive on our coast. He immediately resumed his com- mand, and in the campaigns of 1780 and 1781, he displayed the most consummate generalship ill preserving his little army, then opposed to lord Cornwallis, till the siege of that general at Yorktown, where, collected and uiidismayed, he shared largely in the himours of the day. la November, 1781, the contest in which tie had been so nobly engaged, drawing near a com- pletion, Lafayette signified his intention of ro turning to his country. After the conclusion of peace, in August, 1784, general Lafayette again visited the United States, and several of the larger cities, in some of which the freedom of the city was presented liim ; he returned to France, in December following. General Lafayette was a member of the A.s- sembly of Notables at Versailles, in 1787, and in 1789 he was elected a member of the States General, made president of that assembly, and commandant of the national guards. In this capacity, his influence was exerted in favour of lenient measures ; and he did much to pre- vent the mob of Paris from running into those horrid excesses] which were afterwards com- mitted. He acted a conspicuous part on the day the constitution was adopted, and soon after resigned his coinmand. In 1792, he was called again into service ; but on that memorable day, the lOth of August, when the royal family fled to the national assembly for safety, he opposed the fury of the mob, was deprived of command, a price was set on his head, and he was obliged to fly his country for safety. He was thrown into prison by the king of Prussia, and after- wards chained and imprisoned by the emperor of Austria in the citadel at Olmutz. His estate was confiscated. In prison, he was subjected to the most barbarous treatment, and frequently threatened with an ignominious death. Great exertions were made to obtain his liberation without effect, until, in 1797, in settling terms of peace with Austria, Buonaparte expressly stipu- lated that Lafayette should be set at liberty, and in 1799, after the overthrow of the French direc- tory, he returned to France, and settled at La Grange, about 40 miles from Paris. Previous to Buonaparte's first abdication, iie was elected to the cinmber of deputies, and there proposed a vriteo'permanentsession, which was passed, and in consei(uence, the emperor found himself undt-t the aocei^ity of abdicating the throne. Froni that period to the time of his embarkation for LA Hie United States, with the exception of liis tiaving been once again elei;;ed to the cljaniljer DfdeputieH, general Lafayette spent most of liis time ill tlie pnisiiits of agriculture at La Grange. Wlion lie expressed liis intention of afjain visit- ing tlie United Htales, every liearl l)eat hi^'li with joyful anticipation. He declined llie olTer of a national ship of the line to convey him across the Atlantic, which, logetlier with a for- mal invitation to visit the United States, was voted him by congress, and arrived in the liar hour of New- York on the 15th of August, 1824, in tlie ship Cadmus. The ne.\t day lie was re ceived in the city with the most enthusiastic de- monstrations of joy and respect, by an immense concourse of citizens. After malting a complete tour through the United States, being received every where with the highest marks of gratitude which a free people could bestow, he sailed again for his native country, on the 7th of Sop tember, I8i5, in a ship fitted out by government for that purpose, and called the Brandywine, in lioiiour of his bravery in that memorable battle. In gratitude for his former services, with a be- coming munilicence, congress soon after his arrival passed a vote granting general La- fayette 200,000 dollars from the treasury, and a townsliip of land, to be located in any of the lands belonging to the United States. LAHARPE, general, was, in the early part of his life, a barrister in his native province, the Pays de Vaud. He was invited to Russia by Paul I., wliere the emperor Alexander was his pupil. Afterwards, while a resident of Fiance, he was commissioned by the executive directory of Switzerland to prepare that country for a revolution, which lie .iccomplished by means of writings and proclamations, with so much zeal and activity, that lie was presented with a gold medal by the new government, to express tlie gratitude of the Pays de Vaud. Hap- jiening to be at Paris during the eventful year If^ll, Alexander decorated him with the orders of Russia, and gave him the rank of general in his army. He is now in retirement in Switzer- land. LALLY TOLLENDAL, marfjuis, was born at Paris, I7r>\. In 1789, ho was oii-j of the nio.sl popular members of the constituent as- sembly, and supported the famous declaration nf the rights of man, that was proposed by La- fayette. In 175)2, he exerted himself with ener- gy in defence of Louis XVI., and since the re- storation, has been a member of the privy council of Loiiiti XVIII. LAMARUUE, count, was born at St. Sever, in 1770. At the Jiead of two hundred grena- diers, he marched against Fonlarabia, and by a masterly coup de-main, he took the place, de fended by eighty pieces of cannon, and niado one thousand eight hundred men prisoners. In HOI, he was made general of brigade, and dis tiiiirnished himself at the battle of Hohenlindeii. .At'ter this, he took the island of Caprea from the English, was at the battle of Wagram, where In: had four horses killed under him; he served in Russia, and in Spain, in 1812, and in 1HI4, was created a knight of St. Louis. After the return of Loui.? XVIII., he took refuge in Brussels, and afterwards passed into Austria. LA.METII, count, Alexander de, a knight of Malta, was born in France, in 1757, and as aid- de-camp to general Rochambeau, served in the revolutionary war of this country, with great zeal and energy. In 178d, he was a deputy to ike States General from Pcronae, and embraced I LA Iho popular side at the commencement of the French revolution. In 1792, he joined the army of Lafayette, fled wirli him and was 'hrovvn into prison by the Austrians. He obtained liber- ty to return io France in 1800, and was succes- .sively named prefect of the Lower Alps, of the Rhine and Moselle, and of La Somme, and was ilso created knight of St. Louis, and appointed lieutenant-general in the army. In 1819, he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and has con- siantly proved himself a zealous friend of liberty. The political career of his brother, the count Charles de Lameth, much resembles his own. He served in America with repuiation; was a deputy to the States General, in 1780, and joined the army of Lafayette, in 1792. He commanded in Spain in 1812 and 1813, and on his return to France in 1814, was appointed lieutenant- ':;eneral. In 1807, as aid-de laiup to general .Vlurat, he was distinguished by his bravery at ;lio battle of Heiisberg, where he was wounded. LANCASTER, Joseph, famous as the invent- or, and successful promulgator of a new system of instruction. He was born in Englajid, in 1771, was bred and still maintains the habits and manners of a quaker. Disappointed in his expectations in his native country, he left Eng- land in disgust, and came to the United States about I8I7, where liis fame procured him friends, and his industry rendered hiiii useful. He has recently gone to South Ameiiia, where, under the liberal patronage of Bolivar, his prospects of success are most flattering. L.APLACE, marquis, a geometrician of high celebrity, was born in 1719. He was president of tlie conservative senate in 180;i, and in 1814, gave his vote for the dethronement of Napoleon, for which the king gave him the title of a peer. 51. Laplace, holds the fust rank among French mathematicians, and, in his " Exposition of the System of the VVorld," he has powerfully con- tributed to advance the boundaries of a science that has so often employed the industry of the most profound geniuses'of the world. LASCASAS, count de, is descended from an ancient Spanish family, and is distinguished as the faithful and spirited friend of Napoleon, wliom he accompanied to St. Helena, and who, during his reign, loaded Lascasas with favours. Lascasas has published a Narrative of his Ilesi- ~ dence at St. Helena, and also, under the name nf Lesage, " A Historical and Geographical \tlas." LAVALETTE, count, was born in 1769, at Paris, of obscure parents. To Baudelociiue he was indebted for a superior education. He was destined for the church, but, having finished his ;ilucation, he studied the law. But the revolu- ion interrupted his pursuits. As an officer in he naiioiial guards, in August, 1792, he edoa- voured to defend the palace of the Thuillerics ; ifterwards he enrolled himself in the legion of the Alps, and served in the army of the Rhine, and that of Italy, with such distinction, that Buonaparte made him his aid-de-camp, and en- trusted hiiii with his secret correspondence. He gave him mndamoiselle Beauharnois, the niece if his wife, Josephine, in marriage, to draw the ties of attachment closer between them. Lava- lette accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, and after the establishment of the consulship, was appointed postmaster-general and counsellor of tate; he w;is subsequently made a count, tMid a commander of the legion of honour. For the ixtraordinary vigilance and activity of his mea- ures to accelerate the progress of Napoleon^ 435., LU^ MA on his return iVoni Elba, he was creared a pferitotiie estates of Parma, I'iaceiitia,and Guasialla, 6f France. But on the return of ilie king, he 'but obtained only the principality of Lucca, of M'as brought to trial, as an accomplice of Napo- leon, and condemned to death. He, however, escaped '''ftm prison in disguise, by the assis- fauce of liig rtif", and tied to Munich, where he has siure tbund an asylum and powerlul friends. Madaiiio Lavale.'te was cruilly retained some tiiue in prison, having been accfcsn?--? to the escape of her husband ; a treatment which 'lis- ordered lier senses, and she has since been a -conliimed lunatic. LAWKKNCE. s>ir ThoinaB, the successor of sir Benjamin West, as president of the Royal Academy at London, is now about tifty eight years of age, and was born at Bath. He first be- came distinguished by his portraits of the Kciu- ble family, and in a few years he began to ob- tain the highest patronage, and no e.xhihiiion was considered complete or interesting, without some of his pictures. The personal character of sir Thomas Lawrence accords with his pro- fessional talents, and he possesses much native modesty, and suavity of manners. He is painter to George IV. LEOPOLD, prince of Saxe Cobourg Saalfeld, Was born in li'M, and entered into the Austrian army, where he distinguished himself on seve- ral occasions, and attained the rank of lieute- nant-colmiel. He visited England in 1814, in the suite of the sovereign? of Russia and Prussia. The intended marriage between the prince of Orange and the princess of Wales having been broken off, prince Leopold was the protestant selected to espouse her, and they were married in 1817. By the preliminaries of their marriage, the prince was entillert to an income of more than 260,000 dollars, fbeside an outfit to the same fimount.) about -iii.OOO dollars of which was to remain with him in case he survived her. He was naturalized by an act of parliament pre- vious to his marriage, and was appointed a colonel and fieid-marshal. The death of the princess Charlotte has reduced him to the rbnk of a commoner, in England. LESLIE, professor of the university of Edin- burgh, is a native of Scotland, and a profound mathematician and chymist. He has invented several valuable philosophical instruments, has published several scientihc works, and is a con- tributor to the Edi'ibu'-gh Review. LOCKHART, John G., a native of Scotland, Tvas born about the year nC2; he is a lawyer, 6r;(l resides at Edinburgh. Hi' is a popular au- thor, and is supposed to have written Peter's Letters, and also a leadins writer for IJIack- ^vood'3 Magazine. Among liis best perform- ances, is Reginald Dalton. About four years since he married the eldfst daughter of sir Walter Scott. His works, which are numerous, are distinguished for m;isculine and original talent ; but are deficient in elegance and refine- ment. He is, however, one of the most eminent liVriters of the day. LUCCA, the dutches? of, formerly Maria Loui sa, of Bourbon, infanta of !?pain, was born at iHadrid, in 17&2. ^he married Hdu Louis de BoUrhoR, eldest sou of the duke of Parma, and in 1801, by political events, they were called ti which she took possession in 1817, M MAGANZA, IVon Pedro, a peculating minis- ter, descended from an ancient Irish family, anrf was born about 17G0. He rose rapidly into the favour of Ferdinand, who apjioiiited hitn mi- r.ister of grace and justice. To him is attribu- ted in: crime of having been the principal prf)mpter ot lP.s monarch to destroy the liberties of Spain. He issued the edict prohit^/.infe the exiles who espoused the cause of Joseph from entering the peninsula, and afterwards com menced the persecution of the patriots. But he was soim discovered to have been guilty of the grossest bribery and corruption, and he was thrown into prison, from which, after two years, he was allowed to retire to an estate in Castile, where he now lives, despised by all parties. M.'^D.VLIISSKI, general, the p-itriotic Pole, who had the honour of being the first to raise the standard of liberty against the Russians, in 1734. He had long held a secret correspondence with Kosciusco, and, when the order was giv- en for disbanding the Polish army, he collect- ed his regiment of seven hundred men, i!e- leated the scattered Riifsian detachments, and ncceeded in joining Kosciusco, (wlio had been ajipointed generaiissinio,) at Racow, though pur jfiied by seven thousand Russians. He distin- guished himself in several battles, particularly |iH the defence of W^arsaw. He still resides in j.Poland, beloved and respected by his country- men. MADIPO.V, James Thecareerof thisstates- inan commenced at the close of the rcvolutifsna ry war. When the public ni'nd was chiefly oc- cupied with the formation of a national con- stitution, Mr. Madison vigorously co-operated with the principal men of the country, and in the meeting at .\nnapoiis, and the convention In Philadelphia, he ranked high among the lumi- naries of the day. He participated in the dia- iissions relative to the constitution, and furnish- ed many able pap-^rs for the " Federalist" Af- terwards, Jlr. Madison was a member of the legislature of Virginia, and subsequently was elected to congress, and in both these bodies he was an able advocate l"or the people. He was appointed secretaiy of stale by Mr. Jefferson, and in this capacity displayed much talent as a statesman ,Ti:d logician. Mr. Madison was elect- ed president in 1809, and was reelected in 1813. In affairs of state his reserve was habitual ; he selds3, anil at a third attack, completeiy defeating him. Marino soon after joined Bolivar, and has been engaged in many of the battles since that period. MARMONT, duke of Ragiisa, wIk> hat- im- mortalized his natoe by his bravery and tnilila- ry talents, and stained it by being ihe tirst tu de- sert his benelaclor, was born at tMiatillon upon the Seine, in 1774, and was educated for the ar- my. This he entered in 1792, and was present in the first campaigns of the armies of the .'Vlp.", and of Italy. He then became aid decamp to Buonaparte, and displayed much courage and talent at the battles of Lodi, C'astiglioiie. and St Georre. In 17SiS, he was made a brigadier- general for his condnc at Malta. In Dali latia, he routed, with a handful of troops, the Rns«ians and Montenegrins, aad for this he was rewarded with a dukedom. He compelled VVtlliuglon lo raise the siege of Badajoz, took the coniniaiid of an army in Germany, and contnlmted at tiie made secretary of the council of state, and was;;victories of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and empJoved in negotiating the treatyof Presbursh ;l]others. He was made a marshal on the field of in laii, he was made minister of Kireign affairs, ijZnaim, where he had been victorious, and in and created duke of Bas.?ano; in 1812, he nego pISH.shared in the laurels gained at Brienne, tiatedtreatieawith.\ustria, and Prussia; and in IChamp Auhert, Vauchainp, and Montinirail. 1813 and 1814 was entrusted with various impor- 1 Here ends the glory of his career. In t he re- tant missions. He was banished by Louis, and is treat, on Paris, Marmont, finding himself in asi- now a resident at Gratz,in Syria, occupied in tlie'ltuation in which he could pursue his own views education of his children. He was born at Di Jon, in 1758. .MARIA LOUISA, late empress of France, is daughter of Francis II. of Austria, and w.as born in 1791. The j'oiinger branches of the without acroiintability to Buonaparte, negotia- ted with the allies, and separaied his division from the rest of the army. Louis rewarded so valuable a subject with a peerage, and has since appointed him one of the four marshals of the imperial family liad been taught to think of ll royal guard atid a commander of St. Louis. Napoleon with 30 much horror, that the princeesll MARSHALL, .lohn, was born in Virginia, fainted at the first suggestion of herniarriage to aboutthe year 1756, and went through the usual him ; but at length s!ie vielded to the entreatipsi|course of classical education in a private senii- of her fathet.and to state policv, and afterwanls'l nary. He shared in the dangers and fatigues of became sincerely attached to iiim. They wereHihe army during the revolutionary war, and was married in 1810. During theabsenceof Buona-ijunder the immediate command of Washington, parte in the campaigns of 1812, and 1813, she was; after which he studied the law, and soon after, placed by him at the head of the' French vernment as empress-regent, and in that capa city, she went in state to the senate, and de he was elected to the legislature, and then was a member of the executive council. In a short time he was at the head of his profe.ssion ; was manded a levy of 190,000 men. On setting oHt| a member of the Virginia convention, in 1788 for the army in 1814, Buomparte took, as itj and generally represented the city of Richmond afterwards proved to be, hisfinal farewellof her. lin the legislature of the state, uniii in 1797, he The otficers of the national guard of Paris, 800 iwas prevailed on to accept the appointment of in number, were summoned to the great saloon ijan envoy to France, with STessrs. Pinckney and of the Thuilleries, to receive the solemn depositiiGerry. Mr. Marshall shared largely in thetrans- which Napoleon entrusted to their honour, in actions and honours of this embassy. After his the persons of his wife and child. " I confide," | return, he had been a short time a distinguished said he, and he spoke it in a tremulous accent, Mmember of congres-j, when he was appointed se- •' my wife and child to my faithful citizens of Ijcretary of slate by Mr. Jefferson. He soon after Paris, thus giving them the dearest mark of con-jireceived Ihe appointment of chief-justice of the fiilence, which I have in my power to bestow.' "lUnited States, which high office he has since On the 29th of March, the day before the battle |contin\ied to fill wiih dignity and reputation, and of Paris, the empress fled toBlois, and in May, iis alike conspicuous for his sound judgment and went to Vienna. The principality of Pa.in'a,illun:i:iousmind. Judge Marshall has published a had in the meantime been secured to her by [Life of VVashiogton, in five volumes, 8vo, and is tre.ity, and in 1817, she took possession of this as princess of Parma, but her court is neither! numerous nor splendid. Her son was seiia- rated from her in 1815, and has not since been under her care. now employed in Yevising it for a second edition. MATURIN, rev. C. R., born in Ireland, in 1782, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he obtained several prizes and medals as jjthe reward of his acquirements, and yet was there M.\RINO, Don Santiago, one of the mostilmore remarkable for his indolence and melan- Intrepid and indefatigable generals, who havelichsly, than for his talents. But, by t)ie misfor- fought for the indepindeiice of South .■Hmerica.jjtune's of his father, he was cimipclledto provide He is of a rich family, and was horn in the pro-|ifor himself, and he sought for a resource in lite- vince of Cuniana. lie espoused the cause ofi|rary labour. Under the assumed name of Den- libcrtyat an earlv period, and »' the town ofjlnis Jasper Miircliy, he produced '-Tlie Fatal MI Revenge," " The Wild Irish Boy," and " The 51ile8ian Chief." " Bertruiii," a tragedy, through the interest of Lord Byron, was bmughl out ai Orury-lane, and its success establiahed the fame of it* author. He has since published two tinely written works : " Women, or Pour et Contrc," and " Melnioth, the Wanderer." MAXIMILIAN I., king of Bavaria, was born in 1T,5(J, and succeeded liis uncle, Charles Theo- dore, as elector of Bavaria, in 1799. He early displayed the qualities of a wise and <;ooJ jiriiicc ; he introduced various popular reforms in his states, and abolished tlie oppressive privileges and immunities of the nobles and clergy. In 1806, lie joined Napoleon, with an army of vi5,000 Bavarians, against Francis II., and at the con- clusion of pence, was elevated by his potent ally, to the dignity of king of Bavaria, and the Tyrol and other provinces were added to his territory. Ma.\imilian remained laithful to his! engag(mients with Jsapoleon till the disastrous campaign in Russia compelled him to join.the| subsetiuont alliance against France. Alter the general peace of 1814, he purchased for liiinself [ new titles to the affections of his people, by| giving them a representative government, and placing them in the rank of free nations. METTERNICH- WINEBOURG, prince, com- menced liis political career as ambassador to various courts of the highest rank, and was born in Austria,in 1773. While ambassador to France, he ingratiated himself greatly with Napoleon, and obtained an advantageous peace with him, at the conclusion of the war which commenced in 1809, between France and Austria. On his, return, Francis made him minister of foreign affairs, and afterwards prime minister. He! afterwards followed his sovereign to Paris, and. signed the treaty of 1814, after the success of- the allies. He accompanied the king of Prussia,' and emperor of Russia to England, and received the degree of doctor of laws from the university of Oxford, and on liis return to Vienna, was raised to the dignity of a prince, and receivedj the lordship and estates of Arnvar, in Hungary.! He assisted at the congress of Vienna, and also' at tliatof Aix laChappelle, and there is scarcely i a prince in Europe t'rom whom he h.is not re-, ceived some token of distinction and esteem. | MILORADOWITCH, count, one of the best; of the Russian generals, was employed in the' campaign against the Turks, in 1789, and againstj the Poles in J794 and 1795. He possessed the! entire contidnnce of Suwarrow, and was at the head of his advanced guard, in 1799. He com- manded a division at Austerlitz, and in 1812,1 was again appointed to the command of the! Russian advanced guard, and greatly distinguisli- od himself in the action near Krasnoy, and Wi-| azma. At the battle of Leipsiche led the Rus-| sian and Prussian reserves, and took a coiispi-| cuous part in the campaign of 1314. | MINA, Don Francisco Espoz y, was born in, Navarre, in 1782. lie is one of the most distin-; guished Spanish patriots: brave, active, and in- defatigable, at the head of Guerilla corps during the war acainst the French, his exploits were so! successl'ul that he was often denominated king: of Navarre. Mortified to find that he had only been labouring to re establish despoli.'^m, and the division of troops of which he had been ap- pointed general having been dismissed, he gain- ed over the garrison of Pampeiiina, and was oh the point of proclaiiDing ilie constitution, when' his plan was betrayed. He (led to France; but when the standard of freedom was raised at 430 MO Cadiz, he hurried back to Navarre, and took a leading part in the struggle. After the king had submitted to the new order of things, Minawas appointed captain-general of Navarre, and af- terwards, taking command of ths army destined to act against a formidable insurrection in Cata- lonia, he completely subdued it. He is regarded as the most e.\perienced general in Spain, and as the sheet-anchor of the constitutional cause. MONCEY, marshal, duke Conegliano, was born at Besancon, in 1754. In 1793 iie command- ed a corps ia the army of the Pyrenees, and in 1794 was raised to general of brigade, and soon after to the rank of general of division. He served with distinction during the war with Spain ; in 1795 commanded the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and afterwards greatly distin- guished himself in the campaign jf Italy. In 18U4 he was made marshal of France, and grand officer of the legion of honour. He served in the campaigns of 1812 and 1813, and, as second in command of the Parisian national guard at tiie attack of the allies on Paris, he displayed much presence of mind and firmness of purpose. After the return of Louis he was made minister of state, knightof St. Louis, and peer of France. But, as he accepted a peerage of Napoleon, in 1815. he has since only been restored to his titles. MONROE,James,was born in Virginia,iB now (1825) about 67 years of age, and resides at Loudon, in his native state. Ardently devoted to liis country, he took part in the revolution when a youth, and his undaunted courage was evinced on more than one occasion. He was devoted to Washington, an admirer and imita- tor of JetTerson, and a friend and companion of Madison. Mr. Monroe was a member of the old congress, and was instrumental in the for- mation of «he constitution. He was a success- ful lawyer, and in the legislature of Virginia, and in ihe new congress, he was an intelligent, active, and efficient member. France, Spain, and Great Britain have been the theatres of his diplomatic career. He was successively secre- tary of state, and of war, and liis constancy and capacity in the one, and vigour and firm Jiess in the other, were alike conspicuous. Mr. Mon- roe was elected to the presidency in ISJ7, and had a most difficult part to perform ; but it will be difficult to find a real blemish in his adminis- tration, and in the co\irse of it, he has proved himself a benefactor of his country, and a wor- thy patriot. He was re-elected pre.sident in 1821, and in 1825 was succeeded bv Sir. Adams. MONTGO.MERY, James," an excellent poet, 'was born in Ayrshire, in 1771. and is t'lc son of a Moravian niinieler. He w;is early devoted to poetry, and, as early as twelve years of age, had written three volumes. His education waa [limited, but he actjuired a knowledge of the [Greek, Latin, French, and German lancuai'es, lin Yorkshire. He went to London, and foi sometime was in the shop of a bookseller ; af- terwards he became the publisher of a paper in Sheffield, entitled " The fris." For sonic piece* which happened in this, lie was twice imprison- ed, and white incarcerated, published " PrLsoii .\museinents." In 180*3, lie publi.=hed " The Wanderer of Switzerland," and other poems, which rose in popularity, and established his re- putation. He has since published " The West Indie?," "The World before the Flood," " Song.s of Zioii." &c. He still resides at Shetfield, is yet the conductor of " The Iris," and is considered an amiable and pious man. MONTIIOLON, maniuis, celebrated for bia MO nnshaken and generous aciliercnce to the fallen fortunes of his illustrious master, entered the Krencli army at tlie age of fifteen, serving under Buonaparte, from whom he received a sword, for hia services on the memorable iStli Bruniaire. lie was aiddc-camp to marshal Berthicr before he was twenty-one years of age, and in thai ca- pacity distinguished himself at the battles of Austerlitz, VVagram, Jena, and Priedland. He commanded in the departnient of the Loire, when he received the news of the emperor's ab- dication : with liis wife and children, he volun- tarily partoolc of the ex-emperor's imprisomnenl at St. Helena, and continued with him till his decease. He is now arranging for the press, memoirs dictated to him by his late sovereign. MOORE, Thomas, one of the tlrst of Britisti poets, was born in Ireland, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He went to Lon- don, with a view of making the law his pro- fession, and was called to the bar. It was then that he translated the Odes of Anacreon ; these met with so favourable a reception, that he abandoned the law, and devoted himself to literature. Under the name of Little, he pub- lished a volume of poems, which were justly censured for their licentiousness. He visited the United States in 1805, but his prejudices did not allow him to form a favourable opinion of our country. Since hia return, in 1800, he has published " The Two-penny Post-bag ;" ='The Fudge family in Paris ;" " The Loves of the Angels ;" and " Lalla Rookh," an oriental ro- mance, which unites the purest and softest tenderness with the loftiest dignity, and in every page, glows with all the fervour of poetry MORE, Mrs. Ilaimah, was born near Bristol, about the year 1750, and is the youngest of five sisters. At Bristol, her taste and knowledge acquired her the friendship of Dr. Stonehouse, who encouraged her to write, and corrected all her early effusions. The " Search after Hap piness," her first publication, w-as favourably received ; and she soon after published several other pieces. In 1782, she published her " Sa- cred Dramas." She retired about 1798, to Somersetshire, with her sisters, where they established charity schools among the colliers, with tnuch advantage to them. Slie has con- tinued since to give her productions to the world, and besides many others, has published 'Thoughts on the Manners of the Great;" " Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education ;" and being consulted on the subject of the education of the princess Charlotte, pro- duced " Hints toward forming the character of a young Princess," which was highly approved of, and received with royal approbation. This excellent woman, who has constantly been la- bouring to benefit mankind, has been many years confined to her bed by an excruciating disease ; but in this situation, she has produced some of iier best works, among which are ' C(Blebs in Search of a Wit-e," "Practical Piety," "Christian Morals," "Essay on the| Character and Writings of St. Paul," andj " Moral Sketches of Prevailing Opinions audi Manners." Amongst her most intimate friends, Mrs. More has numbered Dr. Porteus, Dr. Beat-^. tie, Mrs. Montague, Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua' Reynolds, and Mr. Garrick. MORGHEN, Raphael, an eminent professor of the graphic art, and one of the first European engravers, was born at Naples, in 17.56, and wa.^ a pupil under the celebrated Volpato. Among the most remarkable of liis works, are the OP Transfiguration, from Raphael ; a Magdalen, from Murillo ; a Head of ihe Saviour, from da Vinci ; the Monument of Clement XIU., from Canova ; and Theseus vanquishing the Mino- taur. MOIULLO, Don Pablo, a man of courage and talent, was originally a Serjeant of artillery in the Spanish marines, but distinguished himself 80 much during the war between Spain anil France, that in the course o( it he was promoted to be a general. In 1815, he was placed at the head of an expedition against South America, consisting of twelve thousand men. He v.'as at first successful ; Carthagena surrendered to him after a sieye, during which he confiscated the property ofthe Venezuelans, and committed many cruelties. New Granada was afterwards reduced, and again Morillo had recourse to the system of blooiished and pillage. These events roused the spirits of Bolivar, Paez, and Aris- mendi, and Morillo was several times defeated, he was driven from Granada, and a great part of Caraccas. In 1820, having heard ofthe revo- lution, he returned to Spain, joined the patriots, and for a time was the political chief of Madrid. But he has been removed, and appears to be viewed with suspicion by the liberal party. MOSTONSKI, count Thaddeus, an illustrious patriot of Poland, was born at Warsaw, in 1790. VViien Stanislaus was compelled to accede to the confederation ofTargowitz, and cniisequenl- ly to the overthrow of Polish liberty, Mostonski fled to Paris, became connected with the Giron- dist party, and obtained a promise of assistaiitc for the Poles ; but the triumph of the jacobin party put an end to his prospects; he returned to Poland, took an active part with his coun- trymen in their efforts to expel their oppressors, and when no hope was left of saving his country, he rcl'used to fly from Warsaw, was taken pri- soner, and was some time confined at St. Peters burgh. He afterwards resided in France, till, in 1815, he was recalled to Poland by Alexander, appointed minister ofthe home department, and of police. N NESSELRODE, count Charles Robert de, se- cretary for foreign affairs, and privy counsellor to the emperor of Russia, was born in Livonia, about the year 1770. This minister stands high in the confidence of his sovereign, and has often received marks of his esteem. He accompanied the emperor into France in the campaign of 1814,aiul was one of the four plenipotentiariea that signed the treaty of quadruple alliance, at Chaumont, In March, of that year. All the notes and addresses of the emperor, at this period, bear his signature, and were mostly drawn up by him. After a short stay in Paris, he repaired to Vienna, to assist in the conference relative to the future constitution of Germany. And after- wards, in 1815, he was one of the committee that signed the declaration or profession of faith of the several powers with respect to Buona- parte. O OPIE, Mrs., was born in 1771. She is the daughter of Dr. Alderson, an eminent physician, of Norwich. This lady early evinced superior talents, by composing poems and descriptive pieces, at an age when youna ladies have not usually finished their education. In 1798 ahc 439 FA married Mr. Opie, a celebrated painter, and soon alter liis death, in JSOs, she pubiishf^d a memoir ot' his lilt, prtfixi'd to the lectures he had read at the Royal Academy. By this and other publi- cations, she has acquired coii.>J, of one of the most ancient fami- lies in France. He was educated for the church, and in 1788 was made bishop of Auiun. His inclination and talents, however, led him to en- gage in political life ; at the beginning of the revolution he became a member of the legisla- tive assembly, took an active jiart in its delibo- raiicns, and was sent as the agent of that body on a secret mission to Eniiland. On his return his intlueitce rapidly increased, and he was made minister for foreign affairs. He took an active part in the elevation of Buonaparte to the consulship, and under the consular govern- ment was employed as a minister and diploma list. In 1SB2, the pope granted a brief, whicli /eidoied him to a stcular iifc, and legitimated 442 TH a marriage which he had contracted. In 1804, he vi'as nanit'd liii^h chamberlain, and in 18U6, created prince of Beiieventum, in Naples. On the approaching dowiifal of Napoleon, Talley- rand began to intrigue against him, and provide tor himself. He was in consequence reinstated as minister for foreign affairs, by Louis XVIII., and sent as his plenipotentiary to Vienna. He is now in private lite, an active and attentive observer of the political atiairs of Europe. Pro- bably no man living has taken a more active part in the political changes which have occurred in Europe during the last thirty years, or gained a higher reputation for talents, intrigue, and political cunning. TALMA, M. This distinguished and admi- mirable actor, was born at Paris, in 1766. He attended for some time the classes of declama- tion in the royal school of Paris, and soon ob- tained an order for his appearance on the stage and in a short time took the lead in his proles- sioii. Madam de Staol says of him, "Talma may be cited as a model of power, and of dis- cretion in tiie use of it, of simplicity and true grandeur. His attitudes recall to mhid the fine statues of antiquity ; and the expression of his face and every look, ought to be the study of our best painters. There is in the voice of this man a magic, which I cannot describe ; wJiich, from the moment when its first accent is heard, awakens all the sympathies of the heart ; all the charms of music, of painting, of sculpture, and of poetry; but, above all, the language of the soul." Talma has succeeded in acquiring such dignity of mien, and grandeur of deport- ment, tliat the emperor Napoleon seriously look lessons of him, the better to support his own dignity on all great occasions ; it may be added, that these great cotemporaries loved each other almost to idolatry. The '.a ife of 'J'alma is also poose.=sed of considerable theatrical reputation, both in tragic and comic parts. Her health, however, has compelled her to relinquish the stasc since 1810. TEIGNMOUTH, lord, was born in Devon- shire, in 1754, and sent early to India, as a xvri- ter in the service of the East India Company While in that country, he was intimate with Mr. Hastings, and under his government filled several important offices. In 1793, he succeeded to be governor of Bengal. From his different employments in India, he realized a handsome fortune, with which he returned to England, where, in 1797, he was created a peer by the title of baron Teignmoufh. He was the inti- mate friend of sir William Jones, whose life and works he has published. Lord Teignmouth is distinguished for his piety and benevolence ; he was one of the founders, and is now presi- dent of the British and Foreign Bible Society. THEN.VRD, M. This celebrated Frencb chymist was born in 1777. He early applied himself to the study of rliymistry, and with such success, that at tlie age of 20, he was a chymical teacher in th.? principal public laboratories of Paris, and at the polytechnic school. When he was 26, he was made professor of chymistry in tlie collece of France, and he soon after suc- ceeded the celebrated Fourcroy, as a member of the Institute. In conjunction with Gay- LuEsae, he published in 1810, a highly interest- ing work, entitled " Physico Chymical Enqui- ries." He has also distinguished himself by several other scientific publications. THORVAIiDSEN, Albert, was born at Co- penhagen in 1772. He U the son of an Icelander WE who lived in that city. From his infancy he was fond of the comparatively rude carvings of his father, who was a stonecuttter, and who had the sagacity to perceive the talents of his Bon. He accordingly placed him in the free drawing-school at Copenhagen. After display- ing threat lalentd there, particularly in modelling in clay, and receiving several prizes, he was sent to Rome, where he resided for some time, giv- ing the most assiduous attention to his favourite pursuits. His first production there, was a mo- del of Jason, which was considered a master- piece. He was afterwards commissioned to execute the Jason in marble, and from that time has been constajitly employed. He has produ- ced several other valuable works. Since the death of Canova, Ttiorvaldsen and Chantrey may be considered as being at the head of modern sculptors. TRUMBULL, John, author of M'Fingal, was born in 1750, in Watcrtown, Conn. His father was the congregational clergyman of that place. He was graduated at Yale Collegi 1767, and was admitted to the bar in Connecticut, in 1771!, but soon after entered into the oftice of John Adams, at Boston, as a student. Here he took a lively interest in the passing scenes in politics, and often was a contributor to the papers with great effect. He has resided at Hartford, Conn., since 1781, has passed through a career of high success at the bar, and from 1801 to 1819, was a judge of the superior court in his native state. In 1820, he revised his seve- ral works, and an edition of them was pub- lished, for which he received a liberal compen- sation. At the age of seventy-five, his conver- sation is still marked with all that wit and vivacity which have distinguished him. W WELLINGTON, the duke of, fourth son of the late earl of Mornington, was born in Ireland, May, 1769. He was first placed at Eton school, and then sent to the military school of Angers, in France. He entered the army as an ensign, and rose by interest and purchase, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, in 1793. Tiie next year he commanded abrigadeon the continent under the duke of York. In 1797, he accompanied his brother, lord Wellesley, to India, where he rose to the rank of major-general, and to be governor of Seringapatam. On his return to England, in 1805, he married a lady of the fa- mily of lord Longford, was sent to Ireland, as secretary of state under the duke of Richmond, and subsequently elected a member of parlia- ment. In 1809, lord Wellington, then sir Arthur Wellesley, was ordered to the Peninsula, as commander in chief of the British forces; and it is to his great talents, and brilliant successes, in Spain and Portugal, that lie is principally Indebted for his distinguished military reputa- tion. During the time he commanded in those countries, he was constantly opposed to Masso- na, Marmont, and Soult, three of the most dis- tinguished French generals; and on all occa- sions, he proved himself their equal as a general and as a commander. For his services tliere, he was created duke of Rodrigo, with the rank of a grandee of Spain, by the Spanish regency, and was successively made an earl and a marquis, by his own government, with a pension of 4.00nZ. per annum, and a present from parlia- ment of 200,OOOZ. In 1813, after the disasters of Buonaparte in Russia, lord Wellington forced WI (the passage of theBidassoaand entered France. The restoration of the Bourbons following, and peace taking place soon after, he returned to England, and was rewarded for his service*: with a dukedom, and a gift from parliament Oi" 400,000/. In July, he was nominated anibassa dor-extraordinary to France, and was then sen to the congress at Vienna. He was there on Ih ; return of Napoleon from Elba, and was instant ly nominated by tlie allied sovereigns, generalis- simo of the European troops. In this capacity he gained the memorable victory at Waterloo, which crowned his fame and put an end to the wars that had so long desolated Europe. He is now a field marshal of the forces, master general of the ordinance, &c. A part of the money voted liiin by parliament, amounting in all to more than 800,000/., hus been appropriated to the purchase of an estate, on which is to be erected for him, a splendid mansion at the public expense. WILBERFORCB, William, esq., a member of the English parliament, was born in York- shire, in the year 1750, and educated at Cam- bridge, where he became the intimate friend of the late English prime minister, Mr. Pitt. Mr. Wilberforce is particularly distinguished for the lactive part he has taken in the abolition of tho African slave trade. His unshaken persever- ance, his untiring zeal, and his unbounded philanthropy on this important subject, as well as on other occasions, entitle him to the highest expressions of applause and gratitude from all good men. WILKIE, David, esq. This distinguished painter is a native of Scotland, and was born in 1785 Having early displayed a talent for draw- ing, he was sent at the age of fifteen to the academy at Edinburgh, where he continued several years. He went to London in 1805, and was elected a member of the Royal Academy, in 1812. He is said to be highly successful in paint- ing scenes of domestic life, in the manner of Hogarth, and like that great painterseems never to omit the most trifling circumstance, which can tend to exhibit the spirit of the scene wliicll lie means to represent. WILLIAM FREDERICK, king of the Nether- lands, is the son of the stadtholder of the United Provinces, who was expelled from his country by the French, in 1795. He was born at the Hague, in 1772, and married, in 1791, a princess of Prussia. For several years he commanded the Dutch troops opposed to France, but waa compelled to abandon his country, and retired to England. In 1813, he was invited by a depu- tation from Holland, to assume the stadtholder- ship, but was saluted by the populace as sove- reign prince. The congress of Vienna added ihe Netherlands and Luxemburg to his domi- nions, and raised him to the rank of king. Since the restoration of peace, he has given hia sanction to a new constitution, which had been approved by the states-general, and has since been employed in reducing to order the discor- dant materials of his kingdom. WILLIAM FREDERICK, the present sove- reign of Wirtcmburg, was born in 1781. He married, in 1810, the princess Charlotte of Ba- varia, against his inclination, and solely in compliance with the wishes of Napoleon. His marriage has since been dissolved by the pope. While prince royal of Wirteniburg, he com- manded the troops of his own country in the allied army, and gave proofs of talents and bra- very on several occasions. He succeeded hit 44.5 ., YO fatlicr in 1810, at a limi; when llie crown was engaged in disputes with the repret^entatives of tlie people. He has since given his people a liberal constitution of povernnient. WORDSWORTH, William, esq. This dis tinguished English pott was born in the year mo, and educated at Cambridge. He was in early life an enthusiast in the cause of liberty; and, In consequence of his political views, lie at one time conteniplatrd an eslablishu>ent in the United States, witli his friend, Mr. Coleridge and others. Mr. Wordsworth is considered at, at tlie head of what is termed the Lake School of poetry ; a poetical style of writing, novel and simple in the extreme, which has been assailed by the weapons of ridicule, satire, and argument ; butwWch has nevertheless found many admir- ers and imitators. Mr. Wordsworth has pub- lished •' The White Doe of Rylstone," " Peter Bell," "The Wagoner," and many other poems. Y yo^K, the duke of, is the second eon of'his 444 YO ]late majesty, George HI. He was horn in 1763, I and educated by the same in.structors as his brother, the presenl king of England, lie was, [when young, presented to the lay bishoprickof Osnaburg, and maile grand master of the order of the Ilatli, by his lather. Being destined for the army, he was Kent to Germany, where he obtained a knowledge oi' the language and tac- tics of the country. He was subsequently sent to the continent as commander of the British forces, and was for some lime employed there in the military movements of that period. Ne- ver, however, much to his credit as a soldier or officer. On one occasion, he was Gompcllcd to capitulate to the French. On the investigation of the charges against him for malversations in office, by the house of commons, he resigned his commission, but has since been reinstated. He was created duke of York and Albany in 1784. In 1791 he married a daughter of Frede- rick William, king of Prussia. The duke is heir presumptive to the throne of England ou the death of the present king. SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON. JOHN ADAMS was born in Braintree, now Quincy, on the 19th of October, 1735, and was descended from the first English emigrants to Massachusetts. Having early disclosed a taste for reading, his father was induced to give him a libe ral education. He prepared for college under Mr. Marsh, and entered Harvard University in 1751, where he graduated in 1755. Whether he was distinguished at college, or shared its first honors, is not now certainly known. After he left col lege, Mr. Adams engaged in a grammar school at Worcester, where he commen- ced the study of law, under col. James Putnam, a practitioner of reputation and extensive business. At this period, it was common in New-England, for young men, after leaving college, to engage in instructing youth, previous to entering upon professional studies, or during the time they were employed in acquiring professional knowledge. Let no one sup- pose that it is beneath his dignity to be an instructer of youth, when he reflects, that it was the first employment of a man who afterwards became a teacher of men and of nations. The fact however shows that Mr. Adams' condition and prospects were no better than those of almost every oth- er young graduate, as it respects extrinsic considerations, and that his success de- pended wholly on his own exertions. It must not be disguised however, that he, and all his co-patriots, were fortunate in the age in which they lived ; and that they owed their distinction, and in some degree, the extraordinary talents and ef- forts, which characterized them, to the circumstances of the times. It is only in times of public danger, when the liber- ties of a nation are invaded, and their dearest rights menaced by lawless power, which like a torrent, breaking over its ac- customed barriers, threatens general ruin, that eminent talents, distinguished patri- otism, and heroic courage, are called into action. The laurels of immortality are reaped only in the field of death. Perhaps no period in hisfttry, is more distinguished than that, from the treaty of Paris in 1763, to the treaty of Peace con- 445 eluded at the same place, in 1783; com- prising the dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies, and the war for the liberty and independence of Amer- ica, which grew out of that dispute. This period gave birth to a new era, most aus- picious to mankind. In it, commenced the great struggle in vindication of the rights of man, first by the pen, and then by the sword ; which has not yet ceased, and we trust will not, until Europe, as well as America, is free. Fortunately for her future fame, as well as her more immediate prosperity, America was des- tined to be the first theatre of this struggle, on which depend the highest interests and the brightest hopes of the human race. — This contest, taking so deep a hold on the feelings of the heart, aroused all the pas- sions, and produced the most incredible efforts of talents, of patriotism, and of valor. The character of individuals was in some measure stamped by the times. Had John Adams lived in a diiferent age, he would doubtless have been distin- guished ; but he would not have been what the circumstances of his times made him. When a crisis arrives requiring ex- traordinary men, they are generally found ; as the very circumstances which demand them, conduce, if not to create, at least to call them forth. Mr. Adams owes much to the Revolution, and the Revolu- tion owes much to him. His bold and fearless spirit, his vigorous intellect, his ardent patriotism, and his unshaken firm- ness of purpose, eminently qualified him, to act a conspicuous part in the defence of the liberties of his country. The letter which he wrote whilst enga- ged in a school at Worcester, in 1755, is at once an evidence of the bent of his mind, and of his wonderful sagacity in po- litical speculations. («) His prophetic language, " that in another century, this country would become more populous than England, and the seat of empire be transferred to America — that possessing all the naval stores in our hands, we could easily acquire the mastery of the seas, (a) His letter is dated Worcester, Orl 12,1755 38 "AD" when the united force of Europe would not be aVjle to subdue us," he himself lived to see fulfilled in little more than half th» time specified. Before we follow Mr. Adams into th< field of politics, we must notice the sue cess of his professional exertions.— Being . admitted to the biir in 1 758, he commen- ced business in his profession at Brain- tree, his native town. His success was so rapid, and his reputation so great, that ill 1766 he removed to Boston, where he continued to attend the neighboring cir- cuits, and was occasionally called to re- mote parts of the province. In 1770 \h' undertook the defence of the British offi cers and soldiers, who were indicted for the massacre on the memorable 5th of March, of that year. This step surprised the friends of Mr. Adams, and occasioned doubts and susnicions of his attachment to the popular cause. He says himself, that he " lost as much of his popularity as Mr. Pitt did of his, by accepting of a peer- age and a pension ; and that it was propa- gated, that he had been bribed by an im- mense fee to sell his country ;" although he informs us that nineteen guineas, was all he received for one year's anxiety and attention to those trials. The sacrifice he made by assisting the accused in these trials, shews the high sense he entertain- ed of professional duty. From this period, his attention and time were considerably occupied, by tht disputes between Great Britain and thf» Colonies ; yet he did not neglect his pro- fession, and so high was his reputation, that in 1776, when the judiciary was or- ganized und'ir the new Constitution, he was offered the exalted station of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. But at this time he had engaged too deeply in th political contests of his country, to accept a situation, which would in some meas- ure, have withdrawn him from them : he was reserved for a different and more glo- rious career. In 1769, John Adams was one of a Com mittee appointed by the town of Boston, to examine and report on the celebrated letters of Gov. Baynard, and other officers of the crown in Massachusetts, which had been obtained in England. His associ ates were Thomas Gushing, James Otis, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and sev- eral other distinguished leaders. The following year, he was elected one of the Representatives of the town of Boston, in the Legislature of the Province, which connected him more intimately with the great leaders of th'? popular party, and 446 AP" enlisted his feelings more ardently in pub- lic affairs, which at this time were assum- ing a very serious aspect. The populari- ty he lost in advocating the cause of Cap- tain Preston and the British soldiers, he soon regained by his zeal and spirited con- duct, in support of the popular cause. And such was his increasing reputation as a patriot and politician, that he was ap- pointed by the Assembly, one of its Rep- resentatives to the Continental Cangress, held in Philadelphia in 1774. Previous- ly, this year, he had been appointed a member of the Council of Massachusetts, but was negatived by Governor Hutchin- son ; and the following year he was again ippointed, and negatived by General Gage. The colleagues of Mr. Adams, in the Congress of 1 774, were Thomas Cash- ing, Samuel Adams, and Robert Treat Paine. Although Mr. Adams must have been one of the youngest members of this listinguished Assembly, he took an active part in its deliberations, and the impor- tant measures it adopted. He was a member of the Committee which prepar- ed the declaration of the rights of the Colonies, and likewise of that which re- lorted the Address to the King. Near the close of the year 1774, Mr. Adams wrote the numbers signed Nov-Anglus, in reply to the publications supposed to be written by Jonathan Sewall, signed Mas- sachusettensis, which deprecated, what the writer considered the rash measures ofthe Colonists. Mr. Adams' defence of tliose measures, and censure of the con- duct ofthe crown officers, and the British party, was uncommonly bold and spirited. He now devoted himself almost entire- ly to public affairs ; he was a member of the Congress the next year, and made the motion to appoint George Washington the Commander in Chief of the forces, to be raised in defence of American liberty. He continued in Congress in 1776, when the controversy was brought to a crisis, and took an active part in the most im- portant measure, which was ever acted on by any deliberative body. He was one of the Committee appointed to pre- pare a Declaration of Independence, and he and Thomas Jefferson were named as a sub-committee to prepare the draft. Mr. .Jefferson was the draftsman of the Dec- laration, but Mr. Adams was its boldest and ablest defender. The author of the declaration has himself borne testimony to this : " J(Am Adams," says he, " was ijur colossus on the floor ; not graceful, nor elegant, nor always fluent, but he came out with a power both of tUi>ught AD and expression, which moved us from our seats." " The eloquence of Mr. Adams," says one of his eulogists, " resembled his general character, and formed indeed a part of it. It was bold, manly, and ener- getic, and such as the occasion required.* The part which Mr. Adams acted on this momentous occasion, is of itself suffi- cient to render his name as illustrious and immortal, as the liberty and independence of the country, he aided to establish. In the course of this year, Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin, and Edward Rutledge, were appointed Commissioners to treat with Lord Howe for a pacification. Th following year, 1779, he was appointed by Congress a Commissioner to the Court of France, in the place of Silas Dean ; and such was the satisfaction which he gave in this situation, that he was excepted from a vote of censure, passed by Con grese in 1779, on our Commissioners in Europe. In 1779 Mr. Adams returned from Eu- rope ; and the next year he was appointed a member of the Convention, which fra- med the Constitution of Massachusetts ; and he drafted a considerable part of it. Before the close of the year 1780, he was sent to Europe again, as Commissioner to negotiate a general peace ; and remained in Europe until 1788. In 1782 he nego- tiated a treaty with the Dutch Provinces, favourable to his country ; and the same year he was joined with Franklin, Jay, Laurens and Jefferson, in a plenipoten- tiary commission for concluding treaties of amity and commerce, with several European powers. The only treaty con- cluded under this commission was with Prussia. In conjunction with Franklin and Jay, he had the good fortune, in 1783, to be concerned in negotiating the treaty of peace with Great Britain, and had the satisfaction to witness the Representative of his Britannic Majesty, solemnly ac knowledge that declaration, which he and his co-patriots had six years before pub- lished, " that these United States were, and of right ought to be, free, sovereign, and independent." Mr. Adams was the first Minister of the United States, at the Court of Great Britain ; and whilst residing there, in 1787, he publislied his defence of the American Constitutions. On his return to the United States, in 1783, he found the government going into operation un- der the new Constitution, and was him- self chosen the first Vice President ; which situation he held during the eight - Webster's Address. 447 JEF years of Washington'.s administration, when he succeeded the father of his coun- try in the Presidential chair. The period of his administration, was one of great ex- citement and political animosities; the country became divided into two great parties, and the political commotions in Europe disturbed our foreign relations ; all of which contributed to render the sit- uation and duties of the government pecu- liarly embarrassing and difficult. Without deciding whether one party or the other was right, as to the particular questions of the controversy, it must we think be ad- mitted, that the administration was en- tirely wrong in attempting to put down opposition, by coersive measures and the strong arm of power. Public opinion sustained the opposition, and consequently the administration went down. Mr. Adams was succeeded by Mr. Jefferson in 1801, and retired to pri- vate life. The rivalship and hostility, which this contest occasioned between these two illustrious men, who had be- come the heads of the two great parties in the country, fortunately subsided a few years after the retirement of Mr. Adams, and they continued warm friends until their deaths. From this time, Mr. Adams lived as be- came a great and wise man. His corres- pondence and writings were extensive, •and highly interesting ; although perhaps some of them, are not entirely free from thepeculiar bias of his feelings. In 1820, at the advanced age of 85 years, he was once more withdrawn from retirement, being first chosen an elector of President and Vice President, and then elected a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution of Massachusetts. He was unanimously chosen President of the Con- vention, but declined. Mr. Adams died on the 4th of July, 1826, the fiftieth anni- versary, and the national jubilee of his country, and whilst all his fellow citi- zens were assembled, commemorating that great and glorious event, with which his name is inseparably and honourably as- sociated. THOMAS JEFFERSON was born on the2d of April, O. S. 1743, at Shad well, in the county of Albemarle, in the State of Virginia, but a short distance from Monti- icello. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a man of some distinction ; he was one of the Commissioners for establishing the boundary line, between Virginia and North Carolina, and he left his son a large estate. The Jefferson family was among the earli- est settlers in Virginia. .IFF IW Tlioia:;» Jili lb .. .■ - i'Ciiloii at th; Collp^ge of William and iMury, and receiv cd the highest honours of that Institution After leaving College, he entered up.>! the study of the law", under the tuition of George Wythe, the first lawyer and advo- cate in the State. Soon after he came of affe, he was appointed Justice of the Peace, and this was followed by an elec- tion to a seat in the house of Burgesses. His whole life was spent in public em- ployments ; although, as he says himself, his disposition always inclined him to re- tirement and quietude, and to the peace- ful pursuit of letters and science. With perhaps the exception of Frank lin, no one of the patriots or heroes of tin- American Revolution, owed less to the circumstances of the times in which he lived, than Mr. Jefferson. His greatness ■was personal and intrinsic, and no exter- nal circumstances could scarcely add to it. Had he lived in any age or country, he would have been an eminent man. Nei- ther his disposition nor his talents, were adapted to the turbulent times in which he lived ; yet his liberal principles, his philanthropy, his love of liberty and ar- dent patriotism, when the liberties of his country were invaded, overcoming hit. natural repugnance to scenes of conten- tion and strife, urged him on to the arena of politics, and rendered him one of the most useful and efficient supporters of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. — When liis country — his suffering and op- pressed country, demanded his services, he did not hesitate to obey her call. He entered with his whole soul into the cause of liberty,- regardless of all consequences to himself How absurd was the opinioi. which prevailed in Britain, that the whole difficulties in America arose from the tur- bulent and factious spirit of some discon- tented individuals, when such mild and pacific men as Jefferson, became the champions of the popular cause. His pen, which he wielded with master- ly ability, was the weapon with which he entered on the defence of the rights of the Colonies. In addition to publica- tions in the newspapers, he brought out in 1774, his " Summary View of the Rights of the Colonies of America," one of the most enlightened and valuable pub- lications of the day. This work placed the dispute between the parent country and her colonies on just ground, by disal lowing the supremacy of Parliament over America, whilst some of the controversia' writers, had involved themselves in diffi 448 culties and inconsistencies, by admitting the supremacy of Parliament. In June, 1775, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, in the place of i'eyton Randolph, who had resigned his seat in consequence of ill health. He continued a member, and one of the brightest ornaments of this august body. until 1777. ' The part which he performed in the most solemn act, ever passed by any de- liberative body on earth, the annuncia- tion of Independence, is well known ; yet it is proper that it should be briefly no- ted here. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee submitted a resolution in these words : " Resolved, That these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that ttiey are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all ■political connexion be- tioeen ihern and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." — This resolution was debated until the 10th, when it was postponed until the first of July, and a Committee appointed to prepare a Declaration of Independence, which should exhibit more fully, the grounds and reasons of the measure. — The Committee were appointed by bal- lot, and consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. The order of their names was determined by the number of votes given for each. Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Adams, the two first on the Committee, were named as a sub-com- mittee, to prepare the draft. It was written by Mr. Jefierson, and first sub- mitted to Mr. Adams, who says that he made no alterations. It was then submit- ted to the whole Committee, and some alterations were made by Franklin, and others of the Committee. Some parts of It were omitted by Congress after it was reported, and some slight alterations made ; but its tone, spirit and arrange- ment, remained the same as when report- ed. The merit of this instrument as a composition, belongs exclusively to Mr. Jefferson, and this merit alone is suffi- cient to render its author immortal. If it is admitted, as we think it must be, that no other state paper ever had so mo- mentous an object, or was connected with so solemn an occasion, it may perhaps be sufficient praise to say, that tliis little deed of the liberties of America, is every way equal to the subject — that its style and dignity, rise to the dignity of the subject, and even add to it. What political docu- JEF JEF ment can be found, that will bear com- parison with this ? On the first of July, the resolution was taken up, and being de- bated on that and the next day, on the last it was adopted. On the same day, the declaration was taken into consideration, and having been discussed on the second, third, and fourth days of July, it was pas- sed on the last of those days. In 1777, Mr. Jefferson left Congress, and during that and the following year, he was employed in conjunction with George Wythe and Edmund Pendleton, in revis- ing the laws of Virginia. This was a work of great labour and difficulty, and was performed with distinguished ability and success, by these three learned and en- lightened jurists. The most important statutes which were altered, in conformi- ty with the more just and republican sen- timents which succeeded the Revolutioiu were those relating to the tenure of officef to entails, to descents, and to religion, and the clergy. Until this time, or at least the rupture with Britain, the Eng lish act of uniformity, was acknowledged and enforced in Virginia, and the Church of England was established by law, to the exclusion of all other denominations. — Mr. Jefferson is entitled to the principal merit of securing the rights of conscience, and establishing religious liberty in Vir- ginia. He approached this difficult work sioned as minister plenipotentiary, witfi Franklin, John Adams, Jay, and Laurens, to negotiate treaties with several Euro- pean powers. He proceeded to the north, and embarked at Boston for t'rance ; the only treaty executed under this joint com- mission, was with Prussia. la 1785, he was appointed resident minister at the French court, and remained in France un- til October, 1789, when, having obtained leave of congress, he returned home, just at the commencement of the tremendous revolution in that country, which agitated all Europe. The period he remained in France was one of unusual interest. At no other time has that polished nation been more distinguished for the number and high character of its learned men ; yet in the midst of these, Mr. Jefferson was distinguished for his extensive intel- ligence, and his philanthropy, as well as for the urbanity of his manners. His own erudition and his love for learning, pro- cured him the acquaintance and admira- tion of the literati of Paris, and the res- pect of the first circles of the French capital. The minister of no other nation at the French Court, sustained so high a reputation as the representative of this in- fant republic. On his return home, when the new go- vernment was going into operation, he was named by President Washington Sec- with caution, and for several years effect- retary of State. Mr. Jefferson's great ed successive modifications of the laws, 'ability as a writer, his extensive attain- until finally the legal establish was doneiments and perfect knowledge of Europe- away, and religion left entirely free. His, an politics, as well as those of his own principal coad^ator in this reformation,]! country, peculiarly qualified him for this was Mr. Madison. The example of Vir-|j situation, and justly procured him the ginia, and the various enlightened and ^reputation of one of the most distinguish- able productions of Mr. Jefferson's pen! ed statesmen of the age. The state pa- on this subject, have had no small influ-||pers which are the productions of his pen, ence in securing the religious liberty of j our own country, both as it respects the national government, and the institutions are at least equal to those of the elder Pitt, or the most illustrious statesmen which Great Britain has ever produced ; of the States. No part of the conduct ofjand they have become the models of his Mr. Jefferson made him more enemies, or; successors, some of whom, have been brought on him more censure, than his exertions in favour of religious freedom ; and perhaps in no other particular, were his efforts more extensively useful. In 1779, Mr. Jefferson succeeded Pa- trick Henry as governor of Virginia, and was in that station when the state was in- vaded by the British. In 1781, he pub- lished his celebrated Notes on Virginia, which attracted attention in Europe as well as at home, and added to the lustre of his reputation as a man of science and a philosopher, whilst it contributed to dis- pel the absurd opinions which prevailed in Europe, concerning America. In 1783, he was again elected a member of the conti- nental congress, and took his seat in that scarcely less distinguished. He continu- ed in the office of Secretary of State, un- til December, 1793, when he resigned and remained in retirement for several years. In 1797, when John Adams was elected president, Mr. Jefferson was chosen vice president, and to facilitate the discharge of the duties of president of the Senate, he composed his manual of parliamenta- ry practice. Whilst occupying this station, the clouds began to appear, and grew thicker and thicker, until they produced the vio- lent political storm, which swept over the country. The sources of these political dissentions, were two-fold; the foreign relations of the country as it respected body; and in May, 1784, h« was commis-| Great Britain and France, and various in- 449 ' TSfestnig questions growing oiil orttieifSTon or public Opiiuon, approachiffg To jiew constitution, of which the most im-';unanimity. In 1809, this illustrious pa- portaiit was that relating to the powers of triot retired from political life, carrying the "cneral government, a question notj|with him the respect and affections of a 3'ct e'lttirely settled. The whole countrylarge portion of his fcLow-citizens. But became divided into two great parties, andhin retirement he did not, and indeed could the two first officers of the government, J not, abstract himself from public objects so long friends and co-patriots, were trans- j and the interests of his beloved country, formed into rivals, they being regarded asij His extensive correspondence contributed the heads of the two parties. The strug-i|to diffuse his sentiments, as much p. rhaps gk resulted in favour of the party ofji as he was enabled to do, at any other pe- which Mr. Jefferson was the leader ; andjiriodof his life. Mr. Jefferson's talent at in 1801, there having been no choice, by i! epistolary composition, was peculiarly the electors, he was chosen President of |! happy, and perhaps unrivalled. His cor- the United States, bv the house of repre-|irespondence, which is expected to be sentatives, after an alarming and memo-!j published, cannot fail of possessing great rable contest. Placed at the head of the|iinterest and extensive usefulness. But government, as the leader of the popularlhis correspondence and other literary em party, and enjoving the confidence of that I ployraents did not occupy his whole at- partv'in an eminent degree, perhaps no'tention. At this advanced period of life, man ever had a better opportunity of in- his active mind, always intent on promot- corporating his own prmciples into the jing the best interests of his race, led him governmentof his country, without force : to engage in a work of great and lasting or ti.e exertion of power", and of shaping j utility, which will be a monument alike its policy according to his own views.— honorable to Virginia, and its illustrious And the same circumstances, afforded I patron. It need scarcely be added, that him the like facility of infusing his own I we allude to the establishment of the sentiments into the minds of his country- i University of Virginia, of which he was men. And ifno man ever enjoved greater;! rector and visiter, and which occupied a advantages of personal influence, no one; large share of his attention during the ever exercised his influence more patriot-' last years of his life. He was blessed icallv or disinterestedly. This is nowi|with living to see it completed, and in admitted bv all, although different opin-j successful operation. He bequeathed ions prevail respecting his political views, most of his library to this institution. All on many subjects. His administration,! his useful and great labours on earth be- however, will always remain a distin-| ing finished, his end seemed to be ap- guished one, in the annals of his country, preaching. He viewed it with calmness lome of his particular measures, were and serenity, and seemed to manifest some probably founded on a mistaken policy ;! uneasiness in waiting for his departure, yet his more fundamental doctrines have' In a letter to one of his friends a short become political axioms in the United' time before his death, after stating that States Among them are these ; that the he was failing fast, he says— " Do not government of the United States must be think that I fear to die ; there is nothuig Supported by public opinion, not bv at- I desire more." He however had one tempting to control it, which was the wish which was granted him. This can- rrreat error of the preceding adrninistra-! not be expressed so well as in the lan- Tion • that in all governments there is a guage of one of his eulogists :* " That natural tendency to an extension of pow- day was at hand which he had helped to ei- and consequently in a government of make immortal. One wish, one hope- limited and deletrated powers, like that if it were not presumptuous, beat in his of tlie American confederacy, these pow- fainting breast. Could it be so,— might .•rs should receive a strict "construction, it please God— he would desire, once more and the exercise of them should be watch- to see the sun,— once more to look abroad ed with the utmost vigilance. The most on the scene around him, on the great important measure of his administration, day of liberty. Heaven in its mercy ful- was the acquisition of the immense terri- filled that prayer. He saw that sun--he Tory of Louisiania by purchase, which enjoyed its sacred light— he thanked God alo'ne cannot fail of rendering it illustrious for this mercy, and bowed his aged head to to the latest posterity. the grave." He expired at Monticello, at Althoueh the opposiUon to his adminis- one o'clock m the afternoon, on the 4th ♦ration was violent beyond any example, of July, 1826, the half centurv auniver- yet such was the change in public seiiti- sary of th'it day, which is first in the an- rnent, that at the expiration of his first jj^s of his country, and in his own fame, tjifm,' Jie was re-electedjpith an efpres-jj rikc JMi FACILITY ^ AA 000 730172 4 I A .- •>• '^'vS, .■^■ ^^^tjMmmMi^i.__ ifriiiTk